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Analysis o f the 'Public' and 'Private' Areas Within
Fremantle Prison Using Spatially Distinct Artefact
Assemblages.

SARAH BURKE

Submitted in partial fulfillment o f the requirements for the
degree o f Bachelor o f Arts (Honours).

Centre for Archaeology
University o f Western Australia
1998-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFirstly, thank you to Jane Balme, my supervisor throughout the year whose help andguidance has been wonderful.
Also to Anne Brake, Curator o f Fremantle Prison for allowing me to use the Fremantle
assemblage. For your help with my questions and allowing the visits. I am indebted toyou.
Thank you to Gaye Nayton and Greg Jackman for providing me with insight into thearchaeology o f penology.
To all the other 1998 Honours students, thanks for making a long year entertaining.
Finally to my family, Emma, Andrew and Jennifer Burke for helping to enter data andyour support. I am eternally grateful.

CONTENTS
PAGE

CHAPTER I
1.1
1.2
1.3
CHAP I ER 2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
CHAPTER 3
3.1
3.11
3.12
3.2
3.21
3.22
CHAPTER 4
4.1
4.11
4.12

-INTRODUCTION
Aims of Study
Limits of Study
Outline of Presentation

2
5
7-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

9

History of Penology
Fremantle Prison Design
Penal Ideology
Archeological Expectations

9
12
19
24

-PREVIOUS RESEARCH

25

Colonial

25

Architecture as Archaeology
Everyday Objects
Western Australia
Spatial Intent and Incarceration
Spatial Organisation in Fremantle

25
27
31
31
32

-METHODOLOGY

35

35
Artefact Sample
Excavation of Private Areas (Prison cells) 35
Excavation o f Public Areas (Southern Area,
Women's Yard, Bath House andMetalled Road)

4.2
4.3

Research and Methods
Data Classifications

CHAPTER 5
5.1-ANALYSIS OF DATA

5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.2

2

39

46
46

Analysis o f Excavated Assemblages

52Southern Area
Women's Yard
Bath House
Metalled Road
A20a
A20b
A20c
General Conclusions

52
57
60
64
66
76
81
82

PAGE
CHAyl:ER 6
6.1
6.2
6.3

-DISCUSSION
Restatement o f Aims
Prison Life
Future Research

83
83
86
90

-REFERENCES-APPENDICESAPPENDIX 1

Cell Assemblage, A20a, A20b, A20c

APPENDIX 2

Grounds Assemblage(Southern Lawn, Women's Yard, Bathhouse, MetalledRoad)Figures

Page

Figure 2.1 Design of Pentonville Prison (Adapted from Kerr 1988).
14
Figure 2.2 Proposed Design of Fremantle Prison (Adapted from Kerr 1988:65).
16
Figure 2.3 Revised Plan of Fremantle Prison (Adapted from Kerr 1988:65).
16
Figure 4.1 Plan of Fremantle Prison (Adapted from Nayton 1998).
36
Figure 4.2 Plan of Excavation Trenches From Cell A20(Adapted From Nayton 1998:5).
38
Figure 4.3 Plan of Excavation Trenches From the Southern Area (Taken from
42
Bavin 1994:341).
Figure 4.4 Plan of Excavation Trenches From Women's Prison Yards (Taken from 43
Bavin 1994:356).
Figure 4.5 Plan of Excavation Trenches From Bath House Site (Taken from
43
Bavin 1994:359).
44
Figure 4.6 Plan of Excavation Trenches From Metalled Road Site (Taken from
Bavin 1994:367).
45
Figure 4.7 Zoning Plan (Adapted from Bavin 1994:338).
TablesTable 4.1 Table of Excavation Trenches From Cell A20.
Table 5.1 Sum of Artefact Activities from Southern Area Assemblage.
Table 5.2 Distribution of Eating Material in Fremantle Prison.
Table 5.3 Distribution of Button Material in Fremantle Prison.
Table 5.4 Sum of Artefact Activities from Women's Yard Assemblage.
Table 5.5 Diameter Variation of Buttons Found In Fremantle Prison (mm).
Table 5.6 Sum of Artefact Activities from Bath House Assemblage.
Table 5.7 Sum of Artefact Activities from Metalled Road Assemblage.
Table 5.8 Sum of Artefact Activities from A20a.
Table 5.9 Distribution of Smoking Material Through Fremantle Prison
Table 5.10 Sewing Items From Cell A20.
Table 5.11 Sum of Artefact Activities from A20b.
Table 5.12 Sum of Artefact Activities from A20c.

44
53
54
57
58
60
61
64
67
68
73
76
81

PlatesPlate 1.1 Fremantle Prison -outside facade.
Plate 1.2 Fremantle Prison -inside facade.
Plate 5.1 Examples of buttons from Bavin assemblage(Site 4, Trench 1, spits 1 and 2).
Plate 5.2 Example of buttons from Nayton assemblage(left to right, metal, a20aT1/28; metal, a20cT4/8; metal, a20aT5/68;

1
1
62
68

bone, a20aT1/39; bone, a2ObT5/17; bone, a20eT4/12;
bauxite,. a2OcT4/27).
Plate 5.3 Examples o f metal clothing accessories from, Fremantle Prison(left to right, belt buckle, Site 3, Trench 2, Square 4, Spit 5;
safety pin, a20aT1/37; suspender a2ObT5/75; coin, a2ObT3/65;
tag, Site 3, Trench 2, Square 4, spit 5; safety pin, a2ObT5/1;
boot eyelet 120bT1/49).
Plate 5.4 Examples o f bone toothbrushes from Nayton assemblage(left to right, a20aT1/30; a20aT1/27; a2ObT1/66).
Plate 5.5 Examples o f clay pipes from Fremantle Prison(left to right, 1-3 Bavin Assemblage, a20aT1/33, a2ObT1/48,
a2ObT1/100, a2ObT1/30).
Plate 5.6 Painting from Forgers Cell (E33) (Taken from Kerr 1988:14).
Plate 6 'The Prison Cell' (Adapted from Davitt 1885).

Plate 1. Fremantle Prison - outside facade.

Plate 2. Fremantle Prison - inside facade.

-1-Chapter 1.

INTRODUCTION

A I M S O F STUDY

Artefacts are not, as so many people believe, passive inanimate objects that only
yield information about the date at which they were made. The presence o f artefacts
can be used to define a person, class or culture as they reflect the occupation of
everyday life. In fact, the archaeological record is a physical expression o f aculturally manipulated environment (Orser and Fagan 1995:71).

As such, archaeology encourages the study o f people that history has forgotten.
While historical records often reflect a cultural or more specifically a class bias, thestudy o f 'small things forgotten' offers new light on areas o f the past that were notwritten about (Deetz 1977). As Yentsch and Beaudry argue;'...It is contrasted with dominant ideologies and shown as a way to see how people in low
positions- peasants, slaves, labourers- used objects as elements in everyday resistance,
giving new symbolic twists to the meaning customarily assigned by the elite'(Yentsch and
Beaudry 1992:17).
This is particularly important when addressing the archaeology o f imprisonment andpunishment. Documentary information about prisons and the way prisoners weretreated is plentiful, unfortunately there is scant evidence on the way prisoners
themselves viewed their environment.

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The main aim o f this dissertation is to uncover a broad understanding o f prisoner
activity within Fremantle Prison. This was achieved by comparing two excavations
conducted from spatially distinct areas o f the prison compound. Louise Bavin andGaye Nayton excavated at Fremantle in 1994 and 1998 respectively. Bavin's
excavations were undertaken within the Prison grounds and included the Southern
Lawn, Women's Prison Yard, Bath House and the Metalled Road, while Nayton
excavated a prison cell (A20) within the Main Cell Block (see Figure 4.3 for plan of
prison). The artefact assemblages date from the construction o f the prison (1855) to
its closure in the late twentieth century.

Interestingly, Bavin (1994) and Nayton (1998) arrived at different conclusions
concerning the life within Fremantle Prison even though they were investigating thesame period (nineteenth and early twentieth century). From her analysis Bavinconcluded that the prison provided a static environment that focused on `...purpose
or utility rather than the stimulation or the display o f fashion, personal symbols, orpreference' (Bavin 1994:433). In contrast Nayton found that a regime o f variation
rather than standardization characterized the prison (Nayton 1998:75). By
conducting an investigation into both assemblages, an understanding o f why suchdifferent conclusions were made, should be reached. Furthermore, questions
relating to whether either o f these investigations correctly portrays prison life should
also be addressed.
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The relationship between the area excavated and the conclusions reached about
prison life should also be investigated. Prisoner activity relating to the specificfunction o f a site, as well as the extent o f freedom o f behaviour are factors that
affect the archaeological assemblage.

Thus, as each excavation focused on different areas, an aim o f this study is to
identify 'public' and 'private' arenas within the prison compound and to examine
whether these spatial characteristics are paralleled in the archaeological data.

Foucault describes visual supervision within the prison environment as the ultimate
expression o f control (1979:201). Visual supervision o f inmates varied throughout
the compound. 'Public' areas represented environments o f maximum supervision,
while 'private' areas represent the minimum.

The expression o f this control will then be evident in the prison assemblages.
Assemblages excavated from 'Public' areas, under strict surveillance, would reveal
artefact patterns that highlight condoned prison activities. By contrast, 'Private'areas, which represent environments where prisoner's were under less observation
should exhibit a wider range o f activities. Thus, the investigation o f a range o f areas
within the prison has the potential to reveal general patterns o f prisoner activity
throughout the compound.

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Another objective o f this study is to uncover possible evidence o f inmate resistanceto prison authorities in the material assemblages under investigation. The
identification o f prisoner resistance has the potential to inform on how inmates usedtheir material world to maintain their cultural identity and to resist subordination(Casella 1996:258). From the analysis o f the data, evidence o f this resistance andits relationship to the 'public' and 'private' spheres o f the prison compound will
also be investigated.

The final aim o f this dissertation is to address the possibility that the uniquecharacteristics o f each o f the assemblages are actually representations o f thedifferent functions o f each area excavated. Different activities produce different
assemblages and it is important to acknowledge that the artefact patterns will
represent the activities that the prisoners participated in each specific area.

It is only once all the possibilities relating to inmate occupation are considered that afull understanding o f life within Fremantle Prison can be understood.

LIMITS O F STUDY

Little archaeological research in the field o f imprisonment and punishment has been
undertaken. Subsequently, not much is known about the way prisoners responded totheir environment. Thus, this investigation is fairly unique and further analysis of-5-Fremantle, as well as other prisons should be undertaken. Further, research then has
the potential to reveal whether the conclusions uncovered from this investigation
are unique to Fremantle Prison or whether they are reflective o f a broader
archaeological pattern associated with imprisonment.

Another issue o f concern relates to the nature o f imprisonment itself The prison
environment is very harsh. Punishment is the main objective and subsequently the
restriction o f most elements o f the outside world are enforced. While sensory
deprivation represents an effective punishment, it means that few material objects
were used by the prison and fewer objects still would have entered thearchaeological record (Bavin 1994:117). Thus, any possible analysis o f prisoner
response to their environment through the material record is limited.

As this research is primarily based upon the comparative analysis o f two separate
excavations certain ambiguities between the two assemblages have appeared. For
example, all the sites excavated showed different characteristics and are o f different
sizes. Furthermore, it is important to recognize that those artefacts uncovered withincell A20 were dependent on their ability to fall through floorboards. Thus, themajority o f the artefacts recovered from such an excavation would be small, while
the size o f the artefacts from other areas in the prison compound would be morevaried.

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Another difficulty with the analysis o f the two assemblages is that most artefacts
recovered from cell A20 represents a nineteenth century time frame, whereas theoutside assemblages are predominantly from the twentieth century. The floorboards
o f cell A20 were covered sometime in the early twentieth century and therefore few
later artefacts found their way into the subsurface deposits. The only way to
overcome this inconsistency is to conduct more excavations around the prison
compound. This would provide a greater volume o f artefacts and either reinforce ordeny arguments reached as a result o f this investigation. In particular, other cell
excavations should be undertaken to reinforce or contradict the assumptions madefrom cell A20.

O R D E R O F PRESENTATION

Chapter two addresses the historical background o f Fremantle Prison. The prisoners
o f Fremantle did not act within a vacuum, rather their actions and the materials that
resulted as a consequence o f these actions were directly related to the ideals andpractices o f their contemporary society. These ideals are evident in the
documentation o f penology. Therefore, the history o f penology, prison design andpenal ideology are all issues that needed to be addressed before an analysis o f thematerial culture o f the prison could be attempted.

Chapter three looks at previous research on the archaeology o f imprisonment and-7-punishment. While the quantity o f research carried out in this field is limited thechapter is divided into a focus on colonial and then Western Australian research.
Further research relating to prison cultural identity, as well as issues o f 'public' and'private' domains are also discussed in this chapter. Chapter four explains thematerials and methodology applied to this study. While Chapters five and six look at
the analysis and conclusions o f the data respectively.

Thus, from the use o f archaeological methods and techniques it is possible to gain
an important insight into the way Western Australian society treated their criminal
community. Further analysis also has the potential to explain how the prisoners
themselves responded to this treatment. By focusing on the goods that were
provisioned to prisoners, how they made use o f these resources as well as
identifying artefacts o f an 'illegal' character, an interpretation o f life within
Fremantle Prison becomes possible. This research is further assisted by the
integration o f historical accounts which when combined with the archaeologicalmaterial allow a broader view o f the past.

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Chapter Two.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDHISTORY O F PENOLOGY

In order to assess the archaeological material left behind by the inmates ofFremantle Prison, the historical background o f the institution must be addressed.
The prisoners o f Fremantle did not act within a vacuum, rather their actions and thematerials that resulted as a consequence o f these actions were directly related to theideals and practices o f the prison administration at both the local and international
level, as well as the public perception o f criminality and punishment. Because these
ideals and practices did not remain static through the life o f Fremantle, the patterns
evident in the material remains associated with prison culture should reflect thecontemporary attitudes and values o f the society and period from which it isassociated. For example, the changing concepts o f punishment as well as thedevelopments in prison design itself are all factors that affect the way prisoners
interact between themselves and within the institution itself This chapter addresses
these issues as a basis for understanding the material culture o f prisoner occupation
excavated at Fremantle Prison.

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The establishment o f Fremantle Prison must be understood within the context o f its
colonial and international heritage. Opened in May 1855 Fremantle was an
institution designed and administered by British authority (Western Australian Blue
Book 1855). At the time o f its construction, Western Australia was a colony o f the
British Empire, and as such was subject to the rule o f the British Parliament. Thus,
from 1829 until the turn o f the century, the Swan River Colony was required to act
out the punishments promulgated by the British legal system (Bavin 1993:122). It
was proclaimed that '...the Laws o f England relative to the management o f Prisonsand prisoners so far as the same may be applicable to the circumstances o f thiscolony is to be in full force in this colony'(Rules and Regulations 1830:66 as takenfrom Bavin 1993:122). Thus, as a formal institution o f punishment, the attitudes
and treatment expressed towards prisoners within Fremantle strongly reflects theideologies promulgated by their British contemporaries.

Fremantle prison was constructed at a time when Britain's policies (both formal andinformal) towards the treatment o f prisoners were associated with a strong
movement o f reform. This movement had begun in the late eighteenth century,
spurred on by philanthropists such as Elizabeth Fry and John Howard. The reformmovement called for a new approach to the punishment o f offenders, shifting the
focus from the public exhibitions o f punishment through death and ridicule to themore internal processes o f discipline through imprisonment (Bavin 1993:125).
Thus, with incarceration eventually accepted as the preferred form o f punishment-10-for guilty offenders, reformers promulgated a system o f prison management that was
based upon the 'moral management o f prisoners' (Western Australian Blue Book
1837:172). The objective within the prison system o f an implementation o f theseideas was to influence the transformation o f individuals with the aim o f their reassimilation into contemporary society.

Another major objective o f many reformers was that under the contemporary systemo f congregate confinement, contamination between prisoners o f differing degrees ofcriminality would occur (Bavin 1993:125). It was not uncommon for first offenders
to be placed in cells with criminals found guilty o f murder and other harsh crimes. It
was believed that such contamination would serve only to undermine the ideas ofmorality and work ethic that the penal system was designed to instill within
prisoners. Thus, while it was cheaper to house a number o f prisoners within one
room, by the 1830's cellular confinement was to become the favoured structure(Bavin 1993:125). Evidence o f this process can be discerned by the design andconstruction o f the predominantly cell based architecture o f Fremantle Prison (asshown in Figure 4.1).

As a consequence o f the reform movement, the design and management o f prisonsthroughout Britain and subsequently Australia was defined by processes
recognizing the issues o f `...religious instruction, hard work, constant supervisionand human contact'(Bavin 1993:126). However, Bavin introduces an important-11-

point when she argues that:`...while philosophies of punishment, prison design and penal practice in the Swan River
Colony were based on European, particularly British precedents, they were tempered by
the exigencies of the moment, the economic needs and capacities of a small,underdeveloped and backward colony'(Bavin 1993:121).
Thus, the development o f Fremantle Prison in both its construction and management
was heavily influenced by the European reform ideologies o f the nineteenth century
as well as the necessary colonial adaptations o f an isolated community.

F R E M A N T L E PRISON DESIGN

Western Australia was a unique colony o f Australia in that it was not founded as aconvict establishment. Unlike New South Wales or Tasmania, the first substantial
European population to inhabit the West were free settlers. In fact, any convict
related dependencies were strongly resisted by the infant settlement. However, due
to a struggling economy and a growing necessity for labour based upon
infrastructure and agriculture demands, the Swan River Colony was forced toreassess its position relating to the introduction o f a convict population. Thus, in1850 the first convicts arrived in Western Australia on board Scindian(Bavin
1993:131). Unfortunately, their premature arrival meant accommodation for theconvicts was scarce. The Round House in Fremantle, with its eight cells,
represented the only gaol within the colony. Thus, the authorities chose to house theincreasing numbers o f convicts within a warehouse owned by a local wool merchant(Bavin 1993:132). With a growing convict population the colony was forced to-12-reassess its 'prison' facilities and plans were begun for an alternative solution to theinadequate conditions provided to this date.

After the design was approved by senior officials in Great Britain's Convict Prisons
Department, Fremantle Prison was constructed in 1852 upon the arrival o f acompany o f Royal Sappers and Miners. Thus, Fremantle Prison became the firstmajor penitentiary built in Western Australia. Designed to hold approximately 882
men the prison was built upon an elevated area o f 4.86 hectares and was formidable
enough in its appearance that it was to dominate the town o f Fremantle throughout
the Nineteenth century (Campbell 1975:2). The prison was primarily designed by
the Comptroller General o f Convicts in the Swan River Colony, Captain Edmund
Yeamans Walcott Henderson. Subsequently, in 1855 the first prisoners were sent to
the new prison (Western Australian Blue Book 1855).

Reflecting the ideologies o f contemporary designs abroad, Fremantle Prison was toaccommodate the two principal British models o f the period, based on thePentonville and Portland Prisons (Bosworth and Harvey 1990a:25). PentonvillePrison represented and example o f 'separate confinement' and Pentonville was-13-

Figure 2.1 Design o f Pentonville Prison (Adapted from Kerr
1988).

1111111i1g tflhlLilli-1TILTITTICI•-

based upon the 'public works' systems o f imprisonment (Bavin 1993:135).

Pentonville prison was established as a prototype for further prison architecture, its
design was to have a `...central hall, open from floor to roof, with spacious corridorso f a similar construction radiating out o f it, having ranges o f cells placed on eachside' to enable a central view o f the entire building (Kerr 1984:159 taken from
British Parliamentary Papers, Surveyor General o f Prisons Pentonville Report1844: 4-5) (Figure 2.1 shows the plan o f Pentonville). Pentonville prison
represented a harsh and uninviting environment. Combined with the belief that
religion was central to a convict's reformation, a strict regime o f silence andanonymity was the driving ideology behind this prison. As Bavin argues,
administrators believed that under this regime, `...religious teaching and periods of-14-

solitary confinement would allow prisoners to reflect on the evils o f crime, theirdegraded condition and the benefits o f a reformed and crime-fee future'(Bavin
1993 :139).

It was the general practice in Britain that after spending nine months in the solitaryconfinement o f Pentonville Prison, inmates would then be moved to the public
works prison o f Portland to serve out the remainder o f their sentence. As convicts
were primarily introduced into Western Australia as a means o f labour, Fremantle
Prison was predominantly based upon the designs and philosophies o f the Portland
institution (Bavin 1993:136). Thus, while the design o f Fremantle reflected anumber o f aspects o f the Pentonville designs, it was the characteristics o f thePortland ideals that determined how the prisoners were treated. Thus, in silent
association prisoners completed their sentences in employment on public works
projects around the state, constructing roads, bridges and public buildings, returningat night to sleep in their individual cells (Western Australian Blue Book 1860:239).

After an inspection o f the designs by Colonel Jebb, the Surveyor General o f English
Prisons, it was decided that a linear model, similar to the public works prison ofPortland, would be much more efficient than the proposed radial model as
represented at Pentonville (Figure 2.2 and 2.3). It was argued that the free labour
element associated with a public works prison would also help to promote anddevelop the growth o f the colony (Gill 1989:5). As such, the two wings-15-

Figure 2.2 Proposed design o f Fremantle Prison, 1851 (Adapted from Kerr 1988:65)

N

Association-Warcl

Chapel (upper floc*)

Figure 2.3 Revised plan o f Fremantle Prison, 1852, (Adapted from Kerr 1988:65)

N
Refractory•Cells
020m

Association-Ward

1-1

Cells

Chapel.(upper.floor)

radiating from the main cell block were removed from the later designs o f the
Prison. Instead a larger number o f smaller cells were to be concentrated within themain cell body (Bavin 1993:136, Bosworth Harvey 1990a:11).
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Corresponding to a public works prison standard, the cells within Fremantle Prison
were also reduced in dimensions from 13ft (4 metres) x 7ft (2.1 metres) to 7ft (2.1
metres) X 4ft (1.2 metres) (Bavin 1993:137). Jebb considered the cell size forseparate confinement as being `...three to four feet longer than necessary for an
ordinary sleeping cell'(taken from Bosworth and Harvey 1990a:11). It was reasoned
that the small size was all that the prisoners required, as they would only be
spending their evenings in the cells, having spent their day on public works projects.
Thus, a larger cell was not deemed as necessary had the prisoner been required tospend the majority o f confinement within its walls, as was expected under the
separate system. The smaller cell size would also allow for more cells, thus allowing
for the prisoner density to be increased (Kerr 1984:165).

Further changes to the prison design were affected due to the colonial conditions
faced by the Western Australian authorities. For example, the recommendations
made by Colonial Jebb suggesting that corrugated iron be used as the main cellbuilding material were ignored (Hoare et al 1990:26). While corrugated iron had
been used successfully in the public works prison o f Portland, Henderson decided
that limestone represented a more viable alternative at Fremantle. In Britain,
corrugated iron was cheap and was easily moveable, if prison plans required achange to the cell architecture (Bosworth and Harvey 1990a:26). However,limestone was available on site at Fremantle. Thus, to Henderson, limestone
represented a cheap material, readily available to the colonial builders that would
also provide a more secure prison environment. Furthermore, the thickness of-17-

limestone negated the ability o f prisoners to directly communicate with one another,as was possible with the use o f corrugated iron (Kerr 1984:165). Apart from thisone application o f a colonial resource, all other fittings, such as cell doors andgallery railings were ordered from England (Kerr 1984:166).

Further changes and expansion to the prison design were addressed as the convict
population rapidly increased. In 1868, at the end o f convict transportation inWestern Australia, 9668 male convicts had been introduced into an original
population, in 1850, o f only 5293 settlers (Bavin 1993:139). Thus, by mid-1850 a
new plan for the prison was drawn up which was to include the longest cell range so
far to be built in the Australian colonies (Bavin 1993:139). The design also included
two large association wards at each end o f a four-storey cell block (Bavin
1993:140). Including the cell block the prison complex was eventually to contain arefractory cell block, two guard rooms, blacksmith and carpenter workshops, akitchen and laundry complex, a chapel, fire-engine shed, a wooden division to housea further 176 men, prison offices in the main cell block, a hospital, as well as a bathhouse and cisterns (Bavin 1994:93). While further amendments to the prison design
did occur, the basic structure o f the institution was to remain until its closure in the
1990's.

The cessation o f transportation served as a significant highlight in the history ofFremantle prison. Prison population numbers began to decrease significantly after
1868. By April 1884 there were no more than 83 prisoners remaining at Fremantle-18-and significantly 23 o f these were colonial. As such, the British government were
hesitant in claiming the financial responsibility for an institution that was no longer
advantageous. The new Chairman o f the Board o f Prison Commissioners, Edmund
Du Cane, had previously served, in the 1850's, a term as a Royal Engineer inWestern Australia and was well acquainted with Fremantle prison. Withconsiderable 'inside knowledge' associated with the administration o f the prison,
Du Cane focused on cutting the costs o f the prison associated with its maintenance.
Thus, while the building was in desperate need o f repair, it was decided in London
that repairs would be kept to a minimum (Bosworth Harvey 1990a:34). Finally, in
1886, no longer required by British government as a vessel o f convict imprisonment,
Fremantle Prison was transferred to the colonial government. At this time Fremantle
became the main prison o f the state, combining the imprisonment o f men, womenand juveniles within its walls (Bosworth Harvey 1990a:34).

P E N A L IDEOLOGY

The administration o f the Fremantle prison has varied throughout its history. Thesechanges can be traced back to a number o f factors including the varying nature of
the prison population, as well as certain developments within government. It is
important to recognize that ideologies do not remain static, rather, notions such as
the 'community perception o f the criminal' or illegal behaviour are repeatedly being
reshaped by the needs and events o f a society in any particular period.
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The first set o f rules regarding the governing o f the convict population in Western
Australia were drawn up in 1831. Although these rules were formulated withregards to the Round House in Fremantle (the first purpose built prison in Western
Australia) they are o f particular importance as they were to set the precedent uponwhich further prison administration would be carried out (Thomas and Stewart
1978:4). Not surprisingly the rules reflected the colonial insecurity o f the fledgling
state as their administration was based strongly upon the English model. The rules
also reflected the growing reform movement that was taking effect in Europe. Therewas growing concern by European reformers that there was too much freedom in
prisons, which condoned drink and visitors as well as basic 'contamination'
between prisoners themselves. Thus, the rules declared that no drink was to becondoned within the prison, only the strictest visitation rights were established andthat the prisoners should be made to keep themselves and their environment clean(Thomas and Stewart 1978:6).

The first major Act that was passed with regards to prison administration in Western
Australia was in 1849. It involved the regularisation o f all institutions in the state(although it failed to acknowledge the aboriginal prison on Rottnest Island). This
Act was o f particular importance as it was to be used by prison administrators until
the end o f the century, it gave '... important enabling power to the executive council
to make rules in respect o f prisons' (Thomas and Stewart 1978:10.) Again this Act
heavily reflected the penological movements o f Britain and Europe and reflected the-20-work o f reformers such as Elizabeth Fry and John Howard. This can be evidenced in
the statutory provision for the basic education o f the prisoners as well as the more
finely focused requirements for the provision o f scales, allowing prisoners to
observe the weighing o f their rations (Thomas and Stewart 1978:10). The act also
illustrates that the Western Australian prison administrators were aware o f the issues
concerning the penal debate overseas (Thomas and Stewart 1978:12).

The next act regarding prisoners was passed in 1850, its focus was concerned with`... provid[ing] for the due custody and discipline o f offenders transported toWestern Australia'(Thomas and Stewart 1978:12) and was also concerned with the'cumulative' sentence. Further legislation was passed in 1857 and 1879 andaddressed the considerable problems associated with`Trafficking', the passing ofunauthorized articles to prisoners(Thomas and Stewart 1978:13). Importantly forthe fledgling colony, there were few major problems concerning penal
administration for the first seventy years o f colonial life Western Australia.

Western Australia achieved the right to parliamentary self-government in 1890.
Before this, it was British laws associated with punishment and the criminal
behaviour code that determined the colonies authority. Indeed, Western Australia
did not consolidate this independence until September 1901 when it developed its
own Criminal Code. The Code reflected similar inquiries into penal discipline that
had taken place among the states and drew strongly from the recommendations
made in the report o f the Commission o f Inquiry into the Penal System o f the colony-21-

(Western Australian Parliamentary Papers vol. 1(16), 14 June 1899. Bosworth
Harvey 1990a:36).

The aims o f the Commission were:
To enquire into the existing condition of the penal system of Western Australia, and toreport on the method [sic] now in use for the punishment of criminals, their classification,
the remission of sentences, and the sanitary conditions of Fremantle Gaol, as well as toenquire into all contracts for supplies of food and other materials for use in the said gaol
(Report o f the Commission appointed to inquire into the Penal System o f the Colony
1899).

The Royal Commission was unique in that while taking evidence from a number ofdifferent sources relating to the condition o f the prisons, it allowed any prisoner thatwished to comment to do so. This was unlike the English Gladstone Report thatheard no substantial evidence from those who had been incarcerated under thesystem they were investigating (Thomas and Stewart 1978:53). Released in June of1899, the encompassing three-part report condemned the contemporary penal
system (Thomas and Stewart 1978:52).

The wide-ranging report looked over everything from the administration o f theprison to the quality o f the prisoners food. It was found that the harsh environments
created by the prisons o f Western Australia were considerably worse than those ofother Australian states. For example, it was complained that in prisons such as
Darlinghurst and Pentridge Prison rules were read aloud to the prisoners, an activity
that was absent within Fremantle Prison. Indeed Thomas and Stewart argue that
there is evidence to suggest that the existence o f any rules at all was doubtful-22-

(Thomas and Stewart 1978:53). Furthermore, the extant rule, everyone agreed on,
were 'obsolete, impracticable, and unworkable'(Thomas and Stewart 1978:61 from
Final Report 1899:14). From the report it was evident that there was an urgent needfor a new set o f rules.

In spite o f the new trends in penal disciple advocating less emphasis on punishment,
Western Australia did not abolish solitary confinement. The Commission continued
to recommend that prisoners should serve the initial three months o f their sentence
in separate-solitary confinement. Instead, sentences were shortened and punishment
for prison offences including flogging, the wearing o f chains and the use o f darkcells were abolished (Bavin 1994:114). With the demand on convict labour
lessening as Western Australia's skilled labour force o f free settlers increased, its
was decided that a greater focus on the employment o f prisoners inside the prison
walls should be attempted. While the recommendations o f the Commission indicate
a new trend in penal discipline leading to a better treatment o f prisoners the bodystill maintained that `...prison life should, consistently with the requirements ofhumanity and o f justice, be made as uncomfortable to the prisoner as
possible'(1899:14).

Changes in ideologies relating to prison discipline continued throughout tilt
twentieth century. In 1911, a Royal Commission was conducted with the aim ofenquiring into staff discontent (Drew 1916:4). At the same time, ideas concerning
the 'rehabilitation' o f prisoners were being pushed by Western Australian prison-23-

reformers such as Drew (1916). This new ideology advocated the belief that
prisoners could be encouraged to change their own behaviour. This new approach
saw the elimination o f radiating exercise yards and separate-solitary confinement aswell as the enlargement o f prison cells (Bavin 1994:115). No longer considered
outcasts 'without hope o f reclamation' prisoners were now to be treated as 'humanbeings' (Drew 1916:5). Importantly, this ideology marked the foundation o f prison
discipline until the 1970's (Bavin 1994:115).

A R C H A E O L O G I C A L EXPECTATIONSIn relation to this dissertation it is important to consider these changes in penal
ideology and to identify the material culture expected under such varying conditionso f prison administration. One would expect to find telling artefact patterns byidentifying the condoned portable items within the prison environment as well as
those features o f a more illegal nature. While the items permitted by the prison
administration would allow one to recognize the predominant ideologies o f theircontemporary period, the illegal items would provide a unique insight into the way
the prisoners themselves responded to such an ideological environment. It would
also be interesting to consider the extent that this ideology was actually practised
and whether such notions were universal throughout the environment o f Fremantle
prison.

-24-

Chapter Three.

PREVIOUS RESEARCH

The convict history of Australia is an important part of this country's heritage.
However, contrary to the significant number of potential archaeological sites
relating to the imprisonment and punishment of our early counterparts, few studiesof an archaeological nature have been undertaken. For example, the Port Arthur
Historic Site in Tasmania holds one of the largest collections of convict related
artefacts recovered from archaeological contexts. However, most of these artefacts
are uncatalogued and there is a corresponding amount of undigested archaeologicalfield data (Greg Jackman pers. comm.). In this regard Fremantle Prison appears
unique in the amount of archaeological attention that has focused upon it. However,
it is only through establishing a greater database of research relating to thearchaeology of imprisonment that a greater understanding of this significant part ofour past will be understood.

COLONIAL

Architecture as Archaeology
Understanding the architecture of incarceration is an essential element ininterpreting the very nature of human behaviour associated with imprisonment. The-25-

remains of many penal related structures are still very much intact today. As
representations of material culture they provide a valuable source of archaeologicalmaterial. As reflections of contemporary penal ideology, a study of penalarchitecture can provide an understanding of how prisoners were viewed within
their society and how they were subsequently treated by this community.
A dominant source of research that has been carried out relating to imprisonment
within Australia is the work written by James S. Kerr. As a historical architect Kerr
produced an extensive work highlighting the relationship between prisonarchitecture and the contemporary penal ideologies they represent. His books,
Design for Convicts (1984) and Out o f Sight, Out o f Mind (1988) demonstrate thechanging attitudes and objectives of the prison administrations both in Britain andcolonial Australia through an extensive research of the architecture of Australia's
colonial prisons.

Unfortunately, due to the impressive size of these structural remains their potential
for research has been exploited at the expense of research relating to the more
'portable' elements of prison material culture. Research by Kerr (1984, 1988) andsubsequent authors (Bavin 1992, 1994, Trinca 1997) focus on aspects including theuse of cellular or association wards, the size of cells, thickness of walls or upon theunderlying spatial relations of the structures. While addressing these issues isessential in understanding the way prisoners were treated by authorities, there is alack of material seeking to establish archaeologically how the prisoner's themselves
reacted to such treatment. This question can only be answered by analysing the-26-material culture left behind by the prisoners themselves. Once both issues ofimprisonment are equally assessed then a true representation of the archaeology ofpunishment can be appreciated.

Everyday Objects
While the identification of the way prisoners responded to their environment is an
essential element in understanding the archaeology of penology, the use ofarchaeological remains to reconstruct the world of the convicts has been limited(Karskens 1986:18). Unfortunately, a reliance upon stereotypical images ofprisoners has not encouraged many archaeologists to question the inmates
relationship with their contemporary society, their surroundings or even between
themselves. Subsequently, it is essential that the recognition of images relating to theconvict community be acknowledged before any attempt at the analysis of theirmaterial culture can be truly assessed.

Rather than highlighting their contributory role in the development of Australiancolonies recent views have been divided over the image of the convict as 'ruthless,worthless and irredeemable' on the one hand and as 'passive recipient[s] ofdreadful, inhumane punishment', on the other (Karskens 1986:17). By looking at
the Great North Road in New South Wales, built by convict labour gangs between
1826 and 1836, Karskens addresses these issues. Karskens found that thearchaeological record of convict labour recovered from this site challenges many
historians views about men in road gangs, and subsequently calls for a new-27-

approach to the subject (Karskens 1986:17). It was rare indeed that convicts
expressed themselves through writing, however, Karskens argues that a record of
their life and work can be identified through the extensive and often monumentalroad structures they built (Karskens 1986:19). `...Evidence about the organization,
skills and progress o f the men in the gangs is encoded in the size, shape andarrangement o f stones and the distribution o f structures over 100-kilometre stretcho f road' (Karskens 1986:19). Karskens argues that `...the anomaly arising between
the traditional view o f road gangs as inefficient and non-productive and thedramatic material evidence o f their skill and perseverance, demands a closer
examination and a fresh interpretation'(Karskens 1986:19).

Thus, it can be argued that in order to accomplish a fresh analysis o f the character ofconvicts one must look upon the communication tools at their disposal. The tools
applicable to a prison population were rarely those used by the rest o f society.
Instead, they communicated through the very materiality o f their surroundings.
Thus, it is essential that the material evidence discarded by the prisoners ofFremantle be viewed as a document with the potential to illustrate the very nature of
the prison life.

Eleanor Casella has provided the closest source o f information that focuses directly
upon the lives o f those incarcerated. In her preliminary report Casella applies thetheory o f 'Resistance versus Domination' to interpret the material world o f thefemale prisoners as expressed through historical documentation (Casella 1996). It is-28-

through the identification o f a prison assemblage that Casella hopes to understandhow the inmates used their material world to maintain cultural identity and resist
their subordination.

Unfortunately, historical records are far from objective pieces o f data as they
represent the views and designs o f an elite group o f people. The author argues thatin order to democratise the past, one `...requires an entire conceptual redefinition,from documents as written evidence, to documents as artifacts themselves- objects
that require contextual information to interpret meaning' (Johnson 1994 taken from
Casella 1996:258).

Casella uses a post-processual approach so as to interpret the social world o f thewomen at the Ross Female Factory in Tasmania which operated from 1829-1854(Casella 1996: 259). The processual approach applies a functionalist model that is
inappropriate when considering `...fluid and situationally-based social behaviour'such as the power relations evident within prisons. Casella seeks to `...explore
possible interpretations o f power negotiations within the Ross Female Factory, toimagine some social meanings for everyday objects we encounter throughexcavations o f the archaeological record'(Casella 1996:259). In her study Casellasuggests that night lights at the Ross Female Factory acted beyond a purely
fimctional role, rather they represented an active element in the power struggle ofthe prison between institutional domination and convict resistance (Casella 1996:
259).
-29-

Casella favours a definition by James Scott of resistance in terms of a consistentpattern of acts that do not aim to `...directly overthrow or transform the dominantsystem' but rather 'work the system to their minimum disadvantage'(Scott
1985:301) This concept is relevant to archaeology which as a discipline applies thestudy of the accumulation of material residues of past activities to identify a processof behaviours that may themselves be conceptualised in the form of a 'consistentpattern'(Casella 1996: 262). From the excavation, artefacts identified as
representing the female factory occupation period include, `...kaolin clay tobacco
pipe bowls and stems, copper alloy sewing pins, red-on-white glass beads, ferrous,bone, and mother of pearl buttons, mid-nineteenth century olive glass bottle
fragments, British coins and numerous transfer printed ceramic sherds' (Casella
1998:84). Interestingly, a number of parallels can be drawn with the archaeologicalmaterial recovered from the Ross Female Factory and the data excavated from
Fremantle (discussed further in chapter 5). Unfortunately, further analysis of the
Tasmanian data from Port Arthur has yet to be completed in which Casella hopes toreinforce the argument that '...the everyday material culture of the Female Factories
played active roles in negotiation of power in the early nineteenth century prison
system'(Casella 1996:262).

WESTERN AUSTRALIA-30-

Spatial Intent and Incarceration
Matthew Trinca's paper is interesting in that it investigates the notions of spatial
characteristics of the Western Australian convict system. He argues that the politicalelite of the colony and the associated committees in London developed strategies tocontrol convicts and at the same time allay societal fears associated with thesomewhat threatening nature of the convict system (Trinca 1997:16). He goes on tosuggest that `...the physical expression of those strategies- the convict prison anddepots- were imagined as an integrated disciplinary system with material andsymbolic effects.' For example, demands from the established colonial community
called for the expression of a clear distinction between bonded convicts and freesettlers. This distinction was manifested in the building of Fremantle Prison. As
Trinca states, '...the prison may have been an excessive design in functional terms,
but as a symbol of a coercive regime it was emphatic'(Trinca 1997:21). The gaol's
prominent position and high walls were used to good effect in expressing societal
demands for an obvious distinction between the free and the bonded.

Trinca's argument is important to this dissertation in that it provides an insight into
the social attitudes of the Swan River Colony with regards to the introduction of theconvict population and the subsequent relation of these two forces. Similarly, as
Trinca himself states the'...Convict Establishment at Fremantle and related rural
depots are reminders that the convict system was played out in space, with its own
attendant meanings and effects, as much as in chronological time, with its accentson systematic progression and change'(Trinca 1997:34). By approaching space as-31-

representative of both an ideational and practical expression, this hypothesis also
provides some interesting foresight into the idea of the 'public' and 'private' lives ofprisoners themselves.

Furthermore, one could also assume that just as the penal buildings represented
manifestations of the societal attitudes toward the convicts so too could the material
expression of portable items be applicable to prisoners. Portable items could be used
to maintain the gulf between themselves and what the convicts themselvesrepresented. For example, by restricting the entry of artefacts into the prison, adivision between those who can have what they want (the settlers) and those who
don't have a choice (the convicts) is created by the society as a means of separating
themselves from the prison population. It is also important to consider the extent towhich these attitudes were accepted or rejected by the prisoners themselves. In
addition, was the difference more discernable and more prevalent in areas where theconvicts are themselves are under less scrutiny and their true behaviour is of a morenatural character.

Spatial Organization in Fremantle
Applying the techniques of 'access analysis' and relative depth values to the designof Fremantle Prison, Bavin was able to identify the unique spatial relationships
between prison occupants and the structural boundaries throughout the institutions
history (1994:223). From this analysis it is possible to highlight the way in which
particular areas within the prison were regarded by the Fremantle authorities and-32-how the prisoners within each area were subsequently treated. For example,
buildings situated closer to the outside community, such as the blacksmith's
workshop, were used by inmates who were regarded as being less o f a threat tosociety (Bavin 1994:173). Similarly, prisoners whose cells were located on the
ground floor o f the Main Cell Block were less removed from society than thoseplaced in cells on the building's other three floors (Bavin 1994:173). From this it
can be assumed that those prisoners who were considered less threatening wereplaced within the ground floor cells similar to cell A20a that is under analysis.
(Figures 4.1)

From the application o f access analysis to Fremantle Prison, Bavin was able toidentify several groups o f inmates based upon the location and form o f theiraccommodation. The prisoners were segregated according to:'refractory behaviour resulting in the construction of distinct punishment cells; the natureof the crime committed or the degree to which the criminal was considered to be a threat
to society defining how far they were removed from the outside world; and the treatment
considered appropriate for the custodial care, reform, or rehabilitation' (Bavin 1994:176).
These groups included `...refractory prisoners, two different groups o f prisoners inassociation, inmates housed on the ground floor o f the Main Cell Block, and inmateshoused in cells on the second, third and fourth tiers o f cells in the Main Cell Block',with the addition o f women in 1889 a further category was created (Bavin
1994:224).

The spatial organisation o f the prison will have an affect upon the material
assemblages recovered. Through analysis o f the data, questions pertaining to the-33-

'public' and 'private' areas of the prison life can then be answered. Foucault
argues that a major form of institutional power in prisons was gained through theapplication of visual supervision. The effect of which was 'to induce in the inmate
a state of conscious and permanent visibility that assures the automatic functioningof power' (Foucault 1979 : 201). The presence of this visual supervision was varied
throughout the prison. 'Public' spheres such as the Bath House or Southern Lawnwould bear the brunt of this control and evidence of this control would appear in the
resulting material assemblage. While 'private' spheres like the prisoner's cell,provided an environment where inmates could avoid constant supervision andwould subsequently produce a material assemblage that shows evidence of the lessrestrictive nature of the site.

Thus by identifying the relationships between space and the archaeological record it
is hoped that a greater understanding of the life at the level of the prisoner can beachieved.

-34-

Chapter Four.

METHODOLOGYThis research analyses two assemblages representing the inmate occupation o f theprison compound. The assemblages are derived from two spatially separated
excavations within Fremantle Prison. The related assemblages were collected by
Louise Bavin (1994) and Gaye Nayton (1998).

As defined in Chapter 1, Bavin's excavation focused on the 'public' areas o f theprison, while Nayton focused on the 'private'. 'Public' areas represented
environments o f maximum supervision (Southern Area, Women's Yard, BathHouse and Metalled Road), while 'private' areas represent the minimum (Cell
A20). As such, a distinct character has emerged from the data that has enabled acomparative analysis with the intention o f uncovering archaeologically thenature o f incarcerated life for prison inmates.

A R T E F A C T SAMPLEEXCAVATION OF PRIVATE AREAS (PRISON CELLS)
The work undertaken by Nayton was part o f a contractual archaeological

-35-

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investigation conducted by the prison with the hope o f recovering insights into a
number o f facets o f life within Fremantle Prison. The three main aims o f thisproject involved recovering information into the original cell construction atFremantle prison, detailing the subsequent changes that occurred during its
occupation, as well as uncovering evidence o f prisoner activities within the cells(Nayton 1998:74). This research was carried out in order to help facilitate areconstruction project that would showcase the changes that had occurred within
the prison cells over the life o f the prison (Nayton 1998:1).

This study is focused primarily on the excavation o f under floor deposits
accumulated within Cell A20 o f Fremantle Prison (Figure 4.1). The cell was
separated into three sections for excavation and for convenience this division has
been continued with the present study.
The three sections are as follows (Nayton 1998:3) (Figure 4.2) :*Section A (A20a) represents the area spanning the left hand side o f the cell
between the southern wall and the remains o f the original cell wall, now
demolished. This wall ran in a east-west direction across what is now the centre of
the present cell.
*Section B (A20b) represents the area spanning the right hand side o f the cell
between the northern wall and the central demolished wall.
*Section C (A20c) represents the central area covered by the remains o f thedemolished wall.

-37-

Figure 4.2 Plan of Excavation Trenches in
A20 (Adapted from Nayton 1998:5)
.
A201I

Azob

Arr.
wi*

Ven.

B.
112C142111

I ItEt/C11.2

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Each section was excavated in a series of five trenches located between the joists_of the building. The joists timbers had been layed in a north-south direction. The
absence of stratigraphic division was counted by the use of buckets as aquantifying technique. Each bucket of deposit was recorded and sorted separately
with the intention of identifying the material recovered across each trench. The
deposit was sieved through 5mm and lmm meshes, and the remaining materials ineach sieve was then sorted and the artifacts recovered bagged. Construction
material from the demolished walls represented the majority of the deposit, it was
sampled with one example of each type of construction material recovered fromeach bucket kept for future reference (Nayton 1998:3).

Within the cell excavation artefacts were recovered only from the top layers ofsand and rubble. As the prison itself was built upon leveled bedrock the-38-archaeological deposit resided within a thick layer o f brown sand that covered adepth o f 27-50 cm under the cell flooring (Nayton 1998:6). Below the rubble andbrown deposits a thick layer o f sterile sand was evident which was not fully
excavated (Nayton 1998:35). The artefacts themselves were found in depths up to
25 cm and represented materials that had predominantly fallen through thefloorboards o f the cell.

A number o f points should be addressed concerning the research and subsequentconclusions about the data collected. Firstly, only one cell was excavated. While
Nayton does acknowledge the inadequacy o f making assumptions o f cell
occupation with regards to the entirety o f the prison, I feel this point should once
again be reiterated (1998:76). The occupational history o f cell A20 may have been
the exception rather than the rule. However, until further research is carried out
one must make do with the evidence at hand.

EXCAVATION O F PUBLIC AREAS (SOUTHERN AREA, WOMEN'S
YARD, BATH HOUSE AND METALLED ROAD).
The second source o f data for this analysis is supplied by the research carried out
by Louise Bavin as part o f her PhD dissertation, The Punishment Administered(1994) The aim o f this research was to uncover evidence o f changes over time in.
the treatment o f prisoners (Bavin 1994:335). Bavin excavated a number o f sitesaround the prison compound. The areas excavated, were chosen according to theirarchaeological sensitivity and research potential as assessed by the researcher.
-39-

Through the classification o f the prison compound into zones o f greater or lesser
sensitivity Bavin was able to target areas o f perceived archaeological potential
while bypassing others o f a more sterile nature. As such, those areas excavatedwere selected for their high yield potential o f cultural material with the ultimate
purpose o f addressing the question posed by Bavin's research design (Bavin
1994:337).

Based upon the findings o f an earlier zoning plan (Bavin 1990) four areas wereselected for excavation and analysis (Figure 4.7) These were taken from a.
possible 17 areas that had been classified as either Zone A (high sensitivity areas)or Zone B (medium sensitivity areas). Excavations were planned in the cisterns,
incinerator, and wooden divisions on the southern lawn (Area I), two yards in thewomen's Prison (Area V), a bath house on the eastern lawn (Area VII), and themetalled road in front o f the South Main Cell Block (Area X) (Bavin
1994:337).While other potential areas had been considered a number o f factors
restricted the excavation to the present four. Time limitations, security
restrictions, as well as the disruption o f normal prison activities at the time o f the
excavation were all problems cited by Bavin. Similarly, the historical and visual
potential o f the assemblages, for future public display and education by the prison,
were also taken into consideration before specific sites were selected (Bavin
1994:337).

While Bavin's analysis o f the archaeological potential o f Fremantle prison appears-40-

generally correct it is interesting to note that the cell blocks o f the prison havebeen rated only a C zone classification. That is, any area that represents little to noarchaeological potential (Figure 4.7). However, it is now evident from theevidence o f cell A20a that this assumption is incorrect. It would prove aninteresting exercise to study further cells within Fremantle to assess whether
Bavin's conclusions can still be accepted. Similarly, with this new evidence
questioning Bavin's zoning classifications further research should perhaps beundertaken in order to address a prison that no longer contains many o f therestrictions that were placed on Bavin whilst she was undertaking the zoning
study. For example, Fremantle is no longer a working prison and as such all areas
are now potentially accessible where they had previously not been.

Unlike the Nayton (1998) excavation, stratigraphic identification was evident inall the sites chosen by Bavin and as such divisions had been applied in the Bavinmaterial. Where stratigraphic layers had not been clearly visible it was possible toestablish arbitrarily defined units or spits. Stratigraphic horizontal control wasmaintained by applying set depths o f 10 to 20 cm throughout the excavation(Bavin 1994:338).

16 archaeological trenches were excavated as part o f this research project. The
division between the areas denoted for excavation include eight trenches in thesouthern portion o f the prison (Area I), these include, the earlier location o f thecisterns an incinerator, and wooden division (Figure 4.3). Three trenches we,-41-

assigned to the Women's Prison yards (Area V)(Figure 4.4), four trenches wereopened at the site o f the Bath House on the eastern lawn (Area VII) (Figure4.5)and one trench was excavated in front o f the South Main Cell Block (Area
X)(Figure 4.6) (Bavin 1994:338). Subsequently, according to their order of
excavation within each site, numbers were then assigned to each o f the trenches.
Deposits were passed through 3 and 5 mm mesh sieves, with artifacts then being
bagged and labelled according to site, trench, square and spit numbers (Bavin
1994:338). Any further information on the procedure o f this excavation can beobtained from the unpublished report by Bavin (1994).

Figure 4.3 Plan of Excavation Trenches From the Southern Area
(Taken from Bavin 1994:341).

I

South Mein Cell Block

Garden Shed
3t6

IKitchenI

Wooden Division'Concrete
I 0'Producte Shed....48Cistern's 1

-42-

s

Incinerator

cc

a 1

Figure 4.4 Plan o f Excavation Trenches from Women's
Prison Yards (Taken from Bavin 1994:356).

N o r t h Yard
1
MI
2

D r y i n g YardLio u t h YardI

Mat Shop

IIl=11L
I

Figure 4.5 Plan o f Excavation Trenches from Bath House Site
(Taken from Bavin 1994:359).

111.1.11Btrth House

Cisterns
1
13
III-

:
2
IFluehJWell

R e f r a c t o r y B l o c k Yard

N

Figure 4.6 Plan o f Excavation Trench From Metalled
Road Site (Taken from Bavin 1994:367).

Table 4.1 indicates the trench sizes o f all the sites excavated.
Table 4.1 Excavation Trenches From Fremantle Prison (metres).
Trench
No.

South
Area

Women's
Yard

Bath
House

Metalled
Road

A20a

A20b

A20c

1

1x2

lx1

1x3

lx1

1.2x1.2

2.1x1.2

0.3x2.1

2

1x2

0.5x2

4x1

-

-

-

-

3

lx1

1x3

lx1

-

-

-

-

4

lx1

-

-

-

-

-

-

5

lx1

-

-

_

_

-

-

6

1x2

-

-

-

-

-

-

7

lx1

-

-

_

_

-

-

8

lx1

-

-

-

-

-

-44-

Figure 4.7 Zoning Plan (Adapted from Bavin 1994:338)

a I
I I
e I
rI IT

-45-

R E S E A R C H METHODS
The first step in this was to accession all the artefacts within the Nayton
collection (1998). A combined total o f 2850 artefacts were used. This was
carried out in order to provide an easier means o f referencing particular for
future analysis. Artefacts were assigned accession numbers demarking the site,
trench and individual number o f each (ie. A20aT1/1 indicating the artefact wasrecovered from section A20a, trench 1 and was the first artefact accessioned)
The identification o f material was undertaken using a number o f methods. The
work already undertaken by Nayton was used as a building block for further
identification, with comparison between collections already present within the
University o f Western Australia as well as the Museum o f Western Australia also
proving enlightening. Similarly, historical sources also proved insightful in
identifying the data collected and to further help in the analysis o f the data
recovered.

DATA CLASSIFICATION
Finally, to help with the analysis o f the data a classification system wasestablished. While each researcher had created their own systems relevant totheir individual study a more uniform form o f analysis was required for thisresearch.
As this study is hoping to identify the actions o f prisoners the assemblages were
sorted according to specific activities. The activities identified from the artefacts
include: eating, drinking, smoking, washing, clothing, sewing, reading, art,-46-

health and other.

It is important to point out that many artefacts may in fact have served
multifaceted functions. This situation poses a number o f problems relating toartefact classification and subsequent analysis. Nevertheless, this can beovercome by classifying the artifact in relation to its most obvious function whileat the same time acknowledging any dual use o f artefacts in the analysis.

By putting the artefacts into categories based upon different activities it is hopedthat a pattern will appear that associates particular items with particular activity
areas around the prison. By comparing the separate assemblages, analysis should
hopefully reveal the different natures o f each area and the way prisoners
responded to the differing conditions o f control across the prison. Finding
artefacts one would expect in certain areas has the potential to reveal areas were
prisoners were under strict control o f surveillance. Whereas, finding artefacts ofan 'illegal' nature should indicate areas where the inmates have more freedom.
From this identification o f the 'public' and 'private' natures o f the prison agreater understanding o f the lives o f prisoners can be made.

Further classification based upon chronology was not attempted. The difficulty inestablishing a chronology for the cell assemblage is that the archaeologicaldeposit was not clearly segregated into a recognizable stratigraphy. Instead thehistory o f cell A20 is based upon the number o f artefacts that have happened to-47-

fall through the cell's floorboards. Artefacts may therefore have been assigned
into the wrong groupings. Another problem that arrises is that the time frame
established is quite small. The use o f artefacts may have overlapped theparticular chronological groupings assigned by Nayton. This point should begiven added emphasis when considering the nature o f the prison environments.
Considerable importance was placed upon the economical resources o f theprison, thus a substantial amount o f recycling and reusing o f artefacts would
have taken place as a means o f cost cutting (Bosworth & Harvey 1990:34). Thus,
any attempt at establishing a chronology for Cell A20 should be undertaken withconsiderable caution.

As such the two research works have provided material o f varied origin andcharacter. It is hoped that analysis o f the assemblages through comparativemeans will enable a greater understanding o f the daily activities o f the prison
inmates through the discarded material o f the prisoners themselves. Continuingon from this design it is postulated that a distinction may become discernable
between prisoners activities o f a 'private' and 'public' nature. The aim is tounderline whether this distinction is possible or whether the material difference
being recovered is purely that o f a functional nature. At the basic level then is theevidence viewed simply that o f prisoners conducting their daily activities inseparate sites around the prison compound, that is eating in one area, bathing andworking at others? What has been recovered illustrates a more detailed picture.
More interestingly too it is a picture that has only rarely been described by-48-

historians or the key authoritarian figures o f the Prison system in Western
Australia.

-49-Chapter Five,

ANALYSTIS O_

ATAThis aim of this chapter is to investigate the assemblages of spatially uniqueareas by identifying artefact patterns associated with prisoner occupation. Eachassemblage has the capacity to provide insight into the functions of theindividual areas excavated, as well as to inform on the 'public' or 'private'character of these sites. By then comparing all the specific assemblage patterns ageneral understanding of life within Fremantle Prison can be understood. This
analysis has the potential to reveal important information on the way prisoners
interacted with their environment, how they responded to their treatment byprison authorities and how they made use of the limited amount of resources attheir disposal.

ANALYS1IS O F EXCAVATED ASSEMBLAGESSOUTHERN AREA
The Southern Area represents the largest site excavated within Fremantle Prison.
The site included areas that had once been the Wooden Division (Trench 5),
Southern Cisterns (Trench 1,2,6,7,8) and the Incinerator (Trench 3, 4) (Bavin
1994:340-341). Defined as 'public' space the archaeological remains recoveredfrom this excavation have the potential to reveal how prisoners responded to ahigh degree of supervision. This excavation should also reveal the specific tasks
required of this area. A total of 847 artefacts were recovered from the 8-52-trenches. Table 5.1 illustrates the number o f artefacts assigned to each o f theanalysis categories.

Table 5.1 Sum o f Artefact Activities from Southern Area Assemblage.
eatingdrinking

smoking

washingsewingclothing

readingart

health

other

total

261

82

3

1

1

9

2

0

487

1

847

The Southern Area is dominated by the eating (31%) and the health (57%)
categories. The drinking category (9.7%) has the next highest representation, while
all other categories combined contain only 2% o f the total number o f artefacts
recovered (Table 5.1).

The predominant function o f the Southern Area as a site for the effective disposalo f prison refuse provides some insight into why the categories o f health, eating anddrinking dominate this assemblage (Bavin 1994:407). These categories all containitems that are common waste products and include bone, ceramic and glassfragments.

Care should also be taken when considering the high representation o f such
artefacts. The fragmentary nature o f items including ceramic, glass and faunal
remains leads to a large artefact count, where only a small number o f whole items
may actually make up the assemblage.

For example, the high representation o f bone fragments in a number o f theassemblages has skewed the data considerably (91%). This problem is evident in-53-

Table 5.2 which shows the distribution o f eating material recovered from Fremantle
Prison.
Table 5.2 Distribution o f Eatin2 Mater al from Fremantle Prison.
Area

Ceramic

Bone Fragments

Other

Total

Southern Area

18

245

7

270

Women's Yard

1

35

0

36

Bath House

2

982

2

986

Metalled Road

1

20

0

21

A20a

0

16

3

19

A20b

0

17

10

27

A20c

0

6

0

6

Total

22

1321

22

1365

As the majority o f the faunal remains recovered were severely fragmented, theidentification o f bone types was limited. Bavin was able to identify a Minimum
Number o f Individuals (MINI) o f 23 sheep, 7 cows and 9 fowls (Bavin
1994:415).Unfortunately, severe fragmentation o f the cell data did not allow for theuse o f the MNI technique. Thus, this analysis applies the NISP method o f counting
the number o f bone fragments from each species in a bone sample, without
reference to skeletal element or fragmentation.

In spite o f this, the identification o f rat skeletal remains was possible and thesebones were removed from the artefact pool. These bones were only found within
the cell assemblages.

Further care should be taken when addressing the high representation o f faunal-54-

remains. Especially when considering that at the time Fremantle Prison was
occupied by its first inmates the basic prison diet consisted o f bread and gruel for
breakfast, potatoes, tea, sugar, rations o f rice or flour, and only salt meat for thosesent to work (Western Australian Blue Book 1855- 1870; C.S.O. C.S.F. vol 5(3335) 1852:177). The other foods cited would have taken up a considerable
portion o f the prison diet. Unfortunately, as food was meant to be eaten no evidenceo f these products would remain.

18 ceramic fragments were also recovered and represent 7% o f the eating category
while the remaining 3% is o f items that were unassignable to the categories
specified. No whole ceramic artefacts were recovered from this site. Once again
fragmentation o f the ceramic items in this assemblage can account for the relatively
high representation o f ceramics in the eating category.

The health category from this assemblage contains only pharmaceutical glassfragments. These fragments probably came from medicinal bottles, unfortunately,
no whole bottles or other glass containers were recovered. A possible 5 'tonic'
bottles with square bases were excavated from this area (Trench 1 and 8, spit 3)(Bavin 1994:424). Historical evidence indicates that most o f the medicines supplied
to Fremantle were imported from a number o f countries including Great Britain andNorth America (C.S.O. C.S.F. Index 50/7, 5 March 1853). The only evidence o f alocally based supplier comes from a more recent machine-made jar that was
manufactured by Perth Bottle Manufacturers ('P.B.M) (Trench 3, spit 2) (Bavin-55-

1994:425).

The fragmentary state o f these items and their representation in an area notassociated with the health o f inmates reinforces the conclusion that the Southern
Area represents one o f the Prison's disposal areas.

Clothing represents 1% o f the total artefact assemblage. 9 artefacts were counted inthis category and they include 5 buttons (4 plastic, 1 metal) as shown in Table 5.3, 2bootlace studs and 2 pieces o f leather fragments (Trench 2, Spit 1, Trench 8 Spit 1,
Trench 1, Spit 2 are examples o f these items). 3 smoking items were also
identified, however they were all modern alfoil cigarette packets, most likely dating
to the 1980's (see Table 5.9 which show the distribution o f smoking material from
Fremantle Prison). Similarly, 1 plastic toothbrush (washing) and fragments o f a
cardboard book cover (reading) were also o f a late twentieth century origin. The
small number o f these items recovered from such a large excavation area suggeststhat the artefacts represent modern waste products o f the prison rather than any
distinct patterns o f prisoner activity.

-56-

Table 5.3 Distribution o f Button Material in Fremantle Prison.
Area

Plastic

Bakelite

Metal

Bone

total

Southern Area

4

0

1

0

5

Women's Yard

0

0

2

0

2

Bath House

3

1

17

0

21

Metalled Road

0

0

4

0

4

A20a

0

0

13

7

20

A20b

0

0

10

15

25

A20c

0

1

3

1

5

Total

7

2

50

23

89

Thus, the artefact patterns recovered from the Southern Area reveal that the site
was used predominantly as an area for the disposal o f the prisons waste. The
limited amount o f data on the prisoner occupation in this area shows that either theactivities associated with the site would not produce many material remains, or thesite had only one dominant use. The expectation that, in a 'public' space, inmateswould conform to the demands o f the high degree o f supervision by the prison
officers appears to have been met by the analysis o f the material remains o f theSouthern Area. The absence o f leisure items, the low variability o f prisoner activity
and the dominance o f materials indicating the sites function are all factors
suggesting that within the Southern Area prisoners behaved according to the
expectations o f the prison authorities by only taking part in the specific tasks
assigned to this area.

W O M E N ' S YARD
The archaeological data recovered from the Women's Prison Yard has the potential-57-

to highlight whether female prisoners were treated any differently from their malecounterparts. The gender factor is introduced with the inclusion o f this area into
the investigation o f the relationships between space and inmate activity inFremantle Prison. This data allows issues specifically relating to the activities offemale prisoners to be identified and subsequently compared with the male data.
Unfortunately, a lack o f excavated material does not allow for an in depth analysis
o f gender relations associated with prison material culture.

This site was significant as it included two areas o f importance, the kitchencomplex and the Women's Prison. Three trenches were excavated in an attempt to
uncover the remains o f these areas (Bavin 1994:355). A total o f 50 artefacts were
uncovered. Table 5.4 illustrates the number o f artefacts assigned to each o f theanalysis categories.

Table 5.4 Sum o f Artefact Activities from Women's Yard Assemblage.
eatingdrinking

smoking

washingsewingclothing

readingart

health

other

total

0

39

2

0

0

2

0

1

6

0

50

The Drinking category dominates this assemblage (78%). The health category is
also influential with 12% o f the artefacts recovered. Smoking and clothing each
represent 4% o f the assemblage, while art represents 2%.

Both the drinking and health categories are dominated by glass fragments. These
artefacts relate to the kitchen complex, and like the Southern Area represents an-58-Iarea o f refuse dumping. However, a limited number o f bone or ceramic fragments,
as well as the small size o f the total assemblage suggest that this area was not used
regularly for waste disposal (Figure 5.2).

The smoking category is represented by 2 clay pipe fragments (see Table 5.9 whichshows the distribution o f smoking materials from Fremantle Prison) (found in
Trench 2, spit 2 and Trench 3, spit 1). While it is possible that these fragments
indicate that the female prisoners smoked, Bavin suggests that the pipes may havebeen used by the prison officers situated in the area as no distinction between
inmates or officer materials remains can be made. Furthermore, it is unknown
whether these prison officers were male or female (Bavin 1994:404).

Finally, the only clothing items identified in this assemblage are 2 metal buttons(Trench 2, spit 1 and Trench 3, spit 1 as shown in Table 5.4). The material o f thesebuttons are associated with prison working clothes suggesting that activities
associated with prisoner labour were associated with this site. Both buttons arewithin the size range o f buttons uncovered in the men's prison, with diameters of
14 and 17 mm respectively (see Table 5. 5 showing variation in button diameter
throughout the prison). The button from Trench 2 is also marked 'Best Ring Edge'.
This evidence, although limited suggests that the female prisoners were dressedsimilarly to their male counterparts. However, further evidence is need to confirm
or deny this suggestion.

-59-

Table 5.5 Diameter Variation o f Buttons Found In Fremantle Prison (mm).
12 mm

13 mm

14 mm

15 mm

17 mm

21 mm

total

Bone

6

7

0

0

6

0

19

Metal

0

1

3

2

10

1

17

Bakelite

0

0

0

2

0

0

1

total

6

8

3

4

16

1

38

unidentified = 12

One modern artefact makes up the art category. The item is a plastic biro cap anddates to the 1980's. Rather than indicating that art was practiced within this area,
this artefact was more likely to have been accidentally dropped.

The small number o f artefacts recovered from this site may be associated with theparticular function o f the Women's Prison Yard (Trench 1 was sterile) (Bavin
1994:358). From the 1890's the area excavated was used as the exercise yard forfemale prisoners (Bavin 1994:355). The yard would have represented a very
'public' open environment where the prisoners were under constant surveillance byprison guards. Furthermore, the activities taking place would have related to thephysical exercise o f the prisoners, where not a great deal o f material evidence
would be left by inmates. Therefore, it is not surprising that under such conditions
few artefacts associated with prisoner activity occupation made their way into thearchaeological deposits.

BATH HOUSEThe excavations conducted within this area consisted o f 4 trenches. Each trench-60-was chosen to investigate deposits from the flush well and to examine the extent ofremains o f the Bath House (Bavin 1994:359). These features were constructed in
the 1850's and were not demolished until the mid twentieth century (Bavin
1994:358). The Bath House excavation was conducted in an area that was
predominantly 'public' space. Investigation o f the material remains from this site
has the potential activities associated with prisoner hygiene and personal
maintenance. Furthermore, evidence concerning how prisoners responded to a highdegree o f supervision and a low degree o f personal freedom should also be
identified. A total o f 1217 artefacts were excavated. Table 5.6 illustrates thenumber o f artefacts assigned to each o f the analysis categories.

Table 5.6 Sum o f Artefact Activities from Bath House Assembla e.
eatingdrinking

smoking

washingsewingclothing

readingart

health

other

total

986

5

2

1

0

86

0

1

135

1

1217

The dominant category in this assemblage is eating (81%). With health (11%) andclothing (7%) also representing important categories. All other categories combined
only just make up 1% o f the total number o f artefacts in the assemblage.

The eating category is dominated by bone fragments (99%). While items including
ceramics, alfoil and the lid o f tin can make up the remaining 1% (See Table 5.2
featuring the distribution o f eating material throughout Fremantle Prison). The highrepresentation o f faunal remains, and fragmentary glass within the drinking and-61-health categories suggest that part of this area was also used by the prison as awaste area (Bavin 1994:424).

However, unlike the Southern Area, prisoner activities are observable in thematerial remains. The presence of identifiable health items, including clear glassfragments associated with cylindrical bottles with flared lips requiring stoppers(Trench 2, spit 5), indicates that evidence of the site's functional use as a bathhouse can be identified from the artefacts excavated.

Further evidence indicating prisoner activity associated with the Bath House
includes the washing category. Unfortunately only 1 item makes up this category,a metal comb (Trench 2, spit 4). While the lack of artefacts in this category means
Plate 5.1 (Examples of buttons from Bavinassemblage Site 4, Trench 1, spits 1 and 2).

that no patterns relating to the activity of washing can be identified in this site, thisartefact does indicate that practices involving the hygiene maintenance of theprisoners were being carried out.
-62-

The clothing artefacts within this assemblage also reinforces the sites function as abath. The removal o f clothing for bathing meant that items prone to falling off
garments were likely to dominate this assemblage. This category are dominated by
buttons (21%). (See Plate 5.1 which shows a representation o f the buttons
uncovered from the Bavin excavations). Three plastic, one bakelite and seventeen
buttons were recovered as shown in Table 5.3. Items such as boot heel caps, bootlace studs, a suspender buckle and an identification tag ( Trench 2, spit 5) also
appear (See Plate 5.3 which shows a representation o f metal clothing accessories
from all assemblages).

The only item classified under art was part o f a broken white glazed earthenware
ink well (Trench 2, spit 3). As this item was an unexpected find for a bath houseassemblage it is more likely related to prison officers than any inmates, prisoner
activities within this area would have concentrated on the purpose o f bathing. The
item was probably associated with officers recording o f prisoners. Furthermore theartefact was recovered from the flush well deposit and may have been dumped as
rubbish at this site rather than being used at the bath house area. While 2 clay pipes
associated with the smoking category could have easily been used by prisoner or
prison officer (see Table 5.9 which shows the distribution o f smoking material from
Fremantle Prison(Trench 1, spit 1 and Trench 2, spit 2).

Thus, the artefacts recovered from this site highlight the different functions
associated with the flush well and the bath house. The Bath House assemblage-63-

represents an unusual mix o f artefacts associated with a refuse dump as well as abathing area. A wider degree o f activity categories are associated with thisassemblage than the previous two. Unfortunately, the majority o f these categories
contain only a few artefacts. Thus the evidence from this site conforms with thegeneral expectations o f a 'public' area where a low number o f prisoner activities
are conducted.

METALLED ROAD
The Metalled Road excavation consisted o f only one trench. The site functioned asa parade ground from the 1890's and has the potential to provide information on
areas where prisoners were under strict surveillance (Bavin 1994:367). A total of
63 artefacts were identified in this assemblage. Table 5.7 illustrates the number ofartefacts assigned to each o f the analysis categories.

Table 5.7 Sum o f Artefact Activities from Metalled Road Assemblage.
eatingdrinking

smoking

washingsewingclothing

readingart

healthother

tot al

21

1

0

0

0

6

0

0

35

0

63

The Health (55%) and Eating (33%) categories dominate the Metalled Road
assemblage while clothing (6 items) and drinking (1 item) artefacts make up theremaining 12%.

The eating category is dominated by bone fragments (95%), while 1 ceramic platefragment (Trench 1, spit 1) also makes up part o f the eating assemblage. The Health-64-

category consists entirely o f pharmaceutical glass fragments, apart from one modern
band aid dating to the 1980's. As both the eating and health categories are made up
o f fragmented artefacts the high representation o f these assemblages becomes
inevitable.

The relatively large representations o f eating and health artefacts were most likely
the products o f prison waste disposal in this area. However, the generally low
number o f total artefacts (63) suggests that waste disposal was not common at the
excavated site.

Due to the Metalled Road being an open environment and its use as a parade
ground, the strict supervision o f all inmates in this zone was inevitable.
Consequently, the activities associated with health, smoking, sewing, washing,reading or art, that relate to leisure and more personal activities would not be
expected in this assemblage. Furthermore activities taking place at this site areunlikely to produce any material remains. The fact that artefacts belonging to theeating, drinking and health categories are present in this assemblage is more likely
related to the sites function as a waste disposal area that any prisoner eating or
drinking activity at this site.

The clothing items associated with this assemblage are all artefacts prone to falling
off garments. This category contained 2 boot heel caps (Trench 1, spit 5), and 4
metal buttons (Trench 1, spit 1, 4 and 5). All items are associated with work clothes-65-which suggests that prisoners were involved in work activities around this area.

Thus, this assemblage highlights the notion that activities carried out in a 'public'
domain produce artefact assemblages that reflect the strict surveillance o f prisoners.
Under such conditions inmates were forced to conform to the Prison's agenda of
expected activities within these zones. Subsequently, a low number o f artefacts andactivity variation characterize these assemblages.

A20aCell A20 was turned into one cell around the turn o f the century, however for
analytical purposes it will be separated into the two separate units occupied during
the nineteenth century (A20a and A20b). A20c represents the area were the wall
divided the two cells and will also have its own assemblage, as it is not clear whichcell the artefacts in this area belong to. These cells represent areas where prisoners
were given a greater degree o f personal freedom. Subsequently, artefact patterns
associated with a number o f personal and illegal activities should characterize thisassemblage, as the prisoners were under a less strict regime o f observation than at
the previous excavation sites. Thus, as a 'private' domain, excavated material fromthis site has the potential to reveal information o f a more personalized character
concerning the lives o f the inmate population.

The area excavated in A20a measured 2.1 metres by 1.2 metres and 198 items were
uncovered. Table 5.8 illustrates the number o f artefacts assigned to each o f the-66-

activity categories.

Table 5.8 Sum o f Artefact Activities from A20a.
eatingdrinking

smoking

washingsewingclothing

readingart

health

other

total

20

7

77

6

12

33

25

9

0

11

200

Artefacts from the A20a assemblage are relatively well spread throughout all theactivity categories. The only category absent is that o f health. Smoking contains themost artefacts (38%), while clothing (17%) and reading (13%) also have a highnumber o f items in these categories. Eating (10%), sewing (6%), other (6%),
drinking (4%), art (4%) and washing (3%) categories are also present, but in smaller
percentages.

The dominance o f smoking in the A20a assemblage can be explained by the highrepresentation o f matches in this category (91%). 6 clay pipes (8%) and a modern
alfoil packet (1%) make up the remainder o f this category (Plate 5.5 shows a
representation o f the clay pipes excavated from Fremantle Prison). The distributiono f smoking items can be seen in Table 5.9. Smoking was condoned within theprison as a means o f appeasing some o f the inmate animosity towards their situation.
For example, one document states how tobacco was supplied to the prisoners `...toinduce men to pass bad potatoes'(Thomas and Stewart 1978:56; Erickson 1983:28.)-67-

Table 5.9 Distribution o f Smoking Material Through Fremantle Prison.
Matches

Pipes

Other

Total

Southern Area

0

0

3

3

Women's Yard

0

2

0

2

Bath House

0

2

0

2

Metalled Road

0

0

0

0

A20a

70

6

1

77

A20b

180

9

0

189

A20c

60

2

0

62

Total

310

21

4

335

The clothing category in A20a contains similar artefacts to the Bath House
assemblage in that all the items uncovered represent accessories that are prone tofalling off garments. Buttons dominate this category with 23 items (83%), they areo f material types including bone and metal (Plate 5.2 shows the variety o f buttons
excavated from the cell assemblages). While a boot lace stud, a boot heel cap anda clothing rivet are also present in this assemblage (a20aT5/50, a20aT1/8 and
Plate 5.2 Example o f buttons from Nayton
assemblage (left to right, metal, a20aT1/28; metal,
a20cT4/8; metal, a20aT5/68; bone, a20aT1/39; bone,
a20bT5/17; bone, a20cT4/12; bauxite,. a20cT4/27).

• 10 41)
IP •0

-68-

a20aT1/12) (Plate 5.3 shows metal artefacts associated with the cell assemblages,
including a boot eyelet).
Plate 5.3 Examples o f metal clothing accessories
from, Fremantle Prison (left to right, belt buckle, Site
3, Trench 2, Square 4, Spit 5; safety pin, a20aT1/37;
suspender a2ObT5/75; coin, a2ObT3/65;
tag, Site 3, Trench 2, Square 4, spit 5; safety pin,a2ObT5/1; boot eyelet 120bT1/49).

Items associated with eating are also relatively common in the A20a assemblage.
The artefacts in this category include bone fragments (84%), as well as egg shellfragments, a peach stone and a possible eating utensil (a20aT1/18, a20aT1/10,
a20aT2/33).

The representation o f faunal remains within the cell assemblages has the potential toinform on the activities o f prisoners within a 'private' environment. While historicalevidence suggests that meals were taken in the cells, the archaeological record does
not totally conform to this (Western Australian Blue Book 1871:73). The small
number o f artefacts associated with this category suggests that eating was not a-69-

function generally practised within the cells. As such, the presence o f faunal
remains may also indicate that prisoners were smuggling food items into their cell to
eat at a future date.

All drinking items in the A20 assemblage were fragments o f glass. Evidence fromthe Rules and Regulations o f 1831, indicate that no alcoholic drink was allowed
within the Round House Prison (Thomas and Stewart 1978:68). Drawing ananalogy with these rules one would not expect to find evidence o f alcohol bottles
within Fremantle. No doubt, restrictions would have been placed on the use of
liquor to `...prevent disruptions and abuse caused by the excessive consumption of
alcohol' (Bavin 1994:425). However, thick dark green glass usually associated withalcohol bottles was uncovered from the Bath House (Trenches 1 and 2) and cell
assemblages ( including a20aT2/28, a20aT3/59, a2ObT1/42). While the artefacts
from the Bath House can not be directly related to any prisoners, the presence o f thisglass in the cell assemblages suggests that some inmates were carrying out illegal
activities within the less supervised areas o f the prison. Thus, this evidence suggeststhat the drinking o f liquids other than water was either condoned or un-preventable.

Activities associated with hygiene and personal maintenance are also evident in the
A20a assemblage. The washing category contains 3 bone toothbrushes and 2
separate comb fragments (a20aT1/27, a20aT1/29, a20aT1/54, a20aT2/27,
a20aT4/45). Plate 5.4 shows examples o f the bone toothbrushes from the cell

-70-

assemblages.

The presence o f these items in the cell assemblages reflects the 'private' nature ofactivities associated with washing. Their location in each cell relates to the use o f a
Plate 5.4 Examples o f bone toothbrushes from
Nayton assemblage (left to right, a20aT1/30;
a20aT1/27; a2ObT1/66).

washbasin situated on the wall o f the cell, that was later demolished (Nayton
1998:63). With the removal o f the washbasins toothbrushes disappear from theassemblages, until the appearance o f a modern plastic toothbrush in the Southern
Area (Trench 1, spit 4-6).

While the hygiene o f prisoners was demanded by prison authorities, there is noevidence that indicates whether inmates were issued toothbrushes (Thomas andStewart 1978:68). Bone toothbrushes were hand made and as a result relatively
expensive (Nayton 1998:76). Furthermore, during the nineteenth century littleemphasis was placed on personal hygiene by the mass o f the Western Australian
population (Nayton 1998:76). Thus, the presence o f bone toothbrushes in the cell
-71-

assemblages provides some interesting questions into prisoner activity, including
what the social rank the o f the prisoner was and whether these items were suppliedby the prison or made by the inmates themselves.

Thus, artefacts such as the toothbrushes, safety razor and comb fragments provide
an image o f a prisoner who exhibits an interest in their appearance. This perception
is not a general assumption when considering the nature o f inmates. Rather
stereotypical images o f crude, dirty and disobedient prisoner are usually assumed.
John Casey described the prisoners as `...godless wretches, who gloried in their pastsinful careers, and who now proudly confess and boast o f their atrocities before theirapplauding associates' (Fitzgerald 1960:5).

Artefacts in the sewing category include 4 straight pins, 1 safety pin, as well as
fragments o f wool and string ( a20aT4/16, a20aT1/37, a20aT1/11 are examples ofthese artefacts). Plate 5.3 shows examples o f some o f these items.

Sewing as an artefact category is entirely related to the cell assemblages. This
indicates that the prisoners most likely used their cell time to fix their clothing. It isinteresting that an activity that is traditionally related to women should be found in
this all male domain ( UWA Practical Report 1997:176-179).

Prior to World War One pins were produced from brass wire, which was later
replaced by stainless steel from which all pins are now made (Andre 1971:77). The-72-

presence o f Copper corrosion on some o f the pins in the cell assemblage indicatesthat practice o f sewing was taking place from the early days o f the prison.

Further analysis o f the sewing artefacts reveals evidence o f a high degree ofartefacts variation (as shown in Table 5.10). For example, items classified under
thread are o f a wide range o f colours from grey, white, brown to green and even red.
The red thread is associated with other modern artefacts and may reflect a period in
the prison's history where restriction o f materials had been lifted. Interestingly, as
these bright colours could not be associated with the prison uniforms which weremade from neutral colours, they could potentially reveal evidence that the prisoners
sewing for pleasure. However, no documentary evidence is available to support sucha conclusion.

Table 5.10 Sewing Items From Cell A20.
Material

NumberThread5

Wool

6

Safety Pin

3Straight Pin

16

Total

30

The dominance o f straight pins in this category can be explained by their physicalproportions. Being long and thin it would prove easy to lose straight pins throughthe floorboards o f a cell, while larger objects such as safety pins would have beenspotted before they could be lost. Furthermore, the absence o f any pins in the'public' assemblages could be a function o f the sieve size used by Bavin which may-73-not have been small enough to pick up such items.
A20a also contains evidence that a number o f the occupants o f the cell were literate.
The relatively high representation o f the reading category is due to the dominationo f newspaper fragments in this category (99%). From all the fragments recovered,
two definite newspaper dates are evident and they relate to the 1860's and the1970's. Only one other item is present that is associated with reading and it is a
fragment o f glass from some reading spectacles (a20aT1/16).

This artefactual evidence is interesting in that it challenges the idea that during thenineteenth century convicts were illiterate. During this period the general population
only had a passing knowledge o f literacy. Thus, the prisoner occupying cell A20 wasa unique individual.

The presence o f 8 slate pencils in the art category may also indicate prisoner
literacy, however it is more likely that these items were used to practice some formo f art. The discovery o f a quill made from a plastic biro reinforces the notion thatthese items were used to create art (a20aT4/9). This practice was commonly adopted
by prisoners as a means o f negating boredom and generally passing the time (Kerr
1998:15).

Art has the potential to yield information concerning the self expression prisoners
that challenges our perception o f a controlled prison environment. Art was banned-74-

by Fremantle Prison authorities until the 1970's. However, the material evidence
recovered from Cell A20 and other cells throughout the prison indicate that thisrestriction was not always affective. As Kerr states `...periodic repainting and cycles
of tolerance and repression result in walls becoming a palimpsest reflecting changes
in attitude to penal discipline and vulgar imagery' (1998:15). Thus, similar to otheractivities of an illegal nature, evidence of art is restricted to the 'private' domain
associated with the prison cells, where prisoners were less likely to be caught than inother areas.

While no evidence of the art itself remains in Cell A20, evidence of graffiti can befound in a number of other prison cells. Plate 5.6 represents the earliest evidence of
this activity and was drawn by James Walsh in 1859. The pictures survived by being

Plate 5.6 (Taken from Kerr
1998:14).

whitewashed over. The subject matter was drawn in pencil and was of considerable
competency (Kerr 1998:15).
-75-

Finally, the artefacts assigned to the other category is also important whenaddressing prisoner activity within the prison cell A20a. The most important items
recovered included 2 sea shells (a20aT2/25, a20aT4/55). Whilst these shells may
have come from the limestone walls o f the prison they could have served as areminder to the prisoner o f the outside world.

Thus, the assemblage associated with Cell A20a is clearly representative o f prisoner
activity within a 'private' environment. Evidence o f a considerable variation inprisoner activity characterized this assemblage. Furthermore, a larger number ofartefacts associated with leisure and prisoner individuality indicate that within thesezones inmates were allowed a greater degree o f freedom to participate in their own
choice o f activities.

A20b
The expectations associated with a cell assemblage as a 'private' space were statedwhen describing the A20a data but also apply to cell A20b. The area excavated in
A20b was the same size as that in A20a. However, a considerably larger number ofartefacts were recovered from this Unit. A total o f 369 items were grouped into
categories associated with cell activities and this can be seen in Table 5.11.
Table 5.11 Sum o f Artefact Activities from A20b.
eatingdrinking

smoking

washingsewingclothing

readingart

health

other

total

27

18

189

6

21

43

17

9

6

33

369

Like A20a, the A20b assemblage is dominated by the smoking category (51%).
-76-

With the next highest artefact representation in the clothing category (12%). Allother categories including eating (7%), drinking (5%), washing (2%), sewing (6%),
reading (5%), art (2%), health (2%) and others (9%) are present in this assemblage.

The dominance o f smoking can be attributed to the large number o f matches
included in this category (95%). The evidence o f smoking material in thisassemblage is represented in Table 5.3. 9 clay pipe fragments were also recovered
and make up the remainder o f the category (5%) (Plate 5.5 shows a representationo f the pipes recovered from Fremantle Prison).
Plate 5.5 Examples o f clay pipes from Fremantle
Prison (left to right, 1-3 Bavin Assemblage,
a20aT1/33, a2ObT1/48, a2ObT1/100, a2ObT1/30).

Further analysis o f the matches reveals that a significant number had been
methodically cut into small pieces. Nayton suggests that this may represent the cut
offs o f model making attempts by a prisoner (Nayton 1998:61). This activity may
also indicate the boredom o f a prisoner, carrying out the mindless activity of
cutting up matches.
-77-As shown in Table 5.2, the eating category is dominated by bone fragments (63%).
The faunal remains represent a similar pattern to the A20a data. While eating was
condoned within the cell the relatively low number o f items from this categorysuggests that such an activity was not practiced regularly.

A plastic jam container, plum stone, egg shell fragments and a pumpkin seed makeup the remainder o f this category (a20bT1/13, a20bT1/60, a20bT1/61, a20bT5/62).
While the prison diet expanded in the later periods o f prison occupation these items
still appear rather 'exotic' (Bavin 1994:421). While evidence o f the construction ofa vegetable garden by 1870 may explain the presence o f the pumpkin seed, theremaining items were probably smuggled into the cell by the prisoners to alleviate
the rather stark prison diet (Brand 1978:22). Once again this evidence indicates thatthe cell was used as an area where activities o f an 'illegal' nature could be
successfully undertaken.

Al! from this assemblage all drinking and health items were glass fragments. The
presence o f glass relating to the illegal consumption o f alcohol was discussed withreference to cell A20a and similar circumstances are represented in this assemblage.
Finding a flaked blade within cell A20b also raises questions concerning the legalityo f possessing such material (A20bT1/16). The potential for glass to be used as aweapon should have seen it banned from the prison environment, however, thepresence o f this blade indicates that prisoner possession o f glass was either
condoned or unavoidable.
-78-

Uncovering a flaked blade also has the potential to inform on the culture o f theinmates occupying cell A20. The blade is associated with other nineteenth century
materials in the assemblage. Interestingly, during the nineteenth century mostinmates appear to have been European. From the 1850's most Aboriginal prisoners
were sent to the prison on Rottnest Island (Bosworth and Harvey 1990a:27). The
first Aboriginal male prisoner was recorded at Fremantle Prison was in 1864 alongwith 41 European male inmates, (Western Australia Blue Book 1864:264).

The clothing category is again dominated by items that regularly fall off garments.
As shown in Table 5.3 buttons dominate this assemblage (58%). The buttons
recovered come in a range o f sizes and materials including bone and metal (seeTable 5. .3 and 5.4). The remainder o f the category includes 13 boot eyelets, a bootheel cap and a suspender buckle ( a20bT4/64, a20bT3/24, a20bT5/75 are examples
o f these items, also shown in Plate 5.3).

Activities associated with hygiene and personal maintenance are also evident in the
A20b assemblage. A bone toothbrush, safety razor a plastic and a bone comb are all
items associated with the washing category (a20bT1/66, a20bT5/15, a20bT2/17,
a20bT5/104). Plate 5.4 illustrates the bone toothbrushes uncovered from the cell
assemblages. While 2 safety pins, 12 straight pins, and wool and string fragments
make up the sewing assemblage (a20bT1/78, a20bT1/68, a20bT1/45 are examples ofthese artefacts. The relationship o f these artefacts to a 'private' space have been-79-

discussed with regard to cell A20a and no change in artefact patterns appears in thisassemblage.

A20b also contains evidence that a number occupants o f the cell were literate. The
relatively high representation o f the reading category is due to the fragmentary
condition o f the newspaper pieces recovered. Evidence o f activities associated withart were also uncovered, unfortunately no evidence o f the actual art has survived.
These artefacts include, 7 slate pencils, 1 lead pencil and a red crayon (a2ObT1/98,
a2ObT4/57, a2ObT4/69 are examples o f these artefacts).

One final artefact that was unassignable to a category was the sixpence found in cell
A20b (a2ObT3/65). It was an offence for the prisoners to be in possession o f moneyat the time the coin dated (1865-1895). For example, John Teale's record shows thatin 1875 he was in possession o f Is. 6d., which was subsequently forfeited (Hasluck
1969:79). This item continues to reinforce the conclusion that illegal activities are
more likely to have been taken place in a 'private' space than a 'public'.

The artefact patterns recovered from cell A20b are represented by an odd range ofmaterial remains. The presence o f literary material and artefacts indicating a strongemphasis on personal hygiene are found along side evidence o f weapon making.
While these artefacts may not have come from a single prisoner occupation o f thecell, they provide important information on the uniqueness o f activities possible insuch a 'private' environment. Thus as expected, artefacts and activities o f a more-80-

personal countenance appear in the two cell remains as opposed to the evidence fromthe 'public' domain assemblages.

A20c
A20c represents the small area between cells A20a and A20b where the separatingwall was demolished some time around the turn o f the century. This assemblage ismade up o f items from cell A20a and A20b that had fallen between the floorboards
o f each cell. Thus, any prisoner occupation patterns identified in this area are related
to the activities undertaken in the cells. A total o f 90 artefacts were recovered witheach item being assigned to an activity category as shown in Table 5.12.

Table 5.12 Sum o f Artefact Activities from A20c.
eatingdrinking

smoking

washingsewingclothing

readingart

health

other

total

6

0

62

2

0

7

10

3

1

5

90

Smoking dominates this assemblage (69%), while reading (11%), clothing (8%) andeating (7%) are the next highest artefact categories. The other category represents
6% o f the assemblage and art (3 items), washing (2 items) and health (1 items) arealso present.

The dominance o f smoking can once again be explained by the high representationo f matches in the cell assemblages. 97% o f the smoking category is taken by match
fragments. 2 clay pipe fragments make up the remainder o f this category (3%).

-81-All items in the eating category are bone fragments. Washing contains two bristles,
possibly from a shaving brush. While the 1 item in the health category is a glassfragment. Evidence o f newspaper fragments as well as 3 slate pencils also indicate
the presence o f the reading and art categories.

As this category contained the remains o f A20a and A20b the artefact
representations strongly mirror both these assemblages. Evidence o f leisureactivities as well as artefacts associated with most o f the categories were recoveredfrom this area. Thus, A20c represents an extension o f the 'private' environment
associated with cells A20a and A20b.

G E N E R A L CONCLUSIONS
Thus, from the investigation o f artefact assemblages from a number o f spatially
distinct areas, conclusions relating to inmate response to the 'public' and 'private'spaces throughout Fremantle Prison can be made.
The Southern Area, Women's Prison Yard, Bath House and the Metalled Road are
all sites that were situated within the 'public' zones o f Fremantle Prison. Within allo f these areas, prisoner's were subject to the greatest amount o f supervision fromprison authorities. All the assemblages investigated conformed to the general
conclusions expected within these areas.

Thus, the artefact patterns recovered from the Southern Area reveal that the site was-82-

used predominantly as an area for the disposal o f the prisons waste. The limited
amount o f data on the prisoner occupation in this area shows that either theactivities associated with the site would not produce many material remains, or thesite had only one dominant use. The expectation that, in a 'public' space, inmateswould conform to the demands o f the high degree o f supervision by the prison
officers appears to have been met by the analysis o f the material remains o f thesesites. The absence o f leisure items, the low variability o f prisoner activity and thedominance o f materials indicating the sites function are all factors suggesting thatwithin these area prisoners behaved according to the expectations o f the prison
authorities by only taking part in the specific tasks assigned to this area.

In contrast 'private' areas represented zones in the prison where inmates were underminimum surveillance. Cells A20 represents such an area, where prisoners were
given a greater degree o f personal freedom. Subsequently, artefact patterns
associated with a number o f personal and illegal activities characterize thisassemblage. Furthermore, a wider variety o f activities associated with leisure andpersonal maintenance are present in this material. Thus, excavated material from'private' domains has the potential to reveal information o f a more personalized
character concerning the lives o f the inmate population.

-83-

Chapter 6.

DISCUSSIONRESTATEMENT OF AIMS
Documentary information about prisons and the way prisoners were treated isplentiful. Unfortunately, there is scant evidence on the way prisoners themselves
acted with a penal environment. The potential of archaeology to address this lack of
research is substantial. Inmate responses to their environment are all but absent fromthe historical record. Thus it is up to the investigation of the material remains left
behind by prisoners to reveal any indication of the activities involved with the daily
life of Fremantle Prison.

Thus, the main aim of this dissertation was to uncover a broad understanding ofprisoner activity within Fremantle Prison. This was achieved by comparing two
excavations conducted from spatially distinct areas of the prison compound. Louise
Bavin and Gaye Nayton excavated at Fremantle in 1994 and 1998 respectively.
Bavin's excavations were undertaken within the Prison grounds and included theSouthern Lawn, Women's Prison Yard, Bath House and the Metalled Road, while
Nayton excavated a prison cell (A20) within the Main Cell Block.

Interestingly, Bavin (1994) and Nayton (1998) arrived at different conclusions
concerning the life within Fremantle Prison, even though they were investigating-84-

the same period (nineteenth and early twentieth century). From her analysis Bavinconcluded that the prison provided a static environment that focused on `...purpose
or utility rather than the stimulation or the display of fashion, personal symbols, orpreference' (Bavin 1994:433). In contrast, Nayton found that a regime of variation
rather than standardization characterized the prison (Nayton 1998:75). By
conducting an investigation into both assemblages, an understanding of why suchdifferent conclusions were made, was reached.

Identifying whether either of these excavations correctly portray prison life was also
an aim of this investigation. Therefore, the investigation of the relationship between
the area excavated and the conclusions reached about prison life was essential.
Prisoner activity relating to the specific function of a site, as well as the extent of
freedom of personal behaviour are factors that affect the archaeological assemblage.
Thus, the recognition of spatially distinct areas, as represented by the prisoner
remains was a dominant aim of this investigation.

As each excavation focused on different areas, an aim of this study was to identify
the 'public' and 'private' arenas within the prison compound and to examine
whether these spatial characteristics are paralleled in the archaeological data.

Foucault describes visual supervision within the prison environment as the ultimate
expression of control (1979:201). Visual supervision of inmates varied throughout
the compound. 'Public' areas represented environments of maximum supervision,-85-

while 'private' areas represent the minimum.

Consequently, it was expected that the expression of this control would be evident
in the prison assemblages. Assemblages excavated from 'Public' areas, under strict
surveillance, would reveal artefact patterns that highlight condoned prison activities.
By contrast, 'Private' areas, which represent environments where prisoner's were
under less observation should exhibit a wider range of activities. Thus, theinvestigation of a range of areas within the prison has the potential to reveal general
patterns of prisoner activity throughout the compound.

Another objective of this study was to uncover possible evidence of inmate
resistance to prison authorities in the material assemblages under investigation. The
identification of prisoner resistance has the potential to inform on how inmates usedtheir material world to maintain their cultural identity and to resist subordination(Casella 1996:258). From the analysis of the data, evidence of this resistance and its
relationship to the 'public' and 'private' spheres of the prison compound will also be
investigated.

The final aim of this dissertation is to address the possibility that the uniquecharacteristics of each of the assemblages are actually representations of thedifferent functions of each area excavated. Different activities produce different
assemblages and it is important to acknowledge that the artefact patterns will
represent the activities that the prisoners participated in each specific area.
-86-It is only once all the possibilities relating to inmate occupation are considered that afull understanding o f life within Fremantle Prison can be understood.

PRISON LIFE

Thus, the assemblages analysed indicate that prisoner activity in Fremantle Prison
varied according to the function o f each site and its association with 'public' or'private' domains. The clear distinction between all areas excavated allows definite
conclusions to be made about prisoner life.

From the data it is evident that prominent zones o f 'public' and 'private' classified
areas can be identified throughout the prison compound. By basing thisclassification on the degree o f prisoner supervision at each site, the evidence clearly
indicated that inmates responded to this control by behaving as the officials wanted
in 'public' areas, while acting with greater personal freedom in 'private' areas.

By looking at a range o f distinct sites within the prison, a true representation o f any
conclusions concerning prisoner response to 'public' and 'private' spaces is more
likely to be achieved. Any assumptions based upon the investigation o f only one or
two sites fails to recognize the general patterns associated with prisoner occupationo f Fremantle.

The different conclusions reached by Bavin (1994) and Nayton (1998) concerning-87-

prison life, highlight the need for a greater investigation o f sites before any general
conclusions about life in Fremantle Prison can be made. Analysis o f all the data
reveals that both archaeologists were correct in their investigations o f their relative
assemblages. However, each conclusion can only related to the sites excavated. The
fact that both conclusion were right about the prison data indicates that a number ofprisoner activities were being conducted around the compound.

The artefact assemblages from Fremantle reflect the spatial characteristics o f theprison by producing patterns o f greater prisoner activity in material associated with'private' areas and patterns o f more homogeneous character within materials
associated with 'public' areas. Bavin's conclusions that all artefacts from Fremantle
were designed for `...purpose or utility rather than the stimulation or the display offashion, personal symbols, or preference' is more likely the result o f her excavatedsites being situated within a 'public' space (Bavin 1994:433).

The artefacts associated with 'public' domains generally conformed to inmate
behavioural control by prison officials. The activities represented in these artefact
patterns were all associated with work and a general level o f subsistence. All
artefacts associated with the prisoners in 'public' classified zones were plain andunelaborate. No indications o f the fashions popular in the rest o f Western Australiansociety were found. Furthermore, the uniform character o f the artefacts excavatedfrom these areas inhibits any identification o f evidence relating to prisoner personal
identity. Thus, all prisoners were the same in 'public' areas. Thus, these-88-

assemblages represent a stark and somewhat harsh environment where only the barenecessities for prisoner subsistence were met.

Uniformity o f the prison environment and the reduction o f sensory stimulation were
all factors o f punishment applied by Fremantle Prison authorities. The loss of
personal identity and total absence o f aesthetic beauty in the material remains
highlights the assumption that greater control was practised in these areas andsubsequently the prison regime o f discipline and punishment was accepted by theinmates.

The assemblages taken from the 'private' areas within the prison present a different
story o f inmate activity. As Nayton argued in her investigation o f Cell A20,
variation rather than standardization was the major characteristic associated withthe cells remains (1998:75). Rather than highlighting the strictness o f the prison
regime the artefacts patterns associated with these areas indicate that some degree of
personal freedom was either condoned or unavoidable. This was due to the fact that'private' spaces were associated with areas were prisoners were under lesssupervision.

From this relative freedom, a greater variety o f artefacts, resulting from a greaternumber o f prisoner activities are found in the material remains excavated from theseareas. The wider degree o f artefacts, including a flaked blade, newspaper and art
items, recovered from the cell assemblages indicates a greater awareness o f prisoner-89-

individuality.

While these artefacts may not have come from a single prisoner occupation o f thecell, they provide important information on the uniqueness o f activities possible insuch a 'private' environment. Thus as expected, artefacts and activities o f a more
personal countenance appear in the two cell remains as opposed to the evidence
from the 'public' domain assemblages.

Furthermore, artefacts and activities that were not condoned by prison authorities
were more likely to be found in 'private' areas. Such activities can be linked to therepresentation o f prisoner resistance against the authorities o f the prison. This is not
surprising when considering that getting away with illegal activities would prove
more successful in areas where inmates were not watched closely by prison guards
and there is less chance o f getting caught.

Thus, this investigation o f the artefactual remains associated with Fremantle Prison,indicates that prisoner activities were directly related to the spatial environment they
were conducted in. Furthermore, the distinct zones o f 'public' and 'private'classified areas were very influential in the outcome o f artefact patterns associatedwith prison life. Thus, any further excavations conducted within a prison should
investigate as many spatial areas as possible, so as to get a true representation ofincarcerated life.

-90-

FUTURE RESEARCH
A number of possibilities associated with future archaeological investigations ofFremantle Prison have come out of this research. As one of the oldest intact
buildings associated the incarceration of convicts, Fremantle has the potential toreveal a wealth of information on the architecture as well as the material remains of
nineteenth and twentieth century prison occupation.

In terms of establishing a greater understanding of life within a prison environment
more cell excavations need to be undertaken. While the evidence from one cell
indicates the presence of a 'private' spacial relationship with this data, more analysis
needs to be conducted so that the conclusions reached in this dissertation can be
confirmed or denied

Similarly, as female prisoners were also confined within Fremantle, more
excavations associated with the Women's Prison has the potential to reveal
considerable amounts of information relating to gender issues of imprisonment.

-91-

Chapter Seven.

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Thomas, J.E. 1981. 'Crime and Society', in A New History o f Western Australia.
C.Stannage (ed.) pp 636-651. UWA Press: Perth.
Trinca M. 1997. 'Controlling Places: a history o f spatial intent in Western Australianconvictism', Studies in Western Australian History 17:13-34.
Willoughby H. 1865. Transportation: The British Convict in Western Australia.
London.
Yentsch A. and M. Beaudry. 1992. The Art and Mystery o f Historical Archaeology:

Essays in Honour o f James Deetz. pp 3-18. CRC Press Inc: Boca Ration.
Whallon, R. 1984. 'Unconstrained clustering for the analysis o f spatial distributions inarchaeology', in Intrasite Spatial Analysis in Archaeology. H. Hietala (ed.) pp 242277 Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Archival Material
British Parliamentary Papers. Surveyor General o f Prisons Pentonville Report 1844:
4-5.
British Parliamentary Papers in Votes and Proceedings. Annual Report o f theComptroller General 1897, 1898.
Colonial Secretary's Office [C.S.0.1 Volume 2, No. 609, 'Rules and Regulations' 5
March 1830, p.66.
C.S.O. C.S.F. vol 5 (3335) 1852:177
Inquirer and Commercial News, 20 October 1893.
Western Australian Blue Books: Annual Reports 1837-1900.
Western Australian Parliamentary Papers. Report o f the Commission appointed toinquire into the Penal System o f the Colony. vol. 1(16), 14 June 1899.

Plate 3. Adapted from Davitt 1885.

c9he g7rison 9e11.

A20A Trench 1 Fremantle Gaol
Function

Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

a20aT1/49

3

metal (unidentified) (x5)--a20aT1/50

3

nail (x4)--a20aT1/51

3

small nail (x4)--a20aT1/52

4

lime washed limestone--

construction

a20aT1/53

4

clay pipe (stem end fragment)-

18501911

smoking

a20aT1/54

4

tooth brush fragment (bone)-18321839

washing

a20aT1/55

4

shaped wood--

a20aT1/56

4bone (unidentified)--

a20aT1/57

4

building slate--

a20aT1/58

4

metal (unidentified)--

a20aT1/59

4

cut nail-

18001870

construction

a20aT1/60

4

burnt wood?

-

18381900

unidentified

a20aT1/61

4

paint?

--

a20aT1/62

4

newspaper--

unidentified
construction
construction

construction
eatingconstruction
unidentified

construction
readingA20A Trench 2 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20a12/ Iiwhite ant plug--construction

a20aT2/2

1

tack- nail large head-

18401870

construction

a20aT2/3

1

metal (unidentified)--unidentified

a20aT2/4

1

grey wool--

a20aT2/5

1

limewashed limestone--

a20aT2/6

1

Norse Blue (matt)--construction

a20aT2/7

1newspaper fragments-

19731974

reading

a20aT2/8

2bone

a20aT2/92Rosehead nail-18701900

a20aT2/10

2match 2--

a20aT2/11

2match 3 (x5)--smoking

a20aT2/12

2

clay pipe(bowl fragment)-

18501911

smoking

a20aT2/13

2leather--clothing

a20aT2/14

2

limestone--

a20aT2/15

3bone (unidentified)--

a20aT2116

3

wood

-

-

P0QT/1173

charcoal

-

-

fire

a20aT2/18

3rosehead nail--construction

a20aT2/19

3

dressed limestone--

a20aT2/20

2newspaper-

19731974?

reading

a20aT2/21

3

newspaper-

19731974?

readinga20a T2/22

4

newspaper-

1973

reading

a20aT2/23

4

Hop Green (gloss)--

construction

a20aT2/24

4

limewash--a20aT2/25

4

shaped wood--

a20aT2/26

4

metal (unidentified)

-

-

_

sewingconstruction

unidentified
construction
smoking

construction
unidentified
construction

construction

construction
construction
unidentified

A20A Trench 2 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

a20aT2/27

4

a20aT2/28

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Functioncomb fragment (plastic)-

18701991

washing4bottle glass (green)-

18601920

other

a20a'f2/29

4

window glass--

construction

a20aT2/30

4match 2-18321911

smoking

a20aT2/31

4

brown render--construction

a20aT2/32

5newspaper-

19731974

reading

a20aT2/33

5eating utensil--

estinga20aT2/34

5

metal (unidentified)--construction

a20aT2/35

5leather strap (x2)--clothing

a20aT2/36

5match 3? (x2)--smoking

a20aT2/37

5match 1--smoking

a20aT2/38

5match 4--

a20aT2/39

5charcoal

-

-

fire

a20aT2/40

5bone fragments--

unidentified

a20aT2/41

6

newspaper-

19731974

reading

a20aT2/42

6newspaper-

18581900

reading

a20aT2/43

6

dressed limestone--

construction

a20aT2/44

6

charcoal

-

-

fire

a20aT2/45

6

human hair--

washing

a20aT2/46

6floorboard--

construction

a20aT2/47

6

paper

-

-

reading

a20aT2/48

6

window glass--

construction

a20aT2/49

6

building slate--

construction

a20aT2/50

6copper wire--

construction

a20aT2/51

6copper object--

construction

a20aT2/52

6leather thong--clothing

a20aT2/53

6

metal fragments (unidentified)--unidentified

smokingA20A Trench 2 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20aT2/54

6

match 1--smoking

a20aT2/55

6

lead sheeting--

a20aT2/56

6

bone

-

-

a20aT2/57

6

eating utensil?

--

a20aT2/58

6

match 2--

a20aT2/59

6

match 3 fragments (x4)--a20aT2/60

6cigarette packet foil-

19301991

smoking

a20aT2/61

7

newspaper-

19731974

reading

a20aT2/62

7

newspaper--

a20aT2/63

6cloth (cream wool)--

a20aT2/64

7

clay pipe (bowl fragment)-

18501911

a20aT2/65

7

lime plaster--

a20aT2/66

7

charcoal--

a20aT2/67

7

metal (unidentified)--

a20aT2/68

7bone (rat?)--

a20aT2/69

7

wood

-

-

construction
eatingeatingsmokingsmokingreadingsewingsmoking
construction
fireunidentified
unidentified
unidentified

A20A Trench 3 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20aT3/1

1bone (rib)--eatinga20aT3/2

1

match 3?

--

a20aT3/3

1

building slate

a20aT3/4

1flat head wrought nail--a20aT3/5

1orange render--

a20aT3/6

1

lime wash--

a20aT3/7

1

lime washed limestone--

a20aT3/8

1floorboard (x3)--a20aT3/9

1wood (x2)--a20aT3/10

I

wrought nail large head (x3)-18401870

construction

a20aT3/11

1rose head nail (x4)-

18701940

construction

a20aT3/12

1

metal (unidentified)--

a20aT3/13

1

lead sheeting--

a20aT3/14

1

cut nail-

18001870

a20aT3/15

1brick fragment

a20aT3/16

1

shaped wood--

a20aT3/17

1newspaper--

reading

a20aT3/18

2

yard key-

18481991

other

a20aT3/19

2

shaped wood-

a20aT3/20

2

lime washed limestone--

a20aT3/21

2

charcoal

-

-

fire

a20aT3/22

2

brick

-

-

construction

a20aT3/23

2

toothpick?

--

a20aT3/24

2Rosehead naila20aT3/25

2

lime washed limestone-_

a20aT3/26

2

clay pipe--

smoking

a20aT3/27

2newspaper-

19731974

readingsmoking
construction
construction
construction
construction
construction
construction
construction

unidentified
construction
construction
construction
construction

construction

18701900

construction

eatingconstruction
construction

A20A Trench 3 Fremantle Gaol
Function

Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

a20aT3/28

3match 3--

20aT3/29

3

Norse Blue (matt)--a20aT2/30

3wood (unidentified)--

a20aT3/31

3metal (unidentified)--

a20aT3/32

3lime wash--

a20aT3/33

3lime wash limestone--

a20aT3/34

3wrought nail large head--a20aT3/35

4fibres (unidentified)--

a20aT3/36

4

button (work);4 holes

d=1718801900

a20aT3/37

4

straight pin--

a20aT3/38

4match 1--

a20aT3/39

4

window glass--

a20aT3/40

4shaped wood--

a20aT3/41

4

dressed limestone--

a20aT3/42

4

metal (unidentified)--

a20aT3/43

4charcoal--

a20aT3/44

4bone fragments (x3)--a20aT3/45

4newspaper--

a20aT3/46

4match 2?

-18321911

a20aT3/47

4

wrought nail--a20aT3/48

4electric wire dip-

19111930

construction

a20aT3/49

5button fragment (bone)-

18001850

clothing

a20aT3/50

5window glass--

a20aT3/51

5

shaped wood--

a20aT3/52

5

flagstone--

a20aT3/53

5

lime wash--

a20aT3/54

5match 2--smoking
construction
unidentified
unidentified
construction
construction
construction
unidentified
clothing
sewingsmoking
construction
construction
construction
unidentified
fireeatingreadingsmoking
construction

construction
construction
construction
construction
smokingA20A Trench 3 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20aT3/55

6

newspaper--

reading

a20aT3/56

6button (bone);3 holes

d=1218001850

clothing

a20aT3/57

6

button (bone);4 holes-

18001850

clothing

a20aT3/58

6

window glass

a20aT3/59

6bottle glass (green)-

18201920

drinking

a20,-iT3/60

6slate pencil

-

-

art

a20aT3/61

6

metal (unidentified)--construction

a20aT3/62

6

lead sheeting--

a20aT3/63

6

charcoal--

a20aT3/64

6bottle glass (clear)--

a20aT3/65

6

bone

-

-

a20aTs/66

6white ant plug--

a20aT3/67

6

shaped wood--

a20aT3/68

7

wrought nail-18401870

a20aT3/69

7

metal (unidentified)

-

-

-

construction

construction
firedrinking
eatingconstruction
construction
construction
construction

A20A Trench 4 Fremantle Gaol
Function

Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

a20aT4/1

1

dressed limestone--

a20aT4/2

1

lime washed limestone--

a20aT4/3

1

shaped wood--

a20aT4/4

1slate pencil--

a20aT4/5

1

bone

-

-

a20aT4/6

1

window glass--

a20aT4/7

1

metal (unidentified)--

a20aT4/8

1

wire

-

-

a20aT4/9

1quill (made from plastic biro)-

19381991

a20aT4/10

1wrought nail large head--a20aT4/11

1

newspaper-

19731974

reading

a20aT4/12

2

button (bone);3 holes

d=1218501900

clothing

a20aT4/13

2

window glass (x2)--

construction

a20aT4/14

2match 3 (x2)--a20aT4/15

2match 1--

a20aT4/16

2

straight pin--

a20aT4/17

2

bone

-

-

a20aT4/18

2newspaper-

19731974

a20aT4/19

2

shaped wood--

a20aT4/20

2flat head wrought nail--a20aT4/21

2

metal (unidentified)--

a20aT4/22

2

lime wash--

a20aT4/23

2

metal (unidentified)--

a20aT4/24

2

unidentified--

a20aT4/25

3

shell

-

-

a20aT4/26

3

button (work);4 holes

c1=1718801900

clothing

a20aT4/27

3

button fragment (bone)-

18001850

clothing

construction
construction
construction
art
eatingconstruction
construction
construction
art
construction

smokingsmokingsewingeatingreading

construction
construction
construction
construction
construction
unidentified
other

A20A Trench 4 Fremantle Gaol
Accession No.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20aT4/28

3slate pencil (x2)

-

-

art

a20aT4/29

3match 3--

a20aT4/30

3

clay pipe (stem fragments)-

18501911

smoking

a20aT4/31

3

newspaper-

19731974

reading

a20aT4/32

3flat head wrought nail-18401870

construction

a20aT4/33

3

metal (unidentified)--

a20aT4/34

3

shaped wood--

a20aT4/35

3dressed limestone--

a20aT4/36

3

lime washed limestone--

a20aT4/37

4newspaper-

18581900

reading

a20aT4/38

4metal (unidentified)--construction

a20aT4/39

4building slate--

a20aT4/40

4

bone

-

-

a20aT4/41

4dressed limestone--

a20aT4/42

4shaped wood--

a20aT4/43

4button (work)

d=15

-

a20aT4/44

4

screw

-

-

a20aT4/45

4comb fragment (plastic)--

a20aT4/46

4button (bone);4 holes

d=13

-

a20aT4/47

4pink plastic fragments--

a20aT4/48

4match 3--

a20aT4/49

4match 1 fragments (x8)--a20aT4/50

4fibre?

--

a20aT4/51

5

shaped wood--

a20aT4/52

5floorboards--

a20aT4/53

5

bone

-

-

a20aT4/54

5

metal (unidentified)--

a20aT4/55

5

shell

-

-

smoking

construction
construction
construction
construction

construction
eatingconstruction
construction
clothing
construction
washing
clothingothersmokingsmokingunidentified
otherconstruction
eatingconstruction
other

A20A Trench 4 Fremantle Gaol
Accession No.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20aT4/56

5copper wire--

construction

a20aT4/57

5

window glass--

a20aT4/58

5slate pencil-

18351991

a20aT4/59

5cut pin (headless)--

a20aT4/60

5match 1 (x16)--a20aT4/61

5bristle (x2)--a20aT4/62

5newspaper-

18581900

a20aT4/63

5match 3--

a20aT4/64

6building slate--

a20aT4/65

6metal (unidentified)--

a20aT4/66

6

window glass--

a20aT4/67

6

lime wash--

a20aT4/68

6match 1 (x4)--a20aT4/69

7flat head wrought nail--a20aT4/70

7wrought nail--a20aT4/71

6newspaper--

construction
art
sewingsmoking
washingreadingsmoking
construction
construction
construction
construction
smoking
construction
construction
reading_A20A Trench 5 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(nun)

Date

Function

a20aT5/1

1

newspaper--

reading

a20aT5/2

1

match 1 (x2)--a20aT5/3

1

button (work) (x3)--a20aT5/4

1slate pencil

-

-

art

a20aT5/5

1

match

-

-

smoking

a20aT5/6

1

lime wash--

a20aT5/7

1

bone

-

-

a20aT5/8

1

wire

-

-

a20aT5/9

1

shaped wood--

a20aT5/10

1building slate--

a20aT5/11

1wood shavings--

a20aT5/12

2

dressed limestone--

a20aT5/13

2

shaped wood--

a20aT5/14

2

newspaper-

19731974

reading

a20aT5/15

2

button (work)-

18801900

clothing

a20aT5/16

2

metal (unidentified)--

a20aT5/17

2

bone

-

-

a20aT5/18

2

clear glass--

a20aT5/19

2

copper wire--

a20aT5/20

2match 3 fragments (x2)--a20aT5/21

2

wrought nail--a20aT5/22

2wood (unidentified)--

a20aT5/23

3

newspaper-

19731974

a20aT5/24

3match 1--

a20aT4/25

3slate pencil

-

-

art

a20aT5/26

3dressed limestone--

construction

a20aT5/27

3

charcoal

-

-

fire

a20aT5/28

3

lime wash--smoking
clothing

construction
eatingconstruction
construction
construction
construction
construction
construction

construction
eatingunidentified
construction
smoking
construction
unidentified
readingsmoking

construction

A20A Trench 5 Fremantle Gaol
Function

Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

a20aT5/29

3

metal (unidentified)--

a20aT5/30

3bottle glass (black)-

18601920

drinking

a20aT5/31

3

bone

-

-

eatinga20aT5/32

3

straight pin-

18351991

sewinga20aT5/33

3

button (work)-

18801900

clothing

a20aT5/34

3drinking glass--

a20aT5/35

3match 3--

a20aT5/36

3

building slate--

a20aT5/37

3

wood (unidentified)--

a20aT5/38

4newspaper--

a20aT5/39

4

metal (unidentified)--

a20aT5/40

4drinking glass--

a20aT5/41

4

building slate--

a20aT5/42

4match 3--

a20aT5/43

4

window glass--

a20aT5/44

4wood (unidentified)--

a20aT5/45

7newspaper--

a20aT5/46

7

building slate--

a20aT5/47

7wrought nail large head (x5)-18401870

construction

a20aT5/48

7string--leisurea20aT5/49

7

window glass--

construction

a20aT5/50

7boot eyelet--

a20aT5/51

7bottle glass (clear)--

a20aT5/52

7

clay pipe fragments--

a20aT5/53

7wrought nail--a20aT5/54

8

charcoal--

a20aT5/55

8

window glass--

construction

drinking
smoking
construction
unidentified
readingunidentified
drinking
construction
smoking
construction
unidentified
reading
construction

clothing
drinking
smoking
construction
otherconstruction

A20A Trench 5 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20aT5/56

8button (work);4 holes

d=15

-

clothing

a20aT5/57

8

metal (unidentified)--

a20aT5/58

8

building slate--

a20aT5/59

8

wrought nail--a20aT5/60

8

bone

-

-

a20aT5/61

8

lime wash--

a20aT5/62

8

wrought nail large head (x2)-

18401870

construction

a20aT5/63

8slate pencil

-

-

art

a20aT5/64

8button (work);4 holes

d=14

-

a20aT5/65

8button (work); 4 holes

d=13

-

a20aT5/66

9building slate--

a20aT5/67

9

lime wash--

a20aT5/68

10

wrought nail large head--

unidentified
construction
construction
eatingconstruction

clothing
clothing
construction
construction
construction

A20B Trench 1 Fremantle Gaol
Function

Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

a2ObT1/1

1

limewashed limestone--

a20bT1/2

1

limewashed limestone--

a20bT1/3

1bone (unidentified)--

a20bT1/4

1silver foil--

a20bT1/5

1lime wash--

a20bT1/6

1

brown render--

a20bT1/7

1metal (unidentified)--

a2ObT1/8

1newspaper--

a2ObT1/9

1charcoal--

a20bT1/10

1mottled paint--a2ObT1/11

1

clear bottle glass--

a20bT1/12

1

fibres (unidentified)--

a20bT1/13

1

jam container (x2)--a2ObT1/14

1

black bottle glass flake shard(rest in bucket 3)-

18601920

a20bT1/15

1match 1 (x2)--a20bT1/16

2

black bottle glass (bottle baseshaped into knife?)-

18401920

a20bT1/17

2

metal (unidentified)--

a20bT1/18

2

newspaper-

19731974

reading

a20bT1/19

2

silver foil-

19801991

eatinga2ObT1/20

2

shaped wood--

a20bT1/21

2flat head wrought nail (x4)--a20bT1/22

2

clear plastic

-

1930

other

a20bT1/23

2

Rosehead nail-18701900

construction

a20bT1/24

2

fibres (unidentified)--

a20bT1/25

2

metal nut--

a2ObT1/26

2

aluminium-

19301991

other

a20bT1/27

2

Norse blue (matt)--construction

construction
construction
eatingeatingconstruction
construction
unidentified
reading
otherconstruction
drinking
sewingeating?
drinking?
smoking
drinking?
unidentified

construction
construction

sewingconstruction

A20B Trench 1 Fremantle Gaol
Function

Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

a20bT1/28

2

limestone--

a2ObT1/29

2

fibres (unidentified)--

a2ObT1/30

3

clay pipe-

18501911

smokinga2ObT1/31

3electric wire clip-

19301991

construction

a20bT1/32

3

match 1--

a20bT1/33

3

wrought nail-18401870

a2ObT1/34

3

lime wash--

a2ObT1/35

3dressed limestone--

a20bT1/36

3

metal (unidentified)--

a20bT1/37

3

limewashed limestone--

a20bT1/38

3

metal (unidentified)--

a20bT1/39

3

string white--

a20bT1/40

3rosehead nail-18701900

construction

a20bT1/41

3

match 3--smokinga2ObT1/42

3green bottle glass (three piecebottle)-18201920

drinking

a20bT1/43

3slate pencil

-

-

art

a2ObT1/44

3

string grey--

a20bT1/45

3

red wool--sewinga2ObT1/46

3

clear plastic-

19301991

other

a2ObT1/47

4

wrought nail--a20bT1/48

4

clay pipe (end o f stem fragment
and bowl shard)-

18501911

a2ObT1/49

4

boot eyelet--

a2ObT1/50

4leather thong--

a20bT1/51

4

lime wash--

a20bT1/52

4

building slate--

a20bT1/53

4

bone (rib)--construction
unidentified

smoking
construction
construction
construction
unidentified
construction
unidentified
sewingsewingconstruction
smoking
clothing
clothing
construction
construction
eating

A20B Trench 1 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a2ObT1/54

4

metal (unidentified)--unidentified

a2ObT1/55

4

button (bone) fragments--

clothing

a20bT1/56

4

match 1-

18321911

smokinga2ObT1/57

4

wire

-

-

construction

a2ObT1/58

4

metal (unidentified)--unidentified

a2ObT1/59

4

match 3--smokinga2ObT1/60

4plum stone-

a2ObT1/61

4

egg shell--

a2ObT1/62

4

black bottle glass--

drinking

a20bT1/63

4

metal foil--

eatinga20bT1/64

4charcoal

-

-

fire

a2ObT1/65

4

wood

-

-

a2ObT1/66

5

toothbrush (bone)-18321939

washing

a20bT1/67

3

black bottle glass-

18401920

drinking

a20bT1/68

5

straight pin--

a20bT1/69

5slate pencil

-

-

art

a20bT1/70

5

building slate--

construction

a20bT1/71

5

lime wash--

a2ObT1/72

5

metal (unidentified)--

a20bT1/73

5

newspaper--

a20bT1/74

5

cut nail-

18001870

a20bT1/75

5match 1--

a20bT1/76

5

button (work)d=1418001900

clothing

a2ObT1/77

5

green bottle glass-

18201920

drinking

a20bT1/78

5

safety pin-

18491991

sewinga20bT1/79

5

red plastic-

18701991

unidentified

eatingeatingunidentified

sewingconstruction
unidentified
reading
construction
smoking

A20B Trench 1 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20bT1/80

5white plastic-

19301991

other

a2ObT1/81

5

pompadour (gloss)--

a2ObT1/82

5hop green (gloss)--

a20bT1/83

5

Corinth rose (gloss)--

a20bT1/84

5

arras (gloss)--

a2ObT1/85

5

limestone--

a20bT1/86

5

wood (unidentified)--

a20bT1/87

5

match 3--smoking

a20bT1/88

5

metal foil--

eatinga20bT1/89

5

bone

-

-

eatinga2ObT1/90

6

charcoal--

a20bT1/91

6

lime wash--

a20bT1/92

6

metal (unidentified)--

a20bT1/93

6

building slate--

a20bT1/94

6

bone

-

-

a2ObT1/95

6

wrought nail--construction

a20bT1/96

6

screw

-

-

construction

a20bT1/97

6

shaped wood--

a20bT1/98

6

slate pencil--

a20bT1/99

6

button (bone);3 hole

d=12

-

a20bT1/100

6

clay pipe (stem fragment)--

a20bT1/101

6

button (bone);4 holed=1718201920

clothing

a20bT1/102

6

green bottle glass--

drinking

a2ObT1/103

6rosehead nail (x5)-18701900

construction

a2ObT1/104

6

button (work);4 holes (x5)d=1718001900

clothing

a2ObT1/105

6

frost white acrylic--

a2ObT1/106

7

metal (unidentified)--

a20bT1/107

7

building slate--

construction
construction
construction
construction
construction
unidentified

fireconstruction
construction
construction
eatingconstruction
art
clothing
smoking

construction
construction
construction

A20B Trench 1 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

a2ObT1/108

7

lime wash

Measurements
(mm)

Date

-

Functionconstruction

A20B Trench 2 Fremantle Gaol
Function

Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

a2ObT2/1

1

dark green bottle glass (base)--a2ObT2/2

2

lime washed limestone--

a20bT2/3

2

metal (unidentified)--

a20bT2/4

2

shaped wood--

a20bT2/5

2

Rhomboid head nail-18951950

a20bT2/6

2green bottle glass--

a20bT2/7

4

button (bone);4 holes

d=1718001850

a20bT2/8

4

building slate--

a20bT2/9

4bone button (4 holes)-

18001850

clothing

a20bT2/10

4slate pencil

-

-

art

a2ObT2/11

4

metal (unidentified)--construction

a20bT2/12

4

charcoal--

a20bT2/13

4

lime wash limestone--

a20bT2/14

4

straight pin-

18351991

a20bT2/15

4

bone

-

-

a20bT2/16

4newspaper-

19731974?

a20bT2/17

4

comb (plastic)--

a20bT2/18

4

shaped wood--

a20bT2/19

4green bottle glass--

drinking
construction
construction
construction
construction
drinking
clothing
construction

otherconstruction
sewingeatingreading
washing
construction
drinking

A20B Trench 3 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20bT3/1

2

wrought bolt-

18401870

construction

a20bT3/2

2

wrought nail-18401870

construction

a20bT3/3

2

cut nail-

18001870

construction

a20bT3/4

2

rosehead nail-18701900

construction

a20bT3/5

2

metal (unidentified)--construction

a20bT3/6

2

shell

-

-

a20bT3/7

2bone (rib)--eatinga20bT3/8

2

clay pipe (plain bowl)-

18501911

smoking

a20bT3/9

2newspaper-

19731974

reading

a20bT3/10

2

limestone--

a2ObT3/11

2

wood (unidentified)--

a20bT3/12

2

paint?

--

a20bT3/13

2

charcoal

-

-

other

a20bT3/14

3lime wash--

construction

a20bT3/15

3limewashed limestone--

a20bT3/16

3

metal (unidentified)--

a20bT3/17

3match 3--

a20bT3/18

3cut nail--

a20bT3/19

3flat head wire nail--a20bT3/20

3flat head wrought nail-a2ObT3/21

3rosehead nail--a20bT3/22

4

lime wash--

a20bT3/23

4

limewashed limestone--

a20bT3/24

4

man's boot heel--

a20bT3/25

4building slate--

a20bT3/26

4

metal (unidentified)--

a20bT3/27

4rosehead nail

-

-

other

construction
unidentified
construction

construction
construction
smoking
construction
construction
construction
construction
construction
construction
construction
construction
construction
construction

A 2 0 8 Trench 3 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20bT3/28

4rhomboid head nail-189501950

construction

a20bT3/29

4flat head wrought nail-18401870

construction

a20bT3/30

4newspaper-

1904

readinga2ObT3/31

5

bone

-

-

eatinga20bT3/32

5metal (unidentified)--

a20bT3/33

5

brick

-

-

a20bT3/34

5

building slate--

a20bT3/35

5clear glass--

a20bT3/36

5flat head wrought nail--a20bT3/37

5

wrought nail--a20bT3/38

5copper wire--

a20bT3/39

5match 2-18321911

smoking

a20bT3/40

5charcoal

-

-

other

a2ObT3/41

5

limewashed limestone--

a20bT3/42

5newspaper--

a20bT3/43

5wood (unidentified)--

a20bT3/44

6

building slate--

a20bT3/45

6button (bone);4 holes

d=17mm

18001850

a20bT3/46

6

fibres (unidentified)--

a20bT2/47

6green bottle glass-

18201920

drinking

a20bT3/48

6rosehead nail-18701900

construction

a20bT3/49

6match 1--

a20bT3/50

6

lid

-

-

other

a20bT3/51

6

match 2-18321911

smoking

a20bT3/52

6

metal (unidentified)--

a20bT3/53

6

match 3--

unidentified
construction
construction
construction
construction
construction
construction

construction
readingunidentified
construction
clothing
sewingsmokingunidentified
smoking

A20B Trench 3 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a2ObT3/54

6

newspaper-

19731974

readinga2ObT3/55

6match 1--a2ObT3/56

6

lime wash--

a20bT3/57

6

limewashed limestone--

a20bT3/58

6wood (unidentified)--

a20bT3/59

7

limewashed limestone--

a2ObT3/60

7dressed limestone--

a2ObT3/61

7

building slate--

a20bT3/62

7

metal (unidentified)--

a20bT3/63

7

charcoal--

a20bT3/64

8charcoal--

a20bT3/65

8

silver sixpence-

18651895

other

a20bT3/66

8slate pencil

-

-

art

a2ObT3/67

8

dressed limestone--

construction

a20bT3/68

8

lime wash--

a2ObT3/69

8

metal (unidentified)--

a20bT3/70

8

building slate--

a20bT3/71

8match 2--

a20bT3/72

8

drinking glass--

a20bT3/73

8

limewashed limestone--

a20bT3/74

8match 3 (x2) cut into small
pieces--a20bT3/75

8plastic (pink)-

18701991

a20bT3/76

9

lime wash--

a20bT3/77

9

charcoal--

a20bT3/78

9

building slate--

a20bT3/79

9

shell

-

-

a20bT3/80

9

brick

-

-

a2ObT3/81

9

dressed limestone--smoking
construction
construction
unidentified
construction
construction
construction
construction
other
other

construction
unidentified
construction
smoking
drinking
construction
smokingunidentified
construction
otherconstruction
otherconstruction
construction

A20B Trench 3 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

a20bT3/82

9newspaper--

a20bT3/83

9hop green gloss--

a20bT3/84

10

lime wash--

a20bT3/85

10

limewashed limestone--

a20bT3/86

10

charcoal--

a20bT3/87

10

metal (unidentified)--

a20bT3/88

10

shell

-

-

a20bT3/89

10

match 3--

a20bT3/90

10

building slate--

Function

reading
construction
unidentified
unidentified
fireunidentified
othersmoking
construction

A20B Trench 4 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20bT4/1

1

lime wash--

a20bT4/2

2

limewashed limestone--

a20bT4/3

3

hacksaw blade--

a20bT4/4

3

metal (unidentified)--construction

a20bT4/5

3

limewashed limestone--

construction

a20bT4/6

3

dressed limestone--

a20bT4/7

3

limewash--

a20bT4/8

3match 1 (x14)--smoking

a20bT4/9

3match 3 (x16)--smokinga2ObT4/10

3charcoal--a2ObT4/11

3

rosehead nail (x6)-18701900

construction

a20bT4/12

3

rhomboid head nail (x3)-18951950

construction

a20bT4/13

3

bone

-

-

eatinga20bT4/14

3

clear bottle glass--

drinking

a20bT4/15

3

Wedgewood (gloss)--

construction

a20bT4/16

3

newspaper--

reading

a20bT4/17

3orange render--

a20bT4/18

3

red plastic-

18701991

other

a20bT4/19

3

silver foil

-

-

other

a20bT4/20

3wire (copper?)--a2ObT4/21

3

wood (blue paint)--

a20bT4/22

3match (unidentified)--

a20bT4/23

3

match 2?

--

a20bT4/24

3flat head wrought nail--a20bT4/25

3match 1--

a20bT4/26

4

limewashed limestone--

construction

a20bT4/27

4

limewash--construction

a20bT4/28

4button (bone)-

18001850

clothing

construction
construction
construction

construction
construction

otherconstruction

unidentified
unidentified
smokingsmoking
construction
smokingA2011 Trench 4 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20bT4/29

4coir mattress--

fixturesa20bT4/30

4match 3--smokinga2ObT4/31

4quart 3--

a2ObT4/32

4bone (mouse?)--

a20bT4/33

4match 1 (x4)--a20bT4/34

4

shell

-

-

a20bT4/35

4screw (iron)--

a2ObT4/36

4button (work)--

clothing

a20bT4/37

4metal (unidentified)--unidentified

a20bT4/38

4charcoal

-

-

other

a20bT4/39

5

lime wash--

a20bT4/40

5lime wash limestone--

a20bT4/41

5

window glass

3mm thick-a20bT4/42

5

window glass

1.5min thick-a20bT4/43

5bottle glass (clear).5 mm thick-a20bT4/44

5bone (mouse?)--

a20bT4/45

5shaped wood--construction

a20bT4/46

5wood shavings--

construction

a20bT4/47

5building slate--

construction

a20bT4/48

5match 1 (x5)--a20bT4/49

5match 2 (x2)-18321911

smoking

a20bT4/50

5copper wire--

construction

a2ObT4/51

5charcoal--

a20bT4/52

5wrought nail large head-

18401870

construction

a20bT4/53

5

cut nail (x2)-

18001870

construction

a20bT4/54

5rosehead nail-18701900

construction

a20bT4/55

5bristles (x2)--a20bT4/56

5match 3 (x7)--construction
unidentified
smoking
otherconstruction

construction
construction
construction
construction
healthunidentified

smokingotherwashingsmoking

A20B T r e n c h 4 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20bT4/57

5lead pencil-

18221991

art

a20bT4/58

5

red plastic (x2)

-

1873?

other

a20bT4/59

5newspaper-

19731974

reading

a20bT4/60

5metal (unidentified)--

a20bT4/61

6

lime wash--

a20bT4/62

6

bone

-

-

a20bT4/63

6

newspaper-

18581900

a20bT4/64

6boot eyelet--

a20bT4/65

6building slate--

a20bT4/66

6bottle glass (clear)--

a20bT4/67

6

window glass--

a20bT4/68

6drinking glass--

a20bT4/69

6

red crayon

-

-

art

a20bT4/70

6charcoal

-

-

other

a20bT4/71

6match 3 (x13)--a20bT4/72

6

clay pipe--

a20bT4/73

6

shaped wood--

a20bT4/74

6wood shavings--

a20bT4/75

11

lime wash--

construction
construction
unidentified
leisureclothing
construction
drinking
construction
drinking

smokingsmoking
construction
construction
construction

A20B Trench 5 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20bT5/1

1

safety pin-

18351901

sewinga20bT5/2

1

match 3? (x8)--a20bT5/3

1boot eyelet--

a20bT5/4

1

limewash--

a20bT5/5

1

metal (unidentified)--

a20bT5/6

1building slate--

a20bT5/7

1slate pencil (x2)--a20bT5/8

1bottle glass (clear)--

a20bT5/9

1

window glass--

a20bT5/10

1

bone

-

-

a2ObT5/11

1match 1 (x12)--a20bT5/12

1

copper wire--

a20bT5/13

1

copper nail--a20bT5/14

1

brick

-

-

construction

a20bT5/15

1safety razor-

19031991

washing

a20bT5/16

1

button (work);4 holes

d=1718801900

clothing

a20bT5/17

1

button (bone);4 holes (x2)d=1318001850

clothing

a20bT5/18

1rosehead nail-18701900

construction

a20bT5/19

1

newspaper-

19731974

reading

a20bT5/20

1white plastic-

19301991

construction

a20bT5/21

1pin (x2)--

a20bT5/22

1

button (work);4 holes

c1=13

-

a20bT5/23

1

Wedgewood (gloss)--

a20bT5/24

1

Arras (gloss)--

a20bT5/25

1

Corinth rose (gloss)--

a20bT5/26

2

bone

-

-

smoking
clothing
construction
unidentified
construction
artdrinking
construction
eatingsmoking
construction
construction

sewingclothing
construction
construction
construction
eating

A20B Trench 5 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20bT5/27

2

charcoal

-

-

other

a20bT5/28

2rosehead nail--a20bT5/29

2

building slate--

a20bT5/30

2

granite--a2ObT5/31

2

button (work);4 holes (noinscription)-

18801900

a20bT5/32

2

metal (unidentified)--

a20bT5/33

2match 3--

a20bT5/34

2

newspaper-

18581900

a20bT5/35

2orange render--

a20bT5/36

2

work button (brass)--a20bT5/37

2

Hop green (gloss)--

a20bT5/38

2

Arass (gloss)--

a20bT5/39

2

red crayon--

a20bT5/40

2

leather strap--

a20bT5/41

2

clear glass--

a20bT5/42

2white paint--a20bT5/43

3

button (work) (iron);4 holes'best ring edge'

d=1718801900

clothing

a20bT5/44

3

button (bone);4 holes

d=1318001850

clothing

a20bT5/45

3

button(work)

d=17

18801900

clothing

a20bT5/46

3

clay pipe(stem)--

a20bT5/47

3

clay pipe (stem); red colouring-

18501911

a20bT5/48

3

building slate--

a20bT5/49

3match 1 (x9)--a20bT5/50

3

bone

-

-

a20bT5/51

3

straight pin-

18531991

a20bT5/52

3boot eyelet (x2)--

construction
construction
construction
clothing
construction
smokingreading
construction
clothing
construction
construction
art
clothing
healthconstruction

smokingsmoking
construction
smokingeatingsewingclothing

A20B Trench 5 Fremantle Gaol
Function

Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

a2ObT5/53

3rosehead nail--a20bT5/54

3

metal (unidentified)--

a20bT5/55

3

wood

-

-

a20bT5/56

3

window glass--

a20bT5/57

3

clear bottle glass--

a20bT5/58

3match 2 (x5) 35 pieces--

a20bT5/59

3match 4--

a20bT5/60

3

Hop Green (gloss)--

a2ObT5/61

3

Pompodour (gloss)--

a20bT5/62

3

pumpkin seed--

a20bT5/63

3

match 1 (x9)--a20bT5/64

3

wood

-

-

a20bT5/65

4

lime wash--

a20bT5/66

4

lime washed limestone--

a20bT5/67

4

shell

-

-

a20bT5/68

4building slate--

a20bT5/69

4

bone

-

-

a20bT5/70

4boot eyelet (x5)--a20bT5/71

4glass stopper-

18501920

healtha20bT5/72

4

button (bone);3 holed=1218001850

clothing

a20bT5/73

4button fragments (bone);4 hole
(x2)

d=13

18001850

clothing

a20bT5/74

4metal (unidentified)--

a20bT5/75

4suspender buckle--

a20bT5/76

4

window glass--

a20bT5/77

4clear glass--

a20bT5/78

4

clay pipe 'Ben-Nevis with
N,NE No.' ;red coloured glaze-

18501911

a20bT5/79

4orange render--construction
unidentified
construction
construction
healthsmokingsmoking
construction
construction
eatingsmokingunidentified
construction
construction
unidentified
construction
eatingclothing

unidentified
clothing
construction
healthsmoking

construction

A20B Trench 5 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

Bucketa20bT5/80

Description

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Functionmatch 2-(18321911)

smokinga2ObT5/81

4rosehead nail-18701900

construction

a20bT5/82

4match 2-18321911

smoking

a20bT5/83

4match 3 (x3)--a20bT5/84

4

straight pin (x8)-18351991

sewinga20bT5/85

4

Hop Green (gloss)--

construction

a20bT5/86

4

Wedgewood (gloss)--

a20bT5/87

4

Frost White (acrylic)--

a20bT5/88

4Norse blue (matt)--a20bT5/89

4

egg shell--

a20bT5/90

4match 1--

a20bT5/91

4charcoal--

a20bT5/92

5lime wash--

a20bT5/93

5charcoal--

a20bT5/94

5

shell

-

-

a20bT5/95

5building slate_-

a20bT5/96

5

bone

-

-

a20bT5/97

5

brick

-

-

a20bT5/98

5button (bone);4 holes (x2)d=1718001850

clothing

a20bT5/99

5button (bone); 3 holes-

18001850

clothing

a2ObT5/100

5metal (unidentified)--

a20bT5/101

5window glass--

a20bT5/102

5clay pipe stem/bowl fragments-

18501911

smoking

a20bT5/103

5black bottle glass-

18401920

drinking

a20bT5/104

5comb (bone?)--washing

a20bT5/105

5brown render--construction

smoking

construction
construction
construction
eatingsmoking
otherconstruction
other
other
construction
eatingconstruction

unidentified
construction

A20B Trench 5 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

a20bT5/106

5orange render--

a20bT5/107

5rosehead nail-18701900

a20bT5/108

5Arras (gloss)--

a20bT5/109

5Hop green (gloss)--

a20bT5/110

5match 3?

--

a20bT5/111

6

lime wash--

a20bT5/ 112

6

charcoal--

a20bT5/ 113

6

bone

-

-

a20bT5/ 114

6boot eyelet--

a20bT5/ 115

6

brick

-

-

a2ObT5/ 116

6

granite--a20bT5/ 117

6

wood

-

-

a20bT5/118

6orange render--

a20bT5/119

7

shell

-

-

a20bT5/ 120

7charcoal--

a20bT5/ 121

7lime wash--

a20bT5/ 1227

building slat--

a20bT5/ 123

7

bone

-

-

a20bT5/ 124

7

Pompodour (gloss)--

a20bT5/ 125

7

Arras (gloss)--

a20bT5/ 126

7

newspaper-

199731974

a20bT5/ 127

7wood (unidentified)--

a20bT5/ 128

7limestone--

a20bT5/ 129

7large head wrought nail (x4)a20bT5/ 130

7

string (green)--

a20bT5/ 131

7boot eyelet--

a20bT5/ 132

7

window glass--

a20bT5/ 133

7clear glass--

a20bT5/ 134

7

building slate--

Functionconstruction
construction

construction
construction
smoking
construction
otherunidentified
clothing
construction
construction
unidentified
construction
other
other
construction
construction
eatingconstruction
construction
readingunidentified
construction
construction
sewingclothing
construction
healthconstruction

A20B Trench 5 Fremantle Gaol
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

a20bT5/ 135

7

work button--

a20bT5/ 136

8charcoal--

a20bT5/ 137

8

metal (unidentified)--

a20bT5/ 138

8

bone

-

-

a2ObT5/ 139

8

building slate--

a20bT5/ 140

9charcoal--

a20bT5/ 141

11

bone

-

-

a20bT5/ 142

11

newspaper--

a20bT5/ 143

11

building slate--

a20bT5/ 144

11

lime wash--

a20bT5/ 145

13

charcoal--

a20bT5/ 146

14

charcoal--

a20bT5/ 147

14lime wash--

a20bT5/ 148

14orange render--

Function
clothing
otherconstruction
eatingconstruction
othereatingreading
construction
construction
other
other
construction
construction

A20C Fremantle Gaol Trench 1
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

a2OcT1/1

1

limewashed limestone--

a2OcT1/2

1

cut nail--

a2OcT1/3

1flat head wrought nail--a2OcT1/4

1

metal (unidentified)--

a2OcT1/5

1wood (painted white)--

a2OcT1/6

1

metal pipe--

a2OcT1/7

1

limestone dressed--

a2OcT1/8

1lime wash--

a2OcT1/9

1newspaper-

19731974

a2OcT1/10

1

Hop Green (gloss)--

Functionconstruction
construction
construction
unidentified
construction
construction
construction
construction
reading
construction

A20C Fremantle Gaol Trench 2
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20cT2/1

1large flat head wrought nail-18401870

construction

a20cT2/2

1

match 1--

a20cT2/3

1bristles--a20cT2/4

1wood shavings--

a20cT2/5

1

bone

-

-

a20cT2/6

1

bone

-

-

a20cT2/7

1rhomboid head nail--a20cT2/8

1wrought nail--a20cT2/9

1

limewashed limestone--

a20cT2/10

1dressed limestone--

a20cT2/11

1newspaper-

19731974

a20cT2/12

1silver foil--

a20cT2/13

1

corn plaster--a20cT2/14

1feather--

a20cT2/15

2large head wrought nail--a20cT2/16

2

lime wash--

a20cT2/17

2

limewashed limestone--

a20cT2/18

2

bone

-

-

a20cT2/19

2

metal (unidentified)--

a20cT2/20

2

wood

-

-

a20cT2/21

2leather lace--

clothing

a20cT2/22

2building slate--

construction

a20cT2/23

2newspaper-

19761979

reading

a20cT2/24

2silver foil

-

-

other

smoking
washing
construction
eatingeatingconstruction
construction
construction
construction
readingunidentified
healthotherconstruction
construction
construction
eatingunidentified
construction

A20C Fremantle Gaol Trench 3
Function

Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

a20cT3/1

1

wrought nail--a20cT3/2

1rosehead nail (x2)-

18701900

a20cT3/3

1

dressed limestone--

a20cT3/4

1

limewashed limestone--

a20cT3/5

1

shaped wood--

a20cT3/6

1

match 1--

a20cT3/7

1bristles--a20cT3/8

1newspaper-

19731974

reading

a20cT3/9

1flat head wrought nail-18401870

construction

a20cT3/10

5window glass--

a20cT3/ 11

5limestone--

a20cT3/12

5match 1?

--

a20cT3/13

5

lime wash--

a20cT3/14

5

flagstone--

a20cT3/15

5metal (unidentified)--construction
construction
construction
construction
construction
smoking
washing

construction
construction
smoking
construction
construction
construction

A20C Fremantle Gaol Trench 4
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20cT4/1

1

match 2 (x9)--smoking

a20cT4/2

1

metal (unidentified)--

a20cT4/3

1

lime wash--

a20cT4/4

1

canvas material--

a20cT4/5

1

wire

-

-

a20cT4/6

1

bone

-

-

a20cT4/7

1

metal link--

a20cT4/8

1

button (work)

d=21

18801890

clothing

a20cT4/9

1

rhomboid head nail-18951950

construction

a20cT4/10

1match 1 (x20)--a2OcT4/11

1

match 3--smoking

a20cT4/12

1flat head wrought nail-18401870

construction

a20cT4/13

1

wood

-

-

a20cT4/14

1boot eyelet--

a20cT4/15

1newspaper--

a20cT4/16

1

newspaper-

19731974

a20cT4/ 17

1slate pencil-

a20cT4/ 18

1

cut wire--

a20cT4/ 19

1

button (work)

d=13

-

a20cT4/ 20

1

jar? (unidentified)--

a20cT4/ 21

2

metal (unidentified)--

a20cT4/ 22

2match 1 (x2)--smoking

a20cT4/ 23

2shell (x2)

-

-

other

a20cT4/ 24a2

lead sheeting--

construction

a20cT4/ 24b

1

screw

-

-

construction

a20cT4/ 25

2newspaper--

a20cT4/26

2

Hop Green (gloss)

-

after
1971

construction
construction
fixturesconstruction
eatingconstruction

smoking

construction
clothing
leisureleisureleisureclothing
clothing
otherunidentified

reading
construction

A20C Fremantle Gaol Trench 4
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

a2OcT4/27

2

button (bakeslite);4 holes

d=15

-

a2OcT4/28

2plaster putty (orange coating)--a2OcT4/29

surfacematch 3 (x7)--a2OcT4/30

surface

wire

-

-

a2OcT4/31

surfacemetal (unidentified)--

a2OcT4/32

surfacerhomboid head nail--a2OcT4/33

surface

paper

-

-

Function
clothing
unidentified
smoking
construction
unidentified
construction
readingA20C Fremantle Gaol Trench 5
Function

Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

a20cT5/1

1orange coating--

a20cT5/2

1

limewash--

a20cT5/3

1

metal (unidentified)--

a20cT5/4

1rosehead nail (x2)-

18701990

construction

a20cT5/5

1

wrought nail-18401870

construction

a20cT5/6

1

bone

-

-

a20cT5/7

1match 1 (x3)--a20cT5/8

1

bone

-

-

a20cT5/9

1

wood

-

-

a20cT5/10

1

brick

-

-

a2OcT5/11

1

brown coating--

a20cT5/12

1

charcoal--

a20cT5/13

1

black layer--

a20cT5/14

1

rhomboid head nail (x2)--a20cT5/ 15

1mottled paint--a20cT5/ 16

1match 2--

a20cT5/ 17

8

Hop Green (gloss)--

a20cT5/ 18

9pompodour (gloss)--

a20cT5/ 19

1light blue paint--construction
construction
construction

eatingsmokingeatingunidentified
construction
construction
otherconstruction
construction
construction
smokingsmoking
construction
construction

A20A Fremantle Gaol (FG) Internal Wall Vent
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20aIV/1

1limestone--

construction

a20aIV/2

1wood (shaped)--

a20aIV/3

1

lime

-

-

a20aIV/4

1

metal

-

-

construction

a20aIV/5

1

construction metal--

construction

a20aIV/6

1newspaper--

readinga20aIV/7

2

newspaper-

19731974

readinga20aIV/8

1

Hop Green (gloss)--

a20aIV/9

2

Frost White (gloss)--

a20aIV/10

2

match 3--

a20aIV/11

2

match 1 (x2)--a20aIV/12

2button (bone); 3 holes

d=12

-

a20aIV/13

2

window glass--

construction

a20aIV/14

2

slate pencil

-

-

art

a20aIV/15

2wood shavings--

unidentified

a20aIV/16

2

metal (unidentified)-

a20aIV/17

2

lead

a20aIV/18

2

clay pipe?

a20aIV/19

2

limestone

a20aIV/20

2

a20aIV/21

construction
construction

construction
construction
smokingsmoking
clothing

unidentified
construction

-

-

-

-

smoking--

construction

charcoal

-

-

other

2

shaped wood--

a20aIV/22

2

metal (unidentified)--

a20aIV/23

3

clay pipe?

--

a20aIV/24

3

window glass--

a20aIV/25

3charcoal--

a20aIV/26

3

metal (unidentified)--

a20aIV/27

3wood (floor boards?)--

a20aIV/28

3

wood

-

-

unidentified
unidentified
smoking
construction
otherunidentified
construction
unidentified

Joist Scrapings
Accession no.

BucketDescription

Measurements
(mm)

Date

Function

a20aJS/1

1

limestone--

construction

a20aJS/2

1

glass frag (clear)--

a20aJS/3

1

button (work) 'best ring edge'

d=17

-

a20aJS/4

1

match 3? (x2)--a20aJS/5

1

wrought nail--a20aJS/6

1slate pencil--

construction
clothing
smoking
constructionartS o u t h e r n C i s t e r n s , t r e n c h 1 (cont.)

A p p e n d i x Fourteen
A r t e f a c t s e x c a v a t e d f r o m F r e m a n t l e Prison

SQUARE 1
Artefacts

2 pieces*1 (2) indicates 1 item which is broken into listed
below
o f lengths and widths have been
T h e rail

Strap
'Tube (glass)-Wood

S I T E : S O U T H E R N CISTERNS
TREN,CH 1
SQUARE 1
Artefacts
Alfoil foil
Bitumen'Bone(fragmented)'Bone - Burnt-Boot lace stud
'Brick (early red
machine)'Button (plastic)'Ceramic
Charcoal(sample)-Earthenware'Electric wirecasing(black plastic)'Furnace Rock(sample)Glass (brown)'Glass (clear)'Glass (green)Glass
9 r e e n tinted)'Glass (window)
0.15
Glass (window encasing metal
filament)
0.65cm
Metal (tin)Metal misc.
Mortar (grey)
Nails, flat roundheads(corroded
ferrous metalMNI)
Nut, butterfly
Nut, hexagonal
Slate

Spit
1

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

Spit
2

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

1980

1
1
9

55
<10

6
0.5

5.5
0.4

8

<10

0.5

0.3

11

<10

0.9

0.7

8

Date
(est)

23
4
1

1

18801890
1
1
10

<10

19001950

>1920
1.8

1

<10

1
1

>1920

1
1
19

1
20

1.2

1.0

1

1

0.8

0.6

16
60
1

15
70
1

2.3
0.7

1.2
0.7

5
1

1

2

3

3

22

15

1.8

>1910
>1910

6
1
31

0.3

1
1
5

0.8

1

Spike
(flat head)

620

1.5
11.8

1.0

Weight(gms)

1

SQUARE 1
Artefacts

Spit
3-Moil (cigarette.packet)lalone'Bone (burnt)'Button (plastic)
Charcoal(samplefragments)
Flower pot (rim clay)
Glass(bottle clear)Glass(bottle brown)
Glass (window encasing metal
filament)
0.65cmMilk bottle top(aluminium)Mortar - lime onpiece of red
brick (sample)
Mortar(grey coatedwith cream paint(sample)Nails, flat roundheads(corroded
ferrous metalMNI)
Paint(creamundercoatgreen surface sample)
Slate

1

Tin can(corroded)
Wire
Wooden post
10

Spit
1

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

1
1
1

5

1

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)
c1980

21
12
1
11

<10
<10

1

15

>1920

6

5.3
2.2

110

390

3.6

24

40

2.4

1.8

2

<10

2.8

2.0

19101980

2
1

20

1

30

5

19701980
18801910
3.8

3.2

>1910

4.9

1

60

6.5

6.0

6

40

3

2

1 (1 4) 20

3.4

1.1

1
1

2.6
11.5

7

60

Spit
2

18311870

18311870
18401997

621

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

3.8

1.5
0.8
1

Date
(est)

S o u t h e r n C i s t e r n s , t r e n c h 1 (cont.)

S o u t h e r n C i s t e r n s , t r e n c h 1 (cont.)

SQUARE 2
Artefacts

Spit
1

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Aluminium foil
'Bone
'Bone (burnt)'Boot lace stud
'Brick (machine)

14
5
1
1

<10
<10

1.8
1.5

120

5.8

1.2
1.3
0.5
4.2

6

<10

Charcoal(sample)Clay, yellow-tan(sample)Furnace rock,slag (sample)
Glass(bottle brown)Glass(bottle clear)Glass(bottle green)
Glass (window)
2rrrn
Laterite pebbles(sample)Lead weight(unmarked,
circular)
Limestone - cut(painted witha-earnkalsomine)
Metal misc. (tin)Mirror glass
Nails, bullethead (ferrous)
Screw(galvanized)
Slate
Tile, (mudstone- 2.4cm thick)
Tube for paste(aluminium)
SQUARE 2
Artefacts
Bone
Brick (earlymachine)Ceramics
Charcoal
Furnace rockGlass(bottle clear)

Date
(est)

18801910

Spit
2

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

1
10

<10

2.0

0.4

1

200

7.1

4.8

16

<10

1

2.7

1.5

1

40

4.2

3.8

5

45

1

1

3

3

1.7

0.5

18

30

3.2

3.0

57

190

2.2

1.6

1

1

1

Date
(est)

SQUARE2
Artefacts

1980

Glass, green
tint (window)
1.5mm
Laterite:Lid. jar (tin)'Limestone - cut(painted withcream
kalsomine)'Nails, rosehead, roundstem (ferrous)'Nails (ferrous)'Slate18801910

4

1

30

3.6

3.2

>1855

1(6)
1

3

1(4)
1
4(17)

0.3

1.4-4.4

0.3

1
1(6)
1

10

6

2.3

1(3)
1

<10

1.8
6.4

1.2
4.8

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

1

<10

3.2

2.8

1
1
1

Date
(est)

Spit
4-6

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

_
_

>1855

2(4)

3.5

0.3

2
1

9.0
3.7

1.8

3.7

3(7)

_
18311870(1)1..2(2)2.8Strap(hoop metal)

2

SQUARES 38.4
Artefacts

Sq 3
Spit
1-3

Bone
Ceramics
Glass(bottle brown)Glass(bottle dear)
Glass (window)(wire enclosed
and pebbled
surface), 6mm
Metal damp
Milk bottle top(aluminium)
Tootbrush(green plastic)

1

5
1

Spit
3

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

2.1

0.9

Date
(est)

Sq 4
Spit
1-3

1

1

2

2.9

2.1

5

50

5.0

2.2

1(3)

40

7.0

2.0

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

10.5

4.8

Date
(est)

1
19701980

3.8

1

1

1950s

1
Spit
3

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

9
1

<10
300

1
6.5

1
6.7

1(3)
4
3
19

10

2.5

1.7

10
40

2
1.9

1.5
1.2

Date
(est)

Spit
4-6

Date
(est)

L a b e l s a n d o t h e r features
Southern Cisterns, Trench 1
S q u a r e 1, s p i t 1

18801910

3

41

Bottle Glass

M o s t o f the bottle glass is fragmented. S o m e g l a s s h a s b e e n exposed toe x t r e m e heat.

Furnace rock

Slag (waste) from the metal workshop (pers. c o m m . J i m F. Mitchell).

Nails

Nails are generally corroded and f r a g m e n t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e cisterns site

0.8

W i n d o w glass

622

1

.

O n e variety of window glass is 0.65 centimetres t h i c k and encases a metal
filament. This glass has a pebbled surface w o u l d h a v e effectivelyo b s c u r e d vision through the window623

A p p e n d i x 14 c o n t . : Southern Cisterns, trench 1.
(also spit 2). The wire would have been preventative measure against
breakage or access.

Fragmented thick brown bottle. This glass has been partially melted under
extreme heat.
2 . Ten pieces of clear glass appear to be from the same bottle and have also
been subjected to intense heat.
3 . Neck of a screw top bottle.
4 . The base of a small bottle with a diameter of 4.4 centimetre. Lines havebeen engraved around the lower end of this bottle forming a double
ridged design.
5 . The base of another bottle was also found (diameter of 5.3 centimetres).
Makers mark 'IS 946' inscribed in base.
1

Red bricks

Bottle Glass.

Button1

Ceramics

1 . Fragment of a white glazed dish.

Iron Strap

1 . Part of a support strap which has fallen off the southernboundary wall. The strap is 1.5cm thick and is badly corroded.

.

Bottle Glass

1 Four pieces of clear bottle glass have been subjected to.
intense heat.
2 . Clear glass showing double ridged design (also square 1, spit
2).
3 . Jar rim.
4 . Thin glass tube (also in square 1, spit 2).
5 . Square bottle base. Not embossed.
6. Small broken square bottle base. Green tinted. Not
embossed.
7 . Large round bottle base, 0.5 centimetres thick. Not embossed.
8 . Broken bottle base, diameter 3 centimetres. Not embossed.

Ceramics

1 . Three pieces of a white glazed plate or bowl (0.9 centimetres
thick). The earthenware is glazed on both sides.

Metal strap

1 The strap is 2.8 centimetres wide and has been punctured by a.
nail.

Plastic with four thread holes

1 . Thirty-seven pieces of clear glass has been partially melted under extremeheat.
2 . A drinking glass with a black transfer print was excavated from spit 3. The
print depicted a forested garden scene.
3 . Base of a clear glass a square bottle.
4 . Pieces from a decoratively pitted bottle.
5 . A wide bottle neck from a milk bottle or food preservative container.
6 . Thick bottle base, diametre 5 centimetres. '...6'.
7 . Bottle base, diametre 3 centimetres. 'Z..%
8 . Bottle base, diametre 2.5 centimetres.

Button1 . Plastic with four thread holes

Wooden Post

1.

3 centimetres thick.

1 One piece of green bottle glass, three pieces of brown bottle.
glass, and 20 pieces of clear bottle glass have been subjected
to intense heat.
2 . Neck of a screw top bottle.
3 . Clear glass showing double ridged design (also square 1, spit
2).

S q u a r e 2, s p i t 3

S q u a r e 1, s p i t 3
Bottle Glass

1 . Fired at a low temperature and contains inclusions of limestone.

S q u a r e 2, s p i t 2

S q u a r e 1, spit 2
Bottle Glass

A p p e n d i x 14 c o n t . : Southern Cisterns, trench 1.

Square 3, spit 1, 2,& 3
Bottle Glass

1 . One piece of brown bottle glass and one piece of clear bottle
glass have been exposed to extreme heat.

S q u a r e 4, spit 1, 2,& 3

S q u a r e 2, s p i t 1
Bottle Glass

1 . Five pieces of clear glass have been subjected to intense heat.
2 . Clear glass showing double ridged design (also square 1, spit 2).

Floor tile

1 . This item is a broken square mudstone slab. It has thick ridges
underneath to allow the tile to grip onto a flat surface (alsosquare 2, spit 2).

624

Ceramics

1 Fragment of a white glazed dish, 1.1 centimetre thick. The side.
of the dish extended 4.8 centimetres from its base at an angleof 120 degrees (also square 1, spit 2).

Window Glass

1 . A large piece of window glass (7 centimetres by 9 centimetres)
was removed from the surface of the cisterns eastern wall. This
glass is pebbled and encases wire mesh (also squares 1 and 3).

625

dix 1

t . : Sc

Ciste..

_...rich 2.

A p p e n d i x 1 4 c o n t . : Southern Cisterns, trench 6.

S I T E : S O U T H E R N CISTERNSS I F E : S O U T H E R N CISTERNSTRENCH 2

TRENCH 6
SQUARES 162
Artefacts

Sq 1
Spit
1-3

Glass
(bottle brown)Glass(bottle dear)
Glass(bottle green)Glass(bottle tinted)
Glass, window(encasedfilament) 6mm
Mortar, grey
NutPot, rim (day)

I

I 1

Bolt
Bone, rib(sheep)Ceramics

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

11.9

1.2

Date
(est)

Sq 2
Spit
1-3

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

1
Ii

1}3.2
2)0.5

1

1.8
0.4

1

1

2

1

8

4.0

I 3.0

13.0

12.6

Ii

3

10

1.0
6.8

6.4

Ii

1

110

3.0

u.s

1

180

5.0

5.0

2.8

I 0.2

4.5-7.8

3.33.5

1

Slate

1(5)

j

2.9-8.4

L a b e l s a n d o t h e r features
Southern Cisterns, Trench

2.68.1

18311870

1(3)

40

2

S q u a r e 1, s p i t 1, 2 , &3Ceramics

1 F r a g m e n t o f a white glazeddish.
.
2 . F r a g m e n t o f whiteporcelain,
3 millimetres thick.

S q u a r e 2 , s p i t 1, 2 , &3
BoneBottle Glass

Date
(est)

1 . Rib f r o m a s h e e p which has

been c h o p p e d ato n e end.

1 R i m o f a g r e e n bottle, 1
centimetre wide.
.
2 . O n e p i e c e o f clear glass which
has been subjected to intenseheat.
3 . Neck of ajar, diametre 4
centimetres.

Ceramics

1. F r a g m e n t o f a w h i t e glazed dish, thickness varies. Glazed

Window Glass1.

T h i s glass is p e b b l e d a n d

on both sides.

encases wire m e s h (also s q u a r e s 1, 3, and 4).

626

19101937
18311870

SQUARE 1
Artefacts

Spit
1

Weight(gms)

Bitumen(sample)Bolt
Bone
Bottle top,
'Sunnywest'(pink aluminium)
Brick, handpressed(sample)Brick, machine
Ceramics

1<10

Charcoal
Furnace rockGlass(bottle brown)Glass(bottle clear)Glass(bottle tinted)
Glass, window(2rnm)
Glass, window(1.5mm)
Metal misc.
Nail, ferrous(whole) flatround head
Nail, smallround head(ferrous metal)
Slate

Length
(cm)

6
1

1

Date
(est)

Spit
2

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

1
9

<10

3.0

2.0

1

30

4.5

3.5

18551880

1
2

225
<10

8.0
1}3.5
2)2.8

6.5
1)1.0
2)1.5

>1910

20

2.5

3.0

2.0

1.0

4.8

0.3

2.5

0.3

Date
(est)

19701980
20

4.0

18551880

2.5

1

17

3.0

1.8

9
3
1

34

15

1.0

1.0

46

120

1

20

3.2

2.1

1.0

0.3

1(4)
6

<10

11

2
1
4
1

3.3

16

4(22)

4

<10

1.2-9.3

TimberTin
Tube, glass
Wire, pipe tie

5

<10

1.3

SQUARES 1&2
Artefacts

Sq 1
Spit
3-6

Alfoil (cigarette
packet)Bone
Brick, hand
madeButtonCharcoal

Width
(cm)

0.76.2
1.1

18311870

18311870

3
5
1(3)

<10
10

1.5

1.0

Sq 2
Spit
1

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

0.7

1
1
Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

1980

1
21
1
1
12

2

627

Date
(est)

10

0.6

0.3
18551880

A p p e n d i x 1 4 c o n t . : S o u t h e r n Cisterns,
trench 7.

A p p e n d i x 15 c o n t . : S o u t h e r n Cisterns, trench 8.

S I T E : S O U T H E R N CISTERNSSITE: S O U T H E R N CISTERNSTRENCH 7

TRENCH 8

SQUARE 1
Artefacts

Spit
1

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Glass
(bottle clear)
Light globe cap(bakelite)

7

8

1.3

0.8

1

SQUARE 1
Artefacts

Date
(est)

AlfoilBolt (broken)
Bone
Bone, burnt
Bottle top (al.)>1910

Labels and o t h e r features
Southern Cisterns, T r e n c h 7

1.

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

<10

3.6
1.0

0.6
0.6

Date
(est)

1
6

O n e p i e c e of c l e a r glass has been subjected

to intense heat.

Button, metal
Cardboard,
book cover
Ceramics
Charcoal
Furnace rockGlass(bottle brown)Glass(bottle clear)Glass(bottle green)Glass(bottle tinted)
Glass, window(6mm thick) withfilament
Glass, window(tinted, 3mm)
Metal misc.
Nail, ferrous(rose, square)
Plastic, wrapper
Slate

630

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

1

<10

1.8

1.1

1

40

6.0

5.2

1)0.6
2)3.5

1)0.4
2)2.0

Date
(est)

1
19701980

3

1
1(5)

2.0

0.5-3

5

>1855
19701980

1.3
1.1

0.5-2

1
4
41

60

2

3

1
3(6)

1.5

3.0

1.0

0.3

Spit
3

AlfoilBone
Bone, burnt
Boot heel cap
Bottle top (al.)

1
47
9
1
3

Cardboard(book cover)Ceramics

1
1)3
2)1
24

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

40

2.0

1.5

Date
(est)
1980

<10

>1900
19701980
19701980

5

3.5

1)2.2
2)1.5
1-3

1)2.1
2)1.3
0.5-2

631

2
6

1.7

1.0

32

50

3.2

2.7

1

<10

2.0

0.9

1

<10

2.3

2.0

1

<10

3.3

2.5

1

2.2

0.2

1
2

0.6

0.3

7.8

0.3

1
1

SQUARE 1
Artefacts

18551870

12
10StringWire

CharcoalSpit
219701980

1

Brick, handS q u a r e 1, s p i t 1
Bottle Glass

Spit
1

1980
18551870

p p e r . a r x 15 c o n t .

Southern Cisterns, trench 8.

SQUARE 1
Artefacts

Spit
3

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

Floor tile,
terracotta(1.2cm thick)'Furnace rockGlass(bottle brown)Glass(bottle clear)Glass(bottle tinted)
Glass, window(2mm thick)Glass, window(3mm thick)Glass, window(pebbled mesh
0.6mm)
Glass, window(green tinted
and lined
0.65mm)
Metal misc.
Nails, ferrous
Nails, ferrous(flat roundhead),
Nails, small
nails and tacs
(round heads)
Slate

1

30

4.0

3.4

19101937

3
6

20
30

2.0
4.0

1.8
3.0

103

230

1

10

limberTin, screw top
jar lidTobacco bag

A p p e n d i x 14 c o n t . : Southern Cisterns, trench 8.
S q u a r e 1, s p i t 2

Glasshave been
1 . Eight fragments of dear bottle glass

2.0

Ceramics

2
20

5.5

2.4

1

10

3.6

2.2

6
57
4

2.7-4.9
5.3-9.5

23

1.8

3

90

8
1(3)

10

0.514.8
3-5
1.1

0.48.6
1-3
4.3

Glass

18551870

1

Labels a n d other features
S o u t h e r n Cisterns, Trench 8
S q u a r e 1, s p i t 1
Bottle tops

1 . One pink aluminium bottle top and one burnt bottle top. Both items arelabelled 'Sunnywest'. One unlabelled bottle top.

Buttons

1 . One metal button with two centered thread holes and a diameter of
1.3cm.

Cardboard

1 . Five decomposed pieces of the hard cover of a book - no print.

Glass

1

.

.

subjected to intense heatS q u a r e 1, s p i t 3

61

thick).

1

Bottle tops
4.0

Two fragments of a green glazed plate (4mm

Ceramics

Six fragments of dear bottle glass have been subjected to intense heat.

1.

One pink aluminium bottle top labelledtops.

'Sunnywest'. Two silver bottle

0.4cm and 0.25cm).
1 . A white glazed plate (thickness varies:
glazed rim, a gold band and a blue
2 . One fragment of a cup with a whitetransfer print design.
subjected to intense
Thirty-six pieces of clear bottle glass have beenheat.
2.6cm).
2 . Square dear bottle base (5.0cm x(5.0cm x 2.6cm).
3 . Square brown bottle base, 7mm thick
1

.

Api

A p p e n d i x 14 c o n t . . Incinerator, trench 3.

trenchc 14 .

SITE: INCINERATOR
TRENCH 3
SQUARE 1
Artefacts

Spit
1

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

Bone
-Bottle top (al.)

Weight(gms)

Length(cm)

1

1

Brick, red
ButtonCeramics
Glass(bottle clear)Glass(bottle green)
Mortar, grey(with cream
paint) 0.9cm
Nail, (pitchedround head)
Slate

Spit
2

1

90

5.5

5

SQUARE 1
Artefacts

Spit
3

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

BasaltBone
Brick, red withinclusions
Ceramics
Charcoal
Furnace rockGlass(bottle brown)Glass(bottle dear)
Glass(bottle green)
Leather
Metal (iron)
Mortar, grey
lime inclusions
and white paint(2.5cm thick)Nails, ferrous(square stem &a squarepitched head)
Nails, ferrous(flat round head
and a squared
stem)

2
5

50

3.7

2.2

Date
(est)

19701980
>1910

50

1)3.3
2)1.7
3.3

1

2

2.0

1.7

1

6.2

0.4

2

3.5

2

<10
2

1.5
2.5

1.0
1.0

2

6

3.0

1.5

2

6

4.1

1.0

1
1(4)

80

Nail, galvanized(flat round
head)
Slate

1

3.8

2

1-1.5

2

100

6

3.5

Spit
4

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

2
1

10

3.9
4.4

2.0
3.2

>1910

1

6.6

634

Date
(est)

1-1.2

18551880

9.5
6.0

3.0
4.0

1

8.1

0.5

1

3.6

0.3

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

3.5

3.0

Date
(est)

L a b e l s a n d o t h e r features
Southern Cisterns, Trench 3

Bottle Glass

1 . Three pieces of glass are part of the same corrugated bottle.
2 . Broken bottle base, diametre of 4 centimetres. No maker's mark.
3 . Broken jar base, diametre 01 4.5 centimetres. Jar rim, diametre
2.8 centimetres. Inscribed 'P.B.M' (Perth Bottle Manufacturers).
Machine made.

Button1

Ceramics

1 . One fragment of white porcelain.
The
2 . Three pieces of white glazed earthenware, 0.5 centimetres thick.
earthenware is glazed on both sides and one piece is part of a rim.
Together the pieces form part of a food jar with a diametre of 8
centimetres.

One plastic shirt button with two thread holes.

S q u a r e 1, s p i t 3
1 . One fragment of white porcelain.

30

70
80

Spit
4

Timber, burnt

Ceramics

1(2)
1

Width
(cm)

S q u a r e 1, s p i t 218551880
1940

1
1

Length
(cm)

Spit
3

5

0.8

1
1
2
1

3

30

3.8

1(3)
2(1)
12

1

Bitumen

1.1

4.5

Date
(est)

2.7
1.6
1)2.1
2)1.5
3.0

1
1

50

Width
(cm)

Weight(gms)

SQUARE 1
Artefacts

635

S I T E : INCINERATOR
TRENCH 4

SQUARE 1
Artefacts

Spit
1

Weight(gms)

Basalt (sample)
Brick, red(sample) withinclusions
Ceramics
Glass(bottle clear)Glass(bottle tinted)
Glass (window)
0.2cm
Lid, twist top jar(metal)Lid, plastic
Mortar, coarse
grey(0.4cm thick)
Strap, metal(0.1cm thick)
Strap, metal(0.5cm thick
Strap, metal(0.1cm thick)
Timber (jarrah)
Tube, glass

1

SQUARE 1
Artefacts

Spit
3

AlfoilBed spring
Bitumen(sample)Bone
Brick, red (withinclusions)(sample)Brick, glazed
white withinclusions
Ceramics
Charcoal
Furnace rockGlass(bottle brown)Glass(bottle clear)Glass(bottle tinted)
Glass (window)
1.5mm

1
1
1

40

2
4

40

1

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

3

Spit
2

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

1
1

50

6

4.2

18801910

1
2

8

1

3

1(2)

3.3
1.7

2.1

1.2
1.1

1.6

1

25

6.8

>1960

1
1

<10

5.4

>1920

6.0

1

1.8

1
1

180

Weight(gms)

25.9

Length
(cm)

1.7

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

1

6.5

2.6

2

7.6

1.8

Spit
4

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

1

10

2.3

2.2

18801910

1

350

11

5.6

>1910

1980
4.5

Incinerator, trench 4.

A p p e n d i x 14 cont.

A p p e n c u x 1 4 c o n t . : Incinerator, trench 4.

Spit
4

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

3,3

1

15

2.7

1.7

0.3

2

2.0

0.3

2.0
1.0

2.0
05

Date
(est)

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

30

3.5

15

2 5-7 62

4.5-6.5

1

4.0

0.4

9

25

1.0

0.5

Timber, jarrah

1

10

3.0

1.7

SQUARE 1
Artefacts

Spit
5

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

Brick, red (withinclusions)(sample)Charcoal(sample)Furnace Rock
Glass (1.5mm)
Nails, ferrous(broken)
Slate

1

10

20

2.0

18801910

1
1

1.8
2.2

1.0
0.5

2

1.5

1.1

SQUARE 1
Artefacts

Spit
3

Miscellaneous
metal, corroded
Mortar, finegrey with whitepaint (sample)
Nails, ferrous(flat heads)
Nail, galvanized(square head)
Nail, square
stem and flatround head(ferrous metal)
Nut
Slate

1(4)
1

18551880

1
1(3)

40
15

Date
(est)

18551880

1

18551880

L a b e l s a n d o t h e r features
Incinerator, Trench 4

c1940

3.2

S q u a r e 1, s p i t 1

1.8

3
1
4
2

1.1

7

1.1

1.0

18

20

1.4

1.0

4

15

6

10

3.0

2.0

636

2
1

<10

3.5

1.7

1

<10

1.4

1.1

Bottle Glass

1 . One piece of thick clear bottle glass.

S q u a r e 1, s p i t 2

Ceramics

Made
1 . One piece of a white glazed bowl base.
in 'England'.

Bottle Glass

1 . One piece of green tinted bottle glass637

by 'Wedgewood' ceramics,

with a machine seam and blisters.

A p p e n d i x 14 c o n t . : Women's Prison Yards,

A p p e n d i x 14 c o n t . : Wooden Division, trench 5.

SITE: W O M E N S P R I S O N YARDS

S q u a r e 1, s p i t 3
Ceramics

Two fragments of white glazed earthenware. The fragments are 10
millimetres and 5 millimetres thick.
2 . One piece of pink porcelain,1.5 millimetres thick. This artefact is part of therim of a cup.
1.

1 . Ave pieces of clear bottle glass which have been subjected to intense
heat.

Bottle Glass

trench 1.

SITE: W O O D E N DIVISIONTRENCH 1
SQUARES 1
Artef acts
Brick, early red
machineBnclir, hand(sample)Plastic,
biro cap
Slate

210

6.8

Width
(cm)
4.0

100

7.7

5.8

1

<10

11.0

0.7

Date
(sat)
18801910
18521880
1980s

2

50

7.1
4.3

4.4
3.5

18291860

Spits
1&2

Weight Length(cIrns) (cm)

TRENCH 5
SQUARE 1
Artefacts

Spit
1

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Ceramics
Glass(bottle clear)Glass(bottle tinted)
Glass (window)
1.5rnmMortar tile
(lime), 1.5cm
thick
Slate tile

1
4

10

2.5
3.6

2.0
3.2

1

2.9

3.0

Date
(est)

1

40

8

5.5

18551910

1

30

4.5

4.3

18291860

Spit2

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

1

15

6.5

4.0

1

20

6

3.9

Date
(eat)

18291860

L a b e l s a n d o t h e r features
Wooden Division, Trench 5
S q u a r e 1, s p i t 1
Ceramics

1.

One fragment of melted white porcelain.

639
638

App,

A p p e n d i x 14 c o n t . : Women's Prison Yards, trench 1.

14 co."... Womeo s 1-rison Yards, trench 1.

Women's Prison Yards, Trench 2

S I T E : W O M E N ' S P R I S O N YARDSTRENCH 2
SQUARE 1
Artefacts

Bitumen(tar, quartz &laterite)
Bottle top, (a).)

Square 1, s p i t 1
Spit
1

2

Weight(grns)

10

Length
(cm)

4.2

2

Bock, early red
machineButton (metal)

2

Charcoal
Furnace Rock
Glass (clear)
Glass (green)
Glass (window)
0.15
Metal misc.
(galvanized)
Mortar, grey
Mortar, lime(pink
kalsomine)
Nails ferrous
metal (broken)
Nails,_galvanized
Paint, cream
Pipe, smoker's(clay stem)
Plastic, green
wire casing(diametre 4mm)
Slate

1

5

Timber

1

20

3.6

2.3

2.3

1950

1

<10

1

20

3.7

19701390
18801910
18501920

2.4

0.5

0.3

1
1

2.4

1.6

5.6

0.5

40

30

1.8

1

6

1

(eat)

15

20
13

Date
(est)

1950

2.6
0.9
1.2

1

Width
(cm)

(cm)

3.6
1.6
2.6

2

(gms)

Length
(cm)

Spit

1.4

1

Weight

Date

Width

2

.

4.2

1

<10

2.0

1.4

1
4

10

1.3
1.9

1.1
1.6

7

10

>1910
18501910

2

3.7

0.5

6.5

0.4

18501930
19601990

1
1

<10

0.5

1.2

0.4

18291860

1 . One blue milk bottle top labelled 'M' and one pink
'Sunnywest'.

Bottle Glass

1 . The mouth of a clear bottle with a diameter of 3.7cm.

Button1 . One thin metal shirt button marked
four thread holes.

Square 1, s p i t 2

1

1

2.1

19701990
18801910

0.7-6.0

0.5-3.5

18291860

milk bottle top labelled

Allot

One red milk bottle top labelled.

Alfoil1

Clay pipe

1 . The unmarked stem of a clay pipe.

.

'BEST.RING.EDGE.'. The button has

Prison Yards,
A p p e n d i x 1 4 c o n t . : Women'sA p p e n d i x 1 4 c o n t . : W o m e n ' s Prison Yards, trench 3.

S I T E : W O M E N ' S P R I S O N YARDSTRENCH 3
SQUARES 152
Artefacts
Bone
Erick (early red
machine)Button (metal)
Charcoal
Earthenwaredrainage
Glass(bottle clear)
Glass (bottle_green)Glass (bottle
green tinted)
Glass (window)
1.5mm
Glass (window)
0.2 tinted
Lead disc
Nails, flat round(ferrous metal)
Nails Pitchedhead (ferrous)
Nails Rose headand square
stem (ferrous)
Nails,
galvanized(round flat
head)
Slate
Strap,
aluminium(0.5mm thick)
Strap, corroded
ferrous metal(3mm thick)Tacks, ferrous
metal (roundhead)
SQUARE3
Artefacts
Bitumen
Bone
Brick, early red
machineCharcoalGlass(bottle tinted)

Sq 1
Spit
152
7
I

1
1

Weight
(gms)
<10
20

300

Length
(cm)
2.0
4.5

0.4
13.0

Width
(cm)
0.5
2.6

2

10

0.6

0.5

7

0.4

0.3

1

10

4.0

3.5

2

<10

2.0

1.2

<10

3.7

3.5

2

5

20

5.2

0.5

1

<10

3.3

0.4

1

10

<10

30

2.8

2-4.5

18801910

18291870

0.93.4

18291860

2.0

71Weight
(gms)
10
<10
30

Length
(cm)
2.5
1.4
3.0

Width
(cm)
1.5
0.6
2.5

1
1

7

0.6
1.0

0.4
0.5

Spits
152

1

Width
(cm)

<10
<10

1.3
0.3

0.8
0.2

1

<10

1.6
0.5

Date
(est)

18801910
18501920

0.3

1

4

12

15

1.4

0.8

2

1

20
<10

3.0

4.0
0.3

6

15

3.8

0.3

<10

4.5-6.0810

1.4-4.6

1

10

11.9

1

<10

Weight
(gms)

Spits
152
1

Length
(cm)
1.1

Width
(cm)
1.0

Date
(est)

1

1.9

1.0

2

5.5

0.4

18291870

5

4.5

0.3

18291870

2

2.4-2.7
18501930

1
90

1(2)

6.8

5.6

L a b e l s a n d o t h e r features
W o m e n ' s Prison Yards, Trench 3
S q u a r e 1, s p i t s 1 a n d 2

18291870

Earthenware

1

Gl‘c,

1

1.8

A piece of green tinted bottle glass. bottle.

Button1

Lead disc1

0.3

0.83.50.9

18291860
1870

B r o w n glazed drainage pipe.

.

oft.6cm
A metal shirt button with a diameter. Inscription faded.
.

T h e disc has a d i a m e t e r of 4 c m
t h e d i s c is 1.5mm.

and four thread holes.

and a hole in its centre. T h e thicknessofS q u a r e 3, s p i t s 1 a n d 2
1.

S t e m inscribed '...GOW'. T h e pipe w a s
a d i a m e t e r of 0.6cm.

1.0

Date
(est)
1950
18801910
..

643
642

is t h e wide mouth of a f o o d storage

S q u a r e 2, s p i t s 1 a n d 2

C l a y pipe

2.1

2Length
(cm)

2

0.3

6.5

60

Weight
(gms)

c1930

5.5

1

Sq 2
Spit
152
21
1

1

0.3
7.0

2

Date
(est)

SQUARE 3
Artefacts
Glass(window) 1mm
Laterite(sample)Nails, Rose withsquare stem
(ferrous metal)
Nails, Rose withsquare stem
(ferrous metal)
Nails,
galvanized
Pipe, smoker's(clay stem)
Strap, corroded

trench 3.

manufactured in G l a s g o w a n d has

Ap ,

14

Bath House, trench 1.
A p p e n d i x 1 4 c o n t . : Bath House, trench 1.

SITE: B A T H HOUSESQUARES 18,2
Artefacts

TRENCH 1
SQUARE 1
Artefacts

Spit
1

Bone,
3
fragments
Brick, red with1
inclusions
Charcoal1
Copper, scrap
1(0.5mm)Glass(bottle clear)
Glass (window)2
2rnm
Mortar, lime with 1
pink kalsomine(sample)Mortar, grey
1
(sample)Nails (pitched2(7)head withsquare stem)
Nails, (flatround, round
stem)
Slate,
1
fragments
SQUARES 152
Artefacts

Sq 1
Spit
3

Basalt (sample)
Bone
Brick, hand1pressed(orange red)
Brick, red with1
inclusions
Concrete, grey
Charcoal
1Glass1(bottle clear)
Glass (window)
2mm
Lead, scrap
Mortar, lime
1(pink
kalsomine)
Nails, ferrous(pitched headand square
stem)
Nails, ferrous
2(flat head,round stem)

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

<10

1.1

1.0

<10

2.8

1.6

ao

3.2

2.4

1.6

0.8

Date
(eat)

Spit
2

Weight
(gms)

3.5

<1910

5.7

0.3

18291870

1

21

2.8

1.7

1

<10

4.0

1.8

1

<10

1.2

1.0

7.5

8.5

4.0

18291860

3Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(eat)

Sq 2
Spit
1
1

<10

1.2

1.0

18301880

<10

3.0

2.0

18801910

SQUARE 2
Artefacts

18501910

1

15

0.6

Date
(eat)

Strap, corroded
Tack
Timber, jarrah
Tin, corroded
Washer18501910

5.2

0.9

Width
(cm)

19101990

2

<10
10

Length
(cm)

0.6

>1870

18291860

1

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

30
<10

4.8
0.8

3.4
0.5

1

<10

3.0

2.2

1
1

15

3.6

2.0

1

<10

2.0

Date
(est)

>1950

1.7

1

1

4.5

644

Nails
Nails,
galvanizedSlate, fragment

<10

4.0

1

7.9

4

1.5-4.5

2.218501910
18291870

Brick, red withinclusions
CharcoalGlass(bottle dear)
Glass(bottle green)
Glass (window)
3mm
Metal misc.
Mortar, lime withpink kalsomine
Nails, ferrous(pitched headand square
stem)
Nails, ferrous(flat head,round stem)
Slate,
fragments
Tacks (roundhead andsquare stem)
SQUARE 3
Artefacts

Sq 1
Spit
3
2(5)

2

1
1
1

Weight
(gms)

<10

<10
<10

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

2.7

0.3

1.7

2.3
0.5

Date
(eat)

18291860

1.1

Sq 2
Spit
1

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

1

<10

5.6

0.4

4

2.3

1.7

1

3.2

2.1

Date
(eat)

18291860

1.5
0.5
1

Spit
2

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Dale
(eat)

Spit
3

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

1
6

<10
20

1.4

1.2

1

<10

2.0

1.6

1

<10

2.5

0.5

Date
(eat)

1
1
3

21

5

35

1

<10

7

1.6

1.1

1.0

1.0

5.7

0.3

18501910
18291870

0.3

9

10

2.3

0.8

2.4

18291860
1900

3

1.9

2

10

2.3-2.7

1.918291860
1900

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(eat)

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(eat)

<10
<10

1.0
0.8

0.4
0.6

Sq 4
Spit
1
5
1

<10
<10

1.2
1.6

0.8
1.1

1
1

<10

3.0

1.2

5
1

Sq 3
Spit
1
12
1

Bone, fragment
Brick, red(sample)Buttons (metal)

2

Kalsomine, pink1

Charcoal
Concrete,coarse grey
(sample)Glass(bottle clear)
Glass (window)
2rnm

1
1

100

8.5

5.5

9

12

3.0

1.5

2

<10

0.8

0.4

19101990

19101990

1.41.75
18501910
>1950

645

>1950

I Glasi
1.5mti,---173..-1:10

1

1-<-17I 1.4

A p p e n d i x 1 4 c o n t . : B a t h House, trench 2.

0.8

SITE: B A T H HOUSE

A p p e n d i x 1 4 c o n t . : Bath House,
trench 1.

TRENCH 2
SQUARE 3
Artefacts

Sq 3
Spit
1
1

Mortar, greywith whitekalsomine
Nails, ferrous(flat roundhead, round
stem)
Pipe, smoker's(clay) fragment
Slate

15

Tacks
TimberWire

2
3
1

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

250

14.0

11.0

19101950

4(6)

6.8

1-6.3

Weight
(gms)

3

1
60

Sq 4
Spit
1

0.54.918291930
18291860

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

3.8

0.3

7

30

1.0-8.2

0.53.7

1

<10

5.2

1.8

Date
(est)

18291860

L a b e l s a n d o t h e r features
Bath House, T r e n c h 1
S q u a r e 2, s p i t 2
Bottle Glass1.

A g r e e n bottle b a s e with a s t e e p pontil andan incomplete maker's mark,...C...'. This glass is 0 . 7 c m thick.

.

O n e piece of clear glass has been subjected

S q u a r e 3, s p i t 1
Bottle Glass

1

Buttons1

to intense heat.

A metal button which bears t h e inscription 'Our O w n
Make', diametre of.
1.4cm. T h i s button h a s f o u r t h r e a d holes.
2 . A m e t a l button which bears t h e inscription 'Excelsior...',
diametre of
1.75cm. T h i s button has f o u r t h r e a d holes.

SQUARE 1
Artefacts

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

6
1

<10
360

9.1

7.2

19101990

1

240

11.4

8.2

>1950

1

60

6.0

4.1

c1930

Spit
2

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

1

<10

3.2

0.7

1

200

12.5

7.2

>1910

Bone
Brick, redmachineCharcoal
Concrete,paving slab
1.8crn thick
Earthenware,drainage pipe
Glass (window)
2rnrn
Hook, metal,
corroded
Mortar, grey
cemented tolimestone
Mortar, greywith red render
Mortar, greywith cream
kalsomine,
1.8cm thickNails, ferrous(flat roundhead, square
stem)
Slate

2(3)

<10

1.5

0.2

18291870

1(4)

<10

1.9

0.2

18291870

5

60

3.5

3.0

18291860

2

15

4.0

2.3

18291860

Timber

1

<10

1.5

1.0

Spit
1

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

Spit
2

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

7.5

0.8

18291870

2.7
3.0

2.3
2.0

1
1
1

410

12

8.2

18801910

1

15

3.0

2.1

18801910

SQUARE2
Artefacts
Bolts (squared
head and stem)
BoneBone, bumt
Brick,
orange-red(early machinewith inclusions)
Brick, red(early machinewith inclusions)
Button, metal
Button, plastic
Charcoal
Earthenware,domestic
Earthenware
drainage

646

Spit
1

1

4.5

1
1

40

6.5

4.0

1

40

5.2

3.3

2
13
3

1

<10
<10

20

5.4

>1910

2.0

18801910

>1920

1
1

18501920

1.4-1.7

4

<10

3.2

2.1

647

1
1

20

12.0

10.0

1

20

3.1

2.2

c1930

App,..in., i x 1 4 c o n t . : Bath House, trench 2.

SQUARE 2
Artefacts
Glass(bottle clear)
1.5-4mm thickGlass(bottle green)Glass(window)3mm
Glass (window)
2rrrn
Glass (window)
1.5mrnHandle, bucket(metal)Hook, metal
Lead, scrap
Miscellaneous
metal, corroded
Mortar, lime withpink kalsomine(sample)Mortar, lime

Spit
1

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

5

22

1.2

2

8

2
1

Date
(est)

Spit
2

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

0.8

3

9

1.9

1.1

2.4

2.0

1

3

1.2

1.1

3.5

3.0

1

<10

1.5

0.6

3.5

1

A p p e n d i x 1 4 c o n t . : Bath House, trench 2.

40

2.5

0.5

1940

<10

1.6

1.2

2

<10

1.6

1.2

1

1

1
5
9

3
8

4

Mortar, greywith lime andcharcoalinclusions(sample)Mortar, lime
11
grey with cream
kalsomine
Nails, ferrous(pitched head,square stems)
Nails, ferrous
3(round head,square stem)
Nails, ferrous
1(round head,square stem)
Nails, ferrous
1(flat head,round stem)
Pins (square
stems andround heads)
Pipe, smoker's(clay)
Screws, ferrous 2
Slate
4

10
510

6.3
9.0-21

Slate

14

200

6.5

Strap, metal(1.0cm thick)
Timber

1
2

2

320

5.1

3

1940
15

2.5

0.5

18501910

2.0

1

120

11.2

6.0

1

50

5.3

4.5

6.0

0.3

18291870

14

3.6

0.4

18291870

10

5.3

0.4

>1870

2

60

30

15

9.1

0.5

18291860
18291860

0.318291870

2.6

0.418291870

2.9

1.7

7

650

50

19.09.0

5.39.59.0

3.0

18291860

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

450

3.5

3.0

6.7

7.0

Bone
Bone, burnt
Boot heel cap

Sq 3
Spit
1
237
27
1

Brick, hand

2

<10

2.3

1.7

Brick, machine

1

<10

2.2

1.1

Charcoal
Button, metal

33
1

SQUARES 2&3
Artefacts

Button, plastic
Furnace rockGlass(bottle clear)Glass(bottle, green)
Glass (window)
1.5mm
Lead, scrap
Metal misc.
Mortar, lightgrey (9cm)
Nails, pitchedhead and stem
Nails, ferrous(flat round,round stem)
Nails
Slate, pieces
TimberWashers,square (lead)
Wire
SQUARE 3
Artefacts
BoneBone, burnt
Boot heel cap

Sq 2
Spit
3

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Brick, machine

Ceramics
Charcoal
Earthenware
Furnace rockGlass(bottle brown)

Date
(est)

2.7
3.0

1

2

0.7

0.7

2
9

50
20

1

4

1.8

1.7

2

2

8

1.7

0.8

2
12
2

60
60

2.1
2.1
7.0-7.2

3

5.7

0.3

10

1.8-5.5

0.4

8.518.0
1.0

5.48.5
0.8

2
1

120
<10

1

18291860

Spit2

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

7
2

100
20

3.5
3.2

2.5
2.8

2.5
2.5

5.7

0.2
2.0
3.85.7
0.5

6(14)
18

20
150

2.2
6.8

0.3
4.5

2
2

10

4

1
9.0

Date
(est)

Spit
3

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

34
2
s

220

3.5

5.0

190

6.5

7.5

10

5.5

2.1

2
40

5.0

4.2

1
2
2

3

1
16
1
4
1

27
7

19001920
18291880
19101990

19101950
18291870>1870

18291860

1

1

3

Date
(est)

18501920
>1920

1.4

1

Boot lace studs

Buckles
Buttons1

648

18291870
18551930

2.3
2.2

18291870

3.7

1
0.6
6.58.5
4.5

18291910
c1910

19101950
3

7.0

Date
(est)

30

4.5

4.2

649

1.11.5

300
<10
6

12.5
3.1
2.1

7.0
3.0
1.5

Date
(est)

19001920
19001920
19101990
1920

Glz(bottle clear)Glass(bottle green)Glass(bottle tinted)
Glass, lined(window), 6mm

15

,_.5

2

all

1

8

1.9

1.6

3

10

1.8

1.1

2

1

8
6

<10

8.5

6.1

A p p e n d i x 1 4 c o n t . : B a t h House, trench 2.

SQUARE3
Artefacts

Spit
2

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Glass (window)
3rrrn
Glass (window)
1.5mm
Handle, bucket(metal)Light globe cap(metal)Metal misc.
Nails, ferrous(pitched head,square stem)
Nails, ferrous(flat roundhead, roundstem)
Nails, broken
Nails,
galvanized(round head andsquare stem)
Slate

2

180

10.0

6.5

Slate

6

250

8.0

6.0

Strap, metal(2mm thick)Tacks (flatround heads)
Timber

1

95

16.2

4.5

3

1.0-4.5

0.53.0Tin can
Wire

1

7.2

0.2

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

SQUARE 4
Artefacts
AlfoilBolt (flat roundhead, diametre
2.7cm)
Bone
Bone, burnt
Boot tack

3

<10

2.2

Date
(est)

2.1

Spit
3

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

3

<10

2.5

2.1

6
1

20

40.0

0.5

6

5(13)
1

20

11
7

7.2

40

3.5-5

0.3

10

15

9(25)
1

3.7

18291860
18291860

5Weight
(gms)

1

30

100

Boot heel caps

1

Buttons1

18291870

3.1-4.5
3.7

7.0

>1870

0.4

4.5

1860

18291860

2.7
30

1.6

0.1

Date
(est)

26

110

4.0

0.2

Spit
2

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

9.3

1.4

3.2

2.2

3.1
2.8

2.0
2.2

19001940

42
10
1

45
15

2

20

7.5

7.1

Handle, bucket
Leather
Metal, misc.
Mortar, lime
(sample)Nails, ferrous(flat roundhead)
Nails, rose
round stem
Nails, pitched
Paper, label for
Bushells Tea
Slate
Strap, metal(corroded) lmm
Tack, flat roundTar (sample)

SQUARE 4
Artefacts
Date
(es!)

19701990

190

1.9
3.1

0.6
1.7

3.0

1

0.6

Spit
1

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

1

10

1

5.0

2.5

2.8

0.4

Date
(est)

18291910

90

4.1

3.2

1
6

30
40

5.0
6.0

3.1
2.0

10

3.0

2.0

3

4.5

2.0

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Spit
2

Weight(gms)

Bolt
Bolt clip
BoneBone, burnt
Boot heel caps
Boot lace stud19001940
19001940

1(3)
1
7
5

Date
(est)
1940

40

9

4

<10

1(3)
1
1

<10
<10

3.3
0.4

5.3

0.5
0.5

<10
10

2.3
2.1

1.1
1.0

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

18291910

18701880

19801990
18291860

1
7

4.0
3.2

6.2

10

1

1.1

0.6

2.1

1.6cm

1.9
4.1

0.1
3.2

19001950
3
1(12)
1

Spit
3

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

Spit
4

Date
(est)

2.5
229
25

1

280

3.0
3.1

1
30
4
18

2.1
2.3

1.0

19001940

8

Brick, machine1

Buckle, belt

1

Buttons

3

1

650

10
7

1

Timber
Tin can,corroded
Wire

2

1
94
5

2.5

6.7

1
89

Spit
1

4.5
2.6

<10
9

1940
1950

40

1
1
3

A p p e n d i x 1 4 c o n t . : Bath House, trench 2.

SQUARE 4
Artefacts

1
6
1

Date
(est)

Charcoal
Furnace rock
Glass (clear)
Glass (green)
Glass (tinted)
0.5mm
Glass, bottle
stopper(tinted)Glass (window)
2mm
Glass (window)
3rnm

651

220
10
750

8.2
7.2
7.1

4.1
3.2
7.0
1.0

1.3
1.4
1.3

19001940
19001940
19101990
19001940

Cera

<10

Charcoal
Clip, metal
Cloth
Comb, hair(metal)Door bolt plate
Door Latch hook
Earthenware
Furnace rod<

i .2

6

1.0

1

<10

1.5
1.2
1.0
2.5
3.0
1.0

1.5
0.8
0.7
1.6
1.5
0.9

Slate

7
1

1
1

1

<10

3.7

1
23.5
2
1

2.0

50
20

6.3
4.1

4.0
3.0

A p p e n d i x 1 4 c o n t . : Bath House, trench 2.

SQUARE 4
Artefacts
Glass (clear)
Glass(green)
Glass(tinted)
Glass, bottle
stopper (tinted)
Glass (window)
3mm
Glass (window)

Spit
3

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

1
19
1

3
30

1.7
3.0

0.9
3.0

7

10

4.0

Spit
4

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

15
3

40
20

3.0
3.5

2.5
3.0

Date
(est)

2.0
17

50

4.0

3.0

13

30

3.0

2.0

ICI

Glass (window)
1.5mm
Handle, bucket
Lead, scrap
Metal, misc.
Mortar, lime
Nails, ferrous(flat roundhead)
Nails, ferrous(flat roundhead)
Nails, ferrous(squared sterns
and flat heads)
Nails, ferrous(square sterns
and flat heads)
Nails, pitched
Nails,
galvanized
Nails, broken
Nut, hexagon
Pipe, water
Screw (domed
head)
Screws (flatround heads)
Slate

5

11
1

10

30
20

3.5

2.2
6.0

2.0

1(5)
1
9

1.9
4.0

1940
50

5.0

0.3

50

2.8-5.1

5

2.5

2
2

7.2

0.5

9.5
5.6

0.5
0.3

18291870

2.9
1
1
1

1

<10

18291870

3.3

652

100

7.9
2.1

2.5
2.7

3

4.8

0.6

4

1.0

1.0

1829.1860

1.0-9.0

18291860
18291860

1.05.0Slate roof pin

1
3(22)

60

Tacks, ferrous
Tacks,
galvanized (flatround head)Tag, metal
Timber (jarrah)
Timber (pine)
Tin canTube, glass
Washer

35
14

<10

1.6
1.2

1.83.0
0.1
0.3

1
5

10

3.4
3.2

0.04
1.8

2

40

2(13)

300

7.0-8.2

3.24.318291860

2.43.0

32

1.6

5
2
1(36)

10

2.5

2.0

1.0

20.0

2.32.5
0.2

1850

150

1.9

1.3
2
3.9

5

6

0.2

A p p e n d i x 1 4 c o n t . : Bath House, trench 2.

SQUARE 4
Artefacts

Spit
5

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Bolt
Bone
Bone, burnt
Boot heel caps

109
11
9

600

5.0

4.0

390

7.0

7.4

Boot lace stud5

Brick, redmachineBucket (metal)
Buckle12(31)1Buttons1

Ceramics

2

Charcoal
Cloth,
decomposed
Door bolt plate
Earthenware
Drainage
Furnace rockGlass(bottle brown)Glass(bottle clear)Glass(bottle green)Glass(bottle tinted)
Glass (window)
1.5mm
Glass (window
2rnm
Glass (window)
2rnm

1
1

320

1.6

1.5

5.9

5.6

1)1.7
2)1

Date
(est)

19001940
19001940
19101990
1940
19201940

1.0

16

8

8(20)

2.0

18291910
1

2

3,0

20

Strap, metal

Wire
Date
(est)

2

Spit
6

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

6
78
5
4

20
440

8.3
5.0

1.1
4.0

1(63)
1

950

1.8

2

1.2

2

160

8.0

Date
(est)

7.0

19001940

5.0

1940
19201940

1.4
1.6
1)1
2)1

31
1

1(3)

2
1

40
2

1

650

15.0

14.0

40

4.0

3.0

5.4
0.5

3.2
0.4

8

7

30

3.0

2.0

4

10

3.0

2.0

1

7

3.0

1.5

1

10

3.3

0.3

12

40

2.5

2.0

3

100

7.7

5.6

14

80

1.0-7.5

24

70

5.0

2.0

3

50

6.5-7.5

6.0

5.1

13

100

5.0

1.05.55.05.8
4.5

1

653

c1930

Glass (window)
3mrn
Glass (window)
lined, 6.5mm
Handle, bucket(metal)Lead, piping
Lead, scrap
Limestone, cut
Miscellaneous
metal
Mortar, lime
(sample)Nails, ferrous(round pitchedheads)
Nails, ferrous(flat roundhead, roundstem)
Nails, (pitchedhead andsquare stem)
Nails,
fragments
Nut, hexagonal(from water
pipe)
Nut, square

2

15

4.0

2.5

1

<10

1.3

1.0

1

<10

7

150

2

30

4.7

3.03.1

1940

5.0

1
10
1

2.5

40
540

3.9
14.0

0.7
1.4
5.4

18521900

818291910

1
6.4

1

11

40

3

15
(39)

50

8.1

0.4

2.7

0.3

18291870

2.6-5.0

1770

7.0-7.6

0.3

18

60

4.8-7.6

0.4

5

20

7.6

0.5

6(18)

20

4.8

Glass (window)
2rnm
Handle, bucket(metal)Nails, ferrous
pitched heads
Nails, ferrous(flat roundhead, roundstem)
Nail, ferrous
Pipe, metal
1.2crn thickTin, fragments
tiVire

1.9

1

1.1

18291870

1940

1
2

10

7.8

0.4

3

10

4.2

0.4

1(2)
1

490

1.0
11.0

0.3
6.0

5.0
12

3.5
0.1

15

3
2

1

.

Fled drainage pipe, broken.

coated with lime slip. It varies
1 T h e grey mortar and limestone is.
surfacesin width between 0.3cm and 1.3cm and has t w o
a n g l e d at 115 degrees.

S q u a r e 1, s p i t 2Earthenware

Spit
5

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

Spit
6

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

Slate

15

110

3

170

7.512.0

4.17.018291860

5160

1.07.5
4.5

18291860

Strap, metal
Tacks, ferrous
Tacks
Tag, lead
Timberfragments
Timber, jarrah

1.012.0
38.0

21

<10

1.7

0.1

1.4-1.7

0.1

2

30

10

8.0

3.5

Tin can,corroded
Wu-e

1(35)

10

6

110

0.2

SQUARE 4
Artefacts
Bone
Boot heel cap

Spit
7
4
1

Charcoal
Earthenware,drainage pipe
Furnace rockGlass(bottle green)

2
1
2
1

19
1
2

2.7

S q u a r e 1, s p i t 1

MortarA p p e n d i x 1 4 c o n t . : B a t h H o u s e , trench 2.

SQUARE 4
Artefacts

6.0

L a b e l s a n d o t h e r features
Bath House, T r e n c h 2

Earthenware

1

20

7

1

.

B r o w n glazed drainage pipe, broken.

"

7.010.0

2.24.4

1

25.0

0.1

8

Length
(cm)
7.0
6.5

Width
(cm)
2.5

60

7.8

4.3

50
6

6.1
1.9

5.8
1.4

Weight
(qms)
40

Date
(est)
190°1940
c1930
-

654

655

Appendix 14 cont.: Bath House, trench 2.

Appendix 14 c o n t . : Bath House, trench 2.

Square 4, spit 2

S q u a r e 4, s p i t 5

Boot heel caps

1 . Two metal caps to suit heel sizes of 7.3cm and 7.5cm. The metal is 1.2cm
wide and 0.5cm thick.

Button1

Ceramics

Buttons

1 . Metal button with four centered thread holes, diameter of 1.4an.

1 . One piece of white porcelain.
2 . One piece of a hand painted china cup. Also in spit 4.

Glass

1 . One piece of dark green bottle glass has been subjected to intense heat.
2 . A machine seam is visible in one piece of glass.

Square 4, spit 3
Ceramics

1 . One broken white glazed earthenware ink well.

Glass

1 . Two pieces of glass have been subjected to intense heat.
2 . One green tinted bottle neck.

Straps

1 . Three corroded straps have broken into 22 pieces. The width of thestraps are 1.8crn, 2.8cm and 3.0cm respectively.

limber

1 . Three pieces of jarrah measuring 5.5cm by 1.9cm, 3.0cm by 1.9cm, and4.0cm by 1.5crn.

S q u a r e 4, s p i t 4
Buttons

1 . One metal button with four centered thread holes, diametre = 1.4cm. One
metal button with two centered thread holes, diametre = 1.3cm. One
plastic button with four centered thread holes, diametre = 1.3cm.

Ceramics

1 . Two fragments of a hand painted cream china cup (2mm thick).
2 . One piece of white porcelain (3.5mm thick).

Metal button with four centered thread holes, diameter of 1.8cm.

1 . One piece of clear window glass which is lined or ridged on one side
obscuring vision. This glass is 6.5mm thick.
2 . One hand blown clear bottle neck with a mouthpiece of internal diameter
1.3cm.

Glass

1 . Two pieces of slate measure 7.7cm by 6.6cm and 12.0cm by 7.5cm. The
remaining slate is fragmented.

Slate

of
1 . One strap has a width of 4.6cm, a length of 37.0cm and a thickness
1.5mm. A second strap has a width of 2.6cm and a thickness of 0.8mm. A
lead strap measures 22.4cm by 7.0. One roughly beaten iron strap with
nail holes. This strap is 2.5mm thick and 2.5cm wide. One strap measuring
6.5crn in length and 4mm in thickness. This strap has a nut and bolt
embedded within it.

Straps

1 . An identification tag made from lead. This tag has the number 60
inscribed.

Tag

Square 4, spit 6
1

Bone
G . B
Buckleu

Bone removed from trench is estimated to represent 60% of the total. amount.

t 1 t Labelled
o n
.

s

1 . Two metal buttons with four centered thread holes.

1 . One piece of grey earthenware (4mm thick).
2 . One piece of white glazed earthenware.
3 . One piece of an earthenware pot with brown glaze on the outside andcream glaze on the inside.

Earthenware
domestic

Earthenware
Drainage

1 . One piece of brown glazed earthenware from the rim of a drainage pipe.
2 . One piece of unglazed drainage pipe.

Earthenware
drainageGlass

1 . Two pieces of clear glass have been subjected to intense heat.

Glass

Straps

1 . One strap has a width of 2.4cm. A second strap has a width of 3cm.

Earthenware
Domestic.

1 . One piece of tan glazed earthenware from a pot (0.8cm thick). Also in
4.

spit

2 . One piece of curved white glazed earthenware from a plate (0.7cm thick).
1 . One piece of coarse brown glazed earthenware (2cm thick) from a pipe
leading from the bath house into the flush well.
1 . One piece of green tinted window glass measuring 7.5cm by 5.5cm(1.5mm thick).
2 . Three large pieces measure 5.0cm by 6.5cm, 5.8crn by 7.5cm and 6.7cm
by 5.8cm (2mm thick).
3 . Two pieces of green tinted glass have been subjected to intense heat.

Appendix 14 cont.: Bath House, trench 2.

Appendix 14 cont.: Bath House, trench 3.

Slate

1

Three pieces of slate measuring 12.0cm by 7.0cm, 4.2cm by 7.5cm and4.1cm by 10.0cm.

SITE: BATH HOUSE

Straps1

One strap has a width of 2.7cm and is 1.5mm thick. This strap has nailholes along its length. A second strap has a width of 3.9cm andathickness of 1.5mm.

TRENCH 3.
.

Square 4, spit 7
Earthenware

1 . Brown glazed drainage pipe, broken.

SQUARE 1
Artefacts
Bone
Brick, handmadeBock, machine
Button, broken(metal)Charcoal
Earthenware,drainage pipe
Glass (bottle
brown)
Glass(bottle clear)
Lid, corroded tin
can rimNails, ferrous(flat roundhead, round
stem)
Slate
Tack

Spit
1

Weight(gins)

3

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

9.0

0.5

3.8
1.7

1.7

Date
(est)

Spit
2

Weight
(gms)

1
15

1
1

Width
(cm)

1.5

1.5

1
1

7
1
1

2

1.4

1.1

1

4

2.2

1.3

4

8

1.5

1.0

1

<10

1.5

0.7

3.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

1

<10

3.1

0.3

1(2)

31
1

50
<10

2.0
1.7

1.5
0.1

3

<10

Labels and other features
Bath House, T r e n c h 3
Square 1, s p i t 1
Earthenware 1. Brown glazed drainage pipe, broken.
Square 1, s p i t 2
BrickLength(cm)

1. Hand pressed brick from one of the baths.

Date
(est)

- A p a . . r i x 14

ñBathJ,trenc4.

A p p e n d i x 1 4 c o n t . : Metalled Road, trench 1.

SITE 4: M E T A L L E D ROAD

SITE: BATH HOUSE

TRENCH 1

TRENCH 4
SQUARE 1
Artefacts

Spit
1

Weight(gins)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Bone
'Boot heel cap
Charcoal(sample)Glass(bottle dear)
Grass, earlysurface (mat)Lead, scrap
Mortar, lime withrenderedsurface
Nails, rose,square stem
(ferrous metal)
Slate, roof pin

1
1(3)
8

<10
<10

1.0
2.7

0.4
1.3

1

13

SQUARE 1
Artefacts
Charcoal
Miscellaneous
metal
Nall
(flat roundhead, square
stem)

Date
(est)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

2.2

0.6
1

<10
200

0.2
6.6

1

7.7

0.3

1

3.8

0.4

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

1

3
18551880
Date
(eat)

Date
(eat)

SQUARE 1
Artefacts
Bandaid'Bitumen'BoneBrick, hand

21

1.9
9.3

Spit
3
17
1

Weight(gms)- >1900

1
1
1

Spit
2

7.7

0.8

Button (metal)
Ceramics
Charcoal
Concrete
CopperFurnace rockGlass(bottle brown)Glass(bottle clear)Glass(bottle green)Glass(bottle tinted)
Glass, window(1.0mm)Glass, window(2.0mm)Hook, metal
Metal, (ferrous)
Nails, ferrous(flat head,round stem)
Nails, roundhead, square
stem (ferrous)
Nails,
galvanized (flatround head)
Mortar, lime
Slate
Tacks
SQUARE 1
Artefacts
Bolt
Bone
Boot heel cap
Button, metal
Charcoal
Furnace rockGlass(bottle clear)
Glass, window(1.5mm)

662

Spits
1&2

2
3
1
1
5
1

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

0.7
2.0

<10
30

3.1
3.4

<10

2.7

1.8

30

4.0

3.4

Date
(eat)

18551880

Spit
3
1
1
2
1

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

1980
1940

50
1.7
1.9

0.4
1.1

1.5

0.3

1.4

0.5

5.1

0.3

2.6

0.5

0.4

18551880

32

6
2

15
12

3.8

1.7

16

20

0.5

0.3

c1950
1

<10

s

<10

14

25

1

3

1

18

4.7

3.2

6

<10

2.1

1.5

1

<10

2.1

1.1

10

2.3
6.8

1.5
0.5

13

3.2

0.4

1

1.4

1

3.9

1.6

9

1
2
3

Date
(eat)

15

1

<10

4.0

0.25

1
14

<10

2.7

0.8

18551880

23

<10

1.5

0.15

Spit
4

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

14

10

0.8

0.7

Date
(eat)

22

10

1.4

Spit
5

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(eat)

<10
40

1.0
6.6

0.5
1.1
1.4

c1900

40
24

8
2.0

2.5
1.0

<10

1.0

1.0

1
9
4
4

20
17

1.6

0.5

5

<10

2.0

1.2

10

663

18551880

0.15

1
1
2
2
15
1
4

1.4

20

A p p e n d i x 14 c o n t . : Metalled Road, trench 1.

14 Lunt.: Metalled lioad, trench 1.

SQUARE 1
Artefacts
Lead, scrap
Mortar, lime
Naffs, ferrous(round heads)

Nails, rose,
round stem
(ferrous metal)
Nails, (flatround head,round stem)
Screw(thick head)Screw(round head)Slate(fragments)
Tacks(round heads)
Timber(fragmented)
Tin(fragmented)
Wedge
Wire

SQUARE 1
Artefacts
Bone
Brick, hand
Charcoal
Furnace rockGlass(bottle brown)Glass(bottle green)
Glass, window(4mm), linear
Metal, scrap
ferrous
Nails, rose,
round stem
(ferrous metal)
Nails, rose,square stem
Nails, ferrous(flat roundhead, round
stem)
Slate

Spit
4

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

Date
(est)

Spit
5

Weight(gms)

Length
(cm)

Width
(cm)

50

3.5
4.3

3.0

6(14)

4.5

0.3

1
1
7(22)

4

3.2

0.4

15

90

6

<10

1.012.0
1.5

0.74.00.15

18551680

3.7
2.0

0.3

1

10

2.1

0.9

11

50

2.5

3.0

1.5

0.1

5.0

3.2

4
3

1

8.2

0.15
Width
(cm)
2.0
3.8

Spit
6
1
2
9
1
1

Weight
(gms)
<10
50

Length
(cm)
2.3
5.5

6

2.0

1.1

1

10

3.6

3.5

2.8

1.8

1
4

170

3

<10

7.4

0.4

1

10

8.2

0.8

1

<10

7.0

0.4

6

10

1.2

1.0

Slate

5

300

Timber2

9.413.2
10.0

3.69.5
2.0

1
3
Date
(est)

18551880
18551880

1

Bottle Glass

1 . The neck of a green tinted machine bottle (internal diameter 2.4crn). Thisbottle would have required a swing-top stopper.

Ceramics

1

0.4

<10

.

.

One fragment of a double white glazed earthenware plate (3mm thick).

Square 1, spit 4
18551880

Button1.

One metal button with a diameter of 1.4cm and four thread holes.

Square 1, spit 5
Button50

One metal button with a diameter of 1.4cm and four centered thread
holes.

Button8.6

1

10

Labels and other features
Parade Ground, Trench 1
Square 1, spits 1 and 2

1

5

Date
(est)

1 . Two metal buttons with a diameters of 1.4cm and four thread holes.

Square 1, spit 6
Slate

1 . Five pieces of slate (12.2cm x 3.6cm, 9.4cm x 3.8cm, 9.5cm x 4.2cm,
9.5cm x 13.2cm, 13cm x 7cm).