PervasiveComputing
PHILIPPE LALANDA
KOBE UNIVERSITY – AUGUST 2017

Purpose of this lectureShow that:- pervasive computing is an evolution of computing
towards more services- It is the consequence of constant progress in wirelessnetworks, computing power, miniaturization, storage
capacity and social acceptance- pervasive computing raises huge expectations in a
number of domains and can bring great benefits- software is key

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Structure of this lecture
Computing evolution
Pervasive computingEnablers
Pervasive computing today
The future of pervasive computing
Challenges and conclusion
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Computing industry – 10-year cycles
80’s

Hardware/process optimizationIBM
IBM RECEIVED 3 NOBELPRIZES IN PHYSICS(1973, 1986, 1987)

70’s
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4

Computing industry – 10-year cycles
80’s

Hardware/process optimization
IBM

90’s

Software/productivity
Microsoft

THE ORIGINAL NAME OF
MICROSOFT WAS“MICRO-SOFT”

1985
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5

Computing industry – 10-year cycles
80’s

Hardware/process optimization
IBM

90’s

Software/productivity
Microsoft

00’s

GOOGLE HAS AN INDEX
WITH MORE THAN
3 BILLION WEBSITES

Web/information retrieval
Google1996
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6

Computing industry – 10-year cycles
80’s

Hardware/process optimization
IBM90’s

Software/productivity
Microsoft00’s

IN THE FIRST 12 MONTHS
65000 APPS WERE ADDEDTO THE APP STORE

Web/information retrieval
Google10’s

Mobile/App store
Apple

2008
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Computing industry – 10-year cycles
80’s

Hardware/process optimization
IBM

90’s

Software/productivity

GOOGLE PURCHASED NEST
FOR $3.2 BILLIONSMicrosoft00’s

Web/information retrieval
Google10’s

Mobile/App store
Apple

20’s

Pervasive computing/???

2018
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A clear trend
Better support toperform repetitive tasks
access informationprovide added-value services
Smarter interaction
natural interfaces
reduce cognitive overload

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Example 1“I am going home from my office at usual hours”
My mobile pops up and suggests me to take analternative road because of an accident.

“You should avoid the ringand go through town.”

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Example 2“I am in a restaurant in Tokyo. There is no English menu”
My mobile downloads and launches the Yomiwa app.
It suggests me to use it to translate the menu.

“I launched Yomiwa for you.
You should try. It works well!”Philippe Lalanda - 201711

Example 3“I am going back to Paris. My connection is late”
My mobile is aware that I could not sleep in the planeand reserve a massage at the airport.

“I made a reservation for youat the Spa, terminal 2A”

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Expectations
Information and services should
appear/be launched when I need themtake into account my preferences, emotions,behavior
communicate with me in a natural way
don’t annoy me
disappear when I don’t need them anymore

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Requirements
To do so, future software applications have to
1 – Capture contextual informationemotions)about you (where you are, what you do, yourabout the environment
about the computing resources available
2 – Determine what to do
Provide Information and/or services
Store data for future use
3 – Communicate through natural interfaces
no interaction with “computers as computers”
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avoid cognitive overload14

Pervasive computing
Pervasive computing is a step in that direction
This technology
was envisioned a few decades ago (Weiser – Xerox)
has already a prominent place in our live
will be everywhere in a near future

Other names: ubiquitous computing, Internet of Things, ...

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Structure of this lecture
Computing evolution
Pervasive computing
Enablers
Pervasive computing today
The future of pervasive computing
Challenges and conclusion
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Pervasive computing
Pervasive computing promotes the integration of smart,
networked devices in our living environments in order toprovide us services.

Those services
are context aware
require minimal and natural interaction
bring real added value
are easy to administrate by end-users

Philippe Lalanda - 201717Smart devices
Tiny devices in our environment
integrated into everyday objects
capable of sensing the environment and acting upon it
mostly invisible
Medium-size computers that we can use
mobile phones, laptops, etc.
extended with convenient interfaces
Big computers in data centersin dedicated areas
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Smart, networked devices
All these computers must communicate and collaborate
pervasive computing relies on a myriad of
networked
elements
Networks are heterogeneous and inter-connecteddifferent transmission media (wired or wireless)different topologies (bus, star, ring, fully connected)
different scale (local, home, city, world)

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Context-awareness
Pervasive systems are context-aware by nature
it refers to the ability to gather information about its
environment at any given time and adapt behaviors
accordingly
Very challenging in practice. Pervasive system have to decide
what to gather
when to gather
how to adapt
Impact is essentially at the software level
lot of research needed
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Added-value services
Services must make sense and provide value
complex or simple
based on small or large scale architecturethe trend is to go towards complex architecture

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Invisible
Internet of objects
devices should be blended in our living environment
devices and services should not require advanced
administration from users
Mark Weiser’s quote“the most profound technologies are those thatdisappear. They weave themselves in the fabric ofeveryday life until they are undistinguishable from it”

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Natural interaction
Pervasive computing is inspired by desktop applications
Use of the most advanced desktop means of interaction
Speech, gesture, writing
virtual reality

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Summary
Pervasive computing is all about providing relevant SERVICES tohuman anywhere, anytime.
Core properties of pervasive systems
based on networked computing and storage facilities
everywhere but invisible
natural interaction with people (when needed)
context-aware
minimum administration

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Structure of this lecture
Computing evolution
Pervasive computing
Enablers
Pervasive computing today
The future of pervasive computing
Challenges and conclusion
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Why today?
Constant technological progress
ProcessingNetworking
Data Centers
Software engineering
AI rebirthSocial acceptance
Mobile, Web and robotics entered general public
Public perception may even be ahead of technology
Most people not concerned by privacy issues
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Processing: Cheaper, smaller, faster
Since 1975, the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit
has doubled approximately every two years.
Moore’s law is still valid (but will end eventually – 10 more years
is the most common prediction)

Allows the creation of affordable communication-enabled devices,
powerful mobile devices and also ultra-powerful computers.
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Networking: Cheaper, faster, all-terrain
Networks allow increased connectivity between devices, computers
Fiber – the number of bits/second increases exponentially
5G - 100 times faster than 4G

local networks - Wi-Fi, Bluethooth, Zwave, Lora, ind. Ethernet, ...

Here, standards play animportant role
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Data centers: bigger, cheaper, more energy-efficient
Huge data centers are available to house computing and storage
fast Internet connectivity

non stop operation (deployment, computing, etc.)
mass-storage

still energy-consuming (eat up as much electricity as small towns)

Allows the storage of large amount of dataand quick calculations
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Software engineering : more flexible
1968: Creation of the Software Engineering field
50 years of continuous improvements (and failures!)

Software complexity, size, instability continue to grow too

Modern techniques and processes are being developed :Component-based software engineering
Service-oriented computing
Autonomic computing

Agility and continuous integration

Allows flexible, self-managed
software systems.

ARCHITECTURE
REQUIREMENTS

DESIGNDEVELOPMENTSOFTWARE
ENGINEERINGRELEASETESTEVALUATION

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AI rebirth
20 years ago, Artificial Intelligence was deadIn the last few years, AI has been re-discovered
Focus on smart algorithms, not on human imitation
Natural language (Siri, Google Now, Cortana, Viv, ...)

VisionMachine Learning
Expert systems

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Structure of this lecture
Computing evolution
Pervasive computing
Enablers
Pervasive computing today
The future of pervasive computing
Challenges and conclusion
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Pre-pervasive era
The idea of pervasive applications emerged in the manufacturingindustryuse of sensors to control and monitor process
very limited connection with IT
Ex: paper industry

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Pervasive today
Many sensor based applications
GPS applications
GSM applications
RFID applications
Mobile based application
extremely popularadvanced results

Emergence of smart spaces

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GPS trackers
Device using the Global Positioning System to determine and track theirlocation (stored in the device or sent to a computer)cameras (time and location)commercial fleetsrace tracking
adventure sports
animal tracking

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GSM trackers
The Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) signals allow todetermine the location of a phone and its user
power of the signal
triangulation if several antennas are reachable
less accurate than GPS
Used to track commuting patterns (Beijing)

Extended with maps
information (semantics)

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RFID applications
Billions of active RFID chips in the worldin wine boxes – to ensure quality preservation duringtransport
in shoes – to track you and connect with friends
in clothes – to support stock managementin passports – to communicate your information and photobadges – to enter buildings

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Smart phone applications
Smart phones includes many sensors
Accelerometer
Gyroscope

APPLE REACHED A
BILLION PHONESIN NOV. 2014

Magnetometer (compass)
Light detector

Proximity sensor
Pedometer
Heart rate

Fingerprints

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Conclusion about current applications
These are the first pervasive applications in the market
They provide rich, added-value services but
sensors are specific and dedicatedsensors are not shared
All available sensors are not used
hard to extend

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Structure of this lecture
Computing evolution
Pervasive computingEnablers
Pervasive computing todayThe future of pervasive computing
Challenges and conclusion
Philippe Lalanda - 201740

Smart environments
Uniting physical and computing environments with the intention ofproviding more services
Creation of “homogeneous” places
Collaborating devices
collaborating applications

IT IS ALL ABOUT COHERENT SERVICES

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Smart meeting room

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Smart home
Energy and water supply
management based onneeds, market prices, ...

Windows and doors
control based on
weather, daytime, habits.

Health applications: falldetection, activity,
number of steps

HVAC (Heat and Air
condition) control

Security managementwith cameras, motion
detectors, ...

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Light management
based on luminosity andinhabitants activities.

Control of air quality,smoke detector, alarms

Purchase of missing or
broken item or food43

Smart building
Energy and water supply
management based onneeds, market prices, ...

Windows and doors
control based on
weather, daytime, habits.

Security, fire
management, access
control.

HVAC (Heat and Aircondition) control

Security managementwith cameras, motion
detectors, ...

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Light management
based on luminosity andinhabitants activities.

Control of air quality,smoke detector, alarms

Visitor guidance.

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Smart city

SmartEnergy

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SmartTransport

SmartBuildings

SmartWater

SmartCare45

Smart city: combination of vertical solutions
Smart Care
• Smart Houses• Sound monitoring• Electromagnetismmonitoring• Pollution monitoring

Smart Energy• Lights management• Smart Building• Smart grids• Smart Parking

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Smart Transport• Smart Roads• Traffic monitoring• Smart cars and bus• Smart TrainsSecurity• Video surveillance• Activity recognition• Emergency service• People counting46

Smart LightningSensing
Light monitoring+ camera Surveillance+ gateway features
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Smart parking

Sensing
Connection with Apps
PaymentMonitoring
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Smart carSensing
Driving help
Route monitoring
Entertainment
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Health Care - examples
Health care is typically an horizontal domainneed the collaboration of all domains$35

the global IoT healthcare market is expected to grow frombillions in 2015 to $160 billions in 2020

ExamplesFall detections (home, office, streets)
Medical fridge for storing vaccines, medicine, organic eltSportsmen care
Patient surveillance
Ultraviolet radiations (to warn people in certain hours)
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Smart plant (Industry 4.0)
Product traceability inthe different processes.

Indoor location withactive (Zigbee) andpassive tags (rfid)

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Temperature, air andradiation control

Virtual reality to better
monitor products on site

Machine diagnoses andassets control

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Smart agriculture
GPS controlled tractors,
optimize route, save fueland reduce erosion

Fleets of agriBOTS tend
to crops, weeding,fertilizing, harvesting.
Capable of micro
application of fertilizer.

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Drones survey the fields,
the weeds, yield and soilvariation. Better planningof treatments.

Collected data can beused to avoid frequent
farm inspection.

Sensors attached tolivestock for monitoringof animal health andwell being. Alerts can besent to farmers whensomething goes wrong.

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Longer term: smart spaces integration

RESTAURANT

OFFICECARSPLANESHOME

HOSPITAL

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CLUBSTATION

53

Structure of this lecture
Computing evolution
Pervasive computing
Enablers
Pervasive computing today
The future of pervasive computing
Challenges and conclusion
Philippe Lalanda - 201754

Conclusion
Pervasive computing has the potential to
improving the quality of life
improving business process
empowering personalization of services
The IoT market is expending rapidly in many domains
home and buildings
city
infrastructureindustry
healthentertainment

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Industrial impacts
Restructuration and alliances
creation of IoT divisions in most IT and electronics companies
great strategic alliances to develop services
IBM and Apple
IBM and AT&T
IBM and ARM
Apple and CISCO
Huge investments. In 2017:
Samsung invests $16 billions in chips manufacturing
Bosch invests $1 billion in a chips plant (Dresden)

Tsinghua Unigroup invests $28 billions in a new plantIntel invests $7 billions in its Arizona plant
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Number of connected devices (billions)

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Wearable – market Trends
Wearable market trends by category (Millions)
2013

2014

2015

Wearable cameras

6,6

13,6

15,8

Smart glasses

0,01

2,2

10,5

Smart watches

1,2

7,4

25

Healthcare

13,5

22,6

34,2

Activity trackers

32,5

42,6

57,5

Smart clothing

0,03

0,7

1,2Philippe Lalanda - 201758

Sociological brakes
What are some of the barrier of developing pervasive
Lack of perceived value

36%

Concern with price

23%

Concern with privacy

23%

Others18%

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Technical brakes
Many technological elements are there (CPU, size reduction, cheap
mass storage, sensors, etc.)
Scientific progress are however still neededarchitecture understanding and evaluation
context-awarenessnatural interfaces
autonomic behavior

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Key notion

SERVICE!

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