WORLDANTI-DOPING

CODE
2015

WORLDANTI-DOPING

CODE
2015

World Anti-Doping Code
The World Anti-Doping Code was first adopted in 2003, took effect in 2004,
and was then amended effective 1 January 2009. The following document
incorporates revisions to the World Anti-Doping Code that were approvedby the World Anti-Doping Agency Foundation Board in Johannesburg,
South Africa on 15 November 2013. The revised 2015 World Anti-Doping
Code is effective as of 1 January 2015.
Published by:World Anti-Doping Agency
Stock Exchange Tower
800 Place Victoria (Suite 1700)
PO Box 120
Montreal, Quebec
Canada H4Z 1B7
URL: www.wada-ama.org
Tel:
Fax:
E-mail:+1 514 904 9232
+1 514 904 8650
code@ wada-ama.org

Table of Contents
PURPOSE, SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF
THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING PROGRAM AND THE CODE............................11
		The Code ..............................................................................11
		

The World Anti-Doping Program ...............................12

		International Standards................................................12		Models of Best Practice and Guidelines................13

FUNDAMENTAL RATIONALE FOR
THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE............................................................14

PART ONE DOPING CONTROLINTRODUCTION........................................................................................16
ARTICLE 1 DEFINITION OF DOPING........................................................18
ARTICLE 2 ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS..........................................18
2.1	Presence of a Prohibited Substanceor its Metabolites or Markers in
an Athlete’s Sample..........................................................18
2.2

Use or Attempted Use by an Athleteof a Prohibited Substanceor a Prohibited Method...................................................20

2.3

Evading, Refusing or Failing to Submit
to Sample Collection......................................................21

2.4	Whereabouts Failures...................................................212.5	Tampering or Attempted Tamperingwith any part of Doping Control ...............................21
2.6

Possession of A Prohibited Substanceor a Prohibited Method...................................................22

2.7

Trafficking or Attempted Trafficking
in any Prohibited Substance or
Prohibited Method............................................................22

2.8

Administration or Attempted Administration
to any Athlete In-Competition of any
Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method,or Administration or Attempted Administration to
any Athlete Out-of-Competition of any
Prohibited Substance or any Prohibited
Method that is prohibited Out-of-Competition.......23

2.9	Complicity...........................................................................23
2.10 Prohibited Association..................................................23
ARTICLE 3

PROOF OF DOPING.............................................................25

3.1

Burdens and Standards of Proof.............................25

3.2 Methods of Establishing Facts and		Presumptions....................................................................25
ARTICLE 4

THE PROHIBITED LIST.........................................................28

4.1 Publication and Revision of
		the Prohibited List............................................................28
4.2 PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES AND PROHIBITED
		METHODS IDENTIFIED ON THE PROHIBITED LIST...............28
4.3
		CRITERIA FOR INCLUDING SUBSTANCESAND METHODS ON THE PROHIBITED LIST..........................30

4.4

THERAPEUTIC USE EXEMPTIONS (“TUEs”).........................31

4.5

MONITORING PROGRAM.......................................................36

ARTICLE 5

TESTING AND INVESTIGATIONS..........................................36

5.1

Purpose of Testing and Investigations....................36

5.2

Scope of Testing................................................................37

5.3

Event Testing......................................................................39

5.4

Test Distribution Planning..........................................40

5.5

TESTING REQUIREMENTS.....................................................41

5.6

Athlete Whereabouts Information............................41

5.7

Retired Athletes Returning to Competition...........425.8	Investigations and Intelligence Gathering..........42
ARTICLE 6

ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES......................................................43

6.1 Use of Accredited and Approved
		Laboratories......................................................................43
6.2

Purpose of Analysis of Samples................................44

6.3

Research on Samples......................................................44

6.4

Standards for Sample Analysis and Reporting....44

6.5

Further Analysis of Samples.......................................45

ARTICLE 7

RESULTS MANAGEMENT....................................................46

7.1 Responsibility for Conducting Results
		Management.......................................................................47
7.2

Review Regarding Adverse Analytical Findings......49

7.3	Notification After Review Regarding
Adverse Analytical Findings..........................................50
7.4

Review of Atypical Findings...........................................51

7.5	Review of Atypical Passport Findings andAdverse Passport Findings.............................................52
7.6

Review of Whereabouts Failures...............................53

7.7	Review of Other Anti-Doping Rule Violations
Not Covered by Articles 7.1–7.6...................................53
7.8	Identification of Prior Anti-Doping Rule		Violations............................................................................54
7.9 PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO PROVISIONAL		SUSPENSIONS........................................................................54
7.10 Notification of Results Management Decisions	 56
7.11 Retirement from Sport.................................................57
ARTICLE 8 	 RIGHT TO A FAIR HEARING AND NOTICEOF HEARING DECISION.......................................................57
8.1

Fair Hearings.....................................................................57

8.2

Event Hearings..................................................................58

8.3

Waiver of Hearing............................................................58

8.4

Notice of Decisions..........................................................58

8.5

Single Hearing Before CAS...........................................59

ARTICLE 9		

AUTOMATIC DISQUALIFICATIONOF INDIVIDUAL RESULTS...................................................59

ARTICLE 10 SANCTIONS ON INDIVIDUALS.............................................60
10.1

Disqualification of Results in the Event
During which an Anti-Doping Rule
Violation Occurs..............................................................60

10.2

Ineligibility for Presence, Use or Attempted
Use or Possession of a Prohibited Substanceor Prohibited Method......................................................60

10.3
		

Ineligibility for Other Anti-Doping
Rule Violations.................................................................62

10.4	Elimination of the Period of Ineligibility
where there is No Fault or Negligence....................63

10.5	Reduction of the Period of Ineligibility basedon No Significant Fault or Negligence.......................64
10.6	Elimination, Reduction, or Suspension of
Period of Ineligibility or other Consequencesfor Reasons Other than Fault....................................65
10.7	Multiple Violations.........................................................70
10.8

Disqualification of Results in Competitions
Subsequent to Sample Collection orCommission of an Anti-Doping Rule Violation.......72

10.9	Allocation of CAS Cost Awards and Forfeited
Prize Money.........................................................................72
10.10 Financial Consequences.................................................72
10.11 Commencement of Ineligibility Period.....................73
10.12 Status During Ineligibility.............................................75
10.13 Automatic Publication of Sanction...........................78
ARTICLE 11 CONSEQUENCES TO TEAMS.................................................79
11.1

Testing of Team Sports....................................................79

11.2

Consequences for Team Sports....................................79

11.3

Event Ruling Body May Establish Stricter
Consequences for Team Sports....................................79

ARTICLE 12 S
 ANCTIONS AGAINST SPORTING BODIES...........................80
ARTICLE 13 APPEALS.............................................................................80
13.1

Decisions Subject to Appeal........................................80

13.2	Appeals from Decisions Regarding
Anti-Doping Rule Violations, Consequences,
Provisional Suspensions, Recognition ofDecisions and Jurisdiction...........................................81
13.3	Failure to Render a Timely Decision by an
Anti-Doping Organization................................................85
13.4

APPEALS RELATING TO TUES...............................................86

13.5

Notification of Appeal Decisions...............................86

13.6	Appeals from Decisions under Part Threeand Part Four of the Code............................................86
13.7	Appeals from Decisions Suspending or
Revoking Laboratory Accreditation.........................86

ARTICLE 14 CONFIDENTIALITY AND REPORTING...................................87
14.1	Information Concerning Adverse Analytical
Findings, Atypical Findings, and other
Asserted Anti-Doping Rule Violations.....................87
14.2	Notice of Anti-Doping Rule Violation
Decisions and Request for Files................................89
14.3

Public Disclosure................................................................89

14.4

Statistical Reporting.....................................................91

14.5

Doping Control Information Clearinghouse.........91

14.6

Data Privacy........................................................................92

ARTICLE 15 APPLICATION AND RECOGNITION OF DECISIONS..............93
ARTICLE 16 DOPING CONTROL FOR ANIMALS COMPETING IN SPORT....94
ARTICLE 17 STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS...................................................94

PART TWO EDUCATION AND RESEARCHARTICLE 18 EDUCATION..........................................................................96
18.1	Basic Principle and Primary Goal..............................96
18.2

Programs and Activities................................................96

18.3

Professional Codes of Conduct................................97

18.4

Coordination and Cooperation...................................98

ARTICLE 19 RESEARCH..........................................................................98
19.1

Purpose and Aims of Anti-Doping Research..........98

19.2

Types of Research............................................................98

19.3	Coordination of Research and Sharing ofResults.................................................................................99
19.4

Research Practices.........................................................99

19.5	Research Using Prohibited Substances andProhibited Methods.............................................................99
19.6

Misuse of Results............................................................99

PART THREE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIESARTICLE 20	ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIESOF SIGNATORIES...................................................................102
20.1	Roles and Responsibilities of
the International Olympic Committee...................102
20.2	Roles and Responsibilities of
the International Paralympic Committee.............103
20.3	Roles and Responsibilities ofInternational Federations........................................104
20.4	Roles and Responsibilities of National
Olympic Committees and National Paralympic
Committees.......................................................................107
20.5	Roles and Responsibilities of
National Anti-Doping Organizations...........................109
20.6	Roles and Responsibilities ofMajor Event Organizations.............................................111
20.7

Roles and Responsibilities of WADA........................112

ARTICLE 21	ADDITIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIESOF ATHLETES AND OTHER PERSONS..................................113
21.1	Roles and Responsibilities of Athletes.................113
21.2	Roles and Responsibilities ofAthlete Support Personnel...........................................114
21.3	Roles and Responsibilities ofRegional Anti-Doping Organizations...........................115
ARTICLE 22 INVOLVEMENT OF GOVERNMENTS...................................116

PART FOUR ACCEPTANCE, COMPLIANCE,MODIFICATION AND
INTERPRETATIONARTICLE 23 ACCEPTANCE, COMPLIANCE AND MODIFICATION............120
23.1

Acceptance of the Code.................................................120

23.2	Implementation of the Code.......................................121
23.3	Implementation of Anti-Doping Programs...........122
23.4

Compliance with the Code.............................................122

23.5	Monitoring Compliance with the Codeand UNESCO Convention...................................................123
23.6	Additional Consequences of a Signatory’s
Non-compliance with the Code..................................124
23.7

Modification of the Code.............................................125

23.8

Withdrawal of Acceptance of the Code.................125

ARTICLE 24 INTERPRETATION OF THE CODE..........................................126
ARTICLE 25 TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS.............................................127
25.1	General Application of the 2015 Code......................127
25.2	Non-Retroactive except for Articles 10.7.5
and 17 or Unless Principle of “Lex Mitior”
Applies................................................................................127
25.3	Application to Decisions Rendered Prior
to the 2015 Code..................................................................127
25.4	Multiple Violations Where the First
Violation Occurs Prior to 1 January 2015..............128
25.5

Additional Code Amendments....................................128

APPENDIX 1 DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS...........................................................................................130

APPENDIX 2 EXAMPLES OF THE APPLICATIONOF ARTICLE 10
EXAMPLES OF THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 10.................................144

10World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

PURPOSE, SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION
OF THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING PROGRAM
AND THE CODE
The purposes of the World Anti-Doping Code and the World
Anti-Doping Program which supports it are:• To protect the Athletes’ fundamental right to participate indoping-free sport and thus promote health, fairness andequality for Athletes worldwide, and• To ensure harmonized, coordinated and effective anti-doping
programs at the international and national level with regard
to detection, deterrence and prevention of doping.
The Code
The Code is the fundamental and universal document uponwhich the World Anti-Doping Program in sport is based.
The purpose of the Code is to advance the anti-doping effort
through universal harmonization of core anti-doping elements.
It is intended to be specific enough to achieve complete
harmonization on issues where uniformity is required, yetgeneral enough in other areas to permit flexibility on how
agreed-upon anti-doping principles are implemented. The
Code has been drafted giving consideration to the principles of
proportionality and human rights.
[Comment: The Olympic Charter andthe International Convention against
Doping in Sport 2005 adopted in Parison 19 October 2005 (“UNESCO
Convention”), both recognize theprevention of and the fight against

doping in sport as a critical part of themission of the International Olympic
Committee and UNESCO, and also
recognize the fundamental role of theCode.]

World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

11

The World Anti-Doping Program
The World Anti-Doping Program encompasses all of theelements needed in order to ensure optimal harmonization
and best practice in international and national anti-doping
programs. The main elements are:Level 1: The CodeLevel 2: International Standards
Level 3: Models of Best Practice and Guidelines
International Standards
International Standards for different technical and operational
areas within the anti-doping program have been and will be
developed in consultation with the Signatories and governments
and approved by WADA. The purpose of the International
Standards is harmonization among Anti-Doping Organizations
responsible for specific technical and operational parts ofanti-doping programs. Adherence to the International Standards
is mandatory for compliance with the Code. The International
Standards may be revised from time to time by the WADA
Executive Committee after reasonable consultation with the
Signatories, governments and other relevant stakeholders.
International Standards and all revisions will be published on the
WADA website and shall become effective on the date specified
in the International Standard or revision.
[Comment: The International
Standards contain much of thetechnical detail necessary for
implementing the Code. International
Standards will, in consultation with
the Signatories, governments andother relevant stakeholders, be

12World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

developed by experts and set forth inseparate documents. It is importantthat the WADA Executive Committee
be able to make timely changes tothe International Standards without
requiring any amendment of the Code.]Models of Best Practice and Guidelines
Models of best practice and guidelines based on the Codeand International Standards have been and will be developed
to provide solutions in different areas of anti-doping. The
models and guidelines will be recommended by WADA andmade available to Signatories and other relevant stakeholders,
but will not be mandatory. In addition to providing models ofanti-doping documentation, WADA will also make some training
assistance available to the Signatories.
[Comment: These model documents
may provide alternatives from whichstakeholders may select. Somestakeholders may choose to adopt themodel rules and other models of bestpractices verbatim. Others may decideto adopt the models with modifications.
Still other stakeholders may choose
to develop their own rules consistent

with the general principles and specificrequirements set forth in the Code.
Model documents or guidelines for
specific parts of anti-doping work havebeen developed and may continue
to be developed based on generally
recognized stakeholder needs andexpectations.]

World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

13

FUNDAMENTAL RATIONALE FOR THE
WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE
Anti-doping programs seek to preserve what is intrinsicallyvaluable about sport. This intrinsic value is often referred to as“the spirit of sport.” It is the essence of Olympism, the pursuitof human excellence through the dedicated perfection of each
person’s natural talents. It is how we play true. The spirit ofsport is the celebration of the human spirit, body and mind, andis reflected in values we find in and through sport, including:• Ethics, fair play and honesty• Health• Excellence in performance• Character and education• Fun and joy• Teamwork• Dedication and commitment• Respect for rules and laws
• Respect for self and other Participants• Courage• Community and solidarity
Doping is fundamentally contrary to the spirit of sport.
To fight doping by promoting the spirit of sport, the Code requires
each Anti-Doping Organization to develop and implement
education and prevention programs for Athletes, including
youth, and Athlete Support Personnel.

14World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

PART ONEDOPING CONTROL

PART

1

Doping Control

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Part One of the Code sets forth specific anti-doping rules andprinciples that are to be followed by organizations responsible
for adopting, implementing or enforcing anti-doping rules
within their authority, e.g., the International Olympic Committee,
International Paralympic Committee, International Federations,
National Olympic Committees and Paralympic Committees, Major
Event Organizations, and National Anti-Doping Organizations. Allsuch organizations are collectively referred to as Anti-Doping
Organizations.
All provisions of the Code are mandatory in substance and mustbe followed as applicable by each Anti-Doping Organization andAthlete or other Person. The Code does not, however, replaceor eliminate the need for comprehensive anti-doping rules
to be adopted by each Anti-Doping Organization. While someprovisions of the Code must be incorporated without substantive
change by each Anti-Doping Organization in its own anti-doping
rules, other provisions of the Code establish mandatory guiding
principles that allow flexibility in the formulation of rules by
each Anti-Doping Organization or establish requirements thatmust be followed by each Anti-Doping Organization but need not
be repeated in its own anti-doping rules.
Anti-doping rules, like competition rules, are sport rules
governing the conditions under which sport is played.
Athletes or other Persons accept these rules as a condition ofparticipation and shall be bound by these rules. Each Signatory
shall establish rules and procedures to ensure that all Athletes
or other Persons under the authority of the Signatory andits member organizations are informed of and agree to bebound by anti-doping rules in force of the relevant Anti-Doping
Organizations.
Each Signatory shall establish rules and procedures toensure that all Athletes or other Persons under the authorityof the Signatory and its member organizations consent to thedissemination of their private data as required or authorized
by the Code, and are bound by and compliant with Codeanti-doping rules, and that the appropriate Consequences
are imposed on those Athletes or other Persons who are not

16

World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

in conformity with those rules. These sport-specific rules andprocedures, aimed at enforcing anti-doping rules in a global andharmonized way, are distinct in nature from criminal and civil
proceedings. They are not intended to be subject to or limited
by any national requirements and legal standards applicable tosuch proceedings, although they are intended to be applied ina manner which respects the principles of proportionality andhuman rights. When reviewing the facts and the law of a given
case, all courts, arbitral hearing panels and other adjudicating
bodies should be aware of and respect the distinct nature of
the anti-doping rules in the Code and the fact that those rules
represent the consensus of a broad spectrum of stakeholders
around the world with an interest in fair sport.
[Comment: Those Articles of the Codewhich must be incorporated into each
Anti-Doping Organization’s rules
without substantive change are set
forth in Article 23.2.2. For example,
it is critical for purposes ofharmonization that all Signatories
base their decisions on the same list ofanti-doping rule violations, the sameburdens of proof and impose the same
Consequences for the same anti-doping
rule violations. These rules must be
the same whether a hearing takes
place before an International
Federation, at the national levelor before the Court of Arbitrationfor Sport.
Code provisions not listed in Article
23.2.2 are still mandatory in substanceeven though an Anti-Doping
Organization is not required toincorporate them verbatim. Those
provisions generally fall into two
categories. First, some provisions
direct Anti-Doping Organizations
to take certain actions but there isno need to restate the provision in

the Anti-Doping Organization’s own
anti-doping rules. For example, each
Anti-Doping Organization must planand conduct Testing as required by
Article 5, but these directives to theAnti-Doping Organization need not
be repeated in the Anti-Doping
Organization’s own rules. Second,some provisions are mandatory insubstance but give each Anti-Doping
Organization some flexibility in theimplementation of the principles statedin the provision. As an example,
it is not necessary for effective
harmonization to force all Signatories
to use one single results management
and hearing process. At present,
there are many different, yet equallyeffective processes for results
management and hearings withindifferent International Federations anddifferent national bodies. The Codedoes not require absolute uniformity
in results management and hearing
procedures; it does, however, requirethat the diverse approaches of the
Signatories satisfy principles stated in
the Code.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

17

PART

1

Doping Control

ARTICLE 1 Definition of Doping
ARTICLE 2 Anti-Doping Rule Violations

ARTICLE 1 DEFINITION OF DOPING
Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of theanti-doping rule violations set forth in Article 2.1 throughArticle 2.10 of the Code.

ARTICLE 2 ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS
The purpose of Article 2 is to specify the circumstances andconduct which constitute anti-doping rule violations. Hearingsin doping cases will proceed based on the assertion that one ormore of these specific rules have been violated.
Athletes or other Persons shall be responsible for knowing what
constitutes an anti-doping rule violation and the substancesand methods which have been included on the Prohibited List.
The following constitute anti-doping rule violations:2.1	Presence of a Prohibited Substance or its
Metabolites or Markers in an Athlete’s Sample
2.1.1	It is each Athlete’s personal duty to ensurethat no Prohibited Substance enters his or
her body. Athletes are responsible for any
Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites orMarkers found to be present in their Samples.
Accordingly, it is not necessary that intent, Fault,
negligence or knowing Use on the Athlete’s
part be demonstrated in order to establish an
anti-doping rule violation under Article 2.1.
[Comment to Article 2.1.1: An
anti-doping rule violation is committed
under this Article without regard to
an Athlete’s Fault. This rule has beenreferred to in various CAS decisions as“Strict Liability”. An Athlete’s Fault is

18

World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

taken into consideration in determining
the Consequences of this anti-doping
rule violation under Article 10. This
principle has consistently been upheldby CAS.]2.1.2	Sufficient proof of an anti-doping rule violation
under Article 2.1 is established by any of thefollowing: presence of a Prohibited Substanceor its Metabolites or Markers in the Athlete’s A
Sample where the Athlete waives analysis of the
B Sample and the B Sample is not analyzed; or,where the Athlete’s B Sample is analyzed andthe analysis of the Athlete’s B Sample confirms
the presence of the Prohibited Substance or its
Metabolites or Markers found in the Athlete’s A
Sample; or, where the Athlete’s B Sample is split
into two bottles and the analysis of the second
bottle confirms the presence of the Prohibited
Substance or its Metabolites or Markers found in
the first bottle.
2.1.3	Excepting those substances for which aquantitative threshold is specifically identified in
the Prohibited List, the presence of any quantityof a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites orMarkers in an Athlete’s Sample shall constitutean anti-doping rule violation.
As an exception to the general rule of Article 2.1,
2.1.4	the Prohibited List or International Standards may
establish special criteria for the evaluation ofProhibited Substances that can also be produced
endogenously.
[Comment to Article 2.1.2: The
Anti-Doping Organization with results
management responsibility may,at its discretion, choose to have the

B Sample analyzed even if the Athlete
does not request the analysis of the
B Sample.]

World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

19

PART

1

Doping Control

2.2

ARTICLE 2 Anti-Doping Rule ViolationsU se or Attempted Use by an Athlete of a
Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method
2.2.1

It is each Athlete’s personal duty to ensurethat no Prohibited Substance enters his or her
body and that no Prohibited Method is Used.
Accordingly, it is not necessary that intent, Fault,
negligence or knowing Use on the Athlete’s
part be demonstrated in order to establish an
anti-doping rule violation for Use of a Prohibited
Substance or a Prohibited Method.

2.2.2	The success or failure of the Use or Attempted
Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited
Method is not material. It is sufficient that theProhibited Substance or Prohibited Method wasUsed or Attempted to be Used for an anti-doping
rule violation to be committed.

20[Comment to Article 2.2: It has always
been the case that Use or Attempted
Use of a Prohibited Substance or
Prohibited Method may be establishedby any reliable means. As noted in
the Comment to Article 3.2, unlike
the proof required to establish an
anti-doping rule violation under
Article 2.1, Use or Attempted Use
may also be established by otherreliable means such as admissions
by the Athlete, witness statements,
documentary evidence, conclusions
drawn from longitudinal profiling,including data collected as part of theAthlete Biological Passport, or otheranalytical information which does nototherwise satisfy all the requirements
to establish “Presence” of a Prohibited
Substance under Article 2.1.

[Comment to Article 2.2.2:
Demonstrating the “Attempted Use” ofa Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited
Method requires proof of intent on the
Athlete’s part. The fact that intent may
be required to prove this particularanti-doping rule violation does notundermine the Strict Liability principle
established for violations of Article 2.1
and violations of Article 2.2 in respectof Use of a Prohibited Substance or
Prohibited Method.

An Athlete’s Use of a Prohibited
Substance constitutes an anti-doping
rule violation unless such substanceis not prohibited Out-of-Competition
and the Athlete’s Use takes placeOut-of-Competition. (However, thepresence of a Prohibited Substance or
its Metabolites or Markers in a Sample
collected In-Competition is a violationof Article 2.1 regardless of whenthat substance might have been
administered.)]World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

For example, Use may be establishedbased upon reliable analytical datafrom the analysis of an A Sample(without confirmation from an analysis
of a B Sample) or from the analysis of a
B Sample alone where the Anti-Doping
Organization provides a satisfactory
explanation for the lack of confirmationin the other Sample.]

2.3

Evading, Refusing or Failing to Submit toSample Collection
Evading Sample collection, or without compelling
justification, refusing or failing to submit to Sample
collection after notification as authorized in applicableanti-doping rules.

2.4	Whereabouts Failures	
Any combination of three missed tests and/or filing
failures, as defined in the International Standard for
Testing and Investigations, within a twelve-month period
by an Athlete in a Registered Testing Pool.
Tampering or Attempted Tampering with any
2.5	part of Doping Control
	Conduct which subverts the Doping Control process but
which would not otherwise be included in the definitionof Prohibited Methods. Tampering shall include, without
limitation, intentionally interfering or attempting
to interfere with a Doping Control official, providing
fraudulent information to an Anti-Doping Organization
or intimidating or attempting to intimidate a potential
witness.
[Comment to Article 2.3: For example,
it would be an anti-doping ruleviolation of “evading Sample
collection” if it were established thatan Athlete was deliberately avoidinga Doping Control official to evade
notification or Testing. A violation of“failing to submit to Sample collection”
may be based on either intentionalor negligent conduct of the Athlete,
while “evading” or “refusing” Sample
collection contemplates intentional
conduct by the Athlete.][Comment to Article 2.5: For example,
this Article would prohibit altering
identification numbers on a Doping
Control form during Testing, breaking
the B bottle at the time of B Sample
analysis, or altering a Sample by theaddition of a foreign substance.

Offensive conduct towards a Doping
Control official or other Person
involved in Doping Control which does
not otherwise constitute Tampering
shall be addressed in the disciplinary
rules of sport organizations.]

World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

21

PART

1

Doping Control

2.6

2.7

22

ARTICLE 2 Anti-Doping Rule ViolationsP ossession of a Prohibited Substance or a
Prohibited Method
2.6.1

 ossession by an Athlete In-Competition of any
PProhibited Substance or any Prohibited Method,or Possession by an Athlete Out-of-Competition of
any Prohibited Substance or any Prohibited Method
which is prohibited Out-of-Competition unlessthe Athlete establishes that the Possession isconsistent with a Therapeutic Use Exemption(“TUE”) granted in accordance with Article 4.4 orother acceptable justification.

2.6.2

Possession by an Athlete Support Person
In-Competition of any Prohibited Substance or
any Prohibited Method, or Possession by an
Athlete Support Person Out-of-Competition of
any Prohibited Substance or any Prohibited
Method which is prohibited Out-of-Competitionin connection with an Athlete, Competition ortraining, unless the Athlete Support Person
establishes that the Possession is consistent
with a TUE granted to an Athlete in accordancewith Article 4.4 or other acceptable justification.

Trafficking or Attempted Trafficking in any
Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method[Comment to Articles 2.6.1 and2.6.2: Acceptable justification would
not include, for example, buying or
Possessing a Prohibited Substance forpurposes of giving it to a friend or

relative, except under justifiable
medical circumstances where that
Person had a physician’s prescription,e.g., buying Insulin for a diabetic child.][Comment to Article 2.6.2: Acceptablejustification would include, forexample, a team doctor carrying

Prohibited Substances for dealing withacute and emergency situations.]

World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

2.8

Administration or Attempted Administration to any
Athlete In-Competition of any Prohibited Substanceor Prohibited Method, or Administration or Attempted
Administration to any Athlete Out-of-Competition of any
Prohibited Substance or any Prohibited Method that isprohibited Out-of-Competition

2.9	Complicity
	
A ssisting, encouraging, aiding, abetting, conspiring,covering up or any other type of intentional complicity
involving an anti-doping rule violation, Attemptedanti-doping rule violation or violation of Article 10.12.1 byanother Person.
2.10 Prohibited Association	
Association by an Athlete or other Person subject to theauthority of an Anti-Doping Organization in a professionalor sport-related capacity with any Athlete Support Person
who:2.10.1	If subject to the authority of an Anti-Doping
Organization, is serving a period of Ineligibility; or	
2.10.2	If not subject to the authority of an Anti-Doping
Organization, and where Ineligibility has not beenaddressed in a results management process
pursuant to the Code, has been convicted orfound in a criminal, disciplinary or professional
proceeding to have engaged in conduct
which would have constituted a violation ofanti-doping rules if Code-compliant rules had
been applicable to such Person. The disqualifying
status of such Person shall be in force for the
longer of six years from the criminal, professional
or disciplinary decision or the duration of thecriminal, disciplinary or professional sanction
imposed; or
2.10.3	Is serving as a front or intermediary for anindividual described in Article 2.10.1 or 2.10.2.

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Doping Control

ARTICLE 2 Anti-Doping Rule Violations
ARTICLE 3 Proof of Doping		In order for this provision to apply, it is necessarythat the Athlete or other Person has previously
been advised in writing by an Anti-Doping
Organization with jurisdiction over the Athlete orother Person, or by WADA, of the Athlete Support
Person’s disqualifying status and the potential
Consequence of prohibited association and that
the Athlete or other Person can reasonably avoid
the association. The Anti-Doping Organization
shall also use reasonable efforts to advise theAthlete Support Person who is the subject of thenotice to the Athlete or other Person that the
Athlete Support Person may, within 15 days, comeforward to the Anti-Doping Organization to explainthat the criteria described in Articles 2.10.1 and2.10.2 do not apply to him or her. (Notwithstanding
Article 17, this Article applies even when the
Athlete Support Person’s disqualifying conduct
occurred prior to the effective date provided in
Article 25.)
		The burden shall be on the Athlete or other
Person to establish that any association with
Athlete Support Personnel described in Article
2.10.1 or 2.10.2 is not in a professional or sportrelated capacity.
		Anti-Doping Organizations that are aware of
Athlete Support Personnel who meet the criteria
described in Article 2.10.1, 2.10.2, or 2.10.3 shallsubmit that information to WADA.
[Comment to Article 2.10: Athletes
and other Persons must not work withcoaches, trainers, physicians or otherAthlete Support Personnel who are
Ineligible on account of an antidoping rule violation or who have been
criminally convicted or professionallydisciplined in relation to doping. Some
examples of the types of association

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which are prohibited include: obtaining
training, strategy, technique, nutrition
or medical advice; obtaining therapy,
treatment or prescriptions; providing
any bodily products for analysis; orallowing the Athlete Support Person
to serve as an agent or representative.
Prohibited association need not involve
any form of compensation.]

ARTICLE 3 PROOF OF DOPING
3.1

Burdens and Standards of Proof

	The Anti-Doping Organization shall have the burdenof establishing that an anti-doping rule violation has
occurred. The standard of proof shall be whether the
Anti-Doping Organization has established an anti-doping
rule violation to the comfortable satisfaction of thehearing panel, bearing in mind the seriousness of theallegation which is made. This standard of proof in allcases is greater than a mere balance of probability but
less than proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Where theCode places the burden of proof upon the Athlete or other
Person alleged to have committed an anti-doping ruleviolation to rebut a presumption or establish specified
facts or circumstances, the standard of proof shall be bya balance of probability.
3.2

Methods of Establishing Facts and Presumptions

	
Facts related to anti-doping rule violations may beestablished by any reliable means, including admissions.
The following rules of proof shall be applicable in doping
cases:
3.2.1	Analytical methods or decision limits approved
by WADA after consultation within the relevantscientific community and which have been
[Comment to Article 3.1: This standardof proof required to be met by the AntiDoping Organization is comparable

to the standard which is applied inmost countries to cases involving
professional misconduct.][Comment to Article 3.2: For example,
an Anti-Doping Organization may
establish an anti-doping rule violation
under Article 2.2 based on the Athlete’s
admissions, the credible testimony ofthird Persons, reliable documentary
evidence, reliable analytical data fromeither an A or B Sample as provided

in the Comments to Article 2.2, orconclusions drawn from the profile ofa series of the Athlete’s blood or urine
Samples, such as data from the Athlete
Biological Passport.]

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ARTICLE 3 Proof of Doping

the subject of peer review are presumed to bescientifically valid. Any Athlete or other Person
seeking to rebut this presumption of scientificvalidity shall, as a condition precedent toany such challenge, first notify WADA of thechallenge and the basis of the challenge. CAS,
on its own initiative, may also inform WADA of
any such challenge. At WADA’s request, the CAS
panel shall appoint an appropriate scientificexpert to assist the panel in its evaluation of thechallenge. Within 10 days of WADA’s receipt ofsuch notice, and WADA’s receipt of the CAS file,
WADA shall also have the right to intervene as aparty, appear amicus curiae or otherwise provide
evidence in such proceeding.
3.2.2	WADA-accredited laboratories, and otherlaboratories approved by WADA, are presumed
to have conducted Sample analysis and custodial
procedures in accordance with the International
Standard for Laboratories. The Athlete orother Person may rebut this presumption
by establishing that a departure from theInternational Standard for Laboratories occurred
which could reasonably have caused the Adverse
Analytical Finding.

		
If the Athlete or other Person rebuts the preceding
presumption by showing that a departure fromthe International Standard for Laboratories
occurred which could reasonably have caused
the Adverse Analytical Finding, then theAnti-Doping Organization shall have the burden to
establish that such departure did not cause theAdverse Analytical Finding.

[Comment to Article 3.2.2: The burden
is on the Athlete or other Person toestablish, by a balance of probability,
a departure from the International
Standard for Laboratories that could
reasonably have caused the Adverse
Analytical Finding. If the Athlete or

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other Person does so, the burden
shifts to the Anti-Doping Organization
to prove to the comfortable satisfactionof the hearing panel that the departure
did not cause the Adverse Analytical
Finding.]

3.2.3	
Departures from any other International Standardor other anti-doping rule or policy set forth in the
Code or Anti-Doping Organization rules which did
not cause an Adverse Analytical Finding or otheranti-doping rule violation shall not invalidate
such evidence or results. If the Athlete or other
Person establishes a departure from another
International Standard or other anti-doping ruleor policy which could reasonably have caused ananti-doping rule violation based on an Adverse
Analytical Finding or other anti-doping ruleviolation, then the Anti-Doping Organization shallhave the burden to establish that such departure
did not cause the Adverse Analytical Finding or thefactual basis for the anti-doping rule violation.
3.2.4	The facts established by a decision of a court or
professional disciplinary tribunal of competentjurisdiction which is not the subject of a pending
appeal shall be irrebuttable evidence against the
Athlete or other Person to whom the decisionpertained of those facts unless the Athlete
or other Person establishes that the decision
violated principles of natural justice.
3.2.5	The hearing panel in a hearing on an anti-doping
rule violation may draw an inference adverse to
the Athlete or other Person who is asserted tohave committed an anti-doping rule violation
based on the Athlete’s or other Person’s refusal,
after a request made in a reasonable time inadvance of the hearing, to appear at the hearing(either in person or telephonically as directed by
the hearing panel) and to answer questions fromthe hearing panel or the Anti-Doping Organization
asserting the anti-doping rule violation.

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27

PART

1

Doping Control

ARTICLE 4 The Prohibited List

ARTICLE 4 THE PROHIBITED LIST
4.1

Publication and Revision of the Prohibited List	WADA shall, as often as necessary and no less often thanannually, publish the Prohibited List as an International
Standard. The proposed content of the Prohibited List
and all revisions shall be provided in writing promptly
to all Signatories and governments for comment andconsultation. Each annual version of the Prohibited
List and all revisions shall be distributed promptly by
WADA to each Signatory, WADA-accredited or approved
laboratory, and government, and shall be publishedon WADA’s website, and each Signatory shall takeappropriate steps to distribute the Prohibited List to its
members and constituents. The rules of each Anti-Doping
Organization shall specify that, unless provided otherwise
in the Prohibited List or a revision, the Prohibited List
and revisions shall go into effect under the Anti-Doping
Organization’s rules three months after publication of
the Prohibited List by WADA without requiring any further
action by the Anti-Doping Organization.
4.2	Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods
Identified on the Prohibited List
4.2.1	Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods
		
The Prohibited List shall identify those Prohibited
Substances and Prohibited Methods which
are prohibited as doping at all times (bothIn-Competition and Out-of-Competition) becauseof their potential to enhance performance infuture Competitions or their masking potential,[Comment to Article 4.1: The
Prohibited List will be revised andpublished on an expedited basis
whenever the need arises. However,for the sake of predictability, a new
Prohibited List will be published every
year whether or not changes havebeen made. WADA will always have the28World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

most current Prohibited List publishedon its website. The Prohibited List is
an integral part of the International
Convention against Doping in Sport.
WADA will inform the Director-Generalof UNESCO of any change to theProhibited List.]and those substances and methods which areprohibited In-Competition only. The Prohibited List
may be expanded by WADA for a particular sport.
Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods
may be included in the Prohibited List by generalcategory (e.g., anabolic agents) or by specificreference to a particular substance or method.
4.2.2	Specified Substances	
For purposes of the application of Article 10,
all Prohibited Substances shall be Specified
Substances except substances in the classesof anabolic agents and hormones and thosestimulants and hormone antagonists andmodulators so identified on the Prohibited List.
The category of Specified Substances shall notinclude Prohibited Methods.
4.2.3	New Classes of Prohibited Substances	In the event WADA expands the Prohibited Listby adding a new class of Prohibited Substancesin accordance with Article 4.1, WADA’s Executive
Committee shall determine whether any or
all Prohibited Substances within the new classof Prohibited Substances shall be considered
Specified Substances under Article 4.2.2.
[Comment to Article 4.2.1: Out-ofCompetition Use of a substance which
is only prohibited In-Competition
is not an anti-doping rule violation

unless an Adverse Analytical Finding
for the substance or its Metabolites
or Markers is reported for a Sample
collected In-Competition.][Comment to Article 4.2.2: The
Specified Substances identified in
Article 4.2.2 should not in any way beconsidered less important or lessdangerous than other doping

substances. Rather, they are simply
substances which are more likely tohave been consumed by an Athlete fora purpose other than the enhancementof sport performance.]

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Doping Control

ARTICLE 4 The Prohibited List

4.3	
Criteria for Including Substances and Methods
on the Prohibited List
WADA shall consider the following criteria in deciding
whether to include a substance or method on theProhibited List:
4.3.1	A substance or method shall be considered forinclusion on the Prohibited List if WADA, in its
sole discretion, determines that the substanceor method meets any two of the following threecriteria:
		 4.3.1.1	
Medical or other scientific evidence,
pharmacological effect or experiencethat the substance or method, alone orin combination with other substances or
methods, has the potential to enhanceor enhances sport performance;		 4.3.1.2	
Medical or other scientific evidence,
pharmacological effect or experiencethat the Use of the substance or method
represents an actual or potential healthrisk to the Athlete;		 4.3.1.3

W ADA’s determination that the Useof the substance or method violates
the spirit of sport described in the
introduction to the Code.

4.3.2	A substance or method shall also be included
on the Prohibited List if WADA determines
there is medical or other scientific evidence,
pharmacological effect or experience that
[Comment to Article 4.3.1.1: This
Article anticipates that there may besubstances that, when used alone,
are not prohibited but which will be
prohibited if used in combination withcertain other substances. A substancewhich is added to the Prohibited List

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because it has the potential to enhance
performance only in combination withanother substance shall be so notedand shall be prohibited only if there isevidence relating to both substances incombination.]the substance or method has the potential tomask the Use of other Prohibited Substances or
Prohibited Methods.
4.3.3	WADA’s determination of the Prohibited
Substances and Prohibited Methods that will be
included on the Prohibited List, the classificationof substances into categories on the Prohibited
List, and the classification of a substance asprohibited at all times or In-Competition only, isfinal and shall not be subject to challenge by an
Athlete or other Person based on an argumentthat the substance or method was not a masking
agent or did not have the potential to enhance
performance, represent a health risk or violate
the spirit of sport.
4.4

Therapeutic Use Exemptions (“TUEs”)
4.4.1	The presence of a Prohibited Substance or
its Metabolites or Markers, and/or the Use or
Attempted Use, Possession or Administrationor Attempted Administration of a Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method shall not be
considered an anti-doping rule violation if it isconsistent with the provisions of a TUE granted
in accordance with the International Standard for
Therapeutic Use Exemptions.
4.4.2	An Athlete who is not an International-Level
Athlete should apply to his or her National
Anti-Doping Organization for a TUE. If the National
Anti-Doping Organization denies the application,
the Athlete may appeal exclusively to thenational-level appeal body described in Articles
13.2.2 and 13.2.3.

[Comment to Article 4.3.2: As part ofthe process each year, all Signatories,
governments and other interested

Persons are invited to provide
comments to WADA on the content of
the Prohibited List.]

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ARTICLE 4 The Prohibited List

4.4.3	An Athlete who is an International-Level Athlete
should apply to his or her International Federation.
		

4.4.3.1	Where the Athlete already has a
TUE granted by his or her National
Anti-Doping
Organizationforthesubstance or method in question, if that
TUE meets the criteria set out in theInternational Standard for Therapeutic
Use Exemptions, then the International
Federation must recognize it. If theInternational Federation considers that
the TUE does not meet those criteria
and so refuses to recognize it, it must
notify the Athlete and his or her National
Anti-Doping Organization promptly, withreasons. The Athlete or the National
Anti-Doping Organization shall have 21
days from such notification to refer thematter to WADA for review. If the matteris referred to WADA for review, the TUE
granted by the National Anti-Doping
Organization remains valid for nationallevel Competition and Out-of-Competition
Testing (but is not valid for internationallevel Competition) pending WADA’s
decision. If the matter is not referred
to WADA for review, the TUE becomes
invalid for any purpose when the 21-day
review deadline expires.

		

4.4.3.2	If the Athlete does not already havea TUE granted by his or her National[Comment to Article 4.4.3: If theInternational Federation refuses torecognize a TUE granted by a National
Anti-Doping Organization only because
medical records or other information
are missing that are needed todemonstrate satisfaction with thecriteria in the International Standard
for Therapeutic Use Exemptions,the matter should not be referred

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to WADA. Instead, the file should becompleted and re-submitted to theInternational Federation.
If an International Federation chooses
to test an Athlete who is not anInternational-Level Athlete, it must
recognize a TUE granted to that Athleteby his or her National Anti-Doping
Organization.]

Anti-Doping Organizationforthesubstance or method in question,
the Athlete must apply directly to his
or her International Federation for a
TUE as soon as the need arises. If theInternational Federation (or the National
Anti-Doping Organization, where it has
agreed to consider the application on
behalf of the International Federation)
denies the Athlete’s application, it
must notify the Athlete promptly, withreasons. If the International Federation
grants the Athlete’s application, it must
notify not only the Athlete but also his
or her National Anti-Doping Organization,and if the National Anti-Doping
Organization considers that the TUE
does not meet the criteria set out in theInternational Standard for Therapeutic
Use Exemptions, it has 21 days fromsuch notification to refer the matter to
WADA for review. If the National AntiDoping Organization refers the matterto WADA for review, the TUE granted by
the International Federation remains
valid for international-level Competition
and Out-of-Competition Testing (but is
not valid for national-level Competition)
pending WADA’s decision. If the National
Anti-Doping Organization does not refer
the matter to WADA for review, the TUE
granted by the International Federation
becomes valid for national-level
Competition as well when the 21-day
review deadline expires.
4.4.4	A Major Event Organization may require Athletes
to apply to it for a TUE if they wish to Use a
Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method in
connection with the Event. In that case:

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ARTICLE 4 The Prohibited List

		

4.4.4.1	The Major Event Organization mustensure a process is available for an
Athlete to apply for a TUE if he or she
does not already have one. If the TUE is
granted, it is effective for its Event only.

		

4.4.4.2	Where the Athlete already has a TUE
granted by his or her National AntiDoping Organization or International
Federation, if that TUE meets the criteria
set out in the International Standard for
Therapeutic Use Exemptions, the Major
Event Organization must recognize it. If
the Major Event Organization decides the
TUE does not meet those criteria and so
refuses to recognize it, it must notify the
Athlete promptly, explaining its reasons.

		

4.4.4.3	A decision by a Major Event Organization
not to recognize or not to grant a
TUE may be appealed by the Athlete
exclusively to an independent bodyestablished or appointed by the Major
Event Organization for that purpose. If theAthlete does not appeal (or the appeal isunsuccessful), he or she may not Use
the substance or method in questionin connection with the Event, but any
TUE granted by his or her National
Anti-Doping Organization or International
Federation for that substance or method
remains valid outside of that Event.

[Comment to Article 4.4.4.3: For
example, the CAS Ad Hoc Division ora similar body may act as theindependent appeal body for particular
Events, or WADA may agree to performthat function. If neither CAS nor WADA

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are performing that function, WADA
retains the right (but not the obligation)
to review the TUE decisions made inconnection with the Event at any time,in accordance with Article 4.4.6.]

4.4.5	If an Anti-Doping Organization chooses to collect a
Sample from a Person who is not an InternationalLevel or National-Level Athlete, and that Person
is Using a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited
Method for therapeutic reasons, the Anti-Doping
Organization may permit him or her to apply for a
retroactive TUE.
4.4.6	WADA must review an International Federation’s
decision not to recognize a TUE granted by the
National Anti-Doping Organization that is referred
to it by the Athlete or the Athlete’s National
Anti-Doping Organization. In addition, WADA must
review an International Federation’s decision to
grant a TUE that is referred to it by the Athlete’s
National Anti-Doping Organization. WADA may
review any other TUE decisions at any time,
whether upon request by those affected or on its
own initiative. If the TUE decision being reviewed
meets the criteria set out in the International
Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions, WADA
will not interfere with it. If the TUE decision does
not meet those criteria, WADA will reverse it.
4.4.7	Any TUE decision by an International Federation(or by a National Anti-Doping Organization where
it has agreed to consider the application on
behalf of an International Federation) that is notreviewed by WADA, or that is reviewed by WADA
but is not reversed upon review, may be appealedby the Athlete and/or the Athlete’s National
Anti-Doping Organization, exclusively to CAS.
[Comment to Article 4.4.6: WADA shallbe entitled to charge a fee to cover thecosts of (a) any review it is required
to conduct in accordance with Article

4.4.6; and (b) any review it chooses
to conduct, where the decision being
reviewed is reversed.][Comment to Article 4.4.7: In suchcases, the decision being appealedis the International Federation’s TUE
decision, not WADA’s decision not toreview the TUE decision or (having
reviewed it) not to reverse the TUE
decision. However, the time toappeal the TUE decision does not
begin to run until the date that WADA
communicates its decision. In any
event, whether the decision has beenreviewed by WADA or not, WADA shallbe given notice of the appeal so that it
may participate if it sees fit.]

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Doping Control

ARTICLE 4 The Prohibited List
ARTICLE 5 Testing and Investigations

4.4.8	A decision by WADA to reverse a TUE decision
may be appealed by the Athlete, the National
Anti-Doping Organization and/or the International
Federation affected, exclusively to CAS.
4.4.9	A failure to take action within a reasonable time
on a properly submitted application for grant/
recognition of a TUE or for review of a TUE
decision shall be considered a denial of theapplication.
4.5	Monitoring Program	
WADA, in consultation with Signatories and governments,
shall establish a monitoring program regarding
substances which are not on the Prohibited List, butwhich WADA wishes to monitor in order to detect patternsof misuse in sport. WADA shall publish, in advance of
any Testing, the substances that will be monitored.
Laboratories will report the instances of reported Useor detected presence of these substances to WADA
periodically on an aggregate basis by sport and whether
the Samples were collected In-Competition or Out–ofCompetition. Such reports shall not contain additional
information regarding specific Samples. WADA shallmake available to International Federations and National
Anti-Doping Organizations, on at least an annual basis,
aggregate statistical information by sport regarding theadditional substances. WADA shall implement measures
to ensure that strict anonymity of individual Athletes ismaintained with respect to such reports. The reported
Use or detected presence of a monitored substance shallnot constitute an anti-doping rule violation.

ARTICLE 5 TESTING AND INVESTIGATIONS
5.1

Purpose of Testing and Investigations
Testing and investigations shall only be undertaken foranti-doping purposes.

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5.1.1	
Testing shall be undertaken to obtain analyticalevidence as to the Athlete’s compliance (or noncompliance) with the strict Code prohibition on
the presence/Use of a Prohibited Substance or
Prohibited Method.
5.1.2	Investigations shall be undertaken:		(a) in relation to Atypical Findings and Adverse
Passport Findings, in accordance with Articles
7.4 and 7.5 respectively, gathering intelligenceor evidence (including, in particular, analyticalevidence) in order to determine whether ananti-doping rule violation has occurred under
Article 2.1 and/or Article 2.2; and		(b) in relation to other indications of potential
anti-doping rule violations, in accordance with
Articles 7.6 and 7.7, gathering intelligence orevidence (including, in particular, non-analyticalevidence) in order to determine whether ananti-doping rule violation has occurred under
any of Articles 2.2 to 2.10.
5.2

Scope of Testing	Any Athlete may be required to provide a Sample at any
time and at any place by any Anti-Doping Organization
with Testing authority over him or her. Subject to thejurisdictional limitations for Event Testing set out in
Article 5.3:
5.2.1	Each National Anti-Doping Organization shall have
In-Competition and Out-of-Competition Testing
authority over all Athletes who are nationals,
residents, license-holders or members of sportorganizations of that country or who are present
in that National Anti-Doping Organization’s
country.
5.2.2	Each International Federation shall have
In-Competition and Out-of-Competition Testing
authority over all Athletes who are subject to
its rules, including those who participate inInternational Events or who participate in Events
governed by the rules of that International

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Doping Control

ARTICLE 5 Testing and Investigations

Federation, or who are members or licenseholders of that International Federation orits member National Federations, or theirmembers.
5.2.3	Each Major Event Organization, including theInternational Olympic Committee and theInternational Paralympic Committee, shall have
In-Competition Testing authority for its Eventsand Out-of-Competition Testing authority over all
Athletes entered in one of its future Events or who
have otherwise been made subject to the Testing
authority of the Major Event Organization for a
future Event.
5.2.4	WADA shall have In-Competition and Out-ofCompetition Testing authority as set out in
Article 20.
5.2.5	Anti-Doping Organizations may test any Athleteover whom they have Testing authority who has
not retired, including Athletes serving a period of
Ineligibility.
5.2.6	If an International Federation or Major Event
Organization delegates or contracts any part ofTesting to a National Anti-Doping Organization(directly or through a National Federation), that
National Anti-Doping Organization may collectadditional Samples or direct the laboratory
to perform additional types of analysis at the
National Anti-Doping Organization’s expense. If
additional Samples are collected or additional
types of analysis are performed, the International
Federation or Major Event Organization shall be
notified.
[Comment to Article 5.2: Additional
authority to conduct Testing may
be conferred by means of bilateralor multilateral agreements among
Signatories. Unless the Athlete has
identified a 60-minute Testing window
during the following-described time
period, or otherwise consented to
Testing during that period, before
Testing an Athlete between the

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hours of 11:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m.,an Anti-Doping Organization shouldhave serious and specific suspicion
that the Athlete may be engaged indoping. A challenge to whether an
Anti-Doping Organization had sufficientsuspicion for Testing during this time
period shall not be a defense to ananti-doping rule violation based onsuch test or attempted test.]

5.3

Event Testing
5.3.1	Except as otherwise provided below, only asingle organization should be responsible for
initiating and directing Testing at Event Venues
during an Event Period. At International Events,
the collection of Samples shall be initiatedand directed by the international organization
which is the ruling body for the Event (e.g., theInternational Olympic Committee for the Olympic
Games, the International Federation for a WorldChampionship, and the Pan-American Sports
Organization for the Pan American Games). At
National Events, the collection of Samples shall be
initiated and directed by the National Anti-Doping
Organization of that country. At the request of theruling body for an Event, any Testing during the
Event Period outside of the Event Venues shall becoordinated with that ruling body.
5.3.2	If an Anti-Doping Organization which would
otherwise have Testing authority but is not
responsible for initiating and directing Testingat an Event desires to conduct Testing of Athletes
at the Event Venues during the Event Period, theAnti-Doping Organization shall first confer withthe ruling body of the Event to obtain permission
to conduct and coordinate such Testing. If theAnti-Doping Organization is not satisfied with the
response from the ruling body of the Event, theAnti-Doping Organization may, in accordance withprocedures published by WADA, ask WADA for
permission to conduct Testing and to determine
how to coordinate such Testing. WADA shall notgrant approval for such Testing before consultingwith and informing the ruling body for the Event.

[Comment to Article 5.3.1: Some rulingbodies for International Events may
be doing their own Testing outside of
the Event Venues during the Event

Period and thus want to coordinatethat Testing with National Anti-Doping
Organization Testing.]

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Doping Control

ARTICLE 5 Testing and Investigations

WADA’s decision shall be final and not subject
to appeal. Unless otherwise provided in theauthorization to conduct Testing, such tests
shall be considered Out-of-Competition tests.
Results management for any such test shall be
the responsibility of the Anti-Doping Organization
initiating the test unless provided otherwise in
the rules of the ruling body of the Event.
5.4

Test Distribution Planning
5.4.1	WADA, in consultation with International
Federations and other Anti-Doping Organizations,will adopt a Technical Document underthe International Standard for Testing andInvestigations that establishes by means of a risk
assessment which Prohibited Substances and/or
Prohibited Methods are most likely to be abusedin particular sports and sport disciplines.
5.4.2	Starting with that risk assessment, each
Anti-Doping Organization with Testing authority
shall develop and implement an effective,
intelligent and proportionate test distribution
plan that prioritizes appropriately between
disciplines, categories of Athletes, types ofTesting, types of Samples collected, and types
of Sample analysis, all in compliance with therequirements of the International Standard for
Testing and Investigations. Each Anti-Doping
Organization shall provide WADA upon request
with a copy of its current test distribution plan.

[Comment to Article 5.3.2: Before
giving approval to a National
Anti-Doping Organization to initiate
and conduct Testing at an International
Event, WADA shall consult with theinternational organization which is theruling body for the Event. Before giving
approval to an International Federation
to initiate and conduct Testing at a
National Event, WADA shall

40

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consult with the National Anti-Doping
Organization of the country where theEvent takes place. The Anti-Doping
Organization “initiating and directing
Testing” may, if it chooses, enter into
agreements with other organizations
to which it delegates responsibility for
Sample collection or other aspects of
the Doping Control process.]5.4.3	
Where reasonably feasible, Testing shall becoordinated through ADAMS or another systemapproved by WADA, in order to maximize theeffectiveness of the combined Testing effort andto avoid unnecessary repetitive Testing.
5.5

Testing Requirements	All Testing shall be conducted in conformity with theInternational Standard for Testing and Investigations.
5.6

Athlete Whereabouts Information

	Athletes who have been included in a Registered Testing
Pool by their International Federation and/or National
Anti-Doping Organization shall provide whereabouts
information in the manner specified in the International
Standard for Testing and Investigations. The International
Federations and National Anti-Doping Organizations
shall coordinate the identification of such Athletes andthe collection of their whereabouts information. EachInternational Federation and National Anti-Doping
Organization shall make available, through ADAMS oranother system approved by WADA, a list which identifies
those Athletes included in its Registered Testing Pooleither by name or by clearly defined, specific criteria.
Athletes shall be notified before they are included in a
Registered Testing Pool and when they are removed fromthat pool. The whereabouts information they provide
while in the Registered Testing Pool will be accessible,
through ADAMS or another system approved by WADA,
to WADA and to other Anti-Doping Organizations having
authority to test the Athlete as provided in Article 5.2. This
information shall be maintained in strict confidence at all
times; shall be used exclusively for purposes of planning,
coordinating or conducting Doping Control, providing
information relevant to the Athlete Biological Passportor other analytical results, to support an investigation
into a potential anti-doping rule violation, or to support
proceedings alleging an anti-doping rule violation; andshall be destroyed after it is no longer relevant for these
purposes in accordance with the International Standard
for the Protection of Privacy and Personal Information.
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ARTICLE 5 Testing and Investigations
ARTICLE 6 Analysis of Samples

Doping Control

5.7

Retired Athletes Returning to Competition
5.7.1	If an International- or National-Level Athlete
in a Registered Testing Pool retires and thenwishes to return to active participation in sport,
the Athlete shall not compete in International
Events or National Events until the Athlete has
made himself or herself available for Testing,by giving six months prior written notice to his
or her International Federation and National
Anti-Doping Organization. WADA, in consultation
with the relevant International Federation andNational Anti-Doping Organization, may grant an
exemption to the six-month written notice rule
where the strict application of that rule would be
manifestly unfair to an Athlete. This decision may
be appealed under Article 13.

		

5.7.1.1	Any competitive results obtainedin violation of Article 5.7.1 shall be
Disqualified.

5.7.2	If an Athlete retires from sport while subject toa period of Ineligibility and then wishes to returnto active competition in sport, the Athlete shallnot compete in International Events or National
Events until the Athlete has made himself or
herself available for Testing by giving six months
prior written notice (or notice equivalent to theperiod of Ineligibility remaining as of the date theAthlete retired, if that period was longer than six
months) to his or her International Federation
and National Anti-Doping Organization.
5.8

Investigations and Intelligence Gathering	Anti-Doping Organizations shall ensure they are able to doeach of the following, as applicable and in accordance with
the International Standard for Testing and Investigations:5.8.1	Obtain, assess and process anti-doping
intelligence from all available sources to inform

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the development of an effective, intelligent andproportionate test distribution plan, to plan
Target Testing, and/or to form the basis of aninvestigation into a possible anti-doping ruleviolation(s); and5.8.2	Investigate Atypical Findings and Adverse Passport
Findings, in accordance with Articles 7.4 and 7.5
respectively; and5.8.3	Investigate any other analytical or non-analyticalinformation or intelligence that indicatesa possible anti-doping rule violation(s), in
accordance with Articles 7.6 and 7.7, in order
either to rule out the possible violation or todevelop evidence that would support the initiationof an anti-doping rule violation proceeding.

ARTICLE 6 ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES
Samples shall be analyzed in accordance with the following
principles:
6.1

Use of Accredited and Approved Laboratories

	For purposes of Article 2.1, Samples shall be analyzed
only in WADA-accredited laboratories or laboratories
otherwise approved by WADA. The choice of the WADAaccredited or WADA-approved laboratory used for the
Sample analysis shall be determined exclusively by
the Anti-Doping Organization responsible for results
management.
[Comment to Article 6.1: For cost andgeographic access reasons, WADA may
approve laboratories which are not
WADA-accredited to perform particularanalyses, for example, analysis ofblood which should be delivered fromthe collection site to the laboratory
within a set deadline. Before approving
any such laboratory, WADA will
ensure it meets the high analytical andcustodial standards required by WADA.

Violations of Article 2.1 may beestablished only by Sample analysis
performed by a WADA-accredited
laboratory or another laboratory
approved by WADA. Violations ofother Articles may be establishedusing analytical results from otherlaboratories so long as the results
are reliable.]

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6.2

ARTICLE 6 Analysis of Samples

Purpose of Analysis of Samples
Samples shall be analyzed to detect Prohibited Substancesand Prohibited Methods identified on the Prohibited List andother substances as may be directed by WADA pursuant
to Article 4.5, or to assist an Anti-Doping Organization in
profiling relevant parameters in an Athlete’s urine, bloodor other matrix, including DNA or genomic profiling, orfor any other legitimate anti-doping purpose. Samples
may be collected and stored for future analysis.

6.3

Research on Samples

	
No Sample may be used for research without the Athlete’s

written consent. Samples used for purposes other than
Article 6.2 shall have any means of identification removed
such that they cannot be traced back to a particular
Athlete.

6.4

Standards for Sample Analysis and Reporting	Laboratories shall analyze Samples and report resultsin conformity with the International Standard forLaboratories. To ensure effective Testing, the TechnicalDocument referenced at Article 5.4.1 will establish risk
assessment-based Sample analysis menus appropriate
for particular sports and sport disciplines, andlaboratories shall analyze Samples in conformity withthose menus, except as follows:
6.4.1	Anti-Doping Organizations may request thatlaboratories analyze their Samples using more
extensive menus than those described in theTechnical Document.

44[Comment to Article 6.2: For example,
relevant profile information could
be used to direct Target Testing or to

support an anti-doping rule violation
proceeding under Article 2.2, or both.][Comment to Article 6.3: As is thecase in most medical contexts, useof anonymized Samples for quality

assurance, quality improvement, or toestablish reference populations is notconsidered research.]

World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

6.4.2	Anti-Doping Organizations may request thatlaboratories analyze their Samples using
less extensive menus than those describedin the Technical Document only if they havesatisfied WADA that, because of the particular
circumstances of their country or sport, as set
out in their test distribution plan, less extensive
analysis would be appropriate.
6.4.3	As provided in the International Standard forLaboratories, laboratories at their own initiativeand expense may analyze Samples for Prohibited
Substances or Prohibited Methods not included
on the Sample analysis menu described in theTechnical Document or specified by the Testing
authority. Results from any such analysis shallbe reported and have the same validity andConsequence as any other analytical result.
6.5

Further Analysis of Samples

	Any Sample may be subject to further analysis by
the Anti-Doping Organization responsible for results
management at any time before both the A and B Sample
analytical results (or A Sample result where B Sample
analysis has been waived or will not be performed) havebeen communicated by the Anti-Doping Organization
to the Athlete as the asserted basis for an Article 2.1
anti-doping rule violation.
[Comment to Article 6.4: The objectiveof this Article is to extend the principleof “Intelligent Testing” to the Sample
analysis menu so as to most effectively
and efficiently detect doping. It is
recognized that the resources available

to fight doping are limited and that
increasing the Sample analysis menu
may, in some sports and countries,
reduce the number of Samples which
can be analyzed.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

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Doping Control

ARTICLE 6 Analysis of Samples
ARTICLE 7 Results Management

	Samples may be stored and subjected to further analyses
for the purpose of Article 6.2 at any time exclusively at thedirection of the Anti-Doping Organization that initiated anddirected Sample collection or WADA. (Any Sample storage
or further analysis initiated by WADA shall be at WADA’s
expense.) Further analysis of Samples shall conformwith the requirements of the International Standard forLaboratories and the International Standard for Testing
and Investigations.

ARTICLE 7 RESULTS MANAGEMENT
Each Anti-Doping Organization conducting results management
shall establish a process for the pre-hearing administration ofpotential anti-doping rule violations that respects the following
principles:[Comment to Article 7: Various
Signatories have created their own
approaches to results management.
While the various approaches havenot been entirely uniform, many
have proven to be fair and effective
systems for results management.
The Code does not supplant each of
the Signatories’ results management
systems. This Article does, however,specify basic principles in order toensure the fundamental fairness of theresults management process whichmust be observed by each Signatory.
The specific anti-doping rules ofeach Signatory shall be consistent

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with these basic principles. Not all
anti-doping proceedings which havebeen initiated by an Anti-Doping
Organization need to go to hearing.
There may be cases where the Athlete
or other Person agrees to the sanction
which is either mandated by the Codeor which the Anti-Doping Organizationconsiders appropriate where flexibility
in sanctioning is permitted. In allcases, a sanction imposed on the basisof such an agreement will be reported
to parties with a right to appeal under
Article 13.2.3 as provided in Article
14.2.2 and published as provided in
Article 14.3.2.]

7.1

Responsibility for Conducting Results Management

	Except as provided in Articles 7.1.1 and 7.1.2 below, results
management and hearings shall be the responsibilityof, and shall be governed by, the procedural rules of
the Anti-Doping Organization that initiated and directed
Sample collection (or, if no Sample collection is involved,
the Anti-Doping Organization which first provides notice toan Athlete or other Person of an asserted anti-doping ruleviolation and then diligently pursues that anti-doping ruleviolation). Regardless of which organization conducts
results management or hearings, the principles set
forth in this Article and Article 8 shall be respected andthe rules identified in Article 23.2.2 to be incorporated
without substantive change must be followed.
	If a dispute arises between Anti-Doping Organizations overwhich Anti-Doping Organization has results management
responsibility, WADA shall decide which organization has
such responsibility. WADA’s decision may be appealed
to CAS within seven days of notification of the WADA
decision by any of the Anti-Doping Organizations involvedin the dispute. The appeal shall be dealt with by CAS in
an expedited manner and shall be heard before a single
arbitrator.
	
Where a National Anti-Doping Organization elects tocollect additional Samples pursuant to Article 5.2.6,
then it shall be considered the Anti-Doping Organizationthat initiated and directed Sample collection. However,where the National Anti-Doping Organization only directs
the laboratory to perform additional types of analysis at
the National Anti-Doping Organization’s expense, then theInternational Federation or Major Event Organization shallbe considered the Anti-Doping Organization that initiatedand directed Sample collection.
[Comment to Article 7.1: In somecases, the procedural rules of theAnti-Doping Organization which
initiated and directed the Sample
collection may specify that results
management will be handled byanother organization (e.g., theAthlete’s National Federation). In
such event, it shall be the Anti-Doping
Organization’s responsibility to confirm
that the other organization’s rules are
consistent with the Code.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

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ARTICLE 7 Results Management

7.1.1	In circumstances where the rules of a National
Anti-Doping Organization do not give the National
Anti-Doping Organization authority over an Athlete
or other Person who is not a national, resident,
license holder, or member of a sport organizationof that country, or the National Anti-Doping
Organization declines to exercise such authority,
results management shall be conducted by theapplicable International Federation or by a third
party as directed by the rules of the International
Federation. Results management and the
conduct of hearings for a test conducted by
WADA on its own initiative, or an anti-doping ruleviolation discovered by WADA, will be conductedby the Anti-Doping Organization designated by
WADA. Results management and the conduct ofhearings for a test conducted by the International
Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic
Committee, or another Major Event Organization,or an anti-doping rule violation discovered by oneof those organizations, shall be referred to theapplicable International Federation in relation toConsequences beyond exclusion from the Event,
Disqualification of Event results, forfeiture ofany medals, points, or prizes from the Event, or
recovery of costs applicable to the anti-doping
rule violation.
[Comment to Article 7.1.1: The
Athlete’s or other Person’s
International Federation has been
made the Anti-Doping Organization oflast resort for results management toavoid the possibility that no AntiDoping Organization would have48

World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

authority to conduct results
management. An International
Federation is free to provide in its own
anti-doping rules that the Athlete’s orother Person’s National Anti-Doping
Organization shall conduct results
management.]

7.1.2	Results management in relation to a potential
Whereabouts Failure (a filing failure or amissed test) shall be administered by theInternational Federation or the National
Anti-Doping Organization with whom the Athlete
in question files his or her whereabouts
information, as provided in the International
Standard for Testing and Investigations. The
Anti-Doping Organization that determines afiling failure or a missed test shall submit that
information to WADA through ADAMS or anothersystem approved by WADA, where it will bemade available to other relevant Anti-Doping
Organizations.
7.2

Review Regarding Adverse Analytical FindingsUpon receipt of an Adverse Analytical Finding, theAnti-Doping Organization responsible for results
management shall conduct a review to determine
whether: (a) an applicable TUE has been granted or will
be granted as provided in the International Standard
for Therapeutic Use Exemptions, or (b) there is any
apparent departure from the International Standard for
Testing and Investigations or International Standard forLaboratories that caused the Adverse Analytical Finding.

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ARTICLE 7 Results Management

7.3	
Notification After Review Regarding
Adverse Analytical Findings	If the review of an Adverse Analytical Finding under Article
7.2 does not reveal an applicable TUE or entitlement
to a TUE as provided in the International Standard for
Therapeutic Use Exemptions, or departure that caused
the Adverse Analytical Finding, the Anti-Doping Organization
shall promptly notify the Athlete, in the manner set out
in Articles 14.1.1 and 14.1.3 and its own rules, of: (a)the Adverse Analytical Finding; (b) the anti-doping ruleviolated; and (c) the Athlete’s right to promptly request
the analysis of the B Sample or, failing such request, thatthe B Sample analysis may be deemed waived; (d) thescheduled date, time and place for the B Sample analysis
if the Athlete or Anti-Doping Organization chooses torequest an analysis of the B Sample; (e) the opportunity
for the Athlete and/or the Athlete’s representative toattend the B Sample opening and analysis within thetime period specified in the International Standard forLaboratories if such analysis is requested; and (f) the
Athlete’s right to request copies of the A and B Sample
laboratory documentation package which includes
information as required by the International Standard
for Laboratories. If the Anti-Doping Organization decides
not to bring forward the Adverse Analytical Finding as ananti-doping rule violation, it shall so notify the Athlete
and the Anti-Doping Organizations as described in
Article 14.1.2.
	
In all cases where an Athlete has been notified of ananti-doping rule violation that does not result in a
mandatory Provisional Suspension under Article 7.9.1,
the Athlete shall be offered the opportunity to accept
a Provisional Suspension pending the resolution of thematter.

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7.4

Review of Atypical Findings	As provided in the International Standard for Laboratories,
in some circumstances laboratories are directed toreport the presence of Prohibited Substances, which may
also be produced endogenously, as Atypical Findings
subject to further investigation. Upon receipt of an
Atypical Finding, the Anti-Doping Organization responsible
for results management shall conduct a review todetermine whether: (a) an applicable TUE has been
granted or will be granted as provided in the International
Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions, or (b) there isany apparent departure from the International Standard
for Testing and Investigations or International Standard
for Laboratories that caused the Atypical Finding. If that
review does not reveal an applicable TUE or departurethat caused the Atypical Finding, the Anti-Doping
Organization shall conduct the required investigation.
After the investigation is completed, the Athlete andother Anti-Doping Organizations identified in Article 14.1.2
shall be notified whether or not the Atypical Finding will
be brought forward as an Adverse Analytical Finding. The
Athlete shall be notified as provided in Article 7.3.
7.4.1	The Anti-Doping Organization will not provide
notice of an Atypical Finding until it has completed
its investigation and decided whether it willbring the Atypical Finding forward as an Adverse
Analytical Finding unless one of the following
circumstances exists:		(a) If the Anti-Doping Organization determines
the B Sample should be analyzed prior to theconclusion of its investigation under Article 7.4,
[Comment to Article 7.4: The “required
investigation” described in this Article
will depend on the situation. For
example, if it has previously
determined that an Athlete

has a naturally elevatedtestosterone/epitestosterone ratio,confirmation that an Atypical Finding
is consistent with that prior ratio is asufficient investigation.]

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ARTICLE 7 Results Management

the Anti-Doping Organization may conduct the
B Sample analysis after notifying the Athlete,with such notice to include a description of theAtypical Finding and the information described in
Article 7.3(d)-(f).
		(b) If the Anti-Doping Organization receives arequest, either from a Major Event Organization
shortly before one of its International Events ora request from a sport organization responsible
for meeting an imminent deadline for selecting
team members for an International Event, todisclose whether any Athlete identified on a list
provided by the Major Event Organization or sportorganization has a pending Atypical Finding, theAnti-Doping Organization shall so identify any
such Athlete after first providing notice of theAtypical Finding to the Athlete.
7.5	Review of Atypical Passport Findings andAdverse Passport Findings
	Review of Atypical Passport Findings and Adverse Passport
Findings shall take place as provided in the International
Standard for Testing and Investigations and International
Standard for Laboratories. At such time as theAnti-Doping Organization is satisfied that an anti-doping
rule violation has occurred, it shall promptly give theAthlete notice, in the manner set out in its rules, of theanti-doping rule violated, and the basis of the violation.
Other Anti-Doping Organizations shall be notified asprovided in Article 14.1.2.
[Comment to Article 7.4.1(b): Under
the circumstance described in Article
7.4.1(b), the option to take action would

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be left to the Major Event Organizationor sport organization consistent with
its rules.]7.6

Review of Whereabouts Failures	
Review of potential filing failures and missed tests
shall take place as provided in the International
Standard for Testing and Investigations. At such timeas the International Federation or National Anti-Doping
Organization (as applicable) is satisfied that an Article
2.4 anti-doping rule violation has occurred, it shallpromptly give the Athlete notice, in the manner set out
in its rules, that it is asserting a violation of Article
2.4 and the basis of that assertion. Other Anti-Doping
Organizations shall be notified as provided in Article
14.1.2.
7.7	Review of Other Anti-Doping Rule Violations
Not Covered by Articles 7.1–7.6
	
The Anti-Doping Organization or other reviewing bodyestablished by such organization shall conduct any
follow-up investigation into a possible anti-doping ruleviolation as may be required under applicable antidoping policies and rules adopted pursuant to theCode or which the Anti-Doping Organization otherwise
considers appropriate. At such time as the Anti-Doping
Organization is satisfied that an anti-doping rule violation
has occurred, it shall promptly give the Athlete or other
Person notice, in the manner set out in its rules, of theanti-doping rule violated, and the basis of the violation.
Other Anti-Doping Organizations shall be notified asprovided in Article 14.1.2.
[Comment to Articles 7.1, 7.6 and7.7: For example, an International
Federation typically would notify the

Athlete through the Athlete’s National
Federation.]

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7.8

ARTICLE 7 Results Management

Identification of Prior Anti-Doping Rule Violations	Before giving an Athlete or other Person notice of anasserted anti-doping rule violation as provided above, theAnti-Doping Organization shall refer to ADAMS or anothersystem approved by WADA and contact WADA and otherrelevant Anti-Doping Organizations to determine whether
any prior anti-doping rule violation exists.
7.9

Principles Applicable to Provisional Suspensions
7.9.1	Mandatory Provisional Suspension after anAdverse Analytical Finding.

		The Signatories listed below shall adopt rules
providing that when an Adverse Analytical
Finding is received for a Prohibited Substanceor a Prohibited Method, other than a Specified
Substance, a Provisional Suspension shallbe imposed promptly after the review andnotification described in Article 7.2, 7.3 or 7.5:
where the Signatory is the ruling body of an Event(for application to that Event); where the Signatory
is responsible for team selection (for application
to that team selection); where the Signatoryis the applicable International Federation; orwhere the Signatory is another Anti-Doping
Organization which has results management
authority over the alleged anti-doping ruleviolation. A mandatory Provisional Suspension
may be eliminated if the Athlete demonstrates
to the hearing panel that the violation is likely tohave involved a Contaminated Product. A hearing
body’s decision not to eliminate a mandatory
Provisional Suspension on account of the Athlete’s
assertion regarding a Contaminated Product shallnot be appealable.
		Provided, however, that a Provisional Suspension
may not be imposed unless the Athlete is given
either: (a) an opportunity for a Provisional
Hearing, either before imposition of the54

World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

Provisional Suspension or on a timely basis after
imposition of the Provisional Suspension; or(b) an opportunity for an expedited hearing inaccordance with Article 8 on a timely basis after
imposition of a Provisional Suspension.
7.9.2	Optional Provisional Suspension based on
an Adverse Analytical Finding for Specified
Substances, Contaminated Products, or otherAnti-Doping Rule Violations.
		A Signatory may adopt rules, applicable to any
Event for which the Signatory is the ruling bodyor to any team selection process for which the
Signatory is responsible or where the Signatoryis the applicable International Federation or has
results management authority over the allegedanti-doping rule violation, permitting Provisional
Suspensions to be imposed for anti-doping ruleviolations not covered by Article 7.9.1 prior to
analysis of the Athlete’s B Sample or final hearing
as described in Article 8.
		Provided, however, that a Provisional Suspension
may not be imposed unless the Athlete or other
Person is given either: (a) an opportunity for a
Provisional Hearing, either before imposition of
the Provisional Suspension or on a timely basis
after imposition of the Provisional Suspension;or (b) an opportunity for an expedited hearing inaccordance with Article 8 on a timely basis after
imposition of a Provisional Suspension.
		If a Provisional Suspension is imposed based on
an A Sample Adverse Analytical Finding and asubsequent B Sample analysis (if requested by
the Athlete or Anti-Doping Organization) does notconfirm the A Sample analysis, then the Athlete
shall not be subject to any further Provisional
Suspension on account of a violation of Article
2.1. In circumstances where the Athlete (or the
Athlete’s team as may be provided in the rules

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ARTICLE 7 Results Management
ARTICLE 8 Right to a Fair Hearing and Noticeof Hearing Decision

Doping Controlof the applicable Major Event Organization orInternational Federation) has been removed froma Competition based on a violation of Article 2.1
and the subsequent B Sample analysis does
not confirm the A Sample finding, if, without
otherwise affecting the Competition, it is still
possible for the Athlete or team to be reinserted,
the Athlete or team may continue to take part in
the Competition.
7.10 Notification of Results Management Decisions
	In all cases where an Anti-Doping Organization has
asserted the commission of an anti-doping ruleviolation, withdrawn the assertion of an anti-doping ruleviolation, imposed a Provisional Suspension, or agreed
with an Athlete or other Person to the imposition of asanction without a hearing, that Anti-Doping Organization
shall give notice thereof as set forth in Article 14.2.1 toother Anti-Doping Organizations with a right to appeal
under Article 13.2.3.
[Comment to Article 7.9: Before a
Provisional Suspension can beunilaterally imposed by an Anti-Doping
Organization, the internal review
specified in the Code must first becompleted. In addition, the Signatory
imposing a Provisional Suspension
shall ensure that the Athlete is given
an opportunity for a Provisional
Hearing either before or promptly
after the imposition of the Provisional
Suspension, or an expedited final
hearing under Article 8 promptly after
imposition of the Provisional
Suspension. The Athlete has a right toappeal under Article 13.2.3.
In the rare circumstance where the B
Sample analysis does not confirm the56

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A Sample finding, the Athlete who had
been Provisionally Suspended will beallowed, where circumstances permit,
to participate in subsequentCompetitions during the Event.
Similarly, depending upon the relevant
rules of the International Federation
in a Team Sport, if the team is still inCompetition, the Athlete may be able
to take part in future Competitions.
Athletes and other Persons shallreceive credit for a Provisional
Suspension against any period of
Ineligibility which is ultimately
imposed or accepted as provided in
Article 10.11.3 or 10.11.4.]

7.11 Retirement from Sport	If an Athlete or other Person retires while a results
management process is underway, the Anti-Doping
Organization conducting the results management process
retains jurisdiction to complete its results management
process. If an Athlete or other Person retires before any
results management process has begun, the Anti-Doping
Organization which would have had results management
authority over the Athlete or other Person at the time theAthlete or other Person committed an anti-doping ruleviolation, has authority to conduct results management.

ARTICLE 8 RIGHT TO A FAIR HEARING AND
NOTICE OF HEARING DECISION
8.1

Fair Hearings	
For any Person who is asserted to have committed ananti-doping rule violation, each Anti-Doping Organization
with responsibility for results management shall provide,
at a minimum, a fair hearing within a reasonable timeby a fair and impartial hearing panel. A timely reasoned
decision specifically including an explanation of thereason(s) for any period of Ineligibility shall be Publicly
Disclosed as provided in Article 14.3.

[Comment to Article 7.11: Conduct by
an Athlete or other Person before theAthlete or other Person was subject
to the jurisdiction of any Anti-Doping
Organization would not constitute ananti-doping rule violation but could
be a legitimate basis for denying theAthlete or other Person membership ina sports organization.][Comment to Article 8.1: This Article
requires that at some point in the
results management process, theAthlete or other Person shall be
provided the opportunity for a timely,
fair and impartial hearing. These
principles are also found in Article 6.1of the Convention for the Protectionof Human Rights and Fundamental

Freedoms and are principles generally
accepted in international law. This
Article is not intended to supplanteach Anti-Doping Organization’s own
rules for hearings but rather to ensurethat each Anti-Doping Organization
provides a hearing process consistent
with these principles.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

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8.2

ARTICLE 8 Right to a Fair Hearing and Notice of Hearing Decision
ARTICLE 9 Automatic Disqualification of Individual Results

Event Hearings	
Hearings held in connection with Events may be
conducted by an expedited process as permitted by therules of the relevant Anti-Doping Organization and thehearing panel.
8.3

Waiver of Hearing	The right to a hearing may be waived either expressly orby the Athlete’s or other Person’s failure to challenge an
Anti-Doping Organization’s assertion that an anti-doping
rule violation has occurred within the specific time period
provided in the Anti-Doping Organization’s rules.
8.4

Notice of Decisions	The reasoned hearing decision, or in cases where thehearing has been waived, a reasoned decision explaining
the action taken, shall be provided by the Anti-Doping
Organization with results management responsibility to
the Athlete and to other Anti-Doping Organizations witha right to appeal under Article 13.2.3 as provided in
Article 14.2.1.
[Comment to Article 8.2: For example,
a hearing could be expedited on theeve of a major Event where theresolution of the anti-doping ruleviolation is necessary to determine

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the Athlete’s eligibility to participate
in the Event or during an Event where
the resolution of the case will affectthe validity of the Athlete’s results orcontinued participation in the Event.]

8.5

Single Hearing Before CAS	
A nti-doping
rule
violations
assertedagainstInternational-Level Athletes or National-Level Athletesmay, with the consent of the Athlete, the Anti-Doping
Organization with results management responsibility,
WADA, and any other Anti-Doping Organization thatwould have had a right to appeal a first instance hearing
decision to CAS, be heard directly at CAS, with norequirement for a prior hearing.

ARTICLE 9 AUTOMATIC DISQUALIFICATIONOF INDIVIDUAL RESULTS
An anti-doping rule violation in Individual Sports in connection
with an In-Competition test automatically leads to Disqualificationof the result obtained in that Competition with all resulting
Consequences, including forfeiture of any medals, points andprizes.
[Comment to Article 8.5: In somecases, the combined cost of holdinga hearing in the first instance at theinternational or national level, thenrehearing the case de novo before CAS
can be very substantial. Where all of
the parties identified in this Article aresatisfied that their interests will beadequately protected in a single

hearing, there is no need for the
Athlete or Anti-Doping Organizations
to incur the extra expense of two
hearings. An Anti-Doping Organizationthat wants to participate in the CAS
hearing as a party or as an observer
may condition its approval of a single
hearing on being granted that right.][Comment to Article 9: For TeamSports, any awards received byindividual players will be Disqualified.
However, Disqualification of the teamwill be as provided in Article 11. Insports which are not Team Sports butwhere awards are given to teams,

Disqualification or other disciplinary
action against the team when one ormore team members have committed
an anti-doping rule violation shall be
as provided in the applicable rules of
the International Federation.]

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ARTICLE 10 SANCTIONS ON INDIVIDUALS
10.1	Disqualification of Results in the Event during which an
Anti-Doping Rule Violation Occurs
	
An anti-doping rule violation occurring during or inconnection with an Event may, upon the decision of theruling body of the Event, lead to Disqualification of allof the Athlete’s individual results obtained in that Event
with all Consequences, including forfeiture of all medals,
points and prizes, except as provided in Article 10.1.1.
	
Factors to be included in considering whether toDisqualify other results in an Event might include, forexample, the seriousness of the Athlete’s anti-doping
rule violation and whether the Athlete tested negative inthe other Competitions.
10.1.1	If the Athlete establishes that he or she bears No
Fault or Negligence for the violation, the Athlete’s
individual results in the other Competitions shallnot be Disqualified, unless the Athlete’s resultsin Competitions other than the Competition inwhich the anti-doping rule violation occurred
were likely to have been affected by the Athlete’s
anti-doping rule violation.
10.2 Ineligibility for Presence, Use or Attempted Use or
Possession of a Prohibited Substance or
Prohibited Method	The period of Ineligibility for a violation of Article 2.1, 2.2
or 2.6 shall be as follows, subject to potential reduction
or suspension pursuant to Article 10.4, 10.5 or 10.6:[Comment to Article 10.1: Whereas
Article 9 Disqualifies the result in asingle Competition in which the Athlete
tested positive (e.g., the 100 meter

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backstroke), this Article may lead to
Disqualification of all results in allraces during the Event (e.g., the FINA
World Championships).]10.2.1	The period of Ineligibility shall be four years
where:
		10.2.1.1	The anti-doping rule violation does not
involve a Specified Substance, unless the
Athlete or other Person can establishthat the anti-doping rule violation was
not intentional.

		

10.2.1.2	The anti-doping rule violation involves aSpecified Substance and the Anti-Doping
Organization can establish that the antidoping rule violation was intentional.

10.2.2	If Article 10.2.1 does not apply, the period of
Ineligibility shall be two years.
10.2.3	
As used in Articles 10.2 and 10.3, the term
“intentional” is meant to identify those Athletes
who cheat. The term, therefore, requiresthat the Athlete or other Person engaged in
conduct which he or she knew constituted ananti-doping rule violation or knew that there
was a significant risk that the conduct might
constitute or result in an anti-doping ruleviolation and manifestly disregarded that risk. An
anti-doping rule violation resulting from an
Adverse Analytical Finding for a substancewhich is only prohibited In-Competition shall be
rebuttably presumed to be not “intentional” if thesubstance is a Specified Substance and the Athlete
can establish that the Prohibited Substance wasUsed Out-of-Competition. An anti-doping ruleviolation resulting from an Adverse Analytical
Finding for a substance which is only prohibited
In-Competition shall not be considered“intentional” if the substance is not a Specified
Substance and the Athlete can establishthat the Prohibited Substance was Used
Out-of-Competition in a context unrelated tosport performance.

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10.3 Ineligibility for Other Anti-Doping Rule Violations
	The period of Ineligibility for anti-doping rule violations
other than as provided in Article 10.2 shall be as follows,
unless Article 10.5 or 10.6 are applicable:
10.3.1	For violations of Article 2.3 or Article 2.5, theperiod of Ineligibility shall be four years unless, inthe case of failing to submit to Sample collection,
the Athlete can establish that the commission of
the anti-doping rule violation was not intentional(as defined in Article 10.2.3), in which case theperiod of Ineligibility shall be two years.
10.3.2	For violations of Article 2.4, the period of
Ineligibility shall be two years, subject to reduction
down to a minimum of one year, dependingon the Athlete’s degree of Fault. The flexibility
between two years and one year of Ineligibility
in this Article is not available to Athletes wherea pattern of last-minute whereabouts changes
or other conduct raises a serious suspicion that
the Athlete was trying to avoid being available for
Testing.
10.3.3	For violations of Article 2.7 or 2.8, the period
of Ineligibility shall be a minimum of four years
up to lifetime Ineligibility, depending on theseriousness of the violation. An Article 2.7 or
Article 2.8 violation involving a Minor shall beconsidered a particularly serious violation and,if committed by Athlete Support Personnel for
violations other than for Specified Substances,
shall result in lifetime Ineligibility for Athlete
Support Personnel. In addition, significant
violations of Article 2.7 or 2.8 which may also
violate non-sporting laws and regulations, shallbe reported to the competent administrative,
professional or judicial authorities.
[Comment to Article 10.3.3: Those
who are involved in doping Athletes orcovering up doping should be subject
to sanctions which are more severe
than the Athletes who test positive.
Since the authority of sport

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organizations is generally limited
to Ineligibility for accreditation,membership and other sport benefits,
reporting Athlete Support Personnel tocompetent authorities is an important
step in the deterrence of doping.]

10.3.4	
For violations of Article 2.9, the period of
Ineligibility imposed shall be a minimum of
two years, up to four years, depending on theseriousness of the violation.
10.3.5	For violations of Article 2.10, the period of
Ineligibility shall be two years, subject to reduction
down to a minimum of one year, depending on
the Athlete or other Person’s degree of Fault andother circumstances of the case.
10.4	Elimination of the Period of Ineligibility where there is
No Fault or Negligence	If an Athlete or other Person establishes in an individual
case that he or she bears No Fault or Negligence, thenthe otherwise applicable period of Ineligibility shall beeliminated.
[Comment to Article 10.3.5: Wherethe “other Person” referenced in
Article 2.10 is an entity and not an

individual, that entity may bedisciplined as provided in Article 12.]

[Comment to Article 10.4: This Article
and Article 10.5.2 apply only to theimposition of sanctions; they are
not applicable to the determinationof whether an anti-doping ruleviolation has occurred. They will only
apply in exceptional circumstances,for example, where an Athlete
could prove that, despite all due
care, he or she was sabotaged by
a competitor. Conversely, No Fault
or Negligence would not apply inthe following circumstances: (a)a positive test resulting from amislabeled or contaminated vitaminor nutritional supplement (Athletes
are responsible for what they ingest(Article 2.1.1) and have been warned
against the possibility of supplement
contamination); (b) the Administrationof a Prohibited Substance by the
Athlete’s personal physician or trainer
without disclosure to the Athlete(Athletes are responsible for theirchoice of medical personnel andfor advising medical personnel thatthey cannot be given any Prohibited
Substance); and (c) sabotage of theAthlete’s food or drink by a spouse,coach or other Person within the
Athlete’s circle of associates (Athletes
are responsible for what they ingest
and for the conduct of those Persons towhom they entrust access to their foodand drink). However, depending on theunique facts of a particular case, anyof the referenced illustrations could
result in a reduced sanction under
Article 10.5 based on No Significant
Fault or Negligence.]

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10.5	Reduction of the Period of Ineligibility based on
No Significant Fault or Negligence
10.5.1	Reduction of Sanctions for Specified Substancesor Contaminated Products for Violations ofArticle 2.1, 2.2 or 2.6.
		 10.5.1.1	Specified Substances			
Where the anti-doping rule violation
involves a Specified Substance, and theAthlete or other Person can establish
No Significant Fault or Negligence, thenthe period of Ineligibility shall be, at aminimum, a reprimand and no period
of Ineligibility, and at a maximum, twoyears of Ineligibility, depending on the
Athlete’s or other Person’s degree ofFault.

		 10.5.1.2 Contaminated Products			
In cases where the Athlete or other

Person can establish No Significant
Fault or Negligence and that thedetected Prohibited Substance camefrom a Contaminated Product, thenthe period of Ineligibility shall be, at aminimum, a reprimand and no period
of Ineligibility, and at a maximum, twoyears Ineligibility, depending on the
Athlete’s or other Person’s degree ofFault.

10.5.2	Application of No Significant Fault or Negligencebeyond the Application of Article 10.5.1[Comment to Article 10.5.1.2: In
assessing that Athlete’s degree ofFault, it would, for example, befavorable for the Athlete if the Athlete

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had declared the product which was
subsequently determined to becontaminated on his or her Doping
Control form.]		If an Athlete or other Person establishes
in an individual case where Article 10.5.1
is not applicable, that he or she bears No
Significant Fault or Negligence, then, subject tofurther reduction or elimination as provided in
Article 10.6, the otherwise applicable period
of Ineligibility may be reduced based on the
Athlete or other Person’s degree of Fault, but
the reduced period of Ineligibility may not be lessthan one-half of the period of Ineligibility
otherwise applicable. If the otherwise applicable
period of Ineligibility is a lifetime, the reduced
period under this Article may be no less thaneight years.
10.6	Elimination, Reduction, or Suspension of Period of
Ineligibility or other Consequences for Reasons
other than Fault
10.6.1	
Substantial Assistance in Discovering or
Establishing Anti-Doping Rule Violations.
		 10.6.1.1	An Anti-Doping Organization with results
management responsibility for an antidoping rule violation may, prior to a
final appellate decision under Article
13 or the expiration of the time toappeal, suspend a part of the period
of Ineligibility imposed in an individual
case where the Athlete or other Person
has provided Substantial Assistance toan Anti-Doping Organization, criminal
authority or professional disciplinary
body which results in: (i) the Anti-Doping
Organization discovering or bringing
forward an anti-doping rule violation by[Comment to Article 10.5.2: Article
10.5.2 may be applied to any antidoping rule violation, except those
Articles where intent is an element of
the anti-doping rule violation (e.g.,
Article 2.5, 2.7, 2.8 or 2.9) or anelement of a particular sanction (e.g.,
Article 10.2.1) or a range of
Ineligibility is already provided in an
Article based on the Athlete or other
Person’s degree of Fault.]

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another Person, or (ii) which results in acriminal or disciplinary body discoveringor bringing forward a criminal offenseor the breach of professional rules
committed by another Person and theinformation provided by the Person
providing Substantial Assistance is madeavailable to the Anti-Doping Organization
with results management responsibility.
After a final appellate decision under
Article 13 or the expiration of time toappeal, an Anti-Doping Organization may
only suspend a part of the otherwise
applicable period of Ineligibility with theapproval of WADA and the applicable
International Federation. The extent towhich the otherwise applicable period
of Ineligibility may be suspended shallbe based on the seriousness of theanti-doping rule violation committed
by the Athlete or other Person andthe significance of the Substantial
Assistance provided by the Athlete orother Person to the effort to eliminate
doping in sport. No more than threequarters of the otherwise applicable
period of Ineligibility may be suspended.
If the otherwise applicable period
of Ineligibility is a lifetime, the nonsuspended period under this Article
must be no less than eight years. If
the Athlete or other Person fails tocontinue to cooperate and to provide
the complete and credible Substantial
Assistance upon which a suspension of
the period of Ineligibility was based, theAnti-Doping Organization that suspended
the period of Ineligibility shall reinstate
the original period of Ineligibility. If
an Anti-Doping Organization decides
to reinstate a suspended period of
Ineligibility or decides not to reinstate

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a suspended period of Ineligibility, thatdecision may be appealed by any Person
entitled to appeal under Article 13.
		

10.6.1.2	To further encourage Athletes and other
Persons to provide Substantial Assistanceto Anti-Doping Organizations, at therequest of the Anti-Doping Organization
conducting results management orat the request of the Athlete or other
Person who has, or has been asserted
to have, committed an anti-doping ruleviolation, WADA may agree at any stageof the results management process,including after a final appellate decision
under Article 13, to what it considers
to be an appropriate suspension of
the otherwise-applicable period of
Ineligibility and other Consequences. In
exceptional circumstances, WADA may
agree to suspensions of the period of
Ineligibility and other Consequences
for Substantial Assistance greater thanthose otherwise provided in this Article,
or even no period of Ineligibility, and/or
no return of prize money or payment offines or costs. WADA’s approval shall be
subject to reinstatement of sanction,as otherwise provided in this Article.
Notwithstanding Article 13, WADA’s
decisions in the context of this Article
may not be appealed by any otherAnti-Doping Organization.

		

10.6.1.3	If an Anti-Doping Organization suspends
any part of an otherwise applicablesanction because of Substantial
Assistance, then notice providing
justification for the decision shallbe provided to the other Anti-Doping
Organizations with a right to appeal under
Article 13.2.3 as provided in Article 14.2.
In unique circumstances where WADA
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determines that it would be in the bestinterest of anti-doping, WADA may
authorize an Anti-Doping Organization
to enter into appropriate confidentiality
agreements limiting or delaying thedisclosure of the Substantial Assistanceagreement or the nature of Substantial
Assistance being provided.
10.6.2	Admission of an Anti-Doping Rule Violation in
the Absence of Other Evidence		Where an Athlete or other Person voluntarily
admits the commission of an anti-doping ruleviolation before having received notice of a
Sample collection which could establish an antidoping rule violation (or, in the case of an antidoping rule violation other than Article 2.1, before
receiving first notice of the admitted violation
pursuant to Article 7) and that admission is the
only reliable evidence of the violation at the timeof admission, then the period of Ineligibility may
be reduced, but not below one-half of the period
of Ineligibility otherwise applicable.
10.6.3	Prompt Admission of an Anti-Doping Rule
Violation after being Confronted with a Violation
Sanctionable under Article 10.2.1 or Article 10.3.1

68[Comment to Article 10.6.1: The
cooperation of Athletes, Athlete
Support Personnel and other Persons
who acknowledge their mistakes andare willing to bring other anti-doping
rule violations to light is important

to clean sport. This is the only
circumstance under the Code where
the suspension of an otherwise
applicable period of Ineligibility isauthorized.][Comment to Article 10.6.2: This
Article is intended to apply when an
Athlete or other Person comes forward
and admits to an anti-doping ruleviolation in circumstances where no
Anti-Doping Organization is aware thatan anti-doping rule violation might
have been committed. It is not intended
to apply to circumstances where theadmission occurs after the Athlete
or other Person believes he or she
is about to be caught. The amount bywhich Ineligibility is reduced should bebased on the likelihood that the Athlete
or other Person would have beencaught had he or she not come forward
voluntarily.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

		An Athlete or other Person potentially subject
to a four-year sanction under Article 10.2.1
or 10.3.1 (for evading or refusing Sample
Collection or Tampering with Sample Collection),by promptly admitting the asserted anti-doping
rule violation after being confronted by an
Anti-Doping Organization, and also upon theapproval and at the discretion of both WADA
and the Anti-Doping Organization with results
management responsibility, may receive a
reduction in the period of Ineligibility down toa minimum of two years, depending on theseriousness of the violation and the Athlete orother Person’s degree of Fault.
10.6.4	Application of Multiple Grounds for Reduction ofa Sanction		Where an Athlete or other Person establishes
entitlement to reduction in sanction under morethan one provision of Article 10.4, 10.5 or 10.6,
before applying any reduction or suspension
under Article 10.6, the otherwise applicable
period of Ineligibility shall be determined inaccordance with Articles 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, and10.5. If the Athlete or other Person establishes
entitlement to a reduction or suspension of
the period of Ineligibility under Article 10.6,
then the period of Ineligibility may be reducedor suspended, but not below one-fourth of theotherwise applicable period of Ineligibility.
[Comment to Article 10.6.4: The
appropriate sanction is determinedin a sequence of four steps. First, thehearing panel determines which of
the basic sanctions (Article 10.2, 10.3,
10.4, or 10.5) apply to the particularanti-doping rule violation. Second, if
the basic sanction provides for a rangeof sanctions, the hearing panel must
determine the applicable sanction
within that range according to the

Athlete or other Person’s degree ofFault. In a third step, the hearing
panel establishes whether there is abasis for elimination, suspension, or
reduction of the sanction (Article 10.6).
Finally, the hearing panel decides on
the commencement of the period of
Ineligibility under Article 10.11.
Several examples of how Article 10 isto be applied are found in Appendix 2.]

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10.7	Multiple Violations
10.7.1	For an Athlete or other Person’s second antidoping rule violation, the period of Ineligibility
shall be the greater of:		(a) six months;		(b) one-half of the period of Ineligibility imposed
for the first anti-doping rule violation without
taking into account any reduction under Article
10.6; or		(c) twice the period of Ineligibility otherwise
applicable to the second anti-doping ruleviolation treated as if it were a first violation,
without taking into account any reduction under
Article 10.6.
	The period of Ineligibility established above may then be
further reduced by the application of Article 10.6.
10.7.2	A third anti-doping rule violation will always
result in a lifetime period of Ineligibility, except
if the third violation fulfills the condition forelimination or reduction of the period of
Ineligibility under Article 10.4 or 10.5, or involves
a violation of Article 2.4. In these particularcases, the period of Ineligibility shall be fromeight years to lifetime Ineligibility.
10.7.3	An anti-doping rule violation for which an
Athlete or other Person has established No Fault
or Negligence shall not be considered a priorviolation for purposes of this Article.
10.7.4	Additional Rules for Certain Potential Multiple
Violations
		

70

10.7.4.1	For purposes of imposing sanctions
under Article 10.7, an anti-doping ruleviolation will only be considered a second
violation if the Anti-Doping Organization
can establish that the Athlete or other
Person committed the second antidoping rule violation after the Athlete orWorld Anti-Doping Code • 2015

other Person received notice pursuant
to Article 7, or after the Anti-Doping
Organization made reasonable efforts togive notice of the first anti-doping ruleviolation. If the Anti-Doping Organization
cannot establish this, the violations
shall be considered together as one
single first violation, and the sanction
imposed shall be based on the violationthat carries the more severe sanction.
		

10.7.4.2	If, after the imposition of a sanction
for a first anti-doping rule violation, an
Anti-Doping Organization discovers facts
involving an anti-doping rule violationby the Athlete or other Person which
occurred prior to notification regarding
the first violation, then the Anti-Doping
Organization shall impose an additionalsanction based on the sanction that
could have been imposed if the twoviolations had been adjudicated at thesame time. Results in all Competitions
dating back to the earlier anti-doping
rule violation will be Disqualified asprovided in Article 10.8.

10.7.5	Multiple Anti-Doping Rule Violations during
Ten-Year Period		For purposes of Article 10.7, each anti-doping
rule violation must take place within the sameten-year period in order to be consideredmultiple violations.

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10.8	Disqualification of Results in Competitions
Subsequent to Sample Collection or Commissionof an Anti-Doping Rule Violation	
In addition to the automatic Disqualification of the resultsin the Competition which produced the positive Sample
under Article 9, all other competitive results of theAthlete obtained from the date a positive Sample wascollected (whether In-Competition or Out-of-Competition),or other anti-doping rule violation occurred, throughthe commencement of any Provisional Suspension
or Ineligibility period, shall, unless fairness requires
otherwise, be Disqualified with all of the resulting
Consequences including forfeiture of any medals, points
and prizes.
10.9	Allocation of CAS Cost Awards andForfeited Prize Money	
The priority for repayment of CAS cost awards andforfeited prize money shall be: first, payment of costs
awarded by CAS; second, reallocation of forfeited prize
money to other Athletes if provided for in the rulesof the applicable International Federation; and third,
reimbursement of the expenses of the Anti-Doping
Organization that conducted results management in thecase.
10.10 Financial Consequences	Anti-Doping Organizations may, in their own rules,
provide for proportionate recovery of costs or financial
sanctions on account of anti-doping rule violations.
However, Anti-Doping Organizations may only impose
financial sanctions in cases where the maximum period
of Ineligibility otherwise applicable has already been
imposed. Financial sanctions may only be imposed where
the principle of proportionality is satisfied. No recovery of[Comment to Article 10.8: Nothing in
the Code precludes clean Athletes orother Persons who have been damagedby the actions of a Person who has

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committed an anti-doping ruleviolation from pursuing any right which
they would otherwise have to seek
damages from such Person.]costs or financial sanction may be considered a basis for
reducing the Ineligibility or other sanction which would
otherwise be applicable under the Code.
10.11 Commencement of Ineligibility Period	
Except as provided below, the period of Ineligibility shallstart on the date of the final hearing decision providing
for Ineligibility or, if the hearing is waived or there is nohearing, on the date Ineligibility is accepted or otherwise
imposed.
10.11.1	Delays Not Attributable to the Athlete or other
Person	Where there have been substantial delays inthe hearing process or other aspects of Doping
Control not attributable to the Athlete or other
Person, the body imposing the sanction may
start the period of Ineligibility at an earlier
date commencing as early as the date ofSample collection or the date on which anotheranti-doping rule violation last occurred. All
competitive results achieved during the period
of Ineligibility, including retroactive Ineligibility,
shall be Disqualified.
10.11.2 Timely Admission	
Where the Athlete or other Person promptly(which, in all events, for an Athlete means
before the Athlete competes again) admits theanti-doping rule violation after being confronted
with the anti-doping rule violation by theAnti-Doping Organization, the period of Ineligibility
may start as early as the date of Sample collectionor the date on which another anti-doping rule[Comment to Article 10.11.1: In casesof anti-doping rule violations otherthan under Article 2.1, the timerequired for an Anti-Doping
Organization to discover and develop
facts sufficient to establish an
anti-doping rule violation may belengthy, particularly where the Athlete
or other Person has taken affirmative
action to avoid detection. In thesecircumstances, the flexibility provided
in this Article to start the sanction at
an earlier date should not be used.]

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violation last occurred. In each case, however,where this Article is applied, the Athlete or other
Person shall serve at least one-half of the period
of Ineligibility going forward from the date theAthlete or other Person accepted the impositionof a sanction, the date of a hearing decision
imposing a sanction, or the date the sanction isotherwise imposed. This Article shall not apply
where the period of Ineligibility already has been
reduced under Article 10.6.3.
10.11.3	Credit for Provisional Suspension or Period of
Ineligibility Served
		 10.11.3.1	If a Provisional Suspension is imposed
and respected by the Athlete or other
Person, then the Athlete or other
Person shall receive a credit for such
period of Provisional Suspension against
any period of Ineligibility which may
ultimately be imposed. If a period of
Ineligibility is served pursuant to adecision that is subsequently appealed,then the Athlete or other Person shallreceive a credit for such period of
Ineligibility served against any period
of Ineligibility which may ultimately be
imposed on appeal.
		 10.11.3.2	If an Athlete or other Person voluntarily
accepts a Provisional Suspension inwriting from an Anti-Doping Organization
with results management authority
and thereafter respects the Provisional
Suspension, the Athlete or other Person
shall receive a credit for such periodof voluntary Provisional Suspension
against any period of Ineligibility which
may ultimately be imposed. A copy of
the Athlete or other Person’s voluntary
acceptance of a Provisional Suspension

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shall be provided promptly to each party
entitled to receive notice of an asserted
anti-doping rule violation under Article 14.1.
		 10.11.3.3	No credit against a period of Ineligibility
shall be given for any time period before
the effective date of the Provisional
Suspension or voluntary Provisional
Suspension regardless of whether the
Athlete elected not to compete or wassuspended by his or her team.
		 10.11.3.4	I n Team Sports, where a period of
Ineligibility is imposed upon a team,unless fairness requires otherwise,
the period of Ineligibility shall start on
the date of the final hearing decision
providing for Ineligibility or, if the hearing
is waived, on the date Ineligibility is
accepted or otherwise imposed. Any
period of team Provisional Suspension(whether imposed or voluntarily
accepted) shall be credited against the
total period of Ineligibility to be served.
10.12 Status during Ineligibility
10.12.1	Prohibition against Participation during
Ineligibility	
No Athlete or other Person who has been declared
Ineligible may, during the period of Ineligibility,
participate in any capacity in a Competitionor activity (other than authorized anti-doping
education or rehabilitation programs) authorized[Comment to Article 10.11.3.2: An
Athlete’s voluntary acceptance ofa Provisional Suspension is not anadmission by the Athlete and shall not
be used in any way to draw an adverse
inference against the Athlete.][Comment to Article 10.11: Article
10.11 makes clear that delays not
attributable to the Athlete, timely
admission by the Athlete andProvisional Suspension are the only
justifications for starting the period of
Ineligibility earlier than the date of the
final hearing decision.]

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or organized by any Signatory, Signatory’s
member organization, or a club or othermember organization of a Signatory’s member
organization, or in Competitions authorized ororganized by any professional league or any
international- or national-level Event organizationor any elite or national-level sporting activity
funded by a governmental agency.
	
An Athlete or other Person subject to a period
of Ineligibility longer than four years may, after
completing four years of the period of Ineligibility,
participate as an Athlete in local sport events not
sanctioned or otherwise under the jurisdiction ofa Code Signatory or member of a Code Signatory,
but only so long as the local sport event is not at
a level that could otherwise qualify such Athlete
or other Person directly or indirectly to competein (or accumulate points toward) a national
championship or International Event, and does
not involve the Athlete or other Person working
in any capacity with Minors.
	
An Athlete or other Person subject to a period of
Ineligibility shall remain subject to Testing.
[Comment to Article 10.12.1: For
example, subject to Article 10.12.2
below, an Ineligible Athlete cannot
participate in a training camp,
exhibition or practice organized by hisor her National Federation or a clubwhich is a member of that National
Federation or which is funded by agovernmental agency. Further, anIneligible Athlete may not compete ina non-Signatory professional league(e.g., the National Hockey League, theNational Basketball Association, etc.),
Events organized by a non-Signatory

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International Event organization or a
non-Signatory national-level event
organization without triggering theConsequences set forth in Article
10.12.3. The term “activity” also
includes, for example, administrative
activities, such as serving as an
official, director, officer, employee, orvolunteer of the organization describedin this Article. Ineligibility imposed in
one sport shall also be recognized byother sports (see Article 15.1, Mutual
Recognition).]10.12.2	Return to Training	
As an exception to Article 10.12.1, an Athlete
may return to train with a team or to use thefacilities of a club or other member organizationof a Signatory’s member organization during theshorter of: (1) the last two months of the Athlete’s
period of Ineligibility, or (2) the last one-quarterof the period of Ineligibility imposed.
	
10.12.3	Violation of the Prohibition of Participation
during Ineligibility	
Where an Athlete or other Person who has been
declared Ineligible violates the prohibition against
participation during Ineligibility described in
Article 10.12.1, the results of such participation
shall be Disqualified and a new period of
Ineligibility equal in length to the original period
of Ineligibility shall be added to the end of theoriginal period of Ineligibility. The new period of
Ineligibility may be adjusted based on the Athlete
or other Person’s degree of Fault and othercircumstances of the case. The determinationof whether an Athlete or other Person has
violated the prohibition against participation,
and whether an adjustment is appropriate, shallbe made by the Anti-Doping Organization whose
results management led to the imposition of theinitial period of Ineligibility. This decision may be
appealed under Article 13.
[Comment to Article 10.12.2: In
many Team Sports and someindividual sports (e.g., ski jumping
and gymnastics), an Athlete cannot
effectively train on his or her own so
as to be ready to compete at the endof the Athlete’s period of Ineligibility.
During the training period described inthis Article, an Ineligible Athlete may
not compete or engage in any activity
described in Article 10.12.1 other thantraining.]

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ARTICLE 10 Sanctions on Individuals
ARTICLE 11 Consequences to Teams	
Where an Athlete Support Person or other Person
assists a Person in violating the prohibition
against participation during Ineligibility, an
Anti-Doping Organization with jurisdiction oversuch Athlete Support Person or other Person
shall impose sanctions for a violation of Article
2.9 for such assistance.
10.12.4	Withholding of Financial Support during
Ineligibility	
In addition, for any anti-doping rule violation
not involving a reduced sanction as describedin Article 10.4 or 10.5, some or all sport-related
financial support or other sport-related benefits
received by such Person will be withheld by
Signatories, Signatories’ member organizations
and governments.
10.13 Automatic Publication of Sanction	
A mandatory part of each sanction shall include
automatic publication, as provided in Article 14.3.
[Comment to Article 10: Harmonizationof sanctions has been one of the most
discussed and debated areas of antidoping. Harmonization means that thesame rules and criteria are applied
to assess the unique facts of eachcase. Arguments against requiringharmonization of sanctions are
based on differences between sports
including, for example, the following:in some sports the Athletes areprofessionals making a sizable income
from the sport and in others the
Athletes are true amateurs; in those
sports where an Athlete’s career isshort, a standard period of Ineligibility
has a much more significant effecton the Athlete than in sports where

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careers are traditionally much longer.
A primary argument in favor of
harmonization is that it is simply notright that two Athletes from the same
country who test positive for the same
Prohibited Substance under similar
circumstances should receive different
sanctions only because they participate
in different sports. In addition,
flexibility in sanctioning has often beenviewed as an unacceptable opportunity
for some sporting organizations to
be more lenient with dopers. The
lack of harmonization of sanctions
has also frequently been the sourceof jurisdictional conflicts between
International Federations and National
Anti-Doping Organizations.]ARTICLE 11 CONSEQUENCES TO TEAMS
11.1 Testing of Team Sports	Where more than one member of a team in a Team Sporthas been notified of an anti-doping rule violation under
Article 7 in connection with an Event, the ruling body for
the Event shall conduct appropriate Target Testing of theteam during the Event Period.
11.2 Consequences for Team Sports	If more than two members of a team in a Team Sport arefound to have committed an anti-doping rule violation
during an Event Period, the ruling body of the Event shall
impose an appropriate sanction on the team (e.g., lossof points, Disqualification from a Competition or Event, orother sanction) in addition to any Consequences imposed
upon the individual Athletes committing the anti-doping
rule violation.
11.3 Event Ruling Body may Establish Stricter
Consequences for Team Sports
	The ruling body for an Event may elect to establish rules
for the Event which impose Consequences for TeamSports stricter than those in Article 11.2 for purposes of
the Event.
[Comment to Article 11.3: For example,
the International Olympic Committee
could establish rules which would
require Disqualification of a team fromthe Olympic Games based on a lesser
number of anti-doping rule violations
during the period of the Games.]

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ARTICLE 12 Sanctions Against Sporting Bodies
ARTICLE 13 Appeals

ARTICLE 12 SANCTIONS AGAINSTSPORTING BODIES
Nothing in the Code precludes any Signatory or government
accepting the Code from enforcing its own rules for the purposeof imposing sanctions on another sporting body over which
the Signatory or a member of the Signatory or government has
authority.

ARTICLE 13 APPEALS
13.1 Decisions Subject to Appeal
	Decisions made under the Code or rules adopted
pursuant to the Code may be appealed as set forth below
in Articles 13.2 through 13.4 or as otherwise provided in
the Code or International Standards. Such decisions shallremain in effect while under appeal unless the appellate
body orders otherwise. Before an appeal is commenced,
any post-decision review provided in the Anti-Doping
Organization’s rules must be exhausted, provided thatsuch review respects the principles set forth in Article
13.2.2 below (except as provided in Article 13.1.3).
13.1.1	Scope of Review Not Limited		The scope of review on appeal includes all issues
relevant to the matter and is expressly not limited
to the issues or scope of review before the initialdecision maker.
[Comment to Article 12: This Article
makes it clear that the Code does not
restrict whatever disciplinary rights

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between organizations mayotherwise exist.]13.1.2	
CAS Shall Not Defer to the Findings Being
Appealed	
In making its decision, CAS need not givedeference to the discretion exercised by the bodywhose decision is being appealed.
13.1.3	
WADA Not Required to Exhaust Internal
Remedies	
Where WADA has a right to appeal under Article
13 and no other party has appealed a final
decision within the Anti-Doping Organization’s
process, WADA may appeal such decision directly
to CAS without having to exhaust other remedies
in the Anti-Doping Organization’s process.
13.2	Appeals from Decisions Regarding Anti-Doping Rule
Violations, Consequences, Provisional Suspensions,
Recognition of Decisions and Jurisdiction	
A decision that an anti-doping rule violation wascommitted, a decision imposing Consequences or not
imposing Consequences for an anti-doping rule violation,
or a decision that no anti-doping rule violation wascommitted; a decision that an anti-doping rule violation
proceeding cannot go forward for procedural reasons(including, for example, prescription); a decision by
WADA not to grant an exception to the six months noticerequirement for a retired Athlete to return to Competition
under Article 5.7.1; a decision by WADA assigning
results management under Article 7.1; a decision by an[Comment to Article 13.1.2: CASproceedings are de novo. Prior
proceedings do not limit the evidenceor carry weight in the hearing
before CAS.][Comment to Article 13.1.3: Where adecision has been rendered before
the final stage of an Anti-Doping
Organization’s process (for example,
a first hearing) and no party elects toappeal that decision to the next level ofthe Anti-Doping Organization’s process(e.g., the Managing Board), then WADA
may bypass the remaining steps in theAnti-Doping Organization’s internal
process and appeal directly to CAS.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

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ARTICLE 13 Appeals

Anti-Doping Organization not to bring forward an Adverse
Analytical Finding or an Atypical Finding as an anti-doping
rule violation, or a decision not to go forward with ananti-doping rule violation after an investigation under
Article 7.7; a decision to impose a Provisional Suspension
as a result of a Provisional Hearing; an Anti-Doping
Organization’s failure to comply with Article 7.9; a decisionthat an Anti-Doping Organization lacks jurisdiction torule on an alleged anti-doping rule violation or its
Consequences; a decision to suspend, or not suspend,a period of Ineligibility or to reinstate, or not reinstate,a suspended period of Ineligibility under Article 10.6.1;
a decision under Article 10.12.3; and a decision by an
Anti-Doping Organization not to recognize another AntiDoping Organization’s decision under Article 15 may be
appealed exclusively as provided in this Article 13.2.
13.2.1	Appeals Involving International-Level Athletes orInternational Events		In cases arising from participation in an
International Event or in cases involving
International-Level Athletes, the decision may be
appealed exclusively to CAS.
13.2.2	Appeals Involving Other Athletes or Other
Persons		In cases where Article 13.2.1 is not applicable,
the decision may be appealed to an independentand impartial body in accordance with rules
established by the National Anti-Doping
Organization. The rules for such appeal shallrespect the following principles:[Comment to Article 13.2.1: CASdecisions are final and binding except
for any review required by law

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applicable to the annulment or
enforcement of arbitral awards.]		• a timely hearing;		• a fair and impartial hearing panel;		• the right to be represented by counsel at the
Person’s own expense; and		• a timely, written, reasoned decision.
13.2.3	Persons Entitled to Appeal
		In cases under Article 13.2.1, the following
parties shall have the right to appeal to CAS: (a)the Athlete or other Person who is the subject ofthe decision being appealed; (b) the other party
to the case in which the decision was rendered;(c) the relevant International Federation; (d) the
National Anti-Doping Organization of the Person’scountry of residence or countries where the
Person is a national or license holder; (e) theInternational Olympic Committee or International
Paralympic Committee, as applicable, where
the decision may have an effect in relation to
the Olympic Games or Paralympic Games,
including decisions affecting eligibility for the
Olympic Games or Paralympic Games; and (f)WADA.
		In cases under Article 13.2.2, the parties having
the right to appeal to the national-level appeal
body shall be as provided in the National AntiDoping Organization’s rules but, at a minimum,
shall include the following parties: (a) the
Athlete or other Person who is the subject of thedecision being appealed; (b) the other party to
the case in which the decision was rendered;(c) the relevant International Federation; (d) the
National Anti-Doping Organization of the Person’scountry of residence; (e) the International
Olympic Committee or International Paralympic
Committee, as applicable, where the decision[Comment to Article 13.2.2: An
Anti-Doping Organization may elect tocomply with this Article by providing
for the right to appeal directly to CAS.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

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ARTICLE 13 Appeals

may have an effect in relation to the Olympic
Games or Paralympic Games, including decisions
affecting eligibility for the Olympic Games orParalympic Games, and (f) WADA. For cases
under Article 13.2.2, WADA, the International
Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic
Committee, and the relevant International
Federation shall also have the right to appeal to
CAS with respect to the decision of the nationallevel appeal body. Any party filing an appeal shallbe entitled to assistance from CAS to obtain
all relevant information from the Anti-Doping
Organization whose decision is being appealed
and the information shall be provided if CAS sodirects.
		The filing deadline for an appeal filed by WADA
shall be the later of:		(a) Twenty-one days after the last day on which
any other party in the case could have appealed,or		(b) Twenty-one days after WADA’s receipt of thecomplete file relating to the decision.
		Notwithstanding any other provision herein, theonly Person who may appeal from a Provisional
Suspension is the Athlete or other Person uponwhom the Provisional Suspension is imposed.

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13.2.4.	Cross Appeals and other Subsequent Appeals
Allowed		Cross appeals and other subsequent appeals by
any respondent named in cases brought to CAS
under the Code are specifically permitted. Any
party with a right to appeal under this Article 13
must file a cross appeal or subsequent appeal
at the latest with the party’s answer.
13.3	Failure to Render a Timely Decision by an
Anti-Doping Organization	
Where, in a particular case, an Anti-Doping Organization
fails to render a decision with respect to whether ananti-doping rule violation was committed within areasonable deadline set by WADA, WADA may elect toappeal directly to CAS as if the Anti-Doping Organization
had rendered a decision finding no anti-doping ruleviolation. If the CAS hearing panel determines that an
anti-doping rule violation was committed and that WADA
acted reasonably in electing to appeal directly to CAS,
then WADA’s costs and attorney fees in prosecuting theappeal shall be reimbursed to WADA by the Anti-Doping
Organization.
[Comment to Article 13.2.4: This
provision is necessary because since2011, CAS rules no longer permit an
Athlete the right to cross appeal whenan Anti-Doping Organization appeals
a decision after the Athlete’s time forappeal has expired. This provisionpermits a full hearing for all parties.][Comment to Article 13.3: Given the
different circumstances of each antidoping rule violation investigation andresults management process, it is
not feasible to establish a fixed time
period for an Anti-Doping Organization
to render a decision before WADA may
intervene by appealing directly to CAS.
Before taking such action, however,
WADA will consult with the Anti-Doping
Organization and give the Anti-Doping

Organization an opportunity to explain
why it has not yet rendered a decision.
Nothing in this Article prohibits anInternational Federation from also
having rules which authorize it toassume jurisdiction for mattersin which the results management
performed by one of its National
Federations has been inappropriately
delayed.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

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ARTICLE 13 Appeals
ARTICLE 14 Confidentiality and Reporting

13.4	Appeals Relating to TUEs	
TUE decisions may be appealed exclusively as provided in
Article 4.4.
13.5 Notification of Appeal Decisions
	
A ny Anti-Doping Organization that is a party to an
appeal shall promptly provide the appeal decision to
the Athlete or other Person and to the other Anti-Doping
Organizations that would have been entitled to appeal
under Article 13.2.3 as provided under Article 14.2.
13.6	Appeals from Decisions under Part Three andPart Four of the Code	With respect to a WADA report of non-compliance under
Article 23.5.4, or any Consequences imposed underPart Three (Roles and Responsibilities) of the Code, theentity to which the WADA report pertains or upon which
Consequences are imposed under Part Three of theCode shall have the right to appeal exclusively to CAS in
accordance with the provisions applicable before suchcourt.
13.7	Appeals from Decisions Suspending or
Revoking Laboratory Accreditation	
Decisions by WADA to suspend or revoke a laboratory’s
WADA accreditation may be appealed only by thatlaboratory with the appeal being exclusively to CAS.
[Comment to Article 13: The object of
the Code is to have anti-doping matters
resolved through fair and transparent
internal processes with a final appeal.
Anti-doping decisions by Anti-Doping
Organizations are made transparent in
Article 14. Specified Persons andorganizations, including WADA,

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are then given the opportunity toappeal those decisions. Note that thedefinition of interested Persons andorganizations with a right to appeal
under Article 13 does not include
Athletes, or their federations, who
might benefit from having anothercompetitor disqualified.]ARTICLE 14 CONFIDENTIALITY ANDREPORTING
The principles of coordination of anti-doping results, public
transparency and accountability and respect for the privacy of
all Athletes or other Persons are as follows:
14.1	Information Concerning Adverse Analytical Findings,
Atypical Findings, and other Asserted Anti-Doping
Rule Violations
14.1.1	Notice of Anti-Doping Rule Violations to Athletes
and other Persons
		The form and manner of notice of an asserted
anti-doping rule violation shall be as provided
in the rules of the Anti-Doping Organization withresults management responsibility.
14.1.2	Notice of Anti-Doping Rule Violations to
National Anti-Doping Organizations, International
Federations and WADA		The Anti-Doping Organization with results
management responsibility shall also notify
the Athlete’s National Anti-Doping Organization,
International Federation and WADA of theassertion of an anti-doping rule violation
simultaneously with the notice to the Athlete orother Person.
14.1.3	Content of an Anti-Doping Rule Violation Notice		
Notification shall include: the Athlete’s name,country, sport and discipline within the sport,

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the Athlete’s competitive level, whether the test
was In-Competition or Out-of-Competition, thedate of Sample collection, the analytical result
reported by the laboratory and other information
as required by the International Standard for
Testing and Investigations, or, for anti-doping
rule violations other than Article 2.1, the ruleviolated and the basis of the asserted violation.
14.1.4 Status Reports		
Except with respect to investigations whichhave not resulted in notice of an anti-doping
rule violation pursuant to Article 14.1.1, theAnti-Doping Organizations referenced in Article
14.1.2 shall be regularly updated on the status
and findings of any review or proceedings
conducted pursuant to Article 7, 8 or 13 andshall be provided with a prompt written reasoned
explanation or decision explaining the resolutionof the matter.
14.1.5	Confidentiality		The recipient organizations shall not disclose thisinformation beyond those Persons with a needto know (which would include the appropriate
personnel at the applicable National Olympic
Committee, National Federation, and team in aTeam Sport) until the Anti-Doping Organization
with results management responsibility has
made Public Disclosure or has failed to makePublic Disclosure as required in Article 14.3.
[Comment to Article 14.1.5: Each
Anti-Doping Organization shall provide,in its own anti-doping rules,
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investigating and disciplining improper
disclosure of confidential information
by any employee or agent of theAnti-Doping Organization.]14.2	Notice of Anti-Doping Rule Violation Decisions
and Request for Files
14.2.1	Anti-doping rule violation decisions renderedpursuant to Article 7.10, 8.4, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6,
10.12.3 or 13.5 shall include the full reasons forthe decision, including, if applicable, a justification
for why the maximum potential sanction was not
imposed. Where the decision is not in English
or French, the Anti-Doping Organization shallprovide a short English or French summary ofthe decision and the supporting reasons.
14.2.2	A n Anti-Doping Organization having a right toappeal a decision received pursuant to Article
14.2.1 may, within 15 days of receipt, request
a copy of the full case file pertaining to thedecision.
14.3 Public Disclosure
14.3.1	The identity of any Athlete or other Person who isasserted by an Anti-Doping Organization to havecommitted an anti-doping rule violation, may be
Publicly Disclosed by the Anti-Doping Organization
with results management responsibility only
after notice has been provided to the Athlete orother Person in accordance with Article 7.3, 7.4,
7.5, 7.6 or 7.7, and to the applicable Anti-Doping
Organizations in accordance with Article 14.1.2.
14.3.2	
No later than twenty days after it has been
determined in a final appellate decision under
Article 13.2.1 or 13.2.2, or such appeal has
been waived, or a hearing in accordance with
Article 8 has been waived, or the assertion of ananti-doping rule violation has not otherwise beentimely challenged, the Anti-Doping Organization

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responsible for results management must
Publicly Report the disposition of the anti-doping
matter including the sport, the anti-doping
rule violated, the name of the Athlete or other
Person committing the violation, the Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method involved and theConsequences imposed. The same Anti-Doping
Organization must also Publicly Report withintwenty days the results of final appeal decisions
concerning anti-doping rule violations, including
the information described above.
14.3.3	In any case where it is determined, after a hearing
or appeal, that the Athlete or other Person did notcommit an anti-doping rule violation, the decision
may be Publicly Disclosed only with the consent
of the Athlete or other Person who is the subjectof the decision. The Anti-Doping Organization withresults management responsibility shall use
reasonable efforts to obtain such consent, andif consent is obtained, shall Publicly Disclose thedecision in its entirety or in such redacted form
as the Athlete or other Person may approve.
14.3.4	Publication shall be accomplished at a minimumby placing the required information on theAnti-Doping Organization’s website and leaving
the information up for the longer of one monthor the duration of any period of Ineligibility.
14.3.5	No Anti-Doping Organization or WADA-accredited
laboratory, or official of either, shall publicly
comment on the specific facts of any pendingcase (as opposed to general description ofprocess and science) except in response to
public comments attributed to the Athlete, other
Person or their representatives.

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14.3.6	The mandatory Public Reporting required in
14.3.2 shall not be required where the Athlete
or other Person who has been found to havecommitted an anti-doping rule violation is a
Minor. Any optional Public Reporting in a caseinvolving a Minor shall be proportionate to thefacts and circumstances of the case.
14.4 Statistical Reporting	Anti-Doping Organizations shall, at least annually, publish
publicly a general statistical report of their Doping Control
activities, with a copy provided to WADA. Anti-Doping
Organizations may also publish reports showing thename of each Athlete tested and the date of each Testing.
WADA shall, at least annually, publish statistical reportssummarizing the information that it receives from
Anti-Doping Organizations and laboratories.

14.5 Doping Control Information Clearinghouse	WADA shall act as a central clearinghouse for Doping
Control Testing data and results, including, in particular,
Athlete Biological Passport data for International-Level
Athletes and National-Level Athletes and whereabouts
information for Athletes including those in Registered
Testing Pools. To facilitate coordinated test distribution
planning and to avoid unnecessary duplication in
Testing by various Anti-Doping Organizations, each
Anti-Doping Organization shall report all In-Competition
and Out-of-Competition tests on such Athletes to the
WADA clearinghouse, using ADAMS or another systemapproved by WADA, as soon as possible after such tests
have been conducted. This information will be madeaccessible, where appropriate and in accordance withthe applicable rules, to the Athlete, the Athlete’s National
Anti-Doping Organization and International Federation,
and any other Anti-Doping Organizations with Testing
authority over the Athlete.

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ARTICLE 15 A pplication and Recognition of Decisions

	
To enable it to serve as a clearinghouse for Doping
Control Testing data and results management decisions,
WADA has developed a database management tool,
ADAMS, that reflects data privacy principles. In particular,
WADA has developed ADAMS to be consistent with data
privacy statutes and norms applicable to WADA andother organizations using ADAMS. Private information
regarding an Athlete, Athlete Support Personnel, or others
involved in anti-doping activities shall be maintainedby WADA, which is supervised by Canadian privacy
authorities, in strict confidence and in accordance with
the International Standard for the Protection of Privacy
and Personal Information.
14.6 Data Privacy
	Anti-Doping Organizations may collect, store, process
or disclose personal information relating to Athletes
and other Persons where necessary and appropriate
to conduct their anti-doping activities under the Codeand International Standards (including specifically theInternational Standard for the Protection of Privacy
and Personal Information), and in compliance withapplicable law.
[Comment to Article 14.6: Note that
Article 22.2 provides that “Eachgovernment will put in placelegislation, regulation, policies oradministrative practices for

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cooperation and sharing of information
with Anti-Doping Organizations andsharing of data among Anti-Doping
Organizations as provided in the Code.”]ARTICLE 15 APPLICATION AND
RECOGNITION OF DECISIONS
15.1	Subject to the right to appeal provided in Article 13,
Testing, hearing results or other final adjudications of
any Signatory which are consistent with the Code andare within that Signatory’s authority, shall be applicableworldwide and shall be recognized and respected by allother Signatories.
15.2 Signatories shall recognize the measures taken by otherbodies which have not accepted the Code if the rules of
those bodies are otherwise consistent with the Code.
[Comment to Article 15.1: The extent
of recognition of TUE decisions ofother Anti-Doping Organizations shallbe determined by Article 4.4 and theInternational Standard for Therapeutic
Use Exemptions.][Comment to Article 15.2: Where
the decision of a body that has not
accepted the Code is in some respects
Code compliant and in other respects
not Code compliant, Signatories
should attempt to apply the decisionin harmony with the principles of theCode. For example, if in a process
consistent with the Code a nonSignatory has found an Athlete to havecommitted an anti-doping rule violationon account of the presence of a

Prohibited Substance in his or her bodybut the period of Ineligibility appliedis shorter than the period provided
for in the Code, then all Signatories
should recognize the finding of an antidoping rule violation and the Athlete’s
National Anti-Doping Organization
should conduct a hearing consistent
with Article 8 to determine whether the
longer period of Ineligibility provided in
the Code should be imposed.]

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ARTICLE 16 Doping Control for Animals Competing in SportARTICLE 17 Statute of Limitations

ARTICLE 16 DOPING CONTROL FOR
ANIMALS COMPETING IN
SPORT
16.1	In any sport that includes animals in Competition, theInternational Federation for that sport shall establish andimplement anti-doping rules for the animals included inthat sport. The anti-doping rules shall include a list ofProhibited Substances, appropriate Testing procedures
and a list of approved laboratories for Sample analysis.
16.2	With respect to determining anti-doping rule violations,
results management, fair hearings, Consequences, andappeals for animals involved in sport, the International
Federation for that sport shall establish and implement
rules that are generally consistent with Articles 1, 2, 3, 9,
10, 11, 13 and 17 of the Code.

ARTICLE 17 STATUTE OF LIMITATIONSNo anti-doping rule violation proceeding may be commenced
against an Athlete or other Person unless he or she has been
notified of the anti-doping rule violation as provided in Article 7,
or notification has been reasonably attempted, within ten years
from the date the violation is asserted to have occurred.

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PART TWOEDUCATION
AND RESEARCH

PART

2

Education and Research

ARTICLE 18 E
 ducation

ARTICLE 18 EDUCATION
18.1	Basic Principle and Primary Goal	The basic principle for information and education
programs for doping-free sport is to preserve the spiritof sport, as described in the Introduction to the Code,from being undermined by doping. The primary goal ofsuch programs is prevention. The objective shall be toprevent the intentional or unintentional Use by Athletesof Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods.
	Information programs should focus on providing
basic information to Athletes as described in Article
18.2. Education programs should focus on prevention.
Prevention programs should be values based anddirected towards Athletes and Athlete Support Personnel
with a particular focus on young people throughimplementation in school curricula.
	All Signatories shall within their means and scope of
responsibility and in cooperation with each other, plan,
implement, evaluate and monitor information, education,and prevention programs for doping-free sport.
18.2 Programs and Activities
	These programs shall provide Athletes and other Persons
with updated and accurate information on at least thefollowing issues:• Substances and methods on the Prohibited List
• Anti-doping rule violations• Consequences of doping, including sanctions, healthand social consequences• Doping Control procedures• Athletes’ and Athlete Support Personnel’s rights andresponsibilities

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• TUEs• Managing the risks of nutritional supplements• Harm of doping to the spirit of sport• Applicable whereabouts requirements
	The programs shall promote the spirit of sport in orderto establish an environment that is strongly conducive todoping-free sport and will have a positive and long-term
influence on the choices made by Athletes and other
Persons.
	Prevention programs shall be primarily directed at young
people, appropriate to their stage of development, inschool and sports clubs, parents, adult Athletes, sport
officials, coaches, medical personnel and the media.
	
Athlete Support Personnel shall educate and counsel
Athletes regarding anti-doping policies and rules adopted
pursuant to the Code.
	All Signatories shall promote and support active
participation by Athletes and Athlete Support Personnel ineducation programs for doping-free sport.
18.3 Professional Codes of Conduct	All Signatories shall cooperate with each other andgovernments to encourage relevant, competentprofessional associations and institutions to develop andimplement appropriate Codes of Conduct, good practiceand ethics related to sport practice regarding antidoping, as well as sanctions, which are consistent with
the Code.
[Comment to Article 18.2: Anti-doping
informational and educational
programs should not be limited to
National- or International-Level
Athletes but should include all
Persons, including youth, whoparticipate in sport under the authorityof any Signatory, government or othersports organization accepting theCode. (See definition of Athlete.) These
programs should also include Athlete
Support Personnel.
These principles are consistent with
the UNESCO Convention with respect
to education and training.]

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ARTICLE 18 E
 ducation
ARTICLE 19 Research

18.4 Coordination and Cooperation
	
WADA shall act as a central clearinghouse for
informational and educational resources and/or
programs developed by WADA or Anti-Doping
Organizations.
	All Signatories and Athletes and other Persons shallcooperate with each other and governments to coordinate
their efforts in anti-doping information and education inorder to share experience and ensure the effectivenessof these programs in preventing doping in sport.

ARTICLE 19 RESEARCH
19.1 Purpose and Aims of Anti-Doping Research	Anti-doping research contributes to the development
and implementation of efficient programs within Doping
Control and to information and education regarding
doping-free sport.
	All Signatories shall, in cooperation with each other andgovernments, encourage and promote such researchand take all reasonable measures to ensure that theresults of such research are used for the promotion of
the goals that are consistent with the principles of theCode.
19.2 Types of Research	Relevant anti-doping research may include, for example,
sociological, behavioral, juridical and ethical studies
in addition to medical, analytical and physiologicalinvestigation. Studies on devising and evaluating
the efficacy of scientifically-based physiological andpsychological training programs that are consistent withthe principles of the Code and respectful of the integrityof the human subjects, as well as studies on the Useof emerging substances or methods resulting fromscientific developments should be conducted.

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19.3	Coordination of Research and Sharing of Results	Coordination of anti-doping research through WADA isessential. Subject to intellectual property rights, copies
of anti-doping research results shall be provided to WADA
and, where appropriate, shared with relevant Signatories
and Athletes and other stakeholders.
19.4 Research Practices
	Anti-doping research shall comply with internationallyrecognized ethical practices.
19.5	
Research Using Prohibited Substances andProhibited Methods
	
Research efforts should avoid the Administration ofProhibited Substances or Prohibited Methods to Athletes.
19.6 Misuse of Results	Adequate precautions should be taken so that the resultsof anti-doping research are not misused and applied for
doping purposes.

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PART THREE

ROLES ANDRESPONSIBILITIESAll Signatories shall act in a spirit of partnershipand collaboration in order to ensure the successof the fight against doping in sport and therespect of the Code.
[Comment: Responsibilities for
Signatories and Athletes or other
Persons are addressed in various
Articles in the Code and the

responsibilities listed in thispart are additional to these
responsibilities.]

PART

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Article 20 A dditional Roles andResponsibilities of Signatories

ARTICLE 20 ADDITIONAL ROLES ANDRESPONSIBILITIES OF
SIGNATORIES
20.1	Roles and Responsibilities of theInternational Olympic Committee
20.1.1	To adopt and implement anti-doping policies andrules for the Olympic Games which conform with
the Code.
20.1.2	To require as a condition of recognition by
the International Olympic Committee, that
International Federations within the Olympic
Movement are in compliance with the Code.
20.1.3	To withhold some or all Olympic funding of sportorganizations that are not in compliance with theCode.
20.1.4	To take appropriate action to discourage noncompliance with the Code as provided in Article
23.5.
20.1.5	To authorize and facilitate the Independent
Observer Program.
20.1.6	To require all Athletes and each Athlete Support
Person who participates as coach, trainer,
manager, team staff, official, medical orparamedical personnel in the Olympic Games
to agree to be bound by anti-doping rules inconformity with the Code as a condition of suchparticipation.

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20.1.7	To vigorously pursue all potential anti-doping
rule violations within its jurisdiction including
investigation into whether Athlete Support
Personnel or other Persons may have been
involved in each case of doping.
20.1.8	To accept bids for the Olympic Games only fromcountries where the government has ratified,
accepted, approved or acceded to the UNESCO
Convention and the National Olympic Committee,
National Paralympic Committee and National
Anti-Doping Organization are in compliance with
the Code.
20.1.9 To promote anti-doping education.
20.1.10	To cooperate with relevant national organizations
and agencies and other Anti-Doping Organizations.
20.2	Roles and Responsibilities of theInternational Paralympic Committee
20.2.1	To adopt and implement anti-doping policies andrules for the Paralympic Games which conformwith the Code.
20.2.2	To require as a condition of recognition by
the International Paralympic Committee, that
National Paralympic Committees within the
Paralympic Movement are in compliance with
the Code.
20.2.3	To withhold some or all Paralympic funding ofsport organizations that are not in compliancewith the Code.
20.2.4	To take appropriate action to discourage noncompliance with the Code as provided in Article
23.5.

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Article 20 A dditional Roles andResponsibilities of Signatories

20.2.5	To authorize and facilitate the Independent
Observer Program.
20.2.6	To require all Athletes and each Athlete Support
Person who participates as coach, trainer,
manager, team staff, official, medical orparamedical personnel in the Paralympic Games
to agree to be bound by anti-doping rules inconformity with the Code as a condition of suchparticipation.
	
20.2.7	To vigorously pursue all potential anti-doping
rule violations within its jurisdiction including
investigation into whether Athlete Support
Personnel or other Persons may have been
involved in each case of doping.
20.2.8	To promote anti-doping education.
20.2.9	To cooperate with relevant national organizations
and agencies and other Anti-Doping Organizations.
20.3	
Roles and Responsibilities ofInternational Federations
20.3.1	To adopt and implement anti-doping policies andrules which conform with the Code.
20.3.2	To require as a condition of membershipthat the policies, rules and programs of their
National Federations and other members are incompliance with the Code.
20.3.3	To require all Athletes and each Athlete Support
Person who participates as coach, trainer,
manager, team staff, official, medical orparamedical personnel in a Competition or activity
authorized or organized by the International
Federation or one of its member organizations
to agree to be bound by anti-doping rules inconformity with the Code as a condition of suchparticipation.

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20.3.4	To require Athletes who are not regular membersof the International Federation or one of its
member National Federations to be available for
Sample collection and to provide accurate andup-to-date whereabouts information as part of
the International Federation’s Registered Testing
Pool consistent with the conditions for eligibility
established by the International Federation or, as
applicable, the Major Event Organization.
20.3.5	To require each of its National Federations toestablish rules requiring all Athletes and each
Athlete Support Person who participates as coach,trainer, manager, team staff, official, medical orparamedical personnel in a Competition or activity
authorized or organized by a National Federationor one of its member organizations to agree tobe bound by anti-doping rules and Anti-Doping
Organization results management authority inconformity with the Code as a condition of suchparticipation.
20.3.6	To require National Federations to report any
information suggesting or relating to an antidoping rule violation to their National Anti-Doping
Organization and International Federation andto cooperate with investigations conducted by
any Anti-Doping Organization with authority to
conduct the investigation.
20.3.7	
To take appropriate action to discourage
non-compliance with the Code as provided in
Article 23.5.
[Comment to Article 20.3.4: This would
include, for example, Athletes fromprofessional leagues.]

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Article 20 A dditional Roles andResponsibilities of Signatories

20.3.8	To authorize and facilitate the Independent
Observer Program at International Events.
20.3.9	To withhold some or all funding to its member
National Federations that are not in compliancewith the Code.
20.3.10	To vigorously pursue all potential anti-doping
rule violations within its jurisdiction including
investigation into whether Athlete Support
Personnel or other Persons may have been
involved in each case of doping, to ensure proper
enforcement of Consequences, and to conduct
an automatic investigation of Athlete Support
Personnel in the case of any anti-doping ruleviolation involving a Minor or Athlete Support
Person who has provided support to more thanone Athlete found to have committed an antidoping rule violation.
20.3.11	To do everything possible to award WorldChampionships only to countries where thegovernment has ratified, accepted, approvedor acceded to the UNESCO Convention and the
National Olympic Committee, National Paralympic
Committee and National Anti-Doping Organization
are in compliance with the Code.
20.3.12	To promote anti-doping education, including
requiring National Federations to conductanti-doping education in coordination with theapplicable National Anti-Doping Organization.
20.3.13	To cooperate with relevant national organizations
and agencies and other Anti-Doping Organizations.
20.3.14	To cooperate fully with WADA in connection withinvestigations conducted by WADA pursuant to
Article 20.7.10.

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20.3.15	To have disciplinary rules in place and require
National Federations to have disciplinary rules inplace to prevent Athlete Support Personnel who
are Using Prohibited Substances or Prohibited
Methods without valid justification from providing
support to Athletes within the International
Federation’s or National Federation’s authority.
20.4	
Roles and Responsibilities of National Olympic
Committees and National Paralympic Committees
20.4.1	To ensure that their anti-doping policies andrules conform with the Code.
20.4.2	To require as a condition of membership or
recognition that National Federations’ antidoping policies and rules are in compliance withthe applicable provisions of the Code.
20.4.3	To respect the autonomy of the National AntiDoping Organization in its country and not
to interfere in its operational decisions andactivities.
20.4.4	To require National Federations to report any
information suggesting or relating to an antidoping rule violation to their National Anti-Doping
Organization and International Federation andto cooperate with investigations conducted by
any Anti-Doping Organization with authority to
conduct the investigation.
20.4.5	To require as a condition of participation in the
Olympic Games and Paralympic Games that,at a minimum, Athletes who are not regularmembers of a National Federation be available

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Article 20 A dditional Roles andResponsibilities of Signatories

for Sample collection and to provide whereabouts
information as required by the International
Standard for Testing and Investigations assoon as the Athlete is identified on the long
list or subsequent entry document submitted
in connection with the Olympic Games orParalympic Games.
20.4.6	To cooperate with their National Anti-Doping
Organization and to work with their government
to establish a National Anti-Doping Organization
where one does not already exist, provided thatin the interim, the National Olympic Committee
or its designee shall fulfill the responsibility of a
National Anti-Doping Organization.
		

20.4.6.1	For those countries that are membersof a Regional Anti-Doping Organization,
the National Olympic Committee, in
cooperation with the government, shallmaintain an active and supportive rolewith their respective Regional AntiDoping Organizations.

20.4.7	To require each of its National Federations toestablish rules requiring each Athlete Support
Person who participates as a coach, trainer,
manager, team staff, official, medical or paramedical personnel in a Competition or activity
authorized or organized by a National Federationor one of its member organizations to agree tobe bound by anti-doping rules and Anti-Doping
Organization results management authority inconformity with the Code as a condition of suchparticipation.

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20.4.8	
To withhold some or all funding, during any
period of his or her Ineligibility, to any Athlete or
Athlete Support Person who has violated antidoping rules.
20.4.9	To withhold some or all funding to its member orrecognized National Federations that are not incompliance with the Code.
20.4.10	To vigorously pursue all potential anti-doping
rule violations within its jurisdiction including
investigation into whether Athlete Support
Personnel or other Persons may have been
involved in each case of doping.
20.4.11	To promote anti-doping education, including
requiring National Federations to conductanti-doping education in coordination with theapplicable National Anti-Doping Organization.
20.4.12	To cooperate with relevant national organizations
and agencies and other Anti-Doping Organizations.
20.4.13	To have disciplinary rules in place to prevent
Athlete Support Personnel who are Using Prohibited
Substances or Prohibited Methods without valid
justification from providing support to Athletes
within the National Olympic Committee’s or
National Paralympic Committee’s authority.
Roles and Responsibilities of
20.5	
National Anti-Doping Organizations
20.5.1	To be independent in their operational decisions
and activities.
20.5.2	To adopt and implement anti-doping rules andpolicies which conform with the Code.
20.5.3	To cooperate with other relevant nationalorganizations and agencies and other AntiDoping Organizations.

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Article 20 A dditional Roles andResponsibilities of Signatories

20.5.4	To encourage reciprocal Testing between National
Anti-Doping Organizations.
20.5.5	To promote anti-doping research.
20.5.6	
Where funding is provided, to withhold someor all funding, during any period of his or her
Ineligibility, to any Athlete or Athlete Support
Person who has violated anti-doping rules.
20.5.7	To vigorously pursue all potential anti-doping
rule violations within its jurisdiction including
investigation into whether Athlete Support
Personnel or other Persons may have been
involved in each case of doping and to ensure
proper enforcement of Consequences.
20.5.8	To promote anti-doping education.
20.5.9	
To conduct an automatic investigation of Athlete
Support Personnel within its jurisdiction in thecase of any anti-doping rule violation by a Minorand to conduct an automatic investigation of
any Athlete Support Person who has provided
support to more than one Athlete found to havecommitted an anti-doping rule violation.
20.5.10	To cooperate fully with WADA in connection withinvestigations conducted by WADA pursuant to
Article 20.7.10.
[Comment to Article 20.5: For somesmaller countries, a number of the
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Article may be delegated by their
National Anti-Doping Organization to a
Regional Anti-Doping Organization.]20.6	Roles and Responsibilities of Major Event Organizations
20.6.1	To adopt and implement anti-doping policies andrules for their Events which conform with theCode.
20.6.2	To take appropriate action to discourage noncompliance with the Code as provided in Article
23.5.
20.6.3	To authorize and facilitate the Independent
Observer Program.
20.6.4	To require all Athletes and each Athlete Support
Person who participates as coach, trainer,
manager, team staff, official, medical orparamedical personnel in the Event to agree tobe bound by anti-doping rules in conformity with
the Code as a condition of such participation.
20.6.5	To vigorously pursue all potential anti-doping
rule violations within its jurisdiction including
investigation into whether Athlete Support
Personnel or other Persons may have been
involved in each case of doping.
20.6.6	To do everything possible to award Events only
to countries where the government has ratified,
accepted, approved or acceded to the UNESCO
Convention and the National Olympic Committee,
National Paralympic Committee and National
Anti-Doping Organization are in compliance with
the Code.
20.6.7	To promote anti-doping education.
20.6.8	To cooperate with relevant national organizations
and agencies and other Anti-Doping Organizations.

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Article 20 A dditional Roles andResponsibilities of Signatories
Article 21 A dditional Roles and Responsibilities
of Athletes and Other Persons

20.7 Roles and Responsibilities of WADA
20.7.1	To adopt and implement policies and procedures
which conform with the Code.
20.7.2	To monitor Code compliance by Signatories.
20.7.3	To approve International Standards applicable tothe implementation of the Code.
20.7.4	
To accredit and reaccredit laboratories to
conduct Sample analysis or to approve others to
conduct Sample analysis.
20.7.5	To develop and publish guidelines and models ofbest practice.
20.7.6	To promote, conduct, commission, fund andcoordinate anti-doping research and to promoteanti-doping education.
20.7.7	To design and conduct an effective Independent
Observer Program and other types of Eventadvisory programs.
20.7.8	
To conduct, in exceptional circumstances andat the direction of the WADA Director General,
Doping Controls on its own initiative or as
requested by other Anti-Doping Organizations,and to cooperate with relevant national andinternational organizations and agencies,
including but not limited to, facilitating inquiries
and investigations.
20.7.9	
To approve, in consultation with International
Federations, National Anti-Doping Organizations,and Major Event Organizations, defined Testing
and Sample analysis programs.
20.7.10	To initiate its own investigations of anti-doping
rule violations and other activities that may
facilitate doping.
[Comment to Article 20.7.8: WADA is
not a Testing agency, but it reserves
the right, in exceptional circumstances,
to conduct its own tests where

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problems have been brought
to the attention of the relevant
Anti-Doping Organization and havenot been satisfactorily addressed.]ARTICLE 21 ADDITIONAL ROLES ANDRESPONSIBILITIES OF
ATHLETES AND OTHERPERSONS
21.1 Roles and Responsibilities of Athletes
21.1.1	To be knowledgeable of and comply with allapplicable anti-doping policies and rules adopted
pursuant to the Code.
21.1.2	To be available for Sample collection at all times.
21.1.3	
To take responsibility, in the context of antidoping, for what they ingest and Use.
21.1.4	To inform medical personnel of their obligation
not to Use Prohibited Substances and Prohibited
Methods and to take responsibility to make surethat any medical treatment received does not
violate anti-doping policies and rules adopted
pursuant to the Code.
21.1.5	To disclose to their National Anti-Doping
Organization and International Federation any
decision by a non-Signatory finding that the
Athlete committed an anti-doping rule violation
within the previous ten years.
21.1.6	To cooperate with Anti-Doping Organizations
investigating anti-doping rule violations.
[Comment to Article 21.1.2: With due
regard to an Athlete’s human rights
and privacy, legitimate anti-doping
considerations sometimes require
Sample collection late at night or

early in the morning. For example,
it is known that some Athletes Use
low doses of EPO during these hours
so that it will be undetectable in themorning.][Comment to Article 21.1.6 Failure tocooperate is not an anti-doping ruleviolation under the Code, but it may be

the basis for disciplinary action undera stakeholder’s rules.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

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Article 21 A dditional Roles and Responsibilities
of Athletes and Other Persons

21.2	Roles and Responsibilities of Athlete
Support Personnel
21.2.1	To be knowledgeable of and comply with all antidoping policies and rules adopted pursuant to
the Code and which are applicable to them or the
Athletes whom they support.
21.2.2	To cooperate with the Athlete Testing program.
21.2.3	To use his or her influence on Athlete values andbehavior to foster anti-doping attitudes.
21.2.4	To disclose to his or her National Anti-Doping
Organization and International Federation any
decision by a non-Signatory finding that he or she
committed an anti-doping rule violation within
the previous ten years.
21.2.5	To cooperate with Anti-Doping Organizations
investigating anti-doping rule violations.
Athlete Support Personnel shall not Use or
21.2.6	
Possess any Prohibited Substance or Prohibited
Method without valid justification.

114[Comment to Article 21.2.5 Failure tocooperate is not an anti-doping ruleviolation under the Code, but it may be

the basis for disciplinary action undera stakeholder’s rules.][Comment to Article 21.2.6: In thosesituations where Use or personal
Possession of a Prohibited Substanceor Prohibited Method by an Athlete
Support Person without justification is
not an anti-doping rule violation under
the Code, it should be subject to othersport disciplinary rules. Coaches andother Athlete Support Personnel areoften role models for Athletes. They
should not be engaging in personal
conduct which conflicts with their
responsibility to encourage their
Athletes not to dope.]

World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

21.3	Roles and Responsibilities ofRegional Anti-Doping Organizations
21.3.1	To ensure member countries adopt andimplement rules, policies and programs which
conform with the Code.
21.3.2	To require as a condition of membership that amember country sign an official Regional AntiDoping Organization membership form whichclearly outlines the delegation of anti-doping
responsibilities to the Regional Anti-Doping
Organization.
21.3.3	To cooperate with other relevant national andregional organizations and agencies and otherAnti-Doping Organizations.
21.3.4	To encourage reciprocal Testing between
National Anti-Doping Organizations and Regional
Anti-Doping Organizations.
To promote anti-doping research.
21.3.5	
21.3.6 To promote anti-doping education.

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Article 22 I nvolvement of Governments

ARTICLE 22 INVOLVEMENT OF
GOVERNMENTS
Each government’s commitment to the Code will be evidenced
by its signing the Copenhagen Declaration on Anti-Doping inSport of 3 March 2003, and by ratifying, accepting, approving or
acceding to the UNESCO Convention. The following Articles set
forth the expectations of the Signatories.
22.1 
Each government will take all actions and measuresnecessary to comply with the UNESCO Convention.
22.2	Each government will put in place legislation, regulation,
policies or administrative practices for cooperation andsharing of information with Anti-Doping Organizations
and sharing of data among Anti-Doping Organizations asprovided in the Code.
22.3	Each government will encourage cooperation between
all of its public services or agencies and Anti-Doping
Organizations to timely share information with AntiDoping Organizations which would be useful in the fightagainst doping and where to do so would not otherwise
be legally prohibited.
22.4	Each government will respect arbitration as the preferredmeans of resolving doping-related disputes, subject tohuman and fundamental rights and applicable nationallaw.
22.5	Each government that does not have a National AntiDoping Organization in its country will work with its
National Olympic Committee to establish one.

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22.6	Each government will respect the autonomy of a National
Anti-Doping Organization in its country and not interfere
in its operational decisions and activities.
22.7	A government should meet the expectations of Article
22.2 no later than 1 January 2016. The other sections of
this Article should already have been met.
22.8	
Failure by a government to ratify, accept, approve or
accede to the UNESCO Convention, or to comply with the
UNESCO Convention thereafter may result in ineligibility
to bid for Events as provided in Articles 20.1.8, 20.3.11,
and 20.6.6 and may result in additional consequences,e.g., forfeiture of offices and positions within WADA;
ineligibility or non-admission of any candidature to
hold any International Event in a country, cancellation ofInternational Events; symbolic consequences and otherconsequences pursuant to the Olympic Charter.
[Comment to Article 22: Most
governments cannot be parties to, or
be bound by, private non-governmental
instruments such as the Code. For thatreason, governments are not asked tobe Signatories to the Code but rather
to sign the Copenhagen Declaration
and ratify, accept, approve or accede
to the UNESCO Convention. Although
the acceptance mechanisms may bedifferent, the effort to combat doping
through the coordinated andharmonized program reflected in
the Code is very much a joint effort
between the sport movement andgovernments.
This Article sets forth what the
Signatories clearly expect fromgovernments. However, theseare simply “expectations” since
governments are only “obligated” toadhere to the requirements of the
UNESCO Convention.]

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PART FOURACCEPTANCE,COMPLIANCE,MODIFICATION AND
INTERPRETATION

PART

4

Acceptance, Compliance,
Modification and Interpretation

Article 23 A cceptance, Compliance and Modification

ARTICLE 23 ACCEPTANCE, COMPLIANCE
AND MODIFICATION
23.1 Acceptance of the Code23.1.1	The following entities shall be Signatories
accepting the Code: WADA, the International
Olympic Committee, International Federations,the International Paralympic Committee, National
Olympic Committees, National Paralympic
Committees, Major Event Organizations, andNational Anti-Doping Organizations. These entities
shall accept the Code by signing a declarationof acceptance upon approval by each of theirrespective governing bodies.
23.1.2	Other sport organizations that may not be under
the control of a Signatory may, upon WADA’s
invitation, also become a Signatory by accepting
the Code.
23.1.3	A list of all acceptances will be made public by
WADA.

120

[Comment to Article 23.1.1: Each
accepting Signatory will separately
sign an identical copy of the standard
form common declaration of acceptanceand deliver it to WADA. The act ofacceptance will be as authorized by theorganic documents of eachorganization. For example, anInternational Federation by its
Congress and WADA by its
Foundation Board.][Comment to Article 23.1.2: Those
professional leagues that are notcurrently under the jurisdiction of

any government or International
Federation will be encouraged toaccept the Code.]World Anti-Doping Code • 2015

23.2 Implementation of the Code23.2.1	The Signatories shall implement applicable Codeprovisions through policies, statutes, rules orregulations according to their authority andwithin their relevant spheres of responsibility.
23.2.2	The following Articles as applicable to the scopeof the anti-doping activity which the Anti-Doping
Organization performs must be implemented by
Signatories without substantive change (allowing
for any non-substantive changes to the language
in order to refer to the organization’s name,sport, section numbers, etc.):		• Article 1 (Definition of Doping)		• Article 2 (Anti-Doping Rule Violations)		• Article 3 (Proof of Doping)		• Article 4.2.2 (Specified Substances)		• Article 4.3.3 (WADA’s Determination of theProhibited List)		• Article 7.11 (Retirement from Sport)		• Article 9 (Automatic Disqualification ofIndividual Results)		• Article 10 (Sanctions on Individuals)		• Article 11 (Consequences to Teams)		• Article 13 (Appeals) with the exception of 13.2.2,
13.6, and 13.7
		• Article 15.1 (Recognition of Decisions)		• Article 17 (Statute of Limitations)		• Article 24 (Interpretation of the Code)		• Appendix 1 - Definitions
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Article 23 A cceptance, Compliance and Modification

	No additional provision may be added to a Signatory’s
rules which changes the effect of the Articles enumerated
in this Article. A Signatory’s rules must expressly
acknowledge the Commentary of the Code and endow
the Commentary with the same status that it has in
the Code.
23.2.3	In implementing the Code, the Signatories areencouraged to use the models of best practicerecommended by WADA.
23.3 Implementation of Anti-Doping Programs	Signatories shall devote sufficient resources in order toimplement anti-doping programs in all areas that arecompliant with the Code and the International Standards.
23.4 Compliance with the Code	
Signatories shall not be considered in compliance with
the Code until they have accepted and implemented theCode in accordance with Articles 23.1, 23.2, and 23.3.
They shall no longer be considered in compliance once
acceptance has been withdrawn.
[Comment to Article 23.2.2: Nothing in
the Code precludes an Anti-Doping
Organization from adopting andenforcing its own specific disciplinary
rules for conduct by Athlete Support
Personnel related to doping but which
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an anti-doping rule violation under
the Code. For example, a National orInternational Federation could refuse
to renew the license of a coach when
multiple Athletes have committed antidoping rule violations while under thatcoach’s supervision.]23.5	Monitoring Compliance with the Code and
UNESCO Convention
23.5.1	Compliance with the Code shall be monitored
by WADA or as otherwise agreed by WADA.
Compliance of anti-doping programs as requiredin Article 23.3 shall be monitored based on criteria
specified by the WADA Executive Committee.
Compliance with the commitments reflectedin the UNESCO Convention will be monitored
as determined by the Conference of Parties tothe UNESCO Convention, following consultation
with the State Parties and WADA. WADA shalladvise governments on the implementationof the Code by the Signatories and shall advise
Signatories on the ratification, acceptance,
approval or accession to the UNESCO Convention
by governments.
23.5.2	
To facilitate monitoring, each Signatory shallreport to WADA on its compliance with the Codeas required by the WADA Foundation Board andshall explain reasons for non-compliance.
23.5.3	
Failure by a Signatory to provide complianceinformation requested by WADA for purposes of
Article 23.5.2, or failure by a Signatory to submit
information to WADA as required by other Articlesof the Code, may be considered non-compliancewith the Code.
23.5.4	All WADA compliance reports shall be approvedby the WADA Foundation Board. WADA shalldialog with a Signatory before reporting that
Signatory non-compliant. Any WADA report whichconcludes that a Signatory is non-compliant must
be approved by the WADA Foundation Board at a
meeting held after the Signatory has been given
an opportunity to submit its written arguments
to the Foundation Board. The conclusion by
the WADA Foundation Board that a Signatory is
non-compliant may be appealed pursuant to
Article 13.6.
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Article 23 Acceptance, Compliance and Modification

23.5.5	
WADA shall make reports on complianceto the International Olympic Committee,
the International Paralympic Committee,
International Federations, and Major Event
Organizations. These reports shall also be madeavailable to the public.
23.5.6	
WADA shall consider explanations for noncompliance and, in extraordinary situations,
may recommend to the International Olympic
Committee, International Paralympic Committee,
International Federations, and Major Event
Organizations that they provisionally excuse thenon-compliance.
23.6	Additional Consequences of a Signatory’s
Non-compliance with the Code	
Non-compliance with the Code by any Signatory may
result in consequences in addition to ineligibility to bid
for Events as set forth in Articles 20.1.8 (International
Olympic Committee), 20.3.11 (International Federations)and 20.6.6 (Major Event Organizations), for example:
forfeiture of offices and positions within WADA;
Ineligibility or non-admission of any candidature to holdany International Event in a country; cancellation ofInternational Events; symbolic consequences and otherconsequences pursuant to the Olympic Charter.
	
The imposition of such consequences may be appealed
to CAS by the affected Signatory pursuant to Article 13.6.
[Comment to Article 23.5.6: WADA
recognizes that amongst Signatories
and governments, there will besignificant differences in anti-doping
experience, resources, and the legal

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context in which anti-doping activities
are carried out. In considering whether
an organization is compliant, WADA
will consider these differences.]23.7 Modification of the Code23.7.1	
WADA shall be responsible for overseeing theevolution and improvement of the Code. Athletes
and other stakeholders and governments shallbe invited to participate in such process.
23.7.2	
WADA shall initiate proposed amendments to theCode and shall ensure a consultative process toboth receive and respond to recommendations
and to facilitate review and feedback from Athletes
and other stakeholders and governments on
recommended amendments.
23.7.3	Amendments to the Code shall, after appropriate
consultation, be approved by a two-thirds
majority of the WADA Foundation Board including
a majority of both the public sector and Olympic
Movement members casting votes. Amendments
shall, unless provided otherwise, go into effectthree months after such approval.
23.7.4	
Signatories shall modify their rules to incorporate
the 2015 Code on or before 1 January 2015,
to take effect on 1 January 2015. Signatories
shall implement any subsequent applicableamendment to the Code within one year of
approval by the WADA Foundation Board.
23.8 Withdrawal of Acceptance of the Code	
Signatories may withdraw acceptance of the Code after
providing WADA six-month written notice of their intent
to withdraw.

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Modification and Interpretation

Article 24 I nterpretation of the Code
Article 25 T ransitional Provisions

ARTICLE 24 INTERPRETATION OF THE CODE
24.1	The official text of the Code shall be maintained by WADA
and shall be published in English and French. In the eventof any conflict between the English and French versions,
the English version shall prevail.
24.2	The comments annotating various provisions of the Codeshall be used to interpret the Code.
24.3	The Code shall be interpreted as an independent andautonomous text and not by reference to the existing law
or statutes of the Signatories or governments.
24.4	The headings used for the various Parts and Articlesof the Code are for convenience only and shall not be
deemed part of the substance of the Code or to affect inany way the language of the provisions to which they refer.
24.5	The Code shall not apply retroactively to matters pending
before the date the Code is accepted by a Signatory
and implemented in its rules. However, pre-Codeanti-doping rule violations would continue to count as“First violations” or “Second violations” for purposes ofdetermining sanctions under Article 10 for subsequentpost-Code violations.
24.6	The Purpose, Scope and Organization of the World AntiDoping Program and the Code and Appendix 1, Definitions
and Appendix 2, Examples of the Application of Article 10,
shall be considered integral parts of the Code.

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ARTICLE 25 TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS
25.1	General Application of the 2015 Code	
The 2015 Code shall apply in full as of 1 January 2015 (the“Effective Date”).
25.2	Non-Retroactive except for Articles 10.7.5 and 17 orUnless Principle of “Lex Mitior” Applies
	
The retrospective periods in which prior violations canbe considered for purposes of multiple violations under
Article 10.7.5 and the statute of limitations set forth in
Article 17 are procedural rules and should be applied
retroactively; provided, however, that Article 17 shall only
be applied retroactively if the statute of limitation period
has not already expired by the Effective Date. Otherwise,with respect to any anti-doping rule violation case whichis pending as of the Effective Date and any anti-doping
rule violation case brought after the Effective Date basedon an anti-doping rule violation which occurred prior
to the Effective Date, the case shall be governed by thesubstantive anti-doping rules in effect at the time thealleged anti-doping rule violation occurred, unless thepanel hearing the case determines the principle of “lexmitior” appropriately applies under the circumstances of
the case.
25.3	Application to Decisions Rendered Prior to the2015 Code	With respect to cases where a final decision findingan anti-doping rule violation has been rendered prior
to the Effective Date, but the Athlete or other Person isstill serving the period of Ineligibility as of the Effective
Date, the Athlete or other Person may apply to the AntiDoping Organization which had results management

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Modification and Interpretation

Article 25 T ransitional Provisions

responsibility for the anti-doping rule violation to consider
a reduction in the period of Ineligibility in light of the 2015
Code. Such application must be made before the period
of Ineligibility has expired. The decision rendered by theAnti-Doping Organization may be appealed pursuant to
Article 13.2. The 2015 Code shall have no application to
any anti-doping rule violation case where a final decisionfinding an anti-doping rule violation has been rendered
and the period of Ineligibility has expired.
25.4	Multiple Violations Where the First Violation Occurs
Prior to 1 January 2015	For purposes of assessing the period of Ineligibility for asecond violation under Article 10.7.1, where the sanction
for the first violation was determined based on pre-2015
Code rules, the period of Ineligibility which would havebeen assessed for that first violation had 2015 Code rules
been applicable, shall be applied.
25.5 Additional Code Amendments	
Any additional Code Amendments shall go into effect asprovided in Article 23.7.
[Comment to Article 25.4: Other than
the situation described in Article
25.4, where a final decision finding ananti-doping rule violation has been
rendered prior to the existence of
the Code or under the Code in force

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before the 2015 Code and the period
of Ineligibility imposed has been
completely served, the 2015 Code may
not be used to re-characterize theprior violation.]

APPENDIX ONE

DEFINITIONSAPPENDIX 1 Definitions

DEFINITIONSADAMS: The Anti-Doping Administration and Management
System is a Web-based database management tool for data
entry, storage, sharing, and reporting designed to assist
stakeholders and WADA in their anti-doping operations inconjunction with data protection legislation.
Administration: Providing, supplying, supervising, facilitating,or otherwise participating in the Use or Attempted Use byanother Person of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method.
However, this definition shall not include the actions of bonafide medical personnel involving a Prohibited Substance or
Prohibited Method used for genuine and legal therapeutic
purposes or other acceptable justification and shall notinclude actions involving Prohibited Substances which are
not prohibited in Out-of-Competition Testing unless thecircumstances as a whole demonstrate that such Prohibited
Substances are not intended for genuine and legal therapeutic
purposes or are intended to enhance sport performance.
Adverse Analytical Finding: A report from a WADA-accredited
laboratory or other WADA-approved laboratory that, consistent
with the International Standard for Laboratories and related
Technical Documents, identifies in a Sample the presence ofa Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers (including
elevated quantities of endogenous substances) or evidence of
the Use of a Prohibited Method.
Adverse Passport Finding: A report identified as an Adverse
Passport Finding as described in the applicable International
Standards.
Anti-Doping Organization: A Signatory that is responsible for
adopting rules for initiating, implementing or enforcing any partof the Doping Control process. This includes, for example, theInternational Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic
Committee, other Major Event Organizations that conduct Testingat their Events, WADA, International Federations, and National
Anti-Doping Organizations.

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Athlete: Any Person who competes in sport at the international
level (as defined by each International Federation) or the national
level (as defined by each National Anti-Doping Organization). An
Anti-Doping Organization has discretion to apply anti-doping
rules to an Athlete who is neither an International-Level Athlete
nor a National-Level Athlete, and thus to bring them within thedefinition of “Athlete.” In relation to Athletes who are neither
International-Level nor National-Level Athletes, an Anti-Doping
Organization may elect to: conduct limited Testing or no Testingat all; analyze Samples for less than the full menu of Prohibited
Substances; require limited or no whereabouts information;or not require advance TUEs. However, if an Article 2.1, 2.3 or
2.5 anti-doping rule violation is committed by any Athlete overwhom an Anti-Doping Organization has authority who competes
below the international or national level, then the Consequences
set forth in the Code (except Article 14.3.2) must be applied. For
purposes of Article 2.8 and Article 2.9 and for purposes of antidoping information and education, any Person who participatesin sport under the authority of any Signatory, government, orother sports organization accepting the Code is an Athlete.
[Comment to Athlete: This definition
makes it clear that all Internationaland National-Level Athletes are
subject to the anti-doping rules of theCode, with the precise definitions ofinternational- and national-level sport
to be set forth in the anti-doping rulesof the International Federations andNational Anti-Doping Organizations,
respectively. The definition also
allows each National Anti-Doping
Organization, if it chooses to do so,
to expand its anti-doping program
beyond International- or NationalLevel Athletes to competitors at lower
levels of Competition or to individuals
who engage in fitness activities but do
not compete at all. Thus, a National
Anti-Doping Organization could, forexample, elect to test recreationallevel competitors but not require

advance TUEs. But an anti-doping
rule violation involving an Adverse
Analytical Finding or Tamperingresults in all of the Consequences
provided for in the Code (with the
exception of Article 14.3.2). The
decision on whether Consequences
apply to recreational-level Athletes
who engage in fitness activities but
never compete is left to the National
Anti-Doping Organization. In the samemanner, a Major Event Organization
holding an Event only for masters-levelcompetitors could elect to test thecompetitors but not analyze Samples
for the full menu of Prohibited
Substances. Competitors at all levelsof Competition should receive thebenefit of anti-doping information andeducation.]

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APPENDIX 1 Definitions

Athlete Biological Passport: The program and methods ofgathering and collating data as described in the International
Standard for Testing and Investigations and International
Standard for Laboratories.
Athlete Support Personnel: Any coach, trainer, manager, agent,
team staff, official, medical, paramedical personnel, parent or
any other Person working with, treating or assisting an Athlete
participating in or preparing for sports Competition.
Attempt: Purposely engaging in conduct that constitutes a
substantial step in a course of conduct planned to culminate
in the commission of an anti-doping rule violation. Provided,
however, there shall be no anti-doping rule violation based
solely on an Attempt to commit a violation if the Person
renounces the Attempt prior to it being discovered by a third
party not involved in the Attempt.
Atypical Finding: A report from a WADA-accredited laboratoryor other WADA-approved laboratory which requires further
investigation as provided by the International Standard forLaboratories or related Technical Documents prior to thedetermination of an Adverse Analytical Finding.
Atypical Passport Finding: A report described as an Atypical
Passport Finding as described in the applicable International
Standards.
CAS: The Court of Arbitration for Sport.
Code: The World Anti-Doping Code.
Competition: A single race, match, game or singular sport
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Olympic 100-meter race in athletics. For stage races andother sport contests where prizes are awarded on a daily orother interim basis the distinction between a Competition
and an Event will be as provided in the rules of the applicable
International Federation.
Consequences of Anti-Doping Rule Violations (“Consequences”):
An Athlete’s or other Person’s violation of an anti-doping rule
may result in one or more of the following: (a) Disqualificationmeans the Athlete’s results in a particular Competition or Eventare invalidated, with all resulting Consequences including
forfeiture of any medals, points and prizes; (b) Ineligibility
means the Athlete or other Person is barred on account of ananti-doping rule violation for a specified period of time fromparticipating in any Competition or other activity or funding
as provided in Article 10.12.1; (c) Provisional Suspension
means the Athlete or other Person is barred temporarily
from participating in any Competition or activity prior to thefinal decision at a hearing conducted under Article 8; (d)Financial Consequences means a financial sanction imposed
for an anti-doping rule violation or to recover costs associatedwith an anti-doping rule violation; and (e) Public Disclosure
or Public Reporting means the dissemination or distributionof information to the general public or Persons beyond those
Persons entitled to earlier notification in accordance with
Article 14. Teams in Team Sports may also be subject toConsequences as provided in Article 11.
Contaminated Product: A product that contains a Prohibited
Substance that is not disclosed on the product label or in
information available in a reasonable Internet search.
Disqualification: See Consequences of Anti-Doping Rule
Violations above.

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APPENDIX 1 Definitions

Doping Control: All steps and processes from test distribution
planning through to ultimate disposition of any appeal
including all steps and processes in between such as provisionof whereabouts information, Sample collection and handling,laboratory analysis, TUEs, results management and hearings.
Event: A series of individual Competitions conducted together
under one ruling body (e.g., the Olympic Games, FINA WorldChampionships, or Pan American Games).
Event Venues: Those venues so designated by the ruling bodyfor the Event.
Event Period: The time between the beginning and end of an
Event, as established by the ruling body of the Event.
Fault: Fault is any breach of duty or any lack of careappropriate to a particular situation. Factors to be taken into
consideration in assessing an Athlete or other Person’s degreeof Fault include, for example, the Athlete’s or other Person’s
experience, whether the Athlete or other Person is a Minor,
special considerations such as impairment, the degree ofrisk that should have been perceived by the Athlete and thelevel of care and investigation exercised by the Athlete inrelation to what should have been the perceived level of risk.
In assessing the Athlete’s or other Person’s degree of Fault,
the circumstances considered must be specific and relevant
to explain the Athlete’s or other Person’s departure from theexpected standard of behavior. Thus, for example, the factthat an Athlete would lose the opportunity to earn large sumsof money during a period of Ineligibility, or the fact that the
Athlete only has a short time left in his or her career, or thetiming of the sporting calendar, would not be relevant factors
to be considered in reducing the period of Ineligibility under
Article 10.5.1 or 10.5.2.
[Comment to Fault: The criteria forassessing an Athlete’s degree of Fault
is the same under all Articles where
Fault is to be considered. However,under 10.5.2, no reduction of sanction

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is appropriate unless, when the degreeof Fault is assessed, the conclusion isthat No Significant Fault or Negligenceon the part of the Athlete or other
Person was involved.]Financial Consequences: See Consequences of Anti-Doping Rule
Violations above.
In-Competition: Unless provided otherwise in the rules of anInternational Federation or the ruling body of the Event inquestion, “In-Competition” means the period commencing
twelve hours before a Competition in which the Athlete isscheduled to participate through the end of such Competition
and the Sample collection process related to such Competition.
Independent Observer Program: A team of observers, under
the supervision of WADA, who observe and provide guidanceon the Doping Control process at certain Events and report on
their observations.
Individual Sport: Any sport that is not a Team Sport.
Ineligibility: See Consequences of Anti-Doping Rule Violations
above.
International Event: An Event or Competition where theInternational Olympic Committee, the International
Paralympic Committee, an International Federation, a Major
Event Organization, or another international sport organizationis the ruling body for the Event or appoints the technicalofficials for the Event.
[Comment to In-Competition: An
International Federation or ruling bodyfor an Event may establish an“In-Competition” period that isdifferent than the Event Period.]

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APPENDIX 1 Definitions

International-Level Athlete: Athletes who compete in sport
at the international level, as defined by each International
Federation, consistent with the International Standard for
Testing and Investigations.
International Standard: A standard adopted by WADA in supportof the Code. Compliance with an International Standard(as opposed to another alternative standard, practice orprocedure) shall be sufficient to conclude that the procedures
addressed by the International Standard were performed
properly. International Standards shall include any TechnicalDocuments issued pursuant to the International Standard.
Major Event Organizations: The continental associations of
National Olympic Committees and other international multisport organizations that function as the ruling body for any
continental, regional or other International Event.
Marker: A compound, group of compounds or biologicalvariable(s) that indicates the Use of a Prohibited Substance or
Prohibited Method.
Metabolite: Any substance produced by a biotransformation
process.
Minor: A natural Person who has not reached the age ofeighteen years.
[Comment to International-Level
Athlete: Consistent with theInternational Standard for Testing
and Investigations, the International
Federation is free to determine thecriteria it will use to classify Athletes
as International-Level Athletes, e.g., byranking, by participation in particularInternational Events, by type of license,
etc. However, it must publish those

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criteria in clear and concise form, sothat Athletes are able to ascertain
quickly and easily when they will
become classified as InternationalLevel Athletes. For example, if thecriteria include participation incertain International Events, then theInternational Federation must publish
a list of those International Events.]

National Anti-Doping Organization: The entity(ies) designatedby each country as possessing the primary authority andresponsibility to adopt and implement anti-doping rules, direct
the collection of Samples, the management of test results, andthe conduct of hearings at the national level. If this designation
has not been made by the competent public authority(ies), theentity shall be the country’s National Olympic Committee or its
designee.
National Event: A sport Event or Competition involving
International- or National-Level Athletes that is not anInternational Event.
National-Level Athlete: Athletes who compete in sport at
the national level, as defined by each National Anti-Doping
Organization, consistent with the International Standard for
Testing and Investigations.
National Olympic Committee: The organization recognizedby the International Olympic Committee. The term National
Olympic Committee shall also include the National Sport
Confederation in those countries where the National Sport
Confederation assumes typical National Olympic Committee
responsibilities in the anti-doping area.
No Fault or Negligence: The Athlete or other Person’s
establishing that he or she did not know or suspect, andcould not reasonably have known or suspected even with theexercise of utmost caution, that he or she had Used or been
administered the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method orotherwise violated an anti-doping rule. Except in the case ofa Minor, for any violation of Article 2.1, the Athlete must alsoestablish how the Prohibited Substance entered his or her
system.

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APPENDIX 1 Definitions

No Significant Fault or Negligence: The Athlete or other Person’s
establishing that his or her Fault or negligence, when viewed
in the totality of the circumstances and taking into accountthe criteria for No Fault or Negligence, was not significant inrelationship to the anti-doping rule violation. Except in thecase of a Minor, for any violation of Article 2.1, the Athlete mustalso establish how the Prohibited Substance entered his or her
system.
Out-of-Competition: Any period which is not In-Competition.
Participant: Any Athlete or Athlete Support Person.
Person: A natural Person or an organization or other entity.
Possession: The actual, physical Possession, or the constructive
Possession (which shall be found only if the Person has
exclusive control or intends to exercise control over theProhibited Substance or Prohibited Method or the premises
in which a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method exists);
provided, however, that if the Person does not have exclusive
control over the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method or
the premises in which a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited
Method exists, constructive Possession shall only be found if the
Person knew about the presence of the Prohibited Substanceor Prohibited Method and intended to exercise control over it.
Provided, however, there shall be no anti-doping rule violation
based solely on Possession if, prior to receiving notification of
any kind that the Person has committed an anti-doping ruleviolation, the Person has taken concrete action demonstratingthat the Person never intended to have Possession and has[Comment to No Significant Fault or
Negligence: For Cannabinoids, anAthlete may establish No Significant
Fault or Negligence by clearly

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demonstrating that the context
of the Use was unrelated to sport
performance.]renounced Possession by explicitly declaring it to an AntiDoping Organization. Notwithstanding anything to the contraryin this definition, the purchase (including by any electronic orother means) of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method
constitutes Possession by the Person who makes the purchase.
Prohibited List: The List identifying the Prohibited Substancesand Prohibited Methods.
Prohibited Method: Any method so described on the Prohibited
List.
Prohibited Substance: Any substance, or class of substances,
so described on the Prohibited List.
Provisional Hearing: For purposes of Article 7.9, an expedited
abbreviated hearing occurring prior to a hearing under Article
8 that provides the Athlete with notice and an opportunity to beheard in either written or oral form.
[Comment to Possession: Under
this definition, steroids found in
an Athlete’s car would constitute a
violation unless the Athlete establishes
that someone else used the car; in thatevent, the Anti-Doping Organizationmust establish that, even though the
Athlete did not have exclusive control
over the car, the Athlete knew about
the steroids and intended to havecontrol over the steroids. Similarly,
in the example of steroids found ina home medicine cabinet under thejoint control of an Athlete and spouse,
the Anti-Doping Organization must
establish that the Athlete knew thesteroids were in the cabinet andthat the Athlete intended to exercise
control over the steroids. The act ofpurchasing a Prohibited Substancealone constitutes Possession, even
where, for example, the productdoes not arrive, is received bysomeone else, or is sent to a third
party address.][Comment to Provisional Hearing:
A Provisional Hearing is only apreliminary proceeding which may
not involve a full review of the factsof the case. Following a Provisional
Hearing, the Athlete remains entitledto a subsequent full hearing on the
merits of the case. By contrast, an“expedited hearing,” as that term isused in Article 7.9, is a full hearing on
the merits conducted on an expedited
time schedule.]

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APPENDIX 1 Definitions

Provisional Suspension: See Consequences of Anti-Doping Rule
Violations above.
Publicly Disclose or Publicly Report: See Consequences ofAnti-Doping Rule Violations above.
Regional Anti-Doping Organization: A regional entity designatedby member countries to coordinate and manage delegatedareas of their national anti-doping programs, which may
include the adoption and implementation of anti-doping rules,
the planning and collection of Samples, the management of
results, the review of TUEs, the conduct of hearings, and the
conduct of educational programs at a regional level.
Registered Testing Pool: The pool of highest-priority Athletes
established separately at the international level byInternational Federations and at the national level by
National Anti-Doping Organizations, who are subject tofocused In-Competition and Out-of-Competition Testing aspart of that International Federation’s or National Anti-Doping
Organization’s test distribution plan and therefore are required
to provide whereabouts information as provided in Article 5.6
and the International Standard for Testing and Investigations.
Sample or Specimen: Any biological material collected for the
purposes of Doping Control.
Signatories: Those entities signing the Code and agreeing tocomply with the Code, as provided in Article 23.
Specified Substance: See Article 4.2.2.
[Comment to Sample or Specimen:
It has sometimes been claimed thatthe collection of blood Samples
violates the tenets of certain religious

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or cultural groups. It has been
determined that there is no basis forany such claim.]

Strict Liability: The rule which provides that under Article 2.1
and Article 2.2, it is not necessary that intent, Fault, negligence,or knowing Use on the Athlete’s part be demonstrated by theAnti-Doping Organization in order to establish an anti-doping
rule violation.
Substantial Assistance: For purposes of Article 10.6.1, a Person
providing Substantial Assistance must: (1) fully disclose in asigned written statement all information he or she possesses
in relation to anti-doping rule violations, and (2) fully cooperatewith the investigation and adjudication of any case related tothat information, including, for example, presenting testimony
at a hearing if requested to do so by an Anti-Doping Organizationor hearing panel. Further, the information provided must be
credible and must comprise an important part of any casewhich is initiated or, if no case is initiated, must have provided
a sufficient basis on which a case could have been brought.
Tampering: Altering for an improper purpose or in an
improper way; bringing improper influence to bear;interfering improperly; obstructing, misleading or engaging
in any fraudulent conduct to alter results or prevent normal
procedures from occurring.
Target Testing: Selection of specific Athletes for Testing basedon criteria set forth in the International Standard for Testing
and Investigations.
Team Sport: A sport in which the substitution of players ispermitted during a Competition.
Testing: The parts of the Doping Control process involving test
distribution planning, Sample collection, Sample handling, andSample transport to the laboratory.

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APPENDIX 1 Definitions

Trafficking: Selling, giving, transporting, sending, delivering or
distributing (or Possessing for any such purpose) a Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method (either physically or by any
electronic or other means) by an Athlete, Athlete Support
Person or any other Person subject to the jurisdiction of an
Anti-Doping Organization to any third party; provided, however,this definition shall not include the actions of “bona fide”
medical personnel involving a Prohibited Substance used for
genuine and legal therapeutic purposes or other acceptablejustification, and shall not include actions involving Prohibited
Substances which are not prohibited in Out-of-Competition
Testing unless the circumstances as a whole demonstratesuch Prohibited Substances are not intended for genuine andlegal therapeutic purposes or are intended to enhance sport
performance.
TUE: Therapeutic Use Exemption, as described in Article 4.4.
UNESCO Convention: The International Convention against
Doping in Sport adopted by the 33rd session of the UNESCO
General Conference on 19 October 2005, including any and allamendments adopted by the States Parties to the Convention
and the Conference of Parties to the International Convention
against Doping in Sport.
Use: The utilization, application, ingestion, injection or
consumption by any means whatsoever of any Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method.
WADA: The World Anti-Doping Agency.
[Comment to Definitions: Definedterms shall include their plural and

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possessive forms, as well as thoseterms used as other parts of speech.]APPENDIX TWO

EXAMPLES OF
THE APPLICATIONOF ARTICLE 10APPENDIX 2 Examples of the Application of Article 10

EXAMPLES OF THE APPLICATIONOF ARTICLE 10
EXAMPLE 1
Facts: An Adverse Analytical Finding results from the presenceof an anabolic steroid in an In-Competition test (Article 2.1);
the Athlete promptly admits the anti-doping rule violation; theAthlete establishes No Significant Fault or Negligence; and theAthlete provides Substantial Assistance.
Application of Consequences:
1. The starting point would be Article 10.2. Because the Athlete
is deemed to have No Significant Fault that would be sufficientcorroborating evidence (Articles 10.2.1.1 and 10.2.3) that theanti-doping rule violation was not intentional, the period of
Ineligibility would thus be two years, not four years (Article
10.2.2).
2. In a second step, the panel would analyze whether the Faultrelated reductions (Articles 10.4 and 10.5) apply. Based on
No Significant Fault or Negligence (Article 10.5.2) since theanabolic steroid is not a Specified Substance, the applicablerange of sanctions would be reduced to a range of two years
to one year (minimum one-half of the two year sanction).
The panel would then determine the applicable period of
Ineligibility within this range based on the Athlete’s degree ofFault. (Assume for purposes of illustration in this example
that the panel would otherwise impose a period of Ineligibilityof 16 months.)
3. In a third step, the panel would assess the possibility forsuspension or reduction under Article 10.6 (reductions not
related to Fault). In this case, only Article 10.6.1 (Substantial
Assistance) applies. (Article 10.6.3, Prompt Admission, is notapplicable because the period of Ineligibility is already below
the two-year minimum set forth in Article 10.6.3.) Based

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on Substantial Assistance, the period of Ineligibility could besuspended by three-quarters of 16 months.* The minimum
period of Ineligibility would thus be four months. (Assume
for purposes of illustration in this example that the panel
suspends ten months and the period of Ineligibility would
thus be six months.)
4. Under Article 10.11, the period of Ineligibility, in principle,
starts on the date of the final hearing decision. However,
because the Athlete promptly admitted the anti-doping ruleviolation, the period of Ineligibility could start as early as thedate of Sample collection, but in any event the Athlete would
have to serve at least one-half of the Ineligibility period (i.e.,
three months) after the date of the hearing decision (Article
10.11.2).
5. Since the Adverse Analytical Finding was committed in aCompetition, the panel would have to automatically Disqualify
the result obtained in that Competition (Article 9).
6. According to Article 10.8, all results obtained by the Athlete
subsequent to the date of the Sample collection until the startof the period of Ineligibility would also be Disqualified unless
fairness requires otherwise.
7. The information referred to in Article 14.3.2 must be Publicly
Disclosed, unless the Athlete is a Minor, since this is amandatory part of each sanction (Article 10.13).
8. The Athlete is not allowed to participate in any capacity in aCompetition or other sport-related activity under the authorityof any Signatory or its affiliates during the Athlete’s period of
Ineligibility (Article 10.12.1). However, the Athlete may return
to train with a team or to use the facilities of a club or othermember organization of a Signatory or its affiliates during
the shorter of: (a) the last two months of the Athlete’s period
of Ineligibility, or (b) the last one-quarter of the period of
Ineligibility imposed (Article 10.12.2). Thus, the Athlete would
be allowed to return to training one and one-half months
before the end of the period of Ineligibility.

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APPENDIX 2 Examples of the Application of Article 10

EXAMPLE 2
Facts: An Adverse Analytical Finding results from the presence ofa stimulant which is a Specified Substance in an In-Competition
test (Article 2.1); the Anti-Doping Organization is able to establishthat the Athlete committed the anti-doping rule violation
intentionally; the Athlete is not able to establish that theProhibited Substance was Used Out-of-Competition in a context
unrelated to sport performance; the Athlete does not promptly
admit the anti-doping rule violation as alleged; the Athlete does
provide Substantial Assistance.
Application of Consequences:
1. The starting point would be Article 10.2. Because the AntiDoping Organization can establish that the anti-doping ruleviolation was committed intentionally and the Athlete isunable to establish that the substance was permitted Out-ofCompetition and the Use was unrelated to the Athlete’s sport
performance (Article 10.2.3), the period of Ineligibility would
be four years (Article 10.2.1.2).
2. Because the violation was intentional, there is no room for a
reduction based on Fault (no application of Articles 10.4 and10.5). Based on Substantial Assistance, the sanction could besuspended by up to three-quarters of the four years.* The
minimum period of Ineligibility would thus be one year.
3. Under Article 10.11, the period of Ineligibility would start on
the date of the final hearing decision.
4. Since the Adverse Analytical Finding was committed in aCompetition, the panel would automatically Disqualify the
result obtained in the Competition.
5. According to Article 10.8, all results obtained by the Athlete
subsequent to the date of Sample collection until the startof the period of Ineligibility would also be Disqualified unless
fairness requires otherwise.
6. The information referred to in Article 14.3.2 must be Publicly
Disclosed, unless the Athlete is a Minor, since this is amandatory part of each sanction (Article 10.13).

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7. The Athlete is not allowed to participate in any capacity in aCompetition or other sport-related activity under the authorityof any Signatory or its affiliates during the Athlete’s period of
Ineligibility (Article 10.12.1). However, the Athlete may return
to train with a team or to use the facilities of a club or othermember organization of a Signatory or its affiliates during
the shorter of: (a) the last two months of the Athlete’s period
of Ineligibility, or (b) the last one-quarter of the period of
Ineligibility imposed (Article 10.12.2). Thus, the Athlete would
be allowed to return to training two months before the end of
the period of Ineligibility.
EXAMPLE 3
Facts: An Adverse Analytical Finding results from the presence ofan anabolic steroid in an Out-of-Competition test (Article 2.1); theAthlete establishes No Significant Fault or Negligence; the Athlete
also establishes that the Adverse Analytical Finding was caused
by a Contaminated Product.
Application of Consequences:
1. The starting point would be Article 10.2. Because the Athlete
can establish through corroborating evidence that he did notcommit the anti-doping rule violation intentionally, i.e., he had
No Significant Fault in Using a Contaminated Product (Articles
10.2.1.1 and 10.2.3), the period of Ineligibility would be twoyears (Article 10.2.2).
2. In a second step, the panel would analyze the Fault-related
possibilities for reductions (Articles 10.4 and 10.5). Since theAthlete can establish that the anti-doping rule violation wascaused by a Contaminated Product and that he acted with
No Significant Fault or Negligence based on Article 10.5.1.2,
the applicable range for the period of Ineligibility would be
reduced to a range of two years to a reprimand. The panel
would determine the period of Ineligibility within this range,
based on the Athlete’s degree of Fault. (Assume for purposesof illustration in this example that the panel would otherwise
impose a period of Ineligibility of four months.)

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APPENDIX 2 Examples of the Application of Article 10

3. According to Article 10.8, all results obtained by the Athlete
subsequent to the date of Sample collection until the start ofthe period of Ineligibility would be Disqualified unless fairness
requires otherwise.
4. The information referred to in Article 14.3.2 must be Publicly
Disclosed, unless the Athlete is a Minor, since this is amandatory part of each sanction (Article 10.13).
5. The Athlete is not allowed to participate in any capacity in aCompetition or other sport-related activity under the authorityof any Signatory or its affiliates during the Athlete’s period of
Ineligibility (Article 10.12.1). However, the Athlete may return
to train with a team or to use the facilities of a club or othermember organization of a Signatory or its affiliates during
the shorter of: (a) the last two months of the Athlete’s period
of Ineligibility, or (b) the last one-quarter of the period of
Ineligibility imposed (Article 10.12.2). Thus, the Athlete would
be allowed to return to training one month before the end of
the period of Ineligibility.
EXAMPLE 4
Facts: An Athlete who has never had an Adverse Analytical
Finding or been confronted with an anti-doping rule violation
spontaneously admits that she Used an anabolic steroid toenhance her performance. The Athlete also provides Substantial
Assistance.
Application of Consequences:
1. Since the violation was intentional, Article 10.2.1 would beapplicable and the basic period of Ineligibility imposed would
be four years.
2. There is no room for Fault-related reductions of the period of
Ineligibility (no application of Articles 10.4 and 10.5).
3. Based on the Athlete’s spontaneous admission (Article 10.6.2)
alone, the period of Ineligibility could be reduced by up to
one-half of the four years. Based on the Athlete’s Substantial

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Assistance (Article 10.6.1) alone, the period of Ineligibility could
be suspended up to three-quarters of the four years.* Under
Article 10.6.4, in considering the spontaneous admission andSubstantial Assistance together, the most the sanction could
be reduced or suspended would be up to three-quarters of
the four years. The minimum period of Ineligibility would be
one year.
4. The period of Ineligibility, in principle, starts on the day of
the final hearing decision (Article 10.11). If the spontaneous
admission is factored into the reduction of the period of
Ineligibility, an early start of the period of Ineligibility under
Article 10.11.2 would not be permitted. The provision seeks
to prevent an Athlete from benefitting twice from the same
set of circumstances. However, if the period of Ineligibility wassuspended solely on the basis of Substantial Assistance, Article
10.11.2 may still be applied, and the period of Ineligibility
started as early as the Athlete’s last Use of the anabolic
steroid.
5. According to Article 10.8, all results obtained by the Athlete
subsequent to the date of the anti-doping rule violation until
the start of the period of Ineligibility would be Disqualified
unless fairness requires otherwise.
6. The information referred to in Article 14.3.2 must be Publicly
Disclosed, unless the Athlete is a Minor, since this is amandatory part of each sanction (Article 10.13).
7. The Athlete is not allowed to participate in any capacity in aCompetition or other sport-related activity under the authorityof any Signatory or its affiliates during the Athlete’s period of
Ineligibility (Article 10.12.1). However, the Athlete may return
to train with a team or to use the facilities of a club or othermember organization of a Signatory or its affiliates during
the shorter of: (a) the last two months of the Athlete’s period
of Ineligibility, or (b) the last one-quarter of the period of
Ineligibility imposed (Article 10.12.2). Thus, the Athlete would
be allowed to return to training two months before the end of
the period of Ineligibility.

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APPENDIX 2 Examples of the Application of Article 10

EXAMPLE 5
Facts: An Athlete Support Person helps to circumvent a period
of Ineligibility imposed on an Athlete by entering him into a
Competition under a false name. The Athlete Support Person
comes forward with this anti-doping rule violation (Article 2.9)
spontaneously before being notified of an anti-doping ruleviolation by an Anti-Doping Organization.
Application of Consequences:
1. According to Article 10.3.4, the period of Ineligibility would
be from two up to four years, depending on the seriousnessof the violation. (Assume for purposes of illustration in thisexample that the panel would otherwise impose a period of
Ineligibility of three years.)
2. There is no room for Fault-related reductions since intent is
an element of the anti-doping rule violation in Article 2.9 (seecomment to Article 10.5.2).
3. According to Article 10.6.2, provided that the admission is the
only reliable evidence, the period of Ineligibility may be reduced
down to one-half. (Assume for purposes of illustration in thisexample that the panel would impose a period of Ineligibilityof 18 months.)
4. The information referred to in Article 14.3.2 must be Publicly
Disclosed unless the Athlete Support Person is a Minor, since
this is a mandatory part of each sanction (Article 10.13).
EXAMPLE 6
Facts: An Athlete was sanctioned for a first anti-doping ruleviolation with a period of Ineligibility of 14 months, of which fourmonths were suspended because of Substantial Assistance.
Now, the Athlete commits a second anti-doping rule violation
resulting from the presence of a stimulant which is not aSpecified Substance in an In-Competition test (Article 2.1);
the Athlete establishes No Significant Fault or Negligence; andthe Athlete provided Substantial Assistance. If this were a first
violation, the panel would sanction the Athlete with a period of
Ineligibility of 16 months and suspend six months for Substantial
Assistance.

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Application of Consequences:
1. Article 10.7 is applicable to the second anti-doping ruleviolation because Article 10.7.4.1 and Article 10.7.5 apply.
2. Under Article 10.7.1, the period of Ineligibility would be thegreater of:(a) six months;(b) one-half of the period of Ineligibility imposed for the firstanti-doping rule violation without taking into account any
reduction under Article 10.6 (in this example, that would
equal one-half of 14 months, which is seven months); or(c) twice the period of Ineligibility otherwise applicable to thesecond anti-doping rule violation treated as if it were a first
violation, without taking into account any reduction under
Article 10.6 (in this example, that would equal two times 16months, which is 32 months).
	Thus, the period of Ineligibility for the second violation would
be the greater of (a), (b) and (c), which is a period of Ineligibilityof 32 months.
3. In a next step, the panel would assess the possibility forsuspension or reduction under Article 10.6 (non-Fault-related
reductions). In the case of the second violation, only Article
10.6.1 (Substantial Assistance) applies. Based on Substantial
Assistance, the period of Ineligibility could be suspended bythree-quarters of 32 months.* The minimum period of
Ineligibility would thus be eight months. (Assume for purposesof illustration in this example that the panel suspends eightmonths of the period of Ineligibility for Substantial Assistance,thus reducing the period of Ineligibility imposed to two years.)
4. Since the Adverse Analytical Finding was committed in aCompetition, the panel would automatically Disqualify the
result obtained in the Competition.
5. According to Article 10.8, all results obtained by the Athlete
subsequent to the date of Sample collection until the startof the period of Ineligibility would also be Disqualified unless
fairness requires otherwise.

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APPENDIX 2 Examples of the Application of Article 10

6. The information referred to in Article 14.3.2 must be Publicly
Disclosed, unless the Athlete is a Minor, since this is amandatory part of each sanction (Article 10.13).
7. The Athlete is not allowed to participate in any capacity in aCompetition or other sport-related activity under the authorityof any Signatory or its affiliates during the Athlete’s period of
Ineligibility (Article 10.12.1). However, the Athlete may return
to train with a team or to use the facilities of a club or othermember organization of a Signatory or its affiliates during
the shorter of: (a) the last two months of the Athlete’s period
of Ineligibility, or (b) the last one-quarter of the period of
Ineligibility imposed (Article 10.12.2). Thus, the Athlete would
be allowed to return to training two months before the end of
the period of Ineligibility.
* Upon the approval of WADA in exceptional circumstances,the maximum suspension of the period of Ineligibility for
Substantial Assistance may be greater than three-quarters,
and reporting and publication may be delayed.

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www.wada-ama.org/code