SWAT-JWRF Joint Seminar:“Municipal Solid Waste Management in ThailandChallenges and Opportunities –”Venue: Mayfaire A, The Berkeley Hotel Pratunam, Bangkok, Thailand
Date: 14:00 – 17:00, January 16, 2020

Facilitated by So Sasaki Ph.D.
Visiting Scholar, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
Professor, Faculty of Economics, Chuo University
E-mail : so-s@tamacc.chuo-u.ac.jp

Contents
1. Current situation ofWaste Management in Thailand
2. Current Governmental Measures
3. Current issues ofWaste Management in Thailand
4. Summary / Discussion Points

2Current situation ofWaste Management in Thailand
Thailand have many problems

26% of SW has still been improper disposal
The proportion of Solid Waste Management (million tons)

30
25

9.58

20
15
10.88
1050
2008

7.36
2009

2010

2011

2012

Improper disposal

2013

2014

Proper disposal

2015

2016

2017

2018

Amount of recycling(source) PCD(2019), “Booklet on Thailand State of Pollution 2018”4

77% of facilities has still been improper disposal
Status of municipal solid waste disposal facilities in 2018
Proper solid
waste disposal
facilities, 647,
23%
Improper solid
waste disposal
facilities, 2,139,77%

Clustering ofmunicipalities(source) PCD(2019), “Booklet on Thailand State of Pollution 2018”, photo by Sasaki 5

Informal sectors
Collection workers

Junk Shops

Private Collection

Waste pickers

6Impacts of poor waste management@Lat Phrao Canal on March 2019

Cleanup

2 Days later(source) Facebook, “FM91 Trafficpro”

7Impacts of plastic Debris on Marine Life

How to improve
waste management& Marine Plastic in
Thailand?
(source) Sirinarat Pongyart(2018) 8

Current Governmental
Measures

MSW Management Timeline(source) PCD(2019), “Thailand 3R Country
Report”, The Ninth Regional 3R Forum inAsia and the Pacific, 4-6 March 2019,
Royal Orchid Sheraton Hotel & Towers,
Bangkok, Thailand

10The National Master Plan on Waste Management(2016 – 2021)
1. Frame Work1.

Encourage citizens, including children, and the private sector to reduce
waste at the source by following the 3Rs concept (Reduce, Reuse,Recycle).

2.

Establish proper disposal methods for municipal solid waste andhousehold hazardous waste by using centralized facilities for clusters ofmunicipalities emphasizing waste utilization and waste to energy methods.
All relevant sectors participate in the management of solid and hazardous
waste

3.

2. Goals (2016 - 2021)
1.

More than 75% of municipal solid waste are disposed properly.

2.
3.

All accumulated waste are disposed properly.
More than 30% of household hazardous waste are collected and disposed
properly.
All infectious waste are collected and disposed properly.
All hazardous industrial waste management collected and disposedproperly.

4.
5.
6.

More than 50% of local government organizations have systems for waste
separation at the source (households)
11

The National Master Plan on Waste Management(2016 – 2021)
3. Measures1.

Reducing solid and hazardous waste• Reduce waste generation, maximize the use of products and materials.
• Manufacturers are responsible for their products for the whole product lifecycle.
• Stop using plastic bags and Styrofoam packaging.
• Use environmentally friendly products.

2.

Increasing the efficiency of the solid and hazardous waste
management system• Promote and support local government organizations to have a system for solid andhazardous waste management and set up a center for this purpose in a sanitary manner• Improve , revise and develop laws and rules to facilitate the management of solid andhazardous waste• Enforce laws

3.

Supporting solid and hazardous waste management• Publicize in all formats for public to know understand and practice proper managementof solid and hazardous waste on a continuous basis• Develop databases on solid and hazardous waste that are up to date and easily
accessible• Promote and support research and development on technology for the management ofsolid and hazardous waste
12Governmental Measures for Domestic Plastics
The Thai cabinet acknowledged the draft Roadmap for plastic
waste management (2018-2030) on 17 APR, 2019
• To achieve the goal “reducing plastic marine debris at least
50 % by 2027”(source) http://www.pcd.go.th/Public/News/GetNewsThai.cfm?task=lt2019&id=18769 [Accessed on13
APR 22, 2019]

Current issues ofWaste Management in Thailand
WTE v.s. 3R ?

Recycling volume & rate of Waste Plastics
3,500,000

100
90

3,000,000

80

75 70

2,500,000

60

2,000,000

50
1,500,000

40
30

1,000,000

20

500,000

1000
2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

From MSW (tons)

From Industrial waste(ton)Dispposal(ton)recycling rate（％）(source) PCD, “State of Thailand Pollution Report”

201715

Are WTEs countermeasure?
Status of WTE systems in Thailand
SPPVSPP

File a request but have not accepted a purchase

Capacity(MW)
119.54

Cancel contract

12.50

1.00

25

131.46 111.53

Cancel request

1100.00

90.00

39230.91 202.40

Number

Sells
Capacity Sells
Number(MW)(MW) (MW)
19.54
19.65 8.00

6Cancel accept
PPA not signed

1100.00

3.03

2.93

90.00

PPA signed, COD not met

18128.69 114.60

The project is being considered.

10.30

0.30

COD met280.0073.00

2261.89 55.46

Total

6302.04

273.54112565.926 495.22(source) Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE), Fact
Sheet Open Data (in Thai), [Online]. Available at:
http://enedss.dede.go.th/OpenData/Index#GarbageOpenData NIMBY →community-owned power (2020-)

16

Plastic waste trade by the effect of China’s Ban
Thailand’s plastic waste trade volume (tons)
600,000
552,721500,000

Stimulation of demandof recycling material
253,035tons

400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

02008

20092010

2011

2012

Export

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Import(source) Thai Customs Department Trade Statistics database17

Stimulation of demand of recycling material

It is colored blue,
but difficult torecycle(see) Voluntary Design Guidelines for Designated PET Bottles(March 1.2016)
http://www.petbottle-rec.gr.jp/english/design.html

18

Stimulation of demand of recycling material
In Thailand

It is colored blue,
but difficult to recycle

In Japan

Perforation on the labeling ofJapanese PET bottle

A best practice for PET bottle design is the voluntary standard for the design of PET
bottles, developed by Japan’s Council for PET Bottle Recycling.
• PE or PP which gravity are less than 1 should be used for caps, in order to sortcaps from PET.
• Prohibit coloring PET, because waste PET with color has limited demand ofrecycling.
19• It is also recommended to have perforation on the labeling.

Need to industrial Standards• It is also important to ensure JIS Code Title of Japan Industrial Standeardthat demand exists forJIS A5731 Recycled plastics inspection chambers andrecycled products. Somecovers for rainwater
recycled products may not
JIS A5741 Products of wood-plastic recycled composite
satisfy the level of quality
JIS A5742 Products of wood-plastic recycled composite –desired by customers orassembled decks
defined in conventional
JIS K6930 Reclaimed granulate moulding materials ofindustrial standards for
agricultural polyvinyl chloride film
products made from virgin
JIS K6931 Reclaimed plastics bars, rods, plates, and piles
materials.
• To ensure an adequate level JIS K6932 Recycled plastics stakes
JIS A9401 Recycled plastics medial strip blockof quality for recycled
products, and to reduce the JIS A9402 Recycled plastics buffer for parking
transaction cost between the JIS K9797 Un-plasticised poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC-U)
three-layer pipes with recycled solid coresuppliers and buyers ofrecycled products, industrial JIS K9798 Un-plasticised poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC-U)
three-layer pipes with recycled foamed core
standards should be
developed for recycled goods.
20Direct Regulation and Market Mechanism
Methods

MeritDemerit

Discussed

Direct Regulation  Expected•Prohibition
effect•Deregulation
 LittleUnfairness

 HugeoperationCost Lack offlexibility

MarketMechanism•Tax•Subsidy•Deposit•EPR It is difficult to  Tax deduction
predict theofeffectbiodegradable Unfairness
plastic EPR /Recycling Low

 Low
Operation
Cost Flexibility

 Prohibition of
7 shingle use
Plastics
 Deregulationof recycledplastic forfood (FDA)

EPR =Extended Producer Responsibility,

EPR does not mean to left everything to Producers!
https://www.oecd.org/development/extended-producer-responsibility-9789264256385-en.htm

21

Flows of recycling costs and containers and packaging

22

Needs cooperation from Consumer(source)http://record.hits.jp/2017/04/26/ペットボトルの捨て方%EF%BC%88英語%EF%BC%89/ and photo by Sasaki

23 23

MSW generated per person (g/cap*day)
1,250

1,185

1,200Japan

Thailand1,130

1,150
1,100
1,050
1,000950
900

Automobile Recycling Act
the Basic Act for Establishment
a Sound Material-Cycle Society
Construction Recycling Act
Food Recycling Act
Home Appliance Recycling Act

850 Containers and Packaging
Recycling Act

Act on Promotion of Recycling of
Small Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment bile Recycling Act920

1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017

800

(source) PCD(2019), “Booklet on Thailand State of Pollution 2018”,and MOEJ(2019) “Survey results of general waste treatment”

24Separation waste for 3R’s in JapanSource: City of Kasumigaura

25

Opportunity to promote separation waste

BMA Collection Fee (20 L / Month*household)～2003

2003-2005

2005-now

4B

40B

20B

Postponed
40B+Disposal
Fee 40B？

• BMA citizens do not know how much we throw away waste• Change the collection method for promoting reducing, andseparating and recycling waste plastic

26

Separating waste and collection Feeby the specific bags

https://nihonscope.com/japanese-culture/fukuoka-japan-waste-disposal-rules-gomi-guide/27

WTE V.S. 3R from Shanghai Case

• Shanghai WTE capacity is 9,000 tons / day– 750 tons / day ×12units• The 4type (Food, Combustible, Recyclable, Hazardous) of Waste
Separation started since July 2019
Waste
Recyclable
Hazardous

Target3,299 tons / day
500 kg/ day

Actual
5,960tons / day1000 ton/day

Y on Y
4.6 times
Over 9 times

Food5,520 tons / day

8,710 tons / dayOver 100％

Combustible

21,000 tons / day

14,830 tons / day-33％（source）張益「分別時代下固形廃棄物産業戦略」2019年第6回環境企業家年会・発表資料、上海・国家会展中心上海洲示酒店、2019年12月20日• The averaged low heat value of MSW has increasedfrom 1700 to 2200-2300kcal/kg-MSW →Long time Plan28

Summary / Discussion Points

Summary / Discussion Points
1. Current situation of Waste Management has
many problems
 Implementation of 3Rs in Thailand


Mr. Patarapol

2. Current Governmental Measures areambitious
 Best Practice in Thailand


Mr. Tanaka, Dr. Apipong, and Mr. Takahashi

3. Current issues could be improved by 3R but
affects existing facilities
 Long time plan

Mr. Odera30

Thank you for your attention!

ขอบคุณครบั

ご清聴ありがとうございました
To become circular economy in Thailand

Acknowledgement
This presentation is part of the results from the Grant-in-Aid for Young
Researchers (A)17H04722 funded by the Japan Society for the Promotionof Science (JSPS).