Journal ofInternational Cooperation for
Agricultural Development

J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018; 16: 41–64

Field Report

Methodology for Small-scale Fishing
Household Surveys Collecting
Quantitative Data
Tsutom Miyata
Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency

Received October 27, 2017 Accepted March 7, 2018
ABSTRACT. Quantitative surveys are necessary to understand the actual conditions of fishing households and fishing villages when formulating policy for small-scale fisheries. However, many national and/or local governments in the world face
problems such as a limited number of government administrators and researchers, and budget constraints. Besides, although
there are a few manuals for implementing social surveys in agricultural and/or fishing villages, almost all manuals focus on
methods for conducting qualitative surveys. Therefore, this paper addresses the gap by providing methods for conducting
quantitative surveys, as well as ways to reduce the number of data samples. This paper includes a practical methodology:
data extraction theory, methods for conducting the principal survey and random sampling methods for (fishing) village-level
surveys, ideas on how to create questionnaires and how to conduct actual surveys, and ways to conduct a follow-up survey
meeting to report results. In addition, a questionnaire used in a survey of fishing households in Thailand is attached.
Key words: Survey manual, Southeast Asia, Fishing village, Fishing methods, Fishing operation

Introduction
There are many household surveys of fishing villages
in the world, although almost all previous surveys haveconcentrated on qualitative data collection1–3). Therefore,
even in countries that have some amount of statistical dataon fishing households and the fishing industry, additional
quantitative surveys are necessary to understand the actual
conditions under which policies are formulated. However,there are many difficulties in collecting sufficient quantitative data owing to several constraints, including thenumber of government administrators, the researchers incharge, and adequacy of the research budget.
In this paper, we describe survey methodologies toreduce the number of data samples that are needed totarget households with statistical reliability, based on the
manuals we have created for surveying fishing households
in Japan and Southeast Asia4).
We would like to provide an easily implementable

practical methodology comprised of seven parts as follows:
1) “Data extraction theory” for reducing the number ofsamples, 2) “Principal survey and random sampling methods for fishing village surveys” for collecting fundamental
information and data before moving to the next step ofobjective data collection using a questionnaire, 3) “Creationof questionnaires” for information on how to create a questionnaire, 4) “Actual survey procedures” at a survey site,
including how to reduce information bias using face-to-facesurveys with questionnaire. We have attached the actual
questionnaire that was used for the survey in Thailand as
an appendix to this paper. It may be helpful for acquiring aclear picture of our methodology.

Data Extraction Theory
Selection of area

Understanding similarity among local municipalities
should come first when choosing an appropriate target sur-J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2015 41

vey area with an adequate number of fishing households.
Generally, fundamental data showing characteristics ofeach area, such as the number of households using eachfishing method, and the annual catch value and quantityof each fishing method, may be obtained from national
statistics. Then, the fundamental data are usually sorted byadministrative units, such as a local municipality (village).
Therefore, the target survey area is decided according toan administrative unit. The information about types offishing gear and the labor force are sometimes includedin the national and/or local statistical data. Those are thenuseful for the selection of survey areas. In addition, thequantity and/or value of a fish catch by each type of fishing gear per household is also treated as fundamental datafor understanding the characteristics of local municipalities (villages). If the fundamental data are similar, thosemunicipalities (villages) are recognized as similar areas
to those that can be excluded from target survey areas toreduce the number of targets and to the budget. Similarity
among municipalities (villages) may be evaluated by acluster analysis as shown in Appendix 1. Municipalities(villages) located near the tips of the cluster dendrogram
can be assumed to have similar characteristics. Therefore,
the selection of far tips as target areas, we can avoid choosing similar municipalities (villages) as survey targets.
In order to conduct the survey effectively despite someconstraints, appropriately sampled households should bechosen as survey targets. However, an adequate number ofsampled households varies according to the total numberof households and the varieties of households in a researcharea. If many households in the target area show a highsimilarity, the sampled number of households can be reduced via the following extraction method using a random
sampling strategy (Figure 1).
Extraction of target fishing households

1) Calculation of the number of fishing households incases where variance is not known
After selection of the target survey area, the number oftarget households in each area that are representative of
the area will be calculated before deciding on the target
households surveyed using the extraction method as in thefollowing formula F15). The Microsoft Excel expressionof the F1 is:= (P/(((B/1.96)^2)*((P-1)/(0.5*(1-0.5)))+1)).

N: required number of households, P: total number offishing households in a survey area, B: relative accuracy;
usually 0.1 or 0.05, K: Significance level, 1.96 for 5%, A:
population rate of 0.5
2) Calculation of number of fishing households when
variance is known
If there are fundamental data about fishing households
more than 100 households’ data, such as fish catch of major
species, value of fish catch, etc., following formula (F2)will provide the number of extractions using variance in theFig. 1. Conceptual diagram arising from the geographical nonuniformity of households’ characteristics.
Note: In the case on the left side, many trawling households and gill net fishing households are
selected as survey targets and the center is not selected. On the right side, representative households
both of gillnet and trawling fishers based on random sampling methods.

42 J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018

Fig. 2. Data distribution models based on three numbers of target households.
Note: 1) distribution drawn based on 1000 households’ data, 2) on 100, and 3) on 30. Household numbers effecton the similarity of data distribution to normal distribution.

data5), and F2 can then reduce a greater number of extraction
than F1. Additionally, the number of extractions of fishinghouseholds N can be determined using the Microsoft Excel
expression:= (P/((((B*AVERAGE(x1:x100))/1.96)^2)*((P-1)/(VAR(x1:x100))+1))

X̅ : mean value of important data of fishing households;
σ̂2: unbiased variance of X
X̅ and σ̂ 2 can be easily derived using Microsoft Excel.
If x1:x100 is a column of fishing household data, X̅ canbe calculated with +AVERAGE(x1:x100), and σ̂ 2 can becalculated with +VAR(x1:x100).
3) Simple method for determining the number of fishinghouseholds (not recommended)
If all fishing households work in similar fishing activities (in other words, there are fewer data biases), no lessthan 30 fishing households from each fishing village canbe used as the number of target households in the quantitative survey, because its data distribution should be close
to the normal distribution (However, the total numberof households should be sufficiently large.) As shown in
Figure 2-1, a normal distribution is when the extraction isbased on 1,000 fishing households (average = 10, standard
deviation = 3). If the number of households was reduced
to 100, the shape of the distribution was a crumbling normal distribution as shown in Figure 2-2. If the number ofhouseholds is limited to a small number as in Figure 2-3(30 households), the distribution shape is different fromthe normal distribution. Therefore, the survey planner who
is also the leader or person-in-charge e.g., a government
official or researcher should completely understand the

distribution of data when they decide on the number oftarget households.
4) Two-step extraction
There is a two-step extraction process when there are
no data about local municipalities for performing a hierarchical cluster analysis. Furthermore, if the target area
is broad and includes many villages (municipalities), a
two-step extraction should be used to decide target local
villages (municipalities). Before calculating numbersof target households using formulas (F1) or (F2), makea list of all local villages (municipalities), and extract aparticular number of target villages (municipalities) fromthe list using the random sampling method as follows.
The number of households in each village (municipality)
is then calculated by formula F1 or F2. A data collector(researcher or officer) subsequently collects the data forthe total number of fishing households in the target villages (municipalities).

Principal Survey and Random Sampling
Methods for Fishing Village Surveys
Principal survey characteristics

The principal survey is a necessary survey step for anyone writing an academic paper. It completely differs fromthe definition of the usual preliminary survey and initial
survey. Here, principal survey means a survey before thefull survey. It does not refer to information that is understood by experience and intuition. Instead, it is the initial
survey for gathering a wide range of data, including fundamental information for the creation of questionnaires, data
for survey planning, and data that complements the datafrom the full survey.
A principal survey targets local governments, fisheryresearch institutes, fishers’ groups, and fishing households
J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018 43

which may be representative of local villages. The survey
should start from at local government, then to the research
institutes and fishers’ groups. The survey on individual
fishing households should be last.
Principal surveys are not limited to being conducted
only once. In reality, when you begin a principal surveyof fishing households, you will find the need for additional
interview items and the need to re-interview fishers. Therefore, obtaining permission for multiple surveys should berequested before the survey is started.
At local government offices, the following nine typesof data and information relating to fishing villages should
be collected: 1) basic data about fishing villages, 2) typeof fishing gear, 3) number of fishing households, 4) total
quantity of catch in small-scale fishing, 5) value of thecatch, 6) addresses and telephone numbers (for survey
appointments, etc.) of fishers and their leaders, 7) locationand place-name of catch-landing sites, 8) rules, regulations, and laws concerning fisheries management, andother related activities, and 9) local issues that should bereflected in interviews and questionnaires.
At fishery research institutes, the following seven typesof data and information relating to fishing villages should
be collected: 1) overview of fishing gear and fishing methods, 2) type of fishing gear used in small-scale fishing, 3)major fishing-operation season or months, 3) quantity ofcatch by main types of fishing gear, 4) price of major species of fish for small-scale fishers, 5) location and featuresof fishing grounds, 6) issues concerning fishing grounds,
resources, and so on, and 7) information that could not becollected during local government-office surveys.
At fishers’ groups and representative fishing households
in the community, the following types of information
should be asked: 1) agreement and role of the group, 2)
summary and special characteristics of the groups, fishing villages, and fishing households, 3) local issues aboutfishing, fishing grounds, fishing villages, and issues concerning management of fishing households (for creating
questionnaires), and 4) confirmation of the data listed atgovernment offices and elsewhere.
Random sampling procedure

After the principal survey, target households will beselected through random sampling methods based on thenumber of households in each municipality (village) and alist of residential information. As the first step in random
sampling, a list of fishing households (name, village name,and so on) in each fishing village is prepared in Microsoft
Excel. Then, 1) create random numbers using Microsoft
Excel command “+rand()” up to the number of total
households in the target municipality (village) (Figure 3).
The random numbers created are used as identification
44 J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018

numbers (ID numbers) for each fishing household in theselection of target households. Each fisher’s name is associated with a random number on the Excel sheet (Figure3-4), and then they are sorted based on the random numbers obtained using Excel commands (Figure 3-5). Given
the results of target household numbers calculated by F1 or
F2, the target households are selected.

Creation of Questionnaires
Household level data and information are usually collected through interview surveys based on the questionnaire.
It is necessary to explain the purpose of the survey andobtain informed consent from a respondent before thesurvey. To obtain informed consent from fishing households/fishers, the name of the organization conducting
the survey, the names and affiliations of data collectors(employers, government officials, researchers, and soon), and the purpose of the survey should be shown to the
respondent. The organization and data collector should
assure the respondents that collected personal information
will never be released or used for purposes other than
the survey. Then, the collector should obtain the signed
consent form from the respondents before conducting theinterviews. It is best that the explanation of the survey’s
purpose and the consent information are shown at the topof the questionnaire.
If the duration of the interview is long, the respondent isliable to be tired and the reliability of the data will decrease.
Thus, in creating the questionnaire, the total interview
duration should be no longer than one hour. The numberof question items is then restricted by the interview’s
duration. However, important items and information
should be included in the questionnaire. In this respect,
the following 12 items are a good guide to questionnaire
design: 1) family structure of the fishing household(including the respondent): name, gender, age, educationlevel, relationship to the respondent, primary job; 2) main
source of income in the respondent’s household: fishing,aquaculture, marine-product processing, agriculture,
livestock rearing, retail, labor income, or other (free text
entry), as well as amounts of income and costs; 3) assets
used in fishing: number and size of boats, engine power,
other assets excluding fishing gear; 4) fishing schedule:
names/types of fishing gear, months of operation duringhigh and low seasons, target fish species, average quantity of catch, average quantity for self-consumption andsales, average price, average cost, average number ofoperations per day, number of operational days in a month;5) employment and labors: number of workers employedduring the high and low seasons, numbers of hires in a

Fig. 3. Procedure of random sampling using Microsoft Excel.
Note: 1) Type the command “+rand()” on the cell “A1”; 2) Pull down the cell “A1” until number of fishers’ names list;3) Copy and paste the created random numbers to “Column H” as numbers not commands; 4) Associate fishers’ nameswith random numbers one by one; 5) Sort the fishers’ names using Microsoft Excels command “sort” based on random
numbers. Target households are then selected from the cell “O2” until the target number by F1 or F2 in “Column O.”

month’s period, attributes of hired workers as well as number of family workers working without salary; 6) fishinggrounds/resources: questions regarding fishing grounds,
the environment of fishing grounds, fishing resources; 7)aquaculture: target fish species, methods of aquaculture,
number of aquaculture facilities or pond sizes, production
cycle, production volume, price, cost, information regarding employment, and so on; 8) other occupations: production output, prices, costs, self-consumption of agriculture
and livestock rearing; 9) marine-product distribution andprocessing, business conditions of purchasers, transport
methods, and so on; 10) survey topics; 11) general pointsof view; and 12) personal information.

Actual Survey Procedures
1) Obtain survey permission and/or endorsements fromlocal governments
To build a good relationship with respondents and ensure
the safety of the data collectors at sites, survey permission and the endorsement of local governments should beobtained in advance of the interview survey. In addition, a
local government presence on the survey can help smooththe survey’s implementation, including the introduction ofdata collectors to villagers by local government staff.
2) Town meeting with local communities
It is desirable to hold an explanatory meeting with thelocal people whom the survey concerns with, and inform
purpose of the survey, the goals that the researchers expect
J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018 45

to achieve, a summary of the survey, and its expected
results; these can be recirculated into the community, withspecific requests for cooperation from fishing households.
During the meeting, the questionnaire sample and survey
period will be discussed with the local people, to ensure agood understanding of the survey. After explaining, ask the
respondents if they have any concerns about the survey, or
questionnaire items that they would like to revise.
3) Preparative actions for an interview survey by thesurvey leader and data collectors
Quality, in other words “reliability and/or accuracy”
of data usually depends on the skill of the data collectors(who are usually called “interviewers”). To maintain highquality data, data collectors should understand the aim andbackground of each question. Therefore, the questionnairecreator (survey planner or leader of survey) should provide
detailed explanations of the purpose, aim, and backgroundof each question and the framework of the questionnaire
to data collectors. After understanding the aims andbackground of the questionnaire, all data collectors should
conduct pilot tests on several fishing households using
the questionnaire to expose problems and difficulties. The
survey planner/leader should discuss these with data collectors to resolve the problems based on the pilot tests andto modify the questionnaire. Repeating this process is important to improve the survey skills of the data collectors.
In the event that a data collector has some personal
problems with a respondent, some risk of bias on answers
and survey data exists. Thus, a short conversation between
a data collector and a respondent is recommended toconstruct a good relationship between them. If the datacollector is not familiar with the survey site and target
households, introduction of the data collector by a village
officer and/or key person at the site can help to build good
relationships between the data collector and respondents.
Data collectors should keep in mind the following two
sentences: “The data collector must gain the trust of
respondents” and “The data collector must not upset or
annoy respondents.”
A respondent sometimes may not understand the contents of various questions. If the data collector encounters
this issue, he or she must provide supplemental explanations to the respondent. However, the data collector must
pay attention to not leading the respondent’s answers, andmust prevent showing signs that influence these (e.g., saying the data collector’s comments and modeling answers).
If the respondent does not answer an essential questionin the questionnaire, the data collector should try to ask
the question indirectly and/or from another angle. If thedata collectors use different expressions for obtaining theproper answers from respondents at the interview, the dif46 J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018

ferent expressions should be noted in a margin or on theback of the questionnaire. When a response or comment
from a respondent is outside the survey’s scope, and if adata collector feels it is important to the survey, they should
record it in a margin or on the back of the questionnaire.
4) Implementation planning of survey
It is important to make a detailed survey timetable andtimeline for conducting an efficient survey. The period of
the survey is usually estimated based on the total numberof fishing households being surveyed per day. Moreover,the number of surveyed households per day is decided by
the ability and skills of data collectors, and travel times
between interview places.
Generally, interviews and data collection are conductedat the fisher’s house, at catch-landing sites, or at fishers’
meeting places. In the latter case, there may be many fishers surrounding a respondent and those individuals cansometimes answer the question instead of the respondent.
Those answers and the resulting data are not reliable andhave low accuracy, therefore, such a situation should be
avoided. Data collectors and/or a planner/leader shouldchoose appropriate interview places where a respondent
can answer independently.
5) Follow-up survey and town meeting to report theresults
There is seldom enough time to conduct the questionnaire survey at fishing households and catch-landing sites
because fishers wake up early in the morning and want totake a rest as soon as possible after fishing and landing
the catch. Thus, some unexpected situations occur during
field surveys, and additional data will need to be requested
during/after the household survey. Therefore, it is better to
conduct a supplemental survey of fishing households oncethe survey is completed. If there are doubts about answers,
interviews with the fishing households should be done
again. In one case, we found new types of fishing gear during the survey; however, we could not take photos of thefishing gear owing to lack of time. In this case, we returned
to take photos of the new gear and to obtain information
about it (e.g., prices, useful lifetime, size, number, andhow to use it).
Distribution and trading of fishery products are important for grasping the specific figures of the local fishery.
Therefore, we conducted an additional (follow-up) surveyof middlemen dealing in fish and/or marine products,
who purchase these products from the surveyed fishinghouseholds, and clarified the pricing system of the fisheryproducts.
After completing the research, the results should bereported in the survey area. The local governments, whohave supported the survey, usually are waiting for the
results. If you cannot hold meetings to report results, you
are taking a serious risk of losing relationships with thelocal government and the people involved.

Conclusions and Considerations
The framework of the questionnaire for the face-to-facesurvey targeted at fishing households was created by theauthor; the items of the questionnaires for Thailand and thePhilippines had been discussed with members of the social
team in the Costal Area Capability Enhancement in theSoutheast Asia Project of the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. The team was composed of representatives from the Japan Fisheries Research and the Education
Agency (the social team leader of the project), Southeast
Asia Fisheries Development Center, Kasetsart University,
Kochi University, University of the Philippines Visayas,
the University of Tokyo, Tokai University, and Seijo University. Finally, the detail of items in the questionnaires
was discussed and revised in workshops that included datacollectors in Thailand or the Philippines.
The questionnaire in Appendix 2 was created for theface-to-face survey targeted at fishing households inThailand and was based on the methodology discussed
above. The completed survey using this questionnaire for
Thailand was conducted in Thailand from 2013 to 2015,
and we succeeded in collecting a total of 899 filled inquestionnaires.
The target provinces already decided in the project werethe eastern, central, and southern Gulf of Thailand, thus
we did not use cluster analysis and two-step extraction for
decisions on the target areas. We collected the information on the number of fishing households in each village
from local governments, and employed the extraction
formula. The total number of fishing households in thetarget areas was 4,206 and the extraction number using theformula was 913. This extraction number was estimatedby Formula 1 excluding variance, because we had lesstime to collect fundamental data, such as catch and valueof each household in the target areas. Therefore, the total
number estimated was not small enough. If we collectedfundamental data and used Formula 2, the total number ofsamples could be smaller than it.
We had conducted a “Principal Survey” and tried tocollect statistics and reports regarding a local fishing fromlocal governments; however, there was little information.
We had also collected information about a local fishingfrom a branch of the national Marine Fisheries Researchand Development Center, and fishers’ groups. We obtainedinteresting data on small-scale fishing and main fishingspecies targeted by local fishers at the branch, and infor-

mation on local rules and roles of the fishers’ groups fromthe group leaders. We then discussed questionnaire items
in detail to reflect the actual situation of local fishing using
the information from the researchers and the leaders, as
the project’s purpose was to clarify the actual situation in
local fishing villages. The workshops for the discussion
were held several times along with pilot tests in the target
area. Finally, we completed the questionnaire as Appendix
2 shows, based on the above methodology.
Thailand’s project members were researchers at theSoutheast Asia Fisheries Development Center and also thedata collectors for this survey; the researchers had enoughexperience to collect information from fishing households
using questionnaire thus we did not need to hold basic
training for data collectors and we had already conducted
specific training through the workshops and pilot tests.
Yet, even they misunderstood meanings and backgroundsof some questionnaire items initially; therefore the social
team leader (this author) provided in-depth explanations
on the misunderstood items at the workshops.
We conducted a follow-up survey, in which we focused
especially on the distribution of the catch in the target
areas. The distribution of marine products from the easterntarget area was closed, despite there being a famous tourist
resort, Pataya Beach, near the area. Also, we had collected
information regarding fishing gear for supplementing cost
items in the questionnaire. We held meetings concerning
the midterm report with local officers in each area. The
officers gave us additional information on local fishing;in particular, it was important to learn about the history
and mechanisms of the crab bank (activity for enhancing
crab resources). We found that the production system andmanagement rules of the crab bank differed according to
the fishing village, and that the fisher group members’
collaboration over the crab bank developed a sense of following the rules of fisheries management.
Finally, these methods on selecting targets and survey
procedures were implemented as indicated above, andwe obtained 899 filled in questionnaire and good results.
Therefore, these methodologies can help many others who
might wish to conduct quantitative interview surveys.
Acknowledgments
This study has been supported by the Research Institute for Human and Nature (Area capability project, No.
14200061), Training Department of Southeast Asia Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC/TD), the Faculty ofFisheries of Kasetsart University, and the University of thePhilippines. I would like to express my gratitude to them. I
am especially grateful to Dr. Satoshi Ishikawa, Ms. Sumitra Ruangsivakul, Dr. Methee Kaewnern, Ms. Thanyalak
Suasi, Ms. Jariya Sornkliang, Ms. Rattana Tiaye, Dr. Hori
J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018 47

Mina, Dr. Ryutaro Kamiyama, and Dr. Alice Ferrer.
In addition, we would like to thank Editage (www.
editage.jp) for English language editing.
References
1. Townsley, P. (1996). Rapid rural appraisal, participatory rural appraisal and aquaculture. Food &Agriculture Organization.
2. Freudenberger, K.S. (1999). Rapid rural appraisal(RRA) and participatory rural appraisal (PRA): a
manual for CRS field workers and partners. Baltimore,
MD: Catholic Relief Services.

48 J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018

3. Chambers, R. (1981). Rapid rural appraisal: rationale
and repertoire. Public Administration and Development. 1(2): pp. 95-106.
4. Miyata, T. (2017). Appendix: Manual for small-scale
fishing household surveys collecting quantitative data.
In S. Ishikawa and K. Watanabe, eds., Science interacting with the community: area capability theory.
Tokyo: Bensei, pp. 1-23 (In Japanese).
5. Hayashi, C. and Murayama, T. (1964). Planning andactuals of market survey. Nikkan-kougyo-shinbunsha,
pp. 1-323 (In Japanese).

Appendix 1
Hierarchical cluster analysis for selection survey areas can be analyzed using R (free software).

1) Download the software from https://cran.ism.ac.jp/
2) Create a data set consisting of information such as quantity of catch and/or value of catch, number of fishers by major
fishing type, and so on.
3) Next, enter the command below #Data set into R. The first two lines are used to read data into the R software. Theline with # is the explanation of the command (the same hereafter).

Refer to http://www.r-tutor.com/r-introduction/data-frame/data-import.
4) Make sure the description of header=T, row.name=1. This is the command to specify titles of columns and rows,
so that the first column is titled (e.g., quantity of catch, monetary value of catch, number of fishing households, andso on), and the first row is titled, for example, by area name not numerical value. The third line, View(data1), isused to view data read into R.
5) Next, when you enter the commands under #Distance matrix, #Clustering and # Drawing Dendrogram,
results are displayed.
6) This dendrogram provides supplemental results when dividing municipalities (villages) into several groups. It takes
into consideration the characteristics of each local municipality (village), and helps in better understanding them.
The final groups are determined by the survey planner (who is also the leader and person-in-charge–e.g., a government official or researcher).

Figure APP1.

Dendrogram of municipalities (villages) in a target area.
J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018 49

7) We determine that the dendrogram in Figure APP1 can be divided into six clusters. Enter the following command to
divide it into six groups (Figure APP2).

Figure APP2.

Six groups of municipalities are decided based on the shape of the dendrogram.

8) From the municipalities split into six groups, the municipalities with the most fishers in each group are chosen as
survey target areas.

50 J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018

Appendix 2

Appendix 2
Questionnaire for fishing household survey
Fill out 1-2 of the following after finishing this survey.
1. Interview time:_____________________ Interviewer name:______________________________________
2. Survey site: Fishing village/Sub-district/District:

3. Province/State/Prefecture:
1 Rayong
2 Prachoup Kiri Khun
3 Chumphon
4 SuratThaniCountry: Thailand

1. Target person of this questionnaire: Fisheries households (head/ members, must engage on part-time or main
job in fisheries)
2. Introduction of interview: Good morning/afternoon, I am_________ and we are conducting a survey in yourcommunity. The purpose of this survey is to find out about your actual conditions of fishing, and living, and workon something to develop fishing in your community. The conclusion of this survey depends on your responses.
Could you kindly cooperate with us?
3. Name of respondent: _________________________________________
Relationship with household head
My name is :I live in:Age:

I am participating voluntarily in the survey titled “Survey regarding Fishers and their Households in Coastal
Areas in____________Province.”
I know and understand that:
1. This survey is for the study on Social Analysis of Coastal Communities under a research project
titled, “Coastal Area Capability in Southeast Asia Project.” This is a collaborative project between
the SEAFDEC, EMDEC, CMDEC, Kasetsart University, and Research Institute for Humanity andNature (RIHN) in Japan.
2. The main purpose of this survey is to describe the profile of fishers and their households.
3. All information collected and respondent’s personal information will be treated with confidentiality,
and will only be used for research purpose. Research results will be publicly declared.

Name of respondent

Name of interviewer

Signature of respondent

Signature of interviewer

Date (date/month/year)

4

J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018 51

********************************************************Cut here********************************************************

Participant’s Copy (Translate English into Thai)

My name is :Age:

I live in:
I am participating voluntarily in the survey titled “Survey regarding Fishers and their Households
in Coastal Areas in____________Province.”
I know and understand that:
4. This survey is for the study on Social Analysis of Coastal Communities under aresearch project titled, “Coastal Area Capability in Southeast Asia Project.” This is acollaborative project between the SEAFDEC, EMDEC, CMDEC, Kasetsart University,
and Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN) in Japan.
5. The main purpose of this survey is to describe the profile of fishers and theirhouseholds.
6. All information collected and respondent’s personal information will be treated withconfidentiality, and will only be used for research purpose. Research results will be
publicly declared.

Name of respondent

Name of interviewer

Signature of respondent

Signature of interviewer

Date (date/month/year)

5

52 J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018

1. Family(1)About respondent
Nickname

Name

Sex

Age

Male

Educational background,
1Pri2High 3Voc4Bac5Oth

Female(2)About household members;
Relationship, sex

Age

Educational background

Main occupation

1Pri2High1Fis2Aqu3Agr4Lab

3Voc4Bac5Oth

5Bus6Gov 7Oth

1Pri2High1Fis2Aqu3Agr4Lab

3Voc4Bac5Oth

5Bus6Gov 7Oth

1Pri2High1Fis2Aqu3Agr4Lab

3Voc4Bac5Oth

5Bus6Gov 7Oth

1Pri2High1Fis2Aqu3Agr4Lab

3Voc4Bac5Oth

5Bus6Gov 7Oth

1Pri2High1Fis2Aqu3Agr4Lab

3Voc4Bac5Oth

5Bus6Gov 7Oth

1Pri2High1Fis2Aqu3Agr4Lab

3Voc4Bac5Oth

5Bus6Gov 7Oth

1Pri2High1Fis2Aqu3Agr4Lab

M F

3Voc4Bac5Oth

5Bus6Gov 7Oth

1Pri2High1Fis2Aqu3Agr4Lab

M F

3Voc4Bac5Oth

5Bus6Gov 7Oth

1
M F
2
M F
3
M F
4
M F
5
M F
6
M F
7
8

*Education: 1.Primary School 2.High School 3.Vocational school 4. Bachelor’s degree and higher
5. Other(Illiterate)* Occupation: 1.Fisheries 2 Aquaculture 3 Agriculture 4 Labor, 5 Business 6 Government job 7. Others(3) About former address and former job
How many years

Experience inFormer address

have you been in

Fisheries/(City,Province,Country)

this village

Aquaculture(year)

Former occupation

Respondent

1Fis2Aqu3Agr4Lab(Fisher)

5Bus6Gov 7Oth

6J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018 53

*2if unavailable↓

2.

Livelihood

Amount of estimatedannual income and cost
(Baht)
IncomeCost

Percentage ofself-consumption
weight of products(%)

Percentage ofincome in family
budget (%)

１． Fishing
２． Aquaculture
３． Agriculture
４． LivestockC

５． Trading
６． Laboring
７． Marine product processing
８． Other processing
９． Government

Others

10．Income fromremittances
11．Income from lendingmoney
12．SavingAmountBaht

13．Other sources not listed above*2 If answers of income and cost cannot be gotten, this column is used.

3.

Fisheries and aquaculture

3.1 Fisheries(1) How many fishing boats do you have?
Number of boats Length (m)
Power
1
2
3

 non-power power( out-board
 non-power power( out-board
 non-power power( out-board

Engine in-board) in-board) in-board) DieselGasoline/benzene

Engine Power(HP)

 DieselGasoline/benzene
 DieselGasoline/benzene

754 J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018

J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018 55

seasonLowseasonHighseasonLowseasonHighseason

12

3.

2.

1.

3.

2.

1.

3.

2.

1.

3.

2.

1.

3.

2.

1.

3.

2.

1.

(local name)

Major target Species
Catch(kg/trip)Amountofconsumption outof catch(kg/trip)

4 neighbor 5 foreign employee 6 others______________________________________

b. Relationship between you and your employer (multiple answers allowed): 1 family 2 relative 3 fellow fishera. Number of laborers in an operation_________________________________(3) About labor

Number:

Name:

Gear3

Number:Name:

Gear 2

Number:Low(2) Production schedule.
NameMark X in operation months
andnumberof types
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
offishing
gears
Gear1
High
Name:
seasonVolumesold(kg/trip)

Averagepricereceived(Baht/kg)
Averagecost
incurred(Baht/trip)
No. offishing
trips/
day

No offishing
days/
month

(4) Do you have any problems with fisheries? State the problems and level of the seriousness tocontinued fishing.
a. Do you have a problem regarding fishing operations in the fishing grounds?

 YES

NO

- Please describe, and rank on basis of severity of problem.
_1._______________________________________________________________________________________
Less serious

1

2

3

4

5

Very serious(Single Answer allowed)- Please describe, and rank on basis of severity of problem.
_2._______________________________________________________________________________________
Less serious

1

2

3

4

5

Very serious(SA)

b. Do you have a problem regarding fisheries resources?

 YES

NO

- Please describe, and rank on basis of severity of problem.
_1._________________________________________________________ ________ ___ _____ ____________
Less serious

1

2

3

4

5

Very serious(SA)- Please describe, and rank on basis of severity of problem.
_2.___________________________________________________________________ _ __________________
Less serious

1

2

3

4

5

Very serious(SA)c. Do you have a problem regarding fishing ground environment?

 YES

NO

- Please describe, and rank on basis of severity of problem.
_1._______________________________________________________________________________________
Less serious

1

2

3

4

5

Very serious(SA)- Please describe, and rank on basis of severity of problem.
_2.___________________________________________________________________ ___________________
Less serious

1

2

3

4

5

Very serious(SA)

3.2 Aquaculture(1) Production schedule
Do you operate aquaculture?

Species

Type offacility1 – pond
2 – cage
3–others,
specify

What year
did you
start?

 YES

NO  Go to 4

How many
production
cycles do you
have in a
year? (stock toharvest)Based on last production cycle
What % of the total
harvest was sold andequivalent in kg?
(%)(in kg)Price/kg
received(Baht/kg)

Operation
cost(Baht/kg)

956 J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018

(2) About labora. Number of laborers in an operation____________________
b. Relationship between you and your employer (MA); 1 family 2 relative 3 fellow fisher
4 neighbor 5 foreign employee 6 others______________________________(3) Problem on aquaculturea. Do you face any problem during aquaculture operations?

 YES

NO

- Please describe, and rank on basis of severity of problem.
__1.______________________________________________________________________________________
Less serious

1

2

3

4

5

Very serious(SA)- Please describe, and rank on basis of severity of problem.
__2.______________________________________________________________________________________
Less serious

1

2

3

4

5

Very serious(SA)

b. Do you have any environmental problem in the aquaculture site?

 YES

NO

- Please describe, and rank on basis of severity of problem.
__1._____________________________________________________________________________
Less serious

1

2

3

4

5

Very serious

__

(SA)

- Please describe, and rank on basis of severity of problem.
__2.____________________________________________________________________________
Less serious

4.

1

2

3

4

5

Very serious

___

(SA)

Agriculture and livestock(1) Main agriculture
Do you have an agricultural farm?

Crop nameHow many
production
cycles do you
have in a year?
(stock to
harvest) YES

Volume ofproduct per
cycle (kg)NO  Go to (2)Based on last production cycle
What % of the total
harvest was sold and
Average price/kg
equivalent in kg?
received (Baht/kg)%
in kg

Total cost
(Baht per cycle)

10

J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018 57

(2) Main livestock
Do you have livestock?

Livestock
name

5.

 YES

How manymonths do you
raise livestock?
(stock to
harvest)NO  Go to 5

Volume ofproduct per
cycle (kg)

Based on last production cycle
What % of the total
harvest was sold and
Average price/kg
equivalent in kg?
received (Baht/kg)%
in kg

Total cost
(Baht per cycle)

Business(1) Marine productsa. Whom do you sell your catch to?

(MA)

1 Middleman 2 Fish retailer 3 Restaurant 4 End customer (Home use, Local market)
5 Others______________________________________
6 If the answer is 1 Middleman, the name is _______________________________________________
b. How do you transport them?

(MA)

1 By motorcycle 2 By Car 3 By boat 4 Human power 5 Middleman comes to pick up(2) Aquaculture productsa. Do you sell aquacultural products?
 YES

NO  Go to 5.(3)b. Whom do you sell your aquaculture products to? (MA)1 Middleman 2 Fish retailer 3 Restaurant 4 End customer (Home use, Local market)
5 Processing factory 6 Others__________________________________
c. How do you transport them? (MA)
1 By motorcycle 2 By Car 3 By boat 4 Human power 5 Middleman comes to pick up
6 Factory workers come to pick up(3) Agricultural productsa. Do you sell agricultural products?
 YES

NO  Go to 5.(4)1158 J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018

b. Whom do you sell your agricultural products to? (MA)
1Middleman 2Retailer 3 End customer (Home use, Local market) 4 Processing factory
5Others____________________________________
c. How do you transport them? (MA)
1 By motorcycle 2 By Car 3 By boat 4 Human power 5 Middleman comes to pick up
6 Factory workers come to pick up
d. Do you have a fixed selling space? How much is the rent of the selling space?
 YES, How much? ______________________Baht/month NO(4) Livestock productsa. Do you sell livestock?
 YES

NO Go to 6.

b. Whom do you sell your livestock products to? (MA)1 Middleman 2 Retailer 3 End customer (Home use, Local market) 4 Processing factory
5 Others________________________________
c. How do you transport them? (MA)
1 By motorcycle 2 By Car 3 By boat 4 Human power 5 Middleman comes to pick up
6 Factory workers come to pick up
d. Do you have a fixed selling space? How much is the rent of the selling space?
 YES, How much? ________________ Baht/month NO

6．Fisheries management

These sentences should be stated before the questions

At present in Thailand, fishing is an open-access activity. And anyone has a right to fisheries resources bycatching fish, shrimp, crab, or mollusks in Thai waters according to the Thai Fisheries Act.

(1) Does fishing under this principle lead to overfishing and fishery resource reduction?
Yes

No

 Do not know

(2) Do you agree that fish, shrimp, crab or mollusk in the sea should be common property?
 Yes

 No

 Do not know

If NO  who should have the right to catch fish, shrimp, crab, or mollusks in the sea?
1 Only residents of the village 2 Only fishermen of the village
3 Every fisherman living in the country 4 Do not know
The reason why do you choose it;
12

J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018 59

(3) Do you agree that fishing should be an open-access activity?
 Yes

 No

 Do not know

If NO  who should have the right to catch fish?
1 Only residents of the village 2 Only fishermen of the village
3 Every fisherman living in the country 4 Do not know(4) Explain Fisheries Management to respondents as follows:“Fisheries Management (FM) is marine policy to control fishing gear and methods to increase aquatic
resources. For example, controlling mesh size, setting seasonal closure, and prohibiting particular
fishing gear in some areas.” (Artificial reefs and crab banks are stock enhancement not F.M.)
Have you ever heard of fisheries management in and around your fishing ground?
 YES

 NO→go to (6)(5) What kind of fisheries management do you have in this area?
a. Name of the target species: ____________________________________________________________b. Name of the target fishing gear: _______________________________________________________

c. Outline of penalty: ____________________________________________________________________

d. Name of main organization: ______________________________________ _______________________
e. purpose of the F.M.:__________________________________________ __________________________(6) Do you think fisheries management is necessary in and around your fishing ground? (SA)No need

1

2

3

4

5

Very necessary(7) How much % decline in the annual catch, should be implemented fisheries management?
For example, now you have 100kg catch; how much reduction of your catch should be implemented
fisheries management?
1 About _________________% (kg) reduction

2 Do not know(8) If fisheries management is started to maintain fisheries’ resources, the catch might decrease at the
beginning.
a. How much % catch reduction can you bear?
1 About__________________%
b. How many years can you bear?

(SA)

2 Cannot bear any

3 Do not know

2 Cannot bear any

3 Do not know(SA)

1 About________________months(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 1Y, 1.5Y, 2Y, 2.5Y, 3Y, 3.5Y, 4Y, 4.5Y, 5Y)

13

60 J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018

7. Social capital
Human networks(1)Are you a member of any organization in the community?
 YES

 NO⇒ go to (3)(2) Which type of organization is this? And how many times did you attend the organization’s meetings
over the past year? (MA)
1 Socio-civic organization,
times/yr. 2 Fishermen’s organization,
times/yr.
3 Associations besides fishermen’s organizations,
5 Others1,

times/yr.

6 Others2,

times/yr.

4 NGO,

times/yr.

times/yr.

(3) If you suddenly needed to borrow half of your yearly income for some serious incident, would you

be able to borrow money?

(SA)

Never
1.

Definitely
2.

3.

4.

5.

(4) In the following cases, who do you ask for help?

(MA)

You need help to pay fora medical operation of afamily member.

Recovery from natural
disaster

You are likely to be
involved in a crime.

Chores such as baby
sitting and laundry

1- Relative

1- Relative

1- Relative

1- Relative

2- Friend (neighbor)

2- Friend (neighbor)

2- Friend (neighbor)

2- Friend (neighbor)3- Fisher folk

3- Fisher folk

3- Fisher folk

3- Fisher folk

4- Middleman

4- Others___________

4- Middleman

4- Others___________

5- Bank

5- Bank

6- Others___________

6- Others___________

Norms and Trust(1) Over the past one year, did you participate in any volunteer work in your village?
YESNO ⇒go to (3)(2) How many times did you participate in volunteer work in the past one year?
Times/year(3) In general, do you agree or disagree with the following statements?
a. People generally try to be helpful
b. If you see somebody lost on the street, you should stop to help
c. People mostly look out for themselves
d. Most people in the village can be trusted
e. You need to be very careful while communicating with villagers

Disagree
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.

3.
3.
3.
3.
3.

4.
4.
4.
4.
4.

Agree
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.

1 Strongly disagree (a few %), 2 Somewhat disagree (25%), 3 Neither agree nor disagree (50%), 4 Somewhat
agree (75%), 5 Strongly agree (100%)
14J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018 61

(4) Now I want to ask you how much you trust different types of people. On a scale of 1 to 5, where 1means to a very small extent, and 5 means to a very great extent, how much do you trust the people ineach of the categories below?
Type of people

Small

a. People from your ethnic or linguistic group/ race/ tribeb. Local and national government officials
c. Policed. Fishermen in your villagee. People in your village, except fishermen
f. Strangers

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

Great
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.

3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.

4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.

5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.

1 Very small extent (a few%), 2 Small extent (25%), 3 Neither small nor great extent (50%), 4 Great extent (75%),
5 Very great extent (100%)

8.

Religion(1) What is your religion? (SA)
1 Buddhism

2 Islam

3 Christianity

4 Others (specify)_________________(2) Do(does) you/anyone in your family offer food to monks in the morning?
YES

NO

(3) How many times do you offer prayers at the temple every month?
14 times

2 times

31 times

4Others (specify)_________________(4) Do you go to the mosque/church every week?
YES

NO

9. General public views of life(1) How satisfied are you with the financial situation of your household? When one means completely
dissatisfied and ten means completely satisfied, what number describes your degree of satisfaction withyour financial situation? (SA)Completely dissatisfied
1

2

Completely satisfied
3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

(2) Are you feeling any uneasiness or anxiety in your present life? (SA) YES NO go to (4)(3) What causes your uneasiness and anxiety? (MA)1Instability or shortage of income
2Hopelessness of present job
3Insufficiency of children’s education
4Health condition of the family
5Others_______________________________________________
15

62 J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018

(4) Do you think strong relationships are very important within the village and neighborhood? (SA)
 YES

 NO

 Don’t know(5) What kind of person is respected in your village (SA)
 Rich person
 The person who owns capital properties such as a big house, several fishing boats, and many type of fishinggears The person who has a wide social network
 Others(6) Do you have any hope for the future? (SA)a. 1 Much 2 Some 3 Little 4 None 5 I do not know
b. What kind of hope? ____________________________________________________________________(7) Are you happy in your present life?
1 Very happy 2 Happy 3 Neither happy nor unhappy 4 Unhappy 5 Very unhappy 6 Do not know.
(8)Do you think rich natural resources (excluding fishery resources) are very important for maintaining
your job? (SA) YES NO  Do not know(9) Here are two statements people sometimes make when discussing the environment and economic
growth. Which of these comes closer to your own point of view?
1 Protecting the environment should be given priority, even if it causes slower economic growth and loss ofsome jobs.
2 Economic growth and job creation should be the top priority, even if the environment suffers to some extent.
3 Any other answer.

10． Personal information(1) What kinds of household goods does your household have?
1 TV

2 Washing machine

7 Mobile phone

3 Refrigerator

8 Motorbike

9 Car

4 Microwave oven

10 Home theater

5 Air-conditioner

11 DVD player

6 Electric fan

12 Computer(2) Please tell me your average monthly household income._____________________Baht/Month(3) Health data of respondent and healtha. All in all, how would you describe your state of health these days? Would you say it is?
1 Very good

2 Good

3 So-so

4 Poor

5 Do not know

b. Body weight_________________Kg
c. Height________________________cm
d. Waistline_______________________cm
e. Blood pressure (BP):_________________ / ________________mmHg

16

J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018 63

Field Report

小規模漁業漁家を対象とした量的データ
収集調査の手法
宮田勉

水産研究・教育機構
要旨
小規模漁業の政策を立案する際、漁家や漁村の現状を理解するうえで量的調査は必要である。しかし、世界中で多くの政府や地方自治体は、行政職員や研究職員が不足し、さらに予算が逼迫している問題を抱えている。また、農村や漁村における社会調査実施マニュアルもあるが、そのほとんどが定性的な調査手法に特化していた。それゆに、本論はサンプリング数を削減するための、また量的調査のための調査手法について言及する。具体的には、データ抽出法理論、漁村レベルの事前調査とランダムサンプリングの方法、調査票の作り方と調査実践に関する方法、追加調査と結果報告会を紹介する。なお、本論にはタイラインドにおいて実際に使用した漁家調査票を添付した。

キーワード：調査マニュアル、東南アジア、漁村、漁法、漁業操業

64 J Intl Cooper Agric Dev 2018