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Jim KAUAHIKAUA,**.  -  ,-  ,**/  -  ,- Morphometric Study of the Lava Entering the Sea : the +33* Kaimu Bay Flowfrom Pu’u ‘O’o-Kupaianaha Vent, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii
Miyuki NONAKAῌ, Susumu UMINOῌῌ and Jim KAUAHIKAUAῌῌῌ
The Pu’u ‘O’o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea Volcano has been active since +32- and e#used ,.- km- oflavas by September ,**,. In +33*, lava ﬂows fed by tubes from Kuapainaha vent covered Kalapana Village andentered Kaimu Bay. Kaimu Bay was covered with “main lobes” emplaced parallel to shoreline and “outﬂows”
emplaced between the main lobes. The edges and surfaces of main lobes are often covered with thin pahoehoe
lobes, and have clefts and pits on the surface formed by inﬂation of the lobes. Flow directions of main lobes
indicated from buckled ropy wrinkles were parallel to shoreline, and new lobe branched from edge of older lobe
also ﬂowed along the older lobe. The lava lobes are holohyaline at their surface with sporadic varioles ofclinopyroxene, and become intersertal at the interiors with increasing microcrystals of plagioclase andclinopyroxene. The solidiﬁcation temperature of lava estimated from MgO content in the glass of the lobe surface
is ++.* (-) . On the other hand, the temperature of lava on Kupaianaha and Pu’u-O’o lava lake is ++/. (-) , the di#erence is only +. when lava carried to Kaimu Bay over ,* km away from vent, hence tube system
keep high adiabatic e#ect. At the last period of Kaimu bay ﬂow, the temperature of lava is ,*ῌ,. lower than
the former period. This suggests that whole tube systems in Kaimu bay cooled by air, and molten lava stagnatedin lava lobes at the last period. As examined daily outline of expanding ﬂow lobes from observation data of lava
ﬂows from land and air by Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and morphometric survey of present lava lobe on
Kaimu bay, a mean supply rate of lava ﬂux to Kaimu Bay was 22,*** m-/day during 21 days from 0 August to ,0October. It is consistent with other data of Pu’u ‘O’o-Kupaianaha eruption.
The emplacement and development process of lava lobes on Kaimu bay is inferred as following : When lava
entered the sea, front part of lava was solidﬁedy by rapid cooling of water. Although following molten part
avoided solidiﬁed front part, it also entered the sea and was solidiﬁed by rapid cooling of water. Lava lobe makes
barrier to the sea and ﬂow along shoreline. Soon, lava lobes stopped from gentle cooling by air and began
inﬂation due to injection of molten lava. Clefts on “main lobes” resulted from inﬂation of lava and “outﬂows”
from leakage of molten lava from clefts. When internal pressure rise due to injection of molten lava got over thetensile strength of crust, cracking and large drainage of molten lava occurred, new lobe formed and ﬂew alongolder lobe. Finally, shallow zone of Kaimu bay was buried by many lava lobes parallel to shoreline.
Key words : Kilauea Volcano, Kaimu Bay, lava lobes, entering the sea, morphometry
.,,ῌ2,/3  2-0 !"#$%&&Department of Biology and Geosciences, Faculty of
Science, Shizuoka University, 2-0 Oya, Shizuoka .,,ῌ2,/3, Japan.
'() : ++-ῌ**-, *+,-+./ +ῌ+ῌ+*+"012(
Present address : Earthquake Research Institute, theUniversity of Tokyo, +ῌ+ῌ+, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo++-ῌ**-,, Japan.
.,,ῌ2/,3  2-0Faculity of Science, Shizuoka University, 2-0 Oya,
Shizuoka .,,ῌ2/,3, Japan.
U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hawaii National Park, Hawaii 3202-, U.S.A.
Corresponding author : Miyuki Nonaka
e-mail : nonaka-m@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp`a¼ M¼Jim KAUAHIKAUA

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Fig. +. Geologic map of Pu’u ’O’o-Kupaianaha ﬂow
ﬁeld developed during a period from January+32- to February +33, (Mattox et al., +33-).
Large square shows the area of aerial photographs shown in Fig. , and small square shows
the studied area.

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Fig. ,. Aerial photographs of Kalapana ﬂow ﬁeld
taken by HVO, USGS on 1 May (a), +2 August(b) and 1 December (c), +33*.

Fig. -. Growth model of Kaimu Bay ﬂow ﬁeld
observed by HVO, USGS from + August to ,0October.



Pu’u ‘O’o-Kupaianaha

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161Fig. .. Major structures of (a) main lobe several meters high and outﬂow emplaced between main lobes. (b)Side wall of lava-inﬂation cleft shows the structure of lava crust. The upper crust consists of surface blackglass and less vesicular gray columnar jointed layer, and the lower crust is vesicular and shows elongated red
and gray stripes parallel to lobes. (c) Lava-rise pit on Lobe+, +/ m diameter and -.1m deep. (d) Pit ﬂoor
and buckled-up ﬂow margins surrounding of the pit shown in (c). (e) Ropy wrinkles on main lobes. (f)Ropy wrinkles on outﬂow. Note that surface folds of (e) are larger than (f). Both of those indicate ﬂow
direction from right to left in photos. Scale is + m in (e) and ,* cm in (f).

º»~ ¼~Jim KAUAHIKAUA

162

Fig. /. Outlines of main lobes, lava-rise pits, lava-inﬂation clefts and ﬂow directions indicated by ropy wrinkles on
the main lobes.

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°2±0 ²W'W- * m 0 ! ,**+ Fig. 0. Growth of main lobes in Kaimu Bay during+῍+/ August (a), +0 August-+ October (b) and
0῍,0 October (c).

/ W /'p?F3! /"' Fig. 1
3O( ! ,**+ 4 !"'5³O Lobe+ 6´,**+ 

/  " ' %   5 ³ O e)¸Y¹º»)¸ ¼»Jim KAUAHIKAUA

164

Fig. 1. Survey lines and points and positions of cross sections shown in Fig. 2. Large circles BL-+A, BL-+B, BL+C, BL--A and BL--B are reference points to determine the altitudes of other points.

Kaimu ῏ ,**,   Y ῌ   X  !"#$ BL-+A % &

XY '( (m) &)*+,!"#$-./,02345῍678-9:/, ;<=>?

1

Av

wxT῎y῎yGHIV (Fig. 2 b)

ez- BC{LLine+A @A|L

Line+F -}~-.l)*+T` F"#GHI1῎yGHI qrCv -V Fig. /  (Fig. 2)
.ῌ, 
,**+ 

kAl F"#GHI-Zmn opTqr,/ WlZF"#GHI[\s- S< [\tlu@lF"#GHI ` -& Lobe+ Z{
23@A BCDE

F"#GHI

Lobe- J; Line+A, Line+B, Line+C, Line+E 45@A|`^ Line+A Z Lobe- Line+F Z ;<-V WlA W&@A ;<=>? (Fig. 2 b) K ,**,  F"#GHI<Z -)*b + m  GH

23@A Kaimu ῏J; Line,, Line. 4

I&, [\ ZM@i

Line+F

5 Line/ & (Fig. 2 a) )L MEF"#GHIJ;

&jkAl

 Line++, Line+/, Line+0, Line,+, Line,,a, Line,,b, Line,. 45 Line,0 >? (Fig. 2 c) ῏J;

/ 

;<= (Fig. 2 a) @A NOPQRF"#GHIKaimu ῏-^s` 7823@A

S<+T )* -U+* m VW&TX@ Fig. 1 a

wx

&

D¡¢ A- Kaimu

Y Line, Z Lobe-  [\]J;,^ _<Z)

῏

23

D¡wx£¤¡-¥¦ Pu’u

* + m `V Fig. 2 b Y Line+F Z Lobe- Ca

O’o-Kupaianaha  §s¨ wx£¤¡&

aDE [\]J;,^ ] )*+Zb + m/ῌ+ 

V W W&@A[\c1d F"#GHI

Fig. 0 -©s¨ wx` <ª01< )*ZNOPefg, + m `hi&j

1- «¬­/®Y¯°±²³´Hµ¶·

Pu’u ‘O’o-Kupaianaha

 +33*  !

165Fig. 2. Cross sections of ﬂow lobes along Lines ,, ., and / (a) and Lines +A, +B, +C, +E and +F (b) traversing
the Kaimu Bay, and coastal main Lobes 1, 2, 3, ++, +,, +. and ,. (c). Positions of lines are shown in Fig. 1.
Numbers above the sections indicate the lobe numbers. Lava-rise pits are shown by gray ﬁlled concaves andlava-inﬂation clefts are shown by gray notched lines.

µ¶·q ¸·Jim KAUAHIKAUA

166
Table +.

Daily and periodic expanded areas of lava lobes in the ﬂow ﬁeld of Kaimu Bay.



 IP-Lab  !"#$%&'()* +,-./0-12345 6*789: + % $ +* ] +0 ^  o p  K   { | a \ + ^ c  d22,*** m- (11 m-/min) CKBKalapana j4kU

~}

;<=> (m) ?@AB

ABgNZ[*\(nUK*UD

CD EFGH +..2 m ῌ pixel, IJGH +.,0 m ῌ pixel CKc%$D Kalapana j4k(B LMN

%$;<OP (m,)+.20 m,ῌpixel, C?@ MQR'

OPCLP@S

Table + ./ Fig. 3 TA

~}\qr+* cm -N#MCU%*B gD +32- %$AB Pu’u ‘O’o-Kupaianaha )*D qo(4U(/ῌ, ῎῏῍ῌUVWXYVZ[\ 2 ] + ^%$ABMC%$ (Kauahikaua et al., +332)D Kalapana  AB¡D  ¢£gN ¤[¥+/ ^ _Z[ +`D 3 ] ,0 ^%$ +* ] + ^ _Z[ ,`D +* ])*YVU¢£ +* ] ,0 ^+N\,0 ^%$ ++ ^ _Z[ -`D L +* ] +1 ^%$ ,0 ^

j4k\~}*K*C¦§$eB L_Z[ .`  . Z[N#B YVa\D Z[ , C - Nb^

MND   ¨©j4k~} qª%$qv

cdLefe .2,*** m, ./ ./,*** m, N#UD Z

OgN 0 m C¦§BCD {|ax«SC

[ + C . N\ /,*** m ./ +,*** m CK 2 ] 1 ^ + ^cd .0,*** m- (-, m-/min) U¬$eB Me$%$ +* ] ,0 ^gN 21 ^[hiOP

S\­£Z\ 00*,*** m, CK)±B{|a 02,*** m- ῌ^C²³N#B,,®¯° / ] +3 ^%$ -* ^ Kalapana

j4klmn%$R'j4k"Oo(Mattox et al., +33-) gD +322  + ] ,-´,/ ^pqr\ /.1 m, stuvwUxVNy 0 m N#B

j4k{|a +.,´00 m-ῌC¡²³N#B (HonzD {|}e~}et al., +33.)

K3++.1 m CABCD x

5P\ 1,1**,*** m KdD 2 ] + ^-«¬­®A¦¯°±² Pu’u ‘O’o-Kupaianaha ±³'( +33* ´#*µ¶#·)¸ ·o¹ º»C

Fig. 3. (a) and (b) shows daily and cumulated areal
growth of Kaimu Bay ﬂow ﬁeld, respectively.

167

Fig. +*. Texture of a glassy part from the surface(a) and a crystalline part from the lobe core (b)on Lobe+0.

0      

0ῌ+ 

+ !"#$% 

_`E  TU - mm X>aI ,&/ mm ]omn:uv mnwx:yzD{Z |e;<=}~  '( +/&.* cm> JH( +/&.* cm ) , *+'(,-./0 12

 NOPc:78XbE (Fig. +* b)*A34 56 789:;<= JHKLNOP9ZGj :

*&- cm '

(Fig. +* a) >?#@AB'(C

4<=DE FGDHI *.+&+ mm *A HI *.+&*.- mm JHKLHI *.+ mm M
NOPQR

S>  TUV - mm WX>@A

BY'(C4<=DE: TU) X>JH N

DE *A>aI *.+&+ mm X  FG wogDE SJH
HI> *.+&*.- mm X fg_`EW aI *./mm ]gNOP:;<=E

#

JH*AZG:(=E5 '( 

OPZG:[(=E NOP>FG\ ] X;<=]^ we (=E^_`E ]^aI> TUV

mn> +&, cm #c ZG#< *.+ mm 

- mm X +*&+** mm XbE: ,* mm
mm #c`E

X> *.,&*./

SJHHI> 

TUV - mm X +*&/* mm XbE: ,* cm

X>H

I *.+&*.- mm #c d=efg_`E

hij

#=DE0ῌ, 

# 

12ZG

 12>

> KL XaI +*&/* mm XbE W '(X== +, KL +* 1234 ==#, mm klX>aI +&, mm mn:]oXbE#p$D ¡ *., mm ¢#£¤¥*¦ TU X>mn: #pDqr9stg§¨D©12 ,*** ¤¥d$ ª

·²¸¹º»· ¼ºJim KAUAHIKAUA

168

Table ,. Modal compositions of (a) glassy part from lobe surfaces and (b) crystalline
part from lobe cores. Each texture is shown in Fig. +*.



  , cm  !"#$%&'()* +, -.)/0.123

0ῌ-

EPMA 

Kaimu ῍ " ,l. k; +33*  3 ,0 I +*  +1 %&4567 89 :;1 <= >?891@A EPMA &

B;  '()0.&CD " ,l- 1 0.+l0.. wt.ῌ " . 

MgO  /.+ wt.ῌ

BD

EFG)

HIJ <= EFG)0.&KL

MNOPQ R7S +* mm TU VNWXY;Z(Table -) )/mno MgO z{ Kalapana 8+,1b&+33*  + [\30.45]VNWXY;][ῌ^20.1

I ++ _`ab c9 : de fgNO&9h,)/mno MgO  0.0l1., wt.ῌ$%&$%0i Table , jk  *l- cm  mno1 11ῌp; q n )-.1 /.+ῌ '()rst30.1 -.1ῌ

us\30.1 +.3ῌ rs0.1 -.*ῌB; EFG)v῎wxyk;H1 3.-ῌ

 Kupaianaha %&+BD

I Pu’u ‘O’o %& +,

MgO  1.*l1.- wt.ῌBD

Kaimu ῍%&)/mno(Mangan et al., +33/)

MgO  I+, u¡ ". ¢£jk

B; (Table ,, Fig. +* a)z{ +/l.* cm <| (Table ,,Fig. +* b)

 mno}~& q n )-.,.+ῌ  0. *.. &; '()0.4

5EFG)0.fYY& +0.+ῌ ...2ῌ
BD -.)/e & 0.'()/./ῌ EFG) +,.-ῌ   0.

fYY ,.3 45 -.0 & ; (Table ,).+.3ῌ <|

,3.0ῌ

1 



1ῌ+ 
Kaimu ῍ <|wx45

Kaimu ῍+, Pu’u ‘O’o-Kupaianaha +,¤¥w¦§& T¨©<ª«¬­*®¯k;°±²0.$%

BD<|wx§& 0i  <|-.)/891¡ ³´-.µ BD  <| ¶

·¸-()*+,W¹ Pu’u ‘O’o-Kupaianaha WX% +33* -" 1"0¨º"»¼
Table -.

Chemical compositions of glass from the surface of main lobes.

 

  &z[{|}[~&& k` ,Z- 0 Kaimu 
10 MgO 0!"#$% &Helz and Thornber (+321) '()*+,-./)

0()*+,( 1234

% , km169&105

6 78 .9:;<=> 08l[ Fl 
K"10%1" Kupaianaha WX0

0.- wt.ῌ 8 1.* wt.ῌ++.* JO-L K 8 ++/. JO-L

Fe'_o +.K [\ Fe' 1

Kuapainaha WX% ,* km !  Kaimu z["0>?)@0 MgO ABC&C&`<Yabp0[ {|}1E0FGHI T JKL M,*.+

0>#$YD & z k` .  Kaimu "<D

MgON+*+. JO-L "P&"<DMangan et al. (+33/) ' +33+  + Q%RS+Tp0UV .3 0 Kupaianaha WX  Pu’u ‘O’o WX0 10?)@< EPMA

7Y Kupaianaha

WX0?)@ 0.0Z1.+ wt.ῌ [\&0]
Pu’u ‘O’o WX[' 1.*Z1.- wt.ῌ "^><"&"

_ Pu’u ‘O’o-Kupaianaha WX`[ab& MgO
0cd' E0 10Fe<C"#$%

Helz and Thornber (+321) 0fgI

Kupaianaha WX 1' Pu’u ‘O’o WX 1h +.KF["i$&

10 MgO ' /.+ wt.ῌ [ k` ,Z- p ,*῍,.K > +++1 JO-L K [' Kaimu 0> {|}[ 1Kaimu >j k` ,Z. cC& +33*  3 Q0

10=

"_ &1ῌ, ῕ῑ῏ῌ῎῍ῒΐῐ῔

1b_0%% '" =""#$%

0 "&'H0 -~xC&"#$% &"1'(" ¡¢£ ¤C&,0 % +* Q +1 

1tu

"¡¢C&1¥9¤ 1[¦§ &  <)j¨0h©%" "C&  "0¡¢Hª7 l0Y< Table , DC "¤C& « ¬­<®¯C& 

?)@0 MgO ' k` ,Z- 0mn. 0.+Z0.-°j± 0 j 1'¨0h©

wt.ῌ k` . 0 MgO ' /.+ wt.ῌ [\ >o p

%[s  ="C&"#$% &< EPMAEk0 Kupaianaha WX0

1"qrs k` .

'hpr><DC Kaimu 
Kupaianaha WX0

j1tuv[\&

1"q MgO r>wx"

1 Kupaianaha WX% Kaimu y²j  &0§)@9³5
10´*µC&
G% Kaimu '>s¶p0 "%+a,%





w¡¢<w hJim KAUAHIKAUA170



 _!"3:} Y~ ,-  MgO ` 0.+0.- wt.ῌY~ .  MgO ` /.+ wt.ῌ 3 XY Kupaianaha !"#$ %&Mi 3WaO`5b!" Y~ ,-  Kaimu'(") *+ ,-.

*/0



":3







12

! 3!4 5-./0673./09:; "12  8<

=Fig. / >?@ " $ 

3Mi3PZGjk+. (PC Ocd5eC4O"3 \<Y~ . GY~ ,- &'!"$;$ ,*῍,. aOPR/!":3

Kaimu* %&3f!   R g;$hI!"3 <!3

Kaimu *N(&'+.E(G"#A$'12") %&'!"[i' :qr0<!3"#3BC4<5D :E(F;)!C4

A$12! # G12!" 5j(47!

Kaimu * G +'"3  :R$<!3"# 12") <3<H,-I

!"



"



 +! J3<DK5 'L+.

~QR5; <H,C4D !"#-E(G Pu’u ‘O’o-Kupaianaha /MNO4 Kaimu *P./0673-./0

Q<H RGST'4OOU0RV Fink and

Gri$ths (+33,) 3" +! OBC4<5D 1G2 %&3 4 W586' Kaimu *7! %&3G Pu’u O’o-Kupaianaha /M8XY %12  89:; Kalapana 4] Kaimu *- %&3G8 Pu’u

&339:RV; ;!OZ[GO \< 4 W‘O’o-Kupaianaha /M

5G Kaimu *3Q<<H=[

V C4 Kaimu *NO4<H,-I`rDP>^_`?@A

D! *5l)m4"+.E(G 2

Kalapana 4]

3R,.,***  + <B4 C =abcDd4E9eF

/MN(`39k:R* lL4 86'4 +!"3OI@ 3 Kaimu * G!GHfgh R*
i R$!G 0 m IRVJ! Q<G<HῑῐK +* m R!G 0 m  C4 Kaimu

nop5+3)V"; q r sZ* GlLR 4 W5M' C"3  4tu' vwxy'GU49ezXW5M'ONc 55D mOnP,N{|C" q r } ~'

op \P12!"G,N{|C" A rjk

qr0GsLkQRf! <H,-IStur53 J!4 Q< ¡4¢¡£M \¤G¥`r0¦

<H G TUV")<B4 Wv:AGru5§!4D'; ¨©+5i&

RVC"3  4 W5 oONc 55:3Ro" A Aaªa «ruw

D mOnPM'O") \P12!"¬¤G­®+¯O4:°±²5O

qr0s!12 w W5<xD" ³\´µ ewk¤ ¶H·¸¤G¹ ;e!4o op5 op

Stur5X;hO3 º'L:3Ro" P<J
2ῌ ῎῔+33* Y  Kalapana 4 ] Kaimu *  7 ! ! "Gop!"`r3#"!

 `rGC

4Zy" zST'
xo

» !

¼+

yj

`rG<H,-ID!"3[&' `r\"`r]Z! <H,BC4D!4O"
Kaimu *`r^{|./5 EPMA῍ ΐ ῒ ῏Anderson, S. W. and Fink, J. H. (+33,) Crease structures :indicators of emplacement rates and surface stress regimes of lava ﬂows. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., +*., 0+/῍0,/.
Fink, J. H. and Gri$ths, R. W. (+33,) A laboratory analog
study of the surface morphology of lava ﬂows extruded
from point and line sources. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.,/., +3῍-,.

HIJKLMNOP

Pu’u ‘O’o-Kupaianaha

QRS +33*

Gregg, T. K. and Fink, J. H. (+33/) Quantiﬁcation of submarine lava-ﬂow morphology through analog experiments. Geology, ,-, 1-ῌ10.
Heliker and Mattox (,**-) The ﬁrst two decades of the
Pu’u ‘O’o-Kupaianaha eruption : Chronology and Selected
Bibliography. In The Pu’u O’o-Kupaianaha eruption of
Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii : the ﬁrst ,* years (Heliker, C.,
Swanson, D. A., and Takahashi, T. J. eds.), U.S. Geologcal Survey Professional Paper, +010, +ῌ,2Helz, R. T. and Thornber, C. R. (+321) Geothermometryof Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii. Bull. Volcanol., .3, 0/+ῌ002.
Hon, K., Kauahikaua, J., Denlinger, R. and Mackay, K.
(+33.) Emplacement and inﬂation of pahoehoe sheet
ﬂows : observations and measurements of active lava
ﬂows on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Geol. Soc. Amer.
Bull., +*0, -/+ῌ-1*.
Kauahikaua, J. P., Mangan, M., Heliker, C. C. and Mattox,
T. (+330) A quantitative look at the demise of basaltic
vent : the death of Kuapainaha, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii.
Bull. Volcanol., /1, 0.+ῌ0.2.
Kauahikaua, J., Cashman, K. V., Mattox, T. N., Heliker,
C. C., Hon, K., Mangan, M. T. and Thornber, C. R.
(+332) Observations on basaltic lava streams in tubes
from Kilauea Volcano, island of Hawaii. J. Geophys.
Res., +*-, ,1, -*-ῌ,1, -,-.
 +- +,-ῌ+-*.
  (+302) 
Mangan, M. T., Heliker, C. C., Mattox, T. N., Kauahikaua,
J. P. and Helz, R. T. (+33/) Episode .3 of the Pu’u
O’o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea volcano - breakdown of a steady-state eruptive era. Bull Volcanol., /1,+,1ῌ+-/.
Mattox, T. N., Heilker, C., Kauahikaua, J. and Hon, K.
(+33-) Emplacement of the Kalapana ﬂow ﬁeld, Kilauea'TJUV'WXYZ

W%&0[\]^

171

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