6lo
1948
Rev. de Entomologia,vol. 19, Fasc. 3, Dezembro

509

Noteson the TropicalAmericanspeciesof Tipulidae(Diptera)'v. The specializedHexatomini:Limnophila, shannonomyia,
and Allies'
Gynoplistia,Hexatoma,Atarba,Elephantomyia,
B y C h a r l e s P . A l e x a n d e r , U n i v e r s i _t yo f M a s s a c h u s e t t s ,Departmentof Entomology,Amherst,Massachusetts.
(With 36 ligures)the so-ca!led
In part IV under this generaltitle I cliscussed
primitive Hexatominecrane-f lies, incluclingthose generahaving
it. arculus broken, a'd by their organizationand other factors
indicatingthat they were the nlore generalizedmembersof thetribe. The accompanyingtreatntent considers the remaining
genera,at least two of which, Atarba and Elephantontyia,areso aberrant,that their assignmentto their presentposition nrust
be consideredsomewhatprovisional.
The f ollowing subtribes,genera and subgeneraf all within
the limits of the PresentrePort.
Subtribes
Limnophilaria(continuedf rom
Part IV)

Hexatomaria
Atarbaria
Elephantomyaria

Subgenera
GeneraCtenolimnophilaAlex.: CtenolimnophilaAlex'
CamPbellomYiaAlex.
Abitagua Alexander
MesolimnophilaAlex.
Limnophita Macquart: LimnophilaMacquart
AraucolimnoPhilaAlex.
RoraimomYiaAlex.
SlmrurcnomyiaAlex.
Pilaria Si'ntenis
GynoplistiaWestwood: GynoplistiaWestw.
Dirhipis Enderlein
ParalimnoPhilaAlex.
Eriocertt Macquart
HexatomaLatreille:
CladoliPcsLoew
A t a r b a O s t e n S a c k e :t t A t u r l t a O s t e nS a c k e nIschnothrixBigoto. sack.
ia o. Sack.:Elcphantontyia
Elcphantomf
EleplruntornyinaAlex.

C t e n o I i m n o P h i I a Alexander(typc
C t e n o l i m n o p h i t aA l e x a n d e r ; P r o c . A c a d . N a t . S c i . P l r i l a d e l p h i al 9 2 l : 6 l ; t 9 2 l ;bivena Alexander).

SubgenusC a m p It c ll o rny i a Alexander
G n o p h o m y i a( C a n t p b e t t o m t ' i aA) l e x a n d e r ; A n n . A l a g . N a t . H i s t . , ( 9 ) l 6 : 7 0 - 7 1 ; 1 9 2 5 ;(type alpina Alexander).

SubgenuAs b i t a gua AlexanderC t e n o t i m n o p h i t a( A b i t a g u a ) A l e x a n d e r ; A n n . E n t . S o c . A m e r i c a , 3 7 : 3 1 5 ; 1 9 4 { ( t y p elongilusa Alexander).

Small to mediumsized tlies having the generalappearanceof the Eriopterinegenus Gnophontyia.Antennaeitr typical subgenusshort in both sexes,l6-segmented;flagellar segmentsoval,

510 Alexander,T r o p i c aAl merican
S p e c i eos f r i p u l i d a ev. .

decreasing
in size outwardly;verticilsclistinct,especiallyon theouter segments.
In Abitaguaantennae15-segnlented,
the basal
five flagellarsegments
unitedinto a fusion-segnlent.
Vertexbroad,anterior vertex with a small tubercle.Praescutumnarrowed
anteriorly,producedslightlycephaladover the pronotum;meron
reduced,the middleand hind coxaeapproximatecl.
Legswith thetibial spursdistinctin the local species;clan'slong and simple;
tarsi variablein length, in caseslong ancl nornral, ?S in thesubgenus
Abitagua,rvherethe basitarsusis approximately
tlothirds the tibia and the entire tarsusis subequalin length tothe tibia. In the othersubgeneraand species,
the tarsi are much
shorter,in species
suchas f uscoanalis
the entiretarsusbeinglessthan one-fifth the length of the tibia. In the subgenus
Campbellomyia,
2S it occursin Neu, Zealandwhere it is well
represented,
the tibial spurs may be presentand long, at leaston the posteriorlegs,in pallipesAlexancler;
reducedto smallhairy
spurs,in the subgenotype
alpino; lackingin the other species.
wings (Figs. l-4) with sc moderatelylong, scl. ending
approximatelyoppositethe fork of Rs, Sc2 near its tip; Rs
three-branchediRz-s-+short to very short, less than Rr-,,, (asin bivena,Fig. l; decisa,paulistae,andothers) ; or longer ( serero,Fig. 2) whereit slightlyexceeds
RB-s;ver)'lons in neolintnophiloides(Fig.3) and longifusa(Fig. 4) u'hereir is subequalin
length to the entire anteriorbranchof Rs; RJ usualll'present(Figs. l, 2), subequalto R, -,,; Iacking in neolintnophitoides
andAbitagua(Figs.3, 4). Mediathree-branchecl.
CL.ll.ltr lacking;cell Isf M2 short-rectangular
to elongate;in Ctcnolimnophila,s. s., irregularin outline( Fig. I ), with m nruchshorterthan thebasalsectionof Me; m-cu variable,fronr ncAr the baseof cell
/sf Mz to nearlyoppositemidlength(as in .-lbitagua,
Fig. 4).
In the typical subgenuswith a supernunlerarycrossveinin cellR3 (decisa,f uscoanalis)or with two suchve'ins(ltiveno,Fig. I ),in cells Rs and R+i anteriorarculususualli'preservecl,
brokenin somespecies(as Abitagua,Fig. 4) .
Male hypopygium(as typifiedby hiyena) u,ith the outerdististyleheavily sclerotized,the outer nrargin rvith a seriesof
long spineson outer half, the generalappearancethus much asin Atarba. Interbasesappearingas small curved blades,the tips
pale and setuliferous. Phallosonresnrall, consisting of moreelongate flattened blades, their tips divergent. In severa, theinterbasesare long and conspicuous,
the tips with long setae;
elements0f the phallosomemore reduced.The highly aberrant

Rev. de Entomologia,vol. 19, Fasc. 3, Dezembro 1918

5ll

Abitaguahas the hypopygiummore complexthoughconforrningin its general f eatures; interbaseslacking; gonapophyses
ul clubs that terminatein strong spinous
appearingas powerf
oi thispoints.It may be notedthat in the originaldescription
the positionof the trvo dististylesof the uniquetype
subgenus,slide
on the microscope
seemto have beentwistedand reversecl
as being the inner style seenlsmore
and what was considered
properlythe outer one, thus better confortningto the nature ofin the genus.
the two dististylesfound elsewhere
andCampbellomyio
betweenCtenolimnophila
The distinctions
arc weak and depenclchiefly on the presenceor absenceof
in the wing. As indicatedabove,thecrossveins
supernumeraryof thosespeciesthat havelost the tibial spurs
generalappearance
i. much as in Gnophomyiaanclthe first describedNew Zealandspecieswere referredto that genuswith a question.The presenceof tibial spurs in variousspeciesand, especially,the structure
indicatethat the group has nothingtoof the male hypopygium,and seemsbestplacedwith the Hexatomini.
do with Gnophontyia, 37: 315; 1944),
As regardsAbitagua(Ann. Ent. Soc.America
that the group was
it was indicatedin the original descriptions
aberrantand might well be f ound to representa valid genus'of the homologies
I placeit with the presentgenuschieflybecause
whichneolimnophiloides
of wing venationwith Ctenolimnophila
to belong to this genusbut with f uller
seemsunquestionably
knowledgemay prove to fall with the presentfly.
Besidesthe specieslisted below, six f urther speciesof
are found in New Zealandrvherethey inhabit
Campbellontyia
areasin both islancls.Nothing is knorvnof thernountainous
immaturestages.
List ol Species
CtenolimnoPhilab i v e n aA l e x a n d e r . A m a z o n i a nB r a z i l , P e r u 'British Guiana.
decisaAlexander.
fuscoanalisAlexander. surinam, easternBrazil.
CampbellomYia
Alexander.- southeasternBrazil.
ncolimnophiloides
Brazil'paulistaeAlexander. Southeastern
Ecuador.
severa Alexander.
Abitagua
Iongifusa Alexander.

Ecuador.

The wing venation of bivena (Fig. I ), neolimnophiloides( F i g . 3 ) , s e v e r a( F i g . 2 ) a n d l o n g i f u s o( F i g . 4 ) a r e s h o w n .

512 Alexander,T r o p i c a lA m e r i c a nS p e c i e o
s f T i p u l i d a eV. .

M es o / i m no p lti I s Alexander
P o l y m o r i a P l t i l i p p i ; V c r h . z o o l . b o t . C e s . W i e n , l 5 : 6 0 8 ; 1 8 6 5 ;p r e o c c u p i e d ; ( t y p elutea Philippi).
M e s o l i n t n o p h i l a A l c x a n d e r; D i p t . P a t a g o r r i aC t S . C h i l e, l : 1 2 9 - 1 3 0 ,p l . 3 , f i g . 0 7( w i n g ) ; 1 9 2 9 ; ( t y p e l u t e a P l r i l i p p)i.
P o l y p r a e s i d i a A l i l l e r ; P r o c . R o y . E n t . S o c . L o n d o n , B , T a . r o n o m,y 7 2 ; 1 9 4 5 ; ( t y p el u t ea P h i l i p p i ) .

Rostrum moderatelyelongate,approximatelyas Iong asremainderof head,the lengthfrom two to four tirnesthe diameter;
palpi 4-segmented,
placednear apex of rostrum.Antennael6segmented; scape elongate, pedicel subpyriform; f lagellar
segnrents
long-oval,decreasing
in size outwardly,verticilslonger
than the segments.
Head narrowedposteriorly.Pronotunrmassive.
Mesonotalpraescutunrwithout tuberculatepits; pseudosutural
f oveae virtually lacking, appeanng as delicate hook-shaped
impressions
on extrenrelateral margin of sclerite.Legs clothedwith very conspicuouserect setae; tibial spurs long andconspicuous;
claws long and slender,smooth.Wings with cell
C broad; vein Sc of moderatelength,both Scr and Scr about
oppositethe fork of Rs, the latterlong, arcuatedor angulatedand
short-spurredat origini Rz-yE subequalto basal sectionof Rsi
R t -, about one-halflonger than Rzi inner ends of cells Rn, Rs
and 1sf M2 in transverse( lutea) to very oblique alignment( hirsutipes), in the latter case with cell /sf Mz lying f urthest
proxinrad;cell ML subequalto or longer tltan its petiole;m-cu
at or near midlengthof cell Ist Mil vein 2nd A long, sinuous;
Macrotrichiarelativelysparse,on veinsanteriorarculuspreserved.
proximadof cord chiefly confined to the distal ends or lacking.
Male hypopygiumwith the medianareaof ninth tergiteproduced
and with a deep U-shapednotch. Basistyleslong; interbases
small,eachterminatingin trvo acutespines.Outer dististylelong
and slender,terminatingin a single gently curved black spine;outer margin on distal half to two-thirds with conspicuous
Inner dististylespines,the basalhalf to third setiferous.
appressed
lessthan one-halfthe lengthof the outer,fleshy.Aedeaguslong.
The venationof the genotype,lutea,is shown (Fig. 5). The
rostrum and male hypopygiumof hirsutipeshave been f igured
earlier ( Dipt. Patagoniad S. Chile, | , f igs. 203, 204; 1929).
As was indicatedin the paper cited, it is possiblethat f urther
studieswill show that the genusfalls in the Pseudolinrnophilaria.
Nothingis known of the immaturestagesof eitherof the known
species.

Rev. de Entomologia,Vol. 19, Fasc. 3, Dezentbro19.18

513

List of Species
Iutea (Philippi). SouthChile.
hirsutipesAlexander.- SouthChile.

Fig. l. Ctenolimnophila (Ctenollmnophila) hivena Alexander; v e n a t i o n .
Fig. 2.
Ctenolimnophila (Campbellomj'ia) severa Alexander: r'cnation.
Fig. 3. Ctenolimnophila (Campbcllomyia)naolimnophiloidcsAlexander; r'erration.- Fig. 4. Ctenolimnophila( Abitagua) longilusa Alexandcr.

Limnopltila

MacquartI-imnolthilallacquart: Suites i Buffon, l: 95: lft3-l: (type pictipcnnis Meigen).
L i m n o m r a R o n d a n i :P r o d r o m u sD i p t e r o l o g i a eI t a l i c a c .-, l ( C o r r i g e n d a ) :I I ; l 8 6 l ; ( t y p e
p i c t i p c n n i si \ { e i g e )n.
P o a c i l o s t o l a S c h i n e r ; W i e n . E n t o m o l . A l o n a t s c h. r, i : 2 2 2 ; t t i 6 3 ; ( t y p e p i c t i p e n n i s. \ l e i g c n) .
t

S u b g e n u sA r a u c o I i m n o p h i I a A l e x a n d e r
L i m n o p h i l a ( A r a u c o l i m n o p h i l aA) l e x a n d e r ;R * ' . C l r i l e n aN a t . H i s t . , 4 3 : 1 7 7 ; 1 0 3 9 ;(type wolllhiigeh Alexander;.

S u b g e n u sR o r a i m o m y i a A l e x a n d e r
Limnophila (Roraimomyis)Alexander;Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 28: 323; lg35; (typep e r m o n s t r a t aA l e x a n d e r ) .

The vast genus Limnophila,as still constituted,includesa
heterogeneousgroup of f orms that requiremuch more study andcritical comparisons,not only of the adults but very especiallyof the immaturestages.Rather numeroussubgenerahave been
proposedand recognizedbut there still remain in nrost of thefaunal areasof the World aberrantand poorly understoodspecies
whosepositionin subgenerastill remainsuncertain.The various
statementsmade below center about the subgenotype,withcomparisonsof speciesthat certainlyappearto be consubgeneric.

514 Alexander,..
T r o p i c a lA m e r i c a nS p e c i e so f T i p u l i d a eVnarrowedbehind. Antennae16Head in the subgenotype
commonlyshort in both sexes;long and f iliform insegmented,
variousregionalspecies,as filiformis, pergracilis,and others.
Pronotumlarge and massive,the siclesnot producedcephalad;relativelyinconspicuous.
suturebetweenthe scutumand scutellurn
foveaerelativelylarge andpits and pseudosutural
Tuberculate
Legs with tibial spurs present( in local species)
conspicuous.
;
Wings
clawsusuallysimple,very stronglyspinedin ctenonyclts.
andwith cell Mr usuallypresent,lackingin certainsubgenera
venatiouof the outer nredial
individualspecies;in bullockiane,field pectinateby the atrophyof basalsectionof vein ll[si nt-ctt
well beyondthe fork of M, often at or close to midlengthof(FiS. 6). Trichiaof wingcell lst M2; anteriorarculuspreserved
cells usuallylacking,presentin a ferv species,as sparsissima;tergiteswith
withoutsetae.Abdonrinal
stigmaglabrous;squamae
this conditionmuch
linesin the subgenotype,impressedtransverse
underPart
as discussed
as in Epiphragmoand Pseudolimnophila,
IV of this seriesof Notes,theselinesvagueor lackingin many
species.Male hypopygiumwith the outer f ace of the outerglabrousin certainextralinrital
dististylehairy in subgenotype,varitluslyrnodifiedin
Aedeagusand gonapophyses
subgenera.
and well markedspeciesgroups.A conlmon
differentsubgenera
stout attclbroadtype in TropicalAmericashowsthe aedeagus
within.
based,with the penisstronglytwistedor corrvoluted
g guttulcttissimaof the undulatagroup,includin
The menrbersof the( Fig. 6) seemmost closelyto approachthe characters
pictipennis.
subgenotype,beingunusuallywell
The genusLimnophilais Cosnropolitan,in the HolarcticRegion,rvith individualsubgenera
represented
in otherfaunalareas.
donrinantgroupsbecoming
and well-marked
The immaturestagesof nlany speciesare now known,allbeingfoundin wet earthin marshyor boggyareas,alongstreams,
and in similarmoist situations.
List of Species
obstrusaAlexander. Chile, Patagonia.
Paraguay.
angustilineataAlexander.
araucaniaAlexander. Chile.
Chile.
armigera Alexander.
bullockianaAlexander. Chile.
SoutheasternBrazil.
charon Alexander.
(Blanchard).
Chile.
?chilensis
Chile.
? c i n e r e a( P h i l i p p i ) .
ctenonychaAlexander. South Chile.
Brazil.
?decasbila(Wiedemann)

Rev. de Entomologia,Vol. 19, Fasc. 3, Dezembro 1948

515

Costa Rica, Panama,Venezuela.
dictyopteraAlexander.
SoutheasternBrazil.
expressaAlexander.
euthetaAlexander. Chile.
South Chile.
leriata Alexander.
South Chile.
liliformis Alexander.
(Bigot)Tierra del Fuego.
?flavicauda
guttulatissimaAlexander.
Costa Rica.
SoutheasternBrazil.
hoffmannianaAlexander.
South Chile, Patagonia.
humidicolaAlexander.
South Chile, Patagonia.
inculta Alexander.
Alexander. British Guiana, Venezuela.
kaietur,ana
SoutheasternBrazil.
kertiszi Alexander.
IeucostigmaAlexander. SoutheasternBrazil.
Chile.
litigiosa Alexander.
lloydi Alexander. Colombia.
madida Alexander.- Mexico.
melica Alexander. Chile.
South Chilc.
nemorivag,aAlexander.
oiticicai,sp. n.
SoutheasternBrazil.
(pallens Philippi, see Aphro'phila,Part II).
pergracilis Alexander.
Ecuador.
procella Alexander. Peru.
pullipes Alexander.
SoutheasternBrazil.
roroima Alexander. Venezuela.
roraimicolaAlexander. Venezuela.
Peru.
rubeculaAlexander.
Paraguay.
schadeiAlexander.
seclusaAlexander. Chile.
sparsissirnaAlexander.
South Chile.
spinulosaAlexander. Ecuador,Peru.
?tenella (t'}hilippi).
Chile.
tltcrasiaeAlexander. Southeastern[] razil.
u r t r l u l a t a( B e l l a r d i ) .
Mexico.

Besidesthe variousspeciesrvhosestrict genericpositionis
questionedabove, I u,ould call attentit'rnalso to charon, which
may be found to fall in the Pscuckrlinrnophilaria.
SubgenusA r a u c o I i nt n o p h i I a Alexander

Charactersas in typical Limnopltils but with a strongsupernumerarycrossveinabovethe origin
in cell C, irnnrediately
cell Mt shorter thah itsof Rs; cell Ra very short-petiolate;petiole;nbcu beyondtwo-thirdsthe lengthof cell /sf Mzi no
supernumeraryveinsor foldsbehindthe Anal veins,as is common
Hexatonrini;in the more generalized
anteriorarculuspreserved.
( Fig. 7) . Antennae16-segmented;
basalf our f lagellarsegments
cylindrical,withtumid,especiallythe first; sllcceeding
segments
long coarseverticilsthat exceedthe segmentsin length. No
pits; pseudosutural
foveaelarge.The type and only
tuberculate'
known species is Limnophila ( Araucolimnophila)wolffhiigeli
Alexander,of SouthChile ( Fig. 7) .

516

Alexander,s f T i p u l i d a eV. .
T r o p i c a lA m e r i c a tSr p e c i e oSubgenusR o r e i m o nt y i a AlexandercCharactersas in typical Limnophilabut with the wings andhalteresentirelylacking.Correlatedwith this apterouscondition,
the following modificationsof thoracicstructureare found.
flattened,the limits of the indiviclualscleritesscarcely
mesonotumTheby this dorsoventraldepression.
indicated;pleura restricteci
type and only known speciesis Limnopltilo(Roraimomyia)permonstralnAlexander,still known only fronr the suntmitof Mountthat this is the only
It may be enrphasized
Roraima,Venezuela.
crane-flyknown that has lost the halteres.Despitethis striking
character,the structureof the ntale hypopygitrmshows clearly
that the group falls in the presentgenusor, possibly,in the allied
Shannonomyia.
The following notes on the occurrenceof this curious fly
were made by the collector,the late Dr. John G. Myers, on"Runningvery
Roraima,altitude8,500 feet, Novenrber20, 1932.
actively over the ground in the lower places, especiallysandy
spotsnear the lagoons.Not unccnlnlonbut patchyin distribution".

t

L i m n o p l t i l c t o i t i c i c c t i , s p .n .
Size small (wing, nrale, 7 mnr.); rnesottotuntSray, thepraescutumwith a conspicuousclark bron'u central stripe, thesublateralones much less distinct; r,vingshubhyalinewith an
unusuallypale brown patternthat is chieflyrestrictedto the cells
before the wing
beyondthe cord, includinga banclimnrediately
tip; Rr-e-+ about twice as long as the basal sectionof R5; malehypopygium with the ninth tergite notched medially; outerdististyleheavily blackened,very unequallybifid at apex, theouter anglea straightpowerfulspine,directedoutlvard,the lower
angle a low, broadly flattenedlobe.
M a I e.
L e n g t h ,a b o u t 6 . 5 m m . ; w i n g , 7 m m . ; a n t e n n a ,a b o u t1 . 1m m .
Rostrum black, sparsely pruinose; palpi black. Antennae
short; scapebrown, rerttainderof organ black; flagellarsegments
basal segments
suboval,with a dense erect white pubescence;
more producedon ventralface, the longestverticilson the outerface. Head dark gray; anteriorvertex relativelynarrow.
Pronotumgray. Mesonotalpraescutumgray with a narrow
but conspicuousdark brown median stripe that narrows to apoint behind,the sublateralstripesless distinct; humeralregionof praescutumrestrictedlyyellowed; posteriorscleritesof notumcIVol. 19, Fasc.3, Dezembro1948
Rev. de Entomologia,

517

chiefly brownish gray. Pleura dark graY,includingthe dorsopleural region. Halterespale, knob infuscated. Legs with thecoxae brownish griry; trochantersobscure brownish yellow;
remainder
femorabrownishblack,setaerelativelyinconspicuous;

t'ig. 6. Limnophila (L-I.mnophil-a).
Fig. 5. Mesolimnophilalutea (Philippi); venation.
F!e. i . Limnophila ( Araucolimnophila)
gttttulatissima AlExander; venatioir.
F i g . 8 . S h a n n o n o m y i ac i n g a r a ,- s p . _ . 4;.. v e n a t i o . n .
r i ' o'U
Fhfi gi i .g e l i A l e x a n d e r ; v e n a t i o n .
Fig. 10. Pilaria rubel,a9 . S h a n n o n o m y i au m b r a , s p . n . ; v e n a t i o n
F i g . l l . S h a n n o n o m y i ac i n g a r a , s p . n . ; m a l e h y p o p y g i u m .
Alexanller; venation. F i s . 1 2 . S h a n n o n o m t , i al o n g i r a d i a l i s A l e r a n d e r ; m a l e h y p o p y g i u m . - - F i g . 1 3 .
( S y m b o l s : a , a e d e a g u s ;D ,untbra, sp. n.; ntale hypopygium.
Shannonontyia
b a s i s t y l e ;d , d i s t i s t y l e ;g , g o n a p o p h y s i st ,; t e r g i t e ) .

of leg black. Wings subhyaline,with an unusuallypale brownpattern that is chiefly restrictedto the cells beyond the cord;
very pale cloudsat origin of R.s,tip of 2nd A and at midlengthof leg black. Wings subhyaline,with an unusuallypale browne n d o f c e l l / s f M t i a p a l e a n d i n c o n s p i c u o ubsa n d b e f o r ew i n g

518 Alexander,

TropicaAl merican
S p e c i eos f T i p u l i d a eV. .

tip, beyondwhich is a vaguelypaler area; stigmapale, darker
at either end; veins brown. Venation:Sct endingjust beyond
the levelof fork of Rs, Scr longer,near its tip; Rr-r more than
twice Rzi Rz-s-qabout twice the basal sectionof Rsi cell Mr
about three-fifthsas long as its petiole; m-cu nearly its own
length beyondthe fork of M.
Abdomenblack, the intermediatesternitesa tritle more
Male hypopygiumwith the regionof the ninth tergite
reddened.
deeplynotched,the lobesbroad,their apicesslightlyemarginate,
more producedadjoiningthe notch. Outer dististyleappearing
rod, very unequallybifid at tip, the outer
as a strongblackened
angle a straight porverfulspine, the lower angle a broadly
coarseerect
flattenedlobe; lower surfaceof stylewith numerous
setae.Inner dististyleshorter,the outer two-thirdsa cylindricallobe.
Brazil.
Habitat: Southeastern
Holotype,6 , Terezopolis,
Rio de Jarreiro,
Januaryl, 1947

(J. OiticicaFilho).
I am pleasedto name this fly for the collector,Mr. J. O'iticicaFilho.
most similar to LimnophilaexpressoAlexander,
Among the regionalspecies,
w h i c h i s l a r g e r ,w i t h d i s t i n c tv e n a t i o na n d b o d y c o l o r a t i o na n d w i t h t h e
structure of the male hypopygiumquite different.

S h an n o n o my i a Alexander
S h a n n o n o m y i aA t e x a n d e r ; D i p t . P a t a g o n i a t t S . C h i l e , l :1 9 2 9 ; ( t y p e l e n t a O s t e n S a c k e n) .

1 1 2 - 1 1 3 ,f i g s . 7 3 - 7 5 ,2 1 2 ;shortor of moderate
Rostrumshort.Antennael6-segnrented,
length,more rarely elongate;scapeelongate;verticils'relatively
foveaevery snrall;tuberculate
short.Vertexbroad.Pseudosutural
exceptpits lacking.Tibial spurspresent.Wings f ully developedin minutipennis.
Venation(Figs. 8, 9) ' Sc short to very short,Sc, ending oppositeor before the f ork of Rs, Scr close to orslightlyremovedfrom its tip; Rs usuallyshort,stronglyarcuatedto angulatedat origini Rz-s-+ long to very long, Rr-n usuallylacking, Rz thus arisingcloseto end of R2-3-a;in somespecies(includingbrevinervis,
necree,triangularis)vein Ra-* is present
Gonoinyia-likeshortened,with cell Re correspondingly; vein Rz
generallysubequalto Rr-:r; inner endsof cellsRa, R5 and lst M2
in transversealignment; cell Mt lacking; cell 1s/ M2 usuallyclosedin such caseslong to very long, often irregularin outline
by inequalitiesof m and basal sectionof hI$ in casescell Mz
open by the atrophy of m (as in tenigntatica,nQcrer, orophila,
triangularis,and others); m-cu beneathcell /sf Mr, in some,asVol. 19, Fasc.3, Dezembro1948
Rev. de Entomologia,

519

and trianguleris,closerto the fork of M;
enigmaticct,ant,arctica
Wing cells usually glabrous,rarely
anteriorarculuspreserved.
in outer cells.Male hypopygiumwith basistyles
with macrotrichia
two, broadly(Figs. 11-13)relativelylong and slender.Dististyles
interconnectedat base; outer style slender, narrowedto apex
which is usuallybifid; outer surface of style with long coarseof moderatelengthto elongate.Ovipositorwith
setae.Aedeagus
valves.
elongatesclerotized
I n additionto the relativelynumerousspeciesin the local
includingthe genotype,
fauna,as listedbelow,two furtherspecies,
occur in the NearcticRegion.To the presentdate the genericdiagnosisincludesonly thoseforms havingcell Mr lackingand
it is probablethat certainspeciesat presentplacedin the genus
nraylikewisebe betterplaced
LimnophilahavingcellM1 preserved
In suchan event,sonteof the includedmembers
in Shannonomyio.
in distribution.
nlay be Australasianstagesare found in rvet earth at marginsof
The inrnraturestrearrts
and poncls.
List of Species
adumbrataAlexander.- Mexico.
enigmaticc Alexander.- South Chile.
antarctica(Walker). - Straits of Magellan.
araguae Alexander.- Venezuela.
EcuaCorargenticepsAlexander.
Panama.
atroapicalisAlexander.
austrolathraeaAlexander. Ecuador,Bolivia.
South Chile, Patagonia.
horilochensisAlexandei.
H i s p a n i o l a :H a i t i .
hatesi Alexander.
b o g o t e n s i sA l e x a n d e r . C o l o m b i a .
b r e v i c u l aA l e x a n d e r . C u b a .
b r e v i n e r v i sA l e x a n d e r . S o t r t hC h i l e .
brunerianabrunarianaAlexander.- Culla
brunerianaforticornis Ale.rander. Cuba.
cacoxenaAlexander.- Patagortia.
cacoxenq.
cacoxenamendicaAlexander. Patagonia.
caesiaAlexander. SoutheasternBrazil.
Ecuador.
cerbereanaAlexander.
Chile.
?cineracea(Philippi).
Peru.
cingara, sp. n.
dampli Alexander. Mexico.
erubescensAlexander.- SoutheasternBrazil.
gracilior Alexander.- SoutheasternBrazil.
haitensisAlexander. Hispaniola;Haiti.
hoffmani Alexander.
Puerto Rico.
ignava Alexander. Peru.
jaffueli Alexander. Chile.
justa Alexander.
SoutheasternBrazil.
l a t h r a e a( A l e x a n d e r ) . C o l o m b i a .
lenitatis Alexander.
Mexico.

520 Alexander,

S p e c i eos f T i p u l i d a eV' 'TropicaAl merican

lentina Alexander. Mexico'
IentoidesAlexander. Guatemala'Ieonard,iAlexander. Puerto Rico'longiradialisAlexander. South Chile'
meiophragmaAlexander. Cuba'
Alexander.- Cuba'
meso'phragmoides
minuiipennisAlexander. Patagonia'
mocteiumaAlexander.- Mexico'
myersianaAlexander. Jamaica'- Jamaica'
nacrea(Alexander).
olssoni(Alexander). Panama.
oro'phila(Alexander). Colombia'
ovaliformisAlexander. Mexico'
paraguayensis-penumbrosaAlexander. Paraguay'
Alexander. Chile.
Alexander. Peru.
phaeostigm'a-phragmophora
Cuba.
-protuberans Alexander.
Alexander.- Mexico.
-roraimensis
Alexander. Venezuela'
Alexander. Cuba.
scoramuzzai
Alexander. Hispaniola:l)ominicanRepublic.
septempunctata
soporsAlexander. Peru.
Alexander. Ecuador.
sparsipuncta?stigmatica(PhiliPPi). Chile.
triaigularis Alexander. Puerto Rico.
umbro,sp. n. - Peru.
?venosa(PhiliPPi). Chile.
(PhiliPPi). Chile.
?verecunda
vocatorAlexander. Ecuador.
Brazil.
zernyanaAlexa'nder. Southeastern

S f t an n o n o n T y i o I o n g i r a d i a l i s

Alexander

Soc" 3?: 96-97; 1929'
S h a n n o n o m y i al o n g i r a d i a l i sA l e x a n d e r ; J o u r n . N . Y . E n t 'The uniquetypewas from Ancucl,ChiloeIsland,south chile,collectednpiit 2-7, 1920, by J. Chc'sterBradley. The male( Fig. 12). The homology
hypopygiumof the type is illustratecl
plate at the base of the aedeagusretnainsof the elongate-ovalin question.
S h o n n o n o m Y i a c t n g Q r Q ,s P 'n 'Mesonotumntediumbrown, the praescutumdarker medially;antennaerelativelylong, if bent backward extendingnearly to
the wing root; f emora brown, the outer segmentsof the legs
deepeningto black; wings yellow, restrictedlypatternedwith
brown; Sc long, Sc, ending beyonclthe level of the fork of Rs;
m-cu at or beyondmidlengthof cell lst M2; abdomenblack, thewithbase of the ttypopygiumbrownish yellow; rttalehypopygiunr

th
a

a

r
e

S

(

I

I

Rev. de Entomologia,Vol. 19, Fasc. 3, Dezembro1948

521

the tergal lobesvery low; outer dististylebidentateat apex,theaxial spinebeing the lower or more ventralin position.
Length, about 5.5-6 nlm.; rving, 5.8-6.2 mm.;l\1a I e.
antentta,about I .6-I .8 mm.
Rostrunt brownish black; palpi black. Antennae (male)it bent backward
relativelylong, as shown by the nleasurntents,
extendingneirly to the wing root, black throughout; f lagellarr,vith long sparse verticils andsegmentselongate-cylirrdrical,
abundanterectshortersetaeover the eutiresegment.Head brown,
nlore grayisSin f ront; posteriorvertexwith a capillaryblackenedm e d i a nv i t t a .
pronotunrbrownish gray. Mesonotutttchietly medittmbrown,
the praescutuntwith a darker brown median stripe, the lateral
stripls lacking; centers of scutal lobes darkened; scutellum
light g'ay. Pleuraand pleurotergite
brownishyellow; mecliotergite
brownishgray. Halteresobscureyellorv.Legs rvith coxaebrownish
yellow, nlore or less pruirrose;trociiantersyellow; femora brorvn,
somewhatbrighteneclbasally; tibiae lrrorvttishblack; tarsi blacl<.
Wings ( Fig. 8) yellor,v,the ltrearculai ancl costal f ields clearer
yellow;a restrictedbrown pattern,ittclrrdinsthe stigmaanclseams-atorigin of Rs, along corcl and outer end of cell /s/ Mzi veinsbrown, yellow in the brighteneclareas.Venation: sc lon$, sc t
ending just beyond the level of fork of Rs, Sc, at its tip andbeyondthis leveli Rz subequalto Rr-r, just beyondthe base of..it Rs; inner enclsof cells Rn, Rr and /s/ M2 in transversea l i g n m e n t ;r - m s t r o n g l ya r c u a t e d ;m - c u u s u a l l yl y i n g f a r c l i s t a d ,at near three-fourthsthe length of cell 1.sffu\.,oi' approxirnately
i t s o w n l e n g t h o r l e s s b e t o r et h e f t l r k t l t , 1 I ' ,t-, i n c a s e s ,c l o s e r
t o m i d l e n g t ho f t h e c e l l ; c e l l / . s l , 1 I , n c a r l - r ' A lSo r t ga s t l t c t l i s t a ls e c t i o no f v e i n M r . - r . o n e p a r a t ) ' p eh a s c c l l . 1 1 ", f o n L ' $ ' i n g
o n l y o p e n b y t h e a t r o p h yo f t h e b a s a l s e c t i o t t ) i ' 1 l r 'Abdomen black; linth tergite of tttale brtlrt'nishyellol,
basistylesdarkened.Male hypop)'siunr( Fiil. I I ) *'ittr the tergal
Outerlobes,gt, very low, the medianarea shallou'iyetttargitrate.
indististyle,d, slender,bidentateat tip, the axial spine ventral
position,t5e secondspineon outer rnargirt;st1'lervith conspicllous
erectsetaeon ventralsurface,thoscof clistalhalf of outer surface
more appressed.Aedeagus,e, elongate,co'voluted inside thesheath.
H a b i t a t :P e r u .
Holotype, 6 , SariapaffiPs,Ilualtttco,altittrde3,600 meters,3{522 Alexander,T r o p i c a lA m e r i c a nS p e c i e o
s f T i p u l i d a eV. .

paratopotypes,
in fog forest,May2, 1946(Woytkowski).
2 6 6,
May 7, 1946(Woytkowski).
The presentfly is generallysimilarto speciessuchas Shannonomyia
cacoxenaAlexander,being readily distinguishedby the moderat-ely
lengthened
antennae,more heavilypattern,edwings, in4 the details of
structureof the male hypopygium.

S h a n n o n o m y i a u m l t r a , s p .n .
Size relativelylarge (wing, male, over g mm.); mesonotal
praescutumwith threeblack stripes;posteriorscleritesof notum
graY,the scutelluntwith a capillary black vitta; f enroraobscureyellow, the tips passinginto brownish black; wings with abrownish tinge, restrictedly patterned rvith brown Rz_siapproximately
one-halfvein R2im-cuat neartrro-fift6sthe lengttr
of cell lst M2; ntalehypopygiunr
with the tergallebc.sunusually
slender;outerdististyle
very unequalty
biclentaie
at tip,the lower
spinesubapicaland rnuchreducecl.
M a I e.
Length,about 7.5 mnl w i n . q ,8 . 2 n l n l . ; a n t e n n a ,about 1.7mnr.
Rostrum and palpi black, the forrner slightly pruinose.
Antennaeshort, black throughout;f lagellar sc'gnrents
krng-oval,s u b e q u a li n I e n g t h t o t h e v e r t i c i l s .H e a d b l a c k , g r a ) , p r u i n o s e ,t h e o r b i t s n a r r o w l y l i g h t e r g r a y ; a c a p i l l a r yb l a c k v i t t a o n t h eposteriorvertex, narrorveclbehincl.
P r o n o t t t n tg r a y ' p r t t i t l o s c ' .M e s o n o t a lp r a e s c u t u mw i t h t h einterspaces
brorl'n,the lateral ancl hurneralborclersclearer gray;three black stripes,the rttedianone deeperin color, subnitidous;
scutallobesrvith subnitidousblackenecl
centers;posteriorsclerites
of notum gray with a capillary black nredian vitta extencling
rnidlengthof the scutuntover the scutellurn,wiclenecl
behind.
lot
PIeura and pleurotergiteblack, heavily gray plrint-rse.Haltereswith stentyellow, knob large,weakly infuscateci.
Legs lvith coxae
black, sparselypruinose; trochantersobsctrrebrrlu'nishyellow;
f e m o r a o b s c u r ey e l l o w , t h e t i p s p a s s i n t i n t o b r o w p i s hblack;
tibiae yellowishbrown, the tips clarker;tarsi passinginto black.
Wings (Fig. 9) with a brownishtinge, the prearcularand costal
f ields nrore yellowed; stigma oval, brou,n very restricted;
andinconspicuous
brown seamsat origin of Rs, ou.i cord and more
evidc't along vein cu in cell M; veins brown, yellow
in theb r i g h t e n e df i e l d s . V e n a t i o n : S c , e n d i n g a b o u t o p p o s i t ethree-its
f ourths the length of Rs, sc, a short clistancef rorn
tip; Rz_g
approxinrately
one-halfRr; inner enclsof cellsR., Ru and I st M,,

I

I
I
i

t

I
t

Rev. de Entomologia,vol. 19, Fasc. 3, Dezembro1948

523

transversealignment;cell 1s/ IvI, about equal in length tothe distal sectionof Ms; m-cu at near two-fifthsthe lengthof
cell l st LIz or about its own lengthbeyondthe fork of M.
ln

Abdomen,includinghypopygium,black. Male hypopygium( Fig. 13) with the lobes of the tergite,9t, unusuallyslender,
subacuteat tips. Outer dististyle,d, a simple setiferous rod,
narrowedto a strongblackenedspine,with a small subterminal
denticleon lower nrargin;setaeover most of the surface,thoseof the outer f ace long, appressed.Inner dististylea shorterby pale membrane
cultriform blade, the two stylesseparatecl
provicledrvith abundantsetae.Structuresinterpretedas beingg, appearas small sinuousblades,the tips as
gonapophyses,
Q, with the penisweaklysinuous
curvedacutespines.Aedeagus,
within the sheath.
or convoluted
Habitat:Peru.
2,800 meters, inHolotype,6, Carpish,Huanuco,altitr-rde
dwarf rain forest,October19, I 946 (Woytkowski).
The presentfly superficiallyresemblesspeci'essuch as Shannonomyia
Alexindei and S: cacoxenaAlexancler,of Patagonia andbarilochensis
South Chile, differiirg in the details of colorationof the body and wings
and in the venationand structureof the male hypopygium.

Pilaria

Sintenispllicornis Zetterstedt
P i l a r i a S i n t e n i s ;S i t z g b e r . N a t u r f . C e s . D o r p a t , 8 : 3 9 8 ; 1 8 8 8 ; ( t y p e= m e r i d i a n aS t a c g e r ) .
25: 917;
Limnophitu (Eulimnophila) Alexander; Cornetl Unir'. Agr' Expt. Sta. Mem'l g l g ; ( t 1 ' P et r n u i P e sS a Y ) .

I{
t

Heacl broacl, nclt narrowecl behind. Prollotum small'foveae large.
Tuberculatepits snrall but eviclent;pseudostttttral
short to elongatein the tnalesof a f ew
Antennael6-segmentecl,
flagellar verticils of unusttal
species,incluclingthe subgerrotype;
length, much longer than the segmentsexcept in those species
having the organ elongate,in theselatter specieswith additional
erect setae scatteredover their length. Legs with tibial spurs
Wings ( Fig. 10) with Sc relativelyshort,
long and conspicuous.
Sc, ending oppositeor before the fork of the long Rs; Rr-s-+
elongate,in longitudinalalignmentlvith Rqi R z at or close tofork of R.-s-+, Rr-s thus short or lacking;inner ends of cells
Rn, RsVnO t st M2 in approxinratetransversealignment;cell Mr
presentor lacking,presentin the localspecies;m-clt approximately
bppositenricllengthof cell l st IvI2,in casessonle distancebeyond
this point; anteriorarculuspreserved.Squamawith setae;stigma
with ntacrotrichia,these lacking in the wing cells. Abdominal
34r

524

Alexander,T r o p i c a lA m e r i c a n
S p e c i eos f T i p u l i d a eV. .

tergiteswithout transverseimpressedareas. Male hypopygiumwith two dististyles,
the outer one bearingdelicatesetulaeon
outer f ace near base;style terminatingin an acute. spine,with
microscopic
spinulaeon lower marginback from this point.
The genusPilaria is essentially
Holarcticin its distribution,with a few speciesin the OrientalRegion.The local speciesare
Piloria rubcllaAlexander( Fig. 10) and P. tenuipes(Say), botlr
f rom Mexico.
The imntaturestagesof severalof the Holarcticspeciesare
known. These live in the ooze and senrisuspended
silt at thentargittsof water,particularly
pondsand bogs;in casesthe larvae
are found in the thin silt layersaccunlulating
betweensodden
and partly decayedleavesin such places.
Speciesof tire closelyrelateclgenusUlomorphaOstenSacken
may occur in northernMcxico since representatives
are knownfrom southernCalifornia.Speciesof this genus have rnost of
the charactersdescribedfor Pileria but have the wing cells
providedwith abundantmaci'otrichia
and with cell Rs of wings
sessileor very short-petiolate.
G y n o p I i s t i a Westn'oocl
Cynoplistia Westrvood;I-ondon d Edinburgh
6: 230; lS35; (type vllis
W a l k e r , a s n e r v o s a W e s t r v o o)d.
A n o p l i s t e sW e s t r v o o d ;Z o o l . J o u r n . , 5 , n o .
( tl'pe vilis Walker; as
nervosa Westrvood).
V a r i c g a t aB i g o t ; A n n . S o c . E n t . F r a n c e . ( 3 ) 2 :(type bella Walker, as
gj'noplistioidesBigot).
Variptera Bigot; Ann. Soc. Ent. Frarrcu. (3) 2:-{; (type bella Walker,
a s g y n o p l i s t : o i d t sB i g o t) .
C t t : d o n i aP h i l i p p i ; V e r h . z o o l . - b o t .G e s . \ \ / i e n . . l 5 :; (tl'pe hicolor Philippi).
C l o r t i o l t h o r aS c h i n e r ; V e r h . z o o l . - b o t . G e s . \ \ ' i c n .
I St)(i; ( type suhlasclata
Waiker,l.
Caenurthria Thomson; Eugenics Resa, Diptcra, p
9. fig. l; 1869; (typev i r i d i s W e s t r v o o)d.
S c c p a s m aE n d e r l e i;n Z o o l . A n z e i g . , 4 g : t j O ; l g l i ; ( t t ' p e h i p u n t ' t a t u n tP h i l i p p i ) .

S u b g e n u sD i r h i p s E n d e r l e i n
D i r h i p s E n d e r l e i n; Z o o l . A n z e i g . , . l g : 5 t t ; l 0 l ? ;(type rittlt,lianu Entlcriein).

Subgenus P a r a I i m n o trtlt i t u Alexaniler
L i m . n o p h i l a ( P a r a l i m n o . p h i l a )A l e x a n d e r ; A n n . , \ t a g .
(type laucophaeta Skuse).

Nat. l{ist.. (g) 8:559-560; lg2l;

One of the dominant protean genera of Tipulidae,greatly
developedin the AustralasianRegion,u'ith fewer representatives
i n t h e N e o t r o p i c sv, i r t u a l l y a l l i n t h e C h i l e a nS u b r e g i o n .
Five apparentlyvalid subgeneraare rccognizecl,\
the threenamed above occurring in the local fauna. Besidesthese,twoothers briefly discussecl
belorv arc restrictccito the Australasiantfauna.
j
Gynoplistia Westrvoocl.Antennaeof nrale sex branched,in
:
.E--

1948
Rev. cle Entonrologia,Vol. 19, Fasc. 3, Dezentbro

525

in othersthcselonsrandbranches,
caseswith shortinconspicuous
antennaeof f entales
gracetul,producinga flub.ltut. appearatlcc;
irr
necessarily
less stronglybraniheclthan in the r'ales anclnot
brattcltes
a propoitLnal clegree,sonleof the ttralesrvith longestofhaving unusuallyshort ones in the fentales;the minitntttttaritennal
branchingin the femalesis a slight serration. The
rangebetn'ccrl
as now cOnsideredin the typicalsubgenus
segments:
13 and 24, in the local lur,t',nbet*'eetr16 and 21' Venatirrtt
rvith cell ll:r
Rr-s-+ short to very shot't, in the latter caselackingin nurnerotis
cell14, presentin all localspecies,
subsessile;arculusspeciesin Australii,New Guineaanclcelebes;anterior
In variousspecieswith a strL)ngvein or fold in cellpreservecl.
for nlorc
I st A, arisingnearthe baseof vein2nd . arcl extending
Fig. 14 ) .
than one-halfthe length of the cell ( as in bicolor,
diversein structurein the vari,tts
A/talehypopygiumexceedingly
species, not thowing

1-+

a single nttlttotgllotlsbasic plan, 2S in

ParolimnoPhila.
in theAbout 14 speciesof the typical subsenusare foundthan 250
clrilean subregion. In the AustralasianRegion nlore
Caledonia'
other speciesaie found in Australia,N ervZealand,New
limit at Wallace's
Nerv Guineaand Celebes,reachingtheir r,';cstei:nbetu'ecn
Line. In the great biologically unstalllc area lying"Wallacea",
ly called
Wallace'sLine ancl Weberis Line, cottttiioii
a liost ot
relativelytew speciesare found but in l.iew Guinea
receirtly.
fornrs occur, 'rcist of which have bee' rliscoveredonlyin eastcrrl
The greatestproportionof the describcclspeciesoccur
founcl iir
Arrstralia, Tastttattiaattcl Nerv Zeatattc!.The speciesu,ith thc ,\iistralasianforms ancl
Chite are entirelycousubgencrici distributionvia tlte
the group nrust have atiained its irrcscr.r
former Antarctic continettt.Irr llly opinion, tltis single b-entls
of eviclcnce
p r o v i d e sa n a l n r o s tu n b r e a k a b l lei n k i n t h e l o n g c h a i n
iupporting a belief in a f orttler Antarctic land connection'
spccies,
DirhipisEnderlein.Large but rclativelyplain colorecl
by the unusuallylong flagellar branchesin thc
nlost conspicuousby thenlale sex. All known speciesare Ctrilean'As is showtt
br-rtnlost
acconlpanyinglist, various nanlesltave been,proposed( nrale)of the so-caiiedspeciesremain poorly knowh. Antennae
the t$'ocommonlywith 12 branchedsegnrents,
2l_23-segmented,
that follo';
basal brancheslying in a plane rlifferentfronr thosethe entire
branchesvery long, exceeclingone-half the leugth ofMales f ully
f lagellum; brancheswith abundantlong erect setae.
wiiged; females,where known, with rudimentarywings'

526

A I e x a n clc r, Tropical Americanspeciesof ripulidae. v.

Paralimno
phila Alexander. In the local f auna about t 0
specieshave been definecl,with about 35 further describedforms
in Australia and Tasmania, two in New Zealancl,anda few
further speciesin New Caledoniaancl New Guinea.It is only in
the Australianfauna that specieswith branchectantennalsegments
occur' all others,includingthe local fornrs,having the se[ments
entirely simple, much as in the genus Limnophila. The numberof antennalsegmentsrange from 14 to 2s, in the local fauna
between14 and 16. In the Australianfauna some species(asflovipes Alexander,harrisoni Alexander,remulsa Alexander,and
others) have the ftagellarbranchesso elongated,as to resemble
speciesof the subgenu
s Cerozodia\rl/estwoocl,
wherethe maximumof pectinationof the antennae,as at presentknown, is found.
In certain of these specieshaving long-branchecl
antennae,all
but the last segntentis so branched,r,vithalt brancheslyingina singleplane. I had suspectecl
that the subgenotypeof Cerozodia(interruptaWestwoocl,of the Swan River Diitrict, West Australia)
might prove to be a Paralimnophilasince sonle of the speciesofthe latter subgenus,as listed above,have even longer branches.
I am greatly indebtedto professor G. D. Hale carpenter
andMr. B. i\1. Hobby, of the l-{ope Departrnent of Entomorogl,,
Universitylvluseum,oxford university,for a photographof theunique type specimen of interrupta. This shorvs thatourinterpretationof the subgenusCerozocliais correct. In
additionto the type, there are five further species,all from New Zealand.
The Antericanspeciesof Porolintnopltilo,as listed below,
arefound chieflyin the ChileanSubregion,v.rithone speciesoccurringin southeastern
Brazil. Both sexesof the local f orms, as known,
are full-wingedwith the exceptionof perreductawhere thewingsof the f enraleare greafly reclucecr
in size. Venation ( Fig. r st
with cell Rs short-petiolate
to subsessile;cell M 1 presentin all
Iocal species,Iacking in certain Australasianfornrs; m-cu lying
unusuallyfar basad,close to or j'st beyonclthe f ork of
M. Themale hypopygiumshowsa surprisinguniforrnityin basicstructure
throughoutthe rangeof forms as nolv knorvn.Ninth tergite
large,
narrowedoutwardly,the apex truncateor virtually so. Dististyles
ttvo, terminalin position,the outer style a simple glabrousrodor blade, its outer apical angle extencledinto a terminal
spine,
the correspondinglower angle evenly rounded.Innerdististylefleshy, setiferous.Aedeagusancl gorlapophysesrelatively
small
and inconspicuous.
Certain of the Chileanspecieshave the legs

Rev. de Entomologia,vol. 19, Fasc. 3, Dezentbro 1948

527

bandedwith black and yellow;
handsomelyand conspicuously
pale'
the legs are blackwith the tarsi conspicuously
in paltitarsis,in the localfauna anclCerozodin,
Besidesthe threesubgenera
phila
above mentiolecl,there remainsthe subgenusXenolimno
Australia
speciesin southeastern
Alexander,with threedescribecl

-

-

-

t

-

:

- Itig' l5' Gynoplistiu
F i g . l { . G y n o p l i s t i a( G l , n o p t i s t i u )b. i t o l t t r r [ ) l i i i i I J . i 1 'r ' t i t a t i r t r t .
'i(Para|imnophila)pirioniAle\alldcr:\.cl:atif')I1.
oclobllniAlexander;c i s a i l a n t i c aA l e x a n t l c r ;v e n a t i o n .- ' t , i c . r ; . I l t x r t t o m a I t r i o c e r a )nation' Fig'l9'
r . e n a t i o n . F i g . 1 8 . H e x a t o m a( E i i o T r ' r a )c t t h c n s i .As l c x a n d2e6r.; 'Hv e- ex atoma (Erioccra)
I
'
i
g
.
H c x a t o m a( E r i o c e r a ) b r e v i u s c u t an r . i i n J . ? ' ; r l e n a t i o i r..
\
e
n
a
t
i
o
n
'
A
l
e
x
a
n
d
e
r
;
Patcns

i
,
\I
:
I
I

I

a'cl Tasmania.In this singlesmallgrouprspeciesare fottndlvithinwings to one with the wings greatlyreclucccl
fully developed
both sexes.The basicplan of structureof the male hypopygiunt
is distinctive.
The imntaturestagesof only a f ew speciesof Gynoplistis
havebeenmadeknown.Theseincludeonly Australianforms,asbeltaWalker,and vilisWalker,wherethe larvaehavebeenfoundin damp earth,just beneaththe surface'

528

Alexander,T r o p i c aAl mericans p e c i e so f T i p u l i d a ev..
List of Species

Gynoplistia

biarmata Alexander.
Chile.
(Philippi).
bicolorSouth Chile.
(Philippi).
bipunctata
South Chile.
etnoraeAlexander.
South Chile.
(Philipp,i).
South Chite.
flavipennis(fusca Jaennick,e,see Dirhipis, belorv).
gilvipennisAlexander.- South Chile.
hylonympha Alexander.
South Chile.
leucopezaleucopezaAlexander.
South Chile.
Ieucopeqapostica Alexander.
South Chil,e.
manicataAlexander.- South Chile.
pictipennis(Phiiippi). - South Chile.
(riedeliana Enderlein,see Dirhipis, below).
(striatipennisAlexander, see D'irhipis,below).
tristillata Alexander.
South Chiie.
variata Alexander.
South Chile.
variicalcarataAlexander.- South Chile.
varipes Alexander.
South Chite.
Dirhipis- Chite.
fusca Jaenn,icke.
riedeliana(Enderlei,n).- South Chile.
striatipennisAlexander.
South Chile.
Paralimnophilacons'persa(E'nderlein).- souilreasternBrazil.
infestivaAlexander.- Souilr Chile.
irrorato (Philippi).
South Chite.
pachyspilaAlexander.
South Chile.
pallitarsis Alexander. Chile.
perirrorata Alexander.
Chile.
perreductaAlexander.
Chile.
pirioni Alexander.
Chile.
rara Alexander. South Chile.
stygipes Alexand,er. South Chile.
subfuscata(Alexander).- Northern Argentina.

Hexatonto LatreilleH e x a t o m a L a t r e i l l e ; G e n . c r u s t . e t . I n s . , q- i, l fo' (;.t.rl p
g .0 g ; _( t y p e r t i g r a L a t r e i i l e ) .
N e m a t o c e r aM e i r e n - ; S y s t . B i J c t r r . , I : 2 b b ; ' b_e?Si g
b
r
r
.
,
;
b i c o t o r ; \ t e i g e )n.
A n i s o n r c r a w i e d e m h n n , i n n n e i g ' e n ls i i t ' .
t, 2r0; li.irtt; (type obscuraW i e d e n r a n) n.
P e r o n c c e r aC u r t i s ; . B r i t i s h E n t o m o'tr.r,n. .ipi i.e i e u i . 'l,0
" : ( t 'y'.sp,9 ' fr u- iseci "i p c r t r t i C. 5 g g ; t t,3" 6s urtis).
Trimacromera Enderlein; rierweti
r.it
il' xvi; 1936; (typen u b e c u l o s aB u r n r e i s t e r ) .

SubgenuEs riocera

Macquartc a l o p t e r a c u d r i n ; V o y a g e M o n-d e c o q u i i l e , z o o l . ,Ins. (prates), tab. 20, fig. 2;- 1829; (type faiciata' C"uCrini.
E v a n i o p t e r ac u 6 r i n ; v o y a g e r i o n' -cprreecoocqcut iipi liee,t t-zi-.o -o r . , I n s . ( t e x t ) , 2 , p t . 2 ; z g 7 ; l g 3 g ;
l
a
s
l
.
a
s
l
c
i
n
f
_ _ ! I : - 1 1 *Macquart;jfs-_of
Errccera
Dip!. e.\ot.,- o l p i e .r',
i pt.. .ti 74';
' l r i r .rg3g;
l " i ' : ltype nisra wiedemann).
P t e r o c o s m u sW a l k 6 r ; L i s t
biitirir
7 8 ; _ 1 8 4 8 ;( t y p e h y p a w a l k e r ) .
Allarithmia Loew; Bernstein'uno elr;iT.i;;iiu,i",' pp. 36, 38; r850; (type parpata
Loew).
o l l g o m e r a D o l e s c h a l t ;N a t u u r k . T i j d s c h r . N e < l e r l .l n d i e ,l1: 3g7; lg57; (type acrostacta
ar .s j a v e n s i s D o l e s c i r a l l ) .
^
,
W
i
e
d
e
m
?
n
n
e n y s e c r a n i aB i g o t ; A n n . s o c . E n t . F r a n c e , ( 3 )7 : 1 2 3 ; l g 5 g ; ( t y p e o b s c u r aB i g o t ) .

Rev. de Entomologia,Vol. 19, Fasc. 3, Dezembro 1948\

529

A r r h c n i c a O s t e n S a c k e n ; P r o c . A c a c l . N a t . S c i . P h i l a d e l p h i a1 8 5 9 : 2 1 2 ; I t t 5 9 ; ( t y p e
s p i n o s a O s t e n S a c k e n) .
Pcithoptera Schiner; Wien. Entotnol. I{onatscltr., 7: 220; ltl63; (type chirothccata
S c o p o l)i.
A n c l r 6 c t o s n l cE n d e r l e i n; Z o o l . J a h r b . , S y s t . , 3 2 : 3 4 ; l 9 l 2 ; ( t y p e v c r t i c a l i s W i e d e m a n)n.

SubgenusC I ad o I i p e s

Loew

C l a d o t i p e sL o e r v ; Z e i t s c h r . f i . i r g e s . N a t u r r v i s s . ,2 6 : J 2 4 ; 1 8 6 5 ; ( t y p e s i n t p l a x L o e w ) .

There are apparentlyonly four valicl subgenera,two of
which, Eriocers and Clatlolip€s,are in the local fautta and are
Il exatontais
detailedbelow.Of the others,the typicalsubgenus. Euhexatonta
Holarctic and chiefly Palaearcticin clistribr-rtion
Alexancleris Oriental, at the prescnttinre includinga single
species.
Subgenus E r i o c e r a Macquart
One of the most widely distributecland dominant of all
crane-fly groups, being especiallynumerousin speciesin the
Neotropicaland Oriental Regions,as discussed.
The earliestname to be appliedto nrentbersof this subgenus
appearsto be Caloptera G udrin, rvherethe name was given on
a plate of figures but without further characters.In I835,
Westrvood,having seeil this plate, identified one of his new
speciesas falling here and clescribedit as Cctlopteranepalensis.
I n I 838, the text of the Voyage of the Coquille was publishedand Gtrerin hacl charrgedthe name Caloptera to Evanioptera,that his nanle Calopterahad
under the llelief ancl misconception
been llreviouslyused elsewhere.In the ltteantitnethe cottttnonly
acceptednanle,Eriocero had Lreertprtlpriseclearlier in the same
year by /\tacquart.No one ltas attenipteclto valiclatethe nameprior mentions.
Calopteraas based on the abovc cliscussccl
In the local f auna, Eriocera includesa host of medium tolarge sized species,often with handsonrelybanded wings andAn unusuallyconspicuotts
body colors,pr:oviciing
bright contrastecl
elementin the Neotropicalf attna.
Antennaein the Neotropicalspeciesshort to very long (asin ontennata,mecrocere,ancl others), contntonlywith seven oreight segmentsin the male,eight to elevenin the female;segments
cylinclrical,in those specieswith elongateantennaevery longcylindrical; vestitureof the f lagellar segmentsvarious, in thespeciesrvith lengthenedantennaefrequently but not alrvaysvvith
small spinoussetae on the more basal flagellar segments,these
serving as an aid in emergencef rom the pupa and termed

530

AIexander,T r o l l i c a l A r n e r i c a nS p e c i e so f T i p u l i d a e V. .

emergencesetae.Anteriorvertexoften with a greatlyenlargedor
variouslynrodifiedtubercle,
usuallylargestin thosespecieshaving
the longestantennae,
Tibial spurspresent.Variousspeciesin the"so-called Pentho
ptera" group, includingvarious local species,
have the legs blackened,the tarsi snowy white. Wings ( Figs.
17-20) with the venationvarying greatly in the cliffcrerrtgroupsof species;Scz usuallynear the tip of Sct; in somelocal species( as interlineata)with Sc, longer and nruch strongerthan the
weak transverse
Sc1.Sontespecies( as ocunai)with cell Re very
deep,its petiole(Rr-,r-n) correspondingly
shortened,
only about
one-fourththe lengthof the cell,so veinRr-B is muchlongerthanRz-s-+. In other species,( as uglaia) Rr-e-+ is long, with Rr
at or closeto its fork so vein Rr-s is very short to lacking;instill other species( Fig. 19) R:: Iies f ar before cell Rr; so that
an elementRa-+ is present(as in beebeana,
breviusculo,
cabraIensis,patensaud severalothcrs in various degrees). Cell AI,
Iackingin all Neotropicalspecies,
preservedin numerousspecies
in the Holarcticand OrientalRegions;in patens( Fig. 20), cell
M2 open by the atrophyof the basal sectionof vein Msi m-clt
variablein position,often at the f ork of IW,in cases( as acunai)
lying f ar distad,near the outer end of cell I st fu|il nt-cu usually
longerthan the distalsectionof Cu1,in casesthe latterthe longer
element;anterior arculus preserved.Supernunlerarycrossveins
sometimes
present(in outnoi in cell R*, in beebeonain cell Rr);in the relatedsubgenusEuhexatonmlvith three strong supernumerarycrossveinsin outer radialf ield (cellsRr, RE and Rr).
Wings often unpatternedthough variouslydarl<ened;in otherrather nLlmerous
speciesin the local fauna with a conspicuous
brown and yellowcrossbanded
pattern;in a few local species(ascramptoniand multiguttato)the wings are abundantlyspottedand
dotted with brown. Male hypopygiunrrvith the two clististyles
terminalin position,the outer style glabrous,narrorvedapicallyinto a long curved spine.Aecleagus
ancl sonapophyses
usually
short and relativelyinconspicr,rous.
Feuralervith valveslong andsclerotizedin local species;in solile extralinritalf orms, and in
the subgenusH exatomo,with the vall'es short and f leshy.
Eriocerais very well represented
in the EasternPalaearctic,
Nearctic, Oriental and NeotropicalRegions; somewhatfewer
f orms occur in the EthiopianRegion,with still f ewer speciesto
virtually lacking in the WesternPalaearctic( Europe),where it
is replacedby the typical subgenusHexatoma.East of Wallace's
Line, a very few speciesoccur in Celebes,New Guinea andRev. de E,ntomologia,Vol. 19, Fasc. 3, Dczembro 1948

531

easternAustralia.In TropicalAmerica,most speciesseenlto betropicaland subtropicalin distributionwith relativelyf ew f orms
at the higherlevels.Severalunusuallyinteresting
speciesoccurin
the variousislandsof the GreaterAntilles.No specieshas been
f ound in the Chilean subregion,correspondingto its nonoccllrrencein New Zealandand Tasnraniaand great scarcityinsouthernAustralia.
The larvaeof severalspeciesof Eriocerahavebeendiscovered,thesebeing virtually to entirelyaquatic, going to the streanr
marginsto pupate.The majorityof the speciesprefer sandyor
gravellystreambeds but some speciesinhabit the more liquidorganicsilt in swampyareas.The larvaeof this groupare strictly
carnivorousand from their large size are well able to prey uponlarge and activetypes of animal life in their environment.
Loew.Antennaeof both sexesof the local species
Cl,adolipes
Legs with the tibial spurs long and conspicuous;
7-segmented.
claws simple.Wings ( Fig. l6) with only nine veins reaching
the margin, these being Str, Rr-r, R^, Ru, Mr-2, Mr, Cur,
/sf A ancl2nd A; orrly trvo branchesof Rs, both strongI outer
medial veins weak and tending to becomeevanescent.Veins
beyondcord unusuallyglabrous,founclonly on the distalsectionof vein Rs.
in southeastern
the sttbgenotype
Thereare only two species,
Eurrrpe and a local species,Hexatomo (Ctadolipes) cisatlantica
Alexanclcr.in southeasternBraziL As to rvhethera problem ing e o g r a p h i c a cl l i s t r i b u t i o ni s p r e s e n t e cbl y t h i s i n t e r e s t i n gc a s e
m u s t r e n t a i nf o r f u t u r e s t u d i e st o c l e c i c l eT. h e v e n a t i o ni n t h e
g e n u sH e x a t o m ai s v e r l rp l a s t i c ,p a r t i c u l a r l ya s r e g a r d st h e m e d i a l
f i e l d , a n d i t s e e r n se n t i r e l ; 'p o s s i b l et o n r c t h a t t h e t w o s p e c i e s ,w i t h v i r t u a l l yi d e n t i c a vl e n a t i o nr, r i i u l i th a v ee v o l v e di n d e p e n d e n t l y
to procluceapproximatelythe same encl result.If such is not thecase,\\'e have a problemin clistributionthat is unusuallydifficultof soluticrlt.
IfI

ctadoripcs
cisatlanticaAl,exander.

\

I

:
\
I

L i s to f s p e c i e sSoutheasternBrazil.

Eriocera
acunai (Alexander). Cuba.
a e t h e r e a( A l e x a n d e r ) . H i s p a n i o l a :D o m i n i c a nR e p u b l i c .
aglaia Alexander. Ecuador.
amazonicola(Alexander).
AmazonianBrazil.

.aspeciesof Tiptrlidae.v.
532 A le x a n d e r, Tropical American_
Argentina.
andicola(Alexander).-- Northwesternantennata(Alexander). Colombia.
Argentina.
argentina(Alexander). Northwestern
atrosignataAlexander. Peru.
Alexander. Mexico.
aurantionot'abatesi(Alexander). AmazonianBrazil.
Alexander. Venezuela.
beebeana
Alexander. Colombia.
bequaertiana
bifurcataAlexander. Venezuela.
(Macquart). Brazil (auct.,OstenSacken,1869).
bituberculata- Colombia.
(Enderlein).
braconides
brcvittscula(Alexander). Pertt.
bruneri (Alexander). Cuba.
brunneipes(Williston).- Mexico.
Brazil.
Alexander. southeastern
cabralensis
Brazil.
caminaria (Wiedemann)candidipes(Alexander). Venezu'ela.
captiosaAlexander. Ecuador.
Brazil'ca-rreraiAlexander. Southeastern
P'tazil'chrysoptera(Walker). - Southeastern'(Alexand'er). Brazilchrysopteroides
columbianaAlexander. Costa Rica, Colombia.
conjuncta(Alexa'nder). Guatemala.
cornigera(Alexander).- Bolivia.
cramptoni(Alexander)
Jamaica.
(Alexander).
Cuba.
cubensis(ttimidiataAlexander,se'esemirufa): D o m i n i c a nR e p u b l i c .
(Alexander). Hispaniola
domingensis
erythraea(OstenSacken). Guatemala,C o s t a R i c a .
(erythrocephala
Fabric'ius,see longistyla).
exquisita(Alexander). CostaRica.
Brazil.
Gu€rin.
fasci,ata(f asciata Williston, ff€ t'villistorti).
Brazil.
ferax Alexander. Southeastern
Brazil.
(Alexandcr). Soutlteastern
f lantmeinotaI)razil.
Alexander. Southeastern
ftammeipcnnis
Brazil.
flaviceps(Wiedemann)
Mexico.
f tavida (Williston).
(f uligincsa Schiner, see schineri).
SoutheasternBrazilgomisiana Alexander.
goyazensisAlexander. Central lJrazil.
Mexico.
gracilis (Osten Sacken)
Mexico.
haemorrhoa(Osten Sacken)
Mexico, Costa Rica, Pananta.
interlineataAlexander.
intermedia(Alexander).- Panama.
jocularis, sp. n.
SoutheasternBrazil.
juliana Alexa.nder. Cuba.
jurataSoutheasternBrazil.
Alexander.
-kaieturensis(Alexander).
British Guiana, northertl Prrazil.
Ecuador.
laddeyi Alexander.
SoutheasternBrazil.
IaticostataAlexander.
Panama.
/csscpsi(Osten Sacken)
Venezuela.
Iongipennis(Alexander).
British Cuiana.
lortgistylaAlexander.
Central Braz'il.
lopesi Alexander.
Colombia.
macquarti Enderlein.

'Vol. 19, Fasc.3, Dezembro1948
Rev. de Entomologia,

I
I

\

\

I
i

t

i.
b

I

AmazonianBrazil'
macrocera (Alexander).
magistra Alexander.- Ecuador.
magnilica(Alexander).- Guatemala.
manabianaAlexander.- Ecuador.
Btazil.
melanacra(Wiedemann)melanolithaAlexander.- Mexico, Cuatemala'ParaguaY.
melina (Alexander).
Mexico.
mesoxantha(Osten Sacken)
muttiguttulaAlexander. Hispaniola:DominicanRepublic.
myrtea (Alexander).- Brazil.
neosagdAlexander. Venezuela.
(nigra Macquart,see macquarti).
SoutheasternBrazil.
nigia (Wiedemann)
SoutheasternBrazil.
nfrrochalybea(Alexander).
Honduras.
obsoleta(Williston).
ogtoblini Alexander. NortheasternArgentina.
Peru.
ohausiana(Enderlein).
Cuba.
ornaticornis Alexander.
pollidipes(Alexander). Mexico.
patens Alexander. Ecuador.
Peru.
perdecora(Alexander).
Peru.
perenensis(Alexander).
Peru.
perexigua'perlaeta Alexander.
(Alexa.nder).- Colombia,southeasternBtazil.
-perpulchra(Alexander).
Northern Brazil.
SoutheasternBrazil.
peirara Alexander.
Peruperuviana (Alexander).
Ecuador.
perversa Alexander.
Ecuador.
Alexander.
piatrix'plaumanni- SoutheasternBrazil.
'plaumanniplaumanni Alexander.
SoutheasternBrazil.
lataurata Alexander.
- Ecuador.
plumbeicolorAlexander..
plumbeinotaAlexander.- Mexico.
pretiosa (Osten Sacken).- Mexico.
SoutheasternBraz.il.
propinquuaAlexander.
p u l c h r i p e s( A l e x a n d e r )-. B o l i v i a .
Brazil.
reverentiaAlexander.- Southeastertt
Veneztrela.
roraimella Alexander.
Brazil.
r u f i c o r n i s( M a c q u a r t ) .
r u p u n u n iA l e x a n d e r . B r i t i s h G u i a n a .
saga Alexander.- Venezuela.
santae-martae(Al'exander). Colonrbia.
schineriAlexander. Venezuela.
semirufa Alexan'der. Venezuela.
( A l e x a n d e r )-. B r i t i s h C u i a n a .
speciosa
Panama.
stolida Alexander.
subgracilisAl,exander.- Mexico.
SoutheasternBrazil.
sublima(Alexander).
subsagaAlexander.- Peru.
substolidaAlexander.- iVlexico.
Brazil.
taenioptera (Wiede'mann)
"
S
o
u
t
h America".
t e n e b r o s a( W a l k e r ) .
- Southeastern
Brazil.
tholopa (Atexand,er).
Mexico.
ton,nsendi(Alexander)
nrazil.
t r a n q u i l l a( A l e x a n d e r ) . S o u t h e a s t e rB

533

534

.

A'l e x a n d e r, Tropical AntericanSpeciesof Tipulidae.\'.
trialbosignataAlexander. Peru.
Puerto Rico.
trifasciata (Roder;
Brazil.
variegataAlexander. Southeastern
Brazil.
venavittaAlexander. Southeastern(Enderlein). Colombia.
virgulativentris
Bra:zil.
vittanervisAlexander. Southeastern(Alexander).
williamsoniPeru.
willistoniAlexander. Mexico.
zonata(OstenSacken).- Mexico.

Hex.atomo( E r i o c e r c it o) c u l a r is, sp.n.

S i z e m e d i u m ( w i n g , f e n r a l e ,1 2 . 5 n r n r . ) ; r l r e s o n o t u r gn r a y ,the praescutumwith three entire dark brorvn stripes; scutellurn
obscure brownish yellow; antennae (nrale) 8-segmented,thebasal five segmentsyellow, the outer three brownish black;haltereswith stem yellow, knob dark brorvn; f ore f emora yellow
with the outer third darkened; posteriorf ernorayellow with two
dark brown rings; wings yellow, variegatedwith brown, the cells
beyond the cord uniformly brorvn; abdornenwith segmentsone,
f ive and six uniformly black, intermediatesegnrentsyellow, thesecondwith its caudal and lateral borclersblack, the third andfourth lvith the posteriornrarginsblack; outer abclorninal
segmentsorange; valves of ovipositorelongate.
M a I e.
L e n g t h ,a b o u t 1 4 l n n t . ; w i n g , 1 2 . 5r n n l . ; a n t e n n a ,about 3.1 lnm.
Rostrumorange yellow; nrouthpartsclark brown; palpi withthe basal two segmentsobscureyellow, the outer ones blackened.
Antennae (male) 8-segmented;basal f ive segnrentsyellow, theterminal three abruptly brownish black; f lagellar segments
cylindrical,the first approxirnatelytw'iceas long as the secondand stouter.Head light orange; vertical tubercleunusuallylarge
a n d t u m i d , p r u i n o s ei n f r o n t ; o n t h e d e c l i v i t o u sa n t e r i o rp o r t i o nbehind the antennaewith a short linear inrpression,the sunrmit
entire.
Prothorax dark brown, sparsely pruinose. Mesonotal
praescutumwith the restrictedground gray, u'ith three entirc
dark brown stripes, the nredian one broad; anterior part oi
praescutalinterspaces
the stripes;
more blackened,intercolrnectings c u t u m w i t h c e n t e r so f l o b e s d a r k b r o w n , t h e l a t e r a l p o r t i o n s
blackened, median area gray pruinose; scutelluru otlscurcb r o w n i s hy e l l o w ,t h e c e p h a l i ca n c ll a t e i a lp o l t i o r r sr r ' r ( ) rbel a c k c n c d :postnotumdark brown. Pleura chiefly clarl<l'lron,rr,u'ith a broaclb u t v a g u e m o r e b r o w n i s hy e l l o w s t r i p e ( ) n t h c s t e r n o p l crui t c a n t lv e n t r a l p t e r o p l e u r i t eH. a l t e r e sw i t h s t e r n l i g h t v e l l o r \ ' .i t s o u t c r

Rev. de Entomologia,Vol. 19, Fasc. 3, Dezembro1918

535

end and the knob dark brown. Legs with the coxae brort'nish
black, very sparselypruinose;trochantersobscureyellou'; f urc
femora obscureyellow, u'ith about the outer third infuscatecl;
middlefernorayellow,the tips more narrorvlybut abruptlydark
femora yellow,
brown, involvingabout the outer f if th i t,"osteriorbroader ring at
the tip dark brown, with a further sonrervhat
yellow
than the enclosed
nearrnidlength,
the latter nroreextensive
annulus;tibiae obscureyellow,the genllanarrowlydarkened,thetips a little nrore ertensivelyso; tarsi clark brown, the outer
segmentsblack. Wings rvith the ground color of cells basad ofvariesatedwith mediumbrown,
cord light yellow,conspicuously
the two colors subequalin extent; cell C, exceptingits outer
end, unifornrlydark brorvn; cell Sc brownishyellow; anteriot
prearcularf ield yellow,confluent rwithextensiveareasin cellsRand M and again over most of cell 1sl A ; basad of cord thebrown appearsespeciallyas broad scAnlsover more than thebasal half of Rs, outer third of M, over all of Ctt and adjacentmembraneto m-cu, confluent with a clarkerringin the outer
fourth of cell /s/ A adjoiningthe vein; cell 2nd A uniformly
darkened;cellsbeyondcorcl,exceptingthe pale basesof /s/ M2
and Ma, uniforrnlybrorvn;stigrnaclarkc'rltrorvnthan the ground,
relativelysmall, lying basadof vein R3i veins brownisltyellow,
abruptlyclearyellow in the brightenedareas.Veinsbeyondcorcl: Sc' errclinsjust beyondfork ofwithout lnacrotrichia.
VenationRs, Sc, near its tip; Rs more than tn'iceR.-s-+i Rz just beyond
the fork of Rr-r-*, shorterthan R'-, ; cell /s/ Mz pentagonal,
sectionsof M t-" aird scconclsectionof Ms-athe first and seconcl
encfosing the cell shorter; m-cu
subequal,the other elernents
about one-thirdto one-fourtlt its lrngth bcyond the fork of M.
Abdonrenlvith llasaltcrgitell!ack;tereitetwo yellow,broadly
borderedlaterallyand caudallyn'ith black; tergitesthree andf our yellow with the posteriornrarginbroacllyblack; segments
five and six unifornrlyblack; outer tergites,includingthe genital
shield,f iery orange; basal sterniteblack, tr,voto four yellow,
five and six black, the renraiuderorange.Valves of ovipositor
broken in the type but evidentlyelongate.
Brazil.
Habitat: Southeastern
I-lolotype,6 , Rio de Janeiro,Knt 47, December28, rg45
(Wygodzinsky).
to speciessuch as Hexatoma
Most sinrilar in its general app,earance( E r i o c e r a ) f a s c i a t a( G u € r i n ) , H . ( 8 . ) m c l i t n o c r ( t( W i e d e m a n n ) ,H . ( 8 . )n t y r t e a ( A l e x a n d e r ) ,I I . ( E . ) t r a n q u i l l a ( A l e . x a n c l e ra) ,t t d o t h e r s ,d i f f e r i n g
c o n s p i c u o u s liyn a l l d e t a i l s o f c o l o r a t i o no f t h e b o d y , l e g s a n d w i n g s .

536

Alexander,.

T r o p i c a lA n t e r i c a nS p e c i e so f T i p u l i d a e\.' .

AtarbaO s t e nS a c k e n

A t a r l t a O s t e n S a c k e n ; A , l o n . D i p t . N . A m e r . , 4 : 1 2 7 ; l S ( i g ; ( t y p e p i c t i c o r n i sO s t e n
Sacken).

S u b g e n u sI s c h n o t h r i x

Bigot

P h i l i p p i ; V e r h . z o o l . - b o t .G e s . W i e n , l 5 : 6 1 5 - r l l t ) .p l . 2 3 , f i g . 5 ; 1 8 6 5 ;?Lachnocera(type delicatnla Philippi).
I s c h n o t h r l xB i g o t ; M i s s . S c i . C a p H o r n , Z o o l . 6 : 7 - 8 , p l . 2 . f i g . l ; 1 8 8 8 ; ( t y p e
a e t h e r e aB i g o t ) .
O r o n t y i a A l e x a n d e r ;J o u r n . N . Y . E I r t . S o c . , 2 l : 2 0 3 - 2 0 J .p l . 2 . f i g . i , p l . 3 , f i g s .
7-9; l9l3; (type lloyrli Alexander).
O r o l i m n o p h i l aA l e x a n d e r ; E n t . N e w s , 3 2 : l T t i ; l 9 2 l ; ( r e - n a n t i n g o f l a s t ) .

Tipulidae,
A largeand diversegroupof snrallto nrediunr-sized
most numerousin speciesin the AmericanTropics.Body glabrousand usually highly polished. Most of tlie speciesare yellow,
unvariegatedexcept for a subterrninalclark abclonrinalring in
the male.A few of the local speciesof Atarbo havethe mesonotunr
patternedwith black rvhileone (anthracinu)is uniformlypolishedAturba and /schnoblack.Two of the threerecognizedsubgenera,
thrix, are f ound in the local f auna ancl since the separating
characters
are found chieflyin the u'ing vellation,the two groups
are discussedherewithas a unit.
Antennaeof the malesusuallyof nrediurnlcngth,approxirnately
one-thirdto one-halfthe length of the bod1,()r wing, longestin
ten'uissinnwhere it is fully three tirnes as loirg as the wing,shortestin brevissimawhere it is l,essthan ttrte-fourththe length
lengthenecl
rnaleantennae,of the wing. In speciesr,vithnroclerately
the f lagellar vestitureditfers strikinuly'in cliff ereut speciesor
groups of species.Commonlythree differerrttypes of setaeare
found on a single segment, including a short dense erectpubescencervhich in some speciesbecorrrcslonger and more
conspicuous;in speciessuch as opertu, bif iloso, dasycera,hirticornis and others, the segmentsare clothecllvith numerous
over the whole surface,
unusuallylong setaethat are scatterecl
length and abundantinterspersedwith other setaeof nroclerate
microscopic
setulae;besidesthe setae,the strtrngerverticilsoccLlr,
these commonlyof moderatelengtlt, in sonle species(as unilaterolis) with a single verticil on cach segrnent,unilaterally
distributedand of unusual length. In nodulosa the f lagellar
to proclucea uodulose
segmentshave a strongbasal enlargernent
Many specieshave the antennalflagellumbicolored.
appearance.
ye'llou',the apex darketierl.
in caseswith the baseof eachsegnrent
in still other specieswith this pattern rel'ersetl.
M i d d l e a n d h i n d c o x a e w i d e l y s e p a r a t e cbly t h e u n u s u a l l v;ltttrbtt
large meron.Legs with the tibial spurs prcsent (subge'nera

and Ischnothrix)or lacking ( Atarbodes); clart's ( ntale')sinrple
o F ,i n c a s e sw
, i t h a b a s a l t o o t h .W i n g s ( F i g s . 2 l - 2 6 ) u ' i t h v c i r t

537

Vol. 19, Fasc.3, Dezembro1948
Rev. de Entomologia,

and cell Rs preservedin I schnothrix( Figs. 2l-23), lacking in
the loss being interpreted
Atsrba(Figs. 24-26) and Atarbodes,
as havingb..n broughtabout by atrophy,with vein Rs lost.
veinRg may be long or shorterand moreobliqtte
In Ischnothrix,

2l

24

2l

26

n
- I ' i { ' 2 2' ' 4 t a r b a ( l s c h n o t h r i x )F i g . 2 l . A t a r b a ( 'l s c h n o t h r i x ) t ' o r 2 c i . ss,p . n . : \ ' c n a t( i o l ' l 't al c r a n d e r ;l - i g ' ' i i . . a t a r n a I s c h n ' ' t n i y l . . ^ l t '-n u i s ' s i nAb e r t h a e ,s p . n . ; u i t i " i i ; ; . - '2
5' Atarba
l
"
i
g
'
v
c
n
a
t
i
o
n
:a
- ' a- Fs i g' c. c r . as. 'pA t anr' hFig. 24. Atarba (etaTtta)4
venation.
(Al e r a n d e r;
h
i
;
i
l
o
s
a
.
A
t
a
r
b
a
)
zn
( A t a r b a ) a p e r t a A r e x a n d e r ;v e n a t i o n l 'r'enation'
'
\
'
l
c
r
a
n
d
c
r
;
a
l
t
i
t
'
o
!
u
(
E
l
e
'
i
h
a
.
n
t
o
,
u
,
i
o
Fig. 27. Etephantdiyio
venation.
r'cnation'
A
l
c
r
a
n
r
j
e
r
;
r
u
r
i
a
sui,rrnunt,
F i g . 2 8 . e t l i p n i ' n t o ^ l ; t | ' -( i i i i i i n t i , n l : i u n l

ftlrtttsshort and erect'Sc
in position,in the more specializecl,rurlty ends oppositeor closeto the origin of Rs; in several
the vein is longer,endirrgoppositeor beyondrnidlengthof
specieslenetlt,in casesshort,aS in brevi'
Rr, the lattervein of moclerate
sectorwhere it is only a little longer than the basal sectionof
Rr. Cell /sf M2 generallyclosecl'varying in shapefrom sub35

538

Alexander,

TropicaAl merican
S p e c i eos f T i p u l i d a eV. .

quadrateto rectangular;wnen open, as in aperta ( Fig. 25),
patensand others,with the basal sectioncf MB atrophied.
Male hypopygium (Figs. 29-35) with a uniform basic planparts showingan unusualdiversity
but with most of the contponent
Caudalmargin
in structure,providingexcellentspecificcharacters.
of ninth sternitein virtually all speciesbearing a median plate,the outer lateralanglesof which are producedinto spinouspoints,
short and spurlike in many Atarba, long and slenderin various
speciesof I schnothrix.In some speciesof the latter subgenus
the caudalmargin of the eighth sternitebears a comparablebut
smaller nredian lobe. Basistylealmost invariably with a small
lobe or tubercleon mesalface near apex.Two clististyles,
terminal
in position;outer style heavilyblackened,ternrinatingin an acutespine, the outer margin back from this point rvith a seriesor
row of spinouspoints, the nlore basal ones srnaller;inner styleappearingas a simplegentlycurvedrod. Gonapophyses,g, varying
in form, often appearingas shortenedsmoothblaclesor lobes,inother speciesprovidedwith abundantspinouspoints.Aedeagus,o,very diversein structurein the different speciesor groups, inseveral (as bifilosa, bifurcula, dinentotophoro,Iaddeyana,punctiscuta,and others) deeplyto profoundlybifurcatc.In the forms
having the organ simple, some (as cincticoruris,
religiosa) haveit very long, narrowed outwardly; in stilI other speciestheaedeagusis long but stout, more or less expanclecl
or dilated atapex, this condition reaching its nraxililunlin speciessuch as
cucttllotaand ntegaphollus.The snrallestacclcagusin the local
fauna as now known is in nticrophallus.
The centerof distributionfor both Atorlto anclIschnothrixis
in Tropical America wltere there are a host of species, thedescribedones being listed here with. Atost of thesespeciesare
Tropical or Subtropicalbut rather nunterousforrns of Ischnothrix
occur throughoutthe Chilean snbregion. Northn'arcl,only two
species,both in Atarba, reach the Unitecl States,including the
g e n o t y p e ,p i c t i c o r n i s ,c o m m o n a n c l r t ' i d e l l ' c l i s t r i b u t e di n t h ee a s t e r nU n i t e d S t a t e s a s f a r n o r t h a s N c n ' Y o r k a n d N e w
Hampshire.Elsewherein the world variousspeciesof I schnothrix
occur in Australia and New Zealancl.T\\'rr peculiar speciesof
Atctrbaare found in New Zealantl.The rathei'nurnerousspcciesof the OId World subgenusAtsrttocles
Alexancler
centerin eastern
A s i a , f r o m w e s t e r nC h i n a a n d J a p a ns o u t h u ' a r ci nl t o t l t e O r i e n i a l
f a u n a , w i t h a f e r v f u r t h e r s p e c i e si n t h e c a s t c r na n r l s o r r t h e r r r
Ethiopianregion.

I

t

3

Vol. 19, Fasc.3, Dezembro19{8Rev. de Entomo.logia,

539

Professor J Speed Rogers has reared the type species,
picticornis,from wet soddenlogs and branchesin an aclt'ancctl
stageof decay,the larvaefeedingon the softenedwet wooclfillrcs.
Pupation takes place within a silk-lined cocoon composeclr.rf
wooden fibres, locatednear the surfaceof the rotten woocl.
The aff inities of the Atarbaria remain very puzzling ancl
Earlier ( Dipt. Patagoniaancl South Chile, I : I 67;
questionable.
the problernin sonle detail as understoocl
1g2g) I had cliscussed
at that tirne and little new evidenceon phylogeny has been
forthcomingin the interveningyears. The early assignmenttt-r
questionin thethe tribe llexatonrini,followeclwith consiclerable
presentreport,was basedon the gerreraltttorphologyof the adultflies. The very large meron raisesa dotibt as to the correctnessof such an assignment.The discoveryoI the intmaturestages
by Rogersled the latter to place the g*roupin the tribe Limoniini,in the vicinity of Dicranoptycha.The venation,presenceof tibial
spurs and the basic plan of the male hypopygiumall differ fromthe charactersof the genusLimonia, type of the tribe Limoniini,and the assignmentof Atorbo to this tribe tnust be questioned.
ptycha, ?S noted by
However, the relationshipswith Dicronrt
Rogers,seemhighly probableand woulcl inclicatethat this latter
genus has been incorrectly placed in the Limoniini. Theof certain Chileanspeciesof Ischnothrixto members
resemblanceof Rhabdomastixhas been noted in earlier papersby the rvriteris so strikingthat s()nledegreeof relationshipand this resenrblance
betweenthe two groups seetnsindicatecl.The latter genus has
b e e nc o n s i d e r e e
d a r l i e ri n t h i s s e r i e so f N o t e s ( P a r t I I I , R e v . d e
E n t o m o l o g i a ,1 8 : 3 1 8 - 3 2 0; 1 9 4 7) , ' n c l c rt h c t r i b e E r i o p t e r i n i ,where it seems correctly assigned.It n'iil be seen from this
discussionthat the true position in tribes of severalof our mostand their assignment
familiar Tipulid generarernainsin questir,rtr
to their presentplacesis basedchiefly on the gross morphologyof the adult f lies.
The genus LachnoceroPhilippi, placcclat least tentatively
in the synonymyof I schnothrixin tlte presentpaper, has been
discussedby the writer in the report on ChileanTipulidae,cited
above. Philippi describedand f igurecl thc type of this gerlus,
delicatula Philippi, zS having the antertrtalpedicel elongate.
E d w a r d s ( D i p t . P a t a g o n i aa n d S o u t h C h i l e , l : 1 6 7 , f o o t n o t e ;1929) statedthat an elongatepedicelwas unknownotherwisein
Diptera but it rnay be noted that the Tipulid
the Nematocerous
genus ChioneaDalntan has this segnreittlongcr and even more
35*

l

l

r

f

t

540 Alexander,,JT r o p i c a lA m e r i c a nS p e c i e o
s f T i p u l i d a eV. .

than was indicatedby Philippi f or Lachnocero.In
conspicuousand its identitysettledas f alling incasethe f ly is re-discovered
will be the oldestnameavailable.
the presentgroup,Lachnocera
List of Species
Ischnothrix
Tierra del Fuego.
aethereaBigot.
Argen'tina.
argentinicola(Alexander).
,n.
SoutheasternBrazil.
berthae,sp.
brevisectorAlexander. Venezuela.
capitella Alexander.- Peru.
South Chile.
?delicatula(Philippi).
Peru.
digitifera Alexander.
South Chile.
fidelis Alexander.
geminataAlexander.
Peru.
Peru.
helenae,sp. n.
ignithorax Alexander.
South Chile.
Peru.
integriloba Alexander.
lloydi (Alexander). Colombia.
mesoceraAlexander.
Patagonia,South Chile.
obtusilobaAlexander.
Peru.
patens Alexander.
Panama.
picturata (Alexander).
South Chile.
scutellata(Alexander).
South Chile.
seticornis Alexander.
SoutheasternBrazil.
supplicata Alexander.
Peru.
t e n u i s s i m a( A l e x a n d e r ) . P a t a g o n i a ,S o u t h C h i l e .
vorocis, sp. n.
Peru.
Atarbaalmeidai Alexander. South,eastern
Brazil.
amabilis Alexander. Mexico.
angustipennisAlexander. Cuba, Mexico.
anthracinaAlexander.
SoutheasternBrazil.
aperta aperta Alexander.
Mexico.
aperta subapertaAlexander. Pananta.
apicispinosaAlexander.
Panama.
bifilosa, sp. n.
Costa Rica.
bifurcula Alexander.
SoutheasternBrazil.
boliviana Alexander.
Bolivia.
brevicornisAlexander.
Paraguay.
brevissimaAlexander.
SoutheasternBrazil.
brunneicornisAlexander.
Colombia.
bulbifera Alexander.
Peru.
cincticornisAlexander.
British Guiana, Ecuador.
circe Alexander. Ecuador.
columbianaAlexander. Colombia.
cucullataAlexander. Ecuador.
dasycera,sp. n.
Peru.
diacanthaAlexander. Ecuador.
dinematophoraAlexander.
Peru.
Paraguay.
fiebrigi Alexander.
Venezuela.
forticornis Alexander.
SoutheasternBrazit.
fuscoapicalisAlexander.

iVol. 19, Fasc' 3, Dezembro1948
Rev. de Entomologia,

541

heteracanthaAlexander. Pertt'Peru'hirticornisAlexander.
Ecuador.
id.onesAlexander.
southeasternBrazil.
incisurataAlexander.
IadcleyanaAlexander.- Ecuador'
tongiiergataAlexander.SoutheasternBrazil'
mairacanthaAlexander.- Peru'
AmazonianBrazil'
megaphallusAlexander.
Peru'melanomeraAlexander.
SoutheasternBrazil'
merita Alexander.
mexicanaAlexander. Mexico.
microphatlusAlexander. Ecuador'
multiarmatamultiarmataAlexander' Peru'
multiarmatatarmae Alexander. Peru'
Ecuador.
nodulosaAlexander.
pattidapexAlexander. Peru.
Peru.
sp. n.
perincisa,'(pileuralis
Part II)'
Williston, see Gonontyia-Paralipophleps,
Alexander. Ecuador.
procericornis'(pueuaPart ll).
williston, see Gonomyia-Lipophleps,
Alexander.- SoutheasternBrazil, Paraguay.
p'unctiscuta
Mexico.
religiosa Alexander.
Peru.
restricta Alexander.
Peru.
scabrosaAlexander.
scutataAlexander. Mexico.
Bolivia.
stigmosaAlexander.
Ecuador.
tatei Alexander.
Ecuador.
tetracanthaAlexander.
tuberculiferatuberculileraAlexander. Peru.
Peru.
tuberculifera edax, subsp. n.
Ecuador.
tungurahuensisAlexander.
unilateralisAlexander. Venezuela.
varicornisAlexander. Peru.
Brazil.
variispinaAlexander.- Southeastern

Atarba( l s c h n o t h r i xb) e r t l t a e , s p . n .

;Mesonotumbrown, the praescutuntlllorc recldish brtlrt't.tantennae(male) short, approximatelyone-halt the bocly, tlte
flagellar segmentsbicolored; pleura clark brorvn, striped rvithyellow; knobs of halteresclarkened;f enrorayellow, u'ith a near'ly
patternetlrt'itltterminalblack ring; wings pale yellow, restrictecllvb r o w n ; v e i n R a s u b e r e c t ;c e l l / s / M ! u t t u s u a l l yl a r { e , s u b e q u a lin length to the distal sectionof vein rtI t-:; abclontinalsegntents
bicolored.
Length,about 5-5.5 lllnl.; \\'ing: 6'4-6'8 mm';
M a I e.
antenna,about 2.5-2.7mm.
Rostrum light brown; palpi black. Antennae (nlale)
moderatelylong, approximatelyone-half the length of the body;scapeand pedicalobscureyellow; succeedingsegntentsbrownish
black, the incisuresyellow, includingthe apex and narrowerbase

542

Alexander,T r o p i c aAl m e r i c a sn p e c i e os f r i p u l i d a ev. .

of eachsegment;longestverticilsshorterthan the segments;inadditionto the verticils,the segmentswith a denseerect whitepubescence.
Head reddishbrolvn.
Pronotumreduced,
concealedbeneaththe somewhat
projecting
praescutum.
Mesonotalpraescutumreddishl-rrown,dark brown
mediallybehind,the lateralbordersnarrowlydarkened;posteriorscleritesof notum dark brorvn, sparsely pruinose; scutellum
obscureyellow.Pleuraconspicuously
patternecl
with blackor darkbrown and yellorv,the clarkcolor occupyingthe clorsalsclerites
f rom the f ore coxae to beneaththe wing root, more extensive
behind,the ventraldarkeningcleepbrown, sparselypruinose,thetwo dark stripesseparatedby a broaclyellorvlongitudinalarea
extendingfrom the apicalhalf of the fore coxa acrossthe dorsal
sternopleurite,becoming wider ancl ntore cliffuse on themesepimeron.Haltereswith stenr pale, knob infuscated.Legs
with coxae yellow, the fore pair pale bron,n on basal h a l f;trochanters
yellorv;f emorayellow, r,vitha nearly terminalblackring, the actual apex narrowlyyellow; tibiae and tarsi yellow,
the outer three segmentsof the latter black. Wings ( Fig. 22)
pale yellow, restrictedlybut clistinctlypattcineclrvith brown, as
follorvs:Arculus;Scr and origin of R.s,'crli-elancl outer end ofcell I st M zi marginalseantsat ends of all longitudinalveins
exceptScr, best-indicatedby a cleepenin.q
in colorationof theveins; a further cloud at rnidlengthof vein Cu, chiefly in cell
M; veinsyellow,darkenedin the patternecl
areas.Venation:Sc,
ending.about oppositeone-fourththe lengthof Rs, Sc, opposite
this origin; vein Rs short and straiglit,sultercctipetioleof cellR3 nearly twice vein R+; cell I st tl|:- unusuallylarge, subrectangular,subequalin length to the distal section of vein
Mt-r; m-cu shortly before ttre fork of ill; vcin 2nd A nearlystraight.
Abdominalsegmentsbicolorccl,
clark brorvn,the basal ringsand narrowerapex of the individualsegrnents
pale yellow,thelatter areasmore wicienedon their'centralpclrtions;subterminal
segmentsblackenedto form a ring; hypopyeiunrlight yellow.
Male hypopygium( Fig. 31) with the appr.nclageof the ninth
sternite,9s, producecl
into two palehorn.sthat arc clirected
lateracland slightly caudad; central region of rhc appendagemorc
membranolls,
providedwith long conspicuous
pale setae.Outerdististyle,d, relativelyslender,the outer nrarginwith aboutsevenappressed
spines,with two or threefurtherrt,eakspinulaentore
basad.Inner dististylea slencler,slightly longer clarkenecl
rocl.

Rev. de Entontologia,vol. 19, Fasc.'3, Dezentbro 19'18

543

o,g,,with the nlarginsentirelysmooth'Aedeagtts,
Gonapophysis,
unusuariybroact,curvedand srightrywiclenedat near midle'gth,
the apex subtruncate.
Brazil.
Habitat: Southeastern
Holotype,6, Boracea,Sio Paulo,altitude900 metcrs,Jiiiy22, lg47 (tuuto TravassosFilho and Rabello).Paratopotype'| 6.
wiie ofThis entirelydist,inctfly is natnedfor Mrs. tsettyTravassos,
Lauro TravassosFilho, throughwltose diligent collectingwe owe nlttclt
of our t norrteJguof the sa; paulo Tipulidae.The only other regional
Alexander,arr
memberof the iubgenusis Atarba (lscinothrix) seticornis
in the male'entirelydiffereniflf with plain wings uld elongateantennae
speciesof thethe pres[nt{ly more resembles
In iis generalupp.urunce,
subgenusAtarba but is a true Ischnothrix'

AtarbaI

I

I
I( l s c h n o t l v i x l)t e l e n Q e , s p ' n 'black, the entire thorax orangeyellolr',
Heaclanclabclomen
one-haltof moderatelerrgth,approximately
antennae
unpatternecl;
the lengthof the body or wing, the flagellttmblack; rvingsyellol
with the appendage
with a lteavybrownpattern;malehypopygiurnof a mediantransverse
consistingof the nirrthsterniteconspicuous,
into .a slenderstraightplate, each outer lateral angle extenclecl
spine.
Length,about 6 lnrn.; win$, 6.2 mm.; antettna,
M a I e.
about 3 mm.
(male)moderately
brown;palpiblack.Atttennae
Rostrumclarl<
one-halfthe length of the body or rvirlg;
long, approxirtrately
light brown,f lagellumblack;f lagellar
r.up. dark brorvn,peclicel
in lengthand thlckness
graduallydecreasing
cylinclrical,
segments
ouiwardly;verticilsvery small,aboutorrc-thirdthe lengthof thc
Headblack,the sttrfacc
shortbut abundant.
pubescencesegment;
spirselypruinose,more heavilyso behindthe antennae;antcrior
vertexbroad,cxceedingthreetimesthe diameterof tltc scaPc.
Entire thorax orangeyellow, unpatterned,the pracsctltttttt
and scutummore polished.Halteresbrownishblack, tlte basc ot
stem restrictedlyyellow. Legs with the coxae ancl trochanters
yellow; remainderof legs black, the basesof the f tlre f etttora
yellow, involvingabout the proxitttalf if th; tibial spurs present'
Wings with the restricteclground yellou', the prearcitlarfield
brigSteryellow; a heavybrown pattern,incluclingcells C andSc; broad seamsat origin of Rs, corcl,ttttterenclof cell lsl Mz
and along vein Cu; cells beyonclcortl, especiallynear r'vingtip,
the basesof the outer radialeven more extensivelyclarkened,

544

Alexander,T r o p i c a lA m e r i c a rSr p e c i e so f T i p u l i d a ev. .

cellsand centerof cell I st M z restrictedly
pale; basadof cord,
the groundcolor extensive,the darkeningsappearingchiefly as
broad outer marginsto the cells; veins brown, yellorvin theprearcularf ield. Venation:Scr endingabout oppositetwo-fif ths
Rs, Sc, a short distancef rom its tip; Rz-g-+long, nearlytrvice
vein REi vein Rs suberect,gently arcuated;cell 1sf M2 large,
longerthan the distalsectionof veinMs; m-cu at nearone-third
the lengthof cell /s/ Mzi cell 2nd A relativelybroad.
Abdomen,includinghypopygium,black, the basal sternite
obscurebrownishyellow.Male hypopygium( Fig. 29) with theappendageof the ninth sternite,9s, conspicuous,consistingof amediantransverse
plate, each outer lateralangle extendedintoa slenderstraightspine;cau( | borderof thc appenclage
genttysinuousor submarginate;eachouterlateralangleof tlie sternite
with two or threelong strongsetae;submeclianpart, in f ront of
the appendsg€,
with a pale nreclianstrip, u'ith clecussate
setae
acrossthis midline.Appendageof eighth sternite, gs, a small
triangularlobe.Basistyle,b, with the lobeon rnesalf aceunusually
narrowedat apex,with one or two long bristlesat tip. outerdististylQ,.
d, slender;outer marginback f rorl the terminalspinewith aboutfour majorspinesand two or threefurtSermorebasal
denticles.
Inner dististylea little longer,appearineas a narrow,gentlycurved,dark-coloredrocl.Gonapophysis,g,appearingas
a low glabrouslobe.Aecleagus,e, short,clilatcclanclflaring at
apex.
Habitat:Peru.
Holotype,d , Pillao,Huanuco,
altitucle
2,700rneters,
in fogg4O
forest,February25, I(Woytkorvski).
D e d i c a t e dt o t h e m e m o r yo f m y s i s t e r ,E l l e n E l i z a b e t hA l e x a n d e rw, h o
was born exactly sixty years earlier than th,e date of capture oi thisf l y . . T h e f t y i s u n u s u a l l yd i s t i n c t a n d r e a d i l y s e p a r a t e df r o m a l l o t h e r
regionalspecies.The only forms with conspiiuorsll'patternedwings are
the chilean Atarba (lschnothrix) aetherea (Bigot), A. (/.) piiturata( A l e x a n d e r ) , a n d A . ( / . ) t e n u i s s i m a( A l e x a n d e r ) , u ' h i c h d i f f e r , i n a l l
d e t a i l s o f c o l o r a t i o n t, h e g r e a t l y l e n g t h e n e dm a l e a n t e n n a ea, n d i n t h e
structur'eof the male hypopygium.

Atarba( l s c h n o t h r i xv)o r a c i s , s p . n .

General colorationof praescutumand scutum yellowish
brown,the posteriorsclerites
and the pleuradark brown;antennae
subequalin lengthto the body or wing, the segmentswith longoutspreading
verticils;veinR3 oblique;malehypopygiumwith themedianappendage
of the eighthsternitea stout medianlobe,its

I
II

R e v . d e E n t o m o l o g i aV,o l . 1 9 , F a s c . 3 , D e z e m b r o1 9 4 8

:

I

II

545

apex membranous,convexlyrounded; ninth sternitewith two
slenderdivergentspines;basistylewith a lolv cushionon lnesal
face near the proximal end.
A{ a I e.
Length,about 6.5 mnl.; rving,7 mm.; antenna,
about6.7-6.8mm.
palpi clarkerbrown.Antennae
Rostrurnbrownishtestaceous;(male) elongate,approximately
equalin lengthto eitherthe bodyor rving;scapeand pedicelyellorv,flagellunrdark brown,the first
segmenta little brightenedbasally;f lagellarsegmentselongatecylindrical,
u'ith long outspreading
verticilsover the entirelength,
the longestat rnidlengthof organfully three-fifths
the lengthof
the segntertt; more scattered subappressedshorter setae,
unilaterallydistributed,together with a dense erect delicate
pubescenceof aboutequallength.Heacldark brown,graypruinose,
front and occiputntore obscureyellorv:
Mesonotalpraescutumand scutunrchiefly yellowishbrown,
the formersomewhatclarkernredially;posteriorscleritesof notunr
dark brort'n. Pleura and pleurotergitedark brown, the ventral
pleuritespaler. Haltereswith stenr obscureyellow, knob darkbrown. Legs u'ith coxaetestaceous
yellow,the fore pair darker;
trochantersobscureyellow;remainderof legsbrown; tibial spurs
hairy on proxirnalhalf. Wings ( FrIrg) ' 2 I ) with a weak brorvnish
tinge, the oval signra slightly ddarker
a ker brown; veins brown.
Macrotrichia
of veinsof moderatelength.V e n a t i o nS
: c, ending
aboutoppositeorre-thirdto one-fourththe lengthof Rs, the latterslightly angulatecl
at origini Rz-i-+ long, gently arcuated;vein
Re oblique,?t rnarsinseparated
f rom R, -, by a distanceabout
eqtralto trt'o-thircls
its orvnlength;cell 1sl 14, closed,rectangular;
m subequalin lengthto basalsectionof M;t; m-cu at near oltethird the length of the cell.
Abdominaltergitesbrown; sternite.s
bicolored,the incisures
yellow, includingthe narrow basesancl broaclerapicesof thesegments,
the broad interveningarea clark ltron'n; subternrinals e g m e n t s t i n i f o r n t l y b l a c k e n e d ; hypop)'giurn )'ellou'. Male

hypopygium( Fig. 30) with the appendage
of the ninth sternite,
9s, appearingas two slenderdivergentspincs,the basal unionvery short, on either side with a cushionbearingseveralstrong
setae.Eighth sternite,8S, with a stout nreclianlobe, the basal
tlrree-fourthsnearly parallel-sidecl
ancl n'eakly sclerotized,theapex pale, membranous,
convexlyroltnded.Basistyle,b, with theusual slenderlobule on mesal face before apex and with a low

denselyhairy lobeon mesalfacenearcephalicend.Outerdististyle,546

A l e x a n c l e r , T r o p i c a l A m e r i c a nS p e c i e so f T i p u l i c l a eV. .

rod, the outerntarginof apicalhalf
d, a gentlycurvedblackened
rvith about a dozenappressedblack spines,the lower surfaceaswith two or threesimilarones.Inner dististyleapproximately
the surfacewith scatteredIong,shapedlike a narrowboomerang,p, entirelypale.
punctures.
Phallosorne,
Habitat:Peru.
Holotype,6, Chinchao,
Huanuco,altitude2,500nreters,onwooded hills, No'renrber4, 1946 (George Woytk,nvski).
Paratopotypes,
6 6.
Among similar regional forms, the present fly is closestto Atarba(lschnothrix)integrilobaAlexander,differing in the details oi structureof !h. male hypopygium,as the lobe of the eighth sternite.

Atarba( A t a r b a )b i f i l o s a , s p . n .

General colorationof thorax ntediurnbrown, unpatterned;
antennae(male) brown, very long, considerablyexceedingin
lengtheitherthe body or wing; legs brownishyellou';rvirrgswith
a weak brownishtinge, unpatterned;Sc long, Sc' enclingabout
oppositetwo-thirdsto three-fourths
the lengthof Rs; cell Ist M2
closed;abdominalsegmentsbicolored,brown basalll',the outer
rttalchypopygiurn
half yellow;eighthsegmentuniformlyblackenecl;
elongate,with the gonapophyses
smooth,without spines;aetlcagus
deeplybifid.
Male.
L e n g t h ,a b o u t5 . 5 - 5 . 8m m . ; l v i n { r .5 . 2 - 5 . 7m m . ;antenna,about 7.5 mnl.
palpi clarkbrown.Antennac( nrale)very
Rostrumtestaceous;
long, considerablyexceeciing
in length either the bocly or wing,
rvith very longbrown; f lagellar segmentselongate-cylindricalerectdelicatesetae,on the first flagellarsegnrentexceedingonethird the length of the segment,on the sixth segnrcntalmost as
long as the segmentitself. Head brown; anteriorvertex narrow,

subequalin diarneterto the scape.
Thoracic dorsum mediunt brown, unpatterned; pleura
somewhatmore yellowed. Haliereswith stem testaceous,knob
weakly infuscated.Legs with the coxae ancl trochantersyellow;
remainderof legs brownish yellow to yellow, the outer tarsal
Wings ( Fig.
segmentsa trifIe darker; tibial spurs conspicuous.
26) with a weak brownishtinge, the prearcularand costalfielcls
slightly more yellowed;veins pale brorvn,more brownishyellorv
in the brighterareas.Venation:Sc long,Sc1endingaboutopposite
two-thirdsto three-fourthsRs, Sc, near its tip; branchesof Rs
virtually parallel to one anotherfor their entire lengths; m-cu

Vol. 19, Fasc. 3, Dezembro1948
Rev. de Entonrologia,

547

at near midlengthof cell /s/ Mz or more than its own lerrgth
beyondthe fork of M.

II

I

3l

I

30
34

K'

V"

g1
i u. m .
Fig. 30. Atarba
h .ysfpo.p ny .g;i um
ma. l e h -yFpiogp." y" 3
\ : 9 . . Z g . A t a r b c ( l s c h n o t h r l x ) h e l t , n a' e
( l s c . h n o t h r i x ) t ' o . - a c ' l ss, p . n . ; m a l e
Atarha" flschnothrix)-SZ. 'ib e r t h a . e ,s p . n . ; r n a l e h y p o p y g i u m .- - n i ! .
Atarba Atarba) hililosa Alexander;
m . a l ei y p o p y g i u r r r .- I ' i g . 3 3 . A t a r b a ( n t a r o a ) d a s y c e r a ,s p . n . ; m a l e l r 1 ' p o p 1 ' g i u m .
F i-Elephantomyiag. 35. Atarba
I t g . : t 4 . A t a : ' h a ( A t a r b a ) p c r i n c i s a , s p . n . ; m a l e h y p o p- y g i u m .
(.Atarha) tubcrculilt,ra edaxl subsp. n. i male hypopygiuni. I- Fig. 36.
(Elephantont)'ia) primogenia, sp. n. ; male trypdpygiilnr.
( Sy'"nibols
i a aedeagirs;
b , b a s i s t y l e ;d , d i s t i s t y l e ; g , g o n a p o p h y s i ss; , s t e r n i t )e.

Abdonrinalsegmentsbicolored,brorvnbasallyrvith the outerhalf yellow; eighth segmentuniformly brou'nishblack to form
a narrow ring; hypopygiumyellow. llale hypopygium (Fig. 32)
with the outer dististyle, d, having about six or seven long

548

Alexancler,T r o p i c a l - A m e r i c aSnp e c i e so f T i p t r l i d a eV. .

spineson outer margin before the somewhatstouterappressed
apical one, the more basal spines mllch sntaller and f inally
Inner dististylelonger,appearingas a pale paddle-likeobsolete.
structure,on outer marginjust beforemidlengthwith aboutfive
e, elongate,deeplybifid, as illustrated.'strong setae.Aedeagus,
g, entirely smooth, without spines, the apex
Conapophyses,on the ninth sternite
obtuse.I am unableto detectan appendage
slide available.
in the singlemicroscope
Habitat:CostaRica.
Holotype,6, La Suizade Turrialba,July ( Pablo Schild);of A. L. Melancler.
througltkinclness
AlexanderCollection,
A m o n g t h e d e s c r i b e ds p e c i e so f t h e g e n u s h a v i n g v e i n S c l o n g a n d
the aedeagusde,eply bifid, the present f ly comes closest to Atarba(Atarba) laddeyano Alexander,a quite different fly. All otlter species
hav'ingSc long have the structure of the male hypopl'gittnt,particularly
the a,edeagus,
entirely different.'

Atarba( A t a r b u )c / c s y c e r o , s p . r 1 .

G e n e r a lc o l o r a t i o no f m e s o n o t u mb r o l v n ; a n t et t t t a e ( m a l e )e l o n g a t e s, u b e q u a lt o t h e b o d y o r w i n g , t h e f l a s c l l a r s e g m e n t s
w i t h a b u n d a n t v e r y l o n g o u t s p r e a d i n gs c t a e ; f c t t t o r a o l l s c u r ey e l l o w , t h e t i p s w e a k l y d a r k e n e d ;w i n g s u ' i t h a s t r o n g b r o r v n
hf R s ;s u f f u s i o n ;S c l o n g , S c , e n c l i n ga b o u t o p p r l s i t cr n i c l l e n g t omale hypopygiunrvrith the outer clististylerelativclvbroad, before
a p e xo n o u t e rf a c e w i t h f o u r o r f i v e s t r o n gb l a c k s p i n e s ;a e d e a g u s
profoundlyforked into two elonsateblackeneclarrlls.
L e n g t h , a b o u t 5 m t l ' I . ;\ v i l 1 g ,5 . 5 l l l l l l . ; a n t e n n a ,M a I e.
a b o u t5 m m .
R o s t r u m a n d p a l p i b r o r v n . A r r t e n n a e ( n i a l c) e l o n g a t e ,subequalto the body, brown, the incisuresof the lnore proxinralf l a g e l l a r s e g m e n t sa t r i fl e d a r k e r ; f l a g e l l a r s e g n t c t t t se l o n g a t e cylindrical,with very long erect setaescatterccl()ver the length,
on the intermediatesegnrentsthe lortgcstof tht'sc only a little
shorter than the segmentitself, others about three-fourths thislength.Head brorvn.
regionof scutum
chieflydark brown,the nreclian
Mesonotunr
vaguelybrownishyellow.
and sublateralareas on praescutunr
palerbelow,the ventralareas
dorsally,becoming
Pleurainfuscatedaqd sternitespale yellow.Haltereswith stenrdusky,knob dark
yellow; atestaceousbrown.Legswith the ioxae and trochanters
singleleg (hind) remains;fenroraobscureyellorv,the tips weakly

I
I
I

Vol. 19, Fasc.3, Dezembro1948
Rev. de Entornologia,

549

darkened;tibiae yellow, the tips evenmore narrowly infuscated;tarsi obscureyellow, the outer segmentdarkened;tibial spurs
distinct.Wings ( Fig. 24) with a strong brown suffusion, theprearcularand narrow costal region slightly darker; a narrowand vague darkeningover the anterior cord, best-indicatedbyin the color of the veins,the remainingveinsbrown.
a deepening
Venation:Sc long, Sct ending about oppositemidlengthof Rs,
Sc, a short distancef rom its tip; branchesof Rs parallel to
one anotherthrougltouttheir length,cell R2 at margin thus ntuch
more extensivethan cell R+i m-cu at near one-thirdthe lengthof cell 1s/ My
Abdonrendark brolvn, the incisureseven darker, brownish
black; hypopygiunrbrownishblack. Male hypopygiunr( Fig. 33)
lvith the appendage
of the ninth sternite,9s, if nornrallypresent,
not evidentin the rnicroscopeslide.Basistyle,b, without a welldevelopedlobe on the nresalf ace near apex, as commonin thegenus,this replacedby a low setiferoustubercle.Outer dististyle,d, relativelybroad, with appressedspines down virtually theentireouterfacebut only the outerfour or five of theseblackened
and conspicuous,
the outer spineslarger; terminalspine shorter
than the subapicalone.Inner dististylelongerthan the outer style,a nearly straightto slightly curvedblade,its apex obtuse;outermarginof proxirnalhalf with a row of about a dozenconspicuous
setae.Aedeagus,e, single on less than the basal half, thence
dividing into tlvo long slender blackened rods or arms.
Gonapophyses
appearingas simplesrnoothelongateblades.
H a b i t a t :P e r u .
Holotype,d , Previsto,Upper UcayaliRiver,Loreto,altitude
9 0 0 n r e t e r sS
, c ' p t e r n b eI rl , 1 9 4 7 ( S c h u n k e ) .
'I'hisverv distinct fly is closestperhapsto Atarba (Atarba) bifilosa,s p . n . , i n t h e l o n g S c a n d p r o f o u n d l yb i fi d a e d e a g u so f t h e m a l e . I t
d i f f e r s i n a l l d e t a i l so f s t r u c t u r eo f t h e a n t e n n a ea n d m a l e h y p o p y g i u m .
In its antenna,the presentfly most resenrbles
A. (A.) hirticornisAlexander,
which has Sc short and the aedeagussimple.

Atarbo( A t a r b a )p e r i n c i s a ,s p .n .

Allied to multiarntata; pronotum and praescuturnlightbrownish yellorv, the scutum and scutellunrntore chestnut;
p o s t n o t u nat n d d o r s a lp l e u r i t e sb r o w n i s hb l a c k ; a n t e n n a e( m a l e )elongate,flagellurndark brown; legs yellorv,the tips of the fore
femora weakly darkened;wings lvith a rveak brownish tinge,

550 Alexander,T r o p i c a lA m e r i c a nS p e c i eos f T i p u l i d a eV. .

restrictedlypatternedwith darker brown; a broad subhyaline
band beforecord; Scr endingaboutoppositeone-thirdthe lengthof Rs; male hypopygiumwith the caudal margin of the sternal
broadestat nearmidlength,
outerdististyle
appendage
emarginate;of spines;
the outer margin at this point with a concentration
beyondthis point the style is narrowed,terminatingin f ewerwith abundantspinouspoints.
points;gonapophyses
M a I e.
about 4 mm.
F e m a le.

L e n g t h ,a b o u t 5 m n r . ; w i n g , 5 . 5 m m . ; a n t e n n a ,Length, about 5.5 mm.; rving, 6 mllt.

terminal
Rostrumyellow; palpi yellow, the long conspicuous
brownish black. Antennae(male) elongate,nearly twosegment,
thirds as long as lving; scapeand pedicelyellow, f lagellumdark
clothed lvith anbrown; f lagellar segmentselongate-cylindrical,
abundant erect white pubescence;verticils solitary olt each
one-thirdas long
onesapproxinrately
segment,on the intermediateas the segment.Antennaeof f emale shorter. Head dark brown.
Pronotumand praescutumlight brownishyellor,v,the scutum
and scutellumsomewhatmore chestnut; postnotunrancl dc''rsal
p t e r o p l e u r i t eb r o w n i s h b l a c k , t h e r e m a i n i n g p l e u r i t e s l n o r e
uniformly yellow. Halteres with stern yellorv, knob intuscated.
Legs with all coxae and trochantersyellow; remainclerof legs
yellorv,the tips of the fore fenrorarveaklydarkenecl.
Wings witha weak brownishtinge, the prearcularand costal regionsclearer
yellotuv;
stigma oval, brown, the region of the cord paler brown;a broad subhyalineband before cord; a poststiurnalpale area;veins pale brown, darker in the more pattei'neclareas, pale inthe brighteneclportions. Venation: Sc1 endins altout opposite
one-third Rs, Scr near its tip; m-cu nearly one-half its length
beyondthe fork of M, at near one-thirdthe length of cell I st M2.
Abdomen (male) bicolored; basal segrnentsdarl< brorvn;
succeeding
segmentsyellow'basally,more extensivelydark brownon posteriorportion, the amount of dark color increasingon theouter segnrentsto form a more unifonrr sullternrinalringi
hypopygium yellow. Male hypopygiunr ( Fig. 34) with thea p p e n d a g eo f t h e n i n t h s t e r n i t e , 9 s ,e l o n g a t e e, n t i r e l yp a l e , t h eouter apical angles producedinto strong horns; caudal margin
with a U-shapedemargination.Outer dististyle,d, broadestat
near midlength,at this point on outer margin lvith a concentrationof six or sevenblackenedspines,tl'relargest ones more distad;beyondthis point the style narrolvs,ternrinatingin a long slenderVol. 19, Fasc.3, Dezembro1948
Rev. de Entomologia,

551

curvedspine,with threeor four smallerspinesimmediately
beforethis point.Inner dististylerelativelynarrow,weaklydarkened,atnear midlengthbent virtuallyat a right angle,the apex obtuse;surfaceof stylewith numerous
smallsetae.Aedeagus,
cr,dilated
and nloderatelyflaring at apex. Gonapophyses,g, with abundantspinouspoints.
F l a b i t a tP: e r u .
Holotype,cl, Chancham4yo,
Junin,altitude1,400meters,
April 28, I 941 ( Schunke). Allotopotype,9 , pinnedwith type.
The ntost similar speciesis Atarba (Atarbs) multiarmataAlexander,'u'.'hiclt
differsin the colorationof the body and wings and in the structureof the male h.vpopygium,includ'ingth,e sternal appenclageand outerdististl'le.

A t u r b a ( A t o r b at )u b e r c u l i f e r a e d c r x ,s u b s pn ..
A 4a l e .
about3 mm.

L e n g t ha, b o u t7 . 5 m m . ;r v i n g ,8 . 2 m m : ; a n t e n n a ,F e rn a I e.

Length,about 7-B nlnl.; rving, 8-9 mlll.
Closeto typical tuberculiferaAlexancler,differing especiallyin the detailsof structureof the ntale hypopygium.In the typeand allot-t'pe
the dark femoralrings are broacfand nearlyterminalin position;in the largerfernaleparatype,theseringsare narrower,
sttbequal
to or a trifle wider than the pale tips. In all specimens
the clarkrings rlf the posteriorfemoraare a trifle narrowerthan
thoseof the other legs.
Alalehypopvgiunr(Fig. 35) with the appenclageof the ninth
sternite,9s, dividedanteriorly,widenedat posterioreticl,the outL'r
Iateral angles ertencletiinto stout darkeneclhorns; posterittr
margin of ap1;endate
betweenthe hornsvery gently ernarginate;surfacer,vithver)' nullleroLrs
pale setae.Outci clististyle,d, very
narrow, blackenedthi:oughout,the ouier lnargin lvith spineson
the outer tr,vo-thirds
or nrore, the nlore basal olles srnall, thesucceedirrg
six or sevenstrong but appressecl;ternrinalspine
small,the subternrinal
one muchsnrallerthan the antepenultinrate;
no spinesor serrulations
on lower face of style. Inner dististylebroacl-based,gradually narrowed outrvardl)',the tip obtuse;surfaceof stylelvith relativelynumerollsscatteredsetae.AeCeaguS,e, stottt, dilated and flaring at apex, rvithout the tubercleorl
margin found in the typical fornr. Grlnapophyses,
9,, unequallybilobed,the principalIobc or blade pale, the nrarginsentirely

smooth,obtuse.

552 Alexandbr,s f T i p u l i d a eV. .
T r o p i c a lA m e r i c a nS p e c i e oHabitat:Peru.
Huanuco,altitude3,600 meters'
Holotyp
E, 6, Sariapanlpa,
in fog forest,May 12, 1946 (Woytkowski). Allotopotype,I ,I I , May 10,1946(Woytkowski).
pinnedwith type.Paratopotype,E I e p h o n t o m y i c t O s t e nS a c k e n
T o x o r h i n a L o e w ; B e r n s t e i n u n d B e r n s t e i nafu n a ' p . 9 6 ; 1 8 5 0 ; ( n o m e n n u d u m) .
, 5: 400 (in part); t851.
T-t:liintiiiomyiao x o r h i n a L o e r v ; L i n n a e a E n t .'Proc.
Acarl. Nat.' lci. Philad.etphia1859: 220 1859;
Osten Sack_en;c a n a d e n s i sW e s t r v o o d ,i n e r r o r ) .
a
S
S
a
c
k
e
n
,
( i y p e w e s t u , o o t lO
s
t
e
n
i

SubgenuEs l ep h o n t o m y i n a

Alexander) lexander; Ann. l\1ag. Nat. Hist., (ll)E l e p h a n t o m y l a( E t e p h a n t o m t , i n aAAlex
ander).
(typesupernumeraria
1938;

l:349;

Medium sized f lies, distinguishedchiefly by the greatly
two of which are in the
rostrum.Three subgenera,
lengthened
local f auna,are commonlyrecognized.
Entire f ront of head drawn out into a slender rostrum'
commonlyas long as or longerthan the entirebody, in some'
NearcticcurtirostrisAlexander,short, only
as the southwestern
abouttwo-fifths the lengthof the body or wing; palpi reduced,
thecommonlyl5-segmentecl,
placedat apexof rostrunr.Antennae
basal two f lagellar segmentsunited into a f usion-segment;with unusuallylong verticilsthat
cylindrical,
succeeding
segments
Head withmay be fully threetimesthe lengthof the segments.
eyes large to very large, especiallyin the males,the anterior
narrowed.
vertexcorrespondingly
Tibial spurs commonlypresent,lackingin somespeciesof
the typical subgenusand in the subgenusElephantomyodes;
vestitureof legsof normalsetae,not bifid as in the superficiallysimilarToxorhina(see Part II I of this seriesof Notes). Wings( Figs. 27, 28) with vein R: lacking; three branchesof R,
interpretedas being Rr-r, R+ and Rsi the tr,volatter veinscommonlyelongated,extendinggenerallyparallelto one another;

Fig. 28) with Rs
r-m connectingwith Rs or (Elephantontyina,
into rectangular
beforethe fork. Cell 1s/ M2 large,subquadrate
outline,with m-cu some distancebeyondthe fork of M; celland others;
2nd A normallybroad,very narrowin luteiannulata
withIn the subgenusElephantomyina
anteriorarculuspreserved.
in cell Rs ( Fig. 28).
crossveina supernumerary
Male hypopygium( Fig. 36) with the dististylesterminal,
commonlywith the outer style slender,glabrous,bificl at tip, inVol. 19, Fasc.3, Dezembro1948
Rev. de Entomologia,

553

cases shorter and stouter; in tigriv entris the outer stvle withnumerous spinulae on outer third, somewhat suggestingthe
conditionf ound in the genus Atarba. Penis commonlygreatly
elongatedinto a hairlike coiled penefilum,sometimesvery long( as in angustissima,tenuissima,and others); in other species,
as primitiva, aedeagusshort and sirnple,rwith little extensionof
lying far laterad,nlore or less in thethe penis. Gonapophyses
positionnormallyoccupiedby the interbaseswheu the latter arepresent,appearingas flattened,inwardly directedblades. Ovipositorwith elongatevalves.
Elephantomyiais widely clistributeclthroughout the maior
regionsof the World, includingEurope and New Zealand,being
especiallynumerousin speciesin the Neotropicsand Ethiopian
Region.The Antarctic fauna includesspeciesin New Zealand,
Tasnraniaand Chile. The antiquity of the genus is shown by
its occurrencein the Baltic Amber. Elephantomyinais still known
The Old World subgenusElephantoonly front the subgenotype.
mlts1tt Alexander,distinguishedby peculiaritiesof venation,inadditionto the loss of the tibial spurs,is essentiallyOrientalbut

tauna as far east as
with numerousspeciesin the Australasian
New Guinea.
The immaturestagesoccur in the wet decayingwood ofvariousspeciesof hardwoodtrees.
As was indicatedunder the discussionof the genusToxorhina in an earlierpart underthis seriesof Notes ( III. Rev. deconfusionin the
I B: 356-357
Entontologia,; $al, considerable
use of the namesAporosa Macquart, Toxorhino Loew, andis found in the early literature.As it pertainsto
Elephantomyia
the situationis as follows: In the 1850 paper
Elephantontyia,
by Loew,cited in the synonymy,the authormentionedbut didof flies.The succeedingin any mannerthreespecies
not describe
but were includedwith ayear thesenakednameswerevalidatecl
of a fly now calledToxorhinaf ragiliswhich isfuller discussion
held to be the true type of the genus.The threeArnberspecies
as belongingto a distinctgenus
in thesepaperswere recognized
and it is
to which OstenSackengave the nanleElephantomyia
in this latter sensethat the nameis used in the presentpaper.
indicatedthe affinitiesof the Elephantomyaria
As previously
to the higherHexatomini
remainmucl in doubtandthe assignment
may be held in question.Somespeciesof H elius St. Fargeau
found
the conclition
andthursapproach
havethe rostrumtengthened
36

554

Alexander,T r o p i c a lA m e r i c a nS p e c i e o
s f T i p u l i d a ev. .

in the short-beaked
membersof the presentgenus.Furthermore
thereare decidedpointsof resemblancein the male hypopygiaof
the two groupsand thesegeneramay be more closelyallied thanis at presentrecognized.
The only othergenusin the local fauna
havingthe rostrumgreatlylengthened
and homologous
in structurewith that of the presentgroup is ToxorhinsLoew.

Elephantomyina

List of Species

supernumerariaAlexander.

Ecuador, Peru.

Elephantomyia
alticola Alexander.- Mexico.
angustissimaAlexander.- Mexico.
arcuari.aAlexander.
Panama.
banksi Alexander.
Panama.
boliviensisAlexander.
Bolivia.
brunneipennisAlexander. Ecuador.
chionopodaAlexander.
Peru.
chiriquianaAlexander. Panama.
clitellaria Alexander.
Chile.
fumipes Alexander. Mexico.
humilis Alexander. Colombia.
juquiensisAlexander.
SoutheasternBrazil.
(longirostris Williston, see willistoni).
IuteiannulataluteiannulataAlexander.- Mexico.
panama.
luteiannulatachiriquiensisAlexander.
pictiventrisAlexander. Ecuador,pem.
primitiva Alexander.
Ecuador.
primogenia,sp. n.
SoutheasternBrazil.
setulistylaAlexander.
Ecuador.
subhumilisAlexander. Ecuador.
tarsalbaAlexander.- Surinam.
tenuissimaAlexander.
Peru.
tigriventris Alexander.
Ecuador.
westwootliantillarum Alexander. Cuba.
willistoni Alexander.
Lesser Antilles: st. vincent.

E l e p h a n t o m y i a ( E l e p h a n t o m y ipa r) i m o g e n i a , s p . n .
Generalcolorationof mesonotum
light brown,the praescutumwith threeslightlydarkerstripes;thoracicpleuraobscureyellow,
virtuallyunpatterned;
f emorabrown,the tibiae and tarsi darker
brown; tibial spursdistinct;wings with a brownishgray tinge;
stigmaoval, pale brown; narrow and inconspicuous
seamsovercord and outerend of cell I st M2; branchesof Rs divergingvery
graduallyto the margin;malehypopygiumwith the outerdististyleRev. de Entomologia,Vol. 19, Fasc. 3, Dezembro1948

555

stout,thedividedat apex into two spines;aedeagus
blackened,penef
ilum unusuallyshort and stout.
Length,excludingrostrum,about8 mm.; wing,
M a le.
8.5 mnl.; rostrum,about6 mm.
Length,excludingrostrum,about I 1 mm.;
Female.
wing,9.5 mm.
Rostrunrelongate,dark brown.Antennaebrownishblack,thebroken. Headscapesligtly pruinose;outer flagellarsegments
brownishgray; anteriorvertex (male) narrow, a little less thanthe diarneterof scape;head of ,theonly availablef emalelacking
with exceptionof outer half of rostrum.
Pronotunrand posteriorscleritesof mesonotumlight brown,
the praescutummore reddishbrown with three slightly darker
brownstripes,the medianonebroaderand moredistinct,especiallyon anterior halt. Pleura and pleurotergiteobscureyellow orbrownishyellorr',virtually unpatterned;dorsopleuralregion anda small elevatedareabeforethe wing root slightly darker brown.
Halterespale, the knob a very little darker. Legs with the fore
and middle coxae weakly infuscated,the posterior pair lightyellow; femorabrown,tibiaeand tarsi darkerbrown; tibial spurs,
at least on hind legs, long and distinct.Wings with a brownish
gray tinge, the prearcularf ield a trifle paler; stigma oval, pale
pale brown seamsover cordbrown; narrow and inconspicuousand outer end of cell /sf fuIz; a similar wash at base of cell
outrvardalongvein Cu; veinslight brown.Venation:
Cu, continued
Sc, ending just before level of fork of Rs, Sc, near its tip;branchesof Rs divergingvery gradually,cell Rz at margin alittle more extensivethan cell Rs; cell /s/ M2 subrectangular,
about equal in length to the distal sectionof vein Msi m-cu
at neartrvo-thirdsthe lengthof cell lst M2; cell 2nd A moderately
broad.
Abdomen chiefly dark brown, the lateral and posterior
marginsof the tergitespaler brown, more unicolorousbrowtt inf emale; subterntinalsegmentsbrownish black, f orming a ring;
hypopygiumwith styli light yellow. Male hypopygiunr(Fig. 36)
in position;outer styled, slightlysubterminal
with the dististyles,
a little shorterand more slenderthan the inner one, divided atapex into two spines,the axial one a little Iess curved; innerstyle with long conspicuouspale setae along outer margin'appearingas stronglycurveclrods or blades,theGonapophyses
36*

'U4a.'''
''
t.

550

Alexander,

Tropical.Cmerican
Speciesof Tipulidae.V.

tips producedinto slenderpale points.Aedeagus,e, stout, thepene'filum
unusuallyshort and stout,when comparedwith mostother species.
Habitat:Southeastern
Brazil.
'Theresopolis
Holotype, 6 ,(Terezopolis),
Rio de Janeiro,
altitude 1,000 meterrs,
October lg42 (Lauro TravassosFilho).
Allotopqtlpe, 9 .
From other regional specieshaving the aedeagusand penefilumof
the male hypopygium relatively unmodif
ied, including Elephantomyia(Elephantomyia)primitiva Alexanderand E. (8.) tigriventris Alexander,
the presentfly differs conspicuously
in the size, coloration,and detailsof structureof the male hypopygium.