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290  úËõ Nov. 2014 Vol.27 No.6
(C) 2014 The Japanese Society for Synchrotron Radiation ResearchÁW ¡ »ÆúËõ

Table 1³

Fig. 1

Valence electrons in the strongly correlated electron systems
are sometimes itinerant and sometimes localized.

dqðª¯uÄÈ­ªè·éû@ª\úËõÅé¸kÈ\¢Ì¢E\

Energies of absorption edges for a direct measurement ofvalence electrons by resonant x­ray scattering3).
fzû[GlM[mkeV]g·mÅ]
43.7`17.8

C`FK

0.284`0.697

Si`Cl

K

1.84`2.82

6.73`4.40

Ti`Cu

LIII

0.454`0.933

27.3`13.3

Ge`Br

K

11.1`13.5

1.12`0.92

Zr`Ag

LIII

2.22`3.35

5.58`3.70

Sn`I

LI

4.46`5.19

2.78`2.39

Ce`Yb

MV

0.884`1.53

14.0`8.11

Hf`Au

LIII

9.56`11.9

1.30`1.04

Tl`Bi

LI

15.3`16.4

0.81`0.76

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4. O¹®ñÌÏªd O¹â f O¹ÉÍ»ê¼ê10ÂC¨æÑ14ÂÌdqð
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Fig. 2(Color online) Temperature dependence of the prole of an
x_ray superlattice reection in a single crystal of La2|xSrx
NiO4. The proles shown by solid lines were measured along(h h 1) (line A in the inset). The Q resolution is shown be­
low a peak for x0.333 at 10 K. The proles shown by dot­ted lines were measured along line B in the inset with a Q
resolution shown at 50 K. Excerpt from7).

292  úËõ Nov. 2014 Vol.27 No.6ÉºÁÄÉàyÔåÈïR¸­ª©çêé±Æª

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Fig. 4

Fig. 3(Color online) Polarized­microscopy observation of an or­
bital­ordered manganate crystal. Twin domains are clearlyvisualized as a contrast image arising from the opticalanisotropy. Squares in each panel are gold lms evapolatedon the surface. Excerpt from11).

(Color online) Orbital order patterns in perovskite­related manganese oxide compounds deduced from the crystal
structures. The occupied eg orbital is schematically drawn. (a) Pr1/2Ca1/2MnO3. (b) Eu1/2Ca3/2MnO4. (c) High­temperature (left) and low­temperature (right) charge­orbital ordered phases in PrCa1.8Sr0.2Mn2O7. Excerpt
from12).

úËõ Nov. 2014 Vol.27 No.6  293

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Fig. 7(Color online) Spectra of the intensities of x_ray absorptionand (1 0 22) magnetic scattering in Sr2IrO4 at around Ir LII,III
absorption edges. The magnetic reection shows a large
resonant enhancement only at the LIII edge. Excerpt from20).

Fig. 8(Color online) Expected progresses in synchrotron x_ray
studies on strongly correlated elevctron systems.

(Color online) Magnetic structure in Sr2IrO4 determined by
x_ray magnetic scattering. The direction of the magnetic mo­ment at each Ir ion is indicated by an arrow in an octahedron
representing IrO6. Sr atoms are ommited.

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mªðn
1988Nåwåw@Hwn¤ÈCm
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2007N 4 æè»w¤±B

X_ray scattering studies of strongly correlated
electron system
Taka­hisa ARIMA

Abstract

Department of Advanced Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277_
8561, JapanRIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, Wako 351_0198, Japan

Valence electrons in strongly correlated electron systems are sometimes itinerant and sometimes
localized. When they are localized, spatial modulations of charge, orbital, and spin degrees of free­
dom often arise. Synchrotron x_ray scattering measurements can provide information about the
spatial arrangement of charges, orbitals and spin moments through scattering spectroscopies ofcore­electron excitations and precise analyses of spatial distribution of total electron density as
well as atoms, and hence are regarded as a useful tool for studying the electronic states in strong­
ly correlated electron systems. In future, spatial and temporal correlation of charge and magnetic
moment may be measured as a function of not only reciprocal space and energy space but also
real space and real time, which will open the door to the ``eight­dimensional measurements''.

úËõ Nov. 2014 Vol.27 No.6  297