第 13 期白眉研究者紹介● グローバル型（従来型）／ Global Type

Introduction of 13th-batch Hakubi Researchers★ 部 局 連 携 型（卓越研究員型）／ Tenure ‒Track Type★ カリリ・モスタファ 特定助教
Mostafa KHALILI (Assistant Professor)
研 究 課 題： Understanding Ethnonationalistic Mobilizations from Below: Identity Politics Above andBeyond Ethnicity
専 門 分 野： Political Anthropology, Ethnicity and Nationalism, Cross-border Conﬂict
受 入 先 部 局： Center for Southeast Asian Studies
前職の機関名： Center for Relational Studies on Global Crisis, Chiba University

0\SULPDU\UHVHDUFKLQWHUHVWLVH[SORULQJHWKQLFLW\DQGPL-Understanding Ethnonationalistic
Mobilizations from Below:
Identity Politics Above and Beyond Ethnicity

nority nationalism from an anthropological angle, particularly
LQWKHFRQWH[WRISROLWLFDOO\XQVWDEOHUHJLRQV7KHPDLQREMHFWLYHRIP\SURMHFWDW+DNXELFHQWHULVWRGHYHORSDFRQFHSWXDOIUDPHZRUN WR XQGHUVWDQG HWKQRQDWLRQDOLVWLF PRELOL]DWLRQV

Since my childhood, the most meaningful moments of my life

from an anthropological angle. By taking the long-lasting

have been dedicated to thinking deeply about various issues.XUGLVKFRQÀLFWLQWKH0LGGOH(DVWDVDFDVHVWXG\,DLPWR

involving mankind, including his beliefs, and his social life.

challenge the predominant approach that regards ethnic back-To fulfill my curiosities, I started my university education

JURXQGDVWKHPDLQFDXVHIRUWKHVSUHDGRIFRQÀLFWV$OWHUQD-in electrical engineering at Bachelor’s level. Later on, mytively, in my research, ethnicity is considered as one among

great enthusiasm for humanities and social sciences led me

VHYHUDO RWKHU HTXDOO\ LQIOXHQWLDO VRFLRSROLWLFDO IDFWRUV WKDWto change my field of study to Society and Culture at the

VKDSHLGHQWLW\SROLWLFVLQWKHORFDO¿HOGRISRZHU

master’s level and complete dual doctoral programs in Global
6WXGLHVDQG*OREDO5HVRXUFH0DQDJHPHQW

Different Approaches to Studying
Minority Nationalism

ferent ethnic sub-groups on the ground occasionally makeIn the highly interconnected world, the spread of minoritytimes and spaces.

QDWLRQDOLVPLQYDULRXVFRXQWULHVRIWKHJOREDO1RUWKDQG6RXWK

7KHUHFHQWWKHRUHWLFDOGHYHORSPHQWVLQWKH¿HOGRIHWKQLFLW\KDVEHHQRQHRIWKHVLJQL¿FDQWFKDOOHQJHVWRDFKLHYLQJLQWHU-and nationalism suggest that the way out of the substantialist

national peace and regional developments. In order to comeand reductionist approach is to study the nation and national-up with a sustainable solution for such challenges, it is criticalism not only from above but also from below, that is, among

to understand under what circumstances ethnic groups are

WKHRUGLQDU\SHRSOHZKRDUHWKHPDLQVXEMHFWVRIVXFKPRYH-PRELOL]HGLQDUHJLRQDODQGWUDQVQDWLRQDOFRQWH[WPHQWV %UXEDNHU:LPPHU ,QOLQHZLWKVXFKWKH-

The conventional macro-level analysis of ethnic conflicts

RUHWLFDODGYDQFHPHQWVWKHSULPDU\REMHFWLYHRIP\UHVHDUFKoften rests on the culturalist assumption that the ethnic back-is to develop a conceptual framework that suggests the way

ground and cultural proximity are the main factors for theout of a dichotomic understanding of ethnonationalistic mo-

PRELOL]DWLRQRIDQHWKQLFJURXSDQGLWVFURVVERUGHUVSUHDGELOL]DWLRQE\WDNLQJDUHODWLRQDOFRPSDUDWLYHDQGERWWRPXSDPRQJ WKH HWKLFNLQV 6DOHK\DQ   +RZHYHU WKH VXE-DSSURDFK0\SURMHFWDLPVWRFKDOOHQJHWKHSUHGRPLQDQWDS-

stantialist and groupist nature of such a tendency contributes

proach that regards ethnic background as the main cause forWRWKHVKDSLQJRID¿[HGDQGGLFKRWRPLFXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIDQ

WKHVSUHDGRIFRQÀLFWV$OWHUQDWLYHO\LQP\UHVHDUFKHWKQLFLW\HWKQRQDWLRQDOLVWLFFRQÀLFWE\UHGXFLQJLWWRDVWUXJJOHEHWZHHQLVFRQVLGHUHGDVRQHDPRQJVHYHUDORWKHUHTXDOO\LQÀXHQWLDOWKHDJHQWVRIDVXSSUHVVLYHVWDWHDQGDXQL¿HGHWKQLFJURXS

socio-political factors that shape identity politics in the local

Such an approach blocks our way of understanding why dif-¿HOG

FRQWHVWHGDOOLDQFHVZLWKWKHVWDWHVRUPLOLWLDJURXSVLQVSHFL¿F26

白眉プロジェクト 2023

The Kurds’ Struggle for Self-determination as a Case StudyWLRQDOLVP FLWL]HQVKLS ULJKWV VKRXOG QRW EH FRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\The case study which I consider is the long-lasting KurdishXQGHUDXQLYHUVDOFLWL]HQVKLSULJKWVV\VWHP6XFKDZRUOGYLHZVWUXJJOHLQWKH0LGGOH(DVW6SUHDGLQWKHIRXUFRXQWULHVRIDOWKRXJKLWVHHPVWREHIDUR൵DQGLQIHDVLEOHDWWKHPRPHQW,UDQ,UDT7XUNH\DQG6\ULDDFHQWXU\ORQJ.XUGLVKVWUXJJOH

can be a way out of the reproduction of ethnonationalism

for self-determination is one of the most notable instances ofbased on othering.

group-differentiated, rather, ethnic rights should be secured

FURVVERUGHUHWKQRQDWLRQDOLVP 0$37KHVFDUFLW\RIDQDQWKURSRORJLFDODSSURDFKWRDQDO\]LQJWKH

References

root causes of Kurdish nationalism has prepared the ground

Brubaker, R. (2004). Ethnicity without groups. Harvard Uni-IRU HTXDWLQJ WKH .XUGLVK SROLWLFDO DFWLYLVW¶V SHUVSHFWLYH

versity Press

with that of the ordinary Kurds, resulting in a lack of true

Salehyan, I. (2011). Rebels without borders: transnational

understanding of the internal differences in identity politics

insurgencies in world politics. Cornell University Pressamong various Kurdish sub-groups. In order to fill such a:LPPHU$  Ethnic boundary making: Institutions,JDSP\UHVHDUFKWUDMHFWRU\LQWKHODVWVL[\HDUVKDVIROORZHG

power, networks2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

a bottom-up approach and suggested that for examining theconstructing elements of the Kurd's ethnonationalistic sentiments, one needs to shift the focus of analysis to ordinary
SHRSOHDQGWKHLQÀXHQWLDOIDFWRUVLQWKHORFDOSROLWLFDO¿HOGVIn this perspective, ethnicity is seen only as one factor, among
VHYHUDORWKHUVRFLRSROLWLFDOHOHPHQWVLQÀXHQFLQJWKH.XUGLVKVXEMHFWV¶SROLWLFDOSUHIHUHQFHV:KLOHP\3K'SURMHFWDQGSUHYLRXVZRUNVGHSLFWDQDOWHUQDWLYHDSSURDFKWRZDUG.XUGLVKPRELOL]DWLRQE\HWKQRJUDSKLF
investigation of everyday ethnicity among the Kurds in Iran,P\+DNXELSURMHFWDLPVWRJREH\RQGWKHUHJLRQDOFKDUDFWHUistics of Kurdishness by looking for its constructing elements
in a cross-border and transnational context. Through multi-sited extensive ethnographic fieldwork, I aim to highlight theGL൵HUHQFHVLQWKHSROLWLFDOSUHIHUHQFHRIWKHUXUDO.XUGVOLYLQJLQWKHWULERUGHUUHJLRQRI,UDQ,UDTDQG7XUNH\FRPSDUHG
WRWKDWRIWKH8UEDQ.XUGVRI0DKDEDG(UELODQG9DQFLWLHV

Map 1. Distribution of the Kurds and their languages.

UHVSHFWLYHO\ 0$3

The Broader Implications of My Research
7KHPDLQK\SRWKHVLVRIP\UHVHDUFKLVWKDWWKH GH SROLWLFL]DWLRQLQFHQWLYHVIRUJURXSPRELOL]DWLRQFDQQRWEHVLPSO\explained by reference to ethnic identity. Instead, it is continJHQWRQWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHORFDOSROLWLFDO¿HOGZKHUHLQWKH
individuals want to preserve their interests and emancipate
themselves from the domination of the states’ authority andethnic activists’ discourse. The comparative and bottom-up
approach taken by this research will provide the ground for
DQDO\]LQJLGHQWLW\SROLWLFVDERYHDQGEH\RQGHWKQLFLW\The broader contribution of my research is to promote theidea that in order to prevent the rise and spread of ethnona-Map 2. Cross-border interactions of the Kurds in the tri-borderarea of Iran, Iraq, and Turkey.

27