337
MEMOIR 25

JUNE. 1919

CORNELL UNIVERSITYAGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONTHE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORKPART I. DISTRIBUTION AND TAXONOMY
OF THE ADULT FLIESCHARLES PAUL ALEXANDER

ITHACA, NEW YORK

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY

u

CONTENTS
PAGB
775

Systematic position of the species
Economic importanceDistribution
Geological distribution
Geographical distribution
A summary of the crane-fly fauna of the world
Lists of the species of adjoining States and provinces

The crane-flies of New YorkFamily Tanyderidae
Family Ptychopteridae
Subfamily Ptychopterinae
Subfamily Bittacomorphinae
Family Rhyphidae
Subfamily Trichocerinae
Subfamily Rhyphinae
Subfamily Mycetobiinae
Family Tipulidae
Subfamily Limnobiinae
Tribe Limnobiini
Tribe Antochini
Tribe Eriopterini
Tribe Limnophilini
Tribe Hexatomini
Tribe Pediciini
Subfamily Cylindrotominae
Subfamily Tipulinae
Tribe Dolichopezini
Tribe Ctenophorini
Tribe Tipulini
Distribution of the Tipulidae and related families by life zones
The Boreal region
The Arctic- Alpine zone
The Hudsonian zone
The Canadian zone
The Canadian-Transition zone
The Austral region
The Transition zone
The Upper Austral zone
The Lower Austral zone
The Tropical region
The Tropical zone
Seasonal distribution

Immature stages
The egg
The larva
The pupa

776
778
778
778
778
780
787
790
790
790
790
791
791
791
791
791
791
791
797
, ... 798
805
812
813
815
,

.

.

.

815
815
816
817
826
827
827
828
828
830
832
832
832
833
833
833
834
837
837
837
841
843
843

Rearing the immature stages
Aquatic forms
Mud-inhabiting forms
Fungus-inhabiting forms

844
844
845

Wood- and bark-inhabiting forms
j767

Contents

768

PAGE

The adult flies
Structure

The head
The sclerites
The mouth parts
The antennae
The eyes
The thorax
The legs
The transverse suture
The wings and their venation
The abdomen
Sexual dimorphism

HauntsActivities

Feeding habits
Resting habits

Swarming and mating
Oviposition

Photophilism

Enemies

Keys to the crane-flies of northeastern North America
References cited

Index

845
845
845
845
846
848
854
854
858
860
860
870
876
876
878
878
879
880
881
881
882
883
959
903

THE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORKPART I. DISTRIBUTION AND TAXONOMY OF THE ADULT FLIESTHE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORKPART I. DISTRffiUTION AND TAXONOMY OF THE ADULT FLIESCharles Paul Alexander

Tho crane-fly fauna of New York State may be considered as repreNorth America. For more than halfa century New York has been one of the favorite collecting grounds forstudents of this neglected group of insects. The original plan of the present
paper was to include only the species that are actually known to occur
sentative of that of northeastern

However, it should be understood and appreciated that ingroups of insects which have been long ignored by almost all students
of entomology, such as the group under consideration, it is still impossible
in this State.

to give the exact range ofany particular species, and forms that seemto be confined to certain sections of the country upset

allcalculations

by reappearing in distant regions which had been considered as far outside
the range of the species. Thus it is possible that almost any species
occurring in northeastern America may be found within the limits of thisState, altho

some species are now known only from localities so distant

as to make it seem improbable that they
this reason the scope of the present

may be found here also. For
paper has been extended to include—

the northeastern United States and eastern Canada
Labrador andNewfoundland, south to Virginia and Kentucky, west to Iowa, Minnesota,

and Manitoba.

It is believed --that this area includes

local probabilities,

about all of the
but there are undoubtedly new species yet to be dis-covered and lost species to be recognized.

The number of species of crane-flies that should occur in New York
State

is

probably not less than three hundred, and this figure seems

similarly applicable to many areas of equal extent

and equal diversity of

ecological conditions in the North Temperate Zone.

The student of this group of flies will find that there is still very muchto be done in determining the exact seasonal and geographical distribution"This study was conducted in the entomological laboratory of Cornell University, under
the direction^- Needham, Dr. J. Chester Bradley, and Dr. O. A. Johannsen, to whom the writer is"iT*"^
indebtedfor many helpful criticisms and suggestions.

Au:

771

Charles Paul Alexander

772

Present knowledge of the biology and ecology
and exact data on the duration of the different periodsof the immature stages, arc still very meager, and it is this field more thanany other that offers the greatest opportunities for research.
of the species here included.

of these species,

The classification herein adopted is that of Osten Sacken, but it may
be well to state that very many fundamental changes are to be expected

when the immature stages are better known.
In the course of the author's studies on the local Tipulidae,

it

was

necessary for him to visit and examine most of the important collectionsin the East.
In some cases in which it was impracticable to visit themuseums, specimens were lent by the authorities in charge. The writer

wishes to express his gratitude to the persons who kindly assisted in thismanner.

Among the collections

studied were those contained in thefollowing institutions:
United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. This museum contains probably
the largest collection of crane-flies in the New World, including the types of Coquillett andthe Limnobiinae described by Doane, as well as much of the material determined by theauthor.
The collection was examined on several occasions thru the kindness of the late
Mr. Frederick Knab, custodian of the Diptera.
United States Biological Survey, Washington, D. C.
The collections here, examinedthru the kindness of Mr. W. L. McAtee, are extensive, and are particularly rich in local
forms and in material from the Pribilof Islands.

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. These collections, examinedon several occasions thru the kindness of the Director, Mr. Samuel Henshaw, include the typesof Osten Sacken and Loew and are of the greatest importance on that account.
The materialisin a fine state of preservation

because of the constant care given to it.

Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Massachusetts. These collections, examinedthru the kindness of the Curator, Mr. Charles W. Johnson, are very fine, almost complete
The type
as far as the New England fauna is concerned, and of great value to the student.
of Chionea valga Harris, as well as many of Say's species and the specimens determinedby him, are to be found here.

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The material here includes
the collections of the American Entomological Society.
The collections were examinedthru the kindness of Mr. E. T. Cresson, jr. They include the type of Triogma exculpta
Osten Sacken, and cotypes of many of the other Sackenian species as well as a good representation of other forms.
American Museum of Natural History, New York City. This rather considerable colexamined thru the kindness of Dr. F. E. Lutz, includes many of Williston's cotypes
and is especially rich in Antillean and South American forms.
lection,Museum of the Brooklyn Institute, Brooklyn, New York. This collection was examinedthru the kindness of the custodian, Mr. Charles Shaeffer.
It is a rather small local collection,
but the specimens have been authoritatively determined by Johnson and they form a good
nucleus for future work.

The Crane-Flies of New York— PartI

773

New York State Museum, Albany, New York. This is a good local collection, examinedon several occasions thru the kindness of the State Entomologist, Dr. E. P. Felt, and theassistant entomologist, Mr. U. B. Young. \Cornell University, Ithaca,

New York.

This collectionisunder the direction of Dr.

James G. Needham and Dr. J. Chester Bradley. It is a very complete collection, including
many specimens taken in the seventies by Professor J. H. Comstock and the late
Mr. H. H. Smith and determined by Osten Sacken. The type of Rhabdomasiix flava
is

here.

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. This is a very good local collection, made in large part by the author in 1913, under the employment of the Director,
Dr. Charles D. Woods, and the Station Entomologist, Dr. Edith M. Patch.

Department of Entomology of North Carolina, Raleigh, North Carolina. This collection
was examined thru the kindness of the State Entomologist, Mr. Franklin Sherman, and
Mr. R. W. Leiby. It is a good collection of local material.
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

This collection was examined thru the kindnessof Professor James Hine, who collected the greater part of the material.

University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. This is a good local collection, including
most of the material mentioned in Washburn's Dipfera of Minnesota. It was sent to theConsiderable additional material from the region of Lake
writer by Mr. Simon Marcovitch.
Itasca was given to the writer for determination by the collector, Mr. Samuel A. Graham.

Washington State Agricultural College, Pullman, Washington. This collection is very
important, as it contains many of the Tipulinae described by Doane. The writer was unable
to visit the collection, but Dr. Axel L. Melander very kindly sent him the cotype specimensof three or four eastern species that were needed in the preparation of this paper.
Canadian National Museum, Ottawa, Ontario.

This collection was sent to the writerGordon Hewitt. It is

for naming, thru the kindness of the Dominion Entomologist, Dr. C.
a rather extensive collection, from most parts of the Dominion.

Uni/ersity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.
This is a small collection, mostly taken by
Dr. E. M. Walker and including the types of Phalacrocera neoxena.
It contains also a few
additional specimens collected by Dr. W. A. Clemens and including the type of Tipulaalgonquin.

New Brunswick Experiment Station, Fredericton, New Brunswick.
collection,

This is a good local

taken by the Station Entomologist, Mr. John D. Tothiil.

Nova Scotia Experiment Station, Truro, Nova Scotia. This is a very good local collection,
taken by Dr. Robert Matheson. It is now in the collection at Cornell University.
In addition to the public collections listed above, there are in the
United States a few private collections of great value, as follows:
The collection of Dr. W. G. Dietz, Hazleton, Pennsylvania.
collection ofThis is a very considerable

North American species, including the types of the species described by theowner.

The collection of Mr. C. W. Johnson, Boston, Massachusetts. This is an exceptionallyand includes the types of many of the species described by the owner.

fine collection,

The collection of Dr. J. G. Needham, Ithaca, New York. This is a good local collection,
mounted in balsam. It includes the types of Dicranomyia whartoni and Dolichopeza
americana.

Charles Paul Alexander

774

The collection of Mr. M. C. Van Duzee, Buffalo, New York. This collection is veryand Floridian species, and includes the type of Geranomijia vanduzeei.

rich in local

The collection

This includes a good representation ofof the author, Urbana, Illinois.
forms and many extra-limital species. The types of many of the species describedby the author are in this collection.
local

In addition to those named above, there have been examined several

made by students in systematic entomology at Cornell UniThe more notable of these are thecollections of Dr. W. T. M. Forbes, and Messrs. J. T. Lloyd, S. W. Frost,
E. A. Richmond, W. C. Woods, and Hachiro Yuasa.
The following very
considerable collections, made in different parts of the countiy, have beencollections

versity dining the past few years.

of great value in determining the range of North American species:

The two Beutenmiiller collections, one in the American Museum and the other in thecollection of Dr. Dietz, from theBlack Mountains, North Carolina.

The Nathan Banks collections, from the same locality and from northern Virginia.

The Karl P. Schmidt collection, made in Louisiana.
The J. Chester Bradley collections, made in Georgia, New York, and the West.
The R. C. Shannon collections, from the vicinity of Washington, D. C.
The Axel Olsson collections, from North Carolina and New York.
The H. H. Knight collections, from western New York.
The H. M. Parshley collections, from Maine and Massachusetts.

The Cordelia Stanwood collections, from Hancock County, Maine.
Collections made in the vicinity of Georgian Bay, Ontario, by Dr. W. A. Clemens in 1912,
by Mrs. John D. Tothill in 1914, and especially by Mr. H. S. Parish in 1915.
The Bryant Newfoundland specimens in the collection of Mr. Johnson.
Material from near Washington, D. C, and from Maine, collected by Mr. W. L. McAtee.
The Ely (Connecticut) and Weidt (New Jersey) material in the collection of Dr. Dietz.
The extensive collections made in Bergen County, New Jersey, by Mr. M. D. Leonard.
Specimens collected by Oslar (Colorado), Munz (Colorado), and Woodgate (New Mexico),and other material

in the collection of the author.

To all the above-mentioned persons the author expresses his sincere
gratitude for the privilege of seeing these specimens and obtaining therecords.

In addition to the collections that the writer has been able tothere are several others of high repute

visit,— the collection in the Carnegie

Museum (Pittsburg, Pennsylvania), the private collection of Mr. Charles
Duiy(Cincinnati,Ohio),

the collections of

the Illinois State Labora-

tory of Natural History and the University of Michigan, and others—

The Crane-Flies of New York
which unquestionably will supply
their contents are made known.

— Part775

I

many new, chiefly local, records when

SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE SPECIESin

The families that make up the insects known as crane-flies are four
numberthe Tanyderidae, the Ptychopteridae, the Rhyphidae, and—the Tipulidae.

All but the last-named of these families are very hmited

number of species, the total number of described forms being not far
Crane-flies belong to the division Nematocera
in excess of threescore.
They are characterized by having sixof the suborder Orthorrhapha.
The only famiUes of flies
or more segments in the elongated antennae.
with which crane-flies might be confused are the Bibionidae and theinDixidae.
Crane-flies are very often of large size.

They are the largest of the

Nematocera and are among the largest of all Diptera. The differencesin size found in the fainily TipuUdae are very great, ranging from thegiants of the family, Ctenacroscelis praepotens, Tipula brohdinagia, andothers, down to such species as Erioptera parva and Molophilus ursinus,
veritable pygmies.

In the area considered in this paper, the largest

species found are Longurio testaceus and Tipula abdominalis, and the smallest is Molophilus ursinus.

In appearance crane-flies may be described as mosquito-Uke and they
are very often mistaken for mosquitoes, the larger species often causing

great alarm.

There are no

habits of the Culicidae.

crane-flies,

however, that have the biting

The legs of all crane-flies are long and slender,

in some cases being exceedingly so, and this feature has given most of thecommon names that are applied to these insects
longlegs,

and the like.

—crane-flies, daddy
The wings are many-veined (polyneura), and in

most

speciesIn

all

Tipulidae and in the trichocerine Rhyphidae there are two analveins,

a character never possessed by the more speciaUzed Nematocera.

theypossessa completely inclosed discal

cell

(1st

Mi).

On the mesonotum there is a distinct, more or less transverse, V-shaped
suture separating the prescutum from the scutum.

In the Tanyderidae,

the Ptychopteridae, and the Rhyphidae this suture is rather poorly defined.
Ocelli arefound only in the Rhyphidae.

discal cell, the presence of

The large size, the inclosed

two anal veins, and the V-shaped suture, aresufficient to distinguish the local species of TipuUdae.

Charles Paul Alexander

776

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
found to play a relatively important
The adult flies are entirely harmless, but the larvae of many species
r61e.
In Europe the best-known of suchare destructive to various crops.
Economically,

crane-fliesareIn eastern North America the smoky
cundans Say (called T. infuscaia Loew by Hyslop, lOlO^),
working principally on leguminous species, and T. bicornis Forbes working
largely on grasses, often become serious pests; in the West the alfalfa

speciesisTipula oleracea Linn.

crane-fly,T.

crane-fly,

T. simplex

Doane (Essig,1913),

isoften of exceedingly great

importance, working on various legumes and grass species. Other species,
as T. derbyi Doane and T. aspidoptera Alex., often do considerable local

In Japan, T. longicauda Mats, and a species that has beendamage.
determined as T. parva Loew do very considerable damage to rice andsugar cane. It is to be noted that all these more destructive species
belong to the tribe Tipulini, comprising the larger species of crane-flies,
and the damage is done by the larvae's feeding on the roots and thus
causing the death of the plants.

The species of Tanyptera Uve in logs or stumps that are fairly soundand free from decay. The larvae of some species of Rhipidia, Limnobia,
The species
Trichocera, and other genera, affect stored roots and tubers.
of Ula and some species of Limnobia live in fungi (Boletus, Armillaria,
Hypomyces, and others), and in some cases may be of economic importance in mushroom culture.

As an element of food for vertebrates, crane-flies occupy a prominent
The records of Dr. Dallas Hanna and those of the Whitneys,

position.

in thepossession of

the UnitedStatesBiological

Survey, state that

unknown species of Tipula are abundant everywhere thruout the summer season on St. Paul Island, of the Pribilof
larvae representing angroup in Bering Sea. These larvae are found around the roots of grasses
and herbs, and especially under beds of moss, on the roots of which they
Under such a moss bed
feed, killing the moss over considerable areas.
been collected. The
havesquarefootthetotwentylarvaeas many as
because of theirimportanceecologicalconsiderable
mustoflarvaebeareas of moss
large
dig
over
will
Foxes
foxes.
food value to birds andbeds to feed on them.
* Dates

Thruout thearctic regions the family Tipulidae

in parenthesis refer to References cited, page 959.

The Crane-Flies of New York— PartI

777

seems very abundant, both in number of species and in number ofindividuals, and the larvae are exceedingly numerous.
The Biological Survey has kept a very careful record of the food ofbirds and other vertebrates, based on the examination of stomach con-and thru the kindness of Messrs. W. L. McAtee and E. R.
Kalmbach the writer has obtained a record of the species known to feedtents,

on crane-flies.

Over a hundred species of birds, representing almost all
The morethe bird families, have been found to feed on the adult flies.

notable and general of these birds are sandpipers, flycatchers, vireos,
swallows, wood warblers, and thrushes.

The species feeding on the larvae

consist for the most part of ducks, shore birds,

A.

Noyes has found in the stomach

and thrushes.

of a Wilson's

Dr. Alice

snipe twenty-threehead capsules of a small Tipula (possibly T. dejecta Walker), showing
Similarly thethe importance of the larvae as food at certain seasons.
food of toads (Bufo) and of frogs (Rana) often includes an abundanceof larval and adult crane-flies (Needham, 1905).
The larvae of crane-flies are very tempting to many species of fishes.
Certain of the larger larvae, such as those of Tipula abdominalis and
Eriocera spinosa, furnish one of the best of baits for black bass and othergame fish, being even more tempting in many cases than the better-known
dobson (Corydalis). The skin of these larvae is very tough and leathery,
hence their common name leather-jacket. The fishhook is run thru thebody of the larva at about midlength, leaving the two ends wriggUng.
Studies made by Needham (1908:172-188) on the food of the bullhead,
the sunfish, and the red-belhed minnow, showed that crane-fhes were
not eaten by these species, and the same is true of the brook trout inponds (Needham, 1903 a). But the habitat of the larvae is not in thehaunts of these fishes. They Kve in the leaf drift caught in the eddies,in the mud and gravel at the sides and the bottom of the stream, andIt seems
in similar situations which are not readily accessible to the fish.
probable that it is due to the fact that the larvae furnish such choicetitbits, that they cannot exist in the same haunts with the fish.
Somespecies, as those of Eriocera, live in the chutes of the Mississippi River,and they are the only crane-flies known from such a habitat. The remains
such as wings, legs, and heads, are often found in fishstomachs, these being from adult flies that have fallen into the waterand been snapped up by the fish.

of crane-flies,

778Charles Paul Alexander
DISTRIBUTIONGEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION

The source of origin of the crane-flies is still largely problematical,
but the preponderance of evidence now seems to indicate that they camefrom some neuropteroid ancestor far back in Mesozoic times. This isexpressed by

Needham(1908:221)

asfollows:''The suggestion has

been made before by others, and I think it very possible, that some
Panorpidhke neuropteroid mutant got its center of gravity hitched forward, its hind wings reduced, and started the dipterous line of evolution."
The first insects that can be definitely referred to the Tipulidae appeared
rather suddenly in late Mesozoic times.
They belong almost entirely
to the subfamily Tipulinae, but the records are very scanty and for themost part unsatisfactoiy. The evidence that specimens of Tanyderidae,
Ptychopteridae, or Limnobiinae occurred at that time is very doubtful.
In the Tertiaries, however, the group was extraordinarily developed andit seems quite possible that the family reached its maximum of diversity
in the Miocene period or a little later and is now a waning group.
From
the Oligocene period of British Columbia, Handlirsch (1910) has recorded
a curious tanyderid under the name Etopty chaptera. The Florissantbeds of Colorado were laid down in a lake that is supposed to be of thelate Ohgocene or the early Miocene age.
There have been taken fromthese beds hundreds if not thousands of specimens, representing about
seventy-five species, indicating the extreme richness of the crane-fly
fauna during that age. On one slab of the deposit Scudder found a
specimen of his Dicranomyia inferna which was partly overlain by aspecimen of his D. fontainei, a condition very suggestive of the remarkablerichness of this fauna.
The abundance of species in the amber fauna,
likewise of the Tertiaries, was indicated by Loew in 1850 and more recently
elaborated by Meunier. The present knowledge of the Florissant fauna
is due to the work of Scudder, Cockerell, and Wickham.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

A summary of the crane-fly fauna of the world
The four families comprising the crane-flies are represented in almost
every part of the world where

life

is

possible.

Apparently the rangeof the group is restricted only by great extremes of temperature.

The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I
The

lesseroceanic islands

the(the Seychelles,

Fiji,

779

the Hawaiian,and others) that have been at all studied are quite devoid of species ofthe subfamily Tipulinae, these species being of large size and often
possessing considerable powers of flight; while the much smaller species
in the Limnobikiae are often very numerous and may include a considerable
range of species. Crane-flies in the arctic regions are very abundant
and are represented by a few genera of Limnobiinae and many species ofTipula. Many of the latter have the wings atrophied so that they areincapable offlight.

This condition is particularly true of forms along

the coast or on wind-swept islands adjoining the mainland, andmay

be confined to the female sex alone or may be found in both sexes. It
must be understood, however, that reduction of the wings is by no means
confined to such environments or to the genus Tipula, since it occurs
in almost all the major groups of crane-fliesin Limnobiini (Zalusa End.),—

Eriopterini(Platylimnobia

Alex.,

ChioneaDalm.),

Limnophihni(Zaluscodes Lamb, Alfredia Bezzi, Limnophila aspidoptera Coq.), Pediciini(

Tricijphona hannai Alex.), and many others—and foundisin many different]iarts of the world tho usually in arctic, oceanic, or mountainous situations.

besselsi O. S., described from Polaris Bay, northern Greenland,
found above the 80th degree of north latitude and within a few hundred

Tipulaismiles of the North Pole.

The

four

numbersfamiliesofcrane-fliesof genera, subgenera,

include,respectively, theand species:^

GenerafollowingCharles Paul Alexander

780

GeneraTiPULTDAE (continued):
Limnobiinao {continued)
Hexatomini

Subgenera

Species:

Pediciini

Cylindrotominae

4
7
5

125

9
7

45
50
900

Tipulinae:
Dolichopezini
Cteiiophorini
Tipulini

21

Total

134

75
16

36

2,515

The Tanyderidae have two hving genera, one antipodal and the other(Protoplasa) with two Nearctic species.

"The Ptychopteridae have three genera. One of these, Ptychoptera,found in most parts of the world excepting Australasia, while the othertwo, Bittacomorpha and Bittacomorphella, are Nearctic.
The Rhypliidae have seven genera, arranged in three subfamilies.
The species, with few exceptions, are from the North Temperate Zone.

isAmong the Tipulidae, the tribes Limnobiini, Antochini, Eriopterini,
Ctenophorini,andTipulini

are almost

Limnophilini,

Dolichopezini,

cosmopolitan.

The tribe Hexatomini has the genus Hexatoma dominant

in Europe, and the genus Eriocera cosmopolitan except for the Palaearctic

and Australasian regions. The tribe Pediciini reaches its greatest development in the North Temperate Zone. The Cylindrotominae are holarctic,
with one genus (Stibadocera) occurring in the Oriental region.
Lists of the species of adjoining States and provinces

The following lists of species are given to supplement the data on the

New York fauna.
Maine

The data for Maine are based largely on the results obtained by theauthor from a study of the group during a period of fifteen weeks, under
the direction of Dr. Charles D. Woods and Dr. Edith M. Patch. Veryvaluable collections in this State have been

made by Mr. Charles W.

Dr. H. M. Parshley,
Johnson,J. Stanwood,
Morse,and others.
Herbert Osborn, Professor A. P.

Miss Cordelia

Professor

The Crane-Flies of New York— PartI

Ptychoptera rufocincta 0. S.

Gnophomyia tristissima O. S.

Bittacomorpha clavipes (Fabr.)

Gonomyia fiorens Alex.

Bitlacomorphella jonesi (Johns.)

Trichocera regelationis (Linn.)

subcinerea O. S.

Molophilus comatus (Doane)
hirtipennis (O. S.)

Discobola argus (Say)

Dicranomyia badia (Walk.)gladiator O. S.
globithorax O. S.
haeretica 0. S.
halterata O. S.

pubipennis (O. S.)

Ormosia monticola (O. S.)
nigripila (O. S.)
nubila (O. S.)
pygmaea (Alex.)rM6e«o (O. S.)

immodesta O. S.
liberta O. S.

longipennis (Schum.)ynorioides O. S.
pubipctinis O. S.
pudica O. S.
rosirifera O. S.

simulans (Walk.)

Helobia hybrida (Meig.)

Adelphomyia americana Alex.
cayuga Alex.
minuta Alex.

Epiphragma fascipennis (Say)
Limnophila adusta O. S.

Geranomyia diversa O. S.

areolata O. S.

rostrata (Say)breinfurca O. S.
fasciolata O. S.

Limnobia cinclipes Say

fuscovaria O. S.
inornata O. S.
ieri^a O. S.
Inteipennis O. S.
macrocera (Say)montana O. S.
munda O. S.
nigripleura A. & L.
novae-angliae Alex.
noveboracensis Alex.
osborni Alex.
quadrata O. S.
recondita O. S.
rufibasis O. S.
stanwoodae Alex.
tenuicornis 0. S.
tenuipes (Say)toxoneura O. S.
ultima O. S.

hudsonica O. S.
immatura O. S.
indigena O. S.
parietina O. S.
solitaria O. S.
triocellata

O. S.

tristigma O. S.

Rhipidia bryanti Johns.
maculata Meig.

Antocha saxicola O. S.
Elephantomyia westwoodi O. S.

Rhamphidia mainensis Alex.
Toxorhina midiebris (O. S.)

Cladura flavoferruginea O. S.
Cryptolabis paradoxa O. S.

Eriopiera armata O. S.
armillaris O. S.
caloptera Say
chlorophylla O. S.
chrysocoina O. &.
needhami Alex.
septemtrionis O. S.
stigmatica (O. S.)
straminea O. S.
vemista O. S.
vespertina O. S.

Mnico O. S.
C/Za elegans

O. S.

Ulomorpha pilosella (O. S.)
Eriocera longicornis (Walk.)spinosa (O. S.)

Pedicia albivitta Walk.

Rhaphidolabis cayuga Alex.
flaveola O. S.
tenuipes O. S.

781

Charles Paul Alexander

782
Triq/phona autumnalis Alex.

calcar (O. S.)
inconstans (O. S.)
katahdin Alex.
vernalis (O. S.)

Tipula abdominalis (Say)algonquin Alex.
angulata Loew
angustipennis Loew
apicalis Loewbella Loew

Cylindrotoma americana O. S.

bicornis Forbes
caloptera Loew
cayuga Alex.

Liogma ivodicornis (O. S.)
Phalacrocera tipulina O. S.

cunctans Say
fragilis Loew

Dolichopeza americana Needm.

hebes Loew

hermannia Alex.

Oropeza dorsalis Johns.

longiventris Loew

obscura Johns.
sayi Johns.
venosa Johns.

macrolabis Loew
mainensis Alex.
nobilisCtenophora apicata O. S.

(Loew)

oropezoides Johns.
parshleyi Alex.
penobscot Alex.
sayi Alex.
senega Alex.

Nephrotoma eiicera (Loew)
ferniginea (Fabr.)
incurva (Loew)lugens (Loew)

serta Loew

peduncidata (Loew)

strepens Loew

punctum (Loew)

submaculata Loew

(Loew)
tenuis (Loew)
vittula (Loew)
xanthostigma (Loew)
sodalissidphiirea

Doane

tephrocephala Loew
trivittata Say

ultima Alex.
Slygeropis fuscipennis Loew

valida Loew

New Brunswick(The collections of the New Brunswick Experiment Station, madeby Mr. John D. Tothill and others)
Bittacomorpha clavipes (Fabr.)

Ctenophora apicata O. S.

Dicranomyia morioides O. S.

Nephrotoma eucera (Loew)

Geranomyia canadensis (Westw.)
Limnobia dnctipes Say
Erioptera armata O. S.

Limnophila adusta O. S.
imbedlla O. S.
inornala O. S.
quadrata O. S.
recondita O. S.
rufibasis O. S.
Eriocera longicornis (Walk.)

Liogma nodicornis (O. S.)
Oropeza sayi Johns.
venosa Johns.

ferruginea (Fabr.)
incurva (Loew)lugens (Loew)
occipitalis(Loew)

pedunculata (Loew)
tenuis(Loew)

xanthostigma (Loew)

Tipula abdominalis (Say)angidata Loew
angustipennis Loew
caloptera Loew
eluta Loew
hebes Loew
latipennis Loew

macrolabis Loew
parshleyi Alex.

The Crane-Flies of New York
Tipula sirepens Loew
sulphurea Doane— PartI

783

Tipula trivittata Say
ultima Alex.
valida Loew

tephrocephala Loew
iernaria Loew

Nova Scotia(The collections of Dr. Robert Matheson, of Cornell University)
Pedicia albivitta Walk.
contermina Walk.

Plychoptera rufocincta O. S.

Bitlacomorpha clavipes (Fabr.)

Tricyphona inconsians (O. S.)

Trichocera bimacula Walk.

vernalis (O. S.)

Dicranomyia haeretica O. S.
Eriocera longicornis (Walk.)spinosa (O. S.)

halterata O. S.

immodesta O. S.
liberta O. S.

Liogma nodicornis (O. S.)

Rhipidia maculata Meig.

Tanypiera frontalis (O. S.)

Limnobia solitaria O. S.

Nephrotoma eucera (Loew)

triocellata O. S.

ferruginea (Fabr.)
incurva (Loew)lugens (Loew)
macrocera (Say)pedunculata (Loew)

Discobola argus (Say)

Antocha saxicola O. S.
Elephantomyia westwoodi O. S.

tenuisErioptera armata O. S.
armillaris O. S.

(Loew)

Tipula abdominalis (Say)caloptera Say
chlorophylla O. S.
septemtrionis O. S.

angustipennis Loew
apicalis Loew
hella Loew

caloptera Loew
cayuga Alex.

Gonomyia mathesoni Alex.
sulphur ella O. S.

fragilis Loew

Rhabdomaslix flava (Alex.)hebes Loew

hermannia Alex.

Cryplolabis paradoxa O. S.

parshleyi Alex,
Alex.

Ldmnophila adusta O. S.

saj/ilenta O. S.
macrocera (Say)submaculata Loew

noveboracensis Alex.
recondita O. S.
tenuicornis O. S.
toxoneura O. S.

tricolor Fabr.

tephrocephala Loew
trivittata Say

ultima Alex.
valida Loew

QuebecThe published Ust for Quebec (Winn and Beaulieu, 1915) has beenrevised, certain species being dropped, asynonymy corrected.

few others added, and certain

The record for Dicranomyia distans
0. S., an Austral species ranging as far north as Washington, D. C, isevidently erroneous. The species of Trichocera and Tanyptera areparts of theCharles Paul Alexander

784

given as determined by C. W. Johnson. Our knowledge of the craneflies of Quebec is due to the work of BeauUeu, Beaulne, Chagnon, Couper,
Fyles, Winn,and others.

Ptijchoptera rufocincta O. S.

Bittacomorpha clavipes (Fabr.)
Trichocera maculipennis (Fabr.)
regelationis (Linn.)

Limnophila munda O. S.
quadrata O. S.
rufibasis O. S.
tenuipes (Say)toxoneura O. S.
ultima O. S.

Dicranomyia immodesta O. S.
liherta O. S.

longipennis (Schum.)pudica O. S.

lAmnobia cindipes Say
indigena O. S.
solitaria O. S.
tristigma O. S.

Rhipidia maculata Meig.
Discobola argus (Say)

Antocha saxicola O. S.
Elephantomyia westwoodi 0. S.

Rhamphidia flavipes Macq.
Chionea valga Harr.

Ormosia monticola (O. S.)
Erioptera armata O. S.
armillaris O. S.
caloptera Say
chlorophylla O. S.

chrysocoma O. S.
septemtrionis O. S.
venusta O. S.
vespertina O. S.

Molophilus pubipennis (0. S.)

Gonomyia subcinerea O. S.

Gnophomyia trisiissima O. S.
Helobia hybrida (Meig.)

Epiphragma fascipennis (Say)
Limnophila adusta O. S.
areolata O. S.
brevifurca O. S.
conlenipta O. S.

fuscovaria O. S.
imbecilla O. S.
macrocera (Say)montana O. S.

Pedicia albivitta Walk.

Tricyphona autumnalis Alex.
inconstans (O. S.)

Liogma nodicornis (O. S.)
Oropeza albipes Johns.
obscura Johns.
Ctenophora apicata O. S.

Tanyptera atrata (Linn.)dorsalis (Walk.)
fumipennis (O. S.)
topazina (O. S.)

Nephrotoma eucera (Loew)"ferruginea (Fabr.)

incurva (Loew)
lineata (Scop.)lugens (Loew)
occipitalis(Loew)

sodalis (Loew)

tenuis (Loew)

xanthostigma (Loew)
Stygeropis fuscipennis Loew

Tipula abdominalis (Say)angulata Loew
angustipennis Loew
6eZ/a Loewbicornis Forbes
caloptera Loew
cincticornis Doanecollaris Say

dejecta Walk,

eiwto Loew

grato Loew
hebes Loew

hermannia Alex.
iroqiiois Alex.

latipennis Loew

macrolabis Loew

megaura Doane
retorta v. d. W.

The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I

785

Tipula trivittala Say
ultima Alex.

Tipula sayi Alex.
senega Alex.
seria Loew

unibrosa Loew

sulyhurea Doane
tephrocephala Loewvilrea v. d.

valida Loew

W.

Newfoundland(The Owen Bryant collections in the cabinet of C. W. Johnson)
Bittacomorpha clavipes (Fabr.)

Tipula abdominalis (Say)hermannia Alex.

Erioptera chlorophylla O. S.

mainensis Alex.

Limnophila rufihasis 0. S.

trivittata Say

unibrosa Loew
valida Loew

terrae-novae Alex.

Tricyphona inconstans (O. S.)

Nepkrotoma vittula (Loew)
Labrador(Many of the types of Loew and Alexander,

collected

by Packard,

Schneider, and Bryant)
Tipula angustipcnnis Loew

Dicranomyia halterata O. S.
hyperborea
Tricyphona(0. S.)•"^"^

imperfecta Alex.
labradorica Alex.

Dolichopeza americana Needm.

septentrionalis Loew

Washington, D. C, and vicinity

This remarkable local list is added here to indicate the southern species
that may range into our limits.

The pioneer collecting of Osten Sacken

has been thoroly supplemented by that of W. L. McAtee, R. C. Shannon,
Frederick Knab, and some others.
Ptychoptera rufodncta O. S.

Bittacomorpha clavipes (Fabr.)
Bittacomprphella jonesi (Johns.)

Dicranomyia macateei Alex.
morioides O. S.
pubipennis O. S.
rara O. S.

simulans (Walk.)
Trichocera sp.

Discobola argus (Say)

Dicranomrjia badia (Walk.)
brevlvena O. S.
distans O. S.
diversa O. S.
floridana O. S.
gladiator O. S.
globithorax O. S.
haeretica O. S.
immodesta O. S.
liberta O. S.

Geranomyia canadensis (Westw.)
rostrata (Say)

Limnobia dnctipes Say
immatura O. S.
indigena O. S.
triocellata O. S.
trisligma O. S.

Rhipidia bryanli Johns.
domestica O. S.
O. S.

fidelismaculata Meig.
shannoni Alex.

Charles Paul Alexander

786
Antocha saxicola O. S.

Limnophila brevifurca O. S.
contempta O. S.
emmelina Alex.

Atarba picticornis O. S.

Elephantomyia westwoodi O. S.
Dicranoptycha sobrina O. S.

winnemana Alex.
Rhamphidia flavipes Macq.
mainensis Alex.
Teucholabis complexa O. S.
lucida Alex.

Toxorhina muliebris (O. S.)
Cladura flavoferruginea 0. S.

•

Erioptera arniata O. S.
armillaris O. S.

fuscovaria O. S.
^en<a O. S.
luteipennis O. S.
macrocera (Say)montana O. S.
mundoides Alex.
nigripleura A. & L,
quadrata O. S.
recondita O. S.
rufibasis O. S.
tenuipes (Say)terebrans Alex.
toxoneura O. S.
ultima O. S.

caloptera Say
chlorophylla O. S.

C7Za paupera O. S.

chrysocoma O. S.
graphica O. S.
needhami AJex.

Eriocera cinerea Alex.
fuliginosa O. S.

noctivagans Alex,
parya O. S.
septemtrionis O. S.
venusta O. S.
vesper tina O. S.

Gnophomyia luctuosa O. S.
tristissima O. S.

longicornis (Walk.)tristis Alex.

wilsonii O. S.

Hexatoma megacera (O. S.)
Penthoptera albitarsis O. S.

Dicranota eucera O. S.
noveboracensis Alex.
rivularis O. S.

Gonomyia hlanda O. S.
Pedicia albivitta Walk.

cognatella O. S.
manca (O. S.)

Rhaphidolabis tenuipes O. S.

subcinerea O. S.
svlphurella O. S.

Tricyphona inconstans (O. S.)vernalis (O. S.)

Helobia hybrida (Meig.)

Molophilus hirtipennis (O. S.)
nova-caesariensis Alex.
pubipennis (O. S.)

ursinus (O. S.)

Ormosia holotricha (0. S.)
innocens (O. S.)
nigripila (O. S.)
nubila (O. S.)

Ldogma nodicornis (O. S.)
Brachypremna dispellens (Walk.)
Oropeza albipes Johns.
dorsalis Johns.

obscura Johns,
saj/i Johns.

subalbipes Johns.

Tanyptera frontalis (O. S.)

Trimicra anomala O. S.

Longurio testaceus Loew

Adelphomyia americana Alex.

Nephrotoma eu^cra (Loew)

Epiphragma fascipennis (Say)solatrix (O. S.)

Limnophila adusta O. S.
aprilina O. S.
areolata O. S.

ferruginea (Fabr.)
incur va (Loew)
macrocera (Say)(Loew)
polymera (Loew)
tenuis (Loew)
occipitalis

The Crane-Flies of New York

,„

I

787

Tipula hebes Loew

Nephrotoma virescens (Loew)
xanthosligma (Loewj.

— Parthermnnnia Alex.
ignobilis Loew,

Tipula abdormnaiis (bay)annulicornis Say

iroquois Alex.

johnsoniana Alex.

australis Uoane

longiventris Loewbella Loew

mingwe Alex.

bicornis Forbes

morrisoni Alex.
perlongipes Johns.
sai/i Alex.

caloptera Loew
collaris Say

curwtans Say
dietziana Alex.

submaculata Loew
tricolor Fabr.
<nion Alex.

eiuto Loew

trivittala Say

dejecta Walk.

fragilis Loew

tuscarora Alex.

fraterna Loew
fuliginosa (Say)ultima Alex.

umbrosa Loew
T/ie crane-flies of

New York

The fact that New York has a known crane-jfly fauna which is larger
and better-developed than that of any other State in the Union, is due,in large part, to the diversity of natural conditions, which range fromhigh mountains to sea level and include lakes, rivers, swamps, bogs,
woodlands, gorges, ravines, and most other haunts that attract these
Another reason for this exceptional list is the fact that theinsects.
State has long been a favorite collecting ground for many students ofcrane-flies, and a large number of species were first characterized frommaterial taken in New York. These include species described by Osten
Sacken, Loew, Doane, Johnson, Needham, Dietz, and Alexander. The
pioneer collector. Baron Osten Sacken, did much of his collecting inthis State, especially in the Adirondacks at Trenton Falls, in the Schoharie
Valley at Sharon Springs, in the vicinity of New York City, and laterin the Catskills.
His work furnished the basis for Needham's preliminary
hst (Needham, 1908:203-211), which includes one hundred and four
Subsequent collecting inspecies known from New York at that time.
various parts of the State has considerably increased the number of species,
so that comparatively few additions may be expected.
of these

have been indicatedin

The more probablethe following hst under the heading

Regional species.
In this list the type localities are designated by the initials T. L.
published records ofThe

Needham (1908:203-211) and of Alexander (1910

and 1912) have been largely included, altho someof the records

for

788

Charles Paul Alexander

common and wi(iely distributed species have been omitted. Similarly,
many records for Erie, Fvilton, and Tompkins Counties have been abljreviated or omitted, since their inclusion would but lengthen the paper

and add little to the data; such records are indicated by " etc."
Fulton County, with a known crane-fly fauna of more than two hundred
species, probably has the largest local list as known for any region ofsimilar size in the world.

The other counties that are well known are

Tompkins, Cortland, Herkimer (Osten Sacken, Needham, and Alexander),Albany (Young), and Erie (Van Duzee). Considerable data from Hamilton County (Young), Genesee County (Knight), and Chenango County,are Hkewise available. The region around New York City is not completely
known, the most valuable collections from that section being those madeby Frost in Westchester County and by Banks in Nassau County.

The following abbreviations to express collectors are used in this list:
A. C. C.

The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I

789

790

Charles Paul Alexanderi

Family Tanyderidae\

Genus Protoplasa Osten Sacken
Protoplasn filchii (). S.

Fulton County:

Sport Island, Sacandaga River, altitude

7.50

feet,

June 6-19(C. P. A.).

(Fitch's type locality is New York State.)

Family Ptychopteridae\*

Subfamily Ptychopterinae

Genus Ptychopiera Meigen
Ptychoplcrn rvfndncta O. S.

Chautauqua County:

Dunkirk, July 5.
Dutchess Coimty: Poughkeepsie, May 24 (D. B. Y.).
Erie County: Hamburg, June 6 to July 10 (M. C. VD.); Colden, June 7 (M.
C. VD.); East Aurora, June 11 to August 21 (M. C. VD.); etc.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 11 to August 24 (C. P. A.).
Genesee County: Batavia, June 19 (H. H. K.).
Nassau County: Sea Cliff (N. B.).
Onondaga County: Manlius, August 29 (H. H. S.).
Yaphank, May 20.
Suffolk County:
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 31 to July 5 (C. P. A.).
Westchester County: Dobbs Ferry (O. S.), T. L.
Wyoming County: Portage Falls, July 27 (H. H. K.).

Subfamily Bittacomorphinae

Genus Biltacomorpha Westwood
Bittacomorpha clampes (Fabr.)
Cattaraugus County: Little Valley, August 7 (M. C. VD.).
Cayuga County: North Fair Haven, May 17 (E. M. and J. G. N.).
Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Dutchess County: Poughkeepsie, July 18 (S. W. F.).
Colden, May 23-30 (M. C. VD.) Hamburg, June 6 (M. C. VD.) etc.
Erie County:
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, etc., June 13 to September 13 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, Jxme 9 (C. P. A.); Old Forge, August 21(J. G. N.).
;;

Nassau County: Sea Cliff (N. B.).
Oneida County: McMullen's Brook, May 20 (W. A. C).
Onondaga County: Manhus, September 23 (H. H. S.).
Yaphank, May 29-30; Bellport, August 9.
Suffolk County:
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 20 to September 28 (C. P. A.); etc.
Warren County: Paradise Bay, Lake George, August 24.

Genus Biitaconiorphella Alexander
Biltacomorphella joncsi (Johns.)

Albany County: Karner, June 19 (D. B. Y.).
Cortland Countv: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Erie Countv: South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 11-28 (C.

Tompkins County:

P. A.); IMountain Lake, June

13-24 (C. P. A.); etc.
Ithaca, Bool's, July 13-19 (C. P. A.).

;

i

;

i

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part791

I

Family Rhyphidae
Subfamily Trichocerinae

Genus Trichocera Meigen
Subgenus Trichocera Meigen
Trichocera bimacula Walk.
Gowanda, October 4 (M. C. VD.); East Aurora, October 20
Erie Coimty:(M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Gloversville, September 15 (C. P. A.); etc.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 20, October 15 (C. P. A.); etc.
T. brumalis Fitch

Fulton County:

Gloversville, September 25 to October 15 (C. P. A.); etc.

Tompkins County:

Ithaca, September 30 to October 30 (C. P. A.); etc.

Subgenus Diazosma Bergroth
Trichocera subsinuata Alex.

Fulton County:

Woodworth's Lake, altitude 1650 feet, June 15 (C. P. A.),
T. L.

Subfamily Rhyphinae
Genus Rhijphus Latreille
Rhyphus alternatvs Say
Albany County: Albany.
Erie County:
East Aurora, May.
Franklin County: Axton, June.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May to June (O. A. J.).

.

R. fenestrnlis (Scop.)
Erie County: Hamburg, April.
Oneida County: New Hartford, April.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, April to May (O. A. J.).

R. punciatus (Fabr.)
Erie County.

Fulton County:

Johnstown.

Tompkins County:

Ithaca, May to October (O. A. J.).

Subfamily Mycetobiinae

Genus Mycetobia Meigen
Mycetobia divergens Walk.
Albany County: Albany.

Tompkins County:

Ithaca, May (O. A. J.).

Family Tipulidae
Subfamily Limnobiinae
Tribe Limnobiini

Genus Dicranomyia Stephens
Dicranomyia badia (Walk.)
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Erie County:
Holland, May 21 (M. C. VD.); Boston, July 10 (M. C. VD.); East
Aurora, September 20 (M. C. VD.); etc.
Fulton County: Gloversville, June 3 (C. P. A.); Sacandaga Park, June 5 (C.
P. A.); etc.

Charles Paul Alexander

792

Genus Dicranomyia Stephens (continued)
Dicranomyia badia (Walk; (continued)
Hamilton County: Augur Flats, July 17 (D. B. Y.); Wells, July 29 (D. B. Y.).
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.).
Nassau County: Sea Cliff, April (N. B.).
Niagara County: Niagara Falls, October 9 (M. C. VD.).
Schoharie County: Sharon Springs (O. S.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 4 to November 10 (C. P. A.); etc.
D. brevivena O. S.
Cayuga County: North Fair Haven, September 12 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: Lancaster, June 22 (M. C. YD.); Buffalo, September 30 (M. C. YD.).
Fulton County: Sulphur Spring Junction, September (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.).
New York: (O. S.), T. L.
Niagara County: Niagara Falls, October 9 (M. C. YD.).
D. gladiator O. S.
Fulton County: Woodworth's Lake, August 22 (C. P. A.).
D. globithorax O. S.
Erie County: Boston, September 3 (M. C. YD.).
Fulton County: Woodworth's Lake, August 4-22 (C. P. A.); etc.
Tompkins County: Ellis Hollow, May 14 (C. P. A.); Ithaca, September 28(J. G. N.).
D. haeretica O. S.
Erie County: Buffalo, October 14 (M. C. YD.).
New York: On salt marshes near New York (O. S.), T. L.
Cold Spring Harbor, July 15 (A. L. M.); Bellport, August 19
Suffolk County:(C. P. A.).

D. halterata O. S.
Fulton County:

Johnstown, September 15 (C. P. A.); Mud Lake, September 18(C. P. A.).

D. immodesta O. S.

Cayuga County:

North Fair Haven, September 12 (C. P. A.).

Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.)
Buffalo, October 3-15 (M. C. YD.).
Erie County:
Fulton County: Gloversville, June 9 (C. P. A.);

Johnstown,

September 15(C. P. A.); etc.

Herkimer County:

Tompkins County:

Trenton Falls (O. S.), T. L. Indian Castle, June 9-13 (C. P. A.)
Old Forge, August (J. G. N.).
Ithaca, June 20 (C. P. A.); McLean, September 28 (C. P. A.);;etc.

D. liberta O. S.
Albany County: Karner, May 22 (D. B. Y.); Albany, June 2-19 (D. B. Y.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: Holland, May 21 (M. C. YD.); Hamburg, May 28 to September 11(M. C. YD.); Lancaster, June 4 to August 14 (M. C. YD.);
Buffalo, June 12 to August 25 (M. C. YD.); etc.
Fulton County: Gloversville, June 10 to September 20 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.).
Nassau County: Sea Cliff (N. B.).
New York: (O. S.), T. L.
Onondaga County: Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.).
Bellport, July 1.
Suffolk County:
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 22 to June 20 (C. P. A.); etc.
Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 25 (S. W. F.).

The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I

793

Genus Dicranomyia Stephens (continued)
D. longipennis (Schum.)
Erie County:

Hamburg, September 11 (M. C. VD.).
Hillside Park, August 4 (C. P. A.); Sacandaga Park, August 24

Fulton County:(C. P. A.); etc.

Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.).
Nassau County: Sea Cliff (N. B.).
Rockland County: West Nyack, June 15 (W. S.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, June 20 to August 1 (C. P. A.); McLean, September 28(C. R. C).
D. macateei Alex.
Fulton County: Sylvan Lake, June 15 (C. P. A.) Mountain Lake, July 7 (C. P. A.).
D. moniliformis Doane
Suffolk County:Long Island, T. L.
D. monticola (Alex.)
Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Fulton County: Gloversville, June 24 (C. P. A.).
Hamilton County: Wells, July 23-30 (D. B. Y.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, reared June 3 (C. P. A.).
D. morioides O. S.
Erie County:
Hamburg, May 3 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Mayfield Mountain, June 21 (C. P. A.); Northampton, June 25(D. B. Y. );etc.
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.); Trenton Falls, July (O. S.),
;

T. L.

Tompkins County:

McLean, May 13 (C. P. A.); Ithaca, May 18 to August 26(C. P. A.).

D. pubipennis O. S.

Chenango County:

Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Erie County:
Holland, May 21 (M. C. VD.) Buffalo, June 9 (M. C. VD.) Boston,
September 3 (M. C. VD.); etc.
Fulton County: Mountain Lake, June 17 to July 7 (C. P. A.); Gloversville, September 16 (C. P. A.); etc.
Hamilton County: Wells, July 7-25 (D. B. Y.).
Nassau County: Sea Cliff, June (N. B.).
;

Tompkins County:
Westchester County:
D. pudica O. S.

;

Ithaca, August 1 (C. P. A.); etc.

Tarrytown, June 9-16 (S. W. F.).

Chenango County:

Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: North Evans, May 14 (M. C. VD.); East Aurora, May 18 (M. C
VD.); Lancaster, May 31 (M. C. VD.); Boston, July 10 (M
C. VD.); etc.
Fulton County: Sylvan Lake, June 15 (C. P. A.).
Schenectady County: Schenectady, June 14 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, June.
D. rara O. S.
Genesee County: Batavia, September 28 (H. H. K.).
New York: (O. S.'), T. L.
Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).
D. rostrifera O. S.
Cayuga County: North Fair Haven, September 12 (C. P. A.).

Charles Paul Alexander

794

Genus Dicranomyia Stephens (continued)
D. rostrifera O. S. (continued)
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 27 to August 28 (C. P. A.); Sammonsville,

September 22 (C. P. A.); etc.

^ew York:(O. S.), T. L.

D. simulans (Walk.)
Albany County: Helderbergs, July 3 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Erie County:
Lancaster, June 23 (M. C. VD.); South Wales, June 23 to July 9(M. C. VD.); etc.
Fulton County: Dolgeville, May 16 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.); Old Forge, July 16 (J. G. N.).
Nassau County: Sea Cliff, July (N. B.).
Oneida County: Tannery Brook, July 12 (W. A. C).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 30 to November 14 (C. P. A.); etc.
Westchester County: Tarrytown, August 1 (S. W. F.).
D. stulta O. S.
Fulton County: Mountain Lake, June 14 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.), T. L.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, reared from larvae, June 1 (C. P. A.); abundant along
Cascadilla Creek, June 13-18 (C. P. A.).

Genus Geranomyia Haliday
Geranomyia canadensis (Westw.)
Erie County:
Lancaster, June 8 to August 15 (M. C. VD.); East Aurora, August 24(M. C. VD.); Hamburg, September 11 (M. C. VD.); etc.
Fulton County: Canada Lake, June 23 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.); Old Forge, August (J. G. N.).
Onondaga County: Manlius, August 20 (H. H. S.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 7 to October 13 (C. P. A.).
G. diversa O. S.
Erie County:

Springville, August 12 (M. C. VD.).
Trenton Falls (O. S.), T. L.

Herkimer County:
Tompkins County:

Ithaca, May 12 to August 26 (C. P. A.).

G. rostrata (Say)

Cayuga County:

North Fair Haven, September 12 (C. P. A.).
Holland, May 21 (M. C. VD.); Colden, May 30 to August 9(M. C. VD.); Gowanda, August 22 (M. C. VD.); etc.
Fulton County: Mount Buell, June 15 (C. P. A.); Sacandaga Park, August 24
Erie County:

New York:(C. P. A.).
(O. S.).

Tompkins County:

Ithaca, August 27 (A. C. C).

Genus Rhipidia Meigen
Subgenus Rhipidia Meigen
Rhipidia bryanti Johns.
Erie County:
East Aurora, June 15 (M. C. VD.).
R. maculata Meig.
Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Essex County: Wilmington, August 24 (J. C. B.).
Fulton County: Woodworth's Lake, September 2 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.); Old Forge, July 6-20 (J. G. N.)."
Tompkins County: McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.).

The Crane-Flies of New York— PartI

795

Genus Rhipidia Meigen (continued)
Subgenus Monorhipidia Alexander
Rhipidia fidclis 0. S.

Albany County: Albany, July 1 (D. B. Y.).
Cortland County: Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: Gowanda, June 15 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 15-27 (C. P. A.); etc.
Schoharie County: Sharon Springs (O. S.), T. L.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 15 (C. I.); McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.).

Genus Limnobia Meigen
Limnohia cinctipes Say
Cattaraugus County: Little Valley, June 30 (M. C. VD.).
Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Erie County:
East Aurora, May 7 (M. C. VD.).
Essex County: New Russia, August (J. C. B.); Keene Valley. August 14 (J. A. L.).
Fulton County: Dolgeville, May 16 (A. O.); Mount Buell, June 13 (C. P. A.); etc.
Hamilton County: Saranac Inn, June 17 (J. G. N.); Augur Flats, July 17 (D. B. Y.).
Herkimer County: Old Forge, July 29 (J. G. N.).
Onondaga County: Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 4 (C. P. A.).
Warren County: Lake George, August 29 (J. L. Z.).
L. fallax Johns.

Genesee County:

Tompkins County:

Batavia, May 22 (H. H. K.).
Ithaca, reared July 21 (O. A. J.),

L. immatura 0. S.

Albany County: Albany, June 4 (D. B. Y.).
Erie County: South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 18 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Old Forge, Jime 17 (J. G. N.).
Tompkins County: McLean, July 27 (H. H. K.).
L. indigena 0. S.

Cattaraugus County:

RockCity, June 6 (J. C. B.); Little Valley, June 30(M. C. VD.).
Erie County: Gowanda, June 27 (M. C. VD.); North Evans, July 4 to October 22(M. C. VD.);etc.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 13 (C. P. A.); Mayfield Mountain, September 20 (C. P. A.); etc.
Hamilton County: Mount Buell, June 13 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Old Forge, June 17 to August (J. G. N.).
New York: (O. S.), T. L.
Niagara County: Niagara Falls, Jmie 9 (M. C. VD.).
Onondaga County: Manlius, September 1 (H. H. S.).
Saratoga County: Corinth, June 22 (D. B. Y.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 24-29 (C. P. A.); etc.
Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).

L. parietina O. S.
Erie County:

Boston, September 3 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Woodworth's Lake, August 20 (C. P. A.).
Hamilton County: Silver Lake, September 2 (C. P. A.); Big Notch Mountain,
Hope Township, September 12 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Old Forge, August 15 (J. G. N.); Trenton Falls, September(O. S.), T. L.

Tompkins County:

Needham's Glen, Ithaca, September 17 (J. G. N.).

Charles Paul Alexander

796

Genus Limnohia Meigen (continued)
L. aolilaria O. S.

Erie County:(M. C. Van Duzee records L. hudsonica from Spring Brook, June 26,
In the absence of specimens this record should be
1911.
questioned, inasmuch as this is a variable species and close tosolitaria.)

Essex County: Keene Valley, July 17 (J. A. L.).
Fulton County: Gloversville, June 9 (C. P. A.); Pinnacle Mountain, August 5(C. P. A.).

Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.), T. L.; Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 6 to June 20 (C. P. A.).
Ulster County: Catskills, July (O. S.).
L. triocellata O. S.

Cortland County:
Erie County:

Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).

Gowanda, June 13-14 (M. C. VD.); Hamburg, August 10 (M. C.
VD.);etc.

Woodworth's Lake, August 22 (C. P. A.); etc.
Hamilton County: Elm Lake, August 7 (D. B. Y.).
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.), T. L.
Onondaga County: Manlius, September 1 (H. H. S.).
Putnam County: Highlands, October 3 (J. S.).
Rockland County: West Nyack, June 15 (W. S.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, August 25 (W. D. F.).
Fulton County:

L. tristigma O. S.

Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Essex County: Elizabethtown, August 12 (D. B. Y.).
Fulton County: Gloversville, July 3 (C. P. A.); Woodworth's Lake, August 24(C. P. A.); etc.

Hamilton County: Dug Moimtain, August 8 (D. B. Y.).
Herkimer Coimty: Old Forge, August 15 (J. G. N.).
Niagara County: Niagara Falls, July 20 (M. C. VD.).
Rensselaer County: Brookview, July 13 (M. M. A.).
Warren County: County-Line Flow, Griffin, July 26 (C. P. A.).

Genus Discobola Osten Sacken
Discobola argus (Say)Albany County: Karner, October 17 (D. B. Y.).
Cattaraugus County: Little Valley, July 31 (M. C. VD.).
Chenango Comity: Near Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
East Aurora, June 11-22 (M. C. VD.); Gowanda, October 4Erie Coimty:(M. C. VD.); Hamburg, October 16 (M. C. VD.); etc.
Essex County: New Russia, August (J. C. B.) Moimt Whiteface, altitude 4800 feet,
August 24 (C. R. C. and W. T. M. F.).
Fulton County: Green Lake, June 25 (C. P. A.); Gloversville, September 20;(C. P. A.); etc.

Genesee County: Batavia, June 18 (H. H. K.).
Hamilton County: Saranac Inn, July 30 (J. G. N.); Wells, August 3 (D. B. Y.).
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.); Old Forge, August 23 (J. G. N.).
Monroe County: Rochester, October 10 (M. C. VD.).
Nassau County: Sea Cliff, May (N. B.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, August 7 to October 3 (C. I.); etc.
Yates County: Keuka Park, October 29 (C. R. C).

— PartThe Crane-Flies of New YorkRegional species:

Geranomyia

I

797

Dicranomyia brunnea Doane, D. diversa 0. S., D. isabellina Doane,
Doane, Limnobia sociabilis O. S., Rhipidia domestica O. S.. R

distincta

shannoni Alex.
Tribe Antochini

Genus Rhamphidia Meigen
Rhamphidia flavipes Macq.
Albany County: Albany, July 19 (D. B. Y.).
Buffalo, May 28 (M. C. VD.).
Erie County:
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 2 to August 24 (C. P. A.); etc.
New York: (O. S.).
Queens County: Flushing, June 22 (C. R. P.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 29 to August 7 (C. P. A.); etc.
R. mainensis Alex.
Tompkins County: Larch Meadows, Ithaca, reared May 14 (C. P. A.).

Genus Elephantomyia Osten Sacken
Elephantomyia westwoodi O. S.
Cortland County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.); Hamburg, July 10 (M. C. VD.):
Springville, July 12 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Mountain Lake, June 24 to August 13 (C. P. A.); etc.
Hamilton County: Wells, July 30 (D. B. Y.).
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.). T. L.; Old Forge, August 3 (J. G. N.).
Ulster County: Catskills, July, 1874 (O. S.).

Genus Toxorhina Loew
Toxorhina muliebris (O. S.)

Hamburg, July 10 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 21-28 (C. P. A.).
Suffolk County:
Yaphank, June 28 (A. M. N.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca (R. H. T.); McLean, July 3 (A. D. M.).
Erie County:

Genus Dicranoptycha Osten Sacken
Dicranoptycha germana O. S.
Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 21-28 (C. P. A.).
Hamilton County: Augur Flats, July 17 (D. B. Y.) Wells, July 30 (D. B. Y.).
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls, July (O. S.), T. L.; Old Forge, July 6-24;

(J.

G. N.).

Onondaga County: Manlius, July 25 (H. H. S.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, July 13 (C. P. A.).
Warren County: County-Line Flow, Griffin, July 26 (C. P. A.).
D. sobrina O. S.
Cayuga County: North Fair Haven, September 12 (C. P. A.).
Fulton County: Mayfield Mountain, September 20 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, August 30 (J. G. N.).

Genus Anlocha Osten Sacken
Antocha saxicola O. S.
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Erie County:
Lancaster, June 2 (M. C. VD.); Buffalo, June 15 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 11 to July 3 (C. P. A.); etc.

Charles Paul Alexander

798

Genus Antocha Osten Sacken (continued)
Antocha saxicola O. S. {continued)
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. R.), T. L.; Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.);
Newport, June 9 to July 27 (D. B. Y.); Old Forge, July 16(J. G. N.).
Monroe County: Honeoye Falls, May 15 (M. D. L.); September 1 (C. R. C).
Oneida County: Tannery Brook, July 12 (W. A. C).
Onondaga County: Manlius, August 20 (H. H. S.).
Rensselaer County: Brookview, July 16 (M. M. A.).
Tioga County: Willseyville, May 25 (W. A. H.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 13 to September 25 (C. P. A.); McLean, June 5(C. P. A.).

Westchester County::

Wyoming County:

Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).
Portage, May 24 (H. H. K.).

Genus Alarha Osten Sacken
Atarha picticornis O. S.
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: South Wales, July 9-13 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 28 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls, July (O. S.).
Suffolk County: Bellport, July 5.

Genus Teucholabis Osten Sacken
Teucholabis complexa O. S.

Herkimer County:

Trenton Falls, June (O. S.), T. L.

Regional species: Dicranoptycha nigripes O.
Alex., Toxorhina magna (O. S.).

S.,

D. winnemana Alex., Teiicholabis lucida

Tribe Eriopterini

Genus Ormosia Rondani
Ormosia apicalis Alex.
Fulton County: Mountain Lake, June 17 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, August 8 (J. G. N.).
O. arcuata (Doane)
Erie County: Hamburg, May 7 (M. C. VD.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, T. L.
0. bilineata Dietz
Erie County:
0. deviata Dietz

HoUand, May 21-25 (M. C. VD.), T. L.

Cayuga County: North Fair Haven, September 12 (C. P. A.).
Hamburg, May 26 (M. C. VD.), T. L.
Erie County:
Fulton County: Mountain Lake. June 1-18 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.).
Onondaga County: Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.).
Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).
0. holotricha (O. S.).

Fulton County:

Johnstown, May 14 (C. P. A.).
Ithaca, April 27 to May 22 (C. P. A.); Taughannock, May 4

Tompkins County:(C. P. A.).

0. innocens (O. S.).

Albany County: Albany, May 8 (D. B. Y.).
Erie County: Hamburg, May 28 (M. C. VD.).

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part799

I

Genus Ormosia Rondani (continued)
O. innocens (O. S.) (continued)

Nassau County:

Sea Cliff (N. B.).

Tompkins County:

Ithaca, April 24 to

May 25 (C. P. A.); McLean, May 13(C. P. A.).

0. megacera Alex.

Fulton County: Gloversville, June 22 (C. P. A.), T. L.
0. meigenii (O. S.)
Erie County:
Colden, May 29 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Johnstown, May 14 (C. P. A.); Gloversville, June 3 (C. P. A.); etc.
Ithaca, April 26 to May 12 (C. P. A.); McLean May 13

Tompkins County:(C. P. A.).

Westchester County:

Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).

0. mesocera Alex.

Essex County:

Uphill Creek and Opalescent River, foot of Mount Marcy July 10

Fulton County:(C. R. C).
Gloversville, June 22 (C. P. A.), T. L.

O. monticola (O. S.)
Erie County: Colden, August 7 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Pinnacle Mountain, August 5 (C. P. A.); Sacandaga Park August

24 (C. P. A.).

Hamilton County:
Herkimer County:
Tompkins County:

Speculator, August 5 (D. B. Y.).
Old Forge, August (J. G. N.).
Ithaca, August 26 (C. P. A.).

O. nigripila (O. S.)

Fulton County:

Mountain

Lake,

June

13

(C. P. A.);

Pinnacle,

August5(C. P. A.).

Nassau County: Sea Cliff, May (N. B.).
Onondaga County: Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: McLean, May 22 (H. E. S.); Ithaca, May 31 (R. H. T.).
Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).
O. nimbipennis Alex.

Fulton County: Woodworth's Lake, August 13 (C. P. A.), T. L.
Hamilton County: Wells, July 29 (D. B. Y.).
O. nubila (O. S.)

Albany County: Albany, May 8 (D. B. Y.).
Erie County: Colden, August 7 (M. C. VD.); Boston, September 3 (M. C. VD.);
Lancaster, September 24 to October 18 (M. C. VD.); etc.
Fulton County: Johnstovm, May 14 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.), T. L.
Nassau County: Sea Cliff, May (N. B.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, April 24 to May 16 (C. P. A.); McLean, Mav
U
J'i(C. P. A.).

.

^O. parallela (Doane)

Tompkins County:

Ithaca, T. L.

O. perplexa Dietz
Erie County:0.

Waverly, May (M. C. VD.), T. L.
pygmaea (Alex.)Erie County:
Hamburg, May 28 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Woodworth's Lake, August 22 (C. P. A.), T. L.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 28 (W. S.).

0. rubella (O. S.)
Erie County:

Colden, August 7 (M. C. VD.); Lancaster, September 24 to October18(M. C. VD.);etc.

Charles Paul Alexander

800

Genus Ormosia Rondani (continued)
0. rubella (O. S.) (continued)

Fulton County: Mayfield Mountain, September 20 (C. P. A.); etc.
Niagara County: Niagara Falls, September 8 to October 17 (M. C. VD.).
Orange County: West Point (O. S.), T. L.

Genus Erioptera Meigen
Subgenus Erioptera Meigen
Erioptera chlorophylla O. S.

Albany County: Albany, June 28 (D. B. Y.).
Erie County: Gowanda, June 15 (M. C. VD.); South Wales, July 13(M. C. VD.); Hamburg, July 27 (M. C. VD.); etc.
Franklin County: Saranac Inn, July 4 (J. G. N.).
Fulton Coimty: Sacandaga Park, June 15 to August 24 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Old Forge, July 29 (J. G. N.).
Queens County: Flushing, June 22 (C. R. P.); Little Ferry, August 15

Tompkins County:
E. chrysocoma O. S.
Fulton County:(C. R. P.).
Ithaca, July 10-13 (C. P. A.).

Moimtain Lake, June 15 to July 7 (C. P. A.); Sacandaga

Park, June 18 (C. P. A.).
Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).
E. megophthalma Alex.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, Jime 18 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9-13 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 28 to June 13 (C. P. A.), T. L.
Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).
E. septemtrionis O. S.
Erie County: Gowanda, June 7 (M. C. VD.); East Aurora, June 11(M. C. VD.).
Essex Coimty: Uphill Creek and Opalescent River, foot of Mount Marcy,
July 10 (C. R. C).
Fulton County: Mount Buell, June 5-18 (C. P. A.); Mountain Lake,

August 13 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Old Forge, July 17-21 and in August (J. G. N.).
Madison County: Canastota (J. C. F.).
Oneida County: Lee Center, July 24 (W. A. C).
Schoharie County: Sharon Springs (O. S.), T. L.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, April 26 to July 13 (C. P. A.); McLean, May 13
to June 5 (C. P. A.).
E. straminea O. S.
Erie County:

Gowanda, June 14-27 (M. C. VD.); Grand(M. C. VD.).
Sacandaga Park, June 18 (C. P. A.).

Island, June 26

Fulton County:
E. vespertina O. S.
Cattaraugus Coimty: Chipmunk Swamp, Vandalia, June 9 (C. R. C).
Erie County: Hamburg, June 20 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 5-28 (C. P. A.); etc.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 15 to July 13 (C. P. A.); etc.
E. villosa O. S.
Erie County: Holland, May 21 (M. C. VD.); North Evans, May 29(M. C. VD.); Buffalo, June 23 to July 9 (M. C. VD.);
Sprmg Brook, June 25 (M. C. VD.); Gowanda, June 27(M. C. VD.).

The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I

801

Genus Erioptera Meigen {continued)
Subgenus Acyphona Osten Sacken
Erioptera armillaris O. S.

Chenango County:

Near Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
(M. C. VD.); Elma, August 24
Erie County: South Wales, July 9(M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 11-18 (C. P. A.); Mountain Lake,
June 17 to July 7 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.), T. L.
Tompkins County: McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.); Ithaca, August 30 (C. P. A.).
E. graphica O. S.

Tompkins County:

Ithaca, July 13 (H. Y.), August 2-7 (C. P. A.).

E. venusta O. S.

Albany County:
Erie County:

Helderbergs, June 12 (C. P. A.); Albany, June 26 to September 20 (D. B. Y.).
Gowanda, June 7-27 (M. C. VD.); Hamburg, June 18-20(M. C. VD.); Golden, August 16 (M. C. VD.); etc.

Fulton County: Gloversville, June 3 to September 20 (C. P. A.); etc.
Genesee County: Batavia, July 25 (H. H. K.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.); Newport, June 18(D. B. Y.); Old Forge, August (J. G. N.).
Monroe County: Rochester Jimction, June 1 (M. D. L.).
Oneida County: Lee Center, July 26 (W. A. C).
Queens County: Flushing, June 22 (C. R. P.).
Schenectady County: Schenectady, June 14 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 23 to August 12 (C. P. A.); etc.
Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).
Subgenus Hoplolabis Osten Sacken
Erioptera armata O. S.
Erie County: Hamburg, May 14 to September 5 (M. C. VD.); East Aurora
May 18 (M. C. VD.); Buffalo, May 22 (M. C. VD.);
Lancaster, Jime 19 to August 14 (M. C. VD.); etc.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 1 to August 24 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9-13 (C. P. A.).
Monroe County: Rochester Junction, June 1 (M. D. L.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 12-15 (C. P. A.); McLean, September 28(C. P. A.).

Westchester County: Tarrytown, Jime 9 (S. W. F.).
Subgenus Mesocyphona Osten Sacken
Erioptera caloptera Say

Albany County: Helderbergs, July 3 (C. P. A.).
Cayuga County: North Fair Haven, September 14 (C. P. A.).
Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: Gowanda, June 7(M. C. VD.); Buffalo, June 23-25(M. C. VD.); East Aurora, August 21 (M. C. VD.); etc.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 15 to August 24 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.).
Queens County: Flushing, June 14 (C. R. P.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 13 to June 19 (C. P. A.); McLean June 5(C. P. A.).

Westchester County:

Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).

Charles Paul Alexander

802

Genus Erioptera Meigen (continued)
Subgenus Mesocyphona Osten Sacken {continv^d)E. needhami Alex.

Cortland County: Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 11-18 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.).
Onondaga County: Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca (R. H. T.).
E. parva O. S.

North Fair Haven, September 12 (C. P. A.).
Golden, August 7 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Johnstown, September 15 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, August 2 (C. P. A.).
Subgenus Empeda Osten Sacken
Erioptera nyctops Alex.
Fulton County:
Mountain Lake, June 13 (C. P. A.), T. L.; Mount Buell,
June 18 (C. P. A.).
E. stigmatica (O. S.)
Albany County: Helderbergs, June 12 to July 3 (C. P. A.).
Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: Holland, May 21-28 (M. C. VD.); East Aurora, June 1 (M. C.
VD.); Lancaster, September 24 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 5-24 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.), T. L.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 12 to June 20 (C. P. A.); McLean, September 28 (H. H. K.).

Cayuga County:
Erie County:

Genus Molophilus Curtis
Molophilus forcipula (O. S.)
East Aurora. August 21 (M. C. VD.).
Erie County:
Fulton County: Gloversville, July 16 (C. P. A.).
Niagara County: Niagara Falls, October 9 (M. C. VD.).

M. fultonensis Alex.
Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Fulton County: Mountain Lake, July 7 (C. P. A.), T. L,

Chenango County:

M. hirtipennis (O. S.)
Albany County: Helderbergs, July 3 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: Hamburg, May 28 (M. C. VD.); Gowanda, June 8 (M. C. VD.);
Elma, August 20 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Johnstown, June 3-30 (C. P. A.); Mountain Lake, June 17(C. P. A.).

Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.); Old Forge, July and August(J. G. N.).
Oneida County: North Brook, June 22 (W. A. C).
Onondaga County: Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County
Ithaca, May 29 to June 18 (C. P. A.); McLean, June 5

Herkimer County::(C. P. A.).

Westchester County:
M. pubipennis (O. S.)

Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Lancaster, June 19 (M. C. VD.); South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.).

Chenango County:
Cortland County:
Erie County:

Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).

The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I

803

Genus Molophilus Curtis (continued)

M. pubipennis (0. S.) (continued)
Essex County:

Uphill Creek and Opalescent River, foot of Mount Marcy, July 10(C. R. C).
Sacandaga Park, June 3 to August 11 (C. P. A.); etc.
Hamilton County: Wells, July 7-29 (D. B. Y.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.); Old Forge, August (J. G. N.).
Oneida County: Potash Creek, July 24 (W. A. C).
Onondaga County: Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 29 to July 13 (C. P. A.); etc.
Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).

Fulton County:

M. ursinus (O. S.)
Chenango County:

Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Mayfield Mountain, June 21 to July 7 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).
Fulton County:

Genus Trimicra Osten Sacken
Trimicra anomalc O. S.
Erie County:
Hamburg, May 28 (M. C. VD.); South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.).
Westchester County: New Rochelle (O. S.), T. L.

Genus Helobia St. Fargeau et Serville
Helobia hybrida (Meig.)
Albany County: Clinton Heights, April 9 (D. B. Y.); Kamer, June 5 (D. B. Y.).
Erie County: Buffalo, March 4 to October 3 (M. C. VD.); Lancaster, May 9(M. C. VD.);etc.
Fulton County: Johnstown, June 30 (C. P. A.); etc.
Hamilton County: Elm Lake, August 7 (D. B. Y.).
Herkimer County: Newport, June 18 (D. B. Y.); Old Forge, July 20-24 (J. G. N.).
Madison County: Canastota (J. C. F.).
Queens County: Flushing, June 22 (C. R. P.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, March 25 to August 7 (C. P. A.); etc.

Genus Gnophornyia Osten Sacken
Gnophoniyia tristissima O. S.
Albany County: Albany, September 11 (D. B. Y.).
Dutchess County: Poughkeepsie, June 8 (D. B. Y.).
Erie County: Gowanda, June 15 (M. C. VD.); Buffalo, June 25 to August 25(M. C. VD.);etc.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 6 to August 24 (C. P. A.); Johnstown
September 20 (C. P. A.); etc.
Nassau County: Sea Cliff, September 3-5 (N. B.).
Niagara County: Niagara Falls, July 30 to October 9 (M. C. VD.).
Rensselaer County: Rensselaer, June 3 (D. B. Y.).
Suffolk County:
O. S., in the type series at Cambridge.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 30 to June 10 (J. G. N.); Norton's Landing
June 19 (H. H. S.); etc.
Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 16-25 (S. W. F.).

Genus Gonomyia Meigen
Subgenus Leiponeura Skuse
Gonomyia alexanderi (Johns.)
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 11 to August 24 (C. P. A.), T. L.
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).
G. manca (O. S.)
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, August 26 (C. P. A.).

Charles Paul Alexander

804

Genus Gonomyia Meigen {continued)
Subgenus Lnpotieura Skuse (continued)
G. sacandaga Alex.

Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 11 to August 24 (C. P. A.), T. L.
Subgenus Gonomyia Meigen
Gonomyia blanda O. S.
Albany County: Albany, June 26 (D. B. Y.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.), T. L.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, July 19 (C. P. A.).
G. cognateUa O. S.
Erie County:

Gowanda, June 8 (M. C. VD.).

Sacandaga Park, June 18 to August 26 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 10-13 (C. P. A.).
Fulton County:
G. florens Alex.

Sacandaga Park, June 18 (C. P. A.); Gloversyille, June 22

Fulton County:(C. P. A.).

Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9-13 (C. P. A.), T. L.
Tompkins County: McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.).
G. mathcsoni Alex.

Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 12-16 (C. P. A.), T. L.
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, August 24 (C. P. A.).
G. noveboracensis Alex.

Fulton County:

Sacandaga Park, June 11 (C. P. A.), T. L.

G. subcinerea O. S.

Albany County: Helderbergs, June 12 (C. P. A.); Albany, June 26 (D. B. Y.).
Erie County:
Lancaster, June 4 (M. C. VD.); Hamburg, July 10 (M. C. VD.);
etc.

Fulton County:

Sacandaga Park, June

1

(C.

P. A.); Gloversville, June 3(C. P. A.); etc.

Herkimer County:

Trenton Falls (O.

S.),

T. L.; Indian Castle, June 9-13

(C. P. A.).

Onondaga County:

Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.).
Brookview, July 13 (M. M. A.).
Rockland County: West Nyack, June 15 (W. S.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 13 to August 7 (C. P. A.).
Westchester County: Tarr3i;own, June 9 (S. W. F.).
Rensselaer County:

G. sulphurdla O. S.
Clinton County: Peru, June 10 (C. R. C).
Erie County: Lancaster, June 2 to August 14 (M. C. VD.); Buffalo, June 25(M. C. VD.); Elma, August 27 (M. C. VD.); etc.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 11 to August 24 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O.S.),T. L.; IndianCastle, Junel3(C.P. A.).
Nassau Coujity: Sea Cliff, August (N. B.).
Tompkins Coimty: Ithaca, May 13 to August 24 (C. P. A.).

Westchester County:

Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).

Genus Rhabdomastix Skuse
Subgenus Sacandaga Alexander
Rhabdomastix flava (Alex.)
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 11-28 (C. P. A.), T. L.
Hamilton County: Wells, July 6 (D. B. Y.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part805

I

Genus Cryptolabis Osten Sacken
Cryptolabis paradoxa (). 8.
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Fulton County: 8acandaKa Park, June 18 to July 27 (C. P. A.).
Oneida County: Brown Brook, July 13 (W. A. C).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, June 19-21 (C. P. A.); Enfield Falls, July 12.

Genus Cladura Osten Sacken
Cladura delicatula Alex.
Fulton County: Mayfield Mountain, October 1 (C. P. A.).
Hamilton County: Middle Lake, Hope Township, September 12-13 (C. P. A.).
C. flavoferruginea O. S.
Erie County: East Aurora, September 20 (M. C. VD.); Lancaster,

September 24(M. C. VD.); Hamburg, September 2.5 to October 16 (M. C.
VD.); North Evans, October 22 to November 4 (M. C. VD.);
etc.

Fulton County:

Pinnacle Mountain, August 5 (C. P. A.); Mayfield Mountain,

September 20 (C. P. A.).
Genesee Coimty: Batavia, September 28 (H. H. K.).
Hamilton County: Middle Lake, Hope Township, September 12 (C. P, A.).
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls, September (O. S.), T. L.
Monroe County: Rochester, October 10 (M. C. VD.).
Nassau County: Sea Cliff (N. B.).
Niagara County: Niagara Falls, October 9 (M. C. VD.).
Onondaga County: Manlius, October 1 (H. H. S.).
Putnam County: Highlands, October 3 (J. S.).
Tioga County: Owego, October 24 (H. H. K.).
Tompkins County: McLean, September 28 (C. R. C. and H. H. K.); Ithaca
October 3-15 (C. P. A.).

Genus Chionea Dalman
Chionea gracilis Alex.

Tompkins County:

Ithaca, December 15, T. L.

C. noveboracensis Alex.

Tompkins County:

Ithaca, Coy Glen, February 25 (R. C. S.), T. L.

C. primitiva Alex.

Cayuga County:

Cascade, Owasco Lake,

November 15(S. C.

B. and C. R. C),

T. L.
C. valga Harris

Cattaraugus County: Otto, March 18.
Erie County:
Lancaster (M. C. VD.), on snow.
Onondaga County: Manlius, October 1 (H. H. S.).
Steuben County: Lake Keuka, December (C. R. C).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, November 18 (R. H. P.); December 15 (W. A. R.).
Regional species:

Molopkilus nova-caesariensis Alex.

Tribe Limnophilini

Genus Adelphomyia Bergroth
Adelphomyia americana Alex.
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Fulton County: Woodworth's Lake, August 22 (C. P.
September 15-23 (C. P. A.); etc.
Hamilton County: Wells, July 29 (D. B. Y.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, September 10 (C. P. A.).

A.),

T. L.; JohnstownCharles Paul Alexander

806

Genus Adelphomyia Bergroth (continued)
A. cayuga Alex.
Tompkins County: Vanishing Brook, Ithaca, August 16 (C. P. A.), T. L,
A. niinuta Alex.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 1-15 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 12-23 (C. P. A.), T. L.; McLean, June

5

(C. P. A.).

Genus Limnophila Macquart
Subgenus Lasiomaslix Osten Sacken
Limnophila ?nacrocern (Say)Albany County: Karner, June 19 (D. B. Y.); Pine Hills, July 1 (D. B. Y.).
Cattaraugus County: Little Valley, July 18 to August 7 (M. C. VD.).
Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
ErieCounty: Lancaster, May 31 (M.C.VD.); Gowanda, June 14(M.C.VD.);
etc.

Franklin County: Axton, June (A. D. M.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 11 to August 24 (C. P. A.); etc.
Hamilton County: Wells, July 20 (D. B. Y.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.).
Onondaga County: Manlius, August 18 (H. H. S.).

Yaphank, May 29.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 23-26 (C. P. A.); McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.);
Suffolk Comity:etc.

Westchester County:

Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).

L. subtenuicornis (Alex.)

Tompkins County:

McLean, May 31 (C. P. A.); Ithaca, June 4-13 (C. P. A.),
T. L.

L. ienuicornis O. S.

Fulton County:

Mountain Lake, June 17-19 (C. P. A.); Gloversville, June 24(C. P. A.).

Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 20-29 (C. P. A.); McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.).
Subgenus Idioptera Macquart
Limnophila fasciolala O. S.
Albany County: Albany, June 17 (D. B. Y.).
Tompkins County: McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.).
Subgenus Limnophila Macquart
Limnophila adusta O. S.
Cayuga County: North Fair Haven, September 12 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: Lancaster, May 31(M. C. VD.); Buffalo, June 10-12(M. C. VD.); etc.
Essex County: Wilmington, August 24 (J. C. B.).
Fulton County: Mount Buell, June 5 to July 7 (C. P. A.); etc.
Genesee County: Batavia, August 6 (H. H. K.).
Onondaga County: Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.); Manlius, September 6(H. H. S.).
Schenectady Coimty: Schenectady, June 14 (A. O.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 21 to June 5 (C. P. A.); etc.
L. alhipes Leon.

Fulton County: Mountain Lake, altitude 1590 feet, July 7 (C. P. A.).
Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 16 (S. W. F.).

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part807

I

Genus Limnophila Macquart (continued)
Subgenus Limnophila Macquart (continued)
L. alleni Johns.

Albany County: Karner, June 19 (D. B. Y.).
Fulton County: Gloversville, June 9-22 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, June 20 (A. H. M.); etc.
L. arenlatn O. S.

Albany County: Helderbergs, June 12 (C. P. A.); Albany, June 26 (D. B. Y.).
Cattaraugus County: Rock City, June 6 (J. C. B.).
Erie County: Gowanda, June 14 (M. C. VD.); Hamburg, June 18 (M. C. VD.);
etc.

Essex County:

Uphill Creek and Opalescent River, foot of Mount Marcy,
July 10 (C. R. C).
Fulton County: Mountain Lake, June 3-29 (C. P. A.); etc.
Hamilton County: Mount Buell, June 13 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.), T. L.; Old Forge, June 20 (J. G. N.).

Onondaga County:
Tompkins County:

Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.).
Ithaca, May 20 to June 5 (C. P. A.); etc.

L. brevifurca O. S.
Erie County:

Holland, May 21 (M. C. VD.); Golden, May 23 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 1-17 (C. P. A.); Gloversville, June
3-15 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.); Old Forge, August(J. G. N.).
Tompkins County: McLean, May 13 to June 5 (C. P. A.); Ithaca, May 14-21(C. P. A.); etc.

L. contempta O. S.

Fulton County:

Sacandaga Park, July 3 (C. P. A.).

L. edwardi Alex.

Fulton County:

Gloversville, June 22 (C. P. A.), T. L.

L. emmelina Alex.

Fulton County:

Mount Buell, altitude 1600 feet, June 18 (C. P. A.).

L. fratria O. S.

East Aurora, May 18 (M. C. VD.). (Van Duzee, auQt.)(The type-locality for L. fratria was supposed by Osten Sacken to be

Erie County:

New York State.)
L. imbecilla O. S.

Erie County:

Gowanda, June 7-14 (M. C. VD.);

Buffalo,(M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 26 (C. P. A.).
Genesee County: Batavia, August 1 (H. H. K.).
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (0. S.), T. L.
Westchester County: Tarryto wn, June 9 (S. W. F.),
L. inornata O. S.

Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 1-11 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Old Forge, August (J. G. N.).
Onondaga County: Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.).
Oswego County: Oswego, July 17.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, reared May 25 (C. P. A.).
L. laricicola Alex.

Fulton County:

Canada Lake, June 20 (C. P. A.), T. L.

L. lenta O. S.

Cayuga County: North Fair Haven, September 12 (C. P. A.).
Chenango County: Ix)wer Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County:

Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).

June

12-15

Charles Paul Alexandeb.

808

Genus Limnophila Macquart (continued)
Subgenus Limnophila Macquart {continued)
L. tenia O. S. (continued)
Erie County: Hamburg,

Mav 26 (M. C. VD.); South Wales, July 9(M. C. VD.);etc.
Fulton County: Johnstown, June 26 to September 2 (C. P. A.); etc.
Hamilton County: Wells, July 29 (D. B. Y.); Dug Mountain, August 8
I'D.

B. Y.).

Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.).
Saratoga County: Corinth, June 23 (D. B. Y.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 26 to August 12 (C. P. A.).

Onondaga County:

L. lutea Doane

Tompkins County:

McLean, May 31 (F. K.).

L, luteipennis O. S.

Albany County: Karner, June 13 (D. B. Y.).
Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: Golden, May 23 (M. C. VD.); Hamburg, May 26 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 1 to August 24 (C. P. A.); etc.
Greene County: New Baltimore, September 17 (D. B. Y.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.).
Nassau County: Sea Cliff (N. B.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 7 to June 5 (C. P. A.); etc.
L. nigripleura A. & L.

Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Fulton County: Mountain Lake, June 17 to August 13 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).
Nassau County: Sea Cliff (N. B.).

Tompkins County:

Ithaca, May 31 (R. H. T.); etc.

L. niveitarsis O. S.

Fulton County: Mount Buell, altitude 1400 feet, June 18-29 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Old Forge, July 20 (J. G. N.).
L. novebnracensis Alex.

Albany County: Albany, June 26 (D. B. Y.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 21-28 (C. P. A.), T. L.; etc.
Rockland County: West Nyack, June 15 (W. S.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, July 11-12 (C. P. A.).
L. quadrata O. S.

Albany County: Albany, June 7 (D. B. Y.).
Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: Hamburg, May 22 to June 6 (M. C. VD.); Buffalo, June 15(M. C. VD.);etc.
Fulton Coimty: Sacandaga Park, June 5 to July 7 (C. P. A.); etc.
Genesee County: Batavia, June 6 (H. H. K.).
Onondaga County: Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 21-29 (C. P. A.), July 25 (H. Y.): McLean,
June 5 (C. P. A.); Ringwood HoUow, July 14 (H. Y.).
Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).
L. recondita O. S.

Albany County: Albany, June 15 (D. B. Y.).
Erie County: Buffalo, June 10 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 21-28 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer Coimty: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.).

The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I

809

Genus Limnophila Macquart (continued)
Subgenus Limnophila Macquart (continued)
L. recondita O. S. (continued)

Rockland County:

West Nyack, June 1.5 (W. S.).

Tompkins County:

Ithaca, May 26-29 (C. P. A.); Mcl.ean, June 5 (C. P. A.).

(Osten Sacken's T. L. is New York State.)
L. similis Alex.

Johnstown, June 10-26 (C. P. A.), T. L.; Sacandaga Park,
June 29 (C. P. A.).
Hamilton County: Wells, July 7 (D. B. Y.).
L. stanwoodae Alex.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 11 (C. P. A.), T. L.
Fulton County:

L. subcostata (Alex.)

Fulton County:

Sacandaga Park, June 1 (C. P. A.); Gloversville, June 3-9(C. P. A.).

Herkimer County: Indian Castle, Jime 9 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 7-31 (C. P. A.), T. L.; etc.
L. Sylvia Alex.

Fulton County:

Mountain Lake, altitude 1590 feet, June 13 (C. P. A.), T. L.

L. ienuipes (Say)Albany County:

Albany, June 26 (D. B. Y.).
Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: Hamburg, May 28 (M. C. VD.); Colden, June 7 (M. C. VD.):
Elma, August 27 (M. C. VD.); etc.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 15 to August 24 (C. P. A.).
Onondaga County: Manlius, September 6 (H. H. S.).
Rockland County: We.st Nyack, June 15 (W. S.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 20 to August 12 (C. P. A.); McLean, Jime 5
Cortland County:(C. P. A.).

L. toxoneura O. S.

Albany County: Helderbergs, July 3 (C. P. A.).
Cattaraugus County: Little Valley, June 30 (M. C. VD.).
Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Fulton County: Mount Buell, June 13-29 (C. P. A.); Gloversville, June 14-24(C. P. A.); etc.

Hamilton County:
Herkimer County:

Mount Buell, June 13 (C. P. A.).

Trenton Falls (O. S.), T. L.; Indian Castle, June 9(C. P. A.); Old Forge, August (J. G. N.).
Onondaga County: Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.).
Rensselaer County: Brookview, July 9 (M. M. A.).

L. ultima O. S.

Albany County: Albany, May 15, October 4-7 (D. B. Y.).
Cattaraugus County: Olean, September 5 (C. R. C).
Erie County: Colden, August 7 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Woodworth's Lake, August 12 (C. P. A.); Gloversville,
September 15-17 (C. P. A.).
Hamilton County: Middle Lake, Hope Township, September 12 (C. P. A.).
Monroe County: Rochester, October 10 (M. C. VD.).
Tompkins County: May 8, October 12 (C. P. A.).
Subgenus Ephelin Schiner
Limnophila aprilina O. S.
Albany County: Karner, June 15 (D. B. Y.).
Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).

Charles Paul Alexander

810

i

Genus Limnophila Macquart (continued)|

Subgenus Ephelia Schiner (continued)
Limnophila aprilina O. S. (continued)
Erie County: Gowanda, June 27 (M. C. VD.);
South Wales,(M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Mountain Lake, June 15 to July 7 (C. P. A.).
Hamilton Countv: Wells, July 29 (D. B. Y.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 12-29 (C. P. A.).

'

July

9

L. johnsoni Alex.

Fulton County:

Mount Buell, June 15 (C. P. A.); Mountain Lake, altitude1600 feet, June 17 (C. P. A.), T. L.
Tompkinrf County: Coy Glen, Ithaca, May 23 (C. P. A.).
Subgenus Dicranophragma Osten Sacken
Limnophila fuscovaria O. S.
Albany County: Karner, June 13 (D. B. Y.).
Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Erie Coimty: Hamburg, June 6-20 (M. C. VD.); Gowanda, June 7(M. C. VD.);etc.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 15 to August 24 (C. P. A.); etc.
Hamilton County: Wells, July 23 (D. B. Y.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.).
Queens County: Flushing, June 22 (C. R. P.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 17 to August 12 (C. P. A.); Norton's Landing,June 24 (H. H. S.).
Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).
Wyoming County: Portage, May 24 (H. H. K.).
Subgenus Prionolalm Osten Sacken
Limnophila munda O. S.
Cattaraugus County: Mix Creek Valley, June 11 (J. C. B.).
Essex County
Uphill Creek and Opalescent River, foot of Mount Marcy,
July 10 (C. R. C).
Fulton County: Mount Buell, June 13-29 (C. P. A.); Gloversville, June 16:(C. P. A.); etc.

L. rufibasis O. S.

Albany County: Albany, May 26 to June 5 (D. B. Y.).
Clinton County: Peru, June 23 (C. R. C).
Erie County: HoUand, May 21 (M. C. VD.) Lancaster, May 31 (M. C. VD.);;etc.

May 20 to June 3 (C. P. A.); Mount Buell,
June 13-17 (C. P. A.); etc.
Hamilton County: Mount Buell, June 13 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).
Oneida County: Remsen, June 5 (W. A. C).
Tompkins Coimty: Ithaca, May 4-31 (C. P. A.); Norton's Landing, June 2(H. H. S.); McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.).
Wyoming County: Portage, May 24 (H. H. K.).
Fulton County:

Gloversville,

L. simplex Alex.

Fulton County: Woodworth's Lake, June 17 (C. P. A.).
Subgenus Daclijlolabis Osten Sacken
Limnophila cubitalis O. S.
Cattaraugus Comity: Rock City, June 6-10 (J. C. B. and H. H. K.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 7-30 (C. P. A.); Taughannock Falls, May 19(C. P. A.).

The Crane-Flies of New York— PartI

811

Genus Ldmnophila Macquart {continued)
Subgenus Dadylolabis Osten Sacken {continued)
L. montana (>. S.
Albany County: Helderbergs, June 12 (C. P. A.).
Cattaraugus County: Little Valley, June 30 (M. C. VD.).
Erie County: Spring Brook, June 25 (M. C. VD.)Fulton County: Mount Buell, June 13-18 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Little Falls, June 9 (C. P. A.).
New York: (O. S.), T. L.
Niagara County: Niagara Falls, June 9 (M. C. VD.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 5-24 (C. P. A.).

Genus Epiphragma Osten Sacken
Epiphragma fascipennis (Say)Albany County: Helderbergs, June 12 (C. P. A.); Albany, June 19-25 (D. B. Y.).
Cattaraugus County: Rock City, June 6-7 (J. C. B. and H. H. K.); Vandalia
June 9 (C. R. C).
Erie County: Colden, May 23 to June 7 (M. C. VD.); Buffalo, June 10-23(M. C. VD.);etc.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 1-21 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.); Old Forge, June 20(J. G. N.).
Nassau County: Sea Cliff (N. B.).
Oneida County: Cincinnati Creek, May 26 (W. A. C).
Onondaga County: Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.).
Queens County: Flushing, June 22 (C. R. P.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 14-30 (C. P. A.); McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.),
Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).
"E. solatrix (O. S.)

Nassau County:

Sea Cliff, June (N. B.),

Genus Ula Haliday
Ula elegant O. S.
Fulton County:

Pinnacle Mountain, September 16 (C. P. A.); etc.
Old Forge, August (J. G. N.).
Ithaca, May 13 to June 20 (C. P. A.).

Herkimer Coimty:
Tompkins County:
U. pauper a O. S.
Erie County:

Holland, May 21 (M. C. VD.); East Aurora, June 22 to August 24(M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Johnstown, May 13 (C. P. A.); etc.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 13 (C. P. A.).

Genus Ulomorpha Osten Sacken
Ulomorpha pilosella (O. S.).
Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: East Aurora, June 11 (M. C. VD.); South Wales, July 9(M. C. VD.); Boston, July 10 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Gloversville, June 3-9 (C. P. A.); Mountain Lake, June 13-17(C. P. A.).

Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.), T. L.; Indian Castle, Jmie 9 (C. P. A.).
Oneida County: Cyrus Brook, July 10 (W. A. C).
Schoharie County: Sharon Springs (O. S.), T. L.
Tompkins County: McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.); Ithaca, June 20 (L. W. C).

Charles Paul Alexander

812

Limnophila irrorata Johns., L. marchandi Alex., L.
L. novae-angliae Alex., L. osborni Alex., L. poelica O. S., L. unica O. S.

Regional species:

mundoides Alex.,

Tribe Hexatomini

Genus Penthoptera Schiner
Penthoptera albitarsis O. S.

Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Chen:i,ngo County:
Erie County: South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.); Hamburg, July 10 (M.
C. VD.); Boston, July 10 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 27 (C. P. A.); Woodworth's Lake, Jul^
19 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, July 11 to August 12 (C. P. A.), September 17 (J. G. N.).
Genus Eriocera Macquart
Eriocera brachycera O. S.

Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Near Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.) Colden, July 25 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Pinnacle Mountain, altitude 2000 feet, August 4 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Old Forge, July 12-16 (J. G. N.).
;E. cinerea Alex.
Fulton Coimty:

Woodworth's Lake, Jxme 15 (C. P. A.).
Ithaca, reared from larvae. May 16
Tompkins County:(C. P. A.); Beai
Creek, Freeville, May 16 (C. P. A.); Norton's Landing,
May 25 (H. H. S.).

E. fuliginosa O. S.
Erie County:

May 25 to July 4 (M. C. VD.); Colden, May 31(M. C. VD.);etc.
(Determined by Van Duzee; species not seen by writer.)

North Evans,

E. fultonensis Alex.
Fulton County:

Sport Island, Sacandaga River, altitude 750

feet,

June 15-27(C. P. A.).

Tompkins County:

Ithaca, reared May 30 to June
(C. P. A.), June 23 (H. Y.).

6

(J.

T.

L.),

June

13

E. longicornis (Walk.)

Albany County: Albany, May 6 (D. B. Y.).
Erie County: North Evans, May 14 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Fish-House, May 28 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.); Dolgeville, May 16 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 1-30 (C. P. A. and J. G. N.); etc.
E. spinosa (O. S.)
Cortland County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 5 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.), T. L.
Oneida County: Tannery Brook, September 9 (larvae) (W. A. C).
Tompkins Coimty: Ithaca, May 17 to August 5; etc.
E. trisiis Alex.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, August 1 (C. P. A. and C. I.), T. L.

Genus Hexntoma Latreille
Hexatrrma megncera (O. S.)
Fulton County: Johnstown, May 24 (C. P. A.); Sport Island, Sacandaga River,

June 15 (C. P. A.);

Tompkins County:

Ithaca, Mav
C. B.);etc.

15

etc.

(C.

P.

A.);

North Lansing, June

1

(S-The Crane-Flies of New YorkRegional species:— PartI

813

Eriocera wilsonii O. S.

Tribe Pediciini

Genus Pedicia Latreille
Pedicia albivitta Walk.
Albany County: Indian Ladder, Helderbergs, July 3 (C. P. A.).
Broome County: Binghamton.
Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.); East Aurora, August 15 to
September 11 (INI. C. VD.); etc.
Fulton County: Gloversville, June 11 (A. O.), Mountam Lake, August 22(C. P. A.); etc.

Hamilton County: Middle Lake, September 12 (C. P. A.)
Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.).
Onondaga County: Manlius, August 27 (H. H. S.): B^^ldwinsville. September
Tompkins County: Ithaca, August 1-12 (C. P. A.); etc
Big Indian Valley, May 24 to August 23 (R. F. P.)
Ulster County:
Westchester County: Mosholu.
P. contcrmini Walk.
Tompkins County: McLean, May 13 (C. P. A.); Ithaca, June 1 (C. R P.);
Jime 6 (S. A. G.).

Genus Tricyphona Zetterstedt
Tricyphona auripennis (O. S.)
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 10-13 (C. P. A.).
T. aulumnalis Alex.
Cayuga County: North Fair Haven, September 12 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: Grand Island, September 6 (M. C. VD.).
Essex County: Mount Marcy, July 30 (D. B. Y.).
Fulton County: Pinnacle Momitain, August 5 (C. P. A.); Woodworth's Lake,
September (C. P. A.), T. L.
Hamilton County: Elm Lake, August 2 (D. B. Y.); Dug Mountain, August 8(D. B. Y.).

(Needham's record for T. calcar, Old Forge, August, probably belongs here.)T. calcar (O. S.)

Cattaraugus County: Four-Mile, altitude 2300 feet, June G (J. C. B ).
Erie County: Colden, May 23 (M. C. VD.).
Uphill Creek and Opalescent River, foot of Mount Marcy,
Essex County:
July 10 (C. R. C).

Fulton County: Sacanda?a Park, June 1; Gloversville, June 3 (C P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Newport, June 6 (D. B. Y.).
Tompkins County: McLean, May 22 to June 5 (C. P. A.); etc.
T. inconstans (O. S.)

Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Columbia County: Claverack, September 28 (J. S.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Erie County:
Hamburg, May 31 to June 20 (M. C. VD.); Boston, September 3
Essex County:

Fulton Countv:(M. C. VD.);etc.
Uphill Creek and Opalescent River, foot of Mount Marcy,
July 10 (C. R. C).
Gloversville, June 10-27 (C. P. A.); Sacandaga Park, June 16

to Au-ust 21 (C. P. A.); etc.
Genesee County: Batavia, June G (H. H. K.).
Hamilton County: Mount Buell, June 13 (C. P. A.,

Charles Paul Alexander

814}

Genus Tricyphona Zetterstedt [continued)
T. incoHstans (O. S.) {continued)

Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.); Old Forge, August
C. N.); Newport, August 31 (D. B. Y.).
Onondaga County: Manlius, September 10 (H. H. S.).
Monroe County: Rochester, October 10 (M. C. VD.).
Nassau County: Sea Cliff (N. B.).
Rockaway Beach, Jime 26.
Queens County
Schenectady County: Schenectady, June 14 (A. O.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 12 to September 28 (C. P. A.); etc.
Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).
Wyoming Comity: Portage, May 24 (H. H. K.); Portageville, June
(C. R. C).

Herkimer County

:

(J.

:

13

T. paludicoln Alex.

McLean, May 13-20 (C,Tompkins County:

P,

A.

and

P.

W. C),

T.

L.;

Bear Creek. Freeville. May 16 (C. P. A.).
(O S.)
Fulton County:

T. vernalis

Mountain Lake, June 13-15 (C. P. A.); Mount Buell, June 15(C. P. A.).

Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).
Nassau County: Sea Cliff, April (N. B.).
Tompkins County: Forest Home, May* 7 (S. W. F.); Taughannock, May 8(R. H. T.).

Genus Dicranota Zetterstedt
Dicranota noveboracensis Alex.
Fulton County: Dolgeville, May 16 (C. P. A.), T. L.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, April 24 (S. W. F.); May 8 (C. P. A.); etc.
D. rivularis O. S.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, April 21 (C. R. P.).

Genus Rhaphidolabis Osten Sacken
Subgenus Rhaphidolabina Alexander
Rhaphidolahis flaveola O. S.

Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Hamburg, May 28 (M. C. VD.).
Erie Comity:
Gloversville, June 3-15 (C. P. A.); Mount Buell, June 13-17(C. P. A.); Woodworth's Lake, August 22 (C. P. A.).
Hamilton County: Wells, July 9 (D. B. Y.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.); Old Forge, August

Fulton County:

Tompkins County:(J. G. N.).
Ithaca, May 30-31 (C. P. A.); etc.

Subgenus Rhaphidolabis Osten Sacken
Rhaphidolabis caijuga Alex.
Johnstown, August 19 (C. P. A.); Mountain Lake, SepFulton County
tember 2 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, April 22 (J. G. N.); McLean. May 13 (C. P. A.),
T. L.
:

Fulton County:
R. tenuipes O. S.

Gloversville, altitude 900 feet, June 22 (C. P. A.), T. L.

Albany County: Indian Ladder, Helderbergs, July 3 (C. P. A.).
Cattaraugus County: Little Valley, June 30 (M. C. VD.).
Erie County: North Evans, May 14 (M. C. VD.); Holland,(M. C. VD.).

IMay 21

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part815

I

Genus Rhaphidolabis Osten Sacken (continued)
Subgenus Rhaphidolabis Osten Sacken (continued)
R. tenuipes O. S. (continued)

Fulton County:

May

Gloversville,
13 to August 5 (C. P. A.); etc.
Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.); Old Forge,(J. G. N.).
Field's Brook, August 30 (W. A. C).

Herkimer County:
Oneida County:
Saratoga County:

August 6

Saratoga Springs (O. S.), T. L.
Ithaca, May 1 to August 12 (J. G, N.).

Tompkins County:

Subgenus Plectromyia Osten Sacken
Rhaphidolabis modesta (O. S.)
Erie County: Holland, May 21 (M. C. VD.).
(Van Duzee, auct.)
Fulton County: Mountain Lake, altitude 1600 feet, June 13 (C. P. A.).

Regional species: Dicranota eucera O.
T. katahdin Alex.

S.,

D. pallida Alex., Tricyphona hyperborea (O. S.)

Subfamily Cylindrotominas

Genus Cylindrotoma Macquart
Cylindrotoma tarsalis Johns.
Fulton Coimty: Gloversville, June 9 (C. P. A.); Woodworth's Lake, altitude
1650 feet, June 17 to August 19 (C. P. A.), T. L.
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).

Genus lAogma Osten Sacken
Liogma nodicornis (O. S.)
Erie County: Hamburg,

May 28 to June 20 (M. C. VD.); Golden, June 7(M. C. VD.);etc.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 15-26 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.).
Onondaga County: Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: North Lansing, June 1 (C. R. C); Ithaca, June 10-14(C. P. A.).

Westchester County:

Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).

Genus Phalacrocera Schiner
Phalacrocera neoxena Alex.

North Fair Haven, May

Cayuga County:

17, dead in lake drift (J. G. N. and
E. M.), T. L.
P. tipulina O. S.
Essex County: Lake Tear of the Clouds, Mount Marcy, July 10 (C. R. C).
Fulton County: Near Sacandaga Park, June 18 (C. P. A.); Canada Lake,
June 23 to July 10 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Old Forge, July, August 3 (J. G. N.).
Tompkins County: Ringwood Hollow, July 3 (H. Y.).
•

Regional species:

Cylindrotoma americana O. S., Triogma exculpta O. S.

Subfamily Tipulinae
Tribe Dolichopezini

Genus Dolichopeza Curtis
Dolichopeza americana Needm.

Cattaraugus County: Little Valley, June 30 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 1-15 (C. P. A.): Mountain Lake, June
13-17 (C. P. A.).

Charles Paul Alexander

816

Genus Dolichopeza Curtis {continued)
Dolichopeza americana Needm. {continued)
Herkimer County: Old Forge, August (J. G. N.), T. L.
Queens County: Flushing, June 22 (C. R. P.).

Genus Oropeza Needham
Oropeza alhipes Johns.
Cattaraugus County: Four-Mile, July 4 (H. H. K.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: Golden, July 3 (M. C. VD.); South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.);
Boston, July 10 (M. C. VD.); etc.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 28 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Old Forge, June 20 (J. G. N.).
Suffolk County:

Bellport, August 9.

Westchester County:

Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).

0. obscura Johns.

Albany County: Helderbergs, July 3 (C. P. A.).
Cattaraugus County: Little Valley, June 30 (M. C. VD.); Four-Mile, July 4(H. H. K.).
Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
East Aurora, Jime 16 (M. C. VD.); South Wales, June 23 toErie County:
July 9 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Woodworth's Lake, June 15 to August 20 (C. P. A.); etc.
Hamilton County: Wells, July 30 (D. B. Y.).
Tompkins County: Ringwood Hollow, July 6 (H. Y.).
Warren County: County-Line Flow, Griffin, July 26 (C. P. A.).
O. sayi Johns.
Erie County:

South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.); Boston, July 10 (M. C. VD.).
Herkimer County: Old Forge, August (J. G. N.).
Niagara County: Niagara Falls, June 23.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, August (J. G. N.).

Cj

^itntl'is

Johns

Erie County:
Gowanda, June 7-14 (M. C. VD.); Elma, August 20 (M. C. VD.).
O. subalbipes Johns.
South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.).
Erie County:

Westchester County:

Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.)

O. venosn Johns.

Cattaraugus County: Little Valley, June 30 (M. C. VD.).
Cortland Coimty: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: South Wales, June 23 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Mountain Lake, June 15-17 (C. P. A.); Northampton, June
25 (D. B. Y.);etc.
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.).
Regional species:

Brachypremna dispellens (Walk.), Oropeza dorsalis Johns.

Tribe Ctenophorini

Genus Tanyptera Latreille
Tanyptera frontalis (O. S.)
Cattaraugus County: Rock City, June 16 (J. C. B. and W. T. M. F.).
Fulton County: Mountain Lake, June 13 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 30-31 (C. I.).

The Crane-^lies of New York— PartI

817

Genus Tanyptera Latreille (continued)
T. fumipennis (O. S.)

Erie County:

Golden, May 30 (M. C. VD.).
Ithaca, May 30-31 (G. I.).

Tompkins Gounty:
T. topazina (O. S.)

Erie Gounty:

Lancaster, May 31 (M. G. VD.).
Ithaca, May 31.

Tompkins County:
Genus Ctenophora Meigen

Ctenophora apicata O. S.
Fulton County: Mount Buell, altitude 1400 feet, June 29 (C. P. A.).
Suffolk County;Long Island, July.

Tribe Tipulini

Genus Longurio Loew
Longurio iestaceus Loew

Chenango County:

Near Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (G. P. A.).
Cortland County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Fulton County: Gloversville, altitude 1000 feet, June 27 (G. P. A.).
Nassau County: Sea Cliff (N. B.).

Genus Stygeropis Loew
Stygeropis fuscipennis Loew

Albany County: Albany, August 6 (D. B. Y.).
Erie Gounty: East Aurora, June 11 (M. G. VD.).
Fulton Gounty: Sacandaga Park, June 29 (G. P. A.); Mountain Lake, August

Tompkins County:

13 (C. P. A.).
Ithaca, July

10 (G. P. A.); Ringwood Hollow,
November and May (G. H. K.).

larvaein

Genus Nephrotoma Meigen
Nephrotoma breviorcornis (Doane)
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 29 (G. P. A.).
N. calinota (Dietz)
Fulton Gounty: Sacandaga Park, June 19 (G. P. A.).
N. eucera (Loew)
Fulton Coimty: Sacandaga Park, June 11-16 (C. P. A.).
Onondaga County: Manlius, June 12 (H. H. S.).
Suffolk County:Long Island.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, June 29 to July 21.
N. ferruginea (Fabr.)
Albany County: Albany, June 7 (D. B. Y.); Helderbergs, July 3 (C. P. A.).
Cortland County: Gee Brook, July 20 (A. O.) Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: Hamburg, May 28 (M. C. VD.); Buffalo, June 26 (J. G. N.)June 27 to November 11 (M. G. VD.); etc.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 1 to August 24 (G. P. A.); etc.
Genesee County: Batavia, September 3 (H. H. K.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (G. P. A.).
Jefferson County:
Alexandria Bay, September 3.
Monroe County: Honeoye Falls, July 4 to September 1 (C. R. G.).
Onondaga County: Baldwinsville, June 14; Manlius, August 18 (H. H. S.).
Ontario Gounty: Clifton Springs, August 23.
Suffolk County: Astoria; Maspeth, June 1; Bellport, June 2; North Beach,
September 18.
Sullivan Goimty: White Lake, August 21 (J. L. Z.).
Tompkins Gounty: Ithaca, May 7 to September 20 (G. P. A.); etc.
;

Charles Paul Alexander

818

Genus Nephrotoma Meigen (continued)
N. gradlicornis (Loew)
Onondaga County: Manlius, August 8 (H. H. S.).
N, incurva (Loew)
Albany County: Albany, July 1 (D. B. Y.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
East Aurora, June 12 to August 25 (M. C. VD.); South Wales,
Erie County:
July 9-13 (M. C. VD.).
Essex County: Keene Valley, July 26 (J. A. L.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, Jiuie 1-11 (C. P. A.); etc.
Genesee County: Batavia, July 22 (H. H. K.).
Greene County: New Baltimore, May 29 (D. B. Y.).
Hamilton County: Lake Placid, August 7 (J. A. L.).
Niagara Falls, June 9 (M. C. VD.).
Niagara County
Onondaga County: Manlius, August 24 (H. H. S.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, June 18 to August 4 (C. P. A.); etc.
N. lugens (Loew)
Albany County: Karner, June 26 (D. B. Y.).
Cattaraugus Coimty: Rock City, Jxme 16 (H. H. K.).
Essex County: Elizabethtown, June 8 (D. B. Y.); Keene Valley, June 17 (J.
:A. L.).

Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 5-16 (C. P. A.); etc.
Genesee County: Batavia, July 19 (H. H. K.).
Herkimer County: Newport, May 29 (D. B. Y.); Indian Castle, June 13 (C.P. A.).
Steuben County: Lake Keuka, Jime 15 (C. R. C.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 25 to Jime 29 (C. P. A.); Norton's Landing,June 2 (H. H. S.).
N. macrocera (Say)
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 11-29 (C. P. A.); etc.
Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 16 (S. W. F.).
N. pedunculata (Loew)
Cattaraugus County: Four-Mile, July 4 (H. H. K.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.).
Essex County: Keene Valley, July 30 (J. A. L.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 15 (C. P. A.).
Genesee County: Batavia, June 27 (H. H. K.).
Suffolk County:Long Island, July.

N. polymer a (Loew)
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 11-29 (C. P A).
Niagara County: Niagara Falls, June 9 (M. C VD).
Rensselaer County: Brookview, July 16 (M. M. A.)
Tompkins County: Ithaca, June 29.
N. sodalis (Loew)

Onondaga County:
N. tenuis (Loew)

Baldwinsville, Jime 13.

Cattaraugus County: Rock City, June 16 to July 4 (H. H. K.).
Cortland County: Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Dutchess County: Poughkeepsie, June 4 (D. B. Y.).
Erie County: Colden, July 10 (M. C. VD.); East Aurora, July 23 to August 21(M. C. VD.);etc.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, Jime 11-27 (C. P. A.); etc.
Genesee County: Batavia, June 22 (H. H. K.).
Sullivan County: August (Dietz collection).
Tompkins County
Ithaca, July 4 to August 2.
Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 16 (S. W. F.).
:

<

'

(

'

j

I

The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I

819

Genus Nephrotoma Meigen {continued)
N. virescens (Loew)
Fulton County: Mountain Lake, altitude 1500 feet, August 13 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Cascadilla Creek, near Ithaca, July 11 (H. Y.).
N. xanihosiigma (Loew)
Erie County: Colden, August 7 (M. C. VD.); Lancaster, September 13 (M.
C. VD.);etc.
Yaphank, June 28 (A. M. N.); Cold Spring Harbor, July 15
Suffolk County:(A. L. M.); Bellport, August 1.
Sullivan County: August, 1912 (Dietz collection).

Genus Tip id a Linnaeus
Subgenus Ciiiclotipula Alexander
Tipula algonquin Alex.
Essex County: Keene Valley, July 29(J.

A. L.); Elizabethtown, August 25(D. B. Y.).
T. unimaculata (Loew)

Essex County:
Fulton County:

New Russia, August (J. C. B.)

Sacandaga Park, August 24 (C. P. A.).
Hamilton County: Hope Township, September 12-13 (C. P. A.).
Onondaga County: Manlius, September 6 (H. H. S.).
Tompkins County: Norton's Landing, September 6 (H. H. S.).
Wayne County Sodus, August 15.
Subgenus Odontodpula Alexander
Tipida imifasciata (Loew)
Onondaga County: Manlius, August 29 (H. H. S.).
Tompkins County: Norton's Landing, August 12 (H. H. S.).
Subgenus Trichotipula Alexander:

Tipida oropezoides Johns.

Hamburg, May 28 (M. C. VD.).

Erie County:

Fulton County:

Sacandaga Park, June 1 (C. P. A.); Gloversville, June 6-28

Herkimer County:
Tompkins County:(C. P. A.).
Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).
McLean,
22 to June 5 (H. E. S.).

May

Ithaca, May 29

to June 10 (C. P. A.).

Subgenus Tipula Linnaeus
Tipula abdominalis (Say)Albany County: Coeymans, August 5.
Delaware County: Arkville, August (F.

N.

H.).

(In

Kansas LTniversity

collection.)

Erie County:

Essex County:

Gowanda, June 7-14, August 30 (M. C. VD.).
Keene Valley, July 1 (J. A. L.); Lake Placid, August

New Russia, September 12-30 (J. C. B.).
Franklin County: Saranac Iim (J. G. N.).
Fulton County: Gloversville, July 29 to August 20 (Brorame).
Herkimer County: Old Forge, August 4 (J. G. N.).
Livingston County: Hemlock Lake, August 29 (C. R. C).
Monroe County: Rochester Junction, June 9 (M. D. L.).
Oneida County: Brown Brook, July 14 (larvae) (W. A. C).
Schoharie County: Sharon Springs (O. S.).
Suffolk County
Sullivan County::Long Island, July.

August (Dietz collection).
Ithaca, August 30 to September 10.
Ulster County: Catskills, July (O. S.); Ellen ville, August 10 (A. M. N.).
Wayne County: Newark, May 14.
Wyoming County: Portage, May 24 (H. H. K.).

Tompkins County:

19;

Charles Paul Alexander

820

Genus Tipula Linnaeus (conUnued)
Subgenus Tipula Linnaeus {continued)
T. afflida Dietz

South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.).

Erie County:
T. angustipcnnis

Loew

May 22 to June L3 (D. B. Y.); Albany, June 25(D. B. Y.).
Erie County: Holland, May 21 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 1-11 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Ilion, May 17 (D. B. Y.); Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, April 26 to June 20 (C. P. A.); etc.

Albany County:

Earner,T. apicalis Loew

Albany County: Albany, June 26 (D. B. Y.).
Essex County: Keene Valley, July 13 (J. A. L.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 5-16 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 24-29; McLean, May 31 to June 5 (C. P. A.).
Westchester County: Dobbs Ferry (O. S.), T. L.
T. bella Loew

Albany County: Albany, June 7 (D. B. Y.).
Broome County: Binghamton (Dietz collection).
Cayuga County: North Fair Haven, September 12 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: North Evans, May 24 (M. C. VD.); East Aurora, August 21(M. C. VD.);etc.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 1 to September 28 (C. P. A.); etc.
Genesee County: Batavia, September 1 (H. H. K.).
Greene County: New Baltimore, August 16 (D. B. Y.).
Monroe County: Honeoye Falls, September 1 (C. R. C).
Nassau County: Sea Cliif, May (N. B.).
Oneida County: Remsen, July 5 (W. A. C).
Onondaga County: Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.).
Queens County: May 16 to July.
Bellport.
Suffolk County:
Tioga County: Willseyville, May 25 (W. A. H.).
Tompkms County: Ithaca, May 1 to September 10 (C. P. A.); etc.
T. bicornis Forbes

East Aurora, June 11-16 (M. C. VD.); Lancaster, June 19(M. C. VD.);etc.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 29 (C. P. A.).
Orange County: West Point (O. S.).
Potsdam, June.
St. Lawrence County:
Tompkins County: McLean, May 31 (C. P. A.); Ithaca, June 5-12; July 3(H. Y.); etc.
Erie County:

T. caloptera Loew
Erie County:

North Evans, May 14 to June 28 (M. C. VD.); Golden, May 23(M. C. VD.);etc.
Fulton County: Gloversville, May 18 to June 30 (C. P. A.); Sacandaga Park,
June 1 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).
Niagara County: Niagara Falls, June 23 (M. C. VD.).
Oneida County: Mill Creek, July 7 (W. A. C).
Rensselaer County: Brookview, July 16 (M. M. A).
Yaphank, June 28 to September 2 (A. M. N.); Bellport,
Suffolk County:

September.

Tompkins County:

Wyoming County:

Ithaca, May 5-30 (C. P. A.)

McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.) etc.
Wyoming, June 25 (H. H. K.).
;;

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part821

I

Genus Tipula Linnaeus {continued)
Subgenus Tipula Linnaeus {continued)
T. cayuga Alex.

Fulton County: Gloversville, June 9 (C. P. A.); T. L.
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 13-30 (C. P. A.).
T. collaris Say
Albany County: Albany, May 8 (D. B. Y.).
Cattaraugus County: Little Valley, June 30 (M. C. VD)
Erie County: Colden, May 23 to July 1 (M. C. VD.);
Gowanda, June 8(M. C. VD.);etc.
Fulton County: Gloversville, June 9-24 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).
Nassau County: Sea Cliff, May 20 (N. B.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 3 to June 20 (C. P. A. and L. W. C.)- etc
T. cunctans Say
Cayuga County: North Fair Haven, September 12 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: Hamburg, September 11 to October 25 (M. C.
VD.)- Buffalo
September 25 to October 2 (M. C. VD.); etc.
Genesee County: Batavia, September 12-28 (H. H. K.).
Jefferson County:
Alexandria Bay, September 3.
Kings County: Flatbush, September 13.
Niagara County: Niagara Falls, September 17 (M. C. VD.); Grand
IslandOctober 4 (M. C. VD.).
Ontario County: Clifton Springs, September 12.
Tioga County: Owego, October 24 (H. H. K.).
Tompkins County: McLean, September 28 (C. R. C); Ithaca. October 4
T. dejecta Walk.
Albany County: Earner, April 25 (D. B. Y.); Albany, May 3 (D B Y)
Erie County: Hamburg, May 14-22 (M. C. VD.); Colden
Mavy 23-29
o ^x,(M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Gloversville, May 14 (C. P. A.).
Nassau County: Sea Cliff, May 1 (N. B.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, April 26 to May 31 (C. P. A.).
'T. eluta Loew

Dutchess County:

Rhinebeck, July 27 (C. R. C).

Lancaster, May 31 (M. C. VD.); Elma, August 27 (M. C. VD.)-

Erie County:

'

etc.

'

Fulton County:

Sacandaga Park, June 11-29 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 24 (E. T. W.); etc.
Ulster County:
Ellen ville, July 20 (A. M. N.).
T. fragilis

Loew

Erie County:

Lancaster, September 24(M. C. VD.); etc.

(M. C. VD.); Buffalo

October 3

Essex County: Lake Placid, altitude 2000 feet (Johnson collection)
Fulton County: Gloversville, September 7-20 (C. P. A.); etc.
Greene County: New Baltimore, September 17 (D. B. Y.).
Hamilton County: Big Notch Mountain, Hope Township, September

12(C. P. A.).

Tompkins County:

Ithaca, September 29 to October 9 (C. P.

hannock Falls, October 25 (C. R. C).
T. fuliginosa (Say)Albany County: Helderbergs, July 3 (C. P. A.).
Cattaraugus County: Rock City, June 16 (H. H. K.).

A)- Taug-

Charles Paul Alexander

822

Genus Tipula Linnaeus {continued)
Subgenus Tipula Linnaeus (continued)
T. fuliginosa (Say) (continued)
Lancaster, June
Erie County:

4 (M. C. VD.); East Aurora, June 11(M. C. VD.); Colden, July 3 (M. C. VD.); etc.
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 13-27 (C. P. A.).
Hamilton County: Mount Buell, June 13 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).
Livingston County: Conesus Lake, June 22 (H. H. K.).
Tompkins County: McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.); Ithaca, June 20 to July 4(C. P. A.).

Portage, June 13-22 (H. H. K.).

Wyoming County:
T. fultonensis Alex.

Fulton County:

Mount Buell, Sacandaga Park, altitude 1500 feet, June 15(C. P. A.), T. L.

T. georgiana Alex.

Westchester County:><ew Rochelle (O. S.), T. L.

T. grata Loew
Erie County:

Buffalo, August 5 (M. C. VD.).
Herkimer County: Old Forge, July 6 (J. G. N.).
Western New York: (O. S.), T. L.

T. hebes Loew

Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.); Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: Colden, August 3 (M. C. VD.); Hamburg, August 10(M. C. VD.); East Aurora, August 21 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 29 (C. P. A.); Johnstown, July 31(C. P. A.).

Genesee County: Batavia, August 10 (H. H. K.).
Herkimer County: Old Forge, July 20 (J. G. N.).
Suffolk County: Cold Spring Harbor, July 15 (A. L. M.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, August 2-26 (C. P. A.).
Warren County:^ County- Line Flow, Griffin, July 26 (C. P. A.); Lake George,
August 17 (J. L. Z.).
T. helderbergensis Alex.

Albany County: Indian Ladder, Helderbergs, July 3 (C. P. A.), T. L.
Hamilton County: Wells, July 31 (D. B. Y.).
T. hermannia Alex.
Albany County: Albany, July 1 (D. B. Y.).
Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.); Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Essex County: Keene Valley, July 14 (J. A. L.) New Russia, August (J. C. B.).
Fulton Coimty: Sacandaga Park, June 11 to August 24 (C. P. A.); etc.
Greene Coimty: New Baltimore, August 16 (D. B. Y.).
Hamilton County: Wells, July 30 to August 31 (D. B. Y.); Speculator,
August 27 (D. B. Y.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.); Old Forge, August;(J.

Livingston County:

G. N.).

Hemlock Lake, August 29 (C. R. C).

Niagara County: Niagara Falls, June 28 (M. C. VD.).
Rockland Coimty: Palisades (O. S.).
Schoharie County: Sharon Springs (O. S.), T. L.
Tompkins County: Ithaca, June 17 (J. G. N.); etc.
Ulster County: Catskills, July (O. S.).
Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.).
T. hirsuta Doane

Fulton County:

Mayfield Mountain, June 19 (C. P. A.).

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part823

I

Genus Tipula Linnaeus (continued)
Subgenus Tipula Linnaeus (continued)
T. ignobilis Loew

Albany County: Helderbergs, July 3 (C P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, reared from larvae, May 21-26 (C. P. A.).
Ulster County: Catskills, July (O. S.).
T. iroquois Alex.

Fulton County:

Mountain Lake, June 13 (C. P. A.); Gloversville, June 24

Herkimer County:
Tompkins County:

Wyoming County:(C. P. A.).
Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).

Ithaca, May 3 to June 20 (C. P. A.); Ludlowville, May 4(E. M.).
Portage, May 24 (H. H. K.).

T. latipennis Loew

Erie County:

June 26 (M. C. VD.); Grand(M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, July 3 (C. P. A.).
Genesee County: Batavia, August 1 (H. H. K.).
Niagara County: Grand Island, June 26 (M. C. VD.).
Rensselaer Countj^: Brookview, July 15 (M. M. A.).
Buffalo,Island,June

26

T. longiventris Loew

Cattaraugus County: Rock City, June 6 (W. T. M. F.).
Erie County: East Auburn, June 11 (M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, July 29 (C. P. A.); Woodworth's Lake
Suffolk County:

August (C. P. A.).
Bellport, May 27, July 6.
(Part of the type material
collected in New York State by Edwards.)

was

T. macrolabis Loew

Albany County: Helderbergs, July 3 (C. P. A.).
Fulton County: Mount Buell, June 18-27 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer Coimty: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).
T. margarita Alex.

Tompkins County:

Ithaca, June 12 (C. P. A.), T. L.

T. mingwe Alex.

Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, August 24 (C. P. A.).
Genesee County: Batavia, July 22 (H. H. K.).
Hamilton County: Bennett Lake, Hope Township, September 12 (C

P A)

T. L.

Onondaga County:
Schoharie County:

Manlius, August 20 (H. H. S.).
Sharon Springs (O. S.).

Tompkins County:

Wayne County:

Ithaca, August 1 (C. P. A.).
Sodus, July 9.

T. monticola Alex.

Cattaraugus County: Rock City, Jime 16 (H. H. K.).
Fulton County: Woodworth's Lake, June 18 (C. P. A.), T. L.; etc
Hamilton County: Wells, July 23 (D. B. Y.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, June 3 (S. A. G.); McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.).
T. nobilis (Loew)
Albany County: Karner, June 19 (D. B. Y.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 17 (C. P. A.): Woodworth's Lake
June 23 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.).
Wyoming County: June 25 (H. H. K.).

Charles Paul Alexander

824

Genus Tipula Linnaeus (continued)
Subgenus Tipula Linnaeus (continued)

1

T. parshleyi Alex.

Axton, June 12-22 (A. D. M. and C. O. H.).

Franklin County:
T. penobscot Alex.

Mount Buell, altitude 1800 feet, June 18 (C. P. A.).

Fulton County:
T. perlongipes Johns.

Fulton County:
Queens County:
T. rohweri Doane
Erie County:

Canada Lake, altitude 1500 feet, June 20 (C. P. A.).
Flushing, June 22 (C. R. P.).

East

Aurora,

May

18

(M.

C.

VD.);

Elma,

August20(M. C. VD.).
(Mr. Van Duzee records this species, but the record seems very
doubtful to the writer since typical rohweri is western in its
distribution.)J

T. sackeniana Alex.

jTompkins County:

Ithaca, August 26 (C. P. A.), T. L.

)

T. sayi Alex.

;

Cattaraugus County: Olean, September 5 (C. R. C).
Cayuga County: North Fair Haven, September 12 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: Elma, August 20 (M. C. VD.); Hamburg, September 11-25(M. C. VD.); Buffalo, September 21 (M. C. VD.); etc.
Fulton County: Gloversville, September 17-25 (C. P. A.); etc.
Genesee County: Batavia, September 11 (H. H. K.).
Herkimer County: Old Forge, August 23 (J. G. N.).
New York August 5 to September 23.
Orange County: Goshen, September 7; West Point, September 8 (O. S.).
Sullivan County: August (Dietz collection).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, August 26-28 (C. P. A.); etc.
Warren County: County-Line Flow, Griffin, July 26 (C. P. A.).

i

j

:

T. senega Alex.

Albany County: Helderbergs, June 12 (C. P. A.).
Holland, May 21 (M. C. VD.); East Aurora, June 11
Erie County:(M. C. VD.).
Fulton County: Mountain Lake, June 13-23 (C. P. A.); Mount Buell, June

Tompkins County:

15-29 (C. P. A.).
Ithaca, May 7 to June 20(L.

W. C); McLean, June 5(C. P. A.).

T. serta Loew
Erie County:

Holland, May 21 (M. C. VD.); Lancaster, May 31 (M. C. VD.);
Buffalo, June 5 (M. C. VD.).

Fulton County:

Gloversville, June 6-20 (C. P. A.); etc.
31 to June 20 (C. P. A.); etc.
Ithaca,Tompkins County:
T. strepens Loew

May

Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.); Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 6-20 (C. P. A.); etc.
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).
Niagara County: Niagara Falls, June 24 (M. C. VD.).

Rockland County: Palisades (O. S.).
Saratoga Comity: Corinth, June 22 (D. B. Y.).
Tioga County: Willseyville, May 25 (W. A. H.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 20-29 (C. P. A.); McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.).
T. submaculata

Loew

Albany County: Albany, June 26 (D. B. Y.); Helderbergs, July 3 (C. P. A.).
Cattaraugus County: Four-Mile, July 4 (H. H. K.).

'

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part825

I

Genus Tipula Linnaeus {continued)
Subgenus Tipula Linnaeus (continued)
T. submaculata Loew (continued)
Cortland County: Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Erie County: North Evans, July 4 (M. C. VD.).

Fulton County:

Sacandaga Park, June 20 to July 4 (C. P. A.); Gloversville,
June 27 (C. P. A.); etc.
Genesee County: Batavia, July 14-25 (H. H. K.).
Saratoga County: Corinth, June 23 (D. B. Y.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, June 20 (L. W. C); etc.
(Part of the type material was collected in New York State.)
T. stdphurea Doane

Onondaga County:

Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.).

T. taughannock Alex.

Albany County: Helderbergs, Jime 12 (C. P. A.).
Fulton County: Mount Buell, altitude 1800 feet, June 13

(V;.

P. A.

and

C. P. A.), T. L.

Tompkins County:

Taughannock Falls, May 19 (C. P. A.).

T. tephrocephala Loew

Albany County: Karner, June 5 (D. B. Y.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 16-28 (C. P. A.); etc.
Genesee County: Batavia, June 1 (H. H. K.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.).
Rockland County: Palisades (O. S.), T. L.
Schenectady County: Schenectady, June 14 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 16-29 (C. P. A.); McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.).
T. tricolor Fabr.

Columbia Coimty: Niverville, August 24 (A. P. M.).
Cortland County: Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.).
Fulton County: Gloversville, August 18 to September 12 (C. P. A.); etc.
Genesee Coimty: Batavia, June 19 (H. H. K.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, Jime 9-13 (C. P. A.); Trenton Falls, July
(O. S.).

New York:(Hy. Edwards collection.)

Suffolk County:Jul}'.

Tompkins County:

Ithaca, May 29 to August 28 (C. P. A.); etc.

T. trivittata Say

Albany County: Albany, June 11 (D. B. Y.); Helderbergs, June 12 (C. P. A.).
Cattaraugus County: Mi.x Creek Valley, June 11 (J. C. B.).
Cortland County: Blodgett Mills, June 29 (A. O.).
Erie County:
Lancaster, May 31 to June 2 (M. C. VD.); South Wales, Julv 9(M. C. VD.);etc.
Fulton Coimty: Sacandaga Park, June 11 (C. P. A.); etc.
Genesee County: Batavia, June 22-23 (H. H. K.).
Niagara County: Niagara Falls, June 24 (M. C. VD.).
Schenectady County: Schenectady, June 14 (C. P. A.).
Tompkins County:' Ithaca, May 17 to July 2 (C. P. A.); etc.
T. ultima Alex.

Cayuga County:

North Fair Haven, September 12 (C. P. A.).
Delaware Coimty: Delhi, September 21 (A. M.).
Erie County: Hamburg, September 11-25 (M. C. VD.); Lancaster, September
13 (M. C. VD.);etc.
Fulton County: Gloversville, September 15-20 (C. P. A.); etc.
Genesee County: Batavia, September 12-28 (H. H. K.).
Hamilton County: Middle Lake, Hop)e Township, September 13 (C. P. A.).

Charles Paul Alexander

826

Genus Tipula Linnaeus (continued)
Subgenus Tipula Linnaeus [continued)
T. ultima Alex, (continued)

Kings County: Flatbush, September 28.
North Beach, September 18.
Suffolk County:
Tompkins County: Ithaca, September 29 to October 10 (C. P. A,).
Westchester Coimty: Peekskill, September 15 (Van Atta).
T. umbrosa Loew
Essex County: Keene Valley, August 10 (J. A. L.).
Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 24-29 (C. P. A.).
Hamilton County: Long Lake, August 9 (J. A. L.).
Herkimer County: Old Forge, July 25 (J. G. N.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, July 20 (L. W. C).
T. valida Loew

Albany County: Helderbergs, June 12 (C. P. A.).
Cattaraugus County: Rock City, Jime 16 (H. H. K.).
Erie County: Lancaster, June 2-4 (M. C. VD.); North Evans, July 4(M. C. VD.);etc.
Fulton County: Woodworth's Lake, May 30 to June 15 (C. P. A.); Sacandaga
Park, June 1-21 (C. P. A.).
Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.).
Onondaga Coimty: Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.).
Saratoga County: Corinth, June 22 (D. B. Y.).
Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 26 to June 20 (C. P. A.).
T. vicina Dietz
Erie County:

Lancaster, May 31(M. C. VD.).

(M. C. VD.), T.

L.;

Hamburg, June 7

Aeshnasoma rivertonensis Johns., Nephrotoma approximata (Dietz), N.
cingulata (Dietz), N.festina (Dietz), A^. hirsutula (Dietz), N. obliterata (Dietz), N. occipitalis (Loew), N. penumbra Alex., N. pxmctum (Loew), A'^. stigmatica (Dietz), A'', temeraria^Dietz), A'', vittida (Loew), A^. wijalusingensis (Dietz), Tipula angulata Loew, T. annulicornis
Say, T.aprilina Alex., T. centralis Loew T. ci ncticornis Doane, T. conspicua Dietz, T. fraterna Loew, T. huron Alex., T. johnsoniana Alex., T. mainemis Alex., T. megaura Doane,
T. morrisoni Alex., T. pachyrhinoides Alex., T". ternaria Ijoew.

Regional species:,

Distribution of the Tipulidae and related families by life zones

North America may be divided into seven roughly parallel belts, or
termed life zones, which extend more or less completely acrossthe continent and are distinguished from one another by peculiaritiesof their fauna and flora, by the annual precipitation, and by other charzones,

acteristics.

Beginning with the treeless Arctic-Alpine zoneinnorthern

Canada and passing southward, they comprise the Hudsonian, theCanadian, the Transition, the Upper Austral, the Lower Austral, andfinally the Tropical zone, the last-named being found in the United States

only in southern Florida and Texas.

These belts are by no means regularly

parallel.

In certain locahties

they run north or south at right angles to their usual course and encroach

The Ciiane-Flies of New York— Part827

Ion the adjacent zones. Thus the Canadian life zone of southern Canada
and the northern United States extends southward in the mountains
as far as Georgia, the same faunal and floral conditions prevailing in thehigh Alleghenies of Virginia and the Great ^moky Mountains of western

North Carolina as are found at much lower levels in the northern parts
By this it is seen that the same result is obtainedby climbing these mountains as by a long journey from south to north,of the United States.

a rise of a few feet in altitude being equivalent to many miles of latitude.
Similarly there are extensions of the Upper Austral zone northward
into the Transition zone, these being producedofwarmth andInmoisture.

by favorable conditions

New York State is found an extensive

Austral belt along the southern shores of Lake Ontario, altho the country

due southward is Transitional or even Canadian in its tendencies. Suchisolated islands are by no means infrequent.^
The crane-fly fauna seems to be fairly well distributed in these zones,

and

in

their

respective

the

pages

following
places.

thevariousspecies

As has already been

arestated,arrangedincrane-fliesarenotable lovers of rich vegetation, usually near running or standing water.
Definite groups of crane-fly species may be expected to occur in certain

communities, this relationship being often well marked. In cold
Canadian woods, such as are found in the Adirondacks and Catskills
and as isolated islands in the bogs and gorges thruout the State, definite
plant associations are found, each of which supports an equally wellAs a correlation and aid in checking thesedefined society of crane-flies.
various species, the plants that the writer believes to be characteristic
floralof the different life zones are herewith included.

The Boreal region"The Arctic or Arctic-Alpine zone lies
The Arctic-Alpine zone.
above the limit of tree growth and is characterized by such plants as
the arctic poppy, dwarf willow, and various saxifrages and gentians.

—

.

.

.

The following papers refer to this subject:
Bray, William L. The development of the vegetation of New York State. New York State Coll. For1915.
estry, Syraeuse Univ., Tech. pub. 3:1-186.
Eaton, Elon Howard.
IJife zones of New York State.
In Birds of New York. New York State Museum,^

Memoir 12':19-42.

1910.

Merriam, C. Hart. The geographic distribution of life in North America. Smithsonian Inst., Ann.
Kept. Bd. Regents 1891:36.5-415.
1893.
Merriam, C. Hart. Life zones and crop zones of the United States, Part H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div.
Biol. Survey, Bui. 10 18- .53.
1898.
Miller, Gerrit S., jr.
Life zones of New:

York State Museum, Bui. 6™

:

York. In Preliminary list of the mammals of New York.
280-292.
1899.

New

Charles Paul Alexander

828

Within the United States the Arctic-Alpine zone is restricted to the area
above timber-Une on the summits of high mountains." (Mcrriam,
1898:18-19.)

The crane-flies in this zone are considered in connection with thosein the Hudsonian zone.

The Hudsonian zone.

— "The Hudsonian zone comprises the northernpart of the great ti'anscontinental coniferous forest— a forest of spruces-—

and firs stretching from Labrador to Alaska
and ... In the eastern
United States the Hudsonian zone is restricted to the cold summits of
the highest mountains, where it occurs in the form of a chain of widely
separated islands reaching from northern New England to western North-

Carohna."(Merriam, 1898:19.)

The following plants may be considered as Hudsonian
Hierochloe alpina (Sw.) R. & S.
Poa laxa Haenke
Scirpus caespitosu^ L.

Carex capillaris L.
rariflora Smith

rigida Good.
capitata L.
Juncu^ trifidvs L.
Salix herbacea L.

Uva-ursi Pursh
Betula glandulosa Michx.
Arenaria groenlandica (Retz.) Spreng.
Saxifraga aizoides L.

species:

Ranunculus la-pponicus L.
Empetrum nigrum L.
Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) Wahlenb.
Cassiope hypnoides (L.) D. Don.
Arctoslaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng.
Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.
uliginosum L.
Vilis-Idaea L., var. minus Lodd.
Diapensia lapponica L.
Primula mistassinica Michx.
Pinguicula vidgaris L.
Prenanthes nana (Bigel.) Torr.
Solidago Cutleri Fernald

The following species of crane-flies may be considered as Arctic-Alpine
species finding their southern Umit in the Hudsonian zone:
Rhahdomastix caudaia (Lundb.)
Tricyphona hannai Alex.
hyperborea (O. S.)
Tipula aperla Alex.
appendiculata Loew
arctica Curt.
balioptera Loew
besselsi O. S.
canadensis Loew

The Canadianzone.

Tipula centralis Loew
labradorica Alex.
loeioiana Alex.
piliceps Alex.
septentrionalis Loew
serrulata Loew
subfasciata Loew
ternaria Loew

— "The Canadian zone comprises the southernpart of the great transcontinental coniferous forest of Canada, the northernparts of Maine, New Hampshire, and Michigan,

.

.

.

and the greaterpart of the high mountains of the United States and Mexico."
1898:19.)(Merriam,

The Crane-Flies of New York— PartI

829

The following plants may be considered as Canadian species:
Carex exilis Dewey
tenuiflora Wahlenb.
diaiidra Schrank-pauciflora Lightf.
leptalea Wahlenb.

(Wahlenb.) Willd.
oligosperma Michx.

lividaCalla palustris L.
Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf.
Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf.
Streplopus amplcxifolius (L.) DC.
Trillium undulatum Willd.

Habenaria macrophijUa Goldie
bracleata (Willd.) 11. Br.

Arelhusa bulbosa L.
Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes
Salix rostrata Richards
Candida Fliigge

Populus balsaniifera L.
Belula alba var. papyrifcra (Marsh.) Spach.
Siellaria borealis Bigel.

Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.

Adaea rubra (Ait.) Willd.
Mitella nuda L.
Ribes triste Pall.

Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC.

Dalibarda repens L.
Oxalis Acetosella L.
Ilex monticola Gray

Acer spicalum Lam.
Rhamnus alnifolia L'H6r.
Viola Selkirkii Pursh
lanceolata L.

Epilobium molle Torr.
Circaea alpina L.
Panax quinquefolium L.
Cornus canadensis L.
Ledum grocnlandicum Oeder

Kalmia polifolia Wang.
Andromeda glaucophylla Link.
Chamaedaphne calyculaia (L.) IVIoench
Arctoslaphylos Uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.
Chiogenes hispidula (L.) T. & G.
Menyanthes irifoliata L.
Galium labradoricuni Wiegand
Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook.
Linnaea borealis L., var. americana (Forbes)

RehderViburnum alnifolium Marsh.
Solidago macrophylla Pursh
uliginosa Nutt.
Senecio Robbinsii Oakes

Polentilla tridentata Ait.

The following species of crane-flies may be considered as Canadian species
Bittacomorphella jonesi (Johns.)
Dicranomyia halterata O. S.
Limnobia hudsonica O. S.
parietina O. S.
solitaria O. S.
tristigma O. S.
Dicranoptycha germana O. S.
Toxorhina muliebris (O. S.)
Erioptera chrysocoma 0. S.
megophthalma Alex.
nyclops Alex.
siigmatica (O. S.)
straminea O. S.
Ormosia monticola (O. S.)

pygmaea (Alex.)
Adelphomyia cayuga Alex.
minuta Alex.
Limnophila alleni Johns.
johnsoni Alex.
munda O. S.
osborni Alex.
stanwoodae Alex.
subcostata (Alex.)
subtenuicornis (Alex.)

Limnophila tenuicornis O. S.
toxoneura O. S.
unica O. S.
Eriocera brachycera O. S.
Rhaphidolabis flaveola O. S.
modesta (O. S.)
rubescens Alex.

Dicranoia pallida Alex.
Tricyphona auripennis (O. S.)
calcar (O. S.)

kaiahdin Alex.
Cylindrotoma americana O. S.
tarsalis Johns.
Phalacrocera ncoxena Alex.
tipulina O. S.

Nephrotoma penumbra Alex.
vitiula (Loew)
Tipula angulata Loew
cayuga Alex.
macrolabis Loew

mainensis Alex.
monticola Alex.
penobscot Alex,scria Loew

Charles Paul Alexander

830—

A great many species occur in both
The Canadian-Transition zone.
TransitionUfezone, and these for the most partthethe Canadian andsouthernhmitin
one or the other of these belts.
northernorfind theirborderzone are numerous and varied,of
this
The floral constituents
forms
finding their southern limit ina large number of the Canadian
the Transition zone, and, conversely, many of the more southern species
extending their range into, and finding their northern limit in favoral)le
The more notable plants that seem tosituations in, the Canadian zone.
fallwithin this category are:

Maianlhemum canadeiise Desf.

Rvbus hispidus L.

Streptopus roseus Alichx.
Medeola virginiana L.
Cypripedium arietinum R. Br.

Sanguisorba canadensis L.
Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Trel.
Acer pennsylvanicum L.
Hypericum canadense L.
Trientalis americana (Pers.) Pursh
Gentiana linearis Froel.
Diervilla Lonicera Mill.

hirsutum Mill.
Habenaria lacera (Michx.) R. Br
Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud.
Arceulhobium pusillum Peck
Asarutn canadense L.

Polygonum amphibium L.
Caltha palustris L.

Actaea alba (L.) Mill.

CaulophyUum ihaliciroides (L.) Michx.
Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers.

Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L. f.
melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd.

Viburnum cassinoides L.
Lobelia Kalmii L.
Solidago latifolia L.
rugosa Mill.
graminifolia (L.) Salisb.
Aster umbellalus Mill.
Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) B. & H.
Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf.

Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.

The- majority of the crane-flies of the northeastern United States seemto belong here.

There are many species which are strongly Canadianbut still seem to range outside the Canadian zone.

in their associations

In the following Ust these species are designated by the letter C, in parenthesis.

Itmust be understood that many of these species are about as

typically Canadian as those given in the preceding list, but slight extensionsof their range make it appear more desirable to include them in this qualified list.

The few species which are Transitional but range into the Canadianzone are here designated by the letter T.
Protoplasa fitchii O. S.
Trichocera subsinuata Alex. (C)Rhyphus alternatus Say
Dicranomyia gladiator O. S. (C)globithorax O. S. (C)haeretica O. S.

immodesta O. S.

Dicranomyia macateei Alex. (C)monticola (Alex.) (C)morioides O. S.
pubipennis O. S. (C)pudica O. S.
Limnobia triocellata O. S.
Rhipidia fidelis O. S.

The Crane-Flies of New York
Rhipidia maculata Meig.
Atnrbn picticornis O. S.
Ehphantomyia westwoodi O. S. (C)Rhamphidia mainensis Alex.

Ormosia apicalis Alex. (C)holotricha (O. S.)

innocens (O. S.)
meigenii (O. S.)
nigripila (O. S.)
nuhila (O. S.)
rw6eZ/a (O. S.)

Erioptera armata 0. S.
armillaris O. S.
yt7iosa O. S. (C)Molophilus fultonensis Alex. (C)hirtipennis (O. S.)

pubipennis (O. S.)
ursinus (O. S.)
Gnophomyia trisHssima O. S.

Gonomyia alexanderi (Johns.)

Wanda O. S. (C)cognateUa O. S. (T)florens Alex. (C)mathesoni Alex.
noveboracensis Alex. (T)sacandaga Alex. (T)subcinerea O. S.
sulphurella O. S. (T)Rhabdomaslix flava (Alex.) (T)Cryptolabis paradoxa O. S.
Chionea valga Harr.
Cladura delicatula Alex. (C)flavoferruginea O. S.
Adelphomyia americana Alex. (C)Limnophila albipes Leon. (C)aprilina O. S. (C)areolata O. S. (C)brevifurca O. S. (C)edwardi Alex. (C)emmelina Alex. (C)fiLscovaria O. S. (C)imbecilla O. S.
inornata O. S.
Inricicola Alex. (C)Zenta O. S.
monlana O. S.

— PartI^'/a f/p<7a/^s O. S. (C)Ulomorpha pilosella (O. S.) (C)Eriocera fultonensis Alex.
longicornis (Walk.)spinosa (O. S.)<nsii.s Alex.

Hexatoma megacera (O. S.)
Dicranota eucera O. S.
noveboracensis Alex.
rivularis O. S.
Rhaphidolabis cayuga Alex.
tenuipes O. S.
Pedicia albivitta Walk.
contermina Walk. (C)Tricyphona paludicola Alex.
t;ernaZis (O. S.) (C)Liogma yiodicornis (O. S.) (C)Triogma exculpta O. S.
Dolichopeza americana Needm. (C)Oropeza albipes Johns.
obscura Johns. (C)venosa Johns. (C)Ctenophora apicata O. S.
Nephrotoma eucera (Loew)
incurva (Loew)lugens (Loew) (C)pedunculata (Loew) (C)polymera (Loew)
tenuis (Loew)
xanthostigma (Loew)
Stygeropis fuscipennis Loew

Longurio testaceus Loew (C)Tipula algoTiquin Alex.
angustipennis Loew (C)apicalis Loew (C)bicornis Forbes
caloptera Loew
collaris Say (C)cunctans Say (T)dejecto Walk. (C)fragilis Loew (C)fuliginosa (Say) (T)/ie5es Loew (C)hermannia Alex. (C)hirsuta Doane
iroquois Alex. (C)latipennis Loew (C)mundoides Alex.

longiveniris Loew

nigripleura A. & L. (C)niveitarsis O. S. (C)noveboracensis Alex. (C)megaura Doane (C)mingwe Alex.
nobilis (Loew) (C)quadrata O. S.

oropezoides Johns. (C)parshleyi Alex. (C)perlongipes Johns. (T)senega Alex.

rufibasis 0. S. (C)Sylvia Alex. (C)ultima O. S. (C)831

Charles Paul Alexander

832

Tipula strepens Loew
submaculata Loew
sulphurea Doane (C)taitghannock Alex. (C)Tipula tephrocephala Loew
ultima Alex. (T)unimaculata (Loew)
valida Loew (C)The Austral region
The Transition zone.
"The Transition zone
is the transcontinental belt in which Boreal and Austral elements overlap.
From
New England to the northern Rocky Mountains its course is fairly evenand regular." (Merriam, 1898:20.)
The following plants may be considered as Transition species:—

Schizaea pusilla Pursh...

Aletris farinosa L.

Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Ktze.
Crotalaria sagittalis L.
Polygala Nutlallii T. & G.
Nyssa aquatica L.
Asclepias verticillata L.

Smilax hispida Muhl.
Juglans nigra L.
Ulmus racemosa Thomas

Datura Stramonium L.
Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd.
Dianthera americana L.

Chamaecyparis thyoides

(L.)

BSP.

Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb.

cernuum L.

The crane-flies of this area include the following species:
Tipula annulicornis Say

Dicranomyia vara 0. S.
Ldmnobia fallax Johns.

eluta Loew

fraterna Loew
georgiana Alex.
sayi Alex.

Dicranoptycha sobrina O. S.

Gonomyia manca (O. S.)
Ldmnophila cubitalis O. S.

tricolor Fabr.

fasciolata O. S.
irrorata Johns.
Aeshnasoma rivertonensis Johns.

tuscarora Alex.

umbrosa Loew

Limnophila cubitalis perhaps might be better included in the list preTipula umbrosa ranges from the Austral to the Canadianceding this.

zone, but seems most numerous in the Transition zone.

— "The Carolinian faunal area the Upper.... occupies the larger part of the Middle States,

The Upper Austral zone.
Austral zone]

except the mountains."

[of

Ji
''

(Merriam, 1898:30.)

The following plants may be considered as Upper Austral species:
PiniLs virginiana Mill.
echinata Mill.
Commelina communis L.
Saururus cernuus L.
Quercus falcata Michx.

Cabomba caroliniana Gray
Asimina triloba Dunal
Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC.

Liquidambar Styraciflua L.

marilandica Muench.

Desmodium laevigatum (Nutt.) DC.
Lespedeza repent (L.) Bart.

phellos L.

Ptelea Irifoliata L.^

Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers.

Evonymus americanus L.

' Species characteristic of this zone but running into the Transition zone.

IThe Crane-Flies of New York— PartI

Aralia spinosa L.

Paulownia lomentosa (Thunb.) Steud.
Lonicera sempervirens L.

Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. F. W. Mey.

Viburnum nudum L.

Ascyrum stans Michx.

833

The following species of crane-flies belong to this zone:
Dicranoptycha minima Alex.
nigripes O. S.

Brachypremna dispellens (Walk.)'
Nephrotoma okefenoke (Alex.)

tigrina Alex.

virescens (Loew)''

winnemana Alex.
Toxorhina magna (O. S.)^
Gnopkomyia luctuosa O. S.*
Epiphragma solatrix (0. S.)
Eriocera aurata Doane

Tipula australis Doanedictziana Alex.
flavihasis Alex.

morrisoni Alex.

wilsonii O. S.

The Lower Australzone.

— "The Lower Austral zone occupies thesouthern part of the United States, from Chesapeake

Bay to the great(Merriam, 1898:41.)
This is a region characterized by a great number of southern plants,of which the cabbage palmetto (Sahal palmetto Lodd.), the Venus's flyinterior valley of California."

trap(Dionaea muscipula

indica L.)

Ellis),and the crape myrtle {Lager stroemia

may be cited as typical.

The following species of crane-flies

belong to this zone:
Dicranomyia distans O. S.
floridana O. S.
Diotrepha ynirabilis O. S.*

Gonomyia pleuralis

Tipjda aspidoptera Alex.
comanche Alex.
costaloides Alex.

guasa Alex.
ludoviciana Alexseminole Alex.
texensis Alex.

(Will.)'

puer Alex.*
slossonae Alex.*

Polymera georgiae Alex.

The Tropical region
The Tropical zone.
"The Tropical region within the United States isof small extent and is restricted to three widely separated localities
southern Florida, extreme southeast Texas
and the valley of thelower Colorado River in Arizona and California. The Florida area isgenuine humid tropical."(Merriam, 1898:51-52.)

—

—

.

.

.

,

The following species of crane-flies pertain to this zone:
Dicranomyia reticxdata Alex.
Rhipidia schwarzi Alex.

Erioptera immacxdata Alex.
Megistocera longipennis (Macq.)

Geranomyia virescens Loew^''

Southern species reaching their northern limit in this zone.
Species characteristic of this zone but running into the Transition zone.
Tropical species reaching their northern limit in this zone.

Charles Paul Alexander834

seasonal distribution
Like many other groups of insects, the Holarctic crane-flies havea remarkably constant seasonal distribution, there being vernal, earlysummer, midsummer, and autumnal species, as well as forms that range
over amuch longer period.

The vernal species appear soon after themelting of the ice in spring, and are on the wing for a month or two.
Some few of these species reappear in late summer, and these are pre-sumably double-brooded

species.

In

New

York,

New

England, andsouthern Canada the great majority of crane-flies are on the wing during
the month of June. Among these are represented the last of the vernal

forms and the first of the extensive midsummer fauna.

In late summer

a few additional species appear, and these are closely followed in September and October by about the same number of autumnal forms. The
winter crane-flies, so-called, include species of Trichocera and Chionea
which appear at other seasons of the year as well but are more easily
detected during the mild, sunny days of winter.
In general it may be stated that the crane-flies of eastern America
which fly in spring and summer come out later and disappear earlier in
New York, New England, and southern
the northern part of their range
the Middle Atlantic and Southernsouthern
part
the
in
than
Canada•—States.

The

late

—

summer and—the autumnal

species,

however, comeout earlier in the former regions than they do farther south, and disappear
correspondingly early in the season, their period being restricted by thedate of the first killing frost.
The dates as here given apply to the Transition areas of New Yorkand New England. They -should be considered as earlier in the vicinityfrom one to three weeks or even more, depending onof Washington
later as one goes northward, with the exceptions
andthe situationmust
be understood and expected that considerable
given above. It
dates
and figures will be found, but it is believed
thesedeviation fromfairlyaccurate, being based on a vast number
theyarethat in most cases——of records extending over many years.

—

from April 1 thru
The following are early to late spring species
thethem reappearing
about
first
of
June
but
many
of
May, disappearing
species
for the first
September.
Most
of
these
appearin August andor evenHelobianuichearlier,
in
March
April
20.
appears
time about
areof
Dicranota,
andRhaphidolabis
The
speciesOrmosia,
in February.

The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I
especiallycharacteristic of835

the earl}^ spring fauna, appearing in small

swarms soon after the breaking up of the winter's snow and ice. Practicallyall the species have disappeared by June 1, but Tipula trivittata is foundthru out the summer.
Ormosia innocens (O. S.)

Rhaphidolabis tenuipes O. S.
Pedicia conlermina Walk.
Tricyphona paludicola Alex.
Tipula angustipennis Loew

meigenii (O. S.)
nubila (O. S.)
Hdobia hyhrida (Meig.)

Limnophila subcoslnta (Alex.)

collaris Say

Dicranota eucera 0. S.

dejecta Walk.

noveboracensis Alex.
rivularis O. S.
Rhaphidolabis cayuga Alex.

iroquois Alex.
tephrocephala Loew
trivittata Say

In Europe the following species appear to be characteristic early spring

forms
Tipula macrocera Zett.

Tipula variipennis Meig.
vittata Meig.

maxima Poda
pabulina Meig.

Late spring to midsummer species

and a few reappearing

inbrevifurca appears in earlylate— June, some persisting into July
— are asLimnophila

summerfollows.

May but is not common until June.

It willbe seen from this list that the majority of the local Limnophilas appear in
the month of June.
Protoplasa fitchii O. S.
Toxorhina muliebris (O. S.)
Dicranoptycha germana O. S.
Atarba picticornis O. S.
Rhamphidia mainensis Alex.
Erioptera nyctops Alex.
vespertina O. S.
Gnophomyia tristissima O. S.
Gonomyia florens Alex.
mathesoni Alex.
noveboracensis Alex.
subcinerea O. S.
sulphurella O. S.
Limnophila alleni Johns.
aprilina O. S.
areolata O. S.
brevifurca O. S.
cubitalis O. S.
edwardi Alex.
emmelina Alex.
fasciolata O. S.
fuscovaria O. S.

Limnophila johnsoni Alex.

munda O. S.
niveitarsis O. S.

poetica O. S.

quadrata O. S.
rufibasis O. S.

Sylvia Alex.

tenuicornis O. S.

toxoneura O. S.
xmica O. S.
Adelphomyia minuta Alex.

Ulomorpha pilosella (O. S.)
Hexatoma megacera (O. S.)
Eriocera cinerea Alex.
longicornis (Walk.)spinosa (O. S.)
Tricyphona auripennis (O. S.)
calcar (O. S.)
rrrnali!^ (O. S.)

Rhaphidolabis flaveola O. S.
modesta (O. S.)
ru6escen« Alex.

Charles Paul Alexander

836

Liogma nodicornis (O. S.)
DoUchopcza americana Needm.
Nephrotoma lugens (Loew)

Tipula oropczoides Johns.
penobscot Alex.
senega Alex,
serto Loew

Tipula apicalis Loew
cmjuga Alex.

submaculata Loew
sulphurea. Doanemacrolabis Loew
monticola Alex.

iaughannock Alex.

Early summer to midsummer species— from June 21 to August 10 —are as follows:
Bittacomorphella jonesi (Johns.)
Dicranomyia globithorax O. S.
macateei Alex.
pubipennis O. S.
Limnobia triocellata O. S.
tristigma O. S.
Elephantomyia westwoodi O. kS.
Ormosia monticola (O. S.)
nigripila (O. S.)
rubella (O. S.)

Erioptera armillaris O. S.
chlorophylla O. S.
chrysocoma O. S.
graphica O. S.
straminea O. S.
Molophilus fultonensis Alex.
hirtipennis (O. S.)
pubipennis (O. S.)
ursinus (O. S.)
Gonomyia alexanderi (Johns.)

Rhabdomastix flava (Alex.)
Cryptolabis paradoxa O. S.
lAmnophila albipes Leon.
inornata O. S.
nigripleura A. & L.
noveboracensis Alex.
stanwoodae Alex.
Penthoptera albitarsis O. S.
Eriocera fultonensis Alex.
fmfis AJex.
Cylindrotonia americaim O. S.
tarsalis Johns.
Phalacrocera neoxena Alex.
tipulina O. S.

Longurio testaceus Loew
Nephrotoma eucera (Loew)
xanthostigma (Loew)
Tipida fidiginosa (Say)/lefcesLoewhermannia Alex.

blanda O. S.

tricolor Fabr.

manca (O. S.)

valida Loew

sacandaga Alex.

In Europe the following species seem to have this seasonal distribution
Tipula cava Ried.
Zm'da V. d. W.

Tipula trifasciata Loew
vernalis Meig.

Midsummer to late summer species

from August 10 to September

10 — arc as follows

Dicranomyia longipennis (Schum.)
Limnobia solitaria O. S.
Erioptera parva O. S.

Adelphomyia americana Altx.
cayuga Alex.

Tricyphona autumnalis Alex.
katahdin Alex.
Tipula abdominxilis (Say)
soT/i

Alex.

unimaculata (Loew)

In Europe the following species seem to have this seasonal distribution
Tipula hifascicidata Loew
dilatata Schum.

Tipula fidvipennis DeG.
helvola Loew

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part

—

I

837

—

from September 10 to snowfall
Autumnal species
are as follows.
sometimes
vei-nal but is commoner in late summer
LimnophUa ultima is
Discobola argus is found at other seasons but is more
and autumn.
numerous in September. Cladura flavoferruginea, Limnophila ultima, andTipula cimctans have a longer flight-period than most of the others listed.
Dicranomyia hrevivena 0. S.
Limnobia parietina O. S.

Tricyphona aulumnalis Alex.
Tipula cunclans Say

Discobola argus (Say)fragilis Loew

Cladura delicatida Alex.

ultima Alex.

flavoferruginea O. S.
Limnophila oshorni Alex.

unifasciata (Loew)

ultima O. S.

The following European species seem to have this seasonal distribution:
Tipula anonyma Bergr.
autumnalis Loew
interserta Ried.
luteipennis Meig.
mannorata Meig.

Tipula melanoceros Schum.
obsoleta Meig.
pagana Meig.
rufina Meig.
signata Staeg.

IMMATURE STAGESTHE EGG

The egg stage is generally of short duration, usually lasting from one
to three weeks.
In Tipula sayi it is eight days. The number of eggs
laid, so far as is known, ranges from about forty-five in Styringomyia
didyma to about two thousand in the larger species of Eriocera. The
eggs are deposited in different ways according to the species, the detailsof which are discussed elsewhere (page 881).
The eggs are without an intricate sculpturing, but may be finely
punctured or striate. They are black, with a heavy chorion in the
Tipulinae and in the tribe Hexatomini. In most of the Limnobiinae andthe Cylindrotominae they are white and pellucid, or even a hght orangered in some cases, as in the genus Dicranomyia.

THE LARVAin

The larval, or feeding, stage is the longest in the life of a crane-fly,
the known cases requiring the greater part of the year. Some of thesmaller forms are presumably double-brooded, since they appear in thespring, are absent during most of the summei-, and reappear in the lateCharles Paul Alexander

838

summer and early fall. In such cases the larval existence is, of course,
The laival habitat is exceedinglj^ varied and may begreatly shortened.

summarized as follows ^:—Tanyderidae.
Nothing whatever is known of the immature stages of this group of flies,
and it is very desirable that some of the forms should be reared. They are very rare, however, and even the adults are uncommon in collections.
It is very probable that the larvaeof sp)ecies of Protoplasa, the only genus in the Northern Hemisphere, will be found to beamphibious, such a larval habitat often characterizing primitive forms.
Ptychopleridae.
Semi-aquatic or amphibious (Ptychoptera, Bittacomorpha, Bittacomor-—

phella).

— In decaying vegetable and animal matter (Trichocera, Mycetobia, Rhyphus)— Limnobiini Aquatic, silken cases or tubes among submerged mosses

Rhyphidae.
Tipulidae.

:

in{Dicrarwmyia simulans); semi-aquatic or in moist earth {Limnobia fallax, and probably
L. solitaria and L. parietina); in decaying vegetable matter {Limnobia indigena, Rhipidia
doniesiica); in decaying wood and under the bark {Dicrarwmyia rara, D. macateei, D. dumetorum, Discobola, Limnobia cinctipes, L. annulus, Rhipidia bryanli, R. fidelis, and others); in
fimgi {Limnobia xanthoptera, L. triocellata, and sometimes L. cinctipes).
The Hawaiian
species Dicranomyia foliocuniculator Swezey mines in the leaves of gesneriaceous plants(Cyrtandra), forming long, tortuous tunnels.
Antochini
Aquatic, very similar to habitat of Dicranomyia simulans as described above,in silken cases on rocks that are thoroly wet (Elliptera) in submerged stems of Rumex aquaticus{Rhamphidia longirostris); in slow or rapid water on stones (Antocha); in moist earth or mud{Toxorhina muliebris); under the bark of decaying trees {Elephantomyia westwoodi, Teucholabis:;

complexa).
Eriopterini:tribe

In moist earth or

mudin close pro.ximity towater (most species of the— Ormosia nubila, 0. innocent, 0. meigenii, 0. nigripila, Erioptera chlorophylla, E.

E. septemtrionis, Molophilus pubipennis, Helobia hybrida, Gonomyia sulphurella,
and others); in earth of a somewhat drier natiu-e (Chionea); in wet sandy soil {Gonomyia
alexanderi); under the bark of decaying trees {Gnophomyia tristissima). The tropical species ofTrentepohlia live in decaying vegetable matter, or, as in the case of the two American species
T. bromeliadicola and T. leucoxena, in the water gathered in the axils of bromeliaceous plants.
Limnophilini
Aquatic {Limnophila luteipennis and others); in wet or saturated organic
vespertina,

mud in close proximity to running or standing water (most species of the tribe — Limnophila:

macrocera, L. tenuicornis, L. lenuipes, L. recondita, L. adusta, Adelphomyia, and others);
in decaying wood and under the bark {Epiphragma fascipennis, E. solatrix, E. picta, Limnophila unica, and others); in fungi ( Ula elegans, U. macroptera, and others).
Hexatomini: Aquatic in the early larval stages, going to land only when fully grown
and ready to transform to the pupal condition; in sandy soil in close proximity to rather
large streams or rivers {Eriocera spinosa, E. longicornis, E. fidtonensis, E. trislis, Hexatoma
mcgacera, and others); in organic earth and rich humus {Penthoplera albitarsis).
As stated
elsewhere, the larvae of this tribe are carnivorous, the larger species feeding on organisms
as large as the nymphs of dragon-flies.
Pediciini
Aquatic or amphibious (probably all the species of the tribe
Pedicia albivitta,
P. rivosa, Tricyphona, Rhaphidolabis (enuipes, R. flaveola, Dicranota bimaculata, and others).
As stated elsewhere, the larvae of this tribe are carnivorous, those of the species of Dicranota
feeding on worms of the genus Tubifex.
Cylindrotominae: Aquatic, on submerged plants and similar places {Phalacrocera
replicala); in mountain torrents on the aquatic moss Fontinalis {Triogma trisidcata). Terrestrial, on leaves of flowering plants, as species of Anemone, Stellaria, Viola, and other genera{Cylindrotoma dislinctissima); on mosses of the genus Hypnum and related species {Liogma:—' The following entomologists have kindly supplied the writer with specimens or data on certain species
as follows: Johannscn, Limnobia falkiz; Greene, L. indigena; Shannon and Knab, Rhipidia bryanti;
Mrs. Totbiil, Toxorhina; Johusoa and Shannon, Elephantomyia; Hyslop, Oropeza and Longurio.

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part839

I

nodicornis).
The larvae of this group are usually bright green in color, arevariously armo 1 with spines and filaments, and bear a striking resemblance to the caterpillarsof certain Lepidoptera.
In decaying wood (Brachj/premna dispellens); underneath the moss
Dolichopezini:
Hedirigia albicans, but also in moist earth (Oropeza).
In decaying wood {Clenophora apicata and others); in wood that is but
Ctenophorini
The species of the latter genus bore into the wood of Acerslightly decayed (Tanyptera).
and other hardwood trees while it is still in a good state of preservation, and represent the
maximum development of the wood-boring habit in this family so far as is known to the writer.
Tipulini: Aquatic, but going to the land for pupation {Tipula abdominalis, T. cayuga,
T. tephrocephala, and others); semi-aquatic or amphibious {Holorusia rubiginosa, Longurio,
Tipida bella, T. sayi, T. strepens, T. tricolor, and others); under moss growing on moist
earth {Tipula nobilis, T. collaris, and others); in drier soil feeding on the tissue of plants(Tipida tdtima, T. bicornis, T. cunclans, Nephrotoma ferruginea, and others); imder barkof prostrate trees in an advanced state of decay (Tipula usitata, T. trivittaia, and others).
The green larvae of an undetermined Tipula (possibily T. iroquois) live in submerged
mosses (Hypnum, sens, lat.) in rapid-flowing streams where the current is very strong;here they are associated with a society which is characteristic of such places
may-flies(Iron fragilis), black-flies (Simulium), net-winged midges (Blepharocera), Stratiomyiidae,
Anthomyiidae, Limnophora torreyae, and a host of other forms.
glabrata, L.

:—

The larva of the crane-fly has a segmented body, with about twelve
apparent segments; the head is a composite of several small sclerites. The
larva is wormlike in appearance andis legless,and the head is capable ofretraction within the body except in the Ptychopteridae and the Rhyphidae.

At the caudal end of the body is the disk bearing the two

spiracles, orExcept in the Limnobiini this disk is surrounded by a varying
number of fleshy lobes
two in the Pediciini (fig. 122, e), four in manyof the Tipulinae, the Cylindrotominae (fig. 122, g), the Antochini, and the
Hexatomini (fig. 122, f), five in the Eriopterini, the Limnophilini (fig.
122, d), and many of the Tipulinae, and sLx or eight in other species.
Beneath the spiracular disk are the gills, usually four or six in number.
These are long and filiform in the aquatic species (fig. 122, i), and corstigmata.

—

respondingly reduced or entirely absent in the less aquatic and the terrestrial species. In the Ptychopteridae (fig. 122, a) the spiracles are borneat the tip of a long, extensile tube, which is raised above the surface film

while the larva feeds at will beneath the water; the gills, two in number,are about midlength of the tube.

The larva of Trichocera has a pair ofthoracic stigmata in addition to the caudal spiracles.

many crane-fly larvae the body is provided with fleshy transverse

In

which are armed with chitinized points and roughened areas to
These are best developed in the Pediciini (fig. 122, e),in which they resemble pseudopodia.
The larvae of the Cylindrotominae
folds,

assist in locomotion.

(fig.

122, h) are covered with spines and thorns of various shapes.

840Charles Paul Alexander

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The Crane-Flies of New York— Part841

I

THE PUPA

The pupal stage is of short duration, usually a week or two, and isspent in or near the larval habitat.

In the case of aquatic species thepupal existence is passed in the earth adjoining the water in which the

may pupate
many species of Limnobiini, of

larva lived, except perhaps in the case of Antocha, which
directly in the water.

Thelarvae of

Antochini, and in a slightly lesser degree of most other groups, spin asilken case, or cocoon, in

which to spend the pupal period.

The pupae

are more or less active and often wriggle about with great agility.

On

the
123),

(fig.

short,

thoracic

dorsum the pupa bears the two breathing horns
in the different groups.
They arewhich are variously formed

blunt,

and flattenedinthe Limnobiini(fig.

123, b),elongate and cyhndrical in the Eriopterini, the Limnophilini

moderately(fig.

123, cand d), and the Tipulini (fig. 123, h), short and truncated at their apices
In the Ptychopteridae (fig. 123, a), one of thetwo horns is atrophied, while the other is enormously elongated and serves
the same function as the extensile breathing tube of the larva.
In addition to the thoracic spiracles, the pupae of the Hexatomini (fig, 123, f), theEriopterini, and some others have conspicuous lateral abdominal stigmata.
The abdominal segments generally have rows of spines or chitinized
points arranged transversely around the caudal margin (fig. 123, h), which
help the insect in moving about and serve to keep the tender part of
the abdomen from contact with the earth. In the Hexatomini (fig. 123, f)
similar spines are developed on the thorax, on the head, and even on thein the Pediciini (fig. 123, e).

face of thecompoundeye.

In the Cylindrotominae(fig.

123, g) thesespines are very highly developed.

Smooth-bodied pupae, such as arefound in the Limnobiini, are usually inclosed in a silken tube whichkeeps them from contact with the soil.
When the insect is ready to transform to the final, or adult, stage, thepupa makes its way to the surface of the earth, to which it remains attachedby the caudal part of the abdomen. The thoracic notum then splits
down the mid-dorsal region in a straight line, and thru this opening the
adult

fly

emerges.

very weak andsize

Before the chitin of the body hardens, the insect is
but in a short time the body expands to its full

pallid,and becomes hardened and fully colored, and the dangerous periodof transformation is over.

842Charles Paul Alexander

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p.^ '"^ r^<-<The Crane-Flies op New York— PartI

843

REARING THE IMMATURE STAGESAs has been stated elsewhere, the author beHeves the most importantwork yet to be done in entomology is the study of the immature stages
In most cases it is necessary to rearof the various groups of insects.
the immature stages thru to the adult in order to be certain of the species,
and this process of bringing the larva to the perfect condition is often
attended withmany difficulties.

in rearing the local Tipulidae,

The author has spent several

years

and a general statement of the methods

adopted is here given.
It should

be borne in mind that the bringing of the larvae from theirnatural habitat into the warmth of the laboratory accelerates their develop-

ment, and the adults emerge in the breeding cages a week or two earher

than in nature.
Aquatic forms

The aquatic forms are among the mostdifficultthe species living in rapid, well-aerated water.

It

to rear, especiallymust be understoodat the start that practically all crane-flies require earth, sand, or a similar

soHd material in which to pupate, and it is often very difficult to provide
rushing torrents for the larval life together with sohd earth for the pupal
existence.
Breeding cages, consisting of wire cyUnders the ends ofwhich are covered with cheesecloth, have been used with considerable
The mesh must be of sufficient fineness to retain the larvae
success.
inside, but not so small as to exclude the food that is carried in the current;
however, since this food is microscopic or very small, a fine mesh is sufficient to allow its entry into the cage.

The whole cage can be transferredto the natural haunt of the larva and kept imder observation until the adult

The main difficulties with this method are the danger ofsmothering the insect by deposition of silt during high water, the washinginsect emerges.

away of the entire outfit during storms, and the inconvenience, in mostcases, of having to make many long trips to the scene of rearing before
the final result is obtained.
In almost all cases when the species could
be reared by the use of such breeding cages, the writer has been able
to get adult flies by placing the full-grown larvae inmedium-sized (four-

ounce) shell vials together with some earth from their natural habitat.
In order to prevent evaporation, small caps of cheesecloth may be fas-

Charles Paul Alexander844

tened over the ends of the vials by means of rubber bands, sufficient waterbcinji; added every day or two to restore the balance lost by evaporation.
If

the specimens are fully grown ornearly so, they soon

pupate andfinally emerge.

Species that live in extremely rapid

waters(asdescribed on page 839) are almost impossible to rear.

the tipuline larva

The

best results

have been obtained by placing the fully grown larvae in the folds ofa saturated piece of cheesecloth in a jar, the jar being corked to prevent
which is here, as elsewhere, the most frequent source
any evaporation
Several specimens of crane-fly larvaeof danger and death to the larvae.

—

may be placed in a single vial except in the case of the carnivorous forms(Hexatomini, Pediciini), in which case care should be taken to isolate
single specimens lest they

kill

one another and the decaying of theirbodies destroy the remaining life in the vials.

Mud-inhabiting forms

The majorityofcrane-flylarvae are mud-inhabiting forms.

Mostof these belong to the small

and inconspicuous Limnobiinae, and areby theTo procure them it is necessary to sift

rarely seencollector.

the mud of their haunts and examine the contents of the sieve with great

A small-mesh wire sieve is about the most satisfactory form toand the mud can be washed in small quantities and the remaining
contents of the sieve easily scrutinized.
As they are found, the larvae
can be placed in water in small watch crystals and finally removed toindividual breeding jars.
The methods of breeding described above areapplicable to these, and if the larvae are large and nearly grown it is
care.

use,

not difficult to rear them.
Fungus-inhabiting forms

The forms inhabiting fungi (species of Limnobia and Ula, and someby placing the whole fungus in a large pint orquart jar about one-fourth filled with pure sand. This sand takes up theothers) are easily rearedjuices as the fungus decays,
for pupation of the species.
a. balance inand at the same time furnishes a good place
The jars should be kept air-tight to retain

moisture conditions.

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part845

I

Wood- and bark-inhabiting forms

The forms inhabiting wood and bark (Ctenophora, Tanyptera, andmay be reared by placing pieces of their natural habitations
Pupation takes
in a large closed jar and leaving them undisturbed.
others)place in the burrows of the larvae.

THE ADULT FLIESSTRUCTURE
The head

The head is the first, or anterior, region of the body. It bears themouth parts, the antennae, the compound eyes, and, when they arepresent, the simple eyes, or ocelli.

The sclerites

Thesclerites,

the same

as in

or

segments, composing the head are approximately

other insects, consisting of a prominent dorsal sclerite

which surrounds the compound eyes, the epicramum. This is further
divided into regions which may be located generally as follows: The
fronto-clypeus is located on the dorso-cephalic aspect of the head, between
It consists of the united front
the labrum and the region of the vertex.
and clypeus, the suture between them having disappeared. The labrum,or upper lip, is often present as a chitinized linear structure lying anterior
to the fronto-clypeus

region of the latter.

and attached to the ventral margin of the clypeal
The vertex occupies the dorsal region between thecompound eyes, and, when they are present, includes the ocelh, or simpleeyes.

On or near its anterior

part

it

bears theinserted in depressions, the antennal fossae.

antennae (page 848),

In many species with elongate

antennae, especially in Eriocera, Macromastix, and some other genera,
the vertex bears a distinct tubercle, the vertical tubercle, which

deeplybifid.

In Geranomyia

cornigeraAlex.

vertex bears a curious elongate fleshy lobe.

is

often

(Philippine

Islands) the

Very rarely

this sclerite

bears three simple eyes, or ocelli, which are discussed elsewhere (page 854).

The genae, or cheeks, occupy the sides, or lateral parts, of the head, ventrad
and mesad of the compound eyes. The ventro-caudal region of thehead is made up of the postgenac. The dorso-caudal region is the occiput.

Charles Paul Alexander846

The mouth partsIn

many species in widely separated tribes, the anterior, or frontal,

is produced into a short, cylindrical rostrum, whichmost cases nearly if not quite as long as the head itself. Such afrontal prolongation occurs in Rhamphidia (fig. 124, b and c), in somepart of the head
is

in

of

species

tropicaland Ornithodes

Teucholabis(Pediciini),

and(Antochini),
inOpifexin(Eriopterini)

most Tipulini (fig. 124, e).

In thesetlaxillarLf

palpiii^^^^\

Hay 1lory1

pa/pi

Paraqlossae

Maxillari^

^

palpi
A/(7x///c7r(/ pa/pusjyp^?**»»*t»w*««»

Fig. 124.

mouth parts of various species of crane-flies

B, Rhamphidia flavipes, male, ventral
A, Geranormjia canadensis, male, ventral aspect.
D, Elephantomyia westwoodi,
C, Rhamphidia maineiisis, male, ventral aspect.
aspect.
male, ventral aspect. E, Tipula apicalis, male, lateral aspectcases themouth parts are borne at or near the tip of the prolongation.

In the Tipulini there often appears near the end of the prolongation, on
the dorsal side, a small tubercle bearing a brush of long hairsisthe nasus, or " nose."mouthparts in this group ofThisprimitive group(fig.

124, e).

The most generalized condition of theflies is seen in certain members of the

Tanyderidae, in which the labrum, the maxillae, thelabium, and possibly the mandibles, are distinct and styliform (Alexander,

1913 a: 332-333).

The Crane-Flies of New York— PartI

847

The mouth parts and the head capsule of the Diptera have been studied
The following summary of the mouth parts

recently by Peterson (1916).
istaken largely from his paper:

The maxillae are the paired organs lying below the labrum and above
the labium, one on either side.

In generalized forms, such as Trichocera,

they consist of a small triangular cardo, an elongate stipes bearing theneedle-like galea, and the palpus.
The maxillary palpi are primitively
five-segmented but in almost all crane-flies only four segments are apparent
in certain cases the reduction incussed more in detail below.

segments is rather extreme; this is dis-In the Limnobiini (Limnobia, Geranomyia)

the stipites are entad of the postgenae and have their proximal ends
united.

In the Tipulini (Tipula) the two stipites are completely united

The galeae are
Geranomyia and arealong their inner margin to form a single median plate.

prominent in Trichocera, but are very reducedinentirely lacking in Tipula.

The labium, or lower lip, is the ventral, or posterior, unpaired organ.
a basal immovable part, made up of the mentum and theIt consists ofsuhmentum, and a movable part, orare called

ligula,the basal scle rites of which

by Peterson the thecae, the furcae, and so on, and the distal

parts the glossae and the paraglossae.

The epipharynx lies behind the labrum and fuses with it to form the
The hypopharynx is the prolonged cuticular liningof the opposite side of the mouth cavity.
In such genera as Trichocera,
Limnobia, and Tipula, studied by Peterson, the labrum-epipharynx andthe hypopharynx are short, but in Geranomyia, which has an elongate
lahrum-epipharynx.

rostrum, these parts are correspondingly elongated.

There are two tribes containing one or more genera in which the mouth
in many instances longer than theremainder of the body. In the tribe Limnobiini the genus Geranomyia isthus characterized, and in the tribe Antochini the genera Elephantomyia,

parts are greatly elongated, being

Rhampholimnobia, Ceratocheilus, and Toxorhina.

These

may be dis-cussed briefly.

In Geranomyia (fig. 124, a) the most evident parts of the beak arestyliform and greatly elongated, consisting of the labrum-epipharynx, thehypopharynx, and the conspicuous divergent lips, the paraglossae, which
extend far beyond the other ekniients; the maxillary palpi are locatedfar back on the organ at about one-third its length, and are reduced inCharles Paul Alexander

848

number of segments from four in the jyeneralized subgenus Tctraphana
In Elcphantomyia (fig. 124, d),to one in the subgenus Monophana.
RhamphoHmnobia, Ceratocheilus, and Toxorhina, the rostrum consistsof a much elongated tube which bears the reduced mouth parts and themaxillary palpi at the extreme apex; in Elcphantomyia the maxillary
palpi are three-segmented, while in Toxorhina they are apparently single-

segmented.

Those species of Geranomyia, Elcphantomyia, and Toxorhina whose
feeding habits are known, all feed on the nectar of tubular flowers, suchas the Compositae, the Apocynaceae, the Ericaceae, the Umbelliferae, theRhamnaceae, and the Lauraceae.

The maxillary

palpi aregenerally four-segmented; in the primitive

group Tanyderidae they are five-segmented. By reduction there are foundone, two (fig. 124, a), three, or four segments, respectively, in the four
subgenera of Geranomyia; there are three in Elcphantomyia (fig. 124, d),and apparently only one in Toxorhina. The segments in most Limnobiinae
are approximately subequal in size, but in the genus Pedicia and in thesubfamily Tipulinae (fig. 124, e) the fourth segment is greatly elongated,
whiplash-like, and usually longer than the three preceding segments

taken together.

The labial palpi are two-segmented and conspicuous in

species of Trentepohlia.

The antennae
The antennae of crane-flies present many interesting conditions, bothin the number of the segments of which they are composed and in theirstructure, and many generic names have been based on these conditions
Trichocera, Rhipidia, Trimicra, Rhabdomastix, Sigmatomera, Ctedonia,—

Polymera, Hexatoma, Eriocera, Cylindrotoma, Phalacrocera, Megistocera,
Ctenophora, and others.
The antennae are inserted on the vertex between the compound eyes.

Thediversity in their structureisconsiderable, and consists of great

elongation of the organ, constriction of the segments, and the appearanceof pectinations

andflabellate formations.

only and are confined to the male sex.
in

These are sexual characters

Elongation of the antennae occurs

many widely-separated tribes; moderate elongation is found in a wide

range of native Ptychopteridae, in Trichocera, and in the tipuline genera
Atarba, Ormosia, Molophilus, Limnophila, Penthoptera, Dicranota,

The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I

849

Nephrotoma, and Tipula; great elongation, in which the organ maybe two or more times as long as the whole body, is found in a few native
species of Eriocera (fig. 125, f), and in some exotic genera, as Rhabdomastix, sens, str., the Old World species of Megistocera, and a few species
The flagellar segments are constricted at their middleof Macromastix.
in the genus Polymera, producing the multi-segmented appearance which
gives the genvis its name; in Sigmatomera some of the flagellar segments
are reniform or shaped like a recumbent S.
In many species of Ormosia{0. monticola, 0. divergens, 0. megacera, 0. mesocera) the elongated antennae

are subnodulose and strongly suggest the beadlike condition obtaining in

In Trimicra the three terminal segments are abruptly

the Cecidomyiidae.

smaller than the remainder of the flagellum; in some species of Stygeropis
itisthe terminal segment only thatisso reduced.

Pectinations andflabellate formations are found in the antennae in many genera— Rhipidia

and b), Gynoplistia, Cerozodia, Ctedonia, most of the generaof the tribe Ctenophorini (fig. 125, l and m), and several genera of thetribe Tipulini, such as Ptilogyna and Ozodicera.
The two basal segments of the antennae are quite different in shapefrom those that follow, and are called the scapus, or scape. The scape
(fig.

is

125, A

often considerably enlarged, especially in those species with elongate

antennae—in thecera, and others.

genera Rhabdomastix, Eriocera (fig. 125, f), Megisto-

The second segment of the scape is usually shorter thanfirst, and in the species with elongate antennae it is usually shortand cup-shaped (fig. 125, f, g, and h), a condition known as cyathiform.
The whiplike part beyond the scape is the flagellum. The flagellum isalmost always clothed with a pubescence of varying character, fromstraight to uncinate, from appressed to outspreading and divergent,from short to long, and often longer in the male sex than in the female.

the

In addition to these delicate hairs there are usually strong, bristle-likemore or less complete whorl, or verticil (fig. 125, J
The Tipulinae (fig. 125, l-o) have a more or less complete whorlof these strong hairs, which are absent in Stygeropis (fig. 125, n) and inHolorusia and form good generic characters in a difficult group of thefamily.
In many species of Gonomyia (G. sulphurella [fig. 125, e],G. manca, G. pleuralis, G. amazona, and others), and in some speciesof Erioptera (subgenus Empeda), the verticillate hairs on the maleantennae are exceedingly elongated and conspicuous.
hairs arranged in aand o).

Charles Paul Alexander

850

M
Fig. 125.

antennae of various species of crane-flies

Limnobiinae A, Rhipidia maculata, male; B, Rhipidiafidelis, male; C, Limnobia tristigma,
male; D, Toxorhina brasiliensis, male; E, Gonomyia sulphurella, male; F, Eriocera spinosa,
male, three basal segments; G, Hexatoma megacera, male; H, Hexatoma megacera, female
Cylindrotominae
I, Liogma nodicornis, male; J, Phalacrocera tipulina, male, six basal
segments; K, Cylindrotoma tarsalis, male, five basal segments
Tipulinae: L, Tanyptera frontalis, male, five basal segments; M, Ctenophora angustipennis, male, five basal segments; N, Stygeropis fuscipentiis, male, four basal segments;
O, Tipula mainensifs, male, six basal segments::

The Crane-Flies of New York — Fart I

851

The following additional notes on chiefly local

species are presented:
family Tanyderidae, theantennae are 16-segmcnted; the scape is enlarged, and the flagellar seg-

Tanyderidae:

In

Protoplasaoffitchii,

thements are elongate-oval with a dense pubescence and verticillate bristles.
In other Tanyderidae the number of segments ranges from 15 to 25.
In the genus Bittacomorpha of the family PtychopPtychopteridae.

—

antennae are apparently 20-segmented. In the males they
are elongated; the scape segments are short, the second one being shortcyathiform; the flagellar segments are greatly elongated, with a long
teridae, theoutstretched pubescence and no bristles.

In Ptychoptera the antennaeare 16-segmented, with distinct scattered bristles and a short,somewhat

uncinate, pubescence.

—In the genus Trichocera of the family Rhyphidae, theRhyphidae.
antennae are almost hairlike, tho finely pubescent.
Tipididae, Limnohiinae.
Limnobiini
In the tribe Limnobiini theantennae are 14-segmented. In Limnobia (fig. 125, c) the segments
have numerous bristles and a close, dense pubescence; the terminal segment is usually much attenuated, about as long as the two preceding
segments taken together, often presenting a biarticulate appearance.
In Rhipidia a curious modification of the organ is found, the flagellar—:

segments being bipectinate in the subgenus Rhipidia (fig. 125, a), unipectinate in the subgenus Monorhipidia (fig. 125, b), and from subpectinate
to almost normal in the subgenus Arhipidia.

As a rule the antennae are 16-segmented in the tribe
The first scape segment is rather elongated, the second
is oval, not markedly cyathiform.
The flagellar segments are roundedAntochini:

Antochini.

oval or elongate (in the males of most species of Atarba), with bristles
and a short, dense pubescence. The antennae are of this normal structurein the genera Rhamphidia, Antocha,
labis.

Dicranoptycha, Atarba, and Teucho-

In Elcphantomyia there are 15 segments; thefirstsegmentofthe scape is only a little larger than the second; the first flagellar segment
is apparently formed by the fusion of two segments, and bears threestrong hairs on the lower face in a line; the remaining segments of theflagellum are elongate-cylindrical, with strong verticils.
In the genera

Toxorhina (fig. 125, d) and Ceratocheilus there are but 12 segments; thesecond scape segment is larger than the first; the first flagellar segmentisobconical,

and is apparently formed by the fusion of five segments,

Charles Paul Alexander852
altho the segment

isvery short andisdestitute of verticils; the sevensucceeding flagellar segments are short-cylindrical, without verticils; theterminal two segments are more elongated and each bears about threevery long hairs.
Eriopterini:
Eriopterini.

Normally there are 16 antennal segments in the tribe
In some genera both elongate and short antennae are foundin the same group, as in Ormosia, sews.

str.

In Chionea, Cladura, Ptero-

number of antennal segments is reduced, due
fusion of several segments to make up the basal segment of thechionea, and Crypteria theto theflagellum— asin the case ofToxorhina, already discussed—

this fusion

segment including usually five segments.
Limnophilini:

In the tribe Lminophilini the antennae are normally

In Limnophila
and Epiphragma are found some species with elongate and others withshort antennae.
In Limnophila nmcrocera and some other species, thesegments of the flagellum are provided with abundant outstretched hairs.
In Adelphomyia cayuga the basal segments of the flagellum are fused into
an indistinct fusion-segment; the other local species of this genus havenormal antennae.
Hexatomini: In Hexatoma megacera (fig. 125, g) the antennae of themale are 6-segmented, the flagellar segments being elongate; in the female

16-segmented; in the genus Ula they are 17-segmented.

(fig.

are

125, h) theantennae are apparently 8-segmented. In Eriocera there

many species with short antennae (Eriocera brachycera, E. fuliginosa,

E. fultonensis, and others) species with the antennae intermediate in length,and numerous species with greatly elongatedIn
californica, E. longicornis, and others).
E. spinosa (fig. 125, f), E. longicornis, and others, the lower surface of thebasal flagellar segment is provided with numerous spines, regularly spaced,
pointing toward the tip of the organ; the manner in which these spines
are used in extricating the organ from the antennal sheath of the pupa
In E. wilsonii the antennae
is described by Alexander and Lloyd (1914).
areprovided with a strong
in
the
male
sex,
but
elongated
are likewise(such as E.

eriophora),antennae (E. spinosa, E.

pubescence, the spines being quite lacking.

Most

species of Eriocera

have short antennae in both sexes.
Pediciini:

In the genera Pedicia and Tricyphona of the tribe Pediciini,the antennae are 16-segmented; in the genus Dicranota and the subgenera

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part853

I

Plectromyia and Rhaphidolabis, they are 13-segmented; and in the subgenus Rhaphidolabina they are 15-segmented.

TipuUdae,

Cylindrotominae.

— The antennae are apparently 16-scg-

mented in the genus Cyhndrotoma of the subfamily Cylindrotominae,
and 17-segmented in the genera Phalacrocera and Liogma. In Cylindrotovia tarsails (fig. 125, k) the flagellar segments in the male are elongatecylindrical, with a dense erect pubescence and a very few scattered bristles.
In Phalacrocera tipulina(fig.

125, j) the conditionisfairly similar,

butthere is a distinct verticil of stiff bristles near the bases of the segments,

a condition strongly suggesting that found in the genus Tipula.

Liogma nodicornis

(fig.

125,

i)

In

the intermediate flagellar segments arerather strongly pectinate, with a dense, pale pubescence and several long
bristles on the back face of each segment, and with shorter, weaker bristles

at the apex of the pectination.

—

Dolichopezini
The antennae in Dolichopeza,
Oropeza, Brachypremna, and other genera of the tribe Dolichopezini,are normally 13-segmented; in the American species of the genus Megisto-

TipuUdae, Tipulinae.

cera the antennae are:

S-segmented.

The organ

isoften considerably

elongated, exceedingly so in Old World species of Megistocera.

In Brachy-

premna the antennae are correspondingly short and tiny.
Ctenophorini
In the tribe Ctenophorini the antennae are 13-segmented.
In the male sex they are curiously pectinated or fanlike, tho differing:in construction

from thoseinRhipidia alreadydiscussed (page 851).

In Ctenophora angustipennis (fig. 125, m) the first segment of the flagellum
bears a basal pectination and two apical pectinations, each tipped withathe second and succeeding segments have a basal pair ofbristle;and a pair of apical appendages,
first segment of theflagellum bears a basal and an apical pectination the second and succeeding
segments have a basal pair of pectinations, each tipped with a bristle,
and the single shorter apical pectination is not thus protected.
Tipulini
Normally the antennae in the tribe Tipulini are 13-segmented
in some species of Nephrotoma there are 16 or 19 segments in the male.
In most species of this tribe each flagellar segment has a strong basal
swelling armed with a verticil of strong bristles; this knobbed condition
reaches its maxinunn dovolopnient in the species of the monilifera group(of tropical America), in which a beadlike form is produced.
Other
pectinations, each tipped with a bristle,

In Tanyptera frontalis (fig. 125, l) the

untipped.

;:Charles Paul Alexander854
species of Tipiilaand some species of Nephrotoma have the segments

deeply incised on the under face, producing a serrated appearance.

In

Stygeropis (fig. 125, n) and Holorusia, and to a les&er extent in Longurio,

the verticils are lacking.

Tipula mainensis (fig. 125, o) is a typical Tipulaand illustrates this verticillate condition.
The eyes

On either side of the head, in all crane-flies, are the large compound
eyes,

made up of numerous facets, or ommatidia.

In generalized forms

the facets are large and coarse, so that the eye presents a coarsely granulated appearance in other species the ommatidia are so small and abundant;that the surface of the eye appears very smooth and regular.

In mostspecies of Tipulidae the eyes are separated by a narrow strip of the front(dichoptic),

butin themales of some they are contiguous(holoptic)

nearly so, as in certain species of Rhipidia and allied groups.

or

In somespecies of Erioptera {Erioptera macrophthalma, E. vespertina, E. nyctops,

and others) the eyesmuch larger than those ofof the males arethefemales and are contiguous beneath.
In most genera the eyes are large and extend backward onto the caudal
part of the head.

In Trichocera and Ischnothrix the vertex bears three

simple eyes, or ocelli.

The thorax

The thorax is the second region of the body and lies between the head
and the abdomen. This part of the body bears the legs, and, when they
are present, the wings also.

Itisdivisible

into three subregions,aswhich bears the fore legs; themesothorax, or second segment, which bears the middle legs and thewings; and the metathorax, or third segment, which bears the hind legs
follows: the prothorax, or first segment,

and thehalteres.

are called the

The upper,

tergites,or dorsal, sclerites of these subregions

the notum, or the dorsum;

the lateral sclerites,

those on the sides of the body, are the pleura, or pleurites; those on thelower, or ventral, parts of thesubregion has
propleurites,

its

body are the sternites, or sternum.

Eachown terminology, the prothorax having its pronotum,

and prosternum, the mesothorax

pleurites, and mesosternum, and so on.

itsmesonotum, meso-

The legs borne by these respective—

segments likewise have the corresponding prefix applied to their partsas the precoxa (or fore coxa), the mesocoxa (or middle coxa), the pre-The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I
femora, the mesotibia, and so on.

855

In addition to the thoracic segments

there are some tiny sclerites between the head and the prothorax, called

the cervical sclerites and comprising the neck, or microthorax.

The prothorax.

— In the Tipulidae the pronotum, or dorsal

sclerite

two regions which are usually interpreted
as being homologous to the scutum and the scutellum of the mesonotum,
In this paper these regions are called
described and illustrated below.
The propleurites are
the pronotal scutum and the pronotal scutellum.
made up of the usvial pleural plates, which are discussed in the descriptionof the mesothorax these are termed the proepisternum and the proepimeron.
of the prothorax, consists of;

The sternal region of the prothorax is the presternum. In the family
Tipulidae the sclerites of the pronotum are usually small and insignificant,In somebeing encroached upon by the sclerites of the mesothorax.
exoticthoraxgenera, such as the tropicopolitan genus Styringomyia, the prois

In entomologicaland of a generalized structure.
pronotum is usually spoken of as the ''neck" or thelarge

literature the"collare."

The mesothorax.

— The mesothorax

the principal region of the thorax

isThe mesonotum, or upper part, is divided into twoin the Tipulidae.

sclerites, which are again divided so as to appear as— the prescutum,

four

the scutum, the scutellum, and the postnotum.

The prescutumisthe anterior, or

first,

subdivision.

In

crane-flies

pronotumand before the transverse, or V-shaped, suture. It may be very flat anddepressed, as in the South African genus Platylimnobia, or very highand gibbous, as in Dicranomyia glohithorax, D. gibbera, and other species;
or it may jut far cephalad over the pronotum, as in Conosia and in many
it isthe largest single region of the thorax, lying behind theIn the subgenus Conorhipidia of the genus Rhipiwhich includes two species from tropical America, the prescutum iselevated into a high conical point, which is very remarkable but is sugspecies of Trentepohlia.

dia,gested in other species of the same genus, as, for instance, Rhipidia domestica.

The prescutum is usually stripedvarious ways, aincommon pattern

being three stripes, one in the middle and two shorter ones on the sides.

The spaces between these stripes often bear setigerous punctures, withsetae of various forms and sizes.

two shiny dots,Inmany genera the prescutum bears

called tuberculate pits(fig.

126, b).

In certain groups,

Charles Paul Alexander

856
as in

many species of Limnophila and in the eriopterine series allied toGonomyia (Gonomyia, Ilhabdomastix, and other genera), these pits lie
one on either side of the median line of the prescutum, at the extreme
cephalic margin; in other groups, as in the eriopterine series allied to
Erioptera (Erioptera, sens, str., Empeda, and other genera), they arefound on the dorsum of the prescutum, about midlength of the segment.
These pits are the double, or paired, dots of Osten Sacken.
The pseudosutural foveae (fig. 126, b) are prominent depressions on thesides of the prescutum, in front, lying justl^/'nq roof

Transi/erse

Mesepimeron\\5cutellum,'suture^-above the anterior spiracles.

3cufum\\M'onofum/Postnofum
tfalfer yt'lefanofi^m

Pseudosulural foi^eoTuberculoid
Anferior"

AbdominalSpiraciti^-Mesonoial prescutum

ierqife I

Jransyerse suture.

-5cutum/ibdominaf
stern iteZ

coxa-

Scutellurrt

tliddle coxa•-PostnofuiiTt

Fore coxa

Hesosivnurr)
Mesep/sternum

B

A
Fig. 126.

thorax of tipula

A, Lateral aspect; B, dorsal aspect.

Adapted from Snodgrass

usually in the area before the ends of the short lateral stripes and at thesides of the longer

medianstripe.

These structures have beencalledthe humeral pits.

The scutum is the second subdivision of the mesonotum.

It lies justbehind the V-shaped suture and is usually divided into two lateral lobes

by a shallow median depression.
The scutellum is the third subdivision of the mesonotum. It is a smalltransverse segment, lying just behind the lobes of the scutum and before
the postnotum.

The postnotum is the fourth and last subdivision of the mesonotum.
It is a large and prominent sclerite situated behind the scutellum, appearing

The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I
almost vertical in position.

857

The dorsal part of the postnotum lies between

the halteres, and the lateral part between the wings and the sciitellumThis region isin front and the halteres and the metapleura behind.
often erroneously considered as being the metanotum.

The pleuron of the mesothorax (fig. 126, a) consists of the mesepisterThe mesepisternum is the plate making up
It is bounded caudad by the mesepimthe anterior part of the pleuron.
eron and ventrad by the mesosternum. Its dorso-cephalic angle is close
The mesepimeron is the plate making up theto the mesothoracic spiracle.

num and the mesepimeron.

It is a long sclerite, lying underneathposterior part of the pleuron.
the wing base and bordered behind by the mesonotal postnotum andthe metepisternum.

The sternum of the mesothorax is usually prominent,

lying beneaththe pleura and bearing the middle legs.

The mesothorax bears the wings of the insect, as well as the middle
The details of the wing venation are discussed under a separate
caption (page 860). The wings are always present in crane-flies, but
legs.

they are very tiny and reduced in the genus Chionea, and in many generaand species they are so reduced as to be useless for flight. This atrophy
wing may consist of a reduction in width only, the length being
unaffected and the organ taking on a straplike appearance (as in Tipula
pribilofensis) or there may be a reduction in both the length and thewidth, the wing in extreme cases (such as Tipula chionoides, Platylimnobia,
and others) being a mere pad which is shorter than the halteres. As
a result of the distortion of the wing shape there is a corresponding reduction
and atrophy of the venation. In the northeastern United States andeastern Canada, all the crane-flies are full-winged except the nearly wingless Chionea, mentioned above.
The wing surface is usually provided with a microscopic pubescence,
to which are due many of the opalescent reflections in crane-flies (as in
Antocha, Dicranoptycha, and other genera). In addition to this microof the;scopic pubescence there is also found, in many scattered groups of genera,a strong pubescence, which

is apparent with a hand lens.
The writer
regards the retention of this coarse pubescence as being a primitive char-acter.

In some genera it covers the whole surface ofOrmosia, Ula, and Ulomorpha; in many species it isIts nature varies.

the wing— as

inconfined to certain of the apical cells of the wings

— as

in

Dicranomyia

Charles Paul Alexander858

puhipennis, Erioptera (Empeda) pubescens,

Gnophomyia luduosa, speciesof Adelphomyia, the subgenus Lasiomastix of Limnophila, Bittacomor-and some species of Dolichopeza (Trichoand so on. In mostcrane-flies the wing veins hkewise bear long hairs, which in some genera,such as Molophilus, are very long; in some species, however, the hairs
phella,certain Ptychoptera,dolichopeza),

Tipula (Trichotipula, Cinctotipula),

are so short as to be scarcely noticeable.

The metathorax.

— The only part of the metanotum, or dorsalof the metathorax,

which

is

visibleisthe postnotum.

scleriteThis appears

postnotum andsegment of the abdomen. The pleural sclerites consist of themetepisternuin, a very small sclerite between the metathoracic spiracle
and the hind coxae, and the metepimeron, a small sclerite behind theas a narrow, transverse sclerite between the mesonotal

the

first

halteres.

The

The metathorax bears the hind legs and the halteres, or balancers.

halteres are usually considered as being reduced hind wings, and serve an

important functioninflight.

They lie just behind the wings and areof various shapes, in some species (as Dicranomyia halterata and Gonomyia

fiUcauda, for example) being very long and slender and in other cases

being short with prominent swollen knobs.

In some groups with reduced

wings (such as Platylimnobia) the halteres also are reduced and straplike.
The halteres are retained even when the wings have been practicallylost, asshown by the genus Chionea.

The legs

The legs of crane-flies are as a rule excessively elongated, which gives
all or almost all of its common names
crane-fly (froma comparison with the crane), daddy longlegs (the British name for the
The leg is made up of nine segments, designated,group), and so on.
respectively, from the body outward, as the coxa, the trochanter, the—to the group

femur, the tibia, and the five tarsal segments.
The coxa is the enlarged basal segment of the
The coxa.

leg,of the fore leg being called the fore coxa, precoxa, or procoxa,

and those—of the middle

and hind legs having the corresponding prefixes.

that

In thegroups with great powers of flight (Megistocera, Trentepohlia, and others)
the coxae are very small, while in the species with reduced wings andconsequent need of walking (asin thegenera Platylimnobia, Chionea,

The Crane-Flies of New Yorkand others) they are very large and powerful.

— PartI

859

The coxae are often pro-vided with a dense covering of long silky hairs.

—

The second .segment of the leg, called the trochanter,
The trochanter.
between the coxa and the femur and serves as a pivot between these
two major segments. In Dicranoptycha, the distal margin is armed witha sharp blackened tooth which is directed inward.
The femur.
The femur is the third segment of the leg, corresponding
to the thigh of higher animals.
It is the largest and most powerful
single element of the leg, being in many cases greatly elongated and
Jies

—

B
Fig. 127.

feet of crane-flies

A, Limnobia indigena, male, last tarsal segment and claw.
B, Dicranomyia morioides,
male, last tarsal segment and claw.
C, Rhabdomastix flnva, male, last two segment's andclaw

In some groups (as Ctenacroscelis, for example) it bears
approximated spines near the distal end. In other genera,
especially in Trentepohlia, the femur is often armed with groups orrows of stiff bristles or short spines, which furnish valuable specificincrassated.

a comb ofcharacters.

—

The tibia.
The tibia is the fourth segment of the leg, situated between
the femur and the first (metatarsal) segment of the tarsus.
Next to thefemur it is the longest single element of the leg. In many groups a pairof spines, or spurs, are borne at the tip, called the tibial spurs, and theseCharles Paul Alexander

860

These spurs are lacking in the
Limnobimi, Antochini, and Eriopterini, but are present in theremainder of the Tipulidae tho in some cases they are so small as torequire a low-powered microscope for their detection.
The tarsus, or foot of the fly, is made up of the
The tarsal segments.
terminal five segments. The first of these segments is the longest and
The remaining segments gradually decreaseis called the metatarsus.
in length to the last, which bears the claws, or ungues, and, when it is
In Bittacomorpha thepresent, the emyodium between the claws.
metatarsus is swollen and bladder-like. In one species of Lecteria themetatarsus bears a group of three stout spines at the extreme base.
The claws of most crane-flies are quite smooth (fig. 127, c, Rhabdomastix), but those of species of the tribe Limnobiini have teeth on the
A simventral side (fig. 127, A, Limnobia; fig. 127, b, Dicranomyia)
ilar condition is found in certain Dolichopezini, such as Brachypremna
and Tanyprenma, but not in Megistocera.
are of great importance in classification.
tribes—.

The transverse suture

The transverse suture is considered one of the important charactersfor use in distinguishing the Tipulidae from related families of flies, suchas the Dixidae, the Mycetophilidae,

and others.

Itisin theshape ofa low V, and separates the mesonotal prescutum from the scutum.

The wings and their venation

The wings of crane-flies, with their remarkably constant venation andpattern, furnish the easiest

various forms.

and best charactersfor recognition of the

In the great majority of cases a glance at the wing

sufficient for thedetermination of the species, and

it isthat considerable emphasis is here placed on these organs.
discusses only in a rather elementaryisfor this reason

This paper

way the essentials of the wing

venation, but Needham (1908) has made a critical survey of the characterin all thegenera of the Tipulidae known at the time his work was pre-pared, and his paper is absolutely essential to the student of this groupof insects.

The wing is made up of a series of longitudinal veins runningfrom the base to the outer margin and bound together at various points
by cross-veins and by deflections of the longitudinal veins which produce

The Crane-Flies of New Yorkstrong fusions at these places.

unusuallystrongseriesof

The morecross-veinsand— PartI

861

specialized forms haveandeflections

versely or obliquely across the wing at about two-thirds

running transits

length andgenerally in line with the ending of the radial sector and the inner endof the cell 1st

Ah (discal).

This strong fusioniscalled the cord,

anda glance at almost any wing will enable one to pick it out immediately.
The genus Pedicia (Plate XLII, 175) has the elements of the cord in almost
perfect alinement, but very oblique, and here the principal parts enteringin are the basal deflection of Cth, the basal
r-7n cross-vein; instrong element tomostcrane-flies

the cord, whilein

Mi + o, and theRi+5 adds anotherdeflection of

the deflection ofmany genera (as Antocha, Plate

XXXIII, 48, and Tcucholabis, Plate XXXIII, 52 and 53) the radial crossvein is so placed as to become still .another strong element.

the radial sector enters in as thepart

Very often

nearest to the main radial veinand here the stress falls either on the sector or on R2 + 3, or on
As has been pointed out by Needham, in many species the closed
both.
cell of the wing {1st M2) is swung directly across the path of the cord,interrupting it like a ring on a line; the medial cross-vein and the outerdeflection of M3 are quite necessary to complete this ring, and they are(Ri),always present in such cases. It is only when the inner end of theclosed cell gets into alinement with the other elements of the cord, sothat the ring formed by the cell is no longer needed to strengthen the wing
disk, that the medial cross-vein is lost by atrophy.

—

I

There are six or seven longitudinal veins,
The longitudinal veins.
respectively,
fromthefront margin backward, the costa, thenamed,
suhcosta, the radius, the media, the cubitus, and the anal veins.
The costa (C, fig. 128, a) forms the anterior margin of the wing. It is
usually much thickened, but thins out before reaching the wing apex.
It is strongly united with the vein beneath it, the subcosta, by the humeral
More distally other veins end in the
cross-vein at the base of the wing.
costa, such as Sci, Ri, and usually other elements of the radial field.
The subcosta {Sc, fig. 128, a), a weak vein lying between the costa andthe radius, is often difficult to detect due to foldings and flexings of thispart of the wing.
In generalized forms it is forked, the anterior branch,Sci, going to the costa, and the posterior branch, Sc^ (the subcostal crossvein

of

the

older

authors),

connecting

with

Ri.

In

the

subfamily

Limnobiinae, Sci is usually present, and Sco may be close to its tip as in

862Charles Paul Alexander

Fig. 128.

wing venation

B, Bittacomorphaclavipes.

A, Protoplasafitchii.
E, Toxorhina muliebris.
saxicola

H, Dicranota vimlaHs.

C,/yicranomyiapubip^^^^^

G,
F, Enoptera septemtrionis.
J, Tipmla umfasciala
I, Liogma nodicornis.

Umnophila subcoUaia.

The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I

863.

most Limnophilini (Plates XXXVIII-XLI), or it may tend to retreat
proximad toward the base of the wing as in many Eriopterini (Plates
XXXIV-XXXVII), or it may be very far removed from the tip so that
it

lies

before the base of the sector

(as

in

the tribe Pekiciini, Plates

XLI, XLII, and in the genus Ula, Plate XLI, 164). In some AntoIn the subfamily Tipulinae only
chini it is apparently lost by atrophy.
the more generahzed species retain Sci (Plate XLIII, 188 and 189), but
Sd is present and is bent strongly into Ri at its tip, thus forming a goodsubfamily character.

The radius (R, fig. 128, a) is the strongest vein of the wing, and, with
its sector,

one of the most plastic.

Ri runs straight to the wing margin,

but usually at about midlength of the wing it forks, sending off the radial
This is primitively twice forked, being forked and thesector (Rs).
branches forked again, dichotomously.

These branches of the sector are

numbered from 2 to 5, the upper fork carrying with it R2 and R3 and thelower fork carrying with it Ri and R^.

The full complement of branches

XXX, 1). In
XXX, 2-4) the upper fork, R2 + is fused toof the radial sector is found only in the Tanyderidae (Plate

the Ptychopteridae (Plate3,

the margin; in the Tipulidae (Plates XXX-XLVIII) it is almost always
the

lower

of

the

dichotomous forkings, Ri+5, thatisfused to themargin.

The various ways in which the full complement of veins has been lost,by the fusing together of adjacent veins or else by the atrophy or droppingout of one or more of the branches, may be here discussed. In the
Cylindrotominae (Plate XXX, 5-8) the appearance suggests the fusionof the upper fork of the sector (R2 + 3) with Ri, forming a long, backward

As suggested by the author
an earUer paper (Alexander, 1914 b: 604-605) and later proved by thediscovery of the Oriental genus Stibadocera Enderlein (Alexander, 1915 c:
178-179), the loss of these veins is by atrophy rather than by fusion,

fusion of R1 + 2 + S from the wing margin.
inand the vein that simulates /?i + 2 + 3 is, in reality, R3 alone and corresponds
exactly

to

this

vein

in

other tribes of crane-flies.

In thesubgenus

Leiponeura of the genus Gonomyia (Plate XXXVI, 86-88), the vein
Ro + z is fused to the wing margin, or, possibly, R3 is atrophied after thefusion has proceeded almost
species ofGonomyia(Platetothe margin.

In the more generalized

XXXVI, 89 and 90), the fork of R2 +3isCharles Paul Alexander864
relatively deep, but

itgradually becomes shallower until in such forms

XXXVI, 91) it is very small and only a step
removed from the condition obtaining in the subgenus Leiponeura. The
as G. sulphurella (Plate

venationin thegenus Cladolipes, of the tribe Hexatomini,issimilar.

The genus Paratropeza of the tribe Antochini is the only member of that
tribe with Ro

Tipulidae

and R3 separate at the wing margin, and in keys to thethisgenus runs down to the Eriopterini; the species areallexotic and are evidently the most generahzed members of this aberrant
tribe.

Ina few species of Gonomyia relatedtoG.

blanda(PlateXXXVI, 89 and 90), R2 is very close to Ri at the wing margin, in somecases being actually fused with

this

it;

is

likewise the condition in the

Neotropical group Psaronius, where the fusionismost emphatic.

The

fork of R2 + 3 is often very deep, this cell being in many instances sessile

or with R2 even retreated back onto the radial sector (as in Molophilus,

Plate

XXXIV, 65-70;

Tricyphona,

Plate

XLII, 178-185; Limnophila

emmelina, Plate XL, 151; Rhaphidolabis, Plate XLI, 172-174), in whichcases the anterior branch of the sector is simple and the posterior

branch is forked, as in the Ptychopteridae already mentioned. These
shiftings of the elements of the fork of the radial sector have been

by Needham (1908). The radial cross-vein apparently
by atrophy; the Cylindrotominae, discussed above, whichappear to lose this vein by the fusion upon it of adjacent veins, in reahty
have it present and elongated, but simulating a section of vein Ri. In
Eurhamphidia and Rhampholimnobia, of the East Indies, the fork of
the radial sector occurs far beyond the line of the cord, while in mostother crane-flies it is before or at this line. The radial-medial crosscritically studied

islost onlyvein (r-rn) is usually present, but if lacking it is accounted for, apparently,

only by the fusion of Ri + f,on

be slight

Mi +2 (fig-or extensive, and occurs

128,

in scattered

i);

this

genera infusionallmay

the sub-

The radial-medial cross-vein lies distad of themedial cross-vein in Conosia and in some species of Rhamphidia. In
families of the Tipulidae.

many DoHchopezini

XLIII, 186 and 187), Tipulini (PlateXLVIII, 247 and 248), and CyUndrotominae (Plate XXX, 5-8), thewhole tip of Ri is atrophied. In the remarkable genus Toxorhina (Plate
XXXIII, 45 and 46), the radial sector is unbranched but the branch thatpersists is undoubtedly Ri + 5 alone, R2 + 3 having retreated back toward(Plate

The Crane-Flies of New Yorkthe base of the sector and finally being lost

— Part865

Iby atrophyorby fusion

with Ri] thr exotic genus CeratocKeilus shows this intermediate condition very remarkably, and indicates clearly the manner in which thisextreme reduction of the sector in Toxorhina was brought about.
The media {M, fig. 128, a), or medial vein, like the radial sector, in the
hypothetical type of an insect wing is twice dichotomously forked, theclosed cell, 1st M2, lying in the first fork.
There are no known craneflies that show this condition except the^^doubtful fossil genus Rhabdinobrochus, which is apparently based on an abnormal and imperfectly preserved specimen, and occasionally freak specimens of Tipula which indicate
this condition by spurs of varying length.
These specimens show thatthe single posterior branch of the media which persists is Mi, the spuralways lying on the cephalic side and representing the atrophied M3.
Corastock (1918:349, fig. 360) has interpreted the venation of Protoplasa
Mi being fused with Cui dis-

fitchii as showing all four branches of media,

tally.

That this is not the true interpretation is indicated by a study of
The vein in cell M3 which Comstock

the other species of Protoplasa.

downward deflection of Mi is a supernumerary
In this remarkable family of flies, such cross-veins are very

interprets as being thecross-vein.

often found in different cells of the wings.

That the presence of a veinin cell Ms is a specific character only is shown by the fact that it is lacking
in the related Protoplasa vipio O. S.

Mi and Mi, comprising the anterior

wing margin; suchgenera as Limnophila (Plates XXXVIII-XL) show a perfect succession,fork of the vein, are either separate or fused at thefrom deep forks as in the exotic Limnophila epiphragmoides (Alexander,
1913 b: 543), thru less deep forks as in L. montana (Plate XL, 148), toL. brevifurca (Plate XXXVIII, 125), which has a very shallow fork thatis sometimes fused clear to the wing margin, and further to the numerous species of the genus (Plate XL, 150-157) in which there is apermanent and constant fusion between these veins extending entirely
to the wing margin and obhterating the cell Mi.
In all except themost generahzed species, including nearly all of the Limnobiinae, themedial-cubital cross-vein (ni-cu) is obliterated by the fusion of M3 + 4 withthe upward deflection of Cui; this fusion

may be short or long, and isdiscussed inconnection with the cubitus.

the cubitus,

Ms

eases

(as

in

away fromwing margin, but in some
Styringomyia and Phaiacrocera, Plate XXX, 8 and 9) it
generallyruns free to theAfter breaking

Charles Paul Alexander

866

unites with Ml +2 for a short distance, obliterating the medial cross-vein.

— Bittacomorpha (Plate XXX,
Bittacomorphella
Hexatoma (Plate XXXVII,(Plate XXX,
Diotrepha, and many
species of Trentepohlia — but one branch of the media reaches the wing
In some genera

3),

112),

4),

margin, and in these cases the posterior branch has cither fused withthe cubitus (as in Hexatoma) and reaches the margin by this fusion,or has been lost

Needhamby atrophy.

(1908:227-229) beheves theposterior branch of the media is lost only by atrophy,

and undoubtedly

this is true in most instances; the series of Polymera, however, a tropical,

American genus studied by the author (Alexander, 1913 b: 526-535),
showed an interesting condition indicating that the veins may be vmited
by fusion, and similar conditions may exist in the genus Rhaphidolabis
and in the South African species Gonomyia hrevifurca. The entire end of
M-i is lost by atrophy in four known species of Dicranomyia, one of thesebeing D. whartoni (Plate XXXI, 15). The cell 1st M^ (discal) is in manycases opened by the atrophy of part of Ms, leaving the tip of Mz attachedto the medial

cross-vein

in Gonomyia, Plate

cross-vein

(w)

that

(as

in

Ormosia, PlateXXXVI, 92 and 93)
is;

XXXIV,

in other cases

atrophied, opening thecell

59-64, andthe medial
Dicranomyia,

it is(as inPlate XXXI, 14 and 16, in Cryptolabis, Plate XXXVII,
many genera of the Pediciini, Plate XLI, 172-174).

101,

and inThe cubitus (Cu, fig. 128, a), lying between the media and the anal veins,isthe most constant and, after the radius, the most powerful vein of

the wing.

There are always two branches, which are never lost.

fork, the anterior branch,
all
its

Cui,

is

At thedirected strongly forward, so that in

but the most generalized forms it 'simulates a cross-vein and fromconspicuous size it has long been termed the great cross-vein; thisdeflection is the basal deflection of Cui of the Comstock-Needham system,and the pars ascendens of Bergroth. In the more generalized groups,
such as Tanyderidae (Plate XXX, 1), Ptychopteridae (Plate XXX, 2^),a very few Limnobiinae
as some species of Tricyphona (Plate XLII,
184 and 185)
and many of the TipuUnae (Plate XLIII, 195-197), themedial-cubital cross-vein (rn-cu) is persistent, but in the great majority of
As already stated, thiscases it is lost by the fusion of Cui and Ms + i.

——

fusion may be very short— merely a point of contact (punctiform), as—

or it may be subequal
most species of Tipula (Plate XLVI, 222)ofin length to the cell 1st M2, the deflection
Cui entering the media atin^The Crane-Flies of New Yorkits

— Part867

Iand breaking away from M3 at the distal end of the cell; thisforklong fusion with M3 is the rule in the subfamily Limnoljiinae, but is very

unusual in the TipuUnae, the South African genus Leptotipula being
almost the only instance known. In some groups the deflection hes
far before the fork of the media, as in the transient fusions of Nephrotoma(Plate

XLIV, 198 and 202) and DoHchopeza (Plate XLIII, 187) or the

longer fusions of many Gonomyia (Plate XXXVI, 89 and 90) and othergenera. In the highly specialized condition obtaining in Orimarga and evenmore accentuated in the tropical -American genus Diotrepha, the deflectionof Cui is retreated far toward the wing base, so that in the latter genus

the fusion of Cui withM

isabout half the length of the entire wing.

Onthe other hand, Cui may unite with M3 far out toward the tip of the wing,(as in Trichocera, Plate

M and

is

XLI, 165 and 166), so that Cui extends beyond
it by the ni-cu cross-vein, which here runs

connected withlongitudinally and simulates a section of one of the longitudinal veins.

In the great majority of crane-flies, the fork of the cubitusthat the branch Cihisis

so deep

longer than the deflected part of Cui; insome

XXXVIII, 113), however, and also andespecially in the tribe Hexatomini (Plate XXXVII, 104 and 105), thespecies of Limnophila (Platecondition is usually reversed

and it is Cih that is the shorter element of

Cih is usually free at the wing margin, but in most Old World
species of Trentepohlia and in one species of Dicranomyia it is fused withthe first anal vein for a varying distance back from the tip.
the fork.

The anal veins {1st A, 2d A, fig. 128) comprise in the generalized
wing three simple veins, as apparently shown in the fossil genus Cladoneura;a single anal vein is found in the Ptychopteridae and in most of the
Tanyderidae, and there are two in all the Tipulidae and in the fossil
The anal veins are simple
Ibanyderid genus Etoptychoptera Handlirsch.
in all native forms; the second one is forked in the South African genus
Podoneura, in some species of Styringomyia, and in abnormal specimensof Helobia.

As indicated by Needham (1908), if the second anal veinfound in Helobia (Plate XXXVII, 98) and that in Trichocera (Plate XLI,165) were united, the condition would be remarkably like what is found in
Podoneura, and the condition in these genera may have been brought
about by the loss of the anterior l^ranch of the fork in Trichocera andthe posterior branch in Helol)ia.
there

is

In the Tipulini and some other tribes

a strong vein lying close beneathCu and often quite removed

Charles Paul Alexander

868

from it. This probably represents the first anal vein in these species,
which case all three anal veins would be accounted for.
The cross-veins.
The usual cross-veins of the wins have been indicated,in—most part, in the foregoing discussion of the longitudinal veins.
The humeral cross-vein (h) is almost always present and forms a strong
union between C and Sc near the wing base; it is of little systematic importance.
The radial cross-vein (r) lies entirely in the radial field, and confor thenects Ri with either Ro or R-z +3, orlast-named

The

vein.

Ri + 5 with Ml +itradial-medial

may lie exactly at the fork of the(?--m)

cross-veinconnects

eitheras in most crane-flies, or i?5 with Mi + 2 as in Molophilus(Plate XXXIV, 65-70), or Rs with Mi + 2 as in Tricyphona kuwanai oi
Japan and in the genus Rhampholimnobia discussed above. The medial
cross- vein (m) lies entirely in the medial field and connects either M2 or

Ml + 2 with Mz +The medial-cubital cross-vein (m-cu) connects either

4.

M or
with Cui. The arculus
ing M with Cu at the base of the wing.
il/.T

-I-

(ar) is4

a strong cross- vein connect-

Supernumerary cross-veins and spurs are frequently found in crane-flies
and furnish convenient characters for defining genera, subgenera, andspecies.
In Tanypremna regina, of the Colombian Andes, there is anabundance of cross-veins and spurs in the basal cells of the wings; in therelated species Tanypremna columhiana there is a single strong cross-veinin cell M.
These supernumerary cross-veins are very constant in theiroccurrence and position, and may be found in almost any cell of the wing.
Needham (1908:220) drew a primitive crane-fly wing and indicatedon it all the supernumerary cross-veins that are known to occur in thegroup, and the composite resulting was remarkably like the wing of aneuropteroid scorpion

fly,

thus

providing additional

confirmation forthe belief that the Panorpidae or some closely allied group gave rise to

Epiphragma (Plate XLI, 158) has theGeranomyia (Plate XXXL 10-13) and many
Rhipidia in cell Sc; Helobia (Plate XXXVII, 98) and Dicranophragma(Plate XXXIX, 139) in cell R.; Epheha (Plate XXXIX, 137 and 138)and Idioptcra (Plate XXXVIII, 115) in cell M; Dicranota (Plate XLI,
the dipterous line of evolution.
cross-vein

in

cell

C;

167-169) in cell Ri, alongside of the r cross-vein; Discobola (Plate XXXII,41) in theveins;

first

anal

cell,

forming a strong union between the two analand so on in great variety.

Strong spurs are frequently found at

the origin of the radial sector (PlateXXXVIII,

115 and 116), or in a

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part869

I

few cases in other parts of the wing, as in Hoplolabis (Plato XXXV, 83),
where a strong spur juts into cell 1st M2 from its outer end.
Adventitious cross-veins, or veins which are inconstant and of sporadic
occurrence within a species, being in some cases present in one and absent

two wings of a single individual, are rather frequent
most notable cases being the genus Cladura (PlateXXXVII, 102) as noted by Alexander and Leonard (1912), and the species
Tricyphona inconstans (Plate XLII, 177) as noted by Johnson (1901).
The cells of the wing take their names respectively fromThe cells.
the veins lying immediately before or above them; in the case of fused
Thus
veins the cell takes its name from the last element of the fusion.
in the other of thein the Tipulidae, the

—

the

cell

behind vein R3

iscell R3,

that behind vein

Mi is cell Mi, thatbehind vein Ri + b is cell R5, and so on (fig. 128, j). When the cells ofor supera field are cut by cross-veins, either primary such as r andmnumerary, the proximal cell is the first and the distal cellisthe second.

Thus in many crane-flies the discal cell is present, being cut off by them cross-vein at its outer end; and since both cells he behind vein Mi +2,
both are cell M2, the proximal cell (discal) thus becoming 1st M2 andthe outer cell becoming 3d M2. The same thing is true of the cell Ri,
which in some cases (as in Dicranota, Plate XLI, 167-169) is divided
into three cells, numbered outward from the proximal (1st Ri) to the
distal (Sd Ri).
In most cases the wing cells lying proximad of thearculus are so small and reduced that they cannot be readily homologized;

but in the tropical -American genus Peripheroptera they attaina remarkable development, occupying in the males of some species fromone-third to one-half of the entire wing length.

The anal angle of thewing is variously developed, being usually prominent in the family Tanyderidae (Plate XXX, 1), the genus Antocha (Plate XXXIII, 48), andthe subgenus Sacandaga of the genus Rhabdomastix (Plate XXXVI, 97),
and on the other hand being lacking or nearly so in some exotic
Limnobiini, such as Thrypticomyia and the males of Peripheroptera.
The stigma.
The stigma is a dark spot or area usually situated near
the end of vein Ri and often bisected by the radial cross-vein. It may
be either present or lacking in the various species of a genus, and in somecases is very large and pubescent, as in the males of the genus Empedo-—morpha Alexander.

Charles Paul Alexander

870

The abdomen

The abdomen, the third and last region of the body, lies behind thethorax and is attached to the caudal parts of the metathorax. It is composed of nine apparent segments, or annuli, numbered from the basal(first)to the terminal (ninth).

regions— a dorsal

sclerite,theEach of these segments consists of threetergite;a ventralsclerite,the sternite;

and a lateral region on either side, the pleurites, these being either integumentary or chitinized. The abdominal spiracles are located in this
There is but Httle modification of the generalpleural conjunctiva.
type in the various groups of crane-flies.
The first segment is very short and appears as a narrow ring closely
attached to the metathorax; the second is the longest of the segments;
the remaining segments are subequal in size, or, in the male sex especially,

shortened and crowded toward the end of the abdomen.

In many species

TipuUnae there are present on the abdominal segments rectangularareas of impressed punctures on either side of the median hne, whichon the second tergite are about midlength of the sclerite and on the
succeeding tergites are on the basal part; often there are smaller areas
These areasof punctures nearer the caudal margin of the sclerites.
are usually present on the sternites as well as on the tergites. The sexualorgans are borne at the end of the abdomen in both sexes.
The hypopygium, or propygium, of the
The male hypopygium.
of—male sex is of extreme importance in the determination of species. In
many groups and genera (Gonomyia, Molophilus, Tipula, and others)
it is almost impossible to identify the species without considering thedetails of structure of the male genitalia, and in these groups the hypo-pygium is of paramount importance in specific determination.
The structure of the hypopygium is relatively uniform and homologous
thruout the crane-fly series. The organ has been discussed in considerable
detail by previous authors, especially by Snodgrass (1904), whose terminology is adopted in this paper. The European authors still adhere
largely to the cumbersome terminology of Westhoff (1882).
In the generalized species the hypopygium shows but little complexityand enlargement, the terminal segments of the abdomen being of approximately the same size and diameter as the preceding segments. In thespecialized species of many genera (Gonomyia, Limnophila, Tipula,

The Crane-Flies of New York— PartI

871

and others), the hypopygium is enlarged and complicated in structure,
the enlargement often involving the terminal two or three segments.
The modifications of the eighth and ninth segments are almost inconceivable in their variety, and only the more important types can be
mentioned here.
The Tipulinae: In the tipuline forms the pleura are intimately
attached to the sternites, and their appendages lie parallel to each other,
9fh ierqite

dih ierqife

9fh i^rg/fe

9^ jf^ern/fe

Pleura/ suture
9th sterrrrfe

B
Qlh sternife

Fig. 129.

male hypopygium, tipulinae

B, T. parshleiji, lateral aspect. C, T. monticola, ninth
A, Tipula monticola, lateral aspect.
D, T. sulphurea, ninth tergite, dorsal aspecttergite, dorsal aspect.

work longitudinally, and act as

claspers

by jutting

into the notch of

the ninth tergite.

The ninth tergite (fig. 129, c and d) is the terminal dorsal plate of theabdomen.

It is ofvarious shapes, but usually rectangular, andvery large or correspondingly reduced.

may be

The caudal margin is variously

modified (Plates XLIX-LII), being in some cases nearly straight acrossand in others notched by V- or U-shaped incisions, with the lateral lobes
often produced into long-extending arms, and the appendages of the ninth
pleurite jutting into the notch in a position of rest.

In some cases theCharles Paul Alexander872

caudal margin is prodiiccHl into a strong median lobe (Plate L, 287), or
into two slender lobes (Plate XLIX, 271 and 272), one on either side of
the mediansurest
its

line.

The

writer regards the ninth tergite as offering theand easiest characters for identifying the species of Tipula, andvarious forms are accordingly illustrated in this paper.

The ninth sternite may be either prominent or insignificant.
onits

In primitiveby thepleural suture

forms the pleurites are(fig.

It bearscaudal part the ninth pleurites, or pleural region.

129, a);in otherdistinct,being cutoff

forms the suture is obliterated to a greater or lessdegree and the pleural region is thus immovably attached to the sternite.
In very

many Tipulinae (as in most species of Nephrotoma and many

species of Tipula), the pleural suture is represented only by a short, curved

impression on the ventral side of the fused ninth sterno-pleurite.

genus Longurio the ninth sterno-pleuriteispleural region being situated at the caudal

In theexceedingly elongated, theend and bearing at its apex

the pleural appendages, which, in a position of rest, lie in the dorsal con-(fig.

129, B,

iator, and—In some species
Tipula parshleyi
and Plate LV, 354), T. trinidadensis, T. macrosterno, T. glad-

cavity of the elongate sterno-pleurite.
others—it isthe eighth sternite that is so greatly enlarged, theninth sternite being comparatively small and often lying in the dorsal

concavity of the eighth sternite.

The ninth sternite is usually more oron the mid-ventral line by a deep notch, which in some cases
seems to bisect it; such deep notches are spoken of as profound incisions.
The only paired element of the hypopygium consists of the ninth
pleurites, there being one pleurite on either side of the organ.
Usually
the pleurites are small and oval, but in some cases they are greatly produced, as in Tipida macrolabis and T. macrolahoides (Plate LIII, 322
and 323) in other species they are curiously twisted and semi-coiled,as in T. streptocera; while in many species an intermediate condition isfound in which the pleurite is produced in a moderate degree only (asin T. loewiana, T. mandan, and others).
The pleural appendages areusually two in number.
The outer one is more or less fleshy and is of
In the genus Nephrotoma
various shapes and sizes in the different groups.
less incised

;

it

is

Ijroadly oval to elongate-oval

and usually pointed, in many species
In the genus Tipula

the tips being greatly produced and attenuated.
it

may be very tiny, cylindrical, and tending to be reduced, as in theThe Crane-Flies of New York— Part873

1

group (Tipula parshleyi, T. morrisoni, T. hicornis, T. megaura,
moderate in size and more or less cylindrical, as in thevalida group (T. valida, T. hirsuta) and the umhrosa group {T. umbrosa,

hicornisT. johnsoniana);

T. triton, T. mingwe, T. tuscarora); or broad, rectangular,

T. monticola,and very flattened, as in the oleracea group (T. perlongipes, T. kennicotti,

and the tephrocephala group (T. tephrocephala, T. cayuga).
The inner pleural appendage varies in shape, but usually it has a heavily
T. sulphurea)

chitinized, spht apex jutting cephalad into the notch of the ninth tergite.

The penis guard and the gonapophyses vary in size and shape. In
some species, as Tipula tuscarora, they are small and shaped like a trident;
in other species {T. triton, T. johnsoniana) the gonapophyses are very large
and prominent, and subtend the penis guard. The central vesicles fromwhich the penis arises arc often veiy large. In many species the penis isvery long and slender, and when exserted is equal to half the length ofthe entire abdomen.
In many species the eighth sternite is not at all produced and is unarmed{Tipula angustipennis, T. senega, T.
T. sulphurea);

in other species it isserta,

T. perlongipes, T. kennicotti,

provided with prominent chitinizedspines on either side, which are decussate {T. tuscarora, Plate LIII, 328),

or with large to small tufts of silvery hairs on either side of the medianline,

these often surrounding one or two small bristles

T. triton, T. mingwe, T. suhmaculata)

Plate LIII, 326,

T. umhrosa,

,

(7".

monticola,

or with fleshy lobes (T. australis,

T. valida).

In the generalized members

South American monilijera group {T. exilis, T. andalgala, andothers) the sternite bears a prominent tripartite appendage.
In several species the ninth tergite is fused with the ninth sterno-pleurite
so that the entire ninth segment forms a continuous ring, as in Tipulaof theultima (Plate LIII, 333), T. perlongipes, T. kennicotti, T. sidphurea.

The Limnobiinae: In the limnobiine forms the pleurites are prominentand have their appendages elevated above the level of the ninth sternite
and the ninth tergite these appendages are very often decussate or contiguous, work transversely across the genital chamber, and act as claspers
by direct, pincer-like contact. In the genus Geranomyia (fig. 130, a) andothers, the ventral pleural appendages are generally soft and fleshy, andthe dorsal pleural appendages are sharp, more or less curved, chitinizedhooks.
In Gonomyia (fig. 130, b) the appendages are very complex in the;Charles Paul Alexander874
specialized forms,

and are difficult to homologize evenin species that

This condition occurs in several otherare unquestionably closely related.

groups, as in the mycetophilous genus Sciophila and related groups,

who has studied the family. In Acyphonaand other genera the hypopygium is asymmetrical in relation to theremainder of the abdomen, the ninth abdominal segment being twisted
In some limnophiline forms (Phyllolabis, Oromyia, Limnohalf around.
phila mundoides) the hypopygium is enlarged and complex, suggesting
the condition found in many species of Tipula; in Phyllolabis the eighth
according to Dr. Johannsen,

Dorsa/

pleura/p/eura/Dorsc7/
pleuralappendagew

appendage

appendage

Venfra/Venfraf
pleuraloppendai^epleunteDorsalpleuralappendage

A

C

B
Fig. 130.

male hypopygium, limnobiinae

A, Geranomyia rostrata, dorsal aspect.

B, Gonomyia amazona, ventral aspect.

C, Chionea

primitiva, dorsal aspect

sternite bears a pale foliaceous appendage, while insternite(fig.

isproduced into a conspicuous lyriform

Oromyia the ninth
plate.

In Chionea

130 c), Cladura, and Pterochionea, there is a single powerful pleuralappendage on each side.
The normal type of structurein theLimnobiinae consists of short toelongate pleurites, bearing at or near the apices two or three appendages

which are usually chitinized and decussate in a position of rest. The penis
guard occupies the ventral area of the genital chamber, the anal tube
the dorsal area.

The female hypopygium.
characteristic in— The female hypopygium, or ovipositor,

many species of the Tipulidae.

is

In most cases it consists

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part875

I—of four horny or chitinized pointed valves, which are paired
there being
two dorsal (tergal) and two ventral (sternal) valves. These valves are often
acicular and are used for the insertion of the eggs in oviposition.
In mostspecies they are curved upward so that the concavity is on the dorsalside, but in the genus Trichocera (fig. 131, a) and some of its near allies
the ovipositor bends downward, the concavity being on the ventral side.
As wide a range in structure of this usually homogeneous organ as

occurs in the group,isfound in the genus Tipula.

The tergal valves

Terqa/ i/cr/i/'eTergal i^a/i^p

STema/ ^a/ye

Fig. 131.

female hypopygium, oh ovipositor

A, Trichocera bimacula, lateral aspect. B, Tanyptera frontalis, lateral aspect. C, Tipula
longivenlrvi, dorsal aspect.
D, Tipula piliceps, dorsal aspect. E, Tipula parshleyi, dorsal
aspectare usually longer than the sternal valves(fig.

and sternal valves assume a variety of shapes.
to subacicular; the tergal valves may
faces, as in131, c),be sharply serrated on their outer

many Arctic and North Temperate species

T. lorigiventris(fig.

and both tergal

They are often slender131, c), T. labradorica,— Tipula ardica,

T. serricauda;

allthe valves

may be short and fleshy, superficially resembling the male genitaUa butl)eing smaller— as in the Cylindrotominae and Styringomyiini, andin

Tipula bicornis, T.megaura, T. parshleyi (fig. 131, e), T. morrisoni, T. nohilis,

and other species; all the valves may be short and truncated across
but strongly chitinized, as in Tipula mandan; or the sternal

their tips

Charles Paul Alexander876
valvesmay be very much reduced, as in Tipula serricauda.

positor in Tanyptcra(fig.

131, b)is

The ovi-

normal, but the terminal abdominal

segments are greatly narrowed and produce a saber-like appearance.

sexual dimorphism
Besides the differences between the two sexes in the shape of themany other structural
much smaller
than those of the male, and in the latter the eyes may be contiguous
antennal segments, already discussed, there aredifferences.

In some species the eyes of the female are

In species with elongated rostra, such as
or approximated.
genus Geranomyia, the rostrum of the female is often much
The legs of the female are in some cases
shorter than that of the male.
shorter than those of the male. The wings of the females of many species(holoptic)

in theinwidely separated tribes are often reduced so as to be incapable offlight; insome forms (Empedomorpha) the stigma of the male is muchlarger than that of the. female; in Tipula armatipennis of southern Brazil,

the wing of the male is amied with an acute spur abov-e the stigma; manyother species have the costal region strongly incrassated; in the genus
Peripheroptera, with the greatly enlarged cells before the arculus describedmuch smaller in the female than in the male,and the anal angle of the wing is more prominent.
Color dimorphism is found in the species of Ctenophora and Tanyptera,
the specific hmits of which are very poorly understood at present. In
at least three eastern- American species of Tipula {Tipula fuliginosa,
T. annuliconiis, and T. taughannock) the males are light yellow, while
the females are from dark brown to brownish black and appear to be
elsewhere, these cells arc,

veiy different insects.
As a rule the females are larger than their mates, but in some species(Teucholabis, Eriocera longicornis, and others) the male sex is the larger.

HAUNTSThe various species of Tipulidae are, within rather broad limits, conSome species arevery closely restricted by their habitat, while others occur in a great

fined to certain definite haunts or ecological situations.

There is no crane-fly that can be called cosmois nearly so, ranging, as it does, over most of
the New World, the Palaearctic region, and southward into the Oriental
diversity of situations.

politan; Helohia hyhrida

The Ckane-Flies of New Yokk
region.

— PartI

877

Conosin irrorata is another wide-ranging species, being found inalmost all of eastern xVfrica, in southern Asia as far north as Japan, andNephrotoma fcrruginea, one of the comthence eastward to Australia.

monest of the local forms, ranges over the whole North American conThe majority of species, however, have a very much moretinent.
restricted range, the crane-fly fauna of eastern America being largely
confined to that region, while the crane-flies found west of the Rocky
Mountains are almost all distinct from those of eastern America. Naturalbarriers, such an large bodies of water, deserts, and mountains, serve tolimit and restrict the range of the species.

The presence of moisture is almost a necessity in crane-fly development, and conscciuently the species as adults occur in the vicinity ofwater, either running, standing, stagnant, permanent, or temporary.

No species confined to sandy or arid conditions are known to the writer,
the nearest approach being in Helobia, Trimicra, andEmpedomorpha.

A few typical situations are here outlined and the more constant inhabitants of these haunts listed:1.

swampy (holophytic) situations:

Species inhabiting

either grass

swamps with httle— Dicranomyia longipennis, Erioptera graphica, E. parva,
or bush swamps with a certain shrubby
Stygeropis fuscipennis, Tipula— Biltacomorpha davipes, Ptychoptera rufoelement such as Alnus, Spiraea, and the
woody elements entering

in

sayi,

T. tricolor;likecincta,Addphomyia cayuga, Limnophila fasciolata, Rhamphidia mainensis, Tipula dejeda,

Tricyphona inconstans, T. paludicola.
Species inhabiting wet meadows or grasslands, and found along the (usually) grassy
Protoplasa fitchii, Gcranomijia canadensis,
bajiks of streams not nccessarilj' in deep shade
G. rostrala, Antocha scxicola, Toxorhina muliebris, Rhamphidia flavipes, Atarha pidicornis,
Erioptera chlorophylla, E. siraminea, E. vespertina, E. caloptera, E. armcda, E. venusta,
Gnophomyia tristissi7na Conomyia sacandaga, G. alexandcri, G. sulphurella, G. cognatdla,
G. subcinerea, G. noveboracensis, G. ynalhesoni, Rhabdomastix flava, Cryptolabis paradoxa,
Epiphragma jascipennis, Limnophila macrocera, L. unica, L. tenuipes, L. recondita, L. imbecilla,
L. luteipennis, L. inornala, L. quadrata, L. lenia, L. noveboracensis, Hexatoma megacera, Eriocera
fultonensis, E. longicornis, Nephrotoma ferruginea, N. incurva, N. pedimculata, N. tenuis,
N. xanthostigma, N. eucera, Tipula anguslipennis, T. bella, T. caloptera, T. strepens, T.
duta, T. Jraterna, T. cundans, T. bicornis, T. parshleyi, T. tephrocephala, T. umbrosa.
in proximity to Sphagnum(oxyloph3d;ic)
3. Species living under bog conditions
Limnophila laricicola, Phalacroccra tipidina.
4. Species inhabiting rocliy (Kthophytic) situations, usually clinging to the vertical facesof cliffs, hidi:ig in crevices of the rocks, or resting on vegetation growing in such haunts
Bittacomorphdla jonesi, Gercnovnjia canadensis, G. diversa, Dicramrmyia badia, D. stulta,
D. simulans, Limnophila mon'M7ia, T.icyphona auripennis, Oropcza, DoUchopeza americana,
Tipula macrolabis, T. senega; the species of Oropeza and DoUchopeza also lurk beneathdark bridges and under culverts.
5. Species Inhabiting open f^orges, foimd on the usually luxuriant vegetation of the talus
slopes and along the floor of the ravines
Dicranomyia morioides, D. monticola, Geranomyia
diversa, Limnophila cubitalis, Addphomyia minuta, Ula elegant, Tipula collaris, T. senega,
T. taughannock, T. fuliginosa, T. valida.
T. sulphurea,
2.

—

,

,

—

—

—

Charles Paul Alexander878

usually found on
0. Species inhabiting shaded, cold Canadian woodlands (mesophytic)
rank vegetation in the shade of hemlock, beech, yellow birch, sugar and red maples, and thelike; they occur in close proximity to water, on herbage such as ferns, horsetails, Taxus,
Streptopus, Clintonia, Smilacina, Medeola, Laportea, Coptis, Dalibarda, Impatiens, andDicranomyia imtnodesta, D. gladiator,
Viola, from which they may be swept with a net
D. hallerata, D. pubipennis, D. globithorax, D. macateei, Rhipidia maculata, Limnobia solitaria, L. indigena, L. parieiina, L. triocellata, L. tristigma, Elephantomyia westwoodi, Toxorhina
vndiebris, Dicranoptycha germana, Atarba picticornis, Ormosia apicalis, 0. moniicola, Erioplera
armillaris, E. megophlhahna, E. stigmatica, E. mjdops, Molophilus pubipennis, M. fullonensis,
M. hirtipennis, M. comatus, M. ursinus, Gonomyia florens, G. blanda, Cladura delicatula,
C. flavnferruginea, Limnophila alhipes, L. niveitarsis, L. tenuicornis, L. toxoneura, L. arcolata,,—

L. adiista, L. nigriplcura, L. subcostata, L. alleni, L. brevifurca, L. aprilina, L. johnsoni, L.
munda, L. sylvia, L. stamvoodae, L. osborni, L. noveboracensis, L.
emmclina, L. cdwardi, Addphomyia americana, A. minuta, A. cayuga, Uloniorpha pilosella,
Pcdicia albivilia, P. contermina, Tricyphona vernalis, T. kalahdin, T. calcar, Rhaphidolabis
riibcscens, R. temtipes, R. flaveola, R. modesta, Cylindrotoma americana, C. tarsalis, Liogma
nodicnrnis, Longurio testaceus, Tipula oropezoides, T. algonquin, T. senega, T. hcrmannia,
T. fragilis, T. niacrolalis, T. mingive, T. moniicola, T. hirsuta, Trichocera bisinuata, Biltaco-

ftiscovaria, L. mfibasis, L.

morphella jonesi.
7. Species inhabiting shaded Transitional woodlands (mesophytic), often quite open,
in shade of hornbeam, basswood, hickory, butternut, ash, and other trees, usually nearrunning water, occurring on a variety of rank herbage and low vegetation such as Thalictrum,
Dicranomyia immodesla, D. pudica, D. rostrifera,
Podophyllum, Menispermum, Nepeta
D. brevivena, D. liherta, D. haeretica, D. morioides, Rhipidia fidelis, Limnobia jallax, L. indigena, L. cinctipes, L. immalura, L. triocellata, Discobola argus, Rhamphidia flavipes, Dicranoptycha sobrina, D. winnemana, Atarba picticornis, Teucholabis complexa, Ormosia nubila,
0. innocens, 0. nigripila, 0. rubella, O. meigenii, Erioplera septemtrionis, E. chrysocoma,
E. chlorophylla, E. armata, Molophilus hirtipennis, M. pubipennis, Gonomyia alexanderi, G.
sidphurella, G. cognatella, Cladura flavoferruginea, Limnophila macrocera, L. tenuipes, L. adusta,
L. subcostata, L. ultima, L. fuscovaria, L. cubiialis, L. quadrata, L. Jenta, Epiphragma fascipennis, Adelphomyia americana, Dicranota noveboracensis, D. rivularis, Rhaphidolabis cayuga,
R. tenuipes, Nephrotoma ferruginea, N. incurva, N. lugens, N. macrocera, N. tenuis, Tipula
unimaculata, T. angustipennis, T. senega, T. apicalis, T. strepens, T. hermannia, T. collaris,
T. nobilis, T. grata, T. hebes, T. longiventris, T. morrisoni, T. taughannock, T. fuliginosa,
T. submaculata, T. tephrocephala, T. ultima.
8. Species found in the immediate vicinity of streams and rivers, on the rocks or on trees
Dicranomyia immodesta, D. badia, D. stulta, D. morioides, D. simulans,
and bushes near by
Geranomijia diversa, G. canadensis, Antocha saxicola, Crypiolabis paradoxa, Hexatoma megacera,
Eriocera brachycera, E. spinosa, E. longicornis, E. cinerea, E. fultonensis, E. tristis, Dicranota
noveboracensis, D. rivularis, Tipula bella, T. caloptera, T. eluta, T. strepens.
9. Species found in southern gum swamps, where the forest cover is largely bald cypress(Taxodium), sweet gum (Liquidambar), sour gums {Nyssa aquatica and N. sylvatica), andGonomyia puer,
the like, and the herbage consists largely of lizard's-tail (Saururus)
G. manca, Limnophila recondita, L. luteipennis, L. irrorata, Penthoptera albitarsis, Eriocera
wilsonii, Brachypremna dispellens, Tipula tricolor, T. perlongipes, Nephrotoma okefenoke,

—

—

•

—

N. virescens.

ACTIVITIES
Feeding habits

The species with elongate rostra (Geranomyia, Toxorhina, Elephantomyia, and others) feed on the nectar of tubular flowers, the Compositae
being chosen by most of the species, at least in eastern America. Knab's

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part879

I(1910) very valuable paper cites in detail the feeding habits of the local

Geranomyia, which sip the nectar from various composite(Eupatorium, Solidago, Aster, Erigeron, Silphium, Rudbcckia,
Verbesina, Cacalia, and others).
A few other plant families (Apocynaceae,
species offlowers

Ericaceae, Umbelliferae, Rhamnaccae, Lauraceae) are fed upon by various
species of crane-flies.

The food of the majority of crane-flies, or, indeed,

their duration of existence inan adult

state, isverylittleunderstood.

Many species are presumed to be comparatively short-lived and would
notrequirefood before the essential functions of reproduction

andoviposition were completed; other forms, however, are on the wing forso long a time that itisprobable that some sort of food is taken during

this period.

Resting habits

The Tipulidae vary in their resting habits and in the positions assumed,
to the species and to the habitats frequented.
Some (asaccording

Molophilus and Erioptera)of trees,

cliffs,of a spider.
faces ofrest

or buildings, withon the verticalallorinclined

surfacesthe legs far outstretched like those

Many others habitually rest on the upper or the lower sur-leaves.

In such positions of rest the wings are usually held

outspread, or divaricate, in- the Tipulinae, and folded over the abdomeninthe Limnobiinae,

But such broad generalizations break down evenThus, in Limnophila such species as niunda,
and niveitarsis have the wings folded over the back, while L.
toxoneura and the related Epiphragma fascipennis hold the wings divaricate; in the genus Tipula, most species of which rest with outspreadwings, the species of the marmorata group (fragilis, ignobilis, and others),
as well as those of the related genus Longurio, hold the wings incumbent
over the abdomen. Some exotic crane-flies (as the genus Thrypticomyia,
Dicranomyia saltens, and several species of Trentepohlia) habitually reston spiders' webs. All these species have conspicuously white feet;
Dicranomyia saltens has a curious horizontal dance along a transverse
strand.
Species of Dolichopeza and Oropeza living in caves and beneathdark culverts, hang suspended from the roof by one or two pairs of legs.
Limnophila montana, Dicranomyia badia, D. simulans, and some otherspecies that live on cliffs, rest flat against the rock with all the legs on
within a single genus.

areolata,

thesupport.

Many

speciesofLimnobiini{Geranomyia

canadensis,

Charles Paul Alexander

880

G. diversa, Dicranomyia simulans, D. hadia, D. stulta) practice a curious
up-and-down bobbing while at rest or while feeding, their long, slender legs
acting as springs.

Swarming and mating

Swarming usually takes place during the early hours of twilight or
The swarming of the Limnobiinae is a familiarin the late afternoon.
of individuals participating varies fromThe
numberperformance.
in Rhabdomastix flava, Ilia elegans,twentytwo or three to a dozen or
Limnophila hrevifurca, L. ultima, and Epiphragrrm foscipeniiis, several
hundreds in most species of Ormosia and Erioptera, and vast swarms
in species of Trichocera and in Eriocera longicornis, in which many
thousands of individuals are involved.

In practically all cases the startswarm is the same. It begins with one or two individuals and isgradually augmented by the arrival of newcomers. Usually the flight isof thenot far above the ground, that of the smaller species (as in the genera
Ormosia, Limnophila, Dicranota, and Rhaphidolabis) taking place under
the low branches of a tree or the inclined trunk of a fallen log.

In Eriocera,

however, mating usually takes place in the open, often over the broad
expanse of a river or a stream. The vertical height covered by the dancesome species to many feet in Brachypremna
Mating takes place
during the swarming, and the united pair generally leaves the main bodyof the swarm and flies away to a resting place.
The tipuline forms and some of the Limnobiinae (several speciesof Dicranomyia, species of Hexatoma, Tipula macrolabis, T. fragilis,
T. fuliginosa, T. taughannock, and others) seem to mate without thevaries from a few inches indispellens,the "king of the dancing crane-flies."

preparatory operation of swarming, the males searching diligently andfor their mates, walking and fluttering about until they

unceasingly

encounter the hiding female and then engaging in copulation.

As statedby Needham (1908:215) in the case of Dicranomyia simulans, the malesof this species seem to be very short-sighted and apparently unable tosee their mates even when very close to them; they seem to rely mainlyon the tactile nature of their long, filiform feet, which, the instant theycome in contact with any part of the female, apprise the male of its
proximity.

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part881

I

In some groups (Discobola, Liogma, Cylindrotoma, Tipula ultima,
and others) the males mate with the females while the latter are still callow
and teneral, in some cases even waiting beside the pupal case for the female
to emerge, when she is at once engaged in copulation.
In most cases,
however, the female is fully developed and mature before mating takes
place.
When in copula most species rest quietly on some support, butnearly all species are quite capable of flying while still mated if disturbed;
insuch cases the larger sex takes the initiative— the female

in

the

Tipulinae, the male in Eriocera longicornis

and Teucholabis. Cases ofmating between different species are rare, but in one instance the writer
has noted the copulation of Phalacrocera tipulina with Liogma nodicornis.
Oviposition

The method of oviposition varies with the species and according to thestructure of the ovipositor.

In the forms with aquatic larvae (Eriocera,

Hexatoma, and others) the eggs are laid directly in the water, the fly dipping during its flight. Many Tipula, such as T. iroquois, T. hella, andothers, deposit their eggs regularly and methodically in algal beds at theedge of a stream.

Tipula nohilis, one of the species having soft, blunt

valves in the ovipositor, lays its eggs in soft mud or in moss.

Many species

Limnophila deposit their eggs with great precision. The author has
observed females of Limnophila alleni flying about low over the earth incold, dark woods.
They flutter along slowly and silently until a suitable
place for egg-laying is found, consisting of a moss-covered, rotten log andthe mud beneath it.
The eggs are pushed firmly into their position byof

the acicular tergal valves of the ovipositor, considerable effort being madeto place them securely.

The

rate of oviposition is not more than eightor ten eggs a minute, the female often pausing to rest for several seconds

during the operation.

When engaged in oviposition the fly is quite uncon-

cerned with other agencies and may be picked up by hand.

Theof Tipula with a serrated ovipositor, as described on
undoubtedly have a specialized method of egg-laying, thewhat this may be is not yet known.

species

page 875,

Photophilism

Many species of crane-flies, in widely separated groups, are attracted
to light, such species being termed photophilous, or light-loving.

It isCharles Paul Alexander882

probable that this characteristics is fairly general among crane-flies.
interesting fact

isAnthat the great majority of specimens of photophilous

species taken are either females, or males and females still in copulation,

indicating a nocturnal or a crepuscular oviposition or mating habit forthese species.

There are many of these

species,among them being

Erioptera septemtrionis, Limnophila adusta, Pedicia contermina, Nephrotoma
ferruginea,

Tipula apicalis,T.

trivittata,and T.

collaris.

It

is

these

photophilous species that are so commonly found in houses, they being
for themost part species that came to the lights at some earUer time.

ENEMIESAt all stages of their existence crane-flies are beset by enemies. The
larvae and adults are preyed upon by a great variety of insect-eating
birds and amphibia, and by many predacious insects such as beetles,
The larvae are parasitizedasilid and empidid flies, Odonata, and the like.
by certain tachinid flies (Siphona, Admontia) and many internal parasites(Gregarinidae, Bacteria) and fvmgous diseases (Entomophthora [Empusa]),

often prove fatal to crane-flies in their early stages.

It is at their periodsof transformation and while still soft and teneral that they are most sus-

ceptible to attackand injury of all kinds.

The adult flies often serve

as carriers of little red mites of the genera Trombidium and Rhyncholophus.

This condition is very general and a great range of species are affected.
Many species of the family (Geranomyia, Dicranomyia, Limnophila,

and others)

liveon the faces of vertical cliffs which are often wet withpercolating and dropping water, and this results in a certain mortality
due to the insects' being struck by the falling drops and dashed into themud.

During heavy rainfalls the smaller crane-flies rest on the undersideof the leaves of trees, while the larger forms escape injury by hiding increvices of the rock or the bark or by remaining closely pressed against
the trunks of trees.

IThe Crane-Flies of New York— Part883

I

KEYS TO THE CRANE-FLIES OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Tho

species of crane-flies found in northeastern

included in four famihes,

whichNorth America are

may be separated according to thefollowing key:
1.

2.

3.

Five branches of the radius reaching the wing margin; a single anal vein

Tanyderidae (p. 883)
Less than five branches of the radius reaching the wing margin; one or two
anal veins2
Ocelli present
Rhyphidae (p. 886)
Ocelli lacking
3
A single anal vein
Ptychopteridae (p. 884)
Two anal veins (both running to the wing margin in all North American species; in some
Old World forms the first anal vein fused with the second cubitus for a distance backward from the tip)
Tipulidae (p. 889)

Family Tanyderidae

The remarkable primitive family Tanyderidae includes but two living— Tanyderus,

generaand Protoplasa,of the antipodal regions,of theUnited States.

Genus Protoplasa Osten Sacken
1859

Protoplasa 0. S.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 252.

There are but two species of Protoplasa.
discussed below.

isfitchii,

The westernThe

species,eastern species,P.

P. vipio, ranges from

Colorado to California.
Protoplasa fitchii O. S.
1859

Protoplasa fitchii 0. S.

The species
superficial
It

isProc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 252.

Protoplasa fitchii

resemblance to theis of medium size and bears a curious
common tipulid Epiphragma fascipennis.

a very rare insect, there being scarcely

a

score

of specimens

most of them from the Adirondacks of New
York State and the Black Mountains of North Carolina. The fly isbrownish gray, the wings being marked with an ocellate pattern of spots
and bands (Plate XXX, 1). The anal angle of the wing, which is almost
square, is very prominent.
The immature stages are unknown but th(>writ(^r surmises that they occur in wet wood in the same situations as thelarvae and pupac^ in the genus Epiphragma.
in the various collections,Charles Paul Alexander

884

Family Ptychopteridae

The family Ptychopteridae has generally been understood to include
the tanyderid flies, as well as the three genera herein considered as con-

The resemblance between the Tanyderidae and theit.
Ptychopteridae seems to be superficial only, however, and the differences
stitutingare very considerable.

The immature stages of the Ptychopteridae are very remarkable.
The larva lives in an aquatic or a semi-aquatic habitat, and its caudal
extremity is provided with an extensile elongated breathing tube whichbears the spiracles at the end.

The pupa has one of the two thoracic

breathing horns enoraiously elongated, while the otherisconsiderably

Both these elongated processes in the immature stages serve
to provide the insect with air while the body is submerged beneath the
mud and water. The larvae of Bittacomorpha are of a peculiar rust-red
atrophied.

color; those of Bittacomorphella are almost black, with the short breathinghorns yellow; those of Ptychoptera are more yellowish brown.

The following key divides the family into its genera:
1.

2.

Antennae 20-segmented wings with cell M2 lacking; legs banded with black and white.
;(Subfamily Bittacomorphinae.)
2
Antennae 16-segmented; wings with cell M2 present; legs not banded with black andwhite.
Ptychoptera Meig. (p. 884)
(Subfamily Ptychopterinae.)
Apex of the wing not pubescent; metatarsi swollen
Bittacomorpha Westw. (p. 884)
Apex of the wing pubescent; metatarsi not swollen
Bittacomorphella Alex. (p. 885)

SUBFAMILY Ptychoptefinae

Genus Ptychoptera Meigen
1803

Ptychoptera Meig.

Illiger's Mag., vol. 2, p. 262.

Ptychoptera rufocincta 0. S.
1859

Ptychoptera rufocincta 0. S.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 252.

Ptychoptera rufocincta is the only eastern species of Ptychoptera.
is deep black,Itwith rusty-red bands on the abdominal segments; the wings(Plate XXX, 2) have brown crossbands, presenting an appearance superficially very likethat of Limnophila macrocera.

SUBFAMILY Bittacomorphinae

Genus Bittacomorpha Westwood
1835

Bittacomorpha Westw.

London and Edinburgh Phil. Mag., vol. 6, p. 281.

•

The Crane-Flibs of New York— Part885

I

There are two described species of Bittacomorpha inhabiting the
Nearctic region, one, Bittacomorpha clavipes (Fabr.), in the East, andB. clavipes has been reported fromone, B. occidentalis Aid., in the West.
Brazil but the record needs confirmation.

Bittacomorpha, or the "phantom crane-fly," is among the most interesting of the local genera.

The larger and commoner eastern species, B.

clavipes, is one of the most abundant and widely distributed of the North

American crane-flies, and inhabits wet swales, swamps, margins of ponds,
and similar situations. The legs are curiously banded with black andwhite.
The thoracic dorsum is deep velvety black with a white median

The swollen metatarsi are unique among the local crane-flies.
The wing is shown in Plate XXX, 3. The larva of this species is veryline.

similarin

structure to that of

distinguishedspeciesof Ptychoptera,

but

is

easilyby the rust-red tomentum which completely covers theBoth these genera have the extensile breathing tube in the larva,
and the single enormously produced breathing spiracle in the pupa. The
larvae are common in rotting organic vegetable matter which ispercolated and saturated with running water. The adult flies arevery conspicuous and attract considerable attention even among
body.

persons

who are not greatly interested in insects.

The long,

swollenlegs, radiating out from the body like the spokes from the hub of a wheel

and conspicuously banded with black and white, make the flies noticeable
as they drift slowly thru the air, apparently as light as bits of down.

Genus Bittacomorphella Alexander
1916

Bittacomorphella Alex.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

p.

545.

The genus Bittacomorphella includes two known species, both of theOf these, Bittacomoi'phella jonesi (Johns.) is eastern,
and the larger species, B. sackenii (Roder), is western. The better-knownof the two species, B. jonesi, is locally common in cold, shaded situations,as along dark ravines, near running water, or beneath dark bridges andculverts.
The curious black larva is found in mud or moist earth, in
Nearctic region.

haunts similar to those described for the adult. The flies are readily
distinguished from those of the larger and somewhat similar Bittacomorphaclavipesby the metatarsi, which an^ not swollen and have no white near

thv base but are marked with more or less white at the tips, these white

markings being broadest on the fore legs and narrowest on the hind legs.

Charles Paul Alexander

886

The tibiae are black, with a broad white band beyond the base. The
second and third tarsal segments are pure white. The apically pubescentwings (Plate XXX, 4) are characteristic of the genus.

Family Rhyphidae

The family Rhyphidae includes an apparently heterogeneous groupof three subfamilies which, until a very recent date, were placed in threewidely separated families of the nematocerous Diptera.

The Rhyphidae
The family

comprise about fifty species, arranged in some seven genera.

has long been held to contain only the genus Rhyphus and one or two
closely

alliedexoticgenera.

In

1916,

Edwards(1916)

removed thegenus Mj'cetobia from the family Mycetophilidae and placed it with theA

Rhyphidae.
Trichocera

criticalstudy of the immature stages of the genus

now demonstrates that this group, likewise, should be placedin very close proximity to the

Rhyphinae.

In general appearance thethree groups or subfamilies herein considered as comprising the Rhyphidae
differ greatly,

but the larvae of all members are so unmistakably related

that there can be no question of the close phylogenetic relationship.

The Trichocerinae have the moregeneralized wing venation, there
and three to the media, and two
distinct anal veins.
The local species of Trichocera have the m-cu crossvein punctiform or obliterated by a slight fusion of Cui on M3.
Trichocera trichoptera O. S., of the Western States, has the cross-veinvery long and conspicuous. The second anal vein is long and subsinuate in the subgenus Diazosma Bergr., but very short and recurved in
the typical subgenus, in T. trichoptera being very short and reduced andbeing three branches to the sector

narrowing the second anal cell.

and Knab (1916) have recently shown the probable
more generalized Rhyphidae such as
Rhyphus and Olbiogaster. The most important venational feature to
be considered is the reduction of the media in the Mycetobiinae, but
two branches persisting in Mycetobia and the vein tending to be evanescentin the Ethiopian genus Mesochria.
Species of Olbiogaster in some cases
have the posterior branch of the media less strongly chitinized than
the anterior fork, and probably indicate the manner in which the vein
is reduced.
An entirely comparable case is seen in the related family
In thePtychopteridae (comparing Ptychoptera and Bittacomorpha)

Edwards(1916)

evolution of Mycetobia from the.

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part887

I

Rhyphidae, the Trichocerinae are the most generaHzed, the Mycetobiinae
the most speciahzed, of the groups.

The subfamiUes may be separated l)y the following key:
1.

2.

Two distinct anal veins; radial sector three-branched
A single distinct anal vein; radial sector two-branched
Cell 1st

Mi present

Trichocerinae (p. 887)
2

Rhyphinae (p.
Mycetobiinae (p.

Cell 1st M'i lacking

SUBFAMILY Trichocerinac

The subfamily Trichocerinae includes but two genera
and Ischnothrix Bigot of Cape Horn.

— Trichocera,

Genus Trichocera Meigen
1800
1S03
1911

Petaurista Meig.
Trichocera Meig.

Paracladura Brun.

Nouv. Class. Moueh., p. 15 (nomen nudum).
Illiger's Mag., vol. 2, p. 262.

Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 6, p. 286.

In the genus Trichocera there are about twenty described species,of which the majority are Holarctic in their distribution but a few arefrom India and the antipodes.

The species of this genus are in a very

chaotic condition taxonomically, andit seems difficult to remedy thisEuropean and American forms can be critically studied andcompared. There can be little doubt that many of the species are
Holarctic in their distribution and the three or four evident species within
the limits here considered may be conspecific with the European forms.
The larvae, so far as known, live in decaying vegetable matter (Johannsen,
1910). The adult flies are common in autumn and early spring, and appear
in small swarms on warm, sunny days in 'winter.
During the winter months
they are often found in cellars, resting on the windows. They are also to
be found in mines, and the writer has seen specimens from a Colorado
silver mine taken at a very considerable depth by Dr. H. B. Hungerford.
Some of the swarms of these flies number many thousands of individuals.
The following key divides the local species of Trichocera:

until the1.

Second anal vein subsinuate; veins long-hairy; ovipositor fleshy.
Bergr.) [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 24, p. 124-125, pi. 8, fig.'lO.
166.)(Subgenus Dinzosma
1916.](Plate XLI,

T. subsinuata Alex.

Second anal vein short, incurved to the anal angle; veins not long-hairy; ovipositor chitinized, turned downward, the concavity being on the lower face.
(Subgenus Trichocera
Meig.)
2
2. Wings with two brown clouds.
[List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 84.
1S48.]
T. bimacula Walk.
Wings unicolorous. [Winter Insects of New York, p. 9. 1848.) (Plate XLI, 165.)^T. brumalis Fitch

Charles Paul Alexander
Certain European species of Trichocera, such as T. macidipennis (Fabr.)
and T. regelationis (Linn.), have been recorded from the Northern States
and Canada; these records may be correct, since, as stated above, it isvery probable that many species of the genus are Holarctic in their distribution.

Ifsuch is the case, the names used in the preceding key arevery probably synonyms of the European species.

subfamily Rhyphinat.

The subfamily Rhyphinae includes but three genera.

The two which

are represented by North American species are Rhyphus, with about a scoreand Olbiogaster, a tropical group of five
Within the limits of this paper three species occur, two ofwhich
Rhyphus fenestralis and R. pundatus
are very widespreadover the North Temperate Zone.
of principally Holarctic species,
species.

——

Genus Rhyphus Latreille
1805

Rhyphus Latr.

Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins., vol. 14, p. 291.

The adult flies of the genus Rhyphus are often found resting on the
The immature stages aretrunks of trees or on near-by vegetation.

spent in decaying vegetable matter, manure, sewage, and similar situations.

The venation of a typical Rhyphus is shown in figure 132, a.
Baerg (1918) has recently published a key for the separation of theflies of the three eastern-North-American species of the genus.
This key is here modified to conform with the other keys in this paper:
adult

m

Basal deflection of M-i as long as, or longer than,(that is, veins Mi, Mi, and Ms aboutequidistant from one another at cell 1st Mi)
2
Basal deflection of Mi much shorter than m; eyes of male holoptic: no yellowish spotnear midlength of costal margin of wing
R. pundatus (Fabr.)
2. Wing with a distinct yellowish spot near midlength of costal margin; subapical hyaline
spots sharply defined; eyes of male holoptic; median prescutal stripe split by a narrow
R. alternatus Saj'
gray line, more distinct in the female
Wing with the yellow and hyaline spots less distinct and more diffuse; eyes of both sexes
dichoptic; median prescutal stripe only indistinctly divided, if at all.
R. fenestralis (Scop.)1.

subfamily Mycetobiinae

The subfamily Mycetobiinae, so far as known, includes only the genus
Mycetobia, discussed below, and the genus Mesochria of the Seychelles
Islands.
Other genera have been associated with Mycetobia in the
Mycetophilidae, but so far as is known their larvae are quite normal for

The Crane-Flies of New Yorkthefamilylatter— Part889

Iand quite unlike the amphipneustic larvae

of

the

Until additional data are forthcoming they should be con-

Rhyphidae.

sidered as being Mycetophilidae.

Genus Mycetobia Meigen
1818

Mycetobia Meig.

Syst. Beschr., vol.

1, p.

229.

Johannsen (1909) recognizes six recent species of Mycetobia, and five
The larvae are found in decaying

others as fossil in Baltic amber (Eocene).

B

A
Fig. 132.

wing venation in rhyphidae

A, Venation of typical Rhyphus.

B, Venation of Mycetobia

A single species istrees and in fermented sap in the wounds of trees.
known from New York State, Mycetobia divergens Walk. The characteristic

venation of the genus is shown in figure 132, b.

Family Tipulidae

The family Tipulidae includes almost all of the local crane-flies.

It isdivided into three subfamilies, two of which are further separable intonine tribes—

six belonging to the Limnobiinae and three to the Tipulinae.

The tribes may be separated as follows:1.

Last segment of the palpi elongate, whiplash-like; nasus usually distinct; antennae usuallywith 13 segments; Sc almost always ending in R; m-cu cross-vein present or obliterated
by the usually slight fusion of Cui on Ma+i. In the dolichopezine genus Brachypremna(p. 928) Sc is very long and ends in the costa, and the fusion of Cui and Mi+t is often
extensive; but the antennae are 13-segmented, the palpi are elongated, the nasus is(Subfamily
distinct, and the whole appearance of the fly is decidedly tipuline.
2
Tipulinae.)
Last segment of the palpi short; no distinct nasus; antennae usually 14- or 16-segmented;
Sc usually ending in costa but connected with R by Sci; m-cu cross-vein obliterated
by the long fusion of Cui on Mi+t. In Pedicia (p. 923^ the palpi are elongated, but
all other characters are limnobiine.
(Subfamilies Limnobiinae, Cylindrotominae.) ... .4'

Charles Paul Alexander

890
2.

Vein Ri obliterated by atrophy (this is also the case to a lesser extent in Tipula subfasciala and T. penohscot), or else (as in Brachypremna) the second anal vein very
short, not more than one-third the length of the first anal vein; legs very slender,
Dolichopezini (p. 928)

filiform

3.

Vein Ri present for its entire length (except in Tipula suhfasciata, T. penohscot, andother species); second anal vein longer, one-half the length of first anal vein; legs
3
stouter and usually shorter than in Dolichopezini
Antennae without verticils (see Stygeropis, below); flagella of the male antennae
Ctenophorini (p. 930)

pectinate

Antennae verticillate (except in Stygeropis and most species of Holorusia); flagellaof the male antennae not pectinate (in some species of Nephrotoma and Tipula theventral face of the segments is often deeply incised, producing a serrate appearance,
4.

2'ipulini (p. 932)
but the antennae in the northern forms are never pectinate)5
Four branches of radius reaching the margin (see note on Gonomyia blanda, below)
9
Two or three branches of radius reaching the margin

6
Tibiae spurred at tip{Gonomyia blanda, p. 905, has R2 in close proximity to
Tibiae without spurs at tip.
Ri at the wing margin, so that but three branches of the radius appear to reach thewing margin; the tropical antochine genus Paratropeza will also run to here, and has
been mistaken by some authors for a Gnophomyia; the investigator must always
be on the lookout for such aberrant genera and species, especially when dealing with
Eriopterini (p. 901)
tropical material.)
Hexatomini (p. 920)
6. Antennae with from 6 to 10 segments
7
Antennae with more tlian 10 segments
Limnophilini (p. 913) (except genus Ula)
7. Sc> beyond the origin of i^s
Sc2 before the origin oi Rs
8Genus C/Za, tribe Limnophilini (p. 913)
8. Antennae 17-segmented; wings pubescent
Antennae 13- to 16-segmented; wings glabrous
Pediciini (p. 923)
9. Tibiae spurred; an apparent fusion of Ri-\-2-\-3 to the wing margin so that but two
branches of the radius are present (except in Phalacrocera neoxena, in which threebranches are present). The European hexatomine genus Cladolipes runs to here but
has only eight antennal segments; the South American species Psaronius ahnormis
also comes here, but may be readily separated by the very elongate subcosta.
Subfamily Cylindrotominae (p. 926)
Tibiae without spurs; no contiguity of Ri and K2+3 at their tips
10
10. Antennae 12-, 15-, or 16-segmented; claws usually without teeth on their lower side.. 11
Limnohiini (p. 890)
Antennae 14-segmented; claws with teeth on their lower side
11. Cross-vein r lacking; Sc ending before the origin of the short Rs; Rz+d upcurved at
the end, Ri+b bent strongly toward the apex of the wing producing a trumpet-shapedcell R3; cell 1st Mi, when present, pointed at the inner end.
Subgenus Leiponeura, genus Gonomyia, tribe Eriopterini (p. 905)
Cross- vein r present or lacking; if lacking, Sc ends far beyond the origin of Rs; /?2+3 notstrongly upcurved at end, and 7^4+5 not bent strongly toward the apex of the wing;
Antochini (p. 897)
inner end of cell 1st M2 not pointed
5.

.

The nearly wingless snow fly, Chionea, belongs to the tribe Eriopterini(page 902).

SUBFAMILY LiiTinobiinae
Tribe Limnobiini

The genera of the tribe Limnobiini may be separated by the following key
1.

Rostrum elongated, longer than head and thorax together^ Rostrum not elongated, shorter than the head

Geranomyia Hal. (p. 891)
2

The Crane-Flies of New York2.

— Part891

I

A supernumerary cross-vein in cell 1st A, connecting the two anal veins.
Discobola 0. S. (p. 892)

No supernumerary cross-vein in cell 1st A

3Often with a supernumerary cross-vein in cell Sc; antennae of the male bi-, uni-, or
sub-pectinatedRhipidia Meig. (p. 892)
No supernumerary cross- vein in cell Sc (excepting a weak one in Dicranomyia simulans);antennae of the male not pectinated4
4. Sc usually short, ending opposite the origin of Rs; claws usually with but a single tooth on
the lower side; ventral pleural appendage of the male hypopygium a fleshy lobe.
Dicranomyia Steph. (p. 893)
Sc always elongate, ending far beyond the origin of Rs; r often considerably removed
from the tip of Rr, claws usually with two or three teeth on the lower side; ventral
pleural appendage of the male hypopygium horny
Limnohia Meig. (p. 895)
3.

Genus Qeranomyia Haliday
1833
1835
1838
1865

Geranomyia Hal. Ent. Mag., vol. 1, p. 154.
Limnobiorhynchus Westw. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 4, p. 683.
Aporosa Macq. Dipt. Exot., vol. 1, p. 62.
Pleltusa Phil.
Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, p. 597.

The genus Geranomyia includes about seventy described forms, thespecies being

most numerous

in the Neotropicaland Oriental

regions.

The species are readily distinguished from all other crane-flies by the
curious elongate rostrum (fig. 124, a, page 846). The four species occurringcommon and widely dis-

within the limits considered in this paper are

tributed; further notes on their distribution have been given by the writerinan earlier paper on the genus (Alexander, 1916:486-496).

known concerning their immature stages,

thisconspicuous gaps in the whole family.

is

It

Nothing isbeing one of the mostprobable that G.

rosirata,

at least, is partly aquatic, living in moist earth or possibly in wet moss.

The following key divides the local species of the genus:
1.

"Wings heavily spotted with dark brown; tips of the tibiae black.
[Limnohia rosirata Say.
Journ. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phil., vol. 3, p. 22.
(Plate XXXI, 10.)
1823.]
G. rosirata (Say)Wings unmarked or with only pale indistinct seams along the cord2
Sc short, ending opposite or just beyond the origin of Rs; cross- veins and deflections ofveins faintly seamed with darker.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 207.
1859.].

2.

(Plate XXXI, 13.)

G. diiersa 0. S.

Sc long, ending at about midlength of the sector; wings unmarked except for the stigmal
spot
3.

3

Body coloration yellow; wings with the stigma pale; legs dull yellow, the femora notdarkened at their tips.

[Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 8, p. 186, pi. 7, fig. 13.
1900.|(Plate XXXI, 12.)
G. distincta Doane
Body coloration yellowi.sh brown, darkest on the scutal lobes and the postnotum; wings

with the stigma oval, dark brown, well-defined; legs brownish yellow, the femora brown[Limnobiorhynchus canadensis We.stw.
Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 4,(Plate XXXI, 11.)1835.)
p. 684.
G. canadensis (Westw.)
at the tips.

Charles Paul Alexander892

G. canadensis is most commonly found along small streams near cliffs;
G. diversa, restino; on vegetation along running water or clinging to vertifvl

wet banks; G. rostrata, on rich vegetation in damp j)laces, where it is often
extremely abundant (Alexander, 1912:67-68). The habits of the adultflies are discussed on page 878.

Genus Discobola Osten Sacken
1865
1869

Discobola 0. S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., p. 226.
Trochobola O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 98.

The genus Discobola is a well-defined group including eight described—

two species occurring
North
America,inEurope,
and
four
in
New
Zealand.
intwo
The species
are readily distinguished by the presence of a strong supernumerarycross-vein between the two anal veins.
The only local species is D.
species with a curious discontinuous distribution

argus.

Discobola argus (Say)
1824
1865

Limnobia argus Say.
Discobola argus O. S.

Long's Exped., App., p. 358.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., p. 226.

The species Discobola argus is a curious fly, with ocellate markings on
XXXII, 41). The body coloration isyellowish, the thorax with three brown stripes, each femur with a brown
subterminal ring. The immature stages of the American species are
unknown but are probably spent in decaying pine stumps, as are thosethe yellowish white wings (Plate

European D. caesarea; specimens of D. argus have been observed
mating on the bark of stumps (in Ithaca, New York, October 3, 1912,
by Ilg and Alexander). The fly is uncommon in May and June but
becomes more numerous from August to October.
of theGenus Rhipidia Meigen
1818

Rhipidia Meig.

Syst. Beschr., vol.

1, p.

153.

In the genus Rhipidia there are about twenty-eight described species,

most numerous in the tropics of the New World.

The character of thepectination of the antennae (page 851) varies in the different groups orsubgenera as follows:—

antennae of the male bipectinate.
Rhipidia Meig. (rnaculata, hryanti)
antennae of the male unipectinate.
Monorhipidia Alex, (fidelis)antennae of both sexes subpectinate to simple.
Arhipidia Alex, {domeslica, shannoni)——

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part893

I

The immature stages of the known species are spent in decaying vegetable matter, manure, or decaying fungi (R. maculata, R. domestica), in

decaying wood or beneath the loose bark of trees (R. uniseriata, R. fidelis,
R. hryanti), or perhaps in aquatic situations {R. maculata, according to

Needham).

The following key divides the local species of the genus:
Wings with an abundant pale brown or gray dotting in all the cells
2
Wings with the markings larger and confined to the vicinity of the veins3
2. Body coloration grayish, the prescutum with a broad black median line; postnotum
gray: wings with a heavy brown pattern along the costal margin, the marks about
1.

equal to the interspaces;
vol. 1, p. 153, pi. 5, fig.

11.

legs brown; male antennae bipectinate.
[Syst. Beschr.,
ISIS.](Plate XXXII, 36.)
R. maculata ]\Ieig.

Body coloration yellowish brown, the prescutum without a broad black median line;
postnotum black; wings with small black spots at the base, the subcostal cross-vein,
the origin of the sector, and the stigma, these marks much smaller than the interspaces;
fProc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 581, pi. 27,
legs yellow; male anteimae subpectinate.
fig.

3.

23.

1914.](Plate XXXII, 39.)"

R. shannoni Alex.

Prescutum reddish brown with narrow black lines; pleura dull j^ellow with two narrow
blackish longitudinal stripes; antennae with segments 12 and 13 light yellowish; basal
deflection of Cui usuallv far before the fork of M; antennae of the male subpectinate.
(Plate XXXII, 40.)
R. domestica 0. S.
Prescutum gray with a broad black median line; pleura grayish or plumbeous, unstriped;
antennae black thruout; basal deflection of Cui at the fork of M; antennae of the male
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 208, pi. 3, figs. 8, 9.

1859.]

4

not subpectinate
4.

Wings with the dark pattern beyond the origin of the sector only, a large rounded cloudat the origin and fork of the sector, the large rectangular stigma and the radial cells
largely darkened; abdomen dark brown, the genitalia reddi.sh yellow; antennae ofthe male unipectinate.

[Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 209.

1859.]

38.)(Plate XXXII,
R. fidelis 0. S.

Wings with a series of about five large grayish brown blotches along the costal margin,
two before the origin of the sector; abdominal tergites ^^ellow, the caudal half of eachsegment dark brown; antennae of the male bipectinate.
Hist., vol. 34, p. 123, 124, pi. IG, fig. 20.

1909.][Proc.

(Plate XXXII, 37.)

Boston Soc.
.

Nat.

.R. bryanti Johns.

R. domestica and R. shannoni are more southern in their distribution,R.

fidelisand R. maculata more northern.

Someof thespecieshavea very extensive geographical range, R. domestica and its races occurringfrom Alaska to Argentina, and R. maculata being found thruout northern
Europe and North America.

Genus Dicranomyia Stephens
1829
1830
1854

Dicranomyia Steph. Cat. Brit. Ins., vol. 2, p. 243.
Siagona Meig. Syst. Beschr.. vol. 6, plate 65, fig. 7.
Numantia Bigot. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 3, vol. 2, p. 470.

Dicranomyia is one of the largest of the crane-fly genera, there beingfrom one hundred and eighty to one hundred and ninety described species.

Charles Paul Alexander894
found onall

the continents and on

many of the oceanic islands.

species are rather small, are dull-colored,Theand are often difficult of exact

determination.

The immature stages are spent in a wide range of habitats, describedon page 838

The local species of the genus Dicranomyia may be separated according
to the following key:1.

Wings with but one free branch of the media reaching the margin.

[23d Rept. N. Y.
(Plate XXXI, 15.)
D. whartoni Needm.
State Ent., p. 211-212, pi. 27, fig. 5.
1908.]
2
Wings with two free branches of the media reaching the margin
Wings narrow, lanceolate; cell 1st Mi open; thoracic pleura with a brown longitudinal[Limnobia longipennis Schum. Beitr. zur Ent., vol. 1, p. 104, pi. 1, fig. 2.
stripe.
D. longipennis (Schum.)(Plate XXXI, 14.)1829.]
3
Wings broad
4
Sc ending opposite, or before or slightly beyond the origin of the sector
20
Sc ending far beyond the origin of the sector
5
Antennae with at least the basal segments pale9
Antennae with the segments dark thruout
.

2.

3.

4.

.

m

6
lacking)
Cell 1st Ml open (cross-vein
7
Cell 1st Ml closed
6. Prescutum with a single brown stripe; dorsal pleural appendage of the male hypopygium
D. immodesta O. S.
1859.]
a short hook. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 211.
Prescutum with three brown stripes; dorsal pleural appendage of the male hypopygium
a long, saber-like hook, which is contiguous with its mate on the opposite side. [Proc.
D. gladiator 0. S.
1859.]
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 212, pi. 3, fig. 5.
7. Pale yellowish thruout, only the tips of the tarsi and the eyes darker; in life the abdominal
segments somewhat greenish. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 212. 1859.] (Plate
5.

XXXI, 22.)8.

D. pudica 0. S.

8Brownish yellow, the antennae darkened at the tips; halteres brownish[Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc,
Halteres pale, the knobs infuscated; abdomen brownish yellow.
vol. 8, p. 183, pi. 7, fig. 5.

Halteres and abdomen brown.

D. isabellina Doane

1900.][Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 212.

1859.]

D. diversa 0. S.
Cell 1st Ml open; Sc far before the origin of Rs, due to the shortness of the latter which10
is about equal to the basal deflection of Ri+i
Cell 1st Ml closed; Sc nearly opposite the origin of Rs, which is much longer than the
11basal deflection of /?4+5
10. Rostrum elongated, nearly as long as the head, brown; prescutum with a single darkbrown stripe. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 65. 1SG9.] (Plate XXXI, 16.)9.

p. rostrifera 0. S.

Rostrum much shorter than the head, light yellow; prescutum with three dark brown
D. brevivena 0. S.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

11.

[Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 66. 1869.]
stripes.
Thorax shining black, the pleura with a grayish pruinosity.

12.

Thorax not shining black; gray, brown, or yellowish brown
Femora brown with the tips broadly yellow; wings marked with brown.

Phila., p. 17.

Walker.

I860.](Plate XXXI, 23.)

List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol.

1, p.

D. morioides 0. S.

46.

1848.]

12[Limnobia badia(Plate XXXI, 20.)

D. badia (Walk.)
13
14
13. aS'ci much longer than Sci, being nearly if not quite the length of the stigma
16
Sci short, not more than one-half the length of the stigma

Femora not banded with yellow; wings unmarked or nearly soThe Crane-Flies of New York
14.

Halteres elongated (northern species).

15

median line.

Prescutum dark brown with yellow and brown stripes.
p. 211.

895

I[Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 71.
1869.]
D. halterata 0. S.

(Plate XXXI, 18.)
Halteres short, of normal length
15. Prescutum reddish brown, with a narrow paler
vol. 8, p. 184, pi. 7, fig. 6.
1900.]

16.

— Part[Joum. N. Y. Ent. Sec,
D. brunnea Doane[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
D. distans 0. S.

1859.]

gray, the prescutum with a broad median brown stripe; a narrow brown
seam on cross- vein r. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 209, pi. 3, figs. 4, 4a. 1859.]

Coloration(Plate XXXI, 21.)D. liberta O. S.
Coloration brown or yellowish brown no narrow brown seam on cross- vein r
17
17. Basal deflection of Mi+2, forming the inner end of cell 1st Mi, arcuated so that cells[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 210.
1st M2 and Ri are almost on a line.
1859.]
D. stulta O. S.
Basal deflection of Mi-f-2 not conspicuously arcuated, cell 1st Mi being conspicuously moredistant from the wing base than cell Rs
18
18. Thorax brown, with three blackish stripes on the prescutum which are confluent, thelateral ones running caudad onto the scutal lobes; wings hyaline, unmarked.
[Furcomyia monticola Alex. Psyche, vol. 18, p. 201-202, pi. 16, fig. 7. 1911.] (Plate
XXXI, 19.)
D. monticola (Alex.){Dicranomyia monticola may not be distinct from D. stulta, which appears to be a;somewhat variable species.)
Thorax not so marked; wings with a grayish or brownish tinge
19. Thorax brownish yellow, with a darker brown median stripe; antennae black.
Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 70-71, pi. 1, fig. 3.
(Plate XXXI, 17.)
1869.]

19[Mon,

D. haeretica O. S.

Thorax light brown without a distinct darker median stripe; antennae reddish brown.
[Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 8, p. 184, pi. 7, fig. 8.
D. moniliformis Doane
1900.]
Wings spotted with darker
21
Wings unmarked, except for the stigmal spot when it occurs
22
21. Wings with brown dots in all the cells; femora with a yellowish ring before the tip.

20.

[Limnobia simulans

Walk.

List

Dipt.

XXXI, 24.)

Brit.

Mus.,

vol.

1,

p.

45.

1848. J

(PlateD. simulans (Walk.)

Wings with three large brown spots along the costa, the first at the origin of the sector,
the second at the tip of Sc, and the third at the tip of Ri; wings grayish brown, paler
near the stigma; cord and outer end of cell 1st M2 seamed with dark brown; femora[Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 75. 1869.]
D. rara 0. S.
22. Wings with a distinct pubescence in the apical cells.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,(Plate XXXI, 28.)
1859.]
D. pubipennis 0. S.
p. 211.
Wings glabrous on all the cells
23
23. No stigmal spot nor brown seams to the veins; Ri strongly curved toward R2+3 at thetip; tarsi brown.
[Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 74. 1869.] (Plate XXXI, 27.)
D. globithorax O. S.
Stigma evident, dark brown; paler brown seams to the cord and the outer end of cell
1st M2; R\ not incurved toward R2+3; tarsi whitish.
[Can. Ent., vol. 48, p. 42-43.
without a yellowish ring before the tip.
(Plate1916.]XXXI, 25.)

(Plate XXXI, 26.)

D. macateei Alex.

Genus Limnobia Meigen
1800
1803
1818
1856

Amphinome Meig. Nouv. Class. ]\Touch., p. 15 (nomen nudum).
Limonia Meig. Illiger's Mag., vol. 2, p. 2(52.
lAmnobia Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 1, p. 116.
Limnomyza Rond. Prodromus, vol. 1, p. 185.

Charles Paul Alexander

896

Limnobia is a rather small genus of usually handsome flies, including
about thirty-five described species. The species are most numerous inEurope and North America, but a very few range into the tropics ofboth hemispheres. Most of the crane-flies described as species of Limnobia
before the partition of the genus, do not belong here at all.
The haunts of the immature stages, so far as known, include a considerable range of habitats, from possibly aquatic forms (L. parietina)
to those living in moist earth near streams (L. fallax and probably L.
solitaria), in decaying vegetable matter (L. indigena,inaccording to Greene),decaying leaves (L. nigropundata, L. Jlavipes, L. tripunctata) in rotten,

wood (L. cinctipes, L. annulus, L. dumetorum, and others), and in fungi(L. triocellata, L. xanthoptera,and often L. cinctipes and L. annulus).

The local species of Limnobia may be separated according to the following key:
Cross-vein r at the tip of 72i
2
Cross-vein r removed from the tip oi Ri
7
2. Knob of the halteres black3
Knob of the halteres pale at the apex
6
3. Femora yellow, the extreme tips narrowly dark brown; wings yellowish, with three eyelike markings.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 216.
(Plate XXXII, 34.)
1859.]
L. triocellata O. S.
Femora with one or more dark brown rings before the dark tips; wings without an ocellate
pattern
4
4. Wings with four large dark brown spots in cell R that are about equidistantly spaced.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 289.
1861.]
L. hudsonica O. S.
Wings not with four large brown equidistant spots in cell R.5
5. Small, wing of female about 9.5 mm.; wings narrow, with a distinct dark brown pattern;
spots in cell R small, clear-cut, dark brown.
[Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34,(Plate XXXII, 32.)
1909.]
L. fallax Johns.
p. 125.
Larger, wing of female about 11 mm.; wings broader, with the pattern paler brown, morediffused; spots in cell R larger, often poorly defined and sometimes confluent, medium
brown. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 215, pi. 3, fig. 6. 1859.] (Plate XXXII, 31.)
L. solitaria O. S.
6. Femora with three brown bands.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 214.
1859.]
L. immatura O. S.
Femora with two brown bands. [Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 21. 1823.]
1.

(Plate XXXII, 29.)
7.

8.

Wings with brown clouds and seams
Wings nearly clear, at most with three

L. cinctipes Say

8or four small

brown dots along thecostal9
marginLarge species, wing 15 mm.; wing apex very blunt; all the cells clouded and marbled(Plate1861.][Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 289.
medially with gray and brown.

XXXII, 30.)

L. -parietina 0. S.

Small species, wing under 12 mm.; wing apex normal; apical cell with the markings confined to the region near the veins.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 215, pi. 3, fig. 3.
1859.](Plate XXXII, 33.)

L. indigena O. S.

The Crane-Flies of New York
9.

— Part897

I

Wings with three small brown dots along the costal margin; head dark; antennae darkened
toward the tips.

[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 216.

1859.]XXXII, 35.)
L. trisiigma O. S.

(PlateWings yellowish, unspotted; head yellow, excepting the front; antemiae yellow.
N. Amer., part 4, p. 95.

Dipt.

Limnobia cindipes runs very

close

[Mon.

L. sociabilis O. S.

1869.]

to L.

immatura and apparently

cannot always be distinguished from it; the character of an ocellate,yellow, brown-encircled mark at the stigma in L. cindipes and a solid
brown one in L. immatura does not hold in a series. L. hudsonica, L.

and L. fallax represent another group of closely related species.

solitaria,

L. sociabilis is very rare and its exact status is still not well understood.

Tribe Antochini

The genera of the tribe Antochini may beclassified

inaccordancewith the following key:
Rostrum elongated, at least as long as the head
Rostrum shorter than the head
2. Rostrum about as long as the head or a very little longer
Rostrum about as long as the body
3. Rs with two branches reaching the wing margin
Rs with a single branch reaching the wing margin1.

2
4

Rhamphidia Meig. (p. 897)

3
Elephantomyia O. S. (p. 898)
Toxorhina Loew (p. 898)
Atarba O. S. (p. 899)
4. Gross-vein r lacking
Cross- vein r present
55. Anal angle of the wing prominent, almost square;
Rs very elongate, straight; basal
deflection of Cui before the fork of
Antocha O. S. (p. 899)
Anal angle of the wing feeble; Rs shorter, more arcuated; basal deflection of Cui at or
beyond the fork of
6
6. Ri beyond the tip of Sc long, longer than the sector alone; veins issuing from cell 1st Mi
very long
Dicranoptycha O. S. (p. 900)
^1 beyond the tip of Sc short, less than the length of the sector alone; veins issuing fromM

M

cell 1st

Ml short

Teucholabis O. S. (p. 901)

The author's key to the Antochini given in Psyche (volume 20, pages
40-41,

1913)

iserroneous in the disposition of Dicranoptycha, whichruns down into the couplet with Atarba as having the radial cross-veinlacking.
The key was based
should be emended as above.

on material that was not normal andGenus Rhamphidia Meigen
1830

Rhamphidia Meig.

Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 281.

About eighteen species of the genus Rhamphidia are known, and they
are distributed thruout all the major regions of the world.
The larvaof Rhamphidia longirostris (Palaearctic) has been found in the stems ofCharles Paul Alexander898

The two local species live in organic mud in swamps,
and both the larvae and the pupae are decidedly eriopterine in appearance.
The local species of the genus Rhamphidia may be separated in accord-

Rumex aquaticus.

ance with the following key:
Rostrum short; legs yellow, tips of femora andtibiae black; wings tipped with dusky.
Osten Sacken, Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4,
1855.
[Dipt. Exot., 5th supp., p. 17.
(Plate XXXIII, 42.)R. fiavi-pes Macq.
1869.]
p. 105-106.
Rostrum long; legs uniformly dark brown: wings uniformly subhyaline, not tipped with
(Plate XXXIII,
1916.]
dusky. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 498-499, pi. 25, fig. 14.
R- mainensis Alex.
43.)

Genus Elephantomyia Osten Sacken
Elephantomyia 0. S.

1859

Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila., p. 220.

The genus Elephantomyia includes about eight species, found in North
America, Europe, Africa, and eastern Asia. The complete wing venation
separates the flies from all other genera with an elongate rostrum, except

the Oriental genus Rhampholimnobia Alex.

The immature stages of the

known species are spent in decaying wood.
Elephantomyia westwoodi 0. S.
Elephantomyia westwoodi 0. S.

1869

Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 109, pi. 1, fig. 5.

The species Elephantomyia westwoodi is a curious fly inhabiting cold
Canadian woods and bogs, where it is found on the wing from late June
R. C. Shannon collected larvae at Washington in late
into August.
November of 1912, and again on May 2, 1913, and reared the fly. It had
been bred before by Johnson.
The adult is yellow with the abdominal segments ringed caudallywith brown and the wings having a distinct brown stigma. The large
square cell 1st M2 is a conspicuous feature of the venation (Plate

XXXIII, 44).
Genus Toxorhina Loew
Limnohiorhynchus Westw. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 4, p. 6S3.
Toxorhina Loew. liinnaea Entomol., vol. 5, p. 400.
Toxorrhina O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 109-114.

1835
1851
1869

The
most

small genus Toxorhina
ofincludesabout nine describedwhich arc from tropical America.

species,

The exceedingly reduced

radial sector is the most interesting characteristic of the adult.

The larval

The Crane-Flies of New Yorklife is— PartI

899

spent presumably in damp earth, a very different habitat from thatof the closely related genus Elephantomyia.

The following key divides

the local species:
Cell

I'st

0. S.

M2 closed; bodv coloration brownish yellow; she, wing 6.5 mm. [Toxnrrhina magna
Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 4, p. 232.
(Plate XXXIII, 45.)
1865.]

T. mxujna (0. S.)
Cell 1st Mz open by the atrophy of the medial cross-vein (closed in abnormal specimens
only); body colon-^tion gray; size smaller, wing less than 5.5 mm.
[Tnxorrhina niuliebris
Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., p. 233.
O. S.
(Plate XXXIII, 46.)
1865.]
T. muUehris (O. S.)
.

T.

.

The small T. niuliebris is northern in its distribution, while the larger
magna is much more southern.

Genus Atarba Osten Sacken
1869

Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 127-128.

Aiarba 0. S.

A small number of species (about eight) are included in the genus
Atarba, most of them belonging to tropical South America. In manyof the species, including the local A. picticornis, the antennae of the maleare elongated and beautifully annulated with yellow and brown.

As hasalready been pointed out by the author a number of times, many of thespecies of crane-flies described

are

in

realitymembersofby various workers as species of Atarba

the aberrant eriopterine genus Gonomyia,

subgenus Leiponeura (Alexander, 1916:508-509).
Atarba picticornis O. S.
1869

Atarba picticornis 0. S.

Atarba picticornis
flying in late JuneisMon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 128-129, pi. 1, fig. 13.

a ratherand July.

common species, in suitable localities,

The adult is reddish yellow; the antennae

are yellow with the apical half of each flagellar segment dark brown;

the abdomen is yellow with a black ring before the tip; the wings are paleyellow.

Sc is short, the cross-vein r lacking; cell 1st AU is small, with thebasal deflection of Cui inserted at its base (Plate XXXIII, 47).

Genus Antocha Osten Sacken
1859

Antocha 0. S.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Rci. Phila., p. 219.

The small genus Antocha includes about seven described species in
The immature stages are strictly aquatic,

the Northern Hemisphere.

the pupae having branched pronotal breathing horns as in Simulium.

Charles Paul Alexander

900

Both larvae and pupae live in cases on rocks, often in very rapid water,
and the larvae are very pediciine in appearance. Mating takes placeon the stones along the streams in which the larvae live.
Antocha saxicola O. S.
1859
1859

Antocha saxicola O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Pci. Phila., p. 219.
Antocha opalizans O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 220.

Antocha saxicola is a common fly, which may be mistaken only fora Dicranomyia but is readily distinguished by the very prominent anal
angle of the wings (Plate XXXIII, 48), an uncommon feature in crane-flies.

The milky-white color of the wings, and the very long, straight sector,
are noteworthy characters.

may

There are two

represent distinct species

distinct color phases

when better known.

which

The gray form has

been described as A. saxicola, the red form as A. opalizans.

Genus Dicranoptycha Osten Sacken
1818
1859

Marqinomijia ]\Ieig.
Dicranoptjicha 0. S.

Syst. Beschr., vol. 1, p. 147.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 217.

There are about nine described species of Dicranoptycha, six from
North America, two from Europe, and one from Africa. D. signaticollis
The immature stages are spent in
V. d. W. (of Java) is a Libnotes.
rather dry soil in open woods.

The following key separates the local species of Dicranoptycha;
1.

")Large, wing over 10 mm.; wings deep reddish brown, the veins with short golden hairs;[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
Rs elongate, nearly twice the length of cell 1st M2.
D. germana O. S.
(Plate XXXIII, 49.)
1859.]
p. 217.
Smaller, wing under 9 mm.; wings light gray or yellowish subhyaline; Rs shorter, about2
as long as or only slightly longer than cell 1st Mi
Bodv coloration brownish gray; wings suffused with gray. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,p.' 21s, pi. 4, fig. 1.3.
(Plate XXXIII, 51.)
D. sobrina O. S.
1S.59.J
Body coloration pale yellow; wings pale yellow. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 500-501,
D. winnemana Alex.
(Plate XXXIII, 50.)
1916.]
pi. 25, fig. 12.

There are three additional Austral species that may occur within thefaunal limits considered by this paper. Of these, Dicranoptycha nigripes
O. S. and D. minima Alex, have the tips of the femora blackened;
D. tigrina Alex, resembles D. sobrina, but has the abdomen conspicuously cross-banded with brown and yellow, not uniformly brown as insobrina.

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part901

I

A conspicuous feature occurring in the flies of this genus is the presenceof a fold in the first anal cell of the wing,

which is most evident if thewing is held against the light.

Genus Teucholabis Osten Sacken
1859

Teucholabis 0. S.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 222.

There are about forty-five described species in the genus Teucholabis,
two-thirds of which are from tropical America, the center of distribution
for the group.

The larvae of T. complexa are found underneath decaying

bark, a habitat very like that of the related genus Elephantomyia.

The local species of Teucholabis may be separated according to thefollowing key:

Wing over 6 mm.; wings broad; Sc long, ending beyond two-thirds the length of the sector;
r inserted on Ri-ti; vein R2-t3 not upturned at its tip, the end of cell 2d Ri being much
fProc.
broader than the end of cell R3; prescutuin reddish with three black stripes.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 223, pi. 3, fig. 10. 1S.59.] (Plate XXXIII, 52.) T. complexa 0. S.
Smaller, wing under 5 mm.; wings narrow; Sc short, ending before midlength of the sector;
r inserted at or near the end of Rs; vein R2 + 3 upturned at the tip, the end of cell Ri
being broader than the end of eel! 2d Ri prescutum shiny black, only the humeral parts
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
[Can. Ent., vol. 4S, p. 43.
of the sclerite light yellow.
191G.
;

Phila., p.

498, pi. 25, fig. 16.

1916.]The vigorous, broad-winged(Plate XXXIII, 53.)

T. co7nplexa

is

the

T. lucida Alex.

northernmost local

species.

Tribe Eriopterini

The genera of the tribe Eriopterini may be separated in accordancewith the following key:
1.

2.

3.

4.

Wings very much reduced, microscopic, very much smaller than the halteres.
Chionea Dalman (p. 902)
2
Wings normally developed, much longer than the halteres
Three branches of the media reaching the wing margin
Two branches of the media reaching the wing margin
Ri shorter than Rz+s
R2 longer than R1+3
Radial cross- vein present
Radial cross- vein tacking

Cladura 0. S. (p. 903)
3
4
7
5
6

Rs elongate, longer than Ra+s, alone; tuberculate pits on the anterior part of the
Rhabdomastix caudata (Lundb.) (p. 904)
prescutum
Rs shorter, not so long as Rt+i,; tuberculate pits retreated back on the prescutum.
Erioptera, subgenus Empeda (p. 90S)
6. Sc very long, extending to the end of the sector; basal deflection of Cui at the fork of
Rhabdomastix Skuse (p. 904)
or beyond
Sc short, not extending beyond midlength of the sector; if Sc projects beyond the base5.

Mof the sector, the basal deflection of Cuiisfar before the fork ofM.

Gonomyia Meig. (p. 904)

Charles Paul Alexander902

Rs long, normal in position; cell Isl Ri elongated8
Rs shortened, its first fork with vein 7^2 +3 at an angle to the end of the sector so thatcell Ul Ri is equilateral or nearly so
Cryptolabis O. S. (p. 906)
8. Rs ending in cell Ri
Molophilus Curt. (p. 906)
Rs ending in cell R3
9
9. A supernumerary cross-vein in cell Ri; second anal vein strongly bisinuate.
7.

Helobia St. Farg. (p. 907)
10
10. Cui tending to turn toward the wing apex; forks of the longitudinal veins very longand deep
Erioptera Meig. (p. 908)
Cwi straight or tending to turn away from the wing apex
11
11. Sides of the long cell tst M2 parallel; 1SV2 not far removed from the tip of -S>i; colorationof the local species black; basal deflection of C'wi beneath the middle of cell 1st M-2.
Gnophomyia O. S. (p. 909)
Sides of cell 1st Mi more or less divergent distad; Sd retreated toward the wing baseso that Sci is usually more than two-thirds the length of the sector.
12
far before the fork of the latter; Rs long and straight at its
12. Deflection of Ciii meeting
origin; the terminal three segments of the antennae abruptly smaller than the othersegments of the flageUum; wings glabrous
Trimicra 0. S. (p. 910)
Deflection of Cui meeting
usually at the fork or on M3+4 underneath cell 1st M^;
Rs shorter, tho straight; flagellar segments of the antennae gradually and uniformly
Ormosia Rond. (p. 911)
smaller toward the tip of the organ; wings pubescentNo supernumerary cross-vein in cell ^2; second anal vein not bisinuate

.'

M

M

Genus Chionea Dalman
1816

Chionea Dalman.

K. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 1, p. 102.

Chionea is a peculiar genus of subapterous crane-flies. There areabout five European and six American species so far described. The
possible evolution of the group from winged ancestors (Pterochionea
Alex.,

Crypteria Berg.) has been discussed by the author in anotherpaper (Alexander, 1916:529-530).

The immature stages of the known species are spent in the soil.
adult

flies

are usually found crawhng about on the snow, being

conspicuous when snow is on the ground than at other seasons.
spring and fall they are occasionally found in leaf mold.

The
more
In theAn interesting

paper on the genus has been written by Johnson (1907).

Dr. Dietz has
which
was taken at Aweme, Manitoba,
in his collection a female specimen
in September,when the temperature was below zero.

All the earlier authors describe this fly as being wingless.

This is notexactly true, however, the wings being present tho reduced to mere knobs,

The generalized species have the normal
number of antennal segments for this tribe of flies, this being sixteen
the two scapal segments, a basal fusion segment of the flagellum madeup of five segments, and nine free flagellar segments beyond. In themuch smaller than the halteres.

—

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part903

I

specialized forms the number of free segments beyond the fusion segmentis1.

reduced to four or five, making a total of eleven or twelve segments.
The following key separates the local species of Chionca:
Color of the body grayish.

[Can. Ent., vol. 49, p. 205-206.

1917.]
C. noveboracensis Alex.

Color of the body reddish yellow or yellow
2
2. Form long and slender, length of male less than 4 mm., diameter across thorax about
0.6 mm.; legs all very long and slender, not inerassated.
[Can. Ent., vol. 49, p. 206.
C. gracilis Alex.

1917.]

Form stouter, length of male over 4 mm., diameter across thorax over 1 mm.; male withat least the posterior legs inerassated3.

3

Antennae with 12 segments, there being 9 flagellar segments beyond the 1st, or fusion,
segment; all the femora inerassated; size larger, length of male about 5.5 mm., diameter
across thorax 1.5 mm.

[Can. Ent., vol. 49, p. 204-205.

1917.]

C. primitiva Alex.

Antennae v/ith 7 segments, there being 4 flagellar segments beyond the 1st, or fusion,
segment; only the hind femora inerassated; size smaller, length of male about 5 mm.,diameter across thorax 1 mm. [Ins. Injur, to Veget., 3d ed., p. 601, fig. 260.
1841.]
C. valga Harr.
(C. scila Walk,

and C. aspera Walk, are probably synonymous with C. valga.)

Genus Cladura Osten Sacken
1859

Cladura O. S.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 229.

There are but two described species of Cladura, both occurring within
Cladura fuscula Loew (of Europe)is Adelphomyia senilis (Hal.)
C. flavescens Brun. (of India) is doubtfullya member of this genus. It should be noted here that the antennae of
Cladura have the basal segments of the flagellum united into a fusion-segment so that the antenna seems to have less than sixteen segments. The
immature stages are quite unknown but are presumably spent in the soil.
The two species of Cladura are separated by the following key:
the limits considered in this paper.
;

Large species, wing of female over 7 mm.; reddish yellow, the thoracic pleura spottedwith brown; wings yellowish, the cross-veins and deflections of veins clouded with brown;
Sc long, ending opposite the base of Ri, Sci being about opposite the fork of R2+3; r ator beyond one-third the length of ^2; petiole of cell Mi short, not much longer than m.
[C. flavoferruginea O. S., Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pi. 4, fig. 34, 1859. C. indivisa
O. S., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 291, 1861.](Plate XXXVII, 102.)
C. flavoferruginea O. S.
Smaller species, wing of female under 6 mm.; pale yellow, no spots on the thoracic pleura;wings hyaline without dark markings on the cross-veins and deflections of veins; Sc short,ending about opposite midlength of R:-\-i, Sci being nearly opposite the fork of the sector;
r at about one-fourth the length of Rz; petiole of cell Mi long, about twice the length of m.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 589-590, pi. 27, fig. 27.
1914.](Plate XXXVII, 103.)
C. delicntula Alex.

These species are characteristic late summer and autumnal crane-flies,
very common in some localities thruout September and October.

They

Charles Paul Alexander904

frequent open woodlands and shrubbery often remote from running water.
C. deUcatulaisapparently a more local species than C. flavoferruginea,

being more frequently found in mountainous localities.
It should be noted that C. indivisa is a synonym of C. flavoferruginea
0. S.

The remarkable variation in the venation of this species has been

discussed by Alexander and Leonard (1912),

Genus Rhabdomastix Skuse
1889

Rhabdomastix Skuse.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 829, pi. 22,

fig. 15.

(Subgenus Sacandaga Alexander)
1911

Sacandaga Alex.

Rhabdomastix

isEnt. News, vol. 22, p. 349-351.

a smallgenus,

including sevendescribed

species.

The group is close to Gonomyia, but the male hypopygium has a very
The subgenus
different structure and is of a distinctly primitive type.
Rhabdomastix,

sens,

str.,

which occurs in Australia and South America,

has greatly elongated antennae in the male sex; the subgenus Sacandaga,with four species and a race, has the antennae short in both sexes.

A key to the local species of Rhabdomastix follows:
Cross- vein r present tho weak; veins issuing from the small pentagonal cell 1st Mi subparallel; basal deflection of Cui at the fork of M; body coloration grayish; arctic species.
{Goniomyia {Eiwpeda) caudata Lundb. Vidensk. Meddel. fra den naturh. Foren., p. 267,
(Plate XXXVI, 96.)
R. caudata (Lundb.)
pi. 6, fig. 18.
1898.]
Cross-vein r lacking; veins issuing from the hexagonal cell 1st M2 arcuated; basal deflection[Sacandaga flava Alex.
of Cui under the middle of cell 1st Mi; body coloration yellowish.
Ent. News, vol. 22, p. 351-352, figs. 1-3. 1911.] (Plate XXXVI, 97.). .R. flava (Alex.).
.

Genus Qonomyia Meigen
1818
1869

Gonomijia Meig.

Syst. Beschr., vol.

Goniomyia O. S.

Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 176.

1, p.

146.

In the genus Gonomyia there are about seventy-five described species,
which are well distributed thruout the world, being found on all the continents and on many of the oceanic islands. The writer places the species
Gonomyella Alex., Gonomijia IMeig., Ptilostena Bergr.,
in four subgeneraand Leiponeura Skuse, the second and the fourth occurring within the—limits considered in this paper.
isbrown and yellow, the pleura of the thorax being
The immature stages of the species so far as
longitudinally.

often contrasted

stripedThe coloration of many of the species

The Crane-Flies of New York— PartI

905

known are spent in wet earth or sand, and the larvae are of the usual
elongate type of the Eriopterini.

The

local speciesofGonomyia may be separated according to thefollowing key:
1.

Two branches of the radial sector reaching the wing margin.

(Subgenus Leiponeura

Skuse.)

2

Three branches of the radial sector reaching the wing margin.)
2.

Subgenus Gonomyia

Meig.)
4
Outer deflection of vein Mi absent, the cell 1st M-i being open; costa conspicuously chinawhite; legs banded with white.
[Elliptera alexanderi Johns.
Psyche, vol. 19, p 3,
fig. 6.

1912.](Plate XXXVI, 86.)

G. aleranderi (Johns.)

Outer deflection of vein Ms present, closing the cell 1st Mi; costa not china-white; legs
not banded with white3
3. Pleural stripes conspicuous; stigma of the wings distinct; femora tipped with dark brown.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 587-588; pi. 27, fig. 25, wing; pi. 26, fig. 21, hypopygium.
(Plate XXXVI, 87.)
1914.]
G. sncandaga Alex.
Pleural stripes lacking; no stigmal spot on the wings; femora not tipped with brown.
[Goniomyia manca O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 178-179.
1869.](PlaLeXXXVI, 88.)

G. manca (O. S.)

Basal deflection of Cui far before the fork of M; subcosta long, ending beyond the originof the sector
5Basal deflection of Cui at or beyond the fork of M; subcosta short, ending opposite or
before the origin of the sector
6
5. Wings clear, unspotted.
[Ent. News, vol. 26, p. 170-172, figs. 1-3.
1915.)(PlateXXXVI, 89.)
G. mathesoni Alex.
Wings spotted. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 231, pi. 4, fig. 16. 1859.] (Plate XXXVI,
90.)
G. blanda O. S.
6. Antennae orange at the base, the flagellura dark
7
Antennae black thruout
9
7. Cell Isl Ml closed; femora with a dark brown subterminal ring.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., p. 230.
(Plate XXXVI, 91.)
1859.]
G. sulphnrella O. S.
Cell 1st M2 open; femora without a dark subterminal ring
8
8. Male hypopygium with the dorsal angle of the pleurite stout, with numerous (about 15)
slender hairs; ventral appendage simple, stout, tipped with a blunt black spine; second
appendage a powerful, curved, subchitinized arm directed proximad. [Can. Ent.
vol. 48, p. 316-317.
(Plate XXXVI, 92.)
1916.]
G. florens Alex.
Male hypopygium with the dorsal angle of the pleurite slender, with a few (about 10)
stout hairs; ventral appendage bifid, the arm with a long, slender, black spine at thetip; second appendage a slender, pale arm that is almost straight, and with two hairs
at the tip.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 230, pi. 4, fig. 17.
(Plate1859.]XXXVI, 93.)
G. cognatella O. S.
9. Subcosta short, ending before the origin of the sector, the distance between its tip andthe origin of the sector being about equal to the r-7n cross- vein; vein Rz oblique, a little
longer than the r-m cross- vein; male hypopygium with the gonapophyses and the penis
guard fused into a large, prominent, cylindrical tube: thoracic pleura indistinctly striped.
[Can. Ent., vol. 48, p. 319-320.
(Plate XXXVI, 94.]
1916.].G. novehoracensis Alex.
Subcosta longer, ending about opposite the origin of the sector; vein fi. elongate; malehypopygium with the gonapophyses and the penis guard not fused into a cylindricaltube; thoracic pleura without stripes.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 231.
1859.](Plate XXXVI, 95.)
G. subcinerea O. S.
4.

.

.

The above key is adapted from a revision of the American species of
the genus by the author (Alexander, 1916:508-528).

Charles Paul Alexander

906

Genus Cryptolabis Osten Sacken
1859

Cryptolabis 0. S.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 224.

Cryptolabis is a small but well-defined genus, including three species,ofwhich two are Nearctic and one is Neotropical.

Nothing is knownof the immature stages, but those of C. paradoxa, at least, are probablj'^

spent in moist earth.
Cryptolabis paradoxa 0. S.
1859

Cryptolabis paradoxa 0. S.
15, 15 a.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 225,pi.

4, figs.

14,

The species Cryptolabis paradoxa, a curious little fly, is dark brown,with the dorso-pleural membranes and the root of the wings more yellowish
the whitish wings, with the apical cells pubescent and the sector short andstraight or even slightly convex (PlateXXXVII, 101), easily distinguish

It is often rather common

on rank herbage growing along
it may be swept in

the species.

wide creeks or on river banks.

In these situations

numbers from late June thruout July.

Genus Molophilus Curtis
1833

Molophilus Cart.

Brit. Entomol., p. 444.

The genus Molophilus
most parts

includesabout

forty-fivedescribedof the world but better represented,

found

in

in thetemperate regions of both hemispheres.

species,apparently,

The immature stages so

far as known are spent in moist earth.

The local species of Molophilus may be separated according to thefollowing key:
1.

Size very small, wing about 2.5 mm.; basal deflection of R2+3 short, perpendicular, about
as long as the radial cross- vein; basal deflection of Cui far before the fork of M.
(Plate XXXIV,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 228.
1859.][Erioptera ursina O. S.

M. ursinus (0. S.)
deflection of ^^2+3 longer, oblique; basal
2(as in M. nova-caesariensis) or beyond it on
3+1.
deflection of Cu\ near the fork of[Erioptera comata Doane.
Journ.
2. Wings with a brown spot on the basal deflection of Mi.
N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 8, p. 188, pi. 7, fig. 20. 1900.] (Plate XXXIV, 69.)
70.)
Size larger,

wing over

2.6

mm.;

basal

M

M

.

.

M. comatus (Doane)3.

Wings without such a brown spot3

Antennae of the male elongated; coloration largely yellowish
Antennae short in both se.xes; coloration brown or blackish

45The Crane-Flies of New York
4.

— Part907

1

Size small, wing under 5 mm.; bright yellow, the abdomen yellow; antennae of the female[Erioptera pubipennis O. S.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 228.
1859.](Plate XXXIV, 66.)
M. pubipennis (O. S.)
Size larger, wing over .5.3 mm.; abdomen dark brown; antennae of the female longer.
short.

[Proc.

5.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 505-506, pi. 27, fig. 37.

(Plate XXXIV, 67.)

1916.]

M. fultonensis Alex.
Size small, wing under 3.5 ram.; basal deflection of Cui near the fork of M.
[Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 506-507, pi. 27, fig. 38.
(Plate XXXIV, 68.)
1916.]

M. nova-caesariensis Alex.
Size larger, wing over 4 mm.; basal deflection of Ciu beyond the fork of
on Ma+i6M

6.

Antennae dark-colored; body coloration grayish brown.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 228.

1859.]'[Erioptera hirlipennis 0.

S.

(Plate XXXIV, 65.)

M. hirlipennis (0. S.)
Antennae with the basal segments pale; body coloration pale brown.
O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 163.
1869.][Erioptera forcipula

M. forcipula (O. S.)

The species identified above as being M. comatus may not belong to thiswhich was described from western North America. The writer

species,

has seen only females (from Maine), but he has compared this material
with Doane's types (also females) and cannot separate the material on
the female sex.

Genus Helobia St. Fargeau et Serville
1825
1830
1865
1886

Helobia St. Farg. et Serv. Encyclop. Method., Ins., vol. 10, p. 585.
Sijmpleda Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 282.
Idioneura Phil. Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 15, p. 615.
Symplectomorpha Mik. Wien. Ent. Zeitung, vol. 5, p. 318.

In the genus Helobia there are four described species, one of which,the local H. hyhrida, is probably the most widely distributed of all crane-

ranging from India over Europe and Asia, thruout North America,and southward along the Andes to Chile and Argentina. Future collecting
will undoubtedly extend the range even more.
The immature stages
are spent in moist earth and sand.

flies,

Helobia hyhrida (Meig.)
1804
1818
1848

Limonia hyhrida Meig. Klass., vol. 1, p. 57, pi. 3, fig. 17.
Limnobia punctipennis Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 1, p. 147, pi. 5, figs. 2, 3, 7.
Limnobia cana Walk. List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 48.

Helobia hybrida is a grayish fly, with three brown stripes on theprescutum; the wings are whitish, with a supernumerary cross-vein incell i?2 and the second anal vein curiously bisinuate (Plate XXXVII, 98).

The species is common everywhere.

It

is

the

earliestofthevernalCharles Paul Alexander908
fauna,

crane-flyon the wingappearingcommonly in spring and autumn, and is

ih
less

March. It is seen mostnumerous in July. It is

presumably double-brooded.

Genus Erioptera Meigen
ISOO
1S03
1856
18.'i61861

Poh/meda Meig.

Nouv. Class. Mouch., p. 14 (nomen nudum).

Mag., vol. 2, p. 262.
Chemalida Rond. Prodromus, vol. 1, p. 180.
Limnaea Rond. Prodromus, vol. 1, p. 181.
Limnoica Rond. Prodromus, vol. 4, Corrigenda, p. 11.
Erioptera Meig.

Illiger's

The rather extensive genus Erioptera includes about ninety describedmost numerous in the Northern Hemisphere. The immatureofthe known species are spent in damp earth. The local species
stagesare distributed in five subgenera, separated by the following key:species,1.

Second anal vein arcuated so that cell 1st A is as broad at the middle as, or broader than,at the margin; cross- vein m absent, cell 1st M2 opening into cell M2
Erioptera Meig.
Anal veins divergent, cell 1st A being broadest at the margin; cell 1st Mi closed, if open
the outer deflection of Ms lacking, cell 1st Mi. opening into cell Ms (except in

Empeda)2

Fork of cell Ri short, about as long as its petiole (ffa+s); Sc\ short
Empeda O. S.
Fork of cell Rt long, at least four times as long as its petiole (fl.+s); Sci longer
3
3. Cell 1st Ml open, the outer deflection of Ms atrophied; if closed, the cross-vein m and thedeflection of Ms about on a line
Mesocyphona O. S.
2.

Cell 1st M2 closed
4.

4
Hoplolabis 0. S.
Acyphona O. S.

A spur from the outer deflection of Ms jutting into cell 1st M2
No spur from Ms jutting into cell 1st M2

The following key divides the local species of Erioptera:
1.

Cell

1st

Mi open by

Mesocyphonn.)2.

theatrophy

of

the

outer

deflection

of

Ms.

(Subgenus
2
4

Cell 1st Mi closed; if open, it is by the atrophy of the medial cross- vein
Wings pale gray, with small brown dots at the tips of the veins along the margins.

[Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 227.
(Plate XXXV, 79.)
E. parva O. S.
1859.]
Wings grayish or brown, with white dots and spots
3
3. Wings with abundant white dots in all the cells; each femur with two brown rings.
[Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 17.
(Plate XXXV, 77.)
1823.]
E. caloptera Say
Wings with about twenty large spots that are confined to the region of the veins; eachfemur with a single brown ring before the tip. [Can. Ent., vol. 50, p. 383-384. 1918.](Plate XXXV, 78.)
E. needhami Alex.
4. Cell 1st Ml open by the atrophy of m; second anal vein arcuated, before its tip bent
strongly toward the first so that cell 1st A at its middle is about as bi'oad as or broader
than at the margin. (Subgenus Erioptera.) (See also E. [Empeda] stigmatica, below.) .5
Cell 1st M-> closed; anal veins divergent
10
5. Knobs of the halteres dark brown.
1859.][Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 226.
(Plate XXXV, 72.)
E. septemtrionis O. S.
Knobs of the halteres pale
6

The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I
6.

Body and wings dark brown.

[Proc.

Acad. Nat.

Rci.

Phila., p.

XXXV, 71.)
7.

226.

909
1859.](PlateE. villosa 0. S.

Body and wings yellow or green
Wings yellowish, the cross-veins and deflections of veins with tiny brown dots.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 226.

1S59.](Plate

XXXV, 74.)

7
[Proc.

E. chrysocoma O. S.

Wings yellowish or green, unmarked
8
8. Thorax reddish, the humeral parts of the mesonotum yellow; eyes of the male con[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 226, pi. 4, fig. 19.
spicuously enlarged.
1859.]
E. vespertina 0. S.
(Plate XXXV, 73.)
{E. megophlhalma Alex. [Can. Ent., vol. 50, p. 60-61, 1918], described since the above
was written, is entirely reddish without the yellow humeral angles to the thorax.)
Thorax pale green or yellow; eyes of both sexes normal
9[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 226.
9. Coloration of bodv and wings pale green.
1859.]
E. chlorophylla O. S.
(Plate XXXV, 75.)
[Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 157. 1869.]
Coloration of body and wings pale yellow.
(Plate XXXV, 76.)
E. straminea O. S.
(Subgenus Empeda.)
10. Cell R2 short, about as long as 722+3 alone.
11
Cell Ri deep, much longer than R2+3 alone
12
11. Cell 1st M, closed.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 503-505, pi. 27, fig. 36.
1916.](Plate XXXV, 84.)
E. nyctops Alex.
Cell 1st Ml open.
[Empeda stigmalica O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 184.
E. sfigmatica (O. S.)(Plate XXXV, 85.)
1869.]
12. A stump of a vein in cell 1st Mi; no brown bands on the femora.
(Subgenus Hoplolahis.)(Plate XXXV, 83.)
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 227, pi. 4, figs. 20, 21.
1859.]
E. armata O. S.
No stump of a vein in cell 1st M2; femora banded with brown. (Subgenus Acijphona.) 13
large
brown
13. Wings with a broad brown band at the cord and abasal spot.
[Proc. Acad.
(Plate XXXV, 80.). ...E. venusta O. S.
Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 227, pi. 4, fig. 23.
1859.]
Wings not so marked
14
14. Coloration of body and wings more yellowish; an uninterrupted brown band along thefemoraextensive,theyellow
area
cord; brown bands on thelessbetween them broad;[Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 158. 1869.]
basal deflection of Cui at the fork of M.
(Plate XXXV, 81.)E. armillaris O. S.
Coloration of body and wings more brownish, the markings on the wings less extensive
and the band on the cord interrupted; bands on the femora very extensive, the yellowish
area between them very narrow; basal deflection of Cu\ before the fork of M.
[Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 227. 1859.] (Plate XXXV, 82.)
E. graphica 0. S.
.

.

Erioptera (Empeda) noctivagans Alex. (Alexander, 1917:200-201),
from Virginia, has been described since the completion of the above key.

E. stigmatica, but is larger and darker, the wing veins aredark brown with an indistinct darker seam along the cord, and the three
It is closest topleural appendages of the malehypopygium are very unequal in length,

the shortest being less than two-thirds the length of the longest and

The very long verticils of the antennae
subgenus Empeda are present, but are less conspicuous than inconspicuously bifid at its apex.
in theE. stigmatica.

Genus Qnophomyia Osten Sacken
1859
1867

Gnophomyin 0. S.
Furina Jaenn.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 223.
Abhandl. Senkenb. Ges., vol. 6, p. 318.

Charles Paul Alexander910

The genus Gnophomyia includes about twenty-eight species of mediumflies, mostly from tropical America.
The
immature stages so far as known are spent beneath the decaying bark
sized to comparatively largeof deciduous trees (Liriodendron, Populus, Acer, and others).

Gnophomyia tristissima O. S.
1859

Gnophomyia tristissima 0. S.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 224, pi. 4, fig. 18.

Gnophomyia tristissima is a rather small blackish fly, with dark wings
and the knobs of the halteres bright yellow. The venation is as shownin Plate XXXVII, 100.

,,

A second species of the genus, Gnophomyia luctuosa O.

S.

(Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 224, 1859), has recently been taken near WashIt is a southern species, with a wide
ington, D. C, by Mr. Shannon.
range over Central America and northern South America. It may bereadily distinguished from G. tristissima by its stouter build, entirely
black halteres, and apically pubescent wings.

Genus Trimicra Osten Sacken
1861

Trimicra 0. S.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 290.

The genus Trimicra includes about fourteen described species of rather
flies of medium size.
The species are foundinconspicuously coloredin all the principal regions of the globe, including

many of the oceanic

The genotype, Trimicra anomala, was later considered by its
describer as being the same as the European T. pilipes Fabr., but theislands.

two should be regarded as being distinct species until the question canbe settled by the study of ample material. The immature stages are
spent in moist earth.

Trimicra anomala O. S.
1861

Trimicra anomala O. S.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 290.

Trimicra anomala is a brownish gray fly. The prescutum has threedark brown stripes, and the abdominal segments are margined laterally
and caudally with paler. The wings (Plate XXXVII, 99) are suffusedwith pale brown, the cross-veins being a little darker. The legs and the
body are clothed with long, erect hairs. The species is more numerous
southward and westward.

The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I

911

Genus Ormosia Rondani
1856
1X56
1860
1863

Ormosia Rond.

Prodromus, vol. 1, p. ISO.

Ilisomyia Rond.
Prodromus, vol. 1, p. 180.
Rhypholovhus Kol. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 4, p. 393.
Dasyptera Schin. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 7, p. 221.

The genus Ormosia includes about sixty-two described species, oftemperate zones, almost all occurring in the temperate regions of Europe
and North America.

The immature stages are spent in mud and damp

earth.

The local species of Ormosia may be separated in accordance with thefollowing key:
Wings spotted or clouded with darker
2
Wings unicolorous or nearly so, the stigma only being darker
5
2. Anal veins divergent; wing markings produced by actual dark brown spots and1.

3

blotches

Anal veins convergent, the second anal vein before its tip bent strongly toward thefirst; wing markings produced by dark-colored hairs on pale brown clouds
4
3.

[Rhypholophus innocens O. S. Mon. Dipt.
cells.
0. innocens (O. S.)
N. Amer., part 4, p. 142. 1869.] (Plate XXXIV, 56.)
Wings with three brown costal spots, the cord margined with brown, the base and theapex of the wing darkened. [Psyche, vol. 18, p. 200-201, pi. 16, fig. 6. 1911.]

Wings with brown dots in all the(Plate XXXIV, 55.)
(0. ntriceps Dietz [Trans.
4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

0. apicalis Alex.

Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 42, p. 136-137, pi. 10, figs. 1 and 2,

19161 is apparently too close to 0. apicalis to be separated therefrom.)[Erioptera fascipennis Zett.
Ins. Lapponica,
O. fascipennis (Zett.)
Dipt., p. 831.
1838.]
Wings with three or four indistinct grayish crossbands. [Erioptera nubila O. S. Proc.
0. nubila (O. 8.)
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,.p. 227. 1859.] (Plate XXXIV, 54.)
6
Cell 1st M; closed.
10
Cell 1st M, open
Anal veins divergent
7
Second anal vein arcuated, before its tip bent strongly toward the first. [Rhypholophus
arcuatus Doane.
Ent. News, vol. 19, p. 201.
1908.]
O. arcuata (Doane)
under
Antennae entirelv brown; thorax reddish brown, shining; basal deflection of[Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 42, p. 137-138, pi. 10, fig. 3.
the middle of cell 1st M2.
0. abnorrnis Dietz
1916.]
Not colored as above; basal deflection of Cih before or at the fork of Af
8
Entire thorax and coxae yellowish red; antemiae pale vellowish, darkened toward thetip.
[Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 42, p. 138-139, pi. 10, fig. 4.
1916.]
O. luteola Dietz
9
Thorax not colored as above
Mesonotum reddish with a median brown line which in some cases is indistinct; antennae
Psyche,pale thruout or with onlv the extreme tip darkened.
[ Trimicra pygmaea Alex.
(Plate XXXIV. 58.)
0. pygmaea (Alex.)
vol. 19, p. 166, pi. 13, fi^g. 3.
1912.](0. pilosa Dietz is the same as 0. pygmaea.)
Mesonotum brownish gray; the four basal antennal segments yellow. [Rhypholophus
nigripilus 0. S.
Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 142. 1869.] (Plate XXXIV, 57.)
0. nigripila (0. S.)
11Medial cross-vein lacking, cell 1st Mi confluent with cell Mi
12Outer deflection of Ms lacking, cell Isl Mz confluent with cell M.3

An indistinct crossband along the cord.

CmCharles Paul Alexander

912[Eriopt^abent strongly toward then Second anal vein arcuated, before itsSci.tipPhila.,.0 holotncha (a S.
226.
1859.
first.

p.
Zotricha O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat.
pi.
Anal veins divergent. [Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 42, p. 140,

12

10, fig

1916]

60. pal-pahs Dietz

Antennae of both sexes shorter than the thorax
V Mbeadlikej,-imAntennae of the male approximately as long as the whole body,
'

,

'

.

•

:

,

•

•

^^

struc^

14

Second anal vein arcuated, before its tip bent strongly toward the first
Anal veins divergent|
14. Thorax reddish
Jgj'
Thorax not reddish„^c,male hypopygium with two pleural appendages
15 Mesonotum with a dark median line;
profoundly bihd; penis
which are almost straight; gonapophyses elongate, black,
Amer part 4, p 144
guard not trifid. [Rhijpholophus ruhellus O. S. Mon. Dipt. N.
0. rubella (O S.)(Plate XXXIV, 60.)
1869.]
pi 1 fig 15.
appendage
Mesonotum without a dark median line; male hypopygium with the pleuralentire hooks; penis guard tnhd
a single curved hook; gonapophyses strongly curved,(Plate XXXIV, 59.)
1917.][Can. Ent.: vol. 49, p. 24-25.
at apex
'^

13.

•

•

•

•

•

;

O. mmbipenms Alex.

16.

onto the cot± [Erioptera
Stigma distinct, dark brown, the marking continued down
XXXIV, 61_)
meigeniiO.S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 226. 1859.] (Plate
O. meigenii (U. o.)17

Stigma indistinct or lacking„ V
Vvr^il 'ij Uro[RMjpholophus parallelus Doane. Eht News
17 Thorax and antennae light yellow.
0. parallela (Doane)
1908.]
vol 19 p ''02
darker stripe; antennae
Thorax brown, with a grayish pruinosity and a rather broad
perplexa Dietz
brown. [Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 42, p. 141. 1916.]
side; ninth sternite produced into a medianeitheronline
darkerwitha
Mesonotum
18.
[Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 42. p. 142-143, pi. 10.^fig^|J^ia]^^^spatulate lobe.
•

•

'

'

'

sternite produced into
Mesonotum reddish brown with a median brown stripe; ninth
14,i-

two flattened lobes that project far caudad.
144,

19.

1916.]

pi. 10, fig. 9.

Anal veins convergent;
Anal veins divergent
Segments of flagellum shorter, without pale apices.
•20.

[Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, voL 42, p.
0. deviala Dietz^\

V'AnL'[Can. Ent., vol. 49,
,'A'

"

'

"

2i
1Q17 1^-^-J-^^^J/\ica.
Tnttsuctiu/p,"V"V"VTV 63
and the apices pale.
Antennal segments elongated," the segments attenuated
1S69.
part 4, p. 145[Rhypholophus monticola O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer.,
b.)
"1

.

'

'

^- ^"''"^'^com (U.

XXXIV 6"'

21

oV

f PI
te
)
median stripe^ [Trans. Amer.
Reddrsh brown; meionotum' with' an' indistinct brown._.0 dtvergens Dietz
1916.
Ent. Soc, vol. 42, p. 144-145, pi. 10, fig. 10.
[Can. Ent., vol. 4y, p. -D.
stripes.
brown
darkerthree
withmesonotum
brown;
Dark^' "^^f/^'cera Alex.
1Q17
fPl te XXXIV 64 )the latter name preoccupied(0 megaccra is probably the same as d.'diwns,
by 0. divergens Coq. [1905].)•

1

very comthe
small, swarms under overhanging ledges, along

The small flies that make up this characteristic genus aremon, appearing in
The early sprmg
lower face of an inclined tree, or in similar situations.
holotricha, andspecies are Ormosia innocens, 0. nubila, 0. meigenii, 0.
occur in early summer;others; 0. apicalis, 0. megacera, and 0. mesocera
abrwrmis are late
0. nigripila, 0. nimbipennis, 0. monticola, and 0.

The Crane-Flies of New York— PartI

913

summer species. 0. rubella has a long flightperiod, from June to September, and some of the early spring
species (as 0. nuhila and 0. meigenii)'"

brooded'^^*^'''°'"'^' ^""^ '" ^^' ''''*""''''^PP^^^"*^3^ being double-

Tribe Limnophilini

may be separated according to^^^ *"^' Limnophilini

the^foIlow!ng\f1.

5ca before the origin of the sector;
antennae 17-segmented; wings pubescent2.

Wings pubescent, at least apically
Wings glabrous or with microscopic''i:s:^^Am.::l^-:^^ -^--

5.

^^—

ted

i^.^X'^i^-^2

pubescence only.'

A supernumerary cross-vein in cell C
C^I^^"'"°^'^^^^' «"bgenus La.iomas«.x

0. S. (p. 916)

EpiphragmaO. S. p. 914)
Limnophila Macq. (p. 915)

No, supernumerary cross-vein in ceU

Genus Ula Haliday
1833
1864

Ula Hal. Ent. Mag., vol 1
p 153
Macroptera Lioy. Atti dell' Institut

Veneto, ser. 3, vol. 9, p. 224.

The small genus Ula includes about
six described species, all
being
Holarctic except one species from
Java. The larval stages of the
known
species are spent in fungi (Alexander,
1915 a: 1-8). The species are subject

to considerable variation in thein eastern

wing pattern, but it now seems
thatAmerica there are at least two species,
which are divided bytne lollowing key:"^

Antennae short in both sexes- wi'n0-« wn-nV +k^^th ..„„„. ,„„„. :, -r&.
:;:!;

rr

i

j

'
'

';

Genus Ulomorpha Osten Sacken
1869

Ulomorpha O. S.

^- V^Wera 0. S.

z%. " le-r(priir,:' i&f--^'^°'

U. elegans 0. S.

Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 232.

In the genus Ulomorpha there
uperfieially withat the tip of Sc,.

is but a single described
species, agreeing
Ula m the ent.ely pubescent wings
but' with /^ cl"e

The immature stages are in rich organic

earth, and areCharles Paul Alexander914

very different from those of Ula and closer to those of the subgenus
Lasiomastix in the genus Limnophila.

Ulomorpha pilosella (0. S.)
1859
1869

Limno-phila pilosella O. S.
Ulomorpha pilosella O. S.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 241.

Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 233.

Ulomorpha pilosella is a shiny, reddish brown fly, with the wings faintly

The sessile or subsessile cell 7^2 is a well-marked feature of
The insect is common in cold Canadianwoods thruout northeastern North America.

darkened.

the venation (Plate XLI, 163).

Genus Adelphomyia Bergroth1891

Adelphomyia Bergr.

Mittheil. Naturf. Ges. Bern, 1890, p. 134.

The species of the genus Adelphomyia are among the smallest of the
The immature stages of the American species are spent

Limnophilini.

There are two
in rich, saturated, organic earth in shady situations.
European and three American species thus far described. Adelphomyia
cayuga and A. americana are commonest in late summer; A. minuta is a
species of late spring and early summer, fairly common in rich Canadianwoods, in gorges, and near wooded bogs.
A recent study of the larval head in this genus shows a decided relationship with the tri])e Pediciini, and it seems probable that the genus will
have to be placed in that tribe despite the very limnophiline appearanceof the adults.

The local species of Adelphomyia may be separated by the following key
Cell Ml of wings lacking; coloration of body dark brown; antennae with less than 16 segments, the basal segments of the flagellum fused together. [Pomona Journ., vol. 4,(Plate XLI, 162.)
1912.]
A. cayuga Alex.
p. 831, fig. B.
Cell Ml of wings present; coloration of body yellow or light yellowish brown; antennae
with the basal flagellar segments distinct
2
2. Pubescence in cells of wings sparse; cross- vein r not evident; cross- vein 7n short or
obliterated by fusion of Mi on Mi+-<; color of body light yellow.
[Can. Ent., vol. 43,'(Plate XLI, 161.).4. minuta Alex.
1911.]
p. 287-288.
Pubescence in cells of wings conspicuous; cross-veins r andusually distinct, the former
in some cases little evident; color of body yellowish brown.
[Pomona Journ., vol. 4,
1912.
Ent. News, vol. 22, p. 353-354, fig. 4, as .4. senilis Hal.
p. 829-830, fig. A.
of Europe.
(Plate XLI, 160.)
1911.]
A. americana Alex.
1.

m

Genus Epiphragma Osten Sacken
1859

Epiphragma O. S.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 238.

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part915

I

Epiphragma is a small genus of handsome flies including about
eighteen
described species, which are most abundant in thetropics of America.

The flies are of medium size and are among thefamily, their wing pattern of ocellate spots andmost beautiful in the
bands producing a striking

efi"ect.

in

The immature stages are amphibious, the larval life being
spent
wood such as ash (Fraxinus) and buttonbush

saturated decaying(Cephalanthus), in swampy situations, and in similar

habitats.

The following key divides the local species:^'•"ssbands which are margined with darker; abrown annulus at^lhfti^!lj ^''k Y""^
Say.
Journ. Acad.,Nat. Sci. Phila., vol 3,
n IQ^ K^'flm^'f fJ^f^««5^«/«-'">^n'^^-«
Wings with an irregular pattern of brown and tawny;
a brownm/\Tt(nateXLl,annulus' before tTrtip^'o,i^''r"P^'^'''"^'^^'"^^

^- ^-

P^««-

A^aJ- Nat.

Sci.

Pliila.,

lo9.)

p.

238

1859

^ ^^^^^^:^ ^^ gj

In many specimens of Epiphragma fascipenms
the wing bands are
more contmuous than in the wing shown, there being

usually three suchbands, the last lying across the wing tip distadof the cord.
The wing
pattern is strongly suggestive of that of
the rare primitive tanyderid
Protoplasa fiichii, and most of the specimensof the latter that have been
locatedmuseums were found pinnedmamong seriesof

Epiphraqma

fascipennis.

Genus Limnophila Macquart
1834
Ibbl
1888

LimnophUa Macq. Suit, k Buff., vol. 1, Hist. Nat. Ins.,
Dipt., p. 95
Lunnomya Rond. Prodromus, vol. 4, Corrigenda
Pilana Sintenls.

p 11
Sitzber. Nat.-Ges. Dorpat., vol'.
8, p. 398.

Limnophila is one of the largest of the crane-fly
genera, theof described species being between one
hundred andnumberninety and two
hundred, of which a quarter occur within
the geographical limits considered
this paper.
The subgenera into Which the genus is divided
are here recognized largely for convenience
only, some of them being
poorly definable.
The larval and pupal characters will be foundto bemuch more valuable in delimiting these groups.
Limnophila mundoides
and L. emmehna both represent groups which
are as well defined as the
sub-genera here recognized. Most of theforms of northeastern North
America fly during the month of June andare to be found in cold
Canadian woodlands. The immature stages ofmost species of Limnophila
are spent in rich, saturated mud or earth.

mCharles Paul Alexander916

The local species of Limnophila may be separated in accordance withthe following key:
1.

Cell Ml of the wings present
Cell Ml of the wings lacking

2.

A supernumerary cross- vein in cell Ri or in cell M

3.

A supernumerary cross- vein in cell M
A supernumerary cross- vein in cell Ri.

No supernumerary cross-vein in cell Ri or in cell M

2
41
3

6
4
[Proc. Acad.

(Subgenus Dicranophrogmn O.S.)(Plate XXXIX, 139.)
L. fuscovaria O. S.
Nat. Sci. Phiia., p. 240.
1859.]
4. Wings interruptedly crossbanded with brown; costal region without equidistant brown
blotches; Rs spurred at the bend; antennae of male elongated.
(Subgenus Idioptera
Macq.) [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 206. 1869.] (Plate XXXVIII, 115.)
L. fasciolata 0. S.
Wings hyaline or spotted with brown; Rs slightly or not at all spurred at the bend;
antennae of male short. (Subgenus Ephelia Schin.)5[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 591, pi. 25, fig. 2.
1914.](Plate5. Wings hvaline.
XXXIX, 138.)
L. johnsoni Alex.
Wings spotted; a series of about 6 or 7 large brown blotches along the costal margin.
(Plate XXXIX, 137.)[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 235, pi. 4, fig. 25.
1859.]
L. aprilina 0. S.
(Subgenus Lasiomastix
6. Apical cells of wings pubescent; antennae of male elongated.
0. S.)
7
Apical cells of wings not pubescent
8[Limnohia macrocera Say. Journ.
7. Thorax shiny black; wings banded with brown.
(Plate XXXVIII, 113.)
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 20.
1823.]
L. macrocera (Say)Thorax dark gray; wings unmarked. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 208. 1869.]
L. lenuicorrm O. S.
(Plate XXXVIII, 117.)[Can. Ent., vol. 50, p. 61-62, 1918], described since this(L. subtenuicornis Alex.
key was made, has cell Mi lacking. It is a member of the subgenus Lasiomastix andis readily distinguished by the combination of pubescent wings and lack of cell Mi.
There can be no doubt that L. tenuicornis and L. subtenuicornis should be coupledwith L. macrocera in the subgenus Lasiomastix, both being notable by the distinct
pubescence in the apical cells of the wings.)
9
8. Thorax shiny black
10
Thorax not shiny black
9. Wings with a brownish tinge; femora dull brownish yellow, narrowly tipped with darkbrown; legs stout, conspicuously hairy; male hypopygium of the normal simple(Subgenus Prionolabis 0. S.) [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4,
limnophiline structure.
L. munda 0. S.
(Plate XL, 144.)
1869.]
p. 226.
Win?s hyaline or nearly so; femora dark brown, only the extreme bases paler; legs
[Journ.
slender, not conspicuously hairy; male hypopygium complex in structure.
(Plate XL, 145.)
1916.]N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 24, p. 120-121, pi. 8, fig. 3.
L. mundoides Alex.
11
10. Hind tarsi white; antennae of male elongated
I'Hind tarsi not whitell. Thorax black with a gray bloom; R2+3 about equal to or slightly longer than the basal(PlateXXXVIII,
1869.][Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 209.
deflection of Cu,.
118.")

L. niveiUirsis O. S.

Thorax reddish yellow; 7^2+3 about twice as long as the basal deflection of Cui. [Ent.
L. albipes Leon.
News, vol. 24, p. 248-249, fig. 1913.] (Plate XXXVIII, 119.)Xhe Crane-Flies of New York— Part

917

I

12.

Cross-vein r removed some distance from the tip of Ri, so that this distance is from one
and one-half to two times the length of the radial cross- vein; tuberculate pits
present
13
Ultimate segment of Ri curved to the costa and scarcely longer than the cross-vein r
itself; tuberculate pits lacking in all species except fratria
22(L. marchandi should be interpreted as coming in this division, from the evident

13.

Cell 1st

relationship with L. aJleni.)

Ml verv much elongated, the inner end lying far inside the level of the cord.
(Plate XXXVIII, 124.)
1859.][Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 237.

L. areolata O. ?.

Cell 1st Ml not greatly elongated, the inner end at the level of the cord
14.

/?2+ 3 longer than cell /?: alone.
(Plate XXXVIII, 127.)

14[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 238, pi. 4, fig. 26.

L. ultima 0. S.

not longer than cell R^ alone
15. Cell M\ very short, not longer than the basal deflection of Cui.

15

Ri-\-3

Phila., p. 237.

1859.]

1859.][Proc.

(Plate XXXVIII, 125.)

Acad. Nat. Sci.

L. brevifurca O. S.

(Specimens of L. brevifurca are rather frequently found in which the fusion of M1+2
is continued to the wing margin in which case the species would run down to couplet
41 such abnormal specimens are rare, however, and usually have one of the wings
normal.)Cell Ml long, more than twice as long as the basal deflection of Ciu
16
16. Head narrow, prolonged behind; cells Ri and 1st Mi longer than cell Ri, so that the cord
is not in a straight line; radial and medial veins long, slender, arcuated; second analvein incurved at the tip.
(Subgenus Pseudolimnophila Alex.)17
Head broad, not narrowed behind; cells Rs, Ri, and 1st M2 with their inner ends about
on a level radial and medial veins stout and straight second anal vein not incurved at
the tip.
(Subgenus Eulimnophila A.lex.)
20
17. Wings with small brown dots on the cross- veins and at the forks.
[Proc. Acad. Nat
,

;

;

;

Sci. Phila., p. 236, pi. 4, fig. 24.

Wings clear, unspotted
IS. Thorax clear blue-gray.

1859.](Plate XXXIX, 135.).

[Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 219.

.

.

1869.]

134.)
19.

Thorax brownish without gray color
Pleura of thorax grayish, unmarked; size small.

.L. luteipennis O. S.

18(Plate XXXIX,
L. inornata O. S.

19[Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 218.

1869.]
L. contempta 0. S.
Pleura of thorax dull yellow, with a conspicuous dark brown stripe extending fromthe cervical sclerites to the postnotum; size larger. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

XXXIX,(Plate1914.]
136.)
L. nigripleura A. & L.
(In the writer's key to the species of the luteipennis group [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., p. 593, 1914], in couplet 4 L. contempta is given as being a larger species
than L. nigripleura. This Is erroneous, L. contempta being the smallest species ofp. 592, pi. 25, fig. 3.

20.

the group.
It is more southern in its distribution than L. nigripleura.)
Wings narrow, grayish; stigma distinct, hairy; antennae of male elongated.
lenuipes Say.

Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phiia., vol. 3, p. 21.

1823.]^1-1-)[Limnobia(Plate XXXVIII,
L. tenuipes (Say)Wings broader, more yellowish brown; stigma not distinct; antennae of male short.
.21
21. Body opaque; front gray.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 237.
1859.](PlateXXXVIII, 122.)
Body shiny reddish yellow; front yellowish red.
1869.]
22.

(Plate XXXVIII, 123.)

Very large species, wing over 18 mm.
Smaller species, wing under 15 mm

L. imbeciUaO. S.
[Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p 212
L. recondita O. S.

(Subgenus Eutonia v. d. W.)

23
24

Charles Paul Alexander

918

wing of female 21.5 mm.; thoracic dorsum reddish brown with three velvety.
brown stripes, the middle one narrowly split by a line of the ground color; groundcolor of wings yellowish and brown; basal abdominal tergitos yellow without prominent

23. Large,

setigerous punctures; cross-vein r close to the tip of R\.
'Proc. Boston Soc. \at.
Hist., vol. 34. p. 12G-127, pi. 1(), fig. 18.
1909.] (Plate XXXIX, 140.).
L. nlleni Johns.
Smaller, wing of female 20 nmi. thoracic dorsum gray with three narrow velvety-brown
stripes, the middle one split by a broad pale line; ground color of wings hyaline; basal
abdominal tergites gray with prominent setigerous punctures; cross-vein r moredistant from the tip of Ru[Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 24, p. 118-120, pi. S, fig. 2.
(Plate XXXIX, 141.)
1916.]
L. marchandi Alex.
R2+S very elongated, nearly twice the length of R2 alone; cross-vein r on Ri^s. [Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 238, pi. 4, fig. 26. 1859.] (Plate XXXVIII, 127.)
L. ultima O. S.
(L. rdlima is included in both sections of couplet 12 because the character of theposition of the cross-vein r is slightly variable and there is a possibility of misinterpretation.)
Ri+3 shorter, not longer than R2 alone; cross-vein r on R2
25
Basal deflection of Cui at the inner end of cell 1st M:. (Subgenus Dadylolabis 0. S.) .26
Basal deflection of Ciii near the middle of cell 1st M2
27
Wings spotted with brown. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 240, pi. 3, figs. 28, 28a.
(Plate XL, 148.)
1859.]
L. montana O. S.
Wings unspotted. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 229. 1869.] (Plate XL, 147.)
L. cubitalis O. S.
Wings spotted with brown or distinctly seamed along the cross-veins and deflections ofveins28
Wings clear, or with only the stigmal spot (in L. poetica with a tiny cloud at the originof Rs and the basal deflection of Ri-\-;.)
35
Wings heavily irrorate with brown over the entire surface. [Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Mist.,
vol. 34, p. 127-128, pi. 16, fig. 17.
(Plate XXXIX, 133.)
L. irrorafa Johns.
1909.]
Wings not heavily irrorate over the entire surface, the markings appearing as broad
seams to the veins or as dark tips to the wings
29
R2+3 short or very short, much less than R2 alone; cross-vein r at about midlength of
R2; petiole of cell Mi longer than or subequal to this cell; brown seams to the veins
more extensive antennae of male short30
R2+1 very long, subequal to R2 alone; cross-vein r just beyond the fork of Ri+s; petioleof cell Ml distinctly shorter than this cell; brown seams on the wings limited to r-m
and the deflection of 724+5; antennae of male elongated. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer.,
L. unica O. S.
part 4, p. 205.
(Plate XXXVIII, 114.)
1869.]
Radial sector short, arcuated to almost square at its origin; cross- vein r situated at[about midlength of vein R2, which is oblique; outer end of cell 7?2 very broad dueto the oblique nature of vein i?-; species with the cross-veins seamed with brown have
(Subgenus Phylidorea Bigot.)31
the tip of the wings more or less infuscated.
Radial sector longer; vein R2 not oblique and the cell 7?2 not strikingly broadened at
its apex; broad grayish brown seams to the cross-veins, deflections of veins, and along
33
Cu, but the wing apex only slightly darkened if at all[Proc.
Coloration of the body yellowish or reddish, the thoracic notum light yellow.
L. adusta O. S.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 235. 1859.] (Plate XXXIX, 128.)
Coloration of the body dark brown to almost black, the thoracic nctum con32
colorous
I-egs yellow with the brown apices to the segments narrow; costal cell of the wing yellow.
(Plate XXXIX, 129.)[Psyche, vol. 18, p. 195-196, pi. 16, figs. 4, 8.
1911.]
L. similis Alex.
Legs with the femora brown, only a little brightened basally; costal cell of the wings
brown. [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 24, p. 123, pi. 8, fig. 7. 1916.] (Plate XXXIX,
L. terrae-novae Alex.
130.)
.

.

;

:

24.

25.
26.

27.

28.

.

.

29.

;

30.

31.

32.

.

.

The Crane-Flies ok New York33.

— PartI

919

mm.; male with the pleural appendage of theLarge species, wing of male overhypopygium pectinated. (Subgenus Prionolahis O. S.)
34
Smaller species, wing of male under 8..5 mm.; male with the pleural appendage of the
hvpopvgium not pectinated, rather sharply pointed. [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 24,

p.' 121-122, pi. S, fig. 5.
(T'late XL, 146.)
1916.1
L. terebrans Alex.
Large, wing of male about 13 mm.; costal and subcostal cells of the wings rich yellow;
bases
of
femorabrown;
brightyellow;dark
anterior
stigmaapical appendage of male
hvpopygium bifurcate. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 239, pi. 4, figs. 27, 27a, 27b.
1859.](Plate XL, 142.)
L. rufibasis O. S.
Smaller, wing of male about 11.5 mm.; wings uniform light yellowish gray; stigma rather
indistinct, gravish; bases of femora brownish yellow; anterior apical appendage of malehypopygium simple. [Psyche, vol. 18, p. 198-199, pi. 16, fig. 10. 1911.] (Plate
XL, 143.)
L. simplex Ale.x.
35. Rs elongated and spurred at its origin; antennae of male elongated.
[Mon. Dipt. N.
(PlateAmer., part 4, p. 207.
XXXVIII,
1869.]
116.)
L. voetica O. S.
Rs usually shorter, if elongated not spurred at origin; antennae of male short except

34.

'

36.

in L. laricicola
36
R2+3 elongated, more or less arcuated, longer than the basal deflection of Ciu
37
Ri+z not conspicuously arcuated, short, little if any longer than the basal deflectionof Cih38
Rs and R2+3 strongly arcuated; cell 1st M2 very broad; antennae of male short. [Proc.
(Plate XXXVIII, 126.)
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 236.
18.59.]
L. toxoneura 0. S.
Rs almost straight; R2+3 feebly arcuated but elongate; cell 1st Mi narrow; antennae[Psyche, vol. 19, p. 167, pi. 13, fig. 4.
of male elongated.
(Plate XXXVIII,
1912.]
'

37.

120.)

L. laricicola Alex.

38. Coloration gray; wings with the base strongly yellow, this including
length; hind legs with the apical third of femora dark brown, fore

Sc for its entire
femora with theapical two-thirds dark brown; Rs rather elongate and somewhat angulated at its
origin.
[Phylidorea subcostata Alex.
Can. Ent., vol. 43, p. 288-289. 1911.] (Plate

XL, 149.)

L. subcostata (Alex.)

Coloration not gray; wings with the base not strongly yellow; legs with the femora
yellow, the tips narrowly brown39
39. Coloration yellowish brown; tuberculate pits distinct; Rs nearly .straight; antennae ofmale moniliform. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 220. 1860.]
L. fratria O. S.
Coloration yellow to reddish yellow; tuberculate pits not evident; Rs short, strongly
arcuated; antennae of male not moniliform.
(Subgenus Phi/lidnrea Bigot.)
40
40. Large species, wing of male 9.5 mm.; abdomen of male without a black subterminal
annulus.
[Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 8, p. 191.
(Plate XXXIX, 132.)
1900.)
L. I idea Doane

Smaller species, wing of male less than 7.5 mm. abdomen of male with a black subterminal
annulus.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 594, pi. 25, fig. 4.
1914.](Plate XXXIX,131.)
L. novae-anqUae Alex.
41. Cell Rz of the wings broadly sessile.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 597, pi. '27, fig. 28.
;(Plate XL, 151.)
1914.]
L. emmelina Alex.
Cell Ri of the wings petiolate
4242. Bases of cells R3 and 1st M-i conspicuously nearer the wing root than cell Ri,\ petioleof cell /?2 less than half the length of vein R^; vein Rz not short, oblique; veins issuingfrom cell 1st M2 about twice the length of the cell
43
Bases of cells R3, Ro, and 1st Mz about on a level; petiole of cell Ri more than half thelength of vein Ri; vein R-z short, oblique; veins issuing from cell 1st M-i about equal
to or a little longer than the cell, if longer (as in L. edwardi) not twice this length .... 44
Prescutal
stripes not well-defined; tuberculate pits present; r far removed from the43.
tip of Ri] basal deflection of Cu\ usually at from one-third to one-half the length ofthe cell Ut Mi.
(Subgenus Pseudolimnophila Alex.) [Psyche, vol. 18, p. 196-198,(Plate XL, 150.)
pi. 16, fig. 3.
1911.]
L. novebwacensis Alex.

Charles Paul Alexander

920

44.

Prescutal stripes dark brown; tuberculate pits lacking; r at the tip of Ri] basal deflection[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 534-535,
of Cui usually at or close to the fork of Mi.
(Plate XL, 157.)
L. sylvia Alex.
pi. 27, fig. 46.
1916.]
Rs short, about equal to vein R2 of the wings. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 241.
(Plate XL, 152.)
L. lenta O. S.
1859.]
Rs elongate, equal to about twice the length of vein R2 of the wings
45
Mesonotum and pleura yellowish or brownish yellow; wings pale yellow. [Proc. Acad.
(Plate XL, 155.)
1914.]
Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 595-596, pi. 25, fig. 5.
L. stanwoodae Alex.
Mesonotum and pleura not yellow
46
Pleura and mesonotum clear bluish black with a gray bloom, only the coxae conspicuously
light yellow; wings with a yellowish tinge; cross- vein r beyond the fork of Ri-^, 3 on R^.
(Plate XL, 1.53.)
L. quadrata O. S.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 241.
1859.]
Pleura and mesonotum not so colored; cross-vein r at or before the fork of R2+3
47
Pleura of thorax with a conspicuous black dorsal stripe; mesonotum rich brown; wings

45.

46.

47.

with a brown suffusion; antennae of male short.

[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 596,
(Plate XL, 154.)
L. o/^borni Alex.
Pleura of thorax without a black dorsal stripe; mesonotum dull yellowish with three
confluent dark brown stripes; wings without a distinct dark brown suffusion; antennae
pi. 25. fig. 6.

1914.]of male elongated.
(Plate XL, 156)

[Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 533-534, pi.

27,

fig. 45.
1916.]
L. edwardi Alex.

Tribe Hexatomini

The

genera of the tribe

Hexatomini may be separated in accordancewith the following key:
1.

Cell 1st

Mi open; but one free branch of the media reaching the wing margin; cell Ri
Hexatoma Latr. (p. 920)

tiny
Cell 1st
2.

M2 closed; two or three free branches of the media reaching the wing margin;

cell Ri larger, more elongate
Feet (in the local species) white; stigma small; cell Mi present.

Feet not white; stigma large; cell Mi present or absent

2
Penthoptera Schin. (p. 921)
Eriocera Macq. (p. 921)

Genus Hexatoma Latreille
1809
1818
1818
1836

Hexatoma Latr. den. Crust, et Ins., vol. 4, p. 260.
Anisomera iMeig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 1, p. 210.
Ncmalocera Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 1, p. 209.
Peronecera Curt.

Brit. Ent., p. 589.

The small genus Hexatoma includes seventeen described species, about
European. They are mostly small species, with a reduced
medial venation that is at first sight difficult to interpret; the mannerin which this genus has been evolved from Eriocera is well shown in someall of which are

Doane, inwhich all gradations in venation between Eriocera and Hexatoma may
be found in a small scries. From species such as these it is seen that theelimination of the posterior branch of the media is brought about byof the plastic species of the latter genus, notably E. austera

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part921

I

by atrophy. The larvae are carnivorous, and hve
wet sand and gravel along the margins of streams (Alexander, 1915 a:fusion rather thanin

141-148).

Hexatoma megacera (0. S.)
Anisomera megacera O. S.

1859
1909

Hexaloma megacera Johns.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 242.
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 126.

Hexatoma megacera is a small, blackish gray fly, the mesonotum having
and the male antennae being somewhat elongatedand filiform. The characteristic venation is shown in Plate XXXVII, 112.
three darker stripes

Genus Penthoptera Schiner
1863

Penthoptera Schin.

Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 7, p. 220.

In the genus Penthoptera there are seven species

two from tropical America, and one local species.

— four from Europe,
The immature stages

are spent in rich organic earth, a very different habitat from that of thelarvaeoftherelatedgenera Eriocera andcarnivorous (Alexander, 1915 a: 152-157).
tera albitarsis,

Hexatoma.

The

larva

is

In the native species, Penthop-

the feet are pure snowy white, whichmakes the insect a

conspicuous one.
Penthoptera albitarsis O. S.
1869

Penthoptera albitarsis 0. S.

Penthoptera albitarsis

isMon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 257.

a brownish

fly,with the thorax bluish gray,the wings slightly tinged with dusky, and the feet pure snowy white.

The

flies

occur in cool, shady situations and are often very

common.
The

In the South (North Carolina) they are frequent in gum swamps.

venation is shown in Plate XXXVII, 104.

Genus Eriocera Macquart
1830
1838
1838
1848
1850
1857
1859
1859
1912
1916

Caloptera Guer. Voyage de la Coquille, Zool., Ins., pi. 20, fig. 2.
Eriocera Macq.
Dipt. Exot., vol. 1, p. 74.
Evanioptera Guer. Voyage de la Coquille, Zool., vol. 2, p. 287.
Pterocosmus Walk. List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 78.
Allarithmia Loew.
Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna, p. 38.
Oligomera Dolesch.
Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indie, vol. 14, p. 387.
Arrhenica 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 242.
Physecrania Bigot. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 3, vol. 7, p. 123.
Androclosma Enderlein. Zool. Jahrb., vol. 32, part 1, p. 34.
Globericera Matsumura.
Thous. Ins. Japan, add. 2, p. 471.

Charles Paul Alexander

922

Erioccra is ono of the larger fj;enera of crano-flios, including about one

hundred described species which are most numerous

inthe tropics ofThey live in streams,
both hemispheres.
and pupate in sand or gravel (Alexander and Lloyd, 1914). The habits
The larvae are carnivorous.

of thecommon local species E. longicomis have been described by theauthor in another paper (Alexander, 1915 a: 149-152).

The following key

divides the local species of Eriocera:
1.

2.

2
3
Antennae of male greatly elongated, more than twice the length of the whole body; wings[Arrhenica spinosagrayish brown; vertical tubercle prominent, brownish on the sides.
(Plate XXXVII, 105.)
1859.]
0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 244, pi. 4, fig. 30.
Cell Ml present
Cell Ml lacking

E. spinosa (0. S.)

Antennae short in both .sexes, extending about to the wing root or a little beyond; wings[Bui. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 3, p. 205.
darker brown; vertical tubercle low, grayish.
1877.]
3.

4.

(Plate XXXVII, lOG.)E. hrachycera 0. S.

4
5Color of body yellow or yellowish red
Color of body brown, gray, or black

Antennae of male elongated, longer than the body; a blackish spot on the scutai lobes
above the wing root. [Slow. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 255. 1869.] (Plate XXXVII,
E. wilsonii O. S.

109.){E. aniennarin Doane [Journ.
the same as E. wilsonii 0. S.)

N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol.

8,

p.

194, pi. 8, fig. 12, 1900] is

Antennae short in both sexes; no blackish spot on the scutai lobes above the wing root.
E. aurnta Doane
1900.][Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 8. p. 194, pi. 8, fig. 13.
6
5. Thoracic dor.sum gray; antennae of male elongated7
Thoracic dorsum brown or black antennae short in both sexes
6. Vertical tubercle of male very large and high, greater than length of eye; first segmentof antennal scape uniformly dark; prescutal stripes broad, dark brown, the medianstripes about confluent and continued cephalad to the pronotum; cell 1st Mi of wings;

short, pentagonal, usually with a spur into cell R; valves of ovipositor short, blunt,
1848.][Anisomera longicomis Walk., List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 82.
sub-fleshy.
E. longicomis (Walk.)(Plate XXXVII, 107.){E. gihbosa Doane [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 8, p. 193, pi. 8, fig. 10, 1900] is a
doubtful species; in its coloration and, especially, in its venation, it is strikingly like E.
longicomis [Walk.], but there is no mention in the original description of the size ofthe antennae.)

male moderate in size, not so high as length of eye; first segmentof antennal scape pale beneath; prescutal stripes narrow, pale brown, the two middle
stripes separate, becoming obliterated at about the level of the tuberculate pits; cell
1st M'. of wings long, hexagonal; valves of ovipositor elongated, pointed, chitinized.

Vertical tubercle of

E. cinerea Alex.
[Psyche, vol. 19, p. 169-170, pi. 13, fig. 9. 1912.] (Plate XXXVII, 108.)[Psyche, vol. 19, p. 168-169, pi. 13, fig. 7.
E. fullo7iensis Alex.
.

7.

8.

Cell R- short, cross- vein r inserted on Ri+z.
(Plate XXXVII, 111.)
1912.]
Cell R2 deep, cross-vein r inserted on Ri.

8rounded, brown; abdominal tergites brown. [Proc.
E.fuliginosa O. S.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phiia., p. 243, pi. 3, fig. 31. 1859.].
Wings blackish brown, the stigma oval, dark brown; abdominal tergites black. [Proc.
E. tristis Alex.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 602. 1914.] (Plate XXXVII, 110.)

Wings brown, the stigma

small,

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part923

I

Eriocera longicornis, E. cinerea, and E. spinosa arc 6n the wing in late
April and

May, the last-named

species flying in July.

E. fultonensis, E. fuliginosa, and E.

tristisE. brachycera,

are on the wing during thesummer months.
Tribe Pediciini

The genera of the tribe Pediciini may be separated in accordance withthe following key:
1.

2.

Antennae with 16 segments
2
Antennae with 13 or 15 segments
3
Cord oblique; cell 1st Mi very short, pentagonal; size large, wing over 20 mm.; palpi
elongated

Pedicia Latr. (p. 923)

Cord transverse; cell 1st Mi elongate; size smaller, wing under 18 mm.: palpi short.
3.

4.

5.

Tricyphona Zett. (p. 924)
Dicranota Zett. (p. 925)
No supernumerary cross-vein in cell R\. (Genus Rhaphidolabis O. S.)
4Cell Ml absent
Subgenus Plectromyia O. S. (p. 925)
Cell Ml present
5Antennae 15-segmented; cell 1st Ms closed
Subgenus Rhaphidolahina Alex. (p. 925)
Antennae 13-segmented; cell 1st M- open
Subgenus Rhaphidolabis 0. S. (p. 925)

A supernumerary cross-vein in cell i?i

The recent accession oftribe indicatesseveral curious

new venational types in thisthat the vein herein hold to be the radial cros.s-vein

I in reality the upward deflection of R2, which, in most species,
and transverse or but

slightly oblique

and

is

fused

distally

is

is

short

with

/?i.

A detailed account of this venational peculiarity may be consulted elsewhere (Alexander, 1918 d).

Genus Pedicia Latreille
1809
1916

Pedicia Latr.
Gen. Crust, et Ins., vol. 4, p. 255.
Daimiotipula jMatsumura. Thous. Ins. Japan, add. 2, p. 463.

Pedicia is a small genus including six species, four of which are North

The species are among the largest of the Limnobiinae, andwith their conspicuous browu-and-white wings attract considerable atten-

American.

The larvae are carnivorous, living beneath moss in percolatingwater and in cold springs (Needham, 1903 b: 285-286). There are tworegional species, both of which were originally described from Nova
tion.

Scotia by Walker.

The following ke}^ divides the local species of Pedicia:

Wings with the costal margin brown; vein Cih seamed with dark brown. [List Dipt. Brit.
Mus., vol. 1, p. 37.
(Plate XLII, 175.)
1848.]
P. albiviita Walk.
Wings with the costal margin brownish yellow; no brown seam on ^'ein Cu^. [List Dipt.
Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 38.
(Plate XLII, 176.)
1848.]
P. contennim Walk.

Charles Paul Alexander

924

Genus Tricyphona Zetterstedt
183S
185G
1860
1869

Tricyphona Zett.

Ins.

Lapponica, Dipt., p. 8511

Amalopis Hal. Ins. Brit., Dipt., vol. 3, add., p. xv.
Crunobia Kol. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 4, p. 393.
Amalopis O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 260.

There are about forty known species in the genus Tricyphona. Almost
all of these are Holarctic in their distribution, but two occur in theAustralasian region.

The carnivorous larvae live in moist earth.

Thefollowing key divides the local species:
1.

Mwith a supernumerary cross- vein; wings heavily clouded and marbled with gray.
(Plate[Amalopis hijperborea 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 292.
1861.]Cell

T. hijperborea (0. S.)
XLII, 182.)
without a supernumerary cross- vein; wings with the markings sparse, confinedCell2
to the region of the veins[Amalopis inconstans 0. S.
2. Cell /?2 short-petiolate; costal margin of wings infuscated.
(Plate XLII, 177.)
1859.]
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 247, pi. 3, fig. 32.
T. inconstans (0. S.)

MCell ^2 sessile

costal margin of wings not infuscated;3

Wings subhyaline or hyaline, unspotted
Wings spotted or marked with darker
4. Stigma of wings brown; male hypopygium conspicuously3.

atrophied.

[Can. Ent., vol. 49, p. 30-31.

1917.]

4
5
hairy; wings of female sub-(Plate XLII, 179, 180.)
T. autumnalis Alex.

Stigma of wings pale; male hypopygium small, not conspicuously hairy; wings of female
normally developed.

[Amalopis calcar O.

S.

Proc. Acad.

Nat.

Sci.

Phila., p.

247.

T. calcar (0. S.)'(Plate XLII, 178.)
5. Fusion of Cui with Ma extensive, subequal to the part of Ms before the cross-vein m.
(Plate1859.][Amalopis auripennis O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 247.
1859.]XLII, 181.)

T. auripennis (0. S.).

Fusion of Cu\ with Mi transient if present at all, usually less than one-half of the part
6-

7.

6
of Mi before the cross- vein mColoration of body light brown; m-cu obliterated by the fusion of Cui on Mz. [Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 598-599, plate, fig. 1914.] (Plate XLII, 183.)
T. katahdin Alex.
7
Coloration of body gray; m-cu present
Scape of antenna yellowish or brownish yellow, the flagellum much darker, brown;
abdominal tergites brown, the margins of the segments pale producing a banded appearance; wings with large rounded clouds at the tips of the longitudinal veins and along[Amalopis vernalis O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 291. 1861.]
the cross-veins.
(Plate XLII, 185.)

T. vernalis (0. S.)

Scape of antenna dark brown, concolorous with the flagellum; abdominal tergites brown,
imbanded; wings with the pattern almost obsolete, reduced to tiny dots and seams.
(Plate XLII, 184.)
1916.][Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 538-540 pi. 28, fig. 53.
T. paludicola Alex.

In the local fauna, T. vernalis and T. paludicola are early spring species,
and T. calcar late spring species, and T. katahdin and T.

T. auripennis

autumnalis late summer species.

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part925

1

Genus Dicranota Zetterstcdt
Dicranota Zett.

1838

Ins.

Lapponica, Dipt., p. 851.

In the genus Dicranota there are about fifteen known species, restricted

The species are readily distinguishedto the northern Holarctic region.

from those of llhaphidolabis by the supernumerar}'- cross-vein in

cell

Ri

The larvae are carnivorous, feeding largely on Tubifex
The local species of Dicranota may be separated(Miall,worms1893).
of the wings.

according to the following key, whichis adapted from a key to theNorth American species already published by the author (Alexander,

1914 b: 601).
1.

2.

3.

Cell M, absent
Cell Ml present

2
3
[Mon.

Halteres with the knobs darkened; antennae of male much longer than the thorax.
Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 281-282.
1869.]
D. eucera O. S.
Halteres pale; antennae of male short.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 249.
1859.](Plate XLI, 169.)
D. rivularis 0. S.
Cell Ut Ml present; color of body yellowish.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 599-600,
pi. 27, fig. 31.
(Plate XLI, 167.)
1914.]
D. pallida Alex.
Cell 1st M: absent; color of body gray.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 600.
1914.](Plate XLI, 168.)
D. noveboracensis Alex.

Genus Rhaphidolabis Osten Sacken
1869
1869

Rhaphidolabis 0. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 2M.
Plcdromijia O. S.
Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 282.

The genus Rhaphidolabis
found

in

includesabout fourteen described species

the Holarctic region and in the mountainous sections of the

Oriental region.

The larvae are

mud or in the streams near by.

carnivorous, and live in rich organic

Needham(1908:212-214) has given

a description of the larva of the species R. tenuipes.

The following key,

adapted from a key to the North American species of Rhaphidolabis
already published by the author (Alexander, 1916:541-542), divides the
local species of the genus:

Antennae 15-segmented; cross-vein m present. (Subgenus Rhaphidolahina Alex.) [IVTon.
Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 288.
(Plate XLI, 170.)
1869.]
R. flaveola O. S.
Antennae 13-segmented; cross-vein m absent
2
2. Cell Ml absent.
(Subgenus Plectromyia O. S.) [Plectromyia modesta O. S. Mon. Dipt.
1.

N. Amer., p. 284. 1869.] (Plate XLI, 174.)
Cell Ml present.
(Subgenus Rhaphidolabis 0. S.)[Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., p. 287.
3. Cell R2 petiolate.
Cell Ri sessile

R. modesta (O. S.)

3
1869.](Plate XLI, 171.)
R. tenuipes O. S.

4Charles Paul Alexander926
4.

Coloration grayish brown, the proscutum with three dark brown stripes; abdomen darkbrown with paler caudal margins to the segments; wings very pale brown, the radial[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
sector very short, arcuated, angulated, or spurred.
(Plate XLI, 173.)
R. cayuga Alex.
1916.]
p. 543-544, pi. 2S, fig. 57.
Coloration reddish brown, the prescutum with three indistinct stripes; abdomen yellowish
brown, the hyp^pygium bright yellow; wings nearly hyaline, the radial sector somewhat[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 544-545, pi. 28, fig. 58.
elongated, slightly arcuated.
R. rubescens Alex.
(Plate XLI, 172.)1916.]SUBFAMILY CyHndrotominac

The genera of the subfamily Cyhndrotominae may be separated

inaccordance with the following key:
1.

Head and intervals of the prescutum with numerous deep punctures.
Triogma Schin. (p. 926)

Head and intervals of the prescutum smooth2.

2

Three branches of the radius reaching the wing margin.
Phalacrocera Schin. (species neoxena Alex.) (p. 927)

Two branches of the radius reaching the wing margin, caused by an apparent fusion
3of /?l-f2+3
3.

4.

.Cylindrotoma Macq. (p. 927)
Three branches of the media reaching the wing margin.
4
Two branches of the media reaching the wing margin
Cross-vein r-m present; cross- vein m obliterated by the fusion of Ms on Afi+2; antennae
Phalacrocera Schin. (species tipulina O. S.) (p. 927)
of male tipuline in structure
Cross-vein r-m usually obliterated by the fusion of 7^4+6 on M1+2; cross-vein m present;
antennae of male subpectinate, the individual flagellar segments almost cordate.
Liogma O. S. (p. 927).

,

Genus Triogma Schiner
1S63

Triogma Schin.

Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 7, p. 223.

There are but two known species of Triogma, one occurring .in Europe
and the other in northeastern North America. The larval life of theEuropean species, the only one that is known, is spent on aquatic mosses
growing in mountain torrents. The insects closely resemble the speciesof Liogma in all their stages.
Triogma exculpta O. S.
1865

Triogma exculpta 0. S.

Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 4, p. 230.

Triogma exculpta is a rather small, dull brown fly, with the wings suffusedwith brown. The head and the sides of the thorax are deeply punctured.
The fly is rare and is insufficiently known. The venation is very muchlikethat in the genus Liogma.

(Johnson, 1909: 13L)

The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I

927

Genus Phaiacrocera Schincr
1863

Phaiacrocera Schin.

Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 7, p. 224.

The small genus Phaiacrocera includes but three described species—

two North American and one European. They are of especial interest
because of certain venat'onal features which they possess and which aid
materially in explaining the remarkable venation of the more specialized
The larva is aquatic, living on
species of Cylindrotominae (p. 863).
submerged plants. It is greenish brown in color, and the body is provided with numerous long, flexib e filaments which are quite unlike thespiny armature of the more specialized members of the subfamily.
The species are northern in their distribution and are most frequently
found in bogs and boggy meadows. The local species may be separated
by the following key[Proc. Acad.
Vein Ri present and persistent to the wing margin; wings dark brown.
(Plate XXX, 9.)Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 603-605, pi. 25, fig. 10.
P. neozena Alex.
1914.]
Vein Ri lost by atrophy; wings grayish brown.
[Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 4, p. 241.
(Plate XXX, 8.)
P. tipulina O. S.
1865.].

.

.

Genus Cylindrotoma Macquart
1834

Cylindrotoma Macq.

Suit, a Buff., vol.

1,

Hist. Xat. Ins., Dipt., p. 107.

The genus Cylindrotoma forms a small group of crane-flies, including
two European and three North American species. They are all similar
in color, being usually bright yellow with black stripes on the thorax,
in this respect suggesting some species of Nephrotoma.
The larvae liveon the lower side of the leaves of various monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants such as Allium, Anemone, Trautvetteria, Stellaria, andViola, the insect feeding on the leaf tissue.
The larvae are green incolor and are usually provided with fleshy points and processes.
The following key divides the local species of Cylindrotoma:Tarsi dark brown.

[Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 4, p. 236.

Tarsi yellow.
[C. iarsalis Johns., Psyche, vol. 19, p. 2,
Psyche, vol. 19, p. 2-3, fig. 3, 1912.](Plate XXX, 7.)(Plate1865.]
fig.

4,

1912.

XXX, 6.)

C. americana O. S.
C. anomala Johns.,

C. tarscUs Johns.

Genus Liogma Osten Sacken
1869

Ldogma O. S.

Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 298.

In the genus Liogma there are three described species,intheNorth Temperate Zone.

The

coloration

of

all

occurring

the adult

flies

is

928

Charles IVul Alexander

sordidly yellow andlihick,with the suifaco shiny.

The antennaeofthe male arc siibnionilifonn with the seji;nients heart-shajXHl, as shownin figure 125,

The larva, whicii has been discussed by the([xige SoO).

iwriter in another paper(Alexan(l(>r,1914 a),lives incertain terrestrial

Hypnuni). It is brij2;ht fj;reen in color, with darker stripes on
the sides, and clos(>l>' sinuilates tii(^ app(virance of its host plant, theillusion being heightened by tlu> spines and excrescences that covermosses(as

the body.

Liogma nodicornis (0. S.)
1S65
1887

Triogma nodwornis 0. S.
Liogma nodicornis O. S.

Proc. Ent. Soo. Phila., vol. 4, p. 239.
Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 31, p. 226.

Liogma nodicornis is a common fly in Canadian conditions thruout
North America. In color it is mainly yellow, th(> head black and shiny,
the thorax yellow with tlnvenior(^or less confluent shiny black sti'ipeson the dorsum, the pleura with one oi- two large black blotclu^s. The
venation (Plate XXX, 5) is somewhat variable, esjxH'ially in the fusionof A'4+5 on il/] + 2, these being in some cas(\s bioadly fused (as shownin figure 128, i, page 862), in other cases with the cross-vein r-m apparent.

SUBFAMILY Tipullnac
Tribe Dolichopezini

The genera of the tribe Dolichopezini may be separated in accordancewith the following key:1.

Tip of vein Ri atrophied; Rs wery short, transverse, simulating a cross-vein; second analvein long, about two-thirds the length of the first; Sc moderate in length, endingmR

2

Tip of vein Ri present, the vein almost perpendicular to /:?2+3 at its origin; Rs long, strongly
arcuated at its origin; second anal vein very short, about one-third the length of the
Hrachiiprvmnn C). S. (p. !)2^)
breaking away
DoUchopcza Curt. (p. •)2'.t)before the fork of
Cell Isi M« present; basal deflection of Cui in punctiform contact with Mi+i beyonil
Oropeza Needm. (p. y2<))
the fork offirst; Sc very

2. Cell

1stlong, ending in costa

Mi lacking; basal deflection of Cui in a long fusion with

M

M

,

M

Genus Brachypremna Ostcn Sacken
1886

Brachypremna 0. S.

Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 30, p. 161.

The genus Brachypremna includes but seven described species, all ofwhich are tropical American. A single species, B. dispellens, ranges

The Crane-Flies of New York— Partinto the southern Hmits of the territory here considered.

929

I

ThLs Ls a curious

fly which iscommon all over the South, where in some sections it is called"weaver."

The

flies

of thishave a remarkable dance over aand have been aptly termed "the kings

speciesvertical height of several feet,

The larval life is spent in decaying wood.

of the dancing crane-flies."

Brachypremna dispellens (Walk.)
1R60
1886

Tipula dispellem Walk. Trans. Ent. Poc. Lond., n. ser., vol. 5, p. 3.34.
Brachypremna dispellens O. S. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. .30, p. 102.

Brachypremna dispellens is a large, brownish fly.
white with narrow brownThe

stripes.

and tarsi are pale yellowish white.
XLIII, 188.
tibiaeThe pleura is silvery

very long, and the
The venation is shown in Plate
legs

are

Genus Doh'chopeza Curtis
182.5
18.30

1846

DoUchopeza Curt. Brit. Ent., p. 62.
Leplina Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, pi. 65, fig. 10.
Apeilesis Macq.
Dipt. Exot., Suppl. 1, p. 8.

The genus Dolichopeza

includesonly one of which occurs in theabout eighteen

New World.

described

species,

The immature stages are

spent in or beneath moist mosses.
Dolichopeza americana Needm.
1908

Dolichopeza americana Xeedm.

23d Rept. N. Y. State Ent., p. 211, pi. 16, fig. 5.

Dolichopeza americana is a curious fly usually found beneath bridges
and culverts, or in similar darkened situations. The adults hang suspended from the roof by the anterior two pairs of feet, the wings being
spread wide apart and the long, white-tipped hind legs dangling conspicuously.
The dark color of the body and the pure white tarsi easily
serve to distinguish the species from the forms of Oropeza that may befound with it. The wing venation Is shown in Plate XLIII, 187.

Genus Oropeza Needham
1908

Oropeza Xeedm.

23d Rept. X. Y. State Ent., p. 211.

In the genus Oropeza there are seven described species,
within the limits of this paper.
another, most ofalloccurring

While they are closely related to one

them are apparently valid species.

They occnn- in theCharles Paul Alexander

930—

beneath bridges,
same type of situations as does the preceding species
culverts, in crannies of cliffs, on the inclined sides of boulders along
mountain streams, and in similar places. Their position when at rest
is very different from that of Dolichopeza americana, as they hang fromthe roof by the front pair of feet only, the other legs dangling and thewings being folded over the abdomen. In this last-named feature they
The immature
differ conspicuously from the often-associated Dolichopeza.
stages are spent in moist earth, or (in the case of 0. ohscura) in a dry moss,

Hedwigia albicans, where they were first discovered by Hyslop. The
The following
are sluggish and of a rather dark green color.

lai-vaekey is adapted from one given by Johnson (1909:117-118):
2
Tarsi, at least, entirely white3
Tarsi yellow or brownish
2. Digitiform appendages of male genitalia short or rudimentary; ventral margin deeply
and narrowly emarginate. [Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 121, p!. 15, fig. 12.
O. alhipes Johns.
1909.]
Digitiform appendages of male genitalia moderate in length; ventral margin broadly1.

emarginate.

[Proc.

Boston Soc. Nat.

Hist., vol.

34, p.

3.

4.

121-122,

pi.

1.5,

figs.

11.

5,

0. subalbipcs Johns.

1909.]

Halteres with the knobs dark brown
Halteres entirely yellow
Stripes of thorax distinct; ventral margin deeply emarginate
Stripes of thorax obsciire ventral margin but slightly emarginate
Pleura yellow, unspotted. [Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 119-120,

4
7
5
6

;

5.

pi.

15,

0. dorsalis Johns.
Pleura yellow, spotted. [Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 120, pi. 15, fig. 9.
0. venosa Johns.
1909.]
1909.][Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 122, pi. 15, figs. 7, 10.
6. Thorax opaque.
0. obscura Johns.
(Plate XLIII, 1S6.)
Thorax shining. [Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 122-123, pi. 15, fig. 8.
0. obscura polita Johns.
1909.][Proc. Boston Soc.
7. Ventral margin of male genitaha deeply and narrowly emarginate.
Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 118-119, pi. 15, figs. 2, 3, 1909. New name for Tipula annulata Say, Joiim. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 25 (1823), preoccupied.]
0. sayi Johns.
Ventral margin broadly emarginate. [Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 119,
0. similis Johns.
1909.]
pi. 15, fig. 4.
fig. 6.

1909.]

Tribe Ctenophorini

The following key separates the two genera of the tribe Ctenophorini:
Antennae of male with three pectinations on the flagellar segments, each segment with asingle pectination on the apical half in addition to the usual basal pair; o\ipositor of female
greatly elongated, saber-like

Tamjptcra Latr. (p. 931)

Antennae of male with two pairs of pectinations on the flagellar segments, one pair being
subbasal and the other subapical; ovipositor of female short and of the normal tipuline
structure

Ctenophora Meig.

(p.

931)

The Crane-Flies of New York— PartI

931

Genus Tanyptera Latreille
1805
1832

Tanyptera Latr.

Xiphura Brulle.

Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins., vol. 14, p. 286.
Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 1, p. 206.

In the genus Tanyptera there are supposedly twelve described species,of which three or four are from eastern North America and the remainder

The remarkable variation in color,
however, is strongly indicative that the number of species is very mucharefrom the Palaearctic region.

lessthan that given, and it is possible that there is but a single species
The question can be definitely settled

within the limits of this paper.

only by the wholesale breeding of larvae to the adult stage.
isUntil more

known about these flies it is best to recognize the full number of forms,

always keeping in mind, however, the foregoing remarks.

The larvae live in the wood of deciduous trees, often in prostrate trunks
faii'ly sound.
The adult flies are easily distinguished from allother crane-flies by the tripectinate antennal segments of the male andthe elongated acicular ovipositor in the female.
The flies are shiny,that areand often are brilhantly colored with black and reddish yellow, simulating
Ichneumonidae and other hymenopterous insects.
The following key divides the local species of Tanyptera:1.

Wings smoky black; body coloration black, the male with feet and abdomen also black,the female with legs and base of abdomen reddish yellow.
[Ctenophora fumipennis
O. S.

Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 3, p. 47.

1864.]

T. fumipennis (O. S.)

Wings not black
2. Wings tinged with topazine yellow, the stigma dark brown; body2

coloration varying
from black to yellow, the feet reddish yellow. [Ctenophora topazina O. S. Proc. Ent.
Soc. Phila., vol. 3, p. 47-48.
1864.]
T. topazina (O. S.)^^'ings hyahne, the stigma brown; head black; body coloration varving from black toyellow.
\ClJiiwphirra frontalis O. S.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 3, p. 48-49.
1864.](Plate XLIII, 191.)
T. frontalis (0. S.)

Genus Ctenophora Meigen
1800
1803
1910

Ctenophora Meig.

Nouv. Class. Mouch., p. 13 (nomen nudum).
Illiger's Mag., vol. 2, p. 263.

Phorodenia Coq.

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 589.

Flabellifera Meig.

In the genus Ctenophora a condition exists whichin Tanyptera, there

is similar to thatbeing fifteen described species which are very closely

and many of which are undoubtedly sjaionymous. Two forms
recognized, and even these may represent but one species.
A nimiber of larvae of Ctenophora were found in a decaying tree byJohannsen (1910), who reared from them a considerable number of adults
related

are

h(>re

Charles Paul Alexander

932

which showed well the dimorphic nature of the flies of this group.

Someof the specimens of each sex were entirely black, while others were reddish

yellow with the wings tipped with darker.

Specimens having hyaline

wings are often taken.
The larvae live in decaying wood.

The adult flies are easily distinguishedby the double bipectinate antennae of the male (fig. 125, m, page 850), andthe serrate antennae and relatively short ovipositor in the female.
The local species of the genus may be separated by the following key:
Wings with the entire apex beyond the cord tinged with blackish: thorax yellowish brown(Plate XLIII, 189,
1864.]
with darker spots. [Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. .3, p. 45-46.
C. apicata 0. S.
normal form; 190, black form, the wing not shaded in this drawing.)
Wings nearly hyaline, with a large brown cloud between the cord and the wing tip but[Proc.
not reaching the apex; thorax yellow with a wedge-shaped median brown stripe.
C. nubecula 0. S.
1864.]
Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 3, p. 46.

Tribe Tipulini

The genera of the tribe Tipulini may be separated in accordance withthe following key:
Stygeropis Loew (p. 932)
Flagellar segments of antennae not verticillate
2
Flagellar segments of antennae verticillate
2. Abdomen greatly elongated in both sexes, much longer than the wing alone; the malehypopygium simple in structure, the ninth sternite very long with the pieurites lying
3in this concavity
Abdomen not greatly elongated in the male sex, rarely so in the female sex {Tipula
longiven(ris), not longer than the wing; the male hypopygium more complicated in4
structure, if simple the ninth sternite not shaped as described above
Aeshnasonia Johns, (p. 933)
3. Cell Ml ses.sile; wings strongly suffused with reddish brown.
Cell Ml petiolate, long-petiolate in Longurio minimus, short-petiolate in L. tefttaceus;
Longurio Loew (p. 933)
wings grayish, the subcostal cell brown
4. Rs usually very short, almost transverse, simulating a cross- vein; cell Mi sessile or shortat or before its fork;
petiolate; basal deflection of Cui or the m-cu cross-vein joining
5
coloration usually yellow and black, shiny
Rs usually longer, not simulating a cross-vein; cell Mi always petiolate; basal deflection
at its fork or underneath the middle of cellof Cui or the m-cu cross-vein joining(Genus Tipula Linn.)
6
Isl Mr, coloration usually dull brown, yellow, or gray.
1.

.

.

M

M

5.

Cells of wings glabrous
Apical cells of wings pubescent

Nephrotoma Meig. (p. 934)
Subgenus Odonlotipula Alex. (p. 943)
Subgenus Tipula Linn. (p. 942)

Cells of wings glabrous
7
Apical cells of wings pubescent
7. Apical cells of wings with an abundant short pubescence; body coloration dull brown,
Subgenus Trichotipnla Alex. (p. 942)
as in species of Oropeza
Apical cells of wings with a sparse short pubescence; thoracic dorsum dark-colored with
Subgenus Cindotipula Alex. (p. 943)
paler stripes
6.

Genus Stygeropis Loew
1844
1863

Prionocera Loew.
Stygeropis Loew.

Stett. Ent. Ztg., vol. o, p. 170; preoccupied.
Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 298.

The Crane-Flies of New York— PartI

933

The genus Stygeropis includes about ten species, all confined to the
The species of Stygeropis are readily
distinguished from those of Tipula by the lack of verticils on the antennae(fig. 125, N, page 850).
The immature stages are spent in rich organic
mud. The pupae have a peculiar character in their elongate unequal
temperate and arctic regions.

breathing horns.
Stygeropis fuscipennis Loew
1865

Stygeropis fuscipennis Loew.

Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 9, p. 129.

Stygeropis fuscipennis is a medium-sized fly, with the thorax grayish
brown, the pleura clearer gray, the abdomen brownish yellow, and thewings strongly tinged with brown. The wing venation is shown in PlateXLIII, 194, the ninth tergite of the male hypopygium in Plate XLIX, 255.

These singular flies are characteristic inhabitants of marshy (heloph^^tic)
situations, and appear on the wing in July and August.

Genus Aeshnasoma Johnson
1909

Aeshnasoma Johns.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 115-116.

Aeshnasoma is a monotypic genus which is close to Longurio but
probably separable from it. The fly is known only from the type station,

New Jersey, where it is apparently not uncommon. Larvae were foundin a cold stream near Riverton, New Jersey, by Johnson.
They were notreared, but the striking resemblance to the larva of Longurio leaves

nodoubt as to their identity.

Aeshnasoma river tojiensis Johns.
1909

Aeshnasoma rivertonensis Johns.
pi.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 116

16, figs. 13-15.

Aeshnasoma
testaceusrivertonensis is a large fly, nearly resembling Longurio
but with the body coloration strongly reddish brown, including

the wings, and with cell M] sessile.
in length, theiswing 22 mm.

The abdomen of the male is 30 mm.
The ninth tergite of the male hypopygium

shown in Plate XLIX, 257.

Genus Longurio Loew
1869

Longurio Loew.

Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 13, p. 3.

Charles Paul Alexander934

The small genus Longiirio includes about six

described species fromwidely separated areas of the earth, two being from eastern North America.
It is probable that the species recently described by Edwards from Formosaisnot a Longurio, as its hypopygium

isvery different from the peculiar

type characteristic of this group (Plate LIII, 329). The immature stages
are spent in sand or gravel near running water, usually in mountainous
conditions.

The bulk}^ semi-transparent larvae of L. testaceus are proba-

bly the largest crane-fly larvae to be found in eastern America; the writer

Mr. Hyslop for specimens which, altho not bred, can scarcely
belong to any other species. The pupae are remarkable in their elongate

is indebted tobreathing horns, these being nearly 20 mm. in length. The adult fly of
L. testaceus is the largest crane-fly in eastern America, in the female sex

even excelling the better-known Holorusia grandis of the West. It isfound in cool, shaded woods, near streams, and is very wary and difficult
to capture, usually alighting in the midst of a pile of brush or similar
debris from which it cannot be swept with a net.
The following key divides the local species of Longurio:
Large, \dng of male about 2S mm., abdomen I?6 mm.; cell Mi with its petiole very short(Plate XLIII, 192, wing; Plate "XLIX, 256, ninth
1869.][Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 13, p. 3.
L. testaceus Loew
tergite; Plate LIII, 329, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.)
Small, wing of male about 15 mm., abdomen 18 mm.; cell Mi with its petiole elongated.
(Plate XLIII, 193.)
1914.][Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 605-606, pi. 27, fig. 32.
L.

minimus Alex.

Genus Nephrotoma Meigen
1800
1803
1834

Nouv. Class. Mouch. p. 14 {nomen nudum).
Nephrotoma Meig. lUiger's Mag., p. 262.
Pachyrrhina Macq. Suit, a Buff., vol. 1, Hist. Nat. Ins., Dipt., p. 88.
Pales Meig.

The large genus Nephrotoma includes about one hundred and twentymedium-sized flies, which present a great uniformity ofand color but a considerable diversity in the structure of the male

five species ofsize

antennae.

Inmany instances the species run close to those of Tipula,and the two genera are undoubtedly very close together. The writer(Alexander, 1915 b: 466) has removed about six of the North AmericanAs
species of Nephrotoma from this genus and placed them in Tipula.
a rule the species of Nephrotoma are brilliantly colored with red, yellow,
orange, or black, the body being shiny; in A^. macrocera and to a lesser
In the genus Tipula
extent in the tenuis group, however, the body is dull.
the colors are brown, gray, and yellow, and are dull, the only shiny species

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part935

I

being the ones that have been removed from Nephrotoma and referredto Tipula on other characters.
The immature stages of the known species
are spent in moist eartlT and in decaying wood.

The local species of Nephrotoma may be separated in accordance withthe following key:Thoracic stripes black or lareiely black2
Thoracic stripes, if present, brownish or reddish.
8
2. Prescutura with the anterior lateral angles of the lateral stripes and the ends of the
V-shaped suture deep velvety black; pleura with faint, reddish markings. [Pachyrrhina
virescens Loew.
Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 62.
1SG4.]
A'', virescens (Loew)
Prescutum with the stripes uniform black thruout
3
3. Wings with the ground color hyaline
4
Wings strongly tinged with brown or dusky, at least basally
6
4. Lateral stripes on prescutum curved laterad at their anterior ends.
[Pachyrrhina
incurva Loew.
Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 293.
1863.](Plate XLIV, 204.)
1.

.

5.

N. incurva (Loew)
Lateral stripes on prescutum straight5
A small black spot on the vertex between the antennal bases; wings tipped with brown;
abdominal segments banded with black. [Pachyrrhina pedunculaia Loew. Berl. Ent.
Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 293.
(Plate XLIV, 203.)
1863.]
N. pedunculata (Loew)
No small black spot between the antennal bases; wings not tipped with darker; abdominal
segments trivittate, the lateral stripes interrupted, the median stripe continuous.
[Pachyrrhina vittuln Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 63.
1864.]
N. vittula (Loew)

Lateral stripes on prescutum curved laterad at their anterior ends.
[Tipula lineata
Scop. Ent. Carniol., p. 320.
1763.]
N. lineata (Scop.)
Lateral stripes on prescutum straight7
7. Prescutum with the ground color orange-yellow; scutellum and pleura mostly black;abdomen with black dorsal spots. [Pachyrrhina lugens Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr.,vol. S, p. 63.
(Plate XLIV, 202.)
1864.]
N. lugens (Loew)
Prescutum with the ground color obscure yellow; scutellum and pleura mostly yellow;
abdomen with a black dorso-median stripe. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 467-468,
pi. 16, fig. 1.
(Plate XLIV, 205.)
1915.]
A^ penumbra Ale.x.
8. Thoracic dorsum dull, opaque; antennae of male very elongated, the flagellum black.
[Tipula rnacrocera Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 24.
1823.](Plate
XLIV, 200.)
N. rnacrocera (Say)Thoracic dorsum more or less shiny; if at all opaque, the antennae of both sexes very
short
9
9. Antennal segments uniform in color
10
Antennal segments bicolorous
17
10. A velvety black spot at the anterior end of the lateral prescutal stripe.
[Pachyrrhina
punctum Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 294. 1S63.]
A'^. punclum (Loew)
No velvety black spot at the anterior end of the lateral prescutal stripe
11
11. Occiput opaque with a shining triangular spot in the middle
12
Occiput shining
14
12. A black spot at each end of the V-shaped suture.
[Tipula ferruginea Fabr. Svst.
Antl., p. 28.
(Plate XLIV, 198.)
1805.]
N. ferruginea (Fabr.)
No black spots at the ends of the V-shaped suture
13
13. Stigma pale, brownish yellow.
[Pachyrrhina occipitalis Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr.,6.

vol. 8, p. 65.

1864.]

Stigma dark, blackish brown.
vol. 8, p. 66.

1864.]A'',[Pachyrrhina gracilicornis Loew.
A'',

occipitalis

Berl.

Ent.

gracilicornis(Loew)
Ztschr.,(Loew)

Charles Paul Alexander

936

Head with a shining triangular spot.

14.

vol.

15.

<S,

p. 65.

[Pachtjrrhina occipitalis Loew.

1.S64.]

Bed. Ent. Ztschr.,N. occipitalis (Loew)

Head unicolorous
Wings strongly tinged with brown, especially along the costal region.

15[Pachyrrhina

N. okefenoke (Alex.)
Wash. Univ. Studies, p. 97-98. 1915.]
okefenoke Alex.
16
Wings not strongly brown along the costal region[Pachyrrhina
16. Head and thorax yellowish, almost opaque; color in life strongly greenish.
(Plate XLIV, 199.)
N. tenuis (Loew)
Head orange except the lateral margins of the vertex; thorax shining. [Pachyrrhina
1864.]
N. sodalis (Loew)
Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 64.
sodalis liOew.
18
17. Segments of flagellum black at the base20
Segments of flagellum yellow at the basestrongly tinged with yellow; occiput without a clear, shining triangle.
18. Wings(Plate1864.][Pachyrrhina xanthosligma Loew. Berl. Ent. Zt.schr., vol. 8, p. 65.
tenuis Loew.

Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 297.

1863.]

XLIV, 201.)
19.

A^. xanthosligma(Loew)

Wings not strongly tinged with yellow; occiput with a clear, shining triangle

19[Pachyrrhina abbreviata Loew.

Berl. Ent.

Costal region hyaline; stigma dark brown.
Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 295.
Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 295.

abbreviata (Loew)
Berl. Ent.
N. suluralis (Loew)

1863.]A'',

Costal region darker; stigma yellowish brown.

[Pachyrrhina suturalis Loew.

1863.][Pachyrhina breviorcornis Doane. Ent. News, vol. 19,
N. breviorcornis (Doane)
178-179.
1908]
21
Antennae with more than 13 segments
21. Stigma yellowish brown; wing apex not darker; antennae of male 19-segmented. [PachyrrBerl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 296.
1863.]
N. eiicera (Loew)
hina eucera Loew.
Stigma dark brown; wing apex distinctly darkened; antennae of male 16-segmented.
1863.][Pachyrrhina polymcra Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 297.
N. polymcra (Loew)
20.

Antennae with 13 segments.
p.

After the above key was completed, Dietz (1918) published an extensive
revision of theAmerican speciesof the genus.

A number of his new

species are found within the faunal hmits of this paper.

The more sahent

characters of the regional species are here briefly summarized, and these
species should be considered in addition to the key.
Nephrotoma perdita (Dietz). (Pages 116-117 of reference cited.)
Yellow; mouth parts and palpi yellow; occiput with a shiny brown pentagon; thoracic
stripes black, narrowly margined with rusty, the lateral stripes curved outward and ending
Wing of female,in an opaque black spot; wings grayish subhyaline, stigma brownish black.
14.5 mm.

(Manitoba, August.)

N. hirsutida (Dietz). (Pages 118-119 of reference.)
Very closely resembling A'^. macrocera, but with the wings sparsely pubescent. Eighthsternite of male deeply emarginate behind and with a digitiform lobe from the base of the(Pennsylvania, May.)
notch. Wing of male, 12.5 mm.
N. urocera (Dietz). (Pages 119-120 of reference.)
N. cornifera (Dietz). (Pages 120-121 of reference.)
These two species are close to N. okefenoke but are easily separated by the male
They are from Virginia and North Carolina.
genitalia.
N. calinota (Dietz). (Pages 121-122 of reference.)
Yellow; antennal flagellum bicolorous; frontal prolongation of head dark brown medially;
occiput opaque with a brown line; thoracic stripes silvery gray pruinosc, the lateral stripes

The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I

937

outcurved and ending in a velvety black spot; wings grayish subhyaline, more yellowish
Wing of male, 11 mm. (Michigan and Maryland,basally, costal region brownish yellow.
June and July.)N. opacivilta (Dietz). (Page 123 of reference.)
Similar to A'', calirwta, but with the antennae stout, the flagellum beyond the first segment
Mesonotal prescutum with a median
blackish, the segments deeply incised beneath.
velvety black stripe; wings broad, tinged with brown; abdomen with a broad dark brown
Wing of male, 12 mm. (Manitoba.)
lateral stripe.

N. evasa (Dietz). (Pages 124-125 of reference.)
Yellow; antennae entirely yellowish; occiput with a shiny, broadly triangular spot;prescutum with an anterior median black mark; abdominal tergites margined posteriorly

Wing of female, 13.5 mm.

with yellowish brown.

(Michigan, July.)(Pages 126-127 of reference.)
N.fesiina (Dietz).
Pale yellow; antennae very slender, the flagellar segments yellow, the outer ones moreyellowish brown; occiput shiny; wings tinged with yellowish, the costal area pale yellow,
the stigma brown abdomen on either side with a row of black dashes. Wing of male, 12.5 mm.
(Pennsylvania and Maryland, July and August.);

N. lemeraria (Dietz). (Page 12S of reference.)
Yellow; antennae entirely yellowish; occiput opaque with a narrow shiny brown line;
wings faintly tinged with grayish yellow, the costal area and along the veins more yellowish,
the stigma brown; abdomen with a broad, pale brown, dorsal stripe, and with a row ofblack dashes along each lateral margin of the tergum. Wing of female, 13 mm.
(Michigan, July.)

N. cingulata (Dietz). (Pages 131-133 of reference.)
Close to N. xanthosligma. Antennae of male elongated, the flagellar segments bicolorous,
dark brown at base; thoracic dorsum highly polished, testaceous, the stripes poorly defined;
wings strongly tinged with yellow as in A'^. xanthostigma, the costal region and along vein
Cu more saturated, the stigma pale brown. Wing of male, 11 mm. (Pennsylvania, Julyand August.)
N. obliterata (Dietz). (Pages 133-134 of reference.)
Close to A^. xanthostigma. Flagellar segments of antennae bicolorous, the segments dusky,
blackish at base; occiput shiny; thorax sulfur yellow, the stripes rusty, the transverse
suture black medially; wings grayish subhyaline, stigma yellowish; abdomen with a darkbrown dorsal stripe and lateral rows of spots. Wing of male, 12.5 mm. (Ottawa, Michigan,
and Pennsylvania, July and August.)(Pages 134-135 of reference.)
Close to A'^. obliterata.
Head dark testaceous; flagellar segments of antennae bicolorous,
yellowish brown, black at base; occiput shiny, a small brown spot at base; prescutum
shiny yellow, the stripes dark rusty; wings pale brown, the costal region j'^ellowish; abdomen dark testaceous, the lateral margins of tergites and the posterior margins of segments(Pennsylvania, August.)
bordered with black. Wing of male, 12.5 mm.

N. wyalusingensis (Dietz).

A'',

approximata (Dietz).

(Pages 136-137 of reference.)

cingulata, but with the flagellar segments brown, rusty at base.
long, slender; occiput shiny with a dark brown stripe; thoracic stripes

Closely resemblingA'',

Antennae of malerusty brown; wings grayish, stigma brownisk yellow; abdomen with black lateral stripes,
the segments margined posteriorly with brown. Wing of male, 12 mm.
(Pennsylvania,
August.)stigmatica (Dietz).
(Pages 137-138 of reference.)
Close to N. bi-eviorcornis. Honey yei'^-^*; antennae of male short, the flagellar segments
bicolorous, segments brown, j^ellow at base; thoracic stripes dark rustj^; wings yellowish
subhyaline, the costal area and along Cu more saturated, the stigma dark; abdomen with abrown dorsal stripe and more or less complete lateral stripes, a mid-ventral row of small(Pennsylvania, August.)
black spots on the sternites. Wing of male, 12.5 mm.
A^.

Charles Paul Alexander

938

Genus Tipula Linnaeus
1758
1864
1887

^

Tipula Linn. Syst. Natur., vol. 10, p. 585.
Anomaloptera Lioy. Atti dell' Institut Veneto, ser. 3, vol. 9, p. 218.
Oreomyza Pokorny. Wien. Ent. Ztg., vol. 6, p. 50.

Tipula is the largest genus of crane-flies. It includes some six hundredand fifty described species, found in most parts of the world and very
abundant on most of the continental areas but rare or lacking on many
Obviously such a group of very closelyof the smaller oceanic islands.
related species presents considerable difficulty in classification.

The keysto the species of any region are so cumbersome as to be almost unworkable,

and yet it is very difficult to lessen this problem.

In the present paper

the geographical area has been considerably restricted and the number of
It is further reduced by the omissionis thus reduced.
have not been definitely recognized since their original
characterization, thus eliminating species described by Walker, Macquart,

included speciesof species thatand others; the inclusion of these species in keys is altogether guesswork,
and it is far better to omit them until their types can be examined and
The species described by Say, Doane, andthe determination made final.
Loew are fairly well known and very few of these are in doubt.
In order to supplement the keys, practically all the species are figured.
In those forms having a characteristic wing pattern, it is the wing thatthat evince notable characters of the maleis shown; while in thosehypopygium, various parts of this organ are figured. In this genus, as
in many others,

it isalmost impossible to separate the females unless they

have been taken in copulation with the males.
The life histories of species in th s genus are diverse, ranging fromstrictly aquatic forms to those occurring in wet mud, in moist soil, andin decaying wood.
An attempt is herein made to divide the local species into groups,
the following characters being considered in making this division:
Color characters, as in the collaris group, In which the body coloration is strikingly like thatin Nephrotoma, and the dimorphic groups {T. fuliginosa, T. annulicornis), with light-colored

males and brown or black females.
Antennae, whether longer in the male than in the female, or short in both sexes.
Win-gs: pubescence in the apical cells, as in the subgenera Trichotipula, Cinctotipula,and Odontotipula; the features of wing venation, such as the atrophy of the tip of vein Rz;
the retention of the m-cu cross-vein and its position in regard to the fork of M; the shape ofthe cell 1st M:; the wing pattern, which divides the species into three groups, as follows;
striatae, wings streaked longitudinally;
marmoratae, wings cross-banded or spotted in various ways;
subunicolores, wings hyaline or unicolorous.

The Crane-Flies of New York— PartI

939

Male hypopi/gium, whether the sclerites of the ninth segment are separate, or the tergite
or all the sclerites are fused into a continuous ring.
The primitive
character is to have a separate tergite, pleurite, and sternite, and specialization in the organ
is shown by the fusion of these parts.
The pleurite is first lost, by fusing with the sternite,
but a part of the pleural suture is retained in all except the most specialized forms. The
culmination of the organ in this genus is the fusion of the tergite with the already fused
sterno-pleurite so as to form a continuous ring.
The eighth sternite shows many curious
modifications, which have already been discussed (p. 873).
Female hijpopygium, which is much more homogeneous than the male hypopygium butwhich still shows many peculiar modifications and tendencies. There may be a sudden
narrjwmg of the organ, as in T. besselsi, or the valves may be shortened and fleshy, andfeebly chitinized, as in the collaris and hicornis groups.
The most striking modification
apparently is that seen in the arctica group, in which the ovipositor has two valves lying
transversely and with the outer margins variously serrated.
is fused with the sternite,

Four subgenera are included in the genus, classified as follows:—

A. Subgenus Trichotipula Alex.
Apical cells of the wings with abundant short hairs;coloration dull, as in Oropeza, but vein 7^2 persistent for its entire length.
Tipula (Trichotipula) oropezoides Johns.
B. Subgenus Cinctotipula Alex.
Apical cells of the wings with a sparse, short pubescence;coloration dark brown, the mesonotum with pale stripes; ninth tergite with the caudal margin
concave; antennae of the male elongated.
Tipula {Cinctotipula) algonquin Alex.
Tipula {Cinctotipula) unimaculata (Loew)
Tipula {Cinctotipula) dorsolineata DoaneApical cells of the wings with a very sparse, short
C. Subgenus Odontotipula Alex.
pubescence, most evident in cell R^; coloration bright shiny yellow and red, as in species ofNephrotoma; antennae of the male short.
Tipula {Odontotipula) unifasciata (Loew)
D. Subgenus Tipula Linn.
No pubescence in the apical cells of the wings. This subgenus is divided into twenty-two groups, as follows:
L The collaris group. Coloration shiny black and yellow, as in species of Nephrotoma;
wings with the m-cu cross- vein beneath the middle of cell 1st M2; female ovipositor withthe valves short and fleshy.
Tipula collaris Say

—

—

—

—

T. nobilis (Loew)
2.

The pachijrhinoides group.

— Similar to the preceding
M than to the medial

m-cu cross- vein nearer to the fork ofwith the valves elongate and chitinized.

coloration; wings with thecross- vein; female ovipositor

inT. pachyrhinoides Alex.

The hicornis group.

—

Nasus very short to indistinct; coloration dull yellow to brownish
yellow, with the thoracic stripes usually distinct; venation with cell 1st M2 very small andpentagonal; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite usually tumid; female ovipositor withthe valves short, blunt, subfleshy.
T. hicornis Forbes
T. megaura Doane
T. morrisoni Alex.
T. parshleiji Alex.
T. johnsoniana Alex.
4. The valida group.
A heterogeneous collection of subgroups, as follows:
Very large species; the eighth sternite with prominent laterala. The valida subgroup.
lobes and a depressed median lobe.
T. valida Loew
T. hirsuta Doane
3.

—

—

Charles Paul Alexander

940—

Large species; the eighth stenite provided
b. The umbrosa subgroup.
lateral lobes, and the caudal area between with two chitinized points.

with conspicuous

T. umbrosa Loew
T. flavoumbrosa Alex.
c. The australis subgroup.^ Medium-sized species; the lateral lobes of the eighth sternite(T. australis) tending to disappear {T. dietziana) and pass into the fourth subgroup.
T. australis Doane
T. dietziana Alex.
A great assemblage of forms, including the majority ofd. The submaculata subgroup.
the subunicolores. Wing practically unicolorous ("except in T. huron) but the obliterative
streak well marked; ninth tergite variously notched medially; eighth sternite provided
with tufts of short to long hairs, in the specialized forms {T. tuscarora) passing into asingle powerful bristle on either side.
T. mainensis Alex.
T. mingwe Alex.
T. georgiana Alex.
T. monticola Alex.
T. translucida Doane—

T. cincticornis Doane
T. penicillata Alex.
T. triton Alex.
T. submaculata Loew
T. tuscarora Alex.
T. huron Alex.

,—

A small group of high arctic species; coloration blue-gray; head,
5. The besselsi group.
thorax, and coxae with abundant long white hair; valves of the ovipositor suddenly narrowed,
weak.
T. besselsi 0. S.
T. piliceps Alex.
6. The aperta group.
medial cross-vein lacking.
T. aperta Alex.

— A reduced

species,with the venation in process of atrophy, the—An isolated species that has probably come from the valida group;
7. The apicalis group.
wing broadly tipped with brown; ninth tergite deeply notched medially. This species ispossibly closer to T. mainensis than this grouping would indicate.
T. apicalis Loew
The hermannia group.

—

Wings sparsely blotched with darker; ninth tergite witha prominent, compressed, median lobe; antennae of the male elongate; not dimorphic.
T. hermannia Alex.
Dimorphic, the males light-colored, the females dark brown,
9. The anmdicornis group.
the wings practically unicolorous; male antennae elongate to very elongate (T. taughannock)ninth tergite with a conspicuous median lobe and more or less prominent lateral lobes.
8.

—

T. annulicornis Say
T. taughannock Alex.

The fuliginosa group.

—

Dimorphic, the males light-colored (T. speciosa), the females{T. fuliginosa) with white markings; ninth tergite asymmetrical, theright pleurite produced caudad in a prominent two-cleft arm; ninth tergite deeply notched
medially.
T. fuliginosa (Say)10.

very dark

brown

—

Wings conspicuously cross-banded, an uninterrupted white
11. The trivittata group.
band beyond the cord; ninth tergite notched, with a small tooth at the base of thenotch.
T. trivittata Say
T. angulata Loew
T. entomophthorae Alex.

The Crane-Flies of New York— PartI

941—

Wings conspicuously cross-banded, an uninterrupted white
12. The subfasciafa group.
band beyond the cord; tip of vein ^2 atrophied. The species of this group are evidently
derived from the last preceding group, being reduced forms.
T. subfasciata Loew
T. penobscot Alex.

—A well-marked group of species, including forms with elongate
13. The hebes group.
antennae in the male sex and those with the antennae short in both sexes; hypopygium
elongated and curiously upturned at an angle with the remainder of the abdomen; eighthsternite three-lobed, the margins clothed with golden-yellow hairs; wing pattern a peculiar
spotting and blotching of browns, grays, and whites.
T. hebes Loew
T. latipennis Loew
T. grata Loew
T. affl'cid Dietz
T. helderbergensis Alex.
Ninth pleurite greatly produced caudad into finger-like lobes;
14. The macrolabis group.
wing pattern spotted, the costal region with four larger blotches.
T. macrolabis Loew
T. macrolaboides Alex.
T. loeiviana Alex, may be considered as coming close to this group, the ninth pleurite
being produced caudad as a short, subspatulate lobe.
A well-defined group of species; female ovipositor with but two
15. The arctica group.
functional valves, which are strongly serrated along their outer margins; ninth tergite showing
two distinct types, in one of which ( T. arctica, T. alticola) the sclerite is very small and thecaudal margin is evenly concave and heavily claitinized, in the second {T. longiventris, T.
caroliniana) the tergite is feebly chitinized and the sclerite has a small dorsal transverse——

knob at about midlength.
T. arctica Curt.
T. labradorica Alex.
T. serrulata Loew
T. septentrionalis Loew
T. longiventris Loew
T. caroliniana Alex.
T. fultonensis Alex.
T. alticola Alex.
large group of species; wings spotted with white on a
16. The angustipennis group.
brown or a grayish ground; eighth sternite usually unarmed, but in some species {T. serta)
with a small median lobe, in others (7". senega) with prominent fleshy lateral lobes; ninth
tergite variously shaped; outer pleural appendage broad and fleshy; female ovipositor withthe valves usually elongated, much shorter and sublyriform in T. senega, never serrated.

—A

T. balioptera Loew
T. centralis Loew
T. canadensis Loew
T. ternaria Loew
T. angustipennis Loew
T. ignota Alex.
T. serta Loew
T. senega Alex.

—

Wing pattern pale, marmorate gray, brown, and hyaline;
17. The marmorata group.
m-cu cross-vein usually distinct and rather close to the fork of M.
T. fragilis Loew
T. ignobilis Loew
18.

—

The abdominalis group. An extensive group of large flies, including some of the
The species are more numerous in the West and thence southward

largest in the genus.
(T*.

oblique-fasciata, T. craverii, T. commiscibilis, T. ablula, T. rupicola, T. albimacula,andCharles Paul Alexander

942

Wing pattern characteristic, with whitish or hyaHne spots at the ends of the veinsat the wing margin; ninth tergite tending to be notched, and often rather massive.
T. abdominalis (Say)Ninth tergite with two lobes on the caudal margin, in T. iroquois
19. The dejecta group.
slender and lying parallel, in T. dejecta more divergent; ninth tergite strongly fused withthe sternite in T. dejecta, the condition found in the remaining groups to be considered.
others).

—T. iroquois Alex.
T. dejecta Walk.
T. aprilina Alex.
Sclerites of the ninth segment fused into a continuous ring;
20. The tephrocephala group.
ninth tergite with two slender parallel lobes on the caudal margin.
T. tephrocephala Loew
T. caijuga Alex.
This group is divisible into theSpecies with striate wings.
21. The tricolor group.
following two subgroups, which pass readily into each other:
Wings with a heavy striate pattern.
a. The tricolor subgroup.

———

T. saiji Alex.
•
T. tricolor Fabr.
T. caloptera Loew
T. bella Loew
T. fraterna Loew
T. strepens Loew
T. eluta Loew
T. conspicua Dietz
T. ludoviciana Alex.
T. sackeniana Alex.
T. vicina Dietz
b. The perlongipes subgroup.
T. perlongipes Johns.

— Wings subhyaline.

T. sulphurea Doane
T. kennicotti Alex.

The tricolor group has the sclerites of the ninth segment fused into a continuous ring;
the ninth tergite has a single broad, depressed, median lobe, which in some species is indistinctly cut in two by a median split.
Sclerites of the ninth segment fused into a continuous ring;
22. The cunctans group.
ninth tergite with a conspicuous median notch.
T. cunctans Say
T. ultima Alex.

—

The local species of the genus Tipula may be separated in accordancewith the following key:
1.

2.

2
5

Wings with a distinct pubescence in the apical cells
Wings without pubescence in the apical cells. (Subgenus Tipula Linn.)

Pubescence of wings abundant, including all the apical cells from Ri to Mt coloration
dull as in species of Oropeza; antennae black, the scape light yellow; thorax brownish
gray, the prescutum with three darker brownish gray stripes; basal deflection of
Cui and the m-cu cross- vein at or near the fork of M; male hypopygium with eachcaudo-ventral angle of the ninth sternite prolonged caudad into a pale, slender,(Plate[Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, no. 5, p. 131.
1909.]
finger-like lobe.
XLIII, 195, wing; Plate XLIX, 258, ninth tergite; Plate LIII, 330, lateral aspect of
T. oropezoides Johns.
male hypopygium.) (Subgenus Trichotipula Alex.)
Pubescence of wings less abundant, not extending beyond cells R3, Rb, Mi, and M; and;confined to the centers of the cells; coloration usually bright as in Nephrotoma, or3else the prescutum dark-colored with pale stripes

The Crane-Flies of New York3.

— PartI

943

Coloration bright shiny yellow, reddish, and black; vertex shiny, with a black spot
along the inner margin of each eye and a linear dark brown median area; thorax yellow
with three shiny reddish stripes, the middle one narrowly divided; male antennaevery short, not attaining the wing base; pubescence of the wings confined to cell R^,;
male hypopygium with the ninth sternite produced caudad in two powerful tooth-like[Pachyrrhina unifasciata Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 294.
1863.]
lobes.
(Subgenus Odontotipula(Plate XLIV, 206, wing; Plate XLIX, 262, ninth tergite.)T. unifasciata (Loew)

Alex.)

Coloration dull brown and yellow; vertex opaque without black marks; prescutum
dull, dark-colored with paler stripes, the median one at least well indicated; maleantennae elongate, reaching about to the base of the abdomen; pubescence of the
4.

4wings more extensive, from coll /?.i to M>. (Subgenus Cinctolipula Alex.)
Antennae with the flagellum bicolorous, the basal swelling of each segment black, theelongate pedicel dull yellow; abdomen without distinct crossbands to the segments.
[Pachyrrhina unimaculata Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 64. 1864.] (Plate
T. unimaculata (Loew)
XLIII, 196, wing; Plate XLIX, 259, ninth tergite.)
Antennae with the flagellum unicolorous; abdomen with the caudal half of the segments
dark brown, the basal half more yellowish producing a banded appearance. [Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 469-471, pi. 16, fig. 2. 1915.] (Plate XLIII, 197, wing;
T. algonquin Alex.
Plate XLIX, 260, ninth tergite; Plate LIII, 324, eighth sternite.)shiny, contrasting blacks, yellows, and reddish brownfe. .6
5. Coloration as in Nephrotoma
Coloration dull brown, gray, or blackish, not at all shiny
8
6. Head with a linear black median mark extending from between the antennal bases tothe occiput, sides of the abdomen without patches of light silvery gray; female ovipositor,[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 471-472.
elongate, pointed, the valves chitinized.
(Plate XLIV, 209, wing.)
pi. 16, fig. 3.
T. pachyrhinoides Alex1915.]
Head without a black median line; sides of the abdomen with patches of light silvery,gray pruinosity; female ovipositor very blunt, truncate, the valves not chitinized,
simulating the hypopygium of the male {collaris group)
7
7. Head orange-yellow, the occiput with a grayish black spot; prescutum orange-yellow
with three dull gray-black stripes; posterior margin of the postnotum, and the apicalhalf of the first abdominal segment, light gray.
[Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3,(Plate XLIV, 207, wing.)
1823.]
T. collaris Say
p. 25.
Head orange-yellow, with a large brownish orange spot on each side of the vertex touching
the inner margin of the eye; prescutum shiny, light honey-yellow, with three shiny
jet-black or reddish black stripes; posterior margin of the postnotum, and the apicalhalf of the first abdominal segment, not light gray; wings yellowish, the cord and{Pachyrrhina nobilis Loew. Berl. Ent.
the apex narrowly seamed with brown.
Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 62. 1864.] (Plate XLIV, 208, wing; Plate XLIX, 261, ninth tergite.)

—

.

.

T. nobilis (Loew)
8.

9.

10.

Wings striped or streaked longitudinally with brown or reddish brown, this including
usually hyaline or nearly so; male hypopygium
the costal region and along Cu; cellMwith the sclerites of the ninth segment fused into a continuous ring {tricolorgroup)
9
Wings not striped nor streaked as above, the costal margin in some cases darkened
but if so with no brown seams on the other veins
14
Wings with cell R^ hyaline or nearly so, at least on its apical half, thus being continuousor nearly so with the area in cell
10
Wings with cell Ri infuscated, concolorous mth cells Ri and Mi
13
Large species, wing of male over 20 mm.; base of cell R-, darkened
11
Smaller species, wing of male under 18 mm. cell Rb hyaline
12
Large, wing of male 25 mm., and darker-colored; prescutal stripes heaxaly marginedwith dark brown; antennae short, not attaining the wing base, dark brown thruout;
abdominal tergites with a dark brown sublateral stripe; wings with the pattern clearcut, a bright yellow spot in cell 1st Ri; cells Mi, Mi, Mi, and C'ui infuscated; male

M

;

11.

Charles Paul Alexander944

hypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate XLIX, 267) having a slender median lobe»
truncated at the apex, with a conspicuous chitinized claw on either side of the tergal(Plate XLV, 214, wing.)
region.
[Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 292.
1863.]
T. caloptera Loew
(Two species are apparently confused under this name; true caloptera has the basesof cells Ml, Ms, and Mi pale, as figured, and the male hypopygium lacks the clawlike

appendage on either side of the median lobe of the ninth tergite.)
Smaller, wing of male 23 mm. or less, and paler-colored; prescutal stripes not heavily margined with brown antennae longer, extending nearly to the base of the abdomen, bicolorous; abdominal tergites without a dark brown sublateral stripe; wings without a conspicuous yellow spot in cell 1st Rr, cells Mi, M2, M«, and Cih hyaline basally; malehypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate XLIX, 264) having a broad median lobe,
rounded at the apex; no lateral claws on the tergal region. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7,
T. strepens Loew
(Plate XLV, 215, wing.)
1863.]
p. 291.
12. Antennae short, with only the basal segments of the flagellum distinctly bicolorous;
wing pattern more clear-cut, the costal stripe broader and darker brown, vein Cu
and the basal deflection of Cut with a broad dark brown seam. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr.,(Plate XLV, 216, wing; Plate XLIX, 265, ninth tergite.)vol. 7, p. 291.
1863.];

T. bella Loew
longer, with all except the terminal segments of the flagellum distinctly
bicolorous; wing pattern less distinct and rather poorlv defined, the brown stripes
and seams much paler. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 290. 1863.] (Plate XLV, 217,
T. eluta Loew
wing.)

Antennae

13.

White obliterative streak before the wing cord passing beyond cell 1st Mi and almost
reaching the wing margin; male hypopygium having the region of the ninth tergite
without a brush of bristles on its lateral part.

Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 56.
1864.]
T. fraterna Loew
White obliterative streak before the wing cord ending in the extreme base of cell M4;
male hypopygium having the region of the ninth tergite (Plate XLIX, 263) with a brush[Ent. Syst., vol. 4, p. 235.
1794.]
of long, stiff, reddish bristles on its lateral part.
T. tricolor Fabr.
(Plate XLV, 218, wing.)(Tipula vitrea v. d. W. [Tijd. Ent., vol. 24, p. 150, pi. 15, fig. 5, 1881] is very close
to T. tricolor but may be a good species. The description of T. vitrea calls for a testaceous abdomen with a brown lateral stripe, while in T. tricolor the abdomen is concolorous thruout.).
14. Costal margin of wings dark brown; male hypopygium with the sclerites of the ninth
15
segment fused into a continuous ring
16
Costal margin of wings not dark brown
15. Wings with the brown costal margin including the base and the cephalic parts of cells R
and R\; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate XLIX, 266) having a low, broad,[T. saiji Alex., Psyche, vol. 18,
depressed, median protuberance {tricolor group).
T. costalis Say, preoccupied, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3,
p. 194, 1911.
T. sayi Alex.
(Plate XLV, 219, wing.)
p. 23, 1823.]
Wings with the brown costal margin including cells C and Sc only; male hypopygiumwith the ninth tergite fPlate L, 274) having a median notch. [.Journ. Acad. Nat.
(Plate XLV, 220, wing; Plate LIII, 332, lateral
1823.]
Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 23.
T. cunctans Say
aspect of male hypopygium.)
16. Wings strongly tinged with yellow; a brownish cloud at the end of vein 2d A; malehypopygium with the sclerites of the ninth segment fused into a continuous ring and\T. ultima Alex., Insec. Inscit.
the tergal region (Plate L, 273) notched medially.
T. flavicans Fabr.", Syst. Antl., p. 24. 1805; written
Menst., vol. 3, p. 128, 1915.
(Plate XLVII, 232, wing; the figure of the wing reproduced far too dark
flavescens.]
Plate LIII, 333, lateral aspect of
to give an idea of the pattern in this species.
T. ullima Alex.
male hypopygium.)
Wings not strongly tinged with yellow, or if so without a brown cloud at the end of17
vein 2d A[Berl.

The Crane-Flies of New York17.

— PartI

945

Wings spotted, banded, clouded, or tipped with brown or gray18
Wings unicolorous
hyaline, yellowish, or dark brown, in many cases, however, with—^the stigmal spot present; usually with a pale vitreous obliterative streak at or before
the cord, extending from before the stigma to the region of cell 1st M2 or beyond;in some cases the costal region a little darkened, and perhaps a vitreous spot beyond
the stigma in the base of cell Ri
68
18. Tip of vein Ri atrophied19
Tip of vein Rz present, reaching the wing margin20
19. Wings long and narrow, in the male 14 mm. long; cell 1st Mt elongate, as long as or
longer than cell Mr, blotch at the origin of the sector connected with the blotches incell R.
[Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 282.
1863.](Plate XLVIII, 248, wing.)
T. suhfasciata Loew

Wings short and broad, in the male 11.6 mm. long; cell 1st M-i short and broad, about
two-thirds the length of cell Mr, a small brown spot at the origin of the sector; a dark
spot at the base of the wing.

[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 472-474, pi. 16, fig. 4.
(Plate XLVIII, 247, wing; Plate L, 275, ninth tergite; Plate LIII, 334, lateral
aspect of male hypopygium.)T. penobscot Alex.
1915.]

20.

Wings with the apex broadly dark brown, extending from the outer end of cell R2 tothe end of cell Mr, no brown markings proximad of the cord; body coloration yellowishmm.

brown; scape of the antennae bright yellow; wing under 15[Berl. Ent. Ztschr.,vol. 7, p. 277.
(Plate XLVIII, 254, wing; Plate LI, 302, ninth tergite; Plate
1863.]
LIV, 342, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.)
T. apicalis Loew

Wings with the dark markings not confined to the apex, or if the tip is darkened thecoloration of the body is gray and the scape of the antenna is dark brown {T. iroqiiois)
or the size of the fly is larger {valida group, wings over 18 mm.)
21
21. Wings banded brown and white, with a broad, uninterrupted white crossband beyond
the stigma, extending from the end of cell 2d Ri to the middle of cell Mt, or beyond
to the wing margin

22

Wings without an uninterrupted white crossband beyond the stigma
23
22. Smaller species, wing of male less than 15 mm.; antennal flagellum bicolorous; thorax
gray with four broad brownish stripes; wings with the white fasciae narrow; maletergite (Plate LI, 291) narrowlv notched medially.
[Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 61.
(Plate LIV, 340, lateral aspect of male
1864.]
hypopygium.)
T. angulata Loew
Larger, wing of male over 15 mm.; antennal flagellum unicolorous; thorax gray withan interrupted pattern of dots and narrow brown Hnes; wings with the white fasciae
broad, the basal one especially broad; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate
LI, 294) broadly and shallowly notched caudally, bearing a more or less bifurcate
median tooth. [Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 26. 1823.] (Plate XLVI,

hypopygium with the ninth

226, wing.)

T. trivittata Say

23. Large, length of male over 25 mm.; vertex light yellow; thoracic dorsum with a velvety

black pattern margined with paler, producing an ocellate appearance; abdominal
tergites bright orange with a broad brownish black stripe on either side; segments
7 to 9 dark brownish black.
[Ctenophora abdominalis Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., vol. 3, p. 18.
(Plate XLV, 210, wing; Plate LI, 299, ninth tergite.)
1823.]
T. abdominalis (Say)
Smaller, length of male under 20 mm. not colored as above
24
;

24.

Males (as known)
Females (as known)

25
49

'.

25. Coloration bright orange, the thoracic dorsum without darker stripes; wings yellowish
basally, more clouded with brown apically; a small brown spot at the base of the wing

and another at theorigin of the sector; antennae bicolorous; male hypopygium
asymmetrical, the right pleurite produced caudad into a prominent two-cleft arm.
[Ctenophora fuUginosa Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 18.
1823.](Plate XLVIII, 245, wing of male; Plate LI, 289, ninth tergite.).. T. fuUginosa (Say)
Coloration not as above
26.

Charles Paul Alexander

946
26.

Male hypopygium with the ninth tergito (Phite L, 287) produced caudad into a com-pressed median lobe; antennae elongate, bicolorous; wings with an extensive brownish
and the lower basal
gray blotch before the cord, occupying the ends of cells R andangle of cell Cui; a broad cloud on the petiole of cell Afi; prescutum light gray, with
[T. hennannia Alex., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,four broad dark gray stripes.
T.fasciata Loew, preoccupied, Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 279, 1863.]
p. 4S0, 1915.
(Plate XLV, 211, wing; Plate LIV, 343, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.)T. hermannia Alex.
27
Male hypopygium not as above
along vein Cu; hyaline spots in the
27. Wings with a pale gray tinge, more brownish in cell
anal cells, at two-thirds the length of cell Mi, before the stigma, and an interrupted
band before the cord extending to cell 1st Mr, body coloration gray, the pre.'^cutumwith four dark brown stripes; male hypopygium small, not conspicuously elongated28
or enlarged [marmorata group)
Wings brown or dark gray, with a pattern of white or hyaline spots and blotches .... 29
28. Stripes on the prescutum ending at the level of the pseudosutural foveae, the medianpair blunt at their anterior ends; apical tergites of the abdomen not conspicuously(Plate XLVIII, 250, wing;[Berl. Ent.- Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 279.
1863.]
darkened.
the figure is much darker than in normal specimens. Plate LI, 297, ninth tergite.)M

M

T.fragilis Loew
Median stripes of the prescutum extending about to the anterior margin of the .sclerite,
deeply bifid at the anterior end; apical segments of the abdomen largely blackish.
[Berl.

29.

Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 280.

1863.](Plate LI, 298, ninth tergite.)T. ignobilis Loew
elongate-cylindrical, strongly upturned;
eighth sternite with the caudal margin tripartite and clothed with yellow hairs; wings
30
with a variegated brown, gray, and white pattern {hehes group)

Male hypopygium with the ninth segment

33
Male hypopygium with the ninth segment not strongly upturned
31
Antennae elongated in the male, extending about to the base of the abdomen
32
Antennae short in both sexes, extending about to the wing root
31. Antennal flagellum bicolorous; bladelike processes of the male hypopygium not elongated(Plate XLVIII, 249,
[Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 285.
1863.]
nor spiraliform.
T. hehes Loew
wing.)

30.

Antennal flagellum uniform dark brown, at least apically; bladelike processes of themale hypopygium elongate, spiraliform. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 60. 1864.]
T. latipennis Loew
(Plate LI, 293, ninth tergite.){T. ottawaensis Dietz is the same as T. latipennis Loew.)
32. Antennal flagellum yellowish brown; appendiculate process of the male hypopygium(Plate LI,[Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 281.
1863.]
slender and pointed apically.
,T. grata Loew
292, ninth tergite.)
Antennal flagellum dark brown; appendiculate process of the male hypopygium broad,[T. afflida Dietz, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 40,
obtusely pointed at the apex.
T. afflicta Dietz
p. 351-352, pi. 13, figs. 5, 6, pi. 14, fig. 2, 1914, as T. suspecta Dietz.]{T. afflicta Dietz is close to T. grata Loew but apparently separable from it.)
.

33.

.

Wing with four large brown subequidistant blotches along the radial vein, the secondat the origin of the sector, the fourth on vein lis; male hypopygium with the ninth
pleurite greatly produced into slender, chitinized, digitiform processes {macrolabis

34

group)

Wings variously marked but without four large brown subequidistant blotches along.35
the radial vein; male hypopygium with the ninth pleurite not greatly produced.
.

34.

.

Ninth tergite (Plate LI, 295) rather squarely truncated across the caudal margin, witha sharp median tooth; apex of the ninth pleurite ending in acute teeth (Plate LIII,
1864.]
Northeastern North America. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 58.
322).
(Plate XLVII, 233, wing; the brown blotches along R do not show clearly in the
figure.)T. macrolabis Loew

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part947

I

Ninth tergite (Plate LI, 296) not square across the caudal margin; the sharp median
tooth subtended on either side by a flattened divergent lobe; apex of the ninth pleurite
rounded and blunt, not toothed (Plate LIII, 323). Western North America. [Can.
Ent., vol. ,50, p. 69-70.
35.

T. macrolaboides Alex.

191S.J

Wings with the apex narrowly and irregularly darkened; narrow brown seams along
the cord; antennae dark brown thruout; prescutum gray, with darker gray stripes
which are narrowly margined with dark brown; pleura

clear

light

gray;

male

hypopygium with the ninth tergite large (Plate LI, 30()), the caudal margin produced[T. iroquois
into two short, parallel lobes, one on either side of the median line.
T. cincta Loew, preoccupied, Berl.
Alex., Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 3, p. 128, 1915.
(Plate XLVIII, 252, wing; Plate LIV, 344, lateral
Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 288, 1863.]

aspect of male hypopygium.)

T. iroquois Alex.

Wings not colored as above
36.

36

Wing apex infuscated; a dark spot at the origin of the sector; male hypopygium with
the ninth tergite (Plate LII, 317) prominent, deeply notched, the lateral lobes acute;medium-sized, wing 18 mm. or less; antennae bicolorous. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7,(Plate XLVII, 239, wing.)
T. submaculata Loew
1863.]
p. 288.
Not as above; if the wing pattern is as described (valida group), the size is much larger—

37.

wing of male 20 mm
37
Large, wing of male 20 mm.; wings with the apices light or dark brownish gray; malehypopygium greatly enlarged {valida group)
38
Smaller, wing of male under 18 mm.; wings with a heavy brown and white or grayish
brown and white pattern
39
38. Ninth tergite (Plate LI, 303) with the lateral lobes more slender and pronounced; eighthsternite without a long brush of hairs: wing apex darker, brownish.
[Berl. Ent.
Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 287.
(Plate XLVII, 237, wing; the reproduction of the1863.]
figure is much too dark.)
T. valida Loew
Ninth tergite (Plate LI, 304) with the lateral lobes shorter and less evident; eighthsternite with a tuft of long yellow hairs; wing apex light gray, scarcely darker than the[Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 9, p. 113.
basal part of the wing.
(Plate LIV,
1901.]
345, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.)
T. hirsuta Doane
39. Ninth tergite of the male with a dorsal black chitinized projection lying transversely atabout midlength of the sclerite (in T. longiventris and others) remainder of the sclerite
not chitinized
40
Ninth tergite of the male not chitinized, or else variously chitinized, either on the caudal
margin, on the lateral margins, or with a conical tooth on the dorsal surface
inwhich case {T. balioptera) the cephaHc and lateral margins are heavily chitinized
and toothed
41
40. Antennae bicolorous, the basal swelling of the flagellar segments black, the pedicels
yellow; prescutum fawn-colored, with four light gray stripes partly margined withdark brown; prescutal interspaces with abundant brown dots; lateral margins of theabdominal segments broadly pale grayish silvery; male hypopygium with the ninth
tergite (Plate L, 285) having the lateral lobes rounded, the median caudal notch[Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 278.
indistinct.
1863.](Plate XLVI, 229, wing.);—

T. longiventris Loew

Antennae unicolorous, the flagellar segments nearly uniform thruout; prescutum dullgray, with four dark brown stripes; lateral margins of the abdominal segments narrowly
silvery; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate L, 286) having a deep
U-shaped notch on the caudal margin. [Can. Ent., vol. 48, p. 46-48. 1916.]
T. caroliniana Alex.
41.

Ninth tergite small, the caudal margin evenly rounded by a broad concavity which isvery heavily chitinized; flagellar segments of antennae very deeply incised beneath,
producing a serrated appearance
42
Ninth tergite not as above
43

Charles Paul Alexander

948

42. Coloration bluish gray, including thecaudal margin bluntly toothed.

abdomen; ninth tergite (Plate L, 284) with the
Voyage to the Arctic Regions, p. 77, pi. a,[Ross's

T. arctica Curt.
fig. 15.
1831.]
Coloration brown, the abdomen dull browni.sh yellow with an interrupted dorsal stripe;
ninth tergite (Plate L, 283) short and broad, the caudal margin heavily chitinized,
deeply concave, and slightly roughened in places, the lateral angles produced into
(Plate LIV,
1863.]
conspicuous chitinized points. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 278.
T. seplentrionalis Loew
338, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.)
43. Ninth tergite (Plate L, 280) small, heavily chitinized, shiny black, the caudal margin
with a deep U-shaped notch, a second tooth on either side, subbasal in position; wingof male 17.5 mm.; head light gray, with a narrow, impressed median line; antennae
with the first three flagellar segments indistinctly bicolorous, the remainder uniformly
dark brown; abdomen orange, with an interrupted dorso-median stripe. [Berl. Ent.
(Plate LIV, 339, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.)
Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 60.
1864.]
T. centralis Loew
44.

44
Ninth tergite larger, not as above
Ninth tergite (Plate L, 279) heavily chitinized, black, hollowed out in a shallow saucer,
the dorsal surface near the caudal margin with a prominent median tooth that is
directed backward; margin of the saucer denticulate, more strongly behind; wing
16.8 mm.; head light gray; thorax dull gray, the prescutal stripes margined withbrown. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 284. 1863.] (Plate XLVI, 227, wing; Plate
T. balioptera Loew
LIV, 337, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.)
45
Ninth tergite not as above
45. Ninth tergite (Plate L, 282) very large and extensive, narrowed slightly toward theapex, which consists of a flattened yellowish margin bearing a deep tho small mediannotch, the broad adjacent lobes with about three tiny teeth, the outermost one thelargest; the part of the tergite behind the yellow caudal margin elevated, black, andincluding the basal two-thirds of the segment; wing 15 mm.; antennae blackish;prescutum light grayish brown, with about five dark brown stripes; abdominal segments dark brownish black, the caudal margin of each segment bright yellow, thelateral margins broadly gray; wings with a heavy pattern; a conspicuous dark spot
.T. ternaria Loew
[Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 57.
1864.].
at the base of the wing.
46
Ninth tergite not as above
46. Ninth tergite (Plate L, 281) telescoped beneath segments 7 and 8; the sclerite notchitinized, very broad and short, the caudal margin broadly concave and provided
with a uniform fringe of long yellow hairs; wing 15.7 mm.; antennae somewhat
bicolorous, the basal enlargement of the flagellar segments dark brown, the remainderof each segment a little paler; prescutum whitish gray, with broad dull gray stripes
narrowly and indistinctly margined with brown; abdomen dull yellow, with an indistinct
dorso-median stripe which broadens out on segments 6 to 8; less distinct submarginal[Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 59.
stripes on the sides of the abdomen.
1864.] (Plate
T. canadensis Loew
LIV, 341, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.)
47
Ninth tergite not as above
47. Ninth tergite (Plate L, 276) large, pale, not chitinized, with two rounded lobes separated
by a narrow, deep notch; antennae elongate, the segments of the fiagellum not incisedbeneath; ventro-caudal angle of each pleurite bearing a prominent, pale, fleshy lobe.
.

.

(Plate XLV, 212, wing.)
T. angusiipennis Loew
Ninth tergite not as above, more or less chitinized caudally; antennae shorter, the flagellar
48
segments deeply incised beneath
48. Ninth tergite (Plate L, 277) with a broad median chitinized tooth on the caudal margin;adjacent lateral lobes terminating in small, acute, chitinized points; antennae moderate
in length, extending slightly beyond the wing root; prescutum fawn-colored, withfour broad grayish brown stripes narrowly margined with brown; abdomen dull yellow
with a rather indistinct brownish median stripe which is clearer behind.
[Berl. Ent.
Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 283.
1863.]
T. serta Loew
[Berl.

Ent. Ztschr., vol.

7, p.

286.

1863.],

The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I

949

Ninth tergite (Plate L, 278) with a very broad, pale, median lobe; adjacent laterallobes very prominent, directed caudad and slightly inward, the tips truncated andchitinized; coloration pale, yellowish, the lateral prescutal stripes and the scutal
lobes grayish; the median prescutal stripe paler, more brownish; abdomen without
distinct darker stripes; wing pattern pale.
[T. senega Alex., Insec. Inscit. Menst.,
T. pallida Loew, preoccupied, Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 284,
vol. 3, p. 128, 1915.
49.

(Plate XLV, 213, wing.)
1863.]
T. senega Alex.
Wing pattern dark brown sparsely marked with white, the dark brown including thewing apex and the anal and cubital cells, the white as a broad band before the cord
and a blotch beyond the stigma; antennae bicolorous; prescutum with four stripes,
the middle pair bifid at the anterior end; abdomen with three broad brown stripes;
femora broadly tipped with dark brown (fuliginosa group). [Ctenophora fuliginosa
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 18.
Say.
(Plate XLVIII, 246, wing
1823.]of female.)T. fuliginosa (Say)Wing pattern paler, brown or gray with the white more extensive
50.

50
Only the tergal valves of the female ovipositor present, these lying transversely conspicuously serrated along their outer edge {arctica group)51

All four valves of the ovipositor present, not serrated along their outer edge
54
51. Abdomen gray or brownish gray
52
Abdomen orange or orange-yellow on the basal tergites
53
52. Coloration blue-gray; wing pattern pale, the brown and gray markings diffuse andill-defined; length 24 mm.
[Ross's Voyage to the Arctic Regions, p. 77, pi. a, fig. 15.
1831.]
T. arctica Curt.
Coloration light gray, the abdomen grayish brown with three indistinct brown stripes;
wing pattern heavy, tessellated white and brown; antennae dark brown; head darkgray with a narrow brown median line; prescutum with three broad gray stripes
margined with brown; length 27 mm. [T. labradorica Alex., Insec. Inscit. Menst.,
vol. 3, p. 128, 1915.
T. tesselata Loew, preoccupied, Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7,(Plate XLVI, 228, wing.)
T. labradorica Alex.
p. 277, 1863.]
53. Abdomen very elongated; length of female over 30 mm.; antennae bicolorous; thoracic
interspaces with tiny blackish dots.
[Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 278.
(Plate1863.]XLVI, 229, wing.)
T. longiventris Loew
Abdomen short, normal; length of female 25 mm.; wing pattern pale. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr.,vol. 8, p. 58.
1864.]
T. serrulata Loew
Large species, wing over 22 nun. {valida group).

[Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 287.
1863.]
T. valida Loew
[Journ. N. Y. Ent. See, vol. 9, p. 113.
1901.]
T. hircida Doane
Smaller, wing under 20
55
55. Wings gray, the apex darker; a broad white obliterative streak before the cord extending
into the base of cell Mi; a brown spot at the origin of Rs; antennae bicolorous; shinybasal plate of the dorsal tergal valves of the ovipositor very elongate, as long as thevalves themselves and longer than the seventh and eighth tergites taken together. [Berl.
Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 288. 1863.] (Plate XLVII, 239, wing.) ...T. submaculata Loew
Wings not so colored56
56. Wings light gray, with a dark brown oval stigma and a broad grayish brown crossband
extending from Rs across the wing; antennae bicolorous, at least basally; thoracic
pleura with two longitudinal brown stripes.
[T. hermannia Alex., Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., p. 480, 1915.
T. fasciata Loew, preoccupied, Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7,(Plate XLV, 211, wing.)
p. 279, 1863.]
T. hermannia Alex.
Wings not so colored
57

54.

mm

57.

Wings grayish subhyaline, the apex narrowly and irregularly dark brown, the cord
seamed with dark grayish brown; antennae dark brown thruout; thorax light gray,with four dark gray stripes which are margined with dark brown; thoracic pleura
clear light gray, dorso-pleural

membrane yellowish.

Menst., vol. 3, p. 128, 1915.

T. cincta

p. 288, 1863.](Plate XLVIII, 252, wing.)

Wings not so colored[T".

iroquois Alex., Insec. Inscit.

Loew, preoccupied, Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7,
T. iroquois Alex.

58

Charles Paul Alexander

950
58.

Wings with about four large dark browa blotches alon^; the radial vein, the second at

the origin of the sector, the third at the stigma; wing apex narrowly light brown;
wing about 16.5 mm.; antennae bicolorous; head dark gray, with a narrow, impre.ssed,
median line; prescutum dull gray with four clearly defined bright brown stripc3;
abdomen dull yellow with three dark brown stripes; tergal valves of ovipositor acicular.
(Plate XLVII, 233, wing.)[Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 58.
1864.]
T. macrolabis Loew
Wings not so colored
59
59. Thorax with the prescutal stripes concolorous with the ground color of the thorax,
the lateral stripes broadly margined in front and on the sides with dark brown; medianstripe broadly margined on the sides; wings with a variegated brown, gray, and white
pattern [hebes group)
60
Thorax not so colored62[Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 285.
60. Antennae bicolorous, at least basally.
1863.](Plate XLVIII, 249, wing.)
T. hebes Loew
Antennae unicolorous
61[Berl. Ent. Ztschr.,
61. Cell R'o of wings usually white or largely so; antennae shorter.
vol. 7, p. 281.

T. grata Loew

1863.]

Cell R., of wings infuscated except basally; antennae longer.
62.

[Berl.

Ent. Ztschr, vol. 8,

1864.]
T. latipennis Loew
p. 60.
Wings with a pale gray and hyaline pattern; cell Sc uniformly dark brown; m-cu cross-vein close to the fork of

M {marmorata group)

63

Wings with the pattern darker gray and brown; if the pattern is pale, the cell Sc is notdark brown and the m-cu cross-vein is not close to the fork of{angustipennis

Mgroup)

64

63. Stripes on the prescutum ending at the level of the pseudosutural foveae, the median[Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 279.
(Platepair blunt at their anterior ends.
1863.]XLVIII, 250, wing.)
T. fragilis Loew
Median stripes of the prescutum extending about to the anterior margin of the sclerite,[Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 280.
deeply bifid at their anterior ends.
1863.]
T. ignobilis Loew
64.

Abdominal tergites dark slate gray, narrowly margined caudally with bright orangeyellow; length 24 mm.; wing 18 mm.; antennae dark brownish black thruout; headdark gray with a narrow brown median stripe; prescutum brownish gray, the stripes
darker brown, not clear-cut; thoracic pleura clear gray; wing pattern heavy; a distinct
dark brown spot at the base of the wing. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 57. 1864.]
T. ternaria Loew

65
Coloration not as above[T. senega Alex., Insec.
65. Valves of ovipositor short, about as long as the fifth tergite.
T. pallida Loew, preoccupied, Bed. Ent. Ztschr.,
Inscit. Menst., vol. 3, p. 128, 1915.
T. senega Alex.
(Plate XLV, 213, wing.)
vol. 7, p. 284, 1863.]
66
Valves of ovipositor elongate, acicular, much longer than the fifth tergite alone
66. Abdomen orange, with three dark brownish black stripes; no basal gray ring on theabdominal tergites. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 286. 1863.] (Plate XLV, 212,
T. angustipennis Loew
wing.)
Abdomen not so colored; a narrow basal ring on the abdominal tergites, grayish and67
destitute of the scattered hairs found on the remainder of the segment
67. Abdomen long and slender, indistinctly trivittate with brown, the stripes interrupted by[Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 283.
1863.]
the smooth basal areas of the segments.
T. serta Loew
Abdomen with the lateral stripes broad, continuous; lateral margins of the segments

broadly pale grayish. [T. ignota Alex., Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 3, p. 128, 1915.
T. discolor Loew, preoccupied, Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 282, 1863.]
T. ignota Alex.

The Ckane-Flies of New York— Part951

I

68. Cell 1st Ml open by the atrophy of the medial cross-vein; wing of
female 10 5coloration grayish brown, the thoracic stripes indistinct.
[ripula aperta Alex. Can'
Ent., vol. 50, p. G2, 191S.
T. imperfecta Alex., preoccupied, Proc. Acad. Nat
Sci
Phila., p. 484-485, pi. 16, fig. 9, 1915.](Plate XLVII, 235, wing.) ...T. aperta Alex"
Cell 1st M« closedgomm

69. Color of wings almost uniformly dark brown (females only)
Color of wings hyaline, pale grayish, or yellowish
70. Size small, wing of female about 8 mm.

•

70
71

abdominal tergites uniformly dark brown thruoutcell 1st M-z pointed at its outer end, due to the extreme shorteningof the medial crossvein.
[Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 6, p. 151.
1829.]
T. annuiicornis Say
bize larger, wing of female over 10 mm.; abdominal tergites darkbrown with broadbright yellow, median triangles, the points directed forward; cell
1st M^ not pointed
at its distal end, the media! cross-vein of normal length, nearly as longas the petioleof cf)l ^'- , [Proc- Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 476-479, pi. 16, figs.
7, 8.
1915.](PlateXLVIII, 244, wing.)
7^taughannock Alex
71. Color of thorax light gray or blue-gray, with distinct clear-cut brownor black stripesbody clothed with long, pale hair; wing over 14 mm. Northern species
72
Color of thorax brown, yellow, or gray; if grayish {T. dejecta), the vAng isunder 1'? mm"and the body is not clothed with long, pale hair73
72. Color of thorax dull light gray, with four light brown stripes; medianvitta of the head
indistinct; dorsal abdominal vitta narrow; eighth abdominal tergite
of female withthe margins flattened and conspicuously expanded; tergal valves ofthe ovipositor
long, pale.
[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 482H184, pi. 21, fig.
85.
1915.];

Color of thorax blue-gray, with the stripes almost black, broad, the medianpair tending
to become confluent; median vitta of the head distinct; dorsal abdominal
vitta broader
more diffuse; eighth abdominal tergite of female with the margins not conspicuously
expanded; tergal valves of the ovipositor smaller; wing pale grav, stigma
dark brownantennae black thruout; ninth tergite of male deeply notched mediallv, theadjacent
lateral lobes broad, truncated, pale; outer pleural appendages
broad, pale- wingof male 14 mm.
[Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, p. 42.
1876.]'^- besselsi O. S.
»o
T\T
/
\
76. Males (as known)y^Females (as known)
Jqo
74. Caudal margin of ninth tergite (Plate L, 288) with acompressed median lobe projecting caudad of the short lateral lobes; distal end of cell 1st M2
pointed, cross-vein ?mvery short; size very small, wing of male under 8 mm.; antennae elongated,bicolorousthoracic stripes indistinct.
[Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 6,
IS '9
p 151
(Plate XLVIII, 243, wing; Plate LIII, 335, lateral aspect of malehypopygium.)
1

1

'

]

-,,,...,T. (innuHcornis Say
Caudal margin of ninth tergite without a compressed median lobe projecting
beyondthe lateral lobes; distal end of cell Isl Mo not pointed; size larger, wingof male 'over

10

mm

n-

75. Sclerites of ninth segment fused into a nearly complete ring; caudal marginof the tergite

truncate with a broad, depressed, median lobe or with two approximatedslender,parallel Icbes, one on either side of the median line
76
Sclerites of ninth segment not fused, at least the tergite distinct; ninth
tergite without
median lobes on the caudal margin
gg
76.

Ninth tergite with two slender,

finger-like lobes

group)

on the caudal margin' (fepiiroceMoZo'^-j-j

Ninth tergite with a single broad median lobe or with two short blunt lobes
on thecaudal margin (perlongipes group)7§
77. Antennal flagellar segments bicolorous, the basal swelling of eachsegment yellow the_pediceldark.

Ent. Ztschr., vol.
Plate XLIX, 271, ninth tergite.)[Berl.

8,

p.

62.

1864.](PlateXLVI, 221, wing

T. tephrocephala Loew

Charles Paul Alexander

952

Antennal flaRellar segments bicolorous, the basal swelling of each segment black, the[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 485-487, pi. 16, fig. 10.
pedicel vellow.
1915.](Plate XLVI, 222, wing; Plate XLIX, 272, ninth tergite; Plate LIII, 325, eighth
T. cayuga Alex.
sternite.)
78. Size small, wing 12 mm.; thoracic dorsum dull gray, with four brownish stripes; antennae
unicolorous, dark brown; pleura clear light gray; sides of postnotum light yellow;
ninth tergite (Plate XLIX, 270) with two broad lobes, the notch between deep.
(Plate XLVI, 225, wing.)[Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 9, fig. 99.
1901.]
T. sulphurea Doane

79
Size larger, wing 14 mm. or over; thoracic dorsum not colored as above
79. Antennae bicolorous; thoracic dorsum dull yellow with three brown stripes, the lateralpair less distinct than the median one; legs long; male hypopygium with the median
lobe of the ninth tergite (Plate XLIX, 268) entire or the bifid nature barely indi[7'. perlongipes Johns., Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p.
131, 1909.
cated.
(Plate XLVI, 223,
T. filipes Walk., preoccupied, List Dipt. Brit. Mus., p. 65, 1848.]
wing.)

T. perlongipes Johns.

Antennae unicolorous or nearly so; thorax gray, with three broad, more or less distinct,
stripes, the median one with a delicate dark brown line; legs short; male hypopygiumwith the median lobe of the ninth tergite (Plate XLIX, 269) bifid. [Proc. Acad.
(Plate XLVI, 224, wing; Plate
Sci. Phila., p. 480-482, pi. 16, fig. 6.
1915.]
T. kennicotti Alex.
LIII, 331, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.)
80. Ninth tergite (Plate LII, 309) large, the caudal margin with a small rounded notch on
either side of a small acute median tooth; eighth sternite with broad, fleshy, laterallobes directed proximad and with the ventral inner angle produced into a chitinized
point and clothed with long yellow hairs; median area of the sternite with a prominentchitinized tooth on either side of the median line, broadly separated by a distancegreater than the diameter of one tooth; size large, wing 18-20 mm.; antennae bicolorous.
(Plate XLVII, 236, wing.)[Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 292.
1863.]

Nat.

T. umhrosa Loew
Ninth tergite not as described; eighth sternite, if with fleshy lateral lobes (7". australis,
T. valida, and others), without two chitinized teeth on the caudal margin of thesternite81

wing over 20 mm.; male hypopygium greatly enlarged; eighth sternite withelongate lateral lobes and a flattened median lobe (valida group; included also inthe section with marked wings, because the tips of the wings are usually of a darker
82
gray than the basal part)
Size smaller, wing under 18 mm.; male hj^jopygium not greatly enlarged; eighth sternite
83
not as above
Ninth tergite (Plate LI, 303) with the lateral lobes more slender and pronounced;

81. Size large,

82.

[Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 287.
eighth sternite without a long brush of hairs.
T. valida Loew
(Plate XLVII, 237, wing.)
1863.]
Ninth tergite (Plate LI, 304) with the lateral lobes shorter and blunter; eighth sternite
with a brush of long yellow hairs. [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 9, p. 113. 1901.]

83.

T. hirsxita Doane
W.ng apex a little grayer than the basal cells of the wings; a brown spot at the origin

male hypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate LII, 317)_large, deeply
by a broad V-shaped notch, the lateral lobes acutely pointed. (This species is
included also in the section with marked wings, because the tips of the wings areof the sector;
split[Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 288.
usually of a darker gray than the basal part.)
T. submaculata Loew
(Plate XLVII, 239, wing.)
1863.]
84
Wing apex unicolorous or nearly so; ninth tergite not as described
84. Antennae unusually elongated, if bent backward extending to the base of the fifth
abdominal segment; ninth tergite (Plate LI, 290) with the lateral lobes subacute,the median lobe situated in a deep, shield-shaped depression; eighth sternite unarmed;
antemaae unicolorous; abdominal tergites bright yellow, with three distinct brownish

The Crane-Flies of New York— PartI

953

black stripes which are confluent across the bases and less distinctly across the apicesof tergites 2 to 5; wing 15 mm.; cell 1st Mi elongate; wings yellowish subhyaline, theobliterative streak very reduced, appearing as a spot before the stigma and a linear
dash in the base of cell Ht Mi and the end of cell R. [Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila(Plate LIII, 336, lateral aspect of male1915.]
p. 476-479, pi. 16, figs. 7, 8.
hypopygium.)
T. taughannock Alex.
Antennae shorter, not extending beyond the base of the abdomen; ninth tergite not as
described; if at all similar {T. monticola), the eighth sternite armed with brushes ofhairs or bristles
85
85. Ninth tergite (Plate LI, 301) small, with the caudal margin bearing a blunt median
lobe and with a prominent divergent horn on either side; thoracic pleura clear light
gray; eighth sternite unarmed; size small, wing 11.5 mm.; antennae uniform darkbrown.

86.

[Ins.

Saunders., vol.

1,

Dipt., p. 442.

1856.](PlateXLVIII, 251, wing.)

T. dejecta Walk.
Ninth tergite not as above
86
Ninth tergite (Plate LII, 308) small, the caudal margin with a broad V-shaped notch;
ninth pleurite produced caudad into a short, flattened, subspatulate lobe; eighthsternite extensive, narrowed behind, the caudal margin broadly U-shaped and bearing
a row of prominent yellow hairs; color light gray, the thorax marked with brown;
wing about 16 mm. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 488-490, pi. 16, fig. 12. 1915.](Plate XLVII, 234, wing.)

T. loewiana Alex.

Hypopygial characters not as above
87. Coloration of thoracic pleura light gray; thoracic
stripes87

dorsum gray or gra3rish, with brown
88

Coloration of thoracic pleura yellow, in some cases whitish pollinose; dorsum yellow
or brown
90
88. Ninth sternite with a stout pendulous lobe directed ventrad, bearing a dense tuft or
pencil of long reddish hairs; eighth sternite large, prominent, extending far caudad
and its concavity forming a sheath for the base of the ninth sternite, the lateral angles
bearing dense tufts of long, reddish-silvery hairs which are decussate; between theselobes a broad median projection, the lateral angles of which are slightly recurved
and the caudal margin is broadly concave; color grayish, with distinct dark brown
thoracic stripes; wings light brown, the tips a little darker; a large vitreous spot before
and beyond the stigma; wing of male 12.6 mm. Arctic species. [Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., p. 496-497.
(Plate LII, 314, ninth tergite.) ...T. penicillata Alex.
1915.)
Hypopygial characters not as above. Austral species
89
89. Antennae short, the flagellar segments deeply constricted beyond the basal enlargement;
six brown stripes on the mesonotal prescutum; male hypopygium with the ninth
tergite (Plate LII, 305) almost straight across the caudal margin, with a deep andnarrow impressed median furrow; lobes of the caudo-lateral angles of the ninth sternite
pendulous, directed ventrad, the apices clothed with short golden hairs; eighth sternite(Plate LIII, 326) with four conspicuous lobes, the outer pair very broad and flattened,
their apices oblique, the inner pair being the divaricate ends of a median process
on the caudal margin of the sternite, their apices clothed with a dense brush of golden[Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 9, p. 104-105.
yellow hair.
.T. australis Doane
1901.]
Antennae longer, the flagellar segments not constricted beyond the basal enlargement;
three brown stripes on the mesonotal prescutum; male hypopygium with the ninth
tergite (Plate LII, 306) having the caudal margin deeply and broadly notched medially;
lobes of the caudo-lateral angles of the ninth sternite not pendulous, directed inward;
eighth sternite (Plate LIII, 327) without lobes on the caudal margin.
[Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 501-504, pi. 17, fig. 19.
(Plate XLVII, 238, wing.)
1915.].

.

T. dietziana Alex.
bright brownish yellow, the thorax with dark brown stripes; pleura dull
yellow, whitish pollinose; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate LII, 307)
broadly concave caudally, the lateral angles not prominent; antennae with the three

90. Coloration

Charles Paul Alexander

954

basal segments light yellow, the remainder of the organ more or less distinctly bicolorous;

abdomen dull vellow, the tergites with a conspicuous dark brown stripe; wing 12 mm.
(Plate XLVIII. 253,
1915.][Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 475-476, pi. 16, fig. 5.
T. mainensis Alex.
wing; Plate LIV, 346, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.)
Coloration not as above, the thoracic stripes not dark brown; hypopygium not as
91
above
91. Nasus short; cell 1st Mi of wings very small and pentagonal; male hypopygium with
the ninth tergite usually tumid, unarmed or provided with horns; in species in which
the tergite is not conspicuously swollen and tumid (T. parshleyi), the cell 1st Mi issmall and pentagonal, as above; in species in which the cell \st M2 is longer
92{T. jofmsoinana), the ninth tergite is tumid tho unarmed {bicornis group)
Nasus usually longer; cell 1st M2 of wings not small and pentagonal; male hypopygium
96with the ninth tergite not tumid (travslucida group)
92. Ninth tergite (Plate LII, 321) not tumid; eighth sternite very long, sheathing the ninth[Proc. Acad.
sternite beneath, the tip with two chitinized points on either side.
(Plate LV, 354, lateral aspectNat. Sci. Phila., p. 510-512, pi. 17, fig. 23. 1915.]
T. parshleyi Alex.
of male hypopygium.)
Ninth tergite tumid; eighth sternite shorter, not closely applied to ninth sternite for93
the entire length of the latter, the apex without chitinized points[Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 9,
93. Ninth tergite (Plate LII, 320) with four lobes or horns.
(Plate XLVI, 231, wing; Plate LV, 353, lateral aspect of male1901.]
p. 112-113.
T. megaura Doane
hypopygium.)
94
Ninth tergite with two horns or without horns[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 505-506,
94. No horns on the tergite (Plate LIT, 318).
(Plate LV, 351, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.)pi. 17, fig. 20.
1915.]

T. johnsoniana Alex.
95.

95

Horns on the tergite
Horns on tergite (Plate LII. 319) directed upward.
fig.

4.

1891.][16th Kept. State Ent. 111., p. 78, pi. 6,(Plate XLVI, 230, wing; Plate LV, 350, lateral aspect of male hypoT. bicornis Forbes

pygium.)Horns on tergite directed caudad or slightly ventrad. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,(Plate LV, 352, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.)
1915.]
p. 507-508, pi. 17, fig. 21.
T. viorrisoni Alex.
96.

Caudal margin of ninth tergite (Plate LII, 315) with three prominent lobes, the median
lobe acute; antennae bicolorous; body coloration light yellow, the thoracic stripes
reddish brown; abdomen with a series of about four conspicuous, rounded, brownspots along the sides; wing 13.5 mm. Southern species. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,p. 487-488, pi. 16, fig. 11.

1915.](Plate XLVII, 240, wing.)

T. triton Alex.

97
Caudal margin of ninth tergite not trifid
97. Caudal margin of ninth tergite (Plate LII, 316) deeply notched, the lateral lobes produced into long, slightly curved horns; outer pleural lobe a conspicuous curved hook;antennae bicolorous; body coloration yellowish, the thoracic stripes very indistinct;
wings vellowish; wing 17.2 mm. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 493-495, pi. 16,
fig.

15.'

1915.](PlateXLVII, 241, wing; Plate

LV, 349, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.)
Male hypopygium not as above

sternite; Plate
T. tuscarora Alex.

LIII, 328, eighth

98

98. Lateral lobes of ninth tergite (Plate LII, 310) broad, squarely truncated; antennae more
[Proc. Acad.
or less distinctly bicoloroup; coloration brownish yellow; wing 18 mm.
(Plate XLVII, 242, wing.)
1915.]
Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 490-492, pi. 16, fig. 13.
T. mingwe Alex.
Lateral lobes of ninth tergite not squarely truncated, more or less pointed orrounded99. Lateral lobes of ninth tergite pointed
Lateral lobes of ninth tergite rounded

99
100
102

The Crane-Flies of New York100. Inner pleural— Part955

Iappendage produced caudad into an elongate, subacute,pale,fleshylobe

101
Inner pleural appendage complex, consisting of a slender caudal lobe which is directedbacTvward and pointed, and a cephalic lobe which is compressed, black, and heavily
chitinized along the margin; coloration yellowish; antennae bicolorous; head light
gray; thoracic stripes rather indistinct, brownish orange; ninth tergite (Plate LII,
312) with the lateral angles tipped with a cylindrical, conical point; median lobe
prominent, convex, rounded; eighth sternite large, prominent, projecting caudad,
the posterior margin with a rounded notch bearing a dense tuft of long, silvery hairs
on each side of the mid-line; wing of male 18-19 mm. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,(Plate LV, 347, lateral aspect of male hypo1915.]
p. 492-493, pi. 16, fig. 14.
pygium.)T. monticola Alex.
101. Antennal flagellum dark brown; body coloration light gray; ninth tergite with thelateral angles subangular, not approximated; median lolje not prominent, shiny;thorax with three broad brown stripes; wing 12.5 mm. Southern species. [Insec.
Inscit. Menst., vol. 3, p. 134-136.
1915.]
T. catawba Alex.
Antennal flagellum bicolorous; body coloration yellowish, the thoracic stripes indistinct;
ninth tergite (Plate LII, 313) with the acute lateral lobes approximated, the space
between narrow. [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 9, p. 109. 1901.]
102.

T. translucida Doane
Abdominal tergites 2 to 5 with a brown subbailil spot on the lateral margin; ninth
tergite of male with a deep rectangular notch, the median area not convex; antennae

indistinctly bicolorous; thorax brownish yellow without distinct stripes; wing 12.6 mm.
Southern species. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 495-496, pi. 16, fig. 16. 1915.](Plate LV, 34S, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.)T. seminole Alex.

Abdominal tergites without a brown subbasal spot on the lateral margin; ninth tergiteof male (Plate LII, 311) with the lateral angles conspicuous, the apices bluntly rounded;

median area broad, highly convex to obtusely pointed, shiny chestnut brown toyellow; antennae usually bicolorous; thorax light brownish yellow, the stripes a little
darker, pale brown; wing about 13 mm. [Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 3, p. 134-135.
1915.]

103.

T. georgiana Alex.

Lobes of ovipositor blunt, unchitinizedbiconiis group
Lobes of ovipositor pointed, chitinized .... Females of other species with unmarked wings
No attempt is made here to separate the females of the species with unmarked
wings; many of the species have not been definitely associated with their mates andare not really known.
In all cases in which pairs of flies are taken in copula, the twosexes should be pinned on the same pin, the male above.
In many groups of thegenus it is quite impossible to separate the females on the characters known atpresent.

Since the above key was completed a few additional species of Tipula
have been described. These are briefly diagnosed here in order to complete the data.
Tipula aprilina Alex.
(Alexander, 1918 a: 63-64.)
Dejecta group; close to T. dejecta.
Male hypopygium with the ninth tergite large,
the posterior margin with the lateral angles produced caudad into prominent blunt lobes
which are blackened and furnished with small tubercles, the caudal margin truncated; between
these lateral lobes two parallel, u.sually longer and slightly pointed, lobes which are
directed slightly ventrad, one on either side of the median line; outer pleural appendage
very small and inconspicuous, elongate-cylindrical, yellowish; inner pleural appendage
elongate, narrow; margins of ninth sternite not widely separated beneath, carinate, and witha narrow V-shaped posterior notch bearing a pair of small, fleshy lobes.
Wing of male,
11.5 mm.

(Virginia, April.)Charles Paul Alexander

956(Dietz, 1917: 119-150.)
T. conspicua Dietz.
Grayish white; anteiinal flagelhnn distinctly bicolorous;
Tricolor group; close to T. eluta.
thoracic stripes nuir^inod with brown, the median stripe divided by a dark line; hyaline
vitta of wings reacliing the outer margin; abdomen yellow, unstriped; ninth tergite with
Wing of male, 17 mm. (North Carohna, September.)lateral pencils of hairs.

(Alexander, 1918 a: 62-63.)
T. sackeniana Alex.
Coloration reddish brown; antennae bicolorous;
Tricolor group; close to T. tricolor.
male hypopygium without a pencil of hairs on either side of median lobe of tergite. Wing
(New York, Maryland, Virginia, and Georgia, July and September.)of male, 15.5 mm.
(Dietz, 1917:148-149.)
T. vicina Dietz.
Grayish brown; antenna! flagellum unicolorous
Tricolor group; close to T. eluta.
brown; mesonotal stripes margined with brown, the nedian stripe divided by a blackishline; hyaline vitta of wings extending thru cells 1st M- and /?5 to margin; abdomen striped
Wing of male, 13 mm. (Isew York, May; ]\lichigan, July.)
laterally.

(Alexander, 1918 c: 385-386.)
T. ento77}ophthorae Alex.
Mesonotal prcscutum gray with three brown
Trivillata group; close to T. angidata.
stripes; wings gray with a broad white cross band beyond the cord; vein ^2 persistent for its
entire length; malehypopygium with the ninth tergite deeply notched medially, the lateralangles obhquely truncated.

Wing of male, 15.8 mm.

(North Carolina.)(Alexander, 1918 c:411-412.)
Valida group. A small, pale brownish species, easilj^ distinguished from all its relatives
by the bicolorous antennae, the basal enlargements of the segments being light yellow andthe re:/!ainder black. Antennae of male long and slender, if bent backward extending
In coloration of antennae the species in the faunal limits of thisto beyond base of abdomen.
paper is approached only by T. tephrocephala, a very different fly. Wing of male, 12 mm.
T. flainbasis Alex.

(Kansas, Jiily.)(Alexander, 1918 a: 66-67.)
Wings with a heavy brown pattern resembling
Valida group; close to T. suhmaculata.
Wing of male, 15.6 mm. (Wisconsin, June.)T. trivillata or T. angulata.

T. huron Alex.

(Alexander, 1918 b: 243-244.)
T. margarita Alex.
General coloration of head and thora:<' li.^ht gray; antennae short, black, the three basal
segments orange-yellow; femora with a broad subterminal yellow ring, most distinct on theyellow, the tergites with a broad
fore legs; ivings with four brown crossbands; abdomen
dark brown median stripe and narrow sublateral stripes, the lateral margin of the tergites
broadly light gray; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite large, subquadrate, with a deep
median split, the ninth pleurite complete, the eighth sternite with a large tuft of yellow
hairs on either side of themedian line.

Wing of male, 14.4 nmi.

(New York, June.),,,.,,.

(Alexander, 1918 a: 67.)
T. fidtonenn.<i Ahx.
Abdomen of female about one-half mch shorter
Arctica group- close to T. longiventris.
(New York, June.)female, 18.5 mm.
than in the female of longiventris (16 mm.). Wing of(Alexander, 1918 a: 64-65.)
T. hdderbergensis Alex.
,^ „antennal flagellum uniHehes group- close to T. latipennis. General color very dark;
frmged with long golden
formly brown; male hypopygium with the eighth sternite densely
hairs.

Wing of male, 14 mm.

(New York, July.)

It will be noted that many names are not included in this key to thegenus Tipula, and this is because most of them are synonymous with
The principal synonymy is as follows:
species that are mcluded.

The Crane-Flies of New York

=
=
=
Loew
T.
=
T. cincta Loew
=
Say
T.
=
Doane
T.
==
T. decora Doane=
Loew=
fasciata Loew
=
Walk.
=
T. flavicans Fabr.
=
T. fumosa Doane=
Alex, (female)
T.
=
Doane
T.
=
T. imperfecta Alex.
=
T. inermis Doane=
infuscata Loew=
T. jejuna Johns, (female)
=
Dietz
=
T. pallida Loew=
T. speciosa Loew (male)
^=
Doane
^
T. suspecta Dietz=
suspecta Loew=
Loew=
Loew (female)T.
=winnemana Alex.
T. apache Alex.
T. calva Doane— Partcasta

costalis

T. sayi Alex.

T. discolorT.

T. filipes

illinoiensis

illustrisT.

T. ottaioaensis

T. spectabilisT.

T. tesselata

versicolor

T.

957

T. dorsolineata Doane

T. valida Loew
T. cunctaris Say

cuspidat'iI

T. iroquois Alex.
T. submacidata Loew
T. angulata Loew
T. ignota Alex.
T. hermaniiia Alex.
T. perlongipes Johns.
T. idtima Alex.
T. dejecta Walk.
T. senega Alex, (male)
Stijgeropis fuscipennis Loew
T. aperta Alex.
T. umbrosa Loew
T. cunctans Say
T. annulicornis Say
T. latipennis Loew
T. senega Alex.
T. fuliginosa (Say)
T. macrolabis Loew
T. afflicta Dietz
T. fragilis Loew
T. labradorica Alex.
T. senega Alex, (female)
T. johnsoniana Alex.

In addition the following species, which are not recognizable from thedescriptions, are omitted:
T. boreaUs Walk.
T. duplex Walk.
T. maculipennis Say
T. platymera Walk.
T. puncticornis Macq.
T. resurgens Walk.
T. retoria v. d. W.
T. triplex Walk.
T. vitrea v. d. W.

T. albonotata Doane is probably a good species, close to T. trivittata
Say but with the thoracic pattern different, the prescutum with threebroad brown stripes.
T. cincticornis Doane is likewise a good species, rather similar to T.
translucida Doane (page 955) but with the outer pleural lobe longer and
It differs fromthe pendulous appendage of the ninth sternite shorter.
T. monticola Alex, (page 955) in the structure of the eighth sternite, theyellow head, the yellow thoracic pleura, and other characters.

958Charles Paul Alexander

T. maculipennis Say is pi'obably T. anguslipennis Loew but the species

Specimens in the Harris collection of the Boston Society
determined by Say, the not of the original series,
and these are T. anguslipennis or close to it. However, the descriptionof the species shows that it differs in several important respects from all
specimens of T. anguslipennis that the writer has seen, and it seems
that the species must for the present remain in doubt.
isin doubt.

of Natural History are

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part959

I

REFERENCES CITED
Alexander, Charles P.
Ent. news 21 247-254.
:

Fulton Coiintv (New York) Tipulidae

—

I.

1910.

Fulton County (New York) Tipulidae (Dipt.)
23:66-73.
1912.

—

Ent. news

II.

A revision of the South American dipterous insects of the family
U. S. Nat. Mus.

Ptychopteridae.

Proc. 44:331-335.

1913 a.

A synopsis of part of the Neotropical crane-flies of the subfamily
U. S. Nat. Mus.

Limnobinae.

Proc. 44:481-549.

1913 b.

Biology of the North American crane flies (Tipulidae, Diptera)
Pomona journ. ent. and zool. 6:105-118. 1914 a.

New or little-known craneflies from the United States andCanada.

Tipulidae,

66:579-606.

Diptera.

Acad. Nat.

Sci.

Philadelphia.

Proc.

1914 b.

The biology of the North American crane flies (Tipulidae Diptera)

Pomona journ. ent. and zool. 7:1-8, 141-158. 1915 a.
New or little known crane-flies from the United
Canada.

Part
1915 b.

Tipulidae, Diptera.

Proc. 67:458-514.

[1916.]

2.

Acad. Nat.

Sci.

State? andPhiladelphia.

On a collection of Javanese crane-flies (Tipulidae, Diptera) in
the United States National Museum.
1915 c.
193.
[1916.]U. S. Nat. Mus.

Proc. 49: 157-

New or little-known crane-flies from the United States andCanada;Tipulidae, Ptychopteridae,
Proc. 68:486-549.

Sci. Philadelphia.

Diptera.

Part

New Nearctic crane-flies (Tipulidae, Diptera).
ent. 49:199-211.

New Nearctic crane-flies (Tipulidae, Diptera).

Part IV.

Can.

Part V.

Can.

Part VI.

Can.

1918 c.

A new interpretation
crane-flies.

Can.

1918 b.

New Nearctic crane-flies (Tipulidae, Diptera).
50 381-386, 41 1-416.
:

Part III.

1918 a.

ent. 50: 158-165, 242-246.

ent.

Acad. Nat.

1917.

New Nearctic crane-flies (Tipulidae, Diptera).
ent. 50:60-71.

3.

1916.

of the wing-venation
1918 d.
Ent. news 29:201-205.

of thepediciine

Alexander, C. P., and Leonard, M. D. Venational variation in Cladura(Tipulidae Diptera). New York Ent. Soc. Journ. 20:36-40. 1912.

Charles Paul Alexander

960

Alexander, C. P., and Lloyd, J. T.
crane-flies (Tipiihdae, Diptera).

The l)iology of the North American

Pomona journ. ent. and zool. 6: 12-34.

1914.

Baerg, W.
29:354.

Key to eastern species of Rhyphus (Dip.).

J.

Ent. news

1918.

CoMSTOCK, John Henry.

The wings of insects, p. 1-430.

1918.

Key to the North American species of the tricolor group

DiETZ, W. G.

of tlie dipterous genus Tipula Linnaeus.

Ent. news 28: 145-151.

"

1917.

A revision of the North American species of the tipulid genus
Pachyrhina Macquart, with descrintions of new species (Diptera).
Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 44: 105-140. 1918.

On the systematic position of the genus Mycetobia, Mg.
1916.
(Diptera Nematocera). Ann. and mag. nat. hist. 8: 17: 108-116.

Edwards, F. W.
EssiG, E. 0.

The alfalfa crane-flv.

of California.
1913.

7n Injurious and beneficial insects
Monthly bul. 2 242-244.
California State Comm. Hort.
:

Handlirsch, a.

Canadian fossil insects. 5. Insects from the tertiary
Canadalake deposits of the southern interior of British Columbia.
Memoir 12-P. (Reference on
Geol. Survey Branch, Dept. Mines.
1910.
p. 122-123.)

Hyslop, James A.
132.

The smoky crane-flv.

Bul. 85'

U. S. Bur. Ent.

:

1 19-

1910.

Johannsen, Oskar a. Diptera.
s.torum 93:1-141. 1909.

Fam. Mycetophilidai.

Genera insec-

Tipulidae (crane flies). In Insect notes for 1909.
Bul. 177:32-35.
1910.

Maine Agr.

Exp. Sta.

Johnson, C. W. Variation in the venation of Amalopis inconstans
OstenSacken. Ent. news 12:305-307. 1901.

The snow-fly, Chionea valga Harris.

New and little known Tipulidae.
34:115-133.

Frederick. The feeding-habits
Washington. Proc. 12:61-65. 1910.

Mycetobia and the

Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.

Proc.

Geranomyia.

Soc.

classificationofof the Diptera.

Ent.

Ent. news

1916.

Merriam, C. Hart.
Part II.

1907.

1909.

Knab,

27:259-262.

Psyche 14:41-43.

Life zones and crop zones of the United States,
1898.
U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Biol. Survey. Bul. 10:18-53.

The Crane-Flies of New York— Part961

I

MiALL, Louis Compton. Dicranota; a carnivorous tipulid larva.
1893.
Trans. 1893:235-253.
Soc. London.
Neediiam, James G.

Food of brook trout in Bone Pond.

State Museum.

1903 a.

Bui. 68:204-217.

Some new life histories of Diptera.
Bui. 68:279-287.

Ent.

New York

New York State Museum.

1903 b.

The summer food of the bullfrog (Rana catesbiana Shaw) at
New York State Museum. Bui. 86:9-15. 1905.

Saranac Inn.

Report of the entomologic field station conducted at Old Forge,
New York State Ent. Rept. 23

New York, in the summer of 1905.
(1907) 156-248.
:

1908.

Alvah. The head-capsule and mouth-parts of Diptera.
1916.
Illinois biol. monographs 3^:1-112.

Peterson,

Snodgrass, Robert E.
Soc.

The hypopygium of the Tipulidae.

Trans. 30:179-236.

Amer. Ent.

1904.

Ueber den Bau des Hypopygiums der Gattung
Abstract in Wien. Ent.
Mtinster, 1882.

Westhoff, Friedr.

Tipula Meig. Inaug. Diss.,
1882.
Ztg. 1:317-319.

Winn, AlbertF.,

and Beaulieu, Germain.

Family Tipuhdae.

A preliminary list of the insects of the Province of Quebec.
Diptera, p. 111-115.

InPart II,

1915.

Awn

in Certain Avena Crosses and Tts Relation to Other CharMemoir 23, The Inheritance of the Weakacters of the Oat Grain, the second preceding number in this series of publications, was mailed on July 12,

1919.

Plate XXX

Memoir 25

WINGS OP TANYDERIDAE, PTTCHOPTERIDAE, AND TIPULIDAE (cYLINDROTOMINAE)
1,

2,

Proioplasa fitckii
Ptychoptera mfocincta.

3,

Biiiacomorpha clavipes.

4,

Billacomorphellajonesi6, Ci/lindrotoma americana; 7, C. tarsalis. 8, Phcla5, Liogma nodicornis.
crocera (ipulina; 9, P. ncoxena963

Plate XXXI

Memoir 25

WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (lIMNOBIINI)
10, Geranomyia rosirata. 11, G. canadensis. 12, G. distincla. 13, G. diversa
16, D. rostrifera. 17, D.
15, D. wharloni.
14, Dicranomyia longipennis.
haerelica.
20, D. badia. 21, D. liberla.
19, D. monticola.
18, D. halteralu.
26, Z).
25, Z). ram.
24, D. simulans.
22, D. pudica. 23, D. morioides.

macatcei.

27,

Z>.

globithorax.

28,

Z).

pidripennis

964

Plate XXXII

Mkmoir 25

WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (lIMNOBIINI)
L. solitaria. 32, L. fnllax. 33, L. in29, Limnobia cinctipes. 30, L. parietina. 31,
S5, L. trisligma
S4, L. triocellata.
digena.
r,^.
^ ^ , ,.
„uAn j?
40, i2.
39, /?. shannom.
38, R. fidebs.
37, A', fcryajiyi.
36, Rhipidia macidala.
41, Discohola argu^

965

Memoir 25
Platk XXXIII

42^A/?*.«,l:-.

'^'''''^

Tcucholabis complcxa;

53,

O^TIPULIDAE (ANTOCHim)

T. lucida966^'^nncmana;

51,

Z>.

sohrina.

Memoir 25

Plate XXXIVWINGS OF TIPULIDAE (eHIOPTERINi)

58^6

^«rlQ

^^'^fV^'^^^'-l-^^•O.innocens.

Go Molophtlus hirtipennis.
66, M. pu6t>enn,;s.
M. nova-caesanensis. 69 i»/. co,^,a/ws.
70,

57, 0.nignpila.

67 M fw/tonensis
M ursiZs

68,

967

Memoik 25

Plate

XXXV

WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (eRIOPTERINi)
71, Erioptera villosa. 72, E. sepiemtrionis. 73, E. vespertina.
74, E. chrysocoma. 75, E. chlorophylla. 76, E. straminea. 77, E. caloptera.
78, E. needhami.
SO, E. venusla.
79, E. parva.
81, E. armillaris. 82, i?. graphica. 83,^. armala.
84, £. nyctops.
85, £". stigmatica

968

Plate XXXVIMemoir 25

WINGS OF TIPULUDAE (eRIOPTERINI)
86

Gonomyia alexanden.

87, G. sacandaqa.

m,GManda.

89, ^- /«a«Je88, G. manca.
9S, G. cognatella. 94,

91, G. sidphurella. 92, G. Jlorens.
95, G. subcinerea
G. novchoracensis.
97, R. flava
96, Khabdomaslix caudata.

soni.

969

Memoir 25

Plate XXXVII112
WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (eRIOPTERINI, HEXATOMINi)^^^^'Jf'^lobiajiybrida.

99, Trimicra anomala.
100, Gnophoymjia trisHssima
102, Cladura flavoferrugmen; 103, C. delicatula^^l^^^^'yV^o^^^^^ Varadoxa.
104, Penthoplera albitarsis.
105, Eriocera spinom; lOG, E. hrachycera- 107
longicorms; lOS, E. cinerea; 109, E. irilsonii;
110, E. trislis111 £'fuUonensis.
112, Hexaloma megacera

E

'

970

Memoir 25

Plate XXXVIII

127
WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (lIMNOPHILINi)
Limnophila macrocera.

114, L. unica.
115, L. fasciolala.
116, L. po117, L. tenuicornis.
118, L. niveitarsis.
119, L. albipes.
120, L. laricitcnuipes.
121, L.
122, L. imbecilla.
123, L. recondila.
124, L. areolata.
125, L. brevifurca.
126, L. toxoneura.
127, L. ultima
113,

etica.

cola.

971

Plate XXXIX

Memoir 25

WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (lIMNOFHILINi)
128, Limno-pMla adusta.
angliae.

136,

L.

130, L. terrae-novae.
131, L. novae129, L. similis.
134, L. inornata.
135, L. luleipennis.
132, L. lutea.
133, L. irrorata.
nigripleura.
139, L. fuscovaria.
138, L. johnsoni.
137, L. aprilina.

140, L. alleni.

141, L. marchandi

972

Plate XL

Memoir 25

WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (lIMNOPHILINI)
145, L. mun1 i-j.,r
144, L. viunda.
^hjivkx
142, LimnopMa rufihasrs.
149, L. subL. n^on^nna.
148
14^146, L ^rrctrari,..
doides.
153, L.
152, L. Zenia.
^^f'f'''^;^Ji^,„-L;
lol,150, L. novchoracemt_s.
coslata.
,
157, L. sylvia
a, m.
edn
/rf- 'arc/f
lob, L.
stanwoodae.
L.
loo,quadrata. irA, L. oshorni.
•l^^'/'-^S""i^"973

JMemoik 2o

WINGS OF TIPULIDAE

Plate XLI(liMNOPHILINI, PEDICIINi),

AND TWO SPECIESIN

RHYPHIDAE
158, Epiphragmafascipennis; 159, E. solatrix. 160, Adelphomyiaamericana;IGl, A. nunuta; 102, A. cayugn.
163, Ulomorpha piloseUa. 164, Ula elegans
165, Tn'choccrabrumalis; 166, T. suhsinuata
107, Dicranota pallida; 168, D. novehoracertsis; 169, D. rivularis.
170,
Rhaphidolabis J} areola; 171, R. tenuipes; 172, R.rubescens; 173, R. cayuga;
174, R. modesta

974

Memoir 25

Plate XLIIWINGS OF TIPULIDAE (PEDICIINl)]l^'

P^'^i'^^ albiviUa.

T. katahdm.

184,

176,

P. contermina

T. paludicola.

183,

975

Tvemalis

^

^^

^^'

Memoir 25

Plate XLIIIWINGS OF TIPULIDAE (dOLICHOPEZINI, CTENOPHORINI, TIPULINi)
186, Oropeza
dispellens

obscura.

187,

Dolichopeza americana.

188,

Brachypremna

Ctenophora apicata, normalform; 190, C. apicata, black form.
191,
Tanyptera frontalisLongurio
testaceus;
192,
193, L. minimus.
194, Slygeropis fuscipennis.
195, Tipula oropewidcs; 196, T. unimaculatn; 197, T. algonquin
189,

976

Plate XLIV

Memoik 25

WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (tIPULINi)

im, Nephrotomaferruginea.
xanlhostigma.

202, N. lugens.

200,
199, N. tenuis.
203, N. pedunculala.

201, N.
205,
204, A'', imurva.

N. macrocera.

N. penumbra
206,

Tipula unifasciata.

207,

T

cullaris.

pachyrhinoides

977

208,

T.

nobilis.

209,

T.

Plate XLVMemoir 25

220
WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (tIPULINi)
210, Tipula abdominalis. 211, T. hermannia. 212, T. anguslipennis. 213,
T. senega. 214, T. calopiera. 215, T. sirepens. 216, T. beUa. 217, T. eluta.
220, T. cuncians
219, T. sayi.
218, T. tricolor.

978

jVIemoir

Plate XLVI

2.5

WINGS OF TIPULIDAE(tIPUI.INi)

224,
223, T. perlongipes.
222, T. coynga.
221, Tipula tephrocephala.
228, T. labradoricn.
227, T. balioplera.
226, T. trivittata.
225, T. sulphurea.
231, T. megaura
veniris.
230, T. bicornis.

979

T.

kennicotti.

229, T. longi-

Plate XLVIIWINGS OF TIPULIDAE (tIPULINi)
232 Tipida nllinia. 233,
237, T. valida.
T. umhrosa.
241. T. tuscarora.

242, T.

T.

236,
235, T. aperta.
macrolahis.
234, T. loetviana.
240, T. triton.
239, T. submnculata.
T. dietziana.

238,

mingwe980

Plate XLVIII

Memoir 25

254
WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (tIPULINI)
245 and 246 T.
244, T. taughnnnock iemale
243, Tipula annulicornis, male.
T^hebe.^and female. 247 T penohscot. 248, T^snbfasaata. 249,
2o4, 1.
253, 7. manwmis.
252, T. iroquois.
251, T. dejecta.
250, T.fragilis.
,

M-ffW^ale,.

apicalia

981

Memoir 25

Plate XLIX

257

256

260

263
262
264
266

265

267

268

269

270

271

272
NINTH TERGITE OF MALE HYPOPYGIUM, DORSAL ASPECT

255, Sty geropis fuscipennis.

256, Longurio tcstaceus.

257.

A eshnasoma riverto-

neiisis258,

Tipula oropezoides.

259, T. unimacuJata.
260, T. algonquin.
261,
2G2, T. unifasdata.
263, T. tricolor.
264, T. strepem.
265, T. bella.
266, T. sai/i.
267, T. caloptera or closely related species.
268, T. perlongipes.
269, T. kennicotti.
270, T. sulphurca.
271, T. tephrocephala.
272, T. cayuga
T. nobilu.

982

Plate L

jMemoiu 25

277

280

281

283

284

279

282

285

286

287

288
NINTH TERGITE OF MALE HYPOPYGIUM, DORSAL ASPECT
273, Tipula ultima.
274, T. cunctnns.
275, T. penohscot.
276, T. angxistipennis.
centralis.
277, T. serla.
278, T. senega.
279, T. baliopiera..
280, T.
281, T. carmdensis.
282, T. Icrnaria. 283, T. septentrionalis
284, T. nrctica. 285, T. longiventris. 286, T. caroliniana.
287, T. hermannia.
288, T". annulicornis

983

Memoir 25

Plate LI

290

289

292

293

295

296

297

298

294

299
301

300

302

304
NINTH TERGITE OF MALE HYPOPYGIUM, DORSAL ASPECT
Tipula fnliginosa.

290, T. taughannock.
291, T. angulata.
292, T.
293, T. latipennis. 294, T. trivitlala. 295, T. macrnlabis. 290, T. mucTolaboides.
297, T. fragilis. 298, T. ignohilis.
299, T. abdominalia. 300, T.
iroquois.
301, T. dejecta.
302, T. apicalis.
303, T. valida.
304, T. hirsutu
289,

grata.

984

Plate LII

Memoir 25

320

319

321

NINTH TERGITE OF MALE HYPOPYGIUM, DORSAL ASPECT
309, T.
308, T. loewiana.
307, T. mainensis.
306, T. dietziana.
305, Tipula australis.
umbrosa. 310, T. mingice. 311, T. georgiana. 312, T. monticola. 313, T. tramlucida.
317, T. sv.hmacidata.
318, T. john316, T. tuscarora.
315, T. triton.
314, T. penicillata.
321, 7'. parshleyi
320, T". megaura.
soniana.
319, T". bicornis.

985

Memoir 25

Platk LI 1

334
MALE HYPOPYGIUM

Apex of ninth pleurite: 322, Tipxda macrolabis; 323, T. macrolaboides
Ventral aspect of eighth sternite 324, Tipula algonquin; 325, T. cayuga; 32o, T.auslralis;
327, T. dietziana; 328, T. luscarora
Lateral aspect of male hypopygium:
329, Longurio iestaceus.
330, Tipuia oropezoides;
331, T. kennicoUi; 332, T. cunclans; 333, T. ultima; 334, T. penobscot; 335, T. annulicornis336, T. taughnnnock:

986

Memoir -25

Plate LIV

339

338
337

340

342

343

345

346
MALE HYPOPYGIUM, LATERAL ASPECT

337, Tipula baliopiera. 338, T. se-ptenlrionalis. 339, T. centralis. 340, T. angulala.
341 T. canadeni'.is. 342, T. apicalis. 343, T. hennannia. 344, T. iroquois. 345, T.
hirsuta.
340, T. maincnMs,

987

Memoir 25

Plate LV

354

353
MALE HTPOPYGIUM, LATERAL ASPECT
347, Tipula monlicola.

johnsoniana.

348, T. seminole.
352, T. morrisoni.

349, T. tuscarora.
353, T. megaura.

988

350, T. hicornis.
351, T.
354, T. parshleyi

INDEX(Page numbers in italics refer to the keys.
the first

When there is more than one page reference,

number refers to distribution in the State.
A

Abdomen

870
878
908

Activities

Acyphona
Adelphomjna

PAGE

PAGE
Dicranomyia (ronf^nupd')

9H
9H
OH

805, 91806,
806,

americanacayugaminutaAdult flies

Aeshnasoma
rivertonensis

Antennae
Antoohaopalizanssaxicola

Antochini, key to genera of
Arhipidia

Atarbapicticornis

894
894
895
S95
895
894
854
792, 895
793, 894
793, 895
793, 895
793, 895
793, 894
793, 8^5793, 894
793, 895
793, 894
794, 895
794, 895
894
916
900
797, 900
900
900
797, 900
9G0
900
925
925
814, 925
925
814, 926
S92796, 892
778_ 929
815, 929

divorsa
gladiator
globithorax
haeretica
halterata

792,
792,
792,
792,
792,

immodesta

845
933
933
848
S09
900
797, 900
897
892
899
798, 899

isabellina
libertalongipennis

macateeimoniliformis
monticola
morioides
pubipennis
pudicarara
rostrifera

simulansB

stulta...

884
790, 88S
885
790, 885
SS4
9^8
939

Bittacomorphaclavipes

Bittacomorphellajonesi

Bittacomorphinae

Brachypremna
dispellens

whartoni

Dicranophragma
Dicranoptycha

germanaminimanigripes

sobrinatigrinaCwinnemana
903
903
805, 903
805, 903
805, 903
903
805, 903
943
903
805, 903
805, 903

Chioneaasperagracilis

noveboracensis
primitiva
scita

valga
Cinctotipula

Claduradelicatula
flavoferruginea
indivisa

paradoxa
Ctenophora

931

apicata

nubeculaCtenophorini, key to genera of

Cylindrotoma
americanaanomalatarsalis

Cylindrotominae, key to genera ofbadia
brevivena

brunnea
distans

pallidarivularis

Discobolaargus
Distribution

Dolichopeza
americanaE
Economic importance

Egg

932
930
927
927
937
815, 927
926

Elephantomyia
westwoodi

918
887
893
791, 894

988

Dolichopezini, key to genera of817, 932

D
Dactylolabis

euceranoveboracensis

904
906
805, 906

Cryptolabis

Diazosma
Dicranomy ia

Dicranota

776
837
^98
797 SOS
908
882
•

•

,

EmpedaEnemiesEphelia

Epiphragma

^\^
.

oVi'

5*J^A>

solatrix

811, 575
921

Erioceraantennaria

922
812,
812,
812,
812,

brachycera
cinereafuliginosa
fultonensis

792, S94_

895
895

gibbosa.

989

o/ ff
'""

faseipennis

,

,

,

922
922
922
9««
^**

Charles Paul Alexander

990

K

PAGE
Eriocera {continued)
812, 9S2
812, 923
812, 9S2

longicornis

spinosa
Iristiswilsonii

Erioptera
Erioptora, kev to subgenera ofarmataarmillaris

calopterachlorophvUa
chrvsocoiiia

graphican.egophthalma
needhami
noctivagans
nyctops;parva
septemtrionis
stigmatica

straminea
venustavospertina
villosa

Eriopterini. key to genera ofEulimnophila
Eutonia

922
908
90S
801, 909
801, 909
801, OOS
800, 909
800, 909
801, 909
800, 909
802, 908
909
802, 909
802, 908
800, 908
802, 909
800, 909
801, 909
800, 909
800, 9rt9
001

917
917
854

Eyes

PAOB

Keys to the crane-flics of northeastern North
Americaggs

LLabrador, crane-flies of

Larva

785
837

Lasiomastix
Legs
Leiponeura

858

<J16

,904

Life zones, distribution by

826
896

Limnobia
cinctipes

795, 896
795, 896

fallaxhudsonica

896

immaturaparietina

795, 896
795, 896
795, 896

sociabilis
solitaria
triocellata
tristignia

796, 896
796, 896
796, 897

indigena

897

Limnobiinae
Limnobiini, key to genera ofLimnophila

890
890
915
806, 918
806, 910
807. 91 7. 918
809, 916

adustaalbipcs
alleniaprilina

F
S83
878

Families, key toFeeding habits

778
778
891
794, 891
891
794, S9/794:, 891

canadensis
distincta

diversarostrata

Gnophomyia

909
910
803, 910
904
904803, 903
804, 905
804, 905
804, 9)5

luctuosa
tristissinia

Gonomyella

Gonomyia
alexandcri

blandacognatellaflorensmanea

edwardiemmelina

807, 919

fasciolata
fratria

806, 916
807, 919
810, 916
807, 91
807, .9/ 7

fuscovaria
imbecilla
inornata

johnsoni

810, 910

laricicola

807,
807,
808,
808,
806,
917,
Sll,
810,

macrocera
marchandi..

montananiundaniundoides
nigripleura

uoveboracensis

804

905
804, 905
804, 905
804, 905

novae-angliae
noveboracensis
osborni

niveitarsis

poetica

H
HauntsHead
Helobia
hybridaHexatoina
niegaoera
Hexatoinini, key to genera ofquadrata

876
845
907
803, 907
920

recondita812, 921

subcostata
subtenuicornis

Hoplolabis

920
908

Hypopygium

870
I

Idioi)t<Ta

Immature stages

916
837

919
920
919
917
916
918
918
916
916
808, 917
808, 916
919

lenta
lutea
luteipennis

mathesoni
subcinerea
sulphurella

918
920

918

irrorata

803, 9.).')
804, V05

sacandaga

91
91
91

807,
807,
807,
810,
807,

contempta
cubitalisG
Geosraohical distribution
Geological distrioution

Geranomyia

areolata
brevif urea

rufibasis
similissimplexstanwooda&
Sylviatenuicornis

tenuipes
terebrans
terrae-novae

toxoneura

808, 57.9
.'

920
919
808, 920
808, 917
810, 9t9809, 918
810, 919
809, 920
809, 919
806, 916
e09, 920
806, 916
809, 917

919
918
809, 919

— PartThe Crane-Flies of New YorkOPAGE
Odontotipula

Limnophila (continued)
809, 917, 918

ultimauiiicaLininopliilini, key to genera of

Liogmanodicornis

Longurio

minimustestaoeus

918
91S
927
815, 928
933
934
817, 934

M
Maine, crane-flies ofMatingMesocyphonaMesothorax
Metathorax
Molophilus

comatus'

forcipulafultonensis
hirtipennis
nova-capsariensis

Mouth parts
Mycetobia
divergens

Mycetobiinae

N
Nephrotoma
abbreviata

approximata
breviorcornis
calinota
cingulatacornifera

euceraevasa
ferruginea
festinagracilicornis
liirsutula

incurva

934
936
937
817, 936
817, 936
9S7
936
817, 936
937
817, 935
937
818, 935
936
818, S35

935

lugens818, 935
818, 935

macrocera
occipitalis

okefenoke
opacivitta

pedunculata

penumbra
perditapolymerapunctum
sodalisstigmatica
suturalistemeraria
tenuisurooeravirescensvittula.

wyalusingensis

xanthostigma.<ew Brunswick, crane-flies of

Newfoundland, crane-flies ofNova Scotia, crane-flies of

912
911

fascipennis
holotricha

798, 912
798, 911

911

luteola799, 912
799, 912
799, 512
799, 912
799, 911
799, 912
799, 911

megacera
meigeniimesoceramonticola
nigripila

nimbipennis
nubila512
799, 912
799, 912
911
799, 91
799, 912

pilosapygmaearubella929

Oropeza
albipesdorsalis816, 930

obscuraobscura polita

816, 930

sayi

ven9sa816, 930
816, 930
816, 930
816, 930

Oviposition
Ovipositor

881
874

930
930

similislineataobliterata

798, 912
798, 912

deviatadivergens

907
892
846
8S9
79\, 889
888

Monorhipidia

911

atricepsbilineata

innocens

802, 907
803, 906

pubipennis
ursinus911
911

arcuata

perplexa

937
935, 936
936
937
818, 935
935
936
818, 936
935
818, 95e
937
936
937
818, 936
936
819, 935
935
537
819, 936
782
785
783

PAGE

798, 911
798, 911

apicalis

palpalis
parallela

991

943

Ormosiaabnormis

780
880
908
855
858
906
906
S02, 907
802, 907
802, 907

I

subalbipes

P
923

Pedicia

813, 923
813, 923

albivitta

contermina
Pediciini, key to genera of

923
921

Penthoptera
albitarsis

812, 921

Phalacrocera

927
815, 927
927
815,

neoxenatipulina

881

Photophilism
Phylidorea
Plectromyia

918_

925
919
855
883
790, 883
919
904
884
790, 884
884
884

Prionolabis

Prothorax
Protoplasa
fitchii

Pseudolimnophila
Ptilostena

Ptychoptera
rufocincta

Ptychopteridae
Ptychopterinae

841

Pupa
.

Q
783

Quebec, crane-flies ofR
Rearing immature stages
References cited
Resting habits

843
959
879

Charles Paul Alexander

992

PAGE
904

Rhabdomastix.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'

caudata

90^

flava

804, .904

Rliamphidia

S97797, 898
797, 898025
925
814, 926
814, 925
815, 925
814, 926
814, 925
S92794, 893
893
795, 893
794, 893
893
886
888
888
791, 888
791, 888
791, 888

flavipes

mainensis

Rhaphidolabina
Rhaphidolabis
cay ueaflaveolamodestarubescenstenuipes
.

.

.

.

:

Rliipidia

bryantidoniestica
fidelismaculata
shannoni

Rhyphidae
Rhyphinae
Rhyphusalternatus
fenestralis

punctatus

S
Sacandaga

90J^

Sclerites

845
834

Seasonal distribution
Sexual dimorphism
Stygeropis

876

fuscipennis

817,

Swarming

932
933
880

PAOB
Tipula (continued)
centraliscinctacincticornis

coUariscostaliscunctans
cuspidata
decoradejectadietziana
discolor

duplexeluta

entomophthorae
fasciata
filipesflavibasis

flavicansfragilis

fraterna
fuliginosa
fultonensis

fumoaageorgiana
grata
hebes
helderbergensis
herniannia
hirsutahuron
ignobilis

ignotaillustrisTfrontalis

fumipennis
topazina
Teucholabis

complexa
lucidaThorax883
931
816, 931
817, 931
817, 931
901
798, 901
901

Tipulaabdominalis

854
938
819, 945

afBicta

820, 946

albonotata
algonquinangulata
angustipennis

96y819, 943
945, 958
820, 948, 960

annulicornis

961

apache957

apertaapicalis
aprilina
arcticaaustralisbalioptera
bella
besseisibicornisborealis

calopteracalva
canadensis
caroliniana
casta

catawbacayuga

951

9.'>7

821,

conspicua

iUinoiensis

Tanyderidae
Tanyptera

948
957

imperfecta
inermisinfuscatairoquois

jejunajohnsoniana
kennicottilabradorica
latipennis

loewiana
longiventris

macrolabis
macrolaboides
maculipennis
mainensis
margarita

megauramingwemonticola
morrisoni

820, 945

nobilis.

955
948, 949
953
94s
820, 944
951
820, 954
957
820, 944
957
948
947
957
955
821, 952

oropezoides
ottawaensis
pachyrhinoides
pallidaparshleyi

943
956
967

821, 944

957
957
953
953
957
957
S2l, 944
956
957
957
056
957
821, 946, 960
944821, 945, 949
822, 956
957
822,955
822, 946, 960
822, 946, 950
822, 956
822, 946, 949
822, 947, 949, 952
966
823, 946, 960
960
957
957
967
957
821,

,957

8^3, 047, 949

967
954
962
94!)

823, 946, 960

963823. 047, 949
823, 946, 950

947
957
954
823, 956
954
823, 954
823, 966

964
823, 943
819, 94^
946, 967943
957
824, 954

penicillata

953

penobscot

824, 945
824, 952

perlongipes
piliceps

platy merapuncticornis
resurgensretortarohwerisackeniana

951

967
967
957
967
824
824, 956

— PartThe Crane-Flies of New York

993

I

PAGE
Tipula {continued)
824, !)44

sayi

Seminole
senega;septentrionalis
serrulataserta
speciosa
spectabilis
strepens
subf asciata

tricolor
triplextritontrivittata

._

.'
.

calcar813, 924
813, 924
813, 924

hyperborea

924

inconstans

813, 924

katahdin924

paludicola
vernalis
Triniicra

814, 924
814, 924

anomalaTriogma

803, 910

954

exculpta.

.

910

.

926
926

,

966
954

825, 944
826, 952
819, 943
819, 943
826, 047, 949, 962

umbrosa
unifasciata

unimaculata
valida,winnemana
Tipulidae
Tipulidae, key to tribes ofTipulinae
Tipulini, key to genera ofmuliebris

924

auripennis
autumnalis.

952
957

888
888
887
887
942

957
955
825, 944
957
825, 945,

tuscarora
ultimamafiiia

Trichotipula

Tricyphona

825,

791,

Tricliocerinae

9.57

945

ternaria
tesselatatranslucida

Toxorhina

regelationis

824, 944

825, 951, 953
825, 951
948, 950

860
887
791, 887
791, 887

subsinuata

824, 947, 940, 052

subniaculata
sulphurea
Ruspecta
taugliannock
tcphrocephalaversicolor
vicinavitrca055
824, 949, 050
04S
040
824, 04S, 050
057

PAGE
Transverse suture
Trichooera
bimacula
brumalis
maculipennis

957
826, 956

944
957
S89
8S9
9^8
932
898
899
797, 899

U
Ula

913
811, 913
811, 913

eleganspauperaUlomorpha

913
811, 914

pilosellaV
860

VenationW
Washington, D. C, crane-flies of

Wings

785
860

I