Environmental Technologies toHelp Achieve SDGs
14th Asia-Pacific Eco-Business Forumin Kawasaki
Dr. Thit Sinn
Committee Member
Mandalay City Development Committee, Mandalay City
Myanmar

1 February 2018
Todoroki Arena

Mandalay City
N
Aung Myay Thar Zan Tsp.
Population = 265,779
Area = 28.1 km2
Density = 9,455/km2
Mahar Aung Myay Tsp.
Population = 241,113
Area = 15.1 km2
Density = 15,997/km2
Pyi Gyi Tagon Tsp.
Population = 237,698
Area = 28.5 km2
Density = 8,343/km2

Chan AyeThar Zan Tsp.
Population = 197,175
Area = 12.1 km2
Density = 16,243/km2
Chan Mya Tharzi Tsp.
Population = 183,781
Area = 30.2 km2
Density = 9,403/km2

Amarapura Tsp.
Population = 237,618
Area = 205 km2
Density = 1,160/km2

Total Household = 271,487
Total population = 1,463,164 (1.46 Million)
Township = 6
Ward = 96
Source: The Population & Housing Census of Myanmar 2014

MandalayOrganization Structure of Mandalay City Development Committee

Minister for Development Affairs of Mandalay Region andMayor of Mandalay City
Vice-MayorCommittee

Secretary(policy & decisionmaking level)

Joint Secretary9 Committee members
14 Departments (Operational Level)
Administration

Department

Water andSanitation
Department

Motor
Vehicle andWorkshop
Department

City PlanningandAdministration

Department

Market andSlaughter
House
Department

Finance
Department

Revenue
Department

Cleansing
Department

Playgrounds,
Parks and
Gardens
Department

Building andCentral Store
Department

Roads andBridges
Department

PublicRelation andInformation
Department

Agricultureand Livestock
Department

Inspection
Department

Law, Bylaw, Operation Guidelines ofMandalay City Development Comittee

 Revised Mandalay City Development Law – 12 Jan 2015
 Mandalay City Development Bylaw – 14 May 2015
 Operation Guidelines – for each set of sectoral activities Conservation of Environment and Cleansing is enacted

included with package of tasks in Amending Law on
Mandalay City Development Law, 2014.
 In bylaw, waste management and environmental

conservation are taken account as essential requirements
for Business Administration and Licensing Regulations.

Solid Waste Management in Mandalay City
as of 2018

Door to door
Kerbside
Haul container at roadside
Designated open dump sites
Illegal open dump sites
Drain sludges
Sweeping

Mixed Waste Collection

Northern 3 Townships
Kyar-ni-kan

Garbage trucks- Compactor- OrdinaryDirectTransport

Push carts
Tri-wheeled
motorbikes

TransferZone

Kyar-ni-kan &Taung-inn
Myauk-inn
Open Dump Sites
Taung-innMyauk-innSouthern 3 Townships
No Waste Separation at Source

Mixed Waste Collection & Transport
mainly by old-fashioned vehicles

No Treatment
Open Dumping

Separation at Source & Transported by Specific Vehicles

Pit incineration
Incinerator

Health Care Waste

Final Disposal Sites
Kyar Ni Kan Open Dump Site 175 km far from Mandalay Land Area - 17.17Acres
 Dispose MSW - 500 tons/day average.
 From 1 Feb 2010 to 6 Jan 2012 –firstly
used and 309,600 tons of MSW weredisposed. Then, stopped to use for 2
yrs because cost burden fortransportation was unbearable.
 Instead a dump site closer to Mdy wasopened. Now it poses problems sincecity expands to encircle it.
 From 24 Dec 2013 to date – former
open dump site was resumed.
Taung Inn Myauk Inn Open Dump Site

 17 km 29.32 Acres
 400 Tons /day of MSW
 Started at 2.2.2011 & still being used.
 Also it is problem scenario.

(as of 2013)

Source: own study of MCDC, 2013.The Situation of Solid Waste Management in Mandalay City(2016-2017 FY)

Sr.

Indicators

Value

1Waste Collection in ton/year

328,500 ton

2

Average Daily Waste Collection

900 tons/day

3

Per capita waste generation/day

0.73 kg/day

4

Primary collection rate

80%

5Secondary collection rate

10-15%

6Collection by private waste collectors but
transported by MCDC

5%

The Situation of Solid Waste Management in Mandalay City(2016-2017 FY)

Sr.

Indicators

Value

7

Average Fq. of Waste Transport

2.5 trip/day/garbage truck

8

Average Waste Loading Capacity

1.6 ton/trip

9

Average Waste Loading Density

220 kg/m3

The Situation of Solid Waste Management in Mandalay City(2016-2017 FY)
Sr.
1InputVehicles

Items
Compactor

24

Ordinary224

Tri-wheeled Motorbike

181

Road Sweeper

2

HumanCapacity

Value

1

Push Cart

90

Boat

5

Backhoe25

Bulldozer

2

Waste Worker (permanent)

394

Waste Worker (non-permanent)

1400

Staffs33

Officer

12

The Current Situation of Solid Waste Managementin Mandalay City

Ordinary vehicles and locally designed tank carriers are largely used intransportation of solid waste in Mandalay City.
No segregation, no packing & throw at illegal dump sites, and outdated old
fashioned vehicles demand labour intensive & costly service.

The Current Situation of Solid Waste Managementin Mandalay City
During recent years, compactor garbage trucks and hook lifts were introduced into
the garbage collection and transport service in order to replace ordinary vehicles.
Used compactors (Japan made), not older than 2007
models were imported from Japan.
During 2018, 17 compactors in total will be imported, andfor the time being, 7 had already arrived to MCDC. (Addedto existing 24, there will be 41 in total during 2018 FY.)
Compactors are much more functional and efficient thanordinary garbage trucks and more importantly, reduce thelabour need.

The Current Situation of Solid Waste Managementin Mandalay City
Grossly visible manifestations of improper solid waste management

Malpractice of city dwellers that often manifests as disposal of wastes into rivers,ponds, creeks and drains. And in case of industrial waste disposal, it alarms MCDC
to establish industrial waste management system as soon as possible.
Leachate seriously destroyed farmlands
nearby.
Underground water pollution has notbeen assessed yet.

The Situation of Solid Waste Management in Mandalay City(2016-2017 FY)

4.0 Billion(Kyat)

650 Million(Kyat)

12,176(Kyat)

Cost recovery mechanism in solid waste managementin Mandalay City
 Taxation – stipulate sanitary tax as an integrated inclusion inproperty tax (building tax, light tax, rubbish and waste tax)
 Sanitary tax rate is calculated based on property value - i.e.

building property.
 Sanitary tax NOT directly reflects to the volume or weight ofwaste generation by each household but reflects to the generallyaccepted principle i.e. “richer generates more wastes.” Collection of Sanitary fees or charges which is made based

directly on waste generation is applied ONLY to businessenterprises.
 The Gap = 3.35 Billion (Kyat)

The Current Situation of Solid Waste Managementin Mandalay City

 Self-assessment made based on lifecycle-based integrated

solid waste management
 Reduction – has not been introduced at levels of direct

consumption of natural resources and recycle resources, and atsource of production.
 Sustainable consumption – not yet introduced.
 No proper treatment and disposal of solid waste.
 No proper disposal of solid wastes.
 Reuse and material recycling is growing in private sector.
Large portion of raw recycling materials are exported to China.
 In near future, recycling sector is predicted to decline since
China changed the policy on import of raw recycling materials.

The Current Situation of Solid Waste Managementin Mandalay City
 Self-assessment made based on generation-based integrated

solid waste management
 3 Rs has not been introduced in most of residential wards, and inindustrial and commercial sectors.
 3 Rs is being promoted in education sector and is being planned tointroduce in wards where community-based solid waste
management project is implemented.
 Waste separation is properly applied in health facilities.
 Treatment, recovery, FDS – still there is no treatment and recovery.
 Confirmed – leachate treatment at open dump sites in 2018.
 Development of sanitary landfills at 2 sites starting from 2018.
 Existing open dump sites are to be controlled in order to reduce

environmental damage.

The Current Situation of Solid Waste Managementin Mandalay City
 Self-assessment made based on management-based integrated

solid waste management Regulation to control improper waste management – applied butcoverage was not satisfactory.
 Effective regulations, financial mechanism for service providers,waste generators and enterprises – regulations can not be fully
applied at operational level. Standardized instructions could not be
conveyed to reach grass-root level without dropping some part of its
meaning. Because grass-root level agencies could not fulfill the all
requirements as per instructions.
 Financial mechanism for solid waste management is outdated asmention in earlier slides.

The Current Situation of Solid Waste Managementin Mandalay City
 Self-assessment made based on management-based integrated

solid waste management
 Technology innovation – In general, technologies were diffusedthrough entrepreneurs. Main Source - imported from China.
 But it just means to say ‘adjusted’ in order to adapt with local needs

rather than innovation. E.g. recycling sector
 Technology innovation is hard to find in the area of waste collection,transport, treatment, recovery and disposal.
 Rare examples – composting method but it is still a pilot study inMandalay University. And leachate treatment but it has not been
approved yet for efficiency and applicability.
 To grasp high-tech to be applied in solid waste management sector -seems impossible for local people.

In Brighter Aspect of Solid Waste Management in Mandalay City

ESC Model Cities Programme Year 2 & 3

In long-term perspective, sustainability is ensured by integrating
environmental education into traditional & formal education system.

In Brighter Aspect of Solid Waste Management in Mandalay City

ESC Model Cities Programme Year 3Skill Development Training on biogas generation, composting, and recycle art

In Brighter Aspect of Solid Waste Management in Mandalay City

Community-based Solid Waste Management ProjectStarted in 2017
 CCETSmallGrant
Programme Entry Pointto SWMS& AP
 Goal A, B,E, F.

Activities Package

In Brighter Aspect of Solid Waste Management in Mandalay City

Health Care Waste Management as of 2018
 The Activities are being expanded since Nov., 2017 tocover all health facilities.
 Hospital Waste (Average daily collection - 665.75 kg/day) Clinics (Average bi-weekly collection - 1056.07 kg/day) Anatomical Waste (Average daily collection - 50 kg/day) IVDUs (discarded needles & syringes at drop-in centres)

Average daily collection - 318 kg/day
 Total collection/day- 2,089 kg/day

Waste Separation at Source, proper collection,
proper transport , proper disposal – justrecently, the system was introduced in healthsector.

Official Colour Codes
General Waste (Black)
Infectious Waste (Yellow)
Sharps (Red)Planned Activities in Next 3 Months

The planned activities are to be implemented ascommencement.
 Commencement of industrial waste management –commenced as separate collection and transport
 Commencement of waste management at source ofproduction – Oxium additive bio-degradable plastics andEcoplast (technology transfer from Indonesia – introduce
and promote in sources of plastic production in MandalayCity)

Planned Activities in Next 3 Months

Contd., The planned activities are to be implemented
as commencement.
 Commencement of proper disposal at FDS – Purchase land in twosites for sanitary landfill development.
(Budget Allocation = Ks. 0.7 Billion for purchase of lands)
 Commencement of air pollution control – Establishment ofAmbient Air Quality Monitoring System project proposal had been approved by Committee.
 training had been given to staffs.

Waste Management Strategy & Action Planfor Mandalay City (2017-2030)

Collaboration between Myanmar & Japan for Development ofWaste Management Strategy and Action Plan
MyanmarNational

Union Level Institutions

Waste
Management
Strategy and Action
Plan

Ministry of Natural Resources andEnvironmental Conservation

Japan
CCET Steering
Committee
InternationalExperts

MOEJ

Regional Level Institution
City
Waste
Management
Strategy andIGES
Mandalay City Development
Committee

ActionPlan

Cleansing Department,
MCDC

UNE
UNEIETC

CCET(Established within IEGE)

Waste Management Strategy & Action Planfor Mandalay City (2017-2030)

Process Flow of Strategy Development in Mandalay City
Source: IGES

Waste Management Strategy & Action Planfor Mandalay City (2017-2030)

Source: IGES

Multi-stakeholders Workshops held in Mandalay City

Waste Management Strategy & Action Planfor Mandalay City (2017-2030)
Vision Statement
 Mandalay will be a Clean, Green and healthy City inMyanmar, where culture and environment are preserved
for future generations.
Mission Statement
 To reduce all types of wastes (solid, liquid, and gaseouswaste) generation and manage residual waste materials
in a way which maximizes opportunities for resource
recovery, while protecting public health and theenvironment to achieve a zero waste society by 2030.

Waste Management Strategy & Action Planfor Mandalay City (2017-2030)
The Guiding Principles
 Zero Waste
 Waste Hierarchy
 Resource Conservation
 Polluter-pays Principle
 Precautionary Principle
 Consultation Principle
 Shared Responsibility
 Proximity PrincipleWaste Management Strategy & Action Planfor Mandalay City (2017-2030)

Goals
A.

B.
C.
D.
E.
E.

Provide adequate and affordable municipal waste collection
service for all and waste reduction through prevention and3Rs.
Stop uncontrolled dumping, open burning and improve thefinal treatment and disposal.
Maximize proper collection and treatment of industrial
and other special types of wastes.
Maximize proper disposal and treatment of liquid waste.
Capacity development, awareness raising and advocacy
Ensure sustainable services through regular review,monitoring, innovation and improvement.

Waste Management Strategy & Action Planfor Mandalay City (2017-2030)

Step-up Processes to the End of 2030

Waste Management Strategy & Action Planfor Mandalay City (2017-2030)
A. Provide adequate and affordable municipal waste collection service for all
and waste reduction through prevention and 3Rs.
Short-term(2017-2020)

Mid-term(2021-2025)

Long-term(2025-2030)

80%

90%

100%

(ii) Progress % of waste 1 or 2 pilot
separation at source and townships
collection system will beoperated.

Half of thetownships

All townships ofthe City

50% (15%recyclable & 35%
food waste)

80% (20%recyclable & 60%
food waste)(i) Increase % municipal
waste collection
coverage in the wholecity(iii) Increase % material
recovery and recycling.

25%(10%recyclable & 15%
food waste)Waste Management Strategy & Action Planfor Mandalay City (2017-2030)
B. Stop uncontrolled dumping, open burning and improve the final
treatment and disposal.

(i) Reduction % ofillegal dumping &open burning in theCity.

Short-term(2017-2020)

Mid-term(2021-2025)

Long-term(2025-2030)

50%

75%

100%

Establishment ofcontrolled landfillsite with minimum
requirement in place
to protect theenvironment.

Full operation of
the sanitary
landfill(ii) Improvement of Immediate
the landfill site
improvement to theoperation.
operation ofexisting landfills(open dumping tocontrolled landfill)Waste Management Strategy & Action Planfor Mandalay City (2017-2030)
B. Stop uncontrolled dumping, open burning and improve the final
treatment and disposal.
Short-term(2017-2020)

Mid-term(2021-2025)

Long-term(2025-2030)(iii) Reduction % offood waste, market
waste and green waste
to be land filled

15%

35%

60% & takelegislation to ban
the food waste &market waste to belandfilled.

(iv) Introduction ofappropriatetechnologies for
immediate treatment

Feasibility study &pilot application ofcomposting,anaerobic digester(bio-gas) & otheroptions such asanimal feeding totreat organic waste.

Operation ofcomposting, anaerobic
digester (bio-gas) &animal feeding fororganic waste.
Feasibility study for
RDF & WtE
technologies aimed atminimizing waste
disposal.

Any application of
RDF & WtE
technologies aimed
at minimizing waste
disposal.

Waste Management Strategy & Action Planfor Mandalay City (2017-2030)
C. Maximize proper waste collection & treatment of industrial & otherspecial types of wastes (hazardous, medial, mining, e-waste, construction& demolition waste etc.)
Short-term
Mid-term(2017-2020) (2021-2025)

Long-term(2025-2030)(i) Increase % ofrecycling of industrial &other special types ofwastes.

25%

50%80%(ii) Reduction % ofindustrial & otherwastes sent to land-fillwithout pre-treatment.

25%

50%

Ban on industrial
waste to be landfilled(100%). Establish
proper treatment
methods &technologies forindustrial wastes.

Waste Management Strategy & Action Planfor Mandalay City (2017-2030)
D. Maximize proper disposal and treatment of liquid waste.
Short-term(2017-2020)

Mid-term(2021-2025)

Long-term(2025-2030)(i) Increase % coverage of liquid
waste collection & proper
treatment in domestic sector.

25%

50%100%(ii) Increase % coverage ofliquid waste collection & proper
treatment in industrial sector.

25%

50%100%(iii) Increase % coverage ofliquid waste collection & proper
treatment in public places(public markets, central buss &train terminals)

25%

50%100%Waste Management Strategy & Action Planfor Mandalay City (2017-2030)
E. Capacity development, awareness raising and advocacy.
Short-term(2017-2020)

Mid-term(2021-2025)

Long-term(2025-2030)(i) Increase % number oftownships have implemented
standard awareness-raisingprogrammes for their residents& % of population reached.

25%

50%

100%(ii) Increase % number of schools
have established environmental
education programmes & the %of students reached.

25%

50%

100%

(iii) Increase % of degree ofcooperation of other stakeholders
for ensuring the sustainablewaste management service.

50%

75%

100%

Waste Management Strategy & Action Planfor Mandalay City (2017-2030)
F. Ensure sustainable services through regular review, monitoring,
innovation and improvement..
Short-term(2017-2020)

Mid-term(2021-2025)

Long-term(2025-2030)(i) Establishment & monitoringof data collection & benchmark
performance indicators.

50%

75%

100%

(ii) Decreased % number ofenforcement actions filed against
non-compliant activities.

50%

75%

100%

(iii) Increased degree of public /customer satisfaction % about thewaste management service.

50%

75%

100%

Technology Needs
 Along with the continuum of solid waste

management starting from solid waste collection to
final disposal are in need of technology in order totransform existing traditional/ineffective/inefficient
into modern/effective/efficient.
 Prioritization will be made in accordance withsettings laid down in strategy and action plan, andon the other hand, made balanced against
availability of financial inputs through budget
allocations and other financing mechanisms.

Technology Needs
 Needs in immediate future Equipment, vehicles and facilities to improve collection &transport system.
 Technologies to sustain & promote recycling enterprises;

tailing off dependency on China market & promoting selfsufficiency/ recycling enterprises to be promoted in parallelwith or in pace with development of waste separation practiceamong households in the city.
 Most appropriate composting technologies that are acceptablewidely and be able to duplicate among people in the city.
 Sanitary landfill development in 2 sites.

Technology Needs
Needs in immediate future Technologies to transform existing two open dumps into

controlled landfills.
 Pre-treatment technologies for industrial wastes
 Industrial waste water treatment technologies

Short term needs
 Feasibility study & pilot application of anaerobic digester (bio-gas) & other options such as animal feeding to treat organicwaste.
 liquid waste collection & proper treatment in domestic andindustrial sectors, and public spaces.

Technology Needs
 Mid-term and Long-term Needs
 RDF & WtE technologies aimed at minimizing wastedisposal.
MCDC’s Priority Plan in terms of Technology Needs
 Waste Segregation at FDS
 Bio-digester Establishment
 RDF
 From Waste to Energy
The priority plan will have to be started within the presentGovernment Term (up to 2020).

THANK YOU
Dr. Thit Sinn
hapracho@gmail.com