‫ ⺰ޣ‬ᢥ‫ޤ‬ᐕႎ ࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No.8, 2008 35-50.

ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߣߒߡߩ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛૑᳃⚵❱̆ർ࠲ࠗ࡮࠽࡯ࡦ⋵ H ᧛ߩ੐଀ߦࠃࠆ‫ޟ‬૑᳃⚵❱‫ߩ⺰ޠ‬ౣᬌ⸛̆

Thai Rural Villager Organization as a Network:
Reconsidering the “Villager Organization” Theory through a Case Study of H Village,
Nan Province, Northern Thailandየਛ ᢥ຦ONAKA Fumiya
This paper reconsiders Shigetomi's "villager organization" theory on Thai ruralvillages. It poses a question to his criticism of the "dyadic relationship" hypothesis, basedon fieldworks by the author on H village in Nan province, Northern Thailand, which has
had a reputation as a successful example of "villager organization" activities, consisting of
an integrated agriculture group, a saving group, a women's group, and a youth group. The
results show that these activities have been based on the cooperation of two human
networks and that they have been determined by structures of these networks during thisdecade, including a separation of the saving group. These results suggest that it isinappropriate to overemphasize "community" aspects in Thai rural villager organizations
and also reveal the importance of describing them from the point of view of human
networks.
❱‫ৼࠍ⺰ޠ‬ካߦ⺒ߺ⸃߈‫╩ߟ߆ޔ‬⠪ߩࡈࠖ࡯࡞࠼

1. ߪߓ߼ߦ

ߩ߭ߣߟߢ޽ࠆ࠽࡯ࡦ⋵ H ᧛ߩ੐଀ࠍ߰߹߃ߡౣ

࠲ࠗㄘ᧛⎇ⓥߪ‫ޔ‬㐳޿㑆␠ળቇ߿ੱ㘃ቇో૕ߦᬌ⸛ࠍട߃ࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡ߈ߚߒ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߢ߽‫ޔ‬ᄙߊߩߔߋࠇߚ
⎇ⓥࠍ↢ߺ಴ߒߡ޿ࠆ㗔ၞߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߪߢߎߘޕ‬ᄙ

2. ㊀౷‫ࠗ࠲ޡ‬ㄘ᧛ߩ㐿⊒ߣ૑᳃⚵❱‫ߩޢ‬
⺰ℂ᭴ᚑߊߩℂ⺰઒⺑߇ឭ␜ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ᬌ⸽ߐࠇߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬㊀౷
[1996]߇ឭ␜ߒߚ‫ޟ‬૑᳃⚵❱‫ߚߒ߁ߘ߽⺰ޠ‬ℂ⺰઒⺑ߩ߭ߣߟߢ޽ࠆ‫߽ߡ޿߅ߦ⹏ᦠޔߪࠇߘޕ‬㜞޿⹏ଔࠍਈ߃ࠄࠇ[ർේ 1997; ㈬੗ 1999]‫ߩઁޔ‬࿾ၞߦㆡ↪ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ߽޽ࠄࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔଀߃߫‫ޔ‬ㄖᏆ[2005]㧕‫⎇ࠗ࠲ޟޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ⓥ‫ߩޠ‬ౝㇱߦߟ޿ߡ޿߃߫‫ߦࠇߎޔ‬ଐ᜚ߒߚ⎇ⓥ߽޽ࠄࠊࠇߡ߈ߡ
޿ࠆ(଀߃߫‫[᧲ޔ‬2004])߽ߩߩ‫ߛ߹ޔ‬චಽቯ⌕ߒߚߣߪ޿߃ߥ޿⁁ᴫߦ޽ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿ߛࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬㊀౷ߪ‫ߕ߹ޔ‬ᐨ┨ߢ‫ޔ‬ㄘ᧛㐿⊒ߩᣇᴺ⺰ߣߒߡᵈ⋡ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫ޟ‬૑᳃ෳട‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߒߡ‫ޟ‬૑᳃⚵❱‫⎇ߩޠ‬ⓥ߇ᚻ⭯ߢ޽ࠅ‫ࠗ࠲ߦ߼ߚߩߘޔ‬ㄘ᧛ࠍ੐଀ߣߒߡ⎇ⓥߔࠆߣ޿߁ਥ㗴ࠍឭ␜ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ߘߩ߁߃ߢ‫ޔ‬ᓥ᧪ߩ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛⎇ⓥߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫␠ޟ‬ળ᭴ㅧࠍ޿ࠊ߫ੑ⠪㑐ଥߩㅪ㎮ߣߒߡℂ⸃ߔࠆ┙႐߇ਥᵹ‫ߣߚߞ޽ߢޠ‬ᜰ៰ߔࠆ‫ౕޔߡߒߘޕ‬૕⊛⺖㗴ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬૑᳃⚵❱ൻߩ᧦ઙࠍ㧝ᐕ㧔㧝ࠞᚲ㧕ᧄႎ๔ߢߪ‫ⷰߚߒ߁ߘޔ‬ὐ߆ࠄ㊀౷ߩ‫ޟ‬૑᳃⚵― 35 ―

ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߣߒߡߩ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛૑᳃⚵❱߹ߚߪ㧞㨪㧟ㅳ㑆㧔㧠ࠞᚲ㧕ߩ‫ޟ‬ቯ⌕⺞ᩏ‫ࠃ߅ޠ‬ߣ‫⥄ޔ‬ᴦ࡮⾗Ḯߩ㈩ಽߐࠇࠆ‫ⴕޟ‬᡽᧛‫ߔ⥌৻߇ޠ‬߮ 133 ࠞᚲߦ෸߱⍴ᤨ㑆ߩ‫⸰ޟ‬໧⺞ᩏ‫ࠆߥࠄ߆ޠ‬ࠆ௑ะ߇ᒝ޿ߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ߡߞࠃߦޠࠖ࠺࠲ࠬ࡮ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ‬᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔ
ࠆߎߣ‫ߣޔ‬ㅀߴࠆ‫ޕ‬╙㧡┨‫╙ޔ‬㧢┨‫╙ޔ‬㧣┨ߢߪ‫ޔ‬਄ㅀߩᄌൻߦ߅
ߌࠆ‫ޟ‬૑᳃⚵❱‫ߩޠ‬ᒻᚑߦߟ޿ߡ⺰ߕࠆ‫ᦨߕ߹ޕ‬╙㧝┨ߢߪ‫ࠗ࠲ߕ߹ޔ‬ㄘ᧛␠ળߩ⎇ⓥผࠍ‫ޟ‬ੑೋߦ‫ޔ‬ᄬᢌߒߚ 1910 ᐕઍߩㄘᬺදห⚵วߣߪ⇣⠪㑆㑐ଥ⺰‫ޠ‬
㧔Sharp‫ޔ‬Hanks ࠄߩ‫␠ߥࠬ࡯࡞ޟ‬ળ

ߥࠅ 1960 ᐕઍએ㒠ߩㄘ᧛㐿⊒ⴕ᡽ߦ߅޿ߡߪㄘ

⺰‫ޠ‬‫ޔ‬Kemp ߩ‫ޟ‬୘ੱ⊛㑐ଥ⺰‫ޔޠ‬᳓㊁ߩ‫ޟ‬ደᢝ࿾᳃ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩ⚿ᚑ߇㊀ⷞߐࠇ‫ᦨޔ‬ೋߪ඙(࠲ࡓࡏ౒૑㓸࿅⺰‫ޠ‬‫ޔ‬Van Roy ࠄߩ‫ࡦࡠ࠻ࡄޟ‬-ࠢ࡜ࠗࠛࡦ)࡟ࡌ࡞ߢᰴߦⴕ᡽᧛㧔ࡓ࡯ࡃ࡯ࡦ㧕න૏ߢⴕࠊ

ࡦ࠻㑐ଥ⺰‫ߦߎߎࠍޠ‬฽߼ࠆ㧕‫ޔ‬‫␠ߥ࠻ࠗ࠲ޟ‬ળ⺰‫ޠ‬ࠇ‫⾂ޔ‬㊄⚵ว࡮࡜ࠗࠬࡃࡦࠢ࡮දหᐫ⥩ߥߤࠍ↢

㧔Moerman‫ޔ‬Potter ࠄ㧕‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬᡽ᴦ⚻ᷣ⺰‫ޠ‬
㧔Turton‫ޔ‬ߺ಴ߒߚߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߔࠆ‫ ߦࠄߐޕ‬70 ᐕઍߦ NGO

Hirsch ࠄ㧕‫ޔ‬‫ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ‬ᢥൻ⺰‫ޠ‬㧔Seri‫ޔ‬Apichat߽૑᳃ߩ⚵❱ൻࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ࠄ㧕ߩ྾ߟߦᢛℂߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴߦ‫ࠍࠗ࠲ޔ‬ਛㇱ࡮ർㇱ࡮ߎࠇࠄߩㆊ⒟ࠍ‫౒ޟ‬ห⾗Ḯ೑↪⚵❱ߩᒻᚑ‫⸥ߣޠ‬᧲ർㇱ࡮ධㇱߩ྾ߟߩ࿾ၞߦ඙ಽߒ‫⚻ޟߦ․ޔ‬ᷣㅀߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴߦ‫ޔ‬࿯࿾߇Ꮧዋൻߒߡߊࠆߥ߆ߢߪߓ

ⅣႺ‫ߦޠ‬ᵈ⋡ߒߡ․ᓽߠߌࠍⴕ߁ߣหᤨߦ‫ޔ‬࿯࿾߼ߡ‫᦭౒ޟ‬࿾‫ߣࠆߊߡࠇߐࡊ࠶ࠕ࠭࡯ࡠࠢ߇ޠ‬ᜰߦኻߔࠆੱญߩᲧ₸ߩ㜞߹ࠅ‫ޔ‬ㄘᄖ෼౉ߩᲧ₸ߩ៰ߒ‫ޔ‬㙃㝼ᴧ߿᳓Ḯᨋߩ଀ࠍ᜼ߍߡ‫ߩߛߚޔ‬ᴧ߿㜞߹ࠅ‫ޔ‬ㄘኅߩ୫౉㊄㗵ߩ㜞߹ࠅ‫ޔ‬ㄘ↥‛ߩᏒ႐᫪ᨋ߇▤ℂߐࠇࠆߴ߈‫ޟ‬࿾ၞ౒᦭⾗Ḯ‫ߡߞߥߦޠ‬ൻ₸ߩ㜞߹ࠅߣ޿ߞߚᄌൻ߇↢ߓߡ߈ߚߎߣࠍ⏕ߊࠆߎߣࠍ⸥ㅀߔࠆ‫ߣࠇߎޔߚ߹ޕ‬ਗⴕߒߡ‫ޟ‬࿾⹺ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬

ၞ౒᦭⾗㊄‫߇ޠ‬ᒻᚑߐࠇߡߊࠆߎߣ߽ᜰ៰ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬╙㧞┨‫╙ޔ‬㧟┨‫╙ޔ‬㧠┨ߢߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬વ⛔⊛ౣ↢↥ࠪਃߟ⋡ߦ‫ޔ‬SP ᧛ࠍ‫ޟ‬૑᳃⚵❱ൻ‫ߩޠ‬ᚑഞ੐଀ߣߒ

ࠬ࠹ࡓ‫␠ࠆߌ߅ߦޠ‬ળ᭴ㅧ߅ࠃ߮ߘߩᄌൻߣ࿾ᣇ

ߡขࠅ਄ߍࠆ‫ߪߢ᧛ߩߎޕ‬ᩰᏅ߇᜛ᄢߔࠆਛߢ SᏅߦߟ޿ߡ⺰ߕࠆ‫ᦨޕ‬ೋߦ‫ޟ‬ኅᣖ౒ห૕‫ߩޠ‬ቯ⟵᧛㐳߇⊓႐ߒ‫᦭౒ߣ┙⸳ߩࠢࡦࡃࠬࠗ࡜ޔ‬ൻ‫ޔ‬ឃࠍⴕ޿‫ޔߡ޿߅ߦߎߘޔ‬਄ㅀߩᄌൻߩ߽ߣ‫ޔ‬‫౒ޟ‬ห᳓Ḵ૞ࠅ‫౒ߩ☭ޔ‬ห⽼ᄁ‫ޔ‬㙃ᱺࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻‫☭ޔ‬⠹૞‫ޠ‬‫ޟ‬ήఘ⚻༡ฃᆔ⸤‫ޠ‬
㧔․ߦർㇱਛㇱߢߪ㧕‫᦭ޟ‬߇ࠄၮ㊄ߥߤࠍᚑഞߐߖ‫ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦߪߦࠄߐޔ‬ఘ⚻༡ฃᆔ⸤‫⸥ࠍߣߎࠆ޿ߡߓ↢߇ޠ‬ㅀߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᰴᨋ߿♖☨ᚲߩഃ⸳߽ⴕߞߚ߇‫ⷐߩߘޔ‬࿃ߪ‫(ޔ‬1)⑳

ߦ‫ޠࠢ࡯ࠤࡦࡠޟ‬‫ߣߤߥޠࡦ࡯࡟ࠝࠕޟ‬๭߫ࠇࠆᘠ

⊛⾗Ḯߩ౒ห೑↪‫(ޔ‬2)ᚑຬ㑆ߢߩ⋧੕೑↪‫(ޔ‬3)ⴕࠍ‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪㑆දห‫߇ࠇߘޔ߃ࠄߣߡߒߣޠ‬਄ㅀߩฦ਎Ꮺߩ⥄↱᳿ቯ‫(ޔ‬4)ਥ┙ߜߩෳട‫(ޔ‬5)ᗧᕁ᳿ቯ

ᄌൻߩ߽ߣߢᷫዋߒ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬㓸࿅⊛දห‫ߦޠ‬ઍᦧߐࠇߡ

ᡷ㕟‫(ޔ‬6)NGO ߩዉ౉ߦ޽ߞߚߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬߈ߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ਃߟ⋡ߦ‫ޔ‬‫࡯ࡊޟ‬⚳┨ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢ߈ߊੑߟߩ⺰ὐࠍ⏕⹺ߔࠆ‫৻╙ޕ‬࠲࡯‫ߩߤߥޠࡦ࡯ࡃࠢ࠶࡜ޟޠࡦ࡯ࠦࡦࠕࠪޟޠ‬ᘠߦ‫ޟޔ‬વ⛔⊛ౣ↢↥ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓਅ‫ࠗ࠲ߩޠ‬ㄘ᧛ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ⴕߩಽᨆࠍㅢߒߡ‫߁޿ߣޠ᧛↢⥄ޟ‬᭎ᔨࠍዉ౉ߒ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪㑆දห‫ޔ߇ߚߞ޽߇ޠࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޟߩޠ‬ߎࠇߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬㒐ⴡ߿ౝㇱ⒎ᐨߦ㑐ߔࠆ⚵❱ᵴേ᧲ർㇱ࡮ർㇱߢߪߘߩઁߦ‫ޟ߁޿ߣޠ᧛↢⥄ޟ‬࿾߇޽ࠆߎߣ‫ޔ‬ኹߩᑪ⸳ߦ㑐ߔࠆ㊀ⷐߥᓎഀ߇޽ࠆ

✼⊛ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ‫߽ޠ‬ᯏ⢻ߒߡ޿ߚ‫߁޿ߣޔ‬ὐߢߎߣ‫᧲ߦ․ߚ߹ޔ‬ർㇱ࡮ർㇱߢߪ‫ޠ᧛↢⥄ޟߩߎޔ‬޽ࠆ‫╙ޕ‬ੑߦ‫ޔ‬ᄖㇱ᧦ઙ߇ᄌൻߔࠆਛߢ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪㑆

― 36 ―

࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No.8 2008දห‫ߦޠ‬ઍࠊߞߡ‫ޟ‬㓸࿅⊛දห⚵❱‫ߩߘ߇ޠ‬ᯏ⢻ࠍ↪޿ࠆߣ߈‫ߩߎޔ‬㊀౷ߩ↪⺆ᴺߦ߽ߣߠ޿ߡ⺰ࠍઍᦧߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫߁޿ߣޔ‬ὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ߎߎޕ‬ߕࠆߎߣߣߔࠆ㧕‫ޕ‬߆ࠄ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷‫ޔߪޠࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ‬‫ޟ‬ฎ߈⦟߈ᤨઍߩ ╙ੑߪ‫ޔ‬නߦએ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥ᭎ᔨᨒ⚵ߺࠍឭ␜ߔ

ᢥൻ‫ޔߊߥߪߢޠ‬‫⚻⑳ޟ‬ᷣ⊛೑⋉ߦዉ߆ࠇߚදหᕈ

ࠆߛߌߦߣߤ߹ࠄߕ‫ޔ‬ᐢ▸ߥ⺞ᩏߣ㓸ਛ⊛⺞ᩏߩߩᢥൻ‫ߡߒߣޠ‬㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆߣ⚿⺰ߠߌࠆ‫ޕ‬

ੑߟߩᣇᴺߦࠃߞߡߎࠇࠄߩ᦭ലᕈࠍ␜ߒߟߟ‫ޔ‬એ਄ߩⷐ⚂ߦ߽޽ࠄࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬㊀౷ߩ‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪㑐ଥ‫ߦࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀ⊛ޠ‬ઍࠊߞߡࠦࡒࡘ࠾

⎇ⓥߩᚑഞߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢ߈ߊੑߟߩ૞ᬺߦࠃߞߡ߽ߚࠄ

࠹ࠖ⊛‫ޟ‬૑᳃⚵❱‫߇ޠ‬㊀ⷐൻߒߡߊࠆߣ޿߁ᱧผ

ߐࠇߚߣߺࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬⊛ᄌൻߣ‫ߦࠇߎޔ‬㑐ࠊࠆ࿾ᣇߏߣߩᏅ⇣ࠍታ⸽⊛ ╙৻ߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ኅᣖ౒ห૕‫ޠ‬‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪㑆දห‫ޠ‬‫ޟ‬࿾✼⊛ࠦߦឬ߈಴ߒ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬૑᳃⚵❱ᒻᚑ‫᧦ߩޠ‬ઙࠍ⺰ߕࠆߎߣࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ‫ޠ‬‫ޟ‬࿾ၞ౒᦭⾗Ḯ‫ޠ‬‫౒ޟ‬ห⾗Ḯ೑↪⚵❱‫ޠ‬߇ߢ߈ߚ‫߁޿ߣޔ‬ὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߥߤߩ᭎ᔨߩឭ␜ߦ߽ߺࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ᓥ᧪ߩ࠲એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥᄢ߈ߊੑߟߩ㐳ᚲࠍ߽ߟ㊀౷ߩ⎇ࠗㄘ᧛␠ળ⺰߇೨ឭߒߡ޿ߚ᭎ᔨᨒ⚵ߺࠍᩮᧄ߆

ⓥߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫╩ޔ‬⠪ߪ‫⺞ߚߞⴕࠄ⥄ޔ‬ᩏࠍ⛮⛯ߒࠄ⚵ߺߥ߅ߒߡឭ␜ߒߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓥ᧪߹ߣ߼ࠆਛߢ[የਛ 2002]‫⺰ߩࠄࠇߎޔ‬ㅀߦኻߒ㆑

ߩ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛␠ળ⺰‫ߦ․ޔ‬㊀౷ߩ޿߁‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪㑆㑐ଥ๺ᗵࠍⷡ߃ߡ޿ߊߎߣߣߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬⺰‫ߩޠ‬႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬‫␠ߥࠬ࡯࡞ޟ‬ળ‫ࠍ⺰ޠ‬ᡰᜬߔࠆߦ
ߖࠃᛕ್ߔࠆߦߖࠃ‫ޔ‬Embree ߩᨒ⚵ߺࠍ૗߶ߤ
߆೨ឭߣߒߥ߇ࠄℂ⺰᭴▽ߔࠆ௑ะ߇޽ߞߚ‫ߟޕ‬

3. ർේߣ㈬੗ߦࠃࠆࠦࡔࡦ࠻
╩⠪ߩᗵⷡࠍౕ૕⊛ߦ⴫⃻ߔࠆ਄ߢෳ⠨ߦߥࠆ߹ࠅ‫(ޔ‬1)ᢥൻ⺰⊛ߥⷞⷺࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆ௑ะ‫(ޔ‬2)Ყセ㧔ᣣᧄߥߤߣߩ㧕ࠍ㊀ⷞߒߡ޿ࠆ௑ะߢ޽ࠆ‫ߘޕ‬ߩߪ‫ޔ‬ർේߣ㈬੗ߦࠃࠆᦠ⹏ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

ࠇߦኻߒ㊀౷ߩ႐วߦߪ(1)᣿⏕ߦ⚻ᷣ⊛᡽ᴦ⊛ ർේߪ‫ޔ‬㊀౷ߩ⎇ⓥࠍߡ޿ߨ޿ߦ⚫੺ߒߚ޽ߣ

ߥⷞὐࠍᛂߜ಴ߒ‫(ޔ‬2)Ყセࠃࠅ߽␠ળ⑼ቇߩ৻⥸ߢ‫ޔ‬‫ోߪᦠᧄޔߡߐޟ‬૕ߣߒߡ‫࡞ޟߩ଀ߡߒߚߪޔ‬ℂ⺰ࠍ߰߹߃ߥ߇ࠄ᭎ᔨ᭴▽ࠍߒࠃ߁ߣ޿߁ᣇ㊎࡯ࠬ‫ޠ‬๮㗴ࠍᛕ್ߢ߈ߚߩߛࠈ߁߆‫ߣޠ‬໧޿߆ߌߢ޽ࠆ 1)‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬᭎ᔨឭ␜ߩਛߢ‫ߦ޿߹޿޽ޔ‬ࠆ[ർේ 1997:113]‫ޠࠬ࡯࡞ޟߦ৻╙ߡߒߘޕ‬᭎ᔨߐࠇ߇ߜߥ‫࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޟ߮ࠃ߅ޠࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ‬ߩℂ⸃߇᣿␜⊛ߢߥ޿ߎߣ‫╙ޔ‬ੑߦ‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪㑐ଥ‫ޠ‬ࠢ‫߽ߡ޿ߟߦ⺆↪߁޿ߣޠ‬᣿⏕ൻߩദജ߇ߪ߆ࠄ

ߩ߁ߟࠈ޿߿ߔߐ߇ᒝ⺞ߐࠇߥ޿ߎߣߦ⇼໧ࠍߥࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫৻ޟߪߡ޿ߟߦޠࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ‬ቯ࿾ၞߍ߆ߌߟߟ[ห▎ᚲ]‫ޔ‬‫⾗᦭౒⊛⪭᧛ޟ‬Ḯᗧ⼂ߩ⊒↢ߩ૑᳃ߔߴߡࠍ฽ߺ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᄖߣౝߣࠍ඙೎ߔࠆ૗

߇ 30 ᐕ೨ߢߒ߆ߥ޿ߣ޿߁੐ታ‫ޟ߿ޠ‬࿾✼ࠦࡒࡘࠄ߆ߩ␠ળ⊛ᜰᮡ߇޽ࠆ▸࿐‫[ޠ‬หᦠ:171]ߣ․ᓽઃ

࠾࠹ࠖߩ⚵❱⢻ജߩᒙߐ‫ޔߪޠ‬‫ޟ‬ㅒߦ‫ޠࠬ࡯࡞ޟ‬᭎ߌߟߟ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ߇ੱ᧛ޔߪߡ޿ߟߦޠࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޟ‬૗

ᔨߩ኿⒟ߩ᦭ലᕈࠍ޽ࠄߚ߼ߡᗐ⿠ߐߖࠆ‫߽ߣޔ‬ࠄ߆ߩ␠ળ⊛ᜰᮡ߇޽ࠆ▸࿐‫ޟߩޠ‬ᄖߣౝ‫ࠍޠ‬໧⺒߼ࠆ‫ߣޠ‬ㅀߴࠆ[ห⺰ᢥ:114]‫ޕ‬ࠊߕ߽ߞߡ޿ࠆ୘ੱ⊛㑐ଥࠍᜰߔ 2)ߣ߈ߦ↪޿ߡ ߔߥࠊߜ‫ޔ‬㊀౷ߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޠࠬ࡯࡞ޟ‬઒⺑߇ᒝ⺞ߔࠆવ޿ࠆ㧔଀߃߫‫[ޔ‬หᦠ:193,196,208,209]‫ޕ‬એਅߢ‫ࠦޟ‬⛔⊛‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪㑐ଥ‫߇ޠ‬Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣߩᶐㅘߩਛߢᒙ૕ൻ

ࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ‫⺆↪߁޿ߣޠࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޟ߮ࠃ߅ޠ‬ߒ‫ߦࠇߘޔ‬ઍࠅ‫ޟ‬㓸࿅⊛දห‫ߔߣߚࠇࠊࠄ޽߇ޠ‬― 37 ―

ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߣߒߡߩ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛૑᳃⚵❱ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬หᤨߦߘߩ‫ޟ‬㓸࿅⊛දห‫ޔߪߡ޿ߟߦޠ‬H ᧛ߩᦨነࠅߩ↸ߪ࠽࡯ࡦᏒ㧔ੱญ⚂ 2.2 ਁ㧕‫৻ޟ‬ቯߩ㒢⇇‫࡞࡯ࡊޟߒߣߚߞ޽߇ޠ‬੤឵‫ߦဳޠ‬ߢ‫ ⚂ࠄ߆ߎߘޔ‬19 ࠠࡠ㔌ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫⺞ޕ‬ᩏᤨὐߢߪ

ߣߤ߹ࠆߣ޿߁ᜰ៰ࠍߒߡ޿ࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬ଐὼߣߒࡓࠕࡦ㇭ Mc ඙ߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߪ Ph ᡰ㇭ Mcߡ‫ޠࠬ࡯࡞ޟ‬๮㗴ࠍ⹺߼ߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁⸃㉼ࠍࠁࠆ඙ߦ૏⟎ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ࡦ࡯࠽ߚ߹ޕ‬Ꮢߪ࠴ࠚࡦࡑࠗ߆

ߔ߽ߩߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕࠆ޽ߢߌࠊ߁޿ߣޔ‬ࠄ᧲߳⚂ 350 ࠠࡠ‫ࠄ߆ࠢࠦࡦࡃޔ‬ർ߳⚂ 750 ࠠࡠ ╩⠪߇ਃߟߩ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߦ㑐ߒߡⴕߞߚ⺞ᩏࠍ߹ߩ૏⟎ߦ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߣ߼ࠆਛߢᗵߓߡ޿ߚߩߪ‫ޔߦߐ߹ޔ‬ർේߩᜰ៰

㧴᧛ߪ‫⺞ޔ‬ᩏ㐿ᆎߩ೨ᐕߦ޽ߚࠆ 1995 ᐕߦ߅޿ߣห᭽ߩ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫᧲ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ർㇱ߿ർㇱߡߪ⊓㍳૑᳃ᢙ 671 ੱ㧔↵ᕈ 342 ᅚᕈ 329 ੱ㧕ߩߩࠃ߁ߦ‫⊛ޠࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ‬௑ะߩᒝ޿ߣߎࠈߢ

᧛ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޔߪߡߒߣࠖ࠹ࠪ࠾ࠬࠛޕ‬ᇕ౉⠪ߩ৻޽ߞߡ߽‫⃻⊛ޠࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟߥ߹ߑ߹ߐߚ߹ޔ‬ㇱࠍ㒰߈ർ࠲ࠗੱ㧔޿ࠊࠁࠆ‫ޠࡦࠕࡓ࡮ࡦࠦޟ‬㧕ߢ⽎߇᧛ߢ⿠ߎߞߡ޿ࠆߣߒߡ߽‫⚿ޔ‬ዪߩߣߎࠈ‫࡞ޟ‬޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᣣᏱ⊛ߦߪർ࠲ࠗ⺆(ࠞࡓ࡮ࡓࠕࡦ)ࠍ⹤ߒ

࡯ࠬ‫ޠ‬᭎ᔨߣߣ߽ߦਥᒛߐࠇߚ઒⺑ࠍุቯߒߟߊ

ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᐔဋᐕ෼ߪ⚂㧝ਁࡃ࡯࠷  ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬࿾ℂߔߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ޿ߩߢߪߥ޿߆‫߁޿ߣޔ‬ᗵⷡߢ޽⊛᧦ઙߣߒߡߪ‫ࡦ࡯࠽ޔ‬Ꮉߩᡰᵹߩ߭ߣߟ߇ጊߦ

ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᴪߞߡḧᦛߒߡ޿ࠆߣߎࠈߦ૏⟎ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᡰᵹ ߘߩᗵⷡߪ‫ޔ‬㈬੗߇หᦠ߳ߩᦠ⹏ߩਛߢⴕߞߡ

ߦะߌߡ޿ߊߟ߆ߩᴛ߇⿛ߞߡ޿ࠆߚ߼᳓೑⊛᧦޿ࠆ‫⾂ޟ‬㊄⚵ว‫ޔࠢࡦࡃࠬࠗ࡜ޔ‬දหᐫ⥩‫᦭౒ޔ‬ઙߪᲧセ⊛ࠃ޿߽ߩߩ‫ޔ‬ጊ߇ㄼߞߡ޿ࠆߚ߼ߦ᳓

࿾ߩදห▤ℂ╬ߦߤߩߊࠄ޿ߩ૑᳃߇ታ㓙ෳടߒ↰⠹૞ߩน⢻ߥߣߎࠈߪᔅߕߒ߽ᄙߊߥ޿‫ޕ‬H ᧛ߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ਛᔃߣߥࠆ᭴ᚑຬߩᕈ೎࡮ᐕ㦂೎ߩዻᕈߪ‫ᦨޔ‬ㄭಽ㔌ߒߚ M ᧛ߦߟߥ߇ࠆᄢ߈ߥ㓸⪭ߣ‫ޔ‬ߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߩ߆‫[ޠ‬㈬੗ 1999:54]ߣ

L ᧛ߦㄭ޿‫ޔ‬ዋߒ㔌ࠇߚዊߐߥ㓸⪭ߣ߆ࠄߥߞߡ

޿߁ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߦ߽㑐ㅪߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㊀౷ߩ⎇ⓥߢߪ࡝࡯࠳࡯એᄖߩ૑᳃߇৻᭽ߦ‫ޟ‬㓸ߎߩ᧛ߦ‫⚂ޔ‬ඨᐕߩ㑆㧔1996 ᐕ 3 ᦬㨪1996 ᐕ 9࿅⊛දห‫ߦޠ‬ෳടߒߡ޿ࠆ߆ߩࠃ߁ߥࠗࡔ࡯ࠫߢ

᦬㧕᧛ੱ㧔Cn ᳁‫ޔ‬Is ᳁㧕ߩኅߦ૑ߺㄟߺ‫↢ޔ‬ᵴឬ߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ታ㓙ߦߪߘߎߦߪ߆ߥࠅߩỚ᷆ࠍߣ߽ߦߒᣣᏱߩਛߢ⹤ࠍ⡞߈ߥ߇ࠄ‫࡯ࠤࡦࠕޔ‬߇޽ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬Ớ᷆ߦߟ޿ߡߪ⹦ߒ޿ಽ

࠻ࠍ↪޿ߚࠗࡦ࠲ࡧࡘ࡯⺞ᩏ߽ⴕߞߚ‫ޕ‬ࠗࡦ࠲ࡧࡘ࡯⺞ᩏߪ‫ޔ‬ቯ⌕ᓟ 1 ࡩ᦬߶ߤ⚻ㆊߒᨆ߇ᔅⷐߥߪߕߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅߢߪߘߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߩ৻ㇱߣߒߡ‫⋵ࡦ࡯࠽ޔ‬᧛ੱߚߜߦ޽ࠆ⒟ᐲⷫߒࠎߛᓟ‫ޔ‬ㄘ૞ᬺߩ⚳ࠊࠆ

H ᧛ߩ੐଀ࠍ⚫੺ߒߚ޿‫ޕ‬ർㇱߦ૏⟎ߔࠆߎߩ⋵ᄕᣇߥߤߦᲤᣣ 2㨪3 イߕߟ᧛߮ߣߩኅࠍ⸰໧ߒ‫ޔ‬ߪ‫ޔ‬㊀౷ߩ⺰ㅀߢ߽᧲ർㇱߣߥࠄࠎߢ‫࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ‬৻ੱ৻ੱࠍ⋧ᚻߦ 20㨪40 ಽ⡞߈ขࠆߣ޿߁ᣇᑼ

࠹ࠖ‫ߩޠ‬ᒝ޿࿾ၞߣߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬㊀౷ߩ઒⺑ࠍታߢⴕߞߚ‫ޕ‬1 ࿁ߦ਎Ꮺోຬࠗࡦ࠲ࡧࡘ࡯ߒ⚳߃ࠄ⸽ߒ߁ࠆ႐ᚲߩߪߕߛ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠇߕ‫ⶄޔ‬ᢙ࿁⸰ࠇߚ႐ว߽ዋߥߊߥ޿‫⺞ޕ‬ᩏ␿ߪ

4. ࠽࡯ࡦ⋵ H ᧛ߩ੐଀(1)

H ᧛ߩ᭎ⷐ

ᚻߦᜬߞߡᦠ߈ขࠅߥ߇ࠄࠗࡦ࠲ࡧࡘ࡯ߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬✕ᒛ߇↢ߓࠆߩࠍߐߌࠆߚ߼‫ߪ࠳࡯ࠦ࡟ࡊ࡯࠹ޔ‬૶↪ߒߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬― 38 ―

࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No.8 2008

⴫-㧝 ࠗࡦ࠲ࡧࡘ࡯⺞ᩏߩኻ⽎⠪㧔H ᧛㧕

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ࠗࡦ࠲ࡧࡘ࡯⺞ᩏߩኻ⽎⠪ߪ‫ޔ‬ਇ࿷⠪ߣᜎุ⠪ࡓࡄࠨ࡯ࡦ㧕
‫ޠ‬ࠍ㒰ߊోᢙߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡ 10 ઍᓟඨ߆ࠄ 20 ઍ޽ቯ⌕⺞ᩏᒰᤨ‫ޔ‬㧴᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᵴേߦ߅

ࠆ޿ߪ 40 ઍߥߤ߇ዋߥߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆ㧔⴫-1 ෳᾖ㧕‫ޕ‬޿ߡਛᔃߢ޽ߞߚߩߪ‫ⶄޔ‬วㄘᬺߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬C ᳁ߪ‫ޔ‬H ᧛ߪ߽ߣ߽ߣ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߩ L ᧛߿ M ᧛ࠍ฽߻᧛

1960 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ H ᧛ߦ৻⥸ൻߒߚ࠻࠙ࡕࡠࠦࠪߩ

ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨ‫ޔ‬ኹߪ⃻࿷ߩ H ᧛ߦߒ߆ߥߊ‫ߘޔ‬৻ᢧᩱၭߩઍᦧߣߒߡߎߩⶄวㄘᬺࠍᆎ߼ߚ‫ߣޕ‬ߎ߇㓸ว႐ᚲ߿ሶߤ߽ߩቇ⠌႐ᚲࠍឭଏߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬޿߁ߩ߽ᩱၭ↪࠻࠙ࡕࡠࠦࠪߩߚ߼ߦㄘ⮎ࠍᄢ㊂

H ᧛ߩኹߩධ㓞ߦߪࡇ࡯ࡊ࡯ࡗ࡯ߩ␻߇޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ߦ૶޿ㆊ߉‫ޔ‬ᆄߩஜᐽ߇߅߆ߒߊߥߞߚ߆ࠄߛ‫ޔ‬1947 ᐕߦߘߩࡇ࡯ࡊ࡯ࡗ࡯ߩ␻߇᠗෰ߐࠇߡቇ

ߣ޿߁‫ޕ‬

ᩞߣ଻ஜᚲ߇⸳┙ߐࠇߚ߇‫ߩߘޔ‬೨ᓟߩᤨᦼߪ‫ޔ‬

ߘߩ․ᓽߪ‫(ޔ‬1)଻᳓ᨋࠍ଻⼔ߔࠆߎߣ‫(ޕ‬2)᳓Ḯᣂߒ޿૞‛߇౉ߞߡ᧪ࠆ‫᧛ޔ‬ᄖ߳ߩ಴Ⓙ߉߿ㅴቇߣߥࠆ⾂᳓ᳰࠍជࠅ‫ߩߘޔ‬๟ࠅߦߪࡃ࠽࠽ߩᧁࠍ

߇ᆎ߹ࠆߥߤ‫ޔ‬H ᧛߇ᄢ߈ߥᄌൻࠍⵍࠆᦨೋߩᤨ

ᬀ߃ߡ଻᳓ᕈࠍ㜞߼ࠆߎߣ‫(ޕ‬3)⾂᳓ᳰߦߪ㝼ࠍ㘺ᦼߢ޽ߞߚߣ޿߁‫ޕ‬1980 ᐕઍߦߥࠆߣㄘᬺ⚵ว㌁ߞߡ⥄⛎ߥ޿ߒ⽼ᄁߦᓎ┙ߡࠆߎߣ‫(ޕ‬4)㊁⩿‫ޔ‬ᨐⴕߩࠬ࠲࠶ࡈ߇౉ࠆ‫ޔ‬㔚᳇߿⥩ⵝ㆏〝߇㐿ㅢߔࠆ‫ޔ‬‛‫⼺ޔ‬㘃ߥߤᄙ⒳ߩ૞‛ࠍᬀ߃ࠆߎߣ‫(ޕ‬5)ⶄᢙ⒳᧛ߩਛߦᏒ႐߇㐿߆ࠇࠆߣ޿߁ᄌൻ߇߅ߎߞߚ‫ޕ‬㘃ߩኅ⇓(‐‫ޔ⽋ޔ‬㢚ߥߤ)ࠍ㘺ߞߡ㒰⨲‫ޔ‬ᣉ⢈ߦ

1990 ᐕઍߦߥࠆߣ‫ߚߞ૶ࠍࡊࡦࡐޔ‬᳓㆏⸳஻߇ቢ

ᵴ↪ߔࠆߣหᤨߦ⽼ᄁߦ߽ᝄࠅะߌࠆ‫ߦࠄࠇߎޕ‬ᚑߒ‫ޔ‬ዊቇᩞߦਛቇᩞ߇ઃ⸳ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ᰴ▵ߢㅀߴࠃࠅ╙৻ߦ‫ޔ‬ㄘ⮎߿ൻቇ⢈ᢱࠍߢ߈ࠆߛߌ૶ࠊߥ

ࠆࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᵴേߪ 1980 ᐕઍ߆ࠄߪߓ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆ

޿ࠃ߁ߦߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޔࠄߥߗߥޕ‬⢈ᢱߦኅ߇‫ޔ‬1990 ᐕઍߦߥߞߡࠃࠅᵴ⊒ൻߒߡߊࠆ‫ޕ‬⇓ߩ♮ࠍ৻ㇱᵴ↪ߒ߁ࠆߣหᤨߦ‫ޔ‬૗⒳㘃߽ߩ૞‛ࠍ⢒ߡࠆߎߣߢ‫⯻∛ޔ‬ኂߦ޽޿ߦߊߊߔࠆߎߣ

(2) ⺞ᩏᤨὐߦ߅ߌࠆࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᵴേ

߇ߢ߈ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫╙ޕ߁޿ߣޔ‬ੑߦ‫⃻ޔ‬㊄ᡰ಴ߎߎߢߪ‫ޔ‬߹ߕቯ⌕⺞ᩏᤨᦼ(1996 ᐕ 3 ᦬㨪1996ࠍᷫࠄߒߡ෼౉ࠍჇ߿ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

ᐕ 9 ᦬)ߦ߅ߌࠆ H ᧛ߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᵴേࠍ⚫੺ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ߣ޿߁ߩ߽ᄙ⒳ߩ૞‛ߣኅ⇓ࠍ⢒ߡࠆߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬㘩ߎࠇࠄߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᵴേࠍ‫ޔ‬Sr ᳁߿ C ᳁ࠄߪᒰᤨ

ᢱߩ⥄⛎ᐲࠍ㜞߼ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣหᤨߦ‫᧛ޔ‬ౝ‫⊒ߩߟߣ߭߁߽ޟ‬ዷ㧔ࠟ࡯ࡦࡄ࠶࠲࠽࡯࡮࠲࡯ࡦ

߿ᏒౝߩᏒ႐ߦ߽ᄁࠅ಴ߔߎߣߢ⃻㊄෼౉ߩᯏળ

࡞ࠕࠢ㧕‫ߣޠ‬๭ࠎߢ޿ߚ 4)‫ޕ‬ࠍჇ߿ߒ‫ޔ‬ਇ૞ߩෂ㒾ಽᢔ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔ‬ߣ޿߁‫ޕ‬㧯᳁ߪ‫ޔ‬1995 ᐕߦߪ᧛ੱߩᐔဋᐕ෼ߩ⚂1) ‫ⶄޟ‬วㄘᬺࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ㧔ࠢ࡞ࡓ࡮ࠞ࠮࡯࠻࡮ࡄ࠰

10 ୚ߦ޽ߚࠆ 11 ਁ 4 ජࡃ࡯࠷ߩᐕ෼߇޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬― 39 ―

ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߣߒߡߩ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛૑᳃⚵❱㊀ⷐߥὐߪ‫ߩߎޔ‬ᣇᴺ߇‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ⅣႺ଻⼔‫ޠ‬‫ޠ⿷⥄⛎⥄ޟ‬ ਥߥᵴേߪએ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬વ⛔ᢥ

ߣ޿ߞߚ‫⊒ߩߟߣ߭߁߽ޟ‬ዷ‫ߩޠ‬ℂᔨࠍታ⃻ߔࠆൻ‫⧯߽ߦޠ‬ᐓ㑐ࠊߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬50 ੱએ਄ࠍߣหᤨߦ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣߦኻᔕߔࠆวℂᕈ߽߽ߞߡ޿

㓸߼ߚ 1995 ᐕ 3 ᦬ߩ⎇ୃߢߪ‫ޔ‬‫ߩޠࡦࡢࠢ࡯ࠬޟ‬ࠆὐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬௾␞ߦ↪޿ࠆ‫ߩޠ࡯ࠪࠗࡃޟ‬㘼ࠅࠍ૞ߞߡ޿ࠆ߆

ߎߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ߇ⶄวㄘᬺߩᱜߒߐࠍਥᒛߔࠆߣ

ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬߈ߒ߫ߒ߫⺆ࠄࠇࠆߩߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ᤄߪൻቇ⢈ᢱߥߤ૶ߞ
ߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚ‫ߩࠇࠊࠇࠊޕ‬వ␲ߩ߿ࠅᣇߦㆶࠄߨ3) ‫ࡊ࡯࡞ࠣ⫾⾂ޟ‬㧔ࠢ࡞ࡓ࡮ࠝ࡯ࡓࠨ࠶ࡊ㧕‫ޠ‬5)߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫޿⸒߁޿ߣߤߥޠ‬ᣇߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ߣࠇߎޔ‬ߎࠇߪ 1995 ᐕߦ⸳┙ߐࠇߚᦨ߽ᣂߒ޿ࠣ࡞࡯

หᤨߦ‫ޔ‬਄ㅀߩࠃ߁ߥวℂᕈߩ⺰ℂ߽ሽ࿷ߒߡ޿

ࡊߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ᣢߦ 90 ਎Ꮺ߇ട౉ߒߚ‫ޔߪࠇߎޕ‬1ࠆ‫ޕ‬਎Ꮺ޽ߚࠅ᦬ߦ 10㨪30 ࡃ࡯࠷ࠍ⾂⫾ߐߖ‫ࠇߘޔ‬߹ߚ‫ޔ‬వߩࠃ߁ߥ⚻✲߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬࿾႐࠻࠙ࡕࡠࠦࠪ

ࠍᜂ଻ߣߔࠆ▸࿐ߢ‫⫾⾂ޟ‬㌁ⴕ㧔࠲࠽ࠞ࡯ࡦ࡮ࠝ

ߪ⹺߼ࠆ߽ߩߩ‫ޔ‬ᩱၭ↪࠻࠙ࡕࡠࠦࠪࠍ⹺߼ߥ޿‫ޔ‬࡯ࡓࠪࡦ㧕‫(ޠ‬᡽ᐭ♽)߆ࠄⲢ⾗ࠍฃߌࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ߽

ߣ޿߁ߎߣߪߎߩㄘᴺߩᩭᔃߩ߭ߣߟߣߥߞߡ޿

ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޟߪࠇߎޕ‬ㄘᬺදห⚵ว㌁ⴕ㧔࠻࡯ࠦ࡯ࠆ‫ⶄޕ‬วㄘᬺࠍᆎ߼ߚߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ޿߁ߩߦ‫ޔ‬
‫࠻ޟ‬

࠰࡯㧕
‫(ޠ‬᡽ᐭ♽)ߩⲢ⾗߇୫㊄࿾ₐࠍ᜗޿ߡ޿ࠆߣ

࠙ࡕࡠࠦࠪࠍ߿߼ߚ‫޿⸒߁޿ߣޠ‬ᣇߢ⿷ࠅࠆ߶ߤ

޿߁෻⋭ߩ߽ߣߦ⚿ᚑߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ળ㐳ߪ C ᳁ߢᦠ⸥ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

ߪ A ᳁ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߪ 1995 ᐕߦߪ 9 ਎Ꮺߛߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬એ਄޿ߕࠇߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩᵴേ߽‫ޔ‬ᩱၭ↪࠻࠙ࡕ

1996 ᐕ 10 ᦬ߦߪ 17 ਎Ꮺ߇ߎߩㄘᬺߩታ〣ࠍⴕࡠࠦࠪ߿ㄘ⮎߿ൻቇ⢈ᢱߩᅑബ࡮ㄘᬺදห⚵ว㌁߁ࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ⴕߦࠃࠆⲢ⾗ߦ⽎ᓽߐࠇࠆ 1960-80 ᐕઍߩ㐿⊒᡽╷ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆᣇะᕈࠍ⋡ᜰߒ‫ޟߟ߆ޔ‬ⅣႺ‫ޠ‬‫ޠ┙⥄ޟ‬

2) ‫ޟ‬ਥᇚࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ㧔ࠢ࡞ࡓ࡮ࡔ࡯ࡃ࡯ࡦ㧕‫ޠ‬ߥߤߩゲࠍ฽ࠎߢ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬‫⊒ߩߟߣ߭߁߽ޟ‬ዷ‫ߣ⊛ޠ‬

1984 ᐕ߆ࠄᵴേࠍᆎ߼ߚᦨ߽ฎ޿ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߢ
޽ࠆਥᇚࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߚߜߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߣߒߡ

޿߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬‫੽ޟ‬ᢎ‫ߩߣޠ‬㑐ଥߪ⭯ߊ‫ޔ‬ታ೑⊛ߥ᦭㔍ߺࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆ㕙߽⋡┙ߟ‫ޕ‬ᣂߒ޿⍮⼂߿ᛛⴚߩ⎇ୃ(଀߃߫Ᏺሶ↪ߩ┻✬ߺ߿▖ߠߊࠅ)ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߆ࠄᆎ߹ߞߚ‫౒ߩ⇌ޕ‬ห⚻4) ‫޿⧯ޟ‬਎ઍࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ㧔ࠢ࡞ࡓ࡮ࡗࠜࡢ࠴࡚ࡦ㧕‫ޠ‬༡ߪ‫ޔ‬ᄐᨲ߿ࡑࡦࠧ࡯ߥߤᣂߒ޿૞‛ࠍ⚫੺ߔࠆߎߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߪ⚿ᚑߐࠇߡ޽߹ࠅᤨ㑆ߪߚߞߡߚ߼ߛߞߚ߇‫ᦨޔ‬ㄭߪ‫ޔ‬ㄘ⮎߿ൻቇ⢈ᢱߩෂ㒾ࠍ޿ߥ޿߇‫ޔ‬ᰴߩࠃ߁ߥᵴേࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬Ᏹㅪࡔવ߃ࠆᵴേ߽ⴕߞߡ޿ࠆ‫⫋ޕ‬ᑼ⻠ߪ‫ޔ‬ᄦࠍᄬߞߚ

ࡦࡃ࡯ߪ 7 ੱߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਥߥᵴേߪ‫(ޔ‬1)⮎⨲(ർ࠲ࠗᅚᕈߩߚ߼ߩ੕ഥᵴേߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬1994 ᐕ߆ࠄᆎ߹ߞ

ᢥሼߢߩᢥᦠ߇޽ࠆ)߿વ⛔ᭉེ㧔ࡇࡦߣ޿߁ർ࠲

ߚ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ᵴേߪ‫ޔ‬㇭ᓎ႐߆ࠄߩᜰዉ߿េഥ߽

ࠗ․᦭ߩᒏᭉེ㧕ߩ⻠⠌ળߥߤࠍⴕ߁‫(ޕ‬2)ᐕߦᢙ

ฃߌߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ਥዉᮭߪਥⷐࡔࡦࡃ࡯㧔K ᳁‫ޔ‬Ap࿁޽ࠆ᧛ኻ᛫ࠬࡐ࡯࠷┹ᛛળߢ࠴࡯ࡓ⚿ᚑߩ࡝࡯᳁‫ޔ‬M ᳁‫ޔ‬A ᳁ࠄ㧕ߩᚻߦ޽ࠆ‫ޔߪࠇߎޕ‬109 ਎࠳࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍߣࠆ‫(ޕ‬3)‫ࠍࡦ࡯࠽ޟ‬ᗲߔࠆળ‫ߩޠ‬วᏪ߇ട౉ߔࠆᦨᄢߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬หࠠࡖࡦࡊߦෳടߒߚࠅ‫ޔ‬੗ᚭជࠅ߿ᬀᨋߥߤߩ

― 40 ―

࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No.8 2008૞ᬺࠍᚻવ߁‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᵴേߩ߶߆‫߫ߒ߫ߒޔ‬ળᇚࠣ࡞࡯ࡊೋઍ⼏㐳㧕ࠍਛᔃߣߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㐳ߩ A ᳁߿ࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߩ⥄ቛߦਃ‫ޘ‬੖‫ޘ‬㓸߹ߞߡ‫ޔ‬C ᳁ߪ‫ޔ‬ర඙㐳㧺᳁ߩሶߤ߽ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨߪ⃟ߒߏࠈߏࠈߒߚࠅࠡ࠲࡯ࠍᒢ޿ߡ᱌ߞߚࠅߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᣣ޿ਛቇ㧔ࡕ࡯࠰࡯3㧕තߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬಴ኅ⚻㛎ߩߥ޿৻㗃߆ࠄⷫ⌬ࠍᷓ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣇァ㓌⚻㛎߇޽ࠅ‫߫ࠊ޿ޔ‬ㄭઍ⊛ᕁ⠨ࠍ޿ߞ߬޿

ߎߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߢߪ‫ޔ‬J ᳁ࠄฬᚻߚߜࠍవ↢ߣߒߦๆ෼ߒߚੱ‛ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓐߪ⥄ಽߩ 6 ੱߩ߈ࠂ߁

ߡ‫ߩߤߥ࡯ࡠࠨ߿ࡦࡇޔ‬વ⛔ᭉེߩ⻠⠌ળࠍ㐿޿ߛ޿߅ࠃ߮㓹ࠊࠇߦ᧪ࠆㄭᚲߩੱ‫ߦޘ‬ᒝ޿ᓇ㗀ജߚࠅߔࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬᥉Ბࠡ࠲࡯ߢ߭޿ߡ᱌߁

ࠍ߽ߟ㧔࿑-㧝ෳᾖ㧕‫ߩߘޔߚ߹ޕ‬ῳߩ N ᳁߽ 80ߩߪ‫ࠍߤߥ࠻࠶࠮ࠞޔ‬ㅢߒߡᵹࠇߡߊࠆᄢⴐ㖸ᭉᱦઍߣߒߡߪ⃟ߒߊዊቇᩞࠍතᬺߒߚੱ‛ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬᱌ᧄࠍߺߥ߇ࠄ✵⠌ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߽ᄙ޿‫ޕ‬㐳↵ߢ޽ࠆ C ᳁ߦ㜞޿ᢎ⢒ࠍฃߌߐߖߚߩߪ‫ߏޔ‬੽ᢎߦߟ޿ߡ޿߃߫‫࠽ޟࠆߚ޽ߦ❱⚵ⷫ߫ࠊ޿ޔ‬ߊ⥄ὼߥߎߣߢ޽ߞߚ‫ ߜ߁ߩߎޕ‬N ᳁ߩ਎Ꮺߣ C࡯ࡦࠍᗲߔࠆળ‫ߩޠ‬ળ㐳߇௯ଛߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߽޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬

᳁࡮K ᳁ߩ਎Ꮺ߅ࠃ߮ᒉߩ Ph ᳁ߩ਎Ꮺߪห৻ߥ

วኋߢ⺒⚻ߒߚࠅㅪࠇ┙ߞߡኹߦ಴߆ߌࠆߥߤߘ

޿ߒ㓞ࠅวߞߚ႐ᚲߦ૑߻ⷫᣖߢ޽ࠅ‫ߪઁߩߘޔ‬ߩⷐ⚛߽⧯ᐓߪ޽ࠆ‫ߦ․ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᢘ⯩ߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬නߦኅ߇㓞ࠅวߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣߢⷫߒߊߒߡ޿ࠆߣ

⑌㈬ߥߤߩᚓᓞ߽෩ᩰߦߪ቞ߞߡ޿ߥ޿‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬޿߁⒟ᐲߩߟߥ߇ࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀߩࠄߜߎޕ‬↵ሶࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߪᔅߕߒ߽㐳ᦼ಴ኅࠍ⠨߃ߡ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬ࠢߪ੽ᢎߦᷓߊ㑐ࠊࠄߥ޿᧛ੱ߇ᄙ޿‫ޕ‬ߎ߁ߒߚࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᵴേߪ‫ޔ‬㊀౷[1996]ߩ⴫⃻ߦ߽߁৻ᣇߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߪ I ᳁ࠍਛᔃߣߔࠆ߽

ࠃࠇ߫ 1980 ᐕઍએ㒠ߦ‫ⴕޟ‬᡽᧛න૏ߢ‫ޠ‬ᒻᚑߐߩߢ‫ࠍ✼ⴊ߽ࠄߜߎޔ‬ゲߣߒᲧセ⊛ㄭߊߦ૑ࠎߢ

ࠇߚ‫ޟ‬ㄘ᳃ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ‫ߦޠ‬ዻߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ‫ߦ․ޔ‬޿ࠆ਎Ꮺ߇ᄙ޿‫ߣࠇߘޕ‬หᤨߦ‫ޔ‬಴ኅ⚻㛎ߩ਄ߢ೨ਃ⠪ߪ‫⚻⑳ޟ‬ᷣ⊛೑⋉ߦዉ߆ࠇߚදหᕈߩᢥൻ‫ޠ‬ߩవヘᓟヘ㑐ଥ(หᐕ㦂ߩ㑐ଥ[࠮ࠝ࡮ࠞࡦ]ࠍ฽߻)ߦ޽ߚࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᣢߦߺߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬㊀౷ߪߎߦࠃߞߡᡰ߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆㇱಽߦ․ᓽ߇޽ࠆ㧔࿑-ߎ߆ࠄࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ⊛ߥ‫ޟ‬㓸࿅⊛දห‫޿ߣޔ߳ޠ‬㧝‫⴫ޔ‬-㧞ෳᾖ㧕‫ޕ‬‫┙ߩੱ৻߁߽ߩ┙⸳ޠࡊ࡯࡞ࠣޟ‬߁ᄌൻ߇␜ߐࠇࠆߣߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ࠣߩࠄࠇߎޔ‬ᓎ⠪ Sr ᳁ߪ I ᳁ߩᕷሶߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬NGO ᵴേߩ߆࡞࡯ࡊᵴേࠍ⹦ߒߊߺߡ޿ߊߣ‫ࠫ࡯ࡔࠗࠆߥ⇣ޔ‬ߚࠊࠄീᒝࠍ⛯ߌୃ჻⺖⒟ߦ࿷ቇਛߣ޿߁ᣂ⍮⼂ࠍᜬߚߑࠆࠍᓧߥߊߥࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߩ↳ߒሶߢ޽ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᓐߩડߡ߇߁߹ߊⴕߞߚ
ߩߪ‫ޔ‬૗ࠃࠅ߽ߘߩῳߢ޽ࠆવ⛔ක I ᳁߇‫ⶄޟ‬ว(3) ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᵴേࠍߐߐ߃ࠆ߽ߩ

ㄘᬺ‫ߦޠ‬ᒝ޿㑐ᔃࠍ␜ߒߚ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬I ᳁ߪᒉߎ߁ߒߚ޿ߊߟ߆ߩ‫ࡊ࡯࡞ࠣޟ‬㧔ࠢ࡞ࡓ㧕‫ޔߪޠ‬ߩ Sb ᳁ߣߣ߽ߦ੽ᴺ࡮⮎⨲࡮๡ᢥߩࠛࠠࠬࡄ࡯

චᢙੱߩਛᔃ⊛ੱ‛ߚߜߦࠃߞߡߐߐ߃ࠄࠇߡ޿

࠻ߣߒߡฬ㜞޿߇‫ߩࠄࠇߘޔ‬⍮⼂ߦᾖࠄߒߡ‫ⶄޟ‬ࠆ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬ᄢ߈ߊੑߟߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߦଐ᜚ߒߡ

วㄘᬺ‫߇ޠ‬ᱜߒ޿ߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓐߪ 8 ੱߩሶߣ޿ࠆ߇‫ޔ߽ࠇߕ޿ߪࠄࠇߘޔ‬‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪㑐ଥ‫ߩ߽ߥ⊛ޠ‬ⷫ㘃‫ߡߒߘޔ‬಴ኅᤨߩᓟヘࠍㅢߒߡฦࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦ

ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

ᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀ജࠍ߽ߟ‫ߪࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀߩࠄߜߎޕ‬ኹ⺞ᩏᒰᤨߩ⁁ᴫߦߟ޿ߡ޿߃߫‫࠻࠶ࡀߩߟ৻ޔ‬ߢߩ੽ᢎᵴേ߿વ⛔ක≮ߦᷓߊ㑐ࠊࠆ᧛ੱ߇ᄙ޿‫ޕ‬ࡢ࡯ࠢߪᣢߦㅀߴߚర᧛㐳 C ᳁ߣߘߩᆄ㧷᳁㧔ਥⶄวㄘᬺࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩഃ┙ࡔࡦࡃ࡯9 ੱߩ߁ߜ 4 ੱ― 41 ―

ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߣߒߡߩ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛૑᳃⚵❱࿑-㧝 ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᵴേࠍᡰ߃ࠆੑߟߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ

⴫-㧞 ᧄ⺰ᢥߢ⸒෸ߒߚੱ‛ߩᐕ㦂㓏⚖(1996 ᐕᤨὐ)ߣࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ

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5K᳁‫ޔ‬+U᳁‫ޔ‬9K᳁‫ޔ‬
5O᳁
%P᳁#R᳁‫ޔ‬/᳁%᳁‫ޔ‬-᳁‫ޔ‬2᳁
2V᳁‫ޔ‬5Y᳁‫ޔ‬$O
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᳁‫ޔ‬%J᳁‫ ޔ‬$P᳁
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ߘߩઁ

5P᳁

ߪ C ᳁♽ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߦዻߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬5 ੱߪ Iߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡ‫ߪߣ߽ߣ߽ޔ‬ኻ┙ࠍ฽߻ੑ᳁♽ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߦዻߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ੑߟߩࡀߟߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ߇⚿߮ߟ޿ߚߎߣ߇‫ޔ‬H ᧛ߦ߅࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߪ‫ޔ‬᳿ߒߡએ೨߆ࠄખ߇⦟߆ߞߚࠊߌ

ߌࠆࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᵴേߩᐢ߇ࠅߦߟߥ߇ߞߚߣ޿߁ߎ

ߢߪߥ޿‫ޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬1940 ᐕઍߦ߅ߌࠆࡇ࡯ࡊ࡯ࡗ

ߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬࡯ߩ␻ߩ᠗෰ߪᒰᤨ඙㐳ߢ޽ߞߚ N ᳁ߩᚻߦࠃࠆ

ߎߩ⚿߮ߟ߈ߦ޽ߚߞߡߪ‫ޔ‬Sr ᳁߇ਛᔃ⊛ߥᓎ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ߩߎޔ‬ઙߦ㑐ߒ I ᳁ߪ੹ߢ߽ᛕ್⊛ഀࠍṶߓߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬Sr ᳁ߪ I ᳁ߩᕷሶߢ޽ࠆߣหᤨ

ߥ⠨߃ࠍ߽ߞߡ޿ࠆ 6) ‫⸳ߩࡊ࡯࡞ࠣߩߎߒ߆ߒޕ‬ߦ‫ޔ‬C ᳁߿ N ᳁ߣ߽ⷫߒߊߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㜞޿ᢎ⢒ࠍ┙ߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬C ᳁♽ߩ᧛ੱߪ‫ޟ‬વ⛔ක≮‫ߟߦޠ‬ฃߌߚ Sr ᳁ߪ‫ޔ‬ㄭઍ⊛ᕁ⠨ߦߥߓ߻ C ᳁ࠄߣ߽޿ߡߩ I ᳁ࠄߩ⍮⼂ߦᢘᗧࠍ⴫ߒ‫ޔ‬I ᳁♽ߩ᧛ੱߪ᳇߇޽ߞߚ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ㧔࿑-㧝‫⴫ޔ‬-㧟ෳᾖ㧕‫ޕ‬C ᳁ߩวℂਥ⟵⊛ߥⶄวㄘᬺࠍฃߌ౉ࠇࠆߎߣߣ

― 42 ―

࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No.8 2008

⴫-㧟 1996 ᐕᤨὐߢߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ᭴ᚑߣࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ

ⶄวㄘᬺࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ
⧯⠪ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ
⾂⫾ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊၫⴕㇱਥᇚࠣ࡞࡯ࡊၫⴕㇱ+᳁♽+᳁‫ޔ‬5D᳁‫ޔ‬0O᳁‫ޔ‬+U᳁‫ޔ‬
5K᳁‫ޔ‬6Y᳁‫ޔ‬5T᳁#᳁‫ޔ‬0ሶ‫ޔ‬2[ሶ5T᳁‫ޔ‬#᳁#R᳁‫ޔ‬/᳁‫ޔ‬#᳁%᳁♽%᳁‫ޔ‬5Y᳁‫ޔ‬%J᳁‫ޔ‬2᳁‫ޔ‬
2V᳁-P↵‫ޔ‬-G↵‫'ޔ‬ሶ%᳁-᳁‫ޔ‬$O᳁⧯⠪ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦߟ޿ߡ߽‫࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀߩࠄࠇߎޔ‬એ਄ߪ‫ޔ‬ቯ⌕⺞ᩏߦၮߠߊ⠨ኤߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ቯ⌕ࠢߦࠃߞߡ⺑᣿ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᵴേߒߡ޿ࠆਥജࡔࡦࡃ

⺞ᩏ⚳ੌᓟ߽Ფᐕ⍴ᦼ㑆⸰ࠇߡᄌൻࠍ⺞ߴߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬࡯ߪ‫ߩߎޔ‬ੑߟߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߦಽᏓߒߡ޿ࠆ߆

ߘߩᤨᦼߦߪ‫ޔ‬એਅߩࠃ߁ߥ੐ታ߇ߺࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫⧯ޕ‬⠪ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߪ‫ޔ‬ੑߟߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ
ߩߥ߆ߢⶄวㄘᬺࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦዻߒߡ޿ࠆ਎Ꮺߩሶ

1) ᧛㐳ߩᄌㆫ
1996 ᐕᤨὐߢߩ᧛㐳ߪ Sn ᳁ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ ߩߎޕ‬Snߤ߽ߩ৻ㇱ߇ෳടߔࠆ㓸߹ࠅߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ㧔࿑㧝‫⴫ޔ‬-㧟ෳᾖ㧕‫ޕ‬᳁ߪߤߜࠄߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߦ߽ዻߒߡ޿ߥ޿ੱ‛⾂⫾ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊၫⴕㇱߦ㑐ߒߡ߽߿ߪࠅੑߟߩࡀ

ߛߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨ‫⥄ޟ‬ಽߪァ㓌ߩഞ❣ߢ⚳り᧛㐳ߛ‫ޠ‬࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߣ㑐ࠊࠄߖߡߺࠆߣℂ⸃ߒ߿ߔ޿‫⾂ޕ‬ߣㅀߴߡ޿ߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ታ㓙ߦߪ 1999 ᐕߦㆬ᜼߇

⫾ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊၫⴕㇱߪ‫ޔ‬Sr ᳁ߣ C ᳁ߩߟߥ߇ࠅࠍゲ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬Km ᳁߇ᣂ᧛㐳ߣߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬2004 ᐕߦߪౣᐲ

ߣߒߟߟ‫ޔ‬ੑߟߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߦዻߔࠆੱ‛ߩ৻ㆬ᜼߇޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬Sw ᳁߇᧛㐳ߣߥߞߚ‫ޔߢߎߎޕ‬Km

ㇱߦࠃߞߡ᭴ᚑߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔࿑-㧝‫⴫ޔ‬-㧟ෳᾖ㧕‫ޕ‬᳁ߪ‫ޔ‬I ᳁ߩᒉ Sb ᳁ߩᇣߦ޽ߚࠆੱ‛ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬Iਥᇚࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦ㑐ߒߡ߽ห᭽ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߎޔߛߚޕ‬᳁♽ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߦዻߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ઁޕ‬ᣇ Sw ᳁ߪ‫ޔ‬ߩၫⴕㇱߩ႐ว‫ޔ‬C ᳁ߣ Sr ᳁ߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬Ap ᳁‫ޔ‬C ᳁ߩะ߆޿ߦ૑߻‫ޔ‬C ᳁♽ߩੱ‛ߢ޽ࠆ‫߹ߟޕ‬M ᳁㧔޿ߕࠇ߽ Sr ᳁ᆌ㧕‫ޔ‬K ᳁㧔C ᳁ᆄ㧕ߩ㑐ଥࠅ‫ޔ‬1999 ᐕએ㒠ߩ᧛㐳ߪ‫ޔ‬ੑߟߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߢ߇ゲߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ㧔࿑-㧝‫⴫ޔ‬-㧟ෳᾖ㧕‫ޕ‬ಽ߆ߜวߞߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ߔߥࠊߜ‫ࡊ࡯࡞ࠣߩࠄࠇߎޔ‬ᵴേߪ‫ߩߎޔ‬ੑߟߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߩਛ߆ࠄਥⷐࡔࡦࡃ࡯ࠍ಴ߒߡ޿

2) ਥᇚࠣ࡞࡯ࡊળ㐳ߩᄌㆫࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߦ߼ߚߩߎޕ‬਄⸥྾ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߪ‫ޔ‬ฬ⺞ᩏᤨὐߦ߅ߌࠆ H ᧛ਥᇚࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩળ㐳ߪ‫ޔ‬⒓ߦߒ߫ߒ߫‫ޟ‬H ᧛‫ࠍ⪲⸒߁޿ߣޠ‬ઃടߒߡ๭ࠎ

ੑઍ⋡ߩ M ᳁㧔I ᳁ᆷ㧕ߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬2001 ᐕߦߢ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߦ⴫ࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ

Bm ᳁ߦߥࠅ‫ ߦࠄߐޔ‬2005 ᐕߦ Pr ᳁ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬⚵❱ߣ޿߁ᕈᩰࠍᏪ߮ߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ߩߘޔ‬ታ

ߎߎߢ Bm ᳁ߪ‫ޔ‬C ᳁ߩะ߆޿ߦ૑ߺ‫ޔ‬C ᳁ߣⷫᘒߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪㑐ଥ‫⺑ߡߞࠃߦࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀ⊛ޠ‬᣿ߢ

ߒ޿ Pt ᳁ߩᆌߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬Pr ᳁ߪ I ᳁ߩᆷߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬߈ࠆ஥㕙߇ᄢ߈޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬M ᳁ߩᆂߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬ਥᇚࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩળ
㐳ߪ‫ޔ‬ೋઍߩ K ᳁߽฽߼‫ޔ‬I ᳁♽ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ

(4) ቯ⌕⺞ᩏએᓟߩᦼ㑆ߣ C ᳁♽ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߩ㑆ߢ‫ޔ‬੤ઍߒߡᜂߞߡ

― 43 ―

ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߣߒߡߩ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛૑᳃⚵❱ߎߣߪߥ޿೙ᐲࠍណ↪ߒߚ‫ޕ‬૞‛ߦߟ޿ߡ߽ Bn

߈ߚߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬᳁ߪ‫ⶄޔ‬วㄘᬺ߅ࠃ߮࿾႐࠻࠙ࡕࡠࠦࠪߩߺࠍ⹺
3) ࠝ࡯ࡏ࡯࠻࡯ߩᓎຬߩᄌㆫ

߼ࠆ┙႐ࠍߣߞߚ C ᳁ߣ⇣ߥࠅ‫ޔ‬ᩱၭ↪࠻࠙ࡕࡠ

1997 ᐕߦೋ߼ߡࠝ࡯ࡏ࡯࠻࡯㧔඙⥄ᴦ૕㧕ߩᓎ߽ࠦࠪ⹺߼ࠆ┙႐ࠍߣߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᩱၭ↪࠻࠙ࡕࡠࠦࠪ

ຬㆬ᜼߇޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬H ᧛߆ࠄߪ Si ᳁ߣ M ᳁㧔ᒰᤨਥߩ໧㗴ߪ‫ⶄޔ‬วㄘᬺ㐿ᆎߩᄾᯏߩ߭ߣߟߢ޽ࠆߩ

ᇚࠣ࡞࡯ࡊળ㐳㧕߇ㆬ߫ࠇߚ‫ޕ‬Si ᳁ߪ I ᳁ࠄߣ಴ߢ‫ߩߡ޿ߟߦࠇߘޔ‬ᘒᐲߩ㆑޿ߪ‫ޔ‬᳿ቯ⊛ߥᗧ๧ኅߦࠃࠆߟߥ߇ࠅࠍ߽ߟੱ‛ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬M ᳁ߪ I ᳁ࠍᜬߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߩᆷߥߩߢ‫ޔ‬ੑฬߣ߽ I ᳁♽ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ߆ࠄㆬ

߹ߚ‫ޔ‬ળຬߩ▸࿐ߣߒߡ C ᳁ߪ‫ޔ‬H ᧛ߛߌߢߪ

߫ࠇߚߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬2001 ᐕߩㆬ᜼ߢߪ‫ޔ‬M ᳁߇ߥߊ‫ޔ‬Ch ㇭ߩߥ߆ߩઁߩ᧛ߩⶄวㄘᬺᓥ੐⠪߽ળౣછߐࠇߚ߶߆ᣂߚߦ Bn ᳁߇ࠝ࡯ࡏ࡯࠻࡯ߩᓎ

ຬߣߔࠆᣇ㊎ߢ޽ࠆߩߦኻߒ‫ޔ‬Bn ᳁ߪ H ᧛ߩ᧛ຬߣߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬2005 ᐕߩㆬ᜼ߢߪ‫ޔ‬Bn ᳁߇ౣછߐ

ੱߩߺળຬߣߔࠆᣇ㊎ࠍߣߞߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ኻ┙ߪ‫ޔ‬ᒰࠇ Km ᳁㧔ర᧛㐳㧕߇ᣂߚߦᓎຬߣߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ೋ‫ⶄޟ‬วㄘᬺ vs.㕖ⶄวㄘᬺ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ኻ┙ߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬2006 ᐕ Tw ᳁߇ਇᘦߩ੐᡿ߢ੢ߊߥࠅ‫ޔ‬20074) ⾂⫾ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩಽⵚ

ᐕߦߥࠅ࠻࠙ࡕࡠࠦࠪଔᩰ߇㜞㛛ߒߪߓ߼ࠆߥ߆

೨▵ߢឬ޿ߚ⾂⫾ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߪ‫ޔ‬
1998 ᐕ߆ࠄ 1999ߢ‫ޔ‬‫ⶄޟ‬วㄘᬺࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ‫ ࠄ߆ޠ‬I ᳁♽ߩ᧛ੱ߇㔌⣕ᐕߦ߆ߌߡᄢ߈ߥᄌേࠍⵍࠆߎߣߣߥߞߚ‫ࠇߘޕ‬ߔࠆߣ޿߁⃻⽎߇⿠ߎߞߡ߈ߚ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷ߢߪ‫ޔ‬หࠣߪ‫ޔ‬ળ㐳ߩ C ᳁ࠍ฽߻ⶄวㄘᬺࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ߇หࠣ࡞

࡞࡯ࡊߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߪ੐ታ਄ C ᳁♽ߩ᧛ੱߦ㒢ቯߐ࡯ࡊࠍ㔌⣕ߒ‫ޔ‬ᣂߚߥ⾂⫾ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊࠍ⸳┙ߒߚߎࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߪߩߚߞߥߣߌ߆ߞ߈ߩߘޕ‬C ᳁߇‫ޔ‬Bn ᳁ߪ‫ޔ‬C ᳁ߩㄭᚲߦ૑߻ Sm ᳁ Ch ᳁ࠄߩⷫ⾂⫾ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦ㑐ߒ‫⾂߇ੱ᧛ޔ‬㊄ࠍᒁ߈಴ߔߎߣ

ᚘߥߩߢ‫⺞ޔ‬ᩏᤨὐߦ߅޿ߡߪ C ᳁♽ߣ޿ߞߡࠃ

ࠍ⑌ߓ‫ⶄޔ‬วㄘᬺߦ㑐ࠊࠆⲢ⾗ߣ޿߁ᒻߢߩߺฃ

߆ߞߚߩߛ߇‫৻ߩߎޔ‬ㅪߩ੐ઙߩਛߢ‫ޔ‬C ᳁ߣߪ⋉ࠍߺߣ߼ࠆᒻߦߒߚ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ‫ⶄޕ‬วㄘᬺߦ៤

⁛┙ߒߚേ߈ࠍߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬Sm ᳁ Ch ᳁ࠄࠊࠄߥ޿᧛ੱߚߜߪ C ᳁ߦਇḩࠍ߱ߟߌ‫ࠣ⫾⾂ޔ‬

ߣ C ᳁ߣߩ㑐ଥ߇‫ޔ‬නߦ‫ޟ‬ኅߩ㓞ធ‫ߦޠ‬ㆊ߉ߥ߆࡞࡯ࡊߩ޽ࠅᣇߦߟ޿ߡ⼏⺰߇⿠ߎߞߚ‫ߢߎߘޕ‬ߞߚߚ߼‫ޔ‬C ᳁ߣߩ㑐ଥߪ Bn ᳁߹ߢߪ෸߫ߥ߆C ᳁ߪⶄวㄘᬺࠣ࡞࡯ࡊࠍ₸޿ߡ⾂⫾ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊࠍ

ߞߚࠃ߁ߢ޽ࠆ㧔⴫-㧞ෳᾖ㧕‫ޕ‬㔌⣕ߒ‫ⶄޔ‬วㄘᬺࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩߺࠍળຬߣߔࠆ‫ⶄޟ‬วㄘᬺ⾂⫾ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ‫ߩߚߞߥߣߣߎࠆߔ┙⸳ࠍޠ‬5) ⠨ኤߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᒰೋߎࠇߪ C ᳁♽‫ޔ‬I ᳁♽ߩੑߟߩࡀ࠶
࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߦᡰ߃ࠄࠇߚ߽ߩߢ‫ޔ‬ೋઍߩળ㐳ߪ I ᳁એ਄ߩേ߈߇␜ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߪ‫ޔ‬ਃߟߩߎߣߢ޽
ࠆ‫ޕ‬♽ߦዻߔࠆ Is ᳁ߩ㐳↵ Tw ᳁ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ઁޕ‬ᣇᱷߐ╙৻ߪ‫᧛ޔ‬㐳ߩᄌㆫ߿ਥᇚࠣ࡞࡯ࡊળ㐳ߩᄌㆫࠇߚ߽ߣߩ⾂⫾ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬H ᧛⾂⫾ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ‫ޠ‬߇޽ࠄࠊߔࠃ߁ߦ‫ࡊ࡯࡞ࠣޔ‬ᵴേ߇‫ޔ‬I ᳁♽ߣ Cߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬Bn ᳁ࠍ࡝࡯࠳࡯ߣߔࠆ߽ߩߣߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬㒢᳁♽ߣ޿߁ੑߟߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߦࠃߞߡᜂࠊࠇߡ

ᐲౝߢߩᒁ߈಴ߒ߽น⢻ߢ‫૶ޔ‬ㅜ߽․ߦ೙㒢ߔࠆ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߪߣߎߩߎޕ‬I ᳁ߩῳߣ N― 44 ―

࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No.8 2008

᳁㧔C ᳁ῳ㧕ߩઍ߆ࠄኻ┙ߒߡ߈ߚߎߩੑߟߩࡀ
࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߩㅪ៤߇ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᵴേߩ㎛ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ

4. ㊀౷ߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߩౣಽᨆ
ߎߩࠃ߁ߥⷰὐߦၮߠ߈‫ޔ‬㊀౷ߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߦߟࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬╙ੑߪ‫ߩ࡯࠻࡯ࡏ࡯ࠝޔ‬ᓎຬㆬ᜼߇␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ឭ␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ࠺࡯࠲߆ࠄౣಽᨆࠍ⹜ߺߡ

᧛ో૕ߩⴕ᡽ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ I ᳁♽ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ߇

ߺࠃ߁‫ޕ‬

ᜂߞߡ޿ࠆᐲว޿߇㜞޿‫⾂ޕࠆ޽ߢߣߎ߁޿ߣޔ‬ ‫ޟ‬㧞㧚
‫ޔߦ߁ࠃߚߒ੺⚫ߊߒ⹦ߢޠ‬㊀౷߇ࠦࡒࡘ

⫾ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩಽⵚ߽‫ⷰߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬ὐ߆ࠄߣࠄ߃ࠆ

࠾࠹ࠖߩ㊀ⷐᕈߣ޿߁⺰ὐࠍዉ޿ߡߊࠆߩߪ‫߹ޔ‬ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬C ᳁ߪ‫ⶄޔ‬วㄘᬺࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦኻߒ

ߕ╙㧡┨ߢ 1970 ᐕઍߦ‫ޟ‬ㄘ᧛㐿⊒᡽╷‫ޔ߇ޠ‬૑ߡߩ⊒⸒ജߪ޽ߞߚ߇‫ోੱ᧛ߪࠇߘޔ‬૕ߦ෸߽߱

᳃⚵❱ߦ‫ޟ‬ᗧᕁ᳿ቯᮭ‫ࠍޠ‬ઃਈߔࠆ᡽╷ߦォ឵ߔߩߢߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬C ᳁♽ߦዻߒߡ޿ࠆߣ

ࠆߎߣ‫╙ޔ‬㧢┨ߢᴧ߿᫪ߣ޿ߞߚ‫ޟ‬࿾ၞ౒᦭⾗Ḯ‫ޠ‬ߺࠄࠇߥ߇ࠄⷫᣖ㑐ଥߦߪߥ޿ Bn ᳁ߣ޿߁ੱ‛ߩᒻᚑߣ▤ℂ߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ㧔T ᧛ߣ SP

߇޽ࠄࠊࠇߡ߈ߚߣ߈‫ߚ߹ߪࠇߘޔ‬೎ߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ

᧛ߥߤࠍౕ૕଀ߣߒߡ㧕‫╙ޔ‬㧣┨ߢ૑᳃⚵❱ߩᚑഞࠍߟߊߞߡߒ߹ߞߚ‫ޕࠆ޽ߢߣߎ߁޿ߣޔ‬଀߇޽ࠄࠊࠇߚ㧔SP ᧛ࠍ੐଀ߣߒߡ㧕ߣ޿߁઀ᣇ

╙ਃߦ‫ⶄޟߦ․ޔ‬วㄘᬺ⾂⫾ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ‫ߔ␜߇ޠ‬ߢ‫ౕߢߎߎޕࠆ޽ߢޔ‬૕଀ߣߒߡ T ᧛ߣ SP ᧛߇ࠃ߁ߦ‫ࠍࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦߩ᧛ߪࡊ࡯࡞ࠣ⫾⾂ޔ‬೨ឭ⸒෸ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬╙㧢┨ߦ߅ߌࠆ T ᧛ߩ੐଀ߪ‫ޔ‬ߣߔࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫࡞ࠣߩߎޕ‬ᴧߩ▤ℂߦߒߡ߽ቇᩞ〔࿾ߩ▤ℂߦߒߡ߽౒᦭⾗࡯ࡊߪ‫ߦ․ޔ‬ಽⵚએᓟ‫᧛ޔ‬ᄖߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߣߩ㑐ଥḮൻ߇චಽ߁߹ߊ޿߆ߥ߆ߞߚ଀ߣߒߡߣࠅ޽ߍ

ࠍᷓ߼ߡ޿ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ኻ᛫ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޟ‬H ᧛⾂⫾ࠣ࡞࡯ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᚑഞ଀ߣߒߡขࠅ਄ߍࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ

ࡊ‫ޔࠄߔߢޠ‬‫ޟ‬H ᧛‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ฬ⒓ࠍઃߌ‫ޔ‬ળຬࠍ᧛ߪ SP ᧛ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬H ᧛ߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬૑᳃⚵❱‫߇ޠ‬ᵴ⊒ߦᵴౝㇱߦ㒢ቯߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߩ‫ޔ‬ታ㓙ߦߪ‫ࠍࡦ࡯࠽ޟ‬േߒߡ޿ࠆ଀ߣ޿߁ὐߢߎߩ SP ᧛ߣૃߚᕈᩰࠍ

ᗲߔࠆળ‫ో⋵ࡦ࡯࠽ޔ߁޿ߣޠ‬૕ߢᵴേߒᶏᄖ߆

߽ߞߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠄ߽ᡰេࠍฃߌࠆ NGO ߦߐߐ߃ࠄࠇߡᚑ┙ߒߡߘߎߢ‫ޔ‬H ᧛ߢᓧࠄࠇߚⷞὐߢ‫ޔ‬㊀౷ߦࠃࠅឭ

޿ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬C ᳁ߩ⺑᣿ߦࠃࠇ߫‫ޔ‬‫ⶄޟ‬วㄘᬺ

ଏߐࠇߡ޿ࠆᖱႎߦ߽ߣߠ߈‫ޔ‬SP ᧛ߦߟ޿ߡߩౣ

⾂⫾ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ‫ޔ߇߁߶ߩޠ‬ℂᔨ⊛ߥ㜞ẖߐࠍ߽ߟಽᨆࠍⴕߞߡߺߚ޿‫ޕ‬ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠆ߇‫ߩࠄߜߎ߫ࠇࠃߦੱ᧛ߩઁޔ‬Ⲣ⾗߽⚿ዪ‫ޟ‬૗ߦ૶ߞߡ߽ࠃ޿‫ޠ‬㧔ߟ߹ࠅ‫⾗ޟ‬Ḯ㈩(1) ╙㧢┨ߩࡐ࡯ࡦ࠻࡯ࡦᴧߦߟ޿ߡ

ಽࠍฃߌߚ᭴ᚑຬ߇ߤ߁૶߁߆ߦߪ⚵❱ߣߒߡ㑐 ‫ޟ‬࿾ၞ౒᦭⾗Ḯ‫ࠆߥߦߣߎࠆࠇࠄߓ⺰ߡߒߣޠ‬ਈߒߥ޿‫[ޠ‬㊀౷ 1996:314]㧕ߩߢ޽ࠅ‫޽ߦߎߘޔ‬ߎߩᴧߦߟ޿ߡ㊀౷ߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߦㅀߴࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠆߩߪ੐ታ਄ߤߜࠄߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߦዻߒߡ޿ࠆ
᫪ᨋ߇᳓↰ߦᄌ߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ߊߣ‫߇ޘੱߕ߹ޔ‬೑߆ߩ㆑޿ߢߒ߆ߥ޿‫ޕ‬એ਄ߩਃߟߩὐߪ‫ߩ⽎⃻ߥ⊛ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬⢛↪ߢ߈ࠆㄭ࿷ߩ᳓႐ਇ⿷߇ᗵߓࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥ

ᓟߦ߽‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪㑐ଥ‫ߩࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀߥ⊛ޠ‬ሽ࿷ࠍ⋴ࠆ‫ ⚂ߪޘੱ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬60-70 ᐕ೨ߦ‫࠻ࡦ࡯ࡐޔ‬ขߔࠆߎߣ߇ㆡಾߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬

࡯ࡦᴧ㧔Nong Phon Thong㧕ߣ๭߫ࠇࠆਛⷙᮨ

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ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߣߒߡߩ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛૑᳃⚵❱ߩᴧ࿾ࠍ౒᦭࿾ߣߒߡ⏕଻ߔࠆߎߣߦวᗧߒߚ

ࠃ߁ߦ⠨߃ߡߺࠆߣ‫ޔ‬H ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆ‫ޔ‬I ᳁♽ߣ C[㊀౷ 1996:260]‫ޕ‬᳁♽ߣ޿߁‫ޔ‬ኻ┙ߒ޽߁ੑߟߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ߇ㅪ
៤ߒ޽ߞߚߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ⶄޟ‬วㄘᬺࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ‫⾂ޟ߿ޠ‬ߎߩ⸥ㅀ߆ࠄߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬࿾ၞ౒᦭⾗Ḯ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬๭߮ᣇ߇ㆡಾߥ੐ᘒߢ޽ࠆࠃ߁ߦᕁࠊࠇࠆ߇‫ߩઁޔ‬⫾ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ‫߇ޠ‬ᚑ┙ߒߚ‫߁޿ߣޔ‬੐ᘒߣ߈ࠊ߼ߡ
ૃㅢߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬⸥ㅀ߽✚วߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ታ㓙ߦ↢ߓߚ੐ᘒߪߘߩࠃ߁
ߥ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠆߩ߇ᅷᒰߢ޽ࠆ‫߁޿ߣޕ‬(2) ╙㧣┨ߩ‫ޟ‬૑᳃⚵❱‫ߡ޿ߟߦޠ‬ߩ߽‫ޔ‬㊀౷ߪ೎ߩ▎ᚲߢ‫ޔ‬SP ᧛ߩ 61 ᚭߩ߁ߜ 51

 ㊀౷ߪ‫ޔ‬S ᧛㐳ߦ․ᓽ⊛ߥᣇ╷ߦߟ޿ߡ‫ߩ᧛ޟ‬ᚭ߇‫ޟ‬ੑߟߩኅᣖ㧔࠴ࡖࠗࡗ࡯ᆓߣࠬࡄࡐ࡯࠼ᆓ㧕ਥ┙ߜߦ㘈໧ᓎߣߒߡ᧛᡽ߦෳടߒߡ߽ࠄ߁ߎߣ

ߦ⿠Ḯࠍ߽ߟ‫[ޠ‬หᦠ:287]ߣㅀߴ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޟߟ߆ޔ‬ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߣޠ‬ᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆ[หᦠ:287]‫ޟߢߎߎޕ‬ਥሶቊߩ߶ߣࠎߤ߇᧛ᄖ಴り⠪ߣᇕᆪ㑐ଥࠍ⚿ࠎߢ┙ߜ‫ߡ޿ߟߦޠ‬ᰴߩࠃ߁ߦㅀߴߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬޿ࠆ‫[ޠ‬ห▎ᚲ]ߚ߼‫ߩੱ᧛ޟ‬Ꮻዻߔࠆⷫᣖ㓸࿅߇᣿⏕ߦ඙ಾࠄࠇࠆ‫[ޠ‬ห▎ᚲ]ߣㅀߴߡ޿ࠆ‫ߔߣޕ‬ߘࠇߙࠇߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ㧔਄ߩⷫᣖ㓸࿅ࠍᜰߔ̖ᒁ

ࠆߣ‫ޔ‬↪⠪ᵈ㧕ߏߣߦ‫߽ߣߞ߽ޔ‬ዅᢘߐࠇᓇ㗀ജࠍ߽ߟੱ‛㧔ߚ޿ߡ޿⠧ჽᐕߩ↵ሶ‫ޔ‬એਅ‫ޟ‬ਥ┙ߜ‫ޠ‬ߔߢߦ࠴ࡖࠗࡗ࡯ᆓߩ⒖૑⠪ߦࠃߞߡ࿐޿ㄟ߹

ߣ⒓ߔ㧕߇޿ߚ‫ޕ‬㧔ਛ⇛㧕߹ߚ࠲ࠗᱜ᦬ߩ㓙ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ࠇߡ޿ߚ߇‫ߒ⹤ߪޘੱޔ‬ว޿ߩᧃߎࠇࠍ᧛ߩ߽

ੱ‫ޔߪޘ‬ฦࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩਥ┙ߜߩኅߦ㓸߹ࠅ‫ߘޔ‬ߩߣ߈߼ߚߣ޿߁‫ߡߒߘޕ‬඙㐳‫᧛ޔ‬㐳߇ᐢߐࠍߩ㗡ߦ᳓ࠍ߆ߌߡ‫ޔ‬ᢘᗧࠍ⴫ߔࠆ௾ᑼ㧔dam᷹ࠅ‫౒ޔ‬หߩ᳓႐ߣߒߡ଻ሽߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߒߚ[หhua㧕ࠍ߅ߎߥ߁[หᦠ:289]‫ޕ‬

ᦠ:260]‫ޕ‬ߎߎߢ޿߁‫ޟ‬ਥ┙ߜ‫࡯࡞ࠣ࡮࡯ࡗࠗࡖ࠴ޟޔߪޠ‬ߣ⸥ㅀߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߪ‫࡯ࡗࠗࡖ࠴ޔ‬ᆓߩ‫ⷫޟ‬ᣖ‫ޠ‬ࡊ‫ᦨߪࠄ߆ޠ‬ೋߩ⒖૑⠪ߩቊߦ޽ߚࠆ↵ᕈߣᦦቊ߇භ᦭ߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޟ‬ᴧ‫࠼࡯ࡐࡄࠬߡ޿ߟߦޠ‬ᆓߩ‫ⷫޟ‬ߩᇣߦ޽ߚࠆ↵ᕈߩว⸘ੑੱ‫ޔ‬‫࡞ࠣ࡮࠼࡯ࡐࡄࠬޟ‬ᣖ‫߽ߦޠ‬೑↪ࠍ⹺߼ߚ‫߇ߩ߁޿ߣޔ‬ਥߥ੐ᘒߢ޽

࡯ࡊ‫ᦨߪࠄ߆ޠ‬ೋߩ⒖૑⠪ߩᕷሶߦ޽ߚࠆ↵ᕈ߇ࠆ‫ޔߪߣߎߩߎޕ‬‫߁޿ߣޠࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ‬ේℂ߇૞৻ੱ‫ޔ‬ㆬ߫ࠇߡ޿ࠆ[หᦠ:288]‫ޕ‬↪ߒߚߣ޿߁ࠃࠅߪ‫ޔ‬ੑߟߩ‫ⷫޟ‬ᣖ‫ޠ‬㑆ߩ⹤ߒว ߎߩߎߣߪ‫ޔ‬SP ᧛ߩ‫ޟ‬૑᳃⚵❱‫ޔ߇ޠ‬ታᘒߣߒ޿߇ߟ޿ߚ‫߇ߩࠆߺߣޔ‬ᅷᒰߥ੐ᘒߢ޽ࠆ‫߹ߟޕ‬ߡߪ࠴ࡖࠗࡗ࡯ᆓߣࠬࡄࡐ࡯࠼ᆓߣ޿߁ੑߟߩⷫ

ࠅ‫ޔ‬1900 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ 1940 ᐕઍ㗃߹ߢߎߩࡐ࡯ࡦ࠻

ᣖࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍᵴ↪ߒߥ߇ࠄߢ߈ߡ޿ߚ‫޿ߣޔ‬࡯ࡦᴧࠍභ᦭ߒߡ߈ߚ࠴ࡖࠗࡗ࡯ᆓߩ‫ⷫޟ‬ᣖ‫ޔߣޠ‬߁ߎߣࠍᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ߘߎ߆ࠄឃ㒰ߐࠇߡ߈ߚࠬࡄࡐ࡯࠼ᆓߩ‫ⷫޟ‬ᣖ‫ޠ‬ߣ޿߁ේℂࠃࠅߪ‫ⷫޔ‬ᣖࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߩᒝߐߦଐ

ߩ㑐ଥ߇ᄌൻߒߚߣߺࠆߴ߈੐ᘒߥߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬᜚ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕࠆ޽ߢߩࠆ߈ߢ߇ߣߎ߁޿ߣޔ‬ߎߩࡐ࡯ࡦ࠻࡯ࡦᴧߪ‫ޔ‬ᓟߦ㙃ᱺ੐ᬺߦ㑐ߔࠆ ߹ߚ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬૑᳃⚵❱‫ߩޠ‬ᚑഞ଀ߣߒߡขࠅ਄ߍࠄࠇSP ᧛ߩ૑᳃⚵❱ൻࠍ߽ߚࠄߔߩߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬એ਄ߩߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߪޠࠢࡦࡃࠬࠗ࡜ޟ‬㊀౷[1996]ߦ߅޿ߡ

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࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No.8 2008

ߪ‫ޔ‬S ᧛㐳߇ 1982 ᐕߦ‫ޟ‬ㄭ᧛ߢߩᚑഞ଀ࠍߺߡ‫ޠ‬(3) ‫ޟ‬ኹ‫ߩޠ‬Ꮣᣉ⠪㓸࿅ߦߟ޿ߡ

[หᦠ:289]㐿ᆎߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬1987 ᐕߦߥߞߡ

 ㊀౷ߪ‫╙ޔ‬㧠┨ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޟޔ‬ኹ‫ޠ᧛↢⥄ޟޔࠍޠ‬NGO ߩេഥߢ‫౒ߩ☭ޟ‬ห⽼ᄁࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻‫ߦޠ‬ขߩ‫ޟ‬૑᳃⚵❱‫ࠅߊߟࠍޠ‬಴ߔ‫ޟ‬࿾ၞ౒᦭⾗Ḯ‫ߣޠ‬ࠅ߆߆ߞߚ[หᦠ:295]‫⸥ߩߎޕࠆ޿ߡࠇߐߣޔ‬ㅀߢߺߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬SP ᧛ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ኹ߳ߩነㅴࠍ᧛߳

ߪ‫ޔ‬S ᧛㐳ߩഃᗧ߇ᒝ⺞ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬หߓ⺞ᩏߩㆇ༡⾗㊄ߣߔࠆߎߣߪ‫ߢ᧛ࡦ࡯࠻ࡦ࡯ࡐ࡯ࠪޔ‬ߦ㑐ߔࠆ೎ߩႎ๔ᦠߢߪ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޔ‬േ߈߇‫ޔ‬ᒰೋ

ߪ 1981 ᐕએ㒠ߦߪߓ߹ߞߚ‫[ޠ‬หᦠ:277]ߣ⸥ߒߡ

߆ࠄ NGO ߩ੺౉ߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡ⸥ㅀߐࠇߡ޿

޿ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ታ㓙ߦ S ᧛㐳߿᧛ੱߚߜ߇ኹߣߤߩࠃ߁

ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߥ㑐ࠊࠅࠍ߽ߟߥ߆ߢߘߩࠃ߁ߥ್ᢿ߇ߥߐࠇࠆ
ࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ߆ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᱷᔨߥ߇ࠄឬ޿ߡ޿

In

1982

the

Grassroot

Integratedߥ޿‫ޕ‬H ᧛ߩ଀ߢߺߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ኹ‫ߪޠ‬಴ኅ⚻㛎⠪Development for Tung Kula Ronghai(GRID)

ߚߜ߇Ꮐฝߢ߈ࠆ⾗Ḯߣ޿߁஥㕙ࠍ߽ߟߩߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬which was an NGO started its development‫ޟ‬ኹ߳ߩነㅴࠍ᧛߳ߩㆇ༡⾗㊄ߣߔࠆ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬੐

project in the area and Ban Sri Phon Thongᘒߪ‫ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦߦߜ⋥ޔ‬㊀ⷐᕈࠍ⸽᣿ߔࠆ߽

wasߩߣߪߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬

one

of

the

villages

selected.

The

intervention was done through sending theએ਄ߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬SP ᧛ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ⊛ᕈᩰࠍ␜field worker to live in the village[Shigetomiߔߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޟ‬࿾ၞ౒᦭⾗Ḯ‫ޟ߿ޠ‬૑᳃⚵❱‫ޠ‬

1992:11].

ߣ޿߁੐ᘒߪ‫ޔ‬‫ⷫޟ‬ᣖ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ౝㇱ⊛ߥࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯
ࠢ߅ࠃ߮ NGO ߣ޿߁ᄖㇱ⊛ߥࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߩല

ߎߩߎߣߪ‫ޔ‬ᰴߩ⸥ㅀߦ߽޽ࠄࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᨐߣߒߡߣࠄ߃ࠆߎߣ߇චಽน⢻ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
Though the rice bank promotion was done inએ਄ߩࠃ߁ߦ⠨߃ߡߊࠆߣ‫ޔ‬㊀౷[1996]ߩਛߢࠦ

rural villages surrounding Ban Sri Phonࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߣ޿߁ේℂߩሽ࿷ࠍታ⸽ߔࠆ߽ߩߣߐ

Thong, it was not started until 1983 when theࠇߡ޿ࠆ SP ᧛ߩ੐଀ߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪㑐ଥ‫ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀ⊛ޠ‬

field worker of the Grassroot Integrated࡯ࠢߣ޿߁ⷞὐ߆ࠄᝒ߃ࠆߎߣ߇චಽน⢻ߥ੐଀

Development of Tung Kula Ronghai(GRID)ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕࠆ߈ߢ߇ߣߎ߁޿ߣޔ‬came into the village[ibid.:14].

ߟ߹ࠅ‫ޔ‬㊀౷[1996]ߢߪ S ᧛㐳߇ഃ಴ߒߚ߆ߩ

5. ‫ޠࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޟߣޠࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ‬ࠃ߁ߦឬ߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߪޠࠢࡦࡃࠬࠗ࡜ޟ‬ߎߎ߹ߢ‫ޔ‬‫ޠࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޟߣޠࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ‬Shigetomi[1992]ߩ⸥ㅀߦᓥ߁ߥࠄ߫‫ޔ‬NGO ߩᜰߦ㑐ߔࠆ㊀౷ߩ↪⺆ᴺ㧔‫ޟ‬㧞㧚‫ޠ‬㧕ࠍ೨ឭߦߒߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬ዉߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫ ࠆߥߦߣߎ߁޿ߣޔ‬7)‫ޕ‬H ᧛ߩ੐଀ࠍ⚫੺ߒ‫ޔ‬SP ᧛ߩ੐଀ࠍౣಽᨆߒߡ
߈ߚ‫ࠆ޿ߡߞߎ⿠ޔߣࠆࠃߦࠇߘޕ‬੐ᘒߪ‫ޔ‬㊀౷ߩ⺰ㅀߔࠆࠃ߁ߥ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ᄖㇱ᧦ઙ߇ᄌൻ‫ࠆߔޠ‬ਛߢ‫ޟ‬ੑ

― 47 ―

ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߣߒߡߩ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛૑᳃⚵❱⠪㑐ଥ‫ߦࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀ⊛ޠ‬ઍࠊߞߡࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ

ࠢ㧔ࠢ࡞ࠕࠞ࡯ࠗ㧕‫ߣߎࠆ޿ߡ޿↪ࠍ⺆↪߁޿ߣޠ‬⊛ߥ߽ߩ߇㊀ⷐߦߥߞߡ߈ߚߣ޿߁੐ᘒߣߪᔅߕ

ࠍ‫ޔ‬㊀ߊ⷗ࠆߴ߈ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ߒ߽޿߃ߥ޿‫߇ߣߎ߁޿ߣޔ‬᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ‫޽ޕ‬ࠄࠊࠇߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޟ‬૑᳃⚵❱‫ޟ߽ߡ޿߅ߦޠ‬ੑ⠪㑐ଥ‫߇ࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀ⊛ޠ‬ᒝߊ૞↪ߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ߩߘޔ‬6. ⚿߮
એ਄‫ޔ‬㊀౷‫ޟ‬૑᳃⚵❱‫ޔ߇⺰ޠ‬‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪㑐ଥ‫ࠍ⺰ޠ‬߽ߣߢࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ⊛⃻⽎߇⿠ߎߞߡ޿ࠆ‫޿ߣޔ‬߁੐ᘒߥߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᛕ್ߒߟߟਥᒛߔࠆ‫ߩޠࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ‬㊀ⷐᕈߣ ㊀౷ߩ↪⺆ᴺߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ‫↰ޔ‬ㄝ[2003]ߪ‫ޔ‬‫ࡒࠦޟ‬޿߁⺰ὐߦߟ޿ߡ‫╩ޔ‬⠪ߩⴕߞߡ߈ߚ H ᧛ߩ੐଀ࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ‫ⷙޟࠍޠ‬ೣ߿ⷙ▸ߦࠃߞߡ⛔วߐࠇߚ‫౒ޡ‬ࠍ߽ߣߦߒߡᬌ⸛ࠍߊࠊ߃ߡ߈ߚ‫ޔߣࠆࠃߦࠇߘޕ‬ห૕‫ޢ‬‫ࠍޠ‬ᗐቯߒߥ޿↪⺆㧔‫ޟ‬ታ〣ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ‫ޠ‬㧕‫ߩޠࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ‬㊀ⷐᕈࠍ␜ߔߣߒߡ޽ߍࠄࠇ

ߣߒߡቯ⟵ߒߡ޿ࠆ[หᦠ 248]‫↰ߩߘޕ‬ㄝ߇‫ޟ‬㔤ᇦߡ޿ࠆ੐⽎߽‫ޔ߫ࠇߺߊߒ⹦ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪㑐ଥ‫ࡀޟߥ⊛ޠ‬ࠞ࡞࠻‫⥄࠭ࠗࠛޟ߿ޠ‬ഥࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߒߡⴕ߁࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ‫ߡ߼ߓߪߡ߃߹߰ࠍޠ‬චಽߥℂ⸃߇นߩߪ‫ߩޠࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޟࠈߒ߻ޔ‬㊀ⷐᕈߦ⌕⋡ߔ⢻ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪㑐ଥ‫ޠ‬ࠆ⎇ⓥߢ޽ࠆ[หᦠ:152-153,191-192]‫ޕ‬ߦઍࠊߞߡ‫߇ޠࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ‬㊀ⷐᕈࠍჇߒߡ޿

߹ߚᦨㄭߢߪ‫ޔ‬㊀౷߇ขࠅᛒߞߚࠃ߁ߥฦ࿾ၞ

ࠆ‫߁޿ߣޔ‬ℂ⸃ߩ઀ᣇߪ‫ޔ‬ㆊᐲߩⷐ⚂ࠍ฽ࠎߢߒ

ߩ㓸߹ࠅࠍ‫ޟ‬૑᳃⚵❱‫ߩࠄࠇߘޔߒ⃻⴫ߣޠ‬㑆ࠍ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔ߫ࠇ߃߆޿޿ޕ‬‫ࡀޟ‬ߟߥߋ߽ߩߦߟ޿ߡ‫⺆↪߁޿ߣޠࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޟ‬࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ߆ࠄࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߳‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ឬ߈ᣇࠍࠍ↪޿ߡ⴫⃻ߔࠆߎߣ߽ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫߫߃ߣߚޕ‬ߔࠆࠃࠅߪ‫ޔ‬‫࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޟ߮ࠃ߅ޠࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ‬㚍႐ߪ‫ᧄޔ‬Ⓜߢขࠅᛒߞߚߩߣหߓ࠽࡯ࡦ⋵ߩ‫ࡊޟ‬ࠢ‫ߩޠ‬᭎ᔨࠍ᭴▽ߒ⋥ߒߚ਄ߢ‫ࠦߩࡊࠗ࠲ࠆ޽ޟ‬࡜࠴ࡖ࡯ࠦࡓ࡮࠽࡯ࡦ‫ࠍࡦ࡯࠽ޟ߿ޠ‬ᗲߔࠆળ㧔ࠢࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ߆ࠄ‫ߚ߹ޔ‬೎࡞ࡓ࡮ࡂ࠶ࠢ࡮ࡓࠕࡦ࠽࡯ࡦ㧕‫ޟߡ޿ߟߦޠ‬૑᳃⚵ߩ࠲ࠗࡊߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ

❱ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢൻ‫ⴕࠍ੺⚫ߡߒߣߩ߽߁ⴕࠍޠ‬߳‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ឬ߈ᣇࠍߔࠆߎߣߩ߶߁߇ㆡಾߣ⠨߃ߞߡ޿ࠆߒ[㚍႐ 1998:28]‫ޔ‬⒌ߪ‫ࡦࡢࠨࡦࠦ࠽ޔ‬ࠄࠇࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ޟ‬㧟㧚‫ޔߦ߁ࠃߚߒ␜ߢޠ‬H ᧛ߢᏒߦߟ޿ߡᅚᕈࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ߿⾂⫾ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊࠍߟߥߋ

ߪ‫ޔ‬ੑߟߩ‫⁁ߩޠࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޟ‬ᘒ߿⋧੕㑐ଥߦ‫ࠕࡓ࡮ࡦ࡚࠴ࡓࡘ࠴࡮࡯࠽࠲ࡄ࡮ࠗ࡯ࠞࠕ࡞ࠢޟ‬ࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬H ᧛‫ߦޠࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ߁޿ߣޠ‬㒢ቯߒࡦ࡮࠽ࠦࡦࠨࡢࡦ‫ޟߡ޿ߟߦޠ‬૑᳃ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ

ߚᵴേ߇⋓ࠎߦߥߞߚࠅಽⵚߒߚࠅߒߡ޿ߚ‫߻ޕ‬⚵❱‫ߣޠ‬๭ࠎߢ⚫੺ߒߡ޿ࠆ[⒌ 2002:64-66]‫ߎޕ‬ߒࠈ‫ߚߒ߁ߘޔ‬ឬ߈ᣇߢߩ߶߁߇‫ޔ‬㊀౷߇ᜰ៰ߒ

ࠇߪ‫ޔ‬‫৻ޟ‬ቯ࿾ၞߩ૑᳃ߔߴߡࠍ฽ߺ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᄖߣౝߚ‫ࠗ࠲ޟ‬ㄘ᧛ߩ㐿⊒‫ޟߩߡߞߣߦޠ‬૑᳃⚵❱‫ߩޠ‬ߣࠍ඙೎ߔࠆ૗ࠄ߆ߩ␠ળ⊛ᜰᮡ߇޽ࠆ▸࿐‫[ޠ‬㊀㊀ⷐᕈ‫ޔ߫ࠇ߃߆޿޿ޔ‬‫⚻⑳ޟ‬ᷣ⊛೑⋉ߦዉ߆ࠇߚ

౷:171]ߣ޿߁‫ߦޠࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ‬㑐ߔࠆ㊀౷ߩ․දหᕈߩᢥൻ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᜰ៰ࠍචోߦ↢߆ߔ߽ߩߣ

ᓽઃߌ߆ࠄߔࠇ߫‫ߣޠ❱⚵ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ‬๭ࠎߢߥࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬߽߅߆ߒߊߥ޿߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ߎߕࠄࠊ߆߆߽ߦޔ‬ ਛㇱߦᲧߴ‫᧲ޔ‬ർㇱ߿ർㇱߢߪ‫ޠࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ‬ࠇࠄߦߟ޿ߡ⎇ⓥ⠪߿ NGO ⥄り߇‫࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޟ‬⊛ߥ⦡ᓀ߇ࠃࠅᒝ޿[หᦠ:310-311]‫߁޿ߣޔ‬ᜰ៰߽‫ޔ‬― 48 ―

࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No.8 2008╩⠪ߩ⺞ᩏ⚻㛎ߦว⥌ߔࠆ⥝๧ᷓ޿߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߒ‫ઁޔ‬ᣇߢߪ‫ޔ‬᳓㊁[1981]ߩ‫ޟ‬ደᢝ࿾౒૑⚿ว‫ޠ‬ߒ߆ߒߛ߆ࠄߣ޿ߞߡ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޔ‬࿾ၞߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬⺰ߦ฽߹ࠇࠆᣣᧄ⊛ߥࡃࠗࠕࠬ㧔ߚߣ߃߫‫ޟ‬ኅ‫ޠ‬Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣߩᶐㅘߣߣ߽ߦ‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪㑐ଥ‫⊛ޠ‬ේℂ߇‫ࠦޟ‬ߩᒝ⺞㧕ࠍᗧ⼂ߒߡ޿ߊᔅⷐ߽޽ࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޕ‬ࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ‫⊛ޠ‬ේℂߦ⟎߈឵ࠊߞߚ߆ߩࠃ߁ߦឬ

ߘ߁ߒߚ૞ᬺࠍㅢߒߡߪߓ߼ߡ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ⠪ߩ␠ળߊߩߪ‫ޔ‬ᱜ⏕ߣߪ޿߃ߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪㑐ଥ‫ޠ‬㧚㧚㧚㧚⺰ߩ␜ໂߔࠆ‫ࠦޟߦ߽ߣߣ⽎⃻⊛ޠࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޟ‬ⷰ߿ NGO ߩ߽ߟᕁᗐߩ஥߆ࠄ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛૑᳃⚵❱ࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ‫⸥ࠍ⽎⃻⊛ޠ‬ㅀߒ‫ߩߣࠄࠇߘޔ‬㑐ଥߦࠍឭ␜ߒߡ޿ߊߎߣ߇น⢻ߣߥࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁ߒ‫߹ޔ‬߅޿ߡ‫ޟ‬૑᳃⚵❱‫ߩޠ‬ታᘒࠍ߃߇ߊߎߣߢೋ߼ߡ‫ޔ‬ߚ‫᦭ߦ⌀ޔ‬ലߥ㐿⊒⚵❱ࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߣ᧲ർㇱ߿ർㇱߦ․ᓽ⊛ߥ‫ޟ‬૑᳃⚵❱‫ࠅ޽ߩޠ‬ᣇࠍߥࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬ࠍߣࠄ߃ࠆߩߢߥߊ‫ߩߘޔ‬ታᘒߩ஥߆ࠄℂ⺰઒⺑♖⏕ߦឬ߈಴ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ࠆߔ߁ߘޕ‬ߎߣߢߪߓ߼ߡ‫ޔ‬ਛㇱ߿ධㇱߣߩ㑐ଥߦ߅޿ߡ߫
߆ࠅߢߥߊ࠲ࠗએᄖߩㄘ᧛૑᳃⚵❱ߣߩᲧセߦ߅‫ޣ‬ᵈ‫ޤ‬ߌࠆ․ᓽ߽ᜰ៰ߒ߁ࠆߪߕߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߪࠇߘޕ‬‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪1) ᄢႦਭ㓶‫ޔ‬㋈ᧁᩕᄥ㇢ߥߤߩℂ⺰⊛⪺૞߇‫ޔ‬ෳ⠨ᢥ₂ߦ᜼ߍࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬2) ߎߩ↪⺆ᴺߦ߅ߌࠆ‫ޔߪޠࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޟ‬‫࠶࡟࠼ࡦࠠޟ‬࠼‫ࠪ࠰ࠕޟޔߣࠅ߇ߥߟ⊛✼ⴊߥ߁ࠃߩޠ࠻࡯ࡗޟ߿ޠ‬ࠛ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩޠ‬㕖ⴊ✼⊛ߟߥ߇ࠅߩਔ⠪ࠍ฽ߺ߁ࠆ߽ߩߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬3) ╩⠪⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆ‫ޕ‬4) ⃻࿷ߪ߽ߞ߬ࠄ‫ޟ‬ᜬ⛯น⢻ߥ⊒ዷ㧔ࠟ࡯ࡦ࡮ࡄ࠶࠲࠽
࡯࡮ࡗࡦ࡙࡯ࡦ㧕‫ߣޠ‬๭߱ߎߣ߇ᄙ޿‫ޕ‬5) ㊀౷[1996]ߩ⸶⺆ߢߪ‫⾂ޟ‬㊄⚵ว‫ޔߢߩࠆ޿ߡߞߥߣޠ‬⚫੺ㇱಽߢߪߎߩ⸶⺆ࠍ〯ⷅߒߚ߇‫╩ޔ‬⠪ߩ⺞ᩏ⚫੺ߩㇱಽߢߪ‫࡞ࠢޟޕߚ޿↪ࠍ⺆⸶߁޿ߣޠࡊ࡯࡞ࠣ⫾⾂ޟ‬ࡓ‫ޔߪ⺆߁޿ߣޠ‬‫⚵ޟ‬ว‫ޠࠅ߹ߣ߹ޟ߽ࠅࠃޠ‬‫ޠࡊ࡯࡞ࠣޟ‬ߢ޽ࠈ߁ߒ‫ߩߥޠࠆ߼⾂ࠍ↥⽷ޟߪޠࡊ࠶ࠨࡓ࡯ࠝޟޔ‬ߢ‫߇߁߶ߩޠ⫾⾂ޟ‬ㆡಾߣ್ᢿߒߚ‫ޕ‬6) ⃻࿷߽ I ᳁‫ޔ‬Sb ᳁ࠄߩ৻ᣖ߇␢ߞߡ޿ࠆߎߩࡇ࡯ࡊ࡯
ࡗ࡯ߪ‫ࠇߘޔ‬એ೨ߪߎߩ᧛ో૕ࠍ቞⼔ߔࠆ♖㔤ߣ޿߁૏⟎ߠߌߢ޽ߞߚߚ߼‫ ߩߎޔ‬N ᳁ߩភ⟎ߪ‫ޔ‬㕖Ᏹߥ゠㄂ࠍ
ᒁ߈⿠ߎߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬7) Shigetomi[1998]ߩ⸥ㅀߪ‫ޔ‬㊀౷[1996]ߣห᭽ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㑐ଥ‫ุߩ⺰ޠ‬ቯߢߪߥߊ‫ࠍࠇߘޔ‬ᛕ್⊛ߦ⛮ᛚߔࠆਛߢ↢߹ࠇߡߊࠆ࠲ࠗࡊߩ⼏⺰ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ࠇߘޕ‬ߪ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ㆊ೾ߦᵹⴕߒߥ߇ࠄ߽චಽߦᢛℂߐࠇߥ޿ߢ޿ࠆ᭽‫ߥޘ‬⒳㘃ߩ‫ߦ⺰ޠࠢ࡯ࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޟ‬ኻߒ‫ޔ‬࠲ࠗㄘ᧛⎇ⓥߩಽෘ޿⫾Ⓧߩਛ߆ࠄⓍᭂ⊛ߥឭ⸒ࠍߔࠆ⎇ⓥߣ߽ߥࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬ ߘߩߥ߆ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᒰὼ‫ޔ‬ᓥ᧪ߩ‫ޟ‬ੑ⠪㑐ଥ‫߳⺰ޠ‬ߩᛕ್߽㊀ⷐߥ૞ᬺߣߥࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇߢ Hanks[1962;
1972; 1975]߆ࠄ Moerman[1968]‫ޔ‬Van Roy[1971]‫ޔ‬Scott[1972]ߦ⥋ࠆ‫࠻ࡦࠛࠗ࡜ࠢ࡮ࡦࡠ࠻ࡄޟ‬㑐ଥ‫ޠ‬ߩ♽⼆ߦ߰ߊ߹ࠇߚ⷏᰷⊛ߥࡃࠗࠕࠬ(ߚߣ߃߫‫ޔ‬‫ߩ⺆߁޿ߣޠ࠻ࡦࠛࠗ࡜ࠢޟ߮ࠃ߅ޠࡦࡠ࠻ࡄޟ‬߽ߟ․ᱶߥᗧ๧ว޿)ࠍᗧ⼂ߒߡ߅ߊᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ

‫ޣ‬ᒁ↪ᢥ₂‫ޤ‬㚍႐㓶ม 1998 ‫ޟ‬ർ࠲ࠗ‫ࠆߌ߅ߦ⋵ࡦ࡯࠽ޔ‬૑᳃⚵❱ߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢൻߣᢥൻߩౣ✬̆‫ੱߩޠ␩⑔ޟ‬㘃ቇ߳ߩⷡᦠ‫ޠ‬ਃ㊀⋵┙⋴⼔ᄢቇ♿ⷐᆔຬળ✬‫ޡ‬ਃ㊀⋵┙⋴⼔ᄢቇ♿ⷐ‫ޢ‬Vol.2(ㅢภ 2).
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― 50 ―