受験番号Ⅰ期（一般）

氏

名

令和 6 年度
武蔵野大学大学院 人間社会研究科 人間学専攻 博士後期課程 入学試験問題 （9 月 24 日）［ 英語 ］
以下の英文を読み、日本語で設問に答えよ。解答は、解答用紙に記せ。
Ecological principles point to complex interactions of personal, social, and community characteristics
that are difficult to manipulate experimentally. The typical goal of experimental designs – isolate asingle intervention from the effects of its context – is conceptually at odds with the ecologicalemphasis on studying how intervention components interact with their context. Although controlled
experiments with multilevel interventions are challenging to design and conduct, rigorous analytic
strategies can be applied productively (Bull, Eakin, Reeves, & Kimberly, 2006). For example, a community
program to promote childhood asthma management intervened on personal, social, and community factors(Fishers et al., 2004). The program was evaluated with a nonrandomized design using structural equation
modelling. Individual-level factors like parents’ attitudes toward asthma predicted children’s
medical utilization. Social support from lay asthma workers and asthma management classes predicted
reduced emergency room and hospital care. Thus interventions targeted at multiple levels predicted
relevant outcomes.
Research based on ecological models is, by definition, more demanding than behavioral research at asingle level. ①Development and collecting measures of influences at multiple levels, expanding thenumberof

disciplines

represented

ininvestigative

teams,

conceptualizing

andimplementing

interventions at multiple levels, and using more sophisticated statistical strategies, all placesubstantial demands on investigators and program evaluators. However, multilevel studies are the only
way to generate knowledge that will lead to effective multilevel interventions.
The practical difficulty of implementing multilevel interventions should not be underestimated. The
length of time required to change policies and environments is a deterrent to program directors called
on to male change to meet legislators’ schedules or grant timelines. Few environmental variables andpolicies of interest are controlled by health professionals, and change requires a political processthat is unpredictable in timing and outcome. To implement multilevel interventions, public healthprofessionals must become more skilled in advocacy and political change, pr partner with those who havesuch skills. Nevertheless, the consensus that multilevel interventions to combat tobacco use, obesity,diabetes, inactivity, poor diet, ②alcohol and drug abuse, violence, HIV / AIDS, and other publichealth scourges. The imperative for public health action creates an urgent demand for researchers toconduct the difficult studies required to build the evidence base for continued improvement ofmultilevel interventions.
引用文献
Bull, S., Eakin, E., Reeves, M., & Kimberly, R. (2006). Multi-level support for physical activity andhealthy eating. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53, 585-593.
Fisher，E. B., Brownson, R. C., Heath, A. C., Luke, D. A., & Sumner, W., Ⅱ. (2004). Cigarette smoking.
In J. Raczynski, L., Bradley, & L. Leviton. (Eds.), Health behavior handbook (Vol. 2, pp. 75-120).
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & Viswanath, K. "V." (Eds.). (2015). Health behavior: Theory, research, andpractice (5th ed.). Jossey-Bass/Wiley.
問１

下線部①を訳せ。

問２

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問３

下線部②に記載の問題のひとつを取り上げ、本文の趣旨に合わせて具体的な介入の効果検証方法を論じよ（400 字程度）。