6r?
OCCASIONALPAPERSOFBERNICE P. BISHOP MUSEUM
H ON OLULU, HAW AII\-olumeX\/IiI

July 30, 1947

Nurnber22

Pacific
Tipulid ae of the Southeastern(Diptera)'
By CHARLESP. ALEXANDER
Srern Colt-Et;E\{assecnusETTS

INTRODUCTION'lhe followilg accouut of the crane-fliesof the islalcls of thesoutheasternPacific is baseclon uraterials procured by the Berniceitinerary
P. Bishop Museum Nlangarevan Expedition of 1934. The
by the tnembersof the expedition
ancl summary of work accornplishecl
1934
ha'e been given in an account irr the Report of the Director for(8. P. Bishop N{tts.,Ilull. 133:33-71,1935). This excellentaccountlastingtells of the voyage of the Islandcr, with its staff of scientists.
25 nroun196 clays, .orr.ring more than 9,000 miles, and exploring
The entotainous islands "rra 31 aclditional coral islanclsand islets.
ofnrologist, E. C. Zimrnerman,collecteclmore than 40,000 specimerrs
ilsects. ilcludilg a small number of Tipulidae.
Follorvilg Mr. Zimrnemran's suggestiotl,I atlt inclucling in thisPareport all of the various islancl grotU)s lyilg i1 the sotttheasterrr
cific qrraclrant,east of 160" east lor1gitucleaucl south of the equator'
IslanderThe chief islald groups that were visited lly the staff of theFrom
are the Society,Austral, N{angarevan,anclthe Tuamotu Islands'
earlier sources,a few aclclitionalrecorclsfrom the MarquesasanclJuan
ez are available ancl are inclucleclin the basic list here proF'ernancl
vided.
Lrsr oF THE TrpulroAli oF'THESouTIIIiAsTEnxPacrnrc
TIPULINAE

Tipula (EumicrotiPula) biickstrtimi Alexander: Juan Fernandez
1 Mangarevan Expedition publication i9.

338

I J c r n i c cR . I i i s h o l tt r l u s c u t t t - O c c t t s i o n Ptta
l f c r sX I ' l I I , 2 2
LINIONIINAF:

Limonia (Thrypticomyia) tlichromogaster(Edwards) : Societl.Islancls
t . ( T . ) zi mme rma n i a n an, e rv species:Austr al Islandst. (T.) sparsiseta,ltew species: Societl' Islands
L . ( D o a ne o myi a )ta h i ti e n si s(Alexander ): Societ_v
Islands
L. (Dicranomyia) illingworthi (Alexander) : N{arcluesas,
Islands
Societ_rL . ( D . ) ra p a e (A l e xa n d e r),n e w synon_vmAustr:al Islancls
t . ( D . ) sa n cti -g e o rg i (Ei d u 'a rds): Austr al Islancls
(
D
.
)
t.
s e l ki rki (A l e xa n d e r): J uan Fer nandez
L . ( L i b n ote s)p e rki n si (Gri mshas,): M ar quesas,Societ) 'Islandst . ( t . ) o ro fe n a a en, e w sp e ci e :s Societ_r
Islands'
Limonia (Limonia) raiateaae,new species: Society Islancls
Gonomyia (Lipophleps)adamsoniAlexander: Marquesas
G . ( L . ) f la vi d a p e xE d w a rd s: Societl'Islands
G . ( t . ) f u sco scu te l l a ta
A l e xa n der : SocietyIslands
G . ( L . ) l yra A l e xa n d e r: Ma rq uesas
G. (t.) marquesanaAlexander: Marcluesas
G . ( L . ) me ta l l e sce nE
s d w a rd s: Mar quesas(L.)
mumforili
G.
Alexander: tr{arcluesas
G . ( L . ) p u n cti g e raA l e xa n d e r: SocietyIslands
G . ( L . ) t a h i ti e n si sA l e xa n d e r: SocietyIslands
G . ( t . ) t o n n o i re l l aA l e xa n d e r: SocietyIslands
Styringomyia iliilyma Grimsharv: Society Islands, 'forrgan Islands. (\-ery
w i d esp re a do ve r ma n y o f the islandsof the southr vester Pacific.
n
as farw e s t a s th e P h i l i p p i n e sa n d Riouw Ar chipelago.)

There \\'ere no previous records from lVlang:rreva,
Pitcairn, or the
Tuamottts. No Tipuliclaeoccur on Easter Islancl(Rapa Nui), anclno
collectionshave cometo hanclfronr the Cook Islancls.
The trttnrberof speciesin the familv Tipulidaetaken b1'the l\IarrgarevallExpedition is not large l;ut incluclesa ferv noveltiesof morethan or<lirraryinterest. The tvpes of the new speciesare preserr-ed
in Bisholt llusettur. I wish to expressmv very cleepest
thanks to theNlttseuurattclto Mr. Zitnmernranfor the privilege of studfing thisinterestingseriesof crane-flies.
R E C O R DO F S P E C I E S

Limc'nia (Thrypticomyia) zimmermaniana,new species(fig. 1, n).
General coloratiou of thorax mediunr brown, including three almost conflupraescutal
ent
stripes; legs brownish black, the outer two-fifths or less of thebasitarsi artd the remainder of tarsi snowy white; wings with a u'eak brownish
tiuge, the prearcular field more Irearly hyaline, stigma long and llarrow; veirr
Sc' long, exceeding Rs,' f ree tip of Sc, far before 1&; abdominal tergites uniformly clark browtt; male hypopygium with tergite urrusually narrow, especialll'at midlirre, each lobe with about 18 strong but unnrodified setae; ventromesal
lobe of basistyle stout, without modified setae; rostrum of ventral dististyle shortPacific^lletontlcr-Tipulidae of Southeastern339

and stout, the spines arising from elevated swollen tubercles that are slightly
separated'atbasis;gonapophysiswith mesal-apicallobe broad; aedeagusterminating in two acute needlelikepoints.
il{ale: length about 6-6.5 mm.; wi'g, 7-7.5 mn. Female: length about
6 mm.; wing, 6.5 mm.
Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae relatively long; scape obscureyellow, remaincler of organ dark brown; flagellar segments long-oval, withlonspicuous glabrous api-al necks; terminal segmetrt elongate, about one-halflong", than penultimate; verticils long, unilaterally distributed, slightly exceeding segments. Head brown; anterior vertex relatively broad.

hflh,
igt
a

-

w

male hypopygium;
FrCunEl.-a, Litttortia (Tlv5'pticomltia) sintnrcrntaniano,c, aedeSymbols:
hypopygium.
b, I.irnonia (Thiypticomyia) spii.r-iseta,male; f, tergite; z'd, ventral dististyle';;"; ; b, basistyl";'g, goti"poph-vsis
praescuPronotum obscure yellow. I\{esonotum chiefly medium brown, theyellow;borders
lateraltum with three almost ionfluent stripes of this color, theobscuremedian region of scutum obscure yellow. Pleura and pleurotergite
coxae
the
with
brown.
Legs
darkyellow. Halteres with stem yellow, krrob
basitarsi
browl;
yellow; trochanters more testaceous; femora and tibiae darkin cases
trowlish black, with about the outer two-fifths or less abruptly white,
white.
snowy
similarly
tarsi
with olly tl-re outer fifth whitened; remainder ofbrown;
Wings with a weak brownish tinge, the long nar-row stigma darker
preaicula, field more nearly hyaline; vei's brown. Venation: Sc, ending oppoRs,' freesite origin of Rs, Sc, some distance from its tip, ,Sc,alone longer thanor
iip of 5c, far beiore R:, Rr{r preservedas a long spur, subequalin length tothebeyondlength
owu
its
about
nx-cu
longer than Rg; cell ls/ J[1, rettangular ifork of .4f.
yellow;
Abclominal tergites clark brolvn, the outer sternites more obscure
9f, utlusuh1'popy'giumclark btwn. \{ale 6ypopygiurn (fig. l, a) rvith the tergite,
low, eachlobes
ally larrow, especially at midlin!, u'hich is heavily sclerotized;
lobewith 18 to 20 strolg setae,rronemoclifiecl.Basistyle, D, rvith the ventromesal
entirely
dististyle
Dorsalvery short and stoul with strong setae,uone moclified.
pale. the tip acute. \'eltral distlstyle, zd, clark-colored,its area nearly twice thatti tt . basistyle; rostral prolongaiiorr relatively short atrd stout, the two spines

34oBarniceIJ. BishopMttsetun-OccosionolPaf ers X[,'II I, 22

from alt elevated swollen tubercle, each arising from smaller individual elevations; spines short and straight. Gonapophysis,9, with mesal-apicallobe broad.
Aedeagus. o, broad, parallel-sicled,the apex hyaline, each outer angle produced
into a needlelikepoint.

Habitat : Austral Islarrcls.
Holotype, male, Mirivaki. Tuhtrai,alt. 10 ft.. Aug. l?, 1934,Zintmerman. Allotopot)'pe, fernale.paratopotl'pes,rnale ancl female, Aug.
l2-L6. 1934,Zimmerman.
The fly is most sirnilar to l.htrcnia (Thrt,pticorrtlti,s)dichromogastcr (Edrvards), of the Societl'Islancls, frorn which it cliffers incoloratiotr, as the elongate stigma and the unbancleclabclon'ren,andin the details of structure of the nrale hypopygium, particularll' theninth tergite, rostral prolongation, and the gonapophyses.
I take great pleasurein nauring this intere.stingspeciesfor Elwoocl
C. Zimmerman. clistinguisheclstudent of the Coleopteraof the Pacific islands.

Limonia (Thrypticomyia) sparsiseta,new species(fiS. 1, b).
General coloration of thorax light rufous brown; antennae dark brorvn,
flagellar segmentselongate-oval,with glabrous apical stems; basitarsi with lessthan the proximal half blackened,the tips and remainder of tarsi srlowy white;wings with proximal half whitish subhyaline,the outer half very gradually moredarkened: stigma darker brown, long-oval ; aMominal tergites uniformly darkbrown, uupatterned; male hypopygium with each lobe of the tergite with about
five strong unmodified setae; rostral spines straight, slender; gonapophyseswith
mesal-apicallobe a strong curved darkened horn, the tip acute; aedeagusterminating in trvo long pale spines.
Male: length about 4.2-4.5mm. ; wing, 5-5.5 mm. Female: length about
4.5 mm.: wing, 5.5mm.
Rostrum and palpi brorvn. Antennae dark brown; flagellar segments
elongate-oval, with glabrous apical stems; verticils unilaterally arranged, very
long ancl corrspicuous,the longest about twice the segments. Head dark brown.
Thorax almost uniformly light rufous brown, the pleura a trifle more yellowed. Halteres with stem 1'ellou',knob dark brown. Legs with the coxae andtrochanters 1'ellow; femora obscure yellow, the tips weakly infuscated: tibiae
light brown: basitarsi with less than the proximal half brownish black, theremainder of tarsi white. \\/ings with proximal half whitish subhyaline,the outerhalf very gradually and itrconspicuouslydarkened, especially the cells beyond
r. Wing
cord; stigma darker browtr, long-oval, larger than in dichromoglaste
petiole proportionately a little lorrger and more slender than in dichromogaster.
Venation : free tip of Scr usualll' less tharr its own length before level of Rr, inthe type sonrewhatmore removed; m-cu shortly before mid-length of cell l.st A,lz.
Basal segmeut of aMometr pale, tlte succeeclingones, including hypopygium,
dark browtr, unpatterned,not variegated as in dicht'otrtoclostat'.
I\{ale hypopygium(fig. l, b) with the tergite, 9/, moderately constricted at midclle, the lobes relativell' prominent, each with about five strong setae, none of which is modified.
Basistyle, h, with ventromesallobe large and fleshy, its area orrly a little less thanarn Ptrcifc
cr-T iputidaeof Soulhcust.-llc.ronrl

3-+1

conthe body of the style, without modifieclsetae,the uortnal vestiture lottg attddilatedrod,slightly
gentlycurvedspicuous,pale in .oio.. Dorsal clististyle a
blfore the suclclellyacute tip. Ventral dististyle, t't/, fleshy, its area iully twicethat of the basistl:le; rostral prolongatiorl very sleuclcr,its base much .elevatedand bearing at its summit the two spitres,these slightly separated,straight andslender. Gonapophysis,g, with the mesal-apicallobe a strong curved darkened
horn, the tip acute. Aecleagus,a, terminating in two long pale spirles.

Habitat : Society Islautls,Tahiti.
Holotl,pe, tttale, Fatttaua Valley, lleneath llatratla trees, NIar' 13,
1934,Ziurmerurau. Allotopotype, fenlale, paratopotypes,3 males andf enrales; parat)'Pes,2 females.Fautaua Gorge, alt. 1,500to 2.000 ft',
I\Iar. 13, 1934; female, Tiupi Ba1,,Papeari, May 3, 193't: 1 lllale,
Arue District, alt. 500 ft., I'Iar. 6,1934, on bananastunrp,Ziurtnernlan''fhis flr-is reaclilvclistingtrishecl
frotu the other regionalnrellrl)erof
cr (Edwards),
Lirrtottia(Thrt'pticotnyia)tlichrornogost
the strbgenus,
by the coloration of the abclomenatrcl wirtgs ancl b1' the cletails of
structure of the nrale h1'popvginm,particularly the tergite arrclgonapoplrl,ses. I possessa paratvpeof diclvomogasterreceivedin exchange
through Dr. Edwarcls.
Limonia (Doaneomyia) tahitiensis (Alexancler).
DoottcoyryiotahiflcrlsisAlexancler,Brooklyn E,nt. Soc., Bull. 16:

1 2 ,1 9 2 1 .
trees.Zin'
bananabeneathVallev,Mar. 13,1934,
Tahiti: Fautaua
nlerrnarl; Arihiri, Pare. March 5 to 16, 1931, Zirnmerman.
The speciesu,as describeclfronr material taken in Tahiti, without
closer geographicalclata,collectedAugust 1908 by the late Professor
Rel1ie \\'ilbur Doane. after whom l named the subgellus. Since thisfirst cliscoverv,there have beena few further records from the Society
Islancls. N{iss L. Evelyn Cheesman,whose notes are given below,
procureclseveralspecimensfrom Tahiti in the Vall6e de Sainte Arn6lie,
Mar. 8, Ig25; Papenoo, NIar. 13, 1925; \raitepiha River, Tautira,ft.. June l, 7925. All such
July 9,lg25; antl from Raiatea,alt. 2,000,pecinlerrswere taken in shacle,high up in the heads of the various
gullies where water was flowing over precipitous rocks.
Nliss Cheesman'sfurther notes on this fly, lvhich she calls the"Tahitian midge," have been given iu one of her charming't'oltlmes,"Hunting insects in the south seas." Her uotes on this particttlar fly(p. 72) are as follows:
There are delicate insect forms in such places [along mountaiu streams]
which are very desirable to a collector. Fragile midges dancing over the water;

Papersx't/III, 22
342 BcrniceB. Bishoplv[useu,,t-occasiortol
often in the spray,so that one cannotimaginehow they escapedestruction,since
if even a drop of water touchedone it must be hurled into the water. Yet you
may watch a swarm of dancingmidges,as I did that morning,under a waterfall,
and there will not be a singlecasualty. I stoodjust below them and picking out
an individual followed its graceful rhythmic figures as it wove a designagiinst
the warp of fine spray. One seesthen,when watchinga swarm f rom a few inches
away, that it is their lightnesswhich savesthem. It is not their voluntary movements that keep them safe among these formidable missiles,but each drop ofwater disturbs the air as it falls through it and pushesthe midge out of harm'sway.

Her further notes(p.7\ on the interrelationsof this specieswith
spiders'websare very interesting.
. . . They have one most curious and unaccountablehabit, shared with manyother midges,and that is to hang upsidedown in cobwebs.The spidersknow
them quite well, and apparentlymake no.attempt to catch them. But althoughsomeof the rvebswhere they hang are sticky to the touch, yet the midgesn"u.tseemto be entrapped.It is a curious habit for any insectto hang suspended
inthis fashion,and why they shoulddo so in a place so fraught with dangeras aspider'sweb is incomprehensible.
On someislandsthere are spiderswith whitebands to their legs which at first sight can be mistakenfor thesemidges,butwhetherthe spidermimics the midge or the other way is not plain, for it is dilficult to seewhat advantagesuchmimicry would be to either.

The entire problem of associationof Tipulidae of many kincls
rvith spiclers'webs has receivedmuch attention in the literature but
the referencesare \rer,\'incompleteancl scatterecl.Tr,r,omain genera
are involved,Lhttonia Meigen,with the subgeneraDoaneonryiaAlexander,Eu,glocltinaAlexamcler,
and T'lryltticontl,ia Skuse,and Trcntepohlia Bigot, subgenusIlongoma Westu'oocl.It is of interestto notethat all of the speciesof craue-fliesso far involvedhave the legs variousll' patternedwith sllowy vvhite,as describeclfor L. tahitiensisby
Miss Cheestnan.It is of further interestto note that all suchrecords
pertain to the Oriental aud Australasianfaunal regions,althoughspeciesof EttglochinaandThryfticoxnyiaoccur throughouttropicalAfrica
anclundoubtedlyhavethe samehabits. In tropical Arnerica,severalof
tlre speciesof Trenteltolilia havesimilarly patternedlegsand may havesomewhatcomparablehabits.
Limonia (Dicranomyia) illingworthi (Alexander).
Dicranont5rioillingzuor'firiAlexancler,Ent. Soc. America, Ann. Z:

239-240,
t914.
Limonia (Dicranontyia) illi'ngzuorthi(Alexander), Encycl. Ent.,
Diptera5:85-86,1929.
Widespreadover the Pacificislands.

Pocifc.llc.rondcr-Til>ulidueof Soutlteostcrn

343

MangarevanIslaucls:tr{angareva,near convent,alt. 300 ft., May
24, 1934.sweepinggrassesand low herbage;near Atituiti, May 25,
L934; near chapel,TeomekuraPoiut, alt. 800 ft., Muy 25, 1931 (allZimmernan). Aukena Island, northwestside, alt. to 50 ft., May 25,
L934; Koiovao, May 29, 1931,sweepinggrassesand low herbage,
Zimmermatr.
Pitcairrr Islancl:Aclamstown,June 13, 1934,at light, Zimmerntan.
Rapa: Mt. Pukunia,alt. 1,377ft., July 8, 1934,understones,F. R.
Fosberg. Southeastvalley, NIt. Ororangi, alt. 600-800 ft., July 3,'fautautu alt.700-800ft.,
1934;northwestslopesof N{t.
,July 9, 1934;
Mt. Vairu, alt. 1,100ft., July 12, 1934;eastridge of Mt. Perahu,alt.
ft., July 23,ft., Jul.v21, 1934; Mt.Tanga, alt.70O-{3001,200-7.500
1934; northeastriclge of MangaoaPeak, alt. 1,000-1,200ft., July25, 1931 (all Zimmerman).
ft., Arg. 15, t934,
Atrstral Islancls:Tubuai, Mt. Taita, alt. 1,0C)0
Zirntnerman;Rurttttt, IVII. \{antlreva, 1,100ft., Aug. 29, 1934,Zimlnerman.
Tuaruotu Islancls: ltorthwest islet, South Marutea Island, Muy

22, 1931,Zin'tmerman.
The speciesclescrilledas Dicranomyia rapae Alexander (Ann.
M"g. Nat. Hist. IX, 13: 36, 1924) is evidentlybasedon an unusuallyheavilypatterneclspecimenof.illingworthi and shouldbe placedin thesynonymy. The t1'pewas collectedat Rapa, November1921,at light,
in the British Museum.
by Mrs. A. \4. Stokes,and is preservecl
Limonia (Dicranomyia) sancti-georgii (Edwards).
Dicran,ortlyi(ttrrrcti-georgfi Edwarcls, Ann. Mug. Nat. Hist. IX,

20 238. 1927.
The t1'peswere f rom Rapa,collectedin April 1925by C. L. Collenette. Further material from Rapa in the presentcollection:northeast
ft., J,tly 15, 1934,Zimmetman;
ridge of 1\{t. Perahtt,alt. 1,000-1,400ft., July 2I,1934, Zimmereastriclgeof Mt. Perahu,alt. 1,2A)-1,500
rllan; rlorthwestslopesof Mt. Tautatttu,alt. 800 ft., July 25, 1935,
C. M. Cooke,Jr.
Limonia (Libnotes) perkinsi (Grimshaw).
Diptera3 (1):FauuaHawaiiensis,
Litnnobialtcrhinsr'Grinrshaw,
6-7, 1901.
Wiclespreadover the Pacificislandsu'hereit appearsto havebeenof the Polynesians.
spreadcluring the migratior-rs

poltcrsxIilll,2z
341 BcrniceB. Bishof Muscutrt--occosional
Austral Islands: ItaivavaeIslancr.near unurau. alt. lCf.-200ft.,
Arg. 3,1934,zimmerrnan;Raiurua,alt. 5 ft., Arg. s,1934,sweepi'g
grassesand low herltage,Zimmerman.
MangarevanIslands:northwestsideof Aukenafslancl,alt. to 50
f.t., May 25, 7934,sweepinggrassesand low herbage,Zinrmerman.
SocietyIslands: Tahiti, Tiupi Buy, Papeari,IVIay3, 1934,zintmerman.
Limonia (Libnotes) orofenaae,new species.
Size large (wing, male, over 12 mm.); general coloration of nresonotunr
black, the praescutumpatterne<lrvith chestnutbio,*.n: antennaeblack tl.rroughont,the flagellar segmentswith short apical necks; apex of knob of halteresv.ito*;
femora brown, the tip clear yellow, enclosing" n"rrow black subterminalring;wings obscureyellow, restrictedly patternea wittr pale washesand clarker brownareas, the latter including the very large stigma 1is strougly arcuate6; male;hypopygium with the tergal lobes very low and obtuse; disiistyte with acorrspicuousspinous projection arising from the base of the prolongatiop; gonapophysis with apex of mesal-apicallobe obtusely tru'cated.
Male: length about l0 mm.; wing, 12.5mm.
Rostrum black, relatively long, a little shorter than the remainclerof head;maxillary palpi black. Antennae black throughout; first flagellar segmentwitha slender basal stem and a stouter apical neck; succeeding,.grn.n1, suboval,
with abrupt short but conspicuousnecks, those oi the outer segmelts more slender; terminal segment elongate, pointed at tip, about one-haft longer than the
penultimate. Head black; anterior vertex reclucedto a narrow
strip that is only
about as wide as two rows of ommatidia.
Pronotum black, paler behind. Mesonotal praescutumvariegatedwith blackand chestnut brown, the disk covered by three ionfluent black st-ripes,the lateralborders similarly darkened,the two dark areas separatedby the paler color which
thus forms a sublateral brightening, removed from the lateral margin; posteriorscleritesof notum black, the median region of scutum and the postrritum sparsely
more pruinose. Pleura dark chestnut brown, variegatecl r,vith more blackishareas,especiallyinvolving the propleura ancl acljoining portions of the anepisternum and the pteropleurite; ventral sternopleuriteclarkened. Halteres withstem
blackened,its baseobscureyellow; knob dirkenecl basally,the apical half obscureyellow. Legs with the fore coxae chestnut brou,n, the remaini,.,g.o*". a trifle
darker; trochanters reddish brown ; femora obscure
1'ellou-b"."iiy, passing intobrown, the apex light yellow, enclosing a narrorv black subternrinalring that is
wider than the yellow apex; remainder of legs broln, the terrrrinil tarsal
segmentsmore blackened;claws toothed. Wings u'ith the ground obscureyellow,
greatly restricted by brown washes ancl broaclclarker brou'n seanrsto
certain of
the veins, including the origin of Rs, corcl ancl outer end of cell lsf .111g;
stigmavery large, elongate, dark brown, extending from sc, to bel,onclRs; the yeiow
ground is especiallyevident before the origin of Rs, before and beyond
the cord,thestigmaandsubbasally
in
the
outer
medialcells;
veinsdarklgrondbrown.
Venation: ,Sc relatively long, Sc, enclingjust beyorrdthe level of.r-nt, Sc, somedistancefrom its tip, immediately before the fork of Rs,. free tip of Scr'a distance
before Rz that slightly exceedsthe length of the latter; Rs relatively long andvery strongly arcuated ; cell lst Mz long and narrow, its base arcuatei and lyingPocifc.1le-ronder-Ti ltulidocof Soutlteostent

34.5

slightll'basacl of cell Ra, the cell longer than vein X'[ri ltr.-crtat near mid-lengthof iell jst JI,:: alal veins learly parallel to otre auother for most of their length,cell 2nd A relatively narrow.
Abdominal segments conspicuously bicolored, black, with broad orangeyellow apices; o,r ih. tergites the latter color decreasesin amount outwardly;
sternites with the yellow borclerseven broader, occupying at least the distal halfof the segmelt; eighth segmelt and ninth tergite chiefly pale, the latter with thelobes blackele<l; styli conspicuouslyblackened. Male hypopygium with the tergite large, broaclesi ""rom the cephalic errd where it narrows to acute lateralpoints, th"n.. sloping to the lolv obtuse caudal lobes, these provided with coarse
ietae: elsewhere the whole tergal surface with abundant delicate pale setulae.
Dististyle relatively small, its area about one-half that of the basistyle; main
body oval. with long coarse setae; rostral blade compressed,very deep at base;lateral spine that bears
o1 iid. of style near base of prolongation is a cot'tspicuous
lobe appearing as a
mesal-apicalthewith
two very loirg setae. Gonapophysis
pale.
Aedeagus bilobed
lo1g, stiaight, flattetred rod, the tip obliquely truncate,
at apex.

Habitat: SocietyIslands,Tahiti.
Holotype,ntale,eastslopeof Mt. Orofena,alt. 4,500f.t.,Sept.22,
1931,F. R. Fosberg.
This fl.v is amply clistinctfrom all other describedspeciesof theof a gigantic
slbgenus. Superficially,it has somewhatthe appearance
Limonia (Libnot es) f erkinsi ( Grimshaw) .
Limonia (Limonia) raiateaae'new species.
Size medium (wing, female, 7 mm.) ; general coloration yellow and brown;
altennae black, the flagellar segmentswith short abrupt apical stems; mesonotal
praescutum with three brown stripes; femora obscureyellow, each with a brown
iubterminal rilg; wings yellow, with a restricted brown pattern; Sc relatively
lo1g, Sc, errclingabout opposite three-fourths the length of the strongly arcuated
Rs;'t,r-c1about one-fourth its length beyond the fork oL M; abdominal segments
brown, the posterior borders broadly ringed with yellow; cerci slender.
Female: lerrgth about 7 mm.; wing, 7 mm.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black throughout; basal flagellar segnrents oval, the outer oltes more elongate, all with short abrupt apical stems;
verticils of the proximal sevelt or eight segmeuts elougate, exceeding the segmetlts, becoming shorter on the outer ones,olt the terminal four or five becoming
subequali1 length to the segments; terminal segmentabout one-half longer thanthe penultimate. Heacl blackened.sparsely gray pruinose,anterior vertex reduced
to a uarrorv litre.
Prolotgm and cervical region infuscated above, obscure yellow on sides.
Mesolotal praescutum obscure yello'w, with three brown stripes, additional to alateral darkening; meclianstripe broacl and entire, lateral stripes continued backrvarcl over the scutal lobes, the median region of the latter yellow; posteriorsclerites of notum dark brown. Pleura brown, with a vague more yellowed
lolgiturlinal stripe extending from behind fore coxae to base of abdomen.
Haiteres with stem testaceous,knob yellow. Legs with the coxae and trochanters
yellow; femora obscure yellow, with a brown subterminal ring, preceded andpapers xI/lll,
346 BerniceB. Bisholt fuIuscu717-e66ctsionalz2

followed by narrow clearer yellow rings, the apical one less than half
as extensive
as the brown annulus; tibiae yellow, weakly dirkened at tip; tarsi obscureyellow,
the terminal segmentsinfuscated; claws with a strong seta and with a few
microscopic spinous points lying more basacl. Wings wiltr the groundcolor yellow,
with a restricted brown pattern that is most evident as the stigma andas seams
at origin of Rs, cord and outer end of cell rst -41g,.v?gu", p"1., brownwashesalong the veins of basal third of wing, particularly in the anil cells
and again at
the wing tip in outer radial field; veins brown. Venation: Sc relatively
long,
Sct ending about opposite three-fourths the length of Rs, Sc, near its tip;Rlstrongly arcuated at origin; free tip of Sc, and R, in approximatetransversealignment, glabrous; a short, densely setuliferous spur of Rr-F: juts
beyond Rzi
veins Rg and Rr{; ext€nding par:allel to oire anothei; cell lst Xi"long,subequal
to the outer section of veirr X'|.:t|trt about one-half longer than the basal
sectionof. Il[s and more arcuated ; flr-cu,about one-fourth its own length beyond
the forkof. M; anal veins nearly parallel or diverging very slightly.
AMomen conspicuouslybanded brown ancl yellor,v,the tergites brown,
withabout the outer third of each yellow; or1 the stlrnites the two colors
are morenearly equal in extent. Ovipositor with the cerci slencler,upcurved
to the acutetips, a trifle exceedingthe hypovalvae.

Habitat: leewardSocietyIslands,Raiatea.
Holotype,female,Temehaniplateau,art. 1,500ft., oct. s, 1934,
Zimmerman.
While superficially resembling Linrcnio (Libnotas) perhirtsi,(Grimshu*), the presentfly is well clistinguishecl
by the positionofltt'-ctc'on lvhich characterI am referring it to the subgelusLintottia
rather than to l-ibnotes. 'Ihe sulrterminalclarkrings of the femoraand
the wing pattern anclvenationsinrilarlyseparatethe flv from perkinsi.
Styringomyia didyma Gri'rshaw, Fauna Hawaiiensis,Diptera 3( 1 ) : 1 0 ,1 9 0 1 .
Idioplclebiapallida Griinberg, Zool. A'zeiger 26:524-52g, 1903.
Austral Islands: RaivavaeIsland, pic Rouge,alt. zCf].-400
ft., beating Alyria, Aug.5, 1934, zjmmerma'; Raiurua, alt. 5 ft., Aug. 5,7934,zimmerman; Ahuoivi pt., alt. 5 ft., Aug. g, 1934,zimmerman.
RimataraIsland,Maraitera,alt.25 f.t.,Sept.S, L934,sweepinggrasses
and low herbage,Zimmerman. Tubuai Island, lVlurivahi,alt. 10 ft.,
Arg. 16, 1934, Zimmerman.
SocietyIslands: Tahiti, 2 miles east of Papeete,June 11, 1927,
L. H. MacDaniels;Blue Lagoon Hotel, Papeete,at light, Feb. 26,
1934,Zimmerman; 1.5 miles northeastof Papeete,alt. 25 ft., Mar. 2,
1934, swept from grasses,Zimrnerman;near Tiupi Buy, Papeari,Mar. 79, 1934, Zimmerman.
one of the most widely distributedcrane-fliesknown, S. did,ynca
is widespreadover the Pacificislands,whereit has presumablybeen

Alcrander--T ipulidoeof Southessterrt'Pocifc

347

carriecllty the Polynesiansin their centuriesof exploration of the
Pacific. Outside the southeasterllquadrant here discttssed,the species has been recordeclfrom the Hawaiian Islands, Fanning Island,Samoa, Tonga. Fiji, the New Hebrides, New Guinea, the Philippines, the Caroline Islands, and the Riouw (Rhio) Archipelago.
Lying just off the coast of Singapore,at approximately 104o east
lolgitude, the Riouw Archipelago is noteworthy as being the rnost
westerly recorclfor the species.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ar-ExnNlEn,C. P., Diptera-Tipulidaefrom Juan Fernandez,Nat. Hist. Juan
FernandezanclEaster Island s(l) : 25-27,1920.
AlExeNoEn,C. P., Undescribedor little-known crane-fliesfrom the Pacificislands,Brooklyn Ent. Soc.,Bull. 16: 9-13, 1922.
Al4xervuER,C. P.. New cr little-knownTipulidae,part 19, Anrt. Mag. Nat. Hist.
I X , 1 3: 3 3 - 4 9 .1 9 2 4 .
C. P., New ancllittle-known Tipulidae from the Marquesas:B. P.
Ar-ExaNpEn,
Bishop Mus., Bull. 9s:87-92,1932.
AlExaNuEn,C. P., Neu' Tipulidaefrom the SocietyIslands: B. P. BishopMus.,, 935.
B u l l . 1 1 3 : 5 3 - 5 6( 1 9 3 3 ) 1
AlExexuER.C. P., Check list of Tipulidae of Oceania,B. P. Bishop Mus., Occ.
Papers9(21) : l-12, 1933.
B. P. Bishop
AlExeNnER,C. P., A new speciesof Tipulidae from the l\{arquesas,Mus., Bull. r42: 123-124,(1935) 1939.
'W.,
Diptera Nematocerafrom the South Pacific collectedby the
Enq'nnns, F.
St. George Expeclition,1925,Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. IX, 20:236-244,1927.