‫ ⺰ޣ‬ᢥ‫ޤ‬ᐕႎ ࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No,7, 2007 55-78.

᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛ߣᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸̆1970 ᐕઍએ㒠ߩᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛ߩዷ㐿ࠍㅢߒߡ̆

Labor Migration and the Norms Regarding Women in Northeast Thailand
̆Transitions in Women’s Labor Migration Since the 1970’s̆
ᧁ ᦦ 

ᕺ ሶ㧖

KISO Keiko
Although it had not been customary for women to migrate alone in Northeastern villages,
in today’s Thailand, women’s labor migration to domestic and foreign cities from ruralvillages has become a constant. Since the Thai government initiated its economic
development program aimed at industrialization in the 1960s, unmarried women havebegun to go to the Bangkok metropolitan area to work. In these labor markets, unmarried
women who were both skillful with their hands and free of responsibilities with regard tohusbands and children were needed. The purpose of this paper is 1) to consider thechanging trends of women’s labor migration in the context of women’s life cycle andchanging position in the household, 2) to examine how the norms regarding women innortheast Thailand have affected women’s choices on labor migration in one particularvillage. The data which is analyzed was gathered during my anthropological research in avillage of Mahasarakham from June 2004 to January 2006.
This paper consists of four parts. Part 1 considers significant issues regarding labor
migration study from the perspective of gender. Part 2 examines the transition of labor
migration in northeast Thailand by comparing gender and generation. Part 3 analyzes
what norms regarding women have affected women’s choices on labor migration byconsidering the transition of women’s labor migration in one particular village ofnortheast Thailand. Part 4 considers how the norms on woman have affected women’s
choices on labor migration by considering married women’s choices on labor migration. In
this paper the main stress falls on the effects of and changes in the norms regarding
women in northeast Thailand. Although women’s labor studies in Thailand focused on
temporary migrant workers from rural northeast who were exploited as poor laborers[Mills 1999], there has been little discussion on the conditions of life in the villages thatmade it possible for people to migrate as laborers. This paper aims to explore theconditions for the women’s mobility to work outside their village in northeast Thailand byanalyzing how women began to leave their village for work, and how women’s mobility
unfolded in a particular village.
ߒ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߢߪᕡᏱൻߒߡ޿ࠆᅚᕈߦࠃࠆ⒖േഭ௛

㧝. ߪߓ߼ߦ

߇‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߦ߅޿ߡߤߩࠃ߁ߦᄌㆫߒߡ߈

ᧄⓂߪ᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߩᅚᕈ߇‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛㧔laborߚߩ߆‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸ߣߩ㑐ࠊࠅ߆ࠄᬌ⸛ߔ

migration㧕ߦ޿߆ߦෳਈߒߡ߈ߚ߆ࠍ⠨ኤߔࠆߎࠆ‫ߦ․ޕ‬⒖േഭ௛߆ࠄߩᏫㇹߣ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᓟߩᣢᇕᅚ

ߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ‫ౕޕ‬૕⊛ߦߪ 1970 ᐕઍએ㒠Ⴧടᕈߦࠃࠆౣ⒖േߦ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸߇ߤߩࠃ߁

㧖੩ㇺᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ࠕࠫࠕ࡮ࠕࡈ࡝ࠞ࿾ၞ⎇ⓥ⎇ⓥ⑼― 55 ―

᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛ߣᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸ߦ㑐ࠊߞߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ࠍ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩㆬᛯߦᵈ⋡ߒߡಽㇺ࿤߳ߩੱญ⒖േࠍ␠ળ໧㗴ߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠆߎߣ߆

ᨆߔࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᓥ᧪ߩ⎇ⓥ߇ᵈ⋡ߒߡߎߥ߆

ࠄߪߓ߹ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᕆᚑ㐳ࠍㆀߍࠆࡃࡦࠦࠢ㚂ㇺ࿤ߣ

ߞߚ⒖േ⠪ߩ਎Ꮺ⁁ᴫ߿⒖േഭ௛߆ࠄߩᏫㇹ⠪ߩ࿾ᣇㄘ᧛ߣߩ⚻ᷣᩰᏅ߇‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣ⊛ᒙ⠪ߣߒߡߩ⒖ㆬᛯߩ޽ࠅᣇߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆߎߣߢ‫ޔߕ߹ޔ‬⒖േࠍ߼േഭ௛⠪ࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔߣ޿߁߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬⒖േߋࠆⷙ▸ߘߩ߽ߩ߇ᄌേߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߔ‫ߘޕ‬ഭ௛⎇ⓥߩᧄᩰ⊛ߥᆎ߹ࠅߪ‫ ߪߦߟ৻ޔ‬1960 ᐕߩ৻ᣇߢ਎Ꮺߦ߅ߌࠆᅚᕈᓎഀߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬หߓߦ‫ޔ‬࿖ౝో࿯ࠍ✂⟜ߔࠆᦨೋߩ൮᜝⊛ߥੱญ࠮ࡦ

ⷙ▸ߩ߽ߣߢ޽ߞߡ߽‫ޔ‬୘‫ߩޘ‬ᅚᕈߩ਎Ꮺౝߢߩ

ࠨࠬ߇ታᣉߐࠇߚߎߣߦ⿠࿃ߒߡ޿ࠆ 1) ‫ߩߎޕ‬┙႐ߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛ࠍ߼ߋࠆㆬᛯߦ⥄ߕߣ⋧

1960 ᐕ࠮ࡦࠨࠬએ㒠‫ߢࠬࠨࡦ࠮ޔ‬ᓧࠄࠇߚ࠺࡯࠲

㆑߇಴ߡߊࠆߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬⒖േࠍၮߦ‫ޔ‬⒖േࡄ࠲࡯ࡦࠍ⛔⸘⊛࠺࡯࠲߿㊂⊛࠺࡯ഭ௛ࠍ⚻㛎ߒߚᅚᕈ㆐߇⒖േഭ௛ߩ⚻㛎ࠍㅢߒߡ‫ޔ‬࠲ߦࠃߞߡಽᨆߔࠆႎ๔ᦠ߇ᕆჇߔࠆ 2㧕‫ࠄࠇߘޕ‬਎Ꮺߦ߅ߌࠆ⥄ࠄߩᓎഀߦߟ޿ߡᣂߚߦ⥄Ꮖࠍౣߩႎ๔ᦠߪ⒖േഭ௛⠪ߩᐕ㦂߿ᕈᏅ‫ޔ‬ቇᱧ‫ޔ‬⡯⒳ቯ⟵ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍឭ␜ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ߥߤߦၮߠߊ⒖േഭ௛ߩࡄ࠲࡯ࡦࠍಽᨆߔࠆߎߣ

੹ᣣ‫ࠗ࠲ޔ‬࿖ౝߩㄘ᧛ߢߪᅚᕈ߇࿖ౝᄖߩㇺᏒߦὶὐࠍᒰߡߡ޿ߚ [Goldstein 1972㧧Sternstein߳௛߈ߦⴕߊߣ޿߁⃻⽎ߪ‫ࠅߥ߆ޔ‬ᕡᏱൻߒߡ޿

1965‫ޔ‬1971㧧Suwanlee 1984 ߥߤ] 3)‫⥄⁛ߚ߹ޕ‬ࠆ‫ࠗ࠲߽ߘ߽ߘޕ‬࿖ౝߢᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛߇Ⴧടߒ

ߩ⺞ᩏߦၮߠߊೋᦼߩ⎇ⓥߢߪ‫ޔ‬ቄ▵ഭ௛ߪߓ߼ߚߩߪ‫ޔ‬᡽ᐭ߇╙৻ᰴ⚻ᷣ㐿⊒⸘↹[Goldstein 1978] ߿ ᓴ Ⅳ ⊛ ⒖ േ 㧔 circular㧔1961-1966㧕ߦࠃߞߡᎿᬺൻࠍᧄᩰ⊛ߦ㐿ᆎߒ‫ޔ‬

migration㧕[Parnwell 1986]ߥߤߩ⒖േഭ௛ࡄ࠲

❫⛽↥ᬺߥߤ਎⇇Ꮢ႐ะߌ⵾ຠ↢↥Ꮏ႐߳ߩഭ௛

࡯ࡦࠍ‫ޔ‬ㅍࠅ಴ߒ␠ળߩ⚻ᷣ᭴ㅧߦහߒߡᝒ߃‫ޔ‬

ੱญߩ⒖േ߇㗼⪺ߦߥߞߡએ㒠ߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ߎޕ‬ࠬ࡜ࡓߥߤ⒖േవ␠ળߦ߅ߌࠆᣂߒ޿↢ᵴ߳ߩㆡ߁ߒߚᎿ႐ߢ᳞߼ࠄࠇߚഭ௛ജߩᄙߊ߇‫ޔ‬ᚻవ߇ᔕ ߿ ᛶ ᛫ ࠍ ᬌ ⸛ ߔ ࠆ ߽ ߩ ߢ ޽ ߞ ߚ [Thorbekེ↪ߣߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ᄦ߿ሶߤ߽ߦኻߔࠆ⽿છ߿೙⚂߽߹1987]‫ޕ‬ߛ ߥ ޿ ᧂ ᇕ ᅚ ᕈ ߢ ޽ ߞ ߚ [Pawadee 1982 㧧ߎ߁ߒߚ࠲ࠗߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛⎇ⓥߩᵹࠇߩߥ

Suwanlee 1984]‫ࠗ࠲ߢ߹ࠇߘޕ‬࿖ౝߩ⒖േഭ௛⠪߆ߦ޽ߞߡ‫ޔ‬⒖േ⠪⥄りߩ⒖േേᯏߦᵈ⋡ߒߚಽߩᄢㇱಽ߇ቄ▵ഭ௛⠪(seasonal migrant)ߣߒߡ

ᨆࠍⴕߞߚߩ߇ࡄࠬ࠶ࠢߢ޽ࠆ‫ߪࠢ࠶ࠬࡄޕ‬࿾ᣇߩ↵ᕈߢභ߼ࠄࠇ‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ߽↵ᕈㄘ᧛߆ࠄᕈ↥ᬺߦᓥ੐ߔࠆߚ߼ߦࡃࡦࠦࠢ߳಴ߡࠍ ਥ ߥ ⎇ ⓥ ኻ ⽎ ߣ ߒ ߡ ߈ ߚ ߎ ߣ ߦ ኻ ߒ [Textorⴕߊᅚᕈࠍ੐଀ߦ‫ޔ‬ᓐᅚࠄߩ⒖േേᯏࠍߘߩኅᣖ

1961 ߥߤ]‫ޔ‬1980 ᐕઍએ㒠‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛⠪߇߿ㄘ᧛␠ળߩᢥ⣂߆ࠄ⚻ᷣቇ⊛ߦಽᨆߒߚ‫ߥߔޕ‬Ⴧടߒߚߩߦߣ߽ߥ޿⎇ⓥ⠪ߩ⋡߽ᅚᕈߦะߌࠄ

ࠊߜ਎Ꮺߩ⚻ᷣ⊛࿎┆ߣᅚᕈᕈߦᏫߖࠄࠇࠆᘠ⠌ࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫⎇ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕ‬ⓥߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ߇⒖⊛ᓎഀߦᵈ⋡ߒ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ߇↢ᵴ⾌ࠍⒿ߉಴ߔ਎Ꮺߩ

േഭ௛ߦ㓙ߒߡ‫↵ޔ‬ᕈߣߪ⇣ߥࠆ૕㛎ࠍߒߡ޿ࠆ

᭴ᚑຬߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ኅᣖߩ↢ᵴࠍഥߌࠆ⟵ോᗵ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒࠃ߁ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ[Delaet 1999㧦⥄ࠄߩኅᣖߩ↢ᵴࠍᡷༀߔࠆߚ߼ߦ௛߈ߦ಴ߡⴕ

2-3]‫ޕ‬ߊߣ⚿⺰ߠߌߚ[Pasuk 1982㧦71]‫ޕ‬࠲ࠗߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛⎇ⓥߪ‫ޔ‬࿾ᣇㄘ᧛߆ࠄ㚂― 56 ―

ߎࠇߦኻߒߡࡈࠚࡒ࠾ࠬ࠻ੱ㘃ቇ⠪ߢ޽ࠆࡓࠛ

࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No.7 2007ࠤ߿ࡒ࡞࠭ߪ‫ޔ‬1960 ᐕઍએ㒠ߩ⚻ᷣᄌൻߩਛߢ‫ޔ‬ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆᧂᇕᅚᕈ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬ᓥ᧪‫ޔ‬ㄘ᧛␠ળߦ߅ߌࠆᓎഀ߇ᒝ⺞ߐࠇߡ߈ߚᅚ

ㇺᏒߢ௛ߊᅚᕈߦߩߺὶὐࠍᒰߡࠆߎߣߢ‫⾓ޔ‬㊄

ᕈ߇⒖േߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᓐᅚߚߜ⥄りߦ⃻ࠇഭ௛ࠍㅢߒߡᄌൻߔࠆᅚᕈߩࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯࡮ࠕࠗ࠺

ࠆᄌൻߦᵈ⋡ߒߡ⼏⺰ࠍዷ㐿ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߪࠤࠛࡓޕ‬ࡦ࠹ࠖ࠹ࠖ߇໧ࠊࠇߡ߈ߚ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢᛒ߁੐଀߽వ

ർㇱ࠴ࠚࡦࡑࠗߢ௛ߊㄘ᧛಴りߩᅚᕈഭ௛⠪߇‫ޔ‬ⴕ⎇ⓥߩᵹࠇߦߊߺߔࠆ߽ߩߛ߇‫ߦࠄߐޔ‬⒖േഭㇺᏒߢߩ↢ᵴࠍㅢߓߡ‫ޔ‬ᣂߚߥ࿾૏ᒻᚑߩᜰᮡࠍ

௛ࠍ⚻㛎ߒߚᣢᇕᅚᕈ߇⚿ᇕ߿಴↥‫ޔ‬⢒ఽߥߤ⇣૞ࠅ಴ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⺰ߓࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓥ᧪‫ޔ‬ห࿾ᣇߩㄘ᧛ᅚ

ߥࠆ࡜ࠗࡈࠬ࠹࡯ࠫߦ߅޿ߡߤߩࠃ߁ߦᅚᕈࠍ߼

ᕈߪ‫ޔ‬Უⷫߣ޿߁ᓎഀࠍᜂ߁ߎߣࠍㅢߒߡㄘ᧛␠

ߋࠆⷙ▸ߣ㑐ࠊࠅ‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛ߦෳਈߒߡ߈ߚߩ߆

ળߦ߅ߌࠆ࿾૏ࠍ₪ᓧߒߡ߈ߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᅚᕈ㆐ߪࠍౕ૕⊛ߦᬌ⸽ߔࠆߎߣߢ‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ᅚᕈߩ

ㇺᏒ߳⒖േߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᓢ‫⾓ߦޘ‬㊄₪ᓧ⠪ᣣᏱࠍᝒ߃ࠆⷞὐߦ⽸₂ߢ߈ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ‫ߢߎߘޕ‬ߣߒߡߩ⥄Ꮖଔ୯ࠍ⹺⼂ߒߪߓ߼ࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬Უⷫ

ᧄⓂߢߪࡑࡂ࡯ࠨ࡜ࠞࡓ⋵࠽࡯࠴ࡘࠕ࠶ࠢ㇭㧯᧛߿㙃⢒⠪ߣߒߡߩߺⷙቯߐࠇߡ߈ߚᅚᕈߩ࿾૏ࠍ

ߢߩ੐଀ࠍ߽ߣߦ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ߇࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ߩਛߢ

␜ߔᜰᮡ߇‫ޔ‬ㇺᏒߣ޿߁႐ߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫⾓ޔ‬㊄₪ᓧߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⒖േഭ௛ߣ㑐ࠊߞߡ߈ߚߩ߆ߣ޿߁ⷰ

⠪ߣߒߡߩ⥄Ꮖߣ޿߁ᜰᮡߦᄌࠊߞߡ޿ߊߣ޿߁

ὐ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ㄘ᧛␠ળߦ߅޿ߡߤߩࠃ߁ߥᅚᕈ߇⒖േ

ߩߢ޽ࠆ[Muecke 1981㧦468-470]‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒߡഭ௛ߦ಴ߡⴕ߈‫ߦ᧛ޔ‬ౣ߮ᚯߞߡ߈ߚߩ߆‫ߒߘޔ‬ࡒ࡞࠭ߪ‫ࠢࠦࡦࡃޔ‬㚂ㇺ࿤ߩᎿ႐ߢ௛ߊ᧲ർ࠲ࠗ

ߡౣᐲ‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߡⴕߊߩ߆‫᧦ߩߘޔ‬ઙࠍ਎಴りᅚᕈࠍ੐଀ߦ‫ޔ‬ㄭઍ⊛㧔than samai㧕ߥᢥൻᏪຬߣߩ㑐ଥߦὶὐࠍᒰߡߡᬌ⸛ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧠㧕߿↢ᵴࠍ༵ᅢߔࠆ᰼ᦸ߽⒖േേᯏߩ߭ߣߟߣߥࠅ

ߎߎߢ࠲ࠗߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛⎇ⓥࠍࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯

߁ࠆߎߣࠍ⺑᣿ߒ‫ߩߎޔ‬ㄭઍ⊛ߥ⥄Ꮖታ⃻ߣㄘ᧛ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄ᭎ⷰߔࠆߎߣߢ⃻ࠇߡߊࠆ໧㗴ࠍ⏕⹺␠ળߦ߅ߌࠆᘠ⠌⊛ᓎഀߣߩ㑆ߢ⪾⮮ߔࠆᧂᇕᅚ

ߒߚ߁߃ߢ‫ޔ‬2 ┨ߢߪ‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛␠ળߦ߅ߌ

ᕈߩࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯࡮ࠕࠗ࠺ࡦ࠹ࠖ࠹ࠖࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒ

ࠆ 1970 ᐕઍ߆ࠄߩ⒖േഭ௛ᒻᘒߩᄌㆫࠍ‫ޔ‬ᕈᏅߚ[Mills 1999㧦163-170]‫ߚߒ߁ߎߒ߆ߒޕ‬⒖േഭ

ߦᵈ⋡ߒߡ᭎ⷰߔࠆ‫ޕ‬3 ┨ߢߪ‫ࡓࠞ࡜ࠨ࡯ࡂࡑޔ‬௛⠪ߣߒߡߩᅚᕈ⥄りߩᄌൻࠍ໧߁⎇ⓥ߇Ⴧടߒ⋵࠽࡯࠴ࡘࠕ࠶ࠢ㇭ߩ⺞ᩏ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆᅚᕈߦࠃࠆ

ߚ৻ᣇߢ‫ޔ‬ㅍࠅ಴ߒ␠ળ஥ߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛ߩᗧ

⒖േഭ௛ߩዷ㐿ࠍ␜ߒ‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦᅚ

๧ߥߤ‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛ߦࠃࠆ␠ળ‫ޔ‬ᢥൻ⊛ᓇ㗀ࠍ໧߁ᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸ߣ㑐ࠊߞߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ὐࠍᬌ

⎇ⓥߪᄙߊߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬⸽ߔࠆ‫ ߡߒߘޕ‬4 ┨ߢߪ‫ޔ‬⒖േ⠪ߩ਎Ꮺ⁁ᴫ߿⒖

ᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛߇ߪߓ߹ߞߚ 1970 ᐕઍએ㒠߆േഭ௛߆ࠄߩᏫㇹ⠪ߩㆬᛯߩ޽ࠅᣇߦᵈ⋡ߒ‫᧲ޔ‬ࠄ⃻࿷߹ߢ‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߢߪ‫ᧂޔ‬ᇕᤨઍߦ⒖േ

ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߩᅚᕈ߇޿߆ߦ⒖േഭ௛ߦෳਈߒߡ߈

ഭ௛ߦ಴ߚᅚᕈߩᄢㇱಽ߇‫⚿ޔ‬ᇕ߿಴↥ࠍᯏߦ᧛ߚߩ߆ࠍ⠨ኤߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ߦᚯࠅ‫ޔ‬ౣ߮ㄘ᧛␠ળࠍਛᔃߦߘߩᓟߩੱ↢ࠍㆊߏߒߡ޿ࠆ‫৻ߩߘޕ‬ᣇߢ⒖േഭ௛߆ࠄᏫㇹߒߚᅚᕈߩਛߦߪ‫⚿ޔ‬ᇕ߿಴↥ᓟ߽ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥℂ↱ߢ‫ޔ‬

2. ᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛␠ળߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛

ౣ߮⒖േഭ௛ߦะ߆߁⠪߽޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬వⴕ⎇ⓥߢߪ೨

― 57 ―

⺞ᩏ࿾ߢ޽ࠆࡑࡂ࡯ࠨ࡜ࠞࡓ⋵࠽࡯࠴ࡘࠕ࠶ࠢ

᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛ߣᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸㇭㧿඙㧯᧛ߪ‫⋵ࡓࠞ࡜ࠨ࡯ࡂࡑޔ‬ㇺ߆ࠄ⚂ 58km‫ޔ‬႙᧛ߢ޽ࠆ㧔࿾࿑́1㧕‫ ߪ᧛ߩߎޕ‬19 ਎♿㗡ߦࡠ࠽࡯࠴ࡘࠕ࠶ࠢ㇭ㇺ߹ߢߪ⚂ 10km ߩ૏⟎ߦ޽ࠆࠗࠛ࠶࠻⋵ࠬࡢࡦ࠽ࡊ࡯ࡓ߆ࠄ߿ߞߡ߈ߚ࡜ࠝ

࿾࿑-㧝 ࠲ࠗో࿑ߣ⺞ᩏ᧛ઃㄭ࿾࿑㧔2005㧕[಴ᚲ㧦╩⠪૞ᚑ]㧔 lao㧕ߩ⒖૑⠪㓸࿅ߦࠃߞߡ㐿᧛ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬2005ᚲ᦭ߒߡ޿ߥ޿㒢ࠅ‫ޔ‬㇭ㇺ߳ⴕ໡ߦⴕߊߩ߽࿎㔍ᐕ⃻࿷ߩੱญߪ 592 ੱߢ[Ongkanborihan suanߥߚ߼ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧯᧛߆ࠄ࠽࡯࠴ࡘࠕ࠶ࠢ㇭ㇺ߹ߢ

tambon Samrong 2005]‫ ߜ߁ߩߘޔ‬80 ੱ߶ߤߪዞ

ะ߆߁ߦߪ‫ᦺޔ‬ᄕߦቇᩞߩቇᦼਛߩߺㆇⴕߔࠆ࠰

ഭ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬ዞቇߩߚ߼ߦࡃࡦࠦࠢ㚂ㇺ࿤ࠍਛᔃࡦ࠹࠙߿⥄ኅ↪ࡃࠗࠢࠍ૶↪ߔࠆ߶߆ߪ‫ࠄ߆᧛ޔ‬ߣߒߚ࿖ౝᄖߩㇺᏒ߳௛߈ߦ಴ߡ޿ࠆ‫᧛ޕ‬ㄭ㓞ߦ

3km వߩᐙ✢㆏〝߹ߢ಴ߡ‫⋵ޔ‬ㇺߣ࠽࡯࠴ࡘࠕ࠶

⃻㊄෼౉ࠍᓧࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥ໡ᬺ඙߿Ꮏ႐ߥߤߩഭ

ࠢ㇭ࠍ৻ᤨ㑆߅߈ߦᓔ᧪ߔࠆࡃࠬߦਸ਼ࠄߥߌࠇ߫

௛Ꮢ႐߇߶ߣࠎߤߥߊ‫⥄ޔ‬ኅ↪ゞ߿ࡃࠗࠢߥߤࠍ

ߥࠄߥ޿‫⋥ߚ߹ޕ‬ធࡃࡦࠦࠢ߳ะ߆߁ߦߪ‫࡯࠽ޔ‬― 58 ―

࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No.7 2007࠴ࡘࠕ࠶ࠢ㇭ㇺ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬㓞ߩࡏ࡯࡜ࡉ࡯㇭ㇺ߆෼౉ߩߺߦ㗬ߞߡ↢ᵴߔࠆ਎Ꮺߪߺ޽ߚࠄߥ޿ߎ

ࠄ৻ᣣᢙ࿁಴ߡ޿ࠆ㐳〒㔌ࡃࠬ㧔⚂ 7 ᤨ㑆㧕ࠍ೑ߣߢ޽ࠆ‫౏ޕ‬ോຬߩ⛎ਈߥߤߩ⃻㊄෼౉ߛߌߢච

↪ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬

ಽ᥵ࠄߒߡ޿ߌࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ਎Ꮺߢ߽‫↰ޔ‬ᬀ߃߿᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߩᄢㇱಽߪ‫ޔ‬ᵩ᳓ߣᣫ㝭߇➅ࠅ㄰

Ⓑಿࠅᤨߦੱࠍ㓹ߞߡ߹ߢ߽Ⓑ૞ࠍ⛯ߌߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߔਛߢ‫ޔ‬ᄤ᳓ߩߺߦଐሽߔࠆߣ޿߁㕖Ᏹߦਇ቟ቯ

ᆷᇣ߇᧛ߣ㇭ㇺࠍᓔᓳߔࠆ࠰ࡦ࠹࠙ߩㆇォᚻߣߒ

ߥⒷ૞ࠍ↢ᬺߣߒߡ޿ࠆ [⑔੗ 1988]‫⺞ޕ‬ᩏ᧛ઃߡචಽߥ⃻㊄෼౉ࠍᓧߡ޿ࠆ 50 ઍߩᅚᕈߪ‫ޔ‬‫޿ޟ‬ㄭ߽ᐕ㑆ߩ㒠㔎㊂߇ዋߥߊ‫ޔ‬Ⓑ૞ߪ㔎ᦼਛߩ৻ᦼ

ߊࠄ߅㊄߇޽ߞߡ߽‫ޔ‬Ⓑ૞ߪ߿߼ࠄࠇߥ޿‫ߞߛޕ‬૞ߩߺߢ޽ࠆ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬෼ⓠߪߘߩᐕߩ㒠㔎㊂ߦ

ߡߎࠇ߇⑳ߚߜߩ↢߈ᣇ㧔siwit khong hao㧕ߛ߽ᄢ߈ߊᏀฝߐࠇ‫ޔ‬Ფᐕ቟ቯߒߚ෼ⓠࠍ߽ߚࠄߔࠊ

ߩ‫⺑ߣޠ‬᣿ߔࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬਎Ꮺߣߒߡߪ޽ߊ߹ߢⒷߌߢߪߥ޿‫⁁ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᴫߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕ‫ߪߢ᧛ޔ‬૞ࠍ↢ᬺߣߒߚ਄ߢ‫߁⵬ࠍࠇߘޔ‬ᒻߢ਎Ꮺᚑຬ߇

ో਎Ꮺ߇⥄૞‫ޔ‬ዊ૞૗ࠄ߆ߩᒻߢਥ㘩ߣߥࠆ߽ߜ

⃻㊄₪ᓧᵴേࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ᦨߩߘߡߒߘޕ‬ᄢߩ⃻☨ߩ↢↥ࠍ⛯ߌߡ޿ࠆ 5)‫ߦࠇߘޕ‬ട߃ߡ‫ޔ↪⛎⥄ޔ‬㊄₪ᓧᚻᲑ߇‫ࠍ᧛ޔ‬㔌ࠇߚ࿖ౝᄖߩㇺᏒߦ৻ቯᦼ߅ࠃ߮⽼ᄁ↪ߣߒߡ߁ࠆߜ☨↢↥߽ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㑆‫⾓ޔ‬㊄ഭ௛⠪ߣߒߡ௛߈ߦⴕߊ⒖േഭ௛ߥߩߢ

Ფᐕ‫ޔ‬૛೾☨ࠍ↢↥ߢ߈ࠆ਎Ꮺߪᄙߊߪߥ޿߽ߩ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߩ‫⽼ߩ☨ޔ‬ᄁߪ㊀ⷐߥ⃻㊄₪ᓧᚻᲑߩ߭ߣߟߣߥ
ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߤߥ࡝ࠞ࡯࡙߿ࡃࠨ࠶ࡖࠠߦࠄߐޕ‬໡(1) ᧲ർ࠲ࠗ߆ࠄߩ⒖േഭ௛

ຠ૞‛߿㊁⩿ᩱၭ‫ޔ‬ኅ⇓㘺⢒‫ޔ‬㙃Ⰼߥߤߩㄘᬺ↢ᧄ▵ߢߪⒷ૞ࠍਥⷐߥ↢ᬺߣߔࠆߎߩ᧲ർ࠲ࠗ

↥߇ਥⷐߥ↢ᬺߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬᳓߿࿯࿾ਇ⿷ߥߤ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ㄘ᧛␠ળ߆ࠄ‫߇ޘੱޔ‬࿖ౝᄖߩㇺᏒ߳⾓㊄ഭ௛ࠍߘߩ↢↥ߪ㕖Ᏹߦዊⷙᮨߥ߽ߩߦߣߤ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆ

᳞߼ߡ⒖േߔࠆᱧผ⊛⚻✲ߣ␠ળ⊛ⷐ࿃ࠍ⠨ኤߔ

6)‫ޕ‬ട߃ߡ‫᧛ޔ‬ㄭ㓞ߢ⃻㊄₪ᓧߦߟߥ߇ࠆᵴേ߽ᄙ

ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߊߪߥ޿‫᧛ޕ‬ౝߢߩ㔀⽻߿㘩ຠߩ⽼ᄁ‫߿ࠢࠗࡃޔ‬᧲ർ࠲ࠗ߆ࠄਛᄩ࠲ࠗ߳ߩഭ௛ജ⒖േߩᱧผߪ‫ޔ‬⥄ォゞ‫⴩ޔ‬㘃ߩୃℂߥߤߩዊⷙᮨᐫ⥩⚻༡߿‫ᧁޔ‬

19 ਎♿ᓟඨ߆ࠄ 20 ਎♿ೋ㗡ߩ࡜࡯ࡑ੖਎₺ᤨઍ✎㨯⛚❱‛߿☜‫ޔ‬ኅౕ‫ޔ‬⍹㊍ߥߤߩ೙૞⽼ᄁ‫ޔ‬ゞߩ㧔1868-1910㧕೨ᓟߦ㆚ࠆ‫⚂᧦ࠣࡦ࡝࠙ࡏޕ‬㧔1855㧕ㆇォ‫ޔ‬ฦ⒳ᆔຬߩᵴേߦࠃࠆႎ㈽ߥߤੜ⚦ߥ߽ߩࠍᯏߦャ಴☨↢↥࿾ߣߒߡ㐿ᜏߐࠇߪߓ߼ߚ࠴ࡖ

ߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠇߘޕ‬એᄖߦ߽⧣ઍಿࠅ߿↰ᬀ߃‫ޔ‬Ⓑಿࠅ‫ޔ‬ࠝࡊ࡜ࡗ࡯ᴡᵹၞ߳㐿ᜏ⠪ߣߒߡኅᣖ߿ⷫᣖන૏

ኅߩᣂ▽߿ᡷ▽ߥߤ‫ⷫߪߡߟ߆ޔ‬ᣖࠍਛᔃߣߒߚ

ߢ⒖૑ߒߚࠅ‫ޔ‬㋕㆏〝✢ߩ㐿⸳ࠍ⢛᥊ߦࠦ࡜࡯࠻

᧛ੱห჻ߩഭ௛੤឵ߦࠃߞߡ߹߆ߥࠊࠇߡ޿ߚᵴ

ࠍਛ⛮ὐߣߒߡ‐߿᳓‐⽼ᄁࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߚⴕ໡ੱ

േ߇‫ޔ‬ㄭᐕ‫ੱޔ‬ᚻਇ⿷ߣ⃻㊄ߩ㊀ⷐᕈߩჇᄢ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬

㧔nai hoi㧕߇‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗߣਛᄩ࠲ࠗߣࠍⴕ߈᧪ߒ

⾓㊄ഭ௛ߣߒߡ㊀ⷐߥ⃻㊄₪ᓧḮߣߥߞߚ߽ߩ߽

ߚࠅߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬ਛᄩ஥ߩ⸥㍳ߢߪ‫ޔ‬޽ࠆ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬ᢎᏧ߿౏ോຬߥߤ቟ቯߒߚ᦬⛎ࠍฃߎ߁ߒߚੱ‫ࠆ޿ߡࠇߐ⸥ߣࠆ޽ߢࠝ࡜ߪޘ‬ߌขࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ⠪߽‫⧯ޔ‬ᐓฬߛ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬[Thawisin 1982㧦57-59]‫ߣࠇߎޕ‬ห᭽ߦ᧲ർ࠲ࠗ

ߚߛߒߎߎߢᵈ⋡ߔߴ߈ὐߪ‫⺞ޔ‬ᩏ᧛ߦ߅޿ߡ

ߦ߅޿ߡ߽‫ޔ‬ഭ௛߿໡ᄁࠍ઻߁⒖േࠍⓍᭂ⊛ߦⴕߪਇ቟ቯߥⒷ૞ࠍ᡼᫈ߒ‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛ࠍ฽߼ߚ⃻㊄

߁ߩߪ 18 ਎♿ೋ㗡೨ᓟ߆ࠄධਅ‫ޔ‬⒖૑ߒߡ߈ߚ࡜

― 59 ―

᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛ߣᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸ࠝߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ߚ‫␠ࠝ࡜ޕ‬ળࠍ⒖േ߿ቬ

26-39]ߥߤ‫ޔ‬ㄘᬺ↢↥ߩ᜛ᄢ߇ਛᔃߢ޽ߞߚ‫ੱޕ‬ᢎࠍゲߦ⺞ᩏߒߚᨋߦࠃࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ห࿾ߩ㕖࡜ࠝߢ޽ญ࠮ࡦࠨࠬߦၮߠߊಽᨆߢ߽‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨߪㄘ᧛̆ㇺᏒࠆవ૑⠪ߪ‫ޔ‬⒖േߔࠆߩߪ࡜ࠝߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬‫⿷⥄⛎⥄ޟ‬㑆ߩ⒖േࠃࠅ߽‫ޔ‬ଐὼߣߒߡㄘ᧛㑆ߩ⒖േߩᣇ߇ߩ␠ળ↢ᵴࠍ⿷႐ߦߒߡ‫ࠆߥࠄߐޔ‬ንࠍᓧࠆᵴേ

ਥᵹߢ޽ߞߚߣႎ๔ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ[Penporn 1985㧦

㧔࿯࿾ォ߇ߒ߿ⴕ໡㧕ߦ㐳ߓࠃ߁ߣߒߚੱ‫ߣޠޘ‬423]‫ޕ‬ߣߎࠈ߇ 1960 ᐕઍᓟඨߦߥࠆߣ‫৻ޔ‬ᄌߒߡㄘߒߡᝒ߃ߡ޿ߚ[ᨋ 2000㧦80]‫ޕ‬ߎ߁ߒߚ᧲ർ࠲ࠗߦ߅ߌࠆ࡜ࠝࠍਛᔃߣߒߚ

᧛̆ㇺᏒ㑆‫᧲ߦ․ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗߣർ࠲ࠗ߆ࠄਛᄩ࠲ࠗ

‫↢⊛⿷⥄⛎⥄ޟ‬ᵴࠍ⿷߇߆ࠅߦ‫ࠆߥࠄߐޔ‬ንࠍᓧ

߳ߩ⒖േ߇ỗჇߒߚ [Penporn 1985㧦423]‫ࠇߘޕ‬ࠆᵴേ‫╙ޔߪޠ‬ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢᓟ‫ੱߩ߳ࠢࠦࡦࡃޔ‬߹ߢቄ▵ഭ௛⠪ߩ⒖േవߩਛᔃߢ޽ߞߚࡃࡦࠦࠢ

ญ㓸ਛߣ޿߁␠ળ⃻⽎ߩߥ߆ߢ‫⾓ޔ‬㊄ഭ௛ߣ޿߁

߳ߩᵹ౉ੱญ߇஗ṛߒ‫ޔ‬ઍࠊࠅߦࡁࡦ࠲ࡉ࡝࡯߿

ᒻࠍߣࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ ߦ․ޕ‬1947 ᐕએ㒠‫ࠗ࠲ޔ‬᡽ࡄ࠻ࡓ࠲࡯࠾࡯‫ޔ࡯࡝ࡉࡖ࠴࡯࡜ޔࡓ࠻ࡄࡦࠦ࠽ޔ‬ᐭ߇ߘࠇ߹ߢࡃࡦࠦࠢߩਥⷐߥഭ௛ജߢ޽ߞߚਛ

࠴࡚ࡦࡉ࡝࡯‫ࠞ࡜ࡊ࠻࠶ࡓࠨޔࡦࠦࠨ࠻࠶ࡓࠨޔ‬࿖߆ࠄߩ⒖᳃ࠍ೙㒢ߒߪߓ߼ߚߩࠍᄾᯏߦ‫ࡦࡃޔ‬࡯ࡦߩฦ⋵㧔એਅ‫ࠢࠦࡦࡃޔ‬㚂ㇺ࿤㧕߳ߩᵹ౉ੱ

ࠦࠢߩዞᬺ᭴ㅧߦ࿾ᣇ಴り↵ᕈ߇౉ࠅㄟ߻ࠃ߁ߦ

ญ߇Ⴧടߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬⢛᥊ߦߪ‫ޔ‬᡽ᐭ߇╙৻ᰴ⚻ᷣߥߞߚ [Keyes 1989㧦90]‫ޕ‬1950 ᐕઍ೨ඨߦࡃࡦ

㐿⊒⸘↹ߦࠃߞߡᎿᬺൻࠍᧄᩰ⊛ߦ㐿ᆎߒ‫ޔ‬ㇺᏒࠦࠢߢ࡙ࡀࠬࠦߩ⺞ᩏଐ㗬ࠍฃߌߡਃベ࠲ࠢࠪ࡯ߢߩഭ௛Ꮢ႐ࠍ᜛ᄢߒᆎ߼ߚߎߣߦട߃‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲㧔sam lo㧕ߩㆇォᚻߦኻߔࠆ⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߚ࠹ࠢࠬ

ࠗㄘ᧛ߩ஥ߢ߽ੱญჇടࠍ⢛᥊ߦ‫ޔ‬ᣂߚߦ㐿ᜏߢ࠲࡯ߪ‫ޔ‬ㆇォᚻߩᄢㇱಽ߇᧲ർ࠲ࠗ಴りߩᣢᇕ↵߈ࠆ࿯࿾߇ᷫዋߒߡ޿ߞߚߎߣ߇ᄢ߈ߊ㑐ଥߒߡᕈߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᓐࠄߪㄘ㑄ᦼߦߩߺᢙࡩ᦬௛߈‫ޔ‬ㄘ❥޿ࠆ[ᷰㄝ 1988㧦36-40]‫ޕ‬Ꮏ႐ߦ㑐ߒߡ‫ޔ‬એ೨ߪᦼߦߥࠆߣ಴り࿾ߦᏫ⋭ߔࠆᓴⅣ㧔circulation㧕ⷙᮨ߽ዊߐߊ‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚ⊛ߦ߽න⚐ߥ↥ᬺ߇ਥߢ޽ߞ

⊛ߥ⒖േࠍਥߦⴕߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚ

ߚ߇‫ޔ‬1963㨪1970 ᐕઍߦ߆ߌߡ 100 ੱએ਄ࠍ㓹[Textor 1961㧦1]‫৻ޕ‬ᣇߢ᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛஥ߢ߽‫ޔ‬↪ߔࠆ੐ᬺᚲߩ㓹↪⠪ᢙߪ‫ޔ‬10 ੱએ਄ࠍ㓹↪ߔࠆ

1963 ᐕߦࡑࡂ࡯ࠨ࡜ࠞࡓ⋵ࡓࠕࡦ㇭㧺㨀᧛ߢੱ੐ᬺᚲ✚㓹↪⠪ᢙߩ 47㧑߆ࠄ 72㧑ߦ〡ߨ਄߇ߞ㘃ቇ⊛⺞ᩏࠍታᣉߒߚࠞࠗ࠭ߪ‫ޔ‬20 ᱦએ਄ߩ↵ᕈߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ਛߢ߽‫ޔ‬Ꮏ႐ᢙ߇ᦨ߽Ⴧ߃ߚߩ߇❫᧛᳃ߩ⚂㧟ഀ߇‫ޔ‬ㄘ㑄ᦼߦࡃࡦࠦࠢߢ⾓㊄ഭ௛⠪⛽↥ᬺߢ޽ߞߚ[Suehiro 1989㧦184-185]‫ߡߒߘޕ‬ߣߒߡ௛޿ߡ޿ߚ⚻㛎߇޽ߞߚߣႎ๔ߒߡ޿ࠆ

ߎߩ❫⛽↥ᬺㇱ㐷ࠍਛᔃߣߔࠆᾫ✵ഭ௛ജࠍᔅⷐ

[Keyesߣߒߥ޿Ꮏ႐ߢߩഭ௛ജߣߒߡ᳞߼ࠄࠇߚߩ߇‫ޔ‬

1966㧦313-314]‫ޕ‬ߚߛߒ 1960 ᐕઍ೨ඨ㗃߹ߢ‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߩ

ᧂᇕᅚᕈߛߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ[㊀ን 1997㧦39-40]‫ߎޕ‬ੱ‫ࠆߥࠄߐߪޘ‬ንࠍᓧࠆᵴേߣߒߡ‫⾓ޔ‬㊄ഭ௛ߦ

߁ߒߚ 1960 ᐕઍએ㒠ߩ࿖ኅਥዉߩ⚻ᷣ㐿⊒ߦࠃ㓸ਛ⊛ߦะ߆ߞߡ޿ߚࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᄤ᳓ߦ㗬ࠆࠆ⚻ᷣ᭴ㅧߩᄌൻࠍ⢛᥊ߦ‫↵ߦ߁ࠃߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬Ⓑ૞ߦㆡߒߚૐ࿾ࠍ᳞߼ߡ⒖૑ࠍ➅ࠅ㄰ߔ‫↰⦟ޟ‬ᕈߛߌߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ᓢ‫ᧂߦޘ‬ᇕᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛߇Ⴧ

‫ޔ‬ャ಴߇Ⴧടߒߚࡔࠗ࠭߿ࠤ࠽
តߒ‫ޠ‬㧔ha na di㧕ടߒߡ޿ߊߎߣߦߥࠆ[Pawadee 1982㧧Suwanleeࡈ ߥ ߤ ໡ ຠ ૞ ‛ ૞ ઃ ߌ ࿾ ߩ 㐿 ᜏ [ ᷰ ㄝ 1988㧦

1984㧧 Porpora and Lim 1987]‫ޕ‬― 60 ―

࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No.7 2007᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ࠍ಴ߚഭ௛⠪ߩਥߥ௛߈వߪࡃࡦ
ࠦࠢ㚂ㇺ࿤ߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬1970 ᐕઍᓟඨߦߥࠆߣ‫ޔ‬

࿖ౝߩ⒖േഭ௛ߩ߭ߣߟߩᄢ߈ߥᵹࠇߣߥߞߡ޿
ࠆ[Mills 1999㧦45] ‫ޕ‬ࡃࡦࠦࠢ㚂ㇺ࿤߳ߩੱญ㓸ਛ߇໧㗴ⷞߐࠇࠆࠃ߁

⃻࿷ߩ᧲ർ࠲ࠗ߆ࠄߩ⒖േഭ௛⠪ߩ✚ᢙߪ‫ޔ‬࿖ߦߥࠅ‫╙ޔ‬྾ᰴ⚻ᷣ␠ળ㐿⊒⸘↹㧔1977-1981㧕

ౝߢ⒖േߔࠆ႐วߦߪ․ቯᯏ㑐ߦዯߌ಴ࠆ⟵ോ߇ߦ߅޿ߡ࿾ᣇㇺᏒߩഭ௛Ꮢ႐ࠍ᜛ᄢߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ

ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽޽ࠅ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᢙ୯ࠍ␜ߔᱜ⏕ߥ࠺࿾ၞౝ㓹↪ଦㅴ⸘↹㧔khrongkan sangngan nai࡯࠲ߪ߶ߣࠎߤߥ޿‫ޔ߫߃଀ߒ߆ߒޕ‬1997 ᐕߦታchonnabot㧕߇ផߒㅴ߼ࠄࠇߚ‫⚿ߩߘޕ‬ᨐ‫ޔ‬࿾ᣇᣉߐࠇߚ࿖ኅ⛔⸘ዪߩ⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆߣ‫ޔ‬หᐕߦߘࠇ

ㇺᏒㄭ㇠ㄘ᧛ߢߪㅢൕ౗ᬺㄘኅ߇Ⴧടߒߡ޿ߊ‫ޕ‬એ೨ߩዬ૑࿾߆ࠄ⒖േߒߡ޿ߥ޿⠪ߩഀวߪ‫ࡃޔ‬ߒ߆ߒߘߩ৻ᣇߢ࿾ᣇㇺᏒߩഭ௛Ꮢ႐߆ࠄ㔌ࠇߚࡦࠦࠢࠍ㒰ߊਛᄩ࠲ࠗߢߪ 45㧑‫ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗߢߪ 36㧑‫ޔ‬႐ᚲߦ૏⟎ߔࠆㄘ᧛ߢߪ‫ࠢࠦࡦࡃߦࠄߐޔ‬㚂ㇺ࿤ධ࠲ࠗߢߪ 56㧑ߢ޽ࠆߩߦኻߒ‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗߢߪ

߳ߩ⒖േഭ௛߇ഥ㐳ߐࠇߡ޿ߞߚ[ᷰㄝ 1992㧦36]‫ޕ‬

22㧑ߣઁ࿾ၞߦᲧߴߡዋߥ޿‫ߚ߹ޕ‬หᐕߦ᧲ർ࠲

߹ߚ 1970 ᐕઍᓟඨߦߥࠆߣ‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛ߩᵹࠇ

ࠗߦዬ૑ߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ࠇߘޔ‬એ೨ߪ᧲ർ࠲ࠗએᄖߩઁ

߇ᶏᄖ߳ะߊߥߤዞഭవ߇ᄙ᭽ൻߒߡ޿ߞߚ‫ߘޕ‬⋵ߢ᥵ࠄߒߡ޿ߚ⠪ߪ‫ޔ‬59㧑ߦ਄ࠆ[Richter et al.

ߩ⢛᥊ߦߪ 1973 ᐕߩࠝࠗ࡞࡮࡚ࠪ࠶ࠢએ㒠ࠕ࡜1997]‫ߩߎࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᢙ୯ߪ‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗߢߪઁ࿾ၞߦ

ࡉ⻉࿖߇ේᴤଔᩰࠍ୯਄ߍߒ‫ޔ‬ਛ᧲ฦ࿖ߢടㅦᐲ

Ყߴߡ‫ޔ‬⒖േߩഀว߇㜞޿ߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߐޕ‬⊛ߦ‫ޟ‬ᄖ࿖ੱഭ௛⠪‫ߦޠ‬ኻߔࠆ㔛ⷐ߇↢ߓߚߎߣ

ࠄߦ࿖ᄖ⒖േ⠪ߦ⋡ࠍォߓߡߺࠇ߫‫ޔ‬㓹↪ዪߩ⺞߿‫ࡓ࠽࠻ࠚࡧޔ‬ᚢ੎ߩ⚳⚿ߦࠃࠆ☨ァၮ࿾ᓥᬺຬ

ᩏߦࠃࠆ᧲ർ࠲ࠗ಴り⠪ߩ࿖ᄖዞഭᏗᦸ⠪ߪ‫ޔ‬9ߩᄬᬺኻ╷ߩ৻Ⅳߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬᡽ᐭߛߌߢߥߊ‫ޔ‬᳃㑆

ਁ 3,788 ੱߣ ઁ࿾ၞߣᲧߴߡ߽ ࿶ୟ⊛ߦᄙ޿ߦࠃࠆ࿖㓙⒖േഭ௛ᢷᣓળ␠߽ᰴ‫ߚࠇߐ┙⸳ߦޘ‬[Krom Sawatdikan 2005] 7)‫⃻ޔࠃߖߦࠇߕ޿ޕ‬࿷ߎߣߥߤ߇޽ߍࠄࠇࠆ‫⁁ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᴫߩߥ߆‫ޔ‬߽ᄙߊߩੱ‫⾓߇ޘ‬㊄ഭ௛ߩߚ߼ߦ᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ࠍ

᧲ർ࠲ࠗࠍਛᔃߦᣢᇕ↵ᕈ߇‫ޔ‬Ყセ⊛⍴ᦼ㑆ߢ㜞㔌ࠇߡ᥵ࠄߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㗵ߥ෼౉ࠍᓧࠄࠇࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬ᑪ⸳૞ᬺຬߥߤߣߒߡ
ਛ᧲⻉࿖߿ࠪࡦࠟࡐ࡯࡞‫ޔ‬บḧߥߤ߳ะ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬(2) ⺞ᩏ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛ߩᒻᘒ

ߐࠄߦ 1980 ᐕઍᓟඨߦߪ࿖ౝㇺᏒ߳ߩ⒖േഭ௛ᧄ▵ߢߪ╩⠪ߩోᚭ⺞ᩏ߆ࠄ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ⺞߇ᕡᏱൻߔࠆਛߢ‫ޔ‬⒖േవ⻉࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆౣ↢↥ഭᩏ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛⠪ߩቇᱧ‫ޔ‬ᇕᆪ⁁ᴫߥߤߩ௛⠪ߩਇ⿷߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ߇ࠃࠅࠃ޿⾓㊄ࠍ᳞߼ߡኅ

⒖േᒻᘒ߿⒖േవ‫ޔ‬⡯⒳ߥߤߦߟ޿ߡ‫ߦ․ޔ‬ᕈ೎᡽ᇚߣߒߡࡉ࡞ࡀࠗ߿ࠪࡦࠟࡐ࡯࡞‫ޔ‬บḧ߳ᷰࠅ‫ޔ‬ߦࠃࠆ⋧㆑ߦὶὐࠍᒰߡߡ‫ޔ‬ᐕઍ೎ߩ௑ะࠍᢛℂ

޽ࠆ޿ߪᕈ↥ᬺᓥ੐⠪ߣߒߡᣣᧄ߿㚅᷼ߥߤ߳ะ

ߒߡߺߚ޿‫ ߦ․ޕ‬2004㨪2005 ᐕߩㄘ㑄ᦼ㧔2004߆߁ࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ [Stern 1997㧦234]‫⃻ޕ‬࿷ߢ߽

ᐕ 12 ᦬㨪2005 ᐕ 5 ᦬㧕ߩ⁁ᴫࠍ‫ޔ‬1970 ᐕઍએ㒠ዞഭ࿾߿⡯⒳ߪ߹ߔ߹ߔᄙ᭽ൻߔࠆᣇะߦ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߩᐕઍ೎ߩ௑ะߣᲧセ‫ޔ‬ᬌ⸽ߔࠆ 8)‫ޕ‬ߒ߆ߒ࿖ᄖ⒖േߦߪᄙ㗵ߥᄾ⚂㊄⺧᳞߿ਇᴺߥᢷ

⺞ᩏ᧛ߢ߽᧲ർ࠲ࠗో૕ߩ௑ะߣห᭽ߦ‫ޔ‬1960ᣓᬺ⠪ߣߩ࠻࡜ࡉ࡞߇ᄙ޿ߎߣ߽޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ଐὼߣߒᐕઍ㗃߹ߢ⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߡ޿ߚߩߪ↵ᕈߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߡ࿾ᣇㄘ᧛߆ࠄࡃࡦࠦࠢ㚂ㇺ࿤߳ߩ⒖േߪ‫ࠗ࠲ޔ‬ߒ߆߽ⴕ߈వߪࡃࡦࠦࠢߢߪߥߊ‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗ࿾ၞ

― 61 ―

᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛ߣᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸ౝߢߩⴕ໡ߥߤ߇ਥᵹߢ޽ߞߚ 9)‫⊛⋡ߩߘޕ‬࿾߇ࠆ޿ߪ౉቟ዬ߿⚿ᇕᑼ‫⫋ޔ‬ᑼߥߤߩ㊀ⷐߥ௾␞ᤨ

ࡃࡦࠦࠢߣߥࠅ‫ޔ‬⒖േ⠪ᢙ߇ᅚᕈ߽฽߼ߡᓢ‫ߦޘ‬ߦߩߺᏫ⋭ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫৻ߩߘޕ‬ᣇߢㄘ㑄ᦼߦߩߺ௛

Ⴧ߃ߡ޿ߊߩߪ‫ޔ‬1970 ᐕઍ೨ඨߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫߹ޕ‬߈ߦ಴ࠆቄ▵ഭ௛⠪ߪ‫ޔ‬ዞഭ⋡⊛ߩ⒖േ⠪ో૕ߩ

ߚ࿖ᄖ⒖േߩ႐วߪ‫ޔ‬1980 ᐕઍߦߪߓ߹ࠅ⃻࿷ߦ⚂ 6㧑ߦߔ߉ߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬නりߢ᧛ᄖߦ௛߈

޿ߚࠆ߹ߢߘߩ߶ߣࠎߤ߇↵ᕈߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߦ಴ࠆߛߌߢߪߥߊ‫᧛ޔ‬ౝߦㄘ࿾߿ደᢝ࿾ࠍᚲ᦭

1982 ᐕ㗃ߦ᧛㐳ࠄ߇ࠪࡦࠟࡐ࡯࡞߳ᷰ⥶ߒߚߩߒߚ߹߹‫ޔ‬਎Ꮺోຬߢ᧛ᄖߦ಴ߡ޿ࠆࠤ࡯ࠬ߇ 8ࠍ⊹ಾࠅߦ‫ޔ‬1980 ᐕઍߪࠨ࠙ࠫࠕ࡜ࡆࠕ߿࡝ࡆࠕ‫ޔ‬਎Ꮺ޽ߞߚ‫ߩߘߒ߆ߒޕ‬႐วߪ‫᧛ޔ‬ౝߦᚲ᦭ߔࠆ

ࡉ࡞ࡀࠗ‫ޔ‬1990 ᐕઍએ㒠ߪบḧ߿㖧࿖ߥߤ߳ߩᷰ

ㄘ࿾߿ደᢝ࿾ࠍ᡼᫈ߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊ‫▤ޔ‬ℂࠍⷫᣖ⥶߇৻⥸⊛ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬⢛᥊ߦߪ 60 ᐕઍએ㒠ߩ㐿ߦ߹߆ߖߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬዁᧪⊛ߦ᧛ߦᚯࠆߎߣࠍ೨ឭߣ

⊒᡽╷߿⃻㊄ߩ㊀ⷐᕈߩჇᄢߣหᤨߦ‫ߦ᧛ޔ‬㓞ធߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߔࠆᏂᄢߥ⾂᳓ᳰᑪ⸳ࠍ߼ߋࠆ࿯࿾ᄁළ߿ߘࠇߦ

৻ᣇ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߩ⒖േ⠪ߩቇᱧߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬2000

ߣ߽ߥ߁㐿ᜏߦࠃࠆ᧛ㄭ㓞ߩ࿯࿾ਇ⿷ߥߤ߇޽ߞ

ᐕઍએ೨ߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ‫↵ޔ‬ᅚߣ߽ߦਛቇ‫ޔ‬㜞ᩞතᬺߚ 10)‫ޕ‬⠪߇ඨᢙએ਄ࠍභ߼ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬1990 ᐕઍ߹ߢߩ⒖േ

2004㨪2005 ᐕߩㄘ㑄ᦼߦ‫ޔ‬ᇕᆪએᄖߩℂ↱ߢ⠪ߩ߶ߣࠎߤ߇‫ޔ‬ዊቇᩞතᬺߢ޽ߞߚߩߦᲧߴࠆ

᧛ࠍ㔌ࠇߡ޿ߚ⺞ᩏ᧛಴り⠪ߪ‫ੱోޔ‬ญߩ⚂ 21㧑ߣ‫ޔ‬2000 ᐕઍએ㒠ߩ⒖േ⠪ߩቇᱧ߇㜞ߊߥߞߡ޿

ߢ‫↵ޔ‬ᅚߣ߽ߦߘߩ 80㧑એ਄߇ዞഭ⋡⊛ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ㧔⴫́1 ෳᾖ㧕‫ߩߘޕ‬⢛᥊ߦߪ‫ޔ‬2002

ߘߩᄢㇱಽ߇ᐕ㑆ࠍㅢߒߡ௛߈ߦ಴ߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᐕᧃᐕߦਛቇᩞතᬺ߹ߢ߇⟵ോᢎ⢒ൻߐࠇߚߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬ᐕᆎ߿࠲ࠗᱜ᦬‫ޔ‬ਛ࿖ᱜ᦬ߥߤߩ㐳ᦼભᥜᤨ‫޽ޔ‬᧛ߩੱ‫ోޘ‬૕ߩቇᱧ߇㜞ߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇޽ߍ

⴫́㧝 ⺞ᩏ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛⠪ߩᐕઍ೎࡮ᕈ೎࡮ቇᱧ೎㧔1970㨪2000 ᐕઍ㧕[಴ᚲ㧦╩⠪⺞ᩏߦၮߠ߈૞ᚑ]
㧔↵ᕈ㧕
㪈㪇㪇㩼
ᄢቇ㒮ත
ᄢቇත
⍴ᄢත
㜞ᩞත
ਛቇᩞත
ዋቇᩞ㪍ᐕත
ዋቇᩞ㪋ᐕත

㪏㪇㩼
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㪇㩼

㪈㪐㪎㪇㩿㪏ੱ㪀㪈㪐㪏㪇㩿㪊㪎ੱ㪀 㪈㪐㪐㪇㩿㪊㪏ੱ㪀 㪉㪇㪇㪇㩿㪋㪊ੱ㪀

㧔ᅚᕈ㧕
㪈㪇㪇㩼
ᄢቇත
⍴ᄢත
㜞ᩞත
ਛቇᩞත
ዋቇᩞ㪍ᐕත
ዋቇᩞ㪋ᐕත

㪏㪇㩼
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㪈㪐㪎㪇㩿㪏ੱ㪀 㪈㪐㪏㪇㩿㪋㪇ੱ㪀 㪈㪐㪐㪇㩿㪊㪇ੱ㪀 㪉㪇㪇㪇㩿㪊㪋ੱ㪀㧖↵ᅚߣ߽ߦ 2000 ᐕઍߩ࠺࡯࠲ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᣢߦතᬺߒߚ⠪ߣ⃻࿷ዞቇਛߩ⠪‫ޔ‬෺ᣇࠍ฽ࠎߢ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬― 62 ―

࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No.7 2007⴫́㧞 ⺞ᩏ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛⠪ߩᐕઍ೎࡮ᕈ೎ᇕᆪᱧ㧔1970㨪2000 ᐕઍ㧕[಴ᚲ㧦╩⠪⺞ᩏߦၮߠ߈૞ᚑ]
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ᣢᇕ⠪
ᧂᇕ⠪

㪌㪇㩼
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㪈㪐㪎㪇㩿㪏ੱ㪀㪈㪐㪏㪇㩿㪊㪎ੱ㪀㪈㪐㪐㪇㩿㪋㪊ੱ㪀㪉㪇㪇㪇㩿㪌㪐ੱ㪀

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ᣢᇕ⠪
ᧂᇕ⠪

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㪈㪐㪎㪇㩿㪏ੱ㪀㪈㪐㪏㪇㩿㪋㪇ੱ㪀㪈㪐㪐㪇㩿㪊㪇ੱ㪀㪉㪇㪇㪇㩿㪊㪋ੱ㪀⴫́㧟 ⺞ᩏ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆᐕઍ೎࡮ᣢᇕᅚᕈ⒖േഭ௛⠪߇ሶࠍⷫߦ㗍ߌߡ⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆഀว
㧔1970㨪2000 ᐕઍ㧕[಴ᚲ㧦╩⠪⺞ᩏߦၮߠ߈૞ᚑ]
㪈㪇㪇㩼
㪐㪇㩼
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㪎㪇㩼
㪍㪇㩼
಴↥ᓟౣ䈶⒖േഭ௛䈻
಴↥ᓟ࿷᧛

㪌㪇㩼
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㪈㪐㪎㪇㩿㪇ੱ㪀㪈㪐㪏㪇㩿㪌ੱ㪀 㪈㪐㪐㪇㩿㪈㪋ੱ㪀 㪉㪇㪇㪇㩿㪈㪋ੱ㪀ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߣࠇߘޕ‬หᤨߦ‫ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬⒖േഭ௛⠪߆ߴࠆ‫ޕ‬1970 ᐕઍߦ⺞ᩏ᧛ߩੱ‫߇ޘ‬⒖േഭ௛ߦ៤ࠊࠆ

ࠄߩ⾗㊄ឭଏ߿ቇᩞ஥ߩᅑቇ㊄೙ᐲߩలታߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬㜞ቇᱧ⠪߇Ⴧടߒߚ‫ޕ‬ࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡએ᧪‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߦ⥋ࠆ߹ߢ‫ޔ‬⒖േవߪ↵ߐࠄߦ⒖േഭ௛⠪ߩᇕᆪ⁁ᴫࠍߺߡߺࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ᅚߣ߽ߦࡃࡦࠦࠢ㚂ㇺ࿤߇࿶ୟ⊛ᄙᢙࠍභ߼ࠆ

1990 ᐕઍએ㒠‫↵ޔ‬ᅚߣ߽ߦᣢᇕ⠪ߪඨᢙએ਄ߦ෸

㧔࿾࿑-2 ෳᾖ㧕‫ޕ‬1980 ᐕઍߦߪ‫ޔ‬ਛ᧲߿ࠪࡦࠟࡐ

߱㧔⴫́2 ෳᾖ㧕‫ޔߦ․ޕ‬ᅚᕈߩ႐ว‫ޔ‬಴↥ᓟ‫ޔ‬ሶ

࡯࡞߳ߩ⒖േഭ௛߇↵ᕈࠍਛᔃߦ⋓ࠎߦߥࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ߤ߽ࠍਔⷫߦ㗍ߌߡ௛߈ߦ಴ߡ޿ࠆ⠪ߪ 80㧑એหᤨߦ↵ᅚߣ߽ߦ‫ࠢࠦࡦࡃޔ‬㚂ㇺ࿤߳ߩ⒖േഭ௛਄ߣ㜞޿ᢙሼࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔⴫́3 ෳᾖ㧕‫ߩߎޕ‬ὐ

߽Ⴧ߃⛯ߌߚ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷‫ޔ‬࿖ᄖߦ௛߈ߦ಴ߡ޿ࠆߩߪ

ߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛ࠍᐕઍ⊛ߦ⠨ኤߒߡ޿ߊߣߺ

↵ᕈߩߺߢ‫ޔ‬บḧ߇ 8 ฬߣߘߩᄢㇱಽࠍභ߼‫ߘޔ‬

߃ߡߊࠆ㊀ⷐߥᄌൻߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᰴ┨એ㒠ߢ⹦ߒߊㅀ

ࠇએᄖߦߪ㖧࿖߿㚅᷼‫ޔ࡞ࠛ࡜ࠬࠗޔࠗࡀ࡞ࡉޔ‬― 63 ―

᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛ߣᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸ࠪࡦࠟࡐ࡯࡞ߢߘࠇߙࠇ 1 ฬ߇௛޿ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᅚᕈߊߣ޿߁ᘠ⠌ࠍ߽ߞߡ㓸⪭ߦቯ૑ߒߡ߈ߚ

ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬1950 ᐕઍᓟඨߦ࡜ࠝࠬ‫ޔ‬1990 ᐕઍ[Tambiah 1970㧦12]‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬ᘠ⠌ߩਛ‫ޔ‬᳓‐ߥೋ㗡ߦบḧ‫ޔ‬㚅᷼ߦߘࠇߙࠇኅ᡽ᇚߣߒߡ௛߈ߦ

ߤߩേ↥ࠍฃߌ⛮޿ߢᇕ಴ߔࠆ┙႐ߦ޽ࠆ↵ᕈߪ‫ޔ‬ⴕߞߚᅚᕈ߇ 2 ฬ޿ߚ‫ߩߘߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᓟߦᅚᕈ߇࿖

ߘߩᇕ಴వߣߥࠆ⋧ᚻࠍតߒᱠ޿ߚࠅ㧔len sao㧕‫ޔ‬ᄖ߳௛߈ߦ಴ࠆࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ߇ᒻᚑߐࠇࠆߎߣߪ

௯ଛߣߒߡୃⴕߦ಴ߚࠅ‫ⴕޔ‬໡ߦ಴ߚࠅߔࠆߥߤ

ߥߊ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷‫ޔ‬ዞഭߩߚ߼ߦ࿖ᄖ߳⒖േߒߡ޿ࠆᅚ

⒖ േ ߔ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ⥄ ૕ ߇ ᘠ ⠌ ൻ ߒ ߡ ޿ ߚ [Kirschᕈߪ޿ߥ޿ 11)‫ޕ‬

1966㧦372]‫৻ߩߘޕ‬ᣇߢ᧛ㄭ㓞ߢߩ⚻ᷣᵴേࠍၮ

1970 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ⒖േഭ௛⠪ߩ⡯⒳ߪ‫↵ޔ‬ᕈߢߪᑪ⋚ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ሶߤ߽߿ਔⷫߩ਎⹤‫ޔ‬ኅ⸘ߩ▤ℂߥߤ

⸳૞ᬺຬߥߤߩන⚐ഭ௛߇ᄙߊ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߢߪ❔⵾Ꮏ਎Ꮺߩ⛽ᜬ‫ޔ‬ౣ↢↥ߩᓎഀࠍᜂ߁ߩߪᅚᕈߩᓎഀ

႐ߥߤߩᎿ႐ൕോ߿ዊⷙᮨᐫ⥩ᐫຬߥߤߩࠨ࡯ࡆ

ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡ߈ߚ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬⒖േ߇ᘠ⠌ൻߒߡ޿ࠆ

ࠬᬺ߇ᄢㇱಽࠍභ߼ࠆ‫ ߒߛߚޕ‬2000 ᐕઍߦ౉ߞ

↵ᕈߦኻߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ߇නりߢ᧛ᄖߦ಴ߡⴕߊߎߣ

ߡ߆ࠄߪ‫ޔ‬ቇᱧ߇㜞ߊߥߞߚߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬ᓥ᧪ߩߪ৻⥸⊛ߢߪߥ߆ߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

ࠃ߁ߦ․ቯߩ⡯⒳ߦ஍ࠆߎߣߥߊ‫ޔ‬ᄢත⠪ߢߪᄢ↵ᅚߩᓎഀಽᬺߦ㑐ߒߡ‫ޔ‬ㄘ૞ᬺߦߟ޿ߡߪ․ᚻડᬺ߿੐ോ⡯ߦዞߊ⠪߽ዋᢙߢߪ޽ࠆ߇⃻ࠇߪߦ᣿⏕ߥಽᬺߪߥ޿‫⃻ޕ‬ታߦߪ⠹૞ߥߤߩജ઀੐

ߓ߼ߚ‫ోޘੱߩ᧛ޕ‬૕ߩቇᱧ਄᣹ߦߣ߽ߥ޿‫੹ޔ‬ߪ↵ᕈ߇ⴕ߁௑ะ߇޽ࠆ߽ߩߩ‫▸ⷙޔ‬਄ߩ඙ಽߪ

ᓟߪߎ߁ߒߚ⡯⒳ߩ᏷߇ᐢ߇ߞߡ޿ߊߎߣ߇੍ᗐ

ᦌᤒߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ኅࠍਛᔃߣߔࠆ઀੐ߣߒߡἺ੐߿ᵞߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬

ữ‫⁚ޔ‬⁸ណ㓸ᵴേ‫⮌ޔ‬ᜪ޿ߥߤߦߟ޿ߡ߽ห᭽ߢ
޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬3. ⒖േഭ௛ߣᅚᕈߩⴕേⷙ▸ߒ߆ߒਔⷫߩᛔ㙃߿⢒ఽߦ㑐ߔࠆ↵ᅚߩᓎഀߪ‫ޔ‬ᧄ┨ߢߪࡑࡂ࡯ࠨ࡜ࠞࡓ⋵࠽࡯࠴ࡘࠕ࠶ࠢ㇭ߩ

ⷙ▸਄ߢߪᄢ߈ߥ⋧㆑ࠍߺߖࠆ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬ᅚᕈߩⴕ⺞ᩏ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆᅚᕈߦࠃࠆ⒖േഭ௛ߩዷ㐿ࠍ␜ߒ‫ޔ‬േⷙ೙ߦ߅޿ߡᦨ߽㊀ⷞߐࠇࠆߩ߇‫ޟߩߎޔ‬ᆷ‫ޠ‬⒖േഭ௛߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸ߣ㑐ࠊߞ߿‫ޟ‬Უ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᅚᕈߩᓎഀߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᓎഀߪߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬੽ᢎ⊛ଔ୯ⷰߩਛߢ߽‫ޕࠆ޿ߡࠇߐ⼂⹺ߦޘੱޔ‬߹ߕ಴ኅࠍߒߡഞᓼࠍⓍ߻ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿ᅚᕈߪ‫ޔ‬(1) ⒖േ࡮ᅚᕈ࡮ഭ௛

ኅ⸘ࠍ߿ࠅߊࠅߒ‫ޔ‬⠧ᓟߩ਎⹤ࠍߔࠆߎߣߢਔⷫ

ᅚᕈߦࠃࠆ⒖േഭ௛߇㗼⪺ߦߥࠆએ೨‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗߦኻߒߡᕲࠍ㄰ߔ‫ޟࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᆷ‫ߩߡߒߣޠ‬ഞᓼࠍㄘ᧛ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᕈ೎ߦࠃߞߡ⒖േߦኻߔࠆ␠ળ⊛ᗧ๧

Ⓧ߻ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬௯ଛߣߥࠆߴ߈ᕷሶࠍ⢒ઃߌ߇⇣ߥߞߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬೨ㅀߒߚࠃ߁ߦੱ‫ ߪޘ‬20ߡ਄ߍࠆߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬Უ‫߽ߡߒߣޠ‬ഞᓼࠍⓍ߻ߎߣ߇਎♿ඨ߫㗃߹ߢ‫ޔ‬Ⓑ૞ߩߚ߼ߩࠃࠅ⦟޿࿯࿾ࠍ㐿ߢ߈ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ[Kirsch 1982㧦22]‫ߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ᣢᇕ

ᜏߔࠆ⒖േࠍ➅ࠅ㄰ߒߡ㓸⪭ࠍᒻᚑߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬㓸⪭ᅚᕈߪ‫ޟ‬Უ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᓎഀࠍᜂ߁ߚ߼ߦ‫ᧂߡߒߘޔ‬᭴ᚑຬ߽ᵹേ⊛ߢ޽ߞߚ‫⚿ߪޘੱޕ‬ᇕᓟ‫ޔ‬ዋߥߊᇕᅚᕈߪ‫ޟ‬ᆷ‫ߩߡߒߣޠ‬ᓎഀ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬዁᧪‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬Უ‫ޠ‬ߣ߽ᢙᐕ㑆ߪᆄᣇዬ૑ࠍⴕ޿‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈࠍㅢߒߡਇേ

ߣ޿߁ᓎഀࠍᜂ߁ߣᦼᓙߐࠇࠆ߇ࠁ߃ߦ‫ⴕߩߘޔ‬↥‫ࠅ߹ߟޔ‬ㄘ࿾߿ደᢝ࿾ߥߤߩ࿯࿾ࠍ⛮ᛚߒߡ޿േ▸࿐߇ⷙ೙ߐࠇࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ[cf. ᳯ⮮ 1996㧦158]‫ޕ‬― 64 ―

࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No.7 2007࿾࿑㧞 ⺞ᩏ᧛߆ࠄߩ⒖േవಽᏓ࿑㧔 ᐕ⃻࿷㧕=಴ᚲ㧦╩⠪⺞ᩏߦၮߠ߈૞ᚑ?

߹ߚ᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ߇௛ߊߣ޿߁ߎ

ㄭ㓞ߩᏒ႐ߢߩ㊁⩿╬ߩ⽼ᄁ‫ޔ‬ኅ⸘ߩ߿ࠅߊࠅߥ

ߣߩᩮ᜚߇ߤߎߦ޽ߞߚߩ߆⠨߃ߡߺࠃ߁‫ߟ߆ޕ‬ߤ߇‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ઀੐ߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߡࠞࠗ࠭ߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ⚻ᷣᵴേߪ೨ㅀߒߚ੽ᢎ⊛ߥߔߥࠊߜ‫ޟ‬ᆷ‫ޟ߿ޠ‬Უ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᓎഀߦၮߠߊᅚᕈ

‫ޟ‬Უ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬㙃⢒⠪ߣߒߡߩᓎഀߩߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬ੜ⚦

ߩ⒖േ߳ߩⷙ೙ߩ⺰ℂߣ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣ⊛ᵴേߦ㑐ߔࠆⷙߢ࿾ၞ⊛ߥ߽ߩߦߣߤ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆߣㅀߴߚ[Keyes▸ߪਇนಽߥ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬

1984㧦229]‫ޕ‬Ⓑ૞߿㙃Ⰼߥߤߩㄘ૞ᬺ߿ᯏ❱‫᧛ޔ‬― 65 ―

ߣߎࠈ߇೨┨ߢߺߡ߈ߚࠃ߁ߦ‫⃻ޔ‬ታߦߪ 1970᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛ߣᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸ᐕઍએ㒠‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛߆ࠄ߽ᧂᇕᅚᕈ߇ࡃࡦࠦ

ߡ‫⵾❔ߩ⋵ࡦ࡯ࠞ࡜ࡊ࠻࠶ࡓࠨޔ‬Ꮏ႐ߦ௛߈ߦ಴

ࠢ㚂ㇺ࿤ߦ‫ޔ‬නりߢ௛߈ߦ಴ߡⴕߊࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ߚ‫ޕ‬1973 ᐕᒰᤨ‫ߩߎޔ‬௯ଛߪ࠻ࡦࡉ࡝࡯࿾඙ߩኹ

ߘࠇߢߪ࿖ኅਥዉߩ⚻ᷣ㐿⊒ߦࠃࠆ⚻ᷣ᭴ㅧߩᄌ

㒮ߦᱛᓔߒߡ޿ߚ߇‫ࠢ࠶ࠕࡘ࠴࡯࠽߫ߒ߫ߒޔ‬㇭ൻࠍ⢛᥊ߦߒߡ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ᅚᕈ߇᧛ࠍ಴ߡ௛ߊ‫⃻߁޿ߣޠ‬ߩ಴り᧛߳Ꮻ⋭ߒ‫᧛ޔ‬ㄭ㓞ߩੱ‫ࠢࠦࡦࡃߦޘ‬㚂ㇺ⽎ߪ‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛␠ળߦߣߞߡᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ

࿤ߢߩ௛߈వࠍ⚫੺ߒߡ޿ߚ 12㧕‫ޕ‬M ߪߎߩ௯ଛߣ

▸߆ࠄߩㅺ⣕ߢߪߥ߆ߞߚߩߛࠈ߁߆‫⥝ޕ‬๧ᷓ޿ㄭ㓞᧛ߩዞ⡯Ꮧᦸ⠪ߣߣ߽ߦߪߓ߼ߡࡃࡦࠦࠢ߳

ߎߣߦᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛߇Ⴧടߔࠆߦߟࠇ‫ޔ‬⒖േߩะ޿‫ޔ‬ᢙᣣ㑆ࠍ࠻ࡦࡉ࡝࡯ߩኹ㒮ߢㆊߏߒߚᓟ‫ޔ‬ᱜᒰᕈ߽‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ᆷ‫ޟ߿ޠ‬Უ‫ޠ‬ᓎഀߦઃ㓐ߔࠆ਎Ꮺߩౣ

ࠨࡓ࠶࠻ࡊ࡜ࠞ࡯ࡦ⋵ධㇱߩ❔⵾Ꮏ႐ߩኰ߳ߣ⒖↢↥ࠍᜂ߁ߣ޿߁‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ⒖േ߳ߩⷙ೙ࠍ⺑᣿ߒേ‫৻ߢߎߘޔ‬ᐕ㑆௛޿ߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟߪౣᐲ‫ޔ‬หߓ௯ߡ޿ߚߩߣห᭽ߩ⺰ℂߦࠃߞߡ᧛ߩੱ‫⺑ߦޘ‬᣿ߐଛߩ⚫੺ߢᣂ⸳ߐࠇߚᣣ♽ߩ❔⵾Ꮏ႐߳ォ⡯ߒ‫ޔ‬ࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫▵ᧄߢߎߘޕ‬એ㒠ߢߪ‫⺞ޔ‬ᩏ᧛ߦ⚂ 5 ᐕ㑆௛޿ߚ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬Ꮏ႐ߪߣ߽ߦᎿ႐ߩᢝ

߅ߌࠆᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛ߩዷ㐿ࠍㅢߒߡ‫ߩߎߗߥޔ‬࿾ౝߦ㘩੐ઃߩኰ߇޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ൕോߪᤤᄛߩࠪࡈ࠻೙

ㅺ⣕ߢ޽ߞߚߪߕߩ߽ߩ߇᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛␠ળߦ߅

ߢᣣᛄ޿㧔ᒰᤨ⚂ 25 ࡃ࡯࠷㧕ߩൕോᒻᘒߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬޿ߡኈ⹺ߐࠇߡ߈ߚߩ߆ࠍ⠨߃ߡߺߚ޿‫ޕ‬ኰ⾌߿㘩⾌ߪ⛎ᢱ߆ࠄᒁ߆ࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬㧹ߪ⛎ᢱߩ߶ߣࠎߤߔߴߡࠍታኅߩᲣⷫ߳Ꮻ⋭ߩᐲߦᷰߒߡ

(2) ⺞ᩏ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛ߩዷ㐿޿ߚ‫⾂ޔ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬㊄ߪ߶ߣࠎߤߥ߆ߞߚߣ޿߁‫ޕ‬ᧄ▵ߢߪ╩⠪ߩ⡞߈ขࠅ⺞ᩏߦࠃߞߡ᣿ࠄ߆ߦ

ߘߩ෼౉ߪ‫ޔ‬ታኅߩᣂ▽⾌ߩ৻ㇱ߿↢ᵴ⾌ߣߒߡߥߞߚ⺞ᩏ᧛ߩᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛ߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬1970 ᐕ૶↪ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ભᣣ߽ኰ߿ߘߩઃㄭߢભᕷ

ઍ߆ࠄ 1990 ᐕઍ߹ߢߩ਎ઍ߇⇣ߥࠆ 3 ߟߩ੐଀ࠍߣࠆ⒟ᐲߢ‫ޔ‬㆙ߊ߹ߢㆆ߮ߦⴕߞߚ⸥ᙘߪ߶ߣ

ࠍ᜼ߍ‫ߩߘޔ‬ዷ㐿ࠍ⠨ኤߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠎߤߥ޿ߣ޿߁‫੹ߪࠇߘޕ‬ᕁ߃߫‫ޔ‬ㆆ߱߅㊄߇ߥ㧨੐଀ 1㧦1970 ᐕઍ࡮ᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛ߩߪߓ߹ࠅ㧪߆ߞߚߩߣหᤨߦ‫ޔ‬ㆆ߱ⴚࠍ⍮ࠄߥ߆ߞߚߚ߼ߢ

⺞ᩏ᧛߆ࠄᅚᕈ߇ߪߓ߼ߡනりߢ㆙㓒࿾߳௛߈޽ࠆߣ࿁ᗐߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߦ಴ߚߩߪ‫ޔ‬1973 ᐕߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᅚᕈߪ‫ޔ‬㧹߇᧛ࠍ಴ߚ⠉ᐕߩ 1974 ᐕ‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨ 14 ᱦߩ㧹ߩ

2005 ᐕ⃻࿷ 57 ᱦߦߥࠆ㧹ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧹ߩ↢ኅߪ⺞ᆂ㧷ߣᲣᣇࠗ࠻ࠦߢ޽ࠆ 22 ᱦߩ㨀߇‫ࠅߪ߿ޔ‬หߓᩏ᧛ߩർߩ౉ࠅญߦ⒟ㄭ޿ᚲߦ૏⟎ߒ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߪ㧹௯ଛߩ⚫੺ߢࡃࡦࠦࠢ߳ߣ௛߈ߦ಴ߚ‫ޕ‬㧷ߪ㧹߇ߩᆌᄦᇚ߇᥵ࠄߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬਎Ꮺߪ᧛ౝߢ߽࿯

ᦨೋߦൕ߼ߚࠨࡓ࠶࠻ࡊ࡜ࠞ࡯ࡦ⋵ߩᎿ႐ߢᢙᐕ

࿾ᜬߜߣߒߡ⹺⼂ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ࠗ࠳࡚࠙ࠠޔ‬㑆ߢ࿯௛޿ߚᓟ‫ޔ‬Ꮏ႐ߢ಴ળߞߚ↵ᕈߣ⚿ᇕ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߪࡃ࿾ࠍಽ㈩ߔࠆએ೨ߩ 1973 ᐕᒰᤨߪ‫⚂ޔ‬㧡ࡋࠢ࠲ࡦࠦࠢߢᄦߣሶߤ߽ߚߜߣ᥵ࠄߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧷ߪ⚿࡯࡞ߩㄘ࿾ࠍᲣⷫ߇ᚲ᦭ߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬਎ᏪߪⒷ૞ࠍᇕ೨ߦߪ⛎ᢱߩ߶ߣࠎߤࠍታኅߩᲣⷫߦᷰߒߡ޿

↢ᬺߣߒ‫ޔ‬਎Ꮺຬࠍ߹߆ߥ߁ߚ߼ߩ☨ߪචಽߦ෼

ߚ߇‫⚿ޔ‬ᇕᓟߪᲣⷫ߆ࠄ㗬߹ࠇࠇ߫޿ߊࠄ߆ᷰߔ

ⓠߢ߈ߡ߅ࠅ‫⚻ߦ․ޔ‬ᷣ⊛ߦ࿎┆ߒߡ޿ߚࠊߌߢ⒟ᐲߢ‫⛎ޔ‬ᢱߩ߶ߣࠎߤࠍᣂߒ޿⥄ಽߩ਎Ꮺ⛽ᜬߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ߦ૶ߞߡ޿ߚ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇߢ㓞᧛㧿᧛಴りߩ㨀ߪ‫ޔ‬㧹ࠍ

ᒰᤨ 25 ᱦߛߞߚ㧹ߪ‫ޔ‬ㄭ㓞᧛಴りߩ௯ଛࠍ੺ߒ

ㅊߞߡ㧷ߣ᧛ࠍ಴ߚ‫❔ⵙޕ‬ᛛⴚߦ⥄ା߇ߥ߆ߞߚ

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࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No.7 2007ߚ߼ࡁࡦ࠲ࡉ࡝࡯⋵ߢኅ᡽ᇚߩ઀੐ߦዞߊ߇㓹޿ᷣ߿ᒉᆂࠄߩቇ⾌‫ޔ‬ኅደߩᡷ▽⾌↪ߩ৻ㇱ‫↢ޔ‬ᵴਥߣ߁߹߇วࠊߕ‫᦬ࡨ৻ޔ‬ᓟ‫ࠅߪ߿ޔ‬หߓ௯ଛߩ

⾌ߥߤߢ޽ߞߚ‫ ߫߃଀ޕ‬8 ੱ࡚ࠠ࠙࠳ࠗߩ 3 ⇟⋡⚫੺ߢ㧹ߣ㨀ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆࠨࡓ࠶࠻ࡊ࡜ࠞ࡯ࡦ⋵ߩߛߞߚ㨃ߩ਎Ꮺߢߪ‫ޔ‬㨃ߩ઀ㅍࠅࠍ⾗㊄ߣߒߡ 4❔⵾Ꮏ႐߳ォ⡯ߒ‫ ⚂ޔ‬10 ᐕ㑆௛޿ߚ‫⛎ޕ‬ᢱߩ߶ߣ⇟⋡ߩᒉ߇ቲ⍹⎇⏴ߩ⡯ᬺ⸠✵ቇᩞ߳ㅴቇ‫ߩߘޔ‬ࠎߤࠍᐕߦᢙ࿁ߩᏫ⋭ᤨߦታኅߩᲣⷫߦᚻᷰߒߡ

ᓟ‫ߩࠢࠦࡦࡃޔ‬ቲ⍹⎇⏴Ꮏ႐ߦ௛߈ߦ಴ߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬޿ߚߚ߼‫⥄ޔ‬Ꮖᶖ⾌ߦ૶߁૛⵨߇߶ߣࠎߤߥ߆ߞ

ᒉߣ㨃ߩ઀ㅍࠅߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬ῳⷫߩ୫㊄ࠍ㄰ᷣߒ‫ޔ‬ߚߣ޿߁‫ޕ‬ታኅߩ 2 㓏ߦኢቶ↪ߩㇱደࠍ඙ಾࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬㧨੐଀ 2㧦1980 ᐕઍ࡮ᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛ߩ⥝㓉㧪ߣ߽ߦ௛߈ߦ಴ߚ 7 ੱߪ‫ࡉࡖ࠴࡯࡜ߢࠢࠦࡦࡃޔ‬ᣫ㝭ᐕߢ޽ߞߚ 1983 ᐕߩⒷಿࠅᓟ‫ޔ‬7 ੱߩᧂᇕ࡝࡯⋵಴りߩᄦߣ᥵ࠄߔ৻ੱએᄖߪ‫ߦ᧛ޔ‬Ꮻㇹᓟ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ߇࡜࡯࠴ࡖࡉ࡝࡯⋵ߩ❔⵾Ꮏ႐߳ߣ௛߈ߦ಴

ਔⷫ߿ⷫᣖߩ൘߼ࠆ↵ᕈߣ⚿ᇕߒ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷߽᧛ߢ᥵

ߡⴕߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨ‫ޔ‬ቄ▵ഭ௛⠪ߣߒߡห࿾ߢ௛޿ߡ

ࠄߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬޿ߚ㧯᧛಴りߩ↵ᕈ߇‫ޔ‬หᎿ႐ߢߩ઀੐ࠍ⚫੺‫ޔ‬㧨 ੐ ଀ 3㧦 1 9 9 0 ᐕ ઍ એ 㒠 ࡮ ᅚ ᕈ ߩ ⒖ േ ഭᎿ႐߹ߢᅚᕈߚߜࠍᒁ₸ߒߚ‫ޕ‬7 ੱߩ߭ߣࠅ㨃ߩ௛ߩᄙ᭽ൻ㧪

ῳⷫ߇ࡑࡦࠧ࡯ᩱၭߩᄬᢌߦࠃߞߡᄢⷙᮨߥ୫㊄⃻࿷‫ߢ᧛ޔ‬ਔⷫߩደᢝ࿾ౝߦኅደࠍಽߌߡ 2 ੱࠍ⢛⽶ߞߡ߅ࠅ‫߼ߚߩߘޔ‬㨃ߪ᧛ᄖߢ௛ߊߣ޿߁

ߩሶߤ߽ߣ᥵ࠄߔ㧺ߪ‫ޔ‬1986 ᐕ‫ޔ‬ዊቇᩞ 6 ᐕࠍත⹤ߦ⥝๧ࠍ␜ߒߚ‫߇ߥࠎߺޟߦߌ߆ߞ߈ࠍࠇߘޕ‬ᬺᓟߔߋߦห᧛಴りߩ෹ੱࠍ㗬ࠅ‫߳ࠢࠦࡦࡃޔ‬௛ⴕߊߥࠄ‫ޔߣޠ‬ዊቇᩞࠍතᬺᓟߪਔⷫߩⒷ૞ߩᚻ߈ߦ಴ߚ‫ޕ‬㧺ߪኅ᡽ᇚ߿❔⵾Ꮏ႐ߥߤߩ⡯ࠍォ‫ޘ‬વ޿ߥߤࠍߒߡ᥵ࠄߒߡ޿ߚⷫߒ޿෹ੱࠄ߽ᰴ‫ޘ‬ߣߒ‫ޔ‬ᐕߦᢙ࿁ߩᏫ⋭ᤨߦߪᒉᆂߩቇ⾌ߣߒߡᲣߦ৻✜ߦⴕߊߎߣߦหᗧߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᓐᅚࠄߪᎿ႐ߩᢝ

ⷫߦᢙජࡃ࡯࠷ࠍᚻᷰߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬㧺ߩ෼౉ߪቇ⾌࿾ౝߦ޽ࠆ㘩੐ઃߩኰߢ‫ޔ‬ᤤᄛߩࠪࡈ࠻೙ൕോࠍ

એᄖߦ߽ኅደߩᣂ▽߿ᡷ▽⾌↪ߩ৻ㇱߦട߃ߡ‫ޔ‬ߎߥߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨ‫߅߫߃޿ߣ࠻࡯࠺ޔ‬੕޿ߩൕോߩ

ታኅߩ࠹࡟ࡆ߿಄⬿ᐶ‫ޔ‬ᵞữᯏߥߤߩ⠴ਭᶖ⾌⽷ว㑆ߦ‫ޔ‬Ꮏ႐ᢝ࿾ౝߢ⹤ࠍߔࠆߣ޿߁⒟ᐲߛߞߚ

ߩ⾼౉ߦ߽ᒰߡࠄࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬18 ᱦߩᤨ‫ޔ‬ห᧛಴りߣ޿߁‫ޕ‬Ꮏ႐ߩⷙᓞߢ↵ᅚ੤㓙߇⊒ⷡߔࠆߣ⸃㓹ߩ 20 ᱦߩ↵ᕈߣߩ㑆ߦ╙৻ሶࠍᅧᆼ‫↵ߩߎޔ‬ᕈߣߦߥࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬Ꮏ႐㑐ଥ⠪ߩ↵ᕈߣੑੱ߈ࠅߢᄖߦ

⚿ᇕߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ‫৻╙ޔ‬ሶ಴↥ߩߚ߼ߦ᧛ߦᏫ⋭ㆆ߮ߦⴕߊߎߣߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬෼౉ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬Უߔࠆ߇‫ޔ‬಴↥ᓟߪሶࠍታᲣߦ㗍ߌߡ‫ޔ‬ౣ߮ᄦ߇௛

ⷫ߇ߔߢߦ੢ߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆ৻ੱએᄖߪ‫ޔ‬3 ජࡃ࡯ߊࡃࡦࠦࠢ߳ᚯࠅ‫⵾❔ޔ‬Ꮏ႐ߢ௛߈ߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬ਥߦ࠷⒟ߩ᦬⛎ߩ߁ߜ 2 ජࡃ࡯࠷⒟ࠍ߹ߣ߼ߡᏫ⋭ᤨࡒ࡞ࠢઍߣߥࠆሶߩ㙃⢒⾌ࠍ߶߷Ფ᦬Უⷫߦㅍࠅ

ߦᚻᷰߒߚࠅ‫ޔ‬వߦᏫ⋭ߔࠆ⍮ੱߦ㗍ߌߚࠅߒߡ

⛯ߌߚ‫ޕ‬22 ᱦߩᤨ‫╙ޔ‬ੑሶࠍᅧᆼ‫ޕ‬಴↥ߩߚ߼ߦታኅߩᲣⷫߦᷰߒߡ޿ߚ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬ᚻరߦߪ㘩⾌᧛ߦᏫ⋭ߔࠆ߽‫ࠅߪ߿ޔ‬಴↥ᓟߪౣ߮ࡃࡦࠦࠢߢ

ߥߤᦨૐ㒢ߩ↢ᵴ⾌એᄖߦ߶ߣࠎߤ⥄Ꮖᶖ⾌ߦ࿁ᄦߣ௛߈‫ޔ‬㙃⢒⾌ࠍㅍࠅ⛯ߌߚ‫ ߒ߆ߒޕ‬29 ᱦߩᤨ‫ޔ‬ߔ⃻㊄߇ᱷࠄߥ߆ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬቟ଔߥൻ♆ຠߥߤࠍត

ᄦ߇บḧ߳௛߈ߦ಴ࠆߩࠍᄾᯏߦ᧛߳ᚯࠅ‫ޔ‬ਔⷫߒߡߪኰߩ෹ੱห჻౒หߢ૶↪ߒวߞߡ޿ߚߣ޿

ߩ࿯࿾ߢⒷ૞ࠍߒߥ߇ࠄ᥵ࠄߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬߁‫ߩ᧛ޕ‬਎Ꮺߦ߅ߌࠆ઀ㅍࠅߩ૶޿㆏ߪ୫㊄ߩ㄰

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એ਄ߩ੐଀ࠍෳ⠨ߦߔࠆߣ‫⺞ޔ‬ᩏ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆᅚ

᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛ߣᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸ᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛ߩዷ㐿ߪએਅߩࠃ߁ߦⷐ⚂ߢ߈ࠃ߁‫ޕ‬᧛ߩኹ㒮Ⴚౝߢ਄ᤋߐࠇࠆᤋ↹㐓⾨ߥߤ᧛ᄖߦㆆ

Ԙ1980 ᐕઍඨ߫㗃߹ߢᅚᕈ߇⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆ㓙߮ߦ಴ࠆ႐วߪ‫ޔ‬Უⷫߦ⋧⺣ߩ਄‫ޔ‬ᐕ਄ߩ࡚ࠠ࠙

ߪ‫ޔ‬㧨੐଀ 1㧪㧨੐଀ 2㧪߇␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ৻ੱߢߪߥ

࠳ࠗ߿⍮ੱߥߤ߇หⴕߒߥߌࠇ߫ⴕߊߎߣ߇⸵ߐ

ߊ㓸࿅ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬಴⊒೨ߦዞ⡯వ߇᣿⏕ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ࠇߥ߆ߞߚ‫╩ޕ‬⠪߇᧛ߢ᥵ࠄߔ⒖േഭ௛⚻㛎⠪ߦ

ԙ1990 ᐕ೨ᓟ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬㧨੐଀ 3㧪ߩࠃ߁ߦߘࠇ߹ߢ

ኻߒߡታᣉߒߚ⺞ᩏߢߪ‫ޔ‬1980 ᐕઍߦ⒖േഭ௛ߦ

߶ߣࠎߤ᧛ࠍ಴ߡ௛߈ߦⴕߊߎߣ߇ߥ߆ߞߚᣢᇕ

಴ߚᅚᕈ 40 ੱߩ߁ߜ‫ߚ߃╵ߣޠߚߞⴕߢੱ৻ޟ‬⠪ᅚᕈ߇‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߡⴕߊࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫╩ޕ‬⠪ߪ‫ޔ‬1980 ᐕઍᓟඨߦ᧛ࠍ಴ߚࠊߕ߆ 2 ੱߩߺߢ‫ޔ‬ߩ⺞ᩏߢߪ‫ޔ‬1970 ᐕઍߦ⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߡ⃻࿷᧛ߢߘࠇએᄖߪ޿ߕࠇ߽᧛ㄭ㓞ߩ⍮ੱ‫ⷫޔ‬ᣖߣหⴕߒ

ዬ૑ߔࠆ⠪ߩ߁ߜ 8 ੱਛ 8 ੱ߇⚿ᇕᓟ⒖േഭ௛ߦߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᅚᕈ߇නりߢ᧛ࠍ಴ߡⴕߊߣ޿߁

಴ߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߦኻߒ‫ޔ‬1980 ᐕઍߢߪ 40 ੱਛ 19ⴕὑ߇‫ޔ‬᳿ߒߡᅢ߹ߒ޿߽ߩߢߪߥ߆ߞߚ⁁ᴫߩੱ㧔߁ߜ 11 ੱ߇ 1990 ᐕઍߦ߆ߌߡ㧕‫ޔ‬1990 ᐕઍਛߢ‫ޔ‬ା㗬ߢ߈ࠆ௯ଛߥߤ߇ᇦ੺⠪ߣߥࠆߎߣߦ

ߪ 30 ੱਛ 16 ੱ߇⚿ᇕᓟ߽⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠃߞߡ‫ᧂޔ‬ᇕᅚᕈ߇᧛ᄖߦ௛߈ߦ಴ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈

ߟ߹ࠅ‫ޔ‬1970 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ 1980 ᐕઍߦ߆ߌߡߪ‫ᧂޔ‬ߚ‫߫ࠇߺߡߞ⸒ޕ‬ᒰᤨߪ⒖േഭ௛ߦኻߒߡߩߺ‫ޔ‬

ᇕᤨઍߦ⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߚᅚᕈߪ⚿ᇕᓟߦౣ߮⒖േ

ᅚᕈߩ⒖േⷙ೙߇Ꮧ⭯ൻߒߡ޿ߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆߎߣ߇߶ߣࠎߤߥ߆ߞߚߩߦኻߒ‫ޔ‬ᰴߦ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߚߜ߇⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߡⴕߞߚᤨߩ਎

1990 ᐕઍએ㒠ߪ⚿ᇕᓟߦ⚂ඨᢙߩᅚᕈ߇ౣ߮⒖Ꮺ⁁ᴫࠍߺߡߺࠃ߁‫ޕ‬㧨੐଀ 1㧪ߩవ㚟⠪ߢ޽ࠆേഭ௛ߦ಴ߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᓟㅀߔࠆ㧹ߣ㧷‫ޔ‬㨀ࠄߩ 1973 ᐕߩ਎Ꮺߩ⁁ᴫߪ‫ޔ‬ῳⷫ߇ࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ᄦ߇޿ࠆ႐วߪᄦߣߣ߽ߦ⒖േߔࠆߎߣ

ߔߢߦᱫ੢ߒ‫ޔ‬㐳ᅚ߇⚿ᇕߒߡᄦߣߣ߽ߦ‫ޔ‬ታᲣ߇ࠃࠅᦸ߹ߒ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ‫ޔ‬ᄦࠍ᧛ߦᱷߒߡᣢᇕ

߿ᐜ޿࡚ࠠ࠙࠳ࠗߚߜߣ᥵ࠄߒߡ޿ߚ㧔࿑-1 ෳᾖ㧕‫ޕ‬ᅚᕈߩߺ߇⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߡ޿ࠆ଀ߪ߶ߣࠎߤߺࠄ

ߘߩᲣᣇࠗ࠻ࠦߢ޽ࠆ㨀ߩ਎Ꮺߢ߽ઁߩ࡚ࠠ࠙࠳

ࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬

ࠗߪߺߥᇕ಴ߒ‫ޔ‬ᆌ߽ߔߢߦ⚿ᇕߒߡᄦߣߣ߽ߦ
ਔⷫߣ᥵ࠄߒߡ޿ߚ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧨੐଀ 2㧪ߩ W ߩ਎Ꮺ(3) ᅚᕈߩ⒖േⷙ೙ߣ਎Ꮺߩౣ↢↥ߢߪ‫ޔ‬㐳↵ߣᰴ↵ߪኅࠍ಴ߡ޿ߚ߇‫ޔ‬ਔⷫߣ 4 ੱ

ߘࠇߢߪ⒖േഭ௛ࠍ߼ߋߞߡ‫ޔ‬ታ㓙ߦ᧲ർ࠲ࠗ

ߩᒉᆂߚߜ߇਎Ꮺߦᱷߞߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ㄘ᧛ߩᅚᕈߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥㆬᛯ߇ߢ߈ߚߩߛࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬ߎߎߢᵈ⋡ߔߴ߈ὐߪ‫ߩߤޔ‬਎Ꮺ߽㧹߿㧷‫ޔ‬㨀‫ޔ‬߹ߕ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ߇⒖േߔࠆߎߣߦኻߔࠆ೙⚂ߦߟ޿W એᄖߦ‫ޔ‬Უⷫ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬዁᧪‫ߩߘޔ‬਎Ꮺߦ߅޿

ߡ⠨߃ߡߺߚ޿‫ޕ‬೨▵ߢߺߡ߈ߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬1970 ᐕߡᲣⷫߩᓎഀࠍᜂ߁ߢ޽ࠈ߁ᅚᕈ߇ߔߢߦሽ࿷ߒ

ઍએ㒠‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛␠ળ߆ࠄ߽ᧂᇕᅚᕈ߇ࡃࡦ

ߡ޿ߚߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߚ㧹߿㧷‫ޔ‬ࠦࠢ㚂ㇺ࿤ߦනりߢ௛߈ߦ಴ߡⴕߊࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬㨀‫ޔ‬W ߇‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆᤨὐߢ⥄ࠄߩ਎Ꮺࠍ⛽ߚߛߒ╩⠪ߩ⡞߈ขࠅߦࠃࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ዋߥߊߣ߽㧨੐

ᜬߔࠆ⽿છࠍ⽶߁┙႐ߦߥ߆ߞߚߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬଀㧞㧪ߩ਎ઍ߹ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ଐὼߣߒߡ⒖േഭ௛એᄖߩ

หᤨߦ㧨੐଀ 1㧪ߩ႐ว‫ޔ‬ᓐᅚࠄߪ᧛ߦᲣⷫ߇߅

႐㕙ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ⒖േ߳ߩⷙ೙߇ᒝ߆ߞߚ‫߃଀ޕ‬ࠅ‫ޔ‬਎Ꮺࠍᜂ߁ห਎ઍߩᄦᇚߣหዬߔࠆᧂᇕ⠪ߢ߫㨃ߪ⒖േഭ௛߆ࠄ 1984 ᐕߦᏫㇹߒߚᓟ߽‫ઁޔ‬߽޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬― 68 ―

࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No.7 2007࿑́㧝 1973 ᐕᒰᤨߩ M ߣ K‫ޔ‬T ߩ਎Ꮺ᭴ᚑ࿑
[಴ᚲ㧦╩⠪⺞ᩏߦၮߠ߈૞ᚑ]ߔࠆ⒖േⷙ೙߇Ꮧ⭯ൻߒߚ⚿ᨐ‫ޔ‬2005 ᐕ⃻࿷‫ޔ‬ᅚሶ㜞ᩞ↢߇ࡃࠗࠢߦਸ਼ߞߡㄭ㓞᧛ߩ↵෹㆐ࠍ⸰ߨ
ᱠߊᆫߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬len sao‫ޠ‬㧔ᇾតߒ㧕ߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬len bao‫ޠ‬㧔ᇣតߒ㧕ߣ⊹⡺ࠍㄟ߼ߡ᧛ߩᣢᇕᅚᕈߚߜ߆ࠄ
๭߫ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫⃻ߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬࿷ߢߪᧂᇕᅚᕈߦኻ
ߔࠆ⒖േⷙ೙ߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬ᐕ㈩⠪ߩᮭ㒢ߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬ⷙ೙ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ℂ↱ߢ‫ࠎߣ߶ޔ‬ߤߺࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߇ߥ޿‫ޕ‬   MKߒ߆ߒ⒖േߦኻߔࠆⷙ೙߇Ꮧ⭯ൻߒߚ৻ᣇߢ‫ޔ‬Tߘࠇߢߪ޽ࠄߚ߼ߡ‫ᧂޟߗߥޔ‬ᇕᅚᕈ߇᧛ࠍ಴

਎Ꮺߩౣ↢↥ࠍᜂ߁ᅚᕈߩᓎഀࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸ߪᄌߡ௛ߊ‫ߩࠄ߆▸ⷙ߫ࠊ޿߁޿ߣޠ‬ㅺ⣕߇‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠊߞߡ޿ߥ޿‫ߪߣߎߩߘޕ‬⒖േഭ௛߆ࠄߩᏫㇹ⠪ࠗㄘ᧛␠ળߦ߅޿ߡฃኈߐࠇߡ߈ߚߩ߆‫߁޿ߣޔ‬ߩ⁁ᴫߦ⋡ࠍ߻ߌࠆߣ‫ࠅࠃޔ‬᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߡߊࠆ‫ޕ‬໧޿ࠍ⠨߃ߡߺߚ޿‫ޕ‬ߎࠇ߹ߢㅀߴߡ߈ߚߎߣࠍ〯߹߃ࠆߣ‫ᧂޔ‬ᇕᅚ

4. ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ߣ⒖േഭ௛

ᕈ߇⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆߣ޿߁ⴕὑߦߣ߽ߥߞߡ‫ޔ‬ㄘᧄ▵ߢߪ‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛߆ࠄߩᏫㇹߦὶὐࠍᒰߡࠆ‫ޕ‬᧛␠ળߦ߅޿ߡᅚᕈߩ⒖േ߳ߩⷙ೙߇ᓢ‫ߦޘ‬Ꮧ⭯ߎߎߢᏫㇹ⠪ߦὶὐࠍᒰߡࠆߩߦߪ‫ޔ‬એਅߩࠃ߁

ൻߒ‫ޔ‬⒖േⷙ೙ߣ਎Ꮺߩౣ↢↥ࠍᜂ߁ᓎഀߣߪಾ

ߥℂ↱߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬1 ┨ߢ᭎ⷰߒߚࠃ߁ߦ‫߅ߦࠗ࠲ޔ‬ࠅ㔌ߒߡ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬޿ߡ⚻ᷣ᭴ㅧߩᄌൻߦߣ߽ߥ߁ᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛ߩߢߪ‫ߗߥޔ‬⒖േ߳ߩⷙ೙ߪᏗ⭯ൻߒߚߩߛࠈ߁
߆‫ޕ‬Ⴧടߪ‫ޔ‬਎Ꮺߩౣ↢↥ࠍ߼ߋࠆ᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛␠ળ
ߩᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆᓎഀⷙ▸ߣਇนಽߩ㑐ଥߦ޽ߞߚ

1970 ᐕઍߦ⒖േഭ௛ࠍߪߓ߼ߚᅚᕈ㆐ߪ‫ޔߕ߹ޔ‬[cf. Pasuk 1982㧧Mills 1999]‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᅚᕈߩ⒖േ

਎Ꮺౝߦ਎Ꮺߩౣ↢↥ߩᜂ޿ᚻߣߥࠆᅚᕈ߇޿ࠆ

ഭ௛ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⼏⺰ߪ‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛ࠍ⚻㛎ߒߚᓟ‫ޔ‬ㄘ⁁ᴫߢ‫ޔ‬ା㗬ߢ߈ࠆ௯ଛߥߤߣߣ߽ߦ᧛߆ࠄ಴ߡ

᧛஥ߢ਎Ꮺߩౣ↢↥ࠍᜂ߁ਥ૕ߣߥࠆᣢᇕᅚᕈߦ

ⴕߞߚ‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬⒖േవ߆ࠄ઀ㅍࠅࠍߔࠆߥߤኅ

ߪὶὐ߇ᒰߡࠄࠇߥ޿‫ࠄߥߗߥޕ‬ᓐᅚߚߜߪ‫ޔ‬ㇺ

⸘߳ߩ⽸₂ࠍߔࠆߎߣߢ਎Ꮺߣߩ⚌Ꮺࠍ଻ߜ‫⚿ޔ‬Ꮢߢ௛ߊ‫ޟ‬ഭ௛⠪‫ޕࠆ޽ߢࠄ߆޿ߥߪߢޠ‬వⴕ⎇ዪߪᄙߊ߇᧛ߦᚯߞߡ⚿ᇕߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᓟߩ↢ᵴࠍ᧛ⓥߢߪ․ߦ⒖േേᯏ߿⒖േవߢ޽ࠆㇺᏒߢߩ↢ᵴߢㅍߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᅚᕈ߇⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߡⴕ

ߦ⌕⋡ߔࠆߎߣߢ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣ⊛ᒙ⠪߿‶†⠪ߣߒߡឬߊߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬਎Ꮺߩౣ↢↥ࠍᜂ߁ߣ޿߁ᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋ

߆ࠇ߇ߜߥᅚᕈഭ௛⠪ࠍ‫ޔ‬⒖േࠍㅢߒߡᄌൻࠍ⥄ࠆⷙ▸߇ଚߐࠇࠆߎߣߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬਄‫ޔ‬⒖േࠄ↢ߺ಴ߒߡ޿ߊࠃ߁ߥਥ૕⊛ߥሽ࿷ߣߒߡᛠី

ഭ௛ࠍ⚻㛎ߒߚᅚᕈ㆐ߩㄘ᧛ߢߩ᥵ࠄߒ߇นⷞൻ

ߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆࡐࠬ࠻ࠦࡠ࠾ࠕ࡞࡮ࡈࠚࡒ࠾࠭ࡓ⊛ߐࠇߡⓍߺ㊀ߨࠄࠇߡ޿ߊߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬਎Ꮺߩౣ↢↥໧㗴ߣߒߡᝒ߃ߡ޿ࠆ[Mills 1999]‫ߡߞ઻ߦࠇߘޕ‬ᓎഀࠍᜂ߁ߚ߼ߦᔅⷐߢ޽ߞߚ⒖േ߳ߩⷙ೙߇‫ޔ‬໧㗴ߩὶὐߪ‫ޔ‬ㅍࠅ಴ߒ␠ળ஥ߩᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆᓎ

Ꮧ⭯ൻߒߡ޿ߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᅚᕈߦኻഀⷙ▸߇‫ߦ߁ࠃߩߤޔ‬ᅚᕈߦ௛߈߆ߌߡ޿ࠆߩ߆

― 69 ―

᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛ߣᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸ߣ޿ߞߚὐߦߪะߌࠄࠇߥߊߥߞߡ޿ߊ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ࠆಽᨆࠍႎ๔ߒߚࠝࡦ߇‫ޔ‬ᐕ㦂ߩ਄᣹߿ᇕᆪ߇‫ޔ‬ߎࠇ߆ࠄ⺰ߓࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛␠ળߩ஥߆

ㇺᏒߦ߅ߌࠆᅚᕈഭ௛⠪ߩ↢ᵴߩ㊀ⷐߥォ឵ὐߦࠄ⠨߃ߡ޿ߊߣ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ߇ᧂᇕᤨઍߦ⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴

ߥࠆߣ␜ໂߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠄߥߗߥޕ‬Ꮏ႐ߥߤ᧲ධࠕࠫ

ߚ႐ว‫⚿ޔߕ߹ޔ‬ᇕ߿಴↥߇࠲࡯࠾ࡦࠣࡐࠗࡦ࠻

ࠕߩㇺᏒߩഭ௛Ꮢ႐ߢഭ௛⠪ߣߒߡ᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆߩ

ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ‫⺞ޔߪߢ┨ᧄߢߎߘޕ‬ߪ‫ޔ‬ਥߦⲢㅢ߇೑߈‫ޔ‬ᚻవ߇ེ↪ߣߐࠇࠆ⧯ᐕߩ

ᩏ᧛ߩ੐଀߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛ߦ߅޿ߡ‫⚿ޔ‬ᇕᧂᇕᅚᕈߛ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ㨇Ong 1991㧦287㧧Mills߿಴↥߇࠲࡯࠾ࡦࠣࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߦߥࠆߘߩㆊ⒟ࠍ⷗

1997㧦48㨉‫ޕ‬ߡ޿ߊ‫ޕ‬

ߘࠇߢߪ⺞ᩏ᧛ߦ߅޿ߡ⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߚᅚᕈߪ‫ޔ‬ߤ߁޿ߞߚᄾᯏߢ಴り᧛ߦᚯߞߡ߈ߚߩߛࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬(1) ⒖േഭ௛߆ࠄߩᏫㇹേᯏ⃻࿷᧛ߦዬ૑ߒߡ޿ࠆ⒖േഭ௛⚻㛎⠪ߦኻߔࠆ⡞ᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛߇ߪߓ߹ߞߚ 1970 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ⃻߈ขࠅߦࠃࠆߣ‫ߩߘޔ‬Ꮻㇹേᯏߪ‫ޔ‬ਃߟߦᄢ೎ߔ

࿷߹ߢ‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߢߪ‫ᧂޔ‬ᇕᤨઍߦ⒖േഭ௛

ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߪߟ৻ޕ‬ᇕᆪ㧔Ḱ஻ࠍ฽߻㧕‫ޔ‬ੑߟߦ಴ߚᅚᕈߩᄢㇱಽ߇‫⚿ޔ‬ᇕ߿಴↥ࠍᯏߦ᧛ߦᚯ

⋡ߪ಴↥‫ޔ‬⢒ఽ‫ޕ‬ਃߟ⋡ߪ‫ޔ‬ታኅ਎Ꮺߦ߅ߌࠆ਎

ࠅ‫ޔ‬ౣ߮ㄘ᧛␠ળࠍਛᔃߦߘߩᓟߩੱ↢ࠍㆊߏߒᏪߩౣ↢↥ᓎഀߩᜂ޿ᚻਇ⿷ߩߚ߼ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߡ޿ࠆ‫᧲߇ߣߎߩߘߚ߹ޕ‬ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ᅚᕈߩ․ᓽ

⴫㧠ࠍߺࠆߣ‫ ߦ․ޔ‬1970㨪80 ᐕઍߦ⒖േഭ௛

ߩ߭ߣߟߣߒߡ‫ࠅ➅ߡߞࠃߦޘੱߩ᧛ޔ‬㄰ߒ⺆ࠄߦ಴ߚ⠪ߩᄢㇱಽ߇‫ޔ‬ᇕᆪࠍᄾᯏߦ᧛ߦᚯߞߡ߈

ࠇߡ߽޿ࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇߢ‫ޔ‬ㇺᏒ஥ߩഭ௛Ꮢ႐ߦ߅޿ߡ

ߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ‫⺞ޕ‬ᩏ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆᅚᕈߩ⒖േ߽‫ߩࠕࠪ࡯࡟ࡑ߿࠭࡞ࡒޔ‬ᅚᕈᎿ႐ഭ௛⠪ߦ㑐ߔഭ௛ߩవ㚟⠪⊛ሽ࿷ߢ޽ࠆ㧨੐଀ 1㧪ߩ㧹߽‫ޔ‬30⴫́㧠 ⺞ᩏ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆᅚᕈ⒖േഭ௛⚻㛎⠪ߩᐕઍ೎Ꮻㇹℂ↱㧔1970㨪2000 ᐕઍ㧕[಴ᚲ㧦╩⠪⺞ᩏߦၮߠ߈૞ᚑ]Ꮻㇹℂ↱䋨ੱ䋩㩷

Ꮻㇹ⠪ว⸘

ᐕઍ㩷
ᇕᆪ

ᇕᆪḰ஻㩷

಴↥㩷

⢒ఽ

਎Ꮺ⛽ᜬ㩷

䋨ੱ䋩㩷

䈠䈱ઁ䊶ਇ᣿㩷

㪈㪐㪎㪇㩷

㪋

㪊

㪇

㪇

㪈

㪇

㪏㩷

㪈㪐㪏㪇㩷

㪈㪌

㪈㪊

㪉

㪇

㪌

㪌

㪋㪇㩷

㪈㪐㪐㪇㩷

㪉

㪇

㪈

㪊

㪍

㪈

㪈㪊㩷

㪉㪇㪇㪇㩷

㪇

㪇

㪇

㪉

㪉

㪇

㪋㩷

ว⸘䋨ੱ䋩㩷

㪉㪈

㪈㪍

㪊

㪌

㪈㪋

㪍

㪍㪌㩷

ᱦߢ᧛ߦᚯࠅ‫ⷫޔ‬ᣖߩᐕ㈩⠪߇൘߼ࠆห᧛಴りߩߢ᥵ࠄߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ᦨߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ೋᦼߩ 1970 ᐕઍ↵ᕈߣ⚿ᇕߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᕷሶࠍੑੱ⢒ߡ਄ߍ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߪ‫ޔ‬

ߦ⒖േഭ௛߆ࠄᏫㇹߒߚᅚᕈߪ‫ߥߺޔ‬ᇕᆪࠍߘߩ

ᄦߩታኅߢᄦߣᄦߩᲣⷫߣ᥵ࠄߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬㧨ᄾᯏߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧹ߣ㨀એᄖߪ 10 ઍᓟඨ߆ࠄ 20੐଀㧝㧪ߩ㨀ߪ 32 ᱦߩᤨߦᏫㇹ‫ޔ‬34 ᱦߢ⺞ᩏ᧛ઍ೨ඨߦ߆ߌߡ⒖േഭ௛ࠍ⚻㛎ߒ‫ޔ‬20 ઍ೨ඨߢᏫ಴りߩ↵ᕈߣ⚿ᇕߒߚ‫ޕ‬ੑఽߩᲣߣߥࠅ‫ޔ‬ᄦߩᲣㇹ‫ⷫޔ‬ᣖౝߩᐕ㈩⠪߇൘߼ࠆ↵ᕈߣ⚿ᇕߒߚ‫ޕ‬ⷫ߇ᚲ᦭ߔࠆ࿯࿾ߦᣂዬࠍ᭴߃‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߢ߽⺞ᩏ᧛― 70 ―

߹ߚ 1990 ᐕઍߦߥࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ᰴ▵ߢ⹦ߒߊ⺑᣿ߔ࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No.7 2007ࠆࠃ߁ߦ⚿ᇕᓟ߽⒖േഭ௛ࠍ⛯ߌߚᓟ‫ޔ‬಴↥߿⢒޿ߩߪ⺞ᩏ᧛ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ᧂޔ‬ᇕᤨઍߦ᧛ࠍ಴ߡ௛޿

ఽࠍℂ↱ߦᏫㇹߔࠆᅚᕈ߇಴ߡߊࠆ‫ޕ‬1990 ᐕઍೋߚ⚻㛎߇޽ࠆ႐วߦ㒢ߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ߇⚿ᇕᓟߦౣ߮

㗡ߦ⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߚ㧴ߪ‫ޔ‬ዊቇᩞතᬺᓟ‫ⷫޔ‬ᣖࠍ

⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆ଀߇ߺࠄࠇࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬឵⸒ߔ㗬ߞߡࡃࡦࠦࠢߩ⟤ኈ㒮ߦ૑ߺㄟߺߢ௛޿ߚࠅ‫ޔ‬ࠇ߫‫ᧂޔ‬ᇕᤨઍߦ⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߚߎߣ߇ߥ޿႐ว

ࡊ࡜ࠬ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢⴼ⵾ㅧᎿ႐ߦൕ߼ߚࠅߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ߪ‫⚿ޔ‬ᇕᓟߦߪߓ߼ߡනりߢ⒖േഭ௛ߦⴕߊ଀ߪ

Ꮏ႐ߢ஧ὼߦ߽㓞᧛಴りߩ↵ᕈߣ⍮ࠅว޿‫⚿ޔ‬ᇕߺࠄࠇߥ޿‫ ߪߢ▵ᧄߢߎߘޕ‬1990 ᐕઍએ㒠‫ޔ‬ᣢߔࠆ‫ޕ‬㧴ߪ⚿ᇕ‫ޔ‬಴↥ᓟ߽ࡃࡦࠦࠢߢ௛߈⛯ߌߡᇕᅚᕈ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ⁁ᴫߢ⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߡⴕߞߚ

޿ߚ߇‫ޔ‬ሶߤ߽߇ዊቇᩞߦ౉ቇߔࠆߩࠍᯏߦᏫㇹߩ߆ࠍߺߡ޿߈ߚ޿‫ߢߎߎߒߛߚޕ‬ᛒ߁࠺࡯࠲ߦ

ߒߚ‫ޕ‬⒖േഭ௛ᤨߦ⾂⫾ߒߚ⾗㊄ߢታኅߣหደᢝ

߅޿ߡᣢᇕᅚᕈߣߪ‫⚿ޔ‬ᇕᓟ‫ޔ‬዁᧪⊛ߦߪ᧛ߦ਎

࿾ౝߦ⁛┙ߒߚኅደࠍᑪ⸳ߒ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߪᄦߣᕷሶߣ

Ꮺࠍ᭴߃ࠃ߁ߣߒߡ޿ࠆᅚᕈ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬ሶߤ߽ࠍ

3 ੱߢ᥵ࠄߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਔⷫߦ㗍ߌߡ⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߡ޿ࠆᅚᕈߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᇕߐࠄߦ᧛ߦ߅޿ߡ⒖േഭ௛߇ᕡᏱൻߒߡ޿ߊߦ

಴ߒߡ᧛ࠍ㔌ࠇߡⴕߞߚᅚᕈߪ฽ࠎߢ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬ߟࠇ‫ޔ‬਎ᏪౝߦਔⷫߩⒷ૞ࠍᚻવ߁⠪߇޿ߥߊߥ

߹ߕߘߩ਎Ꮺ⁁ᴫࠍ⷗ߡߺࠆߣ‫ޔ‬1990 ᐕઍߦ⒖ߞߚ႐ว‫ߩߘߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬਎Ꮺߩౣ↢↥ᓎഀࠍᜂ߁

േഭ௛ߦ಴ߚᣢᇕᅚᕈߩਛߦߪ‫⚿ޔ‬ᇕ߿಴↥ᓟߦ⠪߇޿ߥߊߥߞߚ႐ว‫ޔ‬వߦ⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߚ࡚ࠠ

⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆ႐ว‫ޔ‬ᄦߣੑੱߢ⁛┙ߒߚ਎Ꮺࠍ

࠙࠳ࠗ߇๭߮ᚯߐࠇࠆ଀߽ߢߡߊࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬᭴߃ߡ޿ߚᅚᕈߪ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬㧨੐଀ 3㧪ߩ N ߩࠃ߁ᚑ㐳ߒߚ࡚ࠠ࠙࠳ࠗߚߜ߇‫ޔ‬ᰴ‫ߦޘ‬⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴

ߦਔⷫߣหደᢝౝߦหዬߔࠆ߆‫ޔ‬਎Ꮺࠍಽߌߡߪ

ߡⴕߊߚ߼ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬㧨੐଀ 2㧪ߩ W ߣߣ߽ߦ⒖േ

޿ߡ߽หደᢝ࿾ౝߦዬ૑ߒߡ޿ߚ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ਔⷫߩഭ௛ߦ಴ߚ B㧔೨ㅀߩ㧴ߩᆌ㧕ߪ‫࡝ࡉࡖ࠴࡯࡜ޔ‬਎Ꮺߣหዬ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬ደᢝ࿾౒૑㑐ଥߦ޽ࠆ႐ว‫ޔ‬࡯ߩⵙ❔Ꮏ႐ߢ⍮ࠅวߞߚ෹ੱߩ⚫੺ߢධ࠲ࠗ࡮

޽ࠆ޿ߪዋߥߊߣ߽ห᧛ౝߦዬ૑ߒߡ޿ࠆ႐วߩ

ࡂࠫࡖࠗߦ޽ࠆ㘩ၴߩࡎ࡯࡞ଥߣߒߡ 2 ᐕ㑆௛޿ߺ‫ޔ‬ᣢᇕᅚᕈ߇⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬Უⷫߪ⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆ೨ߦ੢ߊߥߞߡ߅

߹ߚߔߢߦሶߤ߽߇޿ࠆᅚᕈ߇⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆ

ࠅ‫ޔ‬ῳⷫߪߘߩᓟ‫ޔ‬ౣᇕߒߡઁ᧛ߢ᥵ࠄߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬หዬ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬หደᢝ࿾ౝߦ૑߻ታߩ

ߘߩ߁ߜᚑ㐳ߒߚᆂ‫ޔ‬ᒉߚߜ߇ߺߥࡃࡦࠦࠢ߳௛

Უⷫߦሶߤ߽ࠍ㗍ߌߡ‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߡ޿ߊߎߣ

߈ߦ಴ࠆߎߣߦߥࠅ‫ޔ‬㐳ᅚߢ޽ࠆ B ߇ㄘ࿾߿ደᢝ

ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ᐕઍ೎ߦ಴↥ᓟ⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߡ޿ࠆᅚᕈ

࿾ࠍ⛽ᜬߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ߩࠄ⥄ޔ‬ᗧᔒߢ᧛ߦᚯࠆߎߣ

ߩഀวࠍߺߡߺࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ᣢᇕᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛ߩ߁ߜ

ߦߥߞߚ 13)‫ޕ‬⚂ 80㧑ㄭߊ߇಴↥ᓟ‫ޔ‬ሶߤ߽ࠍ㗍ߌߡ⒖േഭ௛ߦ
಴ߡ޿ࠆߩ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ㧔⴫-3 ෳᾖ㧕‫ޔᤨߩߎߦࠄߐޕ‬(2) ᣢᇕ⠪ߩ⒖േഭ௛

ᣢᇕᅚᕈ߇ሶࠍ㗍ߌࠆߩߪታߩᲣⷫߢ޽ࠅ‫ߩߎޔ‬೨▵ߢㅀߴߚ㧴ߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ᇕᆪ߿಴↥‫ޔ‬⢒ఽߥ
ߤࠍℂ↱ߦ⒖േഭ௛߆ࠄᚯߞߡ߈ߚᅚᕈߩਛߦߪ‫ޔ‬Უⷫߩሽ࿷߇‫ޔ‬ሶࠍᜬߟᅚᕈ߇ౣ߮௛߈ߦ಴ࠆ㓙ߩ㊀ⷐߥ᧦ઙߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬

1990 ᐕઍએ㒠ߦߥࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ౣ߮⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߡ޿ߊ

Უⷫߩ஥߽‫ޔ‬ቊࠍ㗍߆ࠆߎߣߦ․ߦ㆑๺ᗵࠍᛴ

⠪߇ߺࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ޿ߊ‫ߢߎߎޕ‬ᵈ⋡ߒߚߊߎߣߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬2004 ᐕ 10 ᦬߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬W ߩᲣߢ޽ࠆ

― 71 ―

᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛ߣᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸50 ઍߩ D ߪ‫ޔ‬྾↵㧔8 ੱ࡚ࠠ࠙࠳ࠗߩ 5 ⇟⋡㧕ߩߩ႐ว‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬ᄦߣ㔌ᇕ߿ᱫ೎ߥߤනりߢ᧛ᄖ㐳ᅚࠍ㗍߆ߞߡ⢒ߡߡ޿ࠆ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷‫ޔ‬྾↵ߪㆇㅍᬺ‫ޔ‬ߦ௛߈ߦⴕߊᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ႐ว‫ߩࠄߜߤޔ‬႐วߢ߽‫ޔ‬ᆄߪ❔⵾Ꮏ႐ߣ‫ߢࠢࠦࡦࡃߦ߽ߣޔ‬ൕോߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬߿ߪࠅሶࠍ㗍ߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆᲣⷫ߇޿ߥ޿႐ว

ᄦᇚߪᆄߩታኅߩ࠙ࡏࡦ࡜࠴ࡖ࠲࠾࡯⋵ߦᣂዬࠍߪ‫ޕ޿ߥ߈ߢ߇ߣߎࠆߢࠍ᧛ޔ‬ᑪ⸳ߒ‫ޔ‬዁᧪ߩሶߩ㙃⢒⾌ࠍ⾂⫾ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ࡃޔ‬ਔⷫߣหዬߔࠆߦߖࠃ‫ߚߒ┙⁛ޔ‬਎Ꮺࠍ⸳ߌࠆ

ࡦࠦࠢߢ௛ߊߎߣࠍᏗᦸߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ሶࠍᄦߩታኅ

ߦߖࠃ‫ޔ‬ᣢᇕᅚᕈߪᧂᇕᅚᕈߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ‫⋥ޔ‬ធ⊛ߦ㗍ߌࠆߎߣߦߒߚ‫ޕ‬዁᧪⊛ߦᆄߩታኅߦᚯࠆߟ

ߦ਎Ꮺߩౣ↢↥ࠍᜂ߁⽿છࠍ⽶߁┙႐ߦ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ห߽ࠅߢ޽ࠅ‫߫ࠄߥ᧪ᧄޔ‬ᆄߩታᲣ߇ቊࠍ㗍߆ࠆߴ਎ઍߩᄦᇚ߇ห਎Ꮺߦหዬߔࠆߎߣ߇ߥ޿ߎߣ߆

߈ߥߩߛ߇‫ޔ‬ᐜ޿ᆂߣ᥵ࠄߔታᲣߪᔃ⤳߇ᒙ޿ߚࠄ߽᣿ࠄ߆ߥࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ᣢᇕᅚᕈߪਔⷫߩ਎Ꮺࠍฃ

߼‫ޔ‬ᄦߩታᲣ߇㗍߆ࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬྾↵ᄦᇚߪߌ⛮ߋ‫┙⁛ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬਎Ꮺࠍ૞ߞߡ޿ߊߣ޿߁޿

ࡒ࡞ࠢઍߣߒߡ‫৻ߦ᦬ߚ߰ޔ‬ᐲ 2 ජࡃ࡯࠷ࠍㅍߞ

ߕࠇ߆ߩ⽿છࠍ⢛⽶߁ߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᣢᇕߡߊࠆ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ᐕᧃᐕᆎ߿࠲ࠗᱜ᦬ߢᏫ⋭ߒߚ㓙ᅚᕈߩ႐วߪ‫ޔ‬਎Ꮺߩౣ↢↥ࠍᜂ߁ߣ޿߁⋥ធ⊛ߦ߽‫ޔ‬㙃⢒⾌ߣߒߡ⃻㊄ࠍ⟎޿ߡⴕߊ‫ޕ‬2005 ᐕᆎߥ⽿છࠁ߃ߦ‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߡⴕߊߣหᤨߦ‫᧛ޔ‬ߩᏫ⋭߆ࠄᚯࠆ㓙ߦߪ‫ޔ‬Უⷫ D ߦ 4 ජࡃ࡯࠷‫ޔ‬਎ߢ਎Ꮺࠍᜂ߁┙႐ߩᅚᕈ߇޿ߥߌࠇ߫਎Ꮺߦᱷࠆ

Ꮺࠍಽߌߡ᥵ࠄߔᆌߢ޽ࠆ W ߦ 500 ࡃ࡯࠷ࠍᚻ

ߎߣߦ߽ߥࠆ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ᣢᇕᅚᕈߪᄦߣߣ߽ߦ⒖േ

ᷰߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ഭ௛ߦ಴ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߣ޿߁ⷙ▸߇․ߦ᣿␜

ߐࠄߦ⁛┙਎Ꮺࠍ⸳ߌ‫ߩߘ߇ࠄ⥄ޔ‬਎Ꮺࠍಾࠅ

ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿߇‫ޔ‬ታ㓙ߦߪᄦࠍ᧛ߦᱷ

⋓ࠅߔࠆ┙႐ߦߥߞߚᤨ‫ޔ‬ᄦ߿ሶࠍ⟎޿ߡ‫⥄ޔ‬ಽߒߚ߹߹ᅚᕈߩߺ߇⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆߣ޿߁㧿ߩࠃ

ߛߌ⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߡⴕߊᣢᇕᅚᕈߪ߶ߣࠎߤߺࠄ

߁ߥ଀ߪ߶ߣࠎߤߺࠄࠇߥ޿‫৻ޕ‬ᣤ‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛߆

ࠇߥ޿ߣ޿ߞߡࠃ޿‫ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬Უⷫߩሽ࿷ߛߌߢ

ࠄᏫㇹߒߚᣢᇕᅚᕈߩ਎Ꮺߦ߅޿ߡ‫߇߆⺕ޔ‬⒖േߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ᄦߣߩ㑐ଥ߽߹ߚ‫ޔ‬ᣢᇕᅚᕈ߇ౣ߮⒖േ

ഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬㧺ߩࠃ߁ߦᄦߣ

ഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߦᄢ߈ߊ㑐ࠊߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬⡞߈

ߣ߽ߦ⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬ᄦߩߺ߇⒖േഭ

ขࠅߩਛߢ‫ޔ‬1990 ᐕઍᓟඨߦᄦߣ 2 ੱߩሶߛߌࠍ

௛ߦ಴ࠆߣ޿߁ㆬᛯ߇ߥߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬᧛ߦᱷߒߡ‫ߩ⋵ࡦ࡯ࠞ࡜ࡊ࠻࠶ࡓࠨޔ‬㘩ຠᎿ႐ߦ௛߈ߦⴕߞߚ㧿ߪ‫ࠅߪ߿ޔ‬⢒ఽߦኾᔨߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬(3) ᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸ߣ⒖േഭ௛

ᢙࡩ᦬ߢᏫㇹߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓐᅚߪ᧛ᄖ߆ࠄߩᇕ౉⠪ߎࠇ߹ߢߺߡ߈ߚࠃ߁ߦ᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߦ߅޿ߡ

ߢ޽ࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬⢒ఽࠍᒁ߈ฃߌߡߊࠇࠆᲣⷫߪ߅ࠄ

ᅚᕈ߇⒖േഭ௛ࠍㆬᛯߔࠆ㓙‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛ߕ‫ޔ‬ᄦ߇ሶߩ਎⹤ࠍߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬߆ࠄ಴り᧛߳ߩᏫㇹࠍㆬᛯߔࠆ㓙‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬਎Ꮺߩౣ↢↥㧨੐଀ 3㧪ߩ N ߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ᄦ߇ᶏᄖߦ௛߈ߦⴕ

ࠍᜂ߁‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸ߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬୘ੱߩߞߡ޿ࠆ႐ว߽‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ߇නりߢ᧛ᄖߦ௛߈ߦⴕߊ

ㆬᛯߦኻߒߡᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀ജࠍᜬߞߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬1970 ᐕߣ޿߁଀ߪߺࠄࠇߥ޿‫৻ߩߘޕ‬ᣇߢ‫ޔ‬ᄦ߇࿖ౝߢ

ઍߦᅚᕈߦࠃࠆ⒖േഭ௛߇ߪߓ߹ߞߡ߆ࠄ‫ᧂޔ‬ᇕ௛߈ߦ಴ߡ޿ࠆ႐วߪ‫ޔ‬ሶࠍ㗍ߌߡᄦߣߣ߽ߦ௛

⠪‫ޔ‬ᣢᇕ⠪ߣ߽ߦ⒖േഭ௛ࠍㆬᛯߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈

߈ߦⴕߊߣ޿߁଀߇ᄙᢙ⷗ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬੐଀ߚᅚᕈߪ‫⺞ޔ‬ᩏ᧛ߩห਎Ꮺౝߦ਎Ꮺߩౣ↢↥ᓎഀ― 72 ―

࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No.7 2007ࠍᜂ߁ᅚᕈ߇޿ࠆ⠪ߛߞߚ‫ᧂߚ߹ޕ‬ᇕᅚᕈߩ⒖േᐕઍએ㒠‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߡⴕߊ⠪ߪ‫ޔ‬ሶߤ߽ߩ㗃ഭ௛߇ᕡᏱൻߒ‫ޔ‬ㇺᏒߢߩ↢ᵴࠍㆬᛯߔࠆ⠪߽಴߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᚑ㐳ߒߚࠄዞቇ߿ዞഭߣ޿ߞߚ૗ࠄ߆ߩᒻ

ߡߊࠆߥ߆ߢ‫ߦ᧛ޔ‬Ꮻㇹߔࠆᅚᕈߪ⚿ᇕ߿಴↥‫ޔ‬ߢ‫৻ޔ‬ᐲߪࡃࡦࠦࠢ߳ⴕߊߎߣ߇ᒰߚࠅ೨ߦߔࠄ

⢒ఽ߇࠲࡯࠾ࡦࠣࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߣߥߞߡ޿ߚ‫ߦࠄߐޕ‬ߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᗧ๧ߢ‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ᅚᕈߩ⒖

1990 ᐕઍએ㒠ߪ‫ᧂޔ‬ᇕᤨઍߦ⒖േഭ௛ࠍ⚻㛎ߒߚേഭ௛ࠍ߼ߋࠆ⁁ᴫߪᄢ߈ߊᄌࠊߞߡ߈ߚߣ޿߃

⠪ߩਛ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬Ꮻㇹᓟ‫ޔ‬ౣ߮⒖േഭ௛ࠍㆬᛯߔࠆᣢ

ࠆߛࠈ߁‫৻ߩߘߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᣇߢ‫ޔ‬ዋߥߊߣ߽ 1990ᇕᅚᕈ߽಴ߡߊࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ‫ߩߘߒߛߚޕ‬㓙߽‫ޔ‬ᐕઍ߹ߢߦ⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߚᅚᕈ߇⒖േഭ௛ࠍㆬᛯ

⺕߽߇⒖േഭ௛ࠍㆬᛯߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߁ࠊߌߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ߒ‫ߩ߳᧛ޔ‬Ꮻㇹࠍ⠨߃ࠆ㓙ߦ⋥㕙ߔࠆߩߪ‫ߪ߿ޔ‬਎Ꮺߩౣ↢↥ᓎഀࠍᜂ߁Უⷫ߇ห਎Ꮺౝߦሽ࿷ߔ

ࠅㄘ᧛␠ળߦ߅ߌࠆ‫ޟ‬਎Ꮺߩౣ↢↥ࠍᜂ߁‫޿ߣޠ‬ࠆ㒢ࠅߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ᣢᇕᅚᕈߪ⒖േഭ௛ࠍㆬᛯߔࠆ

߁ᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸ߢ޽ࠆ‫᧲ߡߒߘޕ‬ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛

ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬␠ળߩ஥ߢ߽‫ޔ‬㧼߇⺆ࠆࠃ߁ߥ‫߈↢ߩࡦ࡯ࠨࠗޟ‬ߘࠇߢߪߎ߁ߒߚ⁁ᴫߩਛߢ‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛␠

ᣇ‫ࠆߔࠍޠ‬ᅚᕈ‫ᧂࠅ߹ߟޔ‬ᇕᤨઍߦ⒖േഭ௛ࠍ⚻ળߩ஥ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛ࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦᝒ߃ߡ

㛎ߒ‫⚿ޔ‬ᇕᓟߪ᧛ߦᚯࠅ‫⛽ࠍ↰ޔ‬ᜬߒߥ߇ࠄሶ⢒޿ࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬ߡࠍߒߡ޿ߊᅚᕈߩᆫ߇‫ޔ‬ᮨ▸⊛ߥ᧲ർ࠲ࠗߩᅚ

1990 ᐕઍೋ㗡ߦࠨࡓ࠶࠻ࡊ࡜ࠞ࡯ࡦ⋵ߢኅ᡽ᕈ௝ߣߒߡ⺆ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᇚ߿ࡃࡦࠦࠢߢࡈ࡜ࡦࠬ⾗ᧄߩᑪ⸳ળ␠⒁ᦠߣߒ

ᓥ᧪ߩ࠲ࠗᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥߢߪ‫ޔ‬ߡ௛޿ߚ㧨੐଀ 2㧪ߩ㨃ߩᆂߢ޽ࠆ㧼ߪ‫ޔ‬1997 ᐕᅚᕈ߇਎Ꮺߩౣ↢↥ࠍᜂ߁ߘߩᓎഀߩߚ߼ߦ⒖േߦਛ࿖♽࠲ࠗੱߩᄦߣ⚿ᇕߒߚᓟ‫ߦ᧛ޔ‬Ꮻㇹߒ‫ޔ‬ഭ௛ߦ಴ߡⴕߊ‫߁޿ߣޔ‬⒖േേᯏ߇ᒝ⺞ߐࠇ⃻࿷߹ߢߦੑఽࠍ߽߁ߌߡᲣⷫߣᄦߣߣ߽ߦ⺞ᩏ[Pasuk 1982]‫ޔ‬ㇺᏒߩഭ௛Ꮢ႐ߦෳ౉ߒߡ޿ߊᣂ

᧛ߢ᥵ࠄߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ P ߪ‫ޔ‬એਅߩࠃ߁ߦ⺆ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߚߥᅚᕈߩ↢ᵴࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߦߩߺὶὐ߇ᒰߡࠄࠇߡ

‫ޔ߃ߨޟ‬ାߓࠄࠇࠆ㧫⑳ߪሶߤ߽ߩᤨ‫⥄ޔ‬ಽ߇ࡃ߈ߚ[Mills 1999]‫৻ߩߘߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᣇߢ‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛ࠍ

ࡦࠦࠢࠍታ㓙ߦ⷗ࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆߥࠎߡߥ޿ߣᕁߞ

⚻㛎ߒߚᓟ‫ޔ‬಴り᧛ߦᚯࠅ‫ޔ‬਎Ꮺࠍ⛽ᜬߔࠆ⠪ߣߡ޿ߚߩࠃ‫‐ޔߡߒࠍ߷ࠎ↰ߢ᧛ޕ‬ㅊ޿ࠍߒߡ‫ޔ‬ߒߡ↢ᶦࠍㅍࠆᅚᕈ߽ᄙ޿‫ࡈࠗ࡜ߚߒ߁ߘߚ߹ޕ‬Უ߇൘߼ࠆߎߩ᧛ߩੱߣ⚿ᇕߒߡ‫᥵ߢߎߎ↢৻ޔ‬ࠦ࡯ࠬࠍㅍࠆᅚᕈߪ‫ޔ‬ㄘ᧛␠ળߩ஥߆ࠄߪ‫᧲ޔ‬ർࠄߒߡ޿ߊߩߛߣᕁߞߡ޿ߚ‫߁޿߁ߘߥࠎߺޕ‬ᤄ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ᅚᕈߩℂᗐ⊛ߥᆫߣߒߡ⺆ࠄࠇࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜ

߆ࠄߩࠗࠨ࡯ࡦߩ↢߈ᣇࠍߒߡ߈ߚߒ‫߆ߒࠇߘޔ‬ߪߘ߁ߒߚ⒖േഭ௛⠪ߩᏫㇹേᯏ߿Ꮻㇹ⠪ߩㆬᛯ‫ޔ‬⥄ಽߦ಴᧪ࠆߎߣߪߥ޿ߣᕁߞߡ޿ߚߩ‫ޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬߅ࠃ߮⒖േഭ௛⠪ࠍㅍࠅ಴ߔ਎Ꮺ஥ߩ᧦ઙߦ⌕⋡߹ߐ߆⥄ಽ߇ࡃࡦࠦࠢߢ૗ᐕ߽௛ߊߎߣߦߥࠆߥ

ߒߚ‫ᧄߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬Ⓜߩ⼏⺰ߪ‫ޔ‬వⴕ⎇ⓥߩ⼏⺰ࠎߡᕁߞߡ߽ߺߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޠ‬‫ޕ‬ߦ⌀ߞะ߆ࠄ᛫ߔࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿߇‫ޔ‬వⴕ⎇ⓥ߇

ߎߩ P ߩࠃ߁ߦ 1990 ᐕઍ߹ߢߦ⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴

ଐ᜚ߒߡ߈ߚㄘ᧛␠ળߩᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸߇‫ޔ‬⒖

ߚᅚᕈߩᄙߊߪ‫ޔ‬ሶߤ߽ߩ㗃ߦ‫߇ࠄ⥄ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛േഭ௛ߦ㓙ߒߡߔߴߡߩᅚᕈߦ↹৻⊛ߦ૞↪ߔࠆߦ಴ߡⴕߊߎߣࠍᗐ௝ߢ߈ߚ਎ઍߢߪߥ޿‫ࠇߘޕ‬߽ߩߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬਎Ꮺౝߩ᧦ઙ߿࡜ࠗࡈࠬ࠹࡯ࠫߦ

߇਎ઍ㑆ߢ⒖േ߇➅ࠅ㄰ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ‫ޔ‬2000ࠃߞߡ⇣ߥߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬― 73 ―

᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛ߣᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸ߦ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛ߪ਎Ꮺߦኻߔࠆ⽿છߣ޿߁ᅚ
ᕈߩᘠ⠌⊛ᓎഀߣᷓߊ㑐ଥߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ᧄߛߚޕ‬Ⓜߢ

5. ߅ࠊࠅߦ

ߺߡ߈ߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬Ꮻㇹ߿਎Ꮺ᧦ઙߥߤㄘ᧛␠ળ஥

ᧄⓂߪ‫᧲ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ᅚᕈ߇⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆ㓙ߩ⁁ᴫߣ޽ࠊߖߡ⠨߃ߡ⷗ࠆߣ‫ޔ‬਎Ꮺౝߩߤߩᅚ

ߩേᯏߦߪ↵ᕈߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ‫ޔ‬Ᏹߦ਎Ꮺߩౣ↢↥ࠍᕈ߽߇਎Ꮺߦኻߒߡห᭽ߩ⽿છࠍᜂߞߡ޿ߚࠊߌ

ᜂ߁ᓎഀ߇㑐ଥߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁࠲ࠗߩ⒖േഭ௛ߣ

ߢߪߥ޿ߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⼏⺰ߩᚑᨐࠍ〯߹߃‫ޔ‬ㄘ᧛␠ߘ߁ߒߚ⁁ᴫߢ 1990 ᐕઍએ㒠‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛ࠍ⚻ળߢᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛߇ᕡᏱൻߒߡ޿ߊߥ߆ߢ‫ޔ‬ᅚ㛎ߒߚᣢᇕᅚᕈߩߺ߇‫⚿ޔ‬ᇕᓟ߽ౣ߮⒖േഭ௛ߦ

ᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸߇࡜ࠗࡈࠬ࠹࡯ࠫߩ⇣ߥࠆᅚᕈߦ

಴ߡ޿ࠆὐߪᵈ⋡ߦ୯ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬4 ┨ߢᒁ↪ߒߚ P ߩߘࠇߙࠇߤߩࠃ߁ߦᓇ㗀ߔࠆߩ߆ࠍ␜ߔߩ߇⋡⊛⺆ࠅ߇⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬1990 ᐕઍ߹ߢߦ⒖േഭߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߩ⋵ࡓࠞ࡜ࠨ࡯ࡂࡑߡߒߘޕ‬ㄘ᧛ߦ߅ߌ

௛ߦ಴ߚᅚᕈߩᄢㇱಽߪ‫ࠍ᧛߇ࠄ⥄ޔ‬㔌ࠇߚ↢ᵴࠆ੐଀ࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬ᓥ᧪ߪਇนಽߥ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ⒖േⷙࠍㅍࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ‫ࠍߣߎ߁޿ߣޔ‬ᗐ௝ߖߕߦ⢒೙ߣ਎Ꮺߩౣ↢↥ߣ޿߁ᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸߇‫ޔ‬ᅚߞߚ਎ઍߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᅚᕈ߇᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛␠ળߦ

ᕈ߇⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆߎߣߦߣ߽ߥ޿‫ޔ‬⒖േⷙ೙ߩ

߅ߌࠆࠫࠚࡦ࠳࡯ᓎഀߩਛߢ⒖േഭ௛ߦ៤ࠊࠅ‫ޔ‬ߺ߇Ꮧ⭯ൻߒߡ޿ߊߣ޿߁ᄌേߩㆊ⒟ࠍ␜ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ౣ߮ㄘ᧛␠ળߦᚯߞߡ‫↢ޔ‬ᵴࠍㅍࠆ‫৻ߩߘޕ‬ᣇߢߘߩ⢛᥊ߦߪ਎Ꮺౝߢዋߥߊߣ߽৻ੱߩᅚᕈߦ਎

ኅ⸘߳ߩ⽸₂⠪ߣߒߡߩ⥄Ꮖࠍ⹺⼂ߒߡ޿ࠆ⒖േᏪߩౣ↢↥ࠍᜂ߁ᓎഀ߇⺖ߐࠇࠆߎߣߢ‫ߩઁޔ‬ᅚഭ௛⚻㛎⠪ߢ޽ࠆᣢᇕᅚᕈߪ‫᧛ޔ‬ౝߢߩ਎Ꮺ⛽ᜬ

ᕈ߇⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈‫ߩߘޔߚ߹ޔ‬ᓎഀࠍᲣⷫ߿ᆌ‫ޔ‬ᆂ߇ઍⴕߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ㒢ࠅߦ߅߇⺖ߐࠇࠆߚ߼ߦ⒖േഭ௛߆ࠄ᧛ߦᚯࠆߣ޿߁⃻޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ౣ߮⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ߡⴕߊ‫ߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬⒖േ

ታ߇޽ߞߚ‫ޔߪߣߎߩߘޕ‬ᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛߇‫ߘޔ‬ഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡᓧࠄࠇࠆ⃻㊄ߩⒿ߉ᚻ‫ޔ‬ࠇߙࠇߩ࡜ࠗࡈࠬ࠹࡯ࠫߦ߅޿ߡ⇣ߥࠆᒻߢ‫ޔ‬ㄘኅ⸘߳ߩ⽸₂⠪ߣߒߡߩ⥄Ꮖ⹺⼂߇‫⚿ޔ‬ᇕᓟߩ⒖᧛␠ળߩᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸ߣ੤Ꮕߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ

േഭ௛ߦ߽ߟߥ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᅚᕈߩ࡜ࠗࡈ

␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ㇺᏒߩഭ௛Ꮢ႐ߢ௛ߊ‫ޟ‬ഭࠨࠗࠢ࡞ߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛ߩᗧ๧ߣߪ‫ޔ‬ㄘ᧛␠ળ௛⠪‫᧲ޔߊߥߪߢߌߛᦼᤨ৻ߩߡߒߣޠ‬ർ࠲ࠗㄘߩᢥ⣂ࠍ㔌ࠇߡ⃻㊄ࠍⒿߋߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ⥄Ꮖࠍ⹺᧛ᅚᕈߩ↢ᶦߩਛߢ‫ޔ‬⒖േഭ௛ߪߐ߹ߑ߹ߥᒻߢ

⼂ߔࠆߣหᤨߦ‫ࠍࠄ⥄ߡߞࠃߦߣߎߩߘޔ‬ㄘ᧛␠ᓐᅚߚߜߩ↢ᵴߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ળߩᢥ⣂ߦ߅ߌࠆ਎Ꮺߦኻߔࠆኅ⸘߳ߩ⽸₂⠪ߣએ਄ߩ⷗⸃ࠍ߽ߣߦ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈߩ࡜ࠗࡈࠨࠗࠢ࡞ߦ
߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛ߩᗧ๧ߣߪ૗ߥߩ߆ࠍ‫ޔ‬ዋߒ⠨߃ߒߡౣቯ⟵ߔࠆᯏળߢ޽ࠆߣ߽޿߃ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿
ߛࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬ߡߺߚ޿‫ޔߪࠢ࠶ࠬࡄߡߟ߆ޕ‬ᅚᕈ߇⒖േഭ௛ߦ

એ਄ߩ⼏⺰ࠍ〯߹߃ߡ੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡ‫৻ޔ‬ᣤ‫ޔ‬಴ߚ߆ࠄߣ޿ߞߡ‫␠᧛ޔ‬ળߩ⚌Ꮺ߆ࠄಾࠅ㔌ߐࠇ

⒖േഭ௛ࠍ⚻㛎ߒߚᅚᕈߩ⚻ᷣ↢ᵴ߇‫ޔ‬ㄘ᧛␠ળࠆࠊߌߢߪߥߊ‫ߩߘࠈߒ߻ޔ‬ኅᣖࠍᡰ߃ࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬ߦ߅޿ߡߤߩࠃ߁ߦᄌൻߒߚߩ߆ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆᔅⷐ

࿾ၞ␠ળߢߩ⥄ಽߩ࿾૏ࠍᡷༀߒࠃ߁ߣ⒖േഭ௛߇޽ࠆ‫⃻ޕ‬㊄ࠍⒿߋߎߣߦࠃࠆኅ⸘߳ߩ⽸₂⠪ߣߦ಴ߡ޿ߊߣ⼏⺰ߒߚ[Pasuk 1982㧦71]‫߆ߒߚޕ‬ߒߡߩ⥄Ꮖߩౣቯ⟵ߪ‫ޔ‬ᣢᇕᅚᕈߩ⒖േഭ௛߿᧛

― 74 ―

࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ No.7 2007ౝߢߩ⃻㊄₪ᓧᵴേߦ߽⚿߮ߟ޿ߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥ
޿ߛࠈ߁߆‫߫߃଀ޕ‬ㄘ᧛ߢߩ⃻㊄₪ᓧᵴേߩ߭ߣ
ߟߦߪ‫ޔ‬࿖ኅਥዉߢ߽ߚࠄߐࠇߚ߽ߩߢߪ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ㄭᐕ‫ޔ‬ㄘ᧛ߢߩᵴേ߇ᵴ⊒ൻߒߡ޿ࠆ⃻㊄₪ᓧჇᄢࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߚ૑᳃⚵❱ࠢ࡞ࡓ࡮ࡔ࡯࡮ࡃ࡯ࡦ
㧔klum mae ban㧕ߥߤ߇޽ࠆ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᵴേ
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ࠄߥࠆᐢ߇ࠅࠍߺߖߡ߅ࠅ‫੹ޔ‬ᓟߪㄘ᧛␠ળߣᅚ
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=6GZVQT?‫ޔ‬หߓߊ᧲ർ࠲ࠗ߆ࠄߩ⒖േഭ௛⠪ࠍᛒߞߚࡔࠗࡦࠦ࠶࠻=/GKPMQVJ?ߥߤߩ⎇ⓥ߇޽ࠆ‫߽ࠇߤޕ‬⒖േഭ௛ࠍ␠ળ໧㗴ߣߒߡᛒߞߡ߅ࠅ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᓟߩ࠮ࡦࠨࠬߦၮ
ߠߊ⎇ⓥߩ࿯บߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
3㧕ߎ߁ߒߚႎ๔ᦠߩᄢඨ߇‫ ޔ‬ᐕઍඨ߫ߦ⋧ᰴ޿ߢ⸳┙ߐࠇߚ࠴ࡘ࡜࡯ࡠࡦࠦ࡯ࡦᄢቇੱญቇ⎇ⓥᚲ㧔㨪 ᐕ
߹ߢߪ 6JG2QRWNCVKQP4GUGCTEJCPF6TCKPKPI%GPVGT‫ޕ‬ᐕ߆ࠄߪ 6JG+PUVKVWVGQH2QRWNCVKQP5VWFKGU +25 ‫ޔ‬ᐕ߆ࠄߪ %QNNGIGQH2QRWNCVKQP5VWFKGU㧕‫ࡦ࠼ࡅࡑޔ‬ᄢቇੱญ␠ળ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥᚲ㧔㨪‫ޔ‬+PUVKVWVGHQT2QRWNCVKQPCPF

5QEKCN4GUGCTEJ㧔+254㧕㧕ߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫⎇ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ⓥᚲߪฬ⒓ࠍᄌᦝߒ‫ޔ‬࿖㓙ᯏ㑐ߣදജߒߥ߇ࠄ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ߦ⥋ࠆ߹ߢㇺᏒൻߣߘࠇߦઃ㓐ߔࠆੱญቇ⊛␠ળ໧㗴ߩ᡽╷⊛⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥࠍታᣉߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
4㧕ᧄⓂߢಽᨆߦ૶↪ߐࠇࠆ࠺࡯࠲ߪ‫ ޔ‬ᐕ 㨪 ᦬‫ޔ‬ᐕ  ᦬㨪 ᐕ  ᦬ߦ߆ߌߡ‫╩ޔ‬⠪ߦࠃࠅࡑࡂ࡯ࠨ࡜ࠞࡓ
⋵࠽࡯࠴ࡘࠕ࠶ࠢ㇭㧿඙ % ᧛ߢߩቯ⌕⺞ᩏߦࠃߞߡ෼㓸ߐࠇߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫⺞ޕ‬ᩏߪࠗࠨ࡯ࡦ⺆㧔᧲ർ࠲ࠗᣇ⸒㧕ߣᮡḰ࠲ࠗ⺆ࠍ૶↪ߒߡታᣉߒߚ‫⺞ᧄߚ߹ޕ‬ᩏߪ‫ޔ‬࿖㓙੤ᵹၮ㊄࡮ᐔᚑ  ᐕᐲࠕࠫࠕᰴ਎ઍࡈࠚࡠ࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊ࡮ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩᡰេ
ࠍᓧߡน⢻ߣߥߞߚ‫⺞ߦࠄߐޕ‬ᩏᦼ㑆ਛߪ‫ࡓࠞ࡜ࠨ࡯ࡂࡑޔ‬ᄢቇ࡮᧲ർ࠲ࠗ⧓ⴚᢥൻ⎇ⓥᚲߦ⺞ᩏቇ↢ߣߒߡṛ࿷ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
5 㧕 ᧄⓂߦ߅޿ߡ਎Ꮺߣߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬หደᢝౝߢኢ⿠߈ࠍ౒ߦߔࠆ
ੱ‫ߩޘ‬㓸߹ࠅ‫ޠ‬㧔‛ℂ⊛ߦኅደࠍߐߔ႐วߪ JWCP‫ޘੱߦ․ޔ‬ߩ㓸߹ࠅࠍᜰߔ႐วߪ MJTQRMJTWCMJQRMJWC㧕ࠍᜰߔ‫଀ޕ‬߃߫หደᢝ࿾ౝߦ૑ࠎߢ޿ߡ߽ኅደ߇⇣ߥࠆ႐วߪ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬਎Ꮺࠍ೎ߦߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠍߣߎޠ‬ᗧ๧ߔࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬਎Ꮺߣ޿߁න૏ߪ‫ޔ‬౰ᇕ⫋⑂ᤨߩᏓᣉ㊄‫⪭᧛ޔ‬Ⓧ┙㊄ߥߤߩ෼㓸න૏ߦ߽ߥߞߡ
޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
6㧕 ᐕ⃻࿷‫ޔ‬⺞ᩏ᧛ߢ໡ຠ૞‛ᩱၭߦᓥ੐ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߪ‫ޔ‬ో  ਎Ꮺਛࠠࡖ࠶ࠨࡃ߇  ਎Ꮺ‫  ߇࡝ࠞ࡯࡙ޔ‬਎Ꮺߩߺߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߤޕ‬਎Ꮺ߽චಽߥ࿯࿾߇ߥ޿ߚ߼ᄢⷙᮨߥᩱၭߪߢ
߈ߕ‫ߩࡃࠨ࠶ࡖࠠޔ‬႐วߪ 㨪 ࡋࠢ࠲࡯࡞ߩ࿯࿾ߢᦨᄢᐕ㑆  ජࡃ࡯࠷ߩ೑⋉‫ߩ࡝ࠞ࡯࡙ޔ‬႐วߪ 㨪 ࡋࠢ࠲࡯࡞ߩ
᳓〝⣁ߩ࿯࿾ߦᬀ߃ࠆ⒟ᐲߢ‫ᦨޔ‬ᄢᐕ㑆  ජࡃ࡯࠷ߩ෼౉ߣ
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‛ᩱၭ߽⹜ߺࠄࠇߚ߇‫ޔ‬᳓߿࿯࿾‫⾌⚻⻉ޔ‬ਇ⿷ߩߚ߼ߦ㐳ᦼ㑆⛮⛯ߒߡᩱၭߐࠇߡߪ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬7㧕ઁ࿾ၞߩ࿖ᄖዞ⡯Ꮧᦸ⠪ߪࡃࡦࠦࠢߢ  ੱ‫ޔ‬ਛᄩ࠲ࠗߢ  ਁ  ੱ‫ޔ‬ർ࠲ࠗߢ  ਁ  ੱ‫ޔ‬ධ࠲ࠗߢ  ੱߢ
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⽎ߣߒߡ޿ࠆߩߪ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷‫ߦ᧛ޔ‬ዬ૑ߒߡ޿ࠆੱ‫ᧂ߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬ᇕߩ߹߹᧛ᄖߦ಴ߡ޿ࠆੱ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬ᣢᇕ⠪ߢ߽ሶࠍ᧛ߩਔⷫ
ߦ㗍ߌߡ᧛ᄖߦ಴ߡ޿ࠆੱߩߺߢ޽ࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬ᢥਛߢ․ߦ⸒෸ߔࠆ႐วࠍ㒰޿ߡ‫ࠄ߆᧛ޔ‬ᇕ಴ߒ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ઁ࿾ߢ᥵ࠄߒߡ޿ࠆห᧛಴り⠪ߪ‫ߦ࠲࡯࠺ޔ‬฽ࠎߢ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
9㧕╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢᤨߦ‫↵ޔ‬ᕈዊቇᩞᢎᏧ߇ࠞࡦ࠴ࡖ࠽ࡉ࡝⋵߳㋕㆏ᢝ⸳૞ᬺຬߣߒߡᵷ㆜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ ޔ‬ᐕઍએ೨ߦ‫ޔ‬⾓㊄ഭ௛⠪ߣߒߡห᧛߆ࠄࡃࡦࠦࠢ߳಴ߡⴕߞߚ଀ߪ߶ߣ
ࠎߤߥ޿‫ޕ‬10㧕࠽࡯࠴ࡘࠕ࠶ࠢ㇭ౝߦߪࠦ࡜࡯࠻㜞ේࠍᮮᢿߔࠆ࠴࡯Ꮉ‫ޔ‬ࡓ࡯ࡦᎹ‫ߩߘ߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬ᡰᵹ߇ᵹࠇߡ߅ࠄߕ‫ ߼ߚߩߘޔ‬ᐕߦ㔎᳓ߩߺߦ㗬ࠄߥ޿ㄘᬺ↪᳓⏕଻ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆἠṴ↪
⾂᳓ᳰ⸘↹߇⊒⴫ߐࠇ‫ ޔ‬ᐕߦᑪ⸳߇㐿ᆎ‫ޔ‬⠉  ᐕߦ᧛ߩ᧲஥ߦᏂᄢߥ⾂᳓ᳰ߇ቢᚑߒߚ=-JTQPIMCP%JQPNCRTCVJCPEJCPIYCV/CJCUCTCMJCO㧦?‫ޔ޿ߥ߽ߣߦ↹⸘ߩߎޕ‬᳓↰ߣߒߡ೑↪ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ㓸⪭ߩ᧲஥ߩ࿯࿾ߩ৻ㇱ߇᡽ᐭ― 75 ―

᧲ർ࠲ࠗㄘ᧛ߦ߅ߌࠆ⒖േഭ௛ߣᅚᕈࠍ߼ߋࠆⷙ▸ߦᄁළߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ᚲ᦭ߒߡ޿ߚ᳓↰ࠍߔߴߡᄬߞߡߒ߹ߞߚ਎Ꮺ
߽޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᄁළᓟ߽ߘࠇࠄߩ࿯࿾ߦኻߒߡߪ‫ߩߘ߃ߣߚޔ‬࿯
࿾ߢⒷ૞ࠍⴕߞߚߣߒߡ߽⒢㊄㧔 ࡃ࡯࠷㧛 ࡜ࠗ㧕ߪ߆߆ࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬ታ㓙‫⾂ޔ‬᳓ᳰߩ᳓㊂ߦࠃߞߡߪ‫ߦᦼੇޔ‬ㄘᬺߦ૶↪
ߢ߈ࠆ࿯࿾߽޽ࠆ‫ߚߒ߁ߘޕ‬਎Ꮺߢߪᄁළߒߚ⃻㊄ࠍరᚻߦᣂߚߥ࿯࿾ࠍ᳞߼ߡઁ᧛ߦ⒖േߒߚࠅ‫ߦ᧛ޔ‬ᱷߞߡ޽߹ࠅ㐿ᜏߐࠇߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚ㓸⪭ߩ⷏஥ࠍᣂߚߦ㐿ᜏߒߡ޿ߞߚࠅ
ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
11㧕᧲ർ࠲ࠗฦ࿾ߢᅚᕈߦࠃࠆ࿖ᄖ⒖േߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ߇‫ޔ‬ᓐᅚࠄߩ಴り᧛ࠍਛᔃߦ᜛ᄢߐࠇߡ޿ߊ੐଀߽ᄙᢙႎ๔ߐ
ࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇=5WRCPIGVCN?‫⺞ޔ‬ᩏ᧛ㄭ㓞ߢߪߘߩࠃ߁
ߥᅚᕈߦࠃࠆ࿖ᄖ⒖േߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߪ᜛ᄢߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
12 㧕 ߎߩ௯ଛߪ⺞ᩏ᧛ߣห඙ౝߩ᧛ߢ↢߹ࠇ‫ޔ‬ᓟߦࡃࡦࠦ
ࠢ࡮࠻ࡦࡉ࡝࡯࿾඙㧔ࡃࡦࠦࠢ࡮ࡁ࡯ࠗ㧕ߦ޽ࠆኹ㒮ߦᱛ૑ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ‫ޕ‬಴り᧛ࠍਛᔃߣߒߚㄭ㓞᧛ߩੱ‫ߦޘ‬ኻߒߡ‫ޔ‬ࡃࡦࠦࠢ㚂ㇺ࿤ߩᎿ႐ߥߤߩ⡯႐ࠍ⋥ធ⚫੺ߒߚࠅ‫⥄ޔ‬り߇ᱛ૑ߔࠆኹ㒮ࠍ઒ኋߦߐߖߚࠅߒߡ޿ߚ‫᥅ޕ‬ᐕߪ࠽࡯࠴ࡘࠕ
࠶ࠢ㇭ㇺߦ޽ࠆኹ㒮ߦ⒖ࠅ‫ߢߎߘޔ‬੢ߊߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬
13㧕$ ߪࡂࠫࡖࠗߢ௛޿ߡ޿ࠆ㑆‫ߦ․ޔ‬ታኅߦㅍ㊄ߪߒߡ޿ߥ
߆ߞߚߚ߼‫ߦ᧛ޔ‬ᚯߞߡ߈ߚᤨߦߪ  ජࡃ࡯࠷߶ߤߩ߹ߣ߹
ߞߚ⃻㊄߇ᚻరߦ޽ߞߚ‫ޔߡߒ↪૶ࠍࠇߘޕ‬ᏫㇹᓟߦᲣⷫߩ
ଏ㙃㘵௾␞ࠍߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ‫ޔ‬⍮ੱߩ⚫੺ߢ࠴ࡖࠗࡗࡊ࡯ࡓ⋵಴りߩ࡜ࠝ↵ᕈߣ⚿ᇕߒߚ‫⚿ޕ‬ᇕߦߟ޿ߡ㧮ߪ‫ޔ‬‫ߊ߆ߦߣޟ‬௛߈⠪ߛ߆ࠄߣ⸒ࠊࠇߚߒ‫⛘ޔࠄ߆޿ߥߪߢࡓࠨࡦࡂޔ‬ኻߦᶋ᳇ߒߥ޿ߣᕁߞߚ‫ᦨޕ‬ೋߪోὼᄦࠍᗲߒߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚߌࠇ
ߤ‫⚿ޔ‬ᇕߞߡߘ߁޿߁߽ߩߛߣᕁߞߡ޿ߚ‫ᧄޕࠆ⺆ߣޠ‬Ⓜߢ
ߪ⹦ߒߊ⼏⺰ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿߇‫⚿ޔ‬ᇕ⋧ᚻߩㆬᛯߩ⥄↱ߪ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ߇⒖േഭ௛ߦ಴ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ߆ࠄߩᄢ߈ߥᄌൻߢ
޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ⥄りߦߣߞߡᦨ߽ᄌࠊߞߚὐߣߒߡᣣᏱ⊛ߦ⺆ࠄࠇࠆ੐ᨩߩ߭ߣߟߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬‫ޣ‬ᒁ↪ᢥ₂‫ޤ‬䋨⧷⺆䇮ᣣᧄ⺆ᢥ₂䋩
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