Adventures of a Mountain Man:
The Narrative of Zenas Leonard
NARRATIVE
Of the adventures of a company of 70 men, who left St. Louis in the Spring of 1831, on an
expedition to the Rocky Mountains, for the purpose of trapping for Furs, and trading with theIndians, by one of the company, Mr. ZENAS LEONARD, of Clearfield county, Pa. - comprising a
minute description of the incidents of the adventure, and a valuable history of this immense territory- not from maps and charts, but from personal observation.

The Company under the command of Capt's. Gant and Blackwell, left St.Louis on the 24th of April,
1831. Each man was furnished with the necessary equipments for the expedition - such as traps,
guns, &c.; also horses and goods of various descriptions, to trade with the Indians for furs andBuffaloe robes. We continued our journey in a western direction, in the state of Missouri, on thesouth side of the Missouri river, through a country thinly inhabited by the whites and friendly Indians,
until we arrived at Fort Osage the extreme point of the white settlement. Here we remained several
days and purchased and packed up a sufficiency of provision, as we then thought, for our subsistancethrough the wilderness to what is called the Buffaloe country; a distance of about 200 miles. Fromthence we proceeded up the Missouri until we arrived at the mouth of the Kanzas river, where weagain tarried two or three days, for the purpose of trading some goods to the Kanzas Indians for corn,moccasins, &c.
This tribe of Indians live in small huts, built of poles, covered with straw & dirt, and in shape aresimilar to a potatoe hole. They cultivate the soil quite extensively, and raise very good corn,
pumpkins, beans and other vegetables. The principal chief is called "White Ploom." - The nation is
supposed to contain 800 warriors.
From thence we proceeded on our journey up the river. We found the country here beautiful indeed abounding with the most delightful prairies, with here & there a small brook, winding its way to theriver, the margins of which are adorned with the lofty Pine and Cedar tree. These prairies werecompletely covered with fine low grass, and decorated with beautiful flowers of various colors; andsome of them are so extensive and clear of timber and brush that the eye might search in vain for an
object to rest upon. I have seen beautiful and enchanting sceneries depicted by the artist, but never
any thing to equal the work of rude nature in those prairies. In the spring of the year when the grass
is green and the blossoms fresh, they present an appearance, which for beauty and charms, is beyond
the art of man to depict.
We continued on our journey westward, up the republican fork of Kanzas river - passing throughthese prairies, till the 20th of June, when we happened on another tribe of Indians, called the Otoes,from whom we obtained a quantity of sweet corn and some wild turnips; we also understood fromthis tribe that it was much farther to the Buffaloe country than we had before anticipated, and thatgame in that direction, was very scarce. From thence we proceeded in a N. W. direction, up theRepublican Branch - finding but very little game; and on the 21st of June we killed our last beef,
which was equally divided to each mess. Here we began to feel somewhat alarmed - starvation began
to stare us in the face, and some of the company became refractory and were for turning back.
Stimulated, however, by the hope of reaching game in a few days, we continued in the direction of
the Buffaloe country. Hunters were sent out daily in quest of game, but as often returned without
any. We still continued to travel - subsisting chiefly on muscles and small fish which we caught in theriver - finally the Captain ordered two of the best horses to be killed, to keep the company fromstarving, which was immediately done, and the carcasses equally distributed to each mess. We
proceeded on our journey slowly - sending out hunters as usual, but without success; game appeared
to become scarcer and scarcer, and in a few days our provision (if I may call it such) again exhausted.
Finding it impossible, owing to the scarcity of game, to continue any further up the Republican, we
concluded to leave it and steer for the head waters of the Missouri. Accordingly we changed our
direction as well as our manner of travelling. Instead of travelling in a close mass as heretofore, we
now scattered over a considerable range of country for the purpose of hunting, leaving ten or twelve
men only to bring on the pack-mules, and at night we would collect together with our game, which
generally consisted of wolves, wild cats, muscles, and some times an Antelope. In this way wecontinued our journey slowly, some of the company being half starved to death, for eight or ten days,
eating at night what little game we caught through the day; at last we collected one evening, I think
about the middle of July, in a barren prairie where we could not get wood enough to make a fire,much less any thing to cook on it - not a mouthfull of game was returned that evening. This was atrying time indeed - despondency & horror was depicted in the countenance of every man, and theenquiry, "what shall we do," was passing from every lip. In this condition, without fire or food, we
spent the night. In the morning we held a consultation to decide whether to continue in that direction
or turn. We finally agreed to proceed straight ahead & by night we arrived on the banks of the river
Platte, a distance of about ten miles from where we had encamped the night before, where we pitched
our tents for the night. Most of our hunters had collected without game, and pronounced it very
scarce, and we were about to kill another of our horses when we saw one of our hunters approaching
us with unusual rapidity, without his gun or hat and his countenance indicating great excitement. I
never wish to feel more pleasure than I did as he rushed into the tent exclaiming, "I have killed two
big Buck Elk!" Early the next morning - refreshed with what meat we had obtained and animated andencouraged with the hope of obtaining plenty more, we set out with unusual fine spirits. We
continued to travel up the river Platte for several days - passing through extensive barren prairies, thesoil being too poor even to produce grass; and game exceedingly scarce. Some of us again became
alarmed, and one morning when the roll was called it was discovered that two of the company hadstolen two of the best horses and started back to the state of Missouri. This had a bad effect - itimpaired that full confidence which had heretofore existed between the members of the company, but
we continued up the river and in a few days arrived at the Buffaloe country. After encamping, on apleasant evening, in the latter part of July, some of the company discovered two Buffaloe bulls
feeding in the prairie, about half a mile from camp. Four or five of us immediately mounted ourhorses and started to take them; but returned in a short time without success - one of the men having
got his arm broken, by falling from his horse. But the next day we happened on a large drove of theseanimals, and killed six or seven of them. The flesh of the Buffaloe is the wholesomest and mostpalatable of meat kind. The male of these animals are much the largest - weighing from 1000 to 1500
pounds, and may be seen in droves of hundreds feeding in the plains. We remained here several days
feasting upon Buffaloe meat. From thence proceeded up the river; finding an abundance of game,such as Buffaloe, Elk, Deer and Antelope and killing more or less every day. On the first day ofAugust we arrived at the forks of the river Platte; and by means of boats made of buffaloe skins,crossed the south Fork and continued our journey up the valley. Here the soil appeared to be very
poor, producing but little grass; and in some places for three or four miles we would travel over sandplains where there was scarcely a spear of grass to be seen. Immediately on the water courses thesoil is better and produces good grass. As we travelled up the river, we occasionally came in contact
with cliffs of rocks and hard clay, from two to three hundred feet above the level of the plain. Oneof these cliffs is very peculiar in its appearance, and is known among the whites as "Chimney cliff,"and among the natives as "Elk Peak." It is only about 150 yards in circumferance at its basis, andabout 25 at the summit; and projects into the air to the highth of 300 feet. Its towering summit may
be seen at the distance of 15 or 20 miles - presenting the appearance of some huge fabric that had
been constructed by the art of man.
We continued to travel in a western direction - found game plenty - met with no difficulty in getting
along; and on the 27th of August we arrived at the junction of the Laramies river with the river Platte- about 12 or 1300 miles from the United States, and two or three hundred from the top of the Rocky
Mountains. Here we stopped for the purpose of reconnoitering. Several scouting parties were sentout in search of Beaver signs, who returned in a few days and reported that they had found Beaver
signs, &c. Capt. Gant then gave orders to make preparations for trapping. Accordingly the company
was divided into parties of from 15 to 20 men in each party, with their respective captains placed overthem - and directed by Captain Gant in what direction to go. Captain Washburn ascended the Timber
Fork; Capt. Stephens the Laramies; Capt. Gant the Sweet Water - all of which empty into the river
Platte near the same place. Each of these companies were directed to ascend these rivers until theyfound Beaver sufficiently plenty for trapping, or till the snow and cold weather compelled them tostop; at which event they were to return to the mouth of the Laramies river, to pass the wintertogether. While at this place, engaged in secreting our merchandize, which we did by digging a holein the ground, sufficiently large to contain them, and covering them over so that the Indians might
not discover them - four men (three whites and one Indian) came to our tent. This astonished us nota little, for a white man was the last of living beings that we expected to visit us in this vast wilderness- where nothing was heard from dark to day light but the fierce and terrifying growls of wild beasts,
and the more shrill cries of the merciless savages. The principal of these men was a Mr. Fitzpatrick,
who had been engaged in trapping along the Columbia river, on the west side of the Rocky
mountains, & was then on his way to St. Louis. He was an old hand at the business and we expected
to obtain some useful information from him, but we were disappointed. The selfishness of man isoften disgraceful to human nature; and I never saw more striking evidence of this fact, than waspresented in the conduct of this man Fitzpatrick. Notwithstanding we had treated him with greatfriendship and hospitality, merely because we were to engage in the same business with him, which
he knew we never could exhaust or even impair - he refused to give us any information whatever, andappeared disposed to treat us as intruders. On the 3d of September, Captain Blackwell, with twoothers, joined Fitzpatrick, and started back to the state of Missouri, for an additional supply ofmerchandise, and were to return in the summer of 1832.
I was one of 21 that composed the company under the command of Capt. A. K. Stephens, a man wellcalculated to pilot or manage in case of difficulty with the Indians. He received a portion of the
profits arising from the merchandize, say $2 per pound for Coffee, and the same for Tea, Sugar, Lead,Powder, Tobacco, Allspice, Pepper, &c., and for every yard of coarse cloth $10, and for fine cloth$20; this, however, is governed entirely by their value with the Indians. For twenty or thirty loads
of powder you can generally get from eight to twelve dollars worth of fur.
On the 4th of September, having every thing in readiness, after shaking hands all round, we separated,each party to meander the rivers that had been respectively allotted to them, with the intention, if
nothing happened them, of re-assembling in the latter part of December, to spend the winter together.
Mr. Stephen's party commenced their tour up the Laramies river and continued several days without
any important occurrence. Found the prairies or plains in this direction very extensive - unobstructedwith timber or brush - handsomely situated, with here and there a small creek passing through them,and in some places literally covered with game, such as Buffaloe, White and Black tailed Deer,
Grizzly, Red, and White Bear, Elk, Prairie Dog, wild Goat, Big horned mountain Sheep, Antelope,&c.
On the 20th of Sept. we stopped on the bank of a small creek, to let our horses graze, at the junctionof which we seen signs of beaver. Two hunters were sent up this stream with their traps and guns
on search of beaver, who, if they should be successful in finding game, were not to return till the nextday - the main body of the company to move on slowly. After travelling several miles, & hearing
nothing of our hunters, we deemed it advisable to encamp for the night, which we did. About
midnight we were alarmed by the report of two rifles. Supposing it to be hostile Indians, we put
ourselves in an attitude of defence, as soon as possible by throwing up a fort of logs and brush, andkeeping up sentinels until morning. On the next morning, about sun rise the two hunters came in, andinformed us that it was the report of their guns that had alarmed us, as they had fired them off near
the spot where they had expected to find the camp, with the hope of receiving some signal. They had
meandered the creek till they came to beaver dams, where they set their traps and turned their horses
out to pasture; and were busily engaged in constructing a camp to pass the night in, when they
discovered, at a short distance off, a tremendous large Grizzly Bear, rushing upon them at a furious
rate. They immediately sprang to their rifles which were standing against a tree hard-by, one of which
was single and the other double triggered; unfortunately in the hurry, the one that was accustomed
to the single trigger, caught up the double triggered gun, and when the bear came upon him, nothaving set the trigger, he could not get his gun off; and the animal approaching within a few feet ofhim, he was obliged to commence beating it over the head with his gun. Bruin, thinking this rather
rough usage, turned his attention to the man with the single triggered gun, who, in trying to set thetrigger (supposing he had the double triggered gun) had fired it off, and was also obliged to fall tobeating the ferocious animal with his gun; finally, it left them without doing much injury, except
tearing the sleeve off one of their coats and biting him through the hand. Four men were immediately
despatched for the traps, who returned in the evening with seven or eight beaver. The Grizzly Bearis the most ferocious animal that inhabits these prairies, and are very numerous. They no sooner see
you than they will make at you with open mouth. If you stand still, they will come within two or
three yards of you, and stand upon their hind feet, and look you in the face, if you have fortitude
enough to face them, they will turn and run off; but if you turn they will most assuredly tear you topieces; furnishing strong proof of the fact, that no wild beast, however daring and ferocious, unlesswounded, will attack the face of man.

On the morning of the 22d Sept. we again renewed our tour, travelling at the rate of 8 or 10 miles
a day; catching a few Beaver, as we passed along - nothing strange occurring until the 30th, when
we arrived at the foot of a great mountain, through which the river Laramies passes. We attempted
to follow the river through the mountain, but we soon found this to be impossible, as the bluffs ofhuge rocks projecting several hundred feet high, closed in to the very current. We then turned down
the side of the mountain, on search of a place to cross it. On the 1st day of Oct. we came to a
Buffaloe trail crossing the mountain, and after ascending to near the summit, we encamped for thenight. About midnight it commenced snowing, and continued to fall so fast that we were obliged toremain there until the morning of the 4th, when we again renewed our journey, and in the evening wearrived in the valley on the North or West side of the mountain. Here, finding no snow & Beaver
signs plenty, we deemed it advisable to remain a few days for the purpose of trapping, and the firstnight we caught 20 Beaver. We remained here until the 12th, when we proceeded eight or ten miles
further up the South fork of the river, and again encamped for the purpose of trapping. On the 18th,
finding Beaver getting rather scarce, we proceeded a few miles further up the valley, and encamped
again. This valley is supposed to be 70 or 80 miles long, and from 10 to 15 miles wide; and is
enclosed on the one side by the main chain of the Rocky Mountains, and on the other by great Piney
Hills, running out from the main body of the mountain, with the river Laramies passing through thecentre of it, the banks of which are covered with timber, from 1/4 to 1/2 a mile wide. Out side of thistimber, the plain is completely smooth; and on a clear morning, by taking a view with a spyglass, you
can see the different kinds of game that inhabit these plains, such as Buffaloe, Bear, Deer, Elk,
Antelope, Bighorn, Wolves, &c. These plains are poor, sandy and level - the grass thin and short.
Oct. 22d. The nights getting somewhat cold, and snow falling more or less every day, we began tomake preparations to return to our winter quarters, at the mouth of Laramies river; and on the 25thcommenced our tour down the river. On the 28th we arrived at the mountain, that we crossed goingup, but found it impossible, owing to the enormous depth of the snow to pass over it. On themorning of the 30th we started a number of men up and down the valley, on search of a place to crossthe mountain, who returned the next day and reported that they had found no passing place over the
moun- tain; when under these circumstances a majority of the company decided in favor of encamping
in this valley for the winter, and when the ice melted out of the river, in the spring, commence
trapping until such times as the snow melted off the mountain; when we would return to the mouthof the river, where we had secreted our goods.
On the 1st day of November we commenced travelling up the valley, on search of a suitable place topass the winter, and on the evening of the 4th, we arrived at a large grove of Cottonwood timber,which we deemed suitable for encamping in. - Several weeks were spent in building houses, stables,&c. necessary for ourselves, and horses during the winter season. - This being done, we commenced
killing Buffaloe, and hanging up the choice pieces to dry, so that if they should leave the valley wewould have a sufficient quantity of meat to last us until spring. We also killed Deer, Bighorn Sheep,
Elk, Antelope, &c., and dressed the hides to make moccasins.
About the 1st of December finding our horses getting very poor, we thought it necessary tocommence feeding them on Cottonwood bark; for which purpose each man turned out and peeledand collected a quantity of this bark, from the grove in which we were encamped for his horses; but
to our utter surprise and discomfiture, on presenting it to them they would not eat it, and upon

examining it by tasting, we found it to be the bitter, instead of the sweet Cottonwood. Immediately
upon finding we were deceived, men were despatched up and down the valley, on search of Sweet
Cottonwood, but returned without success. Several weeks were spent in fruitless exertion to obtain
feed for our horses; finally we were compelled to give it up, and agreed that our horses must all starve
to death. The great depth of the snow, and the extreme coldness of the weather soon prevented ourhorses from getting any thing to subsist upon, & they commenced dying. It seldom happened during
all our difficulties, that my sympathies were more sensibly touched, than on viewing these starving
creatures. I would willingly have divided my provision with my horses, if they would have eat it.
On new-years day, notwithstanding our horses were nearly all dead, as being fully satisfied that the
few that were yet living must die soon, we concluded to have a feast in our best style; for which
purpose we made preparation by sending out four of our best hunters, to get a choice piece of meat
for the occasion. These men killed ten Buffaloe, from which they selected one of the fattest humps
they could find and brought in, and after roasting it handsomely before the fire, we all seatedourselves upon the ground, encircling, what we there called a splendid repast to dine upon. Feasting
sumptuously, cracking a few jokes, taking a few rounds with our rifles, and wishing heartily for someliquor, having none at that place we spent the day. The glorious 8th arrived, the recollection of theachievements of which, are calculated to gladden the hearts of the American people; but it was not
so glorious to us. We found our horses on that day, like Pakenham's forces, well nigh defunct. Here
we were in this valley, surrounded on either side by insurmountable barriers of snow, with all ourmerchandize and nothing to pack it upon, but two mules - all the rest of our horses being dead. For
ourselves we had plenty to eat, and were growing fat and uneasy; - but how we were to extricate
ourselves from this perilous situation, was a question of deep and absorbing interest to eachindividual. About the 10th we held a consultation, to decide what measures should be taken for ourrelief. Mr. Stephens, our pilot, having been at Santafee, in New Mexico, some 8 or 10 years
previous, informed the company that horses in that place, were very cheap; and that he was of theopinion he could take them to it, if they saw proper to follow him. It was finally agreed upon by thecompany, that a part of them should start for Santafee; but not, however, without a good deal ofconfusion; as many were of the opinion that the snow on the mountain in the direction of Santafee,
would be found to be as insurmountable, as in the direction of their merchandize, and also that the
distance was too great to attempt to travel on foot, at that season of the year. It appearing from themaps to be little short of 800 miles. On the morning of the 14th, finding every thing in readiness for
our Santafee trip, we set out, each man with his bedding, rifle and nine Beaver skins, packed uponhis back; leaving four men only to take care of our merchandize, and the two mules. The beaver skins
we took for the purpose of trading to the inhabitants of Santafee for horses, mules, &c. We
appointed from the middle of April till the middle of may, as our time for return- ing; and if we did
not return within that time, our four men were to wait no longer, but return to the mouth of theLaramies river, to meet the rest of the company. We continued in the direction of Santafee, without
any extraordinary occurrence, for several days - found game plenty and but little snow, until wearrived at the foot of a great mountain, which appeared to be totally covered with snow. Here wethought it advisable to kill and jirk some buffaloe meat, to eat while crossing this mountain, after
which we continued our course; finding much difficulty in travelling, owing to the stormy weather& deep snow - so much so indeed, that had it not been for a path made by the buffaloe bulls it would
have been impossible to travel.

The channel of the river where it passes through these mountains is quite narrow in places and thebanks very steep. In such places the beaver build their dams from bank to bank; and when they
become old the beaver leave them, and they break and overflow the ground, which then produces akind of flag grass. In the fall of the year, the Buffaloe collect in such places to eat this grass, andwhen the snow falls too deep they retreat to the plains; and it was in these trails that we ascended themountain.
We still continued our course along this buffaloe path, which led us to the top of the mountain;
nothing occurring more than it continued to snow day and night. On the 25th we arrived on the topof the mountain, and wishing to take a view of the country, if it should cease snowing. In themorning it still continued to snow so rapidly that we were obliged to remain in camp all day, andabout the middle of the day, we eat the last of our jirk, and that evening we were obliged to go to bed
supperless.
On the 29th it still continued to snow, and having nothing to eat, we thought it high time to be
making some move, for our preservation, or we must perish in this lonely wilderness. The question
then arose, shall we return to the valley from whence we came, or continue in the direction ofSantafee. This question caused considerable disturbance. Those who were in favor of going ahead,argued that it was too far back to game - that it would be impossible to return before starving todeath; while those who were for returning contended that it was the highth of imprudence, to proceed
in the direction of Santafee. Accordingly we made preparations, and started. We travelled acrossthe summit of the mountain, where we found a plain about a mile wide, which with great difficulty,
owing to the fierceness of the wind, we succeeded in crossing; but when we attempted to go into thetimber, on the opposite side from the mountain, we found it impossible, in consequence of the depthof the snow, and were obliged to turn back and recross the plain. As we returned by the fire we had
made going over the plain the first time, we halted for the purpose of mutually deciding what to do;when it was determined by the company, that we would, if possible, return to our four men & twomules. We then started on search of the buffaloe path which we had followed to the top of themountain; but owing to the strong wind, that had blown for several days, and the increased depth of
the snow, it was invisible. We then attempted to travel in the snow without the path, but we foundthis equally as impossible, as in the direction of Santafee.
Here we were, in a desolate wilderness, uninhabited (at that season of the year) by even the hardy
savage or wild beast - surrounded on either side by huge mountains of snow, without one mouthful
to eat, save a few beaver skins - our eyes almost destroyed by the piercing wind, and our bodies attimes almost buried by the flakes of snow which were driven before it. Oh! how heartily I wishedmyself at home; but wishing, in such a case appeared useless - action alone could save us. We had
not even leather to make snow shoes, but as good fortune would have it, some of the men had thefront part of their pantaloons lined with deer skin, and others had great coats of different kinds ofskin, which we collected together to make snow shoes of. This appeared to present to us the onlymeans of escape from starvation and death. After gathering up every thing of leather kind that could
be found, we got to making snow shoes, and by morning each man was furnished with a pair. But
what were we to subsist upon while crossing the mountain, was a painful question that agitated every
bosom, and employed every tongue in company. Provision, we had none, of any description; having
eaten every thing we had that could be eat with the exception of a few beaver skins, and, after havingfasted several days, to attempt to travel the distance of the valley, without any thing to eat, appearedalmost worse than useless. Thinking, however, that we might as well perish one place as another, andthat it was the best to make an exertion to save ourselves; and after each man had selected two of thebest beaver skins to eat as he travelled along, we hung the remainder upon a tree, and started to try
our fortune with the snow shoes. Owing to the softness of the snow, and the poor construction of
our snow shoes, we soon found this to be a difficult and laborious mode of travelling. The first day
after we started with our snow shoes we travelled but three or four miles and encamped for the night,
which, for want of a good fire, we passed in the most distressing manner. Wood was plenty but wewere unable to get it, and it kept one or two of the men busy to keep what little fire we had fromgoing out as it melted the snow and sunk down. On the morning (30th Jan.) after roasting and eatingsome of our beaver skins, we continued our journey through the snow. In this way we continued totravel until the first day of February, in the afternoon, when we came to where the crust on the snow
was sufficiently strong to carry us. Here we could travel somewhat faster, but at the best not much
faster than a man could crawl on his hands and feet, as some of the men from hunger and cold were
almost insensible of their situation, and so weak that they could scarcely stand on their feet, much lesswalk at speed. As we approached the foot of the mountain the snow became softer and would notcarry us. This caused the most resolute despair, as it was obviously impossible, owing to extreme
weakness, for us to wade much further through the snow. As we moved down the mountain plunging
and falling through the snow, we approached a large spruce or cedar tree, the drooping branches ofwhich had prevented the snow from falling to the ground about its trunk - here we halted to rest.
While collected under the sheltering boughs of this tree, viewing, with horrified feelings, theway-worn, and despairing countenances of each other, a Mr. Carter, a Virginian, who was probably
the nighest exhausted of any of the company, burst into tears and said, "here I must die." This madea great impression upon the remainder of the company, and they all, with the exception of a Mr.
Hockday and myself, despaired of going any further. Mr. Hockday, however, after some persuasion,
telling them that if they had strength to follow us we would break the road as far as possible, if notout to the valley, succeeded in getting them started once more. - Mr. Hockday was a large muscularman, as hardy as a mule and as resolute as a lion; yet kind and affectionate. He was then decidedly
the stoutest man in the company, and myself, probably, the next stoutest. As for our Captain, Mr.
Stephens, he was amongst the weakest of the company.
We resumed our journey, and continued to crawl along through the deep snow slowly till the eveningof the fourth, when we arrived in the plain at the foot of the mountain. Here we found the snow soshallow that we could dispense with the use of our snow shoes; and while in the act of taking themoff some of the men discovered, at the distance of 70 or 80 yards; two animals feeding in the brush,which they supposed to be buffaloe, but from blindness, caused by weakness and pine smoke, could
not be positive. Mr. Hockday and I were selected to approach and kill one of the animals without
regard to what they might prove to be, while the remainder of the company were to go to aneighboring grove of timber and kindle a fire. Having used our guns as walking canes in the snow,
we found them much out of order, and were obliged to draw out the old loads and put in new ones,
before attempting to shoot. After taking every precaution we deemed necessary to insure success,we started and crawled along on our hands and knees, until we approached within ten or fifteen stepsof the animals, when Mr. Hockday prepared to shoot; but upon finding that he could not see the sightof the gun or hold it at arms length, forbore, and proposed to me to shoot. I accordingly fixed myself
and pulled trigger. My gun missed fire! I never was so wrecked with agitation as at that moment.

"There," said I, "our game is gone, and we are not able to follow it much further;" but as good
fortune had it, the Buffaloe, (for such we had discovered them to be), did not see nor smell us, andafter raising their heads out of the snow, and looking around for a few moments for the cause of thenoise, again commenced feeding. I then picked the flint of my gun, fired and broke the back of oneof the Buffaloe, my ball not taking effect within 18 inches of where I thought I aimed. - The men in
the grove of timber, on hearing the report of my rifle came staggering forth to learn the result, andwhen they received the heart-cheering intelligence of success they raised a shout of joy. It was
amusing to witness the conduct of some of the men on this occasion. Before we had caught the
buffaloe they appeared scarcely able to speak - but a moment after that, were able to hollow like
Indians at war. I will not describe the scene that followed here - the reader may imagine it - anaccount of it would be repulsive and offensive rather than agreeable. This was the ninth day since
we had eaten any thing but dried beaver skins. We remained at this place four days feasting upon the
carcass of this Buffaloe, during which time we recruited considerably in strength and spirits, and on
the 8th we resumed our journey down the river in search of our four men and two mules, and soonlanded in the valley where game was plenty, and but little snow to obstruct our march. We continued
our journey, killing plenty of game and living well, without any strange occurrence until the 14th,
when we halted within a short distance of our old camp, and sent two or three of our worst looking
men ahead to see whether they would be recognized by the four men. They were not known
immediately on arriving at the camp, but no sooner engaged in conversation than they wererecognized by the four men, and heartily welcomed back.
Here we remained at our old station until the 14th of March, during which period, having plenty ofgood buffaloe meat to eat, we regained our usual health and appearance. Anxious to be doing
something, eight of us made preparations to start again to Santefee for horses. We were to travelsouth, along the foot of the mountain till we came to a certain river which heads in the mountain nearwhere we had hung the beaver skins on the pine tree; after finding this river we were to commence
trapping, and also to endeavor to get the beaver fur off the mountain into the valley. The balance ofthe company, 13 in number, were to remain at the camp and secrete the merchandize, and then follow
us to this river, where we were to meet; and if we had succeeded in getting the beaver skins off themountain, we were to join together and proceed in the direction of Santefee. With this understanding
we started, and pursued our course slowly along the base of the mountain - found game plenty - metwith no obstacle to impede our march, and on the 20th we arrived on the bank of the river. Afterremaining here a few days the ice melted out of the creeks and we commenced and continued to trap
for beaver until the 28th during which time we caught a fine quantity of fur, and built ourselves awigwam after the Indian fashion. The weather continuing warm and pleasant, and having a large
quantity of dried meat on hand we concluded to hide our traps, beaver skins, baggage, &c., in our
wigwam and pack a portion of the jirked meat on our backs and make an effort to get the beaverskins off the pine tree where we had left them in January. We started, and after travelling up the riveralong the slide of the mountain for two or three days, we came in contact with huge mountains ofsnow and insurmountable icebergs, and were compelled to abandon our course & return back again
to the plain. When we had arrived within a short distance of our wigwam, on our return, we
discovered several trails of moccasin tracks in the snow. Some of the company became somewhat
alarmed at these signs, supposing them to be the trails of hostile Indians - others appeared rejoiced,
and said it was the remainder of our company. - The dispute was soon decided, for on arriving at our
wigwam, we found it completely robbed of every thing we had left in it - traps, blankets, beaver skins

and other utensils were all gone - nothing remained but the naked frame of the little hut. - We had
now nothing left to sleep on save one old blanket for each man which we had with us on themountain, and had lost nearly all our traps. Under these highly aggravating circumstances some of
the men became desperate, declared they would retake their property or die in the attempt. For mypart, I viewed the matter calmly and seriously and determined to abide the dictates of prudence only.
Seeing from the trail of the Indians that they were not very numerous, and had a number of horses
with them, we determined, after some controversy, to rob them of their horses, or other property
commensurate to our loss. Accordingly we made preparations for our perilous adventure - we eat
supper, prepared our fire arms, and a little after dark set out on search of the enemy - the night wascalm and clear. We traversed the valley up and down for several hours without making any
discoveries; we then ascended an adjacent hill, from the summit of which we discovered at aconsiderable distance a number of dim fires. A controversy here arose amongst the men as to the
expediency of attacking the Indians. It was finally decided, however, by a majority of the company,that we should attack them at all hazards. We started in the direction of the fires, and after travellingsome distance, and having lost sight of the fires, some of the men again became discouraged, andstrongly urged the propriety of abandoning the project; but on calling a vote a majority again decided
in favor of attacking the Indians and in a few minutes after we arrived on the top of a hill, within 50
or 60 yards of the enemy's camp. Here we halted for the purpose of reconnoitering. At this time themoon was just rising above the summit of the mountain, and casting its glimmering rays o'er the valley
beneath, but did not shine on the Indian camp. - There were five fires, and the Indians appearing more
numerous than we had expected to find them, we thought it advisable to be as careful and judicious
about attacking them as possible. At the foot of this hill, near a large rock, we left our hats, coats andevery thing that was unnecessary in action - we also designated this as a point of meeting, in case weshould get separated in the skirmish; and had an understanding that but two should fire at a time, andthat Capt. Stephens was to command. Mr. Hockday and I were selected to shoot first. We thenstarted & crawled silently along on our hands and knees until we got within eight or ten steps of oneof the fires, where we laid down in the brush, with our heads close together to consult as to the mostproper mode of surprising the savages, whose dusky forms were then extended in sleep around the
dying embers. While in this position, some eager for the conflict, others trembling with fear, a large
dog rose from one of the fires and commenced growling and barking in the most terrifying manner.
The spell of silence was now broken, and an immediate and final skirmish with our enemy renderedunavoidable. Thinking ourselves rather too much exposed to the fire of the Indians we retreatedfifteen or twenty steps down the bank. Some of the Indians then came to the top of the bank andcommenced shooting arrows at us, and yelling at the extent of their lungs. At this moment Mr.
Stephens was heard to say in a firm tone "now is the time my boys, we must fight or die;" upon thisMr. Hockday and I fired; one of the Indians on the bank was seen to fall, and the remainder ran backto the camp. On hearing the report of our rifles the Indians, to the number of two or three hundred,rose out of the bushes and literally covered the plain, while their terrific war whoop - mingled withan occasional crack of a rifle, rendered the aspect of things more threatening than the most timid had
before anticipated. We ran to our appointed place to meet, but before we had time to gather ourbaggage, we found ourselves completely surrounded and hemmed in on every side by the savages.
Finding that we could not escape by flight, but must fight, we ran to the top of the hill, and having
sheltered ourselves as well as we could amongst the rocks, commenced yelling and firing in turn,(yelling is a very essential point in Indian warfare.) This scene was kept up for near an hour without
any damage to our company, and as we supposed, but little injury to the Indians. The savages seeing

we were determined to defend ourselves to the last gave way on the opposite side of the hill fromtheir camp, and we made our escape out of their circle, and were glad to get away with our lives,
without any of our property or that of the Indians. The scenes of this night will ever be indelibly
impressed upon my memory.
After travelling five or six miles we came to a deep ravine or hollow - we carefully descended theprecipice to the flat below, where we encamped for the night; but from fright, fatigue, cold andhunger, I could not sleep, and lay contemplating on the striking contrast between a night in thevillages of Pennsylvania and one on the Rocky Mountains. In the latter, the plough-boy's whistle, thegambols of the children on the green, the lowing of the herds, and the deep tones of the evening bell,
are unheard; not a sound strikes upon the ear, except perchance the distant howling of some wild
beast, or war-whoop of the uncultivated savage - all was silent on this occasion save the mutteringof a small brook as it wound its way through the deep cavities of the gulph down the mountain, andthe gentle whispering of the breeze, as it crept through the dark pine or cedar forest, and sighed inmelancholy accents; nor is it the retiring of the "god of day" to his couch in the western horizon thatbrings on this desolate scene - his rising in the east does not change the gloomy aspect - night and day
are nearly the same in this respect.
About midnight we were alarmed by a shrill whistle on the rocks above, & supposing it to be theIndians on pursuit of us we seized our guns and ran a few rods from our fires. After waiting for sometime, without hearing any more noise, one of the men ascended the precipice, and discovered that theobject of our fears was a large drove of Elk. In the morning we continued to travel down this ravine,- and I was struck with the rough and picturesque appearance of the adjacent hills. On our right andleft, arose like two perpendicular ramparts, to the heighth of near two hundred feet, two chains ofmountains. Not a blade of grass, bush or plant was to be seen on these hard slopes, - huge rocks
detached from the main body, supported by the recumbent weight of other unseen rocks appearedin the act of falling, and presented a frightful appearance - nothing met the eye but an inexhaustible
avalanch of rocks - sombre, gray or black rocks. If Dante had designed to picture in one of his
circles, the Hell of Stones, he might have taken this scene for his model. - This is one scenery in thevicinity of the Rocky Mountains; and perhaps an hour's travel would present another of a very
different character - one that the artist who designed to depict a beautiful and enchanting landscapewould select for a model. After travelling some fifteen or twenty miles, we came to the trail where
the main body of the Indians with whom we had the skirmish the evening before, had passed along.
It was near half a mile wide, and the snow was literally trodden into the earth. I have since
understood from whites who had been in the habit of trading with this nation, prior to theirdeclaration of hostilities against the whites, that they numbered from seven to eight hundred warriors.
Alarmed at this formidable appearance of the hostile Indians, we mutually declined the idea of going
to Santa Fee, and turned and travelled in the direction of the main body of our company. We
continued to travel day after day, with all possible speed - occasionally killing a buffaloe, a goat, ora bighorn, as we passed over the plains and prairies which were literally covered with these animals;
and on the morning of the 9th of April, we arrived safe at our old camp, & were gratified to find ourthirteen men and two mules in the enjoyment of good health, with plenty to eat and drink. Afterexchanging civilities all around, by a hearty shake of the hand, and taking some refreshment, which
was immediately prepared for us, I related to the company the dismal tidings of the near approach of
the hostile Indians, and the circumstances of being robbed by them, and being defeated in the attempt

to retake our property. - All were now satisfied of the imprudence of attempting to go to Santa Feeby this route, as well as of the necessity of devising some other method of saving our merchandise.
We finally concluded to conceal our merchandise, baggage, fur, and every thing that we could notpack on our backs or on the two mules, and return to our appointed winter quarters, at the mouthof the Laramies River, with the expectation of meeting Capt. Gant, and obtaining some assistancefrom him. On the morning of the 20th of April, having made every necessary preparation, we set out
on our journey for the mouth of the Laramies river. After two days travel, we came to the foot of
the mountain which we had endeavored in vain to cross in November. The snow was still deep on
the top of it; but by aid of the buffaloe trails, we were enabled to scale it without much difficulty,
except that our mules suffered with hunger, having had nothing to eat but pine brush. At the foot of
the mountain we found abundance of sweet cottonwood, and our mules being very fond of it, we
detained two or three days to let them recruit from their suffering in crosing the mountains. This
mountain and the one we left our fur on, are covered with the most splendid timber of different kinds
such as fir, cedar, white pine, &c. On the margin of the rivers and creeks in the plains, the only timberis cottonwood, undergrowth, willow and rose bushes; out in the middle of the plains there is none ofany description. In the month of June, a person by taking a view of the country east of this mountainwith a spy glass, could see nothing but a level plain extending from the foot of the mountain as far
as the eye can penetrate, covered with green grass, and beautiful flowers of various descriptions; andby turning to the northwest, the eye meets nothing but a rough and dismal looking mountain, covered
with snow, and presenting all the appearance of dreary winter. These plains extend to the state ofMissouri, with scarce a hill or a grove of timber to interrupt the sight, and literally covered with gameof almost every kind.
On the 25th we again resumed our journey down the river, and continued ahead without any difficulty- passing over nearly the same ground that we had travelled over going up the fall before; killing
plenty of game - buffaloe, deer, bear, bighorn, antelope, &c., and on the 20th May we landed at themouth of the Laramies; but to our utter astonishment and discomfiture we discovered that not oneof the parties had returned according to agreement.
After remaining here until the 29th, our commander, Mr. Stephens, and another man took the twomules, which by this time had greatly recovered from their famished state, and started in search of theother parties. In vain they travelled up and down the La Platte and its tributaries, but no traces of thelost companions could be discovered, and on the 6th of June they returned, much fatigued anddisheartened. During their travels they had discovered, on some of the creeks, 60 or 70 miles fromour encampment, many signs of beaver - encountered several Grizzly bears, and several times
narrowly escaped the Indians; Mr. Stephens having had several balls shot through his clothes. In thissituation we remained for five or six days, when Mr. Stephens proposed that each man should go on
foot, with a trap or two on his back, his blankets, together with what we could pack upon the twomules, and commence trapping on these creeks. This proposition was objected to by some of thecompany who were in favour of securing some of Capt. Gant's merchandise, find the Indians andpurchase horses of them. So many different propositions were here made, that nothing definite could
be agreed upon. - Mr. Smith, Mr. Fully and myself agreed to repair to the trapping ground andcommence operations, with the understanding that Capt. S should receive a certain share of the
profits, as a recompense for the discovery he had made. Accordingly having every thing arranged,
on the 11th we started, leaving the remainder of the company to pursue their own course.

Mr. Stephens having a part of the men indebted to him for clothing, &c., and knowing that if theyremained at camp he would not be able to collect it, told them that if they would go and bring thebeaver fur off the mountain, where we had left it in January last, he would ensure them an equal shareof the proceeds of our trapping expedition - and they, with this understanding set out. This contract
was made without any consultation having been had with us; and the men, not aware of any thing but
fairness on the part of Stephens in making this bargain, marched for the fur, and succeeded in getting
it off the mountain into the plain, without much difficulty, packed it on their mules, together withwhat we had left in our winter cabins, and brought the whole to the mouth of the Laramies river. In
the meantime, Smith, Fully, and myself were busily engaged in trapping on the tributary streams of
the river Platte. We encountered much difficulty and danger in this excursion, from wild beasts andhostile Indians. - One circumstance with a bear I must relate: - On a pleasant summer evening, whennothing seemed disposed to disturb the tranquility of our forest home, we built a fire under the cliff
of a large rock, on the bank of a small creek, to roast some buffaloe meat. After having cooked andeat our evening repast, I was standing close to the rock, apart from the other men ten or twelve feet, all at once one of them jumped up and ran off, exclaiming "the bear," "the bear!" I instantly cast myeyes to the top of the precipice, where they encountered this hideous monster seated on the rock withhis mouth wide open, and his eyes sparkling like fire. My whole frame shook with agitation. I knewthat to attempt to run would be certain death. My gun was standing against a tree within my reach,and after calling for the aid of my companions, I raised my rifle to my face and taking deliberate aimat the most fatal spot, fired - which brought sir Bruin to the ground. - In the meantime Smith andFully came to my assistance, and also discharged the contents of their rifles into his head.
In a few days afterwards we were joined by the rest of the company, who, having secreted the fur,&c., at the mouth of the Laramies river, had come on search of us. We now, for the first time, got
a knowledge of the conduct of Stephens relative to our fur. The men informed us of the contract
between them and Stephens. We answered that we could agree to no such contract - that the fur
belonged to us, and that we intended to keep it. They then devised other means to secure their shareof 150 beaver skins, (the whole number we had caught.) Stephens then told the men that he would
not be accountable for any of the fur, and the only way to obtain any of it, was to take it by force.
Seeing the folly of further resistance - 18 against 3 - we were obliged to surrender our earnings,
which they took and divided equally among themselves.
The next day we left this company at whose hands we had received such ill-treatment, and returnedto the mouth of the Laramies, with the expectation of meeting Capt. Gant - but we were sadly
mistaken - on our arrival there no traces of Capt. G's company could be discovered. Next day Mr.
Stephens & his party also returned. After remaining here 3 days together, hunting, fishing, andindulging in other amusements, Mr. Fitzpatrick and a company of 115 men, came to our camp. He
was on his way to join his company on the west side of the mountains, on the Columbia river, and to
supply them with merchandize, ammunition, horses, &c. This company informed us that the firm ofGant & Blackwell had become insolvent. At this news we all became discouraged; and finally Mr.
Stephens and the whole company agreed to join in with Fitzpatrick and go with him to his
rendezvous, where we were to make arrangements as to hiring, purchasing equipments, &c. Mr.
Stephens took 120 beaver skins, which belonged to Captain Gant, and sold them to Fitzpatrick, which
he secreted in the ground, with the intention of raising them when on his return to Missouri - inconsideration of which, he was to furnish him with horses and such other equipments as he mightwant.
July 1st. Having made this arrangement with Mr. F., our camp was all confusion at an early hour thismorning, preparing to depart for the Columbia river. Mr. F., took one of the fleetest and most hardy
horses in his train, and set out in advance of the main body, in order to discover the disposition of thevarious Indian tribes through whose dominions we were to travel, and to meet us at a designatedpoint on the head of the Columbia river. After packing up all our moveable property, we started in
the course which he had taken, with a force of near 150 strong, many of whom were afraid of
nothing, & anxious to meet any danger. We this day, travelled about twenty miles and encamped forthe night. The weather was serene and warm, and the men all in high spirits, as we had plenty of fresh
meat.
July 2d. Early in the morning we resumed our journey - stopped in the heat of the day to rest ourhorses - country quite beautiful - soil rather poor, abounding with sand plains. Travelled about 15
or 20 miles and encamped for the night.
July 3d. This day we made but little progress in travelling in consequence of a heavy fall of rain came in contact with a large drove of buffaloe, out of which our hunters succeeded in killing ten - oneof the men received a bite from a snake, but as it was not of a very poisenous species, the woundsoon healed, and the victim was more scared than hurt - but little variation in the scenery of thecountry.
July 5, 6 & 7. The weather was fair - travelled at the rate of 25 miles per day - nothing of interest
occurred. The country through which we passed is rather rough, abounding with game of every
description, and is remarkable for the plentitude of wild goats. I have seen the plains literally covered
with them. Occasionally the men would fall to and kill them by hundreds. We also fell in with a partyof Indians, but on their seeing our forces, fled, without attempting to injure us. We were unable toascertain the name of the tribe to which they belonged.
July 8th. Early in the morning we resumed our journey, but had not proceeded far until we foundourselves in the midst of a bed of quicksand. So deep was the sand in some places that several of ourhorses were completely swamped in it, & it was with great difficulty that we succeeded in getting
round this swamp, as it were, to continue our journey. Having surmounted this difficulty, one of ourmen, a Mr. White, who wandered from the company, came well nigh falling a victim to the fury ofa grizzly bear - having in the encounter, had one of his arms literally torn from his body, and had it
not been for the timely assistance rendered by some of his companions, who afterwards killed thebear, his death would have been the inevitable consequence. This night we selected a high piece ofground for our encampment, where the wind continued to assail us most violently during the wholenight. The next day we travelled about twenty miles, without meeting with any thing of consequence.
July 10th. Finding that we were making but little headway in our travelling, we resolved to increase
our speed, & accordingly the whole company was on the move at an early hour this morning. We
found our route beginning to grow still more obstructed by rocky cliffs, which are dispersed over thissection of the mountain region for many miles, and present an appearance to the beholder similar toa meadow covered with hay-cocks. As the country continued to grow rough, game became scarce,
and we began to kill such meat as we could, and not such as we chose; indeed we thought ourselves
very fortunate when one of our hunters would succeed in killing a goat or an antelope - species ofmeat which we would not look at, when in the vicinity of deer and buffaloe. This part of themountain is covered with beautiful timber of the best quality, such as fir, pine, cedar, &c. We only
travelled about ten miles this day. On the following morning we resumed our journey, and continued
to travel day after day, when, after a long and toilsome voyage, we arrived at the point on the
Columbia river, designated to meet Mr. Fitzpatrick. Judge of our surprise, when on arriving here
no traces of him could be discovered. In vain we searched for some clue to this, to us, melancholy
circumstance. What can detain him? was the question asked by each of us. Disappointment isheart-sickening under any circumstance, but to be disappointed under such circumstances, and in sucha place, was perplexing in the extreme. - One scouting party after another were despatched to gathersome tidings of the lost Fitzpatrick, but all to no purpose. Had he been destroyed by the savages?
The former brilliant success of the man's intercourse with the Indians would not warrant such a belief,
as he had many times previously passed over these mountains with no other companion than his trusty
steed. The most natural conclusion at which to arrive, was, that the dull and cloudy weather had
caused him to lose his course, and that he had become bewildered, and was yet wandering throughthe wilderness.After a fruitless search of several days, we concluded to descend the river and search
for the company which Mr. Fitzpatrick had left there the summer before, - where we had a faint hopethat we might find Mr. F., in safety. The first day we travelled about 20 miles and encamped for thenight on the bank of the river. Although we knew that we were in the vicinity of the savage Blackfeet
Indians, yet but few traces of them had been discovered through the day, and we therefore retired torest in our encampment without taking the necessary precautions for defence, in case of an attack.
But it was not long before we were enabled to appreciate the consequence of our negligence, or
fancied security. About midnight we were awoke from our slumbers by a furious attack by a large
party of Blackfeet. They fired into our tents before we were aware of their approach. Immediately
each man was on his feet, and on the look out. After a small skirmish of random shooting, whichlasted an hour or so, the Indians, finding the strength of our forces, thought it best to retire from thefield, with the loss of three killed, and as we supposed, 8 or 10 wounded. The loss on our side was
one man wounded in the leg, 5 horses killed, 3 wounded, and 14 stolen. The Blackfeet are a powerfulnation, and are better supplied with implements of war, than almost any other tribe of this region.
They have always retained a most inveterate hostility to the Flatheads, against whom they wage acontinual warfare, having at one time greatly reduced their strength, and on several occasions camewell nigh exterminating the entire tribe. Of late years the Flatheads have been better prepared forwar, and have bravely held their own. This undying hostility appears to be owing to the Blackfeet
refusing to let the Flatheads hunt buffaloe on the east side of the mountain.
The following morning we took up our march and continued down the river. As we travelled along
we saw many fresh signs of Indians, and apprehended much danger from them, which caused us tolabour under the most intense fear, lest we should fall into an ambush of this crafty tribe. We killed
several fat deer, goats, and an antelope, and encamped on a high hill, from which we had a beautiful
view of the surrounding country; where we could see the different kinds of game traversing the plainsat leisure, contented, and undisturbed, save when aroused from their lair by the sudden onset of the
Indian hunter. This night we very prudently stationed a strong guard round our encampment, andwere permitted to pass the night in peace, which was quite warm and pleasant. In the morning weresumed our journey, and about the middle of the day found ourselves in the vicinity of another tribe
of Indians. We sent a flag to their camp, which was received in the most friendly manner. This
proved to be the Flathead tribe. These Indians are more pacific and pleasing in their manners than
any tribe we had yet encountered, and reside mostly on the river of that name. I will here quote thedescription of this tribe as given by Mr. Cox, a gentleman well acquainted with the Indian character,which fully embraces my own views: - "The Flatheads have fewer failings than any tribe I ever met
with. They are honest in their dealings - brave in the field - quiet and amiable to their chiefs - fondof cleanliness, and are decided enemies to false hood of every description. - The women are excellent
wives and mothers, and their character for fidelity is so well established that we never heard of one
single instance of one proving unfaithful to her husband. They are remarkably well made - rather tall
- slender, and never corpulent." The Flatheads are well accustomed to the manners and customs of
the white race, and in many respects appear ambitious to follow their example. - Some years ago,
they were in the habit of using a process to flatten the heads of their children, which they deemed avery essential addition to their appearance; but since they have had intercourse with the whites they
have abandoned this abominable practice. The process of flattening the head is this: - Soon after thebirth of the infant, it is placed in a kind of trough and a piece of bark fastened by means of strings
through the trough, and pressed hard upon the forepart of the head, which causes it to grow flat. In
this painful position they are kept a year, and in some instances over a year. They are very hospitable
to strangers, and are tried friends of the white people. On coming to their village a white person
always receives the best to eat, drink and smoke, and are always ready to pilot the traveller throughtheir country. In the summer season this tribe live in the buffaloe country on the head of theColumbia river, where they never fail to come in contact with their cold hearted enemies, theBlackfeet, who are the most ferocious and unsparing enemy of the white men, because the Flatheads
have been supplied by the whites with munitions of war. In the fall the Flatheads again return to theplains, and in the winter subsist on Salmon, roots and small game. They are always well supplied withhorses, and when provision becomes scarce in one section, they pack all they have upon the backsof their horses, and remove to another. Their houses are made of slim pine poles from 20 to 30 feetlong, 12 or 15 feet apart at the bottom, and joined together at the top, forming a structure in the
shape of the roof of a common dwelling house. These are covered with dressed buffaloe skins sewed
together. A fire is built in the middle of the cabin, and its shape forms a kind of flue or draft for thesmoke - rendering this simple structure quite a comfortable habitation at the most inclement seasonof the year. No storm can affect them, nor no cold can reach their inmates. When moving campthese poles are taken down & one end fastened to the sides of the mule or horse and the other end
dragging on the ground forming a sort of dray. The infants are put into a sack or bag, made ofleather, which closes on one side by strings; this is fastened to a board near three feet long & one
wide, where they are kept constantly, with the exception of an occasional dressing, &c., until a year
old. To the back of this board they have a cord attached, by which they hang the sack to the saddle,
whilst travelling. After remaining here two days to observe their manners, customs, and mode ofliving, and getting all the information we desired, we resumed our journey, taking one of the Indians
to pilot us to the station of Mr. Fitzpatrick's company. - After several days tedious and toilsome
travelling, and no extraordinary occurrence, we joined the company on the 2nd of August. It waswith feelings of peculiar delight that we here beheld the visages of white men, who were no lesspleased to give us a welcome reception. But a melancholy gloom was visible in every countenance,
when we discovered that Fitzpatrick had not arrived. Great excitement prevailed, and vigorous
measures were immediately taken to rescue him, if he had not before this, as many supposed, fallen

a victim to the enraged fury of the merciless savage, or the ravenous appetite of some ferocious beastof prey. Small companies were despatched in various directions on the tributary streams of theColumbia. Diligent search was kept up for some time without success, and our search was about tobe abandoned as fruitless; and indeed some of the parties had given up in despair, and returned tocamp, when, a party, who had wandered into the vicinity of the Blackfeet Indians, werereconnoitering their movements in a valley from a high bluff, saw, and immediately recognized,
Fitzpatrick's horse, with which the Indians were running races. - Was this calculated to inspire hope?
or was it not rather an omen that our employer was destroyed by these Indians. Vigilant search wasmade to make further discoveries; and, to the great joy of every man, he was at length found on thebanks of the Pieres river, which forms a junction with the Columbia, near the rendezvous of
Fitzpatrick's company. When found he was completely exhausted, and so much wasted in flesh, anddeformed in dress, that, under other circumstances, he would not have been recognized. The poor
man was reduced to a skeleton, and was almost senseless. When his deliverers spoke of taking him
to camp, he scarcely seemed to comprehend their meaning. After eating some dried buffaloe meat,
and a little maize, he grew better, and placing him on a horse, he was safely conveyed to camp. A
general rejoicing ensued, for his appearance among us again, was like that of one risen from the dead.
Although I was not much attached to the man, for I could not banish from my mind the craftinessevinced by him when we first met with him on the east side of the mountains, yet I can scarcely
describe my feelings of joy on beholding him safely returned. After resting a few days, and being
nourished by the provender our camp would afford, he became able to relate the misfortunes whichbefel him in crossing the mountain, which I will give in his own words, as follows:
ADVENTURES OF FITZPATRICK"For three or four days after I left the company I travelled without any difficulty, and at great speed,
but the fourth and fifth, the weather being dull and cloudy, I got strayed from my course, and soon
found myself in the midst of a rough hilly country, abounding with large loose rocks which someplaces almost prevented me from passing at all, and covered with various kinds of timber of the most
magnificent description. In passing the nights in these solitudes my rest was constantly disturbed by
the dismal howl of the wolf and the fierce growl of the bear - which animals were very numerous andwould frequently approach within a few steps and threaten to devour me. One day after a toilsome
ride, I dismounted, turned my horse loose to graze and seated myself on a rock, with the little
remaining provision I had, to refresh myself. While thus seated resting my wearied limbs, andsatisfying the gnawings of hunger, I was suddenly startled by a scrambling on the rocks immediately
in my rear. I turned round and beheld a huge bear approaching me in double quick time. I instantly
sprang to my feet, for I was well acquainted with his mode of warfare. I turned and faced hislordship, when he approached within about six feet of me, rose on his hind feet and most impudently
stared me right in the face, for more than a minute. After discovering that I was no ways bashful, hebowed, turned and run - I did the same, and made for my horse. Bruin was not so easy fooled; heseen my retreat & gave chase. I thought I could reach my horse and mount before the bear could
reach me, but the approach of the bear frightened my beast, and just as I was going to mount hesprang loose and threw me on the broad of my back. The bear was at my heels, and I thought that
all chance of escape was now gone. Instantly I was again on my feet, - and, as it were, in a fit ofdesperation, rushed towards the bear, which, fearing, as they do, the face of man, again turned andrun. - Sir Bruin stopped to secure the little morsel I had been eating, and retired a few paces todevour it. While the bear was thus employed, I crept to my gun, keeping the rock between him andme, having reached it, took deliberate aim and killed him dead on the spot. Having secured my horse,
I fell to work at the carcase of my vanquished foe, and, after cooking and eating a choice piece of his
flesh, left the rest to feed his kindred. It being now near night, I travelled two or three miles further,and encamped for the night. The next morning appeared more favourable over head, and I made an
early start. Being on the banks of a small creek, I concluded to follow it a while. After winding myway through the rocks and trees, till near the middle of the day, I came to a valley which seemed tobe hemmed in on every side by huge towering hills. I had not travelled far in this valley before I
found myself ushered into the presence of a hostile tribe of Indians. I halted to devise some means
to effect a return without being discovered; but I soon found that it was too late. Immediately in myrear was a choice set of young warriors - in front, and on both sides by high and craggy mountains.
My noble steed, than him, I would defy the whole Indian world to produce a stouter, swifter, or
better, was now brought to the test. He started with the velocity of the rein deer, - bounding overditches, stones, logs, and brush. - Soon I began to ascend the mountain, but found it much too steep
and rough. The Indians dismounted and followed on foot. I applied the whip, but in vain. My horse
was compelled to yield to exhausted nature - and I dismounted, and left my much prized animal tofall a prey to the savages. I ran up the mountain with all possible speed, but finding that I must
eventually be overtaken, I secreted myself in a hole among the rocks, and closed the mouth of it withleaves and sticks. After remaining a few minutes in this subterraneous cavern, I heard the ferocious
yells of triumph of my pursuers, as they captured my lamented horse. The victory was not yet
complete, although the horse was the principal prize. Some of them followed on and came close to
my hiding place, passed and repassed within reach without discovering me. What a moment ofintense anxiety was this! All chance of escape cut off. No prospect of mercy if taken! Hope began
to die - and death inevitable seemed to be the very next incident that would occur. They continued
their search until near sunset, for they knew that I had not reached the summit of the mountain. As
they retired down the mountain, squads of four or five would frequently halt and hold a busy
consultation - then suddenly return to complete their search, as if they feared that some hollow tree
or rocky cavern might escape unexplored. Finally, they gave me up in despair, and retired into thevalley, with my horse.
"Now that I had escaped this scrutinizing search, I began to breathe more free and easy; but I was
yet far from being out of danger. I was conscious that I had lost the course to the Columbia river,and could not tell how to regain it, even if I should succeed in escaping from my present perilous
situation. I remained secreted in the rocks till long after dark, when I crawled out, and surveyed thecountry as well as the darkness of the night would permit, and finally started in the direction which
I thought I would have the least chance of meeting the Indians. I had not travelled far, however, until
I was again doomed to be disappointed, for I was on the very borders of their encampment. Happily
the camp was all quiet, and I returned quietly to my hiding place on the mountain, hoping that on themorrow I would be able to make some new discovery by which to extricate myself from these savages- which I judged to be the merciless Blackfeet. Early in the morning of the next day the hunt was
resumed with increased vigilance; but again returned with disappointment. After the sound of their
voices no longer reached me, I crawled to the mouth of the hole from which I presently beheld themrunning races with the horse they had taken from me. In this sport they spent the day. This village
did not appear to be their permanent residence, but was handsomely situated on the banks of a small
creek, and I suppose they had came here on a sporting expedition. The second night I made anothereffort to save myself, and gradually descended the mountain, to the creek some distance below thecamp. - This I followed, until daylight again compelled me to hide myself; which I did by crawling
into the brush close to the creek, where I secreted myself till darkness again give me an opportunity
to resume my journey. During the day I seen a number of the Indians pass and repass up and down
the valley, whom I supposed to be hunters. This day I again had a view of my horse under the saddleof the chief of the tribe, as I supposed; but did not attempt to rescue him. The following night I
travelled a short distance down the creek when I came to where it empties into the Pieres river. HereI came to my reckoning of the country and thought that if I could escape from hunger and beasts ofprey, I could manage to elude the Indians. Supposing that the Indians were not so numerous on the
opposite side of the river, I resolved to cross over - for which purpose I built a raft of old logs, laid
my shot-pouch, gun, blanket, &c. on it, and pushed for the opposite shore. After getting nearlyacross, the current became very rapid, and I began to descend the river at a rapid rate until I strucka rock which tore my frail craft to pieces - committing myself, gun, blanket and all to the wateryelement. Being weak from hunger and exertion, it was with great difficulty that I succeeded inreaching the land, with the loss of my only companion, and my only hope in this wilderness of dangers- my gun. I stood on the bank in the midst of despair. I had no other weapon than a butcher knife
to fight my way through a country swarming with savages and equally dangerous wild beasts. On
my knife depended all hope of preventing starvation. The loss of my blanket was also severe, as theweather was sometimes quite cold, and I had no other clothing than a shirt and vest - having thrown
the rest away when pursued by the Indians on the mountain. I followed the banks of this river for twodays, subsisting upon buds, roots, weeds, &c. On the second evening whilst digging for a sweet kindof root, in a swamp, I was alarmed by the growl of wolves, which were descending the hill to theriver, about fifty yards distant. The only chance of escape now, was to climb a tree, which I did
immediately. Here I was compelled to roost until daylight, in the most painful agitation. The wolves
tearing up the ground and gnawing at the tree so that I sometimes feared they would cut it through.
The third day I travelled with great speed, not even stopping for any thing to eat. On the fourth I
happened where the wolves had killed a buffaloe. - Here I satisfied my appetite by collecting all themeat that was left on the bones, made a fire by rubbing two sticks together, and cooked it. From thegluttenous fill which I took of this meat, I was enabled to travel three or four days, without any
particular occurrence; but I found that the further I descended the river, the scarcer became the roots,buds, &c., on which I must depend for subsistence, and I was finally obliged to turn my attention to
get something to eat, without traveling any further. For several days I loitered about from place toplace, but could find no nourishment. My body began to grow weaker and weaker, until I was nolonger able to walk. Still my mind held its sway, and I was well aware how desperate was mysituation. Finally losing all prospect of getting any thing more to eat, & no hope of being found by
my companions or friendly Indians, I thought of preparing myself for death, and committed my soulto the Almighty. I have no recollection of any thing that occurred after this, until I found myself inthe hands of my deliverers."
The story of Fitzpatrick created much excitement in our camp. Some were determined on
immediately chastising the Indians, and retaking his horse. Others, who were not friendly disposed
towards Mr. F., would not credit his story. For my part I thought the man had related nothing morethan the truth as to his sufferings, for nothing less could have reduced him to the condition in which
he was found. In a few days all was restored to order and tranquility, and we commenced making
arrangements for trapping, &c. The Columbia is a strong, clear and beautiful river at this point, (thejunction of the Lewis river,) and is about 1000 yards wide. The Wallah Wallah empties into it about
14 miles lower down - which is rather muddy, and a very rapid stream. There was at this rendezvous
at this time, about 400 white people, who lived in constant intercourse with the Flatheads and "Nez
Perces," or Pierced Nose tribe, which latter consists of 1000 warriors, besides women and children,and live in the closest friendship with their neighbors, the Flatheads. They are said to act honorable
in all their dealings, nor do they now practice treachery and stealing so extensively as most of thetribes below this; although, when first discovered by the whites, a brave was esteemed according to
his success in stealing. They have now reformed and a white man can at all times find a trusty friend
in a Nez Perces. Among the discoveries of importance which we made here was nine of Captain
Gant's men, who had left us at the mouth of the Laramies. In crossing the mountain they had several
encounters with the Indians, and finally lost their horses and 3 of their men. After travelling about
for a number of days, under the direction of a Mr. Saunders, their leader, they came across a party
belonging to this rendezvous, whom they followed, and had arrived at camp a few days before us.
No important arrangement was made among the men with regard to trapping, &c., until the people
gathered in from the different parts of the mountain. In the meantime 15 of us joined together, eachman furnishing an equal quantity of merchandize, horses, &c., and to receive an equal share of theproceeds.
August 25th. Every thing necessary for our expedition being ready this morning, we started in asouthern direction, but did not go far until we encamped for the night - thinking that if we had
neglected any thing which we would stand in need of, we would thus discover it. The next morning
finding all things in order, we continued travelling down what is called Pieres hole, or valley. Thisvalley is situated on the river of the same name, and is from 70 to 80 miles in length, with a highmountain on the east and west - each so high that it is impossible to pass over them, and is from eight
to ten miles wide. The river runs immediately through the centre, with a beautiful grove of timberalong either bank; from this timber to the mountain, a distance of four or five miles, there is nothing
but a smooth plain. This meadow or prairie is so perfectly level that a person may look up or down
as far as the eye will reach without meeting any thing to obstruct the sight, until the earth and sky
appear to meet. After travelling a few miles this morning, some of the men, in taking a view of thecountry before us, discovered something like people upon horses, who appeared to be coming
towards us. After continuing in the same direction for some time we came in view with the naked
eye, when we halted. - They advanced towards us displaying a British flag. This we could notcomprehend; but on coming closer discovered them to be hostile Indians. We immediately
despatched a messenger back to the rendezvous for reinforcements and prepared ourselves for
defence. The Indians commenced building a fort in the timber on the bank of the river; but at the time
we were not aware of what they were doing. After waiting here a few hours we were reinforced by
200 whites, 200 Flatheads, and 300 Nez Perces Indians. The Indians with the British flag, on seeing
such a number of people galloping down the plain at full speed, immediately retreated within theirfort, whither they were hotly pursued. The friendly indians soon discovered them to belong to theBlackfeet tribe, who are decidedly the most numerous and warlike tribe in the mountains, and for thisreason are not disposed to have any friendly intercourse with any other nation of an inferior number,unless they are good warriors and well armed with guns, &c. We thought we could rush right onthem and drive them out of the brush into the plain and have a decisive battle at once. We advancedwith all possible speed, and a full determination of success, until we discovered their fort by receivinga most destructive fire from the enclosure. This throwed our ranks into complete confusion, & weall retreated into the plain, with the loss of 5 whites, 8 Flatheads and 10 Nez Perces Indians killed,
besides a large number of whites and Indians wounded. The formation of their fort astonished allhands. We had been within a few hundred yards of them all day and did not discover that they werebuilding it. It was large enough to contain 500 warriors; and built strong enough to resist almost any
attempt we might make to force it. After dressing the wounded, and having reconnoitered their fort,
our forces were divided into several detachments, and sent in different directions with the intentionof surrounding the fort and making them prisoners. This was done under the superintendance ofFitzpatrick, who acted as commander-in-chief.
In a case of this kind any man not evincing the greatest degree of courage, and every symptom ofbravery, is treated as a coward; and the person who advances first, furthest and fastest, and makes
the greatest display of animal courage, soon rises in the estimation of his companions. Accordinglywith the hope of gaining a little glory while an opportunity offered, though not for any electioneering
purpose, as a politician in the States would do - I started into the brush, in company with two
acquaintances (Smith and Kean) and two Indians. We made a circuitous route and came towards thefort from a direction which we thought we would be least expected. We advanced closer and closer,
crawling upon our hands and knees, with the intention of giving them a select shot; and when within
about forty yards of their breast work, one of our Indians was shot dead. At this we all lay still forsome time, but Smith's foot happening to shake the weeds as he was laying on his belly, was shot
through. I advanced a little further, but finding the balls to pass too quick and close, concluded toretreat. When I turned, I found that my companions had deserted me. In passing by, Smith asked
me to carry him out, which met my approbation precisely, for I was glad to get out of this unpleasantsituation under any pretext - provided my reputation for courage would not be questioned. After
getting him on my back, still crawling on my hands and knees, I came across Kean, lying near where
the first Indian fell, who was also mortally wounded and died soon after. I carried Smith to a placeof safety and then returned to the siege. A continual fire was kept up, doing more or less execution
on both sides until late in the afternoon, when we advanced to close quarters, having nothing but the
thickness of their breast work between us, and having them completely surrounded on all sides toprevent any escaping. This position we maintained until sun-set, in the meantime having madepreparations to set fire to the fort, which was built principally of old dry logs, as soon as night would
set in, and stationed men at the point where we thought they would be most likely to make the firstbreak, for the purpose of taking them on the wing, in their flight. Having made all these preparations,which were to put an end to all further molestation on the part of the Blackfeet, our whole scheme
and contemplated victory was frustrated by a most ingenious and well executed device of the enemy.
A few minutes before the torch was to be applied, our captives commenced the most tremendous yells
and shouts of triumph, and menaces of defiance, which seemed to move heaven and earth. Quick asthought a report spread through all quarters, that the plain was covered with Blackfeet Indians
coming to reinforce the besieged. So complete was the consternation in our ranks, created by thisstratagem, that in five minutes afterwards, there was not a single white man, Flathead or Nez Perces
Indian within a hundred yards of the fort. Every man thought only of his own security, and run forlife without ever looking round, which would at once have convinced him of his folly. In a short time
it was ascertained that it was only a stratagem, and our men began to collect together where ourbaggage was. I never shall forget the scene here exhibited. The rage of some was unbounded, andapproached to madness. For my own part, although I felt much regret at the result after so much toiland danger, yet I could not but give the savages credit for the skill they displayed in preserving theirlives, at the very moment when desperation, as we thought, had seized the mind of each of them.
By the time we were made sensible of the full extent of our needless alarm, it had began to get dark;
and on ascertaining the extent of the injury which we received, (having lost 32 killed, principally
Indians,) it was determined not to again attempt to surround the fort, which was a soredisappointment to some of the men who were keen for chastising the Indians for their trick. We thentook up our march for the rendezvous; but on starting one of our party of 15 men, who had firststarted out the day before, could not be found. Search was made, and he was found in the brush,
severely wounded. - After carrying him on a litter a few miles he died and was buried in the Indianstyle: - which is by digging a hole in the ground, wrapping a blanket or skin round the body, placing
it in the hole, and covering it with poles and earth. This is the manner of interring the dead in thiscountry both by the Indians and whites, except in the winter season on account of the ground being
frozen, when the Indians are in the habit of wrapping their dead in buffaloe robes, and laying themon poles from one tree to another, on which poles the corpse is tied with cords. The next morning
we raised another war party and went back to the battle ground, but no Indians could be found. They must have left the fort in great haste for we found 42 head of horses, together with Fitzpatrick's
which they had taken on the mountain, two warriors and one squaw lying dead inside of their fort,
besides a large quantity of their baggage, such as furs, skins, &c. There must have been a great
number of them, from the holes they had dug in the ground around their dead horses and the edgesof the fort, say from three to four hundred. I learned afterwards that the Nez Perces Indians shortly
after found seven more dead Blackfeet, in some brush close by, where they had been secreted to savetheir scalps, which is the principal object with these Indians, in order to have their women dance. In
the afternoon we returned to the rendezvous and presented Mr. Fitzpatrick with his long-lost andhighly valued horse, which seemed to compensate for all the sufferings and hardships which he had
encountered.
After remaining here a few days a violent dispute arose between Stephens and Fitzpatrick about theprice of the horses which the latter was to give to the former for the beaver skins of Gant's which
Stephens had sold to Fitzpatrick. No person interfered, for we all knew that it was a dishonest
transaction from beginning to end. Fitzpatrick having every thing in his own possession, wastherefore contented and as independent as any mean man who had it in his power to make his own
terms. Stephens, on the contrary, was in a bad situation - having paid before hand, and not being able
to force measures, had to put up with what he could get. Finally he succeeded in hiring four men,and started back to the mouth of the Laramies to secure the fur which he had sold to Fitzpatrick. He
had not left many days, however, until he was overtaken by a scouting party of those Indians we hadsurrounded in the fort. Two of his men were killed, and himself shot through the thigh - having thetwo mules along, which was the ballance of the original stock, one of which was killed, and the otherbrought back the wounded Stephens, who died in a few days afterwards from mortification taking
place in the wounded leg.
A few days after this occurrence, we were visited by a party belonging to the Nor West, or British
trading company, from whom we were enabled to learn the way the Blackfeet Indians had got
possession and fought under the British flag. It appeared by their story that these Indians somemonths previous, had fell on a party belonging to their company - but few of whom escaped to tellthe fate of their comrades - and among the spoils which they obtained, was this flag, which they used
as a signal to deceive and mislead their enemies, whom they might meet in these extensive plains.
Sept. 1st. After remaining here until today, during which time Mr. Saunders joined our company offifteen, which made up for the one that was killed, and who was the only one besides myself, of Capt.
Gant's company; leaving the balance with Fitzpatrick - some hiring with their equipments which theypurchased on credit. - We set to work making preparation to start the following morning, on our
second attempt to reach some region where we could prosecute our business of trapping to someadvantage. The conditions of our agreement were the same as on the first expedition, viz.: - eachman to find an equal portion of traps, guns, and ammunition, and to receive an equal share of thepeltries which we might catch.
On the morning of the 2nd Sept., having every thing ready, we left the rendezvous, all in a finehumor. We arrived on the head waters of the Multenemough river without any thing of moment
occurring - where we made our fall's hunt. After travelling near 100 miles South West from the topof the mountains, or from the head of Lewis river, we got totally out of the range of the buffaloe.
We were told by the natives that those animals were never known further west, which is something
singular, as the country is just the same, if not better as to grass. These Indians subsist principally
upon salmon, and such other fish as they can catch, with the assistance of roots, buds, berries, &some small game, which they kill with the bow and arrow. They are generally of a more swarthy
nature, small and cowardly, and travel in small gangs of from four to five families - this they arecompelled to do in order to keep from starvation. They are always roving from plain to plain, andfrom valley to valley - never remaining in one place longer than till game gets scarce. When on themove the women have to perform the most laborious part - having charge of the transportation of
their baggage. While doing this, a female, the most feeble of their sex, will carry a load of perhaps
a hundred weight a whole day, without manifesting the least fatigue or complaint. This tribe, which
I believe is called the Bawnack, or Shoshonies, are the most indolent, and have the least ambition of
any tribe we had yet discovered. They are lazy and dirty; and only strive to get as much as will keepthem from starving. They are no way ill disposed towards the whites, or at least they never disturbed
us - with the exception of stealing a few of our traps. We continued moving down the Multenemough
for several hundred miles, during which time we subsisted principally upon beaver, deer, and bighorn- though we still had a little jirked buffaloe meat. Between trapping and trading we had made quite
a profitable hunt. To get a beaver skin from these Indians worth eight or ten dollars, never cost morethan an awl, a fish-hook, a knife, a string of beads, or something equally as trifling.
As winter was approaching, we began to make arrangements to return to some more favourable
climate, by collecting our fur, and giving each man his share of the baggage. We travelled back withgreat speed, and arrived in the buffaloe country on the first of November, where we met with a nationof Snake Indians, with whom we made some small trades for buffaloe robes and skins for the winter.
The manners and customs of the Snake Indians are very similar to those of the Flatheads, with the
exception of stealing, which they consider no harm. The Snake Indians, or as some call them, theShoshonies, were once a powerful nation, possessing a glorious hunting ground on the east side of
the mountains; but they, like the Flatheads, have been almost annihilated by the revengeful Blackfeet,
who, being supplied with firearms were enabled to defeat all Indian opposition. Their nation has been
entirely broken up and scattered throughout all this wild region. The Shoshonies are a branch of theonce powerful Snake tribe, as are also the more abject and forlorn tribe of Shuckers, or moregenerally termed, Diggers and Root eaters, who keep in the most retired recesses of the mountains
and streams, subsisting on the most unwholesome food, and living the most like animals of any raceof beings. We left the Snake Indians and took a more Southern direction to the Bear river, which
empties into Big Salt Lake - followed this river for two days, and then crossed over to Weabers river.
These two rivers are about the same size, say from two to three hundred yards wide, & from three
to four hundred miles long. - They run South parallel with each other, and empty into the Big Salt
Lake on the North side, at no great distance apart. - This lake is much larger than any other west of
the mountains - supposed to be 200 miles long, and near the same in width. It is surrounded on the
North, about the mouths of the rivers, by a mountainous & broken country, and on the South & Westby a barren, sandy plain, in a manner incapable of vegetation. There is also a hill or peak near thecentre of it so high that the snow remains on it the greater part of the year. The water is of such abrackish nature that only part of it freezes in the coldest weather of the winter season. Its briny
substance prevents all vegetation within a considerable distance of the margin of the lake. The Bearand Weabers rivers are the principal streams by which it is fed. In the Spring of the year, when thesnow and ice melts and runs down off the mountains, this lake rises very high, on account of it having
no outlet; and in the fall, or latter part of summer it sinks - leaving salt one and two inches thick onsome parts of its shores. It is situated on the west side of the mountains, between the waters of theColumbia and Rio Colerado, or Red river, and is called by the natives, the Great Salt Lake. The
rivers which empty into this lake abound with many kinds of fish, such as trout, cat-fish, and others
suitable for hook and line, particularly at their mouths. Where the country is low, and small streams
empties into them, the dams of the beaver causes the water to overflow its banks, and makes aswampy, marshy country for miles round. People trapping on these streams are compelled toconstruct canoes of Bull and buffaloe skins, in order to visit their traps. On leaving this lake wecontinued our journey towards the head waters of the Colerado, which stream empties into the Gulf
of Calafornia. After a tedious, but not unpleasant tramp of several days we came to a beautiful
situation on one of the main feeders of this river, where we halted to make preparations to spend thewinter - it now being about the middle of November. We had remained here but a few days, during
which time we were occupied in building tents, &c, for winter, when we were visited by a party of
70 or 80 Indian warriors. These Indians manifested the best of friendship towards us, while in ourcamp, and said they were going to war with the Snake Indians - whose country we were now in - andthey also said they belonged to the Crow nation on the East side of the mountains. In all theintercourse had with them, while they were with us, not the least symptom of deception was
discovered, and they parted with us manifesting as much regret as if we had been old acquaintances.
But we were doomed to experience the faith of the Crow nation - for, on the same night of theirdeparture, they returned and stole five of our best hunting horses. This was a serious loss to us, anda valuable prize for them - for an Indian belonging to these hunting and warring tribes is poor indeed
if he is not the owner of a horse, as it is upon this animal they much depend for success in chasing thebuffaloe, and upon him greatly depends the fate of the battle. Having a man in our company who had
once been a captive in their village, and who could talk and understand a little of their language, we
resolved at all hazards to give chase and retake our horses. We steered across the mountains towards
the Southern head waters of the Missouri river. The first stream we came to on the east side is called
Bighorn river - down which stream we travelled for some days, until we came to their village situatedat the mouth of Stinking river. In this village we found a negro man, who informed us that he firstcame to this country with Lewis & Clark - with whom he also returned to the State of Missouri, andin a few years returned again with a Mr. Mackinney, a trader on the Missouri river, and has remained
here ever since - which is about ten or twelve years. He has acquired a correct knowledge of theirmanner of living, and speaks their language fluently. He has rose to be quite a considerable character,or chief, in their village; at least he assumes all the dignities of a chief, for he has four wives, withwhom he lives alternately. This is the custom of many of the chiefs.
After informing the negro of our stolen horses, he told us that they had them, and that the reason they
were taken from us was because we were found in their enemies' country, and that they supposed wewere going to trade them guns, &c. By giving the chiefs some trifling presents our horses were
produced in as good trim as when they left us. (I shall say nothing more of these Indians at present,
as I shall have occasion to speak of them when I again visit their village.)
About the first of January 1833, the game getting scarce in this vicinity, the Indians left us & moved
down the river. We remained at this station employing our time in hunting, fishing, and such othersports as we could come at, but without any particular occurrence, until the 20th of February, when
we set out on our spring hunt. We crossed the country to the river Platte without any difficulty, andcontinued down this stream to the junction of it and the Laramies, where we had joined Fitzpatrick's
company in the previous spring, and where also we had parted with Capt. Gant. On encamping forthe night we found a tree off which the bark was peeled, and wrote on with a coal, that, by searchingin a certain place mentioned, we would find a letter, - which we did, and found the document, written
in Gant's hand, which stated that only two parties had returned, viz. - Washburns and his own - andalso that Capt. Blackwell had came up from the States with a supply of provision, merchandize,ammunition, &c. The letter went on to detail the hardships, sufferings, and misfortunes which they
had encountered, which only amounted to this: that they had lost their horses last winter, and had
been to Santa Fe and purchased more - while crossing the mountain his party had accidentally met
with Washburn and his company - that they then ascertained for the first, that the company was
insolvent and had declined doing business in this country - and that they [Gant's party] had left thisplace in September last, to go and establish a trading post on the Arkansas river, with the Arpahee
Indians. The letter closed by stating that Stephens' party had left him and joined Fitzpatrick. Thisletter was directed to Mr. Saunders, who was in our company, and who, Gant supposed, would be
the first to return.
Soon after the contents of the letter were made known to the company, some men were sent acrossthe Laramies river to see if they could make any discoveries of importance, as we could see theremains of what we supposed to be an old encampment on its banks. These men, after searching forsome time, found where several buffaloe had been slaughtered, and from the manner in which it wasdone, it was evident that it was the work of a party of hostile Indians - and not being able to trace
which direction they had steered, we were at a great loss to know what to do - having no person toact as commander. There was much difference of opinion and great contention about which way weshould take. Our object was, if possible, to avoid meeting with the Indians, as our force was small,and not well prepared to encounter a band of savages defended with firearms. Finally, it was decided
that we should leave the rivers and strike for the mountains - thinking this route the least dangerous.
After travelling an hour or so, we suddenly met with a body of eight or ten on horse back, who wejudged to be hunting - not being backward about meeting with such a number, we marched boldly
towards them. On this they immediately galloped off under full speed, in the direction which we weregoing. Thinking the main body to be in that direction, we thought to avoid them by turning to theright and keeping near the river. We did not advance far in this direction, however, until we suddenly
came upon their encampment. Being thus led into their strong hold by mere accident, we held ahurried consultation as to our own safety. Their horses and white lodges could be distinctly seen
although we were some distance off, and we flattered ourselves that we had not yet been discoveredby any in the village, and that we might yet escape. With this hope we sounded a retreat and marchedslowly & silently back for the purpose of sheltering ourselves with the timber, where we intended tobuild a fort immediately, for we knew that even if we were not discovered now, the party we first met
would give the alarm, and the chase would be commenced. In going along, juking from bluff to bluff,
in order to avoid being seen, we were overtaken by a single Indian on horseback. He would ride up
at full gallop within 20 or 30 steps of us, and then suddenly wheel, ride back towards the camp, andthen return as before. After repeating this several times, some of our men, when he came close,
raised their guns, and he, thinking there might be danger in running away, came to us and told us thatthe chief had sent for us to come to his tent, to eat, smoke and be friendly. Not having confidence
in his good intentions, all declined the invitation, but told the messenger that we would just retire into
the timber, (where we intended to be occupied in the meantime in building a fort,) and that if the chief
wished to have any thing to say to us, he could come there - for which we started into the woods,
taking this fellow with us, with the intention of keeping him until the fort would be erected.
After going but a short distance our prisoner broke loose, and immediately ran onto some risingground, where he made his horse perform many singular feats as a signal for his followers. We
galloped off as fast as we could, but were soon surrounded on all sides, without any thing to shelter
us, except a hole formed by the sinking of water - which are very numerous in some of these plains.
Into this hole we drove our horses, and expected to reach the top in time to keep the Indians at bay,
and make peace with them. Before we got our horses properly secured in this hole there was
hundreds of red men standing above and eagerly looking down upon us, uttering the most terrifying
yells of vengeance, brandishing their guns, bows and spears as if they would devour us. - We werein just such a situation now, as is calculated to bring on despair, with all its horrifying feelings, - eachman holding his gun cocked and ready, resolved to sell his life only with the last drop of blood. - Westood in this situation, for a few minutes, waiting for them to commence, when there was one rushed
into their ranks apparently much excited, who on addressing a few words to the warriors, they all put
down their arms, and made signs to us to come out, that they would not molest us. This we did, but
it was with a watchful, jealous eye. The man whose timely arrival seemed to have put a stop to theirdesigns, and who doubtless here saved our lives, now came forward and signified to us that we had
better go with them to their camp, and eat, drink and smoke, and he would exert his influence not tohave us hurt - which advice we accordingly followed - taking our horses with us. On arriving attheir camp, we found two who could talk the Crow language. The Rickarees (the nation in whose
hands we now were) on being at war with the Crow nation took these two prisoners, as they told us,
and adopted them as their brethren. - After manifesting a desire to be friendly with them, by smoking,&c. these Crow prisoners informed us that, had it not been for the timely arrival of the chief, when
we were in the hole, we would most certainly have been cut to pieces. This is altogether probable.
The feelings of every individual, as well as those of myself, when surrounded in this hole, were
horrible in the extreme. The thought struck me, as I leaned against a rock, that here I must end mycareer. Our feelings may be imagined, but not described.

The Crow prisoners told us that the only reason they knew why the chief had interceded for us, wasbecause he had not previ-ously been consulted on the subject, (having been absent when we werediscovered in the plain.) This chief took a particular liking for us, and seemed determined to save us
from the destructive vengeance of his people. He prepared a comfortable lodge for our own
accommodation, in which we slept and eat. We remained in this situation two days and part of thethird night, without any thing to disturb us - during which time the Crow prisoners had manyquestions to ask about their own people. They appeared to be well treated, but notwithstanding they
were anxious to make their escape. About midnight of the third night, our friendly chief, who slept
with us every night, awoke us all, and told us the horrors of our situation. He said that he had a great
many bad men among his followers, and that he was unable to appease their angry nature much longer- the red man thirsts for blood - that he had succeeded in saving us thus far, through much exertion- & that now, as the whole village was wrapt in slumber, it would be a fit time for us to escape. He
gave us strict orders to travel with all speed, and not to slacken our pace for two days and nights, forhe said as soon as our departure would be known, we would be pursued. When our horses werebrought out and all things was ready, we were escorted by the chief until daylight, when he left us andreturned - manifesting the most intense anxiety for our safety. Indeed we were loth to part with thiskind man for we felt as if we were indebted to him for our lives. After parting with the chief, we
pursued our journey with great speed, until the evening of the second day, when we were obliged tostop by a snow storm, which threatened us with destruction. We here turned our panting horses
loose to graze, and made preparations to pass the night - which we did undisturbed. In the morning,
two of the horses were not to be found. All search was in vain, and we gave them up for lost concluding that they had fell into the hands of our enemies, and if so, we had better be on the move,as they were doubtless close at hand; but the owner, not being satisfied, again started out. - Thisdetained us a while longer, when, apprehending danger from the Indians, we fired two guns as asignal for him that we were going, if he was yet in hearing. We resumed our journey, and after
travelling a few miles, halted for the straggler - but he never returned.
The Rickarees are a powerful nation, consisting of about 1000 warriors. Their principal chief is called
Highbacked Wolf. Some twelve or fifteen years since, they were very friendly with the whites. Thisfriendship was interrupted by the following circumstance: - About eight or ten years since, Mr.
Mackenzie took a chief from three different nations (one of which was a Rickaree,) to Washington
city, and while taking them back to their native wilds through Virginia, the Rickaree chief took sickand died in the city of Richmond. Mackenzie returned with the other two, Asnaboin and Mandan.
While passing the Rickaree village, (which was then situated on the Missouri river, from whence they
have since removed to this country,) Mackenzie stopped and informed them of the fate of their chief- which they disbelieved, and immediately declared war against the whites. They were much enraged,
and made a violent attack upon the boats containing the merchandize of Mr. Mackenzie - a great partof which they destroyed, and have since been the cause of the death of numbers of white men.
April 10th. Having lost all hope of being rejoined by our lost man, who we concluded had been
captured by the Indians, we resumed our journey with 14 men. - Beaver we found in abundance catching more or less every day, and every thing seemed to promise a profitable business, until the
7th day of May - a day which will ever be remembered by each of us. Having encamped the night
previous on a small creek in the Black Hills, or on the head waters of the river Platte, without timber
or any thing to shelter ourselves, in case of an attack by the Indians, within 80 or 100 yards. We thisevening again turned our horses loose to graze, which is not by any means customary and much lessprudent, while travelling through a country infested with hostile savages, as they are always hovering
around the encampment, ready to lay hands on any thing which they fancy. But on the present
occasion we thought ourselves secure, as we had not seen nor met with any Indians for several days.
On the following morning our horses were in sight on a hill a little above the encampment. About
9 o'clock three of us started to bring them down preparatory to our start. As there was no danger
apprehended, neither of us took our guns. When we got to the top of the hill the horses were not tobe seen - having descended the hill on the other side. The other two men soon found their horses andstarted with them to camp. After searching a while I found mine with several others. The horses
appeared much frightened, and I began to apprehend some danger. Whilst leading my horse towards
the camp, an Indian, armed with a bow and arrow, came rushing upon me. - I made several attempts
to mount, but as often failed, for as I would spring to get on he would jump from under me. The
savage now approached within about fifteen steps of me, and signified that he would slay me unlessI stopped and delivered up my horse. I sprang behind a bunch of bushes, which afforded me atolerable shelter. He then made signs to me that if I would deliver myself up he would not hurt me.
But this I refused. My only weapon was a large knife, which I carried in a scabbard at my waist. I
drew this out and proposed to meet him. He then gave me to understand, that if I would lay down
the knife he would lay down the bow and arrow, and we would meet and be friends. This I also
refused to do. - He made use of various inducements to get me from behind the bush, but I heeded
them not, for I knew his intention was to kill me if it was in his power. He still advanced slowly
toward me. I had been in several dangerous situations with the Indians and wild beasts, - in some ofwhich I had almost despaired. But none seemed to cause the same feeling as did my present
predicament. Alone, and unarmed - my situation was distressing indeed. I had no chance of
escaping, and an immediate and cruel death I knew would be my fate if I surrendered. Whilstreflecting on what to do, and looking at him through an aperture in the bush, he shot an arrow at me,
which fortunately missed its aim, and struck a branch within a few inches of my face, and fell harmlessto the ground. By this time he had got quite close and being below me on the hill side, the thought
struck me that I might despatch him with a stone - for which purpose I stooped down to get one, andcarelessly let my body move from the shelter afforded by the brush, and at that instant I felt the
pointed arrow pierce my side. I jirked the weapon out immediately, and started to run, still holding
to my horse. I expected every moment as I ran quartering past the Indian to receive another, which
I most certainly would have done, if the savage had been in the possession of any more; and to run
to the brush for those he had already discharged at me, would only be giving me time to escape. He
then pursued me. After running a short distance I thought that my horse might be the means ofsaving my life, if I would leave him for the Indian, and accordingly I released my hold; but the Indian
disregarded the horse and followed me. By this time, owing to the loss of blood from my wound, andthe great excitement I was under, I began to grow weak and faint, for I thought that every moment
would be my last, as I heard the Indian puffing & blowing in my rear. We were now within sight ofour camp, and were fortunately discovered by the men then there, who immediately ran to my relief.
When I seen the face of my companions, I lost all my strength and fell prostrate to the ground. The
Indian, foiled in his design on my life, retreated for the purpose of making sure of my horse, but inthis he was also mistaken, for in turn he was pursued by my companions as hotly as he had chased
me. When my mind again resumed its sway, I found myself in the camp carefully attended by mycompanions. On entering into conversation with my companions, I found that I was not the only one
who had encountered the Indians. I was ignorant of any more Indians being in the neighborhood thanthe one above alluded to, but it appeared by their story that, when the two men who started out withme, were returning with the horses, they came across a large body of Indians, supposed to be about
200, who, after a sharp engagement, in which one of our men, named Gillam, of Illinois, was killed,
and two wounded, succeeded in taking all our horses except two. Whilst I was listening to thislamentable story, our spies came running to the camp, bringing the unwelcome tidings that the Indians
were again approaching with great speed, determined to ride over us. Each man now gathered arobe, blanket, guns, and such things as he could not do without, & carried the wounded into the brushat the foot of the hill, where we immediately commenced building a fort. The Indians approached andsurrounded our encampment very cautiously, thinking that they would take us by surprise, andcapture man, beast and baggage without any difficulty - but they were outrageous when they foundthat there was no body at home. They made the best of their victory however, and took every thing
we had left. - When they had completed the pillage, which was only done when they could no longer
find any thing on which to lay their hands, they started off with their booty. - After they had travelledsome distance they halted and collected in a circle, within plain view of where we were, and smokedto the Sun, or Great Spirit. While going through this ceremony, some of them happened to discoverus. On this, they quit smoking, left their horses and came on foot within 30 or 40 steps of us, - buton seeing our fort, which was only partly built, they turned away and left us, without making any
attack. We remained in this situation until morning - those who were able, being occupied incompleting our fort. Soon after daylight the Indians again made their appearance, and approachedwithin a stones throw of the fort, and on reconnoitering our situation they concluded that we were
too well defended for them to gain any advantage over us, - and the second time they left us without
giving us a chance of trying our strength.
This morning I felt very weak and feeble from my wound, and began to fear that it was more serious
than was at first supposed. About 10 o'clock the company was ready for the move, and I was packed
between two horses. After travelling two or three miles we halted to rest near some brush - but notwithout having sentinels stationed for the purpose of keeping a vigilant look-out, for we still expected
an attack from the Indians. Not long after we halted our sentinels informed us that the savages wereagain approaching. We immediately went into the brush and commenced throwing up a fort. They
this time approached very cautiously, & seemed determined to put an end to our lives. When theyobserved that we were defended by a breast work, they halted, reconnoitered on every side, andfinally gave up and left us. These Indians who had hung round our path so long, robbed us of somuch necessary property, killed one and wounded three of us, and came so nigh exterminating ourwhole company, we found out, belonged to the Rickaree tribe - the same who frightened us in thesink hole, on Platte river.
It was now that we had leisure to contemplate our situation. Some of us had laboured hard,
encountered one danger only to be eclipsed by another. We had at times endured the most
excruciating suffering from hunger and fatigue - living in constant communion with the terrors of awilderness studded with savages and no less dangerous beasts of prey, for two long years, and now
left destitute of every thing except an old greasy blanket, a rifle and a few loads of ammunition, somethousands of miles from our paternal homes. To reflect on our present situation was enough to fill
every heart with all the horrors of remorse. In fact, we felt a disposition about this time to do thatwhich would not have been right, had an opportunity afforded. When we first embarked in thisbusiness it was with the expectation that to ensure a fortune in the fur trade only required a little

perseverance and industry. We were not told that we were to be constantly annoyed by the Indians,
but that it only required the observance of a peaceful disposition on our part, to secure theirfriendship and even support. Some of the Indians with whom we had intercourse, it is true, had beenof great advantage to us in our trapping expeditions; but then it would be of short duration, - for, if
they would not render themselves obnoxious by their own treachery, our friendship with them would
be sure to meet with an interruption through some ingenious artifice of a neighbouring jealous tribe.
Such had been the life we had led, and such the reward.
Our situation was not at all suited for sober calculation. Some appeared altogether careless what
would become of them - seeming to have a willingness to turn in with and live the life of a savage;
some two or three were anxious to leave the wilderness and return to the States as empty as when
we left them. But this was rejected by nearly all, for we still had a distant hope of having better luck.
Some of our men were acquainted with the situation of the rendezvous of a company of traders on
the head waters of the Colerado trading under the firm of B. L. E. Bowville & Co. and it was
proposed to start for this post immediately. After much debate and persuasion, it was agreed that weshould make the attempt. We got every thing ready - the wounded having entirely recovered - andstarted on our long and tedious journey. As we travelled along we killed plenty of various kinds ofgame - met with nothing to interrupt our journey, and on the 25th of July arrived at the camp ofBowville, which at this time consisted of 195 men, together with a small company belonging toMackenzie, from the Missouri river, of 60 men. We were well received by these men, most of whom
had been in the woods for several years, and experienced many hardships and privations, similar towhat we had suffered. They seemed to sympathize with us about our loss, and all appeared anxiousthat we should turn in with them and restore our lost fortunes. After we had become thoroughly
rested from the fatigue of our long tramp to this post, most of our men hired in different ways withthis company. These men had been engaged in trapping in the vicinity of this rendezvous for a longtime, & had caught nearly all the beaver, and were thinking about moving to some other section ofcountry. There was a large tract of land laying to the South West of this, extending to the Columbia
river on the North, and to the Pacific ocean and Gulph of Calafornia on the West and South, which
was said to abound with beaver, and otherwise suited as a trading country. As our company was now
very large, the officers concluded on dividing it into three divisions. Accordingly Capt. Bowville wasleft here with a considerable force to watch the movements of the Indians, and to do what he could
at trapping; as this had been a great harbor for beaver, it was thought that there might be still somemore to be caught. A Mr. Cerren with a few men was sent back to St. Lewis, with 4000 lbs. ofbeaver fur, with instructions to return and meet Capt. Bowville at the Great Salt Lake in the following
summer, with a supply of provisions to do the company, for the two following years. The otherdivision, under the command of a Mr. Walker, was ordered to steer through an unknown country,
towards the Pacific, and if he did not find beaver, he should return to the Great S. L. in the following
summer. Mr. Walker was a man well calculated to undertake a business of this kind. He was wellhardened to the hardships of the wilderness - understood the character of the Indians very well - waskind and affable to his men, but at the same time at liberty to command without giving of fence, - andto explore unknown regions was his chief delight. I was anxious to go to the coast of the Pacific, andfor that purpose hired with Mr. Walker as clerk, for a certain sum per year. The 20th of Aug. wasfixed as the day for each company to take its departure. When the day arrived every thing was inreadiness, - each man provided with four horses, and an equal share of blankets, buffaloe robes,

provisions, and every article necessary for the comfort of men engaged in an expedition of this kind.
As we travelled along each man appeared in better spirits, and more lively than on any other similaroccasion, - and I sometimes thought that we were now on an expedition from which we would realize
some profit. On the fourth day of our journey we arrived at the huts of some Bawnack Indians.
These Indians appear to live very poor and in the most forlorn condition. They generally make but
one visit to the buffaloe country during the year, where they remain until they jirk as much meat astheir females can lug home on their backs. They then quit the mountains and return to the plains,
where they subsist on fish and small game the remainder of the year. They keep no horses, & arealways an easy prey for other Indians provided with guns and horses. On telling these Indians theroute we intended to take, they told us we must provide ourselves with meat enough to subsist upon
for many days - which we found to be very good advice. We now set to work laying in a stock ofprovision, and in a few days each man was provided with about 60 pounds of substantial meat, which
was packed upon our horses, and we set sail in good cheer.
On the 4th of September we killed our last buffaloe on the West side of the Salt Lake. We still
continued along the margin of the Lake, with the intention of leaving it when we got to the extreme
west side of it. About the 12th we found the country very poor, and almost without game, except
goats and some few rabbits. On the 13th we left the Lake and took a westerly course into the mostextensive & barren plains I ever seen. This day we came to a spring, where we found some Indians
encamped, who were on their way up to the buffaloe country, to lay in their winters supply of meat.
These Indians appear to be more wealthy, and exercise more ingenuity in providing for themselves
than those we had met with a few days ago. They have paths beat from one spring or hole of water
to another, and by observing these paths, they told us, we would be enabled to find water without
much trouble. The chief of this tribe, further told us, that after travelling so many days South-west,(the course we were now about to take,) we would come to a high mountain which was covered withsnow at the top the whole year round, and on each side of which we would find a large river to head,and descend into the sandy plains below, forming innumerable small lakes, and sinks into the earthand disappears. Some distance further down these plains, he said, we would come to anothermountain, much larger than the first, which he had never been across. In all this space, he said, there
was no game; but that near this latter mountain we would come across a tribe of poor Indians, whom
he supposed would not be friendly. On the next morning we left these Indians, and pursued ourcourse Northwest. Our men, who were in such fine spirits when we left the rendezvous, began toshow symptoms of fatigue, & were no longer so full of sport. We travelled along these paths
according to the directions of the Indians, now and then meeting with a few straggling natives, whowere in a manner naked, on the trail of the main body to the buffaloe country. - Some of thesestraggling Indians showed us some lumps of salt, which was the most white, clear and beautiful I everseen.
On the 30th we arrived at a considerable hill, which, in appearance, is similar to a smooth rock, where we encamped for the night, and let our horses loose to graze - which we thought might now
be done with safety, as we were no longer beset by the murderous Rickarees. While laying about
resting ourselves, some of the men observed the horses very eagerly licking the stones which lay on
the surface of the ground, near the spring. This circumstance caused the men to examine the stones,
which we found to be salt, and had been carried here from the hill by the Indians. Their surface wascovered with moss or rust, but on breaking them, or rubbing off the rust, the salt is seen in its purity.

This hill runs North and South, and is from one to three miles across, and produces no kind ofvegetation, whatever except a little grass which grows in holes or gutters around its base, formed bywater descending from the hill during the rainy season. This country appeared the most like a desertof any I had yet seen. It is so dry and sandy that there is scarcely any vegetation to be found - noteven a spear of grass, except around the springs. The water in some of these springs, too, is so saltthat it is impossible to drink it. The Indians say that it never rains, only in the spring of the year.
Every thing here seems to declare that, here man shall not dwell.
After travelling a few days longer thro' these barren plains; we came to the mountain described by the
Indian as having its peak covered with snow. It presents a most singular appearance - being entirely
unconnected with any other chain. It is surrounded on either side by level plains, and rises abruptly
to a great highth, rugged, and hard to ascend. To take a view of the surrounding country from thismountain, the eye meets with nothing but a smooth, sandy, level plain. On the whole, this mountainmay be set down as one of the most remarkable phenomenas of nature. Its top is covered with thepinone tree, bearing a kind of mast, which the natives are very fond of, and which they collect for
winter provision. This hill is nearly round, and looks like a hill or mound, such as may be met within the prairies on the east side of the mountain.
Not far from our encampment we found the source of the river mentioned by the Indian. After we
all got tired gazing at this mountain and the adjacent curiosities, we left it and followed down theriver, in order to find water and grass for our horses. On this stream we found old signs of beaver,and we supposed that, as game was scarce in this country, the Indians had caught them for provision.
The natives which we occasionally met with, still continued to be of the most poor and dejected kind
- being entirely naked and very filthy. We came to the hut of one of these Indians who happened tohave a considerable quantity of fur collected. - At this hut we obtained a large robe composed ofbeaver skins fastened together, in exchange for two awls and one fish-hook. This robe was worthfrom 30 to 40 dollars. We continued travelling down this river, now and then catching a few beaver.
But, as we continued to extend our acquaintance with the natives, they began to practice theirnational failing of stealing. So eager were they to possess themselves of our traps, that we wereforced to quit trapping in this vicinity and make for some other quarter. The great annoyance wesustained in this respect greatly displeased some of our men, and they were for taking vengeance
before we left the country - but this was not the disposition of Captain Walker. These discontents
being out hunting one day, fell in with a few Indians, two or three of whom they killed, and thenreturned to camp, not daring to let the Captain know it. The next day while hunting, they repeatedthe same violation - but this time not quite so successful, for the Captain found it out, andimmediately took measures for its effectual suppression.
At this place, all the branches of this stream is collected from the mountain into the main channel,
which forms quite a large stream; and to which we gave the name of Barren River - a name which wethought would be quite appropriate, as the country, natives and every thing belonging to it, justly
deserves the name. - You may travel for many days on the banks of this river, without finding a sticklarge enough to make a walking cane. - While we were on its margin, we were compelled to dowithout fire, unless we chanced to come across some drift that had collected together on the beach.
As we proceeded down the river we found that the trails of the Indians began to look as if their
numbers were increasing, ever since our men had killed some of their brethren. The further wedescended the river, the more promising the country began to appear, although it still retained its dry,sandy nature. We had now arrived within view of a cluster of hills or mounds, which presented theappearance, from a distance, of a number of beautiful cities built up together. Here we had thepleasure of seeing timber, which grew in very sparing quantities some places along the river beach.
On the 4th of September we arrived at some lakes, formed by this river, which we supposed to be
those mentioned by the Indian chief whom we met at the Great Salt Lake. Here the country is low
and swampy, producing an abundance of very fine grass - which was very acceptable to our horses,
as it was the first good grazing they had been in for a long time - and here, on the borders of one ofthese lakes, we encamped, for the purpose of spending the night, and letting our horses have theirsatisfaction. A little before sun-set, on taking a view of the surrounding waste with a spy-glass, we
discovered smoke issuing from the high grass in every direction. This was sufficient to convince usthat we were in the midst of a large body of Indians; but as we could see no timber to go to, we
concluded that it would be as well to remain in our present situation and defend ourselves as well as
we could. We readily guessed that these Indians were in arms to revenge the death of those which
our men had killed up the river; & if they could succeed in getting any advantage over us, we had no
expectation that they would give us any quarter. Our first care, therefore, was to secure our horses,
which we did by fastening them all together, and then hitching them to pickets drove into the ground.
This done, we commenced constructing something for our own safety. The lake was immediately
in our rear, and piling up all our baggage in front, we had quite a substantial breast work - which
would have been as impregnable to the Indian arrows, as were the cotton-bags to the British bullets
at New Orleans in 1815. Before we had got every thing completed; however, the Indians issued fromtheir hiding places in the grass, to the number, as near as I could guess, of 8 or 900, and marchedstraight towards us, dancing and singing in the greatest glee. When within about 150 yards of us,
they all sat down on the ground, and despatched five of their chiefs to our camp to inquire whether
their people might come in and smoke with us. This request Capt. Walker very prudently refused,as they evidently had no good intentions, but told them that he was willing to meet them half way
between our breast work, and where their people were then sitting. This appeared to displease themvery much, and they went back not the least bit pleased with the reception they had met with.
After the five deputies related the result of their visit to their constituents, a part of them rose up andsigned to us, (which was the only mode of communicating with them) that they were coming to ourcamp. At this 10 or 12 of our men mounted the breast work and made signs to them that if they
advanced a step further it was at the peril of their lives. They wanted to know in what way we would
do it. Our guns were exhibited as the weapons of death. This they seemed to discredit and only
laughed at us. They then wanted to see what effect our guns would have on some ducks that werethen swimming in the lake, not far from the shore. We then fired at the ducks - thinking by this means
to strike terrour into the savages and drive them away. The ducks were killed, which astonished theIndians a good deal, though not so much as the noise of the guns - which caused them to fall flat tothe ground. After this they put up a beaver skin on a bank for us to shoot at for their gratification- when they left us for the night. This night we stationed a strong guard, but no Indians made theirappearance, and were permitted to pass the night in pleasant dreams.
Early in the morning we resumed our journey along the lakes, without seeing any signs of the Indians
until after sunrise, when we discovered them issuing from the high grass in front, rear, and on either

side of us. This created great alarm among our men, at first, as we thought they had surrounded us
on purpose, but it appeared that we had only happened amongst them, and they were as muchfrightened as us. From this we turned our course from the border of the lake into the plain. We had
not travelled far until the Indians began to move after us - first in small numbers, but presently in large
companies. - They did not approach near until we had travelled in this way for several hours, when
they began to send small parties in advance, who would solicit us most earnestly to stop and smokewith them. After they had repeated this several times, we began to under stand their motive - which
was to detain us in order to let their whole force come up and surround us, or to get into closequarters with us, when their bows and arrows would be as fatal and more effective than our firearms.
We now began to be a little stern with them, and gave them to understand, that if they continued totrouble us, they would do it at their own risk. In this manner we were teased until a party of 80 or
100 came forward, who appeared more saucy and bold than any others. This greatly excited Capt.
Walker, who was naturally of a very cool temperament, and he gave orders for the charge, saying that
there was nothing equal to a good start in such a case. This was sufficient. A number of our men
had never been engaged in any fighting with the Indians, and were anxious to try their skill. When
our commander gave his consent to chastise these Indians, and give them an idea of our strength, 32
of us dismounted and prepared ourselves to give a severe blow. We tied our extra horses to someshrubs and left them with the main body of our company, and then selected each a choice steed,
mounted and surrounded this party of Indians. We closed in on them and fired, leaving thirty-nine
dead on the field - which was nearly the half - the remainder were overwhelmed with dismay - running
into the high grass in every direction, howling in the most lamentable manner.
Capt. Walker then gave orders to some of the men to take the bows of the fallen Indians and put thewounded out of misery. The severity with which we dealt with these Indians may be revolting to theheart of the philanthropist; but the circumstances of the case altogether atones for the cruelty. It must
be borne in mind, that we were far removed from the hope of any succour in case we weresurrounded, and that the country we were in was swarming with hostile savages, sufficiently
numerous to devour us. Our object was to strike a decisive blow. This we did - even to a greater
extent than we had intended.
These Indians are totally naked - both male and female - with the exception of a shield of grass, which
they wear around their loins. They are generally small and weak, and some of them very hairy. They
subsist upon grass-seed, frogs, fish, &c. - Fish, how ever, are very scarce - their manner of catchingwhich, is somewhat novel and singular. They take the leg-bone of a sand-hill crane, which is
generally about 18 inches long, this is fastened in the end of a pole - they then, by means of a raft
made of rushes, which are very plenty - float along the surface of these lakes, and spear the fish.
They exhibit great dexterity with this simple structure - sometimes killing a fish with it at a great
distance. They also have a kind of hook by which they sometimes are very successful, but it does notafford them as much sport as the spear. This hook is formed of a small bone, ground down on asand-stone, and a double beard cut in it with a flint - they then have a line made of wild flax. This line
is tied nearest the beard end of the hook, by pulling the line the sharp end with the beard, catches, andturns the bone crossways in its mouth.
These lakes are all joined together by means of the river which passes from one to another, until itreaches the largest, which has no out-let. The water in this lake becomes stagnant and very

disagreeable - its surface being covered with a green substance, similar to a stagnant frog pond. In
warm weather there is a fly, about the size and similar to a grain of wheat, on this lake, in great
numbers. - When the wind rolls the waters onto the shore, these flies are left on the beach - the female
Indians then carefully gather them into baskets made of willow branches, and lay them exposed to thesun until they become perfectly dry, when they are laid away for winter provender. These flies,
together with grass seed, and a few rabbits, is their principal food during the winter season.
Their habitations are formed of a round hole dug in the ground, over which sticks are placed, giving
it the shape of a potatoe hole - this is covered with grass & earth - the door at one side and the fireat the other. They cook in a pot made of stiff mud, which they lay upon the fire & burn; but from the
sandy nature of the mud, after cooking a few times, it falls to pieces, when they make a new one.
These Indians call themselves Shoshocoes; and the Lakes have been named Battle Lakes.
On the 10th of October we left these Indians and built rafts out of rushes to convey us across theriver, when we left the Lakes and continued our course in the direction of a large mountain, which
was in sight, and which we could see was covered with snow on the summit. In the evening weencamped on the margin of a large Lake formed by a river which heads in this mountain. This lake,
likewise, has no outlet for the water, except that which sinks into the ground. The water in this lake
is similar to lie, and tastes much like pearlash. If this river was in the vicinity of some city, it would
be of inestimable value, as it is admirably calculated to wash clothes without soap, and no doubt could
be appropriated to many valuable uses. There is also a great quantity of pummice stone floating on
the surface of the water, and the shore is covered with them. The next day we travelled up this rivertowards the mountain, where we encamped for the night. This mountain is very high, as the snow
extends down the side nearly half way - the mountain runs North and South.
In the morning we despatched hunters to the mountain on search of game and also to look out fora pass over the mountain, as our provisions were getting scarce - our dried buffaloe meat being
almost done. After prowling about all day, our hunters returned in the evening, bringing theunwelcome tidings that they had not seen any signs of game in all their ramblings, and what was
equally discouraging, that they had seen no practicable place for crossing the mountain. They,
however, had with them a young colt and camel, which they secured by the natives taking fright andrunning off, when the hunters came in sight. The next morning, having eaten the last of our driedbuffaloe meat, it was decided that the colt should be killed and divided equally to each man. Our
situation was growing worse every hour, and something required to be done to extricate ourselves.
Our horses were reduced very much from the fatigues of our journey and light food, having travelled
through a poor, sandy country extending from the buffaloe country of the Rocky Mountains, to ourpresent encampment, a distance of about 1200 miles, without encountering a single hill of any
consequence, (with the exception of the one in which Barren river heads, and that we went around,)and so poor and bare that nothing can subsist on it with the exception of rabbits - these being the only
game we had met with since we had left the buffaloe country, with the exception of one or two
antelopes. Notwithstanding these plains forbids the support of animals of every description, yet I do
not believe that we passed a single day without seeing Indians, or fresh signs, and some days hundredsof them.

Today we sent out several scouting parties to search out a pass over the mountain. Capt. Walker,
Nidever and myself started out together. After getting part of the way up the mountain we came toa grove of timber, where the mountain was too steep for our horses, and we left them, and travelled
on foot. Nidever was separated from us, when two Indians made their appearance, but as soon as
they saw us, they took to flight and run directly towards Nidever, who at once supposed they had
been committing some mischief with us, fired, and, as they were running one behind the other, killed
them both at one shot. After this unpleasant circumstance we went back to our horses, and fromthence to camp. Mr. Nidever was very sorry when he discovered what he had done. In the evening
the balance of our scouting parties returned, but none of them had killed any game. One of them had
found an Indian path, which they thought led over the mountain - whereupon it was resolved that in
the morning we would take this path, as it seemed to be our only prospect of preservation.
Accordingly, at an early hour the next morning we started on our journey along the foot of themountain in search of the path discovered on the previous day, and found it. On examination we
found that horses travelled it, and must of course come from the west. This gave us great
encouragement, as we were very fearful we would not be able to get our horses over at all. Here we
encamped for the night. In the morning we started on our toilsome journey. Ascending the mountain
we found to be very difficult from the rocks and its steepness. This day we made but poor speed, andencamped on the side of the mountain.
Oct. 16. Continued our course until in the afternoon, when we arrived at what we took for the top,where we again encamped, but without any thing to eat for our horses, as the ground was covered
with a deep snow, which from appearance, lays on the North side of the peaks, the whole year
around. These peaks are generally covered with rocks and sand, - totally incapable of vegetation;
except on the South side, where grows a kind of Juniper or Gin shrub, bearing a berry tasting similar
to gin. Here we passed the night without anything to eat except these gin berries, and some of theinsects from the lake described above, which our men had got from the Indians. We had not sufferedmuch from cold for several months previous to this; but this night, surrounded as we were with theeverlasting snows on the summit of this mountain, the cold was felt with three fold severity.
In taking a view the next morning of the extensive plains through which we had travelled, its
appearance is awfully sublime. As far as the eye can reach, you can see nothing but an unbroken
level, tiresome to the eye to behold. To the East the aspect is truly wonderful. The sight meets withnothing but a poor sandy plain, extending from the base of the Rocky mountains to the level below- interposed with several rivers winding their way, here and there forming innumerable lakes, having
their margins thinly adorned with a few withering and fading cottonwood trees - where the waterceases to flow, and sinks into the sand. But this is not all. The rivers which head in this mountain,
all lead towards the East, as if to meet those from the Rocky mountains, and likewise empty into thelakes. The next morning it was with no cheerful prospect that each man prepared himself fortravelling, as we had nothing to eat worth mentioning. As we advanced, in the hollows sometimes
we would encounter prodigious quantities of snow. When we would come to such places, a certain
portion of the men would be appointed alternately to go forward and break the road, to enable ourhorses to get through; and if any of the horses would get swamped, these same men were to get themout. In this tedious and tiresome manner we spent the whole day without going more than 8 or 10
miles. In some of these ravines where the snow is drifted from the peaks, it never entirely melts, andmay be found at this season of the year, from ten to one hundred feet deep. From appearance it nevermelts on the top, but in warm weather the heap sinks by that part melting which lays next the ground.
This day's travel was very severe on our horses, as they had not a particle to eat. They began to growstupid and stiff, and we began to despair of getting them over the mountain. We encamped this nighton the south side of one of these peaks or ridges without any thing to eat, and almost without fire.
To add to the troubles and fatigues which we encountered in the day time, in getting over the rocks
and through the snow, we had the mortification this evening to find that some of our men had become
almost unmanageable, and were desirous of turning back and retracing our steps to the buffaloe
country! The voice of the majority, which always directs the movements of such a company, would
not pacify them; nor had the earnest appeals of our captain any effect. The distance was too great
for them to undertake without being well provided, and the only way they could be prevented, wasby not letting them have any of the horses or ammunition. Two of our horses were so much reduced
that it was thought they would not be able to travel in the morning at all, whereupon it was agreed
that they should be butchered for the use of the men. This gave our men fresh courage, and we went
to bed this night in better spirits than we had done for a long time. Some of the men had fasted solong, and were so much in want of nourishment, that they did not know when they had satisfied thedemands of nature, and eat as much and as eagerly of this black, tough, lean, horse flesh, as if it had
been the choicest piece of beef steak.
In the morning, after freely partaking of the horse meat, and sharing the remainder to each man, we
renewed our journey, now and then coming onto an Indian path, but as they did not lead in the
direction we were going, we did not follow them - but the most of the distance we this day travelled,
we had to encounter hills, rocks and deep snows. The snow in most of the hollows we this day
passed through, looks as if it had remained here all summer, as eight or ten inches from the top it was
packed close and firm - the top being loose and light, having fell only a day or two previous. About
the middle of the afternoon we arrived at a small Lake or pond, where we concluded to encamp, asat this pond we found a small quantity of very indifferent grass, but which our horses cropped off withgreat eagerness. Here we spent the night, having yet seen nothing to create a hope that we hadarrived near the opposite side of the mountain - and what was equally as melancholy, having yet
discovered no signs of game.
The next morning we resumed our labour, fortunately finding less snow and more timber, besides anumber of small lakes, and some prospect of getting into a country that produced some kind ofvegetation. The timber is principally pine, cedar and red wood, mostly of a scrubby and knotty
quality. After travelling a few miles, further however, than any other day since we had reached the
top of the mountain, we again encamped on the margin of another small lake, where we also had thegood fortune to find some pasture for our horses. This evening it was again decided to kill three
more of our horses which had grown entirely worthless from severe travelling and little food. The
next morning several parties were despatched on search of a pass over the mountain, and to makesearch for game; but they all returned in the evening without finding either. The prospect at this time
began to grow some-what gloomy and threaten us with hard times again. We were at a complete
stand. No one was acquainted with the country, nor no person knew how wide the summit of thismountain was. - We had travelled for five days since we arrived at what we supposed to be thesummit - were now still surrounded with snow and rugged peaks - the vigour of every man almost
exhausted - nothing to give our poor horses, which were no longer any assistance to us in travelling,
but a burthen, for we had to help the most of them along as we would an old and feeble man.

This mountain must be near as high as the main chain of the Rocky mountains - at least a person
would judge so from the vast quantity of snow with which it is covered, and the coldness of the air.
The descent from the Rocky mountains to this is but trifling and supposed by all the company not tobe greater than we had ascended this mountain from the plain - though we had no means ofascertaining the fact. It is true, however, that the vast plain through which we had travelled was
almost perfectly level, on part of which the water gradually descended to the West, and on the othertowards the East. Our situation was growing more distressing every hour, and all we now thoughtof, was to extricate ourselves from this inhospit-able region; and, as we were perfectly aware, thatto travel on foot was the only way of succeeding, we spent no time in idleness - scarcely stopping in
our journey to view an occasional specimen of the wonders of nature's handy-work. We travelled
a few miles every day, still on the top of the mountain, and our course continually obstructed withsnow hills and rocks. Here we began to encounter in our path, many small streams which would
shoot out from under these high snow-banks, and after running a short distance in deep chasms which
they have through ages cut in the rocks, precipitate themselves from one lofty precipice to another,
until they are exhausted in rain below. - Some of these precipices appeared to us to be more than amile high. Some of the men thought that if we could succeed in descending one of these precipices
to the bottom, we might thus work our way into the valley below - but on making several attempts
we found it utterly impossible for a man to descend, to say nothing of our horses. We were thenobliged to keep along the top of the dividing ridge between two of these chasms which seemed tolead pretty near in the direction we were going - which was West, - in passing over the mountain,
supposing it to run north & south. In this manner we continued until the 25th, without any particularoccurrence, except that of our horses dying daily - the flesh of which we preserved for food. Our
course was very rough & tiresome, having to encounter one hill of snow and one ledge of rocks after
another. On the 25th every man appeared to be more discouraged and down-spirited than ever, andI thought that our situation would soon be beyond hope if no prospect of getting from the mountainwould now be discovered. This day we sent out several parties on discoveries, who returned in theevening with out bringing the least good news, except one man, who was last coming, having
separated from his companions, brought a basket full of acorns, to camp. These were the first had
seen since we left the State of Missouri. These nuts our hunter had got from an Indian who had themon his back travelling as though he was on a journey across the mountain, to the East side. - Whenthe Indian seen our hunter he dropped his basket of provision and run for life. These nuts caused nolittle rejoicing in our camp, not only on account of their value as food, but because they gave us thegratifying evidence that a country mild and salubrious enough to produce acorns was not far distant,which must be vastly different from any we had passed through for a long time. We now felt
agreeably surprised that we had succeeded so far and so prosperously, in a region of many miles inextent where a native Indian could find nothing to eat in traversing the same route, but acorns. Thesenuts are quite different from those in Missouri - being much larger and more palatable. They are from
1 1/2 to 3 inches in length, and about 3/4 in diameter, and when roasted in the ashes or broiled, aresuperior to any chestnuts I ever eat - (though a person subsisting upon very lean horse meat forseveral days is hardly capable of judging with precision in a case of this kind.)
The next morning we resumed our journey somewhat revived with the strong expectation that aftera few days more tedious travelling, we would find ourselves in a country producing some kind ofgame by which we might recruit our languid frames, and pasture to resuscitate the famished conditionof our horses. We still found snow in abundance, but our course was not so much obstructed with

rocks as formerly. In two or three days we arrived at the brink of the mountain. This at first was a
happy sight, but when we approached close, it seemed to be so near perpendicular that it would befolly to attempt a descent. In looking on the plain below with the naked eye, you have one of themost singular prospects in nature; from the great height of the mountain the plain presents a dim
yellow appearance; - but on taking a view with the spy glass we found it to be a beautiful plain
stretched out towards the west until the horizon presents a barrier to the sight. From the spot where
we stood to the plain beneath, must at least be a distance of three miles, as it is almost perpendicular,a person cannot look down without feeling as if he was wafted to and fro in the air, from the giddy
height. A great many were the surmises as to the distance and direction to the nearest point of the
Pacific. Captain Walker, who was a man well acquainted with geography, was of the opinion that
it was not much further than we could see with the aid of our glass, as the plain had the appearanceof a sea shore. Here we encamped for the night, and sent men out to discover some convenient
passage down towards the plain - who returned after an absence of a few hours and reported that they
had discovered a pass or Indian trail which they thought would answer our purpose, and also somesigns of deer and bear, which was equally as joyful news - as we longed to have a taste of somepalatable food. The next morning after pursuing our course a few miles along the edge of themountain top we arrived at the path discovered by our men, and immediately commenced the descent,gladly leaving the cold and famished region of snow behind. The mountain was extremely steep anddifficult to descend, and the only way we could come any speed was by taking a zigzag direction, firstclimbing along one side and then turning to the other, until we arrived at a ledge or precipice of rocks,of great height, and extending eight or ten miles along the mountain - where we halted and sent men
in each direction to ascertain if there was any possibility of getting over this obstruction. In theafternoon of the same day our men returned without finding any safe passage thro' the rocks - but one
man had succeeded in killing a small deer, which he carried all the way to camp on his back - this was
dressed, cooked and eat in less time than a hungry wolf would devour a lamb.
This was the first game larger than a rabbit we had killed since the 4th of August when we killed thelast buffaloe near the Great Salt Lake, and the first we had eat since our dried meat was exhausted,(being 14 days,) during which time we lived on stale and forbidden horse flesh. I was conscious that
it was not such meat as a dog would feast on, but we were driven to extremes and had either to do
this or die. It was the most unwholesome as well as the most unpleasant food I ever eat or everexpect to eat - and I hope that no other person will ever be compelled to go through the same. It
seemed to be the greatest cruelty to take your rifle, when your horse sinks to the ground fromstarvation, but still manifests a desire and willingness to follow you, to shoot him in the head and thencut him up & take such parts of their flesh as extreme hunger alone will render it possible for a humanbeing to eat. This we done several times, and it was the only thing that saved us from death. 24 of
our horses died since we arrived on top of the mountain - 17 of which we eat the best parts. When
our men returned without finding any passage over the rocks, we searched for a place that was assmooth and gradual in the descent as possible, and after finding one we brought our horses, and by
fastening ropes round them let them down one at a time without doing them any injury. After we got
our horses and baggage all over the rocks we continued our course down the mountain, which still
continued very steep and difficult. The circumstance of one of our men killing a deer greatly cheered
the languid spirits of our hunters, and after we got safely over the rocks several of the men started
out on search of game, although it was then near night. The main body continued on down until wearrived at some green oak bushes, where we encamped for the night, to wait for our hunters, - whoreturned soon after dark well paid for their labour, having killed two large black tailed deer and a
black bear, and all very fat and in good eating order. This night we passed more cheerful and in better
heart than any we had spent for a long time. Our meat was dressed and well cooked, and every man
felt in good order to partake of it.
In descending the mountain this far we have found but little snow, and began to emerge into a country
which had some signs of vegetation - having passed thro' several groves of green oak bushes, &c.
The principal timber which we came across, is Red-Wood, White Cedar and the Balsom tree. We
continued down the side of the mountain at our leisure, finding the timber much larger and better,game more abundant and the soil more fertile. Here we found plenty of oak timber, bearing a large
quantity of acorns, though of a different kind from those taken from the Indian on the mountain top.
In the evening of the 30th we arrived at the foot or base of this mountain - having spent almost amonth in crossing over. Along the base of this mountain it is quite romantic - the soil is very
productive - the timber is immensely large and plenty, and game, such as deer, elk, grizzly bear andantelopes are remarkably plenty. - From the mountain out to the plain, a distance varying from 10 to
20 miles, the timber stands as thick as it could grow and the land is well watered by a number of small
streams rising here and there along the mountain. In the last two days travelling we have found sometrees of the Red-wood species, incredibly large - some of which would measure from 16 to 18
fathoms round the trunk at the height of a man's head from the ground.
On the 31st we pursued our course towards the plain in a western direction. - Now, that we hadreached a country thickly filled with almost all kinds of game, our men and particularly those fondof hunting, were in fine spirits. This day our company was much scattered, and we could hardly tellwhich was the main body, as the men were stretched over a large space of ground, all moving withineach others hearing towards the plain. After a walk of about fifteen miles we arrived at the marginof the woods, where we concluded to spend the remainder of the day and night. When our men allgathered together it was astonishing to see the quantity of game which they had collected - principallydeer and bear. Our hunters complained very much because there was no buffaloe here - as killingthese animals afford the hunter such fine sport; and they would not believe any thing else than thatbuffaloe inhabited this region until they had made several unsuccessful hunts - as the climate and soil
is about the same, the grass equally as good and plenty, and the prairies and forests as extensive as
those of the region of the Rocky Mountains. But none of these animals have ever been found westof the Great Salt Lake, which is about three hundred miles west of the summit of the Rocky
mountains.
On the following morning we directed our course across or rather along the plain, until we came toa large river heading in the mountain and wending its way through the plain. This river presents morewonderful curiosities than any other stream we passed. Its bed lays very deep forming very highbanks, even in smooth and level parts of the country; but where there is rocks its appearance isbeyond doubt the most remarkable of any other water course. Some places the rocks are piled up
perpendicular to such a height that a man on top, viewed from the bed of the river, does not looklarger than a small child. From the appearance of these precipices it is not exaggerating to state thatthey may be found from a quarter to half a mile high - and many of them no wider at the top than at
the bottom. Through such places the river forces its way with great; rapidity, tossing pitching &foaming to such a degree that no Indian has had the courage to attempt to navigate it with his canoe.

- When the water passes through these narrows it spreads out in a beautiful deep bay as if to repose
after its turbulent dashing against the rocks immediately above, until it reaches the next rapids, whenit again pitches forward. This plain is well watered and is quite productive, as we found a large
quantity of wild pumpkins and wild oats.
This night it was decided that we should forthwith commence trapping for furs and make thisexpedition as profitable as possible, for, as yet we had spent much time and toil, and lost many horses,
without realizing any profit whatever - although every man expressed himself fully compensated for
his labour, by the many natural curiosities which we had discovered. According to the arrangements
made on the evening previous, we all the next morning commenced travelling down the river at aslow rate, carefully examining for beaver signs, and recruiting our horses, which they had much needof, as we found them to be much more injured in crossing the mountains than we had at first
supposed - many of them being sprained and stiffened almost beyond recovery, and certainly beyond
present use. We laid up a large supply of deer, elk, and bear meat, of the best kind. These animals
are the fattest of the kind I had ever eat. Here we found a large quantity of acorns, such as thosetaken from the Indian. These acorns compose the principal food of the wild animals in this section,- the bear, I believe, solely subsists upon them, and where acorns are scarce, the game is both poorand scarce.
The country here appears to be in many respects similar to the east side of the Rocky mountains. The
land is generally smooth and level, and the plains or prairies are very extensive, stretching towards
the setting sun as far as the eye can reach; whilst a number of beautiful rivers, all heading in thisrugged mountain, running parallel with each other thro' the plain, also to the west, with their banks
handsomely adorned with flourishing timber of different kinds, such as Black walnut, Hickory, Oak,Elm, Mulbery, Hackberry, Alder, Shoemack, &c. This grove of timber may be found along the riverat any point, and generally extends about four miles into the plain. Between this grove of timber, andthe forest extending from the foot of the mountain, there is a level prairie of the richest soil,
producing grass in abundance of the most delightful and valuable quality.
These prairies are in many places swarming with wild Horses, some of which are quite docile,
particularly the males, on seeing our horses. They are all very fat, and can be seen of all colors, fromspotted or white, to jet black; and here, as in the land of civilization, they are the most beautiful andnoble, as well as the most valuable of the whole brute creation.
Since we left the mountain we have seen many signs of Indians, such as moccasin tracks, and smoke
rising from the prairies in different places, but as yet we had not succeeded in getting in company withany. At this season of the year, when the grass in these plains is dry, if a fire should be started it
presents a spectacle truly grand - and if the flame is assisted with a favorable wind it will advance withsuch speed that the wild horses and other animals are sometimes puzzled to get out of the road, andevery thing looks overwhelmed with consternation. We continued travelling down the river until the
7th of November, when we arrived at five Indian huts, containing 15 or 20 Indians male and female.
When they first beheld the approach of beings so mysterious as we were to them, they exhibited themost unbounded alarm and fear. But it was not long till we succeeded in calming their terror, andconvincing them that they had no reason to apprehend any danger, by showing a willingness to
smoke, (this being the first token of friendship with all Indians,) which they at once understood andimmediately became reconciled, and we commenced gathering all the information from them that ourlimited means would afford - each being entirely ignorant of the others language, and the Indians
being extremely awkward both in making and understanding signs - which is the principal method of
conversation with the different tribes in this region. After making many efforts to get some
information from them with reference to the Big Water, white people, beaver, &c., without receiving
any further satisfaction by way of answer to our inquiries, than a grunt similar to that of a hog, weconcluded to spend the night with them for further trial. Towards night whilst passing through theircamp, some of our men found two blankets and a knife, which convinced us at once that they hadsome communication with white people. When the blankets were held up to them they pronounced
in tolerable distinctness, the word Spanish, and pointed to the west - from which circumstance weinferred that the Spanish settlement could not be far distant.
The next morning our Indian hosts bro't some horses to the camp for the purpose of trading, whichwere marked with a Spanish brand. After trading for five of the best of their horses, for which we
gave one yard of scarlet cloth and two knives, we left these Indians and continued down the river insearch of beaver, which are very scarce. These Indians are quite small, & much darker than those of
the buffaloe country, as well as more indolent & slothful. They generally run naked with the
exception of a few, who wear shields made of some kind of skins. Their huts are composed of drypoles or logs set upon end, and their bedding consists of grass. Their food is composed principallyof horse meat and acorns - the latter are very large and of a good quality, which they manufacture
into a kind of mush. Their method of manufacturing this is as follows - They go to a large log andbuild a fire upon it and burn it half or two-thirds of the way through, which is done by keeping thelog wet except about a foot in diameter, where the fire is kept up until the hole is deep enough, andof the proper shape. After the hole is burnt deep enough they extinguish the fire, scrape out the coals
and ashes, and have a tolerably well shaped hopper. When this is done they get a long stone which
is rounded at one end, and put the acorns in and commence mashing them fine, which is easily done
as they are always previously dried by fire or the sun. The meal thus made is then taken out & mixed
with water in a basket made almost water-tight - which they broil by making stones red hot andthrowing them into the basket. By this process they make a kind of mush with which any hungry man
would be glad to satiate his appetite.
These Indians also appear very delicate and feeble - which they attribute to eating acorns. To-day,whilst some of our hunters were searching for beaver signs along the river beach, they found thecarcases of four Indians, two of which were partly consumed by Grizzly bears. They appeared as if
they had died natural deaths, and been laid there by their friends according to their custom ofdisposing of the dead, as two of them were well wrapped up in beaver skins. This day our course lay
through a large prairie covered with wild oats - which at this season of the year when nothing but thestock remains, has much the appearance of common oats. - This plain lays on the South side of theriver, to which we gave the name of Oat Plain. The grizzly bear and wild horses appeared more
numerous in the country through which we this day passed, than I had ever before known them. In
the evening just before sunset we came across the carcase of another Indian, which was also partly
eaten by the wild beasts. From the numerous signs we were led to the belief that the country throughwhich we were now travelling was thickly inhabited with Indians, but notwithstanding we kept watch
both night and day we were unable to discover any but those we had left in the morning; nor could
we find any of their habitations, although we would sometimes come across a trail that looked as if

it was traversed by hundreds at a time. We also discovered some signs of white people, as we would
occasionally come across a tree or log chopped with an axe as if done by trappers and hunters. At
this place the river is from two to three hundred yards wide, as the country is generally level the water
moves gently forward, being quite deep, clear and smooth. This night we encamped on the bank of
the river in a very beautiful situation. Soon after the men went to rest and the camp had became
quieted we were startled by a loud distant noise similar to that of thunder. Whilst lying close to theground this noise could be distinctly heard for a considerable length of time without intermission.
When it was at first observed some of our men were much alarmed they readily supposed it wasoccasioned an earthquake, and they began to fear that we would all be swallowed up in the bowelsof the earth; and others judged it to be the noise of a neighboring cataract. Capt. Walker, however,suggested a more plausible cause, which allayed the fears of the most timid. He supposed that thenoise origined by the Pacific rolling and dashing her boisterous waves against the rocky shore. Had
any of us ever before been at the coast, we would have readily accounted for the mysterious noise.
The idea of being within hearing of the end of the Far West inspired the heart of every member of ourcompany with a patriotic feeling for his country's honor, and all were eager to lose no time until theyshould behold what they had heard. We felt as if all our previous hardships and privations would be
adequately compensated, if we would be spared to return in safety to the homes of our kindred andhave it to say that we had stood upon the extreme end of the great west. The two next days wetravelled very fast, without meeting with any thing to impede our progress. On the night of the 12th
our men were again thrown into great consternation by the singular appearance of the heavens. Soon
after dark the air appeared to be completely thickened with meteors falling towards the earth, someof which would explode in the air and others would be dashed to pieces on the ground, frightening
our horses so much that it required the most active vigilance of the whole company to keep them
together. This was altogether a mystery to some of the men who probably had never before seen orheard of anything of the kind, but after an explanation from Capt. Walker, they were satisfied that no
danger need be apprehended from the falling of the stars, as they were termed.
After travelling a few miles the next morning we arrived at the head of tide water, which convinced
us that the noise we had heard a few days previous was created by the ocean. We continued down
the river until we arrived at the bay, where it mingles its water with the briny ocean. The country here
lays very low, & looks as if it was subject to being overflowed. Here we found difficult travelling
owing to the ground being wet and swampy. In the vicinity of this bay we found a great many
Indians, who were mostly occupied in fishing - which are very plenty. These Indians appeared
friendly enough, but then they manifested a kind of careless indifference, whether they treated us wellor ill, that we did not like, and we therefore concluded to leave this place and make for the main coastas soon as possible, - and accordingly we started in a southern direction and after travelling a day anda half the broad Pacific burst forth to view on the 20th. The first night we encamped quite close to
the beach near a spring of delightful water. The scenes which we could now contemplate was quite
different from those we had beheld and dwelt amidst for months back. Here was a smooth unbroken
sheet of water stretched out far beyond the reach of the eye - altogether different from mountains,
rocks, snows & the toilsome plains we had traversed. Here we occasionally found the traces of whitemen, and as the Indians still appeared to act so strange, we began to think that the Spaniards had theIndians under complete subjection, and that they could, if so disposed, set them on us and give us
trouble. It was therefore thought best to find out the whereabouts of the Spaniards and cultivate theirfriendship. The Indians here practice fishing to a great extent; indeed it seems to be the only thing
they do. - They have many methods of catching them - but the principle process is by spearing themwith bones made sharp, and some have proper instruments of Spanish manufacture, in which they arevery expert. - The principal fish in the river we came down, and which has the principal Indian
fisheries, are shad and salmon. We did not find out the name of this tribe, or whether they consider
themselves distinct from any other tribe. Most all of the natives we met with since crossing the lastmountain, seem to belong to the same nation, as they were about the same colour and size - spoke
the same language for any thing we could discover to the contrary, and all appeared equally ignorantand dillatory - and most of them entirely naked. They have no particular place of residence but claim
the whole of the country stretching from the mountain to the sea shore as their own. In some parts
the natives raise a small quantity of corn, pumpkins, melons, &c., the soil being so very strong andmellow, that it requires but little labour to raise good crops.
21st. This morning the ocean was calm as it was the previous evening. - All its sleeping energies
were lashed into fury, and the mountain waves of the great deep would roll and dash against theshore, producing the most deafening sound. In the course of the day a detachment of our company
was despatched to make discoveries, who returned in the evening and stated that they had discovered
many signs of white people, whom they supposed to be Spaniards, but they were unable to come up
with them. This same party also found the carcase of a whale which was ninety feet long - the tusks
weighing 4 1/2 pounds. About noon of the third day after we arrived here, the attention of thecompany was directed to an object which could be dimly seen at a distance riding on the water, which
was immediately judged to be a ship, but no one knew from whence it came, where it belonged orwhere going. It was now our curiosity to know more of this singular object and if possible to attract
their attention and bring them to shore. Accordingly we fastened two white blankets together andhoisted them into the air on a pole. This had the desired effect. It was not long until we could tellthat the distance between us was fast diminishing, and our joy and surprise may be imagined when
we beheld the broad stripes and bright stars of the American flag waving majestically in the air at themast head. The ship anchored some distance from the shore and the boats were despatched to see
what nation we belonged to, and what our business was. Their astonishment was equally as great as
ours when they ascertained that we were children of the same nation of themselves. On making this
discovery, and a signal to that effect being given by the boats, the ship fired several salutes of cannon
in honor of our meeting, which made the welkin ring. - On further acquaintance we ascertained thisship (the Lagoda) to belong to Boston, commanded by Capt. Baggshaw. After exchanging civilities
by shaking hands all round, Capt. Baggshaw strongly insisted on us going on board and partaking of
the ships fare, stating that he had a few casks of untapped Coneac. This was an invitation that noneof us had the least desire to refuse, and accordingly 45 of us went on board the Lagoda, leaving theremainder to take care of the camp, &c. When arriving on the ship Capt. B., had a table spread withthe choicest of liquors & best fare the ship would afford, which was immediately surrounded withhungry Capt's. Mates, Clerks, Sailors and greasy trappers - after eating, the glass was passed aroundin quick succession, first drinking after the fashion of brave Jack Tars, and afterwards in the mountainstyle, mixed with something of the manners of the natives, in order to amuse the sailors.
After we got on board, the sea became very rough, causing the vessel to pitch and plunge a great deal
as she lay at anchor, and consequently I was compelled to return to shore from sea sickness. Thebalance remained and kept up the celebration until daylight the next morning, when they all returned

to land, accompanied by the ships crew to taper off on the harder fare of the trapper and hunter. The
feast on the vessel was far superior to anything we could give them, although they appeared perfectly
satisfied with the reception they met with from us, as it was a long time since they had tasted any
fresh meat, or any thing but salted victuals; and theirs was the first bread, butter, cheese, &c., that
we had seen for more than two years.
After the feasting was at an end, Capt. Baggshaw gave us a description of the country to enable us
to lay our plans accordingly. He said the nearest settlement was the town of St. Francisco, about
forty miles north of our present encampment, situated on the south side of the Francisco Bay, formedby the river which we descended, which he calls Two Laries, or Bush river. It is about three-fourthsof a mile wide at its mouth, and is considered a safe harbor for almost any quantity of vessels; andwithin 60 or 70 miles South of us is the town of Monterey, also Spanish, the capital of this province,& which is called Upper Calafornia. He also informed us that about 60 or 70 miles north of St.
Francisco, and about 100 miles from our present position was a Russian settlement, which consistsof about 150 families who settled in this country a few years ago for the purpose of catching sea
otter, which are of great value, on account of the quality of the fur. They also cultivate the groundto a considerable extent. Captain Baggshaw went and examined the carcase of the whale which ourmen had found, and pronounced it to be the Sperm whale, the oil of which is of the most valuablekind. He supposed it had been washed here when the sea was rough during a storm, and was unable
to make its way back over the sand bars. From him we also learned some further particulars
concerning the mountain which had caused us so many hardships in crossing, parts of which was
visible from the ocean, particularly the snow covered peaks. This he called the Calafornia mountain,
as it runs parallel with the coast for a great distance, commencing at the mouth of the Columbia river,and extending along the coast to the mouth of Red river, or Gulf of Calafornia, forming a beautiful
country from the sea shore to the base of the mountain, and extending north and south a distance ofabout 6 or 700 miles of rich soil, well timbered and abundantly watered by innumerable small streams
heading in the mountain and flowing toward the Father of Waters.
Most of this vast waste of territory belongs to the Republic of the United States. What a theme tocontemplate its settlement and civilization. Will the jurisdiction of the federal government eversucceed in civilizing the thousands of savages now roaming over these plains, and her hardy freeborn
population here plant their homes, build their towns and cities, and say here shall the arts and sciencesof civilization take root and flourish? yes, here, even in this remote part of the great west before many
years, will these hills and valleys be greeted with the enlivening sound, of the workman's hammer, andthe merry whistle of the plough-boy. But this is left undone by the government, and will only be seen
when too late to apply the remedy. The Spaniards are making inroads on the South - the Russians
are encroaching with impunity along the sea shore to the North, and further North east the British
are pushing their stations into the very heart of our territory, which, even at this day, more resemble
military forts to resist invasion, than trading stations. Our government should be vigilant. She should
assert her claim by taking possession of the whole territory as soon as possible for we have goodreason to suppose that the territory west of the mountain will some day be equally as important to anation as that on the east.
The next day Capt. Baggshaw took leave of us and started out on his trading expedition - appointing
Monterey as the point where we were to meet in a few days.

The next morning after the departure of the ship, we were all in readiness to start for Monterey, theCapital of the Province, which lays in a southern direction. After travelling a few miles along thecoast finding it very difficult in consequence of the wet, swampy ground, we found the carcase ofanother large fish, measuring 47 feet in length, with a horn or sword projecting from its nose 12 1/2
inches long. As travelling so near the water still continued difficult, we here concluded to strike out
into the plain, where we found much better walking, the country being quite level, soil rich, and a few
Indians. Some of these natives live well, as they cultivate pumpkins, beans, and some of them Indiancorn - they also raise an abundance of melons, which grow to an enormous size. But all these Indians
still seemed to be very ignorant and stupid.
On the evening of the 22d November we encamped at some rough hills near a small creek. In thisneighborhood there are a great number of these hills, all of which are well covered with excellent
timber, and abounding with all kinds of game except buffaloe. The most of our company had becomenearly bare-footed for want of moccasins, as we had wore out every thing of the kind in travellingfrom the Rocky mountains - and, as winter was approaching, and no one knowing what kind of a
reception we would meet with among the Spaniards, it was advised that we should tarry here andprovide ourselves with an abundant winter supply of shoes. Accordingly, our hunters were
despatched to scour these hills for the purpose of getting hides to make moccasins, &c., when wewould be at leisure. In the evening the hunters all returned to camp, with the tongues of 93 deer andsome of the hides, and also of some wild cattle, which are likewise very numerous. They brought the
tongues in order to show the number each man had killed. The wild cattle are very timerous, keeping
hid pretty much all day and feed at night. They are much wilder than deer, elk, &c. Our hunters
brought in some of the choice parts of the cattle they killed, which was quite fat beef, but it was muchinferior to the meat of the buffaloe of the Rocky mountains. These cattle incline much to rough andhilly parts of the country, owing, it is supposed, to the Spaniards and Indians hunting them whenfound in the plains.
23d. This morning we directed our course across these hills. On arriving at the foot of the hills on
the South side, we found one of the horns of these cattle which measured 3 1/2 feet on the outside
or bend, and one foot in circumference at the root or thickest part. This we supposed had been thehorn of an ox. These cattle are much larger and look better in their wild state than whendomesticated. Their horns particularly are much larger than those of our country - but this isprobably owing to the softness of the climate; as here there is no winter nor freezing weather. We
continued across the plain and arrived on the banks of a small creek which empties into the sea at the
distance of 7 or 8 miles, where we encamped for the night. Not long after we had halted, there waseight Spaniards arrived at our camp, from whom we found it as difficult to get information of any
kind, as from most of the Indians. All our efforts to make them understand signs was unavailing, andnot one of our company understood a word of Spanish. - They were fine portly looking men, butlooked as if they had been [out] cast from civilized society as long as ourselves. They remained with
us all night.
24th. We set out this morning for Monterey accompanied by the Spaniards as guides, who piloted
us to the house of a Mr. Gilroy, who had been a brave and dutiful Tar in his younger days, when he
had learned to speak a little English. - From this old man we gathered much useful information as tothe country, climate, people, natives, &c. Here we concluded to remain for the night. The old man

showed every disposition to give us all the information he could, and treated us very kindly. We
ascertained that we were within 35 miles of Monterey. In the morning we started in the direction ofMonterey, intending to pass through the town of St. Juan or John which lay in the course we weregoing. Here we found the travelling much easier, as we now had some kind of roads to travel on,
although they were far from being wagon roads - running through an extensive prairie of rich soil,
with here and there a lonely hut built near some grove of timber or brook. Towards evening wearrived at St. Juan, which we now found to be a Spanish Missionary station for the establishment of
the christian religion and civilization among the Indians.
Here Capt. Walker deemed it prudent to halt for a few days, in order to ascertain the disposition of
the people, & make further inquiries with respect to the country, &c., lest we might be considered
as intruders and treated in a way that we would not much like. It was our desire to keep on peaceable
terms with the Spaniards, at least no one desired to give the least offence of any kind - knowing that
Spaniards and Indians had quite a different mode of carrying on a warfare. We obtained privilege
from the Priests to select a convenient place for grass, wood, water, &c., to pitch our encampment,
and immediately commenced erecting a breast work, with which to defend ourselves in case we wereattacked by Indians or anything else that chose to molest us. From information gained here, Capt.
Walker thought it advisable to go no further into their country, or the inhabited parts of it, owing to
the difficulty in getting pasture for our horses and provisions for ourselves - as there is no
preparations of any kind made for the accommodation of travellers; besides the expense of living
would be much less to remain here where game was plenty and grass good.
To-day Capt. Walker, after getting a passport, which is necessary for a stranger to have in passing
from one ward or district to another, and which must be renewed by the Alcalde or Squire in each
district, took two men and started for Monterey, where he intended presenting himself to theGovernor, and asking the permission of his Excellency to pass the winter in his settlements, and to
inform him where we were from, our business, intentions, &c.
St. Juan or St. John is beautifully situated on the banks of a small creek in a rich level plain, about 20
miles from the coast and about the same distance from Monterey, containing from six to seven
hundred inhabitants - all of whom are Indians, with the exception of the Priests and 15 or 20 people,
who are occupied in teaching and instructing these heathens in the ways of religion and truth; besides
giving them instructions in the art of farming and rendering the soil productive - with the hope thatthey will eventually succeed in inculcating into the minds of the savages such a knowledge of
agriculture as will greatly conduce to the amelioration of the red man's condition. Their habitations
are simple in construction - mostly such as may be found in the wildest parts of the mountains. But
those of the Missionary establishment are quite different, & plainly show the superiority of the white
man over the Indian, both as regards comfort and convenience. This station much resembles a fort
or garrison. The part which is called the Church, forms one side or end. The other three sides are
divided into different departments like cells, each cell sheltering so many Indians, and covers near half
an acre of ground, with the door of each cell opening to the inside. These buildings are the same as
if they were under one roof, with the exception of a gate at each corner of the square. The buildings
are constructed of brick, the principal part of which are dried in the sun. - The walls are built thickand strong when built of this kind of brick. For rafters they use poles tolerably well shaped, and forlathing they make use of poles of a smaller size. The roof is generally composed of a kind of cane

grass which is carefully laid on the rafters and then covered with earth; for which purpose theygenerally have the roof nearly flat in order to hold the earth. But the church, or principal building,is built of handsome brick, and is well finished, being covered with tile. For the instruction of these
Indians there is four hours of each day devoted to education and prayer, and the balance of the day
is occupied in teaching them the rudiments of agriculture and the mechanical arts. The females arecarefully instructed in the art of sewing, and other accomplishments of housewifery. Every thing inthis station is under the control & management of the Priests, who exercise the authority of Governor,
Judge, &c., being privileged to try and condemn all criminal acts.
On the first evening we spent in our new encampment, we were shown the manner in which the
Spaniards take wild cattle, which was quite a different practice from that used by the Indians of the
Rocky mountains in taking buffaloe, &c. Never less than two goes at a time, who are always on theback of their fleetest horses, each provided with a strong cord with a noose fixed on one end. Whenthe animal is started they give chase and the rider that overtakes the game first, throws the noose
round its neck or horns, and begins to draw the noose tight. When the noose is found to be secure
he gives the cord several winds round the pummel of the saddle, (which is made strong for thispurpose) and stops his horse all of a sudden which throws the animal to the ground and frequently
breaks its neck. If the animal is thrown without injury, the other hunter comes forward with his nooseand fastens it round its hind foot, which enables them to manage the stoutest and most ferocious bulls.
Having thus captured their object of pursuit, they sometimes have great trouble in getting them homealive. The one with the cord round the animals head goes before while he with the cord fastened tothe hind foot stays in the rear. If their prisoner becomes refractory and refuses to advance, the manin the rear commences whipping, while he in front uses many devices to provoke the brute, until itin a fit of rage makes at him, when he puts off at full speed, and sometimes run two or three miles inthis way without stopping. In this manner they brought a large handsome cow into our camp thisevening which we purchased, and found to be good beef.
Although they exhibit a great degree of dexterity in taking these wild beasts, their mode of killingthem is far different. - When they want to butcher their beef they make the horse with the noose
round the neck pull a different way from the one with the noose round the foot, until the animal isthrown on the ground, when they dismount and cut its throat with large knives.
They appear to do most of their work on horse-back. If they want wood they repair to the forest,
ride along until they find a log to suit them, when they drop their noose round the end of it; and thus
drag it to their homes. They are very expert on horseback, nor could it be otherwise, for they are
constantly riding & never appear so well satisfied as when they are seated on a prancing steed.
On the first of December, Capt. Walker returned from Monterey, where he had met with a hospitable
reception by the Governor and principal people in and about the Capital, and where he also again met
with Capt. Baggshaw, who served as an interpretor for Capt. Walker and the Governor, as he was
fully capable of fulfilling such an office. With the Governor, Capt. Walker succeeded in every thing
he desired, having obtained permission to remain in the country during the approaching winter, tohunt and kill as much game as would support our company, and to trade as much with the Spaniards
as we pleased, but were forbid trapping in the Indian lands or trading with the natives. The Spaniards

manifest a warm friendship for the Indians under their jurisdiction, as those who were friendly
towards us were constantly reminding us of the danger of wronging the Indians.
Here we remained until about the 18th of December, without anything occurring except the daily
visits we received from the Spaniards and Indians, who were curious to know how we lived, and allabout us. They however, only found that we lived like they did themselves, any more than they lived
in habitations built of wood, brick, mortar, &c. while we lived in huts made of skins of animals.
About this time Capt. Walker proposed to me to take a tramp through the settlements for the purposeof taking a view of the country, and the manners and customs of the inhabitants. This was precisely
what I had long been wanting. Accordingly, Capt. W., two others and myself left the camp andsteered to the south-east, intending to return through Monterey. The country thro' which we passed
contained rich soil, tolerably well timbered, but thinly inhabited with a few Spaniards and Indians,
who appeared to live there because they were not permitted to live any other place. These people,
generally, are very ignorant and much more indolent - have little or no ingenuity - and only seem toenjoy themselves when engaged in the chase. This is the only occupation of the wealthier portion of
Spaniards. Their habitations are built of sun-dried brick, some of which appear well enough on theoutside, but the inside shows no kind of mechanism - there being no floor, partition, or work of any
kind except the bare walls. Their floors are made smooth by taking a large beetle and hammering thesurface of the ground until it becomes perfectly level - thus they never fail of having a solid
foundation! - They have a small fire-place in one corner of the house, with a chimney extending only
a little above the mantle. Their beds and bedding generally consists of blankets spread upon a large
hide layed on the ground, and after rising in the morning these beds are rolled up in one corner, where
they answer the purpose of seats. Their diet is generally composed of beans and meat made into akind of soup, with but little bread. Most of them are entirely destitute of cooking utensils, and, were
it not that they are all provided with knives, their manner of cooking and eating would be equally as
inconvenient as the wildest savages of the Rocky mountains. But the wealthy, who, it may besupposed, constitute the aristocracy of this country, appear to live at ease, surrounded with all the
comforts of life, are entirely independent and unconnected with the common people. They carry on
farming to a considerable extent in some districts, the principal labour of which is done by the Indiansfrom the missionary station. The principal productions are wheat, corn, and beans. They also have
many vine-yards, and manufacture a large quantity of wine - which is their principal drink. Theirmode of preparing the soil for grain is of an awkward and rather novel nature. When they want toplough, they repair to the woods and get a sapling with a knot or branch jutting out on one side,which they make sharp, hitch two or more teams of oxen to it and then proceed to score out the
ground - which is generally done in wet weather, when the ground is moist. Another method, no lessnovel, however, is to get a crooked log, much the shape of a sled-runner, fix a piece of iron in front
which answers for a coulter, then sharpening the log they make a furrow similar to the track of a sled.
As a substitute for a harrow, they use a brush, and by laying a weight on it, some times scratch theground in tolerable style. This manner of tilling the soil could not be done with such success in any
other country where the soil is less mellow and tender than here.
These people have no fences round their cleared or cultivated land, although they raise an immense
amount of stock, such as horses, mules and horned cattle all of which range at large over these
extensive prairies all seasons of the year, many being in a manner totally wild, so much so, that when
they wish to milk a cow, they mount one of their coursers and noose her, fasten the cord to a tree,and then tie her feet, when she is forced to be quiet. During our whole stay in this country I havenever seen any thing like a stable or a barn, as a shelter for the dumb brutes - nor did I ever see any
one feeding an animal, unless it was a favourite cow or horse that was sick. This, however, is not at
all singular as any number of animals could subsist, and be in good order all seasons of the year, on
these plains, as in many spots the grass is green the whole year round. The months of August,
September and October are the least enticing to animals, as it is the warmest and driest season of theyear. As soon as August sets in the beasts inhabiting the dry prairies and hills, repair to the low wet
ground, where they can get enough to subsist upon until the dry season passes away. The rainyseason commences generally in the latter part of October, and continues until the first and sometimes
middle of January, when the weather becomes fair and the farmers sow their grain, such as wheat andrye. During this wet weather the animals grow fat, and the inhabitants employ the principal part ofthis time in catching and domesticating them. This fair weather generally lasts about two months, oruntil the first of March, when the rain again descends and continues until about the middle of June
- the grain, however, grows & ripens during the wet weather. It then keeps dry month or so until
the farmers gather crops - which occupies about a month, the warm weather sets in; destroying all
kinds of vegetation, giving but a poor subsistance to the dumb brutes, and the country the appearanceof an unproductive climate. About the end of the dry season (say about the first of November) the
face of nature in this country has more the appearance of spring in the United States than any otherpart of the year, and, as there is no winter nor freezing weather here it may be said that August,
September and October, is their only winter, (to substitute warm for cold) as, at the end of this period
the face of nature assumes a new dress and vegetation shoots forth precisely in the manner that it
does in Pennsylvania when the frost leaves the ground in the Spring of the year. The dry season is
occupied by the inhabitants in gathering the mules into large droves and driving them off to themarket at Santa Fee, a distance of 12 or 1400 miles from this part of the coast, through a wild anddesert country. Here they meet with ready sale at a profitable price from the traders of Missouri, who
repair to Santa Fee annually for that purpose. These traders are generally well supplied withmerchandize which they exchange at Santa Fee for gold and silver, and with these Calafornian traders
for mules and Spanish hides. The price of a mule at Santa Fee is generally from 6 to $10. Merchandize is sold at a great advance, particularly silks, jewelry and groceries.
The principal part of their hides are sold to U. S. vessels trading on the coast. When a trading vessel
anchors on the coast for the purpose of trading, the news is spread over the whole country like wild
fire. The owners of cattle, who are of the wealthier class, collect together all the poorer Spaniards
and Indians for the purpose of catching and butchering the cattle, in order to get their hides. This is
the commencement of their sporting season. They are all mounted on their fleetest horses, and onthese occasions the hunters go in pairs, one provided with a noose and the other with a spear or lance,
which is used in cutting the sinews of the animals hind legs after it is noosed, which causes it to fallto the ground, after which they are easily despatched. After they strip off the hides and take out thetallow, and sometimes the choice part of the meat, the remainder of the carcase is left on the groundto be devoured by the wolves. The hides are then stretched out on the ground, and the tallow
moulded into large cakes. As a compensation for their labour, the butchers, or hunters, receive one
third of all the tallow they can collect. When the vessel is about leaving the coast, the hides andtallow which has been collected, is conveyed to the beach, where the hides are sold at $1.50 a piece,
and the tallow at 4 cents per pound.

The greater part of this cargo is paid for in merchandize at high prices, but which is as valuable here
as money itself, and much more useful. A vessel loaded with hides and tallow from this coast is of
the greatest value, and has afforded an easy path to wealth for many of the American merchants.
After travelling leisurely along through their country, which still continued thinly inhabited by thesepeople, and passing two small missionary establishments, we arrived at a small town called St. Hose,or St. Joseph, about 10 miles south of Monterey, where we arrived on the 25th of December. Thisis also a missionary station, and the largest of any we had yet encountered, containing about 900
Indians, principally from the mountains. This station is constructed and managed similar to that of
St. Juan, except the church, which is much larger, and built with a greater display of the arts ofcivilization. Here we remained for two days, employing our time in watching the proceedings ofthese Indians in their devotional exercises. The manoeuvres of those who have been lately converted
to the christian religion (being of the Catholic faith,) is something very singular, as they at one
moment manifest the most unbounded transports of joy, and the next throw themselves into thegreatest paroxysm of weeping and lamentation. - We then continued our journey and soon arrived
at Monterey, which town is build on a beautiful situation on the south side of Monterey Bay - thisBay being formed by Kings river. This is the Capital of Upper, or North Calafornia, and under thegovernment of New Mexico. The town is small containing only about 30 or 40 dwelling houses, one
church, one calaboose a part of which is used as a house of justice, or in other words, a court house,
where the Governor transacts his public business, and a kind of a fort, built in a commanding situationon the edge of the bay, to be used in the defence of the town in case an attack should be made upon
it from the sea, containing several pieces of artillery.
This bay is very deep, affording an excellent harbor for any number of vessels. The town has every
natural advantage that a seaport could desire; and if a proper spirit of enterprise prevailed among the
inhabitants, it might be made to flourish equal to any other town in the dominions of New Mexico.
Vessels sailing along the coast of the Pacific to the north, all stop here to take in supplies, as it is thelast white settlement they pass, until they reach the Russian dominions of the North-West; but as the
inhabitants raise no grain only what is used for home consumption; the mariner is only enabled tosupply his vessel with meat and water. - Besides the advantage the agriculturalist might derive by
supplying vessels with provisions, he might be enabled to carry on a large exporting business - as thesoil and climate is very calculated to raise large crops of grain. Another prominent advantage thetown of St. Joseph would have, is the facility of internal communication with the Indians now
inhabiting the prairies and mountains of the interior, or the white race, who, it may reasonably be
expected, will have undisputed dominion over this entire region before long.
As it is at present, there are some men here of considerable wealth, the principal part of which they
have acquired by trading with vessels different kinds of peltries, such as Spanish hides, tallow, beaver,sea-otter, bear, deer and elk skins, and also horses and mules. There is also a brisk trade carried onin this place with the Sandwich Islands, about nine days sail from this port - and which might berendered quite lucrative. The most of the vessels, however that put into this bay are on fishingexpeditions. The Sperm whale are very numerous in this part of the Pacific ocean - the oil of which
affords a profitable reward to all who embark in this dangerous and toilsome business.

On the 29th some of our men arrived in St. Joseph, with a portion of the peltries we had collected
whilst crossing the mountains, and which we exchanged with Capt. Baggshaw for merchandise, suchas groceries and ammunition to do us whilst on our return to Missouri the next summer. Afterconcluding our trade with Captain Baggshaw, and spending the last day of the expiring year on land,
we all resolved by invitation, to celebrate New Years day on board the Lagoda, with the Governor
and Capt. Baggshaw. The day was spent quite merrily, and the whole company manifested the best
possible humor, each one contributing to keep up the sport by telling some mountain adventure orsea-faring exploit. In the evening we ended the celebration by returning on shore and taking a few
rounds with our rifles - which terminated by conclusively convincing the sailors that if they could beatus in telling "long yarns," we were more than a match for them with the rifle.
On the morning of the 2d of January 1834, Capt. Baggshaw insisted on us again visiting his vessel,
for the purpose of taking a glass, which we gladly accepted, and after shaking hands all round, andaffectionately bidding farewell with our friends on board the vessel, returned to land in company with
the Governor, when his Excellency offered our Captain a gratuity of a tract of land seven miles square
if he would bring 50 families, composed of different kinds of mechanicks, and settle on it. Capt.
Walker was well pleased with the country, and said he had a great mind to accept the Governor'soffer, as he had no doubt he could in a few years amass a fortune, and be at the head of a rich andflourishing settlement; but his love for the laws and free institutions of the United States, and hishatred for those of the Spanish Government, deterred him from accepting the Governor's benevolent
offer - and we bid farewell to the Governor and his people, well pleased with the reception we hadthus far every where met with among the Spaniards.
We now left St. Joseph and returned with our merchandize, consisting principally of groceries,
ammunition, &c., to our encampment, where we arrived without meeting with any difficulty; finding
everything in good order, and all well except one man named Philips, who was laying in a very
precarious state from wounds inflicted by a bear. It appeared that Philips had been out hunting deer,and having killed one, took out the insides and hung it upon a tree, and started to the camp to get ahorse to bring it home. After travelling a mile or so, whilst ascending a hill, came suddenly upon an
old bear and two cubs. - The bear immediately on seeing Philips, as is their custom, reared on her hind
feet, and being very close, commenced growling most furiously. This our hero could not brook, andfearing the consequences if he should shoot and wound her lost his presence of mind, and started torun - The bear immediately pursued and caught him. He now found it quite useless to attempt to getloose, and only saved his life by sinking to the ground and affecting to be dead. The bear then left
him, but not with-out wounding him to such a degree that it was a long time before he could collectstrength enough to raise to his feet. It was late at night when he reached the camp, and was so fargone, from hunger & loss of blood, that his life was despaired of at first. One of his arms was broke& his body most shockingly cut and mangled.
On our way from the Capital to our camp, we had an opportunity of witnessing a part of the Spanish
mode of gambling in this country, which was rare amusement to us, and which they call bull-baiting.
It is in this fashion, as near as I could understand: When a number of sporting gentlemen get together
for this purpose, they repair to the prairies, all well mounted and prepared for the chase. When theycome across a herd of cattle they make large bets on who shall be the first to noose one of the cattle
in the drove in sight. When every thing is arranged this far, they all take an even start. The one thatgets the rope round the animals horn or neck first claims the assistance of the rest to throw the animal
to the ground - which ends the chase for this time. As the Spaniards are generally skilled in the artof throwing the noose, the chase in a case of this kind mostly depends on the fleetness of the horses.
When they have secured a bull in this way, they take him to a pen made strong for this purpose,
where they put him in for safe-keeping, and settle the bets. Having got through with this game, togive the losers an opportunity to regain their losses, they start out on the hunt of a grizzly bear,always prefering the largest, which they capture in the same way. Taking a bear is a much moredangerous piece of work, than any other animal, owing to their enormous strength. It often happens
that, in taking a bear, they are unhorsed; when, if alone, they are in imminent danger of being tore topieces; but this seldom happens unless the horse is thrown, or the saddle tore loose. In taking a bear,
their object is to noose him round one of the hind legs, in order to keep him from biting the cord,
which they are very apt to do if fast round the neck. A single hunter can do but little with a largebear, and they are seldom attacked single handed, or without the certainty of assistance from someof their comrades. When overtaken by the foremost rider, the bear stops running & prepares for war.
This man will then engage the attention of the bear by teasing him, whilst another hunter will comeup in the rear of the excited animal and noose him by the hind foot; when the cord is securely fastened
to the hind foot, he is generally considered safe. It is then that their sport begins in good earnest, andthe feats that are sometimes performed by the men, bear and horses, would be incredible to any
person who has never seen any sport of this kind. After the bear finds himself secure and has become
pretty well worried, he seats himself sullenly on the ground and lets the horse pull at the cord,
stretching his leg out until the pain becomes too severe, when he will draw up his leg, horse and all,with as much apparent ease as a horse would a sleigh. I have been told that some of the largest bears
have been known to drag two horses a considerable distance in a fit of rage, in spite of all theexertions of the horses and riders to the contrary. After the bear is pretty well worried in this way,
another noose is fastened round one of the fore feet or neck, when the bear will commence beating
the ground with his feet and manifesting the most intense rage and anger imaginable - and in thismanner they drag, whip and coax him along to the pen where the bull is confined.
Their cords are made of green cow-hide, which they cut into narrow strips, hang them in the sun andrub them as they dry, making them soft and pliable, when they are platted into a rope which no weight
can sever.
When the bear has arrived at the bull pen, their bets on taking him and all disputes are settled,refreshments taken, and preparations made for another scene, which is by far the most pleasing to the
Spaniards. They begin to enrage the bull by pricking him with a nail fixed in the end of a stick, andwhen his anger has rose to the war pitch, the bear is let into the pen with the bull. The men now bet
all they are worth on which will be the conquerer, and every thing manifests the greatest possible
excitement. Sometimes the animals refuse to fight until they are forced to it by being tormented withthe sharpened sticks, but when one receives a blow from the other, nothing can part them until one
or the other falls. These fights last sometimes half an hour without relaxation. The bear is much thestrongest, but it has no chance of avoiding the thrusts of the bull, in consequence of the smallness ofthe pen; but in an open field, a grizzly bear will conquer a bull in a few moments.
When the fight is over the conquered animal is taken out and the bets are again settled. If it is thebear that is whipt, the game is continued and the bets renewed on some person who will offer to gointo the pen bull with the enraged bull, lay his hand on some just part of his body and escapeuntouched. This is by far the most dangerous part of the whole play, and many lives have been lostat it; but so fond are the Spaniards of gambling, that in play a life is of but little consequence. Whenthe bets are all arranged, the adventurer stands at the door of the pen with his blanket in his hand, andthe company is occupied in maddening the bull, - when he has become sufficiently enraged the herosteps in, when the bull will make a desperate plunge at him with his horns, which the man escapes bythrowing the blanket over the face of the bull and blinding him - he then claps his hand on thedesignated spot, snatches the blanket off his horns & makes his escape. If he gets out without thebull striking him, he has won the stakes for all those who bet on him - which will be a profitablebusiness for him, as he receives a certain percentage on all the money thus won.
It happened that one of these games was to be played while we were in the neighbor hood, and on
being invited to attend Capt. Walker, several others, and myself concluded on going to see theperformance. When we reached the ground the Spaniards had the bull and the bear both secured, andwere just going to set them to fighting. Presently the animals got to blows, and continued for a shorttime, when the bull became master and the bear was let out of the pen. The battle was very closely
contested, and I never seen animals so much enraged, and fight with so much fierceness. The bear
could master the bull for a good spell, when it could get its arms around him, but the large body Of
the bull would prevent any serious injury, and presently the bear would be shaken to the ground,when the bull would have a chance to plunge at him with effect. It was in this manner that the bull
managed to get the advantage of bruin. - After the bear was taken out, the company commenced
betting on an old time-worn Spaniard who offered to go into the pen and touch the enraged animal.
In a short time all the preliminaries were arranged, and the man entered the pen in the manner as
described above, but unfortunately, when he went to pull his blanket off the animals head and comeout, one of the beasts horns was thrust quite thro' his thigh. As soon as this happened, the Spaniardscommenced plagueing the bull at the opposite side of the pen and the wounded man suffered to crawl
out in the best manner he could.
There are also many other methods of gambling practised by these people, - and vice of every
description seems to be openly countenanced in some parts of the settlements, such as horse racing,card playing, and even stealing, the latter of which is carried on to a considerable extent by both maleand female, and is even recognized, under some circumstances, as one of the established customs ofthe country. The men are always provided with dirks, which they can use with superior skill.
We remained at our old encampment near St. Juan, without meeting with any thing to disturb oursituation, and on the most friendly intercourse with both Spaniards and Indians, until last night, whensix of our best horses were stolen, and which we at first supposed to be the work of Indians. We had
heretofore trusted every thing in the fidelity of both the Spaniards and Indians, but when our horses
had been thus taken from us we began to keep a sharp look out. In the morning (10th) several
scouting parties were despatched on search of the stolen property, and returned in the evening with
only one, after following the trail far into the Spanish settlement, which convinced us immediately that
it was not the Indians but the Spaniards who had behaved so dishonorable. In the following morning
Captain Walker went himself to one of the Alcaldes or Esquires for the purpose of enquiring whatsteps had best be taken to restore our stolen property, or how we could be recompensed. On having
an interview with the magistrate he learned a good many things more than he had formerly known

- which was this, that Spaniards, whilst travelling through the country with a poor horse, was atliberty to take a good one if he could find such, no matter who it belonged to, or whether wild or
tame, and continue his journey. And also, if two men set down to play at cards, and the loser thinksthat his opponent has cheated or defrauded him, he is at liberty to visit his horses and help himself tosuch as he can, but if the owner catches him in the act, it generally ends in bloodshed. - For this andother reasons, a Spaniard is never seen away from home without his rope or cord, in order to noose
any thing he stands in need of.
Stealing horses is practised more than any other kind of theft, and it is not recognized as a crime,
owing, probably, to the cheapness of these animals - as they can be bought at any time for from one
to ten dollars. Those costing $1 are unbroke fillies, and those for $10 are first rate horses well tamed.
When we became aware that such was the practice of the country, Capt. Walker thought it would be
the best plan for us to pack up and leave the neighborhood, in order to avoid a difficulty with a peopleof a ferocious and wicked nature, at a time too, when we were not very well prepared to contend
against such an enemy in their own country. Accordingly we set about purchasing provision, and thenext day we were pretty well supplied with flour, corn, beans, &c.
13th. This morning every thing was prepared and we took up our march in an eastern direction. We
only travelled 12 or 15 miles this day and encamped for the night, which we spent without theoccurrence of any thing of importance more than the recalling to mind of the scenes encountered andhardships endured by each of us in our way-faring to this remote corner of the world.
The two following days we continued without interruption in the same direction, and encamped on
the banks of a beautiful stream called Sulphur river, where we concluded to remain until in the Spring,when it would be more pleasant travelling eastward to the Rocky mountains. Our encampment isbeautifully located on a rising piece of ground, with a handsome river gliding smoothly along
immediately in front, an extensive oat plain stretching out as far as the eye will reach to the rear, andis about 40 miles east of St. Juan. - The banks of this river are most delightfully shaded with timber,principally oak and elm. The soil in the plain is very strong and deep, producing heavy crops of wildoats and grass - affording excellent pasture for horses, at this season of the year.
After we had made every arrangement necessary to our comfort while we remained here, our men
commenced hunting in good style - bear, elk and deer being very plenty, and the fattest we had
anywhere met with. On the 20th, it being a fine day for hunting, a large portion of our sportsmen set
out early in the morning bound for a general hunt, and determined to rake the whole prairie. To
wards the middle of the day, two of the men came in sight of a large drove of elk, feeding in the open
prairie, and as they were cautiously approaching near enough to shoot, they unexpectedly came upon
five grizzly bear that were sleeping in the grass - two old ones and three cubs; the latter began to howl
most piteously, which enraged the old ones, and they made at our hunters with open mouth. But as
one of them was an old practitioner in such matters, having a good gun, carrying an ounce ball, which
he called "Knock-him-stiff," stood quite composed (bidding his companion, who was about to run,to stand his ground) until the bear came within reach of him when he discharged it with the muzzle
in her mouth - which, as our hero said, gave her a very bad cough. This inspired the other hunter
with courage, and he treated the other bear in nearly the same manner. The cubs not showing any

desire to depart alone, were also killed. This days hunt was exceedingly lucky, not only to these twomen, but to nearly all who were out, as they all returned with heavy loads of game.
On the 25th Capt. Walker started to Monterey with eight men for the purpose of laying in a larger
supply of provision for us on our Journey to the east, in the spring, as we began to reflect that wemight fall in with some other companies on the road who would need assistance.
26th. To-day about 10 o'clock, we discovered a large drove of horses passing through the plain,followed by a few people, whom we supposed to be Spaniards or Indians - but they did not appear
to know that we were in the neighborhood, & we were not anxious to let them know it for fear theymight travel our way some time. In the evening, as some of our men who had been out hunting, werereturning home, they accidentally came across a large bear laying in a hole, sound asleep. Our men
were anxious to see some sport, and commenced making a noise, and even fired a gun or two without
bringing her to her senses, and getting her out of the hole. They then dismounted, stationed
themselves around the hole and shot her before she moved. On examination, they found her to beof the grizzly species and of the largest size; and also having two young ones in the hole with her, notlarger than a common sized cat. The old one was extremely fat, and from the signs about the hole,
it appeared that she must have had this as a permanent place of residence. It is the first instance I
ever knew of taking a bear of this size whilst asleep.
28th. To-day a party of Spaniards arrived at our encampment on search of a party of Indians who
had eloped from the St. Juan Missionary station, and taken with them 300 head of horses - which we
supposed to be the party seen by us on the 26th. These men stayed with us all night and the nextmorning some of our men joined the Spaniards in the chase, who were to get one half of the horses
as a compensation for their trouble, if lucky enough to find them. These men followed the Indians
to the foot of a large mountain, where they discovered several smokes rising out of the forest along
the base of the mountain in a thicket of timber. From the smoke that arose, they thought the whole
Indian force was concentrated, and the Spanish and American force surrounded the spot in battle
array, determined to give the offenders a severe chastisement at once. When all the preparations were
made, the word to fire was given. But instead of the lamentations of wounded Indians, and the frantic
prancing of frightened horses, nothing but a dead silence answered the discharge of their artillery. They then dismounted and went into the thicket, where they found a large portion of their horses wellbutchered, and partly dried and a few old and feeble Indians, with some squaws and children. The
Indians having killed some of the horses, were engaged in drying the meat, - but on seeing the white
men approach, fled to the mountain, leaving nothing behind but what is above stated. The
disappointment of the Spaniards now exceeded all bounds, and gave our men some evidence of the
depravity of the Spanish character. By way of revenge, after they found that there was no use infollowing the Indians into the mountain, the Spaniards fell to massacreing, indiscriminately, those
helpless creatures who were found in the wigwams with the meat, and cutting off their ears. Someof them were driven into a wigwam, when the door was barricaded, and a large quantity of
combustible matter thrown on and around the hut, for the purpose of setting fire to it, and burningthem all together. This barbarous treatment our men would not permit and they went and released
the prisoners, when the Spaniards fell to work and despatched them as if they were dogs. When thistragedy was completed they all returned to our encampment on the 31st.

On their arrival at our camp, the Spaniards told me that their object in taking off the ears, was toshow the Priests and Alcaldes, that they had used every effort to regain the stolen property. These
people also informed me that the Indians of this country are in the habit of coming in large droves tothe missionary stations, & make the most sincere professions of religion, until they gain theconfidence of the priests, when they will suddenly decamp, and take off all the horses they can get,to the mountain, where they remain as long as their meat lasts - when they will send anotherdetachment, whose duty it is to do likewise. They prefer eating domesticated horses because the actof stealing them gives their flesh a superior flavour - and it would be less trouble for them to catchwild horses, if they could thus gratify their stealing propensities.
There is supposed to be about ten Indians to one white man, or Spaniard, in this country. The
population is divided or classed into three degrees. 1st. The whites or Spaniards. 2nd. The Indians;& third the offspring of a white and an Indian. - The seasons are distinguished only as wet and dry- there being no snow and very little frost. The only established religion is that of the Roman Catholic
faith, which is professed by almost every Spaniard.
To-day Capt. Walker returned from the settlements well supplied with such articles as he was in needof - bringing with him 100 horses, 47 cow cattle, and 30 or 35 dogs, together with some flour, corn,beans, &c., suitable for our subsistance in the long journey, for which every man was now busily
engaged in making preparations. Two or three days after Captain Walker returned from thisexpedition, we were visited by 40 or 50 Spaniards, all well mounted, and each man prepared with anoose, on their way into the neighborhood of wild horses, for the purpose of catching some. In thiscompany we found one of the horses which had been stolen from us before we left the settlement. The Spaniards honorably gave him up after we proved our claim. As the manner of taking wild
horses was altogether a curiosity to me, I was anxious to see the sport, and accordingly several others
and myself joined the Spaniards and accompanied them. After travelling a short distance we arrived
at a large pen, enclosing about three-fourths of an acre, which they call a park or correll. This pen
is built quite strong, to prevent horses from breaking through. Attached to this pen, are two wings
extending to the right and left, in the shape of a V, upwards of a mile & a half in length. The wings
are made by posts being set in the ground and poles tied to them with a piece of elk or horse hide,
about four feet high - the neck or pen being built much higher and stronger. This pen appears as if
it had been used for this purpose many years. After we halted here, the Spaniards were occupied
during the remainder of the day in repairing some weak parts of the pen and wings, and in themorning all hands proceeded to drive in the horses, which was done by sending out parties in different
directions, mounted upon the swiftest horses in order to outrun the wild ones and turn them in frontof the pen, when the men all collect in a breast and drive them down into the pen; which answers thesame purpose as a basket does a fish-dam. When the animals are all in the pen, a fence is erectedacross the neck to prevent the escape of any horses. The men will then dismount and pass along close
to the pen for the purpose of accustoming the horses to the smell of human beings. When this isdone, four or five will enter the pen, leaving the balance on the outside to prevent them from breaking
out, and with their cords noose and tie all under two or three years old. After securing 70 or 80 inthis manner, all over this age were turned out, - as they are considered too hard to tame. They thenblind-folded those they had taken & turned them loose with the tame horses, and they followed thesame as a dog. It is in this way they always get them into the settlements, where they are divided toeach man, who brands and hobbles them, and then turns them loose upon the prairie. After they have

been confined in this situation two or three days, they are considered domesticated, their fetters taken
off, and treated similar to the other horses.
There is another way of catching these horses, which is this: They are noosed, thrown to the ground,partly blind-folded and saddled, when some adventurous Spaniard will mount on his back, let thehorse rise to his feet, and if he becomes unmanageable, they give him the whip, and run the brute until
he is no longer able to keep his feet under him, after which he is generally sufficiently docile.
On the 12th we returned to our camp, when Capt. Walker traded with the Spaniards for several ofthese horses - and in the evening they bid us farewell and continued their homeward journey.
Feb. 14th. This morning had been appointed for our departure, and accordingly every thing requisite
for our comfort was in readiness, and we lazily left our camp for the east - leaving six of our company
behind, all of whom are tradesmen, such as carpenters, hatters, &c. where they purposed following
their occupations, which will no doubt be profitable to themselves, and of great advantage to theindolent and stupid Spaniard. The price of furniture here is exceedingly high. A rough table (morelike a bench,) consisting of rough hewn boards nailed together, will cost 8 and 10 dollars. A pair ofsimilar made bedsteads the same. Two of our men constructed a wind-mill which they sold for $110.
All kinds of mechanical productions command a corresponding price. - This is partly owing to theinconvenience of getting out the stuff - there being no saw-mills in the country, the carpenter iscompelled to cut out his stuff by hand; and as there are very few tools in the country, it requires greatlabour to manufacture a piece of work with any kind of taste.
The parting scene between the company and these six men appeared the most melancholy separation
we had undergone since we left the States. On other occasions, when we had separated with aportion of our hunters, it was with the confident hope of meeting again. But these men remained withthe determination of making a permanent residence in the country, and never again returning to thestates; whilst the most of us were as determinedly bent on never again returning to this region - hence
we parted as if we were forever afterwards to be separated by worlds. On shaking hands with thesemen, with whom I had been in daily intercourse for the last eighteen months, it appeared more likeparting with brothers, than any thing else.
Our company was now reduced to 52 men, 315 horses - and for provisions, 47 beef, and 30 dogs,
together with a considerable portion of flour, Indian corn, beans, some groceries and a few otherarticles necessary on such an expedition. We continued up Sulphur River in an eastern direction, andfor the first night encamped on the South side of this stream, after travelling not more than 12 or 15
miles.
15th. Continued our journey up Sulphur river, passing through a fine country, most of which isprairie, covered plentifully with wild oats and grass. After we had encamped this evening, two
Spaniards came to our camp bringing with them 25 very fine horses, which they sold to the company,
and engaged themselves to accompany us to the buffaloe country. They informed us that they had
deserted from the Spanish army, and that as it was the second time, if taken now, according to the
Spanish military discipline, their punishment would be certain death.

We continued travelling from day to day, the country all the way being of the most enticing nature,soil very strong, timber tolerably plenty, and game in abundance. The two Spaniards we found to beof great advantage to us, as some of our horses caused us great trouble, and one of the Spaniards
being an excellent rider and well acquainted with the art of noosing, would catch and bring together
our horses at any time they would become separated.
About the 27th we arrived at the base of the Calafornia mountain, having past many Indians on ourway, and also finding many here.
On the 28th we continued our journey to the south along the base of the mountain in search of
pasture for our cattle and a convenient pass over the mountain. - Here game is very scarce, owing
to the numerous swarms of Indians scattered along in every direction. On the second of March we
killed one of our beef. Pursued our course, still in a southern direction finding game rather scarce,
Indians plenty, pasture improving, and vegetation of every description beginning to grow rapidly weather showery with warm sun, until the 10th of March, when we arrived at 60 or 70 huts,
containing from 250 to 300 Indians. These Indians appear quite different from those more convenientto the Spanish settlements, and call themselves Pagans, their chief Capetaine, and have names forseveral things nearly the same as we have. Their wives they call wifa, - kettle, wood, and meat thesame as we do. These people seem to live poor, and are equally as indolent as any of those we had
met with in the Spanish dominions. They are generally small in stature, complexion quite dark, andsome quite hairy. Whilst here we killed another of our beef and made a present of some of the beef,
together with a dog and some tobacco, to these Indians. Their principal diet during this season of
the year, consists of roots and weeds, amongst which is parsly, and a kind of cabbage, all of which
they eat raw. In the summer they subsist principally upon acorns, at least a person would so judge
to see the number of holes that are burnt into the logs for the purpose of mashing them.
When we were about leaving these Indians, their chief brought a hearty and good-looking young
female to our Captain and proposed to give her in exchange for an ox. Capt. Walker very prudently
declined the offer, telling the chief that we had a great distance to travel, and would probably be
without meat half the time. We travelled along quite comfortably meeting with no unusual
occurrence. The country through which we passed still continued as charming as the heart of man
could desire. The Indians were quite numerous, some of whom would at times manifest the mostunbounded alarm. We also passed a great number of streams flowing out of the mountain, andstretching afar towards the Pacific. The prairies were most beautifully decorated with flowers andvegetation, interspersed with splendid groves of timber along the banks of the rivers - giving a mostromantic appearance to the whole face of nature.
We at length arrived at an Indian village, the inhabitants of which seemed to be greatly alarmed on
seeing us, and they immediately commenced gathering up their food and gathering in their horses but as soon as they discovered that we were white people, they became perfectly reconciled. After
we halted here we found that these people could talk the Spanish language, which we thought might
be of great advantage to the company, and on inquiry ascertained that they were a tribe called theConcoas, which tribe some eight or ten years since resided in the Spanish settlements at themissionary station near St. Barbara, on the coast, where they rebelled against the authority of thecountry, robbed the church of all its golden images & candle-sticks, and one of the Priests of several

thousand dollars in gold and silver, when they retreated to the spot where we found them - being atleast five or six hundred miles distant from the nearest Spanish settlement. This tribe are wellacquainted with the rules of bartering for goods or any thing they wish to buy - much more so thanany other tribe we met with. They make regular visits to such posts where they are unknown, andalso make appointments with ship-traders to meet at some designated time and place; thus they areenabled to carry on a considerable degree of commerce. They still retain several of the images which
they pilfered from the church - the greater part of which is the property of the chiefs. - These people
are seven or eight hundred strong, their houses are constructed of poles and covered with grass, andare tolerably well supplied with house-hold furni-ture which they brought with them at the time theyrobbed the church. They follow agricultural pursuits to some extent, raising very good crops of corn,
pumpkins, melons, &c. All the out-door labour is done by the females. They are also in the habit ofmaking regular visits to the settlements for the purpose of stealing horses, which they kill and eat.
We passed one night with these Indians, during which time they informed us of an accessible passage
over the mountain. In the morning we resumed our journey, hiring two of these Indians as pilots, togo with us across the mountain - continued all day without any interruption, and in the evening
encamped at the foot of the passover.
In the morning we continued up the mountain in an eastern direction, and encamped this evening at
the lower end of the snow. The next day we found the snow more plenty, and encamped without
grass of any kind. We now began to apprehend hard times again. Our horses no longer resumed theirmarch in the mornings with a playful cheerfulness, but would stumble along and go just when theirriders would force them to do so. We continued travelling in this way for four days when we landedsafely on the opposite side of the mountain, in a temperate climate, and among tolerable pasture,
which latter was equally as gratifying to our horses as the former was to the men.
We here made our pilots presents of a horse, some tobacco, and many trifling trinkets captivating to
the eye of an Indian, when they left us to return to their friends.
Our horses and cattle were pretty much fatigued, but not as much as we anticipated. The country on
this side is much inferior to that on the opposite side - the soil being thin and rather sandy, producing
but little grass, which was very discouraging to our stock, as they now stood in great want of strong
feed. On the opposite side vegetation had been growing for several weeks - on this side, it has notstarted yet.
After discharging our pilots we travelled a few miles and encamped at some beautiful springs, where
we concluded to spend the remainder of the day, in order to give our horses and cattle rest. Our
Capt. here concluded on following the base of the mountain to the north until we would come to ourtrail when crossing to the west, or Calafornia.
May 2nd. This morning we resumed our journey, every man possessed of doubtful apprehensions
as to the result of this determination, as the hardships which we encountered in this region on aformer occasion, were yet fresh in the minds of many of us. The country we found to be very poor,
and almost entirely destitute of grass. We continued through this poor country travelling a few miles
every day, or as far as the weakened state of our dumb brutes would admit of. The weather wasmostly clear and otherwise beautiful, but we had quite a cold wind most all the time. Travelling along
the eastern base of this (Calafornia) mountain, we crossed many small rivers flowing towards the east,
but emptying into lakes scattered through the plain, or desert, where the water sinks and is exhausted
in the earth. This plain extends from here to the Rocky mountains, being an almost uninterrupted
level, the surface of which is covered with dry, loose sand.
In this manner we travelled along, passing such scenes as are described above, until at length wearrived at some springs which presented a really remarkable appearance, and may be called boiling,or more properly Steam Springs, situated near the base of the mountain, on or near the banks of asmall river. These springs are three in number, and rise within a short distance of each other, one
being much larger than the other two. The water constantly boils as if it was in a kettle over a fire,
and is so hot that if a piece of meat is put under the water at the fountainhead, it will cook in a few
minutes, emitting a strong, sulphurous smell - the water also tastes of sulphur. In a clear morning thesteam or smoke rising from these springs may be seen a great distance as it hangs in the air over thesprings, similar to a dense sheet of fog. There is not a spear of vegetation growing within severalrods of the spot, and the surface of the ground presents the appearance of one solid piece of crust,or hard baked mud. When the water empties in and mixes with the river water, it leaves an oily
substance floating on the surface similar to tar or grease of any kind.
About the 25th of May, we again continued our journey, but our difficulties had been multiplying forsome time, until now we found them quite formidable. - The principal part of our present difficulties
arose from the scarcity of pasture for our horses and cattle. After travelling the best way we could,
for a few days towards the North, we arrived at another beautiful sandy plain, or desert, stretchingout to the east far beyond the reach of the eye, as level as the becalmed surface of a lake. We
occasionally found the traces of Indians, but as yet, we have not been able to gain an audiance withany of them, as they flee to the mountain as soon as we approach. Game being very scarce, our cattlepoor, gives us very indifferent living.
Our direct course, after reaching the eastern base of this mountain, would have been a north east
direction, but we were apprehensive of perishing for water in crossing this extensive desert - which
would doubtless be the fate of any traveller who would undertake it, when it is recollected that it
extends from the base of the Rocky mountains to this mountain, a distance of several hundred miles.
This being the case we were obliged to pass along the base of the mountain in a northern direction,
until we would arrive at the point where we ascended the mountain when going to the coast, and thenfollow the same trail east towards the Rocky mountains, or Great Salt Lake, where we expected tomeet the company we had left at the latter place. Travelling along the mountain foot, crossing one
stream after another, was any thing but pleasant. Day after day we travelled in the hope each day ofarriving at the desired point when we would strike off in a homeward direction. Every now and thensome of the company would see a high peak or promontory, which he would think was seen by thecompany on a former occasion, but when we would draw near to it our pleasing anticipations would
be turned into despondency; and at one time, about the middle of May, our Captain was so certainthat he could see a point in the distance, which he had distinctly marked as a guide on our former
tramp, that he ordered the men to prepare for leaving the mountain: - this also proved to be the resultof imagination only.

The next morning our Captain, thinking the desert not very wide at this point, decided on striking
across in a north-eastern direction, which would shorten our route considerably, if we could only beso successful as to surmount the difficulties of travelling through loose sand, without water, (as thestreams descending from the mountain into the plain all sink.)
On the 16th of May, every thing necessary for our dry tramp being in readiness, we started across theplain, which was done with a willing heart by almost every man, as we were all anxious to get home,and had been travelling many days without getting any nearer. The travelling in the plain, after
passing the termination of the streams, we found to be extremely laborious. The sand lays quite
loose, and as the wind would blow whilst driving our horses and cattle ahead of us, the sand would
be raised up in such clouds that we could scarcely see them, which was very painful to our eyes. The
first night in the plain we encamped at a large hole or well dug deep in the ground, which we
supposed to be the work of Indians, and in which we found a small portion of stagnant water, but nothalf enough to slake the thirst of our numerous herd.
The next morning we resumed our toilsome march at an early hour, finding our stock suffering greatly
for the want of water. This day we travelled with as much speed as possible, with the hope of finding
water whereat to encamp; but at length night arrived, and the fatigues of the day obliged us toencamp without water, wood or grass. The day had been excessively warm, except when the wind
would blow, and in the afternoon two of our dogs died for want of water. On examination we foundthat the feet of many of our dumb brutes were completely crippled by the sand.
Our situation at present seemed very critical. A dull, gloomy aspect appeared to darken the
countenance of every member of the company. We were now completely surrounded with the mostaggravating perplexities - having travelled two long day's journey into the plain and no idea how far
yet to its termination, and from the manifestations of many of our most valuable stock, we were wellconvinced they could not endure these hardships much longer. To add vexation to our present
difficulties, a violent altercation took place between the men as to whether we would proceed in ourpresent direction, or turn back to the mountain. - A majority of the men were in favour of the latter,but Capt. Walker, who never done any thing by halves, with a few others, were of the opinion that
we were half way across, and could as easily proceed as return. On all such disputes, on all former
occasions, the majority decided on what steps should be taken; but when our Captain was in theminority, and being beloved by the whole company, and being a man also who was seldom mistaken
in any thing he undertook, the men were very reluctant in going contrary to his will. The disputecreated much confusion in our ranks; but fortunately, about midnight the Captain yielded to thewishes of his men, and as it was cool, and more pleasant travelling than in the day time, we started
back towards the mountain, intending to follow the same trail, in order which we encamped on plain.
Previous to starting, we took the hides off our dead cattle and made a kind of moccasin for such of
our beasts as were lame, which we found to be of great advantage, as it effectually shielded their feetfrom the scouring effects of the sand.
Nothing happened through the night, and we moved carelessly along our trail, as we thought; but our
feelings cannot be described at daylight when no signs of our former tracks could be discovered. Men
were despatched in every direction on search, but all returned without any tidings with which tocomfort our desponding company. The compass told which direction we should go, but otherwise
we were completely bewildered. Our horses, cattle and dogs were almost exhausted this morning.
The pitiful lamentations of our dogs were sufficient to melt the hardest heart. The dumb brutes
suffered more for water than food, and these dogs, when death threatened to seize them, would
approach the men, look them right in the face with the countenances of a distracted person, and if nohelp could be afforded, would commence a piteous and lamentable howl, drop down and expire.
When the day became warm we slackened our pace, and moved slowly forward, but without any hopeof meeting with any water at least for a day longer. When night came we halted for a short time inorder to collect the men and animals together, which were scattered in every direction for a mile inwidth, lest we should get separated at night, as we intended to travel on without ceasing until wewould find water or arrive at the mountain.
When our forces collected together, we presented a really forlorn spectacle. At no time, either whilecrossing the Rocky or Calafornia mountains, did our situation appear so desperate. We had to keep
our dumb brutes constantly moving about on their feet, for if they would once lay down it would be
impossible to get them up again, and we would then be compelled to leave them. Nor were the men
in a much better condition. It is true, we had food, but our thirst far exceeded any description. At
last it became so intense, that whenever one of our cattle or horses would die the men would
immediately catch the blood and greedily swallow it down.
When our men had collected together, and rested their wearied limbs a little, our journey was
resumed, finding that the cattle and horses travelled much better at night than in daylight. We
advanced rapidly this eve-ning without any interruption, until about midnight, when our horses
became unmanageable, and contrary to our utmost exertions would go in a more northern direction
than we desired. After several ineffectual attempts to check them, we thought perhaps it would bewell enough to follow wherever they would lead. We had not followed our horses far until we
discovered, to our indescribable joy, that the instinct of our horses was far more extensive and morevaluable than all the foresight of the men, as we, unawares, came suddenly upon a beautiful streamof fresh water.
We now had the greatest trouble to keep our beasts from killing themselves drinking water - in which
we succeeded only in part, and were thus occupied until daylight, when we counted our force for the
purpose of ascertaining how much loss we sustained by undertaking to cross the desert, and foundthat we had lost 64 horses, 10 cows, and 15 dogs.
In order to get something to eat for our stock, and also to keep them from drinking too much water,
we left this stream which had afforded such delight, before either the men or beasts had time torepose their wearied limbs. After travelling a few miles this morning we had the good luck to comeacross tolerable pasture and plenty of wood and water. Here we determined on staying until the nextmorning, for the purpose of resting our wearied stock.
This desert which had presented such an insurmountable barrier to our route, is bounded on the eastby the Rocky mountains, on the west by the Calafornia mountain, on the North by the Columbia river,and on the south by the Red, or Colorado river. These two mighty rivers rise in the Rocky mountains
adjacent to each other, and as the former flows in a N. W. and the latter in a southern direction, formsthis plain in the shape of the letter A. - There are numerous small rivers rising in either mountain,
winding their way far towards the centre of the plain, where they are emptied into lakes or reservoirs,
and the water sinks in the sand. Further to the North where the sand is not so deep and loose, thestreams rising in the spurs of the Rocky and those descending from the Calafornia mountains, flowon until their waters at length mingle together in the same lakes.
The Calafornia mountain extends from the Columbia to the Colorado river, running parallel with thecoast about 150 miles distant, and 12 or 15 hundred miles in length with its peaks perpetually covered
with eternal snows. There is a large number of water courses descending from this mountain on
either side - those on the east side stretching out into the plain, and those on the west flow generally
in a straight course until they empty into the Pacific; but in no place is there a water course throughthe mountain.
The next morning after finding the pasture, our herd having rested and satisfied their hunger pretty
well, we resumed our journey along the edge of the plain, travelled as fast as their weakened state
would admit of, still finding pasture sufficient for their subsistance, until, after several day's constanttravelling, we fortunately came to our long sought for passage to the west. This was hailed withgreater manifestations of joy by the company, than any circumstance that had occurred for some time,
as it gave us to know where we were, and also to know when we might expect to arrive in a plentiful
country of game. - Here we again layed by a day for the purpose of resting, and making preparations
to follow our old trail towards the Great Salt Lake.
June 8th. This morning we left the Calafornia mountain, and took a north-east direction, keeping ourformer path, many traces of which were quite visible in places. Here vegetation is growing rapidly,
giving our herd abundant pasture, in consequence of which they have greatly improved in appearance,
and are enabled to travel quite fast. After continuing our course in this direction for a few days
without interruption, we at length arrived in the neighborhood of the lakes at the mouth of Barren
river, and which we had named Battle Lakes. All along our route from the mountain this far, we hadseen a great number of Indians, but now that we had reached the vicinity of the place where we had
the skirmish with the savages when going to the coast, they appeared to us in double the numbers thatthey did at that time; and as we were then compelled to fight them, by their movements now, we sawthat this would be the only course for us to pursue. We had used every endeavor that we could thinkof, to reconcile and make them friendly, but all to no purpose. We had given them one present after
another - made them all the strongest manifestations of a desire for peace on our part, by promising
to do battle against their enemies if required, and we found that our own safety and comfort
demanded that they should be severely chastised for provoking us to such a measure. Now that wewere a good deal aggravated, some of our men said hard things about what they would do if wewould again come in contact with these provoking Indians; and our Captain was afraid that, if once
engaged, the passion of his men would become so wild that he could not call them off, whilst there
was an Indian found to be slaughtered. Being thus compelled to fight, as we thought, in a good cause
and in self defence, we drew up in battle array, and fell on the Indians in the wildest and mostferocious manner we could, which struck dismay throughout the whole crowd, killing 14 besides
wounding a great many more as we rode right over them. Our men were soon called off, only threeof whom were slightly wounded.

This decisive stroke appeared to give the Indians every satisfaction they required, as we wereafterwards permitted to pass through the country without molestation. We then continued our course
up Barren river, with out meeting with any thing to interrupt us, until about the 20th of June, when
we found that if we continued in this direction our provisions would become scarce long before wewould reach the Rocky mountains; and accordingly on the 21st our Captain decided on leaving thisriver and taking a Northern direction for the purpose of striking the head waters of the Columbia
river, where we would find game plenty, and also beaver.
After leaving Barren river we made a quick passage across the country and the first waters we cameto, was Lewis river, near its head, where we found game such as deer elk, bear and beaver plenty.
After laying in a small stock of fresh meat here, we resumed our journey towards the buffaloe
country. On the morning of the 3d of July we were delighted by seeing some buffaloe in company
with four of our Spanish cattle that had strayed a short distance from the main body during the night,
two of which our hunters killed, being the first we had seen since we left the Great Salt Lake the year
before. We travelled a short distance to-day when on arriving at a large spring of most delicious
water situated in a beautiful grove, where we concluded to spend the National Anniversary ofAmerican Independence; and accordingly our hunters went out in the afternoon and killed several
very fat buffalo, which were dressed and the choice parts prepared for a grand feast on the morrow.
When the morn of the glorious fourth first dawned we gave three salutes, spent the morning invarious kinds of amusement, and at noon partook of our national dinner, which was relished the betteras we had a small portion of good old brandy, which we drank in a few minutes, deeply regretting that
we had not a small portion of what was that day destroyed by the millions of freemen in the States.
- The remainder of the day was celebrated by drinking toasts, singing songs, shooting at mark,running, jumping, and practising on our horses - having the two Spaniards still with us, who learned
us many singular pranks, and were a valuable addition to our company, as they created a great dealof fun, and were always in a good humor.
July 5th. To-day continued on search of Capt. Bonneville,[This name has heretofore been printed
Bowville - by mistake.] on Bear river, in finding whom we succeeded without having much difficulty,
on the 12th, after travelling through a luxuriant, though rather rough country - where we again had
intercourse with people of our own nation, being the first we had met with, except the crew of theLagoda, since we separated from these same men at the Great Salt Lake. Here we encamped for the
purpose of resting a few days, and probably remaining until we would receive supplies of provisions,merchandize, &c., from St. Lewis - spending our time in discussing the many scenes encountered byeach of us, and the many hair-breadth 'scapes that such-and-such a one had made.
After remaining in this situation a few days, there arrived at our camp a company the of 25 men
belonging to the British NorthWest Fur Company, from Fort Vancouvre, situated near the mouth of
the Columbia river. These people informed me that the infant colony at the mouth of the Columbia
river had revived, and was now increasing rapidly, under the superintendance of the British, andcontained 150 families, the major part of which are English, Canadian, French and Indians, and but
few Americans. They carry on agriculture to a considerable extent - the soil being very fertile, climate
mild, and frost and snow but seldom known. They also have a Grist and Saw-Mill, and are
establishing an extensive fishery at the mouth of the river, for the purpose of catching Salmon, as they
are very abundant in this stream. They have a Governor, and live under a Republican form ofGovernment. From all accounts, however, their government is not of much use, as the mostunbounded freedom of action is exercised by all the members of the colony, & their government isintended more for effect with the Indians, than any advantage to the people.
About the 17th of July this party left us and continued their journey on search of the Blackfeet Indians
for the purpose of trading, - after which they said it was their intention to return to the coast by thesame route.
We remained here until the 20th without meeting with any thing particularly, when Capt. Cairo joined
us with 40 men, bringing a large supply of merchandize packed upon mules and horses from Missouri.
With what we had on hand these men brought enough of merchandize and provision to supply ourpresent company for a whole year. This party intended to return immediately to Missouri with whatpeltries we had on hand.
These succouring companies are always looked for with great anxiety by the people who have beenin the mountains any length of time. Many are at times entirely destitute of such articles as would beof great advantage to their comfort - many expect letters or some other manifestations ofremembrance from their friends - besides some, who have been strictly temperate (because they could
not help it, as the supply of liquor will always be exhausted,) look forward with longing anticipations
for the supply which is always sent to this country by the owners of these companies, for the purposeof selling it to the men and thus paying their wages. It is generally brought in a refined state, and isa cash article, which they retail at the enormous price of $1 per gill. Generally when a succouring
company of this kind arrives at the camp of the trapper, the men get a little mellow and have a real
jubilee - with the exception of a few (after the Indian fashion) who are always prevented, as they mustwatch the rest, and keep a look-out lest the whole company should be surprised and massacred by
the Indians. Scarcely one man in ten, of those employed in this country ever think of saving a single
dollar of their earnings, but spend it as fast as they can see an object to spend it for. They care notwhat may come to pass to-morrow - but think only of enjoying the present moment.
We now began to make the necessary arrangements for our future operations - such as dividing suchmen as wished to remain in the mountains, into one company, and such as wished to return to theStates in another, and settling with the men for the last year's services, and hiring them for the ensuing
year.
July 30th. Having every necessary arrangement completed, Mr. Cairo returned to the State ofMissouri with 45 men, and what fur, &c. we had in store. Capt. Bonneville was left to make his fall
hunt on the head waters of Columbia river, and the adjacent country with 50 men, and Capt. Walker
with 55 men, being the ballance of our force, to cross the Rocky mountains to the waters of theMissouri river, and then continue hunting and trading with the Indians until the month of June, 1835,
when Capt. Bonneville with his men would join us on the Bighorn river, at the mouth of Popoasia
creek, which empties into the Bighorn below Wind river mountain.
After the usual ceremony of parting on such occasions, which is performed by each one affectionately
shaking hands all round - we separated, each division taking off in a separate direction. Capt. Walker
continued up Bear river in an eastern direction, and the first night encamped at Smith's Fork. In themorning we resumed our journey in the same direction, being the most direct route to the summit of
the mountains, nothing occurring more than usual with the exception of killing any quantity of game
we might think proper, until about the 8th of August, when, as the company were passing througha small prairie, we discovered a large grizzly bear laying in the shade of some brush at the edge of thewoods, when four of us started for the purpose of killing him, but on coming close, the bear heard
us and ran into the thicket. We now took separate courses, intending to surround the bear & chasehim out and have some sport; but one man, as we came to the thicket, acted very imprudently bydismounting and following a buffaloe path into the brush, when the bear, hearing our horses on the
opposite side, started out on the same path and met the man, when he attempted to avoid it byclimbing a small tree, but being too closely pressed was unable to get out of the reach of the bear, andas it passed, caught him by the leg and tore the tendon of his thigh in a most shocking manner.
Before we could get to his aid the bear made off and finally escaped.
Here we encamped and remained until the next day, when the wounded man expired - having bled
to death from the wound, although every effort in our power was of no use. After burying this man,
which was done in the customary manner of interring the dead in the mountains - having dug a deephole in the ground, into which we deposited the body well wrapt up in blankets, and then filled up thegrave, first with bark and then with earth, we continued our journey a short distance in the afternoon,and encamped on the head waters of Lewis river, and at the base of the Rocky mountains.
Here we made preparations for our voyage across the mountains. Few that have once performed ajourney across these hills will encounter them a second time with a cheerful spirit; and particularly
will they dread the task if they have encountered as many hardships and perils as some of thecompany that now reposed at its base, silently contemplating the dreadful fatigues to be encountered
until we would reach the eastern base.
In the morning at an early hour, we left the waters which empty into the Pacific, and continued ourway up the mountain, which we found tolerable rough, and covered, in places, with a large quantityof snow. We travelled without ceasing, and without meeting with any interruption, until we at last
arrived in the Prairies, on the east side, near the head waters of the Yellow Stone river. On our
passage across, we found several pieces of petrified wood, one of which was six or eight feet long
- which our men divided amongst themselves, for the purpose of making whet-stones. Here weconcluded on commencing our fall's hunt, as the beaver appeared to be quite numerous.
In the neighborhood of the head waters of this river, the country is generally composed of prairie hills,
covered with excellent grass, and abound with plenty of game of different kinds. After trapping herea few days, we agreed to move down onto Wind river, which empties into Yellow Stone a shortdistance below this, and whilst leisurely travelling along one day through an extensive prairie, a largehorde of buffaloe were discovered at a distance making towards us with considerable speed. No one
was disposed to take any notice of them, as we had plenty of provision, until we seen them advancecloser and faster, as if they were going to ride right over us. The whole drove came rushing past, atwhich our loose and pack horses took fright, and started in advance of the buffaloe, scattering ourbaggage in every direction over the prairie for several miles, leaving us nothing but our riding horses.
This occasioned us to encamp for the purpose of collecting our stray horses and lost baggage, which
was done, with the exception of one horse and some merchandize, which we were unable to find.

To see a drove of perhaps a thousand buffaloe driving through a level plain as fast as their strength
will permit them, is a most frightful spectacle; and then, when our horses started in advance, pitching
and the scene was beyond description. Many of our horses were severely crippled in consequenceof this chase, - so much so that we were detained three days in waiting on them and repairing our
injured merchandize.
A few days after leaving this place we arrived, Aug. 20, on Popoasia creek, where we found an oil
spring, rising out of the earth similar to that of any other spring. After emptying into the creek, theoil can be seen floating on the surface for a considerable distance. The oil is of a dark hue when in
the fountain, almost like tar, but is as thin as water. If this spring was in the States, I have no doubt
the chemist might make a valuable use of it. A Mr. Bergen, belonging to our company, & who had
been severely afflicted with the rheumatism, procured a phial it, which he used, and afterwards saidafforded him entire relief.
Aug. 21st. To-day we continued in pursuit of beaver, which is our daily occupation, passing fromone water course to another, through plains and over hills, all of which are prairie, with the exceptionof the base of the mountain, where there is an abundance of timber. We travelled in this manner, andspending our time mostly in this way, with-out meeting with any misfortunes, or any thing unusual
in a backwood's life, occasionally being quite successful in catching beaver, until near the middle of
October, when we arrived among the tribe of Crow Indians.
We now find the weather getting cold, with plenty of snow, frost and ice, which compels us tosuspend our trapping for this season, having done a very fair business; and to increase our store ofpeltries, we now commenced trading with these Indians for buffaloe robes, beaver fur, &c. for which
purpose we intend passing the winter in this neighborhood.
After remaining here a few days, in the meantime obtaining the principal part of the valuable peltriesof the Indians, the company left them and appointed Wind river as the place to meet and resume thetrading as soon as the Indians could collect a supply - leaving two men and myself among the Crowsfor the purpose of instigating them in the business of catching beaver and buffaloe.
Nov. 1st. This morning Capt. Walker and his followers left us, and continued in the direction of Wind
river, there to erect a temporary trading house for the winter season, and we remained with theIndians who were engaged in collecting their winter's supply of meat, which is the custom of all tribes
in a plentiful country of game, to go in bodies sufficiently large to defend themselves in case of an
attack by a neighboring hostile tribe, as there is scarcely three tribes to be found in the whole Indian
country, on friendly terms with each other.
I now found myself in a situation that had charms which I had many times longed for. Ever since I
engaged in the trapping business, I had occasional intercourse with the Indians, but never resided withthem until now; which would afford me every opportunity to minutely observe their internal modeof living. The Crows are a powerful nation, and inhabit a rich and extensive district of country. They
raise no vegetation, but entirely depend on the chase for a living. This is the situation of nearly every
tribe, and when game gets scarce in one part of the country claimed by a certain tribe, they remove
to another part, until after a while their game becomes scarce, when they are induced to encroachupon the territory of a neighboring tribe, which will at once create a fearful strife, and not
unfrequently ends in the total destruction of some powerful nation.
It will be recollected that I was amongst these Indians once before, when some of our horses werestolen and we followed them into the Crow village, - where we found our horses and also a negroman, in the winter of 1832-33. This man we found to be of as great advantage to us now as on
former occasions, as he has become thoroughly acquainted with their language, method of transacting
their public and private business, and considered of great value by the Indians. He enjoys perfectpeace and satisfaction, and has every thing he desires at his own command.
The Crow nation contains from 7 to 8,000 souls, and are divided into two divisions of an equal
number in each - there being too great a number to travel together, as they could not get game inmany places to supply such a force. Each division is headed by a separate chief, whose duty it is topilot them from one hunting ground to another, and to lead his followers to battle in time of war one of whom they call Grizzly Bear and the other, Long Haired Chief, which name he derives fromthe extreme length of his hair, which is no less than nine feet eleven inches long. This is the principal
chief, or Sachem, of the nation, and is quite a worthy and venerable looking old man of 75 or 80 yearsof age. He uses every possible precaution to preserve his hair, which is perfectly white, and has never
had it cut since his infancy. He worships it as the director or guide of his fate through life never risingor laying down without humbly and devoutly adoring this talisman, and which they term Bah-park(medicine.)
It is customary for every tribe of Indians the Rocky mountains to have some instrument or article topay hommage to and invoke, but no nation, I believe, are so devoutly attached to their talismans as
the Crow nation - it is their life - their very existence. Almost every individual of the Crow tribe hassomething of this kind, and which generally consists of a seed, a stone, a piece of wood, a bear oreagle's claw, or any thing which their fancy may lead them to believe has a successful virtue, andwhich has been purchased of some noted warrior who has been successful in his undertakings whilst
in the possession of such an article. This magical thing, whatever it may be, is carefully envelopedin a piece of skin, and then tied round their neck or body. If an old experienced warrior gives one
or two young men an article of this kind on going to war, and they happen to be successful in taking
scalps or stealing horses, the whole affair is attributed to the virtue of his talisman, and he can thensell it for almost any price he demands, and if it be a precious stone, or seed, or piece of wood, allsimilar articles are immediately enhanced in value, and the greater the price they pay for such an
article, the greater service it will be to them in the hour of need. - Some of them will even give fouror five good horses for the most trifling and simple article of this kind.
Their principal wealth consists of horses, porcupine quills, and fine dressed skins, for clothing, &c.
but nothing is of so much value as their idol; without which an Indian is a poor miserable drone tosociety, unworthy the esteem and companionship of brutes. Long-haired chief worships nothing but
his hair, which is regularly combed and carefully folded up every morning into a roll about three feetlong by the principal warriors of his tribe.
Their houses are composed of dressed buffaloe hides and pine poles about 25 or 30 feet in length, andabout three inches in diameter. These poles are stuck upon end in a circle, and all coming together

at the top forms the shape of a hay-stack. - The buffaloe robes are then cut in proper shape, sewed
together and covered over their habitation. Their fire is placed in the centre of the lodge, and thepoles being left apart at the top affords a very good draught for the smoke. Some of these houses
are much larger than others, such as are intended for the transacting of public business. These areconstructed with much care, and are quite comfortable and convenient habitations - the buffaloe robes
affording a sufficient shield from the effects of the cold. In their public buildings all their national
affairs are discussed at stated periods by the warriors and principal men. Here they have their public
smokes and public rejoicings.
This tribe is also governed by a species of police, such as having a committee of soldiers appointed
for the purpose of keeping order and regulation in their village, appointing a day for a general huntand keeping any who might be so disposed, from running ahead and chasing off the game, in orderthat each individual may have a fair chance to obtain an equal share of provision, with his neighbor.
- These soldiers are also to observe that on such occasions their village is not left in a weak andunsafe condition by too many going to war, or to horse stealing, (which generally ends in war) at atime, and also to see that such a party is properly provided with a competent commander, and if not,it is their duty to supply the deficiency by appointing one to act in his place. If any person acts
contrary to their laws, these soldiers have the liberty of punishing him for it, which is done by shaving
his horses mane and tail, cut up his lodge, and whip him, if not contrary to the decision of theprincipal chief, in whom is invested the power of vetoing every act of this executive committee if notagreeable to his wish.
When game becomes scarce, and they are about to move to another section, every moveable article
is packed upon horseback, when they travel on until they arrive in a country abounding with game.
- Their children from two to three years of age, and unable to ride, are tied upon the baggage, andthose younger are fastened upon a board and conveyed in manner as heretofore described. They havea sort of dray formed by these poles, which is done by fastening one end to the pack saddle, and theother end dragging on the ground, on which they place their furniture.
There is more personal ambition and rivalry existing among this tribe than any other I becameacquainted with - each one trying to excel the other in merit, whilst engaged in some dangerous
adventure. - Their predatory wars afford them every opportunity for this, as they are at liberty andsometimes compelled to engage in the battle's strife as soon as they are able to bend the bow or wield
the tomahawk. - Their first promotion from the ranks of a private citizen, is secured by stealing a few
horses and killing one or two of their enemies, when they are eligible to the title of a Small Brave.
By adding so many more acts of this kind, they receive the title of a Large or Great Brave; fromthence to a Little Chief, and to rise to the station of a Great Chief, they must steal such a number ofhorses, kill and scalp such a number of the enemy, and take so many guns or bows and arrows.
Whenever one person exceeds the existing chief in these deeds, he is installed into the office of chiefof the nation, which he retains until some other ambitious, daring brave exceeds him. They always
take good care, however, not to excel their present chief, old Long-hair.

This school, as it was, creates a great deal of jealousy and envy among the people, but it seldom leads
to any disturbance, as the executive soldiers, or police, are always ready to chastise and punish any
such conduct.
Any person not rising to either of these stations by the time he is twenty years of age, has nothing tosay or do in any public business whatever, but is compelled to perform different kinds of meniel
labour altogether degrading to a man, as it is putting him on an equality with the squaws - is low
enough indeed in the estimation of the Indian. Such a man becomes the slave of the women, as they
are at liberty to order him to do any thing they may think proper, such as carry wood, water, &c., orany drudgery that is required to be done.
After receiving the title of Little Chief they are at liberty to speak and take part in all public debates
in relation to the affairs of the nation, and are exempt from all kinds of labour in going to war, which
has to be done by the privates, who are generally young men, as on such occasions they have no
women with them; and as they progressively rise, they are at liberty to order and command those whoare beneath them. This is the principal cause of their ambition, which far exceeds description. If oneof the men who has fallen into the rank of a woman, and has became tired of that occupation, he will
undergo any exertion, and encounter any danger, no matter how great, in order to distinguish himself
and improve his forlorn and dishonorable condition.
Soon after we took up our quarters with these Indians, I occupied my time in ascertaining theirmanner of taking game, which, if it is more laborious, it is more successful than the Spanish mode oftaking wild horses. When their families are in want of provision, or desirous of having a hunt, oneof the principal men, who might be called the trumpeter, will mount a horse and ride round throughthe encampment, village, or settlement, and publicly proclaim that on a stated day the whole tribe
must be prepared for a general hunt, or surround. When the day arrives the village is alive betimes
in the morning, and several hundred will sometimes mount their race-horses and repair to a certain
designated section of country, which they are to surround. When the men have all had time to getto their allotted stations, they begin to close in, driving the game, principally buffalo, into a circle andwhen they are pretty well confined in the circle, they commence killing them - until which time, no
man dare attempt to take any of the game. In this manner they have sometimes caught several
hundred buffalo, besides many other animals, at a single surround.
When they are in a country suitable, these people will destroy the buffaloe by driving a herd of some
hundreds to the edge of a convenient rocky precipice, when they are forced headlong down the
craggy descent. This is more dangerous than the other method, as the buffaloe, unless the Indians
are very numerous, will sometimes rush in a solid column through their ranks, knocking down thehorses and tramping their riders under their feet.
They have another method of taking the buffalo, which is in this way: - If they know of a place at thebase of some mountain that is surrounded on three sides with inaccessible precipices, and a leavel
valley leading into it, they manage to drive the whole gang of buffaloe into this neck and force themup to its termination, when they erect a strong fence across the valley, or outlet, and then butcher
their prisoners at leisure.

In a place of this kind I was shewn by the chief Grizzly Bear, upwards of seven hundred buffalo skulls
which he said had been caught at a single hunt, and which had taken place about four years previous.
About the 20th of November, after travelling for three or four days in pursuit of provision, we at
length arrived in the vicinity of buffalo, where we pitched our tents and the Indians prepared for ageneral hunt. In the evening their horses were all dressed in the best style, and at an early hour the
next morning four or five hundred Indians were mounted and ready for the chase.
This was a favourable opportunity for me to gratify my curiosity in seeing this kind of sport, and mycompanions and myself followed in the rear of the Indians. Our hunters had not advanced far on this
sporting expedition until they met with an object which entirely put them out of the notion of showing
us their ajility in catching buffalo, for, at some distance across the plain, along the base of some roughcraggy hills, espied a considerable body of people, appeared to be advancing towards us.
Immediately a halt was called, for the purpose of observing the movements of the strangers, andconsulting on what steps should be taken. It did not require the keen eye of a Crow Indian long totell that their visitors were Indians and belonged to their implacable enemies, the Blackfeet tribe. Thiswas enough. War was now their only desire, and our Indians advanced towards their enemies as fast
as the speed of their horses would admit, who, being on foot, were soon overtaken and forced toascend the rocks, which they did in safety. The Crows immediately surrounded the Blackfeet,
confident of an easy victory but when they made the attack, they found that their enemy was too well
prepared for defence, and they immediately despatched an express to the village for a reinforcementof men, conscious that the Blackfeet would not attempt to leave their present position until such
would have time to arrive.
This was quite a different kind of sport from that which I expected to witness when I left the Indian
camp, but one of no less interest, and far more important to me. Whilst the express was absent bothparties employed their time in strengthening their positions - the Blackfeet had chosen a mostfortunate spot to defend themselves, and by a little labour found themselves in a fort that might havedone credit to an army of frontier regulars. It was situated on the brow of a hill, in a circle of rocks
shaped similar to a horse-shoe, with a ledge of rocks from three to four feet high on either side, andabout ten feet, on the part reaching to the brink of the hill, with a very creditable piece of breast work
built in front, composed of logs, brush and stones. From their present situation they have a decided
advantage over the Crows, and if well prepared for war, could hold out a considerable length of time,and deal destruction thick and fast on any force that might attempt to scale their fort - which looks
more like the production of art than nature. Whilst the Blackfeet were assiduously engaged indefending their position, the Crows were no less idle in preparing for the attack, the destruction ofwhich, they were determined should not be relaxed as long as there was a living Blackfoot Indian tobe found in the neighborhood. Previous to the arrival of the reinforcement, which was about ten
o'clock, there had been three Crows and one Blackfoot killed, which was done at the first attack after
the latter were driven into their fort.
When the express reached the Crow village every man, woman, and child able to point a gun or
mount a horse repaired with all speed to the scene of action, who came up uttering the most wild andpiercing yells I ever heard in my life. A great deal of contention at first took place among theprincipal men of the Crow tribe as to the manner of attacking their enemy, who appeared to look

down upon them in defiance; notwithstanding the Crows kept up a continual yelling and firing ofguns, all of which was without effect. Finally they appeared to harmonize and understand each other.
As matters now seemed to indicate the approach of a crisis, I repaired to an eminence about 200
yards from the fort among some cedar trees, where I had an excellent view of all their movements.
At first the Crows would approach the fort by two or three hundred in a breast, but on arriving nearenough to do any execution, the fire from the fort would compel them to retreat. They then formed
in a trail along the top of the ridge, and in rotation would ride at full speed past the breast-work, firingas they passed, and then throwing themselves on the side of the horse until nothing will be exposedto the enemy except one arm and one leg. This they found to be very destructive to their horses andalso their men, there being now ten Crows and several horses laying dead on the field. Urged by their
ill success thus far and by the piteous lamentations of the wives, children and relatives of those who
had fell, the Crow Chiefs decided on suspending the attack, and determined to hold a council of war
for the purpose of deciding on what measures should be adopted, in order to destroy these brave
Blackfeet.
When the principal chiefs met in council all was still except the lamentations of the bereaved, who,
perhaps, regret the severe penance which the customs of their people compelled them to endure forthe memory of a deceased friend, and lament more on account of the prospect of trouble ahead, thanfor the loss which they have sustained. The chiefs held a hasty and stormy council. Some were infavour of abandoning the Blackfeet entirely, & others were determined on charging into their fort andend the battle in a total and bloody massacre. This was finally decided upon, but not until after
several speeches were made for and against it, and the pipe of war smoked by each brave and chief.
As soon as this determination of the chiefs was made known the war-whoop again resounded withthe most deafening roar through the plain - every voice that was able to make a noise was strained
to its very utmost to increase the sound, until the very earth, trees and rocks seemed to be possessedof vocal powers. By their tremendous howling they had worked as great a change in the courage of
their soldiery, as the most soul- enlivening martial music would the cowardly fears of ahalf-intoxicated militia company.
Now was the moment for action. Each man appeared willing to sacrifice his life if it would bring
down an enemy; and in this spirit did they renew and repeat the attack on the breast-work of theirenemy, but as often did they retreat with severe loss. Again and again did they return to the charge,
but all was of no use - all their efforts were of no avail - confusion began to spread through theirranks - many appeared overwhelmed with despair - and the whole Crow nation was about to retreat
from the field, when the negro, who has been heretofore mentioned, and who had been in company
with us, advanced a few steps towards the Crows and ascended a rock from which he addressed the
Crow warriors in the most earnest and impressive manner. He told them that they had been here
making a great noise, as if they could kill the enemy by it - that they had talked long and loud about
going into the fort, and that the white men would say the Indian had a crooked tongue, when talking
about his war exploits. He told them that their hearts were small, and that they were cowardly - thatthey acted more like squaws than men, and were not fit to defend their hunting ground. He told themthat the white men were ashamed of them and would refuse to trade with such a nation of cowards- that the Blackfeet would go home and tell their people that three thousand Crows could not takea handful of them, - that they would be laughed at, scorned, and treated with contempt by all nations
wherever known - that no tribe would degrade themselves hereafter by waging war with them, andthat the whole Crow nation, once so powerful, would forever after be treated as a nation of squaws.
The old negro continued in this strain until they became greatly animated & told them that if the red
man was afraid to go amongst his enemy, he would show them that a black man was not, and heleaped from the rock on which he had been standing, and, looking neither to the right nor to the left,
made for the fort as fast as he could run. The Indians guessing his purpose, and inspired by his words
and fearless example, followed close to his heels, and were in the fort dealing destruction to the rightand left nearly as soon as the old man.
Here now was a scene of no common occurrence. A space of ground about the size of an acre,completely crowded with hostile Indians fighting for life, with guns, bows and arrows, knives andclubs, yelling and screaming until the hair seemed to lift the caps from our heads. As soon as mostof the Crows got into the fort, the Blackfeet began to make their escape out of the opposite side, over
the rocks about 10 feet high. Here they found themselves no better off, as they were immediately
surrounded and hemmed in on all sides by overwhelming numbers. A large number on both sides had
fell in the engagement in the inside of the fort, as there the Crows had an equal chance with theirenemy, but when on the outside the advantage was decidedly against them, as they were confined ina circle and cut down in a few moments. When the Blackfeet found there was no chance of escape,and knowing that there was no prospect of mercy at the hands of their perplexed and aggravated, but
victorious enemy, they fought with more than human desperation. From the time they left their fort,
they kept themselves in regular order, moving forward in a solid breast, cutting their way throughwith their knives, until their last man fell, pierced, perhaps, with an hundred wounds. In thismassacre, if one of the Blackfeet would receive a dangerous wound he would drop to the ground,
as if dead, and if his strength was not too far exhausted, he would suddenly rise to his feet and plunge
his knife to the heart of an enemy who would be rushing through the crowd, and then die. This would
not be done in self defence, nor with a hope of escape, but through revenge.
This was truly a scene of carnage, enough to sicken the stoutest heart - but nothing at all incomparison with what took place afterwards. The Crows, when they found the enemy strewed overthe field, none having escaped their vengeance, commenced a general rejoicing, after which they
retired a short distance for the purpose of taking repose and some refreshment.
Although the victory was complete, the Crows paid dear for it, having lost about thirty killed, andas many more wounded, besides a great number of horses. The loss of their companions did notappear to dampen the rejoicing of the men the least bit, and indeed it would appear that the squaws
should do all the mourning and lamenting, as well as all the labour. Their dead were all collected
together, when the squaws went round and claimed their kindred. This was a most affecting scene but what was it when contrasted with that enacted by the men as soon as they had rested from thetoil of battle. The women would throw themselves upon the dead bodies of their husbands, brothers,&c. and there manifest the most excruciating anguish that any human being could suffer. The women
were occupied in this manner when the men went to work to glut their merciless vengeance on theirfallen foe.

Many of the Blackfeet who were scattered over the battle ground had fallen by broken limbs orwounded in some way, & were yet writhing in agony, unable to injure any one or help themselves inany way. All such were collected together, and then tormented in a manner too shocking to relate.
These fiends would cut off their ears, nose, hands and feet, pluck out their eyes, pull out their hair,cut them open and take out part of their insides, piercing them with sharp sticks - in short, every
method of inflicting pain was resorted to. In order that they might render their mode of torment still
more excruciating, they would bring into the presence of the dying the bodies of those who werealready dead, and then tear out their hearts, livers, and brains, and throw them in the faces of theliving, cutting them to pieces, and afterwards feeding them to their dogs - accompanying the wholewith the most taunting and revengeful epithets, whilst those not engaged in this fiendish work, were
occupied in keeping up a constant screaming, howling and yelling. When this torment commenced,
all the sufferers who could get hold of a knife or any thing with which they could take away theirlives, would do so immediately. All the torment that could be inflicted by their persecutors, failed tobring a single murmur of complaint from the sufferers - nor would they signify the least symptomsof being conquered. No - not if they had been offered undisturbed liberty, would those sufferers who
had lost so many of their companions, acknowledge themselves prisoners in the Crow village. Deaththey preferred to this, and death with indescribable horrors, did they all receive.
After they had finished tormenting the living, which was not done until there was no more to kill, theycommenced cutting off the heads of the mangled bodies, which were hoisted on the ends of poles andcarried about, and afterwards dashed them against trees, rocks, &c. leaving them on the plain to be
devoured by wild beasts.
The men now repaired to their dead friends, where they went through various manoeuvres, as muchas to say that they had revenged their death, and soon afterwards every thing was on the movetowards the camp, where we arrived soon after dark, not to rest, and calmly meditate on the scenesof the day, but to see further developements of the superstitious propensities of the poor neglected
savage.
After arriving in the village, a part of the men commenced their public rejoicings, by beating upondrums, dancing and singing, which, together with the incessant wailings and lamentations of those
who had lost relatives, gave us a night that was entirely free from repose, and averse to soberreflection. In this manner the whole night was spent, nor did the morning bring any prospect of a
cessation of these singular customs.
About ten o'clock the whole tribe was engaged in performing the funeral obsequies to the remainsof their deceased relatives. At an early hour the wife had seated herself by the side of her deadhusband, where she would remain until it came his turn to be interred, when she would clasp the cold
and lifeless form of him, whom she still seems to love, and cling to it until forced away by some of
the men: Their manner of burying their dead is also most singular in some respects: The corpse is
carefully wrapped up in buffalo robes and laid into the grave, together with his talisman, and any thingelse to which he was attached, - and if he be a chief of some importance, his horse's tail & mane areshaved off and buried with him - these benighted Indians believing that each of these hairs will turninto a beautiful horse in the land of spirits, where they think that a horse and bow and arrow are allthat a man requires to perfect his happiness and peace.

As soon as the dead were deposited in the silent tomb, the musicians collected together and marchedthrough the camp, beating upon sticks and drums, as a signal for the mourners to fall in the rear,which they did, and the whole procession then proceeded to the top of some rising ground, not far
off, where the males and females separated into different groups. - The female mourners now took
the point of an arrow, which was fixed in a stick, & commenced pricking their heads, beginning at
one ear and continuing round the forehead to the other, making incisions half an inch apart all round;and the men went through a similar course on their legs, arms, &c., until the blood oozed out instreams. All this performance was done without creating the least appearance of pain.
After doing this each female that had lost a near relative or particular friend, collected along a log anddeliberately cut off a finger at the first joint, which was done with as much coolness as the pricking
process. This is done by the males, also, except the two first fingers on the right hand, which theypreserve for the purpose of bending the bow, and many of the aged females may be seen with the end
off each of their fingers, and some have even taken off the second crop. Whilst this was being doneby the mourners, the other Indians kept up a continual noise with their music, singing, dancing andyelling.
The procession now returned to the village with the faces of all the female mourners daubed over with
their own blood, which they never remove until it wears off. Those not wishing to lose a finger are
at liberty to shave off their hair close, but it is the general custom among the Crows to lose a pieceof their finger. Any one who has lost a relative is not allowed to take part in the dance or any kindof sport for 12 or 13 moons, unless one of their surviving friends take the life of an Indian belonging
to the tribe that killed the mourned one - which will at once atone for all loss, and drown all grief, andshe is then allowed to wash the blood from her face and resume her former standing in society. This
night was spent in about the same manner as last night - some being engaged in dancing and singing,and others crying and lamenting the loss they had sustained.
Nov. 22d. This morning the chief of the nation gave orders to move for the purpose of getting among
the buffalo and other game - and also to be prepared for a national dance on their march. About ten
o'clock the whole tribe was in readiness and we started in the direction of the battle ground, and on
arriving there a halt was ordered for the purpose of giving the dead carcases of the Blackfeet the lastevidence of the Crow's revenge which was done by beating and mangling every piece of flesh they
could find. This done, the march was resumed to a beautiful level plain, perfectly smooth andcovered with short grass, for two or three miles square where the national dance was to take place.
When they had dismounted, the whole nation formed a ring, when 69 of the oldest squaws, all painted
black, formed themselves in a line in the centre of the circle, each bearing a pole from 12 to 15 feetin length. The person who struck the first blow at their late battle with the Blackfeet now
commenced dancing, and was immediately followed by every young man and woman belonging to
the tribe, (except the mourners, who stood silent, melancholy spectators) all clad in their best dresses,
handsomely worked with porcupine quills, and their heads delightfully ornamented with magpie andpheasant tails - forming themselves in double file, and dancing round the whole circle to wild, though
not irregular music - which they make by stretching a piece of buffalo skin over a hoop similar to ariddle, where it is well stretched, and then sewed together and filled with sand and left until it is dry
and properly shaped, when the sand is thrown out and some pebbles or bullets put in, when it is readyfor the hand of the musician - and is in shape similar to a goard.

After dancing round the circle once or twice, they would suddenly halt; shout their terrible
war-whoop - shoot off their guns, when the rattling music would again commence and they would
all be engaged in the dance. Each member of the tribe, who was not mourning, from the child up to
the enfeebled old man and woman took part in this exercise. After about two hours spent in thismanner, they concluded their celebration by the display of an Indian battle, which was exceedingly
grand, far beyond any description I had ever heard. 70 or 80 of their best warriors mounted theirmost active horses, one party acting the part of their enemies, the Blackfeet, each one armed with agun, a club or lance, and some with both. They separated, one party to one side and the other to theother side of the plain, and at a given signal would advance towards each other as fast as their horses
would run, firing and striking as they would pass - throwing themselves nearly under their horses, somuch so, that they could fire at each other under their horse's belly. During the time they seemed toexert every nerve, yet they kept up a continual noise, by repeating the most wild and ferocious yells
I ever heard. Their activity in throwing the lance is no less wonderful - being so expert in thisbusiness that they can throw it 20 or 25 yards and strike a mark the size of a man's head whilst riding
past as swift as their horses will go.
The greater part of the day was occupied in this manner, after which they took up their march
towards the river No-wood, on the banks of which stream we encamped for the night. In this vicinity
buffalo appeared to be quite numerous and the Indians killed several this evening. As the prospectof game appeared so good, the Indians determined on remaining here a few days for the purpose oflaying in a stock of buffalo robes to trade with Capt. Walker. The Indians would go out in large
companies and kill a great number of these animals, when it would be the duty of the women tofollow after and gather up the hides, which they would convey to the camp, and dress them ready formarket. It is the duty of the squaws to dress the buffalo robes alone, which is done by stretching thehide tight on the ground and there let it dry, when they have a piece of iron or sharp stone, fixed ina stick, making a tool similar to a foot-adze, with which they cut and scrape the fleshy side until it
becomes thin and smooth - after this they have a mixture composed of the brains and liver of theanimal mixed together, in which they soak the hide a couple of days, when it is taken out and again
stretched on the ground, where is beat and rubbed with a paddle until becomes perfectly soft and dry.
After catching a good many buffalo and some beaver at this place, we removed towards the point
designated to meet Capt. Walker and his men. On the 30th we encamped at the junction of the
Bighorn and Wind rivers. Not long after dark our encampment was surprised by a party of about fifty
Blackfeet suddenly appearing among our horses for the purpose of stealing them. This created agreat uproar in our camp. Every Indian was on his feet and ready for fight in an instant. The enemy
was discovered too soon, and had to retreat with the loss of one man, without taking any horses atall. They were followed a great ways across the plain to the mountain, but as the night was very dark
they could not be overtaken, and finally escaped. The one who had fallen was a principal chief among
the Blackfeet, and had ventured too near the encampment for the purpose of choosing a valuable
horse.
Here we were to have another scene of Indian exultation. On the former occasion, when the 69
Blackfeet had been killed there was too much grief mingled with the joy of the Crows to render it any
thing like complete; but now it was quite different, - an enemy had fallen without costing a drop ofblood on their part. On the former occasion it was joy only imitated - now it was exultation in reality.

It appears natural for these Indians to exult more over the death and scalping of one enemy without
the loss of one of their own - than they would to kill fifty of the enemy and lose one of their own.
After those who had given chase to the Blackfeet returned to camp, this dead Indian was taken in
hand. After every one had carefully examined him, he was taken to a tree and there suspended by theneck, when the men commenced shooting at him and the squaws piercing him with sharp sticks. This
work was kept up until after midnight, when they commenced dancing and singing, yelling &shouting, which was carried far beyond that of the 21st and 22d Nov. In this manner they spent theirtime until near ten o'clock, when they prepared to remove up Wind river - which they did after all
taking leave of the dead Indian by abusing it in some manner to show their spite.
We travelled up Wind river until the 4th of Dec. when we arrived at the camp of Capt. Walker,
whom, together with his men we found in good health and spirits. This camp is situated 60 or 70
miles east of the main chain of the Rocky mountains, on the head waters of Wind river, which, after
running 150 or 200 miles in an eastern direction, empties into the Bighorn. The Wind river valley,
through which this river passes, is one of the most beautiful formations of nature. It is upwards of
20 miles wide in some places, and is as level as a floor, with the margin of the river evenly
ornamented with thriving cotton wood. A great many white people pass the winters in this valley,on account of the abundance of buffalo and other game.
The first night after reaching the camp of my old companions was spent in telling and hearing told
the many exploits and adventures which we had severally seen and took part in since our separation.
Capt. Walker and his men had passed the time without encountering any hardships, or being disturbed
in any way, with the exception of a party of hostile Indians who watched their movements for sometime & who at last succeeded in stealing a few of their horses.
The following day the Crow chiefs were made presents of some small articles of merchandize, when
we commenced bartering with them for their furs and buffalo robes. As soon as they had sold out
their present stock they left us all highly pleased with their success, and commenced hunting for more.
As game was very plenty here we determined on spending the winter in this valley, where we
occupied our time in hunting and trapping a little ourselves, but deriving our principal profits bytrading with the Indians for robes, which they would bring into our camp as fast as they could dressthem.
The daily hunting of the Indians, as well as ourselves, had thinned the buffalo pretty well, and driven
them across the country onto the Platte river - in consequence of which the Indians are now (1stMarch, 1835) preparing to leave us and go down to the Yellow-Stone river, which empties into the
Missouri, where they intend spending the summer.
The Indians left with us one of their tribe who had received a stroke of the palsy, or a similaraffliction, which had deprived him of speech and of the use of one-half of his body. He was a manof 30 or 35 years of age, appeared to be in good health, but was entirely helpless, one arm and one
leg, being entirely numb, or dead, and beginning to decay. He was entirely speechless, and had beenin this situation for four years. They told us that this man had been a great warrior, and that themorning after returning from a hard, though successful battle, he was found in his bed dead, as they

supposed, and that, when about to bury him in the evening, he gave signs of remaining life - when hewas conveyed back to his wigwam and remained there for two days and nights, when he recovered
to the situation in which he was left with us. As he had been such a valuable chief, they did all in theirpower to restore him the use of his body, and had conveyed him about with them from place to placeever since, but had resolved to do so no longer, and therefore left him with us, telling us to do withhim as we pleased - if we saw proper to take him with us well and good, if not, we might leave him
to be food for the beasts of the forest.
Having concluded our winters hunt and trading with these Indians, who have left us, our men are now
occupied in digging holes for the secretion of our peltries and merchandize, until we return from ourspring's hunt, and when we would be joined by Capt. Bonneville and his company, who was to meetus at the mouth of Popoasia creek in June next. On the 8th I was sent by the Captain to measure thesize of the holes that the men were digging and whilst in one of them, taking the dimensions, withthree other men, the bank caved in, covering two men entirely, another up to the shoulders, anddislocating my foot. Of the four, I was the only one that was able to get out without assistance - theothers being all seated at the time the accident happened. Help was immediately obtained, and themen extricated as soon as possible, who appeared entirely lifeless, but after rubbing and bleeding themeffectually, they recovered, when the men proceeded to extricate the one whom we thought was theleast injured, but whom we found to be in the most dangerous situation, as his legs and lower partof his body was completely crushed. This man, (Mr. Laront, of St. Louis, where he left a wife andfour children) suffered most severely during the remainder of the day and all night, and died the nextmorning about sun rise.
The manner of digging these holes is upon a high dry bank, where they sink a round hole like a well,
five or six feet, and then dig a chamber under ground, where the merchandize is deposited - after
which the well part of it is filled up, and the top covered with the natural sod, and all the surpluss
earth is carefully scraped up & thrown into the river, or creek, so that left on the premises to lead tothe discovery of the hidden treasure.
March 10th. To day we deposited in the cold earth the remains of our lamented companion, Mr.
Laront, in the most respectable manner our means would allow, after which we resumed our businessof secreting our stores. Our provisions were again growing scarce for which purpose each one isanxious to be on the move. When we first came to this place, we could stand in our encampment
almost any morning and shoot down some lazy buffalo that would be lurking in the neighborhood but now our hunters might scour the valley a whole day and not kill as much as a rabbit.
Having every thing in readiness for removing on the morning of the 12th, Capt. Walker went to thepalsied Indian and told him that we were about going and were not able to take him with us. The
poor Indian then, not being able to speak, made imploring signs to us to leave him as much provision
as we could spare. This we done with cheerfulness, but it only consisted of the carcase of a wolf,
which we placed within reach of him, when he requested that we would fasten the cabin door so as
to prevent the entrance of wild beasts.
The wounded, consisting of one with a broken leg, another's back sprained, and myself my footdislocated, were placed on a litter made of a buffalo skin, with a pole tied to each side of it andfastened between two horses. This was the most painful travelling to me, as well as to the others, that
I had ever experienced, - particularly whilst passing over a rough piece of ground.
Our course led in a northern direction after reaching the Bighorn river, which we followed a few days
and then crossed over to Tongue river, which stream empties into the Missouri below the mouth of
the Yellowstone. Here we decided on hunting and trapping, as beaver signs were quite numerous.
The ice had not entirely melted from this stream yet, but there was none left to prevent us fromfollowing our favourable pursuit. In this neighborhood, we spent the months of April, May, and partof June, passing from one water course to another, finding plenty of beaver at each place, and someother game. During the whole time we were permitted to follow our business without any
disturbance. All the wounded had completely recovered, and were enabled to make a profitable hunt
- having visited, in our toilsome occupation, the head waters of the following rivers all of which are
the tributaries of the Missouri: - Tongue, Powder, Yellowstone, Little and Big Porcupine,
Misscleskell, Priors, Smith's, Gallatin's, Otter, Rose-bud, Clark's and Stinking rivers.
About the 10th of June we suspended our trapping and returned to Wind river, where we found Capt.
Bonneville and his men waiting for us according to appointment, at the mouth of Popoasia creek.
Here we encamped for a few days, until we could collect our peltries together and make a divide having sent some of our men to bring our merchandize, &c., from the place where we had depositedit, who succeeded without any difficulty, and stated that no traces of the palsied Indian we had left
there could be discovered. - We now set about packing and sorting our furs, &c., and making
arrangements for the ensuing year - such as paying off hands, hiring them for another term, andapportioning the different companies. Captain Walker, with 59 men, was to continue trapping in thiscountry for one year from this time, and Capt. Bonneville, with the remainder, taking all the peltries
we had collected, and which was packed upon horses and mules, was to go to the States and returnin the summer of 1836, with as strong a force as he could collect, and a large supply of merchandize,and meet Capt. Walker in this neighborhood.
On parting this time, many of the men were at a loss to know what to do. Many were anxious toreturn to the States, but feared to do so, lest the offended law might hold them responsible for
misdemeanors committed previous to their embarking in the trapping business, and others could not
be persuaded to do so for any price - declaring that a civilized life had no charms for them. Although
I intended to return to the mountains again, I was particularly anxious to first visit the States lest I
should also forget the blessings of civilized society, and was very thankful when I found myself in
Capt. Bonneville's company, on the march towards the rising sun. As we travelled along we killed
all the game we could, this being necessary, as provision is very scarce on the course we intended topursue between the village of the Pawnee Indians and the white settlements. About the 25th of July
we arrived on the Platte river, which we followed down until we arrived at the Pawnee village,
situated about 150 miles from where the Platte river empties into the Missouri. After trading withthese Indians for some corn, we left them and travelled rapidly every day until we arrived in
Independence, (Mo.,) which is the extreme western white settlement, on the 29th of August, 1835
- after being absent four years, four months, and five days.
FINIS