Kawasaki International Eco-Business Forum on Nov. 15, 2023

Expectations for the Development ofGreen Innovation from Urban-Industrial
Symbiosis in Kawasaki City
From Urban-Industrial Symbiosis toSustainable Future in Kawasaki City
- Through 20-year Kawasaki International
Eco-Business Forums Professor, Graduate School, The University of Tokyo

FUJITA, Tsuyoshi(fujita77@env.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp)

Worldwide re-boom in eco-town initiatives since 2010

1990: Progress in theory and researchbehind eco-towns
Industrial ecology, Eco-industrial
parks, industrial symbiosis
1995: Eco-industrial development as adeveloped form of cleaner production
1997: Eco-towns as bases for cyclic use ofwaste in Japan, and Kawasaki Ecotown as a leader of such eco-towns
Becoming a pioneer in the practice ofbusiness

2Concept of urban-industrial symbiosis
in Kawasaki
環境と経済が好循環する都市づくりの例（エコタウンの概念図）
Kawasaki Eco-Town from the 1990s onward
City center/urbanarea

Circulation typeindustrial park (Recyclingpark)

Housing/green

Waste plastic
Water and energy
circulation base
Circulation typematerial plant (steel,cement, chemicals,etc.)

Recoveredenergy

Reclaimed water

Waste and recycling base3

Kawasaki Eco-town Project4

Location and concentration of resource bases in Kawasaki Ecotown in cooperation with arterial industries
Taking resource circulation as an example among environmental technologies, many recycling
technologies are already in operation.
Plastic(general waste)

NF boards(recycledplastic boards)

Construction
sites

Plastic (industrial waste)

Plastic forironmaking raw
materials

Waste home
appliances

Waste PET

Recycled PET
flakesIron scraps, etc.

Steel plants

5SaleSource : 「JFE のリサイクル事業」より作成

Circulation system for urban-industrial symbiosis inKawasaki City

Limestone

Resource
input

Production andconversion

Productization
process

Material
crushing

Rotary furnace

Cementpowderization

Cementproducts

Clay
CoalPretreatment

Waste
substitutes,industrial
waste, etc.

Circular cement
production:
Substituting
waste for clay and6
coal6

Example of decarbonization effect calculation for future scenario of urbanindustrial symbiosis[Distribution of waste generation]

Example of calculation of potential for regional
utilization of circulation type cement industry

Acceptance ofsome of thesludge generated
in Kawasaki CityApprox. 15%
reduction

Combustion(waste treatment)

Transportation(waste treatment)

Nakahara-ku
Tama-ku
Miyamae-ku
Kawasaki-ku
Saiwai-ku
Takatsu-ku

Transportation(production process)Circular cement plant facility
Power consumption(production process)Combustion(production process)Decarbonization(production process)[Distribution of waste treatment
facilities]

Case 0Case 1Case 2

Case 3Max. waste
conversion
ratio (wt%)

Amount ofindustrial
waste
treated 8t/y)

Amount of waste received (t/y)

Tachibana
Treatment Center

Kawasaki
CityIndustrial
waste
substituting
clay-based
raw materials

RP Asao

Industrial
waste
substituting
fuel-based
raw materials

OutsideKanto
RegionTransport
distance(km)Waste
conversion
ratio (wt%)

Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 2

UkijimaTreatment
CenterKantoRegion

Case 1Case 1

Tsutsumine Treatment
CenterKanagawa
Pref.

Case 3

Case 4

Waste to betreatedTransport
distance(km)

Amount ofgeneralwaste
treated (t/y)

Transport
distance(km)

Example of eco-town project: Kawasaki Eco-town
Formation of a regional network for resource circulation
General wastes
Kawasaki City
- Population:
1.38 million- General waste:
532,000 t/y

Empty cansCompanies in Kawasaki Eco-townStainless steel

C-press t/yAuto dismantling businessScrapvehicles
Waste
homeappliances
Waste
plastic

Wastepaper

Stainless-manufacturing
company

Steel plant

Home appliance recycling plant

Steel-manufacturing
company

Home appliancerecycling company

Blast-furnace slag 5,000 t/yShowa Denko

Cementmanufacturing
company

PET to PET recycling
PET to PET recycling
company

Surplus
power

Sewagetreatment facility

OthersGeneralwastes300,000 t/y

Waste
plasticSludge
Soot anddust

Paper sludget/yPaper mill plant

Paper-manufacturing
Mix paper 7,000 t/ycompany
Incineration ash

SewagesludgeScrap
metal

Businesses thatgenerate large
amounts of waste inKawasaki City- 134 companies
4,643,000 tons/yWaste metal

Cement plant
Steel-manufacturingcompany

Plasticbottles

Industrial wastes

Scrap
Cinders
Industrial waste
disposal company

Highly treatedwater

Incineration
plant

Final landfillsite in thecity

Other final landfill
sites(outside Kawasaki)Industrial symbiosis-based community development that has been formed in Japan
Green Institute(Minneapolis)

URBAN REDEVELOPMENT
TYPE EIP
Kitakyushu

Sustainable technology
research company*

CITY-FARMCOLLABORATIONTYPE EIP

Cape Charles Sustainable
Farm
Technology Park(Virginia)

Recycle goods
retail & sale*
Ecologicalconsulting
company*

Rural Area

Hokkaido

Ecological equipment
manufacturing

Environmental
Information
EIP Center; Demonstration
Businessbuilding*Support･Environmental data bank
CCR･Collaborative marketing purchase

Chen andFujita et. al.,Euro. J. ofEnvironment
conscious
commuting system
Operation
Clean Energy
LRT, Pedestrian
SystemEnvironmental
Research, Path Supply
Energy Storage
communication*
System*2013
INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS Fertilizer
TYPE EIP

CompostFuel Cell･Waste collection and recycling-Eco-material, Recycled Material-Design for environmentEnvironmental
education*

MethaneFermentation

Residential
Districts

Urban Area

Akita and Osaka
Organic waste
Methanefermentation
Composting

Chemical factory

Cement factory

HeatHeatHeatFly ash

Plastic
recycle center*

Brownfield
Neighborhood

Power plant*

Heat
Building material
recycle center*

Oil
Petro chemicalfactory

Industrial symbiosis type

Industrial complex

Kawasaki and Minamata
Water Front

Collaboration
reverse logistics
District heat supply

PRODUCT
REMANUFACTURING
TYPE EIP

SDGs Future City developed from urban-industrial symbiosis- Formation of a value-added, highly efficient and competitive circulareconomy zone with a mechanism that circulates resources locally- Realization of recycled resources, energy circulation, and conservation of
the natural environment in an integrated manner

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From urban-industrial symbiosis to green innovation

Part 1: Becoming a base for the supply ofresources to cities and industries
for decarbonization
Turning the resource “circle” into the energy “circle”
Double zero emissions
From industrial symbiosis to regional revitalization basePart 2: Becoming a hub for the global
network of decarbonized regionswith a circular symbiosis system
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Circular economy of industry, a core function of the city
TsurumiRiver

Tama River

HanedaAirportTsurumiRiver

Tama River
Haneda Airport

Center of city

Center of city
Tonen
ChemicalTonen
GeneralTonen
ChemicalD.C

D.CShowa
Denko

Showa
Denko

TEPCO

Industrial symbiosis basedistrict

Tonen
GeneralTEPCO

Port

Industrial symbiosis base district

New raw materials

New raw materials

Waste

Recycled rawmaterialskm

Non-circulating material flow
○ Industrial waste: Tight final landfill sites and illegal
dumping○ Manufacturing industry: Dependence on overseas
natural resources○ Circular industry cannot be established.

PortRecycling base

Waste

km

Flow of carbon neutral circular economy type
○ Wide-area cyclic use of industrial waste○ Manufacturing industry: Resource substitution
infrastructure for recyclable resources○ Demonstration project for CN and circularindustries
12Becoming a regional green economy base for urban and industrial symbiosis
Realization of a comprehensive carbonneutral urban-industrial symbiosis
leading district that enables material
circulation and energy use between theeco-town and cities (housing, offices,commercial facilities, etc.) and regions(agriculture, forestry and fisheryfacilities).

Material flow in Kawasaki eco-town (stage 2 of development)
Urban-industry cooperation
high-quality water circulation
TsurumiRiver

Household waste
General waste
Sewage sludge
Waste heat
Etc.
(unutilized energy)

Integrated regionalenergy use

A model project for social experiment of “regionalcirculation” that circulates resources and carbon in
the region. Collection and regional recycling ofgeneral, industrial and agricultural waste bycombining them in a circular manner.

[For example, as a system]
In addition to industrial and environmental policies,integration of urban and port and harbor policies
such as urban development, road, sewage, andinfrastructure, and urban circulation infrastructure
policies

Industrial symbiosis basedistrict

Haneda AirportTonen
ChemicalTonen
GeneralD.C
Showa
Denko

Cooperation with adjacentindustrial districts[For example, as a model project]

Advancedtreated water

Center of city

High-efficiency regional
material circulation

TEPCO

Enhancement oftransportation infrastructure

Recycling basePort

New raw materials
Recycled rawmaterials
WastekmCarbon free industrial symbiosis
district (proposal)
Formation of a comprehensive basedistrict/region that promotes resource
efficiency, and low carbon by utilizing
circulation and industrial
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infrastructures

Part 2: Turning the resource “circle” into the energy “circle”
Double zero emissions

If pollution is serious, plants and cities are separated.

Heat

Recyclable resources, waste

BiomassIf air pollution control measures are advanced, plants and cities can belocated close to each other.
➡Recyclable resources from municipal solid waste, biomass andexisting heat can be used at plants (eco-town).
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“Environmentally-friendly City” collaboration between Kawasaki and overseas cities
Establishment of a research collaboration system to develop technology and policy systems originating in Japan in Asia under theframework of “Promotion of Environmental Business Collaboration between Kawasaki and Shenyang” by the Ministry of theEnvironment of Japan and the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, which is a preceding example of venous major projects.
China
Ministry ofEnvironmental Protection

Shenyang City

Circularcompanies
RecycleIndustries
Chinese Academy ofScience (CAS)Shenyang Institute ofApplied Ecology (IAE)

Jun. 2009: Memorandum between the Ministry of the Environment ofJapan and the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China onCooperation for the Construction of Environmentally Friendly Cities in
Kawasaki, Japan and Shenyang, ChinaFeb. 2009
City Agreement/Circular Economy Development
Cooperation Agreement
Technology, policy information, and humanresources cooperation

Japan
Ministry of theEnvironment

Kawasaki City

Circular companies
JFE Engineering
RecycleDec. 2009

Research on circular economy
urban simulation system, etc.
Renewal of the comprehensive research
agreement between the two institutes
Dec. 2011 (Chief Director Ogaki, and DirectorHan)

Circular companies

the University ofTokyo
National Institute forEnvironmentalStudies, Japan(NIES Japan)

Expansion of joint researchcollaboration between Japanese Nagoya University
Shenyang Universityand Chinese research institutions
Wakayama Universityfor research projects
Sept. 2011: Co-hosted Northeast Asia Eco-Forum(Shenyang, China)
Sept. 2012: Northeast Asia Eco-Forum to be held

Osaka University
15

Toward social implementation of urban-industrial symbiosis throughindustry-government-academia collaboration
Policyphase

Distribution of potential locations ofenergy circulation resources
Scale of investment by local
government
Project review agreement (publicand private)

Planning
phase

委託研究
Designationof Japanesecompanies
by cityauthorities

Project collaboration agreement(private and private)
Implementation
design phase

Management review anddecision
Project price negotiation
Facility planning and basic design
Decision of joint venture style
Review of project finance

Project
implementation
phaseProjectapplication

Waste oil projectInternational
collaboration
scale survey

Agreement with
development
district
Scale survey
Policy FSProjectagreement

Securing public support

Restaurant
and kitchen
waste project

Regional industrial
symbiosis project

Agreement withthe environmental
protection bureau

Identification of regional energy
economy and circular economy
project models/circular policies(location, system, and enforcement)Municipal government
project policy

Corporate
proposalPrice review

Project
contract
Price review

Project
application

Project decision
Design, land acquisition, jointventure, construction, operation

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From Kawasaki’s urban-industrial symbiosis to mainstream
green economy
1990: Progress in theory and research of circular economy andindustrial symbiosis
1995: Each country developed ideas and plans for industrial symbiosis
and eco-industrial development
1997: Start of the eco-town project in Kawasaki, Japan; taking theinitiative in the world in the implementation of a circulation baseproject
2005: Eco-industrial development trends in China and Korea
Development of eco-towns (Kitakyushu and Kawasaki) inJapan as a precedent
2010: Expansion of eco-industrial development in Europe
National Industrial Symbiosis Program (NISP) in the UK
Eco-town enhancement project in Japan (research anddemonstration project)
2015: Industrial symbiosis taken up as a theme at G7 Summit
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From Kawasaki’s urban-industrial symbiosis
to mainstream green economy
From the center of industrial society in 20th century- Supply of industrial products through mass consumption of fossil fuels- Expansion of industrial functions on a global scale revealed the limits of
the ability to accept environmental burdens.
- Impact of industrial bases based on imported resources and of industrialpollution⇓To the leader of green innovation in the 21st century- Reduction of impact through development of environmental
countermeasures and environmental observation technology; urban andindustrial symbiosis- Shift of industrial functions to recyclable resources; carbon-neutral
regional circulation industrial zone
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