J. Nannoplankton Res. 30 (2), 2009, pp.97-101 © 2009 International Nannoplankton Association, Inc.
ISSN 1210-8049 Printed by Cambridge University Press, UK97

Taxonomic note: Sphenolithus pseudoheteromorphus, a
new Miocene calcareous nannofossil species from theequatorial Indian Ocean
Eliana Fornaciari*, Claudia Agnini
Dipartimento di Geoscience, Università di Padova, Via Giotto 1, I-35137 Padova, Italy; *eliana.fornaciari@unipd.it

Manuscript received 14th February, 2008; revised manuscript accepted 14th December, 2008

Abstract Sphenolithus pseudoheteromorphus sp. nov., first recorded as S. pseudoheteromorphus in sediments recovered during ODP Leg 115 in the western equatorial Indian Ocean, is here formally described and illustrated. Itspalaeogeographical distribution is reported, encompassing the Ontong Java Plateau (western equatorial Pacific, ODPLeg 130) and the Ceara Rise (western equatorial Atlantic, ODP Leg 154). It is found at the same stratigraphic level inall three locations, and thus could be useful for interregional biostratigraphic correlation.
Keywords Calcareous nannofossils, taxonomy, Sphenolithus, ODP, Miocene
1. Introduction
A new species of Sphenolithus Deflandre (in Grassé, 1952),S. pseudoheteromorphus, was found for the first time in1990, during a detailed study of Miocene calcareous nannofossils from equatorial Indian Ocean sediments (ODPLeg 115; Rio et al., 1990; Fornaciari et al., 1990). Though
Rio et al. (1990) recorded and Fornaciari et al. (1990) illustrated S. pseudoheteromorphus, they never provided aformal description of this new taxon. Later studies recorded
the presence of the species in oceanic sediments from different areas (Leg 130, Ontong Java Plateau: Fornaciari etal., 1993; Leg 154, western equatorial Atlantic Ocean: Fornaciari, 1996), but a description of this taxon was still not
published and it thus remained a nomen nudum, that is, aformally undescribed taxon.
This new species appears to have a reproducibly welldefined, short stratigraphic range in the Miocene over awide geographical area, which is potentially useful for
global biostratigraphic correlation, thus we provide a detailed formal description of S. pseudoheteromorphus,
which we observed from the Mascarene Plateau (ODP Leg115).
2. Material and methods
Miocene calcareous nannofossil oozes from ODP Legs
115, 130 and 154 were analysed using a Zeiss Ultraphot
light microscope (LM), under parallel and cross-polarised
light with 1250x magnification. Preparation of smear-slides
followed the standard technique described in Bown &Young (1998). Norland 61 optical adhesive was used as apermanent mounting medium. The microphotographs provided have been taken using both light and scanning electron microscopes (SEM).
3. Systematic palaeontology
The higher classification of calcareous nannofossils utilisedis that of Young & Bown (1997a, b). The formal definitionof this new species complies with the International Code ofBotanical Nomenclature (ICBN; Greuter et al., 2000).
Order DISCOASTERALES Hay, 1977
Family SPHENOLITHACEAE Deflandre in Grassé,
1952
Genus Sphenolithus Deflandre in Grassé, 1952
Sphenolithus pseudoheteromorphus sp. nov.
Pl.1, figs 1-16; Pl.2, figs 1-5, 9, 13
1990 Sphenolithus pseudoheteromorphus Fornaciari et al.:pl.3, figs 4a, b.
Derivatio nominis: From the Greek ‘pseudos’, meaning‘false’ S. heteromorphus. Diagnosis: Medium-sized, conical or pyramidal sphenolith with a prominent apical spine.
The base of the sphenolith is constructed of about 10
wedge-shaped elements, oriented obliquely to the length of
the axis, which support three cycles of laterally-projecting
elements. These are wedge-shaped and encase an apicalspine up to 2/3 the length of the entire nannolith. Description: Under cross-polarised light (XPL), S. pseudoheteromorphus presents a long, weakly birefringent element in
the third cycle when the long axis is at 0˚ (e.g. Pl.1, figs 5,9, 11, 13). With the long axis at 45˚ (e.g. Pl.1, figs 6, 10, 12,14), it shows a long, moderately-birefringent spine that isslightly asymmetrical (i.e. not parallel to the long axis), because of the presence of this well-developed element in theupper lateral cycle, overlapping onto the apical spine. Differentiation: In the LM, this species is very similar to S.
heteromorphus, from which is distinguished by the presence of the long, bright element in the upper lateral cycle
at 0˚. In addition, figured specimens of S. heteromorphus(e.g. Aubry, 1989; this study: Pl.2, fig.16) have two cyclesof lateral elements, while S. pseudoheteromorphus has
three cycles. Holotype: Pl.1, fig.1 (SEM). Dimensions:height (H) - 4.5-12μm. Holotype: H - 10μm, base width(W) - 4 μm, base height - 3.5μm. Paratypes: Pl.1, figs 24, Pl.2, fig.13 (SEM); Pl.1, figs 5-10 (LM). Sample ODP

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Fornaciari, Agnini

Figure 1: Stratigraphic distribution of Sphenolithus pseudoheteromorphus from ODP Holes 709C, 714A, 806B,807A and 926B (Rio et al., 1990; Fornaciari et al., 1993; Fornaciari, 1996; Raffi et al.; 2006; this study) plottedagainst the chronostratigraphy (ATNTS: Lourens et al., 2004) and the biozonation of Okada & Bukry (1980). FO= first occurrence; LO = last occurrence; CO = crossover. The map projection indicates the locations of the ODP
holes considered in the text

115-714A-19X-5, 75cm. Type locality: ODP Leg 115, Site714, Mascarene Plateau, western equatorial Indian Ocean.
Type level: Sample ODP 115-714A-19X-5, 75cm. Geographical occurrence: Western equatorial Indian Ocean(ODP Leg 115, Holes 709C and 714A: Rio et al., 1990;
Fornaciari et al., 1990), western equatorial Pacific Ocean(ODP Leg 130, Holes 806B and 807A: Fornaciari et al.,1993) and western equatorial Atlantic Ocean (ODP Leg154, Hole 926B: Fornaciari, 1996). Stratigraphical occurrence: Upper part of CN1c or NN2 (of, respectively,Okada & Bukry, 1980, Martini, 1971). Very rare specimens
have been observed stratigraphically higher, in CN2, inHoles 709C, 714A and 806B, whereas it is missing fromthe equivalent stratigraphic interval in Holes 807A and926B. This inconsistency in the last occurrence may be explained by the reworking commonly recorded in the Mascarene Plateau material during this interval; reworking may
also affect Hole 806B sediments. The stratigraphic distributions available for S. pseudoheteromorphus suggest thatthe stratigraphic range of this species is actually restricted
to a very short interval in the uppermost part of CN1c, thus
indicating that it has a distinct stratigraphic distribution(Figure 1). Biochronology: Age-depth plots
from Holes 714A, 806B,
807A and 926B, based on
the Astronomical Tuned
Neogene Time Scale(ATNTS: Lourens et al.,2004), and age estimatesderived from magnetostratigraphicdata,available for Hole 709C
(Schneider & Kent,1990), provide multiple
calibrations for the firstoccurrence of S. pseudoheteromorphus. This biohorizon lies in Chron C6n
in all the considered sites,suggesting that the evolutionary first appearance
and stratigraphical rangeof this taxon could be
used for interregionalcorrelations. Repository:
Holotype and paratypes
deposited in the permanent collection of theMuseo di Geologia e Paleontologia dell’Universitá di Padova (MGPD),
Padova, Italy (protocol#MGPD30096).

Acknowledgements
This research used samples and data provided by the Ocean
Drilling Program (ODP). ODP is sponsored by the US National
Science Foundation and participating countries under management of the Joint Oceanographic Institution. CA and EF were supported by MIUR-PRIN Grant # 2005044839_004. We would liketo thank Gunnar Olafsson, Claudio Brogiato, Stefano Castelli andNicola Michelon for taking microphotographs and preparing calcareous nannofossil plates. A special thank you goes to Prof.
Domenico Rio for his invaluable help. We are grateful to MikeStyzen and Jackie Lees for their useful comments.

References
Aubry, M.-P. (Ed.) 1989. Handbook of Cenozoic calcareous
nannoplankton. Book 3: Ortholithae (Pentaliths and others),
Heliolithae (Fasciculiths, Sphenoliths and others). Micropaleontology Press, American Museum of Natural History, New
York: 279pp.
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Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, London: 16-28.
Deflandre, G. 1952. Classe des Coccolithophoridés (Coccolithophoridae Lohmann, 1902). In: P.P. Grasse (Ed.). Traité deZoologie. Anatomie, Systématique, Biologie v.1, part 1,S. pseudoheteromorphus...Miocene...equatorial Indian Ocean
Phylogenie. Protozoaires: generalités. Flagellés. Masson,Paris: 439-470.
Fornaciari, E. 1996. Biostratigrafia a nannofossili calcarei estratigrafia ad eventi nel miocene italiano. PhD thesis,
Università degli Studi di Padova: 150pp.
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Berger., L.W. Kroenke, L.A. Mayer et al. (Eds). Proceedingsof the ODP, Scientific Results, 130: 245-256.
Fornaciari, E., Raffi, I., Rio, D., Villa, G., Backman, J. &Olafsson, G. 1990. Quantitative distribution patterns ofOligocene and Miocene calcareous nannofossils from thewestern equatorial Indian Ocean. In: R.A. Duncan., J. Backman., L.C. Peterson et al. (Eds). Proceedings of the ODP, Scientific Results, 115: 237-254.
Greuter, W., McNeill, J., Barrie F.R., Burdet, H.-M., Demoulin,V., Filgueiras, T.S., Nicolson, D.H., Silva, P.C., Skog, J.E.,
Trehane, P., Turland, N.J. & Hawksworth, D.L. (Eds). 2000.
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Hay, W.W. 1977. Calcareous nannofossils. In: A.T.S. Ramsay(Ed.). Oceanic Micropaleontology. Academic Press, New
York: 1055-1200.
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Martini, E. 1971. Standard Tertiary and Quaternary calcareousnannoplankton zonation. In: A. Farinacci (Ed.). Proceedingsof the II Planktonic Conference Roma, 1970. Edizioni Tecnoscienze, Roma, 2: 739-785.
Okada, H. & Bukry, D. 1980. Supplementary modification andintroduction of code numbers to the low-latitude coccolith
biostratigraphic zonation (Bukry, 1973; 1975). Marine
Micropaleontology, 5: 321-325.
Raffi, I., Backman, J., Fornaciari, E., Pälike, H., Rio, D., Lourens,L.J. & Hilgen, F. 2006. A review of calcareous nannofossil
astrobiochronology encompassing the past 25 million years.
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Peterson et al. (Eds). Proceedings of the ODP, Scientific Results, 115: 175-235.
Schneider, D.A. & Kent, D.V. 1990. Paleomagnetism of Leg 115
sediments: implications for Neogene magnetostratigraphy andpaleolatitude of the reunion hotspot. In: R.A. Duncan., J.
Backman, L.C. Peterson et al. (Eds). Proceedings of the ODP,
Scientific Results, 115: 717-736.
Young, J.R. & Bown, P.R. 1997a. Higher classifiction of calcareous nannofossils. Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 19:15-20.
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Plate 1
Microphotographs of S. pseudoheteromorphus
from ODP Sites 714 (western equatorial Indian Ocean) and 806 (western equatorial Pacific Ocean)SEMholotype

SEM

paratype

SEM

paratype

SEM

paratype

Side view
Sample 115-714A-19X-5, 75cm

Side view
Sample 115-714A-19X-5, 75cm

Side view
Sample 115-714A-19X-5, 75cm

Side view
Sample 115-714A-19X-5, 75cm

LM, XPL

LM, XPL

LM, XPL

LM, XPLLong axis at 0˚ (5) & 45˚ (6)Sample 115-714A-19X-5, 75cm
LM, XPLLong axis at 0˚ (7) & 45˚ (8)Sample 115-714A-19X-5, 75cm
LM, XPLLong axis at 0˚ (13) & 45˚ (14)Sample 130-806B-66X-3, 69cm

LM, XPLLong axis at 0˚ (11) & 45˚ (12)Sample 115-714A-19X-5, 116cm

Long axis at 0˚ (9) & 45˚ (10)Sample 115-714A-19X-5, 75cm
LM, XPL

LM, XPL

LM, XPL

LM, XPLLong axis at 0˚ (15) & 45˚ (16)Sample 130-806B-66X-3, 69cm

LM, XPLS. pseudoheteromorphus...Miocene...equatorial Indian Ocean

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Plate 2
Microphotographs of S. pseudoheteromorphus and S. heteromorphus
from ODP Sites 926 (western equatorial Atlantic Ocean) and 714 (western equatorial Indian Ocean)LM, XPL

LM, XPL

S. pseudoheteromorphus, long axis at 0˚ (1) & 45˚ (2)Sample 154-926B-39X-6, 43cm

LM, XPL

LM, XPL

S. heteromorphus, long axis at 0˚ (3) & 45˚ (4)Sample 154-926B-33X-CC

LM, XPL

LM, XPL

S. pseudoheteromorphus
long axis at 0˚ (5) & 45˚ (9)Sample 154-926B-39X-6, 43cm
LM, XPL

S. heteromorphus
long axis at 0˚ (8) & 45˚ (12)Sample 115-714A-15X-3, 75cm
LM, XPL

Sketch of S. pseudoheteromorphus Sketch of S. heteromorphus
from LM image at 0˚ (6) & 45˚ (10) from LM image at 0˚ (7) & 45˚ (11)
SEM

SEM

S. pseudoheteromorphus side view
Sample 115-714A-19X-5, 75cmS. pseudoheteromorphus
Sketch from SEM image

S. heteromorphus
Sketch from SEM image

S. heteromorphus side view
(reproduced from Perch-Nielsen,1977, pl.34, fig.3)
Sample 39-357-6-5, 70cm