About Fetch...
Fetch is a Macintosh program for transferring files using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) on a TCP/
IP network, such as the Internet. This allows a networked Macintosh to exchange files with any FTP
server on the same network. Fetch runs on Mac OS System 7.0 or newer.
If you have questions or comments about Fetch, please visit the message board at http://
fetchsoftworks.com.
This copy of Fetch is version 4.0.3
Fetch is Copyright © 2000, Trustees of Dartmouth College, © 2002, Fetch Softworks. This copy of
Fetch is sold under license by Fetch Softworks. Other product and company names mentioned herein
may be trademarks or trade names of their respective holders.
Fetch is licensed free of charge to users closely affiliated with educational or non-profit charitableorganizations (government research laboratories excepted). All others may obtain an individual
license by choosing “Purchase...” from the Apple menu; a single-user license is $25 US. Multi-user
licenses are also available; for more information, visit our Web site.
Contact Information:
Fetch Softworks
PO Box 72
Etna, NH 03750
info@fetchsoftworks.com
http://fetchsoftworks.com
Voicemail/FAX: +1 (603) 619-0397
Where to start
If you are familiar with file transfer in general and FTP in particular, start with the “Quick Guide to
Fetch” topic. If you are new to file transfer and would like to learn in a step-by-step fashion, try “A
Fetch Tutorial.” All of the Fetch commands and screen elements are explained under the “Reference”
heading, and most computer terms used elsewhere in the help section are defined in the “Glossary ofTerms” section.
Balloon Help is also available for most of the menus and buttons in Fetch (except on Mac OS X); see the“Help” topic for additional information.

Licensing
Multiple-user and Internet Service Provider (ISP) licenses are available from Fetch Softworks. For
more information, visit http://fetchsoftworks.com.

Quick Guide to Fetch
Connecting
When you start Fetch or choose the New Connection... menu item, you will be prompted with the
New Connection dialog box. You must specify the name or IP number of the machine you wish toconnect to (the "host"), either by typing it, or by choosing one from the Shortcuts pop-up menu. If
required, enter a user ID and password. In order to use “anonymous FTP”, the host name will suffice;Fetch will substitute the user ID “anonymous” and send a default password. NOTE: The informationentered in the New Connection dialog box has nothing to do with your license to run Fetch. It
specifies the server with which you are going to exchange files. If you need help collecting thisinformation, contact your service provider (i.e. the company that runs the server in question).
Directories
Fetch displays directories much like the Mac OS Finder displays folders in list view. Once you areconnected, the current directory is displayed as the title of a pop-up menu above the file list. You canchange directory in several ways. Double-clicking the name of a directory in the file list (or selecting
it and pressing Return or Enter) causes Fetch to navigate to that directory. The pop-up menu above thefile lists lets you move to any ancestor of the current directory. Choosing the Change Directory...
command from the Directories menu prompts you for a directory name and, assuming you enter avalid directory name, and you have permission to view that directory, navigates to that directory.
Finally, the bottom of the Directories menu lists directories you have visited on this host. You may
quickly return to any of these by selecting it from the menu.
Getting a File
To get a file, drag its icon to the Finder, double-click on its name, or select it and click the Get
File... button. If Automatic download mode is selected, Fetch will try to figure out what kind of file itis from its name (see Automatic/Text/Binary topic in the Reference section). If the Text
download mode is selected, the file will be treated as text, and you will have the option of converting
any BinHex files embedded in the text file. If the Binary download mode is selected, Fetch will checkto see if the file is in MacBinary III or AppleSingle format, and otherwise save it without any
formatting or conversion. If you know what kind of file you are getting, select the appropriate mode.
Most of the time, however, the Automatic setting will do the right thing.
Getting Multiple Files
To get multiple files, or directories, click on them while holding down the Command key and then dragthem to the Finder or click the Get... button.
Putting a FileTo transfer a file from your Macintosh to another machine, click the Put File... button. You will be
asked to pick a file and prompted to name the uploaded file. “Automatic” format mode is therecommended default setting, as it will usually pick the correct format for the particular file.
Putting Multiple Files
To transfer multiple files, or folders, to another machine, hold down the Option key while clicking
the Put File... button, or choose Put Folders and Files… from the Remote menu.
Cancelling and Quitting
You may cancel any ongoing operation by clicking the Stop button. Some host computers do notrecognize the cancel command and will therefore continue the current operation until it is completed.
In that case, your only options are to close the connection (by closing the transfer window) or quit
Fetch by choosing the Quit command from the File menu.

WhyTransfer

Files?

There are two main reasons to transfer files between a Macintosh and another computer. One is so thatthey can be used by programs on the other machine. The most common example of this is the World
Wide Web, a global collection of files that can be accessed from anywhere on the Internet, using justabout any kind of computer. The most common type of file shared this way is the text file (see the“Glossary” topic for a definition of text file; HTML files are text files). Other cross-platform filetypes include image files in formats such as GIF, PNG, Photoshop, EPS, Illustrator and JPEG; movie
files in QuickTime and MPEG format; audio files in WAVE, MP3 or AIFF format; files created byproductivity applications, such as Microsoft Office; Java applets; and compressed archives in GZip
format. These files can be transferred to a Macintosh using Binary mode and to other computers in
the Raw Data format (see “Raw Data” under “Reference”). Typically, you would use Fetch totransfer a file to a server computer, from which it could be accessed by others.
The other reason is to use the other computer as a holding place for Macintosh files. This sort of use
can be termed “archiving.” In this case, it is not important for the file to be in a format understood by
the other computer, since it will only be transferred back to a Macintosh. It is important to be able toretrieve the file exactly as it was saved. Fetch supports three file formats that are suitable forarchiving Macintosh files: MacBinary, AppleSingle and BinHex. A file stored in any of these formats
can be reconstructed without any loss of information (for instance the file type, icon, and original
name will be preserved).
This sort of file transfer can be used to distribute software over a large area. There are several large
archives of Macintosh programs on the Internet, which can be downloaded by anyone with Internet
access. The files are typically stored in MacBinary or BinHex format.

A Fetch Tutorial
The following help items walk you through the process of connecting to a remote computer, navigatingaround its directories, and moving a file to and from your Macintosh. This tutorial assumes that you
are familiar with the Macintosh. Some terms will be defined as we go along, others are defined underthe “Glossary” help topic. If you are only interested in transferring web pages to a server, you canskip to the "Uploading Web Pages" tutorial topic.

Connecting and Signing on
When you first open Fetch you are presented with the sign-on dialog box; at other times you can choose
New Connection... from the File menu in order to see that dialog. The sign-on dialog has fields forentering three pieces of information:• the name of the machine you wish to transfer files with (or “host name”)• the name of your account on that machine (or “user ID”)
• the password for that account
You will usually be entering information about an account you have with a service provider, such as
your Internet Service Provider or a web hosting service. You would get the host name, user ID andpassword from that service provider. Fetch Softworks is not a service provider.
The sign-on dialog also contains a shortcut mechanism for filling in some or all of these fields. To theright of the word “Shortcuts”, there is a pop-up menu.
Example: Click the icon to use the menu and select the item titled “Fetch Softworks.” When you release
the mouse, the machine name field will be filled in. The machine name is “ftp.fetchsoftworks.com,” aUnix server. Note that the user ID and password fields are blank. Some machines, including
ftp.fetchsoftworks.com, allow any user to transfer files with it as a guest, without setting up an
account or specifying a password. You may then click the OK button to initiate the connection.

Finding

Files

and

Directories

Most computers divide their files among directories, which are equivalent to folders on the Macintosh.
Unless the file you want to download is at the first level directory - the "root" directory (denoted by a"/") - you'll have to navigate to the directory where the file is located. The current directory isdisplayed in the pop-up menu below the window's title bar. The list contains the names of the files andsubdirectories for that current directory.
Example:If you open a connection to ftp.fetchsoftworks.com, your current directory will be “/”, and you'll seesome folders in the file list. For the purposes of this tutorial, we’ll navigate to one of the folders.
You can change the current directory (another word for folder) in several ways. The simplest is to
double-click on the name of a subdirectory in the list. You can try this by double-clicking on the name“example” in the current file list. The current directory will be “example” and the file list willshow the names in that subdirectory. If you click on the name of the current directory, the pop-up
menu displays the complete hierarchy leading to the current folder (quite like clicking on a Finder
window while pressing the Command key). Select an item in the menu to change to make that thecurrent directory.

Getting a File
The current directory should be “example” (its complete pathname is “/example”). One of the files
listed should be a GIF image named “fetchicon.gif.”
In order to move “fetchicon.gif” from ftp.fetchsoftworks.com to your Macintosh, you can double-click
its name. Alternately, you may select its name and press Return or Enter, or you can click the Get
File... button. You will be prompted to name the file; if you click OK, the file will then be saved toyour disk, complete with its icon, and ready to be used.
If you are using System 7.5 or later, you can also drag the selected file to a folder or hard disk on thedesktop (or to the desktop itself). Using drag-and-drop lets you avoid naming the file and specifying
its location in the file save dialog.

Putting a FileIn order to put a file on an FTP server, you must have "write" permission (i.e. the permission tocreate, rename, and delete files). Most anonymous FTP sites do not give guests write permission, so
you will probably want to use a personal account for this part of the tutorial. [Of course, if you do nothave any place to put files, you do not really need this part of the tutorial. (;-) ]To upload a file to your FTP server, first enter the hostname, account name and password in the New
Connection dialog and connect to the server. Then click on the Put File... button. You will beprompted to select the file you wish to send; since this is just a tutorial, you can pick any file, though
you probably want to avoid very large files. You will then be asked to provide a name to give the file on
the server. This dialog box also gives you a chance to pick a file format from a pop-up menu. Fetch
will usually pick an appropriate name and format so you can simply press the OK button.
Alternately, if you are running System 7.5 or later and you can see the Finder icon for the file you
wish to upload, you can simply drag the file's icon to the Fetch transfer window. In that case, Fetch
will use the upload file format indicated in the transfer window.
The file will be transferred to the server and you will be able to watch its progress in the status panelon the right side of the Fetch window. When the transfer is complete, the name of the uploaded file willappear in the file list. If you do not want to leave the file there, select it and choose Delete directoryor file... from the Remote menu (or press Command-Delete).
Congratulations -- you have just transferred files to and from your Macintosh! You can learn more
about Fetch by consulting the “Reference” help topics. Balloon Help can also help you learn about thevarious Fetch objects and menu items (not available in Mac OS X). To enable Balloon Help, selectShow Balloons from the Help menu, then point to objects and read the associated Balloon Help text.
If you have any comments, questions, or criticisms about this documentation or the Fetch application,please send mail to feedback@fetchsoftworks.com.

Uploading Web Pages
One common use for Fetch is transferring files to web servers. Web authors often create their HTML,GIF, JPEG, etc. files on a Macintosh, and use Fetch to transfer the pages to the computer that will
actually "serve" the files over the Internet. Adding an image file to an eBay item description issimilar: the image is first uploaded to a web server, and then a reference to the image is added to theitem description. This tutorial section is aimed at walking you through your first such transfer. You
can read the other tutorial sections, but they are not required.
Before you start, you will need to gather three important pieces of information:
1) The hostname of the server that will hold your pages. It should be something like “www.acme.com”.
Note that you don't want an entire URL (such as “http://www.acme.com”), just the hostname part.
2) Your user ID, the name under which you sign onto the server. Your user ID is usually a sequence ofletters and/or numbers (such as “jmatthews”), and may be the characters to the left of the “@” inyour e-mail address. Not to be confused with an email address, your user ID will almost certainly notinclude an @ sign.
3) Your password. Again, this may be the same password you use for e-mail and/or dialing yourservice provider.
If you do not have these pieces of information, the company that sold you the web server space (or theuniversity that provided it for free) should be able to provide them. Or, you can check a list of links tovarious service provider help pages:
http://fetchsoftworks.com/fetch.ispinfo.html
Additionally, to check your uploaded web site, you'll need to get the URL from your service provider.
Before you start, if you are uploading a web site with multiple files, we recommend that you keep all
the files in the same folder on your Macintosh. Some HTML editing programs put images in a separate
folder, but this makes it more difficult to keep the relationships between files correct. Moving files toa different folder will probably break some links and image tags; make sure they all work before
uploading.
To start, choose the New Connection... command from the File menu. Enter the three pieces of
information in the appropriate text fields (you can leave all other fields blank), and click the OK
button. If everything goes well, you will see a list of the files in your web directory. Otherwise, youwill need to correct one or more of the pieces of information.
If you've successfully logged in to the server and are viewing the directory with your Web files, you
can choose New Shortcut... from the Customize menu to create a shortcut for future use. This
shortcut will be appended to the shortcuts list; to use, select the Shortcuts pop-up menu in the New
Connection dialog (or the Open Shortcut menu command from the File menu).
Once you are connected, choose the Put Folders and Files... command from the Remote menu to
upload your web page files. If all of the files are in one folder, you can navigate to that folder and use
the Add All button to add them to the list of items to be uploaded. Otherwise, you can choose them one
by one. You can also add folders to the list of items to be uploaded. Next you will be asked what format
to use for the transfer; choose “Automatic”, then click the OK button to begin the transfer.
Once the pages have been uploaded, you should check them with a web browser, such as Netscape
Navigator™ or Internet Explorer®. You will need to know the URL for your main page; your web
service provider should be able to provide this information. Enter the URL in the browser’s Location

service provider should be able to provide this information. Enter the URL in the browser’s Location
field and check to make sure that all the images display correctly, and that all the links work. If there
are problems, double-check your HTML tags to make sure that they have the right file references.
Also, be aware of the particular requirements of your web service provider. Some require that yourmain page be named “index.html”, and some require uploading everything to a directory named “web”
or “public_html.” CGI scripts may need to go in a particular directory, and you may need to set their
execute permission bit (see the Set Permissions help topic).

Reference
The following topics offer more in-depth information about Fetch and its capabilities. There is roughly
one topic for each button, menu item, and supported file format. If you can not find some topic here,
please send electronic mail to feedback@fetchsoftworks.com. We appreciate your input.

AppleSingle
AppleSingle is Apple's official format for representing a Macintosh file on other types of machines.
AppleSingle files have no distinguishing filename suffix, so it is usually necessary to select the
Binary download mode in order to download AppleSingle files.
Fetch can get files in AppleSingle version 1 and 2 formats, and put files in AppleSingle version 2
format. Automatic conversion of AppleSingle files can be turned on and off in the Preferences dialogbox.

Automatic Upload Format
The “Automatic” upload format, like the “Automatic” download mode, tells Fetch to use the information
available to it to make a choice between a number of alternatives. In the case of upload formats, thealternatives are the formats that Fetch supports: Text, Raw Data, MacBinary III, BinHex andAppleSingle. When the “Automatic” format is chosen, Fetch will try to do the “right thing” byfollowing these rules (in order):• If Fetch is connected to a server that can decode MacBinary files, use MacBinary III format. Thatway, the file will arrive without any missing information.
• If Fetch is connected to a server that can decode AppleSingle files, use AppleSingle format. That way,
the file will arrive without any missing information.
• If the file name ends in .htm or .html, send it in Text format, so that line endings will be converted.
• If the file name ends in .gif, .jpg, or .jpeg, send it in Raw Data format, so that no conversion will
happen.
• If the file name has a suffix, look up the suffix in Suffix Mapping and choose between Text and Raw
Data formats, depending on the setting in Suffix Mapping. If the suffix is not found in Suffix Mapping,use Raw Data format.
• If the file type is found in Internet Config, use the format specified there: Text, Raw Data, or
MacBinary III (if the Macintosh box is checked).
• If the file type is "TEXT" (the file type of text files), send it in Text format, so that line endings will
be converted.
• If the file type is "APPL" or "appe" (the file types of applications) use MacBinary III format(because the file is only useful on Macintoshes).
• If the file has a resource fork, send it as MacBinary III so that the resource fork will be preserved.
• Otherwise, use Raw Data format.

Automatic/Text/Binary
FTP (the protocol which Fetch uses to transfer files) divides files into two categories: text files andbinary files. Furthermore, the Macintosh uses complex files that can only be represented on othercomputers with special formats. In order for a file transfer to work, these issues must be worked out.
Fetch has three download modes that control the way a file is retrieved: they are titled Automatic,
Text, and Binary. It would be convenient if Fetch could always tell what sort of file it was getting andtreat it in the appropriate way; unfortunately, Fetch is not that clairvoyant. So some of the time you
will have to specify what sort of file you are getting. The three possible settings are explained below.
Automatic
Fetch starts out with the Automatic mode selected, and this setting will be the right one most of thetime. When this mode is selected, Fetch tries to interpret the name of the file you are getting. For
instance, most BinHex filenames end in “hqx,” and most GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) files end
in “gif.” When the Automatic mode is selected these clues lead Fetch to download “hqx” files as text
files (and ignore the non-BinHex part) and download “gif” files as binary files (with the right icon to
be opened by a popular GIF viewing program). These clues are managed by the Suffix Mapping...
menu command (see the “Suffix Mapping” help topic).
Some filenames will not offer any clues, and in that case Fetch will use its default behavior. The
default behavior can be changed in Preferences.
When Fetch believes a file is in BinHex format, it discards all non-BinHex data and only allows you tosave the converted file. This is a problem if you want the other data or if the file is only part, and not
the first part, of a complete BinHex file.
When Fetch thinks a file is binary information, it first checks to see if it is in MacBinary orAppleSingle format. If it is, it will be decoded and put back in its original state (unless that option isturned off in Preferences); otherwise the type and creator (which specify the icon to use) will belooked up in the Suffix Mapping list.
The Automatic setting may do the wrong thing if the filename does not reveal the file type, or suggests
the wrong file type (e.g. a “.txt” file that is in fact binary). For these situations you must use one ofthe other two settings.
Note: There are two notable exceptions to these rules for Automatic mode. If Fetch determines that theserver machine is a Macintosh running Mac OS, it will try to transfer all files in MacBinary mode.
This way, all files will appear exactly as they do on the server. Similarly, if Fetch determines that theserver machine is a Macintosh running MachTen (a Unix variant), it will try to transfer all files inAppleSingle format, since AppleSingle is MachTen’s preferred format for Macintosh files.
Text
This setting tells Fetch that the file in question is a text file (or a BinHex file, which is one kind of
text file). Since the Automatic setting usually treats mysterious files as text files, this setting israrely necessary. If, however, a text file has the sort of name usually associated with binary files (i.e.
ending in “bin”, “Z”, “sit”, “gif”, or “tar”), you should choose this setting to override theautomatic behavior. Likewise, if a filename ends in "hqx" but does not refer to a complete BinHex file,or the first part of a complete BinHex file, you should choose this setting.
BinaryThis setting is for getting binary (i.e. non-text) files, specifically those files whose names do not
identify them as being binary files. If you know that a file is not a text file (e.g. it is in MacBinary orAppleSingle format), choosing this setting will help ensure the proper treatment. When this mode isset, the file will be checked to see if it is in MacBinary or AppleSingle format.

BinHex
BinHex (sometimes called BinHex4) is a format for representing a Macintosh file in text form. The
Macintosh file is converted to a series of lines, each made up of letters, numbers, and punctuation.
Because BinHex files are simply text, they can be sent through most electronic mail systems and stored
on most computers. However the conversion to text makes the file larger, so it takes longer totransmit a file in BinHex format than if the file was represented some other way. The suffix “.hqx”
usually indicates a BinHex format file.
Fetch can get and put files in BinHex format. Conversion of BinHex format files can be turned on and
off in the Preferences dialog box.

Change

Directory

The Change Directory command is found in the Directories menu. It allows you to specify thecurrent directory by typing its full path, rather than navigating through the hierarchy one directory
at a time. You can also type or paste a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) into the Change Directory
dialog box. This lets you move to a directory on any server, even if you're not currently connected tothat server. See the “Uniform Resource Locators” topic for more information on URLs.

Contextual

Menus

Fetch supports the contextual menu feature (Mac OS 8.0 and later), which provides convenient accessto often-used commands with a context-sensitive menu. For example, if you select a file in a Fetchtransfer window, the contextual menu contains various commands that can be performed on that file:get, view, edit, rename, delete, set permission, etc.
To display the contextual menu, press the Control key and click an item; contextual menus are available
in Fetch transfer and shortcut windows.
There are two commands that are currently only available through contextual menus. The Clone
Window command lets you create a second connection to a server by cloning a current connection. The
Duplicate command lets you duplicate a shortcut in a shortcut list or a file on a server. Duplicating
remote files is done as a sort of server-to-server transfer (see the Server-to-Server Transfers
topic).

Create host directoryThis menu command creates a new directory on the remote computer. You will be prompted for a nameto give the directory; unless you specify otherwise the directory will be a sub-directory of the current
one. You should only use this command if you have the appropriate privileges and the remote computer
supports directories. If either of these conditions are not met you will see an error message.

Delete directory or file
This menu command allows you to delete files and directories on the host computer. If you select aname from the file list and choose this command, you will be asked for confirmation before the file isdeleted. If you have selected more than one file and give confirmation, all the files will be deleted. If
you have not selected a file, you will be prompted for the name of the file to delete and then it will bedeleted. Note that you must have the necessary privileges to delete the file(s) in question. Otherwise,
you will see an error message and the file(s) will remain unchanged.
If you select a directory and choose this command, Fetch will delete the directory's contents before
deleting the directory itself.
In System 7.5 or later, you can also delete remote items by dragging them to the Finder Trash icon.

Directories

Menu

There are two menus to make moving between directories more convenient:• There is a pop-up menu above the file list on the left side of the Fetch window. The title of thismenu is the name of the current directory, or “<unknown directory>” if Fetch was unable to determine
the name of the current directory. This menu includes the current directory and the entire hierarchy
leading to it. Choosing one of these directory names makes it the current directory and updates the filelist.
• The Directories menu in the menu bar includes the names of directories on the remote computerthat Fetch has visited. Choosing one of these directory names makes it the current directory andchanges the file list. To clear this list, choose the Clear Directories Menu command.

Drag and Drop
Beginning with System 7.5, the Mac OS includes drag-and-drop capabilities for moving information
within and between Macintosh applications. Fetch takes advantage of this facility to make moving files,
shortcuts, text, and preference information as convenient as possible. You can use drag-and-drop in
the following situations:• To download a remote file or directory, drag it from a file list or shortcut list to a Finder icon,
window, or the desktop.
• To delete a remote file or directory, drag it from a file list to the Finder or OS X Dock trash icon.
• To upload a file or folder, drag it to a transfer window or directory shortcut (in a shortcut list).
• To move a file or directory into a subdirectory, drag it to the subdirectory icon.
• To move a file or directory up a directory level, drag it to the open-folder icon above the file list.
• To copy a file or directory into a subdirectory, drag it to the subdirectory icon with the Option key
pressed.
• To copy a file or directory up a directory level, drag it to the open-folder icon above the file list with
the Option key pressed.
• To transfer a file or directory between servers, drag it to another open transfer window.
• To create a shortcut for a remote item drag it to a shortcut list window.
• To create a shortcut for the current directory drag the open-folder icon to a shortcut list window.
• To create a shortcut file for the current directory drag the open-folder icon to a Finder icon, window,
or the desktop.
• Dragging shortcuts between shortcut list windows moves them (or copies them if the Option key isheld down).
• To delete a shortcut from a shortcut list drag it to the Finder or OS X Dock trash icon.
• To copy the URL of a remote item or shortcut drag it to an application that accepts text drags (such as
Stickies or BBEdit).
• Selected text can be dragged from text windows.
• To specify the download folder, drag a Finder file or folder icon to the Preferences checkbox.
• To specify the default type and creator bytes, drag a Finder file icon to the Preferences text fields.
• To specify your preferred text editor, drag its icon or the icon of one of its documents to thePreferences text editor pop-up menu.

Edit

File

Use the Edit File with BBEdit and Edit File with GraphicConverter commands to edit files on
an FTP server using BBEdit (version 4.0 or later, from Bare Bones Software: <http://
www.barebones.com>) or GraphicConverter (version 3.8 or later, from Lemkesoft, <http://
www.lemkesoft.com>). Text files (including HTML) should be edited with BBEdit, image files with
GraphicConverter. Fetch will download the file and use the appropriate application to open it. Whenyou use the “Save” command to save your changes, the application will instruct Fetch to upload thechanged file to its original location. This provides a convenient, automatic way to edit files on a server.
If no file is selected, you can use the Edit New File with BBEdit and Edit New File with
GraphicConverter commands to create new text or image files, respectively, which will be uploaded
to the server when you save them.
Note that you must leave Fetch running while you edit files in BBEdit or GraphicConverter (you do nothave to remain connected to the server, however). Also, this feature requires recent versions of
BBEdit or BBEdit Lite (4.0 and later) and GraphicConverter (3.8 and later).
Some other editors (such as Style and Tex-Edit) also support the external editor protocol used for thisfeature. You can change what editor Fetch uses with the Obscure Options button in the Misc sectionof Preferences.

File

List

The file list is the list of file and directory names on the left side of a Fetch transfer window. It works
much like the file list in the standard Macintosh “Open” dialog box. Clicking on a name selects it, andmany operations (Get file, Delete file or directory, Rename host file, etc.) operate on the selected
name. Holding down the Command key allows you to select multiple individual filenames, and holding
down the Shift key while clicking selects a range of filenames. You can also select a filename by typing
the first few letters of its name or using the up and down arrow keys to step through the list. Double
clicking on a name prompts Fetch to change directory to the selected name. If the name refers to a file,the "change directory" command should fail, and Fetch will then download the file. Pressing Return orEnter is equivalent to double-clicking.
Fetch displays a small icon next to each name. Files and directories are designated with the standard
file and folder icons. If Fetch can not determine whether the name refers to a file or folder an icon
showing a question mark is displayed. If the name refers to a Unix symbolic link (an alias for a file ordirectory in a different place) it is displayed in italics (just as the Finder displays the names of aliases
on the Macintosh).
Fetch also displays a small icon of an open folder above the file list. If you are using System 7.5 orlater, you can drag that icon to the Finder or a shortcut list to create a shortcut for the current
directory, or drag item icons to it in order to move them up a directory level.
The file list can be sorted by name, kind, size, or date. The current sort order is indicated by theunderlined or darkened column title. To change the sort order, click on a different column title. On
Mac OS 8.1 and newer, the columns can be resized by clicking between the titles and dragging.
Fetch stores file lists in the “Fetch Cache” file in the Preferences folder within the System Folder.
Fetch will re-use file lists rather then downloading them when there is reason to believe that thestored list is up to date. [The technical details: a file list is considered “good” for 5% of the age of its
newest item, so if latest date in the list is 20 days old, the list will be considered valid for thefollowing day]. When Fetch uses a stored file list, it prints the date and time when the list was
originally retrieved below the file list. Sometimes the stored list will be out of date, in which case you
can reload it from the server by choosing Refresh File List from the Directories menu.
Note for experienced users: Pressing down arrow while holding down the Command key makes theselected directory name the current directory; pressing Cmd-up arrow moves to the parent directory.
Users with appropriate keyboards can use the Home, End, Page Up, and Page Down keys to scroll the
file list.

Find
Fetch can search for information in any of its windows (except for media windows) with the Find
command. When a Fetch transfer window is frontmost, Find searches through the displayed file names
for the desired text. When a text window (including the Fetch Transcript window) is in front, Find
searches the displayed text. When a shortcut list window (including the Fetch Shortcuts window) isin front, Find searches the names and URLs of the shortcuts. When the Fetch Help window isfrontmost, Find searches through all the help topics.

FTP
FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol, and is a set of ground rules (a “protocol”) that allows twocomputers to exchange files over a network. FTP was developed in the 1970s by users of the Advanced
Research Projects Agency network, or Arpanet. FTP is the official file transfer mechanism of theInternet (Arpanet's larger successor) and therefore is supported by millions of machines.
Fetch implements one part of FTP, the “client” side. Therefore, it can communicate with any
connected machine that has a “server” program. Some of Fetch's features will not be available on
certain servers -- this is because the other machine does not support the feature (e.g. not all machines
have sub-directories) or because the server program does not implement the complete FTP
specification.

Get Directories and FilesThe Get Directories and Files command is used to download multiple files and/or directories with
one command (you can also download files and directories by pressing the Get… button). You can selectthe files or directories you wish to download in the file list; if none are selected, you will be prompted
for a file or directory name. Next, you will be prompted for the folder in which to save the files anddirectories on your Macintosh disk.
You can also type or paste a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) into the Get Directories and Filesdialog. This lets you download a file or directory on any server, regardless of whether you are
currently logged in. See the “Uniform Resource Locators” topic for more information on URLs.
The names of the downloaded files will be set automatically, based on the names that the files have on
the remote computer. All format conversions will also be performed automatically, according to thesettings in the Preferences dialog.
The progress of the file transfer, including the name of the file being transferred, is shown in the
Status panel. You can cancel the transfer by pressing the Stop button.

Get File
The Get File… button is used to retrieve files from the remote computer. Fetch will attempt todownload the selected file. If no filename is selected or the Option key is held down, Fetch will instead
prompt the user for a filename. This can be useful if the desired file is in a different directory.
You can also type or paste a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) into the dialog. This lets you download afile from any server, even if you're not currently logged in. See the “Uniform Resource Locators”
topic for more information on URLs.
Once the download has been started, the file will either be stored under a default name in the download
folder specified in Preferences, or you will be prompted to name the file to save. The progress of thedownload will be charted in the transfer window Status panel. Pressing the Cancel button will stop
the transfer.
If more than one filename is selected, the button will be titled Get Files…, and you will be prompted
for the folder into which the files will be downloaded. Similarly, if a directory is selected, the button
will be titled Get…. The progress of the download (including the name of the file currently beingtransferred) will be indicated in the Status panel. Multiple filenames can be selected by holding down
the Command key while clicking on the names.
The success or failure of a file transfer will often depend on the settings of the download mode pop-up
menu. See the “Automatic/Text/Binary” help topic for more information on those choices.

Get Info
The Get Info command in the Remote menu displays information about the selected file or directory.
In the case of directories, Fetch counts the files and directories within the directory and computes theamount of disk space being used in total. This can be used, for example, to determine how close you areto your server storage limit. For files, the Get Info command displays the file’s icon, kind, size,
URL, modification date, download mode, and permissions, and lets you edit the file’s name.

Help
The Fetch Help menu command opens the Fetch Help window (this window) and makes it the active(frontmost) window. Click a help topic in the list on the left and scroll through the help informationon the right using the scroll bar. You can copy information from this window, as well as print thecurrent topic.
Additional help for most user interface elements - menu items, window and dialog box controls - isavailable in System 7 through Mac OS 9 in the form of Balloon Help. In the Help menu, select the Show
Balloons menu item. Move the mouse pointer to identify an element and see information about that item.
Close the Help window by clicking its close box or press Cmd-W.

Internet

ConfigMac OS System 8.5 through 9.x include the Internet control panel, which allows various Internetrelated settings to be configured from one interface. These settings are then available to all Macintosh
programs, including Fetch, email applications and Web browsers. The Internet control panel can beused in basic mode to configure identity (name, email, company), email (login, password, servers)
and Web browser preferences. In advanced user mode, the Advanced tab appears; it allows moredetailed settings, including "helper" applications, where you can specify the preferred text editor and
ftp application (we hope you'll select Fetch), and file suffix mappings.
The Mac OS Internet control panel evolved from the Internet Config system, created by Quinn “TheEskimo!” and Peter N Lewis. The venerable Internet Config can be installed on earlier versions of the
Mac OS that don't have the Internet control panel.
If the Use Internet Config checkbox is selected in Preferences, Fetch uses the Internet (orInternet Config) control panel for the following settings:• Text editor• Default binary type and creator• Download folder• Default text font and size
• Default shortcut list font and size
• External text and image editors• Passive mode transfer setting (except on Mac OS X)• Proxy server and SOCKS gateway settings (except on Mac OS X)• Suffix mappings (except on Mac OS X)• Post-processing actions (except on Mac OS X)
You can edit all but the last two of these from within Fetch; Internet Config’s suffix mappings and postprocessing actions can only be edited with the Internet Control Panel or the Internet Config application(which Fetch will launch for you if you choose Suffix Mapping… or Post-Processing… from theCustomize menu).
In Mac OS X, some of these settings can be edited in the Network pane of System Preferences. At
the time of this Fetch software release, there is no user interface for editing suffix mappings or postprocessing actions. (See the "Suffix Mapping" and "Post-Processing" help topic for additional
information.) For that reason, starting with version 4.0.2 Fetch uses its own suffix mappings andpost-processing actions on Mac OS X even when Use Internet Config is checked.
One other feature of the Internet (Config) control panel is the ability to open a Uniform Resource
Locator (URL) from within a document, such as this help page. Position the mouse over some part of
the URL, hold down the Command key and click on the URL. This will open the URL with the specified
helper application.

ISO

Translation

Many computers, including the Macintosh, can display special characters that are important forcommunicating in Roman languages besides English (some examples: é ö å ç). Unfortunately, different
computers use different codes to refer to these characters. So, unless special translation is performed,
a filename or text file that looks fine on one computer can be a garbled mess on another.
Fetch provides the Translate ISO Characters option in Preferences to address this problem.
When this option is enabled, Fetch will translate special text characters between the Macintosh
standard and the ISO 8859-1 character code, a standardized code set for these characters. It has been
adopted by some computer manufacturers, and others support it as a "neutral ground" between
incompatible codes. If Fetch is connected to one of these machines, the special characters should
translate perfectly.
Note that Fetch only translates text file contents and filenames. Binary files (such as compressed text
files) are not translated, and text files must be transferred in Text (or Automatic) mode fortranslation to occur.
The ISO-to-Mac and Mac-to-ISO translation tables are stored in 'taBL' resources with IDs 1001 and
1002, respectively. If you need to translate with a computer that uses some character set besides ISO
8859-1, you can edit these tables. The two tables should be the inverse of each other, so that an
upload-download cycle results in the same file that you started with.
NOTE: The Translate ISO Characters option will garble texts in character sets other than ISO
8859-1 (such as ISO 2022-jp), and so should be turned off when transferring texts in thosecharacter sets.

Keychain
In Mac OS 9, Apple introduced a password storage facility called the “Keychain”. It lets users store
their various passwords in a central place, for more convenient security. Fetch supports this featurewhen it is available. When you type a hostname and user ID, and your keychain is unlocked, Fetch will
check it to see if you’ve saved a password for the server and account in question. If you have, thatpassword will be automatically entered in the Password field of the New Connection window.
Similarly, you can open a shortcut that does not include a password as long as the keychain is unlocked
and contains the password. When you enter a password, you can select the Add to Keychain checkbox
to have that password added to your Keychain for future use.

MacBinary

III

MacBinary III (sometimes simply called MacBinary) is a format for representing all the information
in a Macintosh file (data and resource fork) in one binary file. It is useful for storing a Macintosh file
on a non-Macintosh system for later retrieval. Unlike BinHex, MacBinary III is a compact format but
cannot be passed through most electronic mail systems. MacBinary files typically have names endingin “.bin”.
Fetch can get and put files in MacBinary III format, as well as MacBinary I and MacBinary II format(earlier versions of the MacBinary standard). Automatic conversion of MacBinary files can be turnedon and off in the Preferences dialog box.
Some FTP servers (notably Stairways Software’s NetPresenz and Apple’s AppleShareIP) recognize
MacBinary format. If Fetch determines that it is connected to one of these servers, it will try to use
MacBinary III for all transfers.

MirrorFolder

The Mirror Folder… command in the Remote menu lets you copy all the new or changed files fromyour Mac to a server, or vice-versa. For example, a web site author may keep all the files that makeup a web site in a certain folder on her Macintosh. The Put Folders and Files… command can upload
the entire site, but if only a few files have changed since the last upload it isn’t necessary or efficient
to upload the entire site. Instead, the Mirror Folder… command can be used to upload only files thatare new or have been changed. You can also save a “mirror document” that describes a Mirror Folder
command, and simply open that document in order to perform the mirror operation. That makes
uploading web site changes a simple one-click process.
When you give the Mirror Folder… command, Fetch presents a dialog box where you specify thesource and destination for the mirror operation. They can both be remote directories (in which case
Fetch will perform server-to-server transfers), or one local folder and one remote directory. You
can specify a local folder with the standard "choose folder" dialog, or by dragging a Finder icon to the
dialog box. Remote directories can be chosen from a list of currently open directories, or entered in awindow similar to the New Connection dialog box. Arrow buttons indicate which way the files will becopied. "Delete stray items at destination (Caution!)" instructs Fetch to delete items in thedestination folder that do not exist at the source; this is a dangerous command, since it can delete entire
directories.
The Save… button lets you save the specific mirroring command to a file. Opening that file will
recreate the mirror dialog box, or (if you choose) immediately perform the operation.

New Connection
The New Connection menu command brings up the New Connection dialog box. Enter the name or
IP number of the server you would like to connect to, your account name (user ID), and the associatedpassword. If the account name is omitted, the user name “anonymous” will be assumed; this user nameis used for guest access to an FTP site, also known as "anonymous FTP". When connecting as"anonymous" it is not necessary to enter a password.
NOTE: The information entered in the New Connection window has nothing to do with your license to
run Fetch. It specifies the server with which you'd like to transfer files. Your Internet Service
Provider (ISP) should provide you with information to connect to their FTP server.
If you have installed the necessary software, you can choose security options from the Security popup menu. For more information, see the "Security" help topic.
You can fill in some or all of these fields by choosing an item from the Shortcuts pop-up menu. Clickthe icon at the bottom of the signon dialog and the menu will pop-up. (In Mac OS 8.1 and earlier, you
can also cycle through the shortcuts by pressing Cmd-Tab, or go backwards by pressing Cmd-ShiftTab.) For convenience, you can specify one of the shortcuts as the default shortcut; in that case, the
New Connection window will always open with information from the default shortcut already filled
in. To create a new default shortcut, fill in the information and choose Create Default Shortcut
from the Shortcuts pop-up menu.
In Mac OS 9 and later, you can save your passwords in the Keychain by clicking the Add to Keychain
checkbox before pressing the OK button. For more information, see the "Keychain" topic.
If you click the triangle, the window expands to reveal additional fields. For convenience, you can entera specific directory on the server, so that Fetch automatically navigates to that directory when you
open a connection to that server. If the server uses a non-standard TCP port, you can enter thisnumber in the appropriate field. If you'd like Fetch to repeatedly try to connect to a busy server, you
can specify the number of retries in that field.
The signon dialog box supports “smart paste” of Uniform Resource Locators (URLs). If you paste a
URL, it will be broken into parts and the parts placed in the appropriate fields. See the "Uniform
Resource Locators" topic for more information on URLs.
You can open up to sixteen connections at a time. Each connection uses memory, so if you wish to open
more than three or four, you should increase Fetch’s memory allocation in the Finder.

One-Time

Password

One-Time Password (OTP) is a challenge-response password system that is expected to become an
Internet standard. Servers running the OTP software respond to the USER command with special
challenge information that is used only once. The FTP client must respond with a password based on theuser’s secret password and the challenge information. Since the challenge information is never reused, the password that the client sends back changes with each session. That makes it impossible for awiretapper to collect a password that could then be used to access the account.
Fetch offers automatic support for the OTP system. If Fetch detects the OTP challenge it automaticallycomputes the one-time password, based on the secret password entered by the user. This is moreconvenient than using a separate program to perform the calculation. However, because the process is
automatic, it carries a subtle security risk. If the server for some reason does not issue the OTP
challenge, Fetch will send the secret password over the network. To be warned in this case, check theWarn before sending password insecurely box in the Security section of Preferences.
If, for some reason, you need to compute the response yourself, enter “***CHALLENGE***” as yoursecret password. Fetch will show you the server’s challenge and prompt you for a response.
OTP is based on the older S/Key™ system developed by Bellcore (S/Key is a trademark of Bellcore),
which Fetch continues to support.

Open Shortcut
The Open Shortcut menu lists the shortcuts from the Fetch Shortcuts window and allows you toconnect to one of the listed machines with one command. To edit the list of shortcuts, choose Fetch
Shortcuts from the Window menu and use the New Shortcut, Edit Shortcut, and Remove
Shortcut commands from the Customize menu. You can also paste URLs into the Fetch Shortcuts
window (or any shortcut list window) and drag items from file lists into any shortcut list.

Post-Processing
Fetch can automatically “pass-off” downloaded files to other applications; this feature is called postprocessing.
If you have installed Internet Config, and have checked the Use Internet Config checkbox inPreferences (see the "Preferences" topic), Fetch uses the post-processing settings maintained byInternet Config (see the "Internet Config" topic). In that case you should open the Internet control
panel (or, on older systems, the Internet Config application) to change the settings.
Otherwise, you can edit your post-processing settings with Fetch’s Post-Processing dialog. In that
dialog you can create a list of post-processing actions. An action consists of two pieces of information:
the kind of file that the action applies to, and the application that this kind of file should be opened with.
The kind of file is specified by type/creator codes, and the application by its signature code. For
instance, one action could specify files with the type code of “TEXT” and the creator code of “ttxt”, andthe application signature of “MSWD.” This would mean that SimpleText files (which have type“TEXT” and creator “ttxt”) should be automatically opened with Microsoft Word (which has thesignature “MSWD”). Alternatively, an action could specify a type of “TEXT” and a creator of “****”; the special code “****” matches anything, so this action would apply to all files of type “TEXT”(i.e. all text files). Finally, the application signature can be left blank. In this case the file will be
opened by the application that typically opens it, just as if you double-clicked on the file in the Finder.
The codes that Fetch uses to identify files and applications are rather cryptic, so Fetch provides analternative means for entering them. The “Choose Example...” and “Choose Application...”buttons allow you to select the kind of file or application you are interested in, leaving Fetch to extract
the necessary codes.
Post-processing actions can be enabled and disabled. This allows you to define actions and turn them off
temporarily, without having to re-enter them later. Fetch comes with several post-processing actions
defined; they give some examples of how this feature can be used.

Preferences
The Preferences menu item brings up a dialog that allows you to configure the way Fetch operates. The
settings made in this dialog are saved in a file called “Fetch Prefs” in the Preferences folder located in
the System Folder.
The following can be configured in the Preferences dialog:
GeneralPreferences:

Use Internet Config -- When this box is checked, Fetch will use the Internet Config system forstoring preferences that are commonly shared between different Internet applications (these areindicated below by the statement “Can be set with Internet Config”). For more information, see theInternet Config help topic.
Display server messages -- Some FTP servers display special information in the client-server
dialog, such as hours of operation, use restrictions, number of open connections, and information about
the files on the server. If this box is checked, Fetch will display this information in a separate
messages window; otherwise, they can be viewed by examining the Fetch Transcript window.
Keep connections active -- If this box is checked, Fetch will regularly send commands to theremote computer to keep the connection open. Otherwise, Fetch will drop a connection if it has not beenused for five minutes (the connection will be automatically restored when needed). Note that it is very
impolite to keep a connection open to a public-access FTP server for a long period; many computers
limit the total number of connections, and your connection may prevent others from using the service.
Default Shortcut -- If you’ve selected a default shortcut, the “New Connection...” dialog box will be
automatically filled in with information from that shortcut.
Background Notification -- Choose the sound (if any) that you would like Fetch to make when it
completes an operation while in the background.
Blink Icon in Menu Bar -- Have Fetch blink an icon in the application menu whenever it finishes
an operation in the background. [On Mac OS X this setting is named Bounce icon in Dock, and as thename suggests it controls whether the Fetch icon bounces in the Dock whenever it finishes an operationin the background].
Download

Preferences:

Default Download Mode -- pop-up menu to specify the default download mode for new transfer
windows. The options are: Automatic, Text or Binary.
“Automatic” defaults to “Text” -- This checkbox controls how Fetch will download a file whenthe “Automatic” download mode is chosen and the file name does not indicate whether it is a text orbinary file. If the box is checked, Fetch will assume it is a text file; otherwise Fetch will assume it isbinary. For more information, see the "Automatic/Text/Binary" help topic.
Overwrite files with conflicting names -- if this box is checked, Fetch will overwrite an
existing Mac file if it is in the same folder and has the same name as the file being downloaded.
Otherwise, Fetch will add a number to the file name of the new file to differentiate it.
Use download folder -- If this box is checked, Fetch will save files in the specified download folder
without any further prompting. To disable this feature, deselect the checkbox. The name of thewithout any further prompting. To disable this feature, deselect the checkbox. The name of thedownload folder is displayed in the adjacent button. If you press that button, you will be prompted tochoose a new download folder (alternately, on System 7.5 and newer, you can drag the folder’s icon to
the button). The download folder can also be set with Internet Config.
Edit text files with -- This pop-up menu allows you to choose which file type and creator will beassigned to downloaded text files (and, consequently, which icon those files will display). Thus, you
can have your favorite editor start up when you double-click on the icon of the retrieved file. If yourfavorite editor does not appear in the menu, you can drag its icon (or an alias) to the menu (assuming
you are running System 7.5), or choose the Other… item in the menu and select it in the open file
dialog. Note that if a text file has a suffix that matches a Suffix Mapping entry, the Suffix Mapping willtake precedence over this setting. Can be set with Internet Config (i.e. the mapping entry for the ".txt"
suffix).
Text File line endings -- This pop-up menu lets you choose what style of line ending Fetch should
use for downloaded text files. Macs have traditionally used a single carriage return (CR) to indicate aline ending. UNIX systems, including Mac OS X, use a single linefeed (LF). DOS and Windows systems
use a carriage return followed by a linefeed (CRLF).
Default binary type/creator -- The type/creator codes entered here will be used for raw binary
files that do not have a type/creator assigned by the suffix mapping process. This can be useful if you
are downloading many binary files that do not have a common suffix. If you are using System 7.5 ornewer, you can drag a file to these fields; they will be filled in with the type/creator of the dragged
file. Can be set with Internet Config (i.e. the mapping entry for the ".binary" suffix).
Recognize and decode -- These checkboxes determine whether Fetch will automatically recognize
and convert downloaded files in the given formats (BinHex4, MacBinary, and AppleSingle). If you havetrouble downloading a file in one of these formats, try deselecting the conversion option, download thefile and and convert the file manually with StuffIt Expander or other utility.
UploadPreferences:

Default Upload Format -- This pop-up menu lets you choose the format to use for uploading files.
You will still be prompted for “manual” upload operations, but this format will be used when you use
drag-and-drop to upload a file to a server. If you choose “Automatic”, Fetch will try to determine theright format to use by consulting Internet Config and examining the file in question.
Add .hqx suffix to BinHex uploads -- If this box is checked, Fetch will add the “.hqx” suffix tothe names of files being uploaded in BinHex format. Using this common suffix makes it more likelythat the file will be retrieved intact. You will have the chance to override the suggested name if you areuploading a single file.
Add .bin suffix to MacBinary III uploads -- If this box is checked, Fetch will add the “.bin”
suffix to the names of files being uploaded in MacBinary III format. Using this common suffix makes it
more likely that the file will be retrieved intact. You will have the chance to override the suggested
name if you are uploading a single file.
Add .txt suffix to Text uploads -- If this box is checked, Fetch will add the “.txt” suffix to thenames of files being uploaded in Text or Wrapped Text format. Using this common suffix makes it more
likely that the file will be retrieved intact. You will have the chance to override the suggested name if
you are uploading a single file.
Add Internet Config suffix to Raw Data uploads -- If this box is checked, Fetch will add thesuffix listed in the File Mapping section of the Internet control panel (or the Internet Config

suffix listed in the File Mapping section of the Internet control panel (or the Internet Config
application) to the name of the file being uploaded in Raw Data format. Many systems determine thetype of a file from its name suffix; for example, a JPEG file is handled better when its name ends in.jpg. You will have the chance to override the suggested suffix if you are uploading a single file.
Encode and decode file and folder names -- This checkbox determines how Fetch converts thenames of local files and folders into remote names, and vice versa. If the box is checked, Fetch will
encode and decode the names according to the AppleSingle 7-Bit ASCII standard: slash (/), percent(%), null, and all 8-bit extended ASCII characters will be encoded as a three-character sequence of theform %xx, where xx is the character’s hexadecimal value. If the box is deselected, Fetch will leave
names alone (except to ensure that they are not too long for the Macintosh, or contain illegal
characters, such as a colon).
FirewallPreferences:

Note: these preferences let Fetch work around network restrictions that some sites impose for security
reasons. You should consult with your network administrator or help desk before changing these
preferences.
Use passive mode transfers (PASV) -- If this box is checked, Fetch will initiate data
connections, rather than asking servers to connect back to your Macintosh. Some company firewalls
prevent incoming connections; this option makes it possible to use Fetch behind those firewalls.
Proxy type -- Some networks only allow FTP sessions from a special machine running somethingcalled a proxy server. In that case, Fetch needs to connect to the proxy server, which in turn connects
to the actual server. If your network has such a proxy server, you should choose the matching typefrom this pop-up menu. Your firewall administrator should be able to tell you what to choose, andwhat to enter in the other fields. Note: Fetch does not support CERN HTTP proxy servers.
Don’t use proxy for -- Proxy servers and SOCKS gateways may not accept connections bound for
local servers (i.e. servers that are inside a network firewall). If that is the case on your network, you
can enter the name of your local domain in this field, and Fetch will make direct connections tomachines in that domain. So, if you entered “acme.com”, Fetch would not use the proxy server or
SOCKS gateway for connections to “ftp.acme.com”, “internal.acme.com”, or “acme.com”, but it would
continue to use the server or gateway for machines that are not in the “acme.com” domain. You may
enter multiple domain names, separated by commas, spaces, or carriage returns, if there are multiple
domains inside your firewall (for example, your firewall might protect “research.acme.com” and“sales.acme.com” while “ftp.acme.com” is outside the firewall; in that case, you would enter“research.acme.com, sales.acme.com”). Can be set with Internet Config.
Miscellaneous

Preferences:

Use “TYPE I” to transfer binary files -- Check this box if you want Fetch to use the “TYPE I”
format for binary transfers; this is necessary for proper operation with some IBM mainframe
servers, but can cause problems with machines that do not use 8-bit bytes (such as TOPS-20
systems).
Omit file names beginning with a period -- Check this box if you do not want Fetch to display
names that begin with a period in its file list. This can reduce the clutter when connecting to Unix
servers.
Translate ISO characters -- Check this box if you would like Fetch to translate 8-bit ISO
characters in text files and file listings to the Mac equivalents, using the 'taBL' resources in Fetch.

Show sign-on dialog at startup -- Check this box if you would like Fetch to automatically open
the sign-on dialog box when Fetch is started.
Use case-sensitive sorting -- Check this box if you would like Fetch to consider case whensorting file or shortcut names, so that all the names starting with upper case letters will be separate
from the others.
Use folders first sorting -- Check this box if you want Fetch to always list folders first when you
sort file lists by name.
Allow duplicate connections -- If you check this box, Fetch will let you issue commands (e.g. todownload a file, or change directory) while a transfer window is already busy. In that case, Fetch will
open a new, duplicate connection to perform the command. This can be convenient, but it is easy toaccidentally create new connections when you did not realize that the original connection was busy.
Anarchie emulation mode -- If this box is checked, Fetch automatically creates a shortcut list andfills it with shortcuts for the items in the file list whenever the file list is changed. This makes Fetch
operate a bit like Anarchie, the FTP client by Peter Lewis. It can be convenient to view directories inshortcut list windows, since you can easily have multiple windows open to different directories. But
some commands (such as View File List and Send FTP Command) only work with the transfer window infront, not with shortcut list windows.
Treat mystery items as files -- On some servers, Fetch can not tell files from directories in thefile list. On those servers, Fetch will start a “Get” or “Delete” operation by trying to change
directory to the name in question, in order to determine whether it is getting/deleting a file or adirectory. But a small number of servers (including MVS and Tandem models) do not return an error
when Fetch tries to change directory to a file name, so Fetch erroneously concludes that it is getting/deleting a directory and the operation fails. When this checkbox is checked, Fetch will instead assume
that such mystery items are files, and Fetch will not try changing directory.
Ignore file list cache -- If this box is checked Fetch will always download a fresh file list when it
enters a directory. Otherwise Fetch will try to save time by using a cached file list. When Fetch uses a
cached file list it displays the date when the list was downloaded below the file list (e.g. "As of 10/15/
2002 12:15 PM").
Obscure Options -- These options cover unusual situations that most users do not encounter.
Security

Preferences:

Warn before sending password insecurely -- this option ensures that you will always bewarned before Fetch sends your password unencrypted (e.g. because a server does not support
Kerberos).
Warn before sending cleartext password to secure server -- this option ensures that you
will always be warned before Fetch sends your password unencrypted to a server that supports
security.
Always check protection level on incoming data -- this option is meant to catch situations
where the server starts sending unencrypted data; however, at the time of this software release,servers do this quite commonly, so it is usually more convenient to skip this check.
Make Kerberos v5 tickets forwardable -- this option allows certain ftp servers to further
authenticate you to other services which may be required, such as a network file system (e.g. AFS).

authenticate you to other services which may be required, such as a network file system (e.g. AFS).
Send dummy password to Kerberos servers -- this option works around a bug in some servers
available at this writing.

Put

File

The Put File button is used to transfer a file from your Macintosh to the host computer. When youpress the button, you will be prompted for the file you wish to send. Then you will see a dialog box thatlets you set the name the file will be given on the other computer and the format it will be stored in.
Be sure to pick a name that will be acceptable to the other machine (some systems require file namesthat are shorter than Macintosh file names and most forbid the use of certain characters). Note that if
a file of the name you specify already exists on the other computer, unless you check the “In case ofname conflict, pick another name” box, it will be overwritten without warning.
The formats you can use when putting a file are Automatic, Text, MacBinary III, Raw Data, BinHex, andAppleSingle. The Automatic format is usually the best choice: it makes an intelligent guess as to thebest format to use, based on the type of file being transferred. You can specify the default format to use
in Preferences (see the "Preferences" topic). See the help topic for each format for more information.
The progress of the file transfer is shown in the Status panel. You can cancel the transfer by pressing
the Stop button.
You can upload multiple files and/or folders by pressing the Put File button with the Option key
down, or by choosing Put Folders and Files from the Remote menu. For information, see the “PutFolders and Files” help topic.
The keyboard shortcut for the Put File button is Cmd-T.
If you are running System 7.5 or later, you can drag files and folders from the Finder into transfer
windows or directory shortcuts; this can be a more convenient way to start an upload. In that case, theformat displayed in the transfer window (or the default format specified in the Upload section ofPreferences) will be used.

Put Folders and Files
The Put Folders and Files command is used to upload multiple files and/or folders with one
command. You will be prompted for the files and folders you wish to send. Then you will see a dialog
box that lets you choose the format to be used. The names of the uploaded files will be set
automatically, based on the names that the files have on your Macintosh, with suffixes added according
to the settings in the Upload section of Preferences. Note that if a file of the same name already exists
on the other computer it will be overwritten without warning, unless you check the “In case of nameconflict, pick another name” box.
If you choose to upload a folder, Fetch will create a directory on the remote computer and put thecontents of the Macintosh folder in that directory. If the folder includes other folders, they, too, willbe created. If the remote computer already has directories with the names of the Macintosh folders
those directories will be used.
Uploading of folders will not work with remote computers that do not support sub-directories (e.g.
CMS).
The progress of the file transfer, including the name of the file being transferred, is shown in the
Status panel. You can cancel the transfer by pressing the Stop button.
The keyboard shortcut for the Put Folders and Files command is Cmd-Option-T.
Under System 7.5 and later, you can upload files and folders by dragging them from the Finder into
Fetch transfer windows or directory shortcuts. In that case, Fetch will use the format indicated in thetransfer window.

Quit
The Quit menu command closes the current connection(s) and quits the program.
other operations in progress will be cancelled.

File transfers or

Tip: If you happen to accidentally quit Fetch in the middle of a download, you may be able to resume thedownload, rather than starting from the beginning of the file. For more information about thispotential time-saver, see the "Resume Download" topic.

Raw Data
Raw Data is one of the formats available for putting files on another computer. If this format ischosen, the data part of the Macintosh file will be sent without any interpretation or conversion. Some
Macintosh programs create files with all their information in the data part (e.g. Stuffit!, MicroSoft
Excel, MicroSoft Word). Similarly, most cross-platform standard file formats (such as GIF and JPEG
image formats, and virtually every sort of file used on the World Wide Web) use only the data part. In
these cases, using the Raw Data format is a simple way to transfer files. However, if the file includes aresource part, that information will be lost. In any case, the file type and icon will not be preserved.
So the Raw Data format should only be used if the file is strictly a data file that can be used by someother computer (e.g. an IBM PC running the PC version of Excel). If the file will be retrieved by aMacintosh, either MacBinary or BinHex format should be chosen.

Rename

FileThis menu item allows you to change the name of a file or directory on a remote computer. If a file iscurrently selected, you will be prompted for the new name; otherwise you will be prompted for thecurrent name and a new name. Try to choose a name that will be acceptable to the other computer: somesystems have file name length limits and do not allow certain characters. If you specify an improper
name, you will get an error message.
On Unix servers, and some others, it is possible to move a file to a new directory by renaming it. For
example, renaming “myfile” to “newdir/myfile” moves it into the “newdir” directory. With System
7.5 and newer, it is similarly possible to move a file into a subdirectory by dragging the file icon to
the directory icon, or into a parent directory by dragging the file icon to the “open folder” icon above
the file list.

Resume Download
This menu command allows you to resume a partially-completed download. If a download is interrupted
by a network or server error, or is cancelled, it is sometimes possible for Fetch to resume it
without re-downloading the part of the file that you already have. There are a number of limitations on
this feature. Fetch can only successfully resume a transfer if:• The file has not changed since you first tried to download it. Otherwise, you will get part of one fileand part of another, with unpredictable results.
• The server supports the restart (REST) command, and (if the file is a text file) implements it theway that Fetch expects. Most servers support restarting transfers. When they do, they implement
restarted text downloads in one of two different ways, and this can lead to missing or duplicatedinformation in resumed text downloads. You can avoid this problem by downloading in binary mode(select Binary in the transfer window Mode pop-up), but that may give you a file with incorrect line
endings.
If all of these conditions can be met, the Resume Download command can save a lot of time. When you
choose the menu command, you will see a list of the downloads that can be resumed. You may also selectfiles and click the Remove button to have Fetch forget about them (this frees up the disk space takenby the partial file). To resume a transfer, click its name and then click OK (or else double-click thename). You can also resume a transfer by double-clicking the partial file in the Finder. Fetch willreconnect to the appropriate server (if necessary), and attempt to complete the download.

S/Key™
S/Key™ is a challenge-response one-time password system developed by Bellcore (S/Key is atrademark of Bellcore). Servers running the S/Key software respond to the USER command withspecial challenge information that is used only once. The FTP client must respond with a password
based on the user’s secret password and the challenge information. Since the challenge information isnever reused, the password that the client sends back changes with each session. That makes it
impossible for a wiretapper to collect a password that could then be used to access the account.
Fetch offers automatic support for the S/Key system. If Fetch detects the S/Key challenge, ittransparently computes the one-time password, based on the secret password entered by the user.
This is more convenient than using a separate program to perform the calculation. However, because
the process is automatic, it carries a subtle security risk. If the server, for some reason, does notissue the S/Key challenge, Fetch will send the secret password over the network. To be warned in thiscase, check the Warn before sending password insecurely checkbox in the Security section ofPreferences.
If for some reason you need to compute the response yourself, enter “***CHALLENGE***” as yoursecret password. Fetch will show you the server’s challenge and prompt you for a response.
Fetch now also supports the One Time Password (OTP) system, which supercedes S/Key. See the "OneTime Password" topic.

Scripting
Fetch supports a number of Apple Events. This makes it possible to automate Fetch’s operations with ascripting tool such as AppleScript or UserLand Frontier. It also makes it possible for other programs
to use Fetch as a “helper” application for resolving FTP Uniform Resource Locators (URLs). This help
topic describes Fetch’s support for the URL, Anarchie, and Fetch Apple Event Suites. In addition, Fetch
supports Apple Event recording. The easiest way to find out how to script an operation is to turn on
recording in your script editor, perform the operation manually, and then examine the script that has
been recorded. For security reasons Fetch will not record passwords, so when you run the recorded
scripts you may have to furnish passwords. Finally, Fetch supports Frontier Menu Sharing, whichmakes it possible for UserLand Frontier to add scripts to Fetch’s menu bar.
URL

Suite

Fetch supports the geturl (GURL) event from the URL Apple Event Suite, designed by John Norstad ofNorthwestern University and a group of Internet software authors. In AppleScript, the event is
specified as follows:
tell application "Fetch 4.0"
geturl "ftp://ftp.fetchsoftworks.com/"
end tell
The geturl event is used by the Internet Config system and other applications to pass URLs to otherapplications for resolution. So e-mail programs, newsreaders, and even web browsers can pass FTP
URLs to Fetch using geturl.
Fetch Suite
Fetch’s Apple Event suite follows the Apple Event Object Model, which is the “organizing principle”
behind AppleScript and Apple’s scripting strategy. The object model can be thought of as a language
where Apple Events are verbs and Apple Event Objects are nouns. The goal of this language is to be“small” but still expressive. So the number of “verbs,” or events, has been kept small, but theseverbs are supposed to be generic enough to work with many nouns. And the nouns (i.e. objects), while
many in number, are all referred to in the same way. An object can be anything in an application: awindow, a paragraph of text, a shortcut, anything that the user might want to manipulate. Under theobject model, you refer to an object by first referring to the object that it is contained in. So you talkabout “shortcut 3 of shortcut list window 1,” or “remote file 'README' of transfer window'ftp.fetchsoftworks.com'.” The “top-level” container is the application itself. So objects are said tobe “elements” of other objects, and each object class defines what kind of elements it can contain.
To make this more specific, Fetch supports the following object classes:• the application object, which can contain each of the following kinds of objects:• window objects• transfer window objects, which can contain:• remote item objects• remote file objects• remote directory objects• shortcut list window objects, which can contain:• shortcut objects• the shortcut window object, which can contain:• shortcut objects• text window objects

• text window objects• the help window object• the transcript window object• url objects
Objects also have properties. For example, the application object has all the preferences settings asproperties, so you can refer to its download folder or default binary file type.
Apple event objects are manipulated with events. The standard “Core” suite of events includes close,count, delete, duplicate, exists, get, make, move, open, quit, save, and set. To this list Fetch
adds download, view, view file list, put into, and send to. Here are examples of these events,
used with a variety of Fetch Apple Event objects:
close text window "ftp.fetchsoftworks.com messages"
set bcount to count shortcut list window "Fetch Shortcuts" each shortcut
delete remote file "a.out" of transfer window "csvax.polytech.edu"
duplicate remote file "cool.gif" to beginning of alias "Hobbes:Desktop Folder:"set fexists to exists shortcut "cool site" of shortcut list window "Fetch Shortcuts"
get use internet config
make new transfer window at beginning with properties {hostname:"ftp.fetchsoftworks.com", initial
directory:"/pub"}move shortcut 1 of shortcut list window "Fetch Shortcuts" to beginning of shortcut list window"Best Shortcuts"
open parent directory of transfer window 1
quit
save text window "ftp.fetchsoftworks.com messages" in alias "Hobbes:server messages"
set transfer mode of transfer window 1 to Binary
download url "ftp://ftp.fetchsoftworks.com/pub/mac/README"
view remote file "README" of transfer window 1
view file list transfer window "ftp.fetchsoftworks.com"
put into transfer window "ftp.fetchsoftworks.com" item alias "Hobbes:Desktop Folder:Picture 3"
binary format MacBinaryIII
send to url "ftp://ftp.fetchsoftworks.com/" ftp command "LIST -lR"
One of the best ways to get a feel for scripting Fetch is to run your script editor, turn on recording, andthen go mess around in Fetch. Most user actions will be recorded as script statements. It is also useful
to examine Fetch’s Apple Event dictionary, since it provides a complete list of the supported object
classes, properties, and events.
Anarchie

Suite

Peter N Lewis’s Anarchie was the first Macintosh FTP client to support scripting via Apple Events.
Fetch supports most of the Anarchie suite of events, to make it easier to reuse scripts written for
Anarchie (and because it is a straight-forward and functional collection of events). Descriptions of the
supported events follow:
To download a file: fetch alias "My hard disk:my folder:cool file" host "ftp.domain.com" user "fred"password "secret" path "remotedir/cool.file.hqx"
To upload a file: store alias "My hard disk:my folder:file to upload" host "ftp.domain.com" user "fred"password "secret" path "uploaddir/new.file"
To delete a file or directory: remove host "ftp.domain.com" user "fred" password "secret" path
"remotedir/bad.file""remotedir/bad.file"
To view a file list: list host "ftp.domain.com" user "fred" password "secret" path "remotedir"
To create a directory: mkdir host "ftp.domain.com" user "fred" password "secret" path
"remotedir/newdir"
To rename a file or directory: rename host "ftp.domain.com" user "fred" password "secret" path
"remotedir/old.name" newname "new.name"To send a raw FTP command: sendcommand host "ftp.domain.com" user "fred" password "secret"command "SITE A LIST"
To search for a file name: index host "ftp.domain.com" user "fred" password "secret" path
"remotedir/name.to.find"The user and password parameters can be omitted if you are using anonymous FTP. Also, the host,user, password, and path parameters can be replaced by a single url parameter; for example:
fetch alias "My hard disk:my folder:cool file" url "ftp://fred:secret@ftp.domain.com/remotedir/cool.file.hqx"

SearchSome FTP servers support a command (“SITE INDEX”) to search an entire FTP server for file anddirectory names that include a certain string. This makes it possible to find a file on an FTP server
without knowing which directory it is in, and without manually navigating through all the directories.
The Search command in the Remote menu prompts you for the name (or partial name) you arelooking for, and creates a shortcut list with shortcuts for all of the matches. You can then open or
download the matches by double-clicking (see the Shortcuts topic).

Security
Fetch is now available with special security features (on PowerPC Macintoshes only; the following
features are not available on 68K Macs). This help topic is intended to provide some background on the
security technology used in Fetch, and describe how to use the new features.
Encryption

Basics

The two goals of the security features in Fetch are protecting the privacy and integrity of your Fetch
sessions. Protecting privacy means making it harder for anyone to listen in on your Fetch sessions,watching your password and all your file transfers go by. Protecting integrity means making it moredifficult for an attacker to alter your Fetch sessions somewhere between your computer and theserver, for the purpose of corrupting data or gaining unauthorized access. Depending on the nature ofyour use of Fetch, and the sensitivity of your account and data, these features may be anything frompointless (you are on a private network of trusted users, exchanging innocuous data) to vital (you are
moving classified files over a public network).
Fetch protects the privacy and integrity of its sessions by arranging with the server to encrypt all theinformation that it sends over the network. This involves scrambling the information so that it can
only be unscrambled by someone with a secret key, which is known to only your Mac and the server.
This scrambling process does take some time, and may slow down sessions depending on the speed of the
Mac and the load on the server. For that reason, Fetch makes it possible to turn encryption off, in casespeed is a higher priority than privacy. But, even then, passwords are exchanged in a special way thatkeeps them from being captured on the network.
Kerberos
Fetch offers security features using a protocol called Kerberos. Kerberos is a network security systemdeveloped at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) that allows two computers on an insecure
network to trust each other. It is most often used inside companies or colleges, to regulate access to awide variety of network services (one of the benefits of Kerberos is that a single user ID and password
can grant a user access to many services). The most widely deployed version of Kerberos at this time
is Kerberos 4, and the most popular implementation of Kerberos 4 for the Macintosh is KClient,originally developed by Cornell University. The latest version of Kerberos is Kerberos 5. MIT has
developed a Macintosh implementation of Kerberos 5 accessed via the Generic Security Service (GSS)
programming interface.
Using Fetch Security Features
The new security features in Fetch require special support on both ends of the session, the server andthe client Macintosh running Fetch. The server must support either Kerberos 4 or Kerberos 5 (at thetime of this writing, there are only a few servers with that support, and they all require some flavorof Unix). Your Macintosh must have the necessary client software, KClient 1.8 or above in the case of
Kerberos 4, MIT Kerberos for Macintosh 2.0 or later for Kerberos 5. Most importantly, you musthave an account in the Kerberos realm that the server uses for authentication. Having all the rightsoftware will not help you if the server does not recognize you as an authorized user.
Using Fetch with security software installed, you will notice changes in the following areas:• New Connection
The “New Connection...” window has a “Security” pop-up menu to let you select the type of security touse. The default is “Cleartext password;” this is the same way Fetch has always worked, does notuse. The default is “Cleartext password;” this is the same way Fetch has always worked, does not
require any special server support, and does not provide any protection to your password or data. The
other options are “KClient,” which uses the KClient Kerberos 4 software, and “GSS,” which uses
MIT’s GSS software to work with Kerberos 5 servers. Choosing either KClient or GSS enables the“Encrypt session” checkbox. If this box is checked, all of your communication will be protected;
otherwise only your password will be protected, but performance may be better. Note also that the
password field disappears; your Kerberos ticket will be sent instead. It may be necessary for you totype a password later in the login sequence; if so, you will be prompted.
• Enable

Encryption

The Enable Encryption menu item in the Remote menu lets you turn encryption on or off during an
FTP session that is using either KClient or GSS security. For example, you might disable encryption
for a large download that does not need to be protected.
• Shortcuts
Fetch shortcuts can be flagged to indicate what sort of security software to use, and whether to encrypt
the session.
• Preferences
The “Security” section of Preferences contains options to tweak Fetch’s security support, and workaround common problems in secure FTP servers. The Warn before sending password
insecurely option ensures that you will always be warned before Fetch sends your password
unencrypted (e.g. because a server does not support Kerberos). The Warn before sending
cleartext password to secure server option lets you know when you are not taking advantage of aserver’s security support. Always check protection level on incoming data is meant to catch
situations where the server starts sending unencrypted data; however, at this writing, servers do thisquite commonly, so it is usually more convenient to skip this check. Make Kerberos v5 tickets
forwardable allows certain ftp servers to further authenticate you to other services which may berequired such as a network file system (i.e. AFS). Send dummy password to Kerberos servers
works around a bug in some servers available at this writing. Connecting from behind a Network
Address Translation (NAT) gateway may require unchecking the Specify GSS channel bindingsbox.
References
For more information about Kerberos, including sources of KClient and GSS software, see <http://
web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/>.
CreditThe security support in Fetch was written by Miro Jurisic, with the support of Marshall Vale and therest of the MIT Mac IS team.

Send FTP Command...
Most file transfer tasks can be handled with Fetch's regular buttons and menu items, but some filetransfer servers implement non-standard commands, or require use of standard commands in nonstandard situations. If these cases, you can send an arbitrary FTP command with the Send FTP
Command(s) menu item. It prompts you for one or more commands and passes them along to theother computer without interpretation.
Note that FTP protocol commands often differ from the Unix FTP client commands. For example, “cd”
is not a valid FTP command but “CWD” is. Likewise, “ls” and “dir” are not valid commands; theproper file listing commands are “NLST” and “LIST”, respectively. FTP commands can be entered inupper or lower case.
If you send the “USER” command, Fetch will automatically prompt you to enter a password. If you senda file listing command (“NLST” or “LIST”), Fetch will display the file list in a new text window.
Examples of commands that may be useful (these are specific to Unix servers):
LIST -lt
NLST *.hqx
HELP-- lists files sorted by date-- lists files that end in “.hqx”-- lists the commands supported by this server

If you enter a command that starts a file transfer, it will almost certainly not work and you may haveto close the connection.
Command-line FTP clients have an equivalent command called “quote.” So if you have been instructed
to type “quote blah blah”, in Fetch you’ll want to enter “blah blah” in the Send FTP Command...
dialog box.

Server-to-ServerTransfers

Fetch 4.0 supports transferring files and directories from one server to another. If the servers inquestion support it, and encryption is not being used, the transfer will take place directly between thetwo servers. This can offer dramatic performance advantages if the connection between the twoservers is much faster than your connection to one or another of them. If a direct transfer is notpossible, or not safe, the data will be transferred from one server to your Macintosh, and then
immediately to the other server. You can tell Fetch to not try direct transfers by unchecking therelevant option in the Obscure Options popup menu in the Misc. section of Preferences.
Using System 7.5 or later, to transfer a file or directory from one server to another, connect to bothservers and drag the items between the file lists of the two transfer windows. You can stop the transfer
by pressing the Stop button in either window. It is also possible to synchronize two folders(directories) using the Mirror Folder command in the Remote menu; see the "Mirror Folder" help
topic for more information.
Control-clicking on a file brings up a popup menu that includes a Duplicate command. The
Duplicate command is a special case of server-server transfers. Fetch opens a second connection to
the server, and transfers the file from the server to itself, resulting in a new copy of the file. The
name for the new file is chosen by the server, so while it should be a variant of the original file name(e.g. myfile.1 for a duplicate of myfile) some servers will assign a meaningless name.
It is also possible to make a new copy of a file in another directory by option-dragging the file to thetarget directory icon. The plus sign badge on the cursor indicates that the file will be copied rather
than simply moved.

Set

Permissions

Access to files on FTP servers is typically governed by permission settings that restrict which users
can read, write, or execute the files. Some FTP servers (typically those running the Unix operating
system) make it possible for FTP clients to change those permissions (provided that the user is theowner of the files in question). Fetch provides two commands for dealing with permissions. Set
Permissions… changes the permissions for the selected files and directories. Set Upload
Permissions… sets the permissions to be used for files that are uploaded.
The Set Permissions… and Set Upload Permissions… dialog boxes let you specify permissions
by checking boxes corresponding to read, write, and search/execute permission for an item’s owner,group, and everyone else. The checkboxes are simultaneously translated into the three-digit
permission numbers used by Unix, in case that format is more familiar.
To verify that permissions are set correctly, you can use the View File List command. If thesecommands do not work, it is likely that the server does not support the Unix-derived permissioncommands (“SITE CHMOD” for changing permissions, and “SITE UMASK” for changing upload
permissions).

Shortcuts
Shortcuts are “pointers” to files or directories that are available over the Internet. Fetch uses
shortcuts in two ways. First, individual shortcuts can be saved in small files. When Fetch opens thesefiles, it automatically opens the referenced directory, or downloads the referenced file. Second, Fetch
can organize shortcuts into shortcut lists. These lists are displayed in their own windows in Fetch, andare a convenient way to organize groups of shortcuts. Shortcut lists can be saved as files and opened.
“Fetch Shortcuts” is a special shortcut list that is automatically saved (in the Preferences folder)
and automatically re-opened. The shortcuts in “Fetch Shortcuts” appear in the Shortcuts pop-up
menu in the New Connection… dialog, and the Open Shortcut hierarchical menu under the Filemenu. To open the “Fetch Shortcuts” shortcut list, choose Fetch Shortcuts from the Window
menu. The easiest way to add a new shortcut to “Fetch Shortcuts” is to choose Create New
Shortcut... from the Shortcuts pop-up menu in the New Connection... dialog after filling in thefields of that dialog.
To save an individual shortcut in a file, select the remote file or directory in question, and choose Save
Shortcut… from the File menu. In System 7.5 and later, you can save a shortcut for the current
directory by dragging the small open-folder icon to the Finder. These shortcut files can be opened bydouble-clicking them in the Finder or choosing Open… from the File menu.
To create a shortcut list, choose New Shortcut List from the File menu. There are a number ofways to add a shortcut to a list. The New Shortcut… item in the Customize menu lets you create ashortcut manually. You can also paste Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) into a shortcut list. In
System 7.5 and later, you can drag file names or the open-folder icon from the Fetch transfer window
into a shortcut list to create shortcuts for those items. You can also drag text URLs, for example froman e-mail program or newsreader, into a shortcut list.
Shortcut lists can be sorted by clicking on the column headings. In System 7.5 and later (but not on
Mac OS X) you can reorder them by dragging individual shortcuts to new positions in the list (note thatsorting the list results in the loss of any custom ordering you may have done). Individual shortcuts canbe cut and pasted or dragged between shortcut lists. The entire lists can be saved (with Save from theFile menu) and opened (with Open… from the File menu). Fetch can also open shortcut lists createdby Anarchie.
To open a directory that is referenced by a shortcut in a shortcut list, simply double-click the shortcut
or press Enter while it is selected. Likewise, double-clicking or pressing Enter will prompt Fetch to
download a file referenced by a shortcut. If you are using System 7.5 or later, you can also drag theshortcut to a Finder window or the desktop in order to initiate the download. Similarly, uploads can beinitiated by dragging files and/or folders to a shortcut for the destination; Fetch will automatically
open a connection and perform the operation.
To edit a shortcut in a shortcut list, first open the shortcut list window (e.g. by choosing Fetch
Shortcuts from the Window menu), click on the shortcu to select it and choose Edit Shortcut…
from the Customize menu, or Option-double-click on it. Control-double-clicking on a shortcut in ashortcut list brings up the New Connection… dialog, filled in with information from the shortcut.
NOTE: If you save a password as part of a shortcut, that password will be no more secure than the disk
it is saved on. Be certain that others do not have access to your disk before saving a shortcut that
includes a password. In Mac OS 9 or later, you can instead save passwords in the Keychain, where they
are protected by your keychain password.

Status

Panel

The area on the right side of the Fetch window is the Status panel. It contains information about what
Fetch is doing at any given time. If a file transfer is in progress, it displays the name, format, andapproximate size of the file being transferred, the amount of data that has been transferred so far, theaverage speed of the transfer so far, and an estimate of how long it will take for the transfer tocomplete. If any of these fields is missing, it is because the information is unavailable. If the window
is large enough, there is also a pie- or doughnut-shaped progress graph, indicating how much of thefile has been retrieved. If an operation is in progress, there's a Stop button at the bottom of the status
panel.

Stop
If a time-consuming operation is in progress, the Stop button will appear at the bottom of the statuspane, on the right side of the window. You can stop the current operation by pressing this button orpressing Cmd-. Once you have done so, the button will disappear and the Status line will read
“Cancelling….”
Most computers support the stop command; with these machines, it will only take a few seconds. Somemachines, however, ignore the command and insist on completing the current operation. In thesecases, the status line will read “Cancelling…” for quite a while. The only ways to quickly exit fromthis situation are to close the connection or quit from Fetch.

Suffix

Mapping

When the Automatic button is selected, Fetch looks for standard filename suffixes in order to decide
whether a file is a text file or a binary file and, if it is a raw binary file, what type and creator toassign to it.
If your system has the Internet control panel (System 8.5 through 9.x) or if you have an older systemwith Internet Config installed, and have checked the Use Internet Config checkbox in Preferences(see the "Preferences" topic), Fetch uses the suffix mappings maintained by that control panel (see theInternet Config topic); open it to change the settings.
Otherwise, you can modify the list of recognized suffixes in the Suffix Mapping dialog.
A suffix mapping associates a suffix (such as “.hqx”) with a file type (either Text, Binary, or
BinHex) and, optionally, with type/creator codes. The “Text” type means that files with the associatedsuffix should be downloaded as text files; similarly, the “Binary” type means that the files should be
downloaded as binary files. The "BinHex" type means that the file should be downloaded as text (since
BinHex files are a kind of text file) but that non-BinHex material should be ignored. If a type/creatorpair has been specified, text or raw binary files will be given that type and creator. For instance, afile with the “.doc” suffix is usually given the type/creator pair of W8BN/MSWD (the codes used byMicrosoft Word), since “.doc” is the standard ending for Microsoft Word files.
Suffix mappings are only used to distinguish text and binary downloads when the Automatic download
mode is selected (they may be used to assign type/creator codes even when Text or Binary is selected).
Information in the file overrides the application-specified in the suffix mapping: if a file is in BinHex,
MacBinary or AppleSingle format, it will include information about the application it belongs to.
Each new release of Fetch includes new default suffix mappings. To use these rather than your current
settings, quit Fetch and delete the Fetch Prefs file in the Preferences folder. Note that you will lose any
preference settings that you have changed from their default values.

TCP/IP
Open

Transport

If you're using Mac OS 7.6 or newer, the system uses Apple's Open Transport implementation of the
TCP/IP networking protocols; it was introduced in July 1995.
MacTCPMacTCP was Apple's original implementation of TCP/IP. MacTCP, originally a commercial product, wasincluded with System 7.5 and was last supported in System 7.5.3.
System software 7.5 through 7.5.3 shipped with both Open Transport and MacTCP and a Network
Software Selector control panel to switch between the two.
Once a network connection has been established, a message in the About Fetch... dialog box indicates
whether Open Transport or MacTCP is being used.

Uniform

Resource

Locators

Uniform Resource Locators are global names for items on the Internet: they specify what kind ofresource the item is, what server it can be found at, and its name on that server. In the case of files
and directories on FTP servers, a URL is a string in the following format:
ftp://<userid>:<password>@<hostname>:<port>/<path>
If the userid and password are omitted it’s assumed to be an anonymous FTP server. The port value isalso optional. So the URL for a copy of Fetch on Fetch Softworks’ FTP server would look like this:
ftp://ftp.fetchsoftworks.com/Fetch.hqx
URLs were originally designed for use in the World Wide Web (WWW). Fetch uses URLs as part ofshortcut files, and can also use URLs in the New Connection, Edit Shortcut, Change Directory,
View Text File, View Media File, Delete Directory or File, Get Info, Get File, and Get
Directories and Files dialogs. The Copy command in the Edit menu puts a URL for the current
directory or selected items on the clipboard. Dragging the open-folder icon to a text editor inserts a
URL for the current directory. Similarly, you can create shortcuts in a shortcut list by pasting or
dragging a URL into the window.
Most Macintosh Internet programs can be used as URL “helper” applications. Programs can pass URLs
to the appropriate helper application, which can retrieve the desired data or perform the desired
action. Fetch can be used as a helper for FTP URLs (i.e. ones that begin “ftp://”).
Fetch also supports a user interface convention for more convenient handling of URLs. Commandclicking on a URL in any of Fetch’s text windows (such as this help window) automatically passes that
URL to the helper program you have specified using Internet Config (see the Internet Config topic).
So, for instance, command-clicking on <http://fetchsoftworks.com/fetch.html> will instruct your web
browser to view the official Fetch web page.

View File List
Use this command to view the file list for the current directory in a separate text window. This listing
will often include information (such as file permissions) that Fetch does not display in its own filelist. You can search for information in text windows with the Find command, print them, and savethem as text files. The font and tab width can be changed with the Set Font and Size command.

View

File

Fetch has two commands for viewing files on an FTP server without leaving Fetch: View Text File andView Media File. View Text File is used, not surprisingly, for text files (including HTML files).
View Media File is used to view images, sounds, movies, animations, or any other sort of file thatcan be displayed by Apple’s QuickTime software.
In either case, Fetch will download the selected file and display it in a separate window.

Troubleshooting

When I upload GIF or JPEG files in MacBinary format, my web browser can’t display them.
Web browsers (and many other programs) do not expect to find files encoded in a format like
MacBinary III; they expect to find the raw data. Use the Automatic or Raw Data format for uploading
web graphics, or other cross-platform files.

When I try to open a connection, I get a -3221 or a -3264 error.
Those are Open Transport errors, and usually indicate a problem with the configuration of your TCP/
IP software, or with your connection to the Internet. Check the TCP/IP (or MacTCP) settings withyour Internet Service Provider's tech support department.

Fetch can download files, but when I try to upload a file over my modem connection, the computer
freezes, or the upload fails.
There is probably a problem with the flow-control settings of your dial-up software or your modem.
Make sure that your modem init string enables hardware handshaking, and that your dial-up software
is configured to do hardware handshaking. Consult with your modem manual or service provider for
more information.

When I try to open a connection, my computer freezes.
Check the configuration of your SLIP or PPP software, and consult with the administrators of the dialup service you are using. This sort of problem is usually caused by misconfiguration of the dial-up
software.

When I try to get a file from an IBM MVS server, Fetch creates an empty folder.
This is due to a bug in the server (and affects some other servers besides IBM’s). The workaround is
to check the Treat mystery items as files checkbox in the Misc. pane of Preferences.

When I transfer a file over my dial-up link, Fetch slows down and eventually drops the connection.
Check the configuration of your SLIP or PPP software, and consult with the administrators of the dialup service you are using. This sort of problem is usually caused by misconfiguration of the dial-up
software.

The file list includes other information besides the file name, and the Get File button doesn’t work.
Select the Refresh File List command in the Directories menu; that will usually fix this problem.
Otherwise, if you know the name of the file, you can hold down the Option key when you click the Get
File button and type in the file’s name.

The file list does not include a file that I know was just put there.
Select the Refresh File List command in the Directories menu; that will usually fix this problem.
Fetch reuses file lists when they have not changed in a long while, but this makes it possible to missnew changes.

When I tell Fetch to send the FTP command “ls”, I get an error message about the command “LS”;
why does Fetch capitalize the command?

why does Fetch capitalize the command?
Fetch does not capitalize the command, the server does. In fact, capitalization of FTP commands does
not matter. The problem is that “ls” is not an FTP command; it is a command used in many commandline FTP clients, such as the standard Unix client, but it is not a part of the FTP protocol. The
corresponding FTP command is “NLST”. Similarly, “dir”, “get”, “put”, and “cd” are not FTP
commands; the proper commands are “LIST”, “RETR”, “STOR”, and “CWD”, respectively.

The file names in the file list don’t look right -- there is size and date information in the name column.
Fetch sometimes guesses what kind of computer it is talking to, and it can guess incorrectly. You
should be able to correct the problem by refreshing the file list -- choose the current directory fromthe directory pop-up menu above the file list.

The downloaded files have the wrong icon.
This problem can be caused by a number of factors. First, be sure that you are using the right settings-- if you’ve tried the Automatic setting, try Binary. It may also be helpful to read the “Automatic/
Text/Binary” help topic under “Reference.”

I can connect to a machine on my local network, but not to Internet FTP servers.
Double-check the Router address in the TCP/IP control panel or, on older systems, the Gateway
Address of the MacTCP control panel.

I get the message “This is not a proper BinHex format file.”
This means that Fetch could not successfully de-binhex the file. Deselect the BinHex4 checkbox in
the Download pane of Preferences and download again (see the “Preferences” help topic under“Reference”). Then try to de-binhex the file with StuffIt Expander (available fromwww.aladdinsys.com).

I get the message “This is not a proper MacBinary III file.”
This message, and another one about AppleSingle format files, means that the file has been corrupted insome way. First, try downloading again in binary format. Next, contact the source of the file to get a
new copy. If the file was created by Fetch, send a report to support@fetchsoftworks.com so we can try
to find the bug.

The Stop button doesn’t work when I’m connected to a VMS Vax.
We have observed problems with Stop on VMS and CMS systems. We’re working on these problems; inthe meantime, you can cancel a transfer by closing the connection altogether.

Glossary of Terms

anonymous FTP -- the process of connecting to a remote computer that does not require any
identification or password. In this case the user name used is either blank or “anonymous” and thepassword is optional. Several archives of Macintosh software are available to all by anonymous FTP.
binary file -- a file that may contain any characters in any format; not a text file. Files in MacBinary
III format or AppleSingle format are binary files, as are GIF and JPEG image files, MP3 and WAV audio
files, and QuickTime and MPEG video files.
directory -- a collection of files and sub-directories, equivalent to Macintosh folders. Subdirectories are directories within some other directory; the enclosing directory is known as the parent
directory. Most systems have a notion of the current directory, the directory whose files your are
viewing at that time. Not all systems have directories, and some systems do not permit subdirectories.
download -- the operation of moving a file from some other computer to your own.
host -- the remote computer you are connected to. This computer runs a program that accepts yourconnections, and therefore can be seen as your host. Most host computers are specialized servers, but
a personal computer can also act as a host.
Internet -- a collection of networks linking schools, universities, companies, and individuals aroundthe world. FTP is the standard file transfer protocol for the Internet.
IP number -- a type of computer address of the form number.number.number.number (e.g.
128.170.16.4). Usually you will refer to machines by their names (e.g. “ftp.fetchsoftworks.com”)
but Fetch can also connect to machines with just their numeric address.
mirror --as a verb, the operation of synchronizing files between two computers by transferring theones that have changed. Mirroring is an efficient way to upload a web site, since only new and changed
files are transferred.
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) -- a protocol for using network protocols, including TCP/IP, over a
serial line (e.g. a dial-up modem connection). A Macintosh with PPP software (such as MacPPP) and aconnection to a PPP service provider can run Fetch.
proxy server -- a special FTP server that acts as an intermediary between an FTP client and the FTP
server that the client really wants to connect to. Proxy servers are used on networks where mostmachines are not permitted to make Internet connections; instead those machines must connect to theproxy, which in turn connects to the desired server. Fetch supports a number of proxy servers (seethe Preferences topic). Web proxy servers, which use the HTTP protocol rather than FTP, are notsupported.
text file -- a file containing lines of letters, numbers, and punctuation. Most word processors cancreate text files and some editors (such as SimpleText and BBEdit) only create text files. A non-text
file is a binary file.
TCP/IP -- a protocol suite developed for the United States Department of Defense, and used by many
types of computers (notably, all the computers on the Internet). FTP, the protocol used by Fetch, ispart of the TCP/IP family of protocols. Fetch uses TCP/IP services provided by Apple's MacTCP or
Open Transport software.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) -- a global name for a resource available on the Internet. One
example of a URL is “ftp://ftp.fetchsoftworks.com/example/Fetch_4.0.sit.hqx.” In this case theresource is a file available for FTP on host ftp.fetchsoftworks.com, with the full name /example/
Fetch_4.0.sit.hqx. You can use URLs to tell Fetch what file or directory to access. You can get the URL
for the currently selected file or directory in Fetch by choosing the Copy command in the Edit menu.
URLs were developed as part of the World Wide Web (WWW) system on the Internet.
upload -- the operation of moving a file from your computer to some other one.

Release Notes
Fetch 4.0.3 has the following new features and bug fixes since Fetch 4.0.2:• Fixed AppleScript recording on OS X 10.2.
• Fixed a bug that caused crashes when canceling transfers on OS X 10.2
• Added a preference to specify the text file line ending style.
• Fixed dozens of other bugs.
Fetch 4.0.2 has the following new features and bug fixes (since Fetch 4.0 and 4.0.1):• Drag and drop compatibility with Mac OS X 10.1.3.
• Fixed bugs that required setting passive mode or resulted in -3155 errors on Mac OS X.
• Fixed bugs that kept firewall settings from being remembered on Mac OS X.
• Fixed bugs that kept the Edit with BBEdit and Edit with GraphicConverter features from working on
Mac OS X.
• Added support for longer-than-31-character file names on Mac OS X.
• Improved the mirror folder feature for servers that do not support the MDTM command.
• Reduced CPU usage on Mac OS X.
• Improved feedback for drag-and-drop operations.
• Shared menu support on Mac OS X.
• Added the ability to duplicate remote files.
• Fixed dozens of other bugs.
Fetch 4.0 has the following new features and bug fixes:• Appearance Manager support (Mac OS 8.5 and later), including color icons, resizable file list
columns, selectable file list font & size, and translucent icon dragging.
• Mirror command to duplicate a local or remote folder with a remote or local folder; mirror settings
can be saved in mirror documents for one-click website updating.
• Server-to-server transfers. Drag items between connection windows; they will be transferred
directly if possible, indirectly otherwise. The Mirror feature supports server-to-server mirroring.
• Edit File with BBEdit and Edit File with GraphicConverter allow automatic down/uploading of files tobe edited. Also, "Edit New File with BBEdit/GraphicConverter", which lets you create new remote files
from within Fetch.
• Keychain support (Mac OS 9 and OS X).
• Support for KClient (Kerberos 4) and GSS (including Kerberos 5) security.
• Recent Connections list (in the File menu).
• View Media File command to preview images, sounds, movies.
• Contextual menus -- Control-click on remote items or shortcuts to see a list of relevant commands.
• Resume downloads even after Fetch quits or crashes.
• Move files and folders by dragging the icons around (only works on Unix and Unix-like servers).
• Get Info command to total size of folders.
• View by Kind.
• New transfer window Mode and Format pop-up menus for setting download and upload options, andnew window layout.
• Better compatibility with Mac FTP servers (e.g. AppleShare/IP, Rumpus).
• Cmd-delete to delete.
• Set the modification date of downloaded text and binary files to whatever it was on the server.
• Create new shortcuts from the New Connection window.
• Drag-upload to directory icons (not just current directory).
• Notification options, including a custom bark sound.
• Automatic format for uploads.

• Automatic format for uploads.
• Optionally add suffixes to uploaded files.
• MacBinary III support.
• Support for 11 different kinds of proxy servers.
• Support for retrying connection attempts.
• Fixed a bug in S/Key support.
• Fixed a bug with file names with leading spaces.
• Removed obsolete features.
• A number of other minor bugs were fixed.

Credits
Fetch was written by Jim Matthews. This copy of Fetch is a product of Fetch Softworks, under licensefrom Dartmouth College.
Thanks to:• Richard Nelson, for the icon and “running-dog” animation.
• Punch Taylor, for supporting Fetch’s development from 1989 on.
• Tadashi Suzuki and Hart Computer, for the new logo.
• Doug Grinbergs, for finding dozens and dozens of bugs.
• All the users who reported problems and suggested new features.
• All the individuals and companies who licensed version 3.0.
• Cathy MacDonald and Chapin, for the bark.
• ABC's “Who Wants To Be A Millionaire,” for the seed money.
• Margie, for her love, faith, judgement, endurance, and order processing.
• Dylan, for being my defense minister and technology adviser.
• And to Daniel, for being Daniel.