Chapter 4

ECDIS Familiarisation Training

４−１

STCW

The convention related to the qualifications of seafarers responsible for ship operation is STCW (International Convention
on Standards of Training, Certification and Watch keeping for Seafarers 1978).
In 2010, the IMO’s Standards of Training and Watch Keeping Sub-Committee was convened in Manila in the Philippines.
Discussions took place on “Ensuring the flexibility of compliance with the convention, training using innovations in scienceand technology, qualification certificates and how to attain the required level of watch keeping”. The convention was revised
after this.
With reference to ECDIS, it was specified that “The following knowledge, understanding, and skills are required to use
ECDIS in terms of handling a new technology”. The following items ① and ② are the minimum standards of proficiency
in the STCW Convention for 2nd officers and 3rd officers. In addition, minimum standards of proficiency have been
determined for the master and chief officer as well. (See Attachment ⑤ STCW Table A-II/2 Extract)①

ECDIS operational capability and knowledge of its limitations including
the following matters• Complete understanding of electronic navigational charts (ENC), data accuracy, display rules, display
options, and other nautical chart data formats• Risks of overdependence• Familiarisation with ECDIS functions as required by existing performance standards.

②

Familiarisation with ECDIS operation and interpretation and analysis
of information obtained from ECDIS, including the following :• Use of functions which are integrated with other navigational systems, including correct operation andadjustment to the proper settings• Safe monitoring and co-ordination of information on the ship’s position, display of navigation area, motion
mode and bearings, displayed nautical chart data, route monitoring, information layer created by the user,
other vessels that have been seized (If connected to AIS and/or radar tracking (ARPA)), and the radar
overlay function (if connected)• Checking the vessel position using other methods• Efficient use of various settings including prevention of grounding, alert parameters when the vessel isapproaching another vessel or special navigation areas, completeness of nautical chart data, update statusof nautical charts, and backup measures, according to the operating procedures.
• Proper settings and adjustment of settings according to the current situation− 22 −

• Awareness of the situation while ECDIS is in use, including the situations where the vessel is approachinga safe water area or hazardous water area and information regarding direction and speed of the current,
selection of nautical chart data and scale, correctness of the route, detection of other vessels and dealing
with them, and status of sensor maintenance.
These capabilities can be proved by the evaluation obtained from one or more of the following: “Approved training ship
experience”, and “Approved ECDIS simulator training”.

４−２ Familiarisation Training
With regard to ECDIS operation, both the STCW Convention and the ISM Code specify that “Complete and appropriate
training is required for correct and safe use of ECDIS”, and it is recommended that the training should consist of a total of
40 hours of lectures and simulator training (8 hours x 5 days).
In addition, the governments of various countries strongly require that the master and officers engaged in navigational watch
duties should be in possession of certificates of completion of ECDIS training. ECDIS familiarisation training is broadlyclassified into the following 2 types:❶

Generic training - According to the STCW Convention 2010
Manila amendments❷

Model-wise training - According to the ISM code/STCW
Convention

Further, the guidance regarding switching from navigation using paper charts to navigation using ECDIS has been issued
by the IMO Safety of Navigation circular Ref. T2-OSS/2.7.1 SN.1/Circ.276 (10 December 2008) “Transitioning from Paper
Chart to Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) Navigation”. (See Attachment ④ )４−２−１ Generic Training
IMO has approved “The IMO Model Course 1.27 (Modelcourse on Operational Use of Electronic Chart Display
and Information Systems ECDIS)” in order to understandthe capabilities, characteristics and limitations of ECDIS,
and to learn how to use and operate ECDIS correctly. At
present, the training program being conducted follows the“IMO Model Course 1.27 (2012 Edition), which is theversion certified by the 2012 IMO/STCW subcommittee”.
This training covers all matters concerning safety during
ECDIS operations as well as knowledge of the entire system, and describes matters that must be learnt by trainees
before they can obtain the ECDIS training certificate.

Generic Training:Sponsored by Japan Marine Science Inc.

− 23 −

The certificate for education and training on ECDIS must record and clearly state the following:▶

The certiﬁcation candidates should have completed the training course on
ECDIS operating methods based on the IMO Model Course 1.27.

▶

The training course should meet the requirements of IMOSTCW-95
International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watch
keeping for Seafarers (STCW Convention) .

４−２−２ Type Speciﬁc Familiarisation Training
Trainees are required to familiarise themselves not only with the overall details regarding the operation of ECDIS, butwith details of the model being used as well. They are thus required to undergo not only generic training, but type specificfamiliarisation training as well. Specifically, in AMSA (Australian Maritime Safety Authority), all masters and officers are
required to be in possession of certificates of completion of Type Specific Familiarisation Training, which is familiarisation
training on the on-board ECDIS (Familiarisation training provided by the ECDIS manufacturer). The authorities of othercountries may have similar requirements.

４− 2 −３

Training Facility

The facility/institution conducting the ECDIS training shall conduct it after being certified by the government or an
authorised institution (such as a Classification Society). The facility/institution shall issue a certificate of training completion attested by the government or an authorised institution. As of the year 2016, type specific familiarisation training does
not require a completion certificate to be issued by the government of each country. Instead, the training facility issues acertificate of completion attested by Classification Society.

Familiarizataion:Sponsored by Japan Marine Science Inc.

− 24 −

Chapter 5

Handling of Electronic Chartsfrom the Viewpoint of Masters
and Officers

So far, various nautical instruments on the vessel bridge have been providing information independently to the Conning
Officer. Now, with the introduction of ECDIS, the information obtained from these nautical instruments is stored in ECDIS.
(See Figure 15)
Figure : １５ ECDIS and other Nautical Equipment

Wind
Radar/ARPA

Gyro Compass

Master ECDIS
Backup
ECDIS

Log

Auto Pilot

GPS Secondary

GPS Primary
FURUNO− 25 −AIS

For example, after checking the vessel name and movements from AIS for hazardous
vessel information displayed in ARPA, the intentions of the vessel used to be determined using VHF, if required. Then after confirming the compass reading, and steering to avoiding collision on Auto Pilot, the LOG display was checked to find the trend
in changes in speed, and the display on the wind direction meter and anemometer waschecked to determine the relative wind direction and wind speed and examine whether
there were any problems before and after collision avoidance manoeuvres. The position of the vessel was checked using radar, GPS and target bearings to check for any
problem in the manoeuvring of one’s own vessel, or checking for deviation from theplanned course, then entered in the paper chart.

Sponsored by FURUNO
Doppler Sonner

The conventional approach, where the Conning Officer would check each piece of information generated by each individual
nautical instrument and organise it mentally before using it for manoeuvring may gradually change to an approach where
all the information obtained by viewing the ECDIS screen may be treated the same as information actually gained using thehuman eye, and used for manoeuvring.
In other words, ECDIS can be considered as an integrated navigation system (INS) that is extremely information-intensive
and is set up on the bridge for the automated operation of the vessel.

Sponsored by FURUNONew Generated Bridge System

Voyager

５−１ Human Errors due to Overdependence
ECDIS is one of several useful nautical instruments, but if it is not used correctly, the risk of serious accidents such as
collision or grounding arises. With the rapid advancements in computing technology we are seeing in recent times, there
is a feeling that people are tending to trust computers excessively. However, computers merely use programs to perform
calculations based on data that has been entered, and display the results only, and cannot judge whether the entered datais correct. Thus, if wrong data is entered, the result that is output and displayed is based on calculations performed using
wrong information.
If we check and compare against “Human traits” (For details, see “Thinking Safety” in the Loss Prevention Bulletin No. 35
of our Club), we find that more human errors are caused by misinterpretation of information displayed on ECDIS, and this
implies that the use of ECDIS leads to hazardous situations.
From our knowledge of human behavioural traits, let us consider the nature of risks caused by overdependence on ECDIS.
Human behavioural traits (Table 16), and the information processing (Figure 17) that takes place when acting based onhuman traits are shown below.

− 26 −

Table: １６ Human Characteristics
Twelve Human Characteristics from Web "ANZEN NO KOMADO"

Human Charcteristics①⑦

People beings sometimes careless⑧

People beings sometimes forget⑨

People beings sometimes do not notice⑩

People beings are sometimes lazy⑪

People beings sometimes panic②

People beings sometimes make mistakes

People beings are sometimes in a hurry
People beings sometimes become
emotional③

People beings sometimes makeassumptions④⑤

People beings have moments ofinattention⑥

People beings sometimes are able to seeor think only one thing at a time

Figure: １７⑫People beings sometimes transgress
when no one is looking

Human Characteristics : Information Processing in case of taking action

Human Characteristics

Past Experience

Result of Training

・ Information Processing
Large amount ofInformation obtained
from external Sources

Evaluate which
information to use

Take Action

Approximately 90% of all maritime accidents are said to be caused by human error, and there are 12 human behaviouraltraits that lead to such human errors. The information processing that takes place when a person makes a move is as shownin Figure 17. A large amount of information is obtained from external sources and compared with past experience and what
has been learned in training in order to select the required information. Once the person makes a move, new information
appears, thus the process keeps on repeating. But if the wrong information is selected due to one or more of 12 behaviouraltraits, human error occurs, leading to an accident or problem.
The changes in human behavioural traits of the concerned persons before and after the introduction of ECDIS are summarised in Figure 18. The behavioural traits described in points ③ , ⑥ , ⑧ , ⑨ , ⑩ and ⑪ are thought to lead to increasedrisk.

− 27 −

Table: 18 Comparison table of Human Characteristics Before/After ECDIS Implementation

Human Characteristics
Characteristics

Before
ECDIS

After
ECDIS

Evaluation①

People beings sometimes make mistakes○○

No Changed②

People beings sometimes careless○○

No Changed③

People beings sometimes forget△○

Risk Increased④

People beings sometimes do not notice○○

No Changed⑤

People beings have moments of inattention○○

No Changed⑥

People beings sometimes are able to see orthink only one thing at a time△○

Risk Increased⑦

People beings are sometimes in a hurry○○

No Changed⑧

People beings sometimes become emotional△○

Risk Increased⑨

People beings sometimes make assumptions△○

Risk Increased⑩

People beings are sometimes lazy△○

Risk Increased⑪

People beings sometimes panic△○

Risk Increased⑫

People beings sometimes transgress when no one is looking○○

No Changed

The comments below are numbered according to above table.

③⑨

People may become forgetful

When using paper charts to check the vessel's
position, Masters and Officers may unconsciously
check the status of the compass or log too. But inthe case of electronic charts, they may overlook
important information because they are checking theinformation on the screen.

⑥

Eyes and thoughts are focused
only on one object⑧

For example, even though Masters and Officers are
fully aware that the water depth stated in the nauticalcharts incorporates some error element, there is atendency to place excessive trust in the information
displayed in digital images.

⑩

Excessive concentration on the electronic chart
screen may lead to neglect of the lookout, which isactually of the greatest importance.

People may be lazy and shirk work

Digitisation of information on the ship s course andspeed may lead to blind trust in these numbers,
whereas b efo re the intro duc tio n of elec tro nic
charts, the information generated by each nautical
instrument was processed mentally and used toarrive at a judgement.

⑪

People may get carried away by emotions

Excessive concentration on the electronic chart
screen tends to reduce conversation between thecrew keeping watch. If work is hampered due to suchreasons, there may be emotional exchanges between
those keeping watch on the bridge.

People may have subjective biases

People may panic

If the ECDIS display disappears for some reason,
panic may ensue. As a result, excessive concentrationon the recovery of ECDIS tends to divert the attentionof Masters and Duty Officers/Crew on the bridgefrom Lookout duties, which is the main task of thenavigational watch.

− 28 −

The 131st Lecture of the Japan Institute of Navigation (held on 31 October and 1 November 2014), and the Japan Instituteof Navigation Lecture proceedings, Volume 2, Issue 2 dated September 30, 2014 included a paper entitled “Effectivenessand safety of navigational support using「ECDIS」(Noriko Nishii (National Institute of Technology, Toyama College)”. An
extract from this report is reproduced below. (From the Navigational Sciences No. 28-85 Reprinting permitted on September
26, 2016 with permission from the Japan Institute of Navigation)

Excessive trust on “ECDIS” and the trends among younger personnel:
Japan Institute of Navigation Lecture proceedings, Volume 2, Issue 2 dated September 30, 2014: Effectiveness andsafety of navigational support using “ECDIS”
In the ship personnel training facility, lectures on
ECDIS were started in 2014 in order to meet
ECDIS proficiency standards. In an on-board
training ship fitted with ECDIS , a watchkeeping or manoeuvring simulator is used forexercises on avoidance manoeuvres. But trends
different from before are being observed in
students of late. By adding information from
GPS, AIS, and radar, we are able to see that
ECDIS is being perceived and operated in thesame manner as a car navigation system or a
PC or smart phone. The car navigation systemis akin to ECDIS in that it displays the current
position accurately using information from theGPS, 3D Gyro, vehicle speed, and VICS, andit can accurately calculate and display the
distance to the destination and estimated arrival
time. As a result, there are many students whobelieve that it is possible to navigate the vesselusing ECDIS alone. This trend is also seen inyoung oﬃcers, who tend to be overly dependenton systems such as ECDIS and AIS. Many veteranoﬃcers complain that the visual lookout is being
neglected.

This writer has sailed as Master on several vessels fitted with ECDIS. Once ECDIS has been installed, my experience isthat not only is there a drop in the number of times young officers use binoculars to check the movement of other vessels,
they also spend more time simply standing in front of the ECDIS. Sometimes the less experienced officers even commence
avoidance manoeuvres without using their own eyes to look at what is happening in front of them.

５−２

Objectives of ECDISThe following objectives are deﬁned in IMO MSC.232(82) Scope of ECDIS.
The primary function of ECDIS is to contribute to safe navigation
Paper charts are used for planning a route and checking the vessel’s position when navigating that particular route, or judging whether something can be safely avoided when performing an avoidance manoeuvre. Thus, the main objective of paper
charts appears to be the prevention of groundings and the selection of the shortest and best sailing routes. We believe that
Masters and officers should not expect that electronic charts will add any value to what was provided by paper charts.
ECDIS is one of “all the available means that are appropriate for the situation at that time” according to Clause 5 (Lookout)
and Clause 7 (Risk of collision) in the Act for Preventing Collisions at Sea.
However, Trust in ECDIS data should not mean neglecting the basics of preventing collisions, such as visual confirmationof the area around the ship, checking radar information, and observing changes in the bearings of other vessels.
.
However, when I was sailing as Master in vessels fitted with ECDIS, as I have described earlier, I observed that young
officers in particular would not even carry binoculars, or step away from their position in front of the electronic charts, or− 29 −

perform visual lookouts. Even when performing avoidance manoeuvres, they would not confirm the compass readings
before giving instructions to the helmsman. Excessive concentration on ECDIS operations also led to a lack of attention
being paid to the reports of the helmsman, with the officers completely immersed in the ECDIS screen.
This situation points to a collapsed BTM (Bridge Team Management), which poses a threat to the safe operation of thevessel.

５−３ BTM and ECDISBTM is a practical management technique in which team members on the bridge use various resources during
navigation of the vessel for systematically achieving safe operation based on clear standards. (See Figure 19)

Figure 19

BTM

Te a m m e m b e r s ････････････All personnel on the bridge
Various resources ････････････Human and physical resources
Clear standards････････････ Standards regarding factors such as navigation plan, rules,
guidelines from the company and master of the vessel

O rga n i s a t i o n････････････ Establishment of an eﬃcient organisation structure
including the company

Pra c t i c a l････････････ Management consisting of training using a simulator
management techniques

M
TB

In other words, this is a management technique that considers everyone on the bridge as part of a team, and demonstrates
effective teamwork so that individual lapses do not directly result in accidents.
Needless to say, the first responsibility and role that must be fulfilled by the team on the bridge is the achievement of safe
operation. In order to fulfil this responsibility and role, resources including personnel must be utilised.
The article titled “Thinking Safety” in the Loss Prevention Bulletin No. 35 published by our Club in July 2015 compared
BRM (Bridge Resource Management) and BTM. BRM and BTM may be described as follows :− 30 −

BRM

Has the objective of promoting effective utilisation of resources
including people, and applies to the management functions thatshould be performed by the leader of the team that has beenorganised for eﬀective utilisation of human resources.

BTM

To achieve safe operation, the efforts of the leader alone are notenough, and there must be increased activity by all the members
belonging to the team. BTM is the management that recognises that
improvement of the functioning of all the team members, including
the leader, is indispensable, and works to achieve this.

In other words, both BRM and BTM have the same objective, and I believe that there is no need to differentiate betweenthem.

BRM (Bridge Resource Management) emerged

conducted since 1977 by the then Warsash

from the concept of CRM (Cockpit Resource

Maritime Centre in the UK. At present, BTM andManagement) in the airline industry.

The

BRM are known by diﬀerent names depending

Tenerife tragedy of 1977 led to CRM training

on the relevant rules and training facilities inbeing implemented by airlines across the world

each country, and there seems to be no point insince 1980. However, BTM training has been

debating about their deﬁnitions or diﬀerences.

(Practical Navigator: Scientiﬁc work from Japan Marine Science Inc., Edited by Capt. Hiroshi Sekine,and published by Seizando Shoten Publishing Company Limited)

The main objective of BTM is to eliminate individual human error to ensure that all the team members on the bridge are always
conscious of safe operation of the vessel. For example, the pilot
on board must also be considered as a supporting member, as heplays an important role on the bridge. At the same time, the crew
must also understand that, while on the bridge, it is their team’s
responsibility to assist the pilot.
Most accidents while the pilot is on board happen because maSponsored JAPAN CAPTAINS' ASSOCIATION
noeuvring is left completely to the pilot, and the crew working
DVD [For Eﬀective Practice of the BRM]
under the master do not perform their duty of lookout. Instead,they but act only when instructed by the pilot. At this point, it can be determined that BTM has failed, including the pilot’s
involvement.
To ensure that an error by a single individual does not create a hazardous situation, it is necessary to spot the error quickly
and work as a team to support one another and correct it.
Merely because ECDIS has been put into use does not mean that a basic safe operation system has been achieved. This
concept of BTM is shown in Figure 20.

− 31 −

Figure: 20

Concept of BTM

Requirements of BTM
Objectives of BTM

Strong team formation
Establishment of an eﬃcient organisational structure
by utilisation of all the resources on the bridge

・ Completion ofa planned voyage
・ Achievement ofHaving clear standards

safe operation

Navigation plan andestablished procedures andrules

Practical Management
Implementation of the navigation plan
The importance of situational awarenessRealisation andcorrection of deviationfrom clear standards(= signs of an accident)

The main signs of an accident

Elimination of・ Ambiguity"One man errors"

・ Inattention
・ Confusion
・ Failures in eﬀective communication
・ Incorrect maneuvering and lookout
・ Violation of procedure
・ Non-compliance with the navigation plan

Further, the relation between the resources is as shown in Figure 21 (M-SHELL model), where communication is not limited
to “Person” to “Person” alone, but also exists between “Person” and “Software (S: the so called documents)” or “Hardware(H: Equipment)” or “Environment (E: External information)”. If successful communication is established between each pairof resources, all the resources amalgamate well to build a good relationship, leaving no room for error.
But, as soon as communication fails, the resources get easily separated and a gap forms between them. These gaps increase
the probability of human errors, and as a result, invite accidents (problems).
From the viewpoint of this M-SHELL model, ECDIS information is one of the pieces of information transmitted by
H (Hardware), and is just one of the resources available on the bridge.

− 32 −

Figure : 21 M-SHELL Model：You：Hardware：Software：Environment

M
Management
M （Managing
and Activating the ＳＨＥＬＬ）：People around you

BTM

However, excessively trusting ECDIS information, or speaking only to ECDIS, leads to unsatisfactory communication withinformation generated by persons (L), software (S), and equipment (Hardware (H)), thereby obstructing the conversation
with each of these resources. This excessive trust not only leads to a communication gap with ECDIS but also with otherresources.
In case Masters and Officers have excessively trusted the data without realizing that wrong information has been enteredinto ECDIS, no meaningful conversation is possible with ECDIS, and gaps are left in communication.
For example, cases have been reported where the alert settings for information on water depth and draft have been wrongly
entered, with the mistakes not noticed. As a result, the alert was not issued, the vessel entered shallows which were notnavigable and grounded.
Masters, Officers and other Bridge team members must not forget the basic aim of BTM which is to establish goodcommunications with each resource and to prevent errors due to gaps in communication.
Show Figure 22 and 23 : the image of Bridge Before/After ECDIS− 33 −

Figure : 22
Before ＥＣＤＩＳ introduction
Rudder/RPM Indicator

Clock

BeforeWind Indicator

Gyro Compass
VHF

ＡＲＰＡ

・Report Request
・DecisionEng. Telegraph

Visual Info. Report

MasterLook Out・Instruction
Traﬃc Report
Answer Back
Duty Oﬁcer

Steering Order

Master's Order
Helms Man

Report of Duty Watches
Visual Info. Report

Paper
NauticalChartsFigure : 23
After ECDIS Introduction

After

VHF

Eng. Telegraph

INS : ECDIS, ARPA, Other sInformation

・Report Request
・Decision
Master・Instruction

Visual Info. Report

Look Out

Duty Oﬁcer

Traﬃc Report

Answer BackSteering Order

Master's Order
Helms Man

Report of Duty Watches

Visual Info. Report− 34 −

Back up ECDIS

５−４ ECDIS Information Management
Many Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) that have been fitted so far use Windows XP as the basic
software. Anti-virus support for Windows XP has now ended, and it appears to be vulnerable to computer virus attacks.
For example, data on the route plan is sometimes stored on personal USB devices. But to keep ECDIS safe from computerviruses, it is necessary to send text messages to the crew to inform them not to upload data from their own USB devices, andto formulate provisions for Safety Management Regulations.

Conclusion
ECDIS has significantly changed conventional navigational watch-keeping methods, and may arguably be termed as anavigational watch revolution.
However, Master, Officers and other Bridge team members must understand that trouble will not be far away if they make asingle mistake when evaluating the information displayed by ECDIS or using ECDIS without completely understanding the
ECDIS configuration.
In any case, as their dependence on such a convenient system increases, they must not forget that since the information being displayed is a digital display. If the team blindly accepts the displayed numbers, and does not continuously monitor themor compare them with the information obtained from other nautical instruments, and as a result makes a wrong judgement,
the trouble caused will have a much larger impact on safe operation than the trouble caused by mistakes using other nautical
instruments. Masters, Officers and other Bridge Members must also not forget that there may be sudden IT troubles such as
the screen hanging or a sudden shut-down of the system, as experienced with PCs and other electronic devices.
As described in 5-4 ECDIS Information Management, it is a “person” whose actions end up introducing viruses into a
computer system. Hence, one must also build methods to prevent the invasion of these computer viruses.
Further, it is necessary to remind ourselves that lookout is the basis of the navigational watch, and the Bridge members
using ECDIS must have complete knowledge of the system and pay close attention to it.

− 35 −