Programming Series

ifikviowAr
J iPC DOS Version 2.10

Program No.5601-SBS

Uer's Guide•
personal computer

110180-0

First Edition ( August 1985)
Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes
will be incorporated in new editions of the publication.
It is possible that this material may contain references to, or information
about, IBM products (machines and programs), programming, or services
that are not announced in your country. Such references or informationmust not be construed to mean that IBM intends to announce such IBM
products, programming, or Services in your country.
© Copyright International Business Machines Corp. 1983, 1985

Preface

The IBM Personal Computer JX Disk Operating System(DOS) Version 2.10 library contains the following threebooks:•DOS User's Guide—a procedural (step-by-step)
guide about how to use the more frequently used
DOS commands. The DOS User's Guide helps
you get started using DOS and do some simple
DOS tasks. The book also contains a list ofcommon DOS messages that you may get while
using DOS.

•DOS Reference—a complete reference' about
DOS and DOS commands. The DOS Reference
tells you how to use your fixed disk with DOS,and gives you information about DOS and DOS
functions. A complete list of DOS messages are inthis book.

•

DOS Technical Reference—a complete reference
about DOS programming considerations. The
DOS Technical Reference gives you information
about DOS that you may need if you areprogramming or developing applications. The bookalso describes the technical advantages and special
programming characteristics of DOS.

iii

What Is In This Book
This book gives you step-by-step procedures that teachyou how to do some everyday tasks when you use your
IBM Personal Computer JX. Instruction for the following
tasks are provided in this book:•Getting a diskette ready to be used•

Copying a diskette•

Comparing your backup diskette•

Copying a file•

Comparing your backup file•Finding out what is on a diskette•

Looking at a File•

Changing a file's name•Removing a file from a diskette

As you become more comfortable with your computerand DOS, refer to the DOS Reference book for more
information about these commands and the other DOS
commands.

iv

Required Reading
You should first read the Guide to Operations for yourcomputer before you use DOS.

Considerations for Using Applications
If you use any applications with your computer, pleaserefer to the DOS Reference book for information about
using applications with JX DOS Version 2.10.

v

vi

Contents

Chapter 1. Introduction
What Is DOS
About Your DOS Books and Diskettes
Copying Your DOS Diskettes
When You Need DOS in a Drive
What System Do You Have
How to Use One Diskette Drive
How to Use Two Diskette Drives
About Diskettes
Format Your Diskettes
Write-Protect
About Messages
Chapter 2. Files, Names, andFunction Keys
Files
How to Name Files
File Specifications
Things You Do With Function KeysEntering a Command
Ending a Command
Correcting a Typing Mistake
Stopping the Screen Long Enoughto Read It
Printing What Is on the Screen
Printing What You TypeStarting DOS Again
Chapter 3. Loading DOS
Loading (Starting) DOS
How to Insert Diskettes
If Your Computer Is Off
If Your Computer Is On
Date and Time

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1-11

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vii

viii

When DOS Is Ready
DOS Prompt
Giving DOS a Command
Specifying the Drive

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3-8

Chapter 4. Using DOS Commands
Using DOS Commands
Getting a Diskette Ready to be Used
What's Needed?
FORMAT Procedure
Copying a Diskette
What's Needed?
DISKCOPY Procedure
Comparing Your Backup Diskette
What's Needed?
DISKCOMP Procedure
Copying a File
What's Needed?
COPY Procedure
Comparing Your Backup File
What's Needed?
COMP ProcedureFinding Out What Is on a Diskette
What's Needed?
DIR Procedure
Displaying What Is in a File
What's Needed?
TYPE Procedure
Changing a File's Name
What's Needed?
RENAME Procedure
Removing a File from a Diskette
What's Needed?
ERASE Procedure
Helps and Hints

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4-32

Appendix A. Common Messages
Device Error Messages
Responses
Common Error Messages

A-3
A-3
A-7
A-8

Index

X-1

Chapter 1. Introduction

Contents
What Is DOS
About Your DOS Books and Diskettes
Copying Your DOS Diskettes
When You Need DOS in a Drive
What System Do You Have
How to Use One Diskette Drive
How to Use Two Diskette Drives
About Diskettes
Format Your Diskettes
Write-Protect
About Messages

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1-1 1

1-1

1-2

What Is DOS
The IBM Personal Computer JX Disk Operating System(DOS) controls the movement of information on yourcomputer. You can think of DOS as the wild animal
trainer in the circus making the animals do feats ofphysical skill and daring. In much the same way, DOS
controls the way your computer uses programs, games,
and applications.
DOS makes it easy for you to use applications andcreate and manage files on your computer. DOS also
lets you use devices such as printers and diskette drives
with your computer.
Your applications will tell you if you need to use DOS
with them. If you are using DOS, this book will help
you learn more about how you can use DOS toorganize and maintain the information you place on
your diskettes.

1-3About Your DOS Books and Diskettes
JX DOS Version 2.10 comes with three books:•

DOS User's Guide•

DOS Reference•

DOS Technical Reference

DOS also comes on one diskette. The diskette is inplastic diskette holder.

1-4

Copying Your DOS Diskettes
Making a copy of your DOS diskette should be one of thefirst things you do. That way you won't be "shut down"
if your DOS diskette becomes misplaced or accidentally
damaged. This copy is called a backup and making the
copy is usually called backing up. After you read
Chapters 1, 2, and 3 refer to "Copying a Diskette" in
Chapter 4 and follow the procedure to back up yourDOS diskette.
When you make backup diskettes, you should label anddate the backup diskette using a felt-tip pen. Use thebackup diskettes in your daily operations.

1-5

When You Need DOS in a Drive
You need to put the DOS diskette in a drive when you
first load or start DOS. Loading DOS means that a
copy of internal DOS commands are read from the
DOS diskette and placed in the computer's memory.

These commands are called internal commands because
they stay in your computer's memory until you switch
off your computer or until you load DOS again. Since
the commands are loaded in memory, you do not need
your DOS diskette in a drive to use the internal
commands.
The rest of the commands on the DOS diskette arecalled external commands because they are not read
into the computer's memory when you load DOS. Since
the commands are not loaded in memory, you need
your DOS diskette in a drive to use the external
commands.

1-6

The following chart shows the internal and external
commands that are covered in this book:Internal Commands

External Commands

You won't need yourDOS diskette forthese commands if
DOS Is alreadyloaded.

You need your DOS
diskette to dothese commands.

DIR
COPY
ERASE
RENAME
TYPE

FORMATDISKCOPYCOMPDISKCOMPWhat System Do You Have
Refer to your Guide to Operations to tell if your system
unit has one, two, or three diskette drives, or if it has afixed disk.
The examples shown in this book tell you how to use
DOS with your diskette drives. You also can use DOS
with a fixed disk. If you have a fixed disk, please refer
to Chapter 3, "Preparing Your Fixed Disk" in the DOS
Reference book.

1-7

How to Use One Diskette Drive
If your computer has only one
diskette drive, you should
think of the one diskette drive
as being two diskette drives(drive A and drive B).
But, instead of A and B
representing two physicaldrives, the A and B
represent diskettes.
When you have one
diskette drive, DOS willtell you which diskette toinsert. You must make this switch each time DOS tells
you to exchange diskettes.

How to Use Two Diskette Drives
If your computer has two
diskette drives, you should
think of the diskette drives asdrive A and drive B.
When you have
two diskette
drives, you caninsert diskettes
in drive A andin drive B. You
do not have to
exchangediskettes if you
have two diskette drives.

I -8

About Diskettes
Format Your Diskettes
You must format every new or blank diskette before it
can be used by DOS. You do not need to use
FORMAT every time you want to put information on adiskette—only the first time you use a diskette.
For more information about formatting diskettes, refer
to "Getting a Diskette Ready to Be Used" in
Chapter 4.

Write-Protect
The JX can use both 31/2" and 5'/4" diskettes.
By positioning the switch as shown below, the 31/2"
diskette is write protected.

write protected

1-9

By positioning the switch as shown below, the 31/2 "diskette will allow you to write or erase information on
the diskette.

write allowed
By covering the write-protect notch on your 51/4 "diskette, you can make sure the computer cannot
wirte over information already on the diskette.

C3 1=1 CD

C=3 1=1 CO

You can cover the notch with a tab supplied with thediskette, or with a piece of tape (do not use transparenttape).

1-10

When a diskette is write protected, information can only
be read from the diskette. Information already on thediskette cannot accidentally be erased by being written
over with new information. Important diskettes are often
protected this way.
You can reposition the switch or remove the tab when you
want to add or erase information on the diskette.
If your 51/4 " diskette has no write-protect notch, it isalready write protected. This means that the computer
cannot store (write) any information on it.

About Messages
You may get messages on your screen when using DOS
commands. If you get a message and need help, refer toAppendix A, "Common Messages" for additional
information about what caused the message and theaction you should take.

1-12Chapter 2. Files, Names, andFunction Keys

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2-12
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2-14

2-1

i

How to Name Files
Filenames
Filename Extensions
File Specifications
Things You Do With Function KeysEntering a Command
Ending a Command
Correcting a Typing Mistake
Stopping the Screen Long Enoughto Read It
Printing What Is on the Screen
Printing What You TypeStarting DOS Again

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Ity seFiles• 1 •`S OU L

Contents

2-2

Files consist of related information (data) you store on adiskette. Files can be stored on diskettes or on fixeddisks. You can compare a file on a diskette to a file in afile cabinet. One diskette file is like a separate file folder
in the file cabinet drawer, with each folder (or file)containing related information on a specific subject.
Each file has a name. When you want DOS to find afile, you give DOS the filename. Filenames are used sothat DOS can find specific information easily.

How to Name Files
You can store any combination of files on a diskette.
Each file must have a unique or different name. But
you can have the same name on two different
diskettes.

File 3File 2File 1

Hi

File 1 1

G=>

File 2{ File 3
Diskette

2-3

Sa , uonou nd pur ‘satuuN sal! 1

Files

A file's name can be made up of a filename and an
optional extension. For example:
newfiles.jul

Filename Up
to 8 Characters

Extension (Optional)
Up to 3 Characters

Period Required as Separator
if Extension is Used

If you used the DIR command, a file named
newfiles.jul would appear on your display screen likethis:

Notice that the period does not appear on the screen,
but you must use the period when you enter a filename
and extension.

2-4

Filenames•

the letters of the alphabet A — Z•

the numbers 0 through 9•and these special characters:$ # & g ! % ( ) - — { } " ^-1 A

Filename Extensions
A filename can be followed by an optional shortname called an extension. An extension starts witha period, has one, two, or three characters, andfollows immediately after the filename.
Important: If a filename is followed by anextension, you must use both parts when telling
DOS about that file.
A good name for a file will help you remember
what kind of information is in the file, and perhaps
whether it's a file that contains a program or data.
For example, ADDRLIST.BAS is a good namefor a BASIC program file that prints an address
list.

2-5

amiloutimAtiella

In DOS, filenames are from one to eight characterslong. The characters in a filename can be any of thefollowing:File Specifications
The other thing that DOS needs to know to findinformation is where to search for a particular file. You
must tell DOS the drive that contains the diskette thefile is on, the name of the file, and the extension. These
three parts together—the drive letter, the filename, andthe extension—are called a file specification. For
example:A: newfiles.jul

Required Colon
Drive Letter

The drive letter and the colon are called the drive
specifier. The drive letter tells DOS where the file is.
You always need to type the colon (:) after the drive
letter as a separator.
The filename and extension immediately follow thedrive letter. Do not put any spaces between the threeparts.

2-6

Things You Do With Function KeysaN umpu nd pu t: 'sameYour computer keyboard has some special function
keys that you can use to do some tasks. Read thissection now to get familiar with the function keys. Refer
back to this section when you need to use the function
keys to do a task.

2-7Entering a Command
Function:

Enter

Key:

Press the following key:

Use when you have finished typing a whole command.
Remember that DOS will accept lowercase letters in allcommands and filenames.

2-8Ending a Command
Function:

Break

Keys:

Press the following keys:

Use to stop a command from finishing its job
normally. This is sometimes called terminating a
program. After the DOS prompt, A> reappears, you
can enter your next command (refer to Chapter 3,"Giving DOS a Command" for more information).

2-9

E=11BEEUE=;IUM

plus

Correcting a Typing Mistake
Function:Backspace

Key:

Press the following key:

Use to correct a mistake that you notice before you
key. The easiest way is to move thepress thecursor backward, to the leftmost wrong character. The
Backspace key deletes characters as it moves the cursor
to the left.
Now, type the correct characters. Press thewhen everything is the way you want it.

2-10

key

Function:

Pause Screen

Keys:

Press the following keys
then (DUse to pause the screen when information is appearing
on the screen too fast for you to read.
When you are ready to see some more information,press any character key.

2-11

ON uoli o u nA p u u `sauuN 'sal!

Stopping the Screen Long
Enough to Read It

Printing What Ison the Screen
Function:

Print Screen

Keys:

Press the following keys
C) plus

Use to print what is currently on the screen. First makesure the printer is on. The whole screen is printed.
What is printed is often called a hard copy or printout.

2-12

Printing What You Type
Function:

Printer Echo

Keys:

Press the following keys:
I:D plus

plus CDCD

To stop echoing to the printer, press the Printer Echo
keys again.

2-13,a-m uoip un put? 'smile 1

cn

Use to print one line at a time as it appears on thescreen. Now, each time you press thekey, or thecomputer displays a line, the line will be printed, or
echoed, on the printer.

Starting DOS Again
Function:

System Reset

Keys:

Press the following keys:
plus at plus

DeleteUse to restart DOS over from the beginning. You willneed to put your DOS diskette into drive A. After a few
seconds, you will see the DOS startup messages.

2-14Chapter 3. Loading DOS

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Oa

Loading (Starting) DOS
If Your Computer Is Off
If Your Computer Is On
Date and Time
Telling DOS the Date
Telling DOS the Time
When DOS Is Ready
DOS Prompt
Giving DOS a Command
Specifying the Driveu tp uo

Contents

3-2

Loading (Starting) DOS
Starting DOS or loading DOS means that a copy of
the DOS internal commands are read from the DOS
diskette and placed in the computer's memory.
DOS tells you it is ready when it asks you for thecurrent date and time. After that, DOS is ready for you
to enter a command—that is, to tell DOS what you want
it to do.

3-3

If Your Computer Is Off
Step

Action1Insert the DOS diskette in drive A.

2

Switch on the printer, if you have one, thedisplay, and then the computer.

3

Wait a moment while the system checks itself
out. The length of the pause depends on theamount of memory in your computer; themore memory, the longer the pause.

If Your Computer Is On
Step Action
1

Insert the DOS diskette in drive A.

2

Press and hold the System Reset keys:
plus

plus Delete

then release them all.

3

You will see the diskette drive light come onwhile DOS is being read, and you may hearsome clicks and whirs.

Remember: Always insert the diskette with the labelside up.

3-4

Date and Time
Telling DOS the Date
When DOS is loaded
and ready, you will see amessage similar to thison the screen:234
9 10 11 1
16 17 18 19 20"024 25 26 27

Current date is Tue 1-01.1980
Enter new date:a :Li!pro

The cursor shows where the firstnumber you type will appear.
For example, suppose the current date is August 5,
1982. You can enter:
8.5-82
8/5/82or

You use the number keys to set the date:

ActionEnter one or two numbers between 1 and 12
for the month.
Enter a dash (-) or a slash (/).
Enter one or two numbers between 1 and 31
for the day.

•

Step

Enter another dash (-) or slash (/).
Enter the last two numbers of the year
between 80 and 99.
Press the

key.

3-5

Telling DOS the Time
After you have entered thedate, DOS displays amessage similar to this:Current time is 0:01:05.58
Enter new time:_

The time displayed is:
HOURS:MINUTES:SECONDS.HUNDREDTHS OF SECONDS

You use the number keys to set the time:

Step

Action1Enter one or two numbers between 0 and 23
for the hours.

2Enter a colon (:).
Note: A dash (-) or a slash (/) does
not work.

3-6

3Enter one or two numbers between 0 and 59
for the minutes. If you wish to enter theseconds and hundredths of a second, refer tothe TIME command in the DOS Reference
book, but if the hours and minutes are
sufficient, proceed to the next step. DOS will
set the remaining values to zero for you.

4

Now press thekey.

When DOS Is ReadyIA>

After you have entered the date
and time, DOS displays this:00

The IBM Personal Computer DOS
Version 2.10 (C)Copyright IBM Corp 1981, 1982, 1983
A>

DOS Prompt
The A> is the DOS prompt. It tells you that DOS isready and it is your turn to enter information; that is, totell DOS what to do by entering a command.

Giving DOS a CommandTo give DOS a command:

Step

Action1

Wait until you see the DOS prompt, A>.

2

Enter the command and any other parts thecommand requires (for example, a drive
specifier or a file specification). Refer to"How To Name Files" and "FileSpecifications" in Chapter 2 for more
information.
You can enter commands in uppercase or
lowercase letters (or a combination). For
example:COPY aMe01 IMile02

3-7

Use a blank (press the Spacebar) to separate
the parts of the command from each other.

3

Press thekey when you have finished.

Remember: The DOS command must be the firstthing on the input line.

Specifying the Default Drive
The A in the prompt designates the default drive. DOS
searches the disk in the default drive to find any
commands or filenames that you enter, unless you
specify another drive in the file specification. You canchange the default drive in the prompt by entering the
new drive designation letter followed by a colon. For
example:A>(original prompt)
A>B: (new drive designation)(new prompt)
B>
Now, B is the drive DOS searches to find any
commands or filenames that you enter, unless you
specify a drive in the file specification.
Remember, if you do not specify a drive when you entera command or filename, the system automaticallysearches the disk located in the default drive. The
default drive may be different from the last disk used ina single-drive system. For example, if the last command
was DIR B:, DOS believes the drive B diskette is still inthe drive; but the system prompt is still A> (because
drive A is the default drive).

3-8Chapter 4. Using DOS Commands

Contents
Using DOS Commands
Getting a Diskette Ready to be Used
What's Needed?
FORMAT Procedure
Copying a Diskette
What's Needed?
DISKCOPY Procedure
Comparing Your Backup Diskette
What's Needed?
DISKCOMP Procedure
Copying a File
What's Needed?
COPY Procedure
Comparing Your Backup File
What's Needed?
COMP ProcedureFinding Out What Is on a Diskette
What's Needed?
DIR Procedure
Displaying What Is in a File
What's Needed?
TYPE Procedure
Changing a File's Name
What's Needed?
RENAME Procedure
Removing a File from a Diskette
What's Needed?
ERASE Procedure
Helps and Hints

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C
(TO

O
CD
VI

4-2

Using DOS Commands
Now, let's take a look at how to use the more frequently
used DOS commands for the tasks you may need to do
from time to time.
You can use these DOS commands to do the following
tasks:•

Getting a diskette ready to be used (FORMAT)•

Copying a diskette (DISKCOPY)•

Comparing your backup diskette (DISKCOMP)•

Copying a file (COPY)•

Comparing your backup file (COMP)•

Finding out what files are on a diskette (DIR)•

Looking at a file (TYPE)•

Changing a file's name (RENAME)•

Removing a file from a diskette (ERASE)

Read this chapter now to get familiar with thesecommands. Refer to them when you need to do a task.

4-3OAs you become more comfortable with your computerand DOS, refer to the DOS Reference book for more
information about these commands and the other DOS
commands.
If you get a message on your screen and you need help,
refer to Appendix A, "Common Messages" for more
information.
Remember: After loading DOS, you do not need
your DOS diskette in a drive to use the internal
commands. You need the DOS diskette in a drive
to use external commands. Refer to Chapter 2,"DOS Commands" in the DOS Reference bookfor a complete list of internal and external
commands.

4-4

Getting a Diskette Ready to be Used
Use the FORMAT command to get a diskette ready toreceive information. FORMAT checks the diskette forbad spots, and builds a directory to hold information
about the files that will eventually be written on it.
You only need to use FORMAT once per diskette,
when it is new.

What's Needed?
You need your DOS diskette and the diskette you want
to format.

4-5

FORMAT Procedure
If you have one drive, DOS will treat it as both drive A
and drive B. You must switch diskettes each time DOS
tells you to exchange diskettes until you see themessage that appears in step 5.
Step

Action1

Make sure DOS is ready and A> isdisplayed.

2

Insert your DOS diskette indrive A, if it is not already there.

3Enter this:format It

This message appears:
Insert new diskette for drive B:
and strike any key when readyNote: If you have two drives, insert
your new diskette in drive B, if it is notalready there. You will not have to
remove the DOS diskette.
Now press the

4-6

key and go to step 5.

StepAction4

If you have one drive

5•

When the drive A "in use" light is off,
remove the DOS diskette from drive A.

•

Insert your new diskette in
the drive.

•

Press any key—the Spacebarfor instance.

You will see a Formatting... message. After a
few seconds, you will see:Formatting...Format complete
xxxxxx bytes total disk space
xxxxxx bytes available on disk
Format another (Y/N)?

6

Enter: nC

If you have more diskettes to format, enter y.
You do not have to press the Enter key. Now
you will see the DOS prompt, A>, and you
can remove your newly formatted diskette.
The diskette is now ready to be used.

4-7

O
O

Copying a Diskette
Use the DISKCOPY command to make a backup
copy of an entire diskette on another diskette. (Copying
one file is discussed in "Copying a File" in thischapter.)

It is a good habit to back up your program diskettes assoon as you purchase or create them. Then use thebackup diskettes for everyday operations.

What's Needed?
You will need:

4-8•Your DOS diskette.

•

The original diskette you want to back up—we'regoing to call this your source diskette.

•

The diskette that will become the backup
diskette—we're going to call this the target diskette.

DI S KCOPY Procedure
If you have one drive, DOS will treat it as both drive A
and drive B. You must switch diskettes each time DOS
tells you to exchange diskettes until you see themessage that appears in step 6.
Hint: For this procedure, you can remember which
diskette to insert, if you remember "Source=Original"and "target—backup."

Step

Action1

Make sure DOS is ready and A> isdisplayed.

2

Insert the'DOS diskette in driveA, if it is not already there.

3Enter this:diskcopy a: b:
and press the

4

key.

If you have two drives—this message
appears:
Insert source diskette in drive A:
Insert target diskette in drive B:
Strike any key when readyNow remove the DOS diskette.
If you have two drives, insert the source
diskette in drive A and the target diskettein drive B, if you have not already done so.
You will not have to switch diskettes. You
will see the message that appears instep 6.

4-9

Step

ActionIf you have one drive—this message appears:
Insert source diskette in drive A:
Strike any key when ready•

Remove your DOS diskette that is indrive A, if you have not already done so.
(If you are copying your DOS diskette,leave it in the drive.)•

Insert your source diskettein drive A.

•

Now press any key.
Note: Depending on the amount ofmemory in your computer, you may
have to switch the diskettes until you see
the message that appears in step 6.

5

The "in use" light comes on while the source
diskette is being read, and then this isdisplayed:
Insert target diskette in drive A:
Strike any key when ready

4-10

•

Remove your source diskette.

•

Insert the target (backup)
diskette.

•

Now press any key.

Step

Action6

The "in use" light comes on while the backup
diskette is being written. Then the message
shown in step 4 appears again. Keep
repeating steps 4 and 5 until this message
appears:
Copy complete
Copy another (Y/N)?

7

Enter: n
If you have more diskettes to copy, enter y.
You don't have to press the Enter key. The
DOS prompt, A>, is displayed. Remove thebackup diskette from the drive. With a felt-tip
pen, mark the label with the contents, thedate, and perhaps the word "Backup."
Note: You may get the message:
Insert COMMAND.COM disk in drive A:
and strike any key when readyC
cM(11:.•C

before the DOS prompt, A>, isdisplayed.

LD

If you get this message, insert the DOS
diskette in drive A and press any key.
then the DOS prompt, A>, will be
displayed.

4-11

Comparing Your Backup Diskette
The next step is to make sure the backup diskette that you
just made using DISKCOPY was copied correctly.

What's Needed?
You need the diskettes that you used in the
DISKCOPY procedure.

DISKCOMP Procedure
If you have one drive, DOS will treat it as both drive A
and B. You must switch diskettes each time DOS tells
you to exchange diskettes until you see the message thatappears in step 6.
Hint: For this procedure, the source diskette is thefirst diskette and the target diskette is the second
diskette.
Step

Action1

Make sure DOS is ready, and A> isdisplayed.

2

Insert the DOS diskette indrive A, if it is not already there.

3Enter this:diskcomp a: li:and press the

4-12

key.

Step

Action4

If you have two drives—this message
appears:
Insert first diskette in drive A:
Insert second diskette in drive B:
Strike any key when readyNote: If you have two drives, insert
the first diskette in drive A and thesecond diskette in drive B, if you havenot already done so. You will not haveto switch diskettes. You will see themessage that appears in step 6.
If you have one drive—this message appears:
Insert first diskette in drive A:
Strike any key when ready•

Remove the DOS diskette from drive A.

•

Insert the source (original)
diskette into drive A.

•

C
cr .

cro

Now press any key.
Note: Depending on the amount ofmemory in your computer, you may
have to switch the diskettes until you see
the message that appears in step 6.

4-13

0
ci)

Step

Action5

The "in use" light comes on while the source
diskette is being read, and then this message
is displayed:
Insert second diskette in drive A:
Strike any key when ready6•

Remove the source diskette fromdrive A.

•

Insert the target (backup)
diskette into drive A.

•

Now press any key.

You will see the "in use" light come on while
the backup diskette is being compared. Thenthe message shown in step 4 appears again.
Keep repeating steps 4 and 5 until thismessage appears:
Diskettes compare ok
Compare more diskettes (Y/N)?

4-14

Step

Action7Enter: n
You do not have to press the Enter key. The
DOS prompt, A>, is displayed. Now you can
put both diskettes away—your backup file isgood.
Note: You may get the message:
Insert COMMAND.COM disk in drive x:
and strike any key when readybefore the DOS prompt, A>, isdisplayed.
If you get this message, insert the DOS
diskette in drive A and press any key.
Then the DOS prompt, A>, will be
displayed.
If the diskettes are not identical, go through the copying
and comparing steps again.

4-15

Copying a FileUse the COPY command when you want to copy one
file instead of a whole diskette.

What's Needed?
You will need:•

The diskette that contains the file you want tocopy. We'll call this the source diskette.

•

The diskette that will contain the copy of the filewhen you are done. We'll call this the target.

If DOS has already been loaded, you do not need yourDOS diskette for this procedure. Also decide on the
new name for the copied file on the target diskette.

4-16

COPY Procedure
If you have one drive, DOS will treat it as both drive A
and drive B. You must switch diskettes each time DOS
tells you to exchange diskettes until you see themessage that appears in step 5.
Hint: It's easier to remember which diskette to insert
if you think "B is for backup." Insert the backup
diskette when the drive B message appears.
Step

Action1

Make sure DOS is ready and A> isdisplayed.

2

Insert the diskette with the fileon it (the source diskette) indrive A.

3

Enter the file's name like this:copy filename b:
C
En.

Enter the name of your file for filename.
Notice again where the spaces are.

Ctq

Note: If you have two drives, insert
the source diskette in drive A and thetarget diskette in drive B. You will nothave to switch diskettes. You will see
the message that appears in step 5.
Now press the

key.

4-17

O
C

Step

Action4

If you have one drive—this message appears:
Insert diskette for drive B: and strikeany key when ready•

Remove the source diskette. (But don't
put it away—you may need it soon.)•

Insert the previously
formatted target (backup)
diskette in drive A.

•

Now press any key.
Note: Depending on the size of the file
being copied and your computer's
memory, you may need to switch thediskettes until you see the message thatappears in step 5.

5When the copy has been made, this message
is displayed:
1 File(s) copiedA>

Remove the backup diskette from the drive
and label it with a felt-tip pen. Now you can
put both diskettes away—your file has been
copied to the second diskette.

4-18Comparing Your Backup File
The next step is to make sure the file that you just copied
to the backup diskette using COPY is identical to thesource (original) diskette.

What's Needed?
You need the diskettes that you used in the COPY
procedure.

If you have one drive, DOS will treat it as both drive A
and drive B. You must switch diskettes each time DOS
tells you to exchange diskettes until you see themessage that appears in step 6.

Step

Action1

Make sure DOS is ready and A> isdisplayed.

2

Insert the DOS diskette indrive A.

4-19

00ru!sCOMP ProcedureStep

Action3Enter this:compand press the

key.

Note: If you get the message:
Insert diskette for drive A: andstrike any key when readyleave the DOS diskette in the drive andpress any key (see step 4).

4

DOS will prompt you for the primary file(the file on the source diskette). This message
appears:
Enter primary file name•Remove your DOS diskette fromdrive A.

•

Inseit your source diskettein drive A.

when you see this message, enter:
a:filename

Enter the file's name from the source diskettefor filename.
Now press theappears:

key. Then this message

Enter 2nd file name or drive id

4-20

Step

ActionWhen you see this message, enter:b: filename
Enter the name of the file you copied to the
backup diskette.
Note: If you have two drives, insert
the source diskette in drive A and thetarget diskette in drive B, if you havenot already done so. You will not haveto switch diskettes. You will see themessage that appears in step 6.
key. The names of the
Now press thefiles being compared are displayed.

5

If you have one drive—this message appears:
Insert diskette for drive B: and strikeany key when ready•

Remove your source diskette fromdrive A.

•

Insert your target (backup)
diskette in drive A.

•

Now press any key.

CA .

C.)
C/D

Note: Depending on the size of thefiles being compared and yourcomputer's memory, you may have toswitch the diskettes until you see themessage that appears in step 6.

4-21

Step

Action6

When files have been compared, and the files
are identical, this message appears:
Files compare ok
Compare more files (Y/N)?

7

Enter: n
You do not have to press the Enter key. The
DOS prompt, A>, is displayed. Now you can
put both diskettes away—your backup file isgood.
Note: You may get the message:
Insert COMMAND.COM disk in drive x:
and strike any key when readybefore the DOS prompt, A>, isdisplayed.
If you get this message, insert the DOS
diskette in drive A and press any key.
Then the DOS prompt, A>, will be
displayed.
If the files are not identical, go through the copying andcomparing steps again.

4-22

Finding Out What Is
on a Diskette
Use the DIR command to find out what files are on adiskette—perhaps because you need to fmd out how aparticular filename is spelled, or because you can
not recall what's on a seldom-used diskette.

What's Needed?
You will need:•

The diskette whose file directory you want to see.

If DOS has already been loaded, you do not need yourDOS diskette for this procedure.

4-23

DIR Procedure
Step

Action1

Make sure DOS is ready and A> isdisplayed.

2

Insert in drive A the diskettethat has the directory you wantto list.

3

Enter this:di r
and press the

4

key.

Watch the screen. The first message toappear displays the volume label of thediskette (if it has one), followed by the nameof the directory that is being listed. Then thefiles in that directory are listed.
The screen displays the filename, theextension, the size of the file (in bytes), thedate and the time that information was last
written in the file. One line is displayed foreach file on the diskette.
After the files have been listed, DIR displays
the amount of free space left on the diskette(in bytes).

4-24

Step

5

ActionWhen all the files have been displayed, theDOS prompt, A>, appears.

Remember: If the screen is moving too fast for you toread, you can use the following Pause Screen keys tostop the screen:
Fnj then E)
You can also use the following Printer Echo keys toprint what appears on the screen:plus

ri plus

To stop echoing to the printer, press the keys
again. Refer to Chapter 2 "Things You Do With
Function Keys" for more information.

C
Cr,
C
CI)

4-25

Displaying What Is in a File
The TYPE command lets you "look into" a file; that is, it
displays the contents of a file on the screen.
Text files are displayed in a legible format. Non-text
files, such as object program files, may not be readable
because of the presence of characters that are notalphabetic or not numeric.

What's Needed?
You will need:•

The diskette that has the file you want to display.

•

You also need to know the exact name of the file(use DIR again).

If DOS has already been loaded, you do not need yourDOS diskette for this procedure.

4-26

TYPE Procedure
Step

Action1

Make sure DOS is ready for a command; A>
is displayed.

23

Insert the diskette in drive A.
Enter this:type filename
Enter the name of your file forfilename.
P/ow press the

key.

4

The command you just entered and contentsof the file will be displayed.

5

When you see the DOS prompt, A>, you canremove the diskette and put it away.

Remember: If information is appearing on the screen
too fast for you to read use the following Pause Screen
keys:C) then E)
When you are ready to see some more information, press
any character key.

4-27

Changing a File's Name
The RENAME command lets you change a file's
name— either its filename, its extension, or both.

The RENAME command may be useful if you've
found that you simply cannot type a name the way
you've spelled it. More often, the reason for changing isthat you just want to refer to a file with a different
name.

What's Needed?
You will need:•

The diskette with the file that you want to rename.

•

You also need to know its exact "current"
filename and extension, if it has one. (Remember,you can use the DIR command to find out the
filename and extension.)

If DOS has already been loaded, you do not need yourDOS diskette for this procedure.

4-28

RENAME Procedure
Step

Action1

Make sure DOS is ready and A> isdisplayed.

2

Insert the diskette in drive A, if
it is not already there.

3Enter this:rename old-filename new-filename
Enter the name of your old and new file forfilename. Check your typing.
Now press the

key.

Notice that the "current" name is first, then aspace, and then the "new" name.

4

In a moment, DOS displays the prompt, A>,
and the file has been renamed.

4-29

Removing a File from a Diskette
Use the ERASE command to remove files that you nolonger need from diskettes.
Removing old files makes room for new information
on a diskette. It can eliminate a potential source ofconfusion too—you are less likely to use an old version
of a program or an old data file for processing.
Important: plan ahead and check your typing
when you use ERASE. Because once a file's beenerased, you cannot get it back.

What's Needed?
You will need:•

The diskette with the file that you want to erase.

•

You also need to know the exact filename andextension of that file (use DIR if you need to).

If DOS has already been loaded, you do not need yourDOS diskette for this procedure.
4-30

ERASE Procedure
Step

Action1

Make sure DOS is ready with A> displayed.

2

Insert the diskette with the file
you no longer need in drive A, if
it is not already there.

3Enter this:erase filename
Enter the name of your file for filename.
Then check your typing.
Now press the

In a moment, DOS shows you the prompt,
A>. The file has been removed from thediskette.
I
a c LIIS

4

key.

4-31

Helps and Hints
We are ending this chapter with a few
hints—maybe they will save you some trouble orhelp you as you use your IBM Personal
Computer JX.
•

Make backup copies of your diskettes regularly.

•

Sometimes, commands do not work as you
expected.
-

-

4-32

Check your typing.
Do you have the correct diskette in the drive?
Check the directory of the diskette with the
DIR command.
Has the correct diskette drive been specified
or is it being assumed? Has the colon been
included?
Has the filename been spelled correctly?
Have you forgotten to use the extension? (Inthe case of BASIC program files, forexample, it is easy to forget the .BAS thatBASIC uses for an extension.)•

If a command still doesn't work, refer to the DOS
Reference book for additional information.

•

Print a directory frequently (if you have a printer)and store the listing with the diskette. Refer to"Printing What Is on the Screen" in Chapter 2 for
instructions.

•

All commands (except DISKCOPY andDISKCOMP) that use files will work on bothdiskettes and fixed disks.

•The date and time shown with each directory entry
are the date and time of the last addition or change
to that file. The date and time are not changed
during a COPY or a DISKCOPY.
At first glance, copying all files on a diskette may
appear to have the same purpose as DISKCOPY.
It does, but only when copying to a diskette withno files on it.
With COPY, if files already exist on the backup
diskette, they will either be replaced (if files being
copied have the same name) or left alone. This isbecause COPY goes through the original diskette,
copying each file, one at a time. COPY does not
disturb old files on the backup diskette as long as
their names aren't the same as files being copied.
DISKCOPY, however, makes a "carbon copy" ofthe original diskette, wiping out all old files on the
backup diskette during the COPY process.

C
7.•
ao

O
0

4-33

4-34

Appendixes

Contents
Appendix A. Common Messages
Device Error Messages
Responses
Common Error Messages

A-3
A-3
A-7
A-8

Index

X-1

A-1

A-2

Appendix A. Common Messages
This appendix contains two parts; first, device errors (themessage that DOS uses to indicate errors while readingor•writing to devices on your computer), and second,common error messages in alphabetic order. Eachmessage is indicated here in bold type, and thedescription follows the message.
The first word of the description of each message is thename of the program or command that generated themessage.

Device Error Messages
When an error is detected while reading or writing anyof the devices (such as disk drives and printer) on yoursystem, DOS displays a message in the following
format:<type> error reading <device>
Abort, Retry, Ignore?

or<type> error writing <device>
Abort, Retry, Ignore?

ro

A-3

In these messages, <device> is the name of the device
in error, such as PRN, or B:, and <type> is one of thefollowing error types:
Data
Cause: The computer (or DOS) was not able toread or write the data correctly.
Action: Refer to "Responses" in this Appendix.
Try to correct the error by choosing Retry several
times. Choose Abort if you want to end theprogram. This message usually means a diskettehas developed a defective spot.
Disk
Cause: An error of a type not described
elsewhere in this list has occurred.
Action: Refer to "Responses" in this Appendix.
Choose Retry or Abort. This problem requires
further investigation by a programmer.
If this is a purchased program, contact the dealer
you purchased it from.
No paperCause: The indicated printer is either out of
paper or is not switched on.
Action: Refer to "Responses" in this Appendix.
Switch on the printer, press the ONLINE switch,or add paper and retry.

A-4

Non-DOS disk
Cause: The file allocation table contains invalid
irrformatioa.

Action: Refer to "Responses" in this Appendix.
The diskette needs to be reformatted.
Note: Try running CHKDSK to see if any
corrective action is possible. Reformatting
will correct the disk, but the files are lost
forever. For more information about
CHKDSK refer to the DOS Reference book.
Not readyCause: The named device is not ready, andcannot accept or transmit data.
Action: Refer to "Responses" in this Appendix.
Check that the disk drive door is closed andchoose Retry for your response if this is the
problem.
Read fault
Cause: DOS was unable to successfully read thedata from the device.
Action: Refer to "Responses" in this Appendix.
Make sure the diskette has been properly inserted
in the drive. Then choose Retry.
Sector not foundCause: The sector containing the data could not
be located on the diskette.
Action: Refer to "Responses" in this Appendix.
This problem usually occurs when a defective spot
develops on the diskette. The diskette needs to bereformatted (copy all files from it first).
A-5

Seek
Cause: The diskette drive was unable to locate
the proper track on the disk.
Action: Refer to "Responses" in this Appendix.
Make sure the diskette has been properly inserted
in the drive. Try a different drive.
Write fault
Cause: DOS was unable to successfully write
the data to the device.
Action: Refer to "Responses" in this Appendix.
Make sure the diskette has been properly
inserted in the drive. If that is not the problem,choose Retry. If you get the same message,
choose Abort and retry the command with a new
diskette.
Write protect
Cause: An attempt was made to write on awrite-protected diskette.
Action: Investigate carefully whether you want
to write on a write-protected diskette.
Warning: If any of these messages appear
for a diskette drive, DO NOT change
diskettes before responding with A, R, or I.

A-6

Responses
The computer now waits for you to respond. If you
know what caused the problem, you can take corrective
action before you actually choose a response. The
computer waits until one of the following responses ismade. Enter:•

A for Abort. The system ends the program thatrequested the disk read or write.

•

R for Retry. The system tries the disk read or write
operation again.

•

I for Ignore. The system pretends the error did notoccur and continues the program.

To recover from an error condition, the responses are
generally made in the following order:
1.

R to retry the operation because the error may notoccur again.

2.

A to abort the program.

3.

I to ignore the error condition and continue theprogram.
Note: This response is not recommended
because data is lost when you use it.

A-7

Common Error Messages
This section contains an alphabetic list of some of themore common DOS messages you may get on yourscreen. (The remainder of the DOS messages are in the
DOS Reference book). Each message is indicated hereby bold type, and the description follows the message.
Attempted write-protect violation
Cause: FORMAT. The diskette being formatted
cannot be written on because it is write-protected.
Action: You are prompted to insert a new
diskette and press any key to restart formatting.
Bad command or filename
Cause: DOS. The command just entered is not avalid command to DOS.
Action: You should check your spelling andreenter the command. If the command name iscorrect, check to see that the default drive contains
the external command or batch file you are trying
to run.
Compare error(s) on track xx, side xx
Cause: DISKCOMP. One or more locations on
the indicated track and side contain differing
information between the diskettes being compared
Action: This message informs you that there is adifference between diskettes. If you want an exact
copy of a diskette, use DISKCOPY.

A-8

Duplicate filename or file not foundCause: RENAME. You tried to rename a file toa filename that already exists on the diskette, orthe file to be renamed could not be found on thespecified (or default) drive.
Action: RENAME is warning you that you areusing the same name for two files, or else it cannot
find the file you are trying to rename. Did you typethe filename and drive correctly? Take a second
look at the filename you want to change, andreenter the command.
File cannot be copied onto itself
Cause: DOS. A request is made to COPY a fileand place the copy (with the same name) on thesame diskette drive and the same diskette as theoriginal.
Action: Change the destination name given to
the copy, or put it in a different diskette drive, or
put it on another diskette.
File creation error
Cause: DOS and commands. An unsuccessfulattempt was made to add a new filename to thedirectory or to replace a file that was alreadythere.
Action: If the file was already there, check
whether the file is marked "read only" and cannot
be replaced. Otherwise, run CHKDSK todetermine if the directory is full or if some othercondition caused the error.

A-9

File not foundCause: DOS and commands. A file named in acommand or command parameter does not exist
on the diskette in the specified (or default) drive.
Action: Retry the command using the correct
filename.
Format failure
Cause: FORMAT. A disk error was
encountered while creating the target diskette.
Action: The diskette is unusable. Retry thecommand using another diskette.
Insert COMMAND.COM disk in drive x:
and strike any key when readyCause: DOS. DOS is attempting to reload thecommand processor, but COMMAND.COM is
not in the drive that DOS was started from.
Action: Insert the DOS diskette in the indicateddrive and press any key.
Invalid COMMAND.COM in drive x
Cause: DOS. While trying to reload thecommand processor, the copy of
COMMAND.COM on the diskette was found to
be an incorrect version.
Action: You need to insert the correct DOS
diskette in drive x.

A-10

Invalid number of parameters
Cause: Commands. You have specified too few
or too many parameters for the command you
entered.
Action: Correct the command you entered andtry again.
Non-System disk or disk error
Replace and strike any key when readyCause: Startup. There is no entry for
IBMBIO.COM or IBMDOS.COM in the
directory; or a disk read error occurred whilestarting up the system.
Action: Insert a DOS diskette in drive A andrestart your system.
Target diskette may be unusable
Cause: DISKCOPY. This message follows an
unrecoverable read, write, or verify error message.
The copy on the target diskette may be incomplete
because of the unrecoverable I/O error.
Action: If the error is on the target diskette get a
new target diskette. If the error is on the source
diskette, copy all the files from it to anotherdiskette. Then reformat the source diskette.
Track 0 bad — disk unusable
Cause: FORMAT. Track 0 is where the bootrecord, file allocation table, and directory must
reside. The diskette is unusable.
Action: Try again with another diskette and retry
the FORMAT command.

A-11

A- 1 2

IndexA
abort read/write
operation A-7
about messages 1-11

B
backing-up one file 4-16
Backspace function key 2-10
backup diskettecompare 4-12
books, about DOS 1-4
Break function key 2-9Cchange a filename 4-28
change drive letter 3-8
commands, how to use 4-3
commands, internal andexternal 1-6
common messages A-3
COMP command 4-19
COMP procedure 4-19
compare your original to the
copy 4-19
comparing your backup
copy 4-12
comparing your backup
file 4-19
control keys 2-7
copy a file to anotherdiskette 4-17

COPY procedure 4-17
copying a diskette 4-8
copying a file 4-16
copying DOS 1-5
copying your DOS
diskettes 1-5
correcting a typing
mistake 2-10

D
delete a file 4-30
device error messages A-3
DIR command 4-23
DIR procedure 4-24
DISKCOMP procedure 4-12
DISKCOPY command,
copying a diskette 4-8
DISKCOPY procedure 4-9
diskette drives, how to
use 1-7
diskette write-protect
notch 1-10
diskette, copy a file toanother 4-17
diskette, finding what's
on a 4-23
diskette, formatting 4-6
diskette, getting ready 4-5
diskette, how to compare
backup 4-12
diskette, remove a file 4-30
diskettes, copying DOS 1-5
diskettes, how to insert 3-3
display what's in a file 4-26
X-1

DOS books 1-4
DOS diskette, about your 1-4
DOS function keys 2-7
DOS prompt 3-7
DOS, copying yourdiskettes 1-5
DOS, giving a command 3-7
DOS, how to use thecommands 4-3
DOS, start over 2-14
DOS, starting 3-3
DOS, system reset 3-4
DOS, when you need in adrive 1-6
drive letter, what is 2-6
drive specifier 2-6
drive, change letter 3-8
drive, specifying the 3-8

Eending a command 2-9Enter key function 2-8
entering a command 2-8
erase a file 4-30
ERASE procedure 4-31
error message, device A-3
error messages A-8
error, recover from A-7
external commands 1-6

F
file compare 4-19
file delete 4-30

X-2

file specifications 2-6
file, backing-up one 4-16
file, copy to a diskette 4-17
file, display what's in 4-26
filename, change a 4-28
files/filenames, what are 2-3
finding out what's on adiskette 4-23
FORMAT procedure 4-6
FORMAT, how to use 4-5
formatting diskettes,
how to 4-6
formatting your diskettes 1-10
function keys 2-7

G
getting a diskette ready 4-5
getting DOS started 3-3
giving DOS a command 3-7
giving file a name 2-3

H
helps and hints 4-32
how to insert diskettes 3-3
how to locate files 2-6
how to name files 2-3

I
inserting diskettes 3-3
internal commands 1-6

K
keyboards, 62 and 83
keys 2-7
keys, function 2-7

Llist diskette files 4-23
listing, print a 2-13
loading DOS 3-3
locating filenames 2-6

Mmessages A-3, A-8
messages, about 1-11

Nnaming your files 2-3
notch, write-protect 1-90
one drive systems, how to
use 1-9

P
Pause Screen function
keys 2-11
print listing 2-13

Print Screen function
keys 2-12
Print what you type 2-13
Printer Echo function
keys 2-13
printing the screen 2-12
prompt 3-7
protect notch 1-10

R
recover from error A-7
remove a file fromdiskette 4-30
removing a file 4-30
RENAME procedure 4-29
reset DOS 3-4
responses to the computer A-7
retry read/write operation A-7

Sscreen, print 2-12
single diskette-drive systems,
how to use 1-9
specifications, filenames 2-6
specifier, drive 2-6
specifying the drive 3-8
starting DOS 3-3
starting DOS again 2-14
starting your computer withDOS 3-3
stopping the screen 2-11
system reset 3-4
System Reset function
keys 2-14
system, what do you have 1-7

X-3

Ttarget diskette compare 4-12
To List All the Files 4-23
two drive systems, how
to use 1-9
TYPE procedure 4-27

Uusing DOS commands 4-3
using the COMP
command 4-19
Using the DIR
Command 4-23

X-4

Using the ERASE
command 4-30
Using the RENAME
Command 4-28
Using the TYPE
command 4-26

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what's in a file 4-26
what's on a diskette 4-23
when DOS is ready 3-7
write-protect 1-10

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