JAPAN P& I CLUBCoastal vessels No. 4 March 2018

P&I Loss Prevention Bulletin
The Japan Ship Owners Mutual Protection & Indemnity Association Loss Prevention and Ship Inspection Department

Coastal vessels
Prevention of damage
to harbour facilities andrelated cases

Contents§1§2

Introduction ･･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 1
P&I Insurance accident statistics:
Statistics of claims between 2008PY and 2016PY§２−１ Fluctuation of the number of accidents ･･････････････････････････････････････････････1§２−２

Fluctuation of insurance money ･･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････4§２−３

P&I Insurance accident statistics:
Statistics of claims between 2008 PY and 2016 PY･･････････････････････････････････8§3Damage statistics regarding harbour and ﬁshery facilities§３−１

Trends concerning damage to harbour and ﬁshery facilities causedby coastal and ocean going vessels ･･････････････････････････････････････････････････ 10§３−２

Statistics on the number of accidents by accident occurrence area in Japan ････ 14§３−３ Statistics on the number of accidents by accident occurrence month in Japan ･････ 17§３−４ Statistics on the number of accidents by damaged facility･････････････････････････ 18§３−５ Statistics on the number of accidents by ship type ･････････････････････････････････ 23§３−６ Statistics on the number of accidents by size of ship (G/T) ････････････････････････ 25§4

Accidents regarding harbour and ﬁshery facility causes§ ４−１ Statistics on accident causes ････････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 28§ ４−２ Human Error Concept ･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 29
§ ４−３

§5

BTM (Bridge Team Management)/ETM (Engine Room Team Management) ･････････ 31

Case study§５−１Case ① Quay contact ･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 34§５−１−１ Chain of events leading up to the accident ････････････････････････････････････ 35§５−１−２ Judgement and cause analysis by Marine Accident Tribunal･･･････････････････ 35§５−１−３ Analysis according to Human characteristics and Preventive Measures ･･････ 36§５−２Case ② Oyster raft accident that sustained damage ････････････････････････････････ 38§５−２−１ Chain of events leading up to the accident ････････････････････････････････････ 40§５−２−２Analysis by Japan Transport Safety Board and Marine Accident Tribunal
and Preventive Measures ････････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 41§５−２−３ Analysis according to Human characteristics and Preventive Measures･･････ 41§５−３Case ③ Fair way buoy damage････････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 43§５−３−１ Chain of events leading up to the accident ････････････････････････････････････ 45§５−３−２Analysis by Japan Transport Safety Board and Marine Accident Tribunal
and Preventive Measures ････････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 46§５−３−３ Analysis according to Human characteristics and Preventive Measures ･･････ 47§6Conclusion ･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 49
References ･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 50

§1Introduction

In November 2013, a Loss & Prevention Seminar under the theme of “Prevention of damage to harbour facilities”
was held at the following five areas: Tokyo, Kobe, Imabari, Fukuoka and Saeki. Following these, Loss Prevention
Bulletins Vol. 31 and 32 covering these themes were issued.
This time, the outline of the Loss & Prevention Seminar “Prevention of damage to harbour facilities caused by coastal
vessels and related cases”, which was held from September to December in 2017, will be included.

§2

P&I Insurance accident statistics:
Claims in 2008PY to 2016PY Statistics

Note : Policy Year (PY) : the insurance period shall be one year from 20th February to the following 20th February§２−１ Fluctuation of the number of accidents
Coastal vessels

Number ofaccidents

350

328

300

9.1%

Accident rate %Total number of cases over last nine years：2,178

11.1%

Number of damage reports regarding harbour and ﬁshery facilities：1,291

271

7.9%

250

The number of insurance accidents and accident rate fluctuation

9.7%

270

8.4%

8.6%

10.0

8.8%

8.0%
224

227
210

205

12.0

10.6%

232
8.0

211

200

150

6.0

203
157

163
137

100

131

117

127

127
4.0

129

2.0

50

0

2008 PY

2009 PY
Crew

Graph 1

2010 PY

2011 PY

Cargo damage

2012 PY

2013 PY

Damage reports regarding
harbour and ﬁshery facilities

2014 PY

2015 PY

Others2016 PY

Accident rate

Coastal vessels The number of insurance accidents and accident rate ﬂuctuation

−1−

0.0

By accident type

2008PY 2009PY 2010PY 2011PY 2012PY 2013PY 2014PY 2015PY 2016PY

Total

%

41
29

28
27

29
30

15
25

26
21

18
17

22
30

14
51

18
56

211
286

10%
13%

203

157

163

137

131

129

127

117

127

1,291

59%

1
11
14
2
27
55
328

1
12
22
5
19
59
271

2
13
10
3
20
48
270

2
7
12
5
21
47
224

0
7
11
1
13
32
210

1
4
9
2
25
41
205

3
8
8
4
9
32
211

2
10
9
3
21
45
227

1
2
9
3
16
31
232

13
74
104
28
171
390
2,178

1%
3%
5%
1%
8%
18%
100%

Number of entered vessels at the
beginning of the policy year

3,609

3,428

3,225

2,799

2,436

2,319

2,176

2,134

2,098

24,224

Accident rate (Number of accidents
divided by Number of entered vessels)

9.1

7.9

8.4

8.0

8.6

8.8

9.7

10.6

11.1

9.0

Crew
Cargo damage
Damage reports regarding harbour andfishery facilities
Other people except crew
OthersCollision
Oil spilt
Groundings, sinkings and fire
OthersOther · Subtotal
Total

Table 2The total number of P&I insurance accidents concerning coastal vessels reported between 2008PY to 2016PY was
2,178. Of this figure, the number of damage accidents to harbour facilities and fishery facilities were 1,291, which
occupied 59% of the total. Along with this, cargo damage accidents and crew injury / death related accidents accountfor approximately 80% of the total.
The number of accidents showed a tendency of decreasing at a peak of 328 cases in 2008PY, however, this number
has slightly increased following 2014PY.
Although this trend shows a decrease in the number of accidents, it is influenced by a decrease in the number ofentered ships. Thus, we compared this with an accident rate using a calculation that divides the number of accidents
by the number of entered vessels at the beginning of the policy year.
Although the accident rate was 8% in 2011PY, it has increased very slightly since then.
In 2016PY, the accident rate was 11.1%, which, on close examination, tells us that 11 out of 100 ships caused some P&I
accidents. We believe that urgent action should be taken to stop this increasing trend in order to decrease the call rate.
Number ofaccidents

2FHDQJRLQJYHVVHOV7KHQXPEHURILQVXUDQFHDFFLGHQWVDQGDFFLGHQWUDWHñXFWXDWLRQ
Number of damage reports regarding harbour and ﬁshery facilities: 2,481 Cases

4500

3,848

4000

140.2%

3,751

130.9%

138.6%

Total number of cases over last nine years:：29,836 Cases

3,992
3,365

122.1%

3500

342

324

328

3000

121.1%

3,119

123.8%
3,096

283

2500

257

250

Accident
rate %

160
140

121.3%

123.1%

3,002

2,962

115.8%
2,701

252

248
239

120
100
80

2000
60

1500

40

1000

20

500
0

2008 PY

2009 PY
Crew

Graph 32010 PY
Cargo damage

2011 PY

2012 PY

2013 PY

Damage reports regarding
harbour and ﬁshery facilities

2014 PY
Others2015 PY

2016 PY

Accident rate

Ocean going vessels Number of accidents and accident rate ﬂuctuation−2−0

By accident type

2008PY 2009PY 2010PY 2011PY 2012PY 2013PY 2014PY 2015PY 2016PY

Total

%

Crew

1,880

1,904

1,833

1,491

1,321

1,326

1,173

1,182

1,075

13,18544%

Cargo damage

1,135

1,078

1,321

1,161

1,157

1,201

1,248

1,193

989

10,48335%

Damage reports regarding harbour andfishery facilities

342

324

328

283

257

230

232

246

239

2,481

8%

OthersOther people except crew

93

95

99

106

73

76

67

67

74

750

3%

Collision

72

60

64

45

32

32

42

32

42

421

1%

Oil spill

55

34

34

47

35

40

26

30

34

335

1%

Groundings, sinking and fire

18

9

12

19

7

11

10

11

11

108

1%

Others

253

247

301

213

237

180

204

201

237

2,073

7%

Other · Subtotal

491

445

510

430

384

339

349

341

398

3,687

12%

Total

3,848

3,751

3,992

3,365

3,119

3,096

3,002

2,962

2,701

29,836100%

Number of entered vessels at the
beginning of the policy year

2,745

2,866

2,880

2,757

2,576

2,500

2,475

2,406

2,333

23,538

Accident rate (Number of accidents divided
by Number of entered vessels × 100%)

140.2

130.9

138.6

122.1

121.1

123.8

121.3

123.1

115.8

126.8

Table 4

Ocean going vessels

Number of accidents and accident rate ﬂuctuation

On the other hand, the total number of P&I accidents concerning ocean going vessels, which were reported between
2008PY to 2016PY, was 29,836. Of this figure, the number of damage accidents to harbour facilities and fisheryfacilities were 2,481, which occupied 8% of the total. The largest P&I accidents concerning ocean going vessels arecrew injury / death related accidents, which occupy 44% of the total (13,185 cases). Cargo damage accidents came
second place occupying 35% (10,483 cases) and in third place, damage accidents regarding harbour and fisheryfacilities occupying 8% of the total.
The differences between accident trends regarding coastal and ocean going vessels will vary depending on thecontents of the insurance contract. The cost of medical treatment etc. for crew injury related accidents on board
coastal vessels is covered by the seaman’s insurance. If you contracted with P&I insurance which covers a seaman’s
accident compensation, you will be liable for any costs not covered by the seaman’s insurance. Also, regarding coastal
vessels, because shipowner as a business practice was not compensated for loss as a result of cargo damage accidents
in the past, cargo related accidents concerning coastal vessels were not subject P&I insurance either. However, in
recent years, cargo owners or cargo insurance companies that have been claiming for cargo accidents due to mistakes
made by shipowners and crew have been increasing. In order to address this, there has been an increase in shipownersof coastal vessels also taking supplementary cargo related cover (Cargo Indemnity). In proportion to this, the numberof cargo damage accidents for coastal vessels reported to P&I has shown a tendency to increase.
For coastal vessels also, we considered the accident rate using a calculation that divides the number of accidents
of ocean going vessels by the number of entered vessels at the beginning of the policy year. Although there was adifference in the contents of insurance contract as described above, the accident rate was between 115.8% to 140.2%,
which, on close examination, tells us that there were between 116 to 140 cases per 100 ships.
It is not appropriate to simply make a comparison, as there is a difference concerning insurance contracts. In addition,for ocean going vessels, crew injury / death related accidents occupy nearly half of the total number of accidents.
However, comparing accident rates shows that the number of coastal vessel cases is only one tenth of that of ocean
going vessels.

−3−

§２−２

Insurance money Fluctuation&RDVWDOYHVVHOV,QVXUDQFHPRQH\ñXFWXDWLRQ

Total amount:
JPY one million

Average insurance money:

Total insurance amount over last nine years: JPY 18,701 million

6000

JPY ten thousand

1800

1670

1600

5000

4,525

1400

1162

4000

1200

1036
3,138
3000

1000

691

744

2,266

2,351

656
557

544

2000

800

1,562

1,345

1,218

1,175

483

600

1,120

400

1000
200
0

2008 PY

2009 PY

2010 PY

2011 PY

More than JPY ten million

Graph 52012 PY

2013 PY

2014 PY

0

2016 PY

Simple average insurance money(JPY ten thousand)Less than JPY ten million

Coastal vessels

2015 PY

Insurance money ﬂuctuation

Unit of insurance money: JPY one million
2008PY

2009PY

2010PY

2011PY

2012PY

2013PY

2014PY

2015PY

2016PY

Insurance money

Number of accidents

Insurance money

Number of accidents

Insurance money

Number of accidents

Insurance money

Number of accidents

Insurance money

Number of accidents

Insurance money

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

2,605 0% 14%

784

3

623

5 1,573 2

244

5

758

2

532

1

101

2 1,276 2468

27

6,359 1% 34%

More than JPY 50 million but
2less than JPY 100 million

118

2

138

9

265

2

148

3

243

3

236

4

0

29

2,127 1% 11%

662

4

316

0

Insurance money

Number of accidents

1 2,605 0

Number of accidents

Insurance money

Number of accidents

Number of accidents

Number of accidents

Insurance money

Insurance money
0

Insurance money

Number of accidents
More than JPY one billion 0
More than JPY 100 million but
5less than JPY one billion

％

Total

More than JPY ten million but
42 964 33
less than JPY 50 million

808 28 649 19 442 17 381 15 317 27 613 22 544 19 425

222 5,142 10% 27%

More than JPY five million but
20 145 19
less than JPY ten million

133

121

More than JPY one million but
80 191 65
less than JPY five million

167 60 144 49 108 54 131 59 139 50 114 54 122 48 103

Less than JPY one million 179
TOTAL

8

54

15 108 16 106 11

75

11

80

8

56

13

91

849

6%

5%

519 1,218 24% 7%

64 148 50 160 56 135 52 116 38 115 39 119 31 137 37 150 33 1,259 399 58% 2%

328 2,266 271 4,525 270 3,138 224 1,218 210 1,562 205 1,345 211 1,175 227 2,351 232 1,120 2,178 18,701 100% 100%

Table 6

Coastal vessels

Insurance money ﬂuctuation−4−

Regarding insurance money for coastal vessels, the insurance money has largely fluctuated every Policy Year.
Compared to the number of accidents, it is conspicuous that there has been great change, recently. The total amount of
insurance money over the last nine years is JPY 18,701 million. Although the largest amount was recorded in 2009PY(JPY 4,525 million), 2016PY came to only a quarter of the 2009PY (JPY 1,120 million).
The reason as to why there is a significant difference according to each individual Policy Year is because insurancemoney was greater for the PY when large P&I insurance accidents occurred, and, on the contrary, when there wereno large P&I insurance accidents, the insurance money was small by comparison. Particularly, in 2009PY, only one
accident occurred but the insurance amount was JPY 2,605 million, which was 57% of the total insurance money of
the Policy Year (JPY 4,525 million). This came to 14% of the total insurance amount over the last nine years.
It is conspicuous that the ratio of insurance accident money comes to more than JPY ten million, which is significant,no matter which policy year it is.
The following two pie charts compare the total number of accidents and insurance money over the last nine years.

Coastal vessels

Coastal vessels

By insurance money (number of accidents by ratio)

Band of insurance amount by ratio

Total number of cases over last nine years: 2,178

Total insurance amount over last nine years:
JPY 18,701 million

279 Cases
13％

JPY 2,467 million
13%

16,234 million
87%

1899
87％

More than JPY ten million

More than JPY ten million

Less than JPY ten million

Less than JPY ten million

Graph 7
Coastal vessels

Graph 8

By insurance money (number of accidents by ratio)

Coastal vessels

Band of insurance amount by ratio

When it comes to the number of accidents, the insurance amount that was less than JPY ten million equated to 87% of
the total. However, as for insurance money that was less than JPY ten million, it only equated to 13%.
Whereas, the number of accidents that came to more than JPY ten million were 13%, however, as for the insurancemoney, it accounts for 87%. Thus, we learn that large accidents greatly influence the total loss record.

−5−

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Total amount:

Average insurance money:

JPY one million

JPY ten thousand

Total insurance amount over last nine years: JPY 117,386 million

25000

700

20,331
20000

15,253
16,37015,512600

13,400

453

500

430

410

15000

657

10,264
400

346

403
10,162
8,140

10000

295

271

300

7,955

271

200
5000
100

0

2008 PY

2009 PY

2010 PY

2011 PY

More than JPY ten million

Graph 92012 PY

2013 PY

2014 PY

0

2016 PY

Simple average insurance money(JPY ten thousand)Less than JPY ten million

Ocean going vessels

2015 PY

Insurance money ﬂuctuation

Unit of insurance money: JPY one million
2008 PY

2009 PY

2010 PY

2011 PY

2012 PY

2013 PY

2014 PY

2015 PY

2016 PY

Total%

Number of accidents

Insurance money

Number of accidents

Insurance money

Number of accidents

Insurance money

Number of accidents

Insurance money

Number of accidents

Insurance money

Number of accidents

Insurance money

Number of accidents

Insurance money

Number of accidents

Insurance money

Number of accidents

Insurance money

Number of accidents

Insurance money

Number of accidents

Insurance money

3

5,108

1

1,096

4

6,401

2

2,413

1

4,366

3

11,695

0

0

1

2,282

1

1,108

16

34,4680%29%More than JPY 100 million
14 3,472
but less than JPY one billion

92,787 10 3,302 20 6,687

9

3,158 12 2,687

7

1,645

4

2,109

7

2,288

92

28,136

0%

24%

750

11

763

14

990

13

906

10

682

110

7,787

1%

7%

More than JPY ten million
147 2,791 134 2,433 136 2,494 134 2,633 131 2,366 139 2,564 152 2,865 144 2,599
but less than JPY 50 million

89 1,721 1,206 22,468

4%

19%

More than JPY five million
147 1,043 177 1,239 147 1,036 172 1,249 146 1,090 130
but less than JPY ten million

98

674

1,250 8,953

4%

8%More than JPY one million
543 1,161 490 1,100 517 1,182 466 1,044 460 1,032 447 1,039 467 1,045 467 1,028 411
but less than JPY five million

880

4,268 9,512 14%8%805 2,930 757 3,162 791 2,563 631 2,361 625 2,353 613 2,227 622 2,235 619 2,085 601 22,894 6,062 77%

5%More than JPY one billion

More than JPY 50 million but
16less than JPY 100 million

Less than JPY one million 2,978
Total

1,131 10

16 1,165

8

596

12

803

930 135

973

98

721

3,848 15,512 3,751 10,162 3,992 16,370 3,365 15,253 3,119 13,400 3,096 20,331 3,002 8,140 2,962 10,264 2,701 7,954 29,836 117,386 100% 100%

Table 10

Ocean going vessels

Insurance money ﬂuctuation−6−

Although not as steep as coastal vessels, the insurance money for ocean going vessels also fluctuates every PY. The
amount JPY 20,332 million in 2013PY is prominent. However, of these three cases the insurance money of morethan JPY one billion in accidents among them was JPY 11,695 million, which occupied 57% of the total amount of
insurance money in 2013 PY.
As shown in the following charts which compare the number of accidents over the last nine years and the total of
insurance money, similar to coastal vessels, the number of accidents of more than JPY ten million came to 1,424 (5%of the total), however, as for the insurance money, it came to 79% of the total.

Ocean going vessels
Band of insurance amount by ratio

Ocean going vessels
Ratio of the number of accidents
Total number of cases over last nine years:

Total insurance amount over last nine years:

29,836

JPY 117,386 million
1,424 Cases
5％

JPY 24,527 million
21%

28,412 Cases

JPY 92,859 million

95％

79%

More than JPY ten million

More than JPY ten million

Less than JPY ten million

Less than JPY ten million

Graph 11
Ocean going vessels

Graph 12

Ratio of the number of accidents−7−

Ocean going vessels

Band of insurance amount by ratio§２−３ P&I Insurance accident statistics:
Statistics of claims between 2008 PY and 2016 PY
We evaluated the insurance accident statistics which were described above, by comparing the number of accidents andinsurance money by accident type and present them in the bar graph below.

Insurance money

Number of accidents

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%
1%

10%

14%

59%

13%

42%

1%

3%

0% 12%

3%

5% 1%

24%

8%

4%

Crew

Cargo damage

Damage reports regarding harbour
and ﬁshery facilities

People except crew

Collision

Oil spill

Groundings, sinking and ﬁreOthersGraph 13

Coastal vessels

Accident classification

Number ofaccidents

The number of accidents and insurance money evaluation

Evaluation
Average insurance money
Insurance
per case (JPY)(JPY one million)
Number of accidents Insurance money

Crew

211

2,541

12,043,589

MediumLarge

Cargo damage

286

217

759,784

Fewer

Fewer

Damage reports regarding
harbour and fishery facilities

1,291

7,784

6,029,316

Greater

Large

Other people except crew

13

70

5,403,762

Fewer

MediumCollision

74

2,307

31,173,935

Fewer

Large

Oil spill

104

500

4,812,400

MediumMediumGroundings, sinking and fire

28

4,579

163,538,058

Fewer

Large

Others171702

4,103,671

Fewer

Small

Total

2,178

18,7018,586,201

Table 14

Coastal vessels

The number of accidents and insurance money evaluation

Regarding coastal vessels, loss records will be greatly improved if damage to harbour and fishery facilities can beprevented. Of course, it is important to reduce the number of large accidents such as collisions, groundings, sinkings
and fire. Regarding crew accidents, the insurance money per case by simple average is significant. This is thereason as to why most take out supplementary insurance to cover "seamen’s accident compensation" to cover in partcompensation of death accidents and residual disability that were not covered by the seamen’s insurance.
−8−

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Number of accidents

1%

Insurance money

44%

25%

24%

2%

1%

8% 3%

35%

14%

1%

13%

1%

7%

18%

3%

Crew

Cargo damage

Damage reports regarding harbour
and ﬁshery facilities

People except crew

Collision

Oil spill

Groundings, sinking and ﬁreOthersGraph 15

Ocean going vessels

Classification by accident

Number ofaccidents

The number of accidents and insurance money evaluation

Insurance (JPY
one million)

Average insurance money
per case (JPY)

Evaluation
Number of accidents

Insurance money

Crew

13,18529,1782,212,945

Greater

Fewer

Cargo damage

10,483

16,473

1,571,383

Greater

Fewer

Damage reports regarding
harbour and fishery facilities

2,481

27,805

11,207,095

Greater

Large

Other people except crew

750

1,982

2,642,474

Fewer

Small

Collision

421

15,55336,942,304

Fewer

Large

Oil spill

335

1,693

5,055,088

Fewer

MediumGroundings, sinking and fire108

21,049194,896,468

Fewer

Large

Others

2,073

3,654

1,762,564

Fewer

Small

Total

29,836

117,386

3,934,372

Table 16

Ocean going vessels

The number of accidents and insurance money evaluation

Because the insurance and supplementary content for ocean going vessels is different from those of coastal vessels,
we compared the number of accidents and the insurance money in a bar graph, similar to those of coastal vessels, andevaluated it as follows.
▶ It is a necessary to reduce them, because the number of crew accidents is signiﬁcant. However, the simple
average of insurance money for one case is approximately one sixth of that of a coastal vessel.
▶ The simple average insurance money per damaged accident regarding harbour and ﬁshery facilities is large
only after huge accidents such as collision, groundings, sinkings and ﬁre. It is necessary to reduce this.

Naturally, the goal is for an accident never to occur, however, it is becoming evident that loss records will be greatly
improved if the number of accidents regarding harbour and fishery facilities are reduced for both coastal and ocean goingvessels.
−9−§3

Damage statistics regarding
harbour and ﬁshery facilities§３−１ Trends concerning damage to harbour and ﬁshery facilities
caused by coastal and ocean going vessels
Trends concerning all accidents in our Club were referred to in the previous chapter. Here, damage sustained byharbour and fishery facilities will be analysed.
'DPDJHUHSRUWVUHJDUGLQJKDUERXUDQGðVKHU\IDFLOLW\)OXFWXDWLRQLQWKHQXPEHURIDFFLGHQWV
600

Total Number of cases over last nine years

545

Coastal vessels: 1,291 cases

491

481

500

420
400

Ocean going vessels: 2,481 cases

Sum total: 3,772 cases

388

Coastal vessels

Ocean going vessels

366

359

359

363

257

230

232

246

137

131

129

127

117

127

2011 PY

2012 PY

2013 PY

2014 PY

2015 PY

2016 PY

342
328

324
300

283

239

200

203

100
0

2008 PY

Graph 17

157

163

2009 PY

2010 PY

Damage reports regarding harbour and ﬁshery facility Fluctuation in the number of accidents

Total amount:
JPY one million'DPDJHUHSRUWVUHJDUGLQJKDUERXUDQGðVKHU\IDFLOLW\LQVXUDQFHPRQH\ñXFWXDWLRQ

7000

Coastal vessels

6,411

Total Number of cases over last nine years

Ocean going vessels

6000

Coastal vessels:

5,561

5,402

JPY 7,784 million
Ocean going vessels:

5000

4,609

4000

5,863
4,855

3,572
3,632

2,211

1,424

1,984
989

1,037

2008 PY

2009 PY

2010 PY

2,508

2,477

1,968

1,851

2,044

1,222

1000

0

Sum total:

JPY 35,589 million

3,418

3000

2000

JPY 27,805 million

4,365

733

548

706

620

540

626

2011 PY

2012 PY

2013 PY

2014 PY

2015 PY

2016 PY

Graph 18 Damage reports regarding harbour and ﬁshery facility insurance money ﬂuctuation− 10 −

The total number of accidents over nine years concerning coastal and ocean going vessels was 3,772 cases: thenumber of accidents for ocean going vessels accounts for 2,481 cases, which is approximately double that of coastal
vessels. In addition, the total number of accidents for both coastal and ocean going vessels came to approximately 360
cases. This figure has remained constant since 2013PY.
On the other hand, insurance money greatly fluctuates depending on the scale of the accident. Further, accidents that
occurred on ocean going vessels accounted for approximately 3.6 times that of accidents that occurred on coastal vessels. 67 cases regarding large accidents of more than JPY 50 million occurred between 2009 PY to 2013 PY (coastal
vessels: 22 cases and ocean going vessels: 45 cases, average 13.4 cases per year). Meanwhile, the number of large
accidents after 2014 PY increased up to 20 cases (coastal vessels: 5 cases and ocean going vessels: 15 cases, average
6.7 cases per year). This is also shown in the simple average insurance amount per case.
JPY ten thousand
2500

2281

Damage report simple average (JPY ten thousand)SHUFDVHUHJDUGLQJKDUERXUDQGðVKHU\IDFLOLWLHV
2111

2000

1500

1103
1000

Ocean going vessels

1217
1283
614

1042
487

500

535

2008 PY

774

462

493

660

357
0

800

2009 PY

2010 PY

2011 PY

547

418
2012 PY

488

1121

603

Coastal vessels
2013 PY

2014 PY

2015 PY

2016 PY

Average overnine years

Graph 19 Damage report simple average (JPY ten thousand) per case regarding harbour and ﬁshery facilities
Unit：％'DPDJHUHSRUWVUHJDUGLQJKDUERXUDQGðVKHU\IDFLOLWLHVDFFLGHQWUDWH 1XPEHURIDFFLGHQWVGLYLGHGE\1XPEHURIHQWHUHGYHVVHOVDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHSROLF\\HDU）

14
13

12.5%

12

11.3%

11

11.4%

10.2%
10.3%

10

10.0%

9

9.2%

9.4%

5.6%

5.8%

10.2%

10.5%

Ocean going vessels

8
7
6

5.6%
4.6%

5.1%

5.4%

6.1%
5.5%

5
4

5.3%

4.9%

Coastal vessels
2008 PY

2009 PY

2010 PY

2011 PY

2012 PY

2013 PY

2014 PY

2015 PY

2016 PY

Average overnine years

Graph 20 Damage reports regarding harbour and ﬁshery facilities
accident rate (Number of accidents divided by Number of entered vessels at the beginning of the policy year）− 11 −

Unit of insurance money: JPY one million

Ocean going vessels
Amount band (insurance)

Coastal vessels

Total

Number of accidents

Insurance money Number of accidents Insurance money Number of accidents Insurance money

Number ofaccidents%

Insurancemoney%

Number ofaccidents%

Insurancemoney%

Number ofaccidents%

Insurancemoney%

More than JPY one billion

5

0.2%

11,739 42.2%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

5

0.1%

11,739 32.9%

More than JPY 100 million
but less than JPY one billion

27

1.1%

9,022

32.4%

13

1.0%

2,882

37.0%

40

1.1%

11,905 33.5%

More than JPY 50 million
but less than JPY 100 million

28

1.1%

1,992

7.2%

17

1.3%

1,275

16.4%

45

1.2%

3,267

9.2%

More than JPY ten million
but less than JPY 50 million

133

5.4%

2,727

9.8%

96

7.4%

1,961

25.2%

229

6.1%

4,688

13.2%

Large accident (More than JPY ten million) subtotal

193

7.8%

25,481 91.6%

126

9.8%

6,118

78.6%

319

8.5%

31,598 88.8%

More than JPY five million
but less than JPY ten million

121

4.8%

851

3.1%

82

6.4%

580

7.4%

203

5.4%

1,431

4.0%

More than JPY one million
but less than JPY five million

431

17.4%

1,005

3.6%

354

27.4%

825

10.6%

785

20.8%

1,830

5.1%

Less than JPY one million

1,736

70.0%

468

1.7%

729

56.5%

261

3.4%

2,465

65.3%

730

2.1%

2,288

92.2%

2,324

8.4%

1,165

90.2%

1,666

21.4%

3,453

91.5%

3,990

11.2%

Less than JPY ten million subtotal

2,481 100.0% 27,805 100.0% 1,291 100.0% 7,784 100.0% 3,772 100.0% 35,589 100.0%

Total

Table 21 Coastal vessels

Harbour and ﬁshery facilities by insurance amount

Number of accidents and ratio

Coastal vessels

Ocean going vessels

Band of insurance amount (ratio of the number of accidents)

Band of insurance amount (ratio of the number of accidents)

126 Cases
10％

193 Cases
8%

Total:
1,291 cases

Total:
2,481 cases
1,165 Cases

2,288 Cases

90％

92%

Large accident (More than JPY ten million)

Large accident (More than JPY ten million)

Less than JPY ten million

Less than JPY ten million

Graph 22Graph 23

Coastal vessels

Ocean going vessels

Band of insurance amount (ratio of insurance money)

Band of insurance amount (ratio of insurance money)
JPY 2,324 million
8%

JPY 1,666 million
21％

Total: JPY 7,784 million

Total: JPY 27, 805 million
JPY 6,118 million

JPY 25,481 million

79％

92%

Large accident (More than JPY ten million)

Large accident (More than JPY ten million)

Less than JPY ten million

Less than JPY ten million

Graph 24

Graph 25

− 12 −

In addition, large accident claims accounted for more than JPY 10 million: 10% for coastal vessels and 8% for ocean
going vessels, however, when it comes to insurance money, it is 79% for coastal vessels and 92% for ocean goingvessels respectively, which means that large accidents make for worse loss records.
Meanwhile, looking at the accident rate which was divided by the number of accidents by the number of entered
vessels at the beginning of the policy year, it is possible to see that ocean going vessels is approximately double thatof coastal vessels.
Also, compared to the year when accident rates were at their lowest (coastal vessels: 2009PY(4.6%) and ocean goingvessels: 2013PY (9.2%)), it is notable that the accident rates for both coastal and ocean going vessels have been
increasing slightly since then.
Looking closely at the total number of accidents and insurance money over the past nine years by band of insurance
amount, the sum total number of accidents for coastal and ocean vessels was 319 cases, which occupied 8.5% of
the total. The insurance money was JPY 31,598 million (88.8% in total). Also, the number of accidents that came tomore than JPY one million were 45 cases, which occupied only 1.2% of the total, however, as for insurance money, it
accounts for JPY 23,644 million, which is 66.5% of the total.
Cases that claimed more than JPY 500 million will be introduced in the following.
In addition to damaging the quay, accidents involving damage to the on shore cargo work facilities and leakage of oil
will significantly increase the magnitude of the accident.

Cases that claimed more than JPY 500 million
Ocean-going container vessel

1
Ocean-going container vessel

2
Coastal tanker

3
Ocean-going container vessel

4

In April 2009, at the time of ship departure from a quay of Port Said in Egypt,when turning round with the assistance of two tug boats, she closed to thequay on her port side stern due to drifting caused by wind pressure. As she
made contact with a gantry crane which was consequently damaged, therepair fee and loss of time insurance for the gantry crane was claimed for. Thiswas caused by the pilot’s miss-maneuvering.

In December, 2009, at the time of departure on ballast condition from Osaka
Nanko, she was flown under during strong wind in the sea route after having
left the wharf while using two tug boats, and came into contact with abreakwater causing damage to it. Also, a broken hole was made in the shell
plating of the hull and approximately 0.8KL of fuel oil was spilt. Because spilt
oil appeared inside the tetrapod, it took two years to remove it. The cause
was the pilot’s miss-maneuvering.
In October 2010, during a berthing operation using two tug boats at the
petroleum station in Okinawa, ship posture control was lost and she madecontact with the mooring dolphin on her port side stern. A broken hole wasmade in the fuel tank and approximately 46KL of fuel oil was spilt. A huge
expense was incurred on the dolphin’s repair cost, fuel oil washing operation andfishery compensation. The cause was down to the Master’s miss-maneuvering.

In January, 2010, during the berthing operation at Tokyo Oi Container Terminal
using one tug boat, it made contact with a gantry crane due to excessive
speed. Crane repair and inactivity incurred a huge cost. This was caused by
the pilot’s miss-maneuvering.

− 13 −

Most damage to harbour facilities is caused by miss-maneuvering by the ship commander such as the Master or pilot.
Particularly, the risk increases in the event of sudden weather change at the time of leaving the wharf and duringberthing operation. It will be difficult to ensure that the number of damaged accidents be zero, however, through
BTM, it will be possible to reduce the amount of damage caused to harbour facilities. For example, after a pilot
comes on board at both the time of entering and departing port, to not rely solely on his maneuvering, but to have abriefing regarding the ship maneuvering procedure with the Master and exchange necessary information with eachother. Further, when it comes to coastal vessels where the pilot is not required to board, it should be seen to it that solemaneuvering is not carried out by the Master, but that his intentions of ship maneuvering are shared with the othercrew on the bridge, fore/after stations and the Chief engineer.
In addition, ship bottom contact accidents have occurred frequently because of a lack of investigation concerning
harbour facilities in advance. Needless to say, it is important to regularly check harbour facilities in advance, even if
the vessel has been navigating the line frequently.

§３−２ Statistics on the number of accidents
by accident occurrence area in Japan
Accidents regarding harbour and fishery facilities in Japan were compiled by accident occurrence area.
Coastal vessels Number of accidents according to accident occurrence area
325

Seto Inland Sea

266

Tokyo Bay

175

The Paciﬁc Coast

150

Kyushu125

Osaka BayIse Bay102

Hokkaido

62

Japan Sea

40

Kanmon Straits

40

Okinawa

Total: 1,291 cases

60Graph 2650

100

Coastal vessels

150

200

250

300

350

(number of accidents according to accident occurrence area)

Ocean going vessels Number of accidents according to accident occurrence area in Japan
Seto Inland Sea

170

Tokyo Bay110

Osaka Bay

93

Ise Bay81

The Paciﬁc Coast

79

Kyushu62

Kanmon Straits

28

Hokkaido

28

Japan Sea
Okinawa

40Graph 27

Total: 674 cases

1930

Ocean going vessels

60

90

120

150

180

(number of accidents according to accident occurrence area in Japan)− 14 −

Coastal vessels

Ratio and Number of accidents
according to accident occurrence area

Kanmon Straits 40 Cases
Japan Sea 40 Cases
Hokkaido 62 Cases
5%

Ise Bay
102 Cases
Osaka Bay125 Cases

Ocean going vessels

Japan Sea 19 Cases

Okinawa 6 Cases

Okinawa 4 Cases

Hokkaido 28 Cases

3% 3% 0%Kanmon Straits
28 Cases

Seto Inland Sea
325 Cases

8%

Ratio and Number of accidents
according to accident occurrence area in Japan

Kyushu62 Cases

25%

4%

3% 1%

Seto Inland Sea
170 Cases

4%

9%

25%

10%
12%

12%

Kyushu150 Cases

Tokyo Bay
266 Cases

13%

16%

The Paciﬁc Coast
79 Cases

21%

14%

12%

Ise Bay 81 Cases

Tokyo Bay110 Cases
Osaka Bay93 Cases

The Paciﬁc Coast 175 Cases

Graph 28Graph 29

For a more accurate analysis, it was necessary to compare the number of entered and departed ports of our Club’s
members’ ships by area over the past nine years, using the number of entered and departed ports by region, andcomparing this with the accident occurrence rate as a denominator. However, unfortunately, because data of such
numbers of entered and departed ports was not available, we only compared this with the number of accidents.
It should only be natural to imagine that a large number of accidents occur at Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay and Osaka Bay
where main ports are concentrated, and Inland sea where both coastal and ocean going vessels frequent. Coastal andocean going vessels account for about 70% of accidents in these top four areas. However, both coastal and ocean
going vessels that continue to use these major ports, continue to experience accidents at Pacific Ocean coastal ports,
also. (Coastal vessels occupy third place and ocean going vessels occupy fifth place)
As a matter of fact, the number of accidents by country for ocean going vessels is shown in the pie chart below. The
number of accidents that occurred in Japan occupied 27% of the total number of accidents.
Ocean going vessels (accident and ratio occurrence by country)
Total: 2,481 cases
Other 102 countries

823 Cases

VietnamEgypt

33%

49 Cases

49 CasesBrazil57 Cases

U.K.

Graph 30674 Cases

9%
2%
2%
2%
3%

China 235 Cases

7%
3%

66 Cases

India

Japan

27%

63 Cases
Australia 80 Cases

Ocean going vessels

3%

3%

6%

South Korea 162 Cases
U.S. 139 Cases

Belgium 84 Cases(accident and ratio occurrence by country)− 15 −

Coastal vessels (number of accidents according to the port where the accident occurred)
100

795

Total: 1,291 cases

90

87
80

80
72

70
60
50

51

40

39

38

35

30

34

32

28

20
10
0

Chiba

Graph 31

Osaka

Yokohama

Coastal vessels

Nagoya Mizushima Kanmon Strait Kawasaki

Kobe

Tokyo

Tomakomai

Others(number of accidents according to the port where the accident occurred)

Ocean going vessels (number of accidents according to the port where the accident occurred)
100

Total: 674 cases

90

335

80
70
60
50

55

51

47

40

40
32

30

27
20

25

24
20

18

10
0

NagoyaGraph 32

Kobe

Chiba

Ocean going vessels

Osaka

Mizushima Kanmon Strait Yokohama Fukuyama Kawasaki

Kashima

Others(number of accidents according to the port where the accident occurred)

Moreover, we summarised the number of accidents by port.
A large number of accidents occurred at main ports for both types of vessels. One of the causes among the main portsof Nagoya, Osaka and Kobe and Chiba appears to be down to their similar quay structure.

− 16 −

Port of Chiba

Ports of Osaka and Kobe

Slit

PCC BerthPort of Nagoya

Fig. 33

Picture of Slits

Regarding the way that these ports are configured, there are a large number of slit type quays where larger vessels arealso to dock, which presumably could be causing the accidents. At the port of Nagoya, there are a large number ofPure Car Carriers (PCC) entering the port and the accident rate for this type of ship, which will be mentioned below, ishigh. Moreover, the frequency of docking on this slit type quay adds to increase the risk of accidents occurring.

§３−３ Statistics on the number of accidents
by accident occurrence month in Japan
There is the tendency that the number of accidents at the end of the year, beginning of the new year and at the beginning of the Japanese fiscal year (April) is larger for coastal and ocean going vessels, compared with other months
throughout a year. Regarding ocean going vessels, there were no trends like this in other countries but Japan. Thus,
this is characteristic of harbour and fishery facility accidents in Japan.
So as to eliminate such accidents, it will be necessary to remind vessels of these time periods.

− 17 −

Cases160

Inland Japan Number of accidents
by month of occurrence (2008-2016 PY)

Total Number of cases over last nine years

Coastal vessels: 1,291

Ocean going vessels: 674

Sum total: 1,965

140
Coastal vessels
Ocean going vessels

120
100
80
60
40
20
0

January February

March

April

May

June

July

August September OctoberNovember

DecemberCoastalvessels

114

104

106

116

110

99

102

101

92

102

108

137

Ocean
going
vessels

63

59

44

63

59

57

52

59

59

49

41

69

Graph 34 Inland Japan

Number of accidents by month of occurrence (2008-2016 PY)§３−４ Statistics on the number of accidents by damaged facility
Coastal vessels

Fluctuation of the number of accidents (by damaged facility)

Cases

250

5.6
203

200

5.4
5.1
4.6
157

5.5

4.9

6.1

Accident rate

6

5

163
4

150

137

131

129

127

117

117
3

45

100

38

19

19

16

14

18
50

0

%

5.8

5.6

77

2008 PY
Quay

Graph 35

66

71

2009 PY

2010 PY

69

2011 PY

2012 PY

Facility and structure located on quay

Coastal vessels

70

50

2013 PY

Fender62

2014 PY
Buoy

2

34

49
1

43

39

2015 PY

2016 PY

Others0

Fishery facility

Harbour and ﬁshery facilities Fluctuation of the number of accidents (by damaged facility)− 18 −

2008 PY 2009 PY 2010 PY 2011 PY 2012 PY 2013 PY 2014 PY 2015 PY 2016 PY

Total

%

Quay

77

66

71

69

50

70

62

43

39

547

42%

Facility and structure located on quay

45

38

19

19

18

16

14

34

49

252

20%

Fender

13

13

16

14

15

9

4

15

16

115

9%

Buoy

30

11

22

6

12

6

6

7

7

107

8%

Others

10

9

9

9

11

6

9

3

2

68

5%

Fishery facility

28

20

26

20

25

22

32

15

14

202

16%

203

157

163

137

131

129

127

117

127

1,291

100%

Number of entered vessels at the
beginning of the policy year

3,609

3,428

3,225

2,799

2,436

2,319

2,176

2,134

2,091

24,217

Accident rate (Number of accidents divided
by Number of entered vessels ×100%)

5.6

4.6

5.1

4.9

5.4

5.6

5.8

5.5

6.1

5.3

Total

Table 36

Coastal vessels

Fluctuation of the number of accidents (by damaged facility)

Coastal vessels
Ratio of the number of accidents (damaged facility)

Fishery facility

202

Others

68

Buoy

107

Fender115

Total: 1,291 cases
16%

5%

42%

8%

Quay 547

9%20%Facility and structure located on quay 252
Graph 37 Coastal vessels

Ratio of the number of accidents (damaged facility)

Examining the number of accidents of coastal vessels by damaged facility, the sum total of quay damage accidents(42%) and structure damage accidents including quay facilities (20%) occupy more than half of the total number ofaccidents.

− 19 −

Unit: JPY one million

Coastal vessels,QVXUDQFHPRQH\ñXFWXDWLRQ E\GDPDJHGIDFLOLW\

2200
1,984

2000
1800
1600
1400
1200

1,037

989

1000

733

800

706

600

626

620

548

540

400
200
0

2008 PY

2009 PY

2010 PY

2011 PY

2012 PY

Facility and structure located on quay

Quay

Graph 38

Coastal vessels

2013 PY

Fender2014 PY

2015 PY

OthersBuoy

2016 PY
Fishery facility

Insurance money ﬂuctuation (by damaged facility)
Unit of insurance money: JPY one million

2008 PY 2009 PY 2010 PY 2011 PY 2012 PY 2013 PY 2014 PY 2015 PY 2016 PY Total

%

Quay

482

316

677

383

222

250

278

249

343

3,200

41%

Facility and structure located on quay

126

534

980

56

34

193

74

128

95

2,220

28%

Fender

34

34

33

32

30

11

6

24

83

289

4%

Buoy

235

24

73

60

45

72

23

60

16

608

8%

Others

8

8

9

80

7

3

16

9

0

141

2%

Fishery facility

104

121

211

122

210

176

223

70

89

1,326

17%

Total

989

1,037

1,984

733

548

706

620

540

626

7,784 100%

Accident rate

13%

13%

26%

9%

7%

9%

8%

7%

8%

100%

Table 39

Coastal vessels

Fishery facility

Coastal vessels
Insurance money ratio
by damaged facility

1326
17%

Others
141

Buoy
608

Fender289

Graph 40

Insurance money ﬂuctuation (by damaged facility)

Unit: JPY one million

2%

41%

8%

Quay
3,200

4%

28%

Coastal vessels

Facility andstructure locatedon quay
2,220

Insurance money ratio (by damaged facility)− 20 −On the other hand, regarding insurancemoney, 2010 PY is prominent comparedto other insurance years due to one large
accident (929 million yen: 47% of 2010
PY overall) that occurred.
Also, regarding damaged facilities,
insurance money regarding quay damage, quay facilities and structure damage
occupy 70% of the total.