ARCHITECTURAL
EXAMPLESPHILIPPE LALANDA
KOBE UNIVERSITY – AUGUST 2017

Reminder – High level architectureThis layer provides inside to the data collectedfrom all layers. It provides the information as aservice to individuals, industries or infrastructures.

CloudInternet, 4G, 5G...

This layer runs local, real-time services andenables the stream of data to move from one
level to the next for more processing.

Gateway

Wi-Fi, Zigbee, NFC, LoRa...

This layer enables interface to objects that are
currently passive, tapping into these objects
generates a stream of pertinent data.

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Smart device

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Purpose of this lecture
See how this generic architecture is being applied acrossdifferent domains
Show the architectural qualities in these different cases

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AgendaArchitectural qualities
Architectural variants
No cloudNo fogBasic gateway
Smart gateway
Collaborative gateways
Remote gateways
Challenges and conclusion
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Software qualities
The primary quality of a software system is to do what is expected
meet its requirements and be in conformance with its
specifications
It also has structural qualities related to the way it is built
It can be robust, extensible, available, etc.
These qualities depend very much on the architecture

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Quality attributes
Quality attributes are also called non functional requirements.
They can be divided into two main categories
execution quality are observable at runtime
security, usability, etc..

evolution quality are embodied in the structure of thesystem and are visible when evolutions are needed
testability, scalability, etc.
(another classification: internal vs external qualities)

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List of quality attributes (wikipedia)

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Quality model
A quality model defines a set of quality attributes (and metrics) for
system evaluation
implies classification and terminology
many different models have been defined (ISO 9126)
no consensus
often domain-dependent

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CISQ: 5 qualities to provide business value
Reliability
Resiliency and structural solidity – likelihood of failures duringexecution or after a change

Efficiency
Ensure high performance, avoid response-time degradation andensure optimal usage of resources

SecurityLikelihood of potential security breaches , including loss of privacy

Maintainability
Ability to extend the software to meet business-driven changes and tobe scalable to get new customers. Costs must be kept under control.

Code
Size and complexity of code obviously impact software quality(related to modularity, coupling and cohesion).
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Quality table (to be filled in)
Quality attribute

Assessment

Reliability(resiliency/solidity)

Efficiency(performance/res. usage)

Security(breaches/privacy)

Maintainability(extensibility/scalability)

Code(size/complexity)
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AgendaArchitectural qualities
Architectural variants• No cloud• No fog• Basic gateway• Smart gateway• Collaborative gateways• Remote gateways
Challenges and conclusion

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“No Cloud” architecture
The architecture is limited to sensors and gateways
Wireless connection
Services provided by the sensors (if smart enough) and thegateway
PC-based HMI (Internet or Wi-Fi)

Wireless

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Example
Fall detection
Fall is detected locally by wearable devices or cameras
The gateway is connected to a call center
Phone call

WirelessWirelessPhilippe Lalanda - 201713

Assessment
Quality attribute

Assessment

Reliability(resiliency/solidity)

Good
Weak point is the connection devices/gateway
Side effects should be limited

Efficiency

Very good. Fully decentralized.

Security

Wireless communication can be hacked
Devices can be hacked

Maintainability

Functional extensions are very limited
Devices can be added/replaced
New customers (houses) can be added

Code

Relatively simple: code on a single platform.
Size is also manageable.

(performance/res. usage)(breaches/privacy)(extensibility/scalability)(size/complexity)

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Domains of applicability
Reactive systems with no historical data (for learning...)Control in the plant floor
Surveillance in a building, a house, ...
Pre-IoT era!

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AgendaArchitectural qualities
Architectural variants• No cloud• No fog• Basic gateway• Smart gateway• Collaborative gateways• Remote gateways
Challenges and conclusion

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“No Fog” architecture
The architecture consists of sensors and cloud computers
Internet connection
Services provided by the sensors and by cloud computers
Web-based HMIInternetInternet

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Example(Web) Camera based surveillance (of a crowd in a mall)
Cloud computers store and process
Situation analysis and alarm triggering if fire detected
Results are presented to an analyst (and alarms are sent)InternetInternet

Web server included
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Assessment
Quality attribute

Assessment

Reliability

Poor
If Internet connection is lost, no backup solution

Efficiency

Poor
Nominal performance can be fine but:
- Internet connection can be lost
- Transmitted data volume is unmanaged

Security

Internet communication can be hacked
Devices can be hacked

Maintainability

Very limited functional extensions (cloud)Devices can be added/replaced
Poor scalability regarding cameras

CodeSize is manageable
Can be complex at the cloud level
Advanced platform needed to add services(resiliency/solidity)(performance/res. usage)(breaches/privacy)(extensibility/scalability)(size/complexity)
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Domains of applicability
Long-term analysis
Big data
learning
Not much data or light data

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AgendaArchitectural qualities
Architectural variants• No cloud• No fog• Basic gateway• Smart gateway• Collaborative gateways• Remote gatewaysChallenges and conclusion

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“Smart gateway” architecture
Three-layer architecture (sensors, gateway, cloud)Services provided by the cloud computers
Gateway prunes, aggregate and send up data
Web-based HMI
Wireless & InternetInternetInternet

Wireless

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Example
Camera based fire surveillance
Cloud computers store and process (do situation analysis)
Gateways store a few image, send if suspicions
Results are presented to an analyst (and alarms are sent)InternetInternet

Wireless

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Assessment
Quality attribute

Assessment

Reliability

MediumIf Internet connection is lost, images can be
stored at the gateway level

Efficiency

MediumTransmitted data volume is managed
Degradation If Internet connection is lostSecurity

Internet communication can be hacked
Wireless connections can be hacked
Devices can be hacked

Maintainability

Limited functional extensions (cloud)The number of devices is scalable –gateways
can be added if needed.

CodeSize is manageable
Modularization is ok.
Advanced platform needed to add services(resiliency/solidity)(performance/res. usage)(breaches/privacy)(extensibility/scalability)(size/complexity)

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Long-term analysis
Big data
learning
Many data in the ground (or heavy data)

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AgendaArchitectural qualities
Architectural variants• No cloud• No fog• Basic gateway• Smart gateway• Multi-applications gateways• Collaborative gateways
Challenges and conclusion

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“Smart gateway” architecture
Three-layer architecture (sensors, gateway, cloud)Services provided by the cloud computers and the gateway
Gateway provide services and send up data
Web-based HMI
Wireless & InternetInternetInternet

Wireless

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Example
Advanced fall detection
Fall is detected locally by wearable devices or cameras
Cloud services perform long-term analyses (send to doctors)
Phone call

Wireless(Wi-fi)

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Assessment
Quality attribute

Assessment

Reliability

Good
Gateway deals with real-time processing andcloud with longer term calculus. If connection islost, there is no short term impact

Efficiency

Good
Transmission of transformed data
No degradation If Internet connection is lost

Security

Internet communication can be hacked
Wireless connections can be hacked
Devices can be hacked

Maintainability

Functional extensions can be done in the cloud
The number of devices is scalable –gateways
can be added if needed

CodeMedium code complexity
Good modularization
Advanced platforms needed to add services(resiliency/solidity)(performance/res. usage)(breaches/privacy)(extensibility/scalability)(size/complexity)
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Domains of applicability
Mix of reactive actions and long-term analysis
Need to react fast (control)
Big data and learning opportunities

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AgendaArchitectural qualities
Architectural variants• No cloud• No fog• Basic gateway• Smart gateway• Multi-applications gateways• Collaborative gateways
Challenges and conclusion

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“Smart multi-apps gateway” architecture
Three-layer architecture (sensors, gateway, cloud)Apps are distributed between gateway and cloudGateway provide various services and send up data
Web-based HMI
Wireless & InternetInternetInternet
Multiple apps
Wireless
Heterogeneoussensors
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Example
Home automation
Energy management, light management, actimetrics, etc.
Reactive apps at the gateway layer – more advanced
services at the cloud level
Gateways store data, aggregate and send up
InternetInternet
Provide service/manage data
Wireless

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Assessment
Quality attribute

Assessment

Reliability

Good
Gateway deals with real-time processing andcloud with longer term calculus. If connection islost, there is no short term impact

Efficiency

GoodTransmission of transformed data
No degradation If Internet connection is lost

Security

Internet communication can be hacked
Wireless connections can be hacked
Devices can be hacked

Maintainability

Functional extensions can be done in the cloud
The number of devices is scalable –gateways
can be added if needed

CodeCode can be complex
Updates can be complex
Advanced platforms needed to add services(resiliency/solidity)(performance/res. usage)(breaches/privacy)(extensibility/scalability)(size/complexity)
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Domains of applicability
Coherent and multiple applications in a domain
Need to share data
Need to manage conflicts
Need to bring coherency
Research still going on

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AgendaArchitectural qualities
Architectural variants• No cloud• No fog• Basic gateway• Smart gateway• Multi-applications gateways• Collaborative gateways
Challenges and conclusion

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“Collaborative gateway” architecture
Three-layer architecture (sensors, gateway, cloud)Services provided by the cloud computers and the gateway
Gateway collaborate to provide services
Web-based HMI
Wireless & InternetInternetInternet

Wireless

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Wireless

Wireless

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Example
Smart homes in collaboration for better energy mngt
Services provided by the cloud computers and thegateway
Gateway collaborate to provide services
Better services

InternetInternet

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Assessment
Quality attribute

Assessment

Reliability

Good
Gateway deals with real-time processing andcloud with longer term calculus. If connection islost, there is no short term impact

Efficiency

GoodTransmission of transformed data
No degradation If Internet connection is lostSecurity

Internet communication can be hacked
Wireless connections can be hacked
Devices can be hacked

Maintainability

Functional extensions can be done in the cloud
The number of devices is scalable –gateways
can be added if needed

Code

Code management can be very complex
Advanced platforms needed to add services(resiliency/solidity)(performance/res. usage)(breaches/privacy)(extensibility/scalability)(size/complexity)
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Domains of applicability
Advanced services
Need to get information from remote sensors
Big data and learning opportunities
Big research needs

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AgendaArchitectural qualities
Architectural variants• No cloud• No fog• Basic gateway• Smart gateway• Collaborative gateways• Remote gateways
Challenges and conclusion

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Conclusion
The big challenge is to find the best architecture for a given
application
Understand the qualities
a matter of compromise
no way to catch them ‘all!

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FutureTowards a global architecture where applications can bedownloaded/configured/moved

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