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The Nautilus Institutefor Security and Sustainability

FOUNDATIONS OF ENERGY SECURITY
FOR THE DPRK:
1990-2020 ENERGY BALANCES,ENGAGEMENT OPTIONS, AND FUTURE
PATHS FOR ENERGY AND ECONOMIC
REDEVELOPMENT

ATTACHMENT VOLUME 2
WORKPAPERS, BACKGROUND DATA,AND DETAILED RESULTS: DPRKMILITARY SECTOR ENERGY USE
Prepared by David F. von Hippel and Peter Hayes
The Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability
April 26, 2021
D. von Hippel e-mail dvonhip@igc.org;
P. Hayes e-mail: phayes@nautilus.org

Copyright Nautilus Institute, 2003, 2007, 2012, and 2021 ©
Published under a 4.0 International Creative Commons License, the terms of which arefound here.

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

ATTACHMENT 2
WORKPAPERS, BACKGROUND DATA, AND
DETAILED RESULTS:
ESTIMATE OF ANNUAL FUEL USE BY THE
MILITARY SECTOR IN THE DPRK:WORKPAPERS AND SUMMARY TABLES AND
GRAPHICS FOR 1990, 1996, 2000, 2005, 2008
THROUGH 2010, AND 2014 THROUGH 2020
CONTENTS:ATTACHMENT 2
SUMMARY RESULTS ................................................................................................... 1
SUMMARY OF MILITARY ACTIVITY ASSUMPTIONS ....................................... 3
SUMMARY TABLES AND GRAPHICS ...................................................................... 5
SUMMARY INPUTS AND RESULTS: GROUND FORCES ENERGY USE ....... 16
DETAILED INPUTS AND RESULTS: GROUND FORCES ENERGY USE........ 19
DETAILED INPUTS AND RESULTS: MILITARY AIRCRAFT........................... 35
DETAILED INPUTS AND RESULTS: MILITARY NAVAL VESSELS ............... 49
DETAILED INPUTS AND RESULTS: MILITARY EQUIPMENTMANUFACTURING ..................................................................................................... 63
ESTIMATE OF PETROLEUM FUELS USE IN A CONFLICT BY THE DPRKMILITARY ..................................................................................................................... 68

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

Summary Results
ESTIMATES AND PROJECTIONS OF ANNUAL FUEL USE
BY THE MILITARY SECTOR IN THE DPRKUPDATE 2020
SUMMARY: FUEL USE IN EQUIPMENT AND
MILITARY MANUFACTURING, 1990, 1996, 2000, 2005, 2008 THROUGH 2010, AND 2014 THROUGH 2020
MILITARY BRANCH
Equipment
GROUND FORCES
Tanks
Amphibious Vehicles
Armored Fighting Vehicles
Truck/Tank-Mounted Guns, Missiles
Jeeps and Motorcycles
2 1/2 Ton Trucks
Other Trucks and Utility Equipment
TOTAL: Ground Forces

Est. Number Fuel Consin Service
GJ

1990
1996
2000
2005
2008
2009
2010
Fraction Fraction Fuel Cons Fuel Cons Fuel Cons Fuel Cons Fuel Cons Fuel Consof Branch of Total
GJ
GJ
GJ
GJ
GJ
GJ

5,832
900
4,015
516
9,045
72,403
1,632
94,343

2.05E+05
1.04E+04
4.50E+04
2.64E+03
2.15E+05
6.23E+06
1.44E+05
6.85E+06

3.0%
0.2%
0.7%
0.0%
3.1%
90.9%
2.1%
100.0%

1.2%
0.1%
0.3%
0.0%
1.2%
35.8%
0.8%
39.4%

1.64E+05
8.35E+03
3.60E+04
2.12E+03
1.87E+05
5.42E+06
1.30E+05
5.94E+06

1.15E+05
5.85E+03
2.52E+04
1.49E+03
1.33E+05
3.84E+06
9.19E+04
4.21E+06

1.01E+05
5.11E+03
2.21E+04
1.30E+03
1.15E+05
3.33E+06
7.97E+04
3.65E+06

7.87E+04
4.00E+03
1.73E+04
1.02E+03
1.04E+05
3.01E+06
7.21E+04
3.29E+06

7.87E+04
4.00E+03
1.73E+04
1.02E+03
9.74E+04
2.82E+06
6.75E+04
3.08E+06

8.02E+04
4.08E+03
1.76E+04
1.04E+03
1.04E+05
3.01E+06
7.21E+04
3.29E+06

AIR FORCE
Fighters
Bombers
Transport
Helicopters
TOTAL: Aircraft
Service (Ground) Vehicles
TOTAL: Air Force

748
82
308
275
1,413
6,235

1.76E+06
3.96E+04
2.76E+05
8.03E+04
2.15E+06
4.94E+05
2.65E+06

66.4%
1.5%
10.4%
3.0%
81.3%
18.7%
100.0%

10.1%
0.2%
1.6%
0.5%
12.4%
2.8%
15.2%

1.17E+06
2.64E+04
2.32E+05
6.02E+04
1.49E+06
3.95E+05
1.89E+06

8.06E+05
1.81E+04
1.76E+05
4.52E+04
1.05E+06
3.21E+05
1.37E+06

1.36E+06
3.05E+04
2.10E+05
6.02E+04
1.66E+06
3.46E+05
2.00E+06

1.54E+06
3.46E+04
2.15E+05
7.53E+04
1.86E+06
3.71E+05
2.23E+06

1.10E+06
2.47E+04
2.10E+05
8.78E+04
1.42E+06
3.71E+05
1.79E+06

1.36E+06
3.05E+04
2.21E+05
1.13E+05
1.72E+06
3.81E+05
2.10E+06

NAVY
Frigates
Corvettes
Missile Attack Boats
Patrol and Mine Craft
Amphibious Craft
Submarines
TOTAL: Naval Vessels
Service (Land) Vehicles
TOTAL: Naval Forces

3
2
39
351
324
84
803
4,077

1.34E+05
1.79E+04
1.07E+06
5.05E+06
2.31E+05
5.56E+04
6.57E+06
3.71E+05
6.94E+06

1.9%
0.3%
15.5%
72.8%
3.3%
0.8%
94.7%
5.3%
100.0%

0.8%
0.1%
6.2%
29.1%
1.3%
0.3%
37.8%
2.1%
39.9%

9.57E+04
1.28E+04
7.66E+05
3.60E+06
4.53E+05
5.56E+04
4.98E+06
2.81E+05
5.26E+06

9.49E+04
1.26E+04
7.59E+05
3.57E+06
6.57E+05
5.00E+04
5.14E+06
2.90E+05
5.43E+06

9.65E+04
1.29E+04
7.72E+05
3.63E+06
6.57E+05
5.00E+04
5.22E+06
2.95E+05
5.51E+06

7.22E+04
9.63E+03
5.78E+05
2.71E+06
5.84E+05
4.45E+04
4.00E+06
2.26E+05
4.23E+06

6.72E+04
8.95E+03
5.37E+05
2.52E+06
5.11E+05
4.45E+04
3.69E+06
2.08E+05
3.90E+06

7.72E+04
1.03E+04
6.18E+05
2.90E+06
6.57E+05
4.45E+04
4.31E+06
2.43E+05
4.55E+06

5.1%
0.3%

6.23E+05 4.01E+05
3.34E+04 2.15E+04

4.01E+05
2.15E+04

4.01E+05 4.01E+05
2.15E+04 2.15E+04

4.01E+05
2.15E+04

MILITARY MANUFACTURING: Coal Use
MILITARY MANUFACTURING: Electricity Use

TOTAL, ALL MILITARY ENERGY USES ABOVE

8.90E+05 GJ/yr
4.77E+04 GJ/yr

1.74E+07 GJ/yr

A2 - 1

100% 1.37E+07 1.14E+07 1.16E+07 1.02E+07 9.20E+06 1.04E+07

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

MILITARY BRANCH
Equipment
GROUND FORCES
Tanks
Amphibious Vehicles
Armored Fighting Vehicles
Truck/Tank-Mounted Guns, Missiles
Jeeps and Motorcycles
2 1/2 Ton Trucks
Other Trucks and Utility Equipment
TOTAL: Ground Forces

Est. Number Fuel Consin Service
GJ

1990
Fraction Fractionof Branch of Total

2014
Fuel Cons
GJ

2015
2016
2017
Fuel Cons Fuel Cons Fuel Cons
GJ
GJ
GJ

2018
Fuel Cons
GJ

2019
Fuel Cons
GJ

2020
Fuel Cons
GJ

5,832
900
4,015
516
9,045
72,403
1,632
94,343

2.05E+05
1.04E+04
4.50E+04
2.64E+03
2.15E+05
6.23E+06
1.44E+05
6.85E+06

3.0%
0.2%
0.7%
0.0%
3.1%
90.9%
2.1%
100.0%

1.2%
0.1%
0.3%
0.0%
1.2%
35.8%
0.8%
39.4%

7.78E+04
3.96E+03
1.28E+04
1.01E+03
1.16E+05
3.35E+06
6.48E+04
3.62E+06

8.30E+04
4.23E+03
1.38E+04
1.07E+03
1.27E+05
3.68E+06
7.15E+04
3.98E+06

9.00E+04
4.58E+03
1.50E+04
1.16E+03
1.31E+05
3.79E+06
7.42E+04
4.11E+06

6.94E+04
3.53E+03
1.16E+04
8.98E+02
1.32E+05
3.83E+06
7.52E+04
4.12E+06

6.94E+04
3.53E+03
1.16E+04
8.98E+02
1.32E+05
3.83E+06
7.52E+04
4.12E+06

6.94E+04
3.53E+03
1.16E+04
8.98E+02
1.32E+05
3.83E+06
7.52E+04
4.12E+06

3.86E+04
1.96E+03
6.45E+03
4.99E+02
7.89E+04
2.28E+06
4.49E+04
2.46E+06

AIR FORCE
Fighters
Bombers
Transport
Helicopters
TOTAL: Aircraft
Service (Ground) Vehicles
TOTAL: Air Force

748
82
308
275
1,413
6,235

1.76E+06
3.96E+04
2.76E+05
8.03E+04
2.15E+06
4.94E+05
2.65E+06

66.4%
1.5%
10.4%
3.0%
81.3%
18.7%
100.0%

10.1%
0.2%
1.6%
0.5%
12.4%
2.8%
15.2%

1.04E+06
2.35E+04
2.14E+05
1.29E+05
1.41E+06
4.90E+05
1.90E+06

1.37E+06
3.09E+04
2.47E+05
1.51E+05
1.80E+06
5.08E+05
2.31E+06

1.61E+06
3.63E+04
2.42E+05
1.51E+05
2.04E+06
5.26E+05
2.57E+06

1.14E+06
2.57E+04
2.48E+05
1.23E+05
1.54E+06
5.78E+05
2.12E+06

1.07E+06
2.41E+04
2.36E+05
1.18E+05
1.45E+06
5.64E+05
2.01E+06

1.22E+06
2.74E+04
2.60E+05
1.29E+05
1.63E+06
5.78E+05
2.21E+06

7.86E+05
1.77E+04
1.89E+05
9.58E+04
1.09E+06
4.28E+05
1.52E+06

NAVY
Frigates
Corvettes
Missile Attack Boats
Patrol and Mine Craft
Amphibious Craft
Submarines
TOTAL: Naval Vessels
Service (Land) Vehicles
TOTAL: Naval Forces

3
2
39
351
324
84
803
4,077

1.34E+05
1.79E+04
1.07E+06
5.05E+06
2.31E+05
5.56E+04
6.57E+06
3.71E+05
6.94E+06

1.9%
0.3%
15.5%
72.8%
3.3%
0.8%
94.7%
5.3%
100.0%

0.8%
0.1%
6.2%
29.1%
1.3%
0.3%
37.8%
2.1%
39.9%

6.88E+04
4.24E+03
5.97E+05
2.48E+06
5.27E+05
3.71E+04
3.71E+06
2.10E+05
3.92E+06

6.88E+04
3.92E+03
6.05E+05
2.49E+06
5.27E+05
3.71E+04
3.73E+06
2.11E+05
3.94E+06

7.05E+04
3.68E+03
6.29E+05
2.57E+06
5.27E+05
3.71E+04
3.83E+06
2.16E+05
4.05E+06

5.04E+04
2.39E+03
4.55E+05
1.84E+06
5.27E+05
3.24E+04
2.91E+06
1.64E+05
3.07E+06

4.70E+04
2.23E+03
4.25E+05
1.72E+06
4.92E+05
3.01E+04
2.71E+06
1.53E+05
2.87E+06

4.70E+04
2.23E+03
4.25E+05
1.72E+06
4.92E+05
3.01E+04
2.71E+06
1.53E+05
2.87E+06

2.52E+04
1.19E+03
2.28E+05
9.20E+05
2.81E+05
1.76E+04
1.47E+06
8.31E+04
1.56E+06

5.1%
0.3%

4.27E+05 4.36E+05
2.29E+04 2.34E+04

4.45E+05 4.45E+05
2.38E+04 2.38E+04

4.45E+05
2.38E+04

4.45E+05
2.38E+04

2.23E+05
1.19E+04

MILITARY MANUFACTURING: Coal Use
MILITARY MANUFACTURING: Electricity Use

TOTAL, ALL MILITARY ENERGY USES ABOVE

8.90E+05 GJ/yr
4.77E+04 GJ/yr

1.74E+07 GJ/yr

100% 9.89E+06 1.07E+07 1.12E+07 9.78E+06 9.47E+06 9.67E+06 5.76E+06

A2 - 2Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

Summary of Military Activity Assumptions
ESTIMATE OF ANNUAL FUEL USE BY THE MILITARY SECTOR IN DPRKSUMMARY OF KEY ACTIVITY LEVEL ASSUMPTIONS FOR 1990, 1996, 2000,
2005, 2008 THROUGH 2010, AND 2014 THROUGH 2020
Detailed Data and Results
Prepared By:
Date Last Modified:David Von Hippel
5/20/2020

UPDATE 2020
GROUND FORCES
Tanks,Am ph.
Trucks andVeh.,General
Arm ored
Use
Veh., Other
VehiclesArm s

Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 1990:
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 1996:
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2000:
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2005
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2008
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2009
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2010
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2014
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2015
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2016
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2017
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2018
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2019
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2020

1000
870
660
600
630
590
630
630
675
680
670
670
670
400

100
80
60
55
50
50
51
55
57
60
45
45
45
25

AIRCRAFT
Mission Hours Per Year:
Fighters/Bombers
Transport Aircraft
Helicopters
Ave. airspeed--Fract. of Maximum

1990

Mission Hours Per Year:
Fighters/Bombers
Transport Aircraft
Helicopters
Ave. airspeed--Fract. of Maximum

2014

24
50
32
80%

16
39
47
80%

1996
16
42
24
80%
2015
20
44
55
80%

A2 - 3

2000
11
32
18
80%
2016
23
42
55
80%

2005
19
38
24
80%
2017
16
42
45
80%

2008
21
39
30
80%
2018
15
40
43
80%

2009
15
38
35
80%
2019
17
44
47
80%

2010
19
40
45
80%
2020
11
32
35
80%

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

MILITARY SHIPS AND BOATS
Active Hours Per Year in:
Amphibious
Submarines
Other Vessels
Ave. power use--Fract. of Maximum

1990

Active Hours Per Year in:
Amphibious
Submarines
Other Vessels
Ave. power use--Fract. of Maximum

2014

50
100
800
50%

45
80
410
50%

1996
50
100
570
50%
2015
45
80
410
50%

2000
45
90
565
50%
2016
45
80
420
50%

2005
45
90
575
50%
2017
45
70
300
50%

2008
40
80
430
50%
2018
42
65
280
50%

PROJECTION OF ENERGY REQUIRMENTS FOR MILITARY PRODUCT MANUFACTURING
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 1996 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2000 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2005 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2008 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2009) versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2010 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2014 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2015 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2016 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2017 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2018 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2019 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2020 versus 1990:

A2 - 4

0.7
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.48
0.49
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.25

2009
35
80
400
50%
2019
42
65
280
50%

2010
45
80
460
50%
2020
24
38
150
50%

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

Summary Tables and Graphics
ESTIMATE OF ANNUAL FUEL USE BY THE MILITARY SECTOR IN DPRKSUMMARY TABLES AND GRAPHICS FOR 1990, 1996, 2000, 2005, 2008 THROUGH 2010, AND2014 THROUGH 2020
Summary Graphics
Prepared By:
Date Last Modified:David Von Hippel
5/20/2020

UPDATE 2020

MILITARY BRANCH
Equipment
GROUND FORCES
Tanks/Heavy Arms
2 1/2 Ton Trucks
Oth Trucks/Utility
TOTAL: Ground Forces
AIR FORCE
Fighters/Bombers
Transport/Helic.
Service (Grnd) Veh.
TOTAL: Air Force

Fuel Cons
GJ

1990
Fraction Fractionof Branch of Total

Fuel Cons
GJ

1996
Fraction Fractionof Branch of Total

Fuel Cons
GJ

2000
Fractionof Branch

2005
Fraction Fuel Cons Fraction Fractionof Total
GJ
of Branch of Total

2.63E+05
6.23E+06
3.59E+05
6.85E+06

3.8%
90.9%
5.2%
100.0%

1.6%
37.9%
2.2%
41.7%

2.11E+05
5.42E+06
3.17E+05
5.94E+06

3.5%
91.1%
5.3%
100.0%

1.6%
41.4%
2.4%
45.4%

1.48E+05
3.84E+06
2.25E+05
4.21E+06

3.5%
91.2%
5.3%
100.0%

1.3%
34.9%
2.0%
38.3%

1.29E+05
3.33E+06
1.95E+05
3.65E+06

3.5%
91.1%
5.3%
100.0%

1.2%
29.8%
1.7%
32.7%

1.80E+06
3.56E+05
4.94E+05
2.65E+06

67.9%
13.4%
18.7%
100.0%

10.9%
2.2%
3.0%
16.1%

1.20E+06
2.92E+05
3.95E+05
1.89E+06

63.6%
15.5%
21.0%
100.0%

9.2%
2.2%
3.0%
14.4%

8.24E+05
2.22E+05
3.21E+05
1.37E+06

60.3%
16.2%
23.5%
100.0%

7.5%
2.0%
2.9%
12.4%

1.39E+06
2.70E+05
3.46E+05
2.00E+06

69.2%
13.5%
17.3%
100.0%

12.4%
2.4%
3.1%
17.9%

5.05E+06
1.51E+06
3.71E+05
6.94E+06

72.8%
21.8%
5.3%
100.0%

30.7%
9.2%
2.3%
42.2%

3.60E+06
1.38E+06
2.81E+05
5.26E+06

68.4%
26.3%
5.3%
100.0%

27.5%
10.6%
2.1%
40.2%

3.57E+06
1.57E+06
2.90E+05
5.43E+06

65.7%
29.0%
5.3%
100.0%

32.4%
14.3%
2.6%
49.3%

3.63E+06
1.59E+06
2.95E+05
5.51E+06

65.8%
28.8%
5.3%
100.0%

32.5%
14.2%
2.6%
49.4%

NAVY
Patrol Craft
Other Vessels
Service (Land) Veh.
TOTAL: Naval Forces

TOTAL MILITARY EQUIP ENERGY USE

1.64E+07 GJ/yr

100% 1.31E+07 GJ/yr

A2 - 5100%

1.10E+07 GJ/yr

100% 1.12E+07 GJ/yr

100%

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

MILITARY BRANCH
Equipment
GROUND FORCES

Fuel Cons
GJ

2008
Fraction Fractionof Branch of Total

Fuel Cons
GJ

2009
Fraction Fractionof Branch of Total

Fuel Cons
GJ

2010
Fractionof Branch

2014
Fraction Fuel Cons Fraction Fractionof Total
GJ
of Branch of Total

Tanks/Heavy Arms

1.01E+05

3.1%

1.0%

1.01E+05

3.3%

1.2%

1.03E+05

3.1%

1.0%

9.56E+04

2.6%

1.0%

2 1/2 Ton Trucks
Oth Trucks/Utility
TOTAL: Ground Forces

3.01E+06
1.76E+05
3.29E+06

91.6%
5.4%
100.0%

30.9%
1.8%
33.7%

2.82E+06
1.65E+05
3.08E+06

91.4%
5.3%
100.0%

32.1%
1.9%
35.1%

3.01E+06
1.76E+05
3.29E+06

91.5%
5.4%
100.0%

30.3%
1.8%
33.1%

3.35E+06
1.80E+05
3.62E+06

92.4%
5.0%
100.0%

35.4%
1.9%
38.4%

1.57E+06
2.90E+05
3.71E+05
2.23E+06

70.4%
13.0%
16.6%
100.0%

16.1%
3.0%
3.8%
22.9%

1.12E+06
2.97E+05
3.71E+05
1.79E+06

62.7%
16.6%
20.7%
100.0%

12.8%
3.4%
4.2%
20.4%

1.39E+06
3.34E+05
3.81E+05
2.10E+06

66.0%
15.9%
18.1%
100.0%

13.9%
3.4%
3.8%
21.1%

1.07E+06
3.42E+05
4.90E+05
1.90E+06

56.1%
18.0%
25.8%
100.0%

11.3%
3.6%
5.2%
20.1%

2.71E+06
1.29E+06
2.26E+05
4.23E+06

64.2%
30.5%
5.3%
100.0%

27.8%
13.2%
2.3%
43.4%

2.52E+06
1.17E+06
2.08E+05
3.90E+06

64.7%
30.0%
5.3%
100.0%

28.8%
13.3%
2.4%
44.4%

2.90E+06
1.41E+06
2.43E+05
4.55E+06

63.8%
30.9%
5.3%
100.0%

29.2%
14.1%
2.4%
45.8%

2.48E+06
1.23E+06
2.10E+05
3.92E+06

63.2%
31.5%
5.3%
100.0%

26.3%
13.1%
2.2%
41.5%

100%

8.78E+06 GJ/yr

100%

9.94E+06 GJ/yr

AIR FORCE
Fighters/Bombers
Transport/Helic.
Service (Grnd) Veh.
TOTAL: Air Force
NAVY
Patrol Craft
Other Vessels
Service (Land) Veh.
TOTAL: Naval Forces

TOTAL MILITARY EQUIP ENERGY USE

9.75E+06 GJ/yr

A2 - 6

100% 9.44E+06 GJ/yr

100%

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

MILITARY BRANCH
Equipment
GROUND FORCES
Tanks/Heavy Arms
2 1/2 Ton Trucks
Oth Trucks/Utility
TOTAL: Ground Forces
AIR FORCE
Fighters/Bombers
Transport/Helic.
Service (Grnd) Veh.
TOTAL: Air Force

Fuel Cons
GJ

2015
Fraction Fractionof Branch of Total

Fuel Cons
GJ

2016
Fraction Fractionof Branch of Total

Fuel Cons
GJ

2017
Fractionof Branch

2018
Fraction Fuel Cons Fraction Fractionof Total
GJ
of Branch of Total

1.02E+05
3.68E+06
1.98E+05
3.98E+06

2.6%
92.4%
5.0%
100.0%

1.0%
35.9%
1.9%
38.9%

1.11E+05
3.79E+06
2.05E+05
4.11E+06

2.7%
92.3%
5.0%
100.0%

1.0%
35.4%
1.9%
38.3%

8.55E+04
3.83E+06
2.07E+05
4.12E+06

2.1%
92.9%
5.0%
100.0%

0.9%
41.1%
2.2%
44.2%

8.55E+04
3.83E+06
2.07E+05
4.12E+06

2.1%
92.9%
5.0%
100.0%

0.9%
41.1%
2.2%
44.2%

1.40E+06
3.98E+05
5.08E+05
2.31E+06

60.8%
17.2%
22.0%
100.0%

13.7%
3.9%
5.0%
22.6%

1.65E+06
3.93E+05
5.26E+05
2.57E+06

64.2%
15.3%
20.5%
100.0%

15.4%
3.7%
4.9%
23.9%

1.17E+06
3.71E+05
5.78E+05
2.12E+06

55.2%
17.5%
27.3%
100.0%

12.6%
4.0%
6.2%
22.8%

1.10E+06
3.54E+05
5.64E+05
2.01E+06

51.8%
16.7%
26.6%
95.1%

11.8%
3.8%
6.1%
21.6%

2.49E+06
1.24E+06
2.11E+05
3.94E+06

63.2%
31.5%
5.3%
100.0%

24.4%
12.1%
2.1%
38.6%

2.57E+06
1.27E+06
2.16E+05
4.05E+06

63.4%
31.3%
5.3%
100.0%

23.9%
11.8%
2.0%
37.7%

1.84E+06
1.07E+06
1.64E+05
3.07E+06

59.9%
34.7%
5.3%
100.0%

19.8%
11.5%
1.8%
33.0%

1.72E+06
9.96E+05
1.53E+05
2.87E+06

55.9%
32.4%
5.0%
93.3%

18.5%
10.7%
1.6%
30.8%

100%

1.07E+07 GJ/yr

100%

9.31E+06 GJ/yr

NAVY
Patrol Craft
Other Vessels
Service (Land) Veh.
TOTAL: Naval Forces

TOTAL MILITARY EQUIP ENERGY USE

1.02E+07 GJ/yr

A2 - 7

100% 9.00E+06 GJ/yr

97%

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

MILITARY BRANCH
Equipment
GROUND FORCES
Tanks/Heavy Arms
2 1/2 Ton Trucks
Oth Trucks/Utility
TOTAL: Ground Forces
AIR FORCE
Fighters/Bombers
Transport/Helic.
Service (Grnd) Veh.
TOTAL: Air Force

Fuel Cons
GJ

2019
Fraction Fractionof Branch of Total

Fuel Cons
GJ

2020
Fraction Fractionof Branch of Total

8.55E+04
3.83E+06
2.07E+05
4.12E+06

2.1%
92.9%
5.0%
100.0%

0.9%
41.6%
2.3%
44.8%

4.75E+04
2.28E+06
1.24E+05
2.46E+06

1.9%
93.0%
5.0%
100.0%

0.9%
41.3%
2.2%
44.4%

1.24E+06
3.89E+05
5.78E+05
2.21E+06

56.3%
17.6%
26.1%
100.0%

13.5%
4.2%
6.3%
24.0%

8.04E+05
2.85E+05
4.28E+05
1.52E+06

53.0%
18.8%
28.2%
100.0%

14.5%
5.2%
7.7%
27.4%

1.72E+06
9.96E+05
1.53E+05
2.87E+06

59.9%
34.7%
5.3%
100.0%

18.7%
10.8%
1.7%
31.2%

9.20E+05
5.53E+05
8.31E+04
1.56E+06

59.1%
35.5%
5.3%
100.0%

16.6%
10.0%
1.5%
28.1%

100%

5.53E+06 GJ/yr

NAVY
Patrol Craft
Other Vessels
Service (Land) Veh.
TOTAL: Naval Forces

TOTAL MILITARY EQUIP ENERGY USE

9.20E+06 GJ/yr

A2 - 8100%

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

A2 - 9

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

A2 - 10

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

A2 - 11

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

A2 - 12Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

A2 - 13Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

A2 - 14

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

A2 - 15

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

Summary Inputs and Results: Ground Forces Energy Use
ESTIMATES AND PROJECTIONS OF ANNUAL FUEL USE BY THE MILITARY SECTOR IN THE DPRK:MILITARY GROUND VEHICLES AND ARMAMENTS
Prepared By:
Date Last Modified:

UPDATE 2020

David Von Hippel
5/20/2020
Tanks,Am ph. Veh.,
Trucks andArm oredGeneral Use Veh., Other
VehiclesArm s

Summary Input Data and Results
Hours of Ground Maneuvers Per Year, 1990:
Hours of Ground Maneuvers Per Year, 1996:
Hours of Ground Maneuvers Per Year, 2000:
Hours of Ground Maneuvers Per Year, 2005:
Hours of Ground Maneuvers Per Year, 2008:
Hours of Ground Maneuvers Per Year, 2009:
Hours of Ground Maneuvers Per Year, 2010:
Hours of Ground Maneuvers Per Year, 2014:
Hours of Ground Maneuvers Per Year, 2015:
Hours of Ground Maneuvers Per Year, 2016:
Hours of Ground Maneuvers Per Year, 2017:
Hours of Ground Maneuvers Per Year, 2018:
Hours of Ground Maneuvers Per Year, 2019:
Hours of Ground Maneuvers Per Year, 2020:

1000
870
660
600
630
590
630
630
675
680
670
670
670
400

A2 - 16

100
80
60
55
50
50
51
55
57
60
45
45
45
25

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

Vehicle Types
Notes
Tanks
Amphibious Vehicles
Armored Fighting Vehicles
Truck/Tank-Mounted Guns, Missiles
Jeeps and Motorcycles
2 1/2 Ton Trucks
Other Trucks and Utility Equipment
TOTALS
Diesel Consumption
Gasoline Consumption

Vehicle Types
Notes
Tanks
Amphibious Vehicles
Armored Fighting Vehicles
Truck/Tank-Mounted Guns, Missiles
Jeeps and Motorcycles
2 1/2 Ton Trucks
Other Trucks and Utility Equipment
TOTALS
Diesel Consumption
Gasoline Consumption

Est.
Number
5,832
900
4,015
516
9,045
72,403
1,632
94,343

1990
Fuel Economy Range
Fract. of Ave. Speed Annual Fuel Cons Fuel Cons(km per Gallon)
Time in Use when in Use Hrs Use(liters)
GJ
1
2
1.97
2.08
50%
25
50 5.46E+06
2.05E+05
1.04
26.50
50%
20
50 2.78E+05
1.04E+04
6.53
7.50
50%
30
50 1.38E+06
4.50E+04
1.97
6.44
25%
20
25 7.06E+04
2.64E+03
26.50
50
50%
30
500 6.61E+06
2.15E+05
8.63
50%
30
500 1.91E+08
6.23E+06
3.85
8.63
50%
25
500 3.97E+06
1.44E+05

2005
Annual Fuel Cons Fuel Cons
Hrs Use(liters)
GJ
27.5
27.5
27.5
13.75
300
300
300

2.67E+06
1.36E+05
6.79E+05
3.46E+04
3.54E+06
1.02E+08
2.12E+06
1.12E+08
4.39E+06
1.07E+08

1.01E+05
5.11E+03
2.21E+04
1.30E+03
1.15E+05
3.33E+06
7.97E+04
3.65E+06
1.65E+05
3.49E+06

AnnualHrs Use
25
25
25
12.5
315
315
315

Fractionof Total

2.09E+08
8.69E+06
2.00E+08

6.85E+06
3.27E+05
6.52E+06

3.0%
0.2%
0.7%
0.0%
3.1%
90.9%
2.1%
100.0%
4.8%
95.2%

2008
Fuel Cons Fuel Cons Annual(liters)
GJ
Hrs Use2009
Fuel Cons(liters)

Fuel ConsGJ

2.09E+06
1.07E+05
5.31E+05
2.71E+04
2.99E+06
8.67E+07
1.80E+06
9.42E+07
3.54E+06
9.07E+07

7.87E+04
4.00E+03
1.73E+04
1.02E+03
9.74E+04
2.82E+06
6.75E+04
3.08E+06
1.33E+05
2.95E+06

2.09E+06
1.07E+05
5.31E+05
2.71E+04
3.20E+06
9.25E+07
1.92E+06
1.00E+08
3.62E+06
9.68E+07

7.87E+04
4.00E+03
1.73E+04
1.02E+03
1.04E+05
3.01E+06
7.21E+04
3.29E+06
1.36E+05
3.15E+06

A2 - 17

25
25
25
12.5
295
295
295

1996
Annual Fuel Cons Fuel Cons
Hrs Use(liters)
GJ
40
40
40
20
435
435
435

4.36E+06
2.22E+05
1.11E+06
5.65E+04
5.75E+06
1.67E+08
3.45E+06
1.81E+08
7.16E+06
1.74E+08

1.64E+05
8.35E+03
3.60E+04
2.12E+03
1.87E+05
5.42E+06
1.30E+05
5.94E+06
2.69E+05
5.68E+06

2010
Annual Fuel Cons Fuel Cons
Hrs Use(liters)
GJ
25.5
25.5
25.5
12.75
315
315
315

2.14E+06
1.09E+05
5.42E+05
2.76E+04
3.20E+06
9.25E+07
1.92E+06
1.00E+08
3.67E+06
9.68E+07

8.02E+04
4.08E+03
1.76E+04
1.04E+03
1.04E+05
3.01E+06
7.21E+04
3.29E+06
1.38E+05
3.15E+06

AnnualHrs Use
30
30
30
15
330
330
330

AnnualHrs Use
27.5
27.5
27.5
13.75
315
315
315

2000
Fuel Cons(liters)

Fuel Cons
GJ

3.06E+06
1.56E+05
7.76E+05
3.96E+04
4.08E+06
1.18E+08
2.45E+06
1.29E+08
5.04E+06
1.24E+08

1.15E+05
5.85E+03
2.52E+04
1.49E+03
1.33E+05
3.84E+06
9.19E+04
4.21E+06
1.89E+05
4.02E+06

2014
Fuel Cons(liters)

Fuel ConsGJ

2.07E+06
1.05E+05
3.94E+05
2.68E+04
3.55E+06
1.03E+08
1.72E+06
1.11E+08
3.46E+06
1.07E+08

7.78E+04
3.96E+03
1.28E+04
1.01E+03
1.16E+05
3.35E+06
6.48E+04
3.62E+06
1.30E+05
3.49E+06

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

Vehicle Types
Notes
Tanks
Amphibious Vehicles
Armored Fighting Vehicles
Truck/Tank-Mounted Guns, Missiles
Jeeps and Motorcycles
2 1/2 Ton Trucks
Other Trucks and Utility Equipment
TOTALS
Diesel Consumption
Gasoline Consumption

Vehicle Types
Notes
Tanks
Amphibious Vehicles
Armored Fighting Vehicles
Truck/Tank-Mounted Guns, Missiles
Jeeps and Motorcycles
2 1/2 Ton Trucks
Other Trucks and Utility Equipment
TOTALS
Diesel Consumption
Gasoline Consumption

2015
Annual Fuel Cons Fuel Cons
Hrs Use(liters)
GJ
28.5
28.5
28.5
14.25
337.5
337.5
337.5

2.21E+06
1.13E+05
4.23E+05
2.86E+04
3.90E+06
1.13E+08
1.90E+06
1.22E+08
3.74E+06
1.18E+08

8.30E+04
4.23E+03
1.38E+04
1.07E+03
1.27E+05
3.68E+06
7.15E+04
3.98E+06
1.40E+05
3.84E+06

2018
Annual Fuel Cons Fuel Cons
Hrs Use(liters)
GJ
22.5
22.5
22.5
11.25
335
335
335

1.85E+06
9.41E+04
3.57E+05
2.39E+04
4.06E+06
1.18E+08
2.00E+06
1.26E+08
3.42E+06
1.23E+08

AnnualHrs Use
30
30
30
15
340
340
340

AnnualHrs Use

6.94E+04
3.53E+03
1.16E+04
8.98E+02
1.32E+05
3.83E+06
7.52E+04
4.12E+06
1.29E+05
3.99E+06

22.5
22.5
22.5
11.25
335
335
335

2016
Fuel Cons Fuel Cons Annual(liters)
GJ
Hrs Use2017
Fuel Cons(liters)

Fuel Cons
GJ

22.5
22.5
22.5
11.25
335
335
335

1.85E+06
9.41E+04
3.57E+05
2.39E+04
4.06E+06
1.18E+08
2.00E+06
1.26E+08
3.42E+06
1.23E+08

6.94E+04
3.53E+03
1.16E+04
8.98E+02
1.32E+05
3.83E+06
7.52E+04
4.12E+06
1.29E+05
3.99E+06

2019
Fuel Cons Fuel Cons Annual(liters)
GJ
Hrs Use2020
Fuel Cons(liters)

Fuel Cons
GJ

12.5
12.5
12.5
6.25
200
200
200

1.03E+06
5.23E+04
1.98E+05
1.33E+04
2.43E+06
7.02E+07
1.19E+06
7.51E+07
1.96E+06
7.32E+07

3.86E+04
1.96E+03
6.45E+03
4.99E+02
7.89E+04
2.28E+06
4.49E+04
2.46E+06
7.37E+04
2.38E+06

2.39E+06
1.22E+05
4.60E+05
3.10E+04
4.03E+06
1.17E+08
1.97E+06
1.26E+08
3.98E+06
1.22E+08

1.85E+06
9.41E+04
3.57E+05
2.39E+04
4.06E+06
1.18E+08
2.00E+06
1.26E+08
3.42E+06
1.23E+08

9.00E+04
4.58E+03
1.50E+04
1.16E+03
1.31E+05
3.79E+06
7.42E+04
4.11E+06
1.50E+05
3.96E+06

6.94E+04
3.53E+03
1.16E+04
8.98E+02
1.32E+05
3.83E+06
7.52E+04
4.12E+06
1.29E+05
3.99E+06

Notes:
1 This fraction is assumed to be 25% for vehicles used primarily in engineering operations, 50% for most others.
2 Average speed applies to most, but not necessarily all, vehicles in class.

A2 - 18

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

Detailed Inputs and Results: Ground Forces Energy Use
ESTIMATE OF ANNUAL FUEL USE BY THE MILITARY SECTOR IN THE DPRKMILITARY GROUND VEHICLES AND ARMAMENTS
UPDATE 2020
Detailed Data and Results

COMMON ASSUMPTIONS & PARAMETERSGROUND FORCES
Prepared By:
Date Last Modified:David Von Hippel
5/20/2020

Tanks,
TrucksAm ph.
andVeh.,
General
Arm ored
Use
Veh., Other
VehiclesArm s

Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 1990:
1000
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 1996:
870
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2000:
660
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2005:
600
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2008:
630
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2009:
590
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2010:
630
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2014:
630
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2015:
675
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2016:
680
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2017:
670
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2018:
670
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2019:
670
Hours of Maneuvers Per Year, 2020:
400
Fraction of Stock Unuseable:
20%
Conversion Factor:
3.8 liters/gal
Diesel Energy Content:
0.037584 GJ/liter
Gasoline Energy Content:
0.0325304 GJ/liter

A2 - 19

100 Note 25
80
60 Note 24
55 Note 27
50
50
51
55 Note 30
57 Note 30
60 Note 30
45 Note 30
45 Note 30
45 Note 30
25 Note 31
Note 21

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

Estimate of Number of Vehicles In Military Fleet

Branch or Unit of Ground Forces

Reserve Infantry Divisions
Reserve-Infantry Brigades
Infantry Divisions
Truck Mobile Divisions
Infantry Brigades
Truck Mobile Brigades
Armored Brigades
Special Operations Brigades
Elite Training Regiments
Engineering River Regiments
SAM Regiments
AAA Regiments
FROG Battalions
Command and Support
Artillery Regiments
MRL Regiment
AAA Regiments
Engineering Regiment
Signal Battalion
Decon Battalion
ATGM Company
Field Hospital

Number

26
18
30
1
4
20
15
22
5
5
5
5
10
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1

MOTORIZED EQUIPMENT, BY TYPE, PER UNIT

Personnel TOTAL
per Unit Personnel

10,3598,296
10,359
8,194
8,296
4,781
2,481

269,334
149,328
310,770
8,194
33,184
95,62037,215

1,490
1,660
1,112
529
173
338
735
751
529
1,206
299
315
81
435

7,450
8,300
5,560
2,645
1,730
338
2,205
751
1,058
1,206
299
315
81
435

TOTAL INDICATED LAND FORCES
Reported Ground Personnel (as of 1990)
TRUED-UP LAND FORCES
True-Up Factor, '90/96:
Equipment Totals by Category

TANKS

Notes

936,018

1
2
1
5
2
4
3
6

Medium Med: T62/
T-54/55 63/PT-76
31
2
31
93

6

ASLT

PT-76
Lt AmphPTS
Trk Amph

K-61
Trk Amph

GAZ-46AMPHI
Tank
FERRY Retriever BTR-60
1

2
16
31
133

1
8

330

7

99
58

5

95

10

BRDM

GUNS, MISSILES (CGUNS, MISSILES
AAG
BM-21
ZSU-57 (URAL-375)

18
15
3

6

6

6
60

7

12
30

30

1,919

2,727

2,185

3,106

1.07E+06 7, 23, 26

1.14

ARMORED FTG.
VEHICLESAMPHIBIOUS VEH. AND TANK RTVR

475
5,121
541
5,832

A2 - 20

10

20

166

10

320

35

60

189

11

364

40

68

199
790
227
900

3,180
3,622

345
3,525
393
4,015

240

138

273

157

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

Estimate of Number of Vehicles In Military Fleet

Branch or Unit of Ground Forces

NumberMOTORIZED EQUIPMENT, BY TYPE, PER UNIT

Personnel TOTAL
per Unit Personnel

GUNS, MISSILES (Cont.)

Notes

BM-20,24 FROG 3/5 FROG 7(ZIL-151,7) (PT-76) (ZIL-135)
Reserve Infantry Divisions
Reserve-Infantry Brigades
Infantry Divisions
Truck Mobile Divisions
Infantry Brigades
Truck Mobile Brigades
Armored Brigades
Special Operations Brigades
Elite Training Regiments
Engineering River Regiments
SAM Regiments
AAA Regiments
FROG Battalions
Command and Support
Artillery Regiments
MRL Regiment
AAA Regiments
Engineering Regiment
Signal Battalion
Decon Battalion
ATGM Company
Field Hospital

26
18
30
1
4
20
15
22
5
5
5
5
10
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1

10,3598,296
10,359
8,194
8,296
4,781
2,481

269,334
149,328
310,770
8,194
33,184
95,62037,215

1,490
1,660
1,112
529
173
338
735
751
529
1,206
299
315
81
435

7,450
8,300
5,560
2,645
1,730
338
2,205
751
1,058
1,206
299
315
81
435

TOTAL INDICATED LAND FORCES
Reported Ground Personnel (as of 1990)
TRUED-UP LAND FORCES
True-Up Factor, '90/96:
Equipment Totals by Category

936,018

1
2
1
5
2
4
3
6

3

15

30

1.14

17

34

JEEPS
57
39
57
56
39
28
26

MotorCycles
29
29
29
29
8

14
10
8
14

14

44
4
10
14
9
5
1
1
4

30

5,400

2,542
7,942
2,895
9,045

3

15

1.07E+06 7, 23, 26

LIGHT VEH.

30
453
34
516

A2 - 216,150

20

TRUCKS AND UTILITY VEHICLES
2.5 T
Truck

Dump

Zil-135 Zil-151 KRAZ-214 GAZ-63 Zil-157V

Power
Boats

Oth Hvy
Equip.

24

15

12

33

108
1,433
123
1,632

692
503
692
255
503
376
162
133
148
60
104
54
68
75
48
104
103
37
30
5
63
63,57563,57572,40372,403

96

18

72
36

3

3

23

23

30

480

90

360

210

132

26

34

547

102

410

239

150

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

MOTORIZED EQUIPMENT, BY TYPE, PER UNIT
TANKS
MediumFuel Use Effic. Calculations
Reported Range
Reported Fuel Capacity (Est )Reported Horsepower
PayloadFuel Used
Fuel Use Efficiency

Units
km
gal
hp
ton
km/gal

Notes

Notes

Med: T62/

T-54/55 63/PT-76
500
500
254
240

ARMORED FTG.
VEHICLESAMPHIBIOUS VEH. AND TANK RTVR
PT-76

PTS

K-61

AMPHI

Tank

GUNS, MISSILES
AAG

BM-21

ASLT
300
150

Lt AmphTrk Amph Trk Amph GAZ-46 FERRY Retriever BTR-60 BRDM ZSU-57 (URAL-375)
260
500
260
530
500
300
500
750
500
650
67
240
67
20
480
148
76.6
100
254
110
55
180
5.5
3.3
0.4
11
4.9
DieselDieselDieselDieselDieselDieselGas
DieselDieselGas??
Gas
DieselDiesel??
1.97
2.08
2.00
3.88
2.08
3.88
26.50
1.04
2.03
6.53
7.50
1.97
5.91
8

8, 9

8

8

50%
25
50
40
30
27.5
25
25
25.5
27.5
28.5
30
22.5
22.5
22.5
12.5

50%
25
50
40
30
27.5
25
25
25.5
27.5
28.5
30
22.5
22.5
22.5
12.5

50%
25
50
40
30
27.5
25
25
25.5
27.5
28.5
30
22.5
22.5
22.5
12.5

50%
20
50
40
30
27.5
25
25
25.5
27.5
28.5
30
22.5
22.5
22.5
12.5

12

13

14

15

8

8

16

25%
15
25
20
15
13.75
12.5
12.5
12.75
13.75
14.25
15
11.25
11.25
11.25
6.25

50%
30
50
40
30
27.5
25
25
25.5
27.5
28.5
30
22.5
22.5
22.5
12.5

50%
30
50
40
30
27.5
25
25
25.5
27.5
28.5
30
22.5
22.5
22.5
12.5

11

Operating Assumptions
Fract. Time In-Use During Maneuvers
Average Speed During Maneuvers
Hours of Operation, 1990
Hours of Operation, 1996
Hours of Operation, 2000
Hours of Operation, 2005
Hours of Operation, 2008
Hours of Operation, 2009
Hours of Operation, 2010
Hours of Operation, 2014
Hours of Operation, 2015
Hours of Operation, 2016
Hours of Operation, 2017
Hours of Operation, 2018
Hours of Operation, 2019
Hours of Operation, 2020

km/hr
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs

A2 - 22

50%
20
50
40
30
27.5
25
25
25.5
27.5
28.5
30
22.5
22.5
22.5
12.5

50%
20
50
40
30
27.5
25
25
25.5
27.5
28.5
30
22.5
22.5
22.5
12.5

50%
20
50
40
30
27.5
25
25
25.5
27.5
28.5
30
22.5
22.5
22.5
12.5

25%
15
25
20
15
13.75
12.5
12.5
12.75
13.75
14.25
15
11.25
11.25
11.25
6.25

25%
20
25
20
15
13.75
12.5
12.5
12.75
13.75
14.25
15
11.25
11.25
11.25
6.25

25%
20
25
20
15
13.75
12.5
12.5
12.75
13.75
14.25
15
11.25
11.25
11.25
6.25

GUNS, MISSILES (CNautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

MOTORIZED EQUIPMENT, BY TYPE, PER UNIT
GUNS, MISSILES (Cont.)
BM-20,24

Fuel Use Effic. Calculations
Reported Range
Reported Fuel Capacity (Est )Reported Horsepower
PayloadFuel Used
Fuel Use Efficiency

Units
km
gal
hp
ton
km/gal

Notes

Notes

FROG 3/5

LIGHT VEH.

FROG 7

Motor-TRUCKS AND UTILITY VEHICLES
2.5 T

Power

Oth Hvy(ZIL-151,7)600, 430(PT-76) (ZIL-135) JEEPS
CyclesTruck
Dump Zil-135 Zil-151 Kraz-214 GAZ-63 Zil-157V Boats
Equip.
260
500
530
345
530
500
600
530
345
430
67
130
20
40
130
130
80
130
40
80
92, 109
180
54
70
205
180
92
205
55
109
28
11
2.2
7.7
11
2.7
7.7
2.2
Diesel??
Diesel
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
DieselGas
Diesel?? Diesel
Gas
Diesel?? Diesel?? Diesel??
6.4375
3.88
3.85
26.50
50
8.63
4.08
3.85
7.50
4.08
8.63
5.38
0.195
5.38
l/hp-hr
11
17
19
10
17
17
11
11
10
11
20
18

Operating Assumptions
Fract. Time In-Use During Maneuvers
Average Speed During Maneuvers
Hours of Operation, 1990
Hours of Operation, 1996
Hours of Operation, 2000
Hours of Operation, 2005
Hours of Operation, 2008
Hours of Operation, 2009
Hours of Operation, 2010
Hours of Operation, 2014
Hours of Operation, 2015
Hours of Operation, 2016
Hours of Operation, 2017
Hours of Operation, 2018
Hours of Operation, 2019
Hours of Operation, 2020

25%

km/hr
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs

25%
20

25
20
15
13.75
12.5
12.5
12.75
13.75
14.25
15
11.25
11.25
11.25
6.25

20
25
20
15
13.75
12.5
12.5
12.75
13.75
14.25
15
11.25
11.25
11.25
6.25

25%
20
25
20
15
13.75
12.5
12.5
12.75
13.75
14.25
15
11.25
11.25
11.25
6.25

A2 - 23

50%
30
500
435
330
300
315
295
315
315
337.5
340
335
335
335
200

50%
30
500
435
330
300
315
295
315
315
337.5
340
335
335
335
200

50%
30
500
435
330
300
315
295
315
315
337.5
340
335
335
335
200

50%
25
500
435
330
300
315
295
315
315
337.5
340
335
335
335
200

50%
25
500
435
330
300
315
295
315
315
337.5
340
335
335
335
200

50%
25
500
435
330
300
315
295
315
315
337.5
340
335
335
335
200

50%
25
500
435
330
300
315
295
315
315
337.5
340
335
335
335
200

50%
25
500
435
330
300
315
295
315
315
337.5
340
335
335
335
200

50%
25
500
435
330
300
315
295
315
315
337.5
340
335
335
335
200

25%
250
217.5
165
150
157.5
147.5
157.5
157.5
168.75
170
167.5
167.5
167.5
100

25%
15
250
217.5
165
150
157.5
147.5
157.5
157.5
168.75
170
167.5
167.5
167.5
100

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

MOTORIZED EQUIPMENT, BY TYPE, PER UNIT
TANKS
Fuel Use Effic. Calculations

Units

MediumMed: T62/

T-54/55

63/PT-76

22 5.55E+05
22

7.45E+05

2.11E+06

2.83E+06

Notes

ARMORED FTG.
VEHICLESAMPHIBIOUS VEH. AND TANK RTVR
AMPHI

Tank

GUNS, MISSILES

PT-76

PTS

K-61

AAG

BM-21

ASLT

Lt AmphTrk Amph

Trk Amph

GAZ-46FERRY Retriever BTR-60

BRDM

ZSU-57 (URAL-375)

1.35E+05

1.95E+04

2.19E+03

3.76E+04

6.02E+02

4.92E+03 8.39E+03

3.1E+04

1.39E+04

2.66E+03

5.28E+04

1.01E+04

1.98E+03

3.80E+02

1.11E+04

2.13E+03

4.22E+04

8.09E+03

1.59E+03

3.04E+02

7.78E+03

1.49E+03

2.96E+04

5.67E+03

1.11E+03

2.13E+02

6.81E+03

1.30E+03

2.59E+04

4.95E+03

9.72E+02

1.86E+02

Fuel Consumption Results, 1990
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

All Veh.

5.50E+07

All Veh.

2.09E+08

All Veh.

6.85E+06

All Veh.

4.78E+07

All Veh.

1.81E+08

All Veh.

5.94E+06

All Veh.

3.38E+07

All Veh.

1.29E+08

All Veh.

4.21E+06

All Veh.

2.93E+07

All Veh.

1.12E+08

All Veh.

3.65E+06

1.44E+06
5.14E+05

7.41E+04

8.31E+03

1.43E+05

2.29E+03

5.46E+06
7.93E+04

1.06E+05

1.93E+04

3.3E+05

7.31E+04
1.87E+04 3.19E+04

3.6E+05
1.3E+06

2.78E+05
2.78E+03

3.12E+02

5.37E+03

7.44E+01

2.05E+05

7.03E+02 1.20E+03

1.2E+05
1.4E+06

4.1E+04

1.04E+04

3.9E+03
4.5E+04

Fuel Consumption Results, 1996
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

22 4.44E+05
22

5.96E+05

1.69E+06

2.27E+06

1.08E+05

1.56E+04

1.75E+03

3.01E+04

4.81E+02

1.15E+06
4.11E+05

8.52E+04

1.55E+04

2.7E+05

5.85E+04
5.92E+04

6.65E+03

1.14E+05

1.83E+03

4.36E+06
6.34E+04

3.94E+03 6.71E+03
1.50E+04 2.55E+04

2.9E+05
1.0E+06

2.22E+05
2.23E+03

2.50E+02

4.29E+03

5.95E+01

1.64E+05

5.62E+02 9.58E+02

2.5E+04
9.6E+04
1.1E+06

3.3E+04

8.35E+03

3.1E+03
3.6E+04

Fuel Consumption Results, 2000
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

22 3.11E+05
22

4.18E+05

1.18E+06

1.59E+06

7.58E+04

1.09E+04

1.23E+03

2.11E+04

3.37E+02

8.05E+05
2.88E+05

5.97E+04

1.08E+04

1.9E+05

4.10E+04
4.15E+04

4.66E+03

8.00E+04

1.28E+03

3.06E+06
4.44E+04

2.76E+03 4.70E+03
1.05E+04 1.79E+04

2.0E+05
7.1E+05

1.56E+05
1.56E+03

1.75E+02

3.01E+03

4.17E+01

1.15E+05

3.94E+02 6.71E+02

1.8E+04
6.7E+04
7.8E+05

2.3E+04

5.85E+03

2.2E+03
2.5E+04

Fuel Consumption Results, 2005
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

22 2.72E+05
22

3.65E+05

1.03E+06

1.39E+06

6.63E+04

9.55E+03

1.07E+03

1.84E+04

2.95E+02

7.04E+05
2.52E+05

5.22E+04

9.47E+03
1.01E+05

A2 - 24

1.6E+05

3.59E+04
3.63E+04

4.07E+03

7.00E+04

1.12E+03

2.67E+06
3.89E+04

2.41E+03 4.11E+03
9.16E+03 1.56E+04

1.8E+05
6.2E+05

1.36E+05
1.36E+03

1.53E+02

2.63E+03

3.65E+01

3.44E+02 5.87E+02
5.11E+03

1.5E+04
5.9E+04
6.8E+05

2.0E+04

1.9E+03
2.2E+04

GUNS, MISSILES (CNautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

MOTORIZED EQUIPMENT, BY TYPE, PER UNIT
GUNS, MISSILES (Cont.)

Fuel Use Effic. Calculations

Units

Notes

BM-20,24

FROG 3/5

FROG 7(ZIL-151,7)(PT-76)(ZIL-135)

2.65E+02

8.80E+02

8.88E+02

LIGHT VEH.

TRUCKS AND UTILITY VEHICLES

Motor-

2.5 T

JEEPS

CyclesTruck

1.39E+06

3.47E+05 5.04E+07 3.2E+04 4.4E+04 3.6E+05

Dump

Zil-135 Zil-151 Kraz-214 GAZ-63 Zil-157VPower

Oth Hvy

Boats

Equip.

1.7E+04

Fuel Consumption Results, 1990
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

All Veh.

5.50E+07

22
22

1.86E+04
1.01E+03

All Veh.

3.35E+03

2.09E+08
6.85E+06

All Veh.

4.78E+07

5.29E+06

7.06E+04
3.79E+01

All Veh.

3.38E+03

1.26E+02

1.10E+02

1.3E+05

2.4E+05

2.2E+05

0.0E+00

4.8E+05

9.0E+05

8.5E+05

0.0E+00

1.8E+04

2.9E+04

3.2E+04

0.0E+00

1.74E+06 5.04E+07
1.32E+06 1.91E+08 1.2E+05 1.7E+05 1.4E+06

1.0E+06

6.61E+06 1.91E+08
1.72E+05

2.64E+03

4.29E+04 6.23E+06 4.6E+03 5.5E+03 5.2E+04

6.5E+04
4.0E+06

2.15E+05 6.23E+06

2.5E+03
1.4E+05

Fuel Consumption Results, 1996
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
litersliters
GJ
GJ

22
22

2.12E+02

2.68E+03

1.81E+08
5.94E+06

All Veh.

3.38E+07

1.21E+06

2.70E+03

1.01E+02

1.01E+02

3.02E+05 4.38E+07 2.8E+04 3.9E+04 3.2E+05

1.1E+05

2.1E+05

1.9E+05

0.0E+00

4.2E+05

7.9E+05

7.4E+05

0.0E+00

1.6E+04

3.0E+04

2.8E+04

0.0E+00

1.51E+06 4.38E+07
4.60E+06

5.65E+04
3.03E+01

All Veh.

7.11E+02
1.49E+04

8.07E+02

All Veh.

7.04E+02

1.15E+06 1.67E+08 1.1E+05 1.5E+05 1.2E+06

9.1E+05

5.75E+06 1.67E+08
1.50E+05

2.12E+03

3.74E+04 5.42E+06 4.0E+03 5.5E+03 4.5E+04

1.5E+04
5.7E+04
3.5E+06

1.87E+05 5.42E+06

2.1E+03
1.3E+05

Fuel Consumption Results, 2000
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
litersliters
GJ
GJ

22
22

1.49E+02

1.88E+03

1.29E+08
4.21E+06

All Veh.

2.93E+07

8.59E+05

1.89E+03

7.05E+01

7.11E+01

2.14E+05 3.11E+07 2.0E+04 2.7E+04 2.2E+05

7.8E+04

1.5E+05

1.4E+05

0.0E+00

2.9E+05

5.6E+05

5.2E+05

0.0E+00

1.1E+04

2.1E+04

2.0E+04

0.0E+00

1.07E+06 3.11E+07
3.26E+06

3.96E+04
2.12E+01

All Veh.

4.98E+02
1.04E+04

5.65E+02

All Veh.

4.94E+02

8.14E+05 1.18E+08 7.5E+04 1.0E+05 8.5E+05

6.4E+05

4.08E+06 1.18E+08
1.06E+05

1.49E+03

2.65E+04 3.84E+06 2.8E+03 3.9E+03 3.2E+04

1.1E+04
4.0E+04
2.4E+06

1.33E+05 3.84E+06

1.5E+03
9.2E+04

Fuel Consumption Results, 2005
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
litersliters
GJ
GJ

22
22

1.30E+02

1.64E+03

1.12E+08
3.65E+06

7.45E+05

1.65E+03

6.16E+01

6.22E+01
1.30E+03

A2 - 25

1.86E+05 2.69E+07 1.7E+04 2.4E+04 1.9E+05

6.7E+04

1.3E+05

1.2E+05

0.0E+00

2.6E+05

4.8E+05

4.5E+05

0.0E+00

9.6E+03

1.8E+04

1.7E+04

0.0E+00

9.30E+05 2.69E+07
2.83E+06

3.46E+04
1.86E+01

All Veh.

4.35E+02
9.11E+03

4.94E+02

All Veh.

4.32E+02

7.06E+05 1.02E+08 6.5E+04 9.0E+04 7.4E+05

5.6E+05

3.54E+06 1.02E+08
9.20E+04

2.30E+04 3.33E+06 2.5E+03 3.4E+03 2.8E+04
1.15E+05 3.33E+06

9.2E+03
3.5E+04
2.1E+06
1.3E+03
8.0E+04

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

MOTORIZED EQUIPMENT, BY TYPE, PER UNIT
TANKS
Fuel Use Effic. Calculations

Units

MediumMed: T62/

T-54/55

63/PT-76

22 2.13E+05
22

2.86E+05

8.09E+05

1.09E+06

Notes

ARMORED FTG.
VEHICLESAMPHIBIOUS VEH. AND TANK RTVR
AMPHI

Tank

GUNS, MISSILES

PT-76

PTS

K-61

AAG

BM-21

ASLT

Lt AmphTrk Amph

Trk Amph

GAZ-46FERRY Retriever BTR-60

BRDM

ZSU-57 (URAL-375)

5.19E+04

7.48E+03

8.39E+02

1.44E+04

2.31E+02

1.89E+03 3.22E+03

1.2E+04

5.33E+03

1.02E+03

2.02E+04

3.88E+03

7.61E+02

1.46E+02

5.33E+03

1.02E+03

2.02E+04

3.88E+03

7.61E+02

1.46E+02

5.43E+03

1.04E+03

2.06E+04

3.96E+03

7.76E+02

1.49E+02

Fuel Consumption Results, 2008
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

All Veh.

2.64E+07

All Veh.

1.00E+08

All Veh.

3.29E+06

All Veh.

2.48E+07

All Veh.

9.42E+07

All Veh.

3.08E+06

All Veh.

2.64E+07

All Veh.

1.00E+08

All Veh.

3.29E+06

5.51E+05
1.97E+05

2.84E+04

3.19E+03

5.48E+04

8.77E+02

2.09E+06
3.04E+04

4.08E+04

7.41E+03

1.3E+05

2.81E+04
7.17E+03 1.22E+04

1.4E+05
4.9E+05

1.07E+05
1.07E+03

1.20E+02

2.06E+03

2.85E+01

7.87E+04

2.70E+02 4.59E+02

4.6E+04
5.3E+05

1.6E+04

4.00E+03

1.5E+03
1.7E+04

Fuel Consumption Results, 2009
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

22 2.13E+05
22

2.86E+05

8.09E+05

1.09E+06

5.19E+04

7.48E+03

8.39E+02

1.44E+04

2.31E+02

5.51E+05
1.97E+05

4.08E+04

7.41E+03

1.3E+05

2.81E+04
2.84E+04

3.19E+03

5.48E+04

8.77E+02

2.09E+06
3.04E+04

1.89E+03 3.22E+03
7.17E+03 1.22E+04

1.4E+05
4.9E+05

1.07E+05
1.07E+03

1.20E+02

2.06E+03

2.85E+01

7.87E+04

2.70E+02 4.59E+02

1.2E+04
4.6E+04
5.3E+05

1.6E+04

4.00E+03

1.5E+03
1.7E+04

Fuel Consumption Results, 2010
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

22 2.17E+05
22

2.92E+05

8.26E+05

1.11E+06

5.29E+04

7.63E+03

8.56E+02

1.47E+04

2.35E+02

5.62E+05
2.01E+05

4.17E+04

7.56E+03
8.02E+04

A2 - 26

1.3E+05

2.86E+04
2.90E+04

3.25E+03

5.59E+04

8.95E+02

2.14E+06
3.10E+04

1.93E+03 3.28E+03
7.32E+03 1.25E+04

1.4E+05
5.0E+05

1.09E+05
1.09E+03

1.22E+02

2.10E+03

2.91E+01

2.75E+02 4.69E+02
4.08E+03

1.2E+04
4.7E+04
5.4E+05

1.6E+04

1.5E+03
1.8E+04

GUNS, MISSILES (CNautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

MOTORIZED EQUIPMENT, BY TYPE, PER UNIT
GUNS, MISSILES (Cont.)

Fuel Use Effic. Calculations

Units

Notes

BM-20,24

FROG 3/5

FROG 7(ZIL-151,7)(PT-76)(ZIL-135)

1.02E+02

3.38E+02

3.41E+02

LIGHT VEH.

TRUCKS AND UTILITY VEHICLES

Motor-

2.5 T

JEEPS

Cycles

Truck

6.73E+05

1.68E+05 2.43E+07 1.6E+04 2.1E+04 1.8E+05

Dump

Zil-135 Zil-151 Kraz-214 GAZ-63 Zil-157VPower

Oth Hvy

Boats

Equip.

8.3E+03

Fuel Consumption Results, 2008
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

All Veh.

2.64E+0722
22

7.13E+03
3.87E+02

All Veh.

1.28E+03

1.00E+08
3.29E+06

All Veh.

2.48E+07

2.56E+06

2.71E+04
1.45E+01

All Veh.

1.30E+03

4.82E+01

4.87E+01

6.1E+04

1.1E+05

1.1E+05

0.0E+00

2.3E+05

4.4E+05

4.1E+05

0.0E+00

8.7E+03

1.6E+04

1.5E+04

0.0E+00

8.41E+05 2.43E+07
6.38E+05 9.25E+07 5.9E+04 8.2E+04 6.7E+05

5.0E+05

3.20E+06 9.25E+07
8.32E+04

1.02E+03

2.08E+04 3.01E+06 2.2E+03 3.1E+03 2.5E+04

3.2E+04
1.9E+06

1.04E+05 3.01E+06

1.2E+03
7.2E+04

Fuel Consumption Results, 2009
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
litersliters
GJ
GJ

22
22

1.02E+02

1.28E+03

9.42E+07
3.08E+06

All Veh.

2.64E+07

6.30E+05

1.30E+03

4.82E+01

4.87E+01

1.57E+05 2.28E+07 1.5E+04 2.0E+04 1.6E+05

5.7E+04

1.1E+05

1.0E+05

0.0E+00

2.2E+05

4.1E+05

3.8E+05

0.0E+00

8.1E+03

1.5E+04

1.4E+04

0.0E+00

7.88E+05 2.28E+07
2.40E+06

2.71E+04
1.45E+01

All Veh.

3.41E+02
7.13E+03

3.87E+02

All Veh.

3.38E+02

5.98E+05 8.67E+07 5.5E+04 7.6E+04 6.3E+05

4.7E+05

2.99E+06 8.67E+07
7.79E+04

1.02E+03

1.94E+04 2.82E+06 2.1E+03 2.9E+03 2.4E+04

7.8E+03
3.0E+04
1.8E+06

9.74E+04 2.82E+06

1.1E+03
6.8E+04

Fuel Consumption Results, 2010
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
litersliters
GJ
GJ

22
22

1.04E+02

1.31E+03

1.00E+08
3.29E+06

6.73E+05

1.32E+03

4.92E+01

4.97E+01
1.04E+03

A2 - 27

1.68E+05 2.43E+07 1.6E+04 2.1E+04 1.8E+05

6.1E+04

1.1E+05

1.1E+05

0.0E+00

2.3E+05

4.4E+05

4.1E+05

0.0E+00

8.7E+03

1.6E+04

1.5E+04

0.0E+00

8.41E+05 2.43E+07
2.56E+06

2.76E+04
1.48E+01

All Veh.

3.48E+02
7.27E+03

3.95E+02

All Veh.

3.45E+02

6.38E+05 9.25E+07 5.9E+04 8.2E+04 6.7E+05

5.0E+05

3.20E+06 9.25E+07
8.32E+04

2.08E+04 3.01E+06 2.2E+03 3.1E+03 2.5E+04
1.04E+05 3.01E+06

8.3E+03
3.2E+04
1.9E+06
1.2E+03
7.2E+04

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

MOTORIZED EQUIPMENT, BY TYPE, PER UNIT
TANKS
Fuel Use Effic. Calculations

Units

MediumMed: T62/

T-54/55

63/PT-76

22, 29 2.11E+05
22, 292.83E+05

8.00E+05

1.07E+06

Notes

ARMORED FTG.
VEHICLESAMPHIBIOUS VEH. AND TANK RTVR
AMPHI

Tank

GUNS, MISSILES

PT-76

PTS

K-61

AAG

BM-21

ASLT

Lt AmphTrk Amph

Trk Amph

GAZ-46FERRY Retriever BTR-60

BRDM

ZSU-57 (URAL-375)

5.13E+04

7.39E+03

8.29E+02

1.42E+04

2.28E+02

1.87E+03 3.18E+03

9.0E+03

5.27E+03

1.01E+03

2.00E+04

3.83E+03

7.52E+02

1.44E+02

5.62E+03

1.08E+03

2.14E+04

4.09E+03

8.03E+02

1.54E+02

6.09E+03

1.17E+03

2.32E+04

4.44E+03

8.70E+02

1.67E+02

4.70E+03

9.01E+02

1.79E+04

3.42E+03

6.71E+02

1.29E+02

Fuel Consumption Results, 2014
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

All Veh.

2.91E+07

All Veh.

1.11E+08

All Veh.

3.62E+06

All Veh.

3.20E+07

All Veh.

1.22E+08

All Veh.

3.98E+06

All Veh.

3.31E+07

All Veh.

1.26E+08

All Veh.

4.11E+06

All Veh.

3.32E+07

All Veh.

1.26E+08

All Veh.

4.12E+06

5.45E+05
1.95E+05

2.81E+04

3.15E+03

5.41E+04

8.67E+02

2.07E+06
3.01E+04

4.04E+04

7.33E+03

9.5E+04

2.77E+04
7.09E+03 1.21E+04

1.0E+05
3.6E+05

1.05E+05
1.06E+03

1.18E+02

2.04E+03

2.82E+01

7.78E+04

2.67E+02 4.54E+02

3.4E+04
3.9E+05

1.2E+04

3.96E+03

1.1E+03
1.3E+04

Fuel Consumption Results, 2015
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

22, 29 2.25E+05
22, 29

3.02E+05

8.54E+05

1.15E+06

5.48E+04

7.89E+03

8.85E+02

1.52E+04

2.44E+02

5.81E+05
2.08E+05

4.31E+04

7.82E+03

1.0E+05

2.96E+04
3.00E+04

3.36E+03

5.78E+04

9.26E+02

2.21E+06
3.21E+04

1.99E+03 3.40E+03
7.57E+03 1.29E+04

1.1E+05
3.9E+05

1.13E+05
1.13E+03

1.26E+02

2.17E+03

3.01E+01

8.30E+04

2.85E+02 4.85E+02

9.6E+03
3.6E+04
4.2E+05

1.3E+04

4.23E+03

1.2E+03
1.4E+04

Fuel Consumption Results, 2016
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

22, 29 2.44E+05
22, 293.27E+05

9.26E+05

1.24E+06

5.93E+04

8.55E+03

9.60E+02

1.65E+04

2.64E+02

6.30E+05
2.26E+05

4.67E+04

8.48E+03

1.1E+05

3.21E+04
3.25E+04

3.65E+03

6.26E+04

1.00E+03

2.39E+06
3.48E+04

2.16E+03 3.68E+03
8.20E+03 1.40E+04

1.2E+05
4.2E+05

1.22E+05
1.22E+03

1.37E+02

2.35E+03

3.26E+01

9.00E+04

3.08E+02 5.26E+02

1.0E+04
4.0E+04
4.6E+05

1.4E+04

4.58E+03

1.3E+03
1.5E+04

Fuel Consumption Results, 2017
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

22, 29 1.88E+05
22, 29

2.52E+05

7.14E+05

9.59E+05

4.58E+04

6.60E+03

7.40E+02

1.27E+04

2.04E+02

4.86E+05
1.74E+05

3.60E+04

6.54E+03
6.94E+04

A2 - 28

8.6E+04

2.48E+04
2.51E+04

2.81E+03

4.83E+04

7.74E+02

1.85E+06
2.68E+04

1.67E+03 2.84E+03
6.33E+03 1.08E+04

9.4E+04
3.3E+05

9.41E+04
9.42E+02

1.06E+02

1.82E+03

2.52E+01

2.38E+02 4.06E+02
3.53E+03

8.1E+03
3.1E+04
3.6E+05

1.1E+04

1.0E+03
1.2E+04

GUNS, MISSILES (CNautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

A2 - 29

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

MOTORIZED EQUIPMENT, BY TYPE, PER UNIT
TANKS
Fuel Use Effic. Calculations

Units

MediumMed: T62/

T-54/55

63/PT-76

22, 29 1.88E+05
22, 29

2.52E+05

7.14E+05

9.59E+05

Notes

ARMORED FTG.
VEHICLESAMPHIBIOUS VEH. AND TANK RTVR
AMPHI

Tank

GUNS, MISSILES

PT-76

PTS

K-61

AAG

BM-21

ASLT

Lt AmphTrk Amph

Trk Amph

GAZ-46FERRY Retriever BTR-60

BRDM

ZSU-57 (URAL-375)

4.58E+04

6.60E+03

7.40E+02

1.27E+04

2.04E+02

1.67E+03 2.84E+03 8.58E+04

8.1E+034,701.55

900.58

2.48E+04

9.4E+04

6.33E+03 1.08E+04 3.26E+05

3.1E+04

1.79E+04

3.42E+03

9.41E+04

3.6E+05

2.38E+02 4.06E+02 1.06E+04

1.0E+03

6.71E+02

1.29E+02

3.53E+03

1.2E+04

1.67E+03 2.84E+03 8.58E+04

8.1E+03

4.70E+03

9.01E+02

2.48E+04

9.4E+04

6.33E+03 1.08E+04 3.26E+05

3.1E+04

1.79E+04

3.42E+03

9.41E+04

3.6E+05

2.38E+02 4.06E+02 1.06E+04

1.0E+03

6.71E+02

1.29E+02

3.53E+03

1.2E+04

9.26E+02 1.58E+03 4.77E+04

4.5E+03

2.61E+03

5.00E+02

1.38E+04

5.2E+04

3.52E+03 5.99E+03 1.81E+05

1.7E+04

9.93E+03

1.90E+03

5.23E+04

2.0E+05

1.32E+02 2.25E+02 5.89E+03

5.6E+02

3.73E+02

7.15E+01

1.96E+03

6.4E+03

Fuel Consumption Results, 2018
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

All Veh.

3.32E+07

All Veh.

1.26E+08

All Veh.

4.12E+06

All Veh.

3.32E+07

All Veh.

1.26E+08

All Veh.

4.12E+06

All Veh.

1.98E+07

All Veh.

7.51E+07

All Veh.

2.46E+06

4.86E+05
1.74E+05

2.51E+04

2.81E+03

4.83E+04

7.74E+02

1.85E+06
2.68E+04

3.60E+04

6.54E+03

9.42E+02

1.06E+02

1.82E+03

2.52E+01

6.94E+04

Fuel Consumption Results, 2019
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

22, 29 1.88E+05
22, 29

2.52E+05

7.14E+05

9.59E+05

4.58E+04

6.60E+03

7.40E+02

1.27E+04

2.04E+02

4.86E+05
1.74E+05

2.51E+04

2.81E+03

4.83E+04

7.74E+02

1.85E+06
2.68E+04

3.60E+04

6.54E+03

9.42E+02

1.06E+02

1.82E+03

2.52E+01

6.94E+04

Fuel Consumption Results, 2020
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

22, 29 1.04E+05
22, 29

1.40E+05

3.97E+05

5.33E+05

2.54E+04

3.67E+03

4.11E+02

7.07E+03

1.13E+02

2.70E+05
9.67E+04

1.39E+04

1.56E+03

2.69E+04

4.30E+02

1.03E+06
1.49E+04

2.00E+04

3.63E+03
3.86E+04

A2 - 30

5.24E+02

5.87E+01

1.01E+03

1.40E+01

GUNS, MISSILES (CNautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

MOTORIZED EQUIPMENT, BY TYPE, PER UNIT
GUNS, MISSILES (Cont.)

Fuel Use Effic. Calculations

Units

Notes

BM-20,24

FROG 3/5

FROG 7(ZIL-151,7)(PT-76)(ZIL-135)

8.99E+01

2.98E+02

3.01E+02

LIGHT VEH.

TRUCKS AND UTILITY VEHICLES

Motor-

2.5 T

JEEPS

CyclesTruck

8.56E+05

2.14E+05 3.10E+07 1.6E+04 2.2E+04 1.8E+05

Dump

Zil-135 Zil-151 Kraz-214 GAZ-63 Zil-157VPower

Oth Hvy

Boats

Equip.

8.7E+03

Fuel Consumption Results, 2018
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

All Veh.

3.32E+07

22, 2922, 296.29E+03
3.41E+02

All Veh.

1.13E+03

1.26E+08
4.12E+06

All Veh.

3.32E+07

3.25E+06

2.39E+04
1.28E+01

All Veh.

1.14E+03

4.26E+01

4.30E+01

6.3E+04

1.2E+05

1.1E+05

0.0E+00

2.4E+05

4.6E+05

4.3E+05

0.0E+00

9.1E+03

1.7E+04

1.6E+04

0.0E+00

1.07E+06 3.10E+07
8.11E+05 1.18E+08 6.2E+04 8.5E+04 7.0E+05

5.3E+05

4.06E+06 1.18E+08
1.06E+05

8.98E+02

2.64E+04 3.83E+06 2.3E+03 3.2E+03 2.6E+04

3.3E+04
2.0E+06

1.32E+05 3.83E+06

1.2E+03
7.5E+04

Fuel Consumption Results, 2019
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

22, 2922, 298.99E+01

1.13E+03

1.26E+08
4.12E+06

All Veh.

1.98E+07

8.56E+05

1.14E+03

4.26E+01

4.30E+01

2.14E+05 3.10E+07 1.6E+04 2.2E+04 1.8E+05

6.3E+04

1.2E+05

1.1E+05

0.0E+00

2.4E+05

4.6E+05

4.3E+05

0.0E+00

9.1E+03

1.7E+04

1.6E+04

0.0E+00

1.07E+06 3.10E+07
3.25E+06

2.39E+04
1.28E+01

All Veh.

3.01E+02
6.29E+03

3.41E+02

All Veh.

2.98E+02

8.11E+05 1.18E+08 6.2E+04 8.5E+04 7.0E+05

5.3E+05

4.06E+06 1.18E+08
1.06E+05

8.98E+02

2.64E+04 3.83E+06 2.3E+03 3.2E+03 2.6E+04

8.7E+03
3.3E+04
2.0E+06

1.32E+05 3.83E+06

1.2E+03
7.5E+04

Fuel Consumption Results, 2020
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Category
TOTAL FUEL USED
By Vehicle Categorygal
gal
literslitersGJ
GJ

22, 2922, 29

4.99E+01

6.29E+02

7.51E+07
2.46E+06

5.11E+05

6.35E+02

2.37E+01

2.39E+01
4.99E+02

A2 - 31

1.27E+05 1.85E+07 9.7E+03 1.3E+04 1.1E+05

3.8E+04

7.2E+04

6.7E+04

0.0E+00

1.4E+05

2.7E+05

2.5E+05

0.0E+00

5.4E+03

1.0E+04

9.6E+03

0.0E+00

6.38E+05 1.85E+07
1.94E+06

1.33E+04
7.13E+00

All Veh.

1.67E+02
3.49E+03

1.90E+02

All Veh.

1.66E+02

4.84E+05 7.02E+07 3.7E+04 5.1E+04 4.2E+05

3.1E+05

2.43E+06 7.02E+07
6.32E+04

1.58E+04 2.28E+06 1.4E+03 1.9E+03 1.6E+04
7.89E+04 2.28E+06

5.2E+03
2.0E+04
1.2E+06
7.4E+02
4.5E+04

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

NOTES:
1 "Infantry Division" from North Korea Handbook , page 5-5
2 "Basic Corps Independent Infantry Brigade" from Opposing Force Training Module , p. 11-13
3 "Tank Brigade" from North Korea Handbook , page 5-31
4 "Mechanized Infantry Brigade" from North Korea Handbook , page 5-37
5 "Mechanized Infantry Division--Strategic Forces Command" from Opposing Force Training Module, p. 11-3
6 "Special Operations Brigades" are assumed to be those units listed in the Opposing Force Training Module
as being under either the Strategic Forces Command or the Basic Army Corps, but which are
not obviously included in the force units accounted for separately here.
7 From "Military Balance: North vs. South" Unclassified DOD document, September 27, 1993.
8 From Opposing Force Training Module, pp. 13-16 - 13-22.
9 For T-62. Pt-76 is a lighter, amphibious tank with a range of 260 k m and a fuel load of 67 gal,but the ratio of the two types is not k nown.
10 Engine size and range are as listed for the older but similar Sungni-58, which is reported to be very fuel-inefficient.
Fuel tank capacity is a guess. Data from reference 8, page 13-29.
11 Estimates based on measurements of drawings in reference 8.
12 Carriage, size seem similar to T-62 tank .
13 Carriage, size seem similar to PT-76 tank .
14 Built on Jeep chassis--assumed to have similar performance
15 Ferry consists of two track ed vehicles, each of which is assumed to have performance lik e T-62 tank .
16 Carriage seems similar to GAZ-66 2.2 ton truck . Fuel capacity for latter estimated based on measurement of drawings in reference 8.
17 Assumed similar to KRAZ-214.

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Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

18 Assumed similar to Zil-157V on average. Reference 8 lists the lighter Zil-151 as one of the prime movers used for cranes.
19 Rough Estimate
20 Assumes boats will have similar engines to tractors, with similar fuel consumption.
21 Unusable equipment includes equipment rendered unusable by age, rust, or lack of spare parts.
22 Energy use as calculated here excludes fuel that would have been used by equipment considered unusable.
23 Republic of Korea National Intelligence Service, "North Korea Military. The KPA: Troops & Equipment", fromhttp://www.fas.org/irp/world/rok /nis-docs/defense08.htm, visited 5/21/02, lists the total ground forces for the DPRK
at a total of
996,000 troops in 20 corps units. Assuming that this estimate holds forthe year 2000, a "true-up factor" for the equipment estimates above of
1.06408 is implied.
24 It has not been possible to obtain unclassified information that provides any specific information on recent fuel use
by the DPRK military. Analysts contacted regarding the "tempo" of recent DPRK military exercises,
and reports in the media (for example, "NK Ground Exercises Up as Navy and Air Force Decline",
Yoo Yong-won, www.chosun.com, 2001- 9-10) suggest that the DPRK military exercise tempo forground forces has increased somewhat in recent years, but not substantially, and that some of the apparent increasein exercises may be an increase in the number of soldiers involved, but not necessarily the number of fuel-using vehicles
and armaments. Accordingly, we assume that the average hours of annual use by ground vehicles in 2000 was
slightly lower than in 1996 by 2000, and somewhat lower still, in part due to fuel supply restrictions, in 2005.
25 Observers of DPRK and other countries' military activity suggest that the active (mobile) hours fortank s, mobile armaments, armoured vehicles, amphibious vehicles, and similar equipment are typically, underroutine (non-wartime) use, lik ely to be quite limited. Truck s and other utility vehicles that are used bothfor training/exercise use and also (especially in the DPRK) for other goods and human transport uses, are assumed
lik ely to be used significantly more than tank s and other armaments. See also Note 27.
26 There are a range of different estimates for the number of ground troops in the DPRK military in the years since
2000, though the range of estimates is not great. The document The Asian Military Balance: An
Analytic Overview--A Comparative Summary of Military Expenditures; Manpower; Land, Air, and Naval,
Forces; and Arms Sales , by Anthony H. Cordesman and G. Ryan Faith of the Center for Strategic and International Studies,
Washington, D.C., (available as http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/asia_ro_asian_mb_comp%5B1%5D.pdf),
published May, 2003, lists the manpower of DPRK ground forces in 2003 at
950,000 troops.
Assuming that this estimate holds for 2005, a "true-up factor" for the equipment estimates above of
1.014938 is implied.

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Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

27 The publication Seoul Wolgan Choson published an article by Kim Yon-k wang and Yi Sang-hun, dated 1 October, 2003
(pages 168-181), entitled "Kim Chong-il's Military is Hoarding All Rice Aid as Military Provision", and is based on
an interview with a DPRK soldier named Chin Yon-k yu, who had defected to the ROK, but who was (or claimed to be)a driver for a high-rank ing officer. This article includes a quote from Chin that suggests typical training for heavy equipment
was minimal: "Due to the fuel shortage, the North Korean Army's training exercises for heavily armed vehicles such astank s is said to involve 'an annual travel distance of 30 k ilometers'". This quote would appear to pertain to the time periodaround 2000, and the interviewee claims to have been based near Wonsan, in the "rear area".
If this information can be tak en at face value, it would imply that a true estimate for training use for tank s (and other heavyarmaments) might be just a few tens of k m, as opposed to the 200 - 700 k m/yr we estimate. Although it seems
lik ely that training with heavy armaments is limited, and has been decreasing over the years, we will, until additional information
becomes available, stay with our higher estimates of average usage. In so doing, we discount somewhat
Chin Yon-k yu's account, in part because A) Chin appears to have been stationed well North of the DMZ, wheretraining (and concentration of operable equipment, as well as fuel supplies) would be expected to be far less than inareas closer to the DMZ, and B) because it is only one, anecdotal account. Additional information on this topic
would, however, be very welcome.
In the same interview, the interviewee reported that starting in "…1992, the North Korean Army has begun to gradually use
fuel oil (incluidng benzene, gasoline, and diesel) stored for combat emergencies. Fuel oil tank s for use in combat are all
empty."
28 Several recent estimates based on the 2008 DPRK Census, including "[North Korea Census 2008] Korean People’s Army estimatedto number 700 thousand troops" ( The Hank yoreh , dated 3/19/2010, and available as
http://english.hani.co.k r/arti/english_edition/e_northk orea/411106.html)
have estimated that the current number of people in the DPRK military is approximately
700,000 As this reduction of troops
from previous estimates may not necessarily mean a proportionate reduction in movements by energy-using vehicles, we adopt a
true-up factor for 2008 and 2009 that assumes a reduction in energy use equal to about half of the proportional reduction introop levels from previous years, or
0.874

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Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

29 Anthony H. Cordesman and Nick Harrington (2018), The Korean Civil-Military Balance (3rd Major Revision: May 24, 2018),
Center for Strategic and International Studies, available as https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/180524_
Revised_Korea_Civil_Military_Balance.pdf?SmnEiJ6_.TyH.Zuek RzXzBLYJBr1157K. provides and quotes several estimates of the number of
personnel in DPRK Ground Forces, ranging from 950,000 (US DOD, 2017) to 1,100,000 (ROK, Cordesman), with Japan's 2017 estimate of 1,020,000 in the middle.
This would be a substantial increase from the 2008 estimate above, which may be in error, or the more recent estimates may be overstated, or the increase may be theresult of renewed emphasis on the military under Kim Jong Il. We assume that the ground troup strength as of 2017 is indeed
1,020,000 , and estimate increases introop strength starting from 2010 through 2017, and assume, consistent with the above, that changes in energy use are about half of the changes in troop levels.
For other armaments, 2012 and 2017 estimates from the US DOD as provided by Cordesman are used, interpreted as described below.
See also, Office of the US Secretary of Defense, Military and Security Developments Involving the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Report to Congresss, dated 2/13/2018,
and available as https://media.defense.gov/2018/May/22/2001920587/-1/-1/1/REPORT-TO-CONGRESS-MILITARY-AND-SECURITY-DEVELOPMENTS-INVOLVING-THE-DEMOCRATIC-PEOPLES-REPUBLIC-OF-KOREA-2017.PDF.
Lack ing additional information, we assume that the tendency in recent years to grow the armed forces was balaned in 2018 by reductions in access to funds
and fuels caused by UNSC sanctions, and thus the number of personnel and vehicles in 2018 were approximately the same as in 2017.

Estimated number of personnel and heavy vehicles/armaments
Category
Personnel
Tanks
Armored Vehicles
All Other Heavy Vehicles

2010

2012

True-up relative to estimates through 2010

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

882,857

928,571974,286

1,020,000

1,020,000

4100

4140

4160

4180

4200

4200

0.801

0.8084

0.812

0.816

0.820

0.820

2100

2140

2160

2180

2200

2200

0.596

0.607

0.613

0.618

0.624

0.624

0.801

0.808

0.812

0.816

0.820

0.820

700,000

2012

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

0.972

0.996

1.020

1.045

1.045

Although the USDOD (as cited in Cordesman) provides overall numbers for field artillery and multiple rock et launchers for 2012 and 2017 (13,600 and 14,100 total in 2012 and 2017),
these figures include (are mostly) towed gun and missile launchers, and are thus not comparable with the numbers of vehicles we track above, which are all self-propelled vehicles.
As such, we assume that self-proppelled guns and missile launchers, as well as amphibious vehicles and tank retrieving equipment, follow the same estimated trends as tank s,
and use the same true-up factors as derived above. For 2.5 tonne truck s and light vehicles, we use the true-up factors for overall personnel to drive changes in energy use.

Detailed Inputs and Results: Military Aircraft

A2 - 35

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

A2 - 36

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

Type of Aircraft

Class

1

Number in Air Force
Estimates from Sources
2
3
4
17

18

Notes:
Fixed Wing
F-5 (MIG-17) Fresco
FighterF-6 (MIG-19) Farmer
Fighter/Bomber
MIG-21 Fishbed D/F/JFighter
F-7 (Fishbed C)Fighter
MIG-23 Flogger B/C/E/G/K Fighter
MIG-29 Fulcrum A/BFighter
MIG-15 Fagot
Fighter5SU-7B Fitter AFighter
SU-25 Frogfoot AFighter
9IL-28 Beagle
BomberY-5 (AN-2 Colt)
Transport
20
AN-24 (Coke)Transport
IL-18 Coot
Transport
IL-12 Coach (Civil)
Transport
6,10,11LI-2 Cab (Civil)
Transport
6,10,11
IL-14 Crate (Civil)
Transport
6, 10Fighters (All)
Bombers (All)Transport (All)helicopters
MI-2 Hoplite
7MI-4 Hound8, 12
MI-8 Hip8
MI-17 Hip
Hughes 500 D/E
All

Number in
Air Force Range
Assumed
km

19
130
160
160
160
120
40
46
10 "2 reg"20
20
35 >2080
82
270 >250
6
10
2

601
80
278

748
82
310

140
110 >100
130 120
46

13
180
20
36
85
205

748
82
310

45
15
190
20
20
36
35
82
80
270 >300
10

580
85
205

"Most"

188
75

87
275

>75

120
160
160

87

275

ALL AIRCRAFT
Air Force Personnel
80,0003, 21Service Vehicles
6,235
16
TOTAL: AIRCRAFT PLUS GROUND SUPPORT VEHICLES

14

1990
Max. Cruise Ave. Fuel Total Fuel Total Fuel
Speed Speed Consumpt Consumpt Consumpt
km/hr km/hr
l/hr
liters
GJ
14
14

130
160
160
40
46
13
144
20
35
82
270
6
2
10
10
10
748
82
308

1270
1390
971
1203
1800
2100
1368
1450
1250
2180
900
600
6500
1500
1500
1500

2365
2170
2340
2340
5750
4365
2365
5275
4568
1740
1200
5550
30000
6500
6500
6500

1145
1590
2230
2230
2440
2440
1017
1696
848
900
220
484
675
675
675
675

113
45
30

715
325
475
475
480

846
846
1870
1870
240

210
210
250
250
250

87
275

1413

A2 - 37

Fuel
Capacity
liters
14

625
625
625
625

1706
1986
4299
3470
6236
4057
1407
4936
2479
575
235
3582
2885
2708
2708
2708

5.32E+06
7.63E+06
1.65E+07
3.33E+06
6.88E+06
1.27E+06
4.86E+06
2.37E+06
2.08E+06
1.13E+06
3.17E+06
1.07E+06
2.88E+05
1.35E+06
1.35E+06
1.35E+06
5.03E+07
1.13E+06
8.59E+06

1.86E+05
2.67E+05
5.78E+05
1.17E+05
2.41E+05
4.43E+04
1.70E+05
8.29E+04
7.29E+04
3.96E+04
1.02E+05
3.45E+04
9.26E+03
4.35E+04
4.35E+04
4.35E+04
1.76E+06
3.96E+04
2.76E+05

160
225
240
240

199
416
886
945
120

7.19E+05
6.00E+05
8.50E+05

2.31E+04
1.92E+04
2.73E+04

Kerosene/Jet Fuel
Aviation Gasoline
TOTAL ALL FUELS

3.34E+05
2.50E+06
5.14E+07
1.11E+07
6.25E+07

1.07E+04
8.03E+04
1.80E+06
3.56E+05
2.15E+06

TOTAL ALL FUELS

1.52E+07
7.76E+07

4.94E+05
2.65E+06

850

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

Type of Aircraft

Class

Notes:
Fixed Wing
F-5 (MIG-17) Fresco
FighterF-6 (MIG-19) Farmer
Fighter/Bomber
MIG-21 Fishbed D/F/JFighter
F-7 (Fishbed C)Fighter
MIG-23 Flogger B/C/E/G/K Fighter
MIG-29 Fulcrum A/BFighter
MIG-15 Fagot
Fighter5SU-7B Fitter AFighter
SU-25 Frogfoot AFighter
9IL-28 Beagle
BomberY-5 (AN-2 Colt)
Transport
20
AN-24 (Coke)Transport
IL-18 Coot
Transport
IL-12 Coach (Civil)
Transport
6,10,11LI-2 Cab (Civil)
Transport
6,10,11
IL-14 Crate (Civil)
Transport
6, 10Fighters (All)
Bombers (All)Transport (All)helicopters
MI-2 Hoplite
7MI-4 Hound8, 12
MI-8 Hip8
MI-17 Hip
Hughes 500 D/E
All

1996
2000
2005
2008
2009
2010
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Total Fuel Total Fuel Total Fuel Total Fuel Total Fuel Total Fuel Total Fuel Total Fuel Total Fuel Total Fuel Total Fuel Total Fuel Total Fuel
Consumpt Consumpt Consumpt Consumpt Consumpt Consumpt Consumpt Consumpt Consumpt Consumpt Consumpt Consumpt Consumpt
GJ
GJ
GJ
GJ
GJ
GJ
GJ
GJ
GJ
GJ
GJ
GJ
GJ

1.24E+05
1.78E+05
3.85E+05
7.77E+04
1.61E+05
2.95E+04
1.13E+05
5.53E+04
4.86E+04
2.64E+04
8.54E+04
2.90E+04
7.78E+03
3.65E+04
3.65E+04
3.65E+04
1.17E+06
2.64E+04
2.32E+05

8.54E+04
1.22E+05
2.65E+05
5.34E+04
1.10E+05
2.03E+04
7.80E+04
3.80E+04
3.34E+04
1.81E+04
6.51E+04
2.21E+04
5.92E+03
2.78E+04
2.78E+04
2.78E+04
8.06E+05
1.81E+04
1.76E+05

1.44E+05
2.06E+05
4.45E+05
8.99E+04
1.86E+05
3.41E+04
1.31E+05
6.39E+04
5.62E+04
3.05E+04
7.73E+04
2.62E+04
7.04E+03
3.30E+04
3.30E+04
3.30E+04
1.36E+06
3.05E+04
2.10E+05

1.63E+05
2.33E+05
5.05E+05
1.02E+05
2.11E+05
3.88E+04
1.49E+05
7.25E+04
6.38E+04
3.46E+04
7.93E+04
2.69E+04
7.22E+03
3.39E+04
3.39E+04
3.39E+04
1.54E+06
3.46E+04
2.15E+05

1.16E+05
1.67E+05
3.61E+05
7.29E+04
1.51E+05
2.77E+04
1.06E+05
5.18E+04
4.55E+04
2.47E+04
7.73E+04
2.62E+04
7.04E+03
3.30E+04
3.30E+04
3.30E+04
1.10E+06
2.47E+04
2.10E+05

1.44E+05
2.06E+05
4.45E+05
8.99E+04
1.86E+05
3.41E+04
1.31E+05
6.39E+04
5.62E+04
3.05E+04
8.13E+04
2.76E+04
7.41E+03
3.48E+04
3.48E+04
3.48E+04
1.36E+06
3.05E+04
2.21E+05

1.10E+05
1.58E+05
3.43E+05
6.91E+04
1.43E+05
2.63E+04
1.01E+05
4.92E+04
4.32E+04
2.35E+04
7.88E+04
2.67E+04
7.17E+03
3.37E+04
3.37E+04
3.37E+04
1.04E+06
2.35E+04
2.14E+05

1.45E+05
2.08E+05
4.51E+05
9.11E+04
1.88E+05
3.46E+04
1.33E+05
6.48E+04
5.69E+04
3.09E+04
9.12E+04
3.09E+04
8.30E+03
3.90E+04
3.90E+04
3.90E+04
1.37E+06
3.09E+04
2.47E+05

1.71E+05
2.45E+05
5.30E+05
1.07E+05
2.21E+05
4.06E+04
1.56E+05
7.60E+04
6.68E+04
3.63E+04
8.93E+04
3.03E+04
8.13E+03
3.82E+04
3.82E+04
3.82E+04
1.61E+06
3.63E+04
2.42E+05

1.21E+05
1.74E+05
3.76E+05
7.58E+04
1.57E+05
2.88E+04
1.11E+05
5.39E+04
4.74E+04
2.57E+04
9.15E+04
3.10E+04
8.33E+03
3.91E+04
3.91E+04
3.91E+04
1.14E+06
2.57E+04
2.48E+05

1.14E+05
1.63E+05
3.52E+05
7.11E+04
1.47E+05
2.70E+04
1.04E+05
5.06E+04
4.44E+04
2.41E+04
8.71E+04
2.96E+04
7.93E+03
3.72E+04
3.72E+04
3.72E+04
1.07E+06
2.41E+04
2.36E+05

1.29E+05
1.84E+05
3.99E+05
8.06E+04
1.67E+05
3.06E+04
1.18E+05
5.73E+04
5.04E+04
2.74E+04
9.59E+04
3.25E+04
8.73E+03
4.10E+04
4.10E+04
4.10E+04
1.22E+06
2.74E+04
2.60E+05

8.33E+04
1.19E+05
2.58E+05
5.21E+04
1.08E+05
1.98E+04
7.61E+04
3.71E+04
3.26E+04
1.77E+04
6.97E+04
2.36E+04
6.35E+03
2.98E+04
2.98E+04
2.98E+04
7.86E+05
1.77E+04
1.89E+05

1.73E+04 1.30E+04 1.73E+04 2.16E+04 2.52E+04 3.24E+04 3.69E+04 4.32E+04
1.44E+04 1.08E+04 1.44E+04 1.80E+04 2.10E+04 2.71E+04 3.08E+04 3.61E+04
2.05E+04 1.53E+04 2.05E+04 2.56E+04 2.98E+04 3.84E+04 4.37E+04 5.12E+04

4.32E+04 3.54E+04 3.38E+04 3.69E+04 2.75E+04
3.61E+04 2.95E+04 2.82E+04 3.08E+04 2.30E+04
5.12E+04 4.19E+04 4.00E+04 4.37E+04 3.26E+04

8.04E+03
6.02E+04
1.20E+06
2.92E+05
1.49E+06

2.01E+04
1.51E+05
1.65E+06
3.93E+05
2.04E+06

6.03E+03
4.52E+04
8.24E+05
2.22E+05
1.05E+06

8.04E+03
6.02E+04
1.39E+06
2.70E+05
1.66E+06

1.01E+04
7.53E+04
1.57E+06
2.90E+05
1.86E+06

1.17E+04
8.78E+04
1.12E+06
2.97E+05
1.42E+06

1.51E+04
1.13E+05
1.39E+06
3.34E+05
1.72E+06

1.72E+04
1.29E+05
1.07E+06
3.42E+05
1.41E+06

2.01E+04
1.51E+05
1.40E+06
3.98E+05
1.80E+06

ALL AIRCRAFT
Air Force Personnel
80,0003, 21Service Vehicles
6,235
16 3.95E+05 3.21E+05 3.46E+05 3.71E+05 3.71E+05 3.81E+05 4.90E+05 5.08E+05
TOTAL: AIRCRAFT PLUS GROUND SUPPORT VEHICLES 1.89E+06 1.37E+06 2.00E+06 2.23E+06 1.79E+06 2.10E+06 1.90E+06 2.31E+06

A2 - 38

1.64E+04
1.23E+05
1.17E+06
3.71E+05
1.54E+06

1.57E+04
1.18E+05
1.10E+06
3.54E+05
1.45E+06

1.72E+04
1.29E+05
1.24E+06
3.89E+05
1.63E+06

1.28E+04
9.58E+04
8.04E+05
2.85E+05
1.09E+06

5.26E+05 5.78E+05 5.64E+05 5.78E+05 4.28E+05
2.57E+06 2.12E+06 2.01E+06 2.21E+06 1.52E+06

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

Notes:
1 North Korea Handbook , US Department of Defense, 1994. (PC-2600-6421-94). Pages 6-165 - 6-178.
2 North Korea, The Foundations for Military Strength . US Defense Intelligence Agency (1990?). Pp. 47-48.
3 Point Paper, Republic of Korea/North Korea: Military Capabilities (with Military Balance). JICPAC (ONK), Sept. 1993.
4 From Opposing Force Training Module, North Korean Military Forces. Field Manual No. 34-21 .
Headquarters Department of the Army (US). February, 1982. Chapter 14.
5 Not given in source 1. Number assumed brings total of fighters up to that listed in sources 2 and 3.
6 Not given in source 1. Numbers assumed are guesses to bring total of transports to figures listed in sources 2 and 3.
7 Not given in source 1. Number assumed brings total of transopters up to that listed in sources 2 and 3.
8 No break down between MI-4 and MI-8 available. Break down assumed is a guess. MI-8 and MI-17 are similar aircraft.
9 Fuel capacity estimated based on (max weight - empty weight - weapons weight).
10 No information available (1940's vintage aircraft). Range and fuel capacity assumed similar to IL-14.
11 Speed assumed similar to IL-18.
12 Fuel capacity assumed similar to the MI-2.
13 Translates to approximately two 1-hr missions per month per aircraft.
14 Fuel Capacity data are from the following sources: A) Jane's All the World's Aircraft , 1990/91, 1981/82, 1972/73, and1968/69 editions. Jane's Publishing Co., N.Y., NY; B) Air Forces of the World , C.Chant, Brian
Trodd Publishing House, Ltd (1990); C) Military Aircraft of the World , J.W.R. Taylor and G/ Swanborough,Ian Allen Ltd., UK (1979). Range and airspeed data are from a mixture of these sources and sources 1 and 4, above.
15 All jet aircraft are assumed to use Kerosene/Jet Fuel, while all propeller-driven craft and transopters are assumed touse Aviation Gasoline.

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16 Ground support vehicles for Air Force assumed to include light vehicles, 2 1/2 ton truck s, and larger truck s
and utility vehicles in the same proportions as are used in the ground forces. The number of these vehicles perperson in the Air Force is assumed to be the same as in the DPRK Army.
17 North Korea Country Handbook ,Marine Corps Intelligence Activity, 1997. (MCIA-2630-NK-016-97). File Nk or.pdf,
obtained from Federation of American Scientists WWW site, 5/21/02, and dated May, 1997.
Data on aircraft are mostly from pages 36 to 38 of this document.
18 North Korea, The Foundations for Military Strength -- Update 1995 . US Defense Intelligence Agency (1995).
Obtained from Federation of American Scientists WWW site, 5/21/02, and dated December, 1995.
19 As estimates of the numbers of aircraft from newer information sources (17 and 18) are not significantly different
from those in earlier documents, we will continue to use the composite estimates of total aircraft shown here for1996 and 2000 aircraft fuel use estimates.
20 Republic of Korea National Intelligence Service (1999), North Korea Military. The KPA: Troops & Equipment
http://www.fas.org/irp/world/rok /nis-docs/defense08.htm, visited 5/21/02. This cource lists the
DPRK Air Force as having "a whopping 820 support aircraft and transopters", but does not indicate
of what types are the approximately 200-plus aircraft beyond those listed in other sources (that is, apart fromthe AN-2 units and transopters, the totals of which are similar to the listings above).
21 Republic of Korea National Intelligence Service, "North Korea Military. The KPA: Troops & Equipment", fromhttp://www.fas.org/irp/world/rok /nis-docs/defense08.htm, visited 5/21/02, lists the total air force personnel for the DPRK
at a total of 103,000, somewhat above the figure used here, but as the personnel totals do not directly affectfuel use estimates for this branch of the service, the figure from source 3 is used.
22 Unclassified informaiton on fuel use in the DPRK military was not available, but the informal opinion or analysts familiar
with the DPRK military situation suggests that air force activity in the DPRK is, if anything, declining slowly, perhaps
due to lack of fuel, probably due to lack of spare parts, and probably due to a recognition on the part of the DPRK
military command that in a real conflict, the DPRK Air Force is unlik ely, given the age and condition of its equipment,
to play a substantial role. Accordingly, we have assumed that DPRK Air Force training exercises have continued todecrease slowly since 1996, as reflected in the flight-hours estimates shown.

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23 The article "Korean People's Army Air Force" (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/dprk /airforce.htm)
on the Global Security website includes the following passage on the topic of training time for DPRK flight crews:"Pilot proficiency is difficult to evaluate because it is crudely proportionate to hours and quality of flight time.
Although the Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense's Defense White Paper, 1990 states that flighttraining levels are 60 percent of South Korea's, other sources believe the figure is closer to 20 to 30 percent.
Lower flight times are attributed to fuel shortages, a more conservative training philosophy, and perhaps aconcern for older airframe life expectancies or maintenance infrastructure capacity. The training of pilots on
the NKAF's most modern aircraft is much more significant than "seven flying hours per year" sometimes
claimed in the West. But air crew are being trained in accordance with outdated procedures and, with lack offuel, have very little experience."
Although this article does not provide definitive information on aircraft use in training, it would seem to be consistent
with the assumptions of limited, and slowly decreasing, training levels made in this analysis.
The same article also inicates that "Kazak hstan had transferred lethal military equipment, specifically
about 40 MiG-21 fighter aircraft, to North Korea" in the late 1990s. We assume that this transfer has
had little impact on overall usable stock s of that aircraft, or on training levels (and thus energy use).

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24 Quoting from the US Department of Defense (USDOD) Military and Security Developments Involving the Democratic
People’s Republic of Korea 2017 , Report to Congress Pursuant to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 ,dated February 13, 2018, and available as https://fas.org/irp/world/dprk/dod-2017.pdf, Anthony H. Cordesman and Nick Harrington list
2012 (from an earlier version of the US DOD document) and 2017 values for DPRK Air Force troop strength and aviation equipment
numbers as follows. Data are from the report by Cordesman and Harrington The Korean Civil-Military Balance (3rd Major Revision:
May 24, 2018) , Center for Strategic and International Studies, available as https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/
180524_Revised_Korea_Civil_Military_Balance.pdf?SmnEiJ6_.TyH.ZuekRzXzBLYJBr1157K.
Lacking additional information, we assume as for ground forces that the tendency in recent years to grow the armed forces was balanced in 2018 by
reductions in access to funds and fuels caused by UNSC sanctions, and thus the number of personnel and aircraftin 2018 were approximately the same as in 2017.
Estimated number of personnel and aircraft
Category
Personnel
Combat Aircraft
Helicopters
Transport Aircraft

2015

2016

2017

True-up relative to estimates through 2010

2012

2014

2018

2012

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

92000

99200 1E+05 106400 110000 110000

1.375

1.150

1.2400

1.285

1.330

1.375

730

762

778

794

810

810

0.880

0.918

0.937

0.957

0.976

0.976

300

300

300

300

300

300

####

1.091

1.091

1.091

1.091

1.091

290

306

314

322

330

330

####

0.994

1.019

1.045

1.071

1.071

US DOD estimates for DPRK Combat aircraft and transport aircraft are "over 800" and "over 300" respectively
for 2017. A South Korean military balance as of 12/2016 (also provided in the Cordesman Report) estimates 810 Combat aircraft and 330 transopters, and we
use those figures in the table above.

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25 No direct information is available on the number of flight hours for aircraft, although various authors suggest that the number of training
and exercise hours for the DPRK's aging military aircraft continues to be low. We have assumed that the average hours flown for fighters and bombers
is slightly higher in 2015 through 2017 due to overall better fuel availability in the DPRK, and possibly better availability of spare parts due to the improved
economy. We assume that the use of transport aircraft increasd slightly over 2014-2017 as the number of personnel in the air force (apparently)
increased. The use of transopters is assumed to be slightly higher than in 2010, but constant from 2014 through 2017 as better fuel availability wasbalanced by a continuing aging of the fleet. The use of trucks per person in the Air Force is assumed to be somewhat higher in 2014-2017 than in 2010,
again due to better overall availability of diesel in the DPRK during those years. The use of aircraft and supporting vehicles is assumed to havebeen slightly lower in 2018 than in 2017 due to tighter supplies of fuel caused by UNSC sanctions, although in general the military is expected tohave had (and continue to have) priority access to petroleum fuels in the DPRK.
26

A Google Earth Pro image (below) of the new Wonsan-Kalma International Airport, taken on November 13, 2019, shows a number of military aircraft lined up
for what might have been an airshow and/or inspection. Aircraft appear to include fighters and bombers, among others. Image coordinates areapproximately 39.171, 127.479. Additional military aircraft, including helicopters and transport aircraft, also appear in parts of the airport
not shown in this image. The report by Peter Makowsky and Jenny Town (2019) , "Military Aircraft Lined Up at the Wonsan Airport", 38 North ,dated November 14, 2019, and available as https://www.38north.org/2019/11/wonsan111419/, lists the aircraft present as follows:"On imagery from November 11, there were four MiG-17 fighter aircraft, six MiG-15 fighter aircraft, fourteen Su-25 close support
aircraft, six MiG-29 fighter aircraft and six Il-28 bomber aircraft observed on the tarmac north of the passenger terminal. On November
13, additional MiG-15 and MiG-17 were added to the display bringing their total to eleven MiG-15s and eight MiG-17s. Several small
vehicles were parked on the tarmac near the MiG-29 and Il-28 aircraft. In addition, thirteen probable MiG-21 fighter aircraft wereobserved on the alert apron at the south end of the airfield, and six small, either Hughes 500 or Mi -2 Hoplite light helicopters, six
medium, possibly Mi-8 or Mi-14, medium transport helicopters, and eight An-2 Colt light transport aircraft were parked along theauxiliary runway located on the southwest side of the airfield. Further to the south of the auxiliary runway at the rail transfer point,seven additional MiG-21 were parked on an adjacent apron."Thus, based on 38 North's count, there were about 85 aircraft present at Wonsan at that time, a total about 6 percent of the air force inventory.
shown above. A similar count of the aircraft present at Wonsan in the 11/13/2019 image, carried out for Nautilus by Liam Tasa and Guy Tasa in May of 2020,
offers a similar total and allocation, as follows:

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Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

AircraftPossible Origin

Type

MIG-21 or Chengdu J-7
MIG-29

Soviet Union or China
Soviet Union

Shenyang F-5 or FT-2
SU-25
IL-28 or H-5
AN-2
MD 500PZL MI-2
TOTAL OF ABOVE

ChinaFighter
Soviet Union
Attack Plane
Soviet Union or China
Medium Bomber
Soviet Union
Transport
United States
Light Utility Helicopter
Polish People's Republic Utility Helicopter

Number20
6Fighter
Multirole
Training Plane or

21
14
6
8
6
6
87

Near the bottom of the image below, on the main runway near where the helipad access road meets the runway, what appears to be
MIG-17 or F-5 (the Chinese version of the MIG-17) park ed next to what appears to be a tour bus, with several people nearby. This
could be an indication of an inspection by a high government official in process, which is consistent with some of the possible
reasons for the assembly of aircraft that have been suggested by Mak owsk y and Town. By the time that the next available
Google Earth image was tak en, 12/5/2019, all of the military aircraft had been removed from the tarmac and aprons, and none werevisible except for two older fighters, possibly decommissioned, present among some trees off of an access road in the southern partof the airport. We assume that as a result of moving planes to attend this, and perhaps other similar events, and thank s to better
fuel availability, the use of aircraft and of ground vehicles servicing them was somewhat higher in 2018 than in 2019.

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Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

27

For 2020, we assume that the combination of the large reduction in military activity in early 2020 due to the coronavirus, plus
lingering military quarantines in some areas and a reduction in annual fuel supplies, means that 2020 overall fuel use for aircraft
will be significantly less than in 2018 and 2019.

27 Another example of a location where military aircraft are stored is a base adjacent to an airport near Sinuiju, in the Northwest ofof the DPRK a few k ilometers from the Yalu River and the Chinese border. Several dozen aircraft appear here in most images
tak en over the last decade, including bombers, fighters, and transport aircraft. The Google Earth Pro image below was tak en
on 11/27/2019, at approximate coordinates 40.155, 124.532. The metal-roofted hangers at the left of the image appear to be used
for fighter jets. The second image below shows additional aircraft, probably transport planes, at the nearby main airport thatis connected to the base by an access road/taxiway. The coordinates of the latter image are approximately 40.144, 124.495.

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Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

Detailed Inputs and Results: Military Naval Vessels
ESTIMATE OF ANNUAL FUEL USE BY THE MILITARY SECTOR IN THE DPRKMILITARY SHIPS AND BOATSUPDATE 2020
Detailed Data and Results
Prepared By:
Date Last Modified:

COMMON ASSUMPTIONS & PARAMETERS--NAVAL ENERGY USEDavid Von Hippel
5/20/2020

True-Up Factors (see Note 14 )Missile Attack Boats:
Amphibious:
Other Sm. Surface Vessels:

1.50
1.46
1.04

Active Hours Per Year in:
Amphibious
Submarines
Other Vessels
Ave. power use--Fract. of Max.
Active Hours Per Year in:
Amphibious
Submarines
Other Vessels
Ave. power use--Fract. of Max.
Marine Diesel Fuel Cons. (15 )Sub Diesel Fuel Cons. (16 )

1990
1996
50
50
100
100
800
570
50%
50%
2014
2015
45
45
80
80
410
410
50%
50%
0.38 lb/hp-hr
0.5 lb/hp-hr

Diesel Energy Content:
Conversion Factor
Diesel Fuel Density

0.04 GJ/liter
2.2 lb/kg
0.87 kg/liter

A2 - 49

2000
45
90
565
50%
2016
45
80
420
50%

(Notes 30, 36)
2005
2008
2009
45
40
35
90
80
80
575
430
400
50%
50%
50%
2017
2018
2019
45
42
42
70
65
65
300
280
280
50%
50%
50%

Liters per gallon

3.78

2010
45
80
460
50%
2020
24
38
150
50%

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

Type of Vessel
Nanjin ClassT (Tral) Class
Sariwon Class
SO 1 Class
Artillerist Class
Hainan Class
Taechong Class
OSA 1 Class
Komar Class
Shanghi Class--Gun
Swatow Class--Gun
Chodo Class--Gun
K-48 Class--Gun
MO IV Class--Gun
Chongjin Class--Gun
P 6--Torpedo
P 4--Torpedo
Iwon--Torpedo
An Ju--Torpedo
Chaho Class--Torpedo
Sin Hung/Kosong--Torp.
Shersen Class--Torpedo
KM 4--Torpedo
Torpedo Boats
Light Patrol
HantaeNampo
Hanchon

Class

1

2

Notes:
21

FrigateLg Patrol
Lg Patrol
33
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
17
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Missile Att.
Missile Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
13
Fast Att.
7
Fast Att.
26
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
10
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
8
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
PatrolPatrol19
Landing
12, 18Landing
Landing
9, 18
24,27,
35
Landing
Submarine
Submarine
Submarine
Submarine
25
Submarine
29

Kong Bang (Hovercraft)
Whiskey
Romeo, Chinese
Romeo, NKYUGO mini-sub
Sang-O coastal infiltration
Frigates
Corvettes
Missile Attack Boats
Coastal Patrol Craft
Mine Warfare Craft
Amphibious Craft
Submarines
Trawlers
TOTAL, ALL VESSELS
Those Using Heavy Fuel Oil

Number in DPRK Navy
Estimates from Sources
3
4
5
22

11

4
2
3
15
2
4
2
8
10
8
8
4
4
20
30
62
12
15
6
60
60
4
10
229
20

>60

150
8

2
4
15
6
7
16
8
12
8
4
4

12

45 31
60
15
6
66
72
3
10

62

200

>100

70
5

8
8
100 100
25

4
4
16

4

15

125

11

1
2
39
388
23
194
24

1
2
39
388
23
194
24

671

671

NumberEnginein Navy Displcmt Range Speed Power23
24 Assumed Tons
n.miles knots (b/s/hp)
6
5
2
2
3
1800
4000
14
15000
2
475
18
3000
4
4
450
21
3000
18
16
250
1100
13
7500
2
240
25
7500
6
6
400
1000
10
8800
13
7
400
7500
26
24
200
800
25
12000
39?
6
15
80
400
30
4800
14
13
155
800
17
4800
8
80
500
28
3000
4
130
2000
10
6000
4
100
24
5000
21
56
25
3000
51
47
80
40
4800
30
65
75
450
30
4800
13
25
50
4800
16
40
3600
6
35
1300
20
4800
52
69
80
40
4800
98
75
35
2400
4
160
41
12000
10
10
146
320
21
2
146
10
12
150
5000
130
95
146
82
375
40
4800
7
36
150
10
5000
130

135
4

26
22
48+ 40+
3
22
1
2

18
42
75
15
105
568

3, 28,
34
Naval Personnel
60,000Service Vehicles
4,077
20
TOTAL: VESSELS PLUS SERVICE VEHICLES

A2 - 50

23

130
4
4
16
48
12
3
2
39

1030 13,000
1100 16,000
1100 16,000
25
277

56
324
84
803
3

92,816
1,800

52
8
10
10
4
8.8

8000
4000
4000
4000
160
800

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

1990
1996
Per Vessel Per Class Per Class Per Vessel Per Class Per Class
Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons.
liters/year liters/year GJ/year
liters/year liters/year GJ/year

Type of Vessel

Class

Nanjin ClassT (Tral) Class
Sariwon Class
SO 1 Class
Artillerist Class
Hainan Class
Taechong Class
OSA 1 Class
Komar Class
Shanghi Class--Gun
Swatow Class--Gun
Chodo Class--Gun
K-48 Class--Gun
MO IV Class--Gun
Chongjin Class--Gun
P 6--Torpedo
P 4--Torpedo
Iwon--Torpedo
An Ju--Torpedo
Chaho Class--Torpedo
Sin Hung/Kosong--Torp.
Shersen Class--Torpedo
KM 4--Torpedo
Torpedo Boats
Light Patrol
HantaeNampo
HanchonFrigateLg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Missile Att.
Missile Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
PatrolPatrolLanding
Landing
Landing

1,191,223
238,245
238,245595,611595,611
698,851595,611
952,978
381,191
381,191
238,245476,489
397,074
238,245
381,191
381,191
381,191
285,893381,191
381,191
190,596
952,978
11,595

3.57E+06
4.76E+05
9.53E+05
9.53E+06
1.19E+06
4.19E+06
4.17E+06
2.29E+07
5.72E+06
4.96E+06
1.91E+06
1.91E+06
1.59E+06
5.00E+06
1.79E+07
2.48E+07
4.96E+06
4.57E+06
2.29E+06
2.63E+07
1.43E+07
3.81E+06
1.16E+05

1.34E+05
1.79E+04
3.58E+04
3.58E+05
4.48E+04
1.58E+05
1.57E+05
8.60E+05
2.15E+05
1.86E+05
7.16E+04
7.16E+04
5.97E+04
1.88E+05
6.73E+05
9.31E+05
1.86E+05
1.72E+05
8.60E+04
9.89E+05
5.37E+05
1.43E+05
4.36E+03

848,746
169,749
169,749
424,373424,373
497,931424,373
678,997
271,599
271,599
169,749
339,498
282,915
169,749
271,599
271,599
271,599
203,699
271,599
271,599
135,799
678,997
8,261

2.55E+06
3.39E+05
6.79E+05
6.79E+06
8.49E+05
2.99E+06
2.97E+06
1.63E+07
4.07E+06
3.53E+06
1.36E+06
1.36E+06
1.13E+06
3.56E+06
1.28E+07
1.77E+07
3.53E+06
3.26E+06
1.63E+06
1.87E+07
1.02E+07
2.72E+06
8.26E+04

9.57E+04
1.28E+04
2.55E+04
2.55E+05
3.19E+04
1.12E+05
1.12E+05
6.12E+05
1.53E+05
1.33E+05
5.10E+04
5.10E+04
4.25E+04
1.34E+05
4.80E+05
6.64E+05
1.33E+05
1.22E+05
6.12E+04
7.04E+05
3.83E+05
1.02E+05
3.10E+03

11,595
24,817
23,824
24,817

2.43E+05
2.98E+05
3.48E+06
8.93E+05

9.15E+03
1.12E+04
1.31E+05
3.36E+04

8,261
24,817
23,824
24,817

1.73E+05
2.98E+05
3.48E+06
8.93E+05

6.52E+03
1.12E+04
1.31E+05
3.36E+04

Kong Bang (Hovercraft) Landing
Whiskey
Submarine
Romeo, Chinese
Submarine
Romeo, NK
Submarine
YUGO mini-sub
Submarine
Sang-O coastal infiltrationSubmarine
Frigates
Corvettes
Missile Attack Boats
Coastal Patrol Craft
Mine Warfare Craft
Amphibious Craft
Submarines
Trawlers
TOTAL, VESSELS
Those Using Heavy Fuel Oil

113,400
52,24752,24752,2472,090
10,4491.47E+06
2.09E+05
2.09E+05
8.36E+05
1.00E+05
1.25E+05
3.57E+06
4.76E+05
2.86E+07

5.54E+04
7.85E+03
7.85E+03
3.14E+04
3.77E+03
4.71E+03
1.34E+05
1.79E+04
1.07E+06

113,400
52,24752,24752,2472,090
10,4497.37E+06
2.09E+05
2.09E+05
8.36E+05
1.00E+05
1.25E+05
2.55E+06
3.39E+05
2.04E+07

2.77E+05
7.85E+03
7.85E+03
3.14E+04
3.77E+03
4.71E+03
9.57E+04
1.28E+04
7.66E+05

6.14E+06
1.48E+06

2.31E+05
5.56E+04

1.20E+07
1.48E+06

4.53E+05
5.56E+04

1.75E+08
3.57E+06

6.57E+06
1.34E+05

1.33E+08
2.55E+06

4.98E+06
9.57E+04

1.14E+07
1.86E+08

3.71E+05
6.94E+06

8.62E+06
1.41E+08

2.81E+05
5.26E+06

Service Vehicles
TOTAL: VESSELS PLUS SERVICE VEHICLES

A2 - 51

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

2000
2005
Per Vessel Per Class Per Class Per Vessel Per Class Per Class
Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons.Fuel Cons.
liters/year liters/year GJ/year liters/year liters/year GJ/year

Type of Vessel

Class

Nanjin ClassT (Tral) Class
Sariwon Class
SO 1 Class
Artillerist Class
Hainan Class
Taechong Class
OSA 1 Class
Komar Class
Shanghi Class--Gun
Swatow Class--Gun
Chodo Class--Gun
K-48 Class--Gun
MO IV Class--Gun
Chongjin Class--Gun
P 6--Torpedo
P 4--Torpedo
Iwon--Torpedo
An Ju--Torpedo
Chaho Class--Torpedo
Sin Hung/Kosong--Torp.
Shersen Class--Torpedo
KM 4--Torpedo
Torpedo Boats
Light Patrol
HantaeNampo
HanchonFrigateLg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Missile Att.
Missile Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
PatrolPatrolLanding
Landing
Landing

841,301
168,260
168,260
420,650
420,650
493,563
420,650
673,041
269,216
269,216
168,260
336,520
280,434
168,260
269,216
269,216
269,216
201,912269,216
269,216
134,608
673,0418,189

2.52E+06 9.49E+04
3.37E+05 1.26E+04
6.73E+05 2.53E+04
6.73E+06 2.53E+05
8.41E+05 3.16E+04
2.96E+06 1.11E+05
2.94E+06 1.11E+05
1.62E+07 6.07E+05
4.04E+06 1.52E+05
3.50E+06 1.32E+05
1.35E+06 5.06E+04
1.35E+06 5.06E+04
1.12E+06 4.22E+04
3.53E+06 1.33E+05
1.27E+07 4.76E+05
1.75E+07 6.58E+05
3.50E+06 1.32E+05
3.23E+06 1.21E+05
1.62E+06 6.07E+04
1.86E+07 6.98E+05
1.01E+07 3.79E+05
2.69E+06 1.01E+05
8.19E+04 3.08E+03

856,191
171,238
171,238
428,096
428,096502,299
428,096684,953
273,981273,981
171,238
342,476
285,397
171,238
273,981273,981273,981
205,486
273,981273,981
136,991
684,953
8,334

2.57E+06
96,537342,476
12,872
6.85E+05 2.57E+04
6.85E+06 2.57E+05
8.56E+05 3.22E+04
3.01E+06 1.13E+05
3.00E+06 1.13E+05
1.64E+07 617,839
4.11E+06 154,460
3.56E+06 1.34E+05
1.37E+06 5.15E+04
1.37E+06 5.15E+04
1.14E+06 4.29E+04
3.60E+06 1.35E+05
1.29E+07 4.84E+05
1.78E+07 6.69E+05
3.56E+06 1.34E+05
3.29E+06 1.24E+05
1.64E+06 6.18E+04
1.89E+07 7.11E+05
1.03E+07 3.86E+05
2.74E+06 1.03E+05
8.33E+04 3.13E+03

8,189
22,33521,442
22,335

1.72E+05 6.46E+03
2.68E+05 1.01E+04
3.13E+06 1.18E+05
8.04E+05 3.02E+04

8,334
22,33521,442
22,335

1.75E+05 6.58E+03
2.68E+05 1.01E+04
3.13E+06 1.18E+05
8.04E+05 3.02E+04

Kong Bang (Hovercraft) Landing
Whiskey
Submarine
Romeo, Chinese
Submarine
Romeo, NK
Submarine
YUGO mini-sub
Submarine
Sang-O coastal infiltrationSubmarine
Frigates
Corvettes
Missile Attack Boats
Coastal Patrol Craft
Mine Warfare Craft
Amphibious Craft
Submarines
Trawlers
TOTAL, VESSELS
Those Using Heavy Fuel Oil

102,060
47,02247,02247,022
1,881
9,404

1.33E+07 4.99E+05
1.88E+05 7.07E+03
1.88E+05 7.07E+03
7.52E+05 2.83E+04
9.03E+04 3.39E+03
1.13E+05 4.24E+03
2.52E+06 9.49E+04
3.37E+05 1.26E+04
2.02E+07 7.59E+05

102,060
47,02247,02247,022
1,881
9,404

1.33E+07 4.99E+05
1.88E+05 7.07E+03
1.88E+05 7.07E+03
7.52E+05 2.83E+04
9.03E+04 3.39E+03
1.13E+05 4.24E+03
2.57E+06 9.65E+04
3.42E+05 1.29E+04
2.05E+07 7.72E+05

Service Vehicles
TOTAL: VESSELS PLUS SERVICE VEHICLES

1.75E+07 6.57E+05
1.33E+06 5.00E+04

1.75E+07 6.57E+05
1.33E+06 5.00E+04

1.37E+08 5.14E+06
2.52E+06 9.49E+04

1.39E+08 5.22E+06
2.57E+06 9.65E+04

8.90E+06 2.90E+05
1.46E+08 5.43E+06

9.04E+06 2.95E+05
1.48E+08 5.51E+06

A2 - 52

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

2008
2009
Per Vessel Per Class Per Class Per Vessel Per Class Per Class
Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons.
liters/year liters/year GJ/year liters/year liters/year GJ/year

Type of Vessel

Class

Nanjin ClassT (Tral) Class
Sariwon Class
SO 1 Class
Artillerist Class
Hainan Class
Taechong Class
OSA 1 Class
Komar Class
Shanghi Class--Gun
Swatow Class--Gun
Chodo Class--Gun
K-48 Class--Gun
MO IV Class--Gun
Chongjin Class--Gun
P 6--Torpedo
P 4--Torpedo
Iwon--Torpedo
An Ju--Torpedo
Chaho Class--Torpedo
Sin Hung/Kosong--Torp.
Shersen Class--Torpedo
KM 4--Torpedo
Torpedo Boats
Light Patrol
HantaeNampo
HanchonFrigateLg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Missile Att.
Missile Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
PatrolPatrolLanding
Landing
Landing

640,282
128,056
128,056
320,141
320,141
375,632
320,141
512,226
204,890
204,890
128,056
256,113
213,427
128,056
204,890
204,890
204,890
153,668
204,890
204,890
102,445
512,2266,232

1.92E+06
2.56E+05
5.12E+05
5.12E+06
6.40E+05
2.25E+06
2.24E+06
1.23E+07
3.07E+06
2.66E+06
1.02E+06
1.02E+06
8.54E+05
2.69E+06
9.63E+06
1.33E+07
2.66E+06
2.46E+06
1.23E+06
1.41E+07
7.68E+06
2.05E+06
6.23E+04

7.22E+04
9.63E+03
1.93E+04
1.93E+05
2.41E+04
8.47E+04
8.42E+04
4.62E+05
1.16E+05
1.00E+05
3.85E+04
3.85E+04
3.21E+04
1.01E+05
3.62E+05
5.01E+05
1.00E+05
9.24E+04
4.62E+04
5.31E+05
2.89E+05
7.70E+04
2.34E+03

595,611
119,122
119,122
297,806
297,806
349,425
297,806
476,489
190,596
190,596
119,122238,245
198,537
119,122
190,596
190,596
190,596
142,947
190,596
190,596
95,298476,489
5,797

1.79E+06 6.72E+04
2.38E+05 8.95E+03
4.76E+05 1.79E+04
4.76E+06 1.79E+05
5.96E+05 2.24E+04
2.10E+06 7.88E+04
2.08E+06 7.83E+04
1.14E+07 4.30E+05
2.86E+06 1.07E+05
2.48E+06 9.31E+04
9.53E+05 3.58E+04
9.53E+05 3.58E+04
7.94E+05 2.98E+04
2.50E+06 9.40E+04
8.96E+06 3.37E+05
1.24E+07 4.66E+05
2.48E+06 9.31E+04
2.29E+06 8.60E+04
1.14E+06 4.30E+04
1.32E+07 4.94E+05
7.15E+06 2.69E+05
1.91E+06 7.16E+04
5.80E+04 2.18E+03

6,232
19,85419,06019,854

1.31E+05
2.38E+05
2.78E+06
7.15E+05

4.92E+03
8.95E+03
1.05E+05
2.69E+04

5,797
17,372
16,677
17,372

1.22E+05 4.58E+03
2.08E+05 7.83E+03
2.43E+06 9.15E+04
6.25E+05 2.35E+04

Kong Bang (Hovercraft) Landing
Whiskey
Submarine
Romeo, Chinese
Submarine
Romeo, NK
Submarine
YUGO mini-sub
Submarine
Sang-O coastal infiltrationSubmarine
Frigates
Corvettes
Missile Attack Boats
Coastal Patrol Craft
Mine Warfare Craft
Amphibious Craft
Submarines
Trawlers
TOTAL, VESSELS
Those Using Heavy Fuel Oil

90,72041,797
41,797
41,7971,672
8,359

1.18E+07
1.67E+05
1.67E+05
6.69E+05
8.03E+04
1.00E+05
1.92E+06
2.56E+05
1.54E+07

4.43E+05
6.28E+03
6.28E+03
2.51E+04
3.02E+03
3.77E+03
7.22E+04
9.63E+03
5.78E+05

79,38041,797
41,797
41,7971,672
8,359

1.03E+07 3.88E+05
1.67E+05 6.28E+03
1.67E+05 6.28E+03
6.69E+05 2.51E+04
8.03E+04 3.02E+03
1.00E+05 3.77E+03
1.79E+06 6.72E+04
2.38E+05 8.95E+03
1.43E+07 5.37E+05

Service Vehicles
TOTAL: VESSELS PLUS SERVICE VEHICLES

1.55E+07 5.84E+05
1.18E+06 4.45E+04

1.36E+07 5.11E+05
1.18E+06 4.45E+04

1.06E+08 4.00E+06
1.92E+06 7.22E+04

9.82E+07 3.69E+06
1.79E+06 6.72E+04

6.93E+06 2.26E+05
1.13E+08 4.23E+06

6.39E+06 2.08E+05
1.05E+08 3.90E+06

A2 - 53

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

2010
2014
Per Vessel Per Class Per Class Per Vessel Per Class Per Class
Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons.
liters/year liters/year GJ/year liters/year liters/year GJ/year

Type of Vessel

Class

Nanjin ClassT (Tral) Class
Sariwon Class
SO 1 Class
Artillerist Class
Hainan Class
Taechong Class
OSA 1 Class
Komar Class
Shanghi Class--Gun
Swatow Class--Gun
Chodo Class--Gun
K-48 Class--Gun
MO IV Class--Gun
Chongjin Class--Gun
P 6--Torpedo
P 4--Torpedo
Iwon--Torpedo
An Ju--Torpedo
Chaho Class--Torpedo
Sin Hung/Kosong--Torp.
Shersen Class--Torpedo
KM 4--Torpedo
Torpedo Boats
Light Patrol
HantaeNampo
HanchonFrigateLg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Missile Att.
Missile Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
PatrolPatrolLanding
Landing
Landing

684,953
136,991
136,991
342,476
342,476
401,839
342,476
547,962
219,185
219,185
136,991
273,981
228,318
136,991
219,185
219,185
219,185
164,389
219,185
219,185
109,592
547,962
6,667

2.05E+06 7.72E+04
2.74E+05 1.03E+04
5.48E+05 2.06E+04
5.48E+06 2.06E+05
6.85E+05 2.57E+04
2.41E+06 9.06E+04
2.40E+06 9.01E+04
1.32E+07 4.94E+05
3.29E+06 1.24E+05
2.85E+06 1.07E+05
1.10E+06 4.12E+04
1.10E+06 4.12E+04
9.13E+05 3.43E+04
2.88E+06 1.08E+05
1.03E+07 3.87E+05
1.42E+07 5.35E+05
2.85E+06 1.07E+05
2.63E+06 9.89E+04
1.32E+06 4.94E+04
1.51E+07 5.68E+05
8.22E+06 3.09E+05
2.19E+06 8.24E+04
6.67E+04 2.51E+03

610,50256,44456,444
141,110
330,892
165,569
141,110
529,427
211,771
90,310132,357
112,888
94,073132,357
211,771
211,771
211,771
158,828
211,771
211,771
105,885
529,427
6,441

1.83E+06
68,835
1.13E+05
4,243
2.26E+05 8.49E+03
2.26E+06 8.49E+04
6.62E+05 2.49E+04
9.93E+05 3.73E+04
9.88E+05 3.71E+04
1.27E+07 477,552
3.18E+06 119,388
1.17E+06 4.41E+04
1.06E+06 3.98E+04
4.52E+05 1.70E+04
3.76E+05 1.41E+04
2.78E+06 1.04E+05
9.95E+06 3.74E+05
1.38E+07 5.17E+05
2.75E+06 1.03E+05
2.54E+06 9.55E+04
1.27E+06 4.78E+04
1.46E+07 5.49E+05
7.94E+06 2.98E+05
2.12E+06 7.96E+04
6.44E+04 2.42E+03

6,667
22,33521,442
22,335

1.40E+05 5.26E+03
2.68E+05 1.01E+04
3.13E+06 1.18E+05
8.04E+05 3.02E+04

5,942
17,923
17,207
17,923

1.25E+05 4.69E+03
2.15E+05 8.08E+03
2.51E+06 9.44E+04
6.45E+05 2.43E+04

Kong Bang (Hovercraft) Landing
Whiskey
Submarine
Romeo, Chinese
Submarine
Romeo, NK
Submarine
YUGO mini-sub
Submarine
Sang-O coastal infiltrationSubmarine
Frigates
Corvettes
Missile Attack Boats
Coastal Patrol Craft
Mine Warfare Craft
Amphibious Craft
Submarines
Trawlers
TOTAL, VESSELS
Those Using Heavy Fuel Oil

102,060
41,797
41,797
41,7971,672
8,359

1.33E+07 4.99E+05
1.67E+05 6.28E+03
1.67E+05 6.28E+03
6.69E+05 2.51E+04
8.03E+04 3.02E+03
1.00E+05 3.77E+03
2.05E+06 7.72E+04
2.74E+05 1.03E+04
1.64E+07 6.18E+05

81,90034,831
34,831
34,8311,393
6,966

1.06E+07 4.00E+05
1.39E+05 5.24E+03
1.39E+05 5.24E+03
5.57E+05 2.09E+04
6.69E+04 2.51E+03
83,5953,142
1.83E+06 6.88E+04
1.13E+05 4.24E+03
1.59E+07 5.97E+05

Service Vehicles
TOTAL: VESSELS PLUS SERVICE VEHICLES

1.75E+07 6.57E+05
1.18E+06 4.45E+04

1.40E+07 5.27E+05
9.86E+05 3.71E+04

1.15E+08 4.31E+06
2.05E+06 7.72E+04

9.88E+07 3.71E+06
1.83E+06 6.88E+04

6.93E+06 2.43E+05
1.22E+08 4.55E+06

6.43E+06 2.10E+05
1.05E+08 3.92E+06

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Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

2015
2016
Per Vessel Per Class Per Class Per Vessel Per Class Per Class
Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons.
liters/year liters/year GJ/year liters/year liters/year GJ/year

Type of Vessel

Class

Nanjin ClassT (Tral) Class
Sariwon Class
SO 1 Class
Artillerist Class
Hainan Class
Taechong Class
OSA 1 Class
Komar Class
Shanghi Class--Gun
Swatow Class--Gun
Chodo Class--Gun
K-48 Class--Gun
MO IV Class--Gun
Chongjin Class--Gun
P 6--Torpedo
P 4--Torpedo
Iwon--Torpedo
An Ju--Torpedo
Chaho Class--Torpedo
Sin Hung/Kosong--Torp.
Shersen Class--Torpedo
KM 4--Torpedo
Torpedo Boats
Light Patrol
HantaeNampo
HanchonFrigateLg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Missile Att.
Missile Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
PatrolPatrolLanding
Landing
Landing

610,50252,102
52,102130,255
335,520
152,833
130,255
536,832
214,733
83,363
134,208
104,204
86,837
134,208
214,733
214,733
214,733
161,050
214,733
214,733
107,366
536,832
6,531

1.83E+06
68,835
1.04E+05
3,916
2.08E+05 7.83E+03
2.08E+06 7.83E+04
6.71E+05 2.52E+04
9.17E+05 3.45E+04
9.12E+05 3.43E+04
1.29E+07 484,231
3.22E+06 121,058
1.08E+06 4.07E+04
1.07E+06 4.04E+04
4.17E+05 1.57E+04
3.47E+05 1.31E+04
2.82E+06 1.06E+05
1.01E+07 3.79E+05
1.40E+07 5.25E+05
2.79E+06 1.05E+05
2.58E+06 9.68E+04
1.29E+06 4.84E+04
1.48E+07 5.57E+05
8.05E+06 3.03E+05
2.15E+06 8.07E+04
6.53E+04 2.45E+03

625,392
48,92548,925
122,313348,444
143,514122,313557,510223,004
78,280139,378
97,85081,542
139,378
223,004
223,004
223,004
167,253
223,004
223,004
111,502557,510
6,783

1.88E+06
70,514
9.79E+04
3,678
1.96E+05 7.36E+03
1.96E+06 7.36E+04
6.97E+05 2.62E+04
8.61E+05 3.24E+04
8.56E+05 3.22E+04
1.34E+07 502,883
3.35E+06 125,721
1.02E+06 3.82E+04
1.12E+06 4.19E+04
3.91E+05 1.47E+04
3.26E+05 1.23E+04
2.93E+06 1.10E+05
1.05E+07 3.94E+05
1.45E+07 5.45E+05
2.90E+06 1.09E+05
2.68E+06 1.01E+05
1.34E+06 5.03E+04
1.54E+07 5.78E+05
8.36E+06 3.14E+05
2.23E+06 8.38E+04
6.78E+04 2.55E+03

5,942
17,923
17,207
17,923

1.25E+05 4.69E+03
2.15E+05 8.08E+03
2.51E+06 9.44E+04
6.45E+05 2.43E+04

6,087
17,923
17,207
17,923

1.28E+05 4.80E+03
2.15E+05 8.08E+03
2.51E+06 9.44E+04
6.45E+05 2.43E+04

Kong Bang (Hovercraft) Landing
Whiskey
Submarine
Romeo, Chinese
Submarine
Romeo, NK
Submarine
YUGO mini-sub
Submarine
Sang-O coastal infiltrationSubmarine
Frigates
Corvettes
Missile Attack Boats
Coastal Patrol Craft
Mine Warfare Craft
Amphibious Craft
Submarines
Trawlers
TOTAL, VESSELS
Those Using Heavy Fuel Oil

81,90034,831
34,831
34,8311,393
6,966

1.06E+07 4.00E+05
1.39E+05 5.24E+03
1.39E+05 5.24E+03
5.57E+05 2.09E+04
6.69E+04 2.51E+03
83,5953,142
1.83E+06 6.88E+04
1.04E+05 3.92E+03
1.61E+07 6.05E+05

81,90034,831
34,831
34,8311,393
6,966

1.06E+07 4.00E+05
1.39E+05 5.24E+03
1.39E+05 5.24E+03
5.57E+05 2.09E+04
6.69E+04 2.51E+03
83,5953,142
1.88E+06 7.05E+04
9.79E+04 3.68E+03
1.67E+07 6.29E+05

Service Vehicles
TOTAL: VESSELS PLUS SERVICE VEHICLES

1.40E+07 5.27E+05
9.86E+05 3.71E+04

1.40E+07 5.27E+05
9.86E+05 3.71E+04

9.93E+07 3.73E+06
1.83E+06 6.88E+04

1.02E+08 3.83E+06
1.88E+06 7.05E+04

6.46E+06 2.11E+05
1.06E+08 3.94E+06

6.63E+06 2.16E+05
1.09E+08 4.05E+06

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Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

2017
2018
Per Vessel Per Class Per Class Per Vessel Per Class Per Class
Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons.
liters/year liters/year GJ/year liters/year liters/year GJ/year

Type of Vessel

Class

Nanjin ClassT (Tral) Class
Sariwon Class
SO 1 Class
Artillerist Class
Hainan Class
Taechong Class
OSA 1 Class
Komar Class
Shanghi Class--Gun
Swatow Class--Gun
Chodo Class--Gun
K-48 Class--Gun
MO IV Class--Gun
Chongjin Class--Gun
P 6--Torpedo
P 4--Torpedo
Iwon--Torpedo
An Ju--Torpedo
Chaho Class--Torpedo
Sin Hung/Kosong--Torp.
Shersen Class--Torpedo
KM 4--Torpedo
Torpedo Boats
Light Patrol
HantaeNampo
HanchonFrigateLg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Missile Att.
Missile Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
PatrolPatrolLanding
Landing
Landing446,708
31,77031,77079,424
252,275
93,191
79,424
403,640
161,456
50,831
100,91063,53952,949100,910
161,456
161,456
161,456
121,092
161,456
161,456
80,728403,640
4,911

1.34E+06
50,367
6.35E+04
2,388
1.27E+05 4.78E+03
1.27E+06 4.78E+04
5.05E+05 1.90E+04
5.59E+05 2.10E+04
5.56E+05 2.09E+04
9.69E+06 364,089
2.42E+06
91,022
6.61E+05 2.48E+04
8.07E+05 3.03E+04
2.54E+05 9.55E+03
2.12E+05 7.96E+03
2.12E+06 7.96E+04
7.59E+06 2.85E+05
1.05E+07 3.94E+05
2.10E+06 7.89E+04
1.94E+06 7.28E+04
9.69E+05 3.64E+04
1.11E+07 4.19E+05
6.05E+06 2.28E+05
1.61E+06 6.07E+04
4.91E+04 1.85E+03

416,928
29,652
29,652
74,129235,456
86,97874,129376,730
150,692
47,442
94,18359,30349,41994,183
150,692
150,692
150,692
113,019
150,692
150,692
75,346
376,730
4,584

1.25E+06
47,0095.93E+04
2,229
1.19E+05 4.46E+03
1.19E+06 4.46E+04
4.71E+05 1.77E+04
5.22E+05 1.96E+04
5.19E+05 1.95E+04
9.04E+06 339,817
2.26E+06
84,954
6.17E+05 2.32E+04
7.53E+05 2.83E+04
2.37E+05 8.92E+03
1.98E+05 7.43E+03
1.98E+06 7.43E+04
7.08E+06 2.66E+05
9.79E+06 3.68E+05
1.96E+06 7.36E+04
1.81E+06 6.80E+04
9.04E+05 3.40E+04
1.04E+07 3.91E+05
5.65E+06 2.12E+05
1.51E+06 5.66E+04
4.58E+04 1.72E+03

4,348
17,923
17,207
17,923

9.13E+04 3.43E+03
2.15E+05 8.08E+03
2.51E+06 9.44E+04
6.45E+05 2.43E+04

4,058
16,72916,05916,7298.52E+04 3.20E+03
2.01E+05 7.54E+03
2.34E+06 8.81E+04
6.02E+05 2.26E+04

Kong Bang (Hovercraft) Landing
Whiskey
Submarine
Romeo, Chinese
Submarine
Romeo, NK
Submarine
YUGO mini-sub
Submarine
Sang-O coastal infiltrationSubmarine
Frigates
Corvettes
Missile Attack Boats
Coastal Patrol Craft
Mine Warfare Craft
Amphibious Craft
Submarines
Trawlers
TOTAL, VESSELS
Those Using Heavy Fuel Oil

81,90030,47730,47730,4771,219
6,095

1.06E+07 4.00E+05
1.22E+05 4.58E+03
1.22E+05 4.58E+03
4.88E+05 1.83E+04
5.85E+04 2.20E+03
73,1452,749
1.34E+06 5.04E+04
6.35E+04 2.39E+03
1.21E+07 4.55E+05

76,44028,30028,30028,3001,132
5,660

9.94E+06 3.73E+05
1.13E+05 4.25E+03
1.13E+05 4.25E+03
4.53E+05 1.70E+04
5.43E+04 2.04E+03
67,921
2,553
1.25E+06 4.70E+04
5.93E+04 2.23E+03
1.13E+07 4.25E+05

Service Vehicles
TOTAL: VESSELS PLUS SERVICE VEHICLES

1.40E+07 5.27E+05
8.63E+05 3.24E+04

1.31E+07 4.92E+05
8.01E+05 3.01E+04

7.74E+07 2.91E+06
1.34E+06 5.04E+04

7.22E+07 2.71E+06
1.25E+06 4.70E+04

5.03E+06 1.64E+05
8.24E+07 3.07E+06

4.70E+06 1.53E+05
7.69E+07 2.87E+06

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2019
2020
Per Vessel Per Class Per Class Per Vessel Per Class Per Class
Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons. Fuel Cons.
liters/year liters/year GJ/year liters/year liters/year GJ/year

Type of Vessel

Class

Nanjin ClassT (Tral) Class
Sariwon Class
SO 1 Class
Artillerist Class
Hainan Class
Taechong Class
OSA 1 Class
Komar Class
Shanghi Class--Gun
Swatow Class--Gun
Chodo Class--Gun
K-48 Class--Gun
MO IV Class--Gun
Chongjin Class--Gun
P 6--Torpedo
P 4--Torpedo
Iwon--Torpedo
An Ju--Torpedo
Chaho Class--Torpedo
Sin Hung/Kosong--Torp.
Shersen Class--Torpedo
KM 4--Torpedo
Torpedo Boats
Light Patrol
HantaeNampo
HanchonFrigateLg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Lg Patrol
Missile Att.
Missile Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
Fast Att.
PatrolPatrolLanding
Landing
Landing

416,928
29,652
29,652
74,129235,456
86,97874,129376,730
150,692
47,442
94,18359,30349,41994,183
150,692
150,692
150,692
113,019
150,692
150,692
75,346
376,730
4,584

1.25E+06
47,0095.93E+04
2,229
1.19E+05 4.46E+03
1.19E+06 4.46E+04
4.71E+05 1.77E+04
5.22E+05 1.96E+04
5.19E+05 1.95E+04
9.04E+06 339,817
2.26E+06
84,954
6.17E+05 2.32E+04
7.53E+05 2.83E+04
2.37E+05 8.92E+03
1.98E+05 7.43E+03
1.98E+06 7.43E+04
7.08E+06 2.66E+05
9.79E+06 3.68E+05
1.96E+06 7.36E+04
1.81E+06 6.80E+04
9.04E+05 3.40E+04
1.04E+07 3.91E+05
5.65E+06 2.12E+05
1.51E+06 5.66E+04
4.58E+04 1.72E+03

223,354
15,885
15,88539,712
126,137
46,59539,712201,82080,72825,41650,45531,77026,47550,45580,72880,72880,72860,54680,72880,72840,364
201,820
2,455

6.70E+05
25,184
3.18E+04
1,194
6.35E+04 2.39E+03
6.35E+05 2.39E+04
2.52E+05 9.48E+03
2.80E+05 1.05E+04
2.78E+05 1.04E+04
4.84E+06 182,045
1.21E+06
45,511
3.30E+05 1.24E+04
4.04E+05 1.52E+04
1.27E+05 4.78E+03
1.06E+05 3.98E+03
1.06E+06 3.98E+04
3.79E+06 1.43E+05
5.25E+06 1.97E+05
1.05E+06 3.94E+04
9.69E+05 3.64E+04
4.84E+05 1.82E+04
5.57E+06 2.09E+05
3.03E+06 1.14E+05
8.07E+05 3.03E+04
2.46E+04 9.23E+02

4,058
16,72916,05916,7298.52E+04 3.20E+03
2.01E+05 7.54E+03
2.34E+06 8.81E+04
6.02E+05 2.26E+04

2,174
9,559
9,177
9,559

4.57E+04 1.72E+03
1.15E+05 4.31E+03
1.34E+06 5.04E+04
3.44E+05 1.29E+04

Kong Bang (Hovercraft) Landing
Whiskey
Submarine
Romeo, Chinese
Submarine
Romeo, NK
Submarine
YUGO mini-sub
Submarine
Sang-O coastal infiltrationSubmarine
Frigates
Corvettes
Missile Attack Boats
Coastal Patrol Craft
Mine Warfare Craft
Amphibious Craft
Submarines
Trawlers
TOTAL, VESSELS
Those Using Heavy Fuel Oil

76,44028,30028,30028,3001,132
5,660

9.94E+06 3.73E+05
1.13E+05 4.25E+03
1.13E+05 4.25E+03
4.53E+05 1.70E+04
5.43E+04 2.04E+03
6.79E+04
2,553
1.25E+06 4.70E+04
5.93E+04 2.23E+03
1.13E+07 4.25E+05

43,680
16,545
16,545
16,545662
3,309

5.68E+06 2.13E+05
6.62E+04 2.49E+03
6.62E+04 2.49E+03
2.65E+05 9.95E+03
3.18E+04 1.19E+03
3.97E+04
1,492
6.70E+05 2.52E+04
3.18E+04 1.19E+03
6.05E+06 2.28E+05

Service Vehicles
TOTAL: VESSELS PLUS SERVICE VEHICLES

1.31E+07 4.92E+05
8.01E+05 3.01E+04

7.48E+06 2.81E+05
4.69E+05 1.76E+04

7.22E+07 2.71E+06
1.25E+06 4.70E+04

3.92E+07 1.47E+06
6.70E+05 2.52E+04

4.70E+06 1.53E+05
7.69E+07 2.87E+06

2.55E+06 8.31E+04
4.17E+07 1.56E+06

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Notes:
1 North Korea Handbook , US Department of Defense, 1994. (PC-2600-6421-94). Pages 6-165 - 6-178.
3 Point Paper, Republic of Korea/North Korea: Military Capabilities (with Military Balance). JICPAC (ONK), Sept. 1993.
4 From Opposing Force Training Module, North Korean Military Forces. Field Manual No. 34-21 .
Headquarters Department of the Army (US). February, 1982. Chapter 15.
5 Jane's Fighting Ships, 1987-88 . Edited by J. Moore, Jane's Publishing Co., NY, NY. P. 329-222.
6 Speed shown is that given with the range of the vessel, if specified.
7 Assumed similar to Chaho Class based on information in source 4.
8 Similar to Soviet "D3" class.
9 Source 4 shows this vessel as approximately twice as long and 10% wider than the Nampo.
10 Similar to Soviet "P 2" class.
11 Total shown for source 4 are vessels listed in source 1 as mine-capable.
12 Source 1 shows this vessel to be about 30% longer, 10% narrower than the Hanchon
13 Assumed similar to Swatow class (engine size)
14 "True-up" factors are used to inflate numbers of vessels by individual class (from 4 and 5) to the aggregate
values presented in sources 2 and 3. True-up factors are not applied to Kong Bang hovercraft or mini-subs.
15 Generic value for fuel consumption by marine diesel engines from The Marine Power Plant, L.B.Chapman
McGraw-Hill, 1942. This figure may (or may not) be slightly high for the DPRK Navy. Figure judged tobe reasonable by a representative of a US distributor of marine diesel engines, who gave a range of
0.32 lb/hp-hr for best modern diesels, to 0.40+ for older diesels, with 20 hp-hr/gallon (0.364 lb/hp-hr) as amodern rule of thumb. Same representative also indicated that a range of 0.4 to 0.6 of maximum power use
was a reasonable range for a ship cruising at sea.
16 Generic value for fuel consumption by submarine diesel engines from Submarine Design and Development ,N.Freedman, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, MD, 1984. P. 131.
17 Assumed similar to SO 1 class (engine size)
18 Assumed similar to K-48 class (engine size)
19 Assumed similar to KM-4 torpedo class (engine size)

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20 Service vehicles for Navy assumed to include light vehicles, 2 1/2 ton truck s, and larger truck s
and utility vehicles in the same proportions as are used in the ground forces. The number of these vehicles perperson in the Navy is assumed to be the same as in the DPRK Army.
21 Frigates are assumed to be fueled with heavy oil. All other vessels are assumed to be diesel-fueled.
22 North Korea Country Handbook ,Marine Corps Intelligence Activity, 1997. (MCIA-2630-NK-016-97). File Nk or.pdf,
obtained from Federation of American Scientists WWW site, 5/21/02, and dated May, 1997.
Data on naval vessels are mostly from pages 39 and 40 of this document.
23 North Korea, The Foundations for Military Strength -- Update 1995 . US Defense Intelligence Agency (1995).
Obtained from Federation of American Scientists WWW site, 5/21/02, and dated December, 1995.
24 World Navies Today: North Korea , from www.hazegray.org/worldnav/ (visited 5/22/02) suggests that the DPRK
has "135 Kongbang class assault hovercraft, carrying 35-55 troops". Source 22 lists three types of thesecraft, with sizes ranging from 23 x 60.7 feet to 29.5 x 75.5 feet. Source 22 lists the speed of these vessels as
52 k nots. No specific information on the propulsion systems used in these craft was included in either of thesesources, but a somewhat larger troop landing hovercraft (47 x 88 feet) used by the US Navy, and with a slightly
lower speed, is listed as having 16,000 hp (total?) in four turbine engines.
http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/lcac.htm (visited 5/22/02) lists the US "LCAC" as having 12,280 bhp, and"Fuel capacity is 5000 gallons. The LCAC uses an average of 1000 gallons per hour."Assume that the somewhat smaller DPRK vessels would have lower fuel consumption and power ratings
perhaps
600 gallons per hour.
According to source 23, production of the Kong Bang type II and III craft began in 1988, suggesting that the
major portion of the Kong Bang fleet was produced after 1990. Assume that
10% of the fleet shown was in service
by 1990, and
50% was in service by 1996.
25 Source 23 suggests that there are "over 48" YUGO submarines and 3 SANGO coastal submarines in the DPRK fleet.
26 Source 24 lists 18 "Sinpo class" small patrol boats, with 66.5 tons full load displacement, and 4800 hp diesels,
and "up to 12" P-6 class small torpedo boats.
27 Estimate of 8000 bhp shown here for the Kong Bang hovercraft is a rough figure based on the specifications for thelarger US vessel described in note 24. Fuel consumption, however, is based on the estimate given
in note 24, not on the horsepower estimate. See also notes 31 and 32.
28 Republic of Korea National Intelligence Service, "North Korea Military. The KPA: Troops & Equipment", fromhttp://www.fas.org/irp/world/rok /nis-docs/defense08.htm, visited 5/21/02, lists the total naval force personnel for the DPRK
at a total of 48,000, somewhat above the figure used here, but as the personnel totals do not directly affectfuel use estimates for this branch of the service, the figure from source 3 is used.

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Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

29 Engine size for the Sang-O submarines is a rough estimate based on reported engine size for other DPRK subs and therelative size of the different submarine models.
30 There does not appear to be any available definitive intormation of an unclassified nature that could be used toeven quailitatively estimate the level of activity in the DPRK naval forces as of 2000 or 2005. Analysts contacted inresearching this update, however, indicate that the DPRK Navy did not, as of about 2002 seem to be operating under
any particular fuel restrictions, and that the level of incursions (from DPRK vessels) experienced in ROK waters
seems to be fairly consistent with prior years. As a result, we have assumed that DPRK naval activity was about thesame (in terms of activity per vessel) as in 1996 for vessels other than submarines and amphibious craft. We haveassumed that submarine and amphibious craft activity in the DPRK navy declined slightly in the period after 1996, in part,in the case of amphibious craft, in k eeping with our assumption of reduced training levels for ground forces,
as well as tak ing into account reported restrictions on fuel availability in the general economy.
31 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/dprk /navy.htm states "[t]he North Korean navy has built over 140 hovercraft
capable of carrying platoon-size units ashore…" which is on the same order as the estimates of the number of these craft
provided in other sources, but slightly higher.
32 Two recent ROK media reports--"North Korea Deploys Air Cushion Warships", Seoul, The Korea Times(Internet Version-WWW) in English, by Cho'ng Su'ng-k i, dated April 1, 2007 (and quoting the 2006 ROK Defense
White Paper); and "N.Korea Develops High-Speed Military Hovercraft", Seoul. Chosun Ilbo WWW-Text
in English, dated April 2, 2007--report the development of DPRK hovercraft, but these appear to be the sameas the Kong Bang hovercraft developed deployed during the 1990s, with no apparent change in the number of such
vessels (both of the 2007 articles give a number of 130 hovercraft) since about 2000.
33 Jason W. Henson, “FFL Sariwon class”, Harpoon Head Quarters (undated, but probably 2000s),
available as http://www.harpoondatabases.com/encyclopedia/Entry1164.aspx., provides a description of Sariwon
class ships, and lists their displacement at a larger 580 to 650 tons. The DPRK, according to the source, built three ofthese ships in the 1960s based on a World War II era soviet design.
34 Quoting from the US Department of Defense (USDOD) Military and Security Developments Involving the Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea 2017, Report to Congress Pursuant to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 ,dated February 13, 2018, and available as https://fas.org/irp/world/dprk /dod-2017.pdf,
Anthony H. Cordesman and Nick Harrington list 2012 (from an earlier version of the US DOD document) and 2017 values for DPRK
Navy troop strength and naval equipment numbers as follows. Data are from the report by Cordesman and Harrington
The Korean Civil-Military Balance (3rd Major Revision: May 24, 2018) , Center for Strategic and International Studies,available as https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/180524_Revised_Korea_Civil_Military_Balance.pdf?SmnEiJ6_.TyH.Zuek RzXzBLYJBr1157K.
Lack ing additional information, we assume as for air forces that the tendency in recent years to grow the armed forces was
slightly more than offset in 2018 by reductions in access to funds and fuels caused by UNSC sanctions, and thus the numberof personnel and aircraftin 2018 were approximately the same as in 2017, and their hours of use were slightly lower.

Category
Personnel Strength
Submarines
Patrol Combatants
Amphibious Landing Craft
Mine Warfare Vessels
Support/Auxiliary Vessels
All other vessels except
frigates

Total Numbers
2012
2017
2017

Implied True-up from 1990-2010 figures2012 20142015 2016 2017 2018

60,00060,00060,000

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

70
420
260
30
30

70
430
260
20
40

70
430
260
20
40

0.83

0.83

0.83

0.83

0.83

0.83

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.53

0.46

0.43

0.39

0.36

0.36

1.05

1.08

1.10

1.11

1.13

1.13

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35 A facility hosting amphibious vessels that are probably similar to the "Kong Bang" craft is located near the northern border of the DPRK.
See the Google Earth image below, which was tak en in late November, 2019. A review of earlier images in Google Earth indicatesthat this facility has been in use since at least 2010, including the structures housing the 16 vessels
In 2010 there were a few additionsl vessels at the site. The hovercraft vessels are about 20 m long. Location is 39.808390, 124.412620.
The following image, just north of the hovercraft port, shows what appears to be a drydock (or possibly production?) facility for small
patrol craft, about 22.5 m. Location of the second image (also tak en in late November, 2019) is approximately 39.819, 124.413.
The two facilities are located just south of the city of Yongju-gun, about 15 k m south of the outlet of the Yalu river.

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36 We assume that naval forces activity was sharply curtailed during the DPRK military lock down in early 2020 in response to the coronavirus pandemic, but that it will slowly
recover to near-typical (for recent years) levels by the end of 2020, assuming no major new outbreak of the virus in the DPRK or adjacent territory occurs. Overall, for 2020
we assume that naval forces activity will total slightly more than half of levels in recent years.

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Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

Detailed Inputs and Results: Military Equipment Manufacturing
ESTIMATE OF ANNUAL FUEL USE BY THE MILITARY SECTOR IN THE DPRKENERGY USE IN MANUFACTURING MILITARY EQUIPMENT UPDATE 2020
Detailed Data and Results
David Von Hippel

Prepared By:
Date Last Modified:

5/20/2020

COMMON ASSUMPTIONS & PARAMETERS, MILITARY MANUFACTURING
20
10
30
90%

Lifetime of Ground Forces Equipment (yrs):
Lifetime of Small Armaments (yrs):
Lifetime of Naval Vessels (yrs):
Fract. of Weight of Equipment as Iron & Steel
Estimated Average
WeightNumberin Service Each (t)GROUND FORCES: VEHICLES

Made in
DPRK?

Equip.
Lifetime(years)

Total
Weight(t)

Estimated
Iron&Steel
Needed (t)1Notes:
Tanks
T-54/55
T62/63/PT-76
Assault

2,185
3,106
541

36
36.4
30

Yes?
Yes?
Yes?

20 7.87E+04
20 1.13E+05
20 1.62E+04

3.54E+03
5.09E+03
7.30E+02

PT-76
PTS
K-61
GAZ-46
Amphibious Ferry
Tank Retriever
Armored Fighting Vehicles
BTR-60
BRDM
Truck/Tank Mtd Guns & Missiles
AAG
BM-21
BM-20,24
FROG 3/5
FROG 7
Light Vehicles
Jeeps
Motorcycles
2 1/2 T Trucks
Trucks and Utility Vehicles
Dump
Zil-135
Zil-151
KRAZ-214GAZ-63
Zil-157VPower Boats
Other Heavy Equipment

189
11
364
40
68
227

14
20
15
2
50
29

Yes?
Yes?
Yes?
Yes
Yes?
Yes?

20
20
20
20
20
20

2.65E+03
2.28E+02
5.47E+03
7.97E+01
3.42E+03
6.57E+03

1.19E+02
1.02E+01
2.46E+02
3.59E+00
1.54E+02
2.96E+02

3,622
393

10
5

Yes?
Yes?

20 3.62E+04
20 1.96E+03

1.63E+03
8.84E+01

273
157
17
34
34

31
13
9
16
20

Yes?
Yes?
Yes?
Yes?
Yes?

20
20
20
20
20

8.47E+03
2.04E+03
1.54E+02
5.47E+02
6.83E+02

3.81E+02
9.19E+01
6.92E+00
2.46E+01
3.07E+01

6,150
2,895
72,403

1.5
0.2
2.9

Yes
Yes
Yes

9.22E+03
5.79E+02
2.10E+05

4.15E+02
2.61E+01
9.45E+03

26
34
547
102
410
239
150
123

13.5
12.4
6.1
13.5
2.9
6.6
1
6.6

Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

3.54E+02
4.24E+02
3.33E+03
1.38E+03
1.19E+03
1.58E+03
1.50E+02
8.12E+02

1.59E+01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
6.23E+01
5.35E+01
0.00E+00
6.76E+00
3.65E+01

5.05E+05

2.25E+04

Amphibious Vehicles +TOTAL--GROUND FORCES VEHICLES

294,343A2 - 63

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

Estimated Average
Number
WeightMade inin Service Each (t) DPRK?
Notes:
1

Equip.
Lifetime(years)

Total
Weight(t)

Estimated
Iron&Steel
Needed (t)GROUND FORCES: OTHER ARMAMENTS
Towed Guns and Missile Launchers
Light Arms, Various
TOTAL--GROUND FORCES OTHER

3
4

10,000

6

Yes?
Yes?

20 6.00E+04
1042,6401.03E+05

2.70E+03
3.84E+03
6.54E+03

30 9.28E+04
20 1.29E+04
1.06E+05

2.78E+03
5.66E+02
3.35E+03

20 1.72E+04
1.72E+04

0
7.55E+02
7.55E+02

NAVAL FORCES
Total Tonnage of Naval Vessels
Service Vehicles
TOTAL--NAVAL FORCES

5
7

4,077

Yes
(varies)

6
7

6,235

No
(varies)

AIR FORCESAIRCRAFT
Service Vehicles
TOTAL--AIR FORCESTOTAL IRON&STEEL REQUIRED/YR FOR MILITARY EQUIPMENT

3.31E+04

CALCULATION OF ENERGY REQUIRMENTS FOR MILITARY PRODUCT MANUFACTURING, 1990
Energy Required to melt iron for steel
250 kgce/te crude steel
Note 8Average number of melts to produce military products
2
Note 9DPRK Steelmaking processes assumed to be
10% more energy intensive than in China
Conversion Factor:
29.3 GJ/tce
ESTIMATED COAL TO MANUFACTURE IRON AND STEEL MILITARY EQUIPMENT
5.34E+05 GJ
Fract. Energy Use in Production of Military Equipment Represented by Iron and SteelESTIMATED TOTAL COAL USED IN MILITARY EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURE
Ratio of Electricity Use to Coal Use in DPRK (Non-Military) Iron and Steel Industry
ESTIMATED TOTAL ELECTRICITY USED IN MILITARY EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURE

A2 - 64

60% Note 98.90E+05 GJ
0.054 Note 10

4.77E+04 GJ

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

PROJECTION OF ENERGY REQUIRMENTS FOR MILITARY PRODUCT MANUFACTURING
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 1996 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2000 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2005 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2008 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2009 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2010 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2014 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2015 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2016 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2017 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2018 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2019 versus 1990:
Ratio of Military Equipment Output in 2020 versus 1990:

Projection of Coal Use in Military Manufacturing (GJ)
Projection of Electricity Use in Military Manufacturing (GJ)
Projection of Coal Use in Military Manufacturing (GJ)
Projection of Electricity Use in Military Manufacturing (GJ)
Projection of Coal Use in Military Manufacturing (GJ)
Projection of Electricity Use in Military Manufacturing (GJ)
Projection of Coal Use in Military Manufacturing (GJ)
Projection of Electricity Use in Military Manufacturing (GJ)A2 - 650.70
0.45 (See Notes 11 - 13)
0.45 (See Notes 11 - 13)
0.45
0.45
0.45 (See Note 14)
0.48 (See Note 14)
0.49 (See Note 14)0.50 (See Note 14)0.50 (See Note 14)0.50 (See Note 14)0.50 (See Note 14)0.25 (See Note 14)
1996
2000
6.23E+05 4.01E+05
3.34E+04 2.15E+04
2008
2009
4.01E+05 4.01E+05
2.15E+04 2.15E+04
2015
2016
4.36E+05 4.45E+05
2.34E+04 2.38E+04
2019
2020
4.45E+05 2.23E+05
2.38E+04 1.19E+04

2005
4.01E+05
2.15E+04
2010
4.01E+05
2.15E+04
2017
4.45E+05
2.38E+04

2014
4.27E+05
2.29E+04
2018
4.45E+05
2.38E+04

Nautilus Institute, Foundations of Energy Security for the DPRK, Attachments, 4/26/21

Notes:
1 From Opposing Force Training Module, North Korean Military Forces . Field Manual No. 34-21. Figures initalics are guesses--no data available.
2 Weight of launcher only--prime mover assumed to be imported..
3 Point Paper, Republic of Korea/North Korea: Military Capabilities (with Military Balance). JICPAC (ONK),
Sept. 1993. This source reports roughly 10,800 artillery pieces and rock et launchers. Figure shown nets out
roughly guns and missiles included in the accounting of ground forces vehicles. Weight per unit is a roughestimate, and is probably more lik ely to be high than low.
4 Assumes an average of 40 k g of light arms per person in the Army.
5 Sum of displacement of Naval vessels. Actual weight of vessels may be different.
6 All aircraft assumed to be imported.
7 Based on service/ground support vehicle totals calculated in the Aircraft and Navy sheets, and the vehicle
tonnages shown in the Ground Forces section of this sheet.
8 "The Energy Efficiency of the Steel Industry of China", M.Ross and L.Feng. Energy, Volume 16, no. 5(1991), pp. 833-848.
9 Peter Zimmerman, personal communication.
10 Assumes that the ratio of electricity to coal use in military manufacturing will be similar to that in the ironand steel subsector of the DPRK's (assumed) non-military industries. Ratio calculated from figures in
estimated energy balance for DPRK.
11 There has been little direct or quantitative information available on the intensity of military manufacturing in
the DPRK in recent years. There have been some reports of missile exports from the DPRK.
The Seoul T'ongil Kyongje article referenced below (13) suggests that exports of SCUD-C missles in the "early 1990s"
were on the order of 100-150 per year. The same article also suggests that "weapons exports at the 15 to 20 percent[presumably of total national exports] in the Cold War…dropped to less than 5 percent after the mid 1990s".
It seems unlik ely that such exports of relatively high-value armaments would have a substantial effect onoverall military sector manufacturing. We assume that the level of military manufacturing is approximately thesame as in 1996, though even that level may be difficult for the DPRK to sustain given the reported difficulties inthe DPRK coal sector.
12 A description of SCUD missles ("Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD): R-11 / SS-1B SCUD-A
R-300 9K72 Elbrus / SS-1C SCUD-B") from http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/r-11.htm
suggests that the typical weight of a SCUD missile is about 6.5 tonnes, of which"3,500 k ilograms (7,700 pounds) of IRFNA [inhibited red fuming nitric acid, a fuel oxidant] and about 1,000
k ilograms (2,200 pounds) of fuel".
An article in Janes.com , "SS-1 `Scud' (R-11/8K11, R-11FM (SS-N-1B) and R-17/8K14)", dated April 26, 2001,
lists the SCUD-C as having a launch weight of 6.4 tonnes and a warhead weight of 600 k g(http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/misc/sws_scud010426.shtml).
these figures together suggest that the weight of the missile hardware itself is about 1.3 tonnes. Assuming thatmost or all of this mass is steel, exports of SCUD-C missiles in the early-1990s imply a use of iron/steel of about130-200 tonnes--which amounts to on the order of half of 1 percent of the iron/steel needed for routine replacementof DPRK equipment (as of 1990), as calculated above. Thus, exports of these missiles, at least, would seem tohave little impact on overall DPRK Military manufacturing energy use.

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13 The journal Seoul T'ongil Kyongje , dated July 2002, contains an article (pages 28-36) by So Chu-sok entitled"North Korean Industries (Part X): Munitions Industry". Among the information in this article is the following:"…North Korean military power has not changed greatly since….the mid 1990s", apart from some missile developmentand "expanded forward deployment of long-range artillery". The article estimates the size of the military at
1.7 million people, consuming much more than 5% of food in the country, and more than 15 percent of fuel oil usedin the DPRK. Military stock piles of food and fuel are "100 to 120 days worth", but it is not stated whether.
this refers to days under typical non-combat or combat conditions. The article states that there are about
180 munitions factories in the DPRK, including about 40 gun factories, 10 armored vehicle factories, 50 ammunitions
factories, and 10 naval shipyards, producing a total of 25 percent of GNP. Exports of SCUD-C missiles
in the early 1990s are estimated at 100 to 150 per year. Factories, largely based on Soviet/East Bloc
technology, have become "technologically obsolete and their facilities are run down", resulting in "extremely low"efficiency and high rates of consumption of energy and materials that, coupled with fuel and materials shortages, have"caused production setback s" in some factories. This general description, together with the information innotes 11 and 12, leads us to believe that military manufacturing has fallen fairly substantially since 1996, in partdue to further loss of exports since then, but also due to fuels, material, and parts shortages. We assume thatmilitary manufacturing activity was 45 percent of (estimated) 1990 levels in 2005. This would mean that miltary-sector
manufacturing, while substantially less than in 1990, has not fallen by as much as average industrial sector output
in the DPRK.
14 We have little direct evidence regarding DPRK military manufacturing in recent years, but assume that it was at similarlevels in 2008 through 2010 as in 2005, given only small changes in overall economic activity and fuel availability duringthat time, but has probably increased somewhat since with better fuel availability (including for generators, many of which
are probably used in military equipment factories), better electricity availability, and a greater emphasis on the military.
15 For 2020, we assume that the military and civilian lock down with which the DPRK responded to the coronavirus
pandemic resulted in sevearl months of lost output by factories producing military equipment, although output
is assumed to rise to typical levels by the end of 2020. As a result, we assume that overall output for 2020
will have been about half of output (and energy use) in 2019.

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Estimate of Petroleum Fuels Use in a Conflict by the DPRK Military
ESTIMATES OF OIL FUEL USE IN A CONFLICT BY
THE MILITARY SECTOR IN THE DPRK
Prepared by:

D. Von Hippel, 5/20/20(Updated 4/12/07, 10/16/2011, 8/22/12, 5/1/2013, 3/8/16, 12/9/18, and 3/12/20)
Based on our estimates of 1990 Fuel Use (from this workbook), total use of fuel per hour of exercise-level
activity are as follows:
Conversions from GJ to tonnes assume

43 GJ/tonne fuelService
GJ/hr
Tonnes/hr Notes
Ground Forces
7,638
178 Per hour overall ground forces activity*
Air Forces
110,3422,566 Per hour fighter/bomber activity
Naval Forces
8,671
202 Per hour "other vessels" activity*Assumes armaments (including tanks) move
4 times as much as during routine exercises.
Assuming a

30 -day conflict in which:
50% of ground forces are destroyed/rendered inoperable by the end of the period,and ground forces are moving about
50% of the time,
100% of air forces are destroyed/rendered inoperable or placed in deep storage within
24 hours of the start of the conflict, and
90% of naval forces are destroyed/rendered inoperable/placed in deep storage within
120 hours of the start of the conflict, but the remainder stay active through 30 days.

Total fuel use during a 30-day conflict would be:

104,159 tonnes

Based on our estimates of year 2018 diesel plus gasoline production plus imports in the DPRK,
it would take on the order of
3.0 months to replenish the stocks consumed in theconflict, even if A) all domestic production and imports were diverted to the war effort, and B) all supply
lines remained intact.
Running the two most frequently operating refineries (northwest and smaller west coast) at full capacity (only possible if
sufficient imported crude oil supplies are available) would increase the total output of gasoline plus diesel by about
1,750 tonnes per month, meaning that the stocks consumed could be replenished inabout
2.8 months
The rate of fuel use by the forces remaining after a 30-day war as above would be
108.97 tonnes/hr
This is about
224% of the total average year 2018 rate of diesel plus gasoline production and imports, orabout
214% of the total rate of diesel plus gasoline production and imports with refineries running to full capacity.

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