1chaeolog
gical Man
nagemennt StrateggyArc

ottages (FMR)(
Warders’ Co
mantle W.A.
W
7-41 Henderson Street, Frem
For The State Heritage OfficeOof W
Western Australia

August 2015 | John Marrrell & Tonyy BartlettGaavin Jackson Cultu
ural Resource Ma
anagementAuugust 2015

Warders’ C
Cottages Fremantle
Arrchaeological Mannagement Strategy

1

TABLE
E OF CONNTENTSTABLE OF CONTE
ENTS .......................... .................................................................................. 1
LIST OF MAPS ....................................... .................................................................................. 2
S ................................. .................................................................................. 2
LIST OF FIGURESLIST OF PLATES.................................... .................................................................................. 2
LIST OF TABLES.................................... .................................................................................. 3
DUCTION .................................... .................................................................................. 4
INTROD
Studyy Area ........................................... .................................................................................. 4
Methods............................................... .................................................................................. 7
elopmental ApprovalARe
equirementts ................................................................................ 7
Deve
OVERV
VIEW OF TH
HE SITE’S HISTORY . .................................................................................. 8
The C
Convict Esta
ablishment Era 1850 – 1886 ........................................................................ 8
The F
Fremantle PrisonP
Era 1886
1– 1991
1 ................................................................................ 9
RESEA
ARCH QUESSTIONS FO
OR THE SIT
TE ............................................................................ 12
PREVIOOUS ARCHHAEOLOGICCAL WORKK AT THE SITE
S....................................................... 14
TYPES
S OF ARCHA
AEOLOGICCAL EVIDEN
NCE ........................................................................ 18
The E
Existing Arcchaeology .................... ................................................................................ 18
The P
Potential Arrchaeology .................. ................................................................................ 18
DEVEL
LOPMENT SEQUENCES
E OF THE S
SITE ........................................................................ 21
EVALUATION OF ARCHAEO
OLOGICAL POTENTIA
AL & SIGNIFFICANCE ............................. 26
Archaaeological PotentialP...................... ................................................................................ 26
Archaaeological SignificanceS
e ................ ................................................................................ 27
MANAG
GEMENT STRATEGIEES .............. ................................................................................ 33
Conssultation ........................................ ................................................................................ 33
GPR Survey ........................................ ................................................................................ 33
Pre-ddevelopmen
nt Testing .................... ................................................................................ 34
Monittoring............................................ ................................................................................ 35
Repo
orting ............................................. ................................................................................ 36
Findss.................................................... ................................................................................ 36
REFER
RENCES ....................................... ................................................................................ 37
AP
PPENDIX ONEO
Curre
ent Site Con
nditions (Phhotographic Record) .................................................................. 38
AP
PPENDIX TW
WO
Depa
artment of AboriginalA
Affairs Regisster Search ..................
.
............................................ 45Gaavin Jackson Cultu
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2

Liist of Map
ps
Map 1 : Location ofo Warders’ Cottages i n the Frema
antle Prisonn Precinct............................... 5

Lisst of Figures
Figure 1: Early plan of Frem
mantle show
wing the pro
oposed loca
ation of the Warders’ Cottages
C(W1 annd W2) andd Fremantle
e Prison (WWray and ManningM
18857, PRO Planroom, cited inCampbell 2011: 0p
p. 7.28) ........................ .................................................................................. 6
Figure 2: W3 Waarders’ Cotttages curre
ent layout showingsloc
cations of A
Archaeological Test
Pits andd previous structuress(Base plan aafter Kelsalll Binet Arch
hitects 2011 )........................ 16
Figure 3
3: W1 Warrders’ Cotta
ages currentt layout sho
owing locations of Archhaeological Test Pit(Base pplan after Ke
elsall Binet Architects 22011) ....................................................................... 17
arders’ Cottages curre
ent layout showingsloc
cations of pprevious structures
Figure 4: W1 Wa(Base pplan after Ke
elsall Binet Architects 22011) ....................................................................... 23
Figure 5: W2 Waarders’ Cottages curre
ent layout showingsloc
cations of pprevious structures(Base pplan after Ke
elsall Binet Architects 22011) ....................................................................... 24
Figure 6: W3 Waarders’ Cottages curre
ent layout showingsloc
cations of pprevious structures(Base pplan after Ke
elsall Binet Architects 22011) ....................................................................... 25
Figure 7
7: W1 Warrders’ Cotta
ages Archae
eological Po
otential andd Significancce (Base plan after
Kelsall Binet Archittects 2011) ................. ................................................................................ 30
Figure 88: W2 Warrders’ Cotta
ages Archae
eological Po
otential andd Significancce (Base plan after
Kelsall Binet Archittects 2011) ................. ................................................................................ 31
Figure 99: W3 Warrders’ Cotta
ages Archae
eological Po
otential andd Significancce (Base plan after
Kelsall Binet Archittects 2011) ................. ................................................................................ 32

List of Plattes
Plate 1:: View NE ofo concrete front veranddah, block W2,
W house 39/41 .................................. 39
Plate 2:: View E of rear yard, blockb
W2, hhouse 39/41 ............................................................. 39
Plate 3:: View of W of rear yard and façad
de of cottagge, block W2
2, house 355/37 ................... 40
Plate 4: View W/N
NW of lanew
way leading to the Frem
mantle Market ROW, bblockW1, house 19................................................................ ................................................................................ 40
Plate 5:: View NW ofo rear yardd, block W1 , house 23 ..................
.
............................................ 41
Plate 6:: View E of laneway alo
ong the reaar of block W1
W cottagess w/- John M
Marrell ............... 41
Plate 7:: View NE ofo ROW between the reear of the W3
W cottagess and Fremaantle Markeet ...... 42
Plate 8:: View NW ofo rear yardd and façade
e of cottagee, block W3, house 11 ......................... 42Gaavin Jackson Cultu
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Warders’ C
Cottages Fremantle
Arrchaeological Mannagement Strategy

3Plate 9:: View NW ofo rear yard
d of cottage , block W3, house 7 ............................................... 43
Plate 100: View E/N
NE of concre
ete front verrandah, blo
ock W1, hou
use 19 .................................. 43
Plate 11
1: View SW
W along conc
crete front vverandahs ofo block W3
3 ........................................... 44
Plate 12: View S//SW along all the fronnt of all thrree Warderrs’ Cottagess (7-41 Henderson
Street) ..................................................... ................................................................................ 44

List of Tab
bles
Table 1: Naming conventions for Warderrs’ Cottagess .............................................................. 4Gaavin Jackson Cultu
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Cottages Fremantle
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4

INTRO
ODUCTIOONThe State Heritag
ge Office (SHO) is cu
urrently undertaking renovationsrs and conservation
works to the Warders Cottage
es along He
enderson Street
S
in Freemantle (seee Map 1). AlthoughA
the worrks are foccused prima
arily on thee built struc
ctures a sm
mall amounnt of work may be
carried out in the surroundingsg yard and/oor verandah
h areas. The
ese areas aare likely too contain
significa
ant archaeo
ological dep
posits accu
umulated ov
ver the cou
urse of the site’s cons
structionand occcupation. Ass a result th
he SHO req uire an Archaeologicall Managemeent Strategy (AMS)
to guidee any ground disturbing works w
which may occur as partpof the rrevitalisation works
currentlly being caarried out. In
I July 201 5 the SHO
O commissioned Gavinn Jackson Cultural
Resourrce Manage
ement (GJCRM) to preppare the AMMS.
The objjectives of the AMS aree to:

provide a briefbovervieew of the st udy area an
nd its historry to identifyy possible avenues
aof archaeollogical studyy;

identify areas of archa
aeological p otential andd assess theeir significa nce;n archaeolo
ogical strattegy to guide investig
gation andd ensure adequate
develop an
protection anda manageement of th e resource;; andoutline how
w any archa
aeological material reecovered duuring grounnd disturbing works
will be handdled.

M have prep
pared the AMS
Ausing the relevan
nt headings and sectioons specifie
ed in theGJCRM
Requesst for Verbal Quotation document provided byy the SHO on
o the 9th off July, 2015
5.

Study Area
The Waarders’ Cotttages compprise three separate blocksbof tw
wo-storey, tterraced, lim
mestonehousing
g located alongaHenderson Strreet in Fre
emantle. Th
he three sseparate blocks of
Warderrs’ Cottagess are locate
ed a short distance downhilldfromm the Frem
mantle Priso
on Main
Gate (ssee Map 1). The naming conventio
ons for the Warders’W
Cottages aree as follows**:

Table 1: Naming con
nventions fo
or Warders’ Cottages
Bloc
ck ID
W
W1
W
W2
W
W3

House No.
No. of Cottages
C
Date constru
ucted
19 – 296
1851
33 – 41
3
1853
7 – 17
6
1858*(as established in thee Conservatio
on Management Plans,oare et al 1990
0 and Kelsall Binet
B
Architectts 2011)see Ho

The Waarders’ Cotttages weree included in the initia
al Convict Establishm ent land allocation
covering 4.86 hecttares (Bavinn 1993: p. 1 35) and an early plan of the Convvict Grant drawn
dbyJames Manning an
nd Henry WrayW
in 1857
7 shows blo
ocks W1 an
nd W2 in reelation to thee rest of
the Estaablishment (see Figuree 1). The W
W3 block wass not built untiluthe folloowing year.

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Cottages Fremantle
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6
Figuree 1: Early plan oof Fremantle show
wing the proposed location of th
he Warders’ Cotta
ages (W1 and W2
2) and Fremantle
e Prison (Wray and Manning 1857, PRO
Planroom, citted in Campbell 2011:2
0p. 7.28)

W1
W2

Gavvin Jackson Cultural Resoource ManagementAuggust 2015

Wardeers’ Cottages Fremantle
Archaeological Management Strategy

7

Metho
ods
The foollowing methods weere used during thee developm
ment of thhe Archae
eological
Manageement Strattegy:

Desktop research, inclluding the rereview of:o Con
nservation managemenmnt plans fro
om 1990, 19
998 and 20111
o Archaeologicall reports (i.ee. McIlroy 1990)
o The
e Heritage Council oof W.A. RegisterR
of Heritage Places enntry andassessment do
ocumentatioono Other documen
ntary source
es relevant to the Wardders’ Cottaggesbserve currrent site connditions, asssess potenntial areas that may
Site visit in order to ob
have intactt deposits and understa
and the exttent and typ
pe of groundd disturbance likely
to occur duuring revitalisation workks. A photoographic reccord was taaken during the site
visit to dem
monstrate sitte condition
ns at the tim
me of the vis
sit (see Apppendix 1)

The evvaluation off archaeolo
ogical poten
ntial and significance for the deeposits around theWarderrs’ Cottagess and the managemenmnt strategiess developedd as a resuult of the ev
valuationalign wiith the princciples and guidelinesgoof The Burraa Charter: The
T Australia
ia ICOMOS Charter
for Placces of Cultu
ural Significa
ance, 2013..

Develoopmentall Approva
al Requireements
The Waarders’ Cotttages (as part of thee broader Fremantle
F
PrisonP
Preccinct) are liisted on
various local, natio
onal and international Heritage Lists. Some of these reegisters andd/or lists
impose legal oblig
gations reg
garding ma intenance and develo
opment worrks such asa thoseproposeed for the Warders’ Cottages.
C
T
The Wardeers’ Cottage
es are listeed in the followingfregisterrs:
mantle Municipal Herita
age Invento
oryCity of Fremo The
e City of Fre
emantle co nsiders thee Warders’ Cottages too be of exc
ceptional
sign
nificance annd the Herritage Counncil of W.A. is notifiedd of any proposed
devvelopment fo
or commentt.

City of Frem
mantle Loca
al Planning Scheme He
eritage Listo Devvelopment and/ora
main
ntenance req
quire Frema
antle counccil approval.

State Regisster of Herittage Placessned by theo Thee Register is maintaine Heritage Council oof W.A. un
nder theHerritage of Western
W
Ausstralia Act 1990 and is intendedd to recogn
nise andprottect places of cultural significanc
ce. Propose
ed developpment of pla
aces onthe Register must be provvided for com
mment to th
he Heritage Council.



National He
eritage Listo Fremantle Pris
son was enttered onto thet Nationa
al Heritage List in 2005
5 (Place
1055762) and the Warderss’ Cottages
s are part of the placee. Listed pla
aces areprottected undeer the Envvironment Protection
Panda
Biodiveersity Cons
servation
Act 1999. Appproval mustt be obtainned before any develoopment woorks that
could have a significant impact on the national heritage values of a listed
placce.

ecific legal requirementts are:
Other listings which do not carry any spe

The National Trust of Australia
A(W
WA)
ational Estaate
The Register of the Na

bove inform
mation regarding listiings is fou
und in thee Warders ’ Cottagess (FMR)
The abConserrvation Plann (Kelsall Bin
net 2011).
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Cottages Fremantle
Arrchaeological Mannagement Strategy

8

OVER
RVIEW OFF THE SITTE’S HISTTORY
The Coonvict Esttablishme
ent Era 18
850 – 188
86
The firsst detachme
ent of conv
victs sent too Western AustraliaAarrrived aboaard the Scin
ndian onthe 1st of June, 18
850. Royal Engineer C
Captain Edmund Yeom
mans Walcoott Henders
son hadbeen appointed thhe first Com
mptroller-Ge
eneral of th
he Fremantle Convict Establishm
ment andaccomppanied the prisoners andaother aadministrativ
ve staff, alo
ong with thee guards andatheirfamiliess on the voyyage from PortsmouthPh to Freman
ntle. Additionally, theree were 5 Ins
structingWarderrs drawn frrom the ranks of thee Royal En
ngineers Sa
appers andd Miners, a Prison
Superinntendent an
nd a Clerk ofo Works (CCampbell 2011).
2
The Scindian arrrived in Frremantle
prior to the receiptt of despatc
ches notifyiing the Colonial Government of ttheir departture andexpecteed arrival daate. As a reesult, there were no prreparations made to reeceive the seventys
five connvicts and thet forty-seven Pensio
oner Guardss who arrive
ed on the S
Scindian (CCampbell2011).
Captainn Henderso
on overcame this initia
al hurdle byy leasing the premisess of Captainn Daniel
Scott, w
which inclu
uded a larrge woolsh
hed, a ston
ne store, twotlarge wooden sttores, adwelling
g/house, tw
wo cottages, stables, ggardens andd a yard for parading and exercising themen (CCampbell 20011: p. 1.5)). The existting building
gs were alteered by a w
working parrty of 25
convictss and the Pensioner
P
Guard
G
to ma
ake them appropriateafor the acccommodatio
on of theprisoneers (Campbe
ell 2011: p. 1.5). On O
October the 26th anotheer convict veessel arrive
ed with afurther 100 convictts on boardd, along withh 32 Pensio
oner Guards and their wives and families(Campbbell 2011: p.
p 1.7). Henderson wa
as able to adapt the temporary accommod
dation at
Scott’s warehousee to house thet convictss and bega
an to turn hiis attention to making suitablearrangeements for permanentt accommo
odation, parrticularly for the wardeers and Pe
ensioner
Guard aand their families, writing in his en
nd of year reeport that:
As soon ass my preseent tempora
ary arrangements are complete, I intend in the first
instance too erect as soons
as po ssible cotta
ages on thee proposed prison sitee for theaccommodation of thee Prison Offficers and thereby dim
minish as raapidly as I can the
expense ofo hiring hoouses for tthem, which at preseent form a large item
m in ourexpendituree (Hendersoon, cited in Campbell 2011:2
p. 1.8
8).
Ships bbearing con
nvicts and Pensioner Guards witth their wiv
ves and chiildren contiinued toarrive ssteadily andd the pressu
ure for accoommodatingg them con
ntinued to ggrow. By thee end of1851 H
Henderson was able to report tto the Gov
vernor that “the six W
Warders’ Cottages
Cmentionned as being in prog
gress havee been com
mpleted. The
T
cottagee barracks for thePensionners are alsso completee” (Henders on, cited in Campbell 2011:2
p. 3.33).
The firsst range (WW1) of Wardders’ Cottag
ges has six cottages, eachewith twwo floors, anda wascompleted in 1851. The cottag
ges differedd to the designs origina
ally prepareed and subm
mitted byHenderrson. Henderson’s pla
ans indicate
ed each coottage wou
uld house ttwo familie
es each;howeveer the actua
al constructtion and latter commen
nts suggestt they weree built for inndividual
warderss with largee families (CCampbell 22011 & Hoa
are et al 19990). Each of the six cottageschad fire
eplaces on the groundd floor only and the sta
airs were positionedp
inn the middle of theliving area downsttairs, elimin
nating any hope of priivacy. Additionally, Heenderson seeems toppealed to thet Convict Finance Bo
oard to buildd an additio
onal block oof housing sincesthehave ap
cottagees had beenn “appropria
ated by twiice as man
ny tenants asa the housses were meantmtohave” ((quoted in Hoare et al 1990: ssection 2.2
2.07). The Convict Fiinance Boa
ard wasobvioussly unsympa
athetic and suggestedd the installa
ation of firee places in the upstairss roomswould bbe a cheap
per solution than an addditional row
w of cottages (Hoare et al 1990: section
2.2.07)..

Ga
avin Jackson Cultu
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Cottages Fremantle
Arrchaeological Mannagement Strategy

9The seccond rangee (W2) of Warders’WCoottages alsoo has six cottages, eaach with two
o floors,
and waas complete
ed in 1852/1
1853. Thesee cottages were intend
ded to housse two fam
milies perunit, twwelve in tottal. Henderrson had oobviously leearned fromm the expeerience of W1
W andincludedd features to alleviatee some of the difficu
ulties faced by familiees in W1, suchsasadjustinng the positioning of the stair casee so that thee family on the upper flloor did nott have towalk through the living space
e of the fam
mily on the lower floor and fireplaaces on botth floors
instead of the grou
und floor on
nly. These cottages also had a shared washh house in the rearyard (Kelsall Binet 2011).
The coges were trying and complaintss about th
onditions in
n the Wardders’ Cottag
he livingarrangeements werre received from the ooutset. The cramped conditions
caand lack off privacy
provideed “a fertilee field for bickeringsbaand squabb
bles” (Dixon cited in Hoare et ala 1990:section 2.2.06). Ass a result of the compllaints and negotiationsns between H
Henderson and theConvictt Finance BoardB
the Governor deccided that additionalakitchens shoould be constructedin blockks W1 and W2.
W In 1856 plans for the kitchen
ns were drawn up and each kitcheen block
was to b
be shared byb two families (Hoare et al 1990 and Kelsall Binet 2011 ).
In 1856
6 Henderso
on returned to EnglandH
Wrayy, the commmander of the 20thd and Lt. Henry
Company of Royaal Enginee
ers, assume
ed the rolee of Acting
g Comptrol ler Genera
al. Wrayallowedd Sappers anda Miners withw familie s to move into some ofo the Wardeers’ Cottage
es and it
was noot until Henderson retu
urned in 18
858 that hee restored thetcottage s to use byy prisonwarderss only (Hoare et al 199
90 and Kelsa
all Binet 2011).
In 1858
8 further acccommodation was con
nstructed fo
or the warders at Hendderson Streeet. The
third range of terraace housing
g (W3) com
mprised anoother six cotttages, agaain intended
d for twofamiliess each. Th
hese cottag
ges differedd slightly too the first tw
wo blocks as they haad threerooms oon each flo
oor, compris
sing two bed
drooms andd a kitchen, with fireplaaces in thee kitchen
and fronnt bedroom of each flo
oor (Kelsall B
Binet 2011: p. 15).
In 1866
6, as the traansportationn of Conviccts to W.A. was windinng down thee number ofo prisonstaff wa
as also decclining, with some of th
he accommo
odation standing vaca nt. Only seeventeenfamiliess were livin
ng in cottag
ges intende
ed for thirty
y-two familie
es and nott all of thes
se werewarderss, with mem
mbers of th
he Water P
Police and Police resid
ding in som
me of the cottagesc(Hoare et al 1990: section 2.2
2.10).
uary 1868 th
he Hougemo
ont arrived in W.A. to deliverdthe lastlbatch oof convicts, bringing
In Janu
end the era
a of transpo
ortation to W
W.A. (Camppbell 2011 anda Kelsall Binet 2011). Since
to and e1850 a total of 9,6636 convicts had beenn delivered to W.A. onn thirty-seveen ships (CCampbell
2011: pp. 14.1). Thee population of Frema ntle Prison declined affter transpoortation ceased andbetween 1875 andd 1885 the Prison pop
pulation maiinly compris
sed short-teerm offende
ers only.
The cloosure of Fre
emantle Priison was evven considered in 188
84 as a ressult of the veryv
lowinmate population (Bavin 1993
3: p. 143).
There aappears to be few mod
difications oor improvem
ments to the cottages during the Convict
Establisshment perriod, with th
he majority of the worrk done on the W1 bl ock, including new
kitchenss, moving thetprivies further fromm the cotta
ages and convertingctthe privies to earth
closets (Kelsall Bin
net 2011). FurthermoreFe, the occup
pancy rates
s of the cottaages seem to havefluctuated in line withw the Prrison popula
ation and werew
not always reserrved for thee use ofprison w
warders.

The Frremantle Prison Erra 1886 – 1991
In 1886
6 control of Fremantle Prison wass handed froom the British governm
ment to the colonial
governmment. Inmaate numberrs in Frema
antle began to increa
ase again as prisone
ers wereshifted from Perth Gaol. The Perth Gaol was overcrrowded andd conditionss in the gaol were amajor ccause of co
oncern. By
y 1888 the inmates had been movedmto F
Fremantle, nownthecolony’ss primary place of inca
arceration, aand Perth GaolG
was cloosed. The innmate popu
ulation inGaavin Jackson Cultu
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Warders’ C
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Arrchaeological Mannagement Strategy

10Fremanntle Prison went
wfrom arounda
50 m
male prisone
ers in 1885 to around 8800 male prisonerspby 1895
5 (Bavin 19
993: p. 144 – 147). Alo
ong with thee transfer off prisoners ffrom other facilities
incarceration ratess went up significantlysy in the 189
90s, with mostmcontemmporaries citing theinflux off immigrants related too the gold ru
ushes as a majormcausee (Bavin 19993: p. 143-144).
The inccrease in th
he populatio
on of Frema
antle Prisonn once again put strainn on the reesourcesrequiredd to keep it running smoothly, iincluding th
he employm
ment and ttreatment ofo prisonwarderss. The turno
over of ward
ders from th
he mid-1880
0s to the mid-1890s w
was relatively
y low asa result of a postt 1886 pennsion systemm agreemeent between the colonnial and the home
(British)) governme
ents, whichh seems too have cau
used most warders too feel tied into thepositionn (Stevenso
on 1983: p.. 72). As in
nstitutions werew
hande
ed to the coolonial gove
ernment
and thee services ofo employe
ees in thosee institution
ns transferre
ed to colonnial jurisdicttion, themain coomplaints frrom the warrders during
g this periodd seem to relater
to fairr remuneration andworkingg conditionss. There appears to haave been leess focus on the upkeeep of the Warders’W
Cottagees.
In 1899
9 the presssure on the entire prisson system led to a RoyalR
Comm
mission Inquiry into
prisoneer conditionss at Frema
antle Prison
n, including methods ofo punishmeent, sanitattion, thehandling of prison
ner sentenc
ces and rem
missions an
nd supplier contracts to the Prison. The
primaryy focus of the Inquiry was to reeview the W.A.
W
penal system annd its treattment ofprisoneers. A large
e number of prisoners were invite
ed to give evidence. T
The Inquiry
y largely
ignoredd the conditiions of the warders’ em
mployment and accom
mmodations;; their namees seemto havee been invo
oked only as a target ffor prisoner complaintts of mistreeatment (Thhomas &
Stewartt 1978).
Howeveer, the turno
over and re
ecruitment oof warders in the second half of thhe 1890s was
w highand by 1899 thirtyy-four of thee thirty-eighht permanen
nt warders at Fremanttle Prison had
h onlybeen em
mployed sin
nce 1894 (SStevenson 1983: p. 74
4). Thereforre, they werre relatively
y new tothe servvice and it wasn’tw
until the early 1
1900s that the
t warderss began to ffind their vo
oice too.
The firsst decade off the twentieth centuryy saw warde
ers at Fremantle Prisonn begin to organiseoand agitate persisstently for improved coonditions. The
T
warderrs’ impress ion that theey wereheld in lower regard then the prisoners w
whom theyy oversaw, motivatedmthhem to persist with
their effforts for be
etter conditions. This culminated in anotherr Royal Coommission in
i 1911.
Captainn C.E.D.F. Pennefathe
er, the Com
mptroller-Ge
eneral of Prrisons in Q
Queensland, led theinquiry and reportted that “a good deal of disconte
ent was shhown by soome of the married
officers in regard tot the condition of andd accommo
odation afforrded in the quarters provided”(cited inn Thomas & Stewart 1978: p. 86)). Pennefath
her inspecte
ed the Wardrders’ Cottages andwith thee exception
n of three houses agre
eed they lefft a lot to be desired ((Thomas & Stewart1978). IIndeed he hadh the follo
owing to sayy:
There are six cottage
es enclosed
d in one unndivided yarrd, the san itary arrang
gements
pen to vieww and in com
mmon use byb men, woomen, boyss and girls. ThereT
isbeing all op
practically no privacy or decencyy and the effecteof succh a state oof affairs must tend
towards im
mmodesty, iff nothing woorse. As to accommod
dation in onne or two innstancesthere are thethusband and wife with family
y of six or seven childdren, ranging from
infants up tot people off both sexe
es of the age
es of 18 and 19 years,, all dwelling in one
house with only two bedrooms; thhis speaks for itself. It is hardly nnecessary foor me toadd that ann officer com
ming off duty
ty to such a home, whe
ere he cannnot get much rest or
peace, is hardly fitted
d for his nnext duty ata the priso
on, and thiss naturally causes
irritation annd disconten
nt. The factt that some of the build
dings are innfested withh verminadds to thee discomfortt (Pennefath
her, cited inn Stevensonn 1983: p. 669).
Parliammentary com
mplaints fromm warders d
did not end with the tabbling of the Royal Com
mmission
report aand they continued theeir attempts to unionisee and secure better connditions (Thhomas &
Stewartt 1978). Ass a result, the period from 1900
0 on appea
ars to havee seen moore work
undertaaken to maintain and extend thee Warders’ Cottages (Kelsall Bin et 2011). A moreGaavin Jackson Cultu
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11detailed
d timeline ofo changes to the Waarders’ Cotttages throu
ughout this period is includedibelow in the Deve
elopment SequenceS
ssection, whiich shows a small nu mber of attempted
improve
ements, alterations, addditions an d general repairs see
em to havee been undertaken.
Howeveer, the ward
ders continued to sugggest to the Prisons Deepartment w
ways in which theiraccommmodations couldcbe im
mproved (Hooare et al 1990).
1
The dissatisfacttion of the warders
regardinng their accommodations continu
ued. This is not surprising as thhe records suggest
he cottages
that anyy efforts to maintain or improve ths were limitted to the mminimum am
mount ofwork reequired simp
ply to keep them habita
able.
Through the 1920
0s options forf a new set of ward
ders’ quarte
ers closer tto the priso
on wereplannedd but constrruction never eventuatted and it was
w decided
d in 1923 thhat the ‘dila
apidated’
Warderrs’ Cottagess needed a lot of workk. However, very little wasw done too improve the stateof the cottages during the 1920s and 1930
0s. The uncomfortabble nature of theaccommmodation annd the ackn
nowledgeme
ent that theey were gen
nerally in a ppoor state ofo repairprompteed the Priso
on Departm
ment to acquuiesce to th
he Gaol Officers’ Assocciation requuests forwarderss to move out
o of the cottages.
c
Frrom 1941 th
he warders at Fremanntle Prison werewnolonger ccompelled tot reside at the cottagees (Hoare ett al 1990: section 2.2.117).
Warderrs did continnue to be ammong the reesidents aftter this timee and renova
vations weree carriedout afte
er the Seco
ond World War
W in 1948
8 and again
n in 1978/7
79. After thee Fremantle
e Prisonclosed in 1991 the Warderrs’ Cottage
es came under the managemenmnt of the Building
Manageement Authhority (now Departmen
nt of Housiing and Woorks) and H
Homeswestt bought
and lea
ased the cottages too residentiial tenants. The Building Manaagement AuthorityA
undertoook major reenovation and conservvation works
s in 1992/93
3 (Kelsall Biinet 2011).
In 2011 the Deparrtment of Hoousing and Works deteermined tha
at the cottagges were noo longersuitablee for tenantts. The cotttages are ccurrently beeing revitalised via a State Gove
ernment
Heritage Revolving
g Fund so th
hat they aree once again suitable for sale or reental.

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12

RESEA
ARCH QUUESTIONSS FOR THHE SITE
There has been a significa
ant amount of researrch completed relatingg to the Warders’W
Cottagees, mainly in the context of creating ConservatioC
on Manageement Plan
ns. Thedeveloppment sequuence of thee site (inclu
uding the buildingsbannd surroundds) has bee
en firmly
establisshed, by thoorough revie
ews, initiallyy by the Building Mana
agement Auuthority, of historicalhmaps aand plans annd of Publicc Works an d Prison Deepartment recordsr(Hooare et al 1990 and
Kelsall Binet 2011)).
has also be
een extensive informa
ation compiled about thetwarderss themselve
es. Past
There hresearcch into Frem
mantle Priso
on and the cconvict era and penal system of W
W.A. often containscinformaation about the workinng lives andd conditions of the warders, gleeaned from a large
collectioon of primmary sources such a
as: the Co
olonial Sec
cretaries O
Office; repo
orts andcorresp
pondence from individ
duals such as the Comptroller-G
General annd Superintendent;
written requests or
o complain
nts from waarders themmselves; Public Workks Department andPrison Departmen
nt records andanewspaaper and jo
ournal articles. As a rresult, the changescover tim
me in warde
ers’ working
g lives and ttheir attitudes, as well as attitudees toward thhem, areclearly aapparent in much of th
he past reseearch.
The priimary sourcces are quuite detailed
d and it is a simple matterm
to fifind out how
w muchwarderss’ were paiid, the hou
urs they we
ere generallly required to work aand the dutties andobligatio
ons they werew
expec
cted to fullfil. Indeed,, Barker (22003) has compiled detailed
informaation for eve
ery warder employed by the pen
nal system in W.A oveer a 50 yea
ar period
during tthe nineteenth centuryy (see Wardders and ga
aolers: a dic
ctionary of Western Au
ustralianprison oofficers 182
29 – 1879). As with mmost source
es, Barker’ss compenddium genera
ally only
providees insight in
nto the deta
ails of the wwarders working lives and work-re
related mattters andrarely m
mentions fa
amily or hom
me life. Unlless somethhing newsw
worthy happpened to a warder,
their fam
mily or at thheir quarterss, details off their perso
onal lives typpically remaain obscure.
Perhaps there wass little enouugh home liife to be en
njoyed by th
he warders.. It certainly
y seems
as thouugh the connditions theyy worked unnder were demandingd. In 1907 iit was state
ed in theLegislattive Assem
mbly that wa
arders worrked 94.25 hours in oneoweek aand 84 in thet
next(Thomaas & Stewaart 1978: p.
p 79). Add itionally, thhere were periodspwhhen the twoo weeks
annual leave that warders we
ere entitledd to was oftten not app
proved, or aapproved only after
much ddifficulty and not neceessarily at tthe time deesired (Stevenson 19883: p. 67-6
68). The
Warderrs’ Cottagess were in sig
ght of the mmain gate off the prison and essenttially formedd part of
the insttitution whe
ere the ward
ders “spentt most of their living an
nd working hours” (Steevenson1983: pp.66). Steveenson (1983
3: p.71) sug
ggests that the long hoours, limitedd leave andd limited
opportuunity for inteeraction withh the outsid
de world res
sulted in wa
arders potenntially expe
eriencingan inma
ate-like qua
ality to their own lives aand that it is possible too:View staff livinglcondittions in term
ms of its likeness to the life of thee inmate of a highly
mmodation close to the prisonn engenderred thisencompasssing institution. Accom
inmate-like way of life in a numbe
er of ways. The staff werewstronglyy identified with theprison and enclosed inn an institu tional envirronment. Th
he intentionn of this was
s for thestaff to moore efficienttly pursue ttheir work…
…all these factors
fcommbined to makeman
institutional way of life potentiallly more rea
alistic than a househoold or family-basedf the stafff.
way of life for
As a ressult of the researchrintto the availa
able informa
ation outline
ed above, itt appears th
hat there
is a gap
p in currentt knowledge
e pertaining
g to the hom
me lives of the warderss and their families
who occcupied the Warderss’ Cottagess. The cotttages havee been ussed as res
sidentialaccommmodation since their co
onstruction in the 18500s and for th
he majority of that timee served
as accoommodationn for a spe
ecific group of people. Therefore, possible rresearch quuestions
that cou
uld be addre
essed throu
ugh archaeo
ological enq
quiry are:Ga
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13

What were the conditions of the warders’ homehlives?
? If there iss an archae
eological
deposit does the ass
semblage ssupport the notion of the inmatee-like quality
y of thewarders’ livves or sugge
est somethiing more?

Are there any
a specific
c activities and/or activity areas representedd in archae
eological
deposits?



When constructed, the cottage
es represen
nted basic, working cclass 19th century
accommodation whichh perhaps reflected thetwarders’ rank. Is the austerity andworking cla
ass associaations of th
he built heeritage supported by the archae
eological
assemblage? Does this change oover time?

Additionnally, manyy of the wa
arders durin
ng the connvict era we
ere recruiteed from thee prisonservice within Eng
gland and were paid less than they had been (and their coun
nterparts
han other publicp
serva
ants in the colony (Steevensoncontinued to be) in England and less th
1983, B
Barker 2003
3 and Hoarre et al 199
90). They werew
also noot especiallly well rega
arded bysome oof their supperiors and the bureau
ucracy geneerally (Hoare et al 19990 and Thomas &Stewartt 1978).
d to the above commeents, is there evidence
e in the arcchaeologica
al record
With regard
that the wardersw
atte
empted to maintain thetstandard of livingg and the cultural
behaviours and attitudes they we re accustom
med to backk in Englandd?

Is there evvidence in the archaeo
ological reco
ord to sugggest the waarders attem
mpted toretain a soccial identity constructedd around nootions of gentility and cclass aspiraations?

rof archaeolog
gical materia
al from the deposits woould lend ittself to a
Furtherrmore, the recovery
comparrative analyysis with othero19th ccentury colo
onial assem
mblages inn order to addressquestions regardin
ng similaritie
es and diffe
erences in the lifeway
ys of peoplee embedde
ed in theconvict system, byb considerring factors such as rank, classs and locattion. The Warders’W
Cottagees on Hennderson Strreet were originally intended fo
or disciplinaary warderss, while
instructing warderss, principal warderswan
nd other highher ranking staff were housed els
sewhere.
The reccovery of materialmfromm the Wardeers’ Cottages would allow for com
mparisons betweenbthe live
es of the differentiallydranked Frremantle prrison emplo
oyees and their families. For
example, the rear yard of number 14 Th
he Terrace, alongside the prison , was excavated in2012 and resulted
d in the reccovery of ovver 3000 artefacts (Brrass 2012). As a result of the
protractted use off many convict sites through time, partic
cularly the Hendersonn Street
Warderr’s Cottagess, comparisons regard ing the lives of the workers can bbe made froom earlycolonial society thrrough the twwentieth cen
ntury to obs
serve chang
ges throughh time.

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PREVIIOUS ARC
CHAEOLO
OGICAL W
WORK ATT THE SITTE
In 19899, as part ofo wider woorks related to the Con
nservation and Futuree Use of Frremantle
Prison, Jack McIllroy was engagede
byy the Build
ding Manag
gement Autthority of Western
W
Australiia to carry out
o an archa
aeological a
assessment of the Hen
nderson St Warders’ Cottages
Cand thee site of th
he demolished cottag es on Ham
mpton Rd Reserve
R(M
McIlroy 199
90). Thearchaeoological worrks carried out
o at Hend
derson St werew
primarily focussedd on W3 (refferred toas ‘Blocck K’ in MccIlroy’s repoort), with mminimal inve
estigation too the rear oof W1. To date noother arrchaeologiccal assessm
ments have b
been underrtaken at thee Warders’ Cottages.
The arcchaeologica
al assessmeent at Hend
derson St innvolved thee excavationn of a total of eighttest pitss. Five weree excavated in the lan
neway betw
ween the cu
urrent rear w
wall of W3 and therear wa
all of Frema
antle Markeets, two werre located in the rear gardens
gof W3 (see FigureF2)
and onee was situatted in the la
aneway behhind W1 (seee Figure 3).
The sevven test pitss located to the rear off W3 were placedp
to loccate and reccord the rem
mains offour fea
atures that can be see
en on a Pu blic Works Departmen
nt Plan fromm 1909 (PW
WD Plan
No. 142285):
A former coommunal laaundry abuttting the rea
ar garden wall of W3 (nnow the rea
ar wall of
Fremantle Markets), investigate d through Test Pits 120 and 1150 in the current
laneway;

Two formerr communal closets, on
ne on eitherr side of thee laundry, innvestigated throughTest Pits 1000, 160 andd 180 in thee current lan
neway; andA concrete surface dra
ain that ran
n parallel to the rear off W3 for its entire lengtth in therear gardenn area, inve
estigated thhrough Testt Pits 200 anda 215 in tthe rear gardens ofNo.s 7 and 17.

The sinngle test pit to the rear of W1 was located in the laneway abutting F
Fremantle Markets,Mdirectly behind No
o. 23 Hendeerson St. T
Test Pit 140
0 was excaavated in orrder to ass
sess thisarea forr sub-surfacce archaeological pote ntial and sig
gnificance.
The tesst excavations carried out
o by McIlrroy had the following reesults:(
Pits 100, 160 & 180) exc
cavated to locate the closets
The three test pits (Testconfirmed that sub-s
surface fou ndations existefor theese structuures in the current
laneway behindbNo. 9 and 15 H
Henderson St. Test Pitt 100 reveaaled that the closet
wall is loca
ated at a deepth of c. 00.25 m below
w the preseent ground surface, whhile Test
Pits 160 and 180 sho
owed that thhe closet wa
alls are bothh located att a depth off c. 0.30
m below th
he present groundgsurfface.



The two te
est pits (Tesst Pits 120 & 150) exc
cavated in orderoto connfirm the loc
cation of
the boundary of the communal laundry prroved negative for stoone wall fou
undation
remains. Test
T
Pit 150
0 did howevver reveal a substantial concrete ppad at a depth of c.
0.95 m be
elow the present grou
und surface
e that was interpretedd by McIlro
oy as afeature of thet laundry foundationn.



The two te
est pits (Teest Pits 200
0 & 215) excavatedetoo locate thee concrete surface
drain identtified on thee PWD Pla n 14285 prroved negattive for thatt feature, inndicatingthat it musst have bee
en removed from the reear yard soometime in tthe past. The 2011
Conservattion Plan reecords in thheir ‘1910 – 1916 stagges of deveelopment’ plan, that
this drain had been demolished
d in 1916 when W3 was conneected to thee mains
sewer (Kelsall Binet 2011:2
p. 1224). Unexpe
ected limesttone foundaations, loca
ated at aGaavin Jackson Cultu
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15
depth of c. 0.25 m be
elow the preesent grounnd surface, were reveaaled in Testt Pit 200
at the rearr of No. 17 Henderson
n St. McIlro
oy suggestss the featurre to be fou
undation
remains off a kitchen oro cottage e
extension th
hat was unddertaken in 1856 (Brasss 2012:
p. 12), howwever the blockbof cotttages at W3
3 were cons
structed in 1858. Brasss (2012:
p. 12) furth
her suggestts that the fofoundations, from an asssessment of ground floorfsiteplans inclu
uded in thee 2011 Con
nservation Plan,P
may relater
to a communal laundrybuilt in 190
09 (Kelsall Binet
B
2011: p. 122) whhich was later altered inn 1915 for use
u as asummer kitchen (ibid: p. 124). Hoowever, thee developme
ent phases of this structure do
not appear to definitiv
vely relate tto the founddations reve
ealed by M cIlroy. At present it
is not clear exactly wh
hat these fo
oundations represent. Further inveestigation wouldwberequired too firmly esta
ablish their ppurpose.


Test Pit 140,1
excavated in thee laneway behind No
o. 23 of W
W1, reveale
ed threesewerage pipes and nothingnof aarchaeological significa
ance. The ssewerage pipes arelocated at a minimum
m depth of cc. 0.30 m and a maxim
mum depth of c. 0.75 m below
the presen
nt ground su
urface.

McIlroy adopted a three zone system forr rating archhaeological significancee taken fromm earlierarchaeoological investigations of the Arthhur Head AreaAof Fremmantle undeertaken by Michael
Pearson in 1984 (McIlroy 1990:1
sectioon 3.2.1). Using this categorisaation he raates thearchaeoological sign
nificance off the ‘site’ – that is the area of the rear gardeens and righht of way
lanewayy behind W3
W - as ‘med
dium’ or ‘Zon
ne B’. Esse
entially this meansmthat the depositts at W3
are connsidered to contain reemains of leesser poten
ntial than ‘Z
Zone A’ buut that priorr to any
developpment thesse areas shouldsbe investigate
ed through test-pittingg. This ma
ay thenpotentia
ally result in the raisin
ng of the ssignificance to ‘high’ oro ‘Zone A’ depending
g on theoutcome of such ana assessme
ent.
The finds assemb
blage is nott discussed
d in detail in the excavation repoort and there is no
catalogue or volumme given. McIlroyM
lists the finds ass including artefacts suuch as: glas
ss bottle
shards, a complete
e glass botttle, ceramicc fragmentss of domestic wares, cllay pipe fragments,
nails and other metalmfragm
ments, butto
ons, plastic
c sheeting fragments and otherr plastic
objects such as a brush,bcoal,, animal bonne etc.
McIlroy concludess with a managemenmnt strategy for the Waarders’ Cotttages statting that
preservvation in situ
u is the preeferred optio
on for the site,sbut thaat if developpment in th
he futureshould threaten th
he deposits then furthe
er archaeolo
ogical asse
essment shoould be carrried out
prior to developmeent.

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TYPES
S OF ARC
CHAEOLO
OGICAL EV
VIDENCEE
There aare no Aborriginal sites registered as being present withiin, or in closse proximity
y to, thesite (seee Appendixx 2). In add
dition, as p art of the ConservatioC
on Plan unddertaken byy Kelsall
Binet A
Architects (22011: p. 1884) they sta
ate that “Noo evidence has come to light duuring thepreparaation of thiss report thatt would sug
ggest an inccreased likeelihood of ffinding artefacts on
this sitee that are linked to earliereAbooriginal occu
upation of the area”. If any Ind
digenousarchaeoology did exxist prior too the constrruction of th
he cottages this evidennce has mo
ost likely
been reemoved by thet building
g works andd subsequent changes that have ooccurred ov
ver time.
In supp
port of this area the results of the on
nly archaeo
ological exca
avations thaat have takeen placeat the ssite, within the laneway behind W
W1 and in th
he right of way and reear gardens
s of W3,
which ddid not yie
eld any evidence of Indigenouss archaeolo
ogy (McIlroyoy 1990). ThereT
ishoweveer the possibility, albeit remote, tha
at residual Indigenous artefacts, fefeatures or depositsdhave su
urvived within the sitee, and any future archaeological works connducted shhould bemindful of this.
The sitee dates to the middle of the nine
eteenth cen
ntury (W1 constructedcd in 1851) andahasbeen inn more or leess continu
uous use si nce then. The
Tarchaeology at th e site will naturallynreflect tthis timeline
e and is exp
pected to coontain deposits, featurees and arteffacts relatinng to thisperiod and after. The
T
most significantsaarchaeologiical evidenc
ce will com
mprise featu
ures andobjects associatedd with the Convict Era aand the orig
ginal construction and use of the cottagescfrom thee middle too late decad
des of the nnineteenth century.
c
As regards arttefacts that may bepresentt at the sitee, it is worth
h considerinng the recen
nt excavatio
ons carried out within the rearyard of No.14, Thee Terrace by Eureka A
Archaeologic
cal Researc
ch and Conssulting on behalfbofFremanntle Prison. A substanttial assemb
blage of ove
er 3,000 arttefacts wass retrieved fromfthe
excavattion of an 18551
outdooor pit toilet (Brass 2012: p. 11). OccupationaO
al debris in pits, old
privies/ttoilets and wells etc. can yield immportant ev
vidence of the diets, eeveryday liv
ves and
status oof the occup
pants of thee cottages thhrough timee.
As prevviously iden
ntified (ibid: p. 2) there
e are three key areas of archaeoological potential at
the Hennderson St Warders’ Cottages. T
These are the internal underfloo r spaces, thetfront
The main ty
verandaah and yard
ds and the rearryards. T
ypes of archhaeologicall evidence thatt
may
be encoountered incclude:

The Exxisting ArrchaeologgyIt has bee
en clearly confirmedcbby McIlroy in his 1989 excavatioons that thhere aresubstantial sub-surfac
ce remains in the rear garden are
ea and the rright of way
y behindlof
W3 (formerrly part of the rear yarrds), consisting of the limestone ffoundation levels
two earth closetscand a possible
e concrete foundationfof the com
mmunal launndry. He
has also reevealed prev
viously unkknown limes
stone foundations of ann enigmaticc featurein the rear garden of No.
N 17. Whaat has beenn demonstra
ated here aalso is that artefactsarelating to thesetfeaturres and the ir use-life also occur inn the deposiits.

The Pootential ArchaeoloAogyThe sub-su
urface rema
ains of the 1857 privie
es, a limesttone wall coconstructed in 1853
and later loocations off a bath hoouse (1910)) and partia
al footprintss of later laaundries(1915), pottentially surrvive in the rear gardens of W1 (ssee Figure 4). The maajority of
the footprin
nts of the 1915 laundrries are loca
ated benea
ath what is currently inn use asbathrooms and sunroooms. In add
dition, a W.C
C. installed in the rearr of No. 19 ofo W1 isno longer extant andd sub-surfa
ace remains
s associate
ed with thiss feature maymstill
survive (see Figure 4).

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19The origina
al wash houses to thee rear of W2
W (see Figure 5), dem
molished soometimearound 191
11, appear tot have hadd a robust liimestone coonstruction and the fou
undationcourses of these struc
ctures poten
ntially still su
urvive sub-s
surface in thhis area.

Of particula
ar note are the wells sshown on th
he Convict Grant
G
Plan [PWD Plan
n 105] at
the rear of W1 and W2
W (Brass 2
2012: p. 8-9
9). This plann is not suffficiently detailed to
extrapolatee accurate lo
ocations of the wells. The
T locationn of the wel l at W2 app
pears onthe 2011 ConservationCn Plan (Kelssall Binet 20011: p. 102) but the loccation of thee well at
W1 does not.
n The loc
cation of thee well to thee rear of W2
W (ibid: p. 102) is reproduced
here in Figu
ure 5. It is easiere
to ca p a well rather than completely digg it out and destroy
it, and at leeast one of the wells w
was stone-liined, so theere is potenntial for the wells tohave survivved at W1 anda W2. W
Wells traditionally havee the potenttial for orga
anic andother mateerials to hav
ve remaine
ed in a goo
od state of preservatioon and theese may
contain sign
nificant dep
posits if theyy have survived sub-su
urface.

The origina
al foundation remains oof the washh house located in the rear garden of No.
17 of W3 (see Figu
ure 6), po
otentially su
urvive sub--surface. T
This structu
ure hasundergone a number of alteratio
ons, most notablynthe partial dem
molition unddergonewhen the reear garden area of W3
3 was reduc
ced after it was
w approppriated for a right ofway betweeen the cotta
ages and Frremantle Ma
arkets.



At W1 and W2 the oriiginal privie
es were mov
ved away frrom the imm
mediate reaar of thecottages inn 1857, ass proximity had beenn causing problems
pfoor the inha
abitants.
Although th
he original priviespto thee rear of W1 are cartog
graphically represented
d in theConservatio
on Plan (Keelsall Binet 2011: p. 100), no pla
an of the prrivies to thee rear ofW2 exists. The privies
s at W1 we
ere located in what wa
as originallyy an enclos
sed yard
area immed
diately outsside the rea r doors of the cottagess. This areaa was subse
equently
remodelled
d and is currrently in usse as kitcheens within whatw
is now
w the built fabricfofthe cottage
es. The priv
vies at W2 do not app
pear cartographically iin any of th
he plans
associated with site. The
T immeddiate area outsideothe rear doors of the cotttages at
W2 is curre
ently in use as veranda
ahs and lau
undries. Although it seeems reasonable toconsider that the privie
es were rem
moved in their entirety because off the proble
ems they
were causin
ng due to th
heir proximiity to the coottages, it is possible thhat they stilll survive
sub-surface
e at the sitee.



Artefact caches benea
ath the floorrboards of thet cottages, similar too that discovered in2012 in No
o.23 of W1 (Brass 20012: p. 8-9)) may potentially be eencounteredd in any
future workks that leadd to disturba
ance of thee floors. These artefaccts may res
sult fromdeliberate discarddor lo
oss over tim
me by the occupantsoofo the cottagges, or alterrnatively
they may reflectr
the samesby thee convicts who
w built th
he cottagess initially annd/or thewarders whho supervise
ed them.



There is the potential to encountter as yet unknown structural rem
mains, simila
ar to theunidentified
d sub-surfa
ace limesto
one foundattions that McIlroy exxposed in thet
reargarden of No.17
Nat W33 (McIlroy 1
1990, sectio
on 3.4.61). TheseT
remaains are nott directly
attributablee to any phhase of con
nstruction representedrd in the plaans for the site, orindeed in any docum
mentary refferences, andasuch reemains maay potentially exist
elsewhere at the site.

Unknown sub-surfacese occupation
nal debris pits, midde
ens and othher buried features
are likely too occur at thet site. As previously mentionedd, the Wardeer’s Cottages havee and theirr continued use througghout most of their
been a ‘liviing’ archaeological site
lifetime hass the potenttial to yield features, depositsdandd artefacts that at pressent areunknown.

General disscard of do
omestic arcchaeologica
al artefacts most likelyy exists in the rearand front yards
yat thee cottages.. Although they may not
n be attriibutable to specificGaavin Jackson Cultu
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20
stratified coontexts or deposits,dth
hey can still be related
d with reasoonable accuracy toevents or sequences ata the site aand are a va
aluable reso
ource in theiir own right.


Based on McIlroy’s excavationses at W3 annd the func
ction of thee site, the types
tofartefacts too be expectted from thee deposits area likely too be domesstic, utilitaria
an items
such as ce
eramics, gla
ass bottles and tin can
ns. Other commoncarttefacts fromm similar
historical sites include
e clothing-re
elated itemss such as buttons,bbellt buckles anda bootheels, clay pipes and animal bonne. Since the cottagess, at times, had large families
residing in
n them theere may b
be potentia
al for arte
efacts repreesenting particularpdemographhics, such as childreen’s toys oro perfume bottles. T
The warders weregenerally lo
ow-paid andd given theiir conditionss the depos
sits may alsso contain artefactsathat were modifiedman
nd re-used for multiple, entirely different puurposes duuring thecourse of thheir use-lifee.

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21

DEVEL
LOPMENNT SEQUEENCE OF T
THE SITE
E
This disscussion onn the development seequence at the Wardeers’ Cottagees is limitedd to thearchaeoological ressource, and relates spe
ecifically to the front and rear exteernal gardeen areasof the ccottages annd the interrnal underflo
oor areas (see(Figuree 4, Figure 5 and Figu
ure 6). It
does noot deal withh the extan
nt architectu
ural resourc
ce at the site and is mmeant to be
e a briefsumma
ary of the events, culturalcor environmental, thatt created and affected thearchaeoological site
e after its formation.
The Waarders’ Cottages at Henderson St have had a number off uses over time. Their primaryfunctionn was to act as accommodationn for employees of Fremantle Prrison from 1851 to
1990. M
Most recentlly, from 199
91 to 2011, they have beenbused forf public acccommodattion.
There iss a compre
ehensive record of thee major structural channges and allterations th
hat havetaken pplace over tiime in all thhree blocks , for examp
ple additionss or subtracctions of bu
uilt fabricin garde
en areas (BBrass 2012, Hoare et al 1990 an
nd Kelsall Binet
B2011).. The chang
ges that
have ooccurred to the extern
nal layout have beenn minimal in most caases but th
he mostsignifica
ant impact tot the site’ss formation has been thet alteratio
ons to the rrear garden area of
W3 in 11911 when a right of way
w was maade betweeen the blockk and Frem
mantle Markets (seebelow). No major changes ha
ave happen
ned to the internal flooor spaces w
within the cottagescand theey remain esssentially inntact since i nitial constrruction.
What are less qua
antifiable are
e the more subtle changes that havehoccurrred. For exa
ample inthe rearr garden areas there may
m have be
een disturbance of thee sub-surfacce deposits throughtime in the form ofo planting, emplacem
ment of garrden sheds, pits, trencches for ve
egetablegardenss etc. The Warders’WCoottages havve been, an
nd continue to be, a ‘livving’ archae
eological
site andd their continued use will
w have afffected form
mation proceesses. Thesse interactio
ons withthe site environmeent can be describeddass ‘potential unknown disturbancess’.
McIlroy’s excavatio
evealed tha
ons at the reear of W3 reat the demolished remaains of the previouspphases have rema
ained largelly intact subb-surface, indicatingith
hat there haave been non majornegative impacts ono the site inn that locatiion (McIlroyy 1990).
neral timelinne of events relating too the Wardeers’ Cottage
es and channges over timethas
The genbeen w
well establish
hed in the variousv
Con
nservation Plans
P
prepa
ared for the Warders’ Cottages
C(see Hoare et al 1990 and Kelsall Biinet 2011) and thesee sources hhave inform
med thefollowinng breakdow
wn of the relevant m ajor changes that have occurre d and whic
ch haveaffectedd site forma
ation:
1851: W
W1 construccted.
1852/53
3: W2 consttructed.
1857: AAt W1 and W2
W the orig
ginal priviess were mov
ved away frrom the imm
mediate reaar of thecottagees as proxim
mity had bee
en causing problems fo
or the inhab
bitants.
1858: W
W3 construccted.
1875: T
The privies werew
converted to eartth closets.
1877: O
Open drainss at the reaar of W1 an
nd W3 weree removed. Cess pits wwere also addedaatthis timee and the yards were metalledmannd graded.
1898: P
Post and railrfences replaced b
by low stonne walls att W1 and W2. Right of way
establisshed betwe
een W1 an
nd W3 for access to Fremantle
e Markets. Wooden stablesGaavin Jackson Cultu
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22
constructed at the rear of W3
3 for marketts. Two blo
ocks of six priviespeachh to replacee original
earth closets at rea
ar of W3.
1900: F
Front veranddah added tot W3.
1902: T
Toilets at W1, W2 and W3
W upgradeed.
1906: F
Fences weree built to div
vide rear ga
ardens of W1.
W
1909: B
Bathrooms constructeed, rear ve
erandah ad
dded and originaloshaared wash houses
convertted into sep
parate launddries at W2 . Communa
al laundry built
bat centrre rear boundary of
W3, relacing stablees. New washw
house built at rea
ar of No.17 at W3. Tweelve flights of steps
added tto rear vera
andahs of W3.
W
1910: B
Bathrooms and kitchenns construccted and reear yards divided at W
W1. Front ve
erandahand yarrds added tot W1 and W2.
W Rear vverandahs convertedcto bathroom
ms at W3 an
nd six of
the twelve flights ofo steps rem
moved.
At W3 the rearr
garden area was reduced affter it was appropriatedad for a right of way
1911: Abetween the cottag
ges and Fre
emantle Ma
arkets. New
w wash housses and ea rth closets at W3 –near preevious oness as a result of creatin g right of way.
w
No.17 washw
housee at W3 remmodelled
at easteern end andd partly dem
molished forr right of wa
ay. New div
viding fencees between each of
the W3 cottages anda rear fen
ncing addedd. Rear vera
andahs at W2
W convertted into bathrooms.
Rear freeestanding laundries demolisheddand replace
ed with new
w at W2.
1916: C
Cottages att W1, W2 andaW3 we
ere linked tot sewerage and closeets installed in theyards oof W3. Laundries enla
arged, divid
ding fences erected be
etween eacch cottage and oldclosets removed and replacedd with single
e toilets at rearrof eachh yard at W11.
1978-79
9: Removall of bathroo
oms at W2 and building of two ne
ew additionss at the reaar of thebuildingg housing three new bathroomsband laundrries. At W2 the right oof way wass altered
which reeduced the size of the site.

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26EVALU
UATION OF ARCHHAEOLOG
GICAL POTENTIAL
L & SIGNIIFICANCE
E
The cultural significance of th
he Warderss’ Cottages has been evaluated iin accordan
nce withthe Burrra Charter guidelinesganda the Herritage Counncil of W.A. guidelines iin the Cons
servation
Plan deeveloped byy Kelsall Bin
net Architeccts in 2011. Generally, those featuures of the cottagescassocia
ated with thee Convict Era
E are conssidered to havehexcepttional culturral significance andthe sign
nificance raating diminis
shes with th
he passing of time i.e. the coloniaal governm
ment era,th
the pre--WWI and pre-WWIIperaseand thee latter stagges of the 20
2 centuryy. The evalu
uation ofcultural significannce naturallly includess archaeological significance iin the con
ntext of‘scientiffic…value forf past, prresent of fu
uture generrations (Burrra Charterr 2013)’ how
wever aspecificc assessmeent of archa
aeological p
potential annd significa
ance is pressented belo
ow. Thearchaeoological pottential and significancce assessm
ments deal only with the archae
eological
deposits associate
ed with the Warders’W
C
Cottages andd not the bu
uilt heritagee. For the purposespof this A
AMS the deeposits are considered
d to compris
se the rear yards and ffront veranddah andyards aand the interrnal underflo
oor areas oof the cottagges.
In conssidering thee archaeological poteential and significanc
ce of the W
Warders’ Cottages
Cdeposits an important factorr is the inttactness of the depos
sits. There have beenn subtlechangees to the rea
ar yards and front vera
andah and yards of thee cottages over the yeears, i.e.
concrette paving and/orabrickk paving, ga
arden bedss and bitum
minised areaas added. It is notpossiblee to determmine the imp
pact these a
activities have had, if any, on the iintegrity of thet subsurface
e deposits, withoutw
inve
estigating th
he depositss. However,, these acti vities appear to be
fairly su
uperficial annd we consider it unlike
ely that theyy have distu
urbed the deeposits to tooo greatan exteent, particula
arly the dee
eper convictt and colonial era depo
osits.

Archaeological Potentiall
Archaeoological pootential as discussed here relates specificcally to thee possibility
y and/orlikelihoo
od of encou
untering arc
chaeologica
al material associatedawithw the peoople and the use of
the placce in deposits containe
ed within thee Warders’ Cottages siite.
McIlroy (1990) carrried out ex
xcavations aat the Hend
derson St Warders’W
Coottages in 1989 aspart of an archae
eological assessmentarelated too the Cons
servation aand Future Use ofFremanntle Prison report developed by the Buildin
ng Managem
ment Authoority. As dis
scussedpreviously the archhaeological works weree primarily located at W3
W (referreed to as ‘Blo
ock K’ in
McIlroy’s report). The finds assemblageae is not dis
scussed in detaildin thee excavatio
on report
and theere is no cataloguecoro volume ggiven. Mc
cIlroy (19900) lists the finds as inncluding
artefactts such ass: glass boottle shardss, a complete glass bottle, ceraamic fragmments ofnails and other meta
domesttic wares, claycpipe fragments,f
al fragmentts, buttons, plastic
sheeting fragmentss and otherr plastic obje
ects such asa a brush, coalcand annimal bone. To dateno otheer archaeolo
ogical asses
ssments ha ve been un
ndertaken att the Wardeers’ Cottage
es.
The W
Warders’ Co
ottages hav
ve also be
een almost continuou
usly occuppied as res
sidentialaccommmodation, sometimes byb large gro
oups of people, since their construuction in thee 1850s.
As demmonstrated byb McIlroy’ss excavationn in 1989 th
he likelihood
d of recoveering archae
eological
materia
al associate
ed with the occupantss of the cotttages, andd encounterring archae
eological
featuress in the dep
posits surrou
unding the cottages is high. In add
dition, as deemonstrated by theartefactt cache disccovered in 20122benea
ath the floorrboards of No.23
Nof W11 (Brass 2012: p. 89), the potential off recoveringg archaeolo
ogical material associaated with th e occupantts of thecottagees in these areasais high.
The hisstorical reco
ord also provides robusst evidence for the function, occuppation and ongoing
maintennance of thhe site. The
erefore, the archaeolog
gical potenttial of the W
Warders’ Cottages,
C
comprissing the fro
ont and rear areas andd the intern
nal underflo
oor areas, iss considere
ed to beHigh (ssee Figure 7,
7 Figure 8 anda Figure 8).

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27

Archaeological Significance
McIlroy (1990: section 3.2) proposedpaarchaeological significa
ance zoness for the areasaheexcavatted at W3 ofdefined the Zones in tho ‘Zone A, B or C’, he d
he followingg way:

Zone A – reepresents ‘aareas of hig
gh archaeollogical sens
sitivity contaaining or su
uspected
to contain remainsrof historical va
alue, archaeological reesearch val ue, or futurre public
display andd interpretive value’

Zone B – representss ‘areas off medium archaeolog
gical sensittivity containing or
suspected tot contain remainsrof a lesser pottential than in a Zone A area’; anddZone C – representss area of l ittle or no archaeolog
gical sensittivity containing or
suspected of containin
ng no remai ns or remains of minim
mal significaancehis categoriisation McIlroy rates th
he rear yard
ds and right of way laneeway behindd W3 asUsing th‘Zone BB’ or of med
dium significance. We
e agree withh the explanations reggarding sign
nificance
provideed by McIlro
oy and givenn the resultts at W3 annd the well documenteddd history off the site
we consider it reassonable to allocate thee same significance too the depossits around W1 andW2 thaat has beenn allocated to W3, altthough we term the significances
e going forw
ward as‘moderaate’ (see beelow).
Howeveer, to expand upon th
he above s ignificance definitions further, wee consider that theues which inform the significancee assessme
historicaal, archaeo
ological andd public valu
ents arelargely determinedd by the representattiveness off the site and the mmaterial tha
at could
reasonaably be expected to occur within thet
depos
sits. Whenn assessin
ng siterepreseentativenesss we sugge
est that therre are two factorsfwhic
ch need to bbe considered; site
type freequency annd extent off disturbancce (intactneess). The site is then consideredd and its
significa
ance assesssed in term
ms of its rep resentativeness, beingg a measuree of how fre
equently
egrity are represented
similar sites of sim
milar condition and interd in the knoown archae
eological
record.
The Waarders’ Cotttages are a compara tively intact example of basic teerrace hous
sing andrepreseent some off the earlies
st accommo
odation of thisttype in Western A
Australia. Th
hey also
represeent what reemains of thetearly aaccommoda
ation for wa
arders in F
Fremantle asa othersimilar ssites have beenbdemolished and rredeveloped over the years.
yFor eexample:
The six insstructing wa
arders’ cotta
ages built in
n 1851 weree demolisheed in the 18
890s forconstruction of the Fre
emantle ma rkets (Hoarre et al 19900)

oner Guardd Village in North Frem
mantle built in the 18850s lies unnder theThe Pensio
railway rese
erve (North Fremantle Convict De
epot Site 20003)



The Sappeers’ Barrack
ks on Hend
derson Streeet construc
cted in thee early 1850
0s weredemolished
d in the latee nineteentth century tot make wa
ay for the eexisting cou
urthouseand police complex (GGibbs 2001: p. 66)

oner barracks construccted in 1854
4 along Sou
uth Terracee in Fremantle were
The Pensio
demolished
d after WWII

Two detach
hed warderrs quarters constructed
d in Fremantle in 186 0 have sincce beendestroyed, one by firee in 1888 aand the othher sometim
me after thee war (Hoa
are et al
1990)

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28

A block of Warders’ Cottages
C
coonstructed (probably in the early nnineteenth century)
opposite the courthous
se on Hend
derson Streeet were dem
molished in the 1970s to makeway for the Queensgate car park complex



The largestt Pensionerr barracks wwere built inn Perth in the 1860s aand was capable ofhousing 60 families. In
n 1966 the ttwo wings ofo the barraccks were deemolished anda onlythe entrancce arch way
y was prese
erved. Cons
struction of the Kwinanna Freeway through
Perth destrroyed the arrchaeologiccal potential of that siteFurther afie
eld, very few
w Pensione
er cottages have survived in otheer locations. Indeed
Gibbs (20001: p. 67) sttates that “oof the settle
ements clos
se to Perth and Frema
antle, nostructures canc be loca
ated at Fres hwater Bay
y (Claremonnt), Perth orr South Pertth, whilea single cotttage is preserved at W
West Guildfo
ord”.

As the mmajority of thet sites listted above h ave been deestroyed and built overr, the potenttial forsurvivin
ng archaeolo
ogical sub-s
surface matterial is conssidered to beb low. How
wever, somee other
places iin WA assoc
ciated with convictism
cwhich may have good comparativee archaeolo
ogicalvalue annd/or simila
ar types of depositsd
are the main Convict Hirinng Depot sitees listed below inTable 2 (Gibbs 200
01: 62 & Bra
ass 2012). There weree also a num
mber of roadd and work stations
establisshed in loca
ations furthe
er from the main depo
ots where workw
teams stayed on a shortterm off semi-perm
manent basis only (Gibbbs 2001). These
T
places are not discussed in detailas part of this docu
ument but th
hey may alsso hold som
me compara
ative value.

ological pottential of Co
onvict Hiringg Depot Site
es in WA
Table 2: Surviving structures and archaeo
Depot Location

B
Built
heritageeSubsurface
e archaeolog
gical potenttial

AlbanyC
Commissariat
t buildings

Moderate, somesareas ppreserved

Bunburyy

N standing structuresNossu rviving

Low but req
quires furtherr work

GuildforddC
Commissariat
t buildings

Moderate, somesimpactt from develo
opmentLyntonM
Magistrates
quarters / sevveral walls

High, limitedd disturbancee

Mt Eliza,, PerthN standing structuresNossu rviving

Moderate but requires fuurther work

North FreemantleN standing structuresNossu rviving

Low but req
quires furtherr work

Toodyayy

N standing structuresNossu rviving

High, limitedd disturbanceeYork

N standing structuresNossu rviving

High, no dis
sturbance

Rottnestt

T
ThompsonBa
ay cottages

Moderate, somesimpactt from develo
opmentKojonupE
ElverdCottagge

Moderate but requires fuurther work

GreenouughGGray’sStore

Moderate but requires fuurther work

ms of repressentativene
ess, therefo
ore, the Waarders’ Cotttages proviide one of several
In term
remaining convict sites with potentialpforr intact archhaeological resources related spe
ecificallyto the hhome lives of workers
s engaged in the Wes
stern Austra
alian convicct system. Material
collecte
ed from the site could also be coompared to other domestic site tyypes outside of theconvict system, such as farming or mininng accommo
odations.
The maaterial contained within deposits is likely too be commo
on in a 19tth and 20th century
Western Australiann context an
nd we sugggest that thee majority off the remainning rear ya
ards andverandaah areas off the Wardeers’ Cottag es (W1, W2
W and W3 or 7 – 41 Henderson St) areconsideered to hold Moderate archaeolog
gical significcance (see Figure 7, Fiigure 8, Figure 9).

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29Howeveer, the prevviously exta
ant Convict Era featurees that poteentially survvive as sub-surface
deposits within thee rear yards of the W
Warders’ Cotttages are considered to be of particularimportaance. The areas of the deposits th
hat contain thesetprevioous featuress are consid
dered tohold High archaeo
ological sign
nificance (ssee Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figuree 9) and an
ny futuredeveloppment shou
uld avoid theese areas. In addition we conside
er the internnal underflooor areasof the ccottages, asssociated asa they are with the ConvictC
Era sequence of the site, to holdHigh arrchaeologiccal significannce (see Fig
gure 7, Figu
ure 8 and Figure 9).
It shou
uld be noteed that theese determ
minations areagiven usinguthe currently availableainformaation and co
ould changee based on results of any
a future workw
undertaaken at thee site i.e.
the sign
nificance coould be rea
assessed too high or lo
ow depending on the outcome of further
investig
gations.

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33MANA
AGEMENTT STRATEEGIESIn the pprevious secction the deeposits asso
ociated withh the Wardeers’ Cottagees were cateegorised
as haviing high archaeologica
al potential and mode
erate to high archaeoloogical significance.
They arre an imporrtant part of the fabric of the overall site andd these detterminations
s should
be usedd as a guide
e for manag
ging future w
works at thee site.
It is the preferred optionothat alla archaeol ogical featu
ures and deeposits be ppreserved inn situ, as
per the guidelines for the protection andd conservatiion of the archaeologicacal resource as set
out in the Burra Charter.
CPre
eservation iss classified as “…main
ntaining a pplace in its existingstate aand retardin
ng deteriora
ation” (Bur ra Charter,, Article 1.6). Furtherr investigattion anddisturba
ance of thee deposits shoulds
not ooccur unles
ss they are at risk of ddestruction throughdeveloppment or oth
her activitie
es.
If there are no management strategiessaand/or archaeological mitigationmimmplemented
d during
ground disturbing works at th
he site, it is likely that archaeologaical featurees and arteffacts will
be impa
acted or desstroyed entirely withou
ut proper arc
chaeologica
al recording taking plac
ce.
Therefoore, if there is ground disturbingdw
works underrtaken at the site we reecommend that the
manageement strateegies outlin
ned below b
be considere
ed.

Consu
ultation
A suitably qualified archaeolo
ogist shoul d be involv
ved in cons
sultation witth the cons
struction
contracctor and theeir relevant sub-contracsctors in order to determmine the meethod and programpof workk being prop
posed. Con
nsultation be
etween the archaeolog
gist and thee contractor should
remain an ongoingg process duringdthe cconstructionn works in orderoto reaact to any changescthat maay occur in thet develop
pment plan and mitigatte any impa
acts on the archaeolog
gy of thesite.
ound disturb
bing work being underttaken the reelevant dev
veloper shoould submit,, as partFor groof the pplanning an
nd consultattion processs, detailed constructio
on plans thaat clearly show thelocationn and exten
nt of the prroposed devvelopment footprint an
nd how it w
will impact thetsite.
This should includee:

Ground pla
ans of the prroposed de velopment; andCross sections of proposed founndations for planned sttructures. T
These drawings areof particula
ar importancce in orderr to assess the depths
s of the prooposed founndations
and how they may impact onn known sub-surface archaeologgical features (forexample the closet fou
undations in
n the rear arrea of W3 as
a identifiedd by McIlroyy 1990).

If grounnd disturban
nce is to be minimal annd/or inform
mal i.e. a small, shallow
w shovel test pit, thedevelopper should still notify thet State H
Heritage Offfice (SHO) and providee details reegarding
the activity in order to seek further advice
e and/or obttain approval for the acctivity.
The moost approprriate framew
work for maanaging groound disturbing activitiies and ide
entifying,assessiing and treating unantticipated fin
nds recoverred during thosetworkks consists of threestrategies: Ground Penetratting Radarr (GPR) survey, Pre-developmeent testing and/or
Monitorring.

Geophhysical Survey
Geophyysical technniques suchh as Groundd Penetratinng Radar annd/or Electrrical Resistivity canbe useed to deteect a nummber of po
ossible arc
chaeologica
al featuress, including
g voids,
masonrry/walls annd ditchess, while ddepth inforrmation caan also bbe provide
ed. Theinstrumentation is well suited to urbann areas and can iden
ntify potenttial buried features

Gaavin Jackson Cultu
ural Resource Ma
anagementAuugust 2015

Warders’ C
Cottages Fremantle
Arrchaeological Mannagement Strategy

34
beneathh bitumen oro concrete, for examp
ple under rooads or withhin buildinggs. The results of ageophyysical survey could be used to gu
uide furtherr works succh as pre-deevelopment testing
and moonitoring at the site. BeforeB
any ggeophysica
al survey is consideredd or underta
aken anexpert iin geophysical techniques, and usse of the va
arious equip
pment, shouuld be consulted for
project specific advvice.
are a numbe
er of key quuestions tha
at could be addressed by undertaaking a GPR
R survey
There aof the re
ear yard areeas of the Warders’WCoottages, nammely:To establissh the location, depth aand extent of previouss structuress and featurres (seeFigure 4, FigureF
5 andd Figure 6) that may su
urvive as su
ub-surface rremains to the rearof W1, W2 and W3.

The exact locations ofo the origin
nal wells at W1 and W2.
W This couuld be done by (1)using the ConvictCGra
ant Plan (PPWD Plan 105)1
as a potentialp
guuide as regaards thepossible loocation of bothbwells, and (2) using the lo
ocation of tthe well at W2 as
represented
d in the Co
onservation Plan (Kelsall Binet 20011: p. 102)) and Figurre 5 andFigure 8 of this report, as a guide
e for investig
gation.



The cess pits
p added too the rear o f W1 and W2
W in 1877 do
d not appeear cartogra
aphicallyin any of th
he plans asssociated w
with site. A GPR
G
surveyy could pottentially identify thelocations off the cess pits.
p

At W1 and W2 the oriiginal privie
es were mov
ved away frrom the imm
mediate reaar of thecottages inn 1857, as proximitypha
ad been ca
ausing problems for thee inhabitan
nts. The
location of the original privies at W
W1 is currently in use asa kitchenss within wha
at is nowthe built fab
bric of the cottages.
cTh
he location ofo the origin
nal privies aat W2 is currrently in
use as vera
andahs andd laundries. If in the fu
uture there area any planns to disturrb any ofthese areas then a GPR survey could be used to loca
ate the sub--surface rem
mains ofthe privies there.

To establissh the naturre and exte
ent of the enigmatic foundation reemains reve
ealed by
McIlroy in TestT
Pit 200
0 at the rearr of W3.

Pre‐deevelopme
ent Testinng
If propo
osed develo
opments whhich are subbstantial in nature havve the potenntial to impact subsurface
e deposits thhen a suitably qualified
d archaeolo
ogist shouldd be engageed to carry out predevelop
pment testinng, within th
he proposedd development area.
This should be unddertaken byy targeted teest-pitting at
a strategic locations in order to deetermine
the loca
ation and existencee
off sub-surfacce archaeological material. This sshould be donedbycareful examination of:
1. Previous reports asssociated w
with the site,swith particular reference to thecartographhic evidencee
ed in the ‘D
Developmen
nt Sequenc
ce of the S
Site’ and ‘T
Types of
2. The resultts discusse
Archaeolog
gical Eviden
nce’ section
ns of this AM
MS (see above).
R survey if one is undertaken, in order to coonfirm the location,l
3. The results of a GPR
nature andd extent of any
a featuress identified.
aeological remainsraree located thhey should be adequately recordeed to best practice
If archaand mittigation sho
ould be putt in place ffor the man
nagement ofo those feaatures, dep
posits orartefactts, such as;Gaavin Jackson Cultu
ural Resource Ma
anagementAuugust 2015

Warders’ C
Cottages Fremantle
Arrchaeological Mannagement Strategy

35

Preservatio
on in-situ

s ‘Preservattion by Avoidance’. Should significcant archae
eological
This can also be described ase the propo
osed develo
opment will have a neegative impa
act thenremainss be uncovvered where
every eeffort should be madde, where practicable, to preserrve the arcchaeology throughavoidannce. This should be arrived aat through consultatio
on with thee relevant parties
culminaating in mitig
gation strateegies such as changess to the dev
velopment laayout.


Preservatio
on by recordd

not possible
e within thee developm
ment constra
aints, after consultationn with the relevant
If it is nparties, to preservve archaeological feattures or deposits identified duringg pre-development
hould be unddertaken byy a suitably qualified arrchaeologis
st.
testing then full exccavation sh

Monitoring
Groundd disturbancce works shhould be mmonitored by a suitably
y qualified archaeolog
gist. The
results of test-pittting may beb used to inform whhich areas may requ ire more inntensivemonitorring and/or where inte
ermittent mo
onitoring may
m be deemed to be sufficient. If it has
been deecided durin
ng the cons
sultation pro
ocess that test-pittingtwill
w not be uundertaken then all
ground disturbancce works shhould be mmonitored byy a suitably
y qualified archaeolog
gist. It isimperattive that whhere archae
eological rem
mains are encountereded, machinee excavationn shouldcease tto allow thee remains too be investig
gated furthe
er and reco
orded to thee satisfactio
on of thearchaeoologist. Besst practice archaeologi
aical method
ds should be put in plaace for unc
covering,
assessiing and reco
ording any artefacts, ddeposits andd sub-surfac
ce features of significance.
Althoug
gh the depth
hs of the arc
chaeologica
al features encountered by McIlrooy in W3 have been
establisshed, thesee depths shhould only b
be used ass a guide anda
not as a reference, since
there iss no way off assessing
g the depth of archaeo
ological subb-surface feeatures or depositsd(other tthan those revealed by McIlroyy) without undertakingug test-pittingg or condu
ucting a
ground penetratingg radar surv
vey of the siite.
ological mon
nitoring are to:
The objjectives of the archaeoMonitor developmendnt-led topssoil/overburrden strippping andexcavationss in the fronnt and rear yyards of thee Warders’ Cottages
C

Monitor deevelopment--led disturb
bance of thetinterior ground flooor and firrst floor
floorboardss of the Warrders’Cottagges

Identify dep
posits, featu
ures or obje
ects of archa
aeological potentialpEstablish th
he characte
er, conditionn and exten
nt of any deeposits, feaatures or ob
bjects ofarchaeolog
gical potential

Isolate andd preserve where posssible any id
dentified deeposits, feaatures or ob
bjects ofarchaeolog
gical potentialReport the discovery anda extent of identified
d archaeolo
ogical remaains and outline theimpact of th
he developm
ment on theese remainssTo manage
e any signifficant archa
aeological remainsrtha
at may be eencounteredd and toliaise with thet SHO and the develloper in order to mitigate for:o the recording ofo the revea
aled featuress or depositts; ando the preservatio
on of the rem
mains in situ
u if possiblee;Gaavin Jackson Cultu
ural Resource Ma
anagementAuugust 2015

other

ea
arthwork

Warders’ C
Cottages Fremantle
Arrchaeological Mannagement Strategy

36Reporrting
A full w
written reportt should be prepared ddetailing thee methods useduduringg the archae
eological
works aand the ressults obtaine
ed and this should be provided too all partiess agreed unnder theinitial Scope of Wo
ork or Requeest for Quo tation.

Finds
Any arcchaeologica
al material retrieved d uring pre-ddevelopment testing annd/or monittoring at
the site should be suitably catalogued, laabelled, baggged and boxed. Any aanalysis of material
will dep
pend on th
he specific conditionss in each Scope of Work and whether researchrobjectivves are inclu
uded as part of those aagreements
s. Additionally, fragile aartefacts or those ina particcular state ofo preservation, which require conservation, may be reecovered. Any
A suchmateria
al should beb deposite
ed with an institution which hass the capaacity to ade
equately
managee and preseerve the collection.
Since thhe Warderss’ Cottages form part oof the Frem
mantle Priso
on precinct it is recommended
that all recovered archaeolog
gical materrial should beb handed over to Frremantle Prrison for
sorting, conserving
g and long term storagge and/or display.
dThee Heritage Departmen
nt and/orCuratorr at Freman
ntle Prison shouldsbe ccontacted inn the event of any worrk being carrried out
at the W
Warders’ Co
ottages to discuss the mmanagement and receipt of finds.

Ga
avin Jackson Cultu
ural Resource Ma
anagementAuugust 2015

Warders’ C
Cottages Fremantle
Arrchaeological Mannagement Strategy

37

REFER
RENCES
Ayris, C
C. 1995, Freemantle Pris
son: a brieff history, Cyril Ayris Fre
eelance, Weest Perth W.A.
W
Bavin, L
L.J. 1993, ‘Punishmen
nt, prisons aand reform: incarceration in Westeern Australia in the
19th centurry’, Studies in Westernn Australiann History, noo. 14, pp. 1121-148, Ce
entre forWestern Australian History, Deptt. of Historyy, Universitty of Westeern Australia, PerthW.A.
Barker, D.J. 2003,, Warders anda gaolerss: a dictionary of Wes
stern Austraalian prison officers
1829 – 187
79, Westernn Australian Genealogic
cal Society, Bayswaterr, W.A.
Brass, L. 2012, Archaeolog
gical Scopiing Documment for Frremantle W
Warders’ Cottages,
C
Unpublishe
ed Report prepared for National Trrust of Austtralia (WA).
Campbell, R. McK 2011, BuildingBthee Fremantle
e Convict Establishm
ment, Ph.D Thesis,
University ofo Western Australia.
The Archaeo
ology of thee Convict Syystem in Western
W
Austtralia’, Austtralasian
Gibbs, M. 2001, ‘T
Historical Archaeology
Ay, vol. 19, pp
p. 60 – 72.
orth, M., Harvey, E., Keira, A. & MacGill, G. 1990, Fremantle Prison:
Hoare, R., Boswo
Conservatio
on & Futurre Use: Waarders’ Cottages, Build
ding Managgement Authhority ofWestern Au
ustralia, Perth, W.A.
Report prepared for
Kelsall Binet Architects 2011, Warders’’ Cottages: Conservatiion Plan, R
Departmen
nt of Housing, Perth W..A.
F
Prison:PCon
nservation anda Future Use: Historrical Archae
eological
McIlroy, J. 1990, Fremantle
Assessmen
nt of Hamp
pton Road Reserve an
nd Henders
son Street Cottages, Building
Managemeent Authority
y of Westerrn Australia,, Perth, W.A
A.
North

from:
Fremanntle
Coonvict
D
Depot
Site,
2003.
2
A
Available<http://inhe
erit.stateheritage.wa.go
ov.au/Public
c/Inventory/Details/5eaac65f1-c409
9-44cea7a7-32453
3ad9195e>>. [14 Augusst 2015]

Stevensson, L. 198
83, Freman
ntle prison in the 1890s, MA Thesis,
T
Univversity of Western
W
Australia.
Thomass, J.E. & Sttewart, A. 1978, Imprissonment in Western Au
ustralia: Evoolution, Theeory and
Practice, University of Western A
Australia Pre
ess, Perth, W.A.
W

Ga
avin Jackson Cultu
ural Resource Ma
anagementAuugust 2015

Warders’ C
Cottages Fremantle
Arrchaeological Mannagement Strategy

38

APP
PENDIX ONEOCCurrent
Siite Condittions (Phootographic Recordd)Gaavin Jackson Cultu
ural Resource Ma
anagementAuugust 2015

Warders’ C
Cottages Fremantle
Arrchaeological Mannagement Strategy

39
Plate
e 1: View NE
E of concretee front veranndah, block
k W2, house 39/41

Plate 2: View E of reear yard, blo
ock W2, hou
use 39/41

Ga
avin Jackson Cultu
ural Resource Ma
anagementAuugust 2015

Warders’ C
Cottages Fremantle
Arrchaeological Mannagement Strategy

40
Plate 3: View
Vof W of rear yard a nd façade ofo cottage, blockb
W2, hoouse 35/37

Plate
e 4: View W//NW of lanew
way leadingg to the Frem
mantle Markket ROW, blo
ockW1, house 19Gaavin Jackson Cultu
ural Resource Ma
anagementAuugust 2015

Warders’ C
Cottages Fremantle
Arrchaeological Mannagement Strategy

41
Plate 5: View NW off rear yard, block W1, househ23

Plate 6: Vieew E of laneeway along tthe rear of blockb
W1 cottages w/- JJohn MarrelllGaavin Jackson Cultu
ural Resource Ma
anagementAuugust 2015

Warders’ C
Cottages Fremantle
Arrchaeological Mannagement Strategy

42
Pllate 7: View NE of ROW
W between th
he rear of the W3 cottag
ges and Frem
mantle Markketo rear yard aand façade of cottage, block W3, hhouse 11
Plate 8: View NW ofGa
avin Jackson Cultu
ural Resource Ma
anagementAuugust 2015

Warders’ C
Cottages Fremantle
Arrchaeological Mannagement Strategy

43
P
Plate
9: View
w NW of rearr yard of cotttage, block
k W3, housee 7

Plate 10: View E//NE of conc rete front ve
erandah, blo
ock W1, hou
use 19Ga
avin Jackson Cultu
ural Resource Ma
anagementAuugust 2015

Warders’ C
Cottages Fremantle
Arrchaeological Mannagement Strategy

44Pla
ate 11: View
w SW along c
concrete fro
ont verandah
hs of block W3

Plate 12: View S/S
SW along all the front off all three Warders’W
Cottages (7-41 Henderson Street)Gaavin Jackson Cultu
ural Resource Ma
anagementAuugust 2015

Warders’ C
Cottages Fremantle
Arrchaeological Mannagement Strategy

45

APP
PENDIX TWO
TDepartmen
nt of Aborriginal Afffairs Register SearrchGaavin Jackson Cultu
ural Resource Ma
anagementAuugust 2015

Warders’ C
Cottages Fremantle
Arrchaeological Mannagement Strategy

Aboriginal Heritage Inquiry System
Aboriginal Sites Database

Search Criteria
0 Other Heritage Places in Coordinates search area (5); 381858.00mE, 6452825.00mN z50 (MGA94) : 382068.00mE, 6452823.00mN z50 (MGA94) : 382068.00mE, 6452638.00mN
z50 (MGA94) : 381859.00mE, 6452638.00mN z50 (MGA94)

Disclaimer
The Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972 preserves all Aboriginal sites in Western Australia whether or not they are registered. Aboriginal sites exist that are not recorded on
the Register of Aboriginal Sites, and some registered sites may no longer exist.
The information provided is made available in good faith and is predominately based on the information provided to the Department of Aboriginal Affairs by third
parties. The information is provided solely on the basis that readers will be responsible for making their own assessment as to the accuracy of the information. If you
find any errors or omissions in our records, including our maps, it would be appreciated if you email the details to the Department at heritageenquiries@daa.wa.gov.au
and we will make every effort to rectify it as soon as possible.

South West Settlement ILUA Disclaimer
If your heritage enquiry is on land within the South West of Western Australia, then you need to be aware of the following information:
On 8 June 2015, six identical Indigenous Land Use Agreements (ILUAs) were executed across the South West by the Western Australian Government and,
respectively, the Yued, Whadjuk People, Gnaala Karla Booja, Ballardong People, South West Boojarah #2 and Wagyl Kaip & Southern Noongar groups, and the SouthWest Land and Sea Council (SWALSC).
The ILUAs bind the parties (including 'the State', which encompasses all State Government Departments and certain State Government agencies) to enter into a
Noongar Standard Heritage Agreement (NSHA) when conducting Aboriginal Heritage Surveys in the ILUA areas, unless they have an existing heritage agreement. It isalso intended that other State agencies and instrumentalities enter into the NSHA when conducting Aboriginal Heritage Surveys in the ILUA areas. It is recommended
a NSHA is entered into, and an 'Activity Notice' issued under the NSHA, if there is a risk that an activity will ‘impact’ (i.e. by excavating, damaging, destroying or alteringin any way) an Aboriginal heritage site. The Aboriginal Heritage Due Diligence Guidelines, which are referenced by the NSHA, provide guidance in how to assess thisrisk.
Likewise, from 8 June 2015 the Department of Mines and Petroleum (DMP) in granting Mining, Petroleum and related Access Authority tenures within the South West
Settlement ILUA areas, will place a condition on these tenures requiring a heritage agreement or a NSHA before any rights can be exercised.
If your heritage enquiry is on land within the South West Settlement Indigenous Land Use Agreement Areas and you are a State Government Department, Agency orInstrumentality, or have a condition placed on your mining or petroleum title by DMP, you should seek advice as to the requirement to use the NSHA for your proposed
activity. The full ILUA documents, maps of the ILUA areas and the NSHA template can be found athttps://www.dpc.wa.gov.au/lantu/Claims/Pages/SouthWestSettlement.aspx.
Further advice can also be sought from the Department of Aboriginal Affairs (DAA) at heritageenquiries@daa.wa.gov.au.

Copyright
Copyright in the information contained herein is and shall remain the property of the State of Western Australia. All rights reserved.

Coordinate Accuracy
Accuracy is shown as a code in brackets following the coordinates. Map coordinates (Latitude/Longitude and Easting/Northing) are based on the GDA 94 Datum.
The Easting/Northing map grid can be across one or more zones. The zone is indicated for each Easting on the map, i.e. '500000mE:Z50' means Easting=500000,
Zone=50.

© Government of Western Australia

Report created: 13/08/2015 14:52:51

by: Public User

Identifier: 187828

Page: 1

Aboriginal Heritage Inquiry System
Aboriginal Sites Database
Terminology (NB that some terminology has varied over the life of the legislation)
Place ID/Site ID: This a unique ID assigned by the Department of Aboriginal Affairs to the place
Status:o Registered Site: The place has been assessed as meeting Section 5 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972o Other Heritage Place which includes:- Stored Data / Not a Site: The place has been assessed as not meeting Section 5 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972
- Lodged: Information has been received in relation to the place, but an assessment has not been completed at this stage to determine if it meets
Section 5 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972
Access and Restrictions:o File Restricted = No: Availability of information (other than boundary) that the Department of Aboriginal Affairs holds in relation to the place is not restricted
in any way.
o File Restricted = Yes: Some of the information that the Department of Aboriginal Affairs holds in relation to the place is restricted if it is considered culturally
sensitive. This information will only be made available if the Department of Aboriginal Affairs receives written approval from the informants who provided theinformation. Download the Request to Access Restricted Information letter and form.
o Boundary Restricted = No: place location is shown as accurately as the information lodged with the Registrar allows.
o Boundary Restricted = Yes: To preserve confidentiality the exact location and extent of the place is not displayed on the map. However, the shaded region(generally with an area of at least 4km²) provides a general indication of where the place is located. If you are a landowner and wish to find out more about
the exact location of the place, please contact DAA.
o Restrictions:- No Restrictions: Anyone can view the information.
- Male Access Only: Only males can view restricted information.
- Female Access Only: Only females can view restricted information
Legacy ID: This is the former unique number that the former Department of Aboriginal Sites assigned to the place. This has been replaced by the Place ID / Site ID.

© Government of Western Australia

Report created: 13/08/2015 14:52:51

by: Public User

Identifier: 187828

Page: 2

Aboriginal Heritage Inquiry System
Aboriginal Sites Database

List of Other Heritage Places with Map
No Results© Government of Western Australia

Report created: 13/08/2015 14:52:51

by: Public User

Identifier: 187828

Page: 3

Aboriginal Heritage Inquiry System
Aboriginal Sites Database

LegendSelected Heritage Places
Other Heritage Places
Aboriginal Community
Occupied
Aboriginal Community
Unoccupied
Town
Search Area

Copyright for topographic base map
information shall at all times remain
the property of the Commonwealth ofAustralia, Geoscience Australia National Mapping Division. All rights
reserved.
Aerial Photos, Cadastre, Local
Government Authority, Native Title
boundary, Roads data copyright ©
Western Australian Land Information
Authority trading as Landgate (2015).
Geothermal Application, Geothermal
Title, Mining Tenement, Petroleum
Application, Petroleum Title boundary
data copyright © the State of Western
Australia (DMP) (2015.8)
For further important information on
using this information please see theDepartment of Aboriginal Affairs'
Terms of Use statement at
http://www.daa.wa.gov.au/Terms-OfUse/© Government of Western Australia

Report created: 13/08/2015 14:52:51

by: Public User

Identifier: 187828

Page: 4

Aboriginal Heritage Inquiry System
Aboriginal Sites Database

Search Criteria
0 Registered Aboriginal Sites in Coordinates search area (4); 381858.00mE, 6452825.00mN z50 (MGA94) : 382068.00mE, 6452823.00mN z50 (MGA94) : 382068.00mE,
6452638.00mN z50 (MGA94) : 381859.00mE, 6452638.00mN z50 (MGA94)

Disclaimer
The Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972 preserves all Aboriginal sites in Western Australia whether or not they are registered. Aboriginal sites exist that are not recorded on
the Register of Aboriginal Sites, and some registered sites may no longer exist.
The information provided is made available in good faith and is predominately based on the information provided to the Department of Aboriginal Affairs by third
parties. The information is provided solely on the basis that readers will be responsible for making their own assessment as to the accuracy of the information. If you
find any errors or omissions in our records, including our maps, it would be appreciated if you email the details to the Department at heritageenquiries@daa.wa.gov.au
and we will make every effort to rectify it as soon as possible.

South West Settlement ILUA Disclaimer
If your heritage enquiry is on land within the South West of Western Australia, then you need to be aware of the following information:
On 8 June 2015, six identical Indigenous Land Use Agreements (ILUAs) were executed across the South West by the Western Australian Government and,
respectively, the Yued, Whadjuk People, Gnaala Karla Booja, Ballardong People, South West Boojarah #2 and Wagyl Kaip & Southern Noongar groups, and the SouthWest Land and Sea Council (SWALSC).
The ILUAs bind the parties (including 'the State', which encompasses all State Government Departments and certain State Government agencies) to enter into a
Noongar Standard Heritage Agreement (NSHA) when conducting Aboriginal Heritage Surveys in the ILUA areas, unless they have an existing heritage agreement. It isalso intended that other State agencies and instrumentalities enter into the NSHA when conducting Aboriginal Heritage Surveys in the ILUA areas. It is recommended
a NSHA is entered into, and an 'Activity Notice' issued under the NSHA, if there is a risk that an activity will ‘impact’ (i.e. by excavating, damaging, destroying or alteringin any way) an Aboriginal heritage site. The Aboriginal Heritage Due Diligence Guidelines, which are referenced by the NSHA, provide guidance in how to assess thisrisk.
Likewise, from 8 June 2015 the Department of Mines and Petroleum (DMP) in granting Mining, Petroleum and related Access Authority tenures within the South West
Settlement ILUA areas, will place a condition on these tenures requiring a heritage agreement or a NSHA before any rights can be exercised.
If your heritage enquiry is on land within the South West Settlement Indigenous Land Use Agreement Areas and you are a State Government Department, Agency orInstrumentality, or have a condition placed on your mining or petroleum title by DMP, you should seek advice as to the requirement to use the NSHA for your proposed
activity. The full ILUA documents, maps of the ILUA areas and the NSHA template can be found athttps://www.dpc.wa.gov.au/lantu/Claims/Pages/SouthWestSettlement.aspx.
Further advice can also be sought from the Department of Aboriginal Affairs (DAA) at heritageenquiries@daa.wa.gov.au.

Copyright
Copyright in the information contained herein is and shall remain the property of the State of Western Australia. All rights reserved.

Coordinate Accuracy
Accuracy is shown as a code in brackets following the coordinates. Map coordinates (Latitude/Longitude and Easting/Northing) are based on the GDA 94 Datum.
The Easting/Northing map grid can be across one or more zones. The zone is indicated for each Easting on the map, i.e. '500000mE:Z50' means Easting=500000,
Zone=50.

© Government of Western Australia

Report created: 13/08/2015 14:49:54

by: Public User

Identifier: 187827

Page: 1

Aboriginal Heritage Inquiry System
Aboriginal Sites Database
Terminology (NB that some terminology has varied over the life of the legislation)
Place ID/Site ID: This a unique ID assigned by the Department of Aboriginal Affairs to the place
Status:o Registered Site: The place has been assessed as meeting Section 5 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972o Other Heritage Place which includes:- Stored Data / Not a Site: The place has been assessed as not meeting Section 5 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972
- Lodged: Information has been received in relation to the place, but an assessment has not been completed at this stage to determine if it meets
Section 5 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972
Access and Restrictions:o File Restricted = No: Availability of information (other than boundary) that the Department of Aboriginal Affairs holds in relation to the place is not restricted
in any way.
o File Restricted = Yes: Some of the information that the Department of Aboriginal Affairs holds in relation to the place is restricted if it is considered culturally
sensitive. This information will only be made available if the Department of Aboriginal Affairs receives written approval from the informants who provided theinformation. Download the Request to Access Restricted Information letter and form.
o Boundary Restricted = No: place location is shown as accurately as the information lodged with the Registrar allows.
o Boundary Restricted = Yes: To preserve confidentiality the exact location and extent of the place is not displayed on the map. However, the shaded region(generally with an area of at least 4km²) provides a general indication of where the place is located. If you are a landowner and wish to find out more about
the exact location of the place, please contact DAA.
o Restrictions:- No Restrictions: Anyone can view the information.
- Male Access Only: Only males can view restricted information.
- Female Access Only: Only females can view restricted information
Legacy ID: This is the former unique number that the former Department of Aboriginal Sites assigned to the place. This has been replaced by the Place ID / Site ID.

© Government of Western Australia

Report created: 13/08/2015 14:49:54

by: Public User

Identifier: 187827

Page: 2

Aboriginal Heritage Inquiry System
Aboriginal Sites Database

List of Registered Aboriginal Sites with Map
No Results© Government of Western Australia

Report created: 13/08/2015 14:49:54

by: Public User

Identifier: 187827

Page: 3

Aboriginal Heritage Inquiry System
Aboriginal Sites Database

LegendSelected Heritage Sites
Registered Sites
Aboriginal Community
Occupied
Aboriginal Community
Unoccupied
Town
Search Area

Copyright for topographic base map
information shall at all times remain
the property of the Commonwealth ofAustralia, Geoscience Australia National Mapping Division. All rights
reserved.
Aerial Photos, Cadastre, Local
Government Authority, Native Title
boundary, Roads data copyright ©
Western Australian Land Information
Authority trading as Landgate (2015).
Geothermal Application, Geothermal
Title, Mining Tenement, Petroleum
Application, Petroleum Title boundary
data copyright © the State of Western
Australia (DMP) (2015.8)
For further important information on
using this information please see theDepartment of Aboriginal Affairs'
Terms of Use statement at
http://www.daa.wa.gov.au/Terms-OfUse/© Government of Western Australia

Report created: 13/08/2015 14:49:54

by: Public User

Identifier: 187827

Page: 4