平成 29 年度博士前期課程体育学専攻入学試験問題

外国語（英語）＜注意事項＞
1) 解答は問題用紙に直接記入すること。
2) 3 枚の問題用紙すべてに、受験番号を必ず記入すること。

(筑波大学大学院人間総合科学研究科)

受験番号
問 1 以下の英文を読んで、設問に答えなさい。
Although the term globalization has become more popular in recent years, the internationalization ofsport gained momentum following World War I. Internationalization is a term used to describe theworldwide dissemination of sport, driven, in part, by the development of the 20th-century consumer culture.
In addition, the term refers to the movement of athletes around the world in the pursuit of（ ① ）. This
trend occurred despite “sport not being controlled or produced in a single country”, unlike manufactured
products. Sport, as an element in the internationalization of cultures, could be claimed by nations (bothpoliticians and citizens) as “an expression of（ ② ）national characteristics”. Coakley (2003) identified threemain areas that paved the way for the internationalization of sport: market economies, changing
demographics including increased disposable income*1 and greater leisure time, and large-scale capital
investment by public and private sources. Although these elements could not, and cannot, be found in every
country in the world, they do indicate the driving forces behind the last 100 years or so of growth in thepopularity of sport, participation in sport (and athletics and exercise in general), and the commodification ofsport and athletes. In this case, commodification refers to the influence of economic forces on the structure
and practice of sport. Although sport has never been pure or free from these force, the last 20 years or sohave shown a distinct shift toward sport as “a commodity（ ③ ）by market principles” with an overt profit
motive*2.
(Li M, MacIntosh EW, Bravo GA, International Sport Management, Human Kinetics, 2012 を一部改変)*1 disposable income：可処分所得*2 profit motive：利潤動機（１）文中（ ① ）に入る最も適切な語を１つ選び、（）に〇をつけなさい。
（）work （）social skill （）pleasure （）academic background（２）文中の（ ② ）に入る最も適切な語を１つ選び、（）内に○をつけなさい。
（）educationally （）strategically （）intrinsically （）commercially（３）文中の（ ③ ）に入る最も適切な語を１つ選び、（）内に○をつけなさい。
（）cultivated （）socialized （）weakened （）governed（４）本文の内容と一致するものには○を、異なるものには×を（）内につけなさい。
（）disposable income の増加はスポーツの internationalization を促進させた。
（）スポーツの commodification はスポーツの価値を低下させている。
（）スポーツの commodification をめぐって profit motive は隠蔽されてきた。
（）スポーツの commodification はスポーツの構造に影響を与えている。
（）スポーツは経済的影響から自由でなければならない。

受験番号問 2 以下の英文を読んで、設問に答えなさい。
The capability to perform skills is a prominent feature of human existence. Without having the capacity
for skilled performance, people could not type pages such as this one, nor could they read or modify them.
However, since there is both an abundance and variety of skilled movements, it is important for students ofexercise science, human factors, physical and occupational therapy, the performing arts, physical educationor coaching to be knowledgeable about the mechanisms that（ ① ）motor performance and learning.
Human skills take many forms, of course, from those that emphasize the control and coordination oflarge muscle groups in relatively forceful activities, as in soccer or tumbling, to those in which the smallest
muscle groups must be tuned ( ② ), as in typing a term paper or repairing a watch. We focus on the fullrange of skilled behavior because many movements share the same features, regardless of whether the task
is performed in a competitive sport situation, a physical rehabilitation setting, a military or industrial
environment, or a common everyday location.
All of us are born with some skills, and we only need a little maturation and experience to produce thoseskills in nearly complete form. Walking and running, chewing, balancing and avoiding painful stimuli are
examples of these relatively（ ③ ）behaviors. To achieve proficiency in other skills, we need considerably
more practice. Only then are we able to detect important environmental features and produce the kinds ofmovements that result in consistent goal achievement. Thus, our lives as human beings are characterized by
the performance of skills and the learning of skills.
(Schmidt RA & Wrisberg CA, Motor Learning and Performance (2nd ed.), Human Kinetics, 2000 を一部改変)（１）文中の（ ① ）に入る最も適切な語を１つ選び、（）に◯をつけなさい。
（）facilitate（）underlie（）change（）produce（２）文中の（ ② ）に入る最も適切な語を１つ選び、（）に◯をつけなさい。
（）tightly（）quickly（）precisely（） slowly（３）文中の（ ③ ）に入る最も適切な語を１つ選び、（）に◯をつけなさい。
（）specific（）skillful（）complex（）innate（４）本文の内容と一致するものには◯を、異なるものには×を（）内につけなさい。
（）熟練した運動技能ほど個人差が大きい。
（）体育の授業やコーチングは運動技能の獲得に必要である。
（）多くの運動には共通の技能的な特徴が備わっている。
（）我々は生まれながらにして高度な運動技能を持っている。
（）我々の生活は運動技能によって特徴づけられている。

受験番号
問 3 以下の英文を読んで、設問に答えなさい。
Core stability is a term that has exploded ( A ) medical and sport consciousness in the last 20 years
and now has an established place in most athlete development, injury prevention and rehabilitation
programs. Although our understanding and belief systems regarding the core have evolved significantly overthe last 50 years, this development has also resulted ( B ) many differing philosophies, priorities anddefinitions across continents and between cultures and professions.
Historically, medical circles have investigated and prioritized the effects of pain and pathology ( C )specific spinal muscular structures, function and neuromuscular patterning and the effects of poor postureand movement strategies on injury risk. Conversely, strength and conditioning researchers have focused on①the development of maximal trunk strength and optimal mechanics to deliver the best platform forathletic function. Inevitably, over time ②both groups have generated best-practice models and created theirown languages and terminology. ③( that, also, worth, is, considering, it ) in the last few years,
the health and fitness industry, armed with an ever-expanding advertising culture, has attempted ( D )influence our understanding of core training by packaging and branding exercises and equipment with theaim of delivering the aesthetic and perceived performance improvements that the public needs. This has all
resulted in a lack of clarity in concepts and communication between professionals and with athletes, and apotential disconnect between medical and performance circles regarding the best methods of delivering
appropriate stability programs to athletes.
(Joyce D & Lewindon D, High-Performance Training for Sports, Human Kinetics, 2014 を一部改変)（１）文中（ A ）, （ B ）, （ C ）, （ D ） に入る語の最も適切な組み合わせを１つ選び、（内の番号に○をつけなさい。
（ １ ）A: from, B: in, C: on, D: with（ ２ ）A: from, B: on, C: in, D: with（ ３ ）A: on,B: on, C: in, D: to（ ４ ）A: into, B: in, C: on, D: to（２）下線部①を日本語に訳しなさい。

（３）下線部②が指し示すもの２つを、本文中の語句で答えなさい。

（４）文中の③（）内の語句を「〜についてもよく考える価値がある」という内容に並べ替えなさい。

（５）本文の内容と最も一致するものを２つ選び（）内の数字に○をつけなさい。
（ １ ）健康フィットネス業界が広告文化に力を与えた。
（ ２ ）トレーニングについて医療と競技で一致した考えが形成されている。
（ ３ ）文化や専門領域によって異なる定義が生まれた。
（ ４ ）医療の世界では悪い姿勢と傷害との関わりが問題視されている。
（ ５ ）競技者間のコミュニケーション欠如がもたらされた。

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