1-2-4. 日本・中国 2 国間ワークショップ「遺伝資源と伝統的知識へのアクセスと利益配分に関する政策と法令」
2014 年 1 月 24 日、JBA は中国より中国民族大学の生命＆環境科学カレッジに籍を置き、中国における ABS 法案起草委員会の委員でもある XUE Dayuan 教授、武漢大学の法学部副部長
であり、XUE 教授と共に ABS 法案起草委員会の委員でもある QIN Tianbao 教授、また中国民族大学の生命＆環境科学カレッジで XUE 教授と共同で中国における伝統的知識（TK）に関する調査を行っている GUO Sophia Luo 教授を招聘し、2 国間ワークショップを開催した。
前回（2010 年）開催の日中 2 国間ワークショップに引き続き、中国の ABS 国内制度についてその後の進捗を聞くことが主な目的であった。
プログラム
1. Implementation of ABS in Japan 名古屋議定書に関する日本の検討状況について
JBA 井上 歩
2. ABS Policies in China
Dr. XUE Dayuan, Professor, College of Life and Environmental Science,
Minzu University of China
3. 中国の ABS 国内法の検討状況について
Dr. QIN Tianbao, Professor, Vice dean, School of Law, Wuhan University,
China
4. 中国の伝統的知識に関するデータベースの開発
Dr. GUO Sophia Luo, Professor, College of Life and Environmental
Science, Minzu University of China

冒頭 JBA 井上は、日本の ABS に係る長年の啓発・支援活動と国内遵守措置の検討状況につ話した。続いて、XUE 教授は中国の ABS 政策について、QIN 教授（XUE 教授が代理で講演）は中国の ABS に関する法律について、GUO 教授は中国における TK の実態とそのデータベー
ス作成について講演した。
講演
講演 2「ABS Policies in China」(発表資料１参照)
名古屋議定書には派生物の定義があり、また、名古屋議定書前文には中国が名古屋議定書の交渉に当たり長年要求していた文言「Publically Available TK」を“documented or in otherforms”と記載していることから、それらを利益配分の対象と考えている。したがって、中国は公知である（書物に記載の）TK を利益配分の対象として ABS の検討を行っている。
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中国は生物多様性の豊かな国（世界第 3 位）であり、米、大豆、果樹等の原産国でもある。
また、56 の少数民族を抱えている。現在、中国は自らを提供国と考え（利用国でもあるとは考えていない）提供国措置を講ずるとしている。
中国は CBD 加盟以来、省庁横断的な会議を開催してきた。現在、最高レベルの会議として、国務院副総理の張高麗氏がヘッドを務め 25 部が出席する「国家多様性保全会合」がある（2011年設置）。
政策としては、2004 年の国務省による「種の保存と管理を強化する宣言」がある。これには生物多様性と ABS 問題に対する権限ある当局として、環境保護部が係わっている。この宣言
では遺伝資源という語より「種」の方が分かりやすく包括的であるということから、「種」が採用されている。
2010 年の国務院による「中国国家多様性戦略とアクションプラン」には、ABS に関する事項が含まれている。
中国には、利益配分規定を含んではいないが、生物種又は遺伝資源へのアクセスに関する既存法がある。
関連法として 2009 年に改正された特許法「中華人民共和国専利法」では、発明の元となった
生物遺伝資源の出所開示が義務付けられている。出所不明な場合には申請者にその説明が求められ、違法に取得された遺伝資源による特許は認められない。ただし、「違法の定義」が定められていないため、運用されてはいない。そこで、中国特許庁（中国国家知識産権局）は「違法」であることを確認するために、早期の法律策定を求めている。
2005 年に策定された家畜法には、初めて利益配分のコンセプトが導入されている。
既存法の中には、外国人による生物遺伝資源の入手や調査を規制するものが多い。
生物遺伝資源のみならず、伝統的中医学、遺伝資源に関する伝統的知識へのアクセスと利益配分に関して、立法化を検討中である。
中国は ABS 法令を策定するに当たって、解決しなければならない下記のような多くの検討事項を抱えている。
遺伝資源や派生物とは何か、一般に貿易で取り引きされている漢方薬原料の扱い、過去に取得された生物遺伝資源等の新たな利用の扱い、TK の定義、文章化され公開されている公知 TKの扱い、生息域内外の規定、少数民族のアクセスに対する規定、内外無差別の有無、商業利用・学術利用の扱い、利益の配分先は誰（どこ）か、国内遵守措置を執るか、能力構築の実施、外国における第 3 者の生物遺伝資源利用の追跡とモニターの方法、チェックポイントをどこにするのか、またその組織は中央統一型か地方型か、名古屋議定書の批准国と非批准国に対する扱い方の違い、等々。

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講演 3「ABS Legislation in China: An academic perspective」（発表資料 3 参照）
予定演者が当日体調不良のため、代わって XUE 教授が講演した。
既存法については XUE 教授の講演と重複するところもあるが、法律家である QIN 教授のス
ライドではより詳しく説明されていた。ただし、QIN 教授は XUE 教授ほどには ABS に精通していないと思われるので、スライドは両者を併せて参照した方が良いと思われる。
発表スライドから読み取れることは、中国には生物遺伝資源に関する数々の法律が既に存在し、生物遺伝資源を中国国内で採取すること、また無形文化遺産について調査すること等は規制されているということである。また、多くの場合、外国人は内外差別されているようだ。
講演 4「Category, Documentation and Database for Traditional Knowledge in China」（発表資料 2 参照）
中国における伝統的知識を調べ、カテゴリーに分けて TK データベースを作成している。中国には 56 の少数民族があり、現状では調査は容易ではないようだ。
いずれこのデータベースは、TK の保護、利益配分の対象として検討するためのベースとなるだろう。

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発表資料 1

TopicsABS Policies in China• Main points on ABS (access andbenefit-sharing) in CBD andNagoya Protocol• China’s GR and TK• ABS policies in China• Issues for ABS regulation

XUE Dayuan
College of Life and Environmental Science,
Minzu University of China
andNanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection of China
Tokyo, Jan. 24, 2014

Main Points in CBD & NP

Main Points in CBD & NP

CBD’s main points on Genetic Resources andassociated TK

CBD’s main points on Genetic
Resources and associated TK
1、Three objectives of the CBD（1）Conservation of biological diversity（2）Sustainable use of the components of
biodiversity（3）Fair and equitable sharing of the benefits
arising out of the utilization of genetic resources(and associated traditional knowledge)

2、Article 15 of the Convention（1）Sovereign rights principle (the authority to determine
access to genetic resources rests with the national
governments and is subject to national legislation)（2）Prior Informed Consent (PIC)（3）Mutually agreed terms (MAT)（4）Benefit Sharing (BS)（5）Endeavour to develop and carry out scientific researchin the Contracting Party providing genetic resources（6）Cope with the relationship between IP and the accessand benefit-sharing of genetic resources

Main Points in CBD & NP

Main Points in CBD & NP
CBD’s main points on Genetic
Resources and associated TK
3. Article 8, (j) of CBD• NAGOYA PROTOCOL ON ACCESS TO GENETICRESOURCES AND THE FAIR AND EQUITABLE
SHARING OF BENEFITS ARISING FROM THEIRUTILIZATION TO THE CONVENTION ONBIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY• Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as
appropriate: Subject to its national legislation, respect,preserve and maintain knowledge, innovations andpractices of indigenous and local communities embodying
traditional lifestyles relevant for the conservation andsustainable use of biological diversity and promote theirwider application with the approval and involvement of theholders of such knowledge, innovations and practices andencourage the equitable sharing of the benefits arising fromthe utilization of such knowledge, innovations and practices;• SCOPE (Article 3)• This Protocol shall apply to genetic resources
within the scope of Article 15 of the Convention
and to the benefits arising from the utilization ofsuch resources. This Protocol shall also apply to
traditional knowledge associated with genetic
resources within the scope of the Convention andto the benefits arising from the utilization of suchknowledge.

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Main Points in CBD & NP

Main Points in CBD & NP

• NAGOYA PROTOCOL• USE OF TERMS (Article 2)• NAGOYA PROTOCOL(a) “Utilization of genetic resources” means to conduct

research and development on the genetic and/or
biochemical composition of genetic resources, including
through the application of biotechnology as defined in
Article 2 of the Convention;(b) “Biotechnology” as defined in Article 2 of the Convention
means any technological application that uses biologicalsystems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to makeor modify products or processes for specific use;(c) “Derivative” means a naturally occurring biochemicalcompound resulting from the genetic expression or
metabolism of biological or genetic resources, even if it
does not contain functional units of heredity

Main Points in CBD & NP

Main Points in CBD & NP

• NAGOYA PROTOCOL•••• TK forms (Preamble)• Further recognizing the unique
circumstances where traditional knowledge
associated with genetic resources is held incountries, which may be oral, documented
or in other forms, reflecting a rich cultural
heritage relevant for conservation andsustainable use of biological diversity.

FAIR AND EQUITABLE BENEFIT-SHARING (Article 5)
Para.2. Each Party shall take legislative, administrative or policy
measures, as appropriate, with the aim of ensuring that benefits
arising from the utilization of genetic resources that are held byindigenous and local communities, in accordance with domestic
legislation regarding the established rights of these indigenous andlocal communities over these genetic resources, are shared in a fairand equitable way with the communities concerned, based on
mutually agreed terms.
Para.5. Each Party shall take legislative, administrative or policy
measures, as appropriate, in order that the benefits arising from theutilization of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources
are shared in a fair and equitable way with indigenous and local
communities holding such knowledge. Such sharing shall be upon
mutually agreed terms.

China’s Rich GR & TK

• NAGOYA PROTOCOL• ACCESS TO GENETIC RESOURCES (Article 6)• Para 6. In the exercise of sovereign rights overnatural resources, and subject to domestic
access and benefit-sharing legislation or
regulatory requirements, access to genetic
resources for their utilization shall be subject tothe prior informed consent of the Party providing
such resources that is the country of origin ofsuch resources or a Party that has acquired thegenetic resources in accordance with theConvention, unless otherwise determined by that
Party.

China’s Rich GR & TK

1. Genetic resources

2. Traditional Knowledge• China has known 34,984 species of higher plants,
ranking the third in the world, with 51% species
are originated in China.
• China also has 6,445 vertebrate animal species,
accounting for 13.7% of the total in the world.
The fungi species proven in China are about
10,000, making up 14% of the total in the world.
• China has rich genetic resources and is a countryof origin of many important agricultural crops
such as rice and soybean, as well as a key
center of origin of wild and cultivated fruit trees.

• China has a long history over 5000 years. During
the living and agricultural activities, Chinese
people has created a great deal of traditional
knowledge, renovations and practices.
• China has 56 ethnic groups for its population.
Many of these ethnic groups now still keep theirtraditional living and cultivation styles.
• Based on a wide work in investigation anddocumentation of TK in China during the past
years, a classification system for 5 TK categories
is proposed.

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ABS Policies in China

ABS Policies in China
2. Coordinating Mechanisms for Biodiversity

1. China is a Party of CBD• China became the Party of Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD) in early 1993, is oneof the earliest countries for CBD ratification.
• China approved Cartagena Protocol on
Biosafety (CPB) in 2005.
• China is underway to approve Nagoya
Protocol and Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur
Supplementary Protocol to CPB• China has actively participated in all theactivities under CBD

•

•
•

•

ABS Policies in China

ABS Policies in China

2. Coordinating Mechanisms for Biodiversity•••

Immediately after approval of CBD, Chinese government
established the National Coordination Committee for CBD
Implementation in 1993 with 25 sectors, headed by Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection (MEP).
To correspond ABS issue, the State Council set up the JointMinisterial Meeting for Genetic Resources, headed by MEP andjoined by other 16 ministries.
To correspond UN Biodiversity Decade, China established a
National Biodiversity Conservation Commission in 2011, headedby Premier Li Keqiang (now Vice Premier, Zhang Gaoli) andjoined by 25 ministers (or vice ministers)
An office to serve the above three coordination mechanism of
CBD Coordinating Committee, Joint-Ministerial Meeting for ABS
and National Biodiversity Commission for high level decisionmaking, was set up in Dept of Natural Conservation and
Ecological Protection, under Ministry of Environmental Protection(MEP) of China.

In March 2004, the State Council issued“Announcement to Enhance Protection andManagement for Species Resource (Genetic
Resources)”.
This document put forward 15 policies and tasks,
including survey, inventory, protection plan, legislation,
policy, coordinating mechanism, inspection for importand export goods.
The document designed Ministry of Environmental
Protection (MEP) as the national competent authority
for biodiversity conservation and ABS issue

ABS Policies in China

3. Policies Related to ABS Issue（1）The Outline of the National IP Strategy•

On June 5, 2008, the State Council issued “theOutline of the National Intellectual Property
Strategy”, and genetic resources and traditional
knowledge have been incorporated into thestrategy Objectives and the strategy tasks in the
Outline.

ABS Policies in China

3. Policies Related to ABS Issue

3. Policies Related to ABS Issue（1）The Outline of the National IP Strategy（1）The Outline of the National IP Strategy

1）Improve the protection, exploration andutilization of genetic resources, preventing theloss and abuse of genetic resources.
Coordinating the relationship of the protection,
exploration and utilization of Genetic Resources,and establishing a reasonable mechanism ofAccess to Genetic Resources and Benefit
Sharing. Guarantee the rights of awareness andconsent of the providers of Genetic Resources .

- 86 -

2）Construct a comprehensive IP system.
Support the compilation and passing-downof traditional knowledge, and promote thedevelopment of TK. Improve the coordinative
mechanism of the management, protection
and utilization of traditional pharmaceuticalintellectual property, and strengthen theprotection, development and utilization of
traditional arts and crafts.

ABS Policies in China

ABS Policies in China

3. Policies Related to ABS(2) China National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
(2011-2030) approved by the State Council on Sept 15, 2010

3. Policies Related to ABS(2) China National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

Action Plan

Strategy Tasks

6) Improve benefit sharing of biological and genetic
resources and associated traditional knowledge. China
will• Rescue, protect and inherit related traditional knowledge byimproving the protection system of traditional knowledge.
• Explore the establishment of a system for access to andbenefit sharing of biological and genetic resources andassociated traditional knowledge, and coordinate the interests
between the protectors, developers and users of biologicaland genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge
to ensure that the interests of all stakeholders will beprotected.

• Action 7 Carry out baseline surveys on biologicalresources and ecosystems• Carry out comprehensive baseline surveys in the priority areas of
biodiversity conservation.
• Carry out surveys on key species and in key areas.
• Establish baseline database of species surveyed at both national
and local levels.
• Regularly organize nationwide surveys on wild flora and fauna andestablish archives and catalogues of these resources.
• Carry out baseline and diversity surveys on aquatic species of rivers
and wetlands.
• Establish national biodiversity information management system.

ABS Policies in China

ABS Policies in China
3. Policies Related to ABS(2) China National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

3. Policies Related to ABS(2) China National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
Action Plan
• Action 8 Survey and catalogue genetic resources and related
traditional knowledge• Survey, collect and classify local crops, domesticated animals, wild
edible and medical plants and animals and fungi with focus on
remote and minority-inhabited regions and store the accessions in
the national germplasm resource bank.
• Focus on the survey of germplasm resources of major timbers, wild
flowers, medicinal species and aquatic species, and collect, store,
catalogue these resources and establish databases.
• Survey traditional knowledge, innovation and practices related togenetic resources in the ethnic minority-inhabited areas andestablish databases and undertake studies and demonstration
projects concerning benefit sharing.

Action Plan
Action 21: Establish rules and mechanisms of conservation,access to and benefit sharing of genetic resources and related
traditional knowledge• Develop policies of and regulations on access to and benefit sharingof genetic resources and related traditional knowledge.
• Improve regulations on disclosure of origin of genetic resources inpatent applications and establish procedures of mutually agreed
terms and prior informed consent for access to and benefit sharing ofgenetic resources and related traditional knowledge, and ensure that
inspection of the import & export of biological resources will be
operating effectively.
• Establish administration mechanisms, administrative agencies andtechnical supporting systems for access to and benefit sharing ofgenetic resources and improve related information exchangemechanisms.

ABS Policies in China

ABS Policies in China

3. Policies Related to ABS(2) China National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

4. Legislation

•

•

•

•
•

•

Action Plan
Action 22 Establish a system of examination and inspection ofimport and export of genetic resources
Establish a system for examination and inspection of import & export ofgenetic resources, coordinate domestic management and import & export law
enforcement, and develop effective penalties and strengthen supervision on
import & export.
Develop an administrative list of import and export of genetic resources andstrengthen professional training for customs and quarantine and inspection
staff to improve the accuracy of examination and inspection.
Undertake research on rapid inspection and identification methods and equip
advanced examination and inspection facilities at major ports of passengers
and international mail processing centers as well as establish and complete
related laboratories.
Raise the awareness of departing passengers especially scientific andresearch professionals and foreign service personnel of protection of genetic
resources through various educational programs- 87 -(1) The laws existed for access to genetic resources
China has issued a series of laws concerning access to biological
species and genetic resources, e.g.
•
Wild Animal Protection Law (aim to nationally protected animal
species•
Regulation on Protection of Wild Plants （aim to nationallyprotected plant species)•
Seed Law (Principally, it declaims the state sovereignty on crop
germplasm)•
Regulation on the Management of Trade in Endangered Wild
Animals and Plants•
Regulation on the Protection of Wild Medicine Resources.
•
However, all above legislation are short of Benefit-sharing, thoughsome regulatory articles for access.

ABS Policies in China

ABS Policies in China

2. New legislation reflecting ABS（1）Newly revised Patent Law（Enteredinto force on Oct 1, 2009）• Article 5: inventions violating laws, social
morals, and damaging public interest will
not be granted a patent right. Inventions
created on the genetic resources illegallyacquired or utilized will not be granted apatent right.

2. New legislation reflecting ABS（1）Newly revised Patent Law（Enteredinto force on Oct 1, 2009）• Article 26: for inventions and creations
made on genetic resources to apply
patents, the applicant shall disclosure thedirect resources and origin of the genetic
resources; if the applicant cannot clarify theorigin, an explain shall be provided.

ABS Policies in China

ABS Policies in China

2. New legislation reflecting ABS（2） Animal Husbandry law - （enacted on
Dec. 2005），Put forward the concept of benefit
sharing for the first time
• Article 16: for export and cooperation with foreignorganizations, the utilization of animal and poultry
resources in the protection name list, the user
shall apply husbandry administration department
at the provincial level, and provide a measure ofbenefit sharing at the same time.
• The animal and poultry resources newly found isprohibited to provide to foreign companies before
identification by the state authority.

2. New legislation reflecting ABS（3）The Measures of the People’s Republic ofChina for the Examination and Approval of Entry& Exit and the Foreign Cooperative Research on
the Application of Genetic Resources ofLivestock and Poultry（Entered into force on Oct
1, 2008）。

ABS Policies in China

ABS Policies in China

2. New legislation reflecting ABS

It prescribed the conditions for access tolivestock genetic resources and thecontents of benefit sharing more
specifically

3. New legislation underway on ABS（4）The Law of Cultural Heritage for Intangible
Goods) (Enforced on June 1, 2011)• It provided that the culture sector is responsible toprotection, investigation, preservation, identificationand databases for intangible goods. It is also incharge of review and approval for application offoreigners’ investigation work.
• But, many kinds of TK can be incorporated into thislaw for protection.

- 88 -

The follow legislation is underway for draftingwith linkage with the Nagoya Protocol.
(1) Law of Traditional Chinese Medicines(2) Regulation on Access and Benefit Sharing for
Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional
Knowledge.

Issues for ABS Regulation

Issues for ABS Regulation

2. Access1. Scope
Genetic resources (excluding food andagricultural GRs under ITPGRFA; expansion of
the Annex 1; GRs beyond country’s jurisdictions(polar regions, high seas)
Derivatives
exporting raw materials, extractives for
traditional medicine products)?
Traditional knowledge
definitions? category; documented TK (汉方）?

processing procedures for various situations
Access from in situ
Access from ex situ collections
Access from indigenous and local communities
Access by domestic users (research orcommercial)
Access by joint venture?
Access by foreigner for science and exhibition?
Who will receive the access applications and who
can issue the internationally-recognizedcertificates?

Issues for ABS Regulation

Issues for ABS Regulation

3. Benefit-sharing
Who are beneficiaries for ex situ collections?
Who are beneficiaries for TK or documented TK?
（《神农本草经》、《本草纲目》等）
Who can represent ILCs for signing contracts?
How to share the benefits from the new uses of
the collections accessed before CBD?
How to share the benefits for the exported
medicinal extracts (derivatives)?
How to share the benefits for border species(more than one origin)

4. Compliance, monitoring and capacity-building
How to identify the origins;
Multi-lateral benefit-sharing (border species andthird user)?
How to trace and monitor the use in foreigncountries and transfer to the other users?
Where are check points?
Institutional arrangement in central and local?
The capacity of negotiation for ILCs?
How to deal with the ABS with non-Parties of NP?

発表資料 2
Contents

Introduction
Classification of TK in China

Category, Documentation
and Database for Traditional
Knowledge in China

Documentation of TK in China
Database of TK in China

Guo Luo / Xue Dayuan

Implication for IPR

College of Life and Environmental Science,
Minzu University of China, Beijing（中央民族大学）

Conclusion- 89 -

1、Introduction

1、Introduction

Concept of TK under CBD

Concept of TK in China

CBD Article 8(j): “knowledge, innovations and practices
of indigenous and local communities embodying
traditional lifestyles relevant for the conservation andsustainable use of biological diversity”;
Nagoya Protocol in its Preface: Further recognizing theunique circumstances where traditional knowledge
associated with genetic resources is held in countries,
which may be oral, documented or in other forms,
reflecting a rich cultural heritage relevant forconservation and sustainable use of biological diversity,

China is rich in TK with oral and documented types, as China
has a long civilized history over 5000 year and a lot of TK
have been recorded literally。
China has 56 ethnic groups (nationalities). Except Han, theother 55 ethnic groups are called “minorities”, including
Tibetan, Inner-Mongolian, etc.
The minorities in China is similar to indigenous and local
communities (ILCs) because they are basically kept theirtraditional lifestyles.
55 minorities together has less 10% of whole China’s
population, but occupying 62% of China’s land territory.

2、Classification of TK in China

2.1 Use of the genetic resources for agriculture

TK’s categories
Based on the concept of TK in CBD, WIPO and WTO, incorporation of Chinese
domestic situation, we divide the TK into 5 categories, according to their attributes
and usages.
(1) Knowledge for use of traditional genetic resources in agriculture（simple as: traditional genetic resources ）(2) Knowledge of traditional medical and medicines for healthy（simple as: traditional medicines knowledge）(3) Knowledge of traditional technologies, cultivation modes and lifestyles（simple as: traditional technology and practices ）(4) Knowledge of traditional cultures reflecting biodiversity conservation andsustainable use of bio-resources（simple as: traditional cultures ）(5) Knowledge of geographical biological indicators（simple as: traditional indicators）

This kind of TK refers to

2.1 Use of the genetic resources for agriculture

2.2 Use of medicinal species

It includes the following 8 classes:• knowledge about domesticating, cultivating and using ofcultivated plants or varieties and domesticated animal species or
breeding varieties, and utilization of other biological resources;• knowledge created and cultivated by local community and its
people through production and living process in long history.
• knowledge of this kind mainly based on the exploit andutilization of biological resources and genetic resources, such as
the local crop varieties, indigenous animal breeds, traditional fruit
trees and flowers, and their preservation.

This kind of TK refers to(1)Knowledge of traditional usage of crop varieties(2)Knowledge of traditional usage of domestic animal varieties
resources(3)Knowledge of traditional usage of aquatic organisms(4)Knowledge of traditional usage of forest and trees(5)Knowledge of traditional usage of ornamentals(6)Knowledge of traditional usage of wild plants(7)Knowledge of traditional usage of wild animals(8)Knowledge of traditional usage of microorganism and others- 90 -• knowledge of creative, inherited, cumulative medical
knowledge, technology and innovation of using medical
biological resources.
•knowledge created and cultivated by local community
and its people in the long-term fight against nature anddiseases.

2.2 Use of medicinal species
It includes the following 6 classes:(1) Traditional medicinal organisms(2)Traditional medical theory(3)Traditional therapy and treatment(4)Traditional pharmaceutical technology(5)Traditional prescriptions(6)Traditional knowledge of health care and others

2.3 Technical innovations for use of biological resources andtraditional farming and lifestyle practices
This kind of TK means practical technologies created by ethnic people andcommunities in long-term agriculture production and life practices. These
technologies, which have positive effects on biodiversity protection and sustainableutilization of biological resources and which are valuable for improving food quality
and ensuring food safety, are comprised by traditional ecological agricultural
technology and biological resources process technology.

Dongba paper-making

The paddy-field-fish-culture

2.3 Technical innovations for use of biological resources andtraditional farming and lifestyle practices

It includes the following 5 classes:
forest(1) Traditional farming system technology(2)Traditional print processing technology(3)Traditional food processing technology(4)Traditional construction planning and design processing technology(5)Traditional craftsmanship and others

villageterraceriver- 91 -

2.4 Traditional cultures and customary laws related toconservation and sustainable use of biological resources
Knowledge of this kind includes folk art, literature, artificial, and painting that embody
biodiversity protection and sustaining use; traditional religion culture, such as totem,
religion practices (rituals), and sacred mountains, sacred forest and geomantic omen
(Fengshui） with environmental protection awareness in the religion; customary law,village protocol, including biological resources protection and utilization practice oftownship regulations, clan system, and ethnic customs.

Uygur’s totemism
Drung’s totemism

2.4 Traditional cultures and customary laws related toconservation and sustainable use of biological resources

Sacred forest

2.5 Traditional geographical indicators (GI) for biological products
Biodiversity-related GI mainly refers to biological resources
products in specific areas with excellent reputation and a long history,
embodying the special biological resources, environment, social
economic and ethnic culture characteristics, blended with traditionalvariety resources, traditional cultivate technology, traditional saleand diet culture and other traditional knowledge.

It includes the following 6 classes:(1)Traditional religious beliefs and ecological ethics(2)Traditional festivals(3)Customary laws(4)Art Culture(5)Traditional food and drink culture(6)Others

Pu’er Tea

2.5 Traditional geographical indicators (GI) for
biological products

3、Documentation of TK in China
TK is facing a lot problems, such as:

It includes the following 3 classes:

1) The complicated right-belonging relationship of TK sets back to formulate
relevant laws;
2) The actual patent system neglects the protection on TK;
3) Bio-piracy events occur so frequently that TK are accessed overseas illegally;(1)Traditional geographic indicators—Foods(2)Traditional geographic Indicators—Medicines(3)Traditional geographic indicators—Others

4) TK also faces the threaten of lose by introducing alien cultures.
To protect TK, we need to consider the following actions.

TK documentation
Survey on TK, and set
up registration system
Documentation
on
TK- 92 -TK DatabaseOn the basis ofsurvey, registration andorganization, set up
TK database3、Documentation of TK in China

3.1 Contents of Documentation

Classification system of TK
TK has 5 categories.
Each category of TK can be classified into
different sub-categories, total is 28 classes.
Each sub-category contains a series ofvocabulary entries.
Entry is the basic unit of TK, described by aseries of data

The basic unit of TK is vocabulary entry (lemma)
Each entry contains information as follows:
Title

SpecificOwners
ation of TK
Background

Family or

ABS
International

Conservation&Evaluation Proof
materials
utilization
Status of

Economic

Specimen

TK namely recognized Utilization
sense
ImagesDescription personal
Codecertificate
Threatened
Cultural sense Related
Attribute Characteristi Community
AccessStatus andEcological
database
Privilege cs of TK
or group
Spatial andtemporalprogressing

Uint

CommonNationagreeddistribution

3.2 Example

Protecting
measuresconditions…...

Othersfactor analysis sense

Case

Multimedia

Threatened

References

level

OthersTotal

3.2 Example
Species name：Erigeron breviscapus（Vaniot）Hand.-Mazz.

Jin ping cao guo(金平草果)

Common name： caoguo (amomum )1、TitleTK Characteristics：

Name: Jin ping cao guo
Code：CN HN 160 010

1) Hani people has rich experience in the use of amomum in the long-term production
practice ;Attribute：Open

2) It has wide applications: edible flavor and medicine;3) It can be used in the treatment of nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, dysentery
other diseases .

Privilege：Public

2、Specification of TK
Background：It is an evergreen perennial herbage with a sharp flavor of whole plant, eachfruit contains 20-66 seed with rich spicy aroma, and the shape of seed is polygon.

Spatial and temporal distribution：1)Orgin: Jinping County, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan province.
2)Date Back：more than one thousand years ago, “Tu jing de yan yi” (图径的衍义)written by Guan Zongshuang(冠宗爽) in the Song Dynasty.

Description：It is closely related to the life of Hani people. It is not only a kind of flavor
spices, but also a medicinal plant. As a flavor for dishes of Hani, it can increase one's
appetite, removing gamey smell. Especially, Hani people know the edible spicy hot
amomum can remove body’s raw, enhanced physique and prevent disease in their longtime living environment of Hani people are humid and rainy.

3、Owner
Hani people

4、ABS
none

3.2 Example

3.3 Status

5、Conservation & utilization
Status of utilization： Wild resources of caoguo are reduced ,but artificial cultivation
were generally carried out. At the same time , the application of Geographical Indication
Products is carrying out.
Threatened status & factors：1）Habitats destruction ; 2) Natural disasters
Measures：The artificial cultivation of caoguo is benefit for the protection of wild
resources, and it is helpful to commercial production.

6、Evaluation
Economy:5 Culture:4 Ecology:3 Threaded level:1 Total:13

7、Materials
Images：Reference:(1) (2006). Hani dictionary of Honghe Hani & Yi Autonomous Prefecture. Kunming: the Nationalities Publishing
House of Yunnan, pp:180.
(2) http://www.hhzjw.gov.cn/Html/Study/2008-1/25/194029334.html

93Completed

Documenting

26

15

Maonan, Man, Uighur,
Salar, Tujia, Zhuang ,Jing, Korean,Bouyei,
Mongolia, Dai, Miao,
Dong, Ha’ni, Daur…….

Tibetan, Lahu, Yi,
Gaoshan, Yugu,
Naxi, Mulam,
Lahua
…..….

To be collected
14

Tu, Hui, Tatar,
Oroqen, Russian,
Moinba, Kirgiz,
Ozbek, Jino …..

4、Database for TK in China

4.1 Code of TK in China

Objectives

Standards

Management and protect TK in China

Country - Ethnic Group - Classification of TK

Promote the sustainable use of TK widely
Link TK to modern scientific and patent literature◎Country ： Codes for the representation of names ofcountries and their subdivisions (ISO 3166)

Use database for defensive and positive legal protection
Increase International recognition of TK in China◎ Ethnic Group： Names of nationalities of China in
Romanization with codes (GB 3304－91)

Target Audience◎Classification of TK：5 categories, 28 groups

International Patent Offices

Example：CN
JP
120
China Jingpo Group Domestic Animal Varieties resources

PublicProfessional Research Experts

003
Diannan Smalleared Pig

Design of TKDL in China

4.2 Framework of TKDL of China

Search Options

专利
全文库
ImagesTK Database
Key words

Database of
Genetic resources
Database of
Medicine

Multimedia
information
database…….
Simple Search

Code of TK
Area

Database ofTechnology and Practices
Database of
CultureChinese nameCommon name
Variety name
TK nameTime

Precise Search

Diseases

Database of
Indicators
Database of
55 ethnic groups

Analysis

4.3 The index of TKDL in China

4.4 Area Search Based on GIS

According to the classification and documentation system above, the TKDL of
China is underway for development。

94

The different analysis for TK
of use the same resources indifferent ethnic groups

5、Implication for IPR

5、Implication for IPR

The purpose of TKDLPROPOSED BASIC ELEMENTS OF SUI GENERIS SYSTEMS FOR
THE PROTECTION OF THE KNOWLEDGE, INNOVATIONS AND
PRACTICES OF INDIGENOUS AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES

To identify TK’s holder and beneficiary
To ensure fair and equitable benefit sharing with theindigenous and local communities in minority areas
To protect and inherit TK by generations
To promote the IPR protection of TK by the procedureof PIC for TK access, by the system of contracting
agreements for benefit sharing under the mutuallyagreed terms, by “internationally recognizedcertification” for monitoring TK’s follow-up use, and by“disclosure” the TK’s source and origin when applying
for IPR.

(a) Statement of purpose, objectives and scope;(b) Clarity with regard to ownership of traditional knowledge associated withbiological and genetic resources;(c) Set of relevant definitions;(f) Rights of traditional knowledge holders and conditions for the grant ofrights.
(g) The rights conferred;(h) A system for the registration of indigenous/local knowledge/Systems forthe protection and preservation of indigenous/local knowledge;(i)
The competent authority to manage relevant procedural/administrative
matters with regard to the protection of traditional knowledge and benefitsharing arrangements;(j)Provisions regarding enforcement and remedies;(k) Relationship to other laws, including international law;(l)Extra-territorial protections;

Conclusion
Conservation and inheritance of TK is beneficial for wholehuman beings, while loss of TK would lead damage to thehuman civilization.
The best way is to establish a special IPR system for TK, suchas a sui generis, to ensure the ILCs’ rights and benefits.
TKDL of China will technically support ILCs to get benefits
from the use of their TK and associated genetic resources
TKDL can promote the capacity building of ILCs to manage
their TK, trace TK’s use and prevent then from bio-piracy.
TKDL is an efficient tool to promote TK’s protection andsustainable use, resulting in more benefits to ILCs.
There is a trends to develop legislation on TK protection andbenefit sharing both in international and national level, but face
to a lot of challenges.

発表資料 3

ABS Legislation in China:
An academic perspective

OUTLINE
1. Necessity of Legislation

Prof. QIN Tianbao
School of Law, Wuhan University

2. Problems to be solved by Legislation
3. Legislation experience from other countries
4. Difficulties of Legislation
5. Legislative Foundation
6. Structure of Legislation

January 25, 2014
Tokyo, Japan295

Abbreviation

1. Necessity of Legislation

ABS Access and Benefit-sharing
BGR Biological Genetic ResourceBR
Biological Resource
CBD The Convention on Biodiversity
IPIntellectual Property
MEP Ministry of Environment Protection
NP
Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing
GR
Genetic Resource

1.1 To implement national policies
Notice on Strengthening the Protection and Management
to Biological Resource by General Office of the State Council
in March, 2004
The Decision on Implement the Concept of Scientific
Development and Strengthen the Environment Protection by
General Office of the State Council, December, 2005

4

3

1. Necessity of Legislation

1. Necessity of Legislation

The Action on Utilization Plan and Protection to
Biological Species Resource by Ministry of Environment
Protection of P.R.C, ect（almost 10 central competentauthority）in November, 2007
The Outline of the National Intellectual Property Strategy
by the State Intellectual Property Office of P.R.C in June,
2008
The Action and Strategy for Protection to Biological
Diversity in China (2011-2030) by General Office of theState Council of P.R.C in 2010

1.2 To fulfill international obligations
CBD signed by and is binding to China.
NP is not becoming effective for the reason of the numberof ratified country but will be in force in the ending of2014.
China gets ready for the ratification of NP.

65

1. Necessity of Legislation

1. Necessity of Legislation

1.3 To improve the GR administration
Nowadays in China, the laws relates to GR or ABS are
rare.
Missing legislations for certain types of GR
marine biological genetic resources
microbial genetic resource
flower plants genetic resource
genetic resource of wild fauna with economic value
new microbial species

There is no specific administrative system to the BGR
management that relates to the competent authority such as
agriculture, environment protection, forestry, etc.

8

7

96

2. Problems to be solved by Legislation

3. Legislation Experiences from other Countries

2.1 To regulate access

3.1 Modes of Legislation
The mode of public law
This mode sets out the role of government is critical to the
BR management
The mode of private law
The contract law and the IP law can be suited to this mode
The mode of self-regulation
The mode encourage stakeholder to decide the voluntary
guideline and standard

2.2 To require PIC
2.3 to share benefits

109

3. Legislation Experiences from other Countries

3. Legislation experiences from other countries

3.2 Mode of public law
3.2.1 Enabling Clauses from basic environment law
The Environment Law of the State and its authorized
regulation in 1995, Ugandan
The Environment Protection and Biodiversity
Conservation Act in 1999, Australia
The Law on Environment Protection in 1996 and The
Regulations on Environmental Protection (Biological
Prospecting) in 2001, Guyana

3.2.2 To revise/amend existing legislations
To expand the scale of current legislation or revise thelegislation relates to forestry, land and wildlife
The Law on Environment Protection in 1994 and The Law
on Intellectual Property in 2002, Egypt
The Regulation on Forestry in 1994 and The Central
Regulation on Biodiversity in 1998, Sarawak, Malaysia

1211

3. Legislation experiences from other countries

3. Legislation experience from other countries

3.2.3 Comprehensive legislation on biodiversity
Law on the Conversation and Sustainable Use of
Biological Diversity in 1997, Peru
The Law on Biodiversity in 1998, Costa Rica
The Law on Biodiversity in 2002, India
National Environment Management: Biodiversity Act in
2004, South Africa

3.2.4 Specific law on ABS
The Executive Order No.247 which called Prescribing
Guidelines and Establishing a Regulatory Framework for
the Prospecting of Biological and Genetic Resource, their
By-product and Derivatives for Scientific and Commercial
Purposes and for other Purpose in 1995, Philippines
The Department Administrative Order No.96-207 whichcalled Implementing Rules and Regulations on the
Prospecting of Biological and Genetic Resource in 1996,
Philippines
14

13

97

3. Legislation experience from other countries

3. Legislation experience from other countries

3.2.5 Super-national legislation
Decision 391: The Common Regime on Access to Genetic
Resource in 1996, Andean Community
African Model Legislation for the Protection of the Rights
of Local Communities, Farmer and Breeders, and for the
Regulation of Access to Biological Resource in 2000,
Organization of African Unity

3.3 Trends
The tendency of law on ABS is clean and clear.
Specific law on ABS is the consensus and actual choice.

15

16

4. Difficulties of Legislation

4. Difficulties of Legislation

4.1 The widely scale of GR

4.2 Fragmented management of GR

The rank of species includes animals, plants and

MEP
MOA
MOC
SFA
SOA
……

microorganism.
Under the rank of species includes subspecies, variants andorgan, tissue, bacteria, gene, chromosome, DNA or RNA
fragments which contains genetic function.

18

17

5. Legislative Foundation

5. Legislative Foundation

5.1 Establishing the multi-sectoral coordination
mechanism
The coordinate body on implementation of CBD lead by
MEP
The meeting on protection and management of GR lead by
Multi-sectors
The National Committee on biodiversity

5.2 Existing Laws and Regulations
Article 9 of the Constitution --- Ownership
Mineral resources, waters, forests, mountains, grassland,
unreclaimed land, beaches and other natural resources are
owned by the state, that is, by the whole people.
The state ensures the rational use of natural resources andprotects rare animals and plants.
The appropriation or damage of natural resources by anyorganization or individual by whatever means is
prohibited.
19

20

98

5. Legislative Foundation

5. Legislative Foundation

5.2 Existing Laws and Regulations
Property Law 2007
Article 48 Natural resources such as forests, mountains,
grasslands, waste lands and tidal flats shall be owned by
the state, except those that shall be collectively owned asprescribed by law.

5.2 Existing Laws and Regulations
Law on Animal Husbandry 2005
Chapter II Protection of GR (Articles 9-17)
Article 16: To export or to research/utilize any livestock orpoultry genetic resource, the applicant shall file anapplication and prepare a plan on sharing the benefits withthe state.
A newly found livestock or poultry genetic resource is notallowed to be exported from China nor be researched andutilized
22

21

5. Legislative Foundation

5. Legislative Foundation

5.2 Existing Laws and Regulations
Law on Animal Husbandry 2005

5.2 Existing Laws and Regulations
Law on Seeds amended in 2013
Chapter II (Articles 8-10)
Article 8: Collecting and cutting natural germ plasm
resources that are under special protection of the State areprohibited. Where such collecting or cutting is required forscientific research or other special purposes, the mattershall be subject to approval by the administrative
department for agriculture or for forestry.

Measures for the Examination and Approval of the Entry
and Exit As Well As Foreign-Related Cooperative
Research and Utilization of Livestock and Poultry
Genetic Resources, 2008
http://www.fdi.gov.cn/1800000121_39_611_0_7.html

24

23

5. Legislative Foundation

5. Legislative Foundation

5.2 Existing Laws and Regulations
Law on Seeds amended in 2013
Chapter II (Articles 8-10)
Article 10 The State has the sovereign right over germ plasm
resources. Any units or individuals that wish to provide
germ plasm resources to people outside China shall apply
to the administrative department for agriculture or forforestry under the State Council for approval; A

5.2 Existing Laws and Regulations
Law on Wildlife 1989
Article 16 The hunting, catching or killing of wildlife under
special state protection shall be prohibited. Where thecatching or fishing for wildlife under first class state
protection is necessary for scientific research,domestication and breeding, exhibition or other special
purposes, the unit concerned must apply to the department.
Wildlife under second class state protection --- provincial
department
26

25

99

5. Legislative Foundation

5. Legislative Foundation

5.2 Existing Laws and Regulations
Law on Wildlife1989
Article 22 The sale and purchase of wildlife under special
state protection or the products thereof shall be prohibited.
Where the sale, purchase or utilization of wildlife underfirst class state protection or the products thereof isnecessary for scientific research, domestication andbreeding, exhibition or other special purposes, the unit
concerned must apply for approval by the department .
Wildlife under second class protection - provincial
department

5.2 Existing Laws and Regulations
Regulations on Terrestrial Wildlife 1992
Article 20 Any foreigner intending to make field surveys or tocollect specimens or to make film or videos of wildlife
under special protection by the State in the territory of
China must apply to the provincial competent departmentof forestry administration, and then get approval by thecompetent department of forestry administration under theState Council or by a body authorized thereby.

28

27

5. Legislative Foundation

5. Legislative Foundation

5.2 Existing Laws and Regulations
Regulations on Protection of Wild Medicinal Resources 1987
Article 6 Wild medicinal species under class 1 shall be
prohibited from being gathered.
Article 9 Wild medicinal species under class 2 and 3 shall begathered with Drugs Gathering Certificate. After acquiring
the Drugs Gathering Certificate, they shall also apply for the
Cutting Certificate or Hunting Certificate from concerned
departments if cutting or hunting is to be conducted.

5.2 Existing Laws and Regulations
Regulations on Wild Plants Protection 1996
Article 16 The collecting of wild plants under first classstate protection shall be prohibited. Where the collecting ofwild plants under first class state protection is necessary forsome special purposes such as scientific research,
cultivation or cultural exchanges, the unit concerned
must seek comments from provincial the department, andthen apply for a collecting permit to the department of wild
plants administration under the State Council.
30

29

5. Legislative Foundation

5. Legislative Foundation

5.2 Existing Laws and Regulations
Regulations on Wild Plants Protection 1996
Article 18 The sale or purchase of wild plants under firstclass state protection shall be prohibited.
Those intending to sell or purchase wild plants under secondclass state protection shall apply for approval from thedepartment of wild plants administration under provincal.

5.2 Existing Laws and Regulations
Regulations on Wild Plants Protection 1996
Article 21 Foreigners may not, in the territory of China,
collect or purchase wild plants under special state
protection.
Where any foreigner intends, in the territory of China, to makesurveys of wild plants under special state protection in thefield, he must submit an application to provincial
department, which, after examination, shall submit it to thedepartment under the State Council.
32

31

100

5. Legislative Foundation

5. Legislative Foundation

5.2 Existing Laws and Regulations
Regulations on Nature Reserves 1994
Article 28 Tourism, production and trading activities areprohibited in the buffer zone of nature reserves. In bufferzone of nature reserves, the non-destructive activities suchas scientific research, educational practice and specimen
collection for teaching or scientific research, applications
and activity plans shall be submitted to the administrative
agency of the nature reserves in advance, and be approvedby the same agency.

5.2 Existing Laws and Regulations
Regulations on Nature Reserves 1994
Article 27 Nobody shall be allowed to enter the core area of
nature reserves. Where scientific observations andinvestigation thereto are necessary for scientific research,
the unit concerned shall submit the applications and activity
plans to the administrative agency of the nature reserves inadvance, and shall be approved by the competentadministrative department of nature reserves in thepeople's government at or above the provincial level..
34

33

5. Legislative Foundation

5. Legislative Foundation

Law on Intangible Cultural Heritage 2011
The term "intangible cultural heritage" shall refer to all formsof traditional culture which are deemed by generations ofChinese people of all ethnic groups as part of their cultural
heritage, and material objects and places in relation to the
traditional culture, including:
3. Traditional skills, medicine and calendars;
4. Folk customs such as traditional etiquettes and festival
celebrations;
6. Other intangible cultural heritage.

Patent Law 2008
Article 5.2 No patent will be granted for an invention basedon genetic resources if the access or utilization of the said
genetic resources is in violation of any law oradministrative regulation.
Article 26.5 For an invention based on genetic resources, theapplicant shall state the direct source and the original
source of the genetic resources in the application
documents. If the applicant is not able to state the original
source, it or he shall state the reasons.
35

36

6. Structure of Draft Legislation

6. Structure of Draft Legislation

6.1 Table of Contents
1.
General provision2.

Access to biological genetic resources3.

Benefit sharing

4.

Administration of biological genetic resources

5.

Legal liability

6.

Supplementary provisions

6.2 Key points of the legislation
6.2.1 Objectives
To promote the conservation and sustainable use of BGR；
To regulate the access to BGR；To ensure the fair and equitable benefit sharing of BGR；
To achieve social and economic sustainable development

38

37

101

6. Structure of Draft Legislation

6. Structure of Draft Legislation
6.4 Institutional Arrangement
Guideline: keep the Status quo of existing division of
authorities among relevant departments
Principle: Unified Coordination with Respective
Administration
Competence：
MEP：mainly coordinator
MOA、SFA：competent authorities

6.3 Guiding principles
effective conservation
sustainable use
scientific management
fair and equitable benefit sharing

40

39

6. Structure of Draft Legislation

6. Structure of Draft Legislation
6.5.2 Approval procedure on Access Consultation Body:
Subsidiary Committee on Science and Technology (SCST)
To provide scientific supports and advices

6.5 Coordination, consultation and Management Bodies
6.5.1 Coordination Body: National ABS Committee
Coordination;
Planning
Identification and monitoring
Lists
Capacity building
International cooperation
Others

6.5.3 Management Body
National ABS Office under the Ministry of Environmental
Protection of P. R. China

42

41

6. Structure of Draft Legislation

6. Structure of Draft Legislation

6.6 Approval procedure on Access
Application
Consultation (SCST)
Review
Approval

6.7 Specific regimes
6.7.1 Planning
The plans for national economy and social development, single
or multi competent authorities should incorporate the strategic,
program and project of BGR.
And the emergency plans of injury or injury threat initiated by
BGR also should be made.

44

43

102

6. Structure of Draft Legislation

6. Structure of Draft Legislation

6.7.2 Survey
Survey on BGR organized by the nation in a fix date.
To establish the BGR database and the informationexchange and sharing system.

6.7.4 The regime of protection
Prior to in situ protection.
Supplement to the ex-situ protection.
To set up protected area to the nature centralized zone
where BGR is distributed.

6.7.3 Directory
National directory of BGRProvincial directory of BGR

4645

6. Structure of Draft Legislation

6. Structure of Draft Legislation

6.7.5 Classified management of access
Written application to National Commission; export
application when applied
Cooperative R&D between Chinese and foreigners
includedContract on ABS between the applicant and competentauthority
Exemption: domestic academic access
Monetary or Non-monetary benefits

6.7.6 voluntary Guidelines and Simplified Application
Only following situation can be suit to simply submission:
Organization or person who comply with the ABS
guideline formulated by national competent authority
voluntarily.
Epidemic disease or should be access to genetic resource
urgently.

48

47

6. Structure of Draft Legislation

6. Structure of Draft Legislation

6.7.7 Benefit-sharing
Contract on ABS between the applicant and competentauthority.
Exemption: domestic academic access.
Monetary or Non-monetary benefits.

6.7.8 Export or Import management
The citizen, legal person or other organization who import thegenetic resource from aboard should:（1）Submit application to the provincial coordination body（2）The provincial coordination body submit to the national
commission on biological genetic resource for prediction
by the consultation body

50

49

103

Contact Information

6. Structure of Draft Legislation

Professor of Biodiversity and Biotechnology Law
Vice Dean, School of Law, Wuhan University
Secretary-General, Chinese Society of Environmental Law
Member, IUCN Academy of Environmental Law
Tel： +86 27 6875 3694
Fax：+86 27 6875 2091
Email: tianbaoq@hotmail.com

6.7.9 Disclosure
The applicant should disclosure the source or direct sourceof biological genetic resource.
If the competent authorities should offer the Certificationon access and benefit-sharing to biological genetic
resource stipulated by Nagoya Protocol.

51- 104 -

53