ARCHITECTURE
PHILIPPE LALANDA
KOBE UNIVERSITY – AUGUST 2017

Purpose of this lecture-

Present the global architecture of pervasive systems-

Describe the different components

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AgendaIntroduction – Global architecture
Smart devices layer
Gateway layer
Cloud layer
Architectural variability
Challenges and conclusion

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Pervasive computing
Pervasive computing promotes the integration of smart,
networked devices in our living environments in order toprovide us services.

Those services
are context aware
require minimal and natural interaction
bring real added value
are easy to administrate by end-users

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Software complexity
Implementing such pervasive services is very challenging. It
requires toget contextual information from real world
run reactive services
run more deliberative services
store data for analysis and learning
ensure non functional properties
be secure and ensure privacy
etc.

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Software architectureThis requires to build and manage complex architectures,
mixing software, networks, and electronics
Software architecture
describes the high level structures of a software systemin terms of components and connectors between
these components
connectors are used to transmit domain data andcontrol information

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Software architecture
Software architectures specify
Where are the main computing elements?
Where are the main data sources?
What are the main control flows?
What are the critical paths and the performance
criteria?
What are the needs in terms of computing platforms?
What are the levels of coupling and cohesion?

A good practice to start designing is to identify the mainfunctions

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Pervasive computing – main functions

Run deliberative services

Display results

Store longer tem data

Run reactive services

Display results

Store data

Act on environment
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Sense data8

Contraints

Run deliberative services

Display results

Store longer tem data

Run reactive services

Display results

Store data

Act on environment
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Sense data

Integrated in theenvironment
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Contraints

Run deliberative services

Display results

Store longer tem data

Run reactive services

Display results

Store data

Act on environment
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Sense data

Near the sensors(wireless distance)
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Contraints

Run deliberative services

Display results

Store longer tem data

Run reactive services

Display results

Store data

Act on environment
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Sense data

On mobiles or laptops

11Contraints

Run deliberative services

Display results

Store longer tem data

Run reactive services

Display results

Store data

Act on environment
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Sense data

Wherever you can get
enough resources(Cloud)12

High level architectureThis layer stores and uses to the data collectedfrom all layers. It provides more deliberative
services based on big data, learning, advancedprocessing.

CloudInternet, GSM

WEB

Gateway (edge)

This layer runs local, real-time services andenables the stream of data to move from one
level to the next for more processing.

Wireless

Smart device

This layer in made of objects integrated in ourphysical environment, generating a stream ofrelevant data.

Web presentation, multi-modalities,
additional services (WS).
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Example: Activity tracking at home

Application

Activity tracker

DataAdmin

Web App

Web presentation
Deliberative services
Data storage
Administration

Smart devices
providingcontextualinformation

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Data redirection
Gateway running
reactive services(fall detection)
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Software based
This architecture is very challenging regarding softwarelevel

most non functional aspects are treated at the software

Focus of next lecture

For now, let us focus on
business value is in software
description of each layer
main components of each layer

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AgendaIntroduction – Global architecture
Smart devices layer
Gateway layer
Cloud layer
Architectural variability
Challenges and conclusion

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Smart devices layer

Cloud infrastructure

Gateway

Smart device

This layer in made of objects integrated in ourphysical environment, generating a stream ofrelevant data.

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Smart devices - definition
The first layer is made of a number of smart, communicationenabled devices connected via wireless protocols tothe gateway layer
possibly to each other (device-to-device)

Smart device = sensing + communicating capabilities

Smoke and CO2
detector
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Cam indoor

Learning thermostat

Smart fridge

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Smart devices
Smart devices can be installed everywhere in the physicalenvironment
in a door, in a field, in a tree, ...
They can be mobile
smart clothes, smart phones
They depend on
software (to prune/aggregate/smooth captured data)
electricity (battery or main)

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Smart devices - functions
Main functions:Get data from the environment
Process and store data
Send data to IoT gateways or other devices
Receive information from IoT gateways or other devices

Panasonic smart devices for home
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Sensing function
Acoustic, sound, vibration
Thermal, heat, temperature
Humidity, moisture, barometric pressureLight, images
Fluid velocity and flow
Position, displacement
Speed, acceleration, angle
Proximity, presenceElectric current, potential
Radiation, chemical...
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Bundle of popular sensors (for Arduino)

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Communication function
Main functions:
Allow data transmission between devices/computers
Domain data and control data
quality of service

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NetworkingLAN

Short range

Cellular/SatelliteLong range

Low Power WAN
Long range

Good for:

Good for:

Good for:---

Buildings, plants
MobileCost

CoverageHigh data range

Coverage
Battery life
Cost

Not good for:Not good for:Not good for:---Battery life
Wide area

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Battery life
costHigh data rate

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Selecting a smart device
Smart devices must meet applications requirements
many smart devices around (some are multi-sensors)varying technical and functional properties
getting the right ones is a crucial step
Aspects to consider
accuracy
reliability
durability
consumption
platform (Arduino: 5V sensor is more convenient than 3V3)
Aesthetics
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Accuracy – health application
Heart beat rate+/- 1

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Reliability – temperature application
Magnetic sensibility

Smart factory

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Smart building26

Durability – Fire management application
Moisture sensibility

Tropical forest

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Smart house27

Consumption – parking help application
Accessibility

In the concrete

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In the ceiling

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Aesthetic and comfort
Heart beat rate

Cardio strap

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Cardio watch

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Building smart devices
Smart device = (sensors + micro-controller)
sensors deal with the capture of environmental
information
micro-controller deals with computing, storage andnetworking

Sensorµ-controller

SensorNote: A µ-controller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit.
It includes one or more CPU, memory, peripherals and network chips.
Low consumption. Cheaper, slower than multipurpose micro-processors.
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The ARDUINO example
Single-board microcontroller
Open source
Equipped with sets of digital/analog I/O

Plug sensors

Several versions
Development kit (C)Program a function
based on collecteddata

USB connection(to dev. PC)
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The ARDUINO programming environment
A usual development environment
C programming language (with restrictions)loop-based: read/process/store
easy but requires specific skills

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ARDUINO products$25($10)30$($12)60$

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Alternatives

LaunchPad MSP430
Texas Instrument$4

NanodeEthernet connection
Compatible with Arduino$55

STM 32 Discovery
ST Microelectronics$10(for simple work)(for web-based sensors)(more powerful)Philippe Lalanda - 201734

Conclusion about smart devices
There are hundreds of smart devices on the market
different sensors and µ-controllers
different prices and qualities
different networking choices
Challenges
getting more and more accurate and reliable
lower energy

Good devices are essential

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IIoT versus IoT

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AgendaIntroduction – Global architecture
Smart devices layer
Gateway layer
Cloud layer
Architectural variability
Challenges and conclusion

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Smart devices layer

Cloud infrastructure

Gateway

Smart device

This layer runs local, real-time services andenables the stream of data to move from one
level to the next for more processing.

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IoT gateways - definition
Electronic device serving as a connection point between
pervasive devices (floor) and IT systems (cloud)a crucial element to handle the explosion of devices
and to implement real-time services
IT systems (cloud)

FOG

Smart devices
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IoT gateways - functions
Main functions:
Implement multiple protocols
device connectivity (ZigBee, Bluetooth, Ethernet,LoRa,...)

Internet connectivity(Web, Rest, MOM)

Gather, aggregate, process data from devices
Receive information/requests from the Cloud

DELL edge gateways
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Fog computing
Traditional model

Data centers, clouds

Assumes infinite
bandwidth andno delay

Pervasive model

Data centers, clouds
Assumes limited bandwidth,
possible delays, intermittent
connectivity

Fog (gateways)
Assumes limited bandwidth,
possible delays, intermittent
connectivity

Endpoints

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Devices41

Benefits of fog computing (gateways)
Security
protect data moving to the cloud from leaks
prevent control of devices from outside parties
Responsivenessless networking delays
Scalability
Data grows faster than bandwidth
Resiliency
can resist to network problems (though caching forinstance)

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Smart IoT gateways
Traditional IoT gateways are not very smart
aggregate and send data
perform simple services
They are getting smarter
performing edge analytics before pushing data
to the cloud

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Edge analytics is the future
To cloud

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Building a pervasive gateway
Gateway= (micro-controller + network chips)
network chips with multiple connectivity
micro-controller deals with computing and storage

Ethernet

Radio
Smart devices

Philippe Lalanda - 2017µ-controller with connectivity

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The Raspberry Pi example
Single-board microcontroller
runs Linux
Full networking system
software oriented programming

Networks

Development kit
Program advanced function

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The Raspberry Pi programming environment
Software-oriented development environment
C/C++, Java
modern tools (Eclipse, etc.)

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Alternatives

Raspberry Pi
Intel$35Edison
Intel
$70

XU4
Odroid$75

900 MHz ARM
Ethernet
1 GB RAM

1 GHz Dual core
WiFi
1 GB RAM
4 GB Flash1 GHz ARM
Ethernet
2 GB RAM
4 GB Flash

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Smart devices from a software perspective
ProgramSmart device

Availability?
Sleeping/Sleeping/waki
ng cyle?
API?
Events?
Semantics?
...
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Conclusion about IoT gateways
High fragmentation in the gateway market
specialized in domains
specialized in networks (loRa vs. Sigfox for instance)
Challenges
get smarterget bigger
get secure
Constant progress but high instability

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AgendaIntroduction – Global architecture
Smart devices layer
Gateway layer
Cloud layer
Architectural variability
Challenges and conclusion

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Smart devices layer

Cloud infrastructure

Gateway

Smart device

This layer stores and uses to the data collectedfrom all layers. It provides more deliberativeservices based on big data, learning, advancedprocessing.

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Cloud computing - definition
The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on theInternet to store, manage, and process data.
CloudIoT gateways
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Cloud computing - functions
Main functions:Internet connectivity
Receive data from gateways
Send information/requests to gateways
Store data
Analyze data
Provide added-value services
The cloud infrastructure also provides
good scalability.

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Benefits of cloud computing
Core advantages:
PowerSpeedCost
Infrastructure management
Deployment
Continuous enhancement
Easier administration

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Big data
A special kind of pervasive service
collection of data
use of analytics algorithms
parallel processing
Allow to get expected and unexpected
findings.
Very greedy algorithms

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Example - IBM Watson

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Conclusion about cloud computers
Cloud infrastructure provide
computing and storage facilities
advanced services (complex algorithms)
advanced infrastructureadvanced management tools
Questionswhat to do with the data?
which data should be stored?
Anarchic today?

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AgendaIntroduction – Global architecture
Smart devices layer
Gateway layer
Cloud layer
Architectural variability
Challenges and conclusion

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Architectures are big
SizeDuration

Programmers

LOC

ExamplesVery small

4 months

1

2000

Course projectSmall

2 years

3

Pace makerMedium

3 years

1050K

100K

Optimizing compiler

Large

5 years100

MS Word, Excel

Very large

10 years

1000

1M

Very verylarge

15+ years

1000

W2K

Ultra large?

?

35M

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Air traffic control
Space shuttle?

Pervasive computing
Connected health60

Big diversity
There are multiple variations for this architecture
networks, devices, environment, ...

1meterPhilippe Lalanda - 2017

Up to 15 km61