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SUMMARIESSUMMARIESA Study on Women's Career Pattern Characteristics
TAKEISHI Emiko
Women's occupational trajectories are found to be diverse. Since the Equal Employment Opportunity
Act went into effect, various policies have been implemented in support of women's employment
continuity, including policies to achieve a balance between work and family life. However, numerous
studies have revealed that women's career patterns have not changed and that the number of women
who continue to work after childbirth has not increased, in comparison with prior to the enforcementof Equal Employment Opportunity Act.
This paper attempts to analyze the types of women's occupational careers and the effects on
women's career pattern choices. I examine the factors in determining the choice of a continuing work
career after marriage and childbirth and explore diﬀerences in women's working conditions and career
attitudes in terms of women's career patterns.
From my analysis, it was found that the significant factors affecting women's choice of longterm career development are women's career perspectives, the degree to which their spouse shareshousework, their spouses' views on their wives' work and their mothers' views on women's workcareers. These factors are mutually related. In particular, women who desire to continue working
after marriage and childbirth tend to remain in their ﬁrst jobs. There are signiﬁcant diﬀerentials in job
satisfaction among women with diﬀerent career patterns. Women with long-term career patterns are
more satisﬁed with their work careers than those with re-entry career patterns.
It was concluded from these findings that policies should be implemented to support women'scontinuing careers. It is vital that a variety of options for women to choose work styles be createdthrough the introduction of ﬂexible working patterns. In addition, it is necessary for young women to
make use of opportunities for development of their career perspectives.

A Proposal on Promoting Women's Career Development: Based on Research Findings onRole-Models
WATANABE Mieko
This project was conducted to propose a new framework for developing behavioral and attitudinal
aspects of women, as well as competencies for lifelong career construction, based on research ﬁndings
which were identified to be common to the life-histories of adult women.
The research methodology utilized was a kind of meta-analysis of three diﬀerent research projects
conducted by NWEC and the University of Tsukuba over the last three years. The qualitative datacollected by these three research projects was re-analyzed from a career development perspective. The
following characteristics were found among those women who have constructed own careers: Throughplaying various roles and coping with conflicts, they have developed coping mechanisms and attitudes
for unpredictable situation; they have recognized the meaningfulness of relationships with colleague
and friends which helped them to develop themselves; they are able to assess themselves and their136

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own experiences objectively; they are building a future with great possibilities by working hard
and they have mastered those attitudes and strengths which are a feature of career maturity. Fromthese findings, it is proposed that women's career development programs should focus on developing
behavioral and attitudinal maturity rather than focusing on speciﬁc job related skills.

Support Program for Women's Career Development and Challenges at CREO-OSAKA
MAKIMURA Hisako
CREO-OSAKA is the gender equality center of Osaka-City, which implements many careerdevelopment and challenge programs for women.
But these programs had no system. So, the CREO research oﬃce had researched support programs
for women's career development from 2005 to 2007.
As a result we have developed a systematic program for women's career development. We have put
into practice such programs as the “ Happy Career Seminar ”, “ Career up Seminar ”, “ Work-life Balance
Seminar ”, “ Administrative Seminar ” and “ Network Forum ”.
One way in which we have approached businesses is through our “ Oﬃcial Tour Seminar ” in 2007.
We went on an oﬃcial tour to 35 businesses, and 1643 men & women attended a lecture. Our businesssupport activities include the establishment of incubator facilities including “ Office Challenge ” and“ Seminars for Starting a Business ”. We follow up on these seminars, and support class members withour coﬀee shops at CREO and in the city. It is important and most eﬀective for career developmentthat we support women early in their careers, when they are in their 20s and 30s.

Attempt of Career Formation Support Intended for “ Woman in Maternity and Child Care
Period ”: Japan Association for Women's Education “ Career Support Seminar 2007” as aCaseARAI Hiroko
Recently, the course of the career support intended for “ Woman in maternity and the child careperiod ” came to be planned. It is because the number of women who consider how to balance workand family. The object of current career formation support for the woman was a woman after thechild care had ended. However, the ideal way of the career seminar is changing. “ Woman in maternity
and the child care period ” is faced to the selection that greatly influences the life afterwards. However,they do not have the chance to think about oneself easily. It is because a lot of time and energy aretaken in housework and the child care. Moreover, they feel the hesitation for the idea of her future byfeeling the pressure of the world “ It is necessary to prioritize the child ”. It is necessary to support it tothem.
The Japan Association for Women's Education has been executing the career support seminar
intended for the woman of the child care period by the cooperation of labor with Minato Ward Child
Family Support Center since 2006. I did the study support in the seminar in 2007. In this text, I reporton the seminar, and consider the ideal way of the support program for woman in Maternity and thechild care period ．

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SUMMARIESHow is a “Kawaii Girl ” Possible?: A View from a Japanese Nursery RoomMITSUHASHI Koji BURDELSKI Matthew
Kawaii , roughly meaning cute, represents a socio-historically situated aesthetic in Japanese culture
for things small, weak, and immature. For this reason, it has attracted the attention of scholars insociology, linguistics, and cultural studies. However, many of the studies on kawaii tend to presuppose
an association between kawaii and onna-no-ko ʻ girl ʼ , since onna-no-ko tend to love things kawaii anddress themselves up in kawaii style. Such presuppositions are not systematically examined, and may
reﬂect a stereotype that scholars have of onna-no-ko .
In this paper, through examination of the use of kawaii in naturally occurring interaction in a
Japanese child daycare center, we show that the use of kawaii in practices of assessment is governedby a kawaii norm, and thereby onna-no-ko is a normatively constructed category that becomes
associated with kawaii . The analysis implies that as girls develop and express, buy, and wear “ kawaii, ”
the category onna-no-ko becomes increasingly gendered. We conclude that more studies on the use ofkawaii in naturally occurring interaction at places other than child daycare centers are necessary to
fully understand how onna-no-ko becomes gendered through the use of kawaii .

The Eﬀect of the Human Capital Accumulation on Women's Reemployment
SAKAMOTO Yuka
Existing research indicates that highly educated women have a stronger tendency not opt forreemployment. However, these findings cannot be explained by Choice and Exchange Theory andHuman Capital Theory. The purpose of this paper is to examine empirically the following two issues:
1) whether women's human capital accumulation such as education, professional experience, yearsof work experience, has an positive eﬀect on reemployment or not; and 2) which of four hypothesisof derived from existing research explain the failure of higher education level to impact on female
reemployment even in recent years.
The data is from the “ Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers ” by the Institute for Research on
Household Economics. It consists of a random national sample of women from their twenties to forties.
The sample for analysis (n=633) is unemployed women at their ﬁrst childbirth. Event history analysis isused to ascertain the axial movement in time of women's reemployment process.
The results of the analysis showed that while higher level of education had a negative inﬂuence
on women's reemployment, human capital accumulated through work experience prior to childbirth
had a positive impact including professional experience and longer years of work experience. “ WeakEarning Motivation Hypothesis ” and “ Gender Ideology Hypothesis ” was supported for reemployment
on women, “ Suburban Lifestyle Hypothesis ” failed to do so. Although the reason why highly educatedwomen have a stronger tendency not opt for reemployment was partly explained by “ Weak Earning
Motivation Hypothesis ”, “ Mismatch Hypothesis ” can better explained because the older age of their ﬁrstbirth showed the strongest eﬀect.
Given Japan's shrinking labor force, it is important to make use of the female human capital. Future
research on the factors dissolving a mismatch in female reemployment is, therefore, needed.

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Counseling Practices with a Gender Perspective for Mothers of Grown Up Children Who
don't Work and Still Live at Home with their Parents
KAWABATA Mariko, HONDA Akiko
The purpose of this study was ﬁrstly to clarify the psychological issues for mothers whose chiefcomplaints is about their groun-up children who don't work and still live at home with their parents,that relates to the recently widespread issue of young people such as “ hikikomori ” or NEET in Japan.
A secondary goal was to provide insights ― from a gender perspective ― on how counselors can dobest support mothers of such children.
In regards to these issues 29 cases were analyzed by the following 4 approaches:• Background analysis, such as age, family structure, job, etc.
• First complaint analysis• How did the counselor interpret these problems and counsel the mothers• How did clients react and change their perception and behavior
Results of this analysis suggested that these mothers had excessively internalized their gender roleas care providers to their children, and thus were caught in a negative feedback loop, where:
1.They perceived themselves as failures, not properly having raised their children to be independent.
2.Feeling a failure, these mothers often over compensated, providing even more excessive care to
their children. At the same time, they often instructed their children to work harder, be more
responsible, etc.
3.Because of this, their relationship with their children usually deteriorated.
4.This cycle tended to re-enforce the mothers' sense of failure.
The counselors focused on the point that the mothers regarded their children's problem as theirown problems. The counselors encouraged clients to change their daily relationship to their sons ordaughters, aiming at releasing them from being care providers.
As a result, the clients reconsidered their excessive behavior and acknowledged their own feelings,
realizing that their children could take care of themselves. In fact, in many cases, it was found thatwhen the mothers changed their behavior, the children also reacted positively, becoming more
independent. It is proved that counseling support with a gender perspective is an eﬀective approach tosupport mothers of grown up children, who don't work and still live with their parents.

The Present State of Grandmothers Responsible for Raising Grandchildren: Implication
for Challenges of Grandparent Education
KOGUCHI Masumi
The aim of this paper is to reveal issues in grandparents responsible for raising grandchildren and to
think of challenges of grandparent education. First of all, the circumstances of such grandmothers wereclariﬁed through the lens of their “ roles ”.
As a result, the following became clear: (1) As for “ role timing ”, the older grandmothers were, themore serious problems were seen. (2) With regard to “ role ambiguity ”, grandmothers were tied up by
existing child-rearing norm and the custodial battle with daughter's spouse. (3) When comparison wasmade between paternal and maternal grandmothers, there were more “ role conflict ” problems with“ paternal grandmother ” and with “ the combination of paternal grandmother and granddaughter (bloodconﬂict) ”. In particular, “ blood conﬂict ” has not seen any studies in the U.S., and so it is a new ﬁnding
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obtained as a result of Japanese data.
With prolonged periods of grandparenthood, health centers, child-rearing support centers andlifelong learning centers will assume a major role by providing grandparents with opportunities tolearn about children and the latest relevant information. However, the above ﬁndings from (1) to (3)reveal that grandmothers must deal with various issues. Hence, it will become necessary to understandthe need for individual counseling and hold actual counseling sessions for grandparents raising theirgrandchildren. The emotional role of grandparents should continue to be emphasized in order to bringout their potential abilities. Furthermore, when grandparents who only have experience of raising malechildren take care of granddaughters (or vise versa), how do they consider the gender diﬀerence? In
this case, experiences of both paternal and maternal grandparents involved in parenting grandchildren
whose genders are diﬀerent from that of their own children can be regarded as useful references.

Research on Prevention, Education and Awareness Raising of Traﬃcking in Persons
WATANABE MihoTraﬃcking in Persons is an urgent human rights issue encompassing various gender issues including
violence against women, sexual exploitation, issue on prostitution, discrimination against minority,poverty, economic disparity. National Women's Education Center launched research on trafficking
in 2004. This paper will focus on the ﬁrst phase of the research on traﬃcking conducted by NWEC,“ Research on Prevention, Education and Awareness Raising of Traﬃcking in Persons 2005-2006”, withspecial focus on the basic research portion of the project, “ Issues of Trafficking in the Asia PacificRegion and International Contribution of Japan ‒ From the Perspective of Women's Empowerment ”
conducted with the grant of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for ScientiﬁcResearch FY 2005-2006”. Result discussed will include (1) fact-ﬁnding research of Thailand, Cambodia
and the Philippines, and hearing of victim-survivor returned from Japan, (2) Survey taken of lawmakers, (3) “ Research on Consciousness and Behavior of Modern Men and Women ” looking at thedemand.
Outcome of the basic research was applied in considering programs on awareness raising andeducation to prevent trafficking of persons. It is important to tackle this complex issue from bothdemand and supply side in comprehensive manner with consistence. Improving the support systemfrom perspective of women concerned and their empowerment is key to solve the problem.

A Survey Report about Career Development of the Authors of Refereed Articles inNWEC Journal, 1997-2008
HATANO Keiko, KAWANO Rihoko, SHIBUYA Noriko, ITO Shizuka
This paper reports about the survey on career development of the authors of the refereed articles
in “ Journal of the National Women's Education Center of Japan (NWEC Journal) ”, which had been
conducted from July to August in 2008. The aim is to clarify the significance of “ Journal of the NWEC ”
to promote people who research or practice for gender equality.
“ NWEC Journal ” has been published annually since 1997. Its contents are Special section, Refereed
articles, NWEC researches, and others.
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SUMMARIES“ NWEC Journal ” calls for articles according to these 3 categories; Research papers, Practical casestudy and Study note. It requires that the articles are international, interdisciplinary or practical studies
related to lifelong learning or gender equality, to contribute to developing women's education in Japan,
as well as promoting the researches of NWEC.
“ NWEC Journal ” has published a total of 49 refereed articles from the ﬁrst to the 12 number issued
in 2008. We enrolled 52 authors who included co-authors and carried out a questionnaire survey andan interview to 8 authors. In the questionnaire survey, we asked follows: I About the authorsʼ article; II
Experience of submission and publication of the article and its eﬀects to their own career development;
Ⅲ The author's proﬁle. In the interview, we investigated about the contents of the questionnaire more
concretely and asked an anticipation that they had for NWEC.
This research was conducted by NWEC in cooperation with NPO Sankaku Planet.

Scholarship and Incentive Schemes for Girls in Nepal
KANNO Koto
In order to improve girls' participation in basic education, the Government of Nepal in cooperation
with international development agencies has been implementing scholarship and incentive programmes
for girls at primary and secondary education levels. The past studies and reports focussed mainly on
ﬁnancial ﬂows and delivery issues, whether the funds and goods reach at the target population. But
local voices are hardly heard, and what are actually happening in reality at the school scenes are
not well documented. Whether scholarship and incentive programs are actually accelerating girls'
participation in school education, and if so to what extent, and whether parents' awareness has beenraised and behaviors changed by these programs or not, and if they would keep sending girls toschool even after the termination of such incentives and scholarship; these questions remain largely
unanswered. UNESCO Kathmandu Office in collaboration with the Nepalese scholars and graduate
students conducted a ﬁeld study to illuminate the realities of the functioning of girls' scholarship andincentives programmes in 3 districts in Nepal in 2005. The study focuses on the local decision-making
mechanisms and process regarding the girls' scholarship and incentive programmes. Also examined
are: knowledge, perception and opinions of beneﬁciaries and their families as well as those of nonbeneﬁciaries, teachers/school masters and school management committees regarding the scholarshipand incentive programs. The present paper further introduces and discusses main issues emerged outof this research, including monitoring/evaluation, impact, eﬀectiveness and eﬃciency of the scholarshipsystem and so on. In conclusion, the paper stressed the need for scaling up the girls' scholarship andincentive programs and bringing in girls' scholarship and girls' education programmes the mainstreamof education system of this country.

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