参考文献

PART 1 変化を生み出す「創造的破壊」
15 理性的な人は、自分を世界に適応させる：ジョージ・バーナード・ショー, Man andSuperman (New York: Penguin Classics, 1903/1963).
17 社名は「ワービー・パーカー」：Neil BlumenthalおよびDave Gilboaへの個人取材(June 25, 2014, March 23 and 24, 2015); David Zax, “Fast Talk: How Warby Parker’s Cofounders Disrupted the Eyewear Industry and Stayed Friends,” Fast Compa
ny, February 22, 2012, www.fastcompany.com/1818215/fast-talk-how-warby-parkers-cofounders-disrupted-eyewear-industry-and-stayed-friends; “A Chat with the Founders of Warby Parker,” The Standard Culture, September 5, 2012, www.standardcultu
re.com/posts/6884-A-Chat-with-the-Founders-of-Warby-Parker; Blumenthal, “Don’t U
nderinvest in Branding,” Wall Street Journal, Accelerators, July 18, 2013, http://blogs.wsj.com/accelerators/2013/07/18/neil-blumenthal-branding-is-a-point-of-view; Curan Mehra and Anya Schultz, “Interview: Dave Gilboa, Founder and CEO of Warby
Parker,” Daily Californian, September 5, 2014, www.dailycal.org/2014/09/05/intervi
ew-dave-gilboa-founder-ceo-warby-parker/; “The World’s 50 Most Innovative Companies,” Fast Company, February 9, 2015, www.fastcompany.com/section/most-innovati
ve-companies-2015.
19 魅力的または興味深い形でほかとは違う人。奇抜な行動を起こす人、あるいは発明の才がある人：Merriam-Webster Dictionary, accessed on August 24, 2014, at www.me
rriam-webster.com/dictionary/original.
19 「コンフォーミティ」と「オリジナリティ」：Harrison Gough, California Psycholo
gical Inventory Administrator’s Guide (Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Pre
ss, Inc., 1987); 以下も参照のこと。Thomas S. Bateman and J. Michael Crant, “TheProactive Component of Organizational Behavior: A Measure and Correlates,” Journal of Organizational Behavior 14 (1993): 103–18; Gregory J. Feist and Frank X.
Barron, “Predicting Creativity from Early to Late Adulthood: Intellect, Potential, and Personality,” Journal of Personality 37 (2003): 62–88; Adam M. Grant and Sus
an J. Ashford, “The Dynamics of Proactivity at Work,” Research in Organizational
Behavior 28 (2008): 3–34; Mark A. Griffin, Andrew Neal, and Sharon K. Parker,“A New Model of Work Role Performance: Positive Behavior in Uncertain and In
terdependent Contexts,” Academy of Management Journal 50 (2007): 327–47.
「無意識のドロボウ」（クレプトニジア）はDa
19 「無意識のドロボウ」になりかねない：1

n Gilbertによる造語。; 以下を参照のこと。C. Neil Macrae, Galen V. Bodenhausen, and Guglielmo Calvini, “Contexts of Cryptomnesia: May the Source Be with You,”
Social Cognition 17 (1999): 273–97.
22 ウィンドウズにはインターネットエキスプローラーが：Michael Housmanとのやりとり(January 30, February 25 and 27, March 9 and 27, and April 6, 2015); Housman presentation at the Wharton People Analytics Conference, March 28, 2015; “How Might Your Choice of Browser Affect Your Job Prospects?” Economist, April 10,
2013, www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/04/ economist-explains-how-browser-affects-job-prospects.
24 ジョストの研究チームは、：John T. Jost, Brett W. Pelham, Oliver Sheldon, andBilian Ni Sullivan, “Social Inequality and the Reduction of Ideological Dissonanc
e on Behalf of the System: Evidence of Enhanced System Justification Among the
Disadvantaged,” European Journal of Social Psychology 33 (2003): 13–36; John T.
Jost, Vagelis Chaikalis-Petritsis, Dominic Abrams, Jim Sidanius, Jojanneke van der Toorn, and Christopher Bratt, “Why Men (and Women) Do and Don’t Rebel: Ef
fects of System Justification on Willingness to Protest,” Personality and Social Ps
ychology Bulletin 38 (2012): 197–208; Cheryl J. Wakslak, John T. Jost, Tom R. Tyler, and Emmeline S. Chen, “Moral Outrage Mediates the Dampening Effect of Sy
stem Justification on Support for Redistributive Social Policies,” Psychological Scie
nce 18 (2007): 267–74; John T. Jost, Mahzarin R. Banaji, and Brian A. Nosek, “A
Decade of System Justification Theory: Accumulated Evidence of Conscious andUnconscious Bolstering of the Status Quo,” Political Psychology 25 (2004): 881–91
9.
25 「ブ・ジャ・デ」を体験する：Karl E. Weick, “The Collapse of Sensemaking in
Organizations: The Mann Gulch Disaster,” Administrative Science Quarterly 38 (1993): 628–52; 以下も参照のこと。 Robert I. Sutton, Weird Ideas That Work: 11½ Pr
actices for Promoting, Managing, and Sustaining Innovation (New York: Simon &Schuster, 2001).
27

人間によってつくられたもの：Jean H. Baker, Sisters: The Lives of America’s S

uffragists (New York: Hill and Wang, 2006).
28 天才児：Ellen Winner, “Child Prodigies and Adult Genius: A Weak Link,” in T
he Wiley Handbook of Genius, ed. Dean Keith Simonton (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Bla
ckwell, 2014).
29 お気に入りの児童：Erik L. Westby and V. L. Dawson, “Creativity: Asset or Bur
den in the Classroom,” Creativity Research Journal 8 (1995): 1–10.
30 このうえなく従順な羊：William Deresiewicz, Excellent Sheep: The Miseducation2

of the American Elite and the Way to a Meaningful Life (New York: Free Press,
2014).
30 才能ある子どもたちのほんのひと握り：Ellen Winner, “Child Prodigies and Adult
Genius: A Weak Link,” in The Wiley Handbook of Genius, ed. Dean Keith Simonton (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014).
31 さまざまな文化のなかで：Dean Keith Simonton, “Creative Cultures, Nations, and Civilizations: Strategies and Results,” Group Creativity: Innovation Through Col
laboration, eds. Paul B. Paulus and Bernard A. Nijstad (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).
31 成功を重視すればするほど：Robert J. Sternberg and Todd I. Lubart, Defying the Crowd: Simple Solutions to the Most Common Relationship Problems (New Yor
k: Simon & Schuster, 2002); 以下も参照のこと。 John W. Atkinson, “Motivational
Determinants of Risk-Taking Behavior,” Psychological Review 64 (1997): 359–72.
32 支持者や仲間にもち上げられて：Jane M. Howell and Boas Shamir, “The Role of
Followers in the Charismatic Leadership Process: Relationships and Their Consequences,” Academy of Management Review 30 (2005): 96–112; J. Mark Weber andCelia Moore, “Squires: Key Followers and the Social Facilitation of Charismatic
Leadership,” Organizational Psychology Review 4 (2014): 199–227.
32 現在の私たちからすると：Jack Rakove, Revolutionaries: A New History of the I
nvention of America (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2010); Ron Chernow, Washingt
on: A Life (New York: Penguin, 2011).
33 彼の夢は：Martin Luther King, Jr., The Autobiography of Martin Luther King,
Jr. (New York: Warner Books, 1998); 以下も参照のこと。Howell Raines, My Soul I
s Rested: Movement Days in the Deep South Remembered (New York: Penguin, 1
983).
34

ローマ法王に強く要求されて：Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Most Excellent Paint

ers, Sculptors, and Architects, from Cimabue to Our Times (New York: Modern Library Classics, 1568/2006)
34

天文学は何十年ものあいだ：Frank J. Sulloway, Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Fa

mily Dynamics, and Creative Lives (New York: Vintage, 1997).
35 ヒューレット・パッカードでの仕事は：Livingston, Founders at Work, 42, 45.
35「創造的破壊」をすること：Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism & De

mocracy (New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 1942/2008).
35 波風を立てて：Jennifer J. Kish-Gephart, James R. Detert, Linda Klebe Treviño,and Amy C. Edmondson, “Silenced by Fear: The Nature, Sources, and Consequences of Fear at Work,” Research in Organizational Behavior 29 (2009): 163–93; “Po3

litics Threaten Science at FDA,” National Coalition Against Censorship, July 22,
2006, http://ncac.org/update/politics-threaten-science-at-fda; Frances J. Milliken, Eli
zabeth W. Morrison, and Patricia F. Hewlin, “An Exploratory Study of Employee
Silence: Issues That Employees Don’t Communicate Upward and Why,” Journal ofManagement Studies 40 (2003): 1453–76.
：Mellody Hobsonへの個人取材(May36 「オリジナルな人間はほとんど存在していない」
12, 2015), and Hobson USC commencement speech, May 19, 2015,

http://time.com/3889937/mellody-hobson-graduation-speech-usc/.
37 「起業家」を意味する：Richard Cantillon, An Essay on Economic Theory (Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1755/2010); 以下も参照のこと。 James Surowi
ecki, “Epic Fails of the Startup World,” New Yorker, May 19, 2014, www.newyork
er.com/magazine/2014/05/19/epic-fails-of-the-startup-world.
41 本業を続けたまま起業：Joseph Raffiee and Jie Feng, “Should I Quit My Day J
ob? A Hybrid Path to Entrepreneurship,” Academy of Management Journal 57 (2014): 936–63.
42 フィル・ナイト：Bill Katovsky and Peter Larson, Tread Lightly: Form, Footwear, and the Quest for Injury-Free Running (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2012); David C. Thomas, Readings and Cases in International Management: A CrossCultural Perspective (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2003).
42

スティーブ・ウォズニアック：Jessica Livingston, Founders at Work: Stories ofStartups’ Early Days (Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2007).
42「グーグルはもう少しで創業されないところだった」：Larry Pageとの個人的面談より(September 15 and 16, 2014), and “Larry Page’s University of Michigan Commencement Address,” May 2, 2009, http://googlepress.blogspot.com/2009/05/larry-pagesuniversity-of-michigan.html; Google Investor Relations, https://investor.google.com/fi
nancial/tables.html.
43 エバ・デュバーネイ：“With Her MLK Drama Selma, Ava DuVernay Is Directing
History,” Slate, December 5, 2014, www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2014/12/05/ava_duvernay_profile_the_selma_director_on_her_mlk_drama_and_being_a_black.html.
：Laura Jackson, Brian May: The Definitive Bio
43 『ウィ・ウィル・ロック・ユー』
graphy (New York: Little, Brown, 2011).
43

ジョン・レジェンド：Tiffany McGee, “5 Reasons Why John Legend Is No Ordinary Pop Star,” People, November 6, 2006, www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,
20060910,00.html; “Singer/Songwriter John Legend Got Early Start,” USA Today,
July 28, 2005, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2005-07-28-legend-early-start_x.htm; John Legend, “All in on Love,” Huffington Post, May 20, 2014, ww
4

w.huffingtonpost.com/john-legend/penn-commencement-speech-2014_b_5358334.html.
43 スティーブン・キング：Lucas Reilly, “How Stephen King’s Wife Saved ‘Carrie’ and Launched His Career,” Mental Floss, October 17, 2013, http://mentalfloss.com/a
rticle/53235/how-stephen-kings-wife-saved-carrie-and-launched-his-career.
44 スコット・アダムス：Scott Adams, Dilbert 2.0: 20 Years of Dilbert (Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2008).
44 リスクのポートフォリオ：Clyde H. Coombs and Lily Huang, “Tests of a Portfol
io Theory of Risk Preference,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 85 (1970): 23–
29; Clyde H. Coombs and James Bowen, “Additivity of Risk in Portfolios,” Percept
ion & Psychophysics 10 (1971): 43–46, and “Test of the Between Property of Expe
cted Utility,” Journal of Mathematical Psychology 13 (323–37).
44 Ｔ・Ｓ・エリオットの代表作：Paul Collins, “Ezra Pound’s Kickstarter Plan for
T. S. Eliot,” Mental Floss, December 8, 2013, http://mentalfloss.com/article/54098/ez
ra-pounds-kickstarter-plan-ts-eliot.
45 「ポラロイド」社：Victor K. McElheny, Insisting on the Impossible: The Life of
Edwin Land (New York: Basic Books, 1999).
45 ピエール・オミダイア：Adam Cohen, The Perfect Store: Inside eBay (New York:
Little, Brown, 2008).
46 リスクテーキングからリスクを：Jane Bianchi, “The Power of Zigging: Why Everyone Needs to Channel Their Inner Entrepreneur,” LearnVest, October 22, 2014,
http://www.learnvest.com/2014/10/crazy-is-a-compliment-the-power-of-zigging-when-ev
eryone-else-zags/; Marco della Cava, “Linda Rottenberg’s Tips for ‘Crazy’ Entrepren
eurs,” USA Today, October 15, 2014, www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2014/10/02/linda-r
ottenberg-crazy-is-a-compliment-book/16551377; “Myths About Entrepreneurship,” H
arvard Business Review, IdeaCast, October 2010, https://hbr.org/2014/10/myths-abo
ut-entrepreneurship; Linda Rottenberg, Crazy Is a Compliment: The Power of Zig
ging When Everyone Else Zags (New York: Portfolio, 2014).
46 サラ・ブレイクリー：Clare O’Connor, “Top Five Startup Tips from Spanx Billio
naire Sara Blakely,” Forbes, April 2, 2012, www.forbes.com/sites/ clareoconnor/2012/04/02/top-five-startup-tips-from-spanx-billionaire-sara-blakely/.
46 へンリー・フォード：“Henry Ford Leaves Edison to Start Automobile Company,”
History.com, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/henry-ford-leaves-edison-to-start-au
tomobile-company.
47 ビル・ゲイツは：Rick Smith, The Leap: How 3 Simple Changes Can Propel Yo
ur Career from Good to Great (New York: Penguin, 2009).
47 舵とりのためには：Matteo P. Arena, Stephen P. Ferris, and Emre Unlu, “It Ta
5kes Two: The Incidence and Effectiveness of Co-CEOs,” The Financial Review 46(2011): 385–412; 以下も参照のこと。Ryan Krause, Richard Priem, and Leonard Lov
e, “Who’s in Charge Here? Co-CEOs, Power Gaps, and Firm Performance,” Strate
gic Management Journal (2015)
50 起業家は一般の人たちと比べて：Hongwei Xu and Martin Ruef, “The Myth of the Risk-Tolerant Entrepreneur,” Strategic Organization 2 (2004): 331–55.
50 成功を収めている起業家は：Ross Levine and Yona Rubinstein, “Smart and Illici
t: Who Becomes an Entrepreneur and Does It Pay?,” National Bureau of Economic Research working paper no. 19276 (August 2013); Zhen Zhang and Richard D.
Arvey, “Rule Breaking in Adolescence and Entrepreneurial Status: An Empirical I
nvestigation,” Journal of Business Venturing 24 (2009): 436–47; Martin Obschonka,
Hakan Andersson, Rainer K. Silbereisen, and Magnus Sverke, “Rule-Breaking, Cr
ime, and Entrepreneurship: A Replication and Extension Study with 37-Year Long
itudinal Data,” Journal of Vocational Behavior 83 (2013): 386–96; Marco Caliendo,
Frank Fossen, and Alexander Kritikos, “The Impact of Risk Attitudes on Entrepr
eneurial Survival,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 76 (2010): 45–6
3.
51 多くの起業家はリスクを：Malcolm Gladwell, “The Sure Thing,” New Yorker, Ja
nuary 18, 2010, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/01/18/the-sure-thing.
51 総合的に分析したところ：Hao Zhao, Scott E. Seibert, and G. T. Lumpkin, “The
Relationship of Personality to Entrepreneurial Intentions and Performance: A Met
a-Analytic Review,” Journal of Management 36 (2010): 381–404; Scott Shane, The
Illusions of Entrepreneurship: The Costly Myths That Entrepreneurs, Investors, a
nd Policy Makers Live By (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008).
51 何百人もの歴史学者：Ronald J. Deluga, “American Presidential Proactivity, Cha
rismatic Leadership, and Rated Performance,” Leadership Quarterly 9 (1998): 265–91; Steven J. Rubenzer and Thomas R. Faschingbauer, Personality, Character, and Leadership in the White House: Psychologists Assess the Presidents (Dulles, V
A: Brassey’s, 2004).
52 奴隷解放宣言に署名する前には：Todd Brewster, Lincoln’s Gamble: The Tumultuo
us Six Months That Gave America the Emancipation Proclamation and Changed t
he Course of the Civil War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), 60.
53 この凝り固まった考えを：Amy Wrzesniewski, Justin M. Berg, Adam M. Grant,
Jennifer Kurkoski, and Brian Welle, “Dual Mindsets at Work: Achieving Long-Ter
m Gains in Happiness,” under revision, Academy of Management Journal (2015).

6

PART 2 大胆に発想し、緻密に進める
57 創造性とは、自分自身に：Scott Adams, The Dilbert Principle (New York: Harper
Business, 1996).
59

投資としてのセグウェイは：PandoMonthly, “John Doerr on What Went Wrongwith Segway,” accessed on February 12, 2015, at www.youtube.com/watch?v= oOQz
jpBkUTY.
59 ビジネスに精通した：Aileen Leeへの個人取材(February 6, 2015), Randy Komisar
への個人取材(February 13, 2015), Bill Sahlmanへの個人取材(March 11, 2015); Steve
Kemper, Reinventing the Wheel: A Story of Genius, Innovation, and Grand Ambition (New York: HarperCollins, 2005); Hayagreeva Rao, Market Rebels: How Activ
ists Make or Break Radical Innovations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008); Mathew Hayward, Ego Check: Why Executive Hubris Is Wrecking Comp
anies and Careers and How to Avoid the Trap (New York: Kaplan Business, 2007); Jordan Golson, “Well, That Didn’t Work: The Segway Is a Technological Marvel. Too Bad It Doesn’t Make Any Sense,” Wired, January 16, 2015, www.wired.com/
2015/01/well-didnt-work-segway-technological-marvel-bad-doesnt-make-sense; Paul G
raham, “The Trouble with the Segway,” July 2009, www.paulgraham.com/segway.ht
ml; Mike Masnick, “Why Segway Failed to Reshape the World: Focused on Invent
ion, Rather Than Innovation,” Techdirt, July 31, 2009, www.techdirt.com/articles/20090730/1958335722.shtml; Gary Rivlin, “Segway’s Breakdown,” Wired, March 200
3, http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/11.03/segway.html; Douglas A. McIntyre,“The 10 Biggest Tech Failures of the Last Decade,” Time, May 14, 2009, http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1898610_1898625_1898641,00.h
tml.
59 それより何年か前のこと：Rick Ludwinへの個人取材(February 24 and April 4, 2015); Phil Rosenthal, “NBC Executive Stands Apart by Taking Stands,” Chicago Tri
bune, August 21, 2005, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-08-21/business/050821
0218_1_warren-littlefield-rick-ludwin-head-of-nbc-entertainment; Brian Lowry, “From Allen to Fallon, Exec Has Worked with All 6 ‘Tonight Show’ Hosts,” Variety, February 17, 2014, http://variety.com/2014/ tv/news/from-allen-to-fallon-exec-has-work
ed-with-all-the-tonight-show-hosts-1201109027; Warren Littlefield, Top of the Rock:Inside the Rise and Fall of Must See TV (New York: Doubleday, 2012); Stephen
Battaglio, “The Biz: The Research Memo That Almost Killed Seinfeld,” TV Guide,
June 27, 2014, www.tvguide.com/news/seinfeld-research-memo-1083639; Jordan Ec
7arma, “5 Hit TV Shows That Almost Didn’t Happen,” Arts.Mic, April 26, 2013, ht
tp://mic.com/articles/38017/5-hit-tv-shows-that-almost-didn-t-happen; “From the Arch
ives: Seinfeld on 60 Minutes,” CBS News, March 1, 2015, www.cbsnews.com/news/j
erry-seinfeld-on-60-minutes; Louisa Mellor, “Seinfeld’s Journey from Flop to Acclai
med Hit,” Den of Geek, November 10, 2014, www.denofgeek.us/tv/seinfeld/241125/s
einfeld-s-journey-from-flop-to-acclaimed-hit; David Kronke, “There’s Nothing to It,”
Los Angeles Times, January 29, 1995, http://articles.latimes.com/1995-01-29/ entert
ainment/ca-25549_1_jerry-seinfeld; James Sterngold, “Seinfeld Producers Wonder, N
ow What?” New York Times, January 27, 1998, www.nytimes.com/1998/ 01/27/movi
es/seinfeld-producers-wonder-now-what.html.
61 八七パーセントは：Laura J. Kornish and Karl T. Ulrich, “Opportunity Spaces in Innovation: Empirical Analysis of Large Samples of Ideas,” Management Science
57 (2011): 107–128.
63 クリエイティブ・フォーキャスティング：Justin M. Berg, “Balancing on the Creative High-Wire: Forecasting the Success of Novel Ideas in Organizations,” unpubli
shed doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2015.
64 高校最上級生：For a review, see David Dunning, Chip Heath, and Jerry M. Su
ls, “Flawed Self-Assessment: Implications for Health, Education, and the Workplace,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 5 (2004): 69–106.
65 小企業の三〇〇〇人の：Arnold C. Cooper, Carolyn Y. Woo, and William C. Dunkelberg, “Entrepreneurs’ Perceived Chances for Success,” Journal of Business Vent
uring 3 (1988): 97–108; Noam Wasserman, “How an Entrepreneur’s Passion Can
Destroy a Startup,” Wall Street Journal, August 25, 2014, www.wsj.com/articles/ho
w-an-entrepreneur-s-passion-can-destroy-a-startup-1408912044.
66 天才ですら自分の：Dean Keith Simonton, “Creativity as Blind Variation and Se
lective Retention: Is the Creative Process Darwinian?,” Psychological Inquiry 10 (1999): 309–28.
66 ベートーベンが自身の：Dean Keith Simonton, “Creative Productivity, Age, andStress: A Biographical Time-Series Analysis of 10 Classical Composers,” Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology 35 (1977): 791–804.
66 アーロン・コーズベルトは：Aaron Kozbelt, “A Quantitative Analysis of Beethov
en as Self-Critic: Implications for Psychological Theories of Musical Creativity,” Psychology of Music 35 (2007): 144–68.
68 後期のデッサンは：Dean Keith Simonton, “Creativity and Discovery as Blind V
ariation: Campbell’s (1960) BVSR Model After the Half- Century Mark,” Review of General Psychology 15 (2011): 158–74.
868 影響力のあるアイデアや：Dean Keith Simonton, “Creative Productivity: A Predi
ctive and Explanatory Model of Career Trajectories and Landmarks,” Psychological
Review 104 (1997): 66–89.
69 ロンドン・フィルハーモニー管弦楽団：London Philharmonic Orchestra and David Parry, The 50 Greatest Pieces of Classical Music, X5 Music Group, November 2
3, 2009.
69 一万五〇〇〇曲以上の：Aaron Kozbelt, “Longitudinal Hit Ratios of Classical Co
mposers: Reconciling ‘Darwinian’ and Expertise Acquisition Perspectives on Lifespa
n Creativity,” Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 2 (2008): 221–35.
70 もっとも重要なことは：Ira Glass, “The Gap,” accessed on April 14, 2015, at ht
tps://vimeo.com/85040589.
70

女性には、クリエイティブな職業への：Dean Keith Simonton, “Leaders of Ameri

can Psychology, 1879–1967: Career Development, Creative Output, and Professional Achievement,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (1992): 5–17.
71 マイナーな製品が：Dean Keith Simonton, “Thomas Edison’s Creative Career: T
he Multilayered Trajectory of Trials, Errors, Failures, and Triumphs,” Psychologyof Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 9 (2015): 2–14.
71

とくに斬新なアイデアが：Robert I. Sutton, Weird Ideas That Work: 11½ Practi

ces for Promoting, Managing, and Sustaining Innovation (New York: Simon & sSc
huster, 2001).
71 多くの人が斬新なものに：Teresa M. Amabile, “How to Kill Creativity,” Harvard
Business Review, September–October (1998): 77–87; Teresa M. Amabile, Sigal G.
Barsade, Jennifer S. Mueller, and Barry M. Staw, “Affect and Creativity at Work,”
Administrative Science Quarterly 50 (2005): 367–403.
：Upworthy, “How to Make That One Thing Go Viral,” Dece72 『アップワーシー』
mber 3, 2012, www.slideshare.net/Upworthy/how-to-make-that-one-thing-go-viral-just-kidding, and “2 Monkeys Were Paid Unequally; See What Happens Next,” November 11, 2013, www.upworthy.com/2-monkeys-were-paid-unequally-see-what-happensnext.
72 ありがちなものを除外して：Brian J. Lucas and Loran F. Nordgren, “People Un
derestimate the Value of Persistence for Creative Performance,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 109 (2015): 232–43.
73 リズ・ウィンステッド：Lizz Winsteadとの個人面談より(February 8, 2015).
74 実用最小限の製品：Eric Ries, The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs U
se Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses (New York: C
rown, 2011).
9

76 このような「偽陰性」判定：Charalampos Mainemelis, “Stealing Fire: Creative Deviance in the Evolution of New Ideas,” Academy of Management Review 35 (2010): 558–78; Aren Wilborn, “5 Hilarious Reasons Publishers Rejected Classic Best-S
ellers,” Cracked, February 13, 2013, www.cracked.com/article_20285_5-hilarious-rea
sons-publishers-rejected-classic-best-sellers.html; Berg, “Balancing on the Creative
High-Wire.”76 人間の本能的な反応：Jennifer S. Mueller, Shimul Melwani, and Jack A. Goncal
o, “The Bias Against Creativity: Why People Desire But Reject Creative Ideas,” P
sychological Science 23 (2012): 13–17.
77 専門知識と経験が：Erik Dane, “Reconsidering the Trade-Off Between Expertiseand Flexibility: A Cognitive Entrenchment Perspective,” Academy of Management
Review 35 (2010): 579–603.
84

革新的なつながり：Drake Baer, “In 1982, Steve Jobs Presented an Amazingly

Accurate Theory About Where Creativity Comes From,” Business Insider, Februar
y 20, 2015, www.businessinsider.com/steve-jobs-theory-of-creativity-2015-2.
86 しかしノーベル賞受賞者は：Robert Root-Bernstein, Lindsay Allen, Leighanna Be
ach, Ragini Bhadula, Justin Fast, Chelsea Hosey, Benjamin Kremkow, Jacqueline
Lapp, Kaitlin Lonc, Kendell Pawelec, Abigail Podufaly, Caitlin Russ, Laurie Tenna
nt, Eric Vrtis, and Stacey Weinlander, “Arts Foster Scientific Success: Avocationsof Nobel, National Academy, Royal Society, and Sigma Xi Members,” Journal of P
sychology of Science and Technology 1 (2008): 51–63.
86

何千人ものアメリカ人を：Laura Niemi and Sara Cordes, “The Arts and Econo

mic Vitality: Leisure Time Interest in Art Predicts Entrepreneurship and Innovati
on at Work,” manuscript under review for publication, 2015.
88 ガリレオだけが：Dean Keith Simonton, “Foresight, Insight, Oversight, and Hin
dsight in Scientific Discovery: How Sighted Were Galileo’s Telescopic Sightings?,”
Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 6 (2012): 243–54.
88 創造性の高い成人：Donald W. MacKinnon, “The Nature and Nurture of Creativ
e Talent,” American Psychologist 17 (1962): 484–95, and “Personality and the Rea
lization of Creative Potential,” American Psychologist 20 (1965): 273–81.
88 ゾクッとする美的な感覚：Robert R. McCrae, “Aesthetic Chills as a Universal M
arker of Openness to Experience,” Motivation and Emotion 31 (2007): 5–11; Laura
A. Maruskin, Todd M. Thrash, and Andrew J. Elliot, “The Chills as a Psychologi
cal Construct: Content Universe, Factor Structure, Affective Composition, Elicitors,
Trait Antecedents, and Consequences,” Journal of Personality and Social Psycholo
gy 103 (2012): 135–57; Paul J. Silvia and Emily C. Nusbaum, “On Personality an
10d Piloerection: Individual Differences in Aesthetic Chills and Other Unusual Aest
hetic Experiences,” Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 5 (2011): 20
8–14;. Nusbaum and Silvia, “Shivers and Timbres: Personality and the Experienceof Chills from Music,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 2 (2011): 199–204; Oliver Grewe, Reinhard Kopiez, and Eckart Altenmüller, “The Chill Parame
ter: Goose Bumps and Shivers as Promising Measures in Emotion Research,” Mus
ic Perception 27 (2009): 61–74; Brian S. Connelly, Deniz S. Ones, Stacy E. Davies,
and Adib Birkland, “Opening Up Openness: A Theoretical Sort Following Critical
Incidents Methodology and a Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Trait Family Me
asures,” Journal of Personality Assessment 96 (2014): 17–28.
88 私は音楽が非常に好きになった：Charles Darwin, Charles Darwin: His Life Toldin an Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published Letters(London: John Murray, 1908).
89 海外経験：Frédéric C. Godart, William W. Maddux, Andrew V. Shipilov, and A
dam D. Galinsky, “Fashion with a Foreign Flair: Professional Experiences Abroad
Facilitate the Creative Innovations of Organizations,” Academy of Management Jo
urnal 58 (2015): 195–220.
90 多様な経験：Angela Ka-yee Leung, William W. Maddux, Adam D. Galinsky, and Chi-yue Chiu, “Multicultural Experience Enhances Creativity: The When and H
ow,” American Psychologist 63 (2008): 169–81; William W. Maddux and Adam D.
Galinsky, “Cultural Borders and Mental Barriers: The Relationship Between Living Abroad and Creativity,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96 (2009):
1047–61.
91 ジョブズは：Steve Kemper, Reinventing the Wheel: A Story of Genius, Innovat
ion, and Grand Ambition (New York: Harper Collins, 2005).
92 直感は、自分の経験が：Erik Dane, Kevin W. Rockmann, and Michael G. Pratt,“When Should I Trust My Gut? Linking Domain Expertise to Intuitive Decision-M
aking Effectiveness,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 119(2012): 187–94.
96 直感が頼りになるのは：Daniel Kahneman and Gary Klein, “Conditions for Intuitive Expertise: A Failure to Disagree,” American Psychologist 64 (2009): 515–26.
97

過去に成功を収めている人ほど：Pino G. Audia, Edwin A. Locke, and Ken G. S

mith, “The Paradox of Success: An Archival and a Laboratory Study of Strategic
Persistence Following Radical Environmental Change,” Academy of Management J
ournal 43 (2000): 837–53.
98

六〇人以上のエンジェル投資家：Cheryl Mitteness, Richard Sudek, and Melissa
11

S. Cardon, “Angel Investor Characteristics That Determine Whether Perceived Pas
sion Leads to Higher Evaluations of Funding Potential,” Journal of Business Vent
uring 27 (2012): 592606.
：Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: M
99 直感は「速い思考」
acmillan, 2011).
99

情熱的な人は：Eric Schmidt and Jonathan Rosenberg, How Google Works (New York: Grand Central, 2014).
103

四人の創業者は私とは違い：Lon Binderへの個人取材(December 30, 2014), Neil

BlumenthalおよびDave Gilboaへの個人取材(February 2, 2015).

PART 3 “無関心”を“情熱”へ変える法
109 偉大な人間は：The Ultimate Quotable Einstein, ed. Alice Calaprice (Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011).
110

時代はこうして追いついてくる：Susan J. Ashford, Nancy P. Rothbard, Sandy

Kristin Piderit, and Jane E. Dutton, “Out on a Limb: The Role of Context and I
mpression Management in Selling Gender-Equity Issues,” Administrative Science
Quarterly 43 (1998): 23–57.
112 オンラインシステム：Carmen Medinaへの個人取材(August 14, 2014, and March
2, 2015); Susan Benjaminとの個人面談(April 3, 2015); Lois Kelly and Carmen Me
dina, Rebels at Work: A Handbook for Leading Change from Within (New York:O’Reilly Media, 2014).
112 インテリペディア：“Don Burke and Sean P. Dennehy,” Service to America Med
als, 2009, http://servicetoamericamedals.org/honorees/view_profile.php?profile=215;“CIA Adopting Web 2.0 Tools Despite Resistance,” Space War, June 12, 2009, ww
w.spacewar.com/reports/CIA_adopting_Web_2.0_tools_despite_resistance_999.html; St
eve Vogel, “For Intelligence Officers, A Wiki Way to Connect the Dots,” Washingto
n Post, August 27, 2009, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/26/AR2009082603606.html; Robert K. Ackerman, “Intellipedia Seeks Ultimate Inform
ation Sharing,” SIGNAL, October 2007, www.afcea.org/content/?q=intellipedia-seeksultimate-information-sharing.
114 率先して行うと不利になる行動：Scott E. Seibert, Maria L. Kraimer, and J. Mi
chael Crant, “What Do Proactive People Do? A Longitudinal Model Linking Proact
ive Personality and Career Success,” Personnel Psychology 54 (2001): 845–74.
114 地位のない人が：Alison R. Fragale, Jennifer R. Overbeck, and Margaret A. Ne
12

ale, “Resources Versus Respect: Social Judgments Based on Targets’ Power and St
atus Positions,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47 (2011): 767–75.
115 利己的：Benoît Monin, Pamela J. Sawyer, and Matthew J. Marquez, “The Rej
ection of Moral Rebels: Resenting Those Who Do the Right Thing,” Journal of Per
sonality and Social Psychology 95 (2008): 76–93.
116 権限を行使するときに：Nathanael J. Fast, Nir Halevy, and Adam D. Galinsky,“The Destructive Nature of Power Without Status,” Journal of Experimental Soci
al Psychology 48 (2012): 391–94.
116

フランシス・フォード・コッポラ：Jon Lewis, “If History Has Taught Us Anything . . . Francis Ford Coppola, Paramount Studios, and The Godfather Parts I, I
I, and III,” in Francis Ford Coppola’s The Godfather Trilogy, ed. Nick Browne (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), and Whom God Wishes to Destroy:
Francis Coppola and the New Hollywood (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997).
117 特異性信用：Edwin P. Hollander, “Conformity, Status, and Idiosyncrasy Credit,”
Psychological Review 65 (1958): 117–27; 以下も参照のこと。Hannah Riley Bowles
and Michele Gelfand, “Status and the Evaluation of Workplace Deviance,” Psychological Science 21 (2010): 49–54.
117 Ｔシャツにあごひげ：Silvia Bellezza, Francesca Gino, and Anat Keinan, “TheRed Sneakers Effect: Inferring Status and Competence from Signals of Nonconfor
mity,” Journal of Consumer Research 41 (2014): 35–54.
121 下手（したて）に出る：Alison R. Fragale, “The Power of Powerless Speech: The Effects of Speech Style and Task Interdependence on Status Conferral,” Organiz
ational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 101 (2006): 243–61; Adam Grant,
Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success (New York: Viking Press, 2013).
121 説得しようとしていると感じると：Marian Friestad and Peter Wright, “The Per
suasion Knowledge Model: How People Cope with Persuasion Attempts,” Journal of Consumer Research 21 (1994): 1–31.
122 プラスの点を強調する：Rufus Griscomへの個人取材(January 29 and February 2
6, 2015).
123 知性と専門知識：Teresa M. Amabile, “Brilliant But Cruel: Perceptions of Negative Evaluators,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 19 (1983): 146–56.
125 専門家が発言する際：Uma R. Karmarkar and Zakary L. Tormala, “Believe Me,
I Have No Idea What I’m Talking About: The Effects of Source Certainty on Co
nsumer Involvement and Persuasion,” Journal of Consumer Research 36 (2010): 1
13

033–49.
126 信頼性が増す：See R. Glen Hass and Darwyn Linder, “Counterargument Avai
lability and the Effects of Message Structure on Persuasion,” Journal of Personali
ty and Social Psychology 23 (1972): 219–33.
128 簡単に思いつく：Norbert Schwarz, Herbert Bless, Fritz Strack, Gisela Klumpp,
Helga Rittenauer-Schatka, and Annette Simons, “Ease of Retrieval as Information: Another Look at the Availability Heuristic,” Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology 61 (1991): 195–202.
128 彼への好意は増し：Geoffrey Haddock, “It’s Easy to Like or Dislike Tony Blair:
Accessibility Experiences and the Favourability of Attitude Judgments,” British J
ournal of Psychology 93 (2002): 257–67.
129 その曲のリズムのとおり：Elizabeth L. Newton, “Overconfidence in the Commu
nication of Intent: Heard and Unheard Melodies,” Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford Uni
versity (1990); Chip Heath and Dan Heath, Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Surv
ive and Others Die (New York: Random House, 2007).
131 ジョン・コッター：John P. Kotter, Leading Change (Boston: Harvard Business
School Press, 1996).
132

単純接触効果：Robert B. Zajonc, “Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Monographs 9 (1968): 1–27.
133 顔にしろ：Robert F. Bornstein, “Exposure and Affect: Overview and Meta-Ana
lysis of Research, 1968–1987,” Psychological Bulletin 106 (1989): 265–89; Robert B.
Zajonc, “Mere Exposure: A Gateway to the Subliminal,” Current Directions in Ps
ychological Science 10 (2001): 224–28; Eddie Harmon-Jones and John J. B. Allen,“The Role of Affect in the Mere Exposure Effect: Evidence from Psychophysiologic
al and Individual Differences Approaches,” Personality and Social Psychology Bull
etin 27 (2001): 889–98.
134

ふだん見慣れている顔：Theodore H. Mita, Marshall Dermer, and Jeffrey Knight, “Reversed Facial Images and the Mere-Exposure Hypothesis,” Journal of Perso
nality and Social Psychology 35 (1977): 597–601.
134 慣れ親しんだものは：Personal interview with Howard Tullman, December 16,
2014.
136 対処する方法には：Ethan R. Burris, James R. Detert, and Dan S. Chiaburu,“Quitting Before Leaving: The Mediating Effects of Psychological Attachment andDetachment on Voice,” Journal of Applied Psychology 93 (2008): 912–22.
「発言」
「粘り」
「無視」：Caryl E. Rusbult, Dan Farrell, Glen Rogers, a
136 「離脱」
nd Arch G. Mainous III, “Impact of Exchange Variables on Exit, Voice, Loyalty, a14

nd Neglect: An Integrative Model of Responses to Declining Job Satisfaction,” Academy of Management Journal 31 (1988): 599–627; Michael J. Withey and William
H. Cooper, “Predicting Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect,” Administrative Science
Quarterly 34 (1989): 521–39.
136 どれを選ぶかは：Subrahmaniam Tangirala and Rangaraj Ramanujam, “Exploring Nonlinearity in Employee Voice: The Effects of Personal Control and Organizat
ional Identification,” Academy of Management Journal 51 (2008): 1189–1203.
139 自分を支えてくれる上司：Fred O. Walumbwa and John Schaubroeck, “Leader
Personality Traits and Employee Voice Behavior: Mediating Roles of Ethical Leadership and Work Group Psychological Safety,” Journal of Applied Psychology 94 (2009): 1275–86.
139 親しみやすい人は：Jeffrey A. LePine and Linn Van Dyne, “Voice and Coopera
tive Behavior as Contrasting Forms of Contextual Performance: Evidence of Differ
ential Relationships with Big Five Personality Characteristics and Cognitive Ability,” Journal of Applied Psychology 86 (2001): 326–36.
140

親しみやすい人が：Stéphane Côté and Debbie S. Moskowitz, “On the Dynami

c Covariation between Interpersonal Behavior and Affect: Prediction from Neurotic
ism, Extraversion, and Agreeableness,” Journal of Personality and Social Psycholo
gy 75 (1998): 1032–46.
141 現状に異議を呈した：Zhen Zhang, Mo Wang, and Junqi Shi, “Leader-Follower
Congruence in Proactive Personality and Work Outcomes: The Mediating Role of
Leader-Member Exchange,” Academy of Management Journal 55 (2012): 111–30;
以下も参照のこと。Nathanael J. Fast, Ethan R. Burris, and Caroline A. Bartel, “Managing to Stay in the Dark: Managerial Self-Efficacy, Ego Defensiveness, and the
Aversion to Employee Voice,” Academy of Management Journal 57 (2014): 1013–3
4; Mark J. Somers and Jose C. Casal, “Organizational Commitment and WhistleBlowing: A Test of the Reformer and the Organization Man Hypotheses,” Group& Organization Management 19 (1994): 270–84.
142 中間層の保守性：George C. Homans, The Human Group (New York: Harcourt,
Brace, 1950) and Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms (New York: Harcourt, B
race, and World, 1961).
142 キャリアをダメにする：Larry Pageとの個人面談より(September 15 and 16, 201
4).
143

証券アナリスト：Damon J. Phillips and Ezra W. Zuckerman, “Middle-Status

Conformity: Theoretical Restatement and Empirical Demonstration in Two Markets,” American Journal of Sociology 107 (2001): 379–429.
15

143 中間の地位にいると：Michelle M. Duguid and Jack A. Goncalo, “Squeezed in t
he Middle: The Middle Status Trade Creativity for Focus,” Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology 109, no. 4 (2015), 589–603.
144 それぞれの性に：Anne M. Koenig, Alice H. Eagly, Abigail A. Mitchell, and Tii
na Ristikari, “Are Leader Stereotypes Masculine? A Meta-Analysis of Three Research Paradigms,” Psychological Bulletin 127 (2011): 616–42.
145

いばっているというレッテル：Sheryl Sandberg, Lean In: Women, Work, and t

he Will to Lead (New York: Knopf, 2013).
145 収益につながる：Sheryl Sandberg and Adam Grant, “Speaking While Female,”
New York Times, January 12, 2015, www.nytimes.com/ 2015/01/11/opinion/sunday/
speaking-while-female.html; Adam M. Grant, “Rocking the Boat But Keeping It St
eady: The Role of Emotion Regulation in Employee Voice,” Academy of Manageme
nt Journal 56 (2013): 1703–23.
145 発言の多い男性重役：Victoria L. Brescoll, “Who Takes the Floor and Why: Ge
nder, Power, and Volubility in Organizations,” Administrative Science Quarterly 56(2011): 622–41.
145

女性が改善のための：Ethan R. Burris, “The Risks and Rewards of Speaking

Up: Managerial Responses to Employee Voice,” Academy of Management Journal
55 (2012): 851–75.
145

男性優位の組織：Taeya M. Howell, David A. Harrison, Ethan R. Burris, andJames R. Detert, “Who Gets Credit for Input? Demographic and Structural Status
Cues in Voice Recognition,” Journal of Applied Psychology, forthcoming (2015).
145 セクシュアル・ハラスメント：Jennifer L. Berdahl, “The Sexual Harassment ofUppity Women,” Journal of Applied Psychology 92 (2007): 425–37.
146 協調的だとみなされる：Jens Mazei, Joachim Hüffmeier, Philipp Alexander Fre
und, Alice F. Stuhlmacher, Lena Bilke, and Guido Hertel, “A Meta-Analysis on Gender Differences in Negotiation Outcomes and Their Moderators,” Psychological B
ulletin 141 (2015): 85–104; Emily T. Amanatullah and Michael W. Morris, “Negoti
ating Gender Roles: Gender Differences in Assertive Negotiating Are Mediated by
Women’s Fear of Backlash and Attenuated When Negotiating on Behalf of Others,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 98 (2010): 256–67; Hannah Riley
Bowles, Linda Babcock, and Kathleen L. McGinn, “Constraints and Triggers: Situ
ational Mechanics of Gender in Negotiation,” Journal of Personality and Social Ps
ychology 89 (2005): 951–65.
146 ダブルマイノリティ：Ashleigh Shelby Rosette, “Failure Is Not an Option forBlack Women: Effects of Organizational Performance on Leaders with Single Vers16

us Dual-Subordinate Identities,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48 (2012): 1162–67.
147 ダブルマイノリティである黒人女性：Robert W. Livingston, Ashleigh Shelby Ros
ette, and Ella F. Washington, “Can an Agentic Black Woman Get Ahead? The Im
pact of Race and Interpersonal Dominance on Perceptions of Female Leaders,” Psychological Science 23 (2012): 354–58.
148 私は、アップルの：Personal interview with Donna Dubinsky, June 20, 2014; T
odd D. Jick and Mary Gentile, “Donna Dubinsky and Apple Computer, Inc. (A),”Harvard Business School, Case 9-486-083, December 11, 1995.
『スティーブ・ジョブズ』(ウォルター・アイザックソ
150 ジョブズはそういった人たち：
ン著、井口耕二訳、講談社、2012年).
150 発言が増える：Albert O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to D
ecline in Firms, Organizations, and States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University P
ress, 1970).
154 私たちが後悔するのは：Thomas Gilovich and Victoria Husted Medvec, “The Te
mporal Pattern to the Experience of Regret,” Journal of Personality and Social Ps
ychology 67 (1994): 357–65, and “The Experience of Regret: What, When, and Wh
y,” Psychological Review 102 (1995): 379–95.

PART 4 賢者は時を待ち、愚者は先を急ぐ
155 明後日にできることを：Quote Investigator, January 17, 2013, http://quoteinves
tigator.com/2013/01/17/put-off.
156 一晩中：Clarence B. Jones, Behind the Dream: The Making of the Speech Th
at Transformed a Nation (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011); Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1993);
Drew Hansen, The Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Speech That Inspired a Nation (New York: Harper Perennial, 2005); Carmine Gallo, “How Martin Lut
her King Improvised ‘I Have a Dream,’” Forbes, August 27, 2013, www.forbes.com/
sites/carminegallo/2013/08/27/public-speaking-how-mlk-improvised-second- half-of-dre
am-speech; Frank Hagler, “50 Incredible Facts—and Photos—from the March on
Washington,” Policy.Mic, August 28, 2013, mic.com/articles/60815/50-incredible-factsand-photos-from-the-march-on-washington; David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Ma
rtin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New Yo
rk: William Morrow, 1986).
17157 長い演説よりも：“If I Had More Time, I Would Have Written a Shorter Letter,”
Quote Investigator, April 28, 2012, quoteinvestigator.com/2012/04/28/ shorter-letter.
159 先延ばしにするという行為：Jihae Shin, “Putting Work Off Pays Off: The Hidd
en Benefits of Procrastination for Creativity,” manuscript under review, 2015.
163 天才の作品は：William A. Pannapacker, “How to Procrastinate Like Leonardo
da Vinci,” Chronicle Review, February 20, 2009.
163 天才は、最小限しか：Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Scu
lptors, and Architects, from Cimabue to Our Times (New York: Modern Library C
lassics, 1568/2006).
163 問題解決が求められているのに：Mareike B. Wieth and Rose T. Zacks, “Time of
Day Effects on Problem Solving: When the Non-Optimal Is Optimal,” Thinking &Reasoning 17 (2011): 387–401.
164 科学におけるエリート：Rena Subotnik, Cynthia Steiner, and Basanti Chakrab
orty, “Procrastination Revisited: The Constructive Use of Delayed Response,” Creativity Research Journal 12 (1999): 151–60.
164

アイデアを熟成：Ut Na Sio and Thomas C. Ormerod, “Does Incubation Enhance Problem Solving? A Meta-Analytic Review,” Psychological Bulletin 135 (2009):
94–120.
165 エイブラハム・リンカーン大統領：Peggy Noonan, “The Writing of a Great Add
ress,” Wall Street Journal, July 5, 2013, www.wsj.com/articles/ SB10001424127887
324399404578583991319014114; Ronald C. White, Jr., The Eloquent President: A
Portrait of Lincoln Through His Words (New York: Random House, 2011).
166

ツァイガルニク効果：Bluma Zeigarnik, “Das Behalten erledigter und unerledi

gter Handlungen,” Psychologische Forschung 9 (1927): 1–85; see Kenneth Savitsky,
Victoria Husted Medvec, and Thomas Gilovich, “Remembering and Regretting: Th
e Zeigarnik Effect and the Cognitive Availability of Regrettable Actions and Inacti
ons,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23 (1997): 248–57.
166 私は締切りが大好きだ：M. J. Simpson, Hitchhiker: A Biography of Douglas Ad
ams (Boston: Justin, Charles & Co., 2005).
168 もっともクリエイティブ：Donald W. MacKinnon, “The Nature and Nurture of
Creative Talent,” American Psychologist 17 (1962): 484–95, and “Personality and t
he Realization of Creative Potential,” American Psychologist 20 (1965): 273–81.
168 ピザのチェーン店：Adam M. Grant, Francesca Gino, and David A. Hofmann,“Reversing the Extraverted Leadership Advantage: The Role of Employee Proactivity,” Academy of Management Journal 54 (2011): 528–50.
18

169 インド企業：Sucheta Nadkarni and Pol Herrmann, “CEO Personality, Strategi
c Flexibility, and Firm Performance: The Case of the Indian Business Process Out
sourcing Industry,” Academy of Management Journal 53 (2010): 1050–73.
169 中間点（25分後）で：Anita Williams Woolley, “Effects of Intervention Content
and Timing on Group Task Performance,” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 3
4 (1998): 30–46.
169 タスクの中間点：Connie J. G. Gersick, “Marking Time: Predictable Transitionsin Task Groups,” Academy of Management Journal 32 (1989): 274–309, and “Revolutionary Change Theories: A Multilevel Exploration of the Punctuated Equilibriu
m Paradigm,” Academy of Management Review 16 (1991): 10–36.
169 ハーフタイムが：Nancy Katz, “Sports Teams as a Model for Workplace Teams:
Lessons and Liabilities,” Academy of Management Executive 15 (2001): 56–67.
171 もっとも重要な要因は：Bill Gross, “The Single Biggest Reason Why Startups
Succeed,” TED Talks, June 2015, www.ted.com/talks/bill_gross_the_single_biggest_reason_why_startups_succeed/transcript.
171 ビジネスの優位性：Lisa E. Bolton, “Believing in First Mover Advantage,” manuscript under review.
171 このような有利な状況は：Marvin B. Lieberman and David B. Montgomery, “Fi
rst-Mover Advantages,” Strategic Management Journal 9 (1988): 41–58; Montgome
ry and Lieberman, “First-Mover (Dis)advantages: Retrospective and Link with the
Resource-Based View,” Strategic Management Journal 19 (1998): 1111–25.
172 先発者となることは：Peter N. Golder and Gerard J. Tellis, “Pioneer Advantag
e: Marketing Logic or Marketing Legend?” Journal of Marketing Research 30 (1993): 158–70.
174 オリジナルな人がいちばん乗り：Jeanette Brown, “What Led to Kozmo’s Final
Delivery,” Bloomberg Business, April 15, 2001, www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/200104-15/ what-led-to-kozmos-final-delivery; Greg Bensinger, “In Kozmo.com’s Failure,
Lessons for Same-Day Delivery,” Wall Street Journal, December 3, 2012, http://blo
gs.wsj.com/digits/2012/12/03/in-kozmo-coms-failure-lessons-for-same-day-deliver; Diane Seo, “The Big Kozmo KO,” Salon, July 21, 2000, www.salon.com/ 2000/07/21/koz
mo; Stephanie Miles, “Strategy, Inefficiencies Hurt Kozmo, Say Its Competitors in
New York,” Wall Street Journal, April 17, 2011, www.wsj.com/ articles/SB9871871
39726234932; Jeremy Stahl, “The Kozmo Trap,” Slate, May 14, 2012, http://hive.sl
ate.com/hive/10-rules-starting-small-business/article/the-kozmo-trap; Jayson Blair, “Behind Kozmo’s Demise: Thin Profit Margins,” New York Times, April 13, 2001, w
ww.nytimes.com/2001/04/13/nyregion/behind-kozmo-s-demise-thin-profit-margins.html.
19174 時期尚早に：Boonsri Dickinson, “Infographic: Most Startups Fail Because of P
remature Scaling,” ZDNet, September 1, 2011, www.zdnet.com/article/infographic-m
ost-startups-fail-because-of-premature-scaling.
175 二番目か三番目：Toronto Public Library, “Malcolm Gladwell, Part 3,” May 28,
2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QyL9H4wJ0VE; Laura Petrecca, “Malcolm
Gladwell Advocates Being Late,” USA Today, June 20, 2011, content.usatoday.com/
communities/livefrom/post/2011/06/malcolm-gladwell-talks-innovation-and-being-late-at-cannes/1#.VVc6ykZ2M5w.
175 ソフトウェアの：Elizabeth G. Pontikes and William P. Barnett, “When to Be
a Nonconformist Entrepreneur? Organizational Responses to Vital Events,” University of Chicago Working Paper No. 12-59 (2014).
175 あまりに速く：Steve Kemper, Reinventing the Wheel: A Story of Genius, Inno
vation, and Grand Ambition (New York: HarperCollins, 2005).
175 野暮ったくなくて：Personal interview with Bill Sahlman, March 11, 2015.
176 先発企業は生存率：Stanislav D. Dobrev and Aleksios Gotsopoulos, “Legitimacy
Vacuum, Structural Imprinting, and the First Mover Disadvantage,” Academy ofManagement Journal 53 (2010): 1153–74.
177 アマゾンやザッポス：Neil Blumenthalとの個人取材, June 25, 2014.
178 ハンガリーの医師：Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, SuperFreakonomi
cs: Global Cooling, Patriotic Prostitutes, and Why Suicide Bombers Should Buy Li
fe Insurance (New York: William Morrow, 2009).
178 新しい科学的事実：Max Planck, Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers (New York: Philosophical Library, 1949).
178 先駆者が優位に：Marvin B. Lieberman, “Did First-Mover Advantages Survive
the Dot-Com Crash?,” Anderson School of Management working paper (2007).
178 成功の確率が高く：Pieter A. Vander Werf and John F. Mahon, “Meta-Analysisof the Impact of Research Methods on Findings of First Mover Advantage,” Mana
gement Science 43 (1997): 1510–19.
179 市場が不安定な場合：William Boulding and Markus Christen, “Sustainable Pio
neering Advantage? Profit Implications of Market Entry Order,” Marketing Scienc
e 22 (2003): 371–92.
179 三五歳以下の人：Jessica Stillman, “Older Entrepreneurs Get a Bum Rap,” Inc.,
December 3, 2012, www.inc.com/jessica-stillman/older-entrepreneurs-vs-young-founders.html.
179 偉大な貢献をしていない人：David Wessel, “The ‘Eureka’ Moments Happen Later,” Wall Street Journal, September 5, 2012, www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872 396
20

390443589304577633243828684650.
179 軽蔑したことの罰：Walter Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe (New Yor
k: Simon & Schuster, 2008).
180

提案箱を設置すると：Birgit Verworn, “Does Age Have an Impact on Having I

deas? An Analysis of the Quantity and Quality of Ideas Submitted to a Suggestion System,” Creativity and Innovation Management 18 (2009): 326–34.
180 創業者の平均年齢：Claire Cain Miller, “The Next Mark Zuckerberg Is Not Wh
o You Might Think,” New York Times, July 2, 2015, www.nytimes.com/ 2015/07/02/upshot/the-next-mark-zuckerberg-is-not-who-you-might-think.html.
181 概念的イノベーターは短距離走者：David Galenson, Old Masters and Young Ge
niuses: The Two Life Cycles of Artistic Creativity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011).
181 ノーベル賞を受賞した経済学者：Bruce A. Weinberg and David W. Galenson, “C
reative Careers: The Life Cycles of Nobel Laureates in Economics,” National Bure
au of Economic Research Working Paper No. 11799 (November 2005).
181 もっとも増刷を：David W. Galenson, “Literary Life Cycles: The Careers of Mo
dern American Poets,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No.
9856 (July 2003); 以下も参照のこと。Dean Keith Simonton, “Creative Life Cycles in Literature: Poets Versus Novelists or Conceptualists Versus Experimentalists?,”
Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 1 (2007): 133–39.
181 物理学者を一人ひとり：Benjamin F. Jones, E. J. Reedy, and Bruce A. Weinberg, “Age and Scientific Genius,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working P
aper No. 19866 (January 2014); 以下も参照のこと。Benjamin F. Jones and Bruce A.
Weinberg, “Age Dynamics in Scientific Creativity,” Proceedings of the National A
cademy of Sciences 108 (2011): 18910–914.
183 ハンマーをもつ人には：Abraham H. Maslow, The Psychology of Science (NewYork: Harper and Row, 1966).
185 古いものを新しい組み合わせに：Weick, The Social Psychology of Organizing.
186 目にも止まらぬ：Daniel H. Pink, “What Kind of Genius Are You?” Wired, Jul
y 2006, http://archive.wired.com/ wired/archive/14.07/genius.html.

PART 5 「誰と組むか」が勝敗を決める
187 ほら、スター・ベリー・スニーチたちは：Dr. Seuss, The Sneetches and Other S
tories (New York: Random House, 1961).
21

188 彼女ほどアメリカで：Andrea Moore Kerr, Lucy Stone: Speaking Out for Equal
ity (Rutgers, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992); Jean H. Baker, Sisters: The Lives of America’s Suffragists (New York: Hill and Wang, 2006); Sally G. McMillen,
Lucy Stone: An Unapologetic Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015); Lisa T
etrault, The Myth of Seneca Falls: Memory and the Women’s Suffrage Movement,
1848–1898 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2014); Elinor R
ice Hays, Morning Star: A Biography of Lucy Stone, 1818–1893 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961); Alice Stone Blackwell, Lucy Stone: Pioneer of Woman’s
Rights (Boston: Little, Brown, 1930); Elizabeth Frost-Knappman and Kathryn Cu
llen-DuPont, Women’s Suffrage in America (New York: Facts on File, 1992/2005);
Suzanne M. Marilley, Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United States (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1997); Catherine Gilbert Murdock, Domesticating Drink: Women, Men, and Alcohol in America, 1870–1940 (Balti
more: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003); Carolyn De Swarte Gifford, Writing
Out My Heart: Selections from the Journal of Frances E. Willard, 1855–96 (Urb
ana: University of Illinois Press, 1995); Joan Smyth Iversen, The Antipolygamy C
ontroversy in U.S. Women’s Movements, 1880–1925: A Debate on the American Home (New York: Routledge, 1997); Ida Husted Harper, The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, Volume I (Indianapolis: Bowen-Merrill Company, 1899); Ann D. Gordon, The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (Rutgers, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997).
188 一八五五年：Claudia Goldin and Maria Shim, “Making a Name: Women’s Sur
names at Marriage and Beyond,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18 (2004): 143–60.
191 横方向の敵意：Judith B. White and Ellen J. Langer, “Horizontal Hostility: Re
lations Between Similar Minority Groups,” Journal of Social Issues 55 (1999): 537–59; Judith B. White, Michael T. Schmitt, and Ellen J. Langer, “Horizontal Hostil
ity: Multiple Minority Groups and Differentiation from the Mainstream,” Group P
rocesses & Intergroup Relations 9 (2006): 339–58; Hank Rothgerber, “Horizontal H
ostility Among Non-Meat Eaters,” PLOS ONE 9 (2014): 1–6.
193 強い一体感：Jolanda Jetten, Russell Spears, and Tom Postmes, “Intergroup Di
stinctiveness and Differentiation: A Meta-Analytic Integration,” Journal of Persona
lity and Social Psychology 86 (2004): 862–79.
197 一緒になって歌ったグループ：Scott S. Wiltermuth and Chip Heath, “Synchrony and Cooperation,” Psychological Science 20 (2009): 1–5.
197 奇妙な同盟関係：Wooseok Jung, Brayden G. King, and Sarah A. Soule, “Issue
22

Bricolage: Explaining the Configuration of the Social Movement Sector, 1960– 19
95,” American Journal of Sociology 120 (2014): 187–225.
197

ポジティブな経験もネガティブな経験も：Erica J. Boothby, Margaret S. Clark,

and John A. Bargh, “Shared Experiences Are Amplified,” Psychological Science 25(2014): 2209–16.
198 同盟を結んだ婦人参政権運動家たち：Holly J. McCammon and Karen E. Campbell, “Allies on the Road to Victory: Coalition Formation Between the Suffragists a
nd the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union,” Mobilization: An International Jou
rnal 7 (2002): 231–51.
202 できるかもしれないぞ：Meredith Perryとの個人取材, November 13, 2014; Googl
e Zeitgeist, September 16, 2014; Jack Hitt, “An Inventor Wants One Less Wire to
Worry About,” New York Times, August 17, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/te
chnology/an-inventor-wants-one-less-wire-to-worry-about.html?pagewanted=all; Julie
Bort, “A Startup That Raised $10 Million for Charging Gadgets Through Sound H
as Sparked a Giant Debate in Silicon Valley,” Business Insider, November 2, 2014,www.businessinsider.com/startup-ubeams-10-million-debate-2014-11.
：Simon Sinek, Start with Why: How Great Leaders Inspire Ev
202 まずは“なぜ”eryone to Take Action (New York: Portfolio, 2011).
203 節度のある過激派：Debra E. Meyerson and Maureen A. Scully, “Tempered Rad
icalism and the Politics of Ambivalence and Change,” Organization Science 6 (1995): 585–600.
203 極端な政治観：Philip M. Fernbach, Todd Rogers, Craig R. Fox, and Steven A.
Sloman, “Political Extremism Is Supported by an Illusion of Understanding,” Psychological Science 24 (2013): 939–46.
204 ボールがストライクに：Josh Steinmanへの個人取材, December 10, 2014, 及びSc
ott Stearneyへの個人取材, December 29, 2014.
204

フット・イン・ザ・ドア：For a review, see Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: Scie

nce and Practice, 4th ed. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001).
205 九九パーセントの人々：Srdja Popovic, Blueprint for Revolution: How to Use R
ice Pudding, Lego Men, and Other Nonviolent Techniques to Galvanize Communiti
es, Overthrow Dictators, or Simply Change the World (New York: Spiegel & Grau,
2015.
208 内部の人間と外部の人間：Blake E. Ashforth and Peter H. Reingen, “Functionsof Dysfunction: Managing the Dynamics of an Organizational Duality in a Natural Food Cooperative,” Administrative Science Quarterly 59 (2014): 474–516.
209 友はいつも近くに置け：Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola, The Godfather:
23

Part II, directed by Francis Ford Coppola, Paramount Pictures, 1974.
209

心理学者はこのような：Michelle K. Duffy, Daniel C. Ganster, and Milan Pagon, “Social Undermining in the Workplace,” Academy of Management Journal 45 (2002): 331–51; 以下も参照のこと。Huiwen Lian, D. Lance Ferris, and Douglas J. Br
own, “Does Taking the Good with the Bad Make Things Worse? How Abusive Su
pervision and Leader-Member Exchange Interact to Impact Need Satisfaction andOrganizational Deviance,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
117 (2012): 41–52.
212

両価的な関係はマイナスな：Bert N. Uchino, Julianne Holt-Lunstad, Timothy

W. Smith, and Lindsey Bloor, “Heterogeneity in Social Networks: A Comparison ofDifferent Models Linking Relationships to Psychological Outcomes,” Journal of So
cial and Clinical Psychology, 23 (2004): 123–39; Bert N. Uchino, Julianne Holt-Lu
nstad, Darcy Uno, and Jeffrey B. Flinders, “Heterogeneity in the Social Networks
of Young and Older Adults: Prediction of Mental Health and Cardiovascular Rea
ctivity During Acute Stress,” Journal of Behavioral Medicine 24 (2001): 361–82.
214 尊敬を得ることや：Elliot Aronson and Darwyn Linder, “Gain and Loss of Est
eem as Determinants of Interpersonal Attractiveness,” Journal of Experimental So
cial Psychology 1 (1965): 156–71.
（デ215 価値があるものだ：Elliot Aronson, 『あなたの人生の科学 誕生・成長・出会い』
イヴィッド・ブルックス著、夏目大訳、ハヤカワ文庫NF, 2015年）
215 他者をうまく説得：Harold Sigall and Elliot Aronson, “Opinion Change and th
e Gain-Loss Model of Interpersonal Attraction,” Journal of Experimental Social Ps
ychology 3 (1967): 178–88.
216 批判的な追及に耐えうる：Ithai Stern and James D. Westphal, “Stealthy Footst
eps to the Boardroom: Executives’ Backgrounds, Sophisticated Interpersonal Influe
nce Behavior, and Board Appointments,” Administrative Science Quarterly 55 (2010): 278–319.
216 エッセイスト：Chuck Klosterman, “The Importance of Being Hated,” Esquire,
April 1, 2004, www.esquire.com/features/chuck-klostermans-america/ESQ0404-APR_
AMERICA.
220 もちろん『ハムレット』です：Rob Minkoffへの個人取材, October 17 and November 13, 2014.
222 出発点が奇抜であると：Justin M. Berg, “The Primal Mark: How the Beginning Shapes the End in the Development of Creative Ideas,” Organizational Behavior
and Human Decision Processes 125 (2014): 1–17.
224 人を育てる能力：Paula Baker, “The Domestication of Politics: Women and Am
24

erican Political Society, 1780–1920,” American Historical Review 89 (1984): 620–4
7.
228 マッキャモン：Holly J. McCammon, Lyndi Hewitt, and Sandy Smith, “‘No We
apon Save Argument’: Strategic Frame Amplification in the U.S. Woman Suffrage
Movements,” The Sociological Quarterly 45 (2004): 529–56; Holly J. McCammon,“‘Out of the Parlors and Into the Streets’: The Changing Tactical Repertoire of the
U.S. Women’s Suffrage Movements,” Social Forces 81 (2003): 787–818; Lyndi Hew
itt and Holly J. McCammon, “Explaining Suffrage Mobilization: Balance, Neutraliz
ation, and Range in Collective Action Frames, 1892–1919,” Mobilization: An International Journal 9 (2004): 149–66.
228 婦人参政権法の可決件数：Holly J. McCammon, “Stirring Up Suffrage Sentimen
t: The Formation of the State Woman’s Suffrage Organizations, 1866–1914,” Social
Forces 80 (2001): 449–80; Holly J. McCammon, Karen E. Campbell, Ellen M. Gr
anberg, and Christine Mowery, “How Movements Win: Gendered Opportunity Stru
ctures and U.S. Women’s Suffrage Movements, 1866–1919,” American Sociological
Review 66 (2001): 49–70; Holly J. McCammon and Karen E. Campbell, “Winning
the Vote in the West: The Political Successes of the Women’s Suffrage Movements,
1866–1919,” Gender & Society 15 (2001): 55–82.
231 紛争の最前線：Herbert C. Kelman, “Group Processes in the Resolution of International Conflicts: Experiences from the Israeli-Palestinian Case,” American Psyc
hologist 52 (1997): 212–20, and “Looking Back at My Work on Conflict Resolution
in the Middle East,” Peace and Conflict 16 (2010): 361–87.

PART 6 「はみ出す人」こそ時代をつくる
235 僕らは、弟を：Harry Allen Overstreet and Bonaro Wilkinson Overstreet, The
Mind Goes Forth: The Drama of Understanding (New York: Norton, 1956).
236 盗塁：Ano Katsunori, “Modified Offensive Earned-Run Average with Steal Eff
ect for Baseball,” Applied Mathematics and Computation 120 (2001): 279–88; Josh
Goldman, “Breaking Down Stolen Base Break-Even Points,” Fan Graphs, Novemb
er 3, 2011, www.fangraphs.com/blogs/breaking-down-stolen-base-break-even-points/.
236 ホームへの盗塁となると：Dan Rosenheck, “Robinson Knew Just When to Be
Bold on the Base Path,” New York Times, April 17, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/04/19/sports/baseball/19score.html; Dave Anderson, “Why Nobody Steals Home Anymore,” New York Times, April 16, 1989, www.nytimes.com/1989/04/16/sports/sports25

of-the-times-why-nobody-steals-home-anymore.html; Bryan Grosnick, “Grand Theft
Home Plate: Stealing Home in 2012,” Beyond the Box Score, July 27, 2012, www.
beyondtheboxscore.com/2012/7/27/3197011/grand-theft-home-plate-stealing-home-in-20
12; Shane Tourtellotte, “And That Ain’t All, He Stole Home!” Hardball Times, Ma
rch 2, 2012, www.hardballtimes.com/and-that-aint-all-he-stole-home; Manny Randha
wa, “Harrison Dazzles with Steal of Home,” April 28, 2013, MiLB.com, www.milb.
com/news/print.jsp?ymd=20130428&content_id=46029428&vkey=news_t484&fext=.jsp&sid=t484; Anthony McCarron, “Jacoby Ellsbury’s Steal of Home Against Yankees
Is a Page from Another Era,” New York Daily News, April 27, 2009, www.nydail
ynews.com/sports/baseball/yankees/jacoby-ellsbury-steal-home-yankees-page-era-articl
e-1.359870.
236 ケガをする確率：Robert Preidt, “‘Plays at the Plate’ Riskiest for Pro BaseballPlayers,” HealthDay, January 26, 2014, consumer.healthday.com/fitness-information14/baseball-or-softball-health-news-240/briefs-emb-1-21-baseball-collision-injuries-ijsm-wake-forest-release-batch-1109-684086.html.
237 野球史上における盗塁王：Baseball Almanac, “Single Season Leaders for Stolen
Bases,” www.baseball-almanac.com/hitting/hisb2.shtml, and “Career Leaders for St
olen Bases,” www.baseball-almanac.com/hitting/hisb1.shtml.
238 肌の色の壁：Jackie Robinson, I Never Had It Made (New York: HarperCollins,
1972/1995); Arnold Rampersad, Jackie Robinson: A Biography (New York: Ballant
ime Books, 1997); Roger Kahn, Rickey & Robinson: The True, Untold Story of theIntegration of Baseball (New York: Rodale Books, 2014); Harvey Frommer, Rickey and Robinson: The Men Who Broke Baseball’s Color Barrier (New York: Taylor
Trade Publishing, 1982/2003).
239 シーズン七〇回以上の：Rickey Henderson: Robert Buderi, “Crime Pays for Ric
key Henderson, Who’s (Base) Stealing His Way Into the Record Book,” People, Au
gust 23, 1982, www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,20082931,00.html; Lou Broc
k: “Lou Brock Biography,” ESPN, espn.go.com/mlb/player/bio/_/id/19568/lou-brock; V
ince Coleman: William C. Rhoden, “Coleman Is a Man in a Hurry,” New York Ti
mes, www.nytimes.com/1985/06/12/sports/coleman-is-a-man-in-a-hurry.html; Maury
Wills: Bill Conlin, “The Maury Wills We Never Knew,” Chicago Tribune, February
24, 1991, articles.chicagotribune.com/1991-02-24/sports/9101180148_1_maurice-morn
ing-wills-maury-wills-bases; Ron LeFlore: Bill Staples and Rich Herschlag, Before
the Glory: 20 Baseball Heroes Talk About Growing Up and Turning Hard Times I
nto Home Runs (Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, Inc.: 1997); Omar
Moreno: Personal communication with Jim Trdinich, February 1, 2015; Tim Raine26

s: Ron Fimrite, “Don’t Knock the Rock,” Sports Illustrated, June 25, 1984, www.si.
com/vault/1984/06/25/619862/dont-knock-the-rock; Willie Wilson: Willie Wilson, Inside the Park: Running the Base Path of Life (Olathe, KS: Ascend Books, 2013); Ma
rquis Grissom: Jerome Holtzman, “Marquis Grissom Is Newest Hero of the Fall,”
Chicago Tribune, October 24, 1997, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997-10-24/spo
rts/ 9710240033_1_american-league-champion-marquis-grissom-bases; Kenny Lofton:
Associated Press, “Former Wildcat Lofton Debuts with Atlanta, Goes 2-for-4,” Arizona Daily Wildcat, March 28, 1997, http://wc.arizona.edu/papers/90/ 122/20_1_m.ht
ml.
239 兄弟ともにプロ野球選手：Frank J. Sulloway and Richard L. Zweigenhaft, “Birth Order and Risk Taking in Athletics: A Meta-Analysis and Study of Major League Baseball,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 14 (2010): 402–16.
240

現代盗塁の父：David Falkner, Great Time Coming: The Life of Jackie Robins

on, from Baseball to Birmingham (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995).
240

ケガを怖がっていたら：Rod Carew, Carew (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979); Martin Miller, “Rod Carew Becomes Champion for the Abused,” Los Angeles T
imes, December 12, 1994, http://articles.latimes.com/1994-12-12/local/ me-8068_1_rod-carew.
240 三番目は、ポール・モリター：McCarron, “Jacoby Ellsbury’s Steal of Home”; Ken Rosenthal, “You Can Go Home Again, Says Molitor,” Baltimore Sun, April 6, 19
96, articles.baltimoresun.com/1996-04-06/sports/1996097010_1_molitor-twins-orioles;
Jim Souhan, “My Day with Molitor in 1996,” Star Tribune, November 4, 2014, w
ww.startribune.com/souhan-blog-my-day-with-molitor-in-1996/ 281481701; Bill Koeni
g, “Molitor Is Safe at Home,” USA Today, June 6, 1996, usatoday30.usatoday.com/s
ports/baseball/sbbw0442.htm.
242 二〇以上におよぶ科学：Frank J. Sulloway, Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family
Dynamics, and Creative Lives (New York: Vintage, 1997), “Birth Order and Evolutionary Psychology: A Meta-Analytic Overview,” Psychological Inquiry 6 (1995): 7
5–80, and “Sources of Scientific Innovation: A Meta-Analytic Approach (Commenta
ry on Simonton, 2009),” Perspectives on Psychological Science 4 (2009): 455–59.
244 第一子よりもあと生まれのほうが：Frank J. Sulloway, “Born to Rebel and Its C
ritics,” Politics and the Life Sciences 19 (2000): 181–202, and “Birth Order and P
olitical Rebellion: An Assessment, with Biographical Data on Political Activists” (2002), www.sulloway.org/politics.html.
245 結果の論理：James March, A Primer on Decision-Making: How Decisions Hap
pen (New York: Free Press, 1994); 以下も参照のこと。J. Mark Weber, Shirli Kopel
27

man, and David M. Messick, “A Conceptual Review of Decision Making in Social
Dilemmas: Applying a Logic of Appropriateness,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 8 (2004): 281–307.
246 第一子の利点：Roger D. Clark and Glenn A. Rice, “Family Constellations andEminence: The Birth Orders of Nobel Prize Winners,” Journal of Psychology: Inter
disciplinary and Applied 110 (1981): 281–87; Richard L. Zweigenhaft, “Birth Order,
Approval-Seeking and Membership in Congress,” Journal of Individual Psychology
31 (1975): 205–10; Rudy B. Andeweg and Steef B. Van Den Berg, “Linking Birth
Order to Political Leadership: The Impact of Parents or Sibling Interaction?,” Pol
itical Psychology 24 (2003): 605–23; Blema S. Steinberg, “The Making of Female
Presidents and Prime Ministers: The Impact of Birth Order, Sex of Siblings, andFather-Daughter Dynamics,” Political Psychology 22 (2001): 89–110; Del Jones, “Fi
rst-born Kids Become CEO Material,” USA Today, September 4, 2007, http://usato
day30.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2007-09-03-ceo-birth_N.htm; Ben
Dattner, “Birth Order and Leadership,” www.dattnerconsulting.com/birth.html.
247 あと生まれの子は給料が：Marco Bertoni and Giorgio Brunello, “Laterborns Do
n’t Give Up: The Effects of Birth Order on Earnings in Europe,” IZA Discussion
Paper No. 7679, October 26, 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/ papers.cfm?abstract_
id=2345596.
248 出生順位は個人の性格や：Delroy J. Paulhus, Paul D. Trapnell, and David Che
n, “Birth Order Effects on Personality and Achievement Within Families,” Psychological Science 1999 (10): 482–88; Sulloway, “Born to Rebel and Its Critics,” and“Why Siblings Are Like Darwin’s Finches: Birth Order, Sibling Competition, andAdaptive Divergence Within the Family,” in The Evolution of Personality and Indi
vidual Differences, eds. David M. Buss and Patricia H. Hawley (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010); Laura M. Argys, Daniel I. Rees, Susan L. Averett, andBenjama Witoonchart, “Birth Order and Risky Adolescent Behavior,” Economic In
quiry 44 (2006): 215–33; Daniela Barni, Michele Roccato, Alessio Vieno, and Sara
Alfieri, “Birth Order and Conservatism: A Multilevel Test of Sulloway’s ‘Born to R
ebel’ Thesis,” Personality and Individual Differences 66 (2014): 58–63.
249 別々の家庭で育てられた：Steven Pinker, “What Is the Missing Ingredient—Not Genes, Not Upbringing—That Shapes the Mind?,” Edge, edge.org/ response-detail/11078, and The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature (New York: P
enguin Books, 2003); Eric Turkheimer and Mary Waldron, “Nonshared Environme
nt: A Theoretical, Methodological, and Quantitative Review,” Psychological Bulletin
126 (2000): 78–108; Robert Plomin and Denise Daniels, “Why Are Children in th28

e Same Family So Different from Each Other?,” International Journal of Epidemi
ology 40 (2011): 563–82.
250 大人になると、養子の兄弟：Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr., and John C. Loehlin, “G
enes, Evolution, and Personality,” Behavior Genetics 31 (2001): 243–73; John C. L
oehlin, Genes and Environment in Personality Development (Newbury Park, CA:
Sage, 1992); John C. Loehlin, Robert R. McCrae, Paul T. Costa, Jr., and Oliver P.
John, “Heritabilities of Common and Measure-Specific Components of the Big Fiv
e Personality Factors,” Journal of Research in Personality 32 (1998): 431–53.
251 責任重大なことを成し遂げる：Sulloway, Born to Rebel; Helen Koch, “Some Per
sonality Correlates of Sex, Sibling Position, and Sex of Sibling Among Five- andSix-Year-Old Children,” Genetic Psychology Monographs 52 (1955): 3–50; Frank D
umont, A History of Personality Psychology: Theory, Science, and Research fromHellenism to the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2010). “How is Personality Formed? A Talk with Frank J. Sulloway,” Edge, May 1
7, 1998: https://edge.org/conversation/how-is-personality formed-.
252 お笑い芸人は独創的な人：Gil Greengross and Geoffrey F. Miller, “The Big Five
Personality Traits of Professional Comedians Compared to Amateur Comedians,
Comedy Writers, and College Students,” Personality and Individual Differences 47(2009): 79–83; Gil Greengross, Rod A. Martin, and Geoffrey Miller, “Personality T
raits, Intelligence, Humor Styles, and Humor Production Ability of Professional St
and-Up Comedians Compared to College Students,” Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 6 (2012): 74–82.
252 人々の予想を：A. Peter McGraw and Caleb Warren, “Benign Violations: Making Immoral Behavior Funny,” Psychological Science 21 (2010): 1141–49.
252 『コメディ・セントラル』：Comedy Central, “100 Greatest Stand-ups of All Time,” www.listology.com/list/comedy-central-100-greatest-standups-all-time.
253 一〇〇人の独創的な：Adam M. Grant, “Funny Babies: Great Comedians Are B
orn Last in Big Families,” working paper (2015).
254 兄や姉が多ければ多い子ほど：Ray Blanchard, “Fraternal Birth Order and theMaternal Immune Hypothesis of Male Homosexuality,” Hormones and Behavior 40(2001): 105–14, and “Quantitative and Theoretical Analyses of the Relation Betw
een Older Brothers and Homosexuality in Men,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 21(2004): 173–87; James M. Cantor, Ray Blanchard, Andrew D. Paterson, and Anth
ony F. Bogaert, “How Many Gay Men Owe Their Sexual Orientation to Fraternal
Birth Order?,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 31 (2002): 63–71; Ray Blanchard andRichard Lippa, “Birth Order, Sibling Sex Ratio, Handedness, and Sexual Orientat
29

ion of Male and Female Participants in a BBC Internet Research Project,” Archiv
es of Sexual Behavior 36 (2007): 163–176; Anthony F. Bogaert, Ray Blanchard, an
d Lesley E. Crosthwait, “Interaction of Birth Order, Handedness, and Sexual Orientation in the Kinsey Interview Data,” Behavioral Neuroscience 121 (2007): 845–5
3; Alicia Garcia-Falgueras and Dick F. Swaab, “Sexual Hormones and the Brain:
An Essential Alliance for Sexual Identity and Sexual Orientation,” Endocrine Dev
elopment 17 (2010): 22–35.
254 親は第一子を厳しくしつけ：Robert B. Zajonc, “Family Configuration and Intell
igence,” Science 192 (1976): 227–36, and “Validating the Confluence Model,” Psych
ological Bulletin 93 (1983): 457–80; Robert B. Zajonc and Patricia R. Mullally, “Bi
rth Order: Reconciling Conflicting Effects,” American Psychologist 52 (1997): 685–
799; Heidi Keller and Ulrike Zach, “Gender and Birth Order as Determinants of
Parental Behavior,” International Journal of Behavioral Development 26 (2002): 17
7–84; J. Jill Suitor and Karl Pillemer, “Mothers’ Favoritism in Later Life: The Ro
le of Children’s Birth Order,” Research on Aging 29 (2007): 32–55.
255

犠牲となってしまった典型的な例：Andre Agassi, Open: An Autobiography (New York: Knopf, 2009). For evidence that the children treated with the greatest ho
stility by parents are the most likely to rebel, see Katherine Jewsbury Conger and Rand D. Conger, “Differential Parenting and Change in Sibling Differences in D
elinquency,” Journal of Family Psychology 8 (1994): 287–302.
255

からかおうと思った：Lizz Winsteadへの個人取材, February 8, 2015, and Lizz

Winstead, Lizz Free or Die: Essays (New York: Riverhead, 2012).
257 一人っ子は大人の世界で育ち：Sulloway, “Why Siblings Are Like Darwin’s Finches”; Catherine A. Salmon and Martin Daly, “Birth Order and Familial Sentimen
t: Middleborns Are Different,” Evolution and Human Behavior 19 (1998): 299–312.
259 一日五〇回しつけ：Martin L. Hoffman, Empathy and Moral Development: Imp
lications for Caring and Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
259 説明を受けた：Samuel P. Oliner and Pearl Oliner, The ltruistic Personality: R
escuers of Jews in Nazi Europe (New York: Touchstone, 1992) ; Samuel P. Oliner,“Ordinary Heroes,” Yes! Magazine, November 5, 2001, www.yesmagazine.org/ issu
es/can-love-save-the-world/ordinary-heroes; 以下も参照のこと。Eva Fogelman, Consci
ence and Courage: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust (New York: Doubleday,
2011).
260 創造性の高い子どもたちの親：John S. Dacey, “Discriminating Characteristics ofthe Families of Highly Creative Adolescents,” The Journal of Creative Behavior
23 (1989): 263–71.
30

260 道徳的価値観：Teresa M. Amabile, Growing Up Creative: Nurturing a Lifetimeof Creativity (Buffalo, NY: Creative Education Foundation, 1989).
260

ルールを強いられた場合：Maarten Vansteenkiste, Bart Soenens, Stijn Van Pet

egem, and Bart Duriez, “Longitudinal Associations Between Adolescent Perceived
Degree and Style of Parental Prohibition and Internalization and Defiance,” Developmental Psychology 50 (2014): 229–36; 以下も参照のこと。Sharon S. Brehm and J
ack W. Brehm, Psychological Reactance: A Theory of Freedom and Control (New Y
ork: Academic Press, 1981).
260 創造性豊かなグループ：Donald W. MacKinnon, “The Nature and Nurture of C
reative Talent,” American Psychologist 17 (1962): 484–95, and “Personality and th
e Realization of Creative Potential,” American Psychologist 20 (1965): 273–81.
：John Skow, “Erma in Bomburbia: Erma Bombeck,” Time,262 「同情」と「罪悪感」
July 2, 1984.
262 「患者」にしただけ：Adam M. Grant and David A. Hofmann, “It’s Not All Ab
out Me: Motivating Hand Hygiene Among Health Care Professionals by Focusing
on Patients,” Psychological Science 22 (2011): 1494–99.
265 他者におよぼす影響を：Carolyn Zahn-Wexler, Marian Radke-Yarrow, and Robert A. King, “Child Rearing and Children’s Prosocial Initiations Toward Victims ofDistress,” Child Development 50 (1979): 319–30; Seth Izen, “Childhood Discipline
and the Development of Moral Courage,” unpublished master’s thesis, Universityof Massachusetts Lowell, www.uml.edu/docs/Childhood%20Discipline%20and%20th
e%20Development%20of%20Moral%20Courage%20Thesis_tcm18-90752.pdf; 以下も参照のこと。Eleanor E. Maccoby, “The Role of Parents in the Socialization of Childre
n: An Historical Overview,” Developmental Psychology 28 (1992): 1006–17.
266 人柄を褒めた：Joan E. Grusec and Erica Redler, “Attribution, Reinforcement,
and Altruism: A Developmental Analysis,” Developmental Psychology 16 (1980): 52
5–34.
266

人柄を褒められた子ども：Adam Grant, “Raising a Moral Child,” New York Ti

mes, April 11, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/04/12/opinion/sunday/raising-a-moral-chi
ld.html.
267 小さな子どもでも：Christopher J. Bryan, Allison Master, and Gregory M. Wal
ton, “‘Helping’ Versus ‘Being a Helper’: Invoking the Self to Increase Helping in Y
oung Children,” Child Development 85 (2014): 1836–4
267 人柄に訴えかけることは：Christopher J. Bryan, Gabrielle S. Adams, and Benoît Monin, “When Cheating Would Make You a Cheater: Implicating the Self Preve
nts Unethical Behavior,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 142 (2013):
31

1001–5.
267 失敗に直面すると：Carol S. Dweck, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success(New York: Random House, 2006).
269

手本を見せられる：Penelope Lockwood and Ziva Kunda, “Increasing the Salie

nce of One’s Best Selves Can Undermine Inspiration by Outstanding Role Models,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (1999): 214–28; 以下も参照のこと。
Albert Bandura, Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control (New York: Freeman, 1997).
270 教育者をあげた人：Bill E. Peterson and Abigail J. Stewart, “Antecedents andContexts of Generativity Motivation at Midlife,” Psychology and Aging 11 (1996):
21–33.
271 マララ・ユスフザイ：Jodi Kantor, “Malala Yousafzai: By the Book,” New YorkTimes, August 19, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/08/24/books/review/malala-yousafzai-by-the-book.html.
272 そのキング牧師は：Rufus Burrow Jr., Extremist for Love: Martin Luther King
Jr., Man of Ideas and Nonviolent Social Action (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press,
2014).
272 ネルソン・マンデラも：“Nelson Mandela, the ‘Gandhi of South Africa,’ Had Str
ong Indian Ties,” Economic Times, December 6, 2013, articles.economictimes.indiat
imes.com/2013-12-06/news/44864354_1_nelson-mandela-gandhi-memorial-gandhian-philosophy.
272 イーロン・マスク：Tad Friend, “Plugged In: Can Elon Musk Lead the Way to
an Electric-Car Future?” New Yorker, August 24, 2009, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/08/24/plugged-in.
272 ピーター・ティール：Julian Guthrie, “Entrepreneur Peter Thiel Talks ‘Zero toOne,’” SFGate, September 21, 2014, www.sfgate.com/living/article/ Entrepreneur-Pet
er-Thiel-talks-Zero-to-One-5771228.php.
272 シェリル・サンドバーグ：“Sheryl Sandberg: By the Book,” New York Times, March 14, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/books/review/sheryl-sandberg-by-the-book.html.
272 ジェフ・ベゾス：“Jeffrey P. Bezos Recommended Reading”: www.achievement.or
g/autodoc/bibliography/WrinkleinT_1.
272 マーク・ザッカーバーグ：Alyson Shontell, “The Books That Inspired Tech’s Mo
st Influential People,” Business Insider, June 26, 2013, www.businessinsider.com/the-books-that-influenced-techs-most-influencial-ceos-2013-6?op=1.
272 ジャック・マー：Helen H. Wang, “Alibaba Saga III: Jack Ma Discovered theInternet,” Forbes, July 17, 2014, www.forbes.com/sites/ helenwang/2014/07/17/alibab
32

a-saga-iii/.
273

物語がユニークな目標を達成する：Richard DeCharms and Gerald H. Moeller,“Values Expressed in American Children’s Readers, 1800–1950,” Journal of Abnor
mal and Social Psychology 64 (1962): 136–42; 以下も参照のこと。David C. McClelland, The Achieving Society (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand Co., 1961); Stefan Enges
er, Falko Rheinberg, and Matthias Möller, “Achievement Motive Imagery in German Schoolbooks: A Pilot Study Testing McClelland’s Hypothesis,” Journal of Resear
ch in Personality 43 (2009): 110–13; Stefan Engeser, Ina Hollricher, and Nicola B
aumann, “The Stories Children’s Books Tell Us: Motive-Related Imagery in Children’s Books and Their Relation to Academic Performance and Crime Rates,” Journal of Research in Personality 47 (2013): 421–26.
273 時間を経て成長し：Dean Keith Simonton, Greatness: Who Makes History andWhy (New York: Guilford Press, 1994).
274『ハリー・ポッター』を読むことで：Loris Vezzali, Sofia Stathi, Dino Giovannini, Dora Capozza, and Elena Trifiletti, “The Greatest Magic of Harry Potter: Reducing Prejudice,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 45 (2015): 105–21.

PART 7 ダメになる組織、飛躍する組織
275

互いにけっして許すことができない罪とは：Ralph Waldo Emerson, Society andSolitude: Twelve Chapters (New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1893).
276 ポラロイドの創業者：Mary Tripsas and Giovanni Gavetti, “Capabilities, Cognit
ion, and Inertia: Evidence from Digital Imaging,” Strategic Management Journal 2
1 (2000): 1147–61; Victor K. McElheny, Insisting on the Impossible: The Life of E
dwin Land (New York: Basic Books, 1999); Milton P. Dentch, Fall of an Icon: Polaroid After Edwin H. Land: An Insider’s View of the Once Great Company (NewYork: Riverhaven Books, 2012); Christopher Bonanos, Instant: The Story of Polaro
id (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press, 2012); Peter C. Wensberg, Land’s
Polaroid: A Company and the Man Who Invented It (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987); David Sheff, “Steve Jobs,” Playboy, February 1985, http://longform.org/stories/
playboy-interview-steve-jobs; Brian Dumaine, “How Polaroid Flashed Back,” Fortune, February 16, 1987, http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1
987/02/16/68669/index.htm.
279 これほどまでに結束した集団：Charles A. O’Reilly and Jennifer A. Chatman, “C
ulture as Social Control: Corporations, Cults, and Commitment,” Research in Orga
33

nizational Behavior 18 (1996): 157–200.
280 ケネディ大統領の相談役：Irving Janis, Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Po
licy Decisions and Fiascoes (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973); Cass R. Sunstein, W
hy Societies Need Dissent (Boston: Harvard University Press, 2003).
280

ただ、この団結理論には：Sally Riggs Fuller and Ramon J. Aldag, “Organizati

onal Tonypandy: Lessons from a Quarter Century of the Groupthink Phenomenon,”Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 73 (1998): 163–84; Roder
ick M. Kramer, “Revisiting the Bay of Pigs and Vietnam Decisions 25 Years Later: How Well Has the Groupthink Hypothesis Stood the Test of Time?,” Organizati
onal Behavior and Human Decision Processes 73 (1998): 236–71; Glen Whyte, “Recasting Janis’s Groupthink Model: The Key Role of Collective Efficacy in Decision
Fiascoes,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 73 (1998): 185–209; Clark McCauley, “Group Dynamics in Janis’s Theory of Groupthink: Backwa
rd and Forward,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 73 (1998): 142–62; Randall S. Peterson, Pamela D. Owens, Philip E. Tetlock, Elliott T. F
an, and Paul Martorana, “Group Dynamics in Top Management Teams: Groupthink, Vigilance, and Alternative Models of Organizational Failure and Success,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 73 (1998): 272–305; Philip E.
Tetlock, Randall S. Peterson, Charles McGuire, Shi-jie Chang, and Peter Feld, “Assessing Political Group Dynamics: A Test of the Groupthink Model,” Journal of Pe
rsonality and Social Psychology 63 (1992): 403–25; Ramon J. Aldag and Sally Rig
gs Fuller, “Beyond Fiasco: A Reappraisal of the Groupthink Phenomenon and a N
ew Model of Group Decision Processes,” Psychological Bulletin 113 (1993): 533–52;
Richard E. Neustadt and Ernest R. May, Thinking in Time: The Uses of History
for Decision Makers (New York: Free Press, 1986); Steve W. J. Kozlowski and D
aniel R. Ilgen, “Enhancing the Effectiveness of Work Groups and Teams,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 7 (2006): 77–124; Anthony R. Pratkanis andMarlene E. Turner, “Methods for Counteracting Groupthink Risk: A Critical Appraisal,” International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management 2 (2013): 18–38;
Francis J. Flynn and Jennifer A. Chatman, “Strong Cultures and Innovation: Ox
ymoron or Opportunity?” The International Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate (2001): 263–87.
284 一つのモデルが、ほかの二つよりも：James N. Baron and Michael T. Hannan,“Organizational Blueprints for Success in High-Tech Startups: Lessons from the S
tanford Project on Emerging Companies,” California Management Review 44 (2002): 8–36; Michael T. Hannan, James N. Baron, Greta Hsu, and Ozgecan Kocak,
34

“Organizational Identities and the Hazard of Change,” Industrial and Corporate C
hange 15 (2006): 755–84.
286 これまで会社を成長させてくれたものは：Marshall Goldsmith, What Got You He
re Won’t Get You There: How Successful People Become Even More Successful (New York: Hachette, 2007).
287 組織は時間の経過とともに：Edgar H. Schein, Organizational Culture (San Fra
ncisco: Jossey-Bass, 1992); Benjamin Schneider, “The People Make the Place,” Personnel Psychology 40 (1987): 437–53; Benjamin Schneider, D. Brent Smith, and H
arold W. Goldstein, “Attraction-Selection- Attrition: Toward a Person-Environment
Psychology of Organizations,” in Person- Environment Psychology: Models and Per
spectives (2000): 61–85.
287 安定した業界において：Jesper Sørensen, “The Strength of Corporate Culture and the Reliability of Firm Performance,” Administrative Science Quarterly 47 (2002): 70–91.
289 友人や同僚からのアドバイスを：Michael L. McDonald and James D. Westphal,“Getting By with the Advice of Their Friends: CEOs’ Advice Networks and Firms’
Strategic Responses to Poor Performance,” Administrative Science Quarterly 48(2003): 1–32.
289 16パーセントも多くのアイデア：Charlan J. Nemeth, Bernard Personnaz, Marie
Personnaz, and Jack A. Goncalo, “The Liberating Role of Conflict in Group Creativity: A Study in Two Countries,” European Journal of Social Psychology 34 (2004): 365–74.
289

異論や反論が多いチームが：Kevin Dunbar, “How Scientists Really Reason: Sci

entific Reasoning in Real-World Laboratories,” in The Nature of Insight, eds., Rob
ert J. Sternberg and Janet E. Davidson, 365–95 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995); C
hip Heath, Richard P. Larrick, and Joshua Klayman, “Cognitive Repairs: How Org
anizational Practices Can Compensate for Individual Shortcomings,” Research in
Organizational Behavior 20 (1998): 1–37; Robert S. Dooley and Gerald E. Fryxell,“Attaining Decision Quality and Commitment from Dissent: The Moderating Effe
cts of Loyalty and Competence in Strategic Decision-Making Teams,” Academy ofManagement Journal 42 (1999): 389–402.
290 異なる意見は：Charlan J. Nemeth, “Differential Contributions of Majority andMinority Influence,” Psychological Review 93 (1986): 23–32; Stefan Schulz-Hardt,
Felix C. Brodbeck, Andreas Mojzisch, Rudolf Kerschreiter, and Dieter Frey, “Group Decision Making in Hidden Profile Situations: Dissent as a Facilitator for Decis
ion Quality,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91 (2006): 1080–93.
35295 従業員が多数意見に：Zack WiederおよびMark Kirbyへの個人取材, June 24, 201
4; Zack Wiederへの個人取材, January 12, February 9、16、および April 16, 2015;
Ray Dalioへの個人取材, July 31, 2014, およびFebruary 12, 2015; 数時間におよぶ、2014年6月から2015年1月までの間に勤務していた現旧ブリッジウォーター社員に対する面
談、観察、ビデオ調査; Ray Dalio, “Principles,” www.bwater.com/home/culture— princ
iples.aspx; Robert Kegan, Lisa Lahey, Andy Fleming, and Matthew Miller, “Making Business Personal,” Harvard Business Review, April 2014, 45–52; Kevin Roose,“Pursuing Self-Interest in Harmony with the Laws of the Universe and Contributi
ng to Evolution Is Universally Rewarded,” New York Magazine, April 10, 2001, ht
tp://nymag.com/news/business/wallstreet/ray-dalio-2011-4/; Jeffrey T. Polzer and Hei
di K. Gardner, “Bridgewater Associates,” Harvard Business School Video Case 413-702, May 2013, www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=44831.
：Lauren A. Rivera, “Guess Who Doesn’t Fit In at Wor
297 “企業文化への適応度”
k,” The New York Times, May 30, 2015,: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/31/opinion/sunday/guess-who-doesnt-fit-in-at-work.html.
297 「アイデオ」社：Duane Brayとのやりとりより(January 30, 2014).
298 多数派に反対する者を連れてくる：Charlan Jeanne Nemeth, “Minority Influence
Theory,” in Handbook of Theories in Social Psychology 2 (2012): 362–78; Charlan
Nemeth, Keith Brown, and John Rogers, “Devil’s Advocate Versus Authentic Diss
ent: Stimulating Quantity and Quality,” European Journal of Social Psychology 31(2001): 707–20; personal communication with Charlan Nemeth, January 15, 2015;
Roger B. Porter, Presidential Decision Making: The Economic Policy Board (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
301 役割を果たしているだけ：Stefan Schulz-Hardt, Marc Jochims, and Dieter Frey,“Productive Conflict in Group Decision-Making: Genuine and Contrived Dissent as Strategies to Counteract Biased Information Seeking,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 88 (2002): 563–86.
306 従業員が問題よりも解決策を：Jian Liang, Crystal I. C. Farh, and Jiing-Lih Fa
rh, “Psychological Antecedents of Promotive and Prohibitive Voice: A Two- Wave E
xamination,” Academy of Management Journal 55 (2012): 71–92.
306 弁護の文化：David A. Hofmann, “Overcoming the Obstacles to Cross- Functio
nal Decision Making: Laying the Groundwork for Collaborative Problem Solving,”
Organizational Dynamics (2015); personal conversations with David Hofmann andJeff Edwards, March 2008.
308

カナリア：Laszlo Bock, Work Rules! Insights from Google That Will Transfor

m How You Live and Lead (New York: Twelve, 2015).
36

309 他者が何を望んでいるか：Andreas Mojzisch and Stefan Schulz-Hardt, “Knowing Others’ Preferences Degrades the Quality of Group Decisions,” Journal of Perso
nality and Social Psychology 98 (2010): 794–808.
309 グループが選択肢を１つずつ：Andrea B. Hollingshead, “The Rank-Order Effectin Group Decision Making,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process
es 68 (1996): 181–93.
311 自分が正しいつもりで議論：Quoted in Robert I. Sutton, “It’s Up to You to Sta
rt a Good Fight,” Harvard Business Review, August 3, 2010.
314 ソフトウェア会社の「インデックス・グループ」：Personal interview with Tom G
errity, July 12, 2011.
316 プロの劇団：Zannie G. Voss, Daniel M. Cable, and Glenn B. Voss, “Organizat
ional Identity and Firm Performance: What Happens When Leaders Disagree Abo
ut ‘Who We Are?,’” Organization Science 17 (2006): 741–55.
317 数が多ければ多いほど：Andrew Carton, Chad Murphy, and Jonathan Clark, “A(Blurry) Vision of the Future: How Leader Rhetoric About Ultimate Goals Influe
nces Performance,” Academy of Management Journal 57 (2014): 1544–70.
319

このような確実性の判定法：Trish Reay, Whitney Berta, and Melanie Kazman

Kohn, “What’s the Evidence on Evidence-Based Management?,” Academy of Manag
ement Perspectives (November 2009): 5–18.

PART 8 どんな「荒波」も、しなやかに乗りこなせ
323 勇気とは：Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Ne
lson Mandela (New York: Little, Brown, 1995).
326

アメリカ政府の高官たち：Steven Kelman, Ronald Sanders, Gayatri Pandit, and Sarah Taylor, “‘I Won’t Back Down?’ Complexity and Courage in Federal Decisio
n- Making,” Harvard Kennedy School of Government RWP13-044 (2013).
326 熱心な環境保護活動家：Scott Sonenshein, Katherine A. DeCelles, and Jane E.
Dutton, “It’s Not Easy Being Green: The Role of Self-Evaluations in Explaining S
upport of Environmental Issues,” Academy of Management Journal 57 (2014): 7–3
7.
：Julie K. Norem and Nancy Cantor, “D
326 「戦略的楽観主義」と「防衛的悲観主義」
efensive Pessimism: Harnessing Anxiety as Motivation,” Journal of Personality an
d Social Psychology 51 (1986): 1208–17; Stacie M. Spencer and Julie K. Norem,“Reflection and Distraction: Defensive Pessimism, Strategic Optimism, and Perfor
37mance,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22 (1996): 354–65; Julie K. No
rem and K. S. Shaun Illingworth, “Strategy-Dependent Effects of Reflecting on Se
lf and Tasks: Some Implications of Optimism and Defensive Pessimism,” Journalof Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1993): 822–35; Julie K. Norem and Edw
ard C. Chang, “The Positive Psychology of Negative Thinking,” Journal of ClinicalPsychology 58 (2002): 993–1001; Tim Jarvis, “The Power of Negative Thinking,”
O, The Oprah Magazine, March 2009, http://www.oprah.com/ spirit/Defensive-Pessi
mism-How-Negative-Thinking-Can-Pay-Off.
329 大統領が楽観的すぎると：A. Timur Sevincer, Greta Wagner, Johanna Kalvelage, and Gabriele Oettingen, “Positive Thinking About the Future in Newspaper Re
ports and Presidential Addresses Predicts Economic Downturn,” Psychological Science 25 (2014): 1010–17.
329 一般に人が恐れる対象：Kaya Burgess, “Speaking in Public Is Worse Than Dea
th for Most,” Times (London), October 30, 2013, www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/science/arti
cle3908129.ece; Karen Kangas Dwyer and Marlina M. Davidson, “Is Public Speaki
ng Really More Feared Than Death?,” Communication Research Reports 29 (2012): 99–107; Jerry Seinfeld, www.youtube.com/watch?v=kL7fTLjFzAg.
330 「落ち着いている」か「興奮している」か：Alison Wood Brooks, “Get Excited: R
eappraising Pre- Performance Anxiety as Excitement,” Journal of Experimental Ps
ychology: General 143 (2014): 1144–58.
332 「ストップ（STOP）」システムと「ゴー（GO）システム」：Charles S. Carver andTeri L. White, “Behavioral Inhibition, Behavioral Activation, and Affective Respons
es to Impending Reward and Punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales,” Journal of Perso
nality and Social Psychology 67 (1994): 319–33.
332 「ストップ」システムが働くと：Susan Cain, “Why You Fear Public Speaking,and What to Do About It,” accessed on September 18, 2014, at www.thepowerofintroverts.com/ 2011/02/08/public-speaking-for-introverts-and-other-microphone-averse-p
eople-tip-2.
332 不確かさ：Jacob B. Hirsh and Michael Inzlicht, “The Devil You Know: Neuroticism Predicts Neural Response to Uncertainty,” Psychological Science 19 (2008):
962–67.
333 コントロール感が得られる：Olga Khazan, “The Upside of Pessimism,” Atlantic,
September 12, 2014, www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/09/dont-think-positiv
ely/379993.
337 ポポヴィッチの提唱する：Personal interview with Srdja Popovic, February 8,
2015; Srdja Popovic, Blueprint for Revolution: How to Use Rice Pudding, Lego Me38

n, and Other Nonviolent Techniques to Galvanize Communities, Overthrow Dictat
ors, or Simply Change the World (New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2015); Bringing Do
wn a Dictator, directed by Steven York, WETA, in association with York Zimerman, 2002;『世界“笑いのツボ”探し』（ピーター・マグロウ、ジョエル・ワーナー著

CCCメ

ディアハウス）; Srdja Popovic, “Why Dictators Don’t Like Jokes,” Foreign Policy, A
pril 5, 2013; CANVAS library, accessed on December 26, 2014, at www.canvasopedia.org/index.php/library.
338

スカイプ製品のビジョンをつくり：Josh Silvermanへの個人取材(October 24, Nov

ember 12およびDecember 2, 2014).
338

担当者にやる気を出させる役割：Adam M. Grant and David A. Hofmann, “Outsourcing Inspiration: The Performance Effects of Ideological Messages from Leaders and Beneficiaries,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 116(2011): 173–87.
339 非常に高いレベルの業績：Adam M. Grant, “Leading with Meaning: BeneficiaryContact, Prosocial Impact, and the Performance Effects of Transformational Leadership,” Academy of Management Journal 55 (2012): 458–76.
342 何本かの線の長さ：Solomon E. Asch, “Opinions and Social Pressure,” Scientifi
c American 193 (1955): 31–35, and “Studies of Independence and Conformity: A
Minority of One Against a Unanimous Majority,” Psychological Monographs 70 (1956): 1–70; 以下も参照のこと。Rod Bond and Peter B. Smith, “Culture and Conform
ity: A Meta-Analysis of Studies Using Asch’s (1952b, 1956) Line Judgment Task,”
Psychological Bulletin 119 (1996): 111–37.
343 一人目の支持者：Derek Sivers, “How to Start a Movement,” TED Talks, April
2010, www.ted.com/talks/derek_sivers_how_to_start_a_movement/transcript?language=en.
344 思慮深い少人数の市民：Margaret Mead, The World Ahead: An Anthropologist
Anticipates the Future, ed. Robert B. Textor (New York: Berghahn Books, 2005).
344 仲間が一人いるだけでも：Sigal G. Barsade and Hakan Ozcelik, “Not Alone But Lonely: Work Loneliness and Employee Performance,” working paper (2011).
350

そのあまりにもひどいあつかい：Robert I. Sutton, “Breaking the Cycle of Abuse in Medicine,” March 13, 2007, accessed on February 24, 2015, at bobsutton.type
pad.com/my_weblog/2007/03/breaking_the_cy.html.
351 いざはじめようというときには：Brian Goshenへの個人取材, September 22, 2014.
353 会社での環境改善に：Lynne M. Andersson and Thomas S. Bateman, “Individu
al Environmental Initiative: Championing Natural Environmental Issues in U.S. B
usiness Organizations,” Academy of Management Journal 43 (2000): 548–70.
39

353 切迫感：John Kotter, Leading Change (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1996).
355 リスクの見方を劇的に：Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice,” Science 211 (1981): 453–58; Max Bazer
man, Judgment in Managerial Decision Making (New York: John Wiley, 1994).
356 新しい行動を相手が：Alexander J. Rothman, Roger D. Bartels, Jhon Wlaschin,
and Peter Salovey, “The Strategic Use of Gain- and Loss- Framed Messages to P
romote Healthy Behavior: How Theory Can Inform Practice,” Journal of Communi
cation 56 (2006): 202–20.
357 「会社をつぶす」エクササイズ：Lisa Bodell, Kill the Company: End the Status
Quo, Start an Innovation Revolution (New York: Bibliomotion, 2012).
357 もっとも素晴らしいプレゼンター：Nancy Duarte, “The Secret Structure of Gre
at Talks,” TEDxEast, November 2011, www.ted.com/talks/nancy_duarte_the_secret_s
tructure_of_great_talks.
357 このエクササイズは：Anita Williams Woolley, “Playing Offense vs. Defense: Th
e Effects of Team Strategic Orientation on Team Process in Competitive Environm
ents,” Organization Science 22 (2011): 1384–98.
358 この素晴らしい国家は：Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first inaugural address, March 4, 1933.
358 一〇〇年たった今：Martin Luther King, Jr.’s, “I have a dream” speech, August 28, 1963; Clarence B. Jones, Behind the Dream: The Making of the Speech That Transformed a Nation (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011); Drew Hansen, Th
e Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Speech That Inspired a Nation (NewYork: Harper Perennial, 2005).
359 キング牧師は：Patricia Wasielewski, “The Emotional Basis of Charisma,” Symbolic Interaction 8 (1985): 207–22.
359 疑問を感じたとき：Minjung Koo and Ayelet Fishbach, “Dynamics of Self-Regul
ation: How (Un)accomplished Goal Actions Affect Motivation,” Journal of Personali
ty and Social Psychology 94 (2008): 183–95.
360 熱くなりつつ：Debra E. Meyerson and Maureen A. Scully, “Tempered Radical
ism and the Politics of Ambivalence and Change,” Organization Science 6 (1995):
585–600.
、、、、
360 「表層演技」と「深層演技」：Arlie Hochschild, The Managed Heart: Commerci
alization of Human Feeling (California: University of California Press, 1983).
361

メソッド演技法：Constantin Stanislavski, An Actor Prepares (New York: Bloo

msbury Academic, 1936/2013); Chris Sullivan, “How Daniel Day-Lewis’ Notoriously
40

Rigorous Role Preparation Has Yielded Another Oscar Contender,” The Independ
ent, February 1, 2008.
362 表層演技をしている人は：Alicia Grandey, “When ‘The Show Must Go On’: Surf
ace Acting and Deep Acting as Determinants of Emotional Exhaustion and Peer-R
ated Service Delivery,” Academy of Management Journal 46 (2003): 86–96; Ute R.
Hülsheger and Anna F. Schewe, “On the Costs and Benefits of Emotional Labor:
A Meta-Analysis of Three Decades of Research,” Journal of Occupational Health
Psychology 16 (2011): 361–89.
362 想定される事態に：Aldon D. Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movemen
t: Black Communities Organizing for Change (New York: Free Press, 1984); Rufus
Burrow, Jr., Extremist for Love: Martin Luther King Jr., Man of Ideas and Nonv
iolent Social Action (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2014); Martin Luther King,
Jr., “Remarks in Favor of the Montgomery Bus Boycott,” June 27, 1956, accessedon February 24, 2015, at www.usnews.com/news/blogs/press-past/2013/ 02/04/reme
mbering-rosa-parks-on-her-100th-birthday; Martin Luther King, Jr., interview with
Kenneth Clark, accessed on February 24, 2015, at www.pbs.org/ wgbh/amex/mlk/sf
eature/sf_video_pop_03_tr_qt.html.
363 枕をたたいたり：Analyze This, directed by Harold Ramis, Warner Bros., 1999.
363 怒りを発散させることが：Brad J. Bushman, “Does Venting Anger Feed or Ext
inguish the Flame? Catharsis, Rumination, Distraction, Anger, and Aggressive Res
ponding,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28 (2002): 724–31; Brad J. B
ushman, Roy F. Baumeister, and Angela D. Stack, “Catharsis, Aggression, and Pe
rsuasive Influence: Self-Fulfilling or Self-Defeating Prophecies?,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (1999): 367–76; Brad J. Bushman, Angela M. Bona
cci, William C. Pedersen, Eduardo A. Vasquez, and Norman Miller, “Chewing on I
t Can Chew You Up: Effects of Rumination on Triggered Displaced Aggression,” J
ournal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 (2005): 969–83.
365

ある期間が過ぎるとカタルシス：Timothy D. Wilson, Redirect: The Surprising

New Science of Psychological Change (New York: Little, Brown, 2011); Jonathan I.
Bisson, Peter L. Jenkins, Julie Alexander, and Carol Bannister, “Randomised Co
ntrolled Trial of Psychological Debriefing for Victims of Acute Burn Trauma,” British Journal of Psychiatry 171 (1997): 78–81; Benedict Carey, “Sept. 11 Revealed Ps
ychology’s Limits, Review Finds,” New York Times, July 28, 2011; James W. Pennebaker, Opening Up: The Healing Power of Expressing Emotions (New York: Guilf
ord Press, 1997).
366 怒りを建設的な力に変える：Andrew Brodsky, Joshua D. Margolis, and Joel Br
41

ockner, “Speaking Truth to Power: A Full Cycle Approach,” working paper (2015).
366 被害者に目を向ける：Guy D. Vitaglione and Mark A. Barnett, “Assessing a Ne
w Dimension of Empathy: Empathic Anger as a Predictor of Helping and Punishi
ng Desires,” Motivation and Emotion 27 (2003): 301–25; C. Daniel Batson, Christo
pher L. Kennedy, Lesley-Anne Nord, E. L. Stocks, D’Yani A. Fleming, ChristianM. Marzette, David A. Lishner, Robin E. Hayes, Leah M. Kolchinsky, and Tricia
Zerger, “Anger at Unfairness: Is It Moral Outrage?,” European Journal of Social
Psychology 37 (2007): 1272–85; Jennifer J. Kish-Gephart, James R. Detert, Linda
Klebe Trevino, and Amy C. Edmondson, “Silenced by Fear: The Nature, Sources,
and Consequences of Fear at Work,” Research in Organizational Behavior 29 (2009): 163–93.
367 朝起きると：Israel Shenker, “E. B. White: Notes and Comment by Author,” N
ew York Times, July 11, 1969: www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/ lifetimes/white-not
es.html.
368 幸福の追求：Brian R. Little, Me, Myself, and Us: The Science of Personality
and the Art of Well-Being (New York: PublicAffairs, 2014); Brian R. Little, “Perso
nal Projects and Social Ecology: Lives, Liberties and the Happiness of Pursuit,” C
olloquium presentation, department of psychology, University of Michigan (1992);
Brian R. Little, “Personality Science and the Northern Tilt: As Positive as Possibl
e Under the Circumstances,” in Designing Positive Psychology: Taking Stock andMoving Forward, eds. K. M. Sheldon, T. B. Kashdan, and M. F. Steger (New Yor
k: Oxford University Press, 228–47).
影響力を高めるための提言
3 スピード・イノベーション団：Benjamin Kohlmannへの個人取材, November 19 an
d December 10, 2014.
5 「イノベーション・トーナメント」を開催する：Karl Ulrich and Christian Terwies
ch, Innovation Tournaments: Creating and Selecting Exceptional Opportunities (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2009); “Why Some Innovation Tournaments
Succeed and Others Fail,” Knowledge@Wharton, February 20, 2014, knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/innovation-tournaments-succeed-others-fail.
5 「敵の立場」に立って考えてみる：Lisa Bodell, Kill the Company: End the Status
Quo, Start an Innovation Revolution (New York: Bibliomotion, 2012).
5「ドリームワークス・アニメーション」社では：Anita Bruzzese, “DreamWorks Is

Believer in Every Employee’s Creativity,” USA Today, July 23, 2012, usatoday30.u
42

satoday.com/money/ jobcenter/workplace/bruzzese/story/2012-07-22/dreamworks-values-innovation-in-all-workers/56376470/1.
5 スキルの幅が広がり：Robert I. Sutton and Andrew Hargadon, “Brainstorming Gr
oups in Context: Effectiveness in a Product Design Firm,” Administrative Science
Quarterly 41 (1996): 685–718.
「嫌い」といった言葉を：Nancy Lublinへの個人取材, December 12, 2014お6 「好き」
よびFebruary 23, 2015.
：Elliot Aronson and Shelley Patnoe, Cooperation in the
8 「ジグソークラスルーム」
Classroom: The Jigsaw Method (New York: Addison Wesley, 1997)

43