Study on air pollution control measures in port areas[Abstract]
With more global environmental problems occurring in recent years such as climate changes andsea level rises due to global warming, and air and ocean pollution ascribable to the emissions ofharmful substances from ships, environmental protection measures are required in ports under aninternational framework. Air pollution due to emissions of harmful substances from ships is inparticular an urgent issue as evidenced by the fact that MARPOL Annex IV went into effect inMay 2005.
In this study, data were collected in and out of Japan on "shore-side electricity supply to the ships
at the berth" aimed at reducing carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and other harmful
substances emitted from ships by supplying electricity required by the ship at the berth using an
shore-side electricity supply system rather than generating electricity by an onboard system. The
environmental effects and cost of shore-side electricity supply were identified. Adopting
shore-side electricity supply instead of electricity generation by a system on board a ship at theberth using fuel with a sulfur level of 2.7% is expected to reduce NOx and CO2 emissions by
more than 95% and 50%, respectively. The cost of shore-side electricity supply will be nearly thesame as the cost of electricity generation by an onboard system if 8.46 ships use a berth in a year
(on the assumption of a mean annual connection time of 700 hours per ship). If only one ship uses
a berth, however, the cost of shore-side electricity supply will be double to triple the cost ofelectricity generation by an onboard system. If shore-side electricity supply is to be adopted on awider scale, providing support and building an organizational setup for reducing the costs
including the initial costs will be required.
The 4,965-ton cargo-passenger ship Salvia Maru was used for testing shore-side electricity
supply at the Takeshiba Pier of Tokyo Port. Safe, reliable and quick work methods and manpower
deployment were examined.

1. Study items(i) Collection and organization of data on shore-side electricity supply in and out of Japan(ii) Identification of the environmental effects and cost of shore-side electricity supply(iii) Testing on shore-side electricity supply for practical operation

2. Methods of study(i) Collection and organization of data on shore-side electricity supply in and out of Japan

Data were collected and organized on the regulations and recent developments concerning theshore-side electricity supply in and out of Japan. Examples of shore-side electricity supply inand out of Japan were also collected.
(ii) Identification of the environmental effects and cost of shore-side electricity supply
The environmental effects and cost of shore-side electricity supply were identified based onthe "Service Contract on Ship Emissions: Assignment, Abatement and Market-based
Instruments Task 2a Shore-side Electricity" (August 2005, Entec UK Limited), a EuropeanUnion (EU) document.
(iii) Testing on shore-side electricity supply for practical operation
The cargo-passenger ship Salvia Maru was used for testing shore-side electricity supply at theTakeshiba Pier of Tokyo Port from connecting cables to operating a power source on board theship. Safe, reliable and quick work methods and manpower deployment were examined. For thetesting, 150A and 300A cables were used.

3. Results of study(i) Collection and organization of data on shore-side electricity supply in and out of Japan1) Regulations and recent developments concerning shore-side electricity supply【 Kawasaki City】
The "guideline for controlling the emission of air pollutants from ships" developed inDecember 2000 based on an ordinance concerning the preservation of living environment
through pollution control and other measures stipulates that the city government should takemeasures for using shore-side electricity sources in cooperation with ship-related
stakeholders【 International Maritime Organization】
Discussions were made at MEPC55 (55th meeting of the Marine Environment ProtectionCommittee) in October 2006 on the standardization of shore-side electricity supply and therevision of MARPOL Annex IV related to the standardization.
-The majority of member countries did not agree to the revision ofMARPOL Annex IV

although they recognized the need of standardization.
-The work of standardization was assigned to ISO/TC8 (ISO's technical committee onships and marine technology).
【 European Union】
The European Commission (EC) made recommendations for accelerating the use ofshore-side electricity supply in May 2006 (2006/339/EC).

-Member states should take note of the advice on the cost-effectiveness and practicabilityof using shore-side electricity to reduce emissions for different types of ships, routes andports.
-Member states should review the methods of shore-side electrical connections incompliance with international standards.
-Member states should consider offering economic incentives to the users of shore-sideelectricity.
-Member states should promote awareness of shore-side electricity among maritime
authorities, port authorities, classification societies and other organizations.
-Member states should provide support to port authorities and industry in shore-side
electricity supply.
-Member states should report to the Commission on the action for reducing ship emissions
in ports.
【 State of California, United States】
The new California rules of December 2006 regulate fuel oil and permit the use ofalternative methods, e.g. the use of shore-side electricity and the installation of exhaust gas
recirculation systems.
2) Examples of shore-side electricity supply
Shore-side electricity is used mainly in daily life in Japan. The capacity of shore-side
equipment ranges from three to 300 kVA and the voltage from 100 to 600 V. Shore-side
electricity is used for driving freight loading facilities at Kobe, Muroran, Nanao and Saeki
Ports. The shore-side equipment has a capacity of 500 to 1,000 kVA.
The United States (State of California) and Sweden among other countries have been taking
the initiative in adopting shore-side electricity supply (Table 1).

Table 1 Outline of shore-side electricity supply in other countries
Port of Pittsburgh(California)
POSCO
Year shore-sideelectricity
supply started

Port of Los Angeles(California)
China Shipping
NYK Line

1991

2004

2007

Four bulk cargo ships(38,000 DWT)
440 V,approximately 0.5 MWPort of Long Beach(California)
BP17 full container ships(5,700 TEU)
440 V, 7 MVA,nine cables-With blackout-Cable reels and otherfacilities are on thebarge.
Port of Juneau(Alaska)
Princess Shipping

One full container ship
(6,200 TEU)
6.6 kV, 7 MVA,
two cables-Without blackout-Cable reels and otherfacilities are on thebarge.
Port of Gothenburg(Sweden)Year shore-sideelectricity
supply started

2007

2001

2000

Type of ship

Two oil tankers

Five large passenger
steamers

Regular-line ferryboats

Electricity
supplied

6.6 kV, 10 MWA,
three cables

6.6kV、 7～ 11MW

1～ 1.5MW

Type of shipElectricitysupplied
Other-Without blackout-Cables are on the ship.

Both electricity andContinues serving as asteam are supplied.
hotel
Note: Blackout means the extinguishment of lights during a switchover from shore-side to onboard
electricity.
Other(ii) Environmental effects and cost of shore-side electricity supply
1) Environmental effects
Adopting shore-side electricity supply instead of electricity generation with an auxiliary
engine on board a ship at the berth using fuel with a sulfur level of 2.7% is expected toreduce NOx, SOx and CO2 emissions by 97%, 96% and more than 50%, respectively.
Note: Emissions from shore-side electricity supply have been calculated based on theemissions from electricity generation at power plants.
2) Costs of introducing and operating shore-side electricity
The cost of introducing shore-side facilities (electricity infrastructure and port facilities) isapproximately 27 to 231 million yen per berth although the cost varies according to theelectricity consumption by the ship. The cost of installing onboard facilities ranges from 13
to 46 million yen per ship.
Shore-side facilities

Electricity infrastructure: 20 to 83 million yen/berthPort facilities: 7 to 148 million yen/berthOnboard facilities: 13 to 46 million yen per ship
Notes
Electricity infrastructure cost is the cost of supplying electricity to the port (cost ofinstalling and repairing a substation).
Port facilities costs include the costs of frequency translators and of burying

cables.

The cost of operating the shore-side electricity supply system is 2.1 to 13.7 million yen/year
at a high voltage of 600 V to 7 kV, nearly the same as the cost of onboard electricity
generation using C heavy oil (Table 2)
Table 2 Costs of operating shore-side electricity supply system(at a high voltage) and onboard
electricity generation(using C heavy oil) when the ship is at the berthIntermediate
Large shipsships
13.7 million
Shore-side electricity supply
2.1 million
5.3 million(cost of electricity)
yen/yearyen/yearyen/year
Onboard electricity generation
1.9 million
4.9 million
12.3 million(cost of fuel)yen/yearyen/yearyen/year
Note: The cost of operating the shore-side electricity supply system has been calculated basedon the assumption of the use of a berth by 8.76 ships in a year.
Small ships

The costs shown above have been estimated on the assumption of installation and operationof a shore-side electricity supply system in Japan based on EU data. The specific costs ofintroduction vary according to whether frequency translation is required or not in aparticular area or the size of the ship. The costs of operation also vary according to theelectricity price, fuel price, number of ships per berth in a year and other factors. Cost
comparison should therefore be made carefully.
(iii) Shore-side electricity supply system operation tests
Shore-side electricity supply system operation tests were conducted and safe, reliable and quick
work methods and manpower deployment were examined.
-The time required for connecting four 150A cables through the activation of the onboard
electricity source is approximately seven minutes.
-The work of cable connection requires four workers, two on the shore and two on board theship.
-When handing cables manually without using any cable reel, using four 150A cables rather
than two 300A cables is more convenient because the former are easier to handle.

Shore-sideconnection box

Onboard connection box

Operation test