INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION

ITTO
PRE-PROJECT PROPOSALTITLESUPPORT FOR THE PROMOTION AND SUSTAINABLE
MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNITY FORESTS IN THE
OTI PLAIN, TOGOSERIAL NUMBER

PPD 203/23 Rev.1 (F)COMMITTEEREFORESTATION AND FOREST MANAGEMENTSUBMITTED BY

GOVERNMENT OF TOGOORIGINAL LANGUAGEFRENCHSUMMARY
This pre-project aims to draw a baseline study of Ecological Zone I in Togo (see map in annex) in order toproduce a Project Document for the conservation and sustainable management of natural plant formations in
the Oti Plain, Togo. The overarching concept behind this initiative is to reduce or eliminate the negative impacts
resulting from the destruction of the ecosystems in this area and to help improve the living conditions ofbeneficiary communities. The main outputs will be: (1) data from forest, socio-economic, legal andenvironmental surveys on the project area are available; (ii) a project proposal for the promotion andsustainable management of community forests in the Oti Plain, Togo, is developed for submission to the ITTO.

EXECUTING
AGENCY

Friends of the Environment civil society organization (Association Les
Amis de l’Environnement—AMEN)

COOPERATING GOVERNMENTS---

DURATION

10 MONTHSAPPROXIMATE STARTING DATETO BE DETERMINEDBUDGET AND PROPOSEDSOURCES OF FUNDING

SourceContribution
in US$

ITTO

117 712

Gov’t of Togo

52 630TOTAL

170 342iTABLE OF CONTENTSACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………… IIIPART 1. PRE-PROJECT CONTEXT …………………………………………………… . 1
1.1 Origin and justification .................................................................................... 1
1.2

Relevance ...................................................................................................... 2

1.2.1

Conformity with ITTO objectives and priorities ...................................... 2

1.2.2

Relevance to the submitting country's policies ...................................... 3

PART 2. PRE-PROJECT RATIONALE…………………………………………….. ....... 5
2.1. Objectives....................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1.

Development objective .......................................................................... 5

2.1.2.

Specific objective ................................................................................... 5

2.2. Problem analysis ............................................................................................ 5
PART.3. DESCRIPTION OF PRE-PROJECT INTERVENTIONS……………………...7
3.1. Outputs ........................................................................................................... 7
3.2. Activities, inputs and unit costs....................................................................... 8
3.3. Approaches and methods............................................................................. 15
3.4. Work plan ..................................................................................................... 19
3.5. Budget .......................................................................................................... 20
PART 4. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS……………………………… ......... 25
4.1. Executing agency and organizational set-up ................................................ 25
4.2. Pre-project management team ..................................................................... 25
4.3. Monitoring and reporting .............................................................................. 25
ANNEXES: ............................................................................................................ 26
Annex 1: Profile of the Executing Agency................................................................. 26
Annex 2: Tasks and duties of key experts provided by the Executing Agency ......... 28
Annex 3: Terms of reference of personnel and consultants funded by ITTO ........... 29
Annex 4: Pre-project organizational chart ................................................................ 33
Annex 5: Maps of pre-project area……………………………..……………………………………34
Annex 6: Table of specific recommendations by the 58th Expert Panel and resulting
amendments……………………………………………………………………………….36
Annex 7: ITTO Environmental and Social Screening Checklist Questionnaire.37

ii

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AMEN
CBD
CC-PNAECGPRN
CLGPRNCTP
CVD
DIGRAP
DRF
FAO
F-CFA
GDP
IGAs
ITTA
ITTO
GSEA
MERF
NC
NGO
NTFPs
ODEF
PAFN
PARA
PNADE
PNAE
ToR
TSC
UNCTAD
UNESCOUONGTOZOPP: Friends of the Environment civil society organization (Association Les Amis del’Environnement): Convention on Biological Diversity: Coordination Unit of National Action Plan for the Environment: Committee in charge of Natural Resource Management and Protection: Local Committees in charge of Natural Resource Management and Protection: Senior Technical Advisor: Village Development Committee: Global Rapid and Participatory Diagnostic: Directorate of Forest Resources: Food and Agriculture Organization: Franc of the Financial Community of Africa: Gross domestic product: Income-generating activities: International Tropical Timber Agreement: International Tropical Timber Organization: Gender-based Socioeconomic Analysis: Ministry of the Environment and Forest Resources: National Coordinator: Non-government organization: Non-timber forest products: Agency for Forest Development and Use: National Forest Action Plan
: Participatory Action Research Approach: National Program of Decentralized Environment Management Actions: National Action Plan for the Environment: Terms of Reference: Technical Support Committee: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture: Union of Togo’s NGOs.
: Objective-Oriented Project Planningiii

PART 1. PRE-PROJECT CONTEXT
1.1

Origin and justification

Efforts for sustainable natural resource management undertaken to date in the project area (see Figure 1 andFigure 2 below) have been very sparse and have only targeted a few isolated natural stands such as Naboulgo,
Keran Prefecture, Natchitikpi, Oti Prefecture, etc. While efforts are being undertaken, there is an increasing
deforestation and now fairly advanced environmental degradation. Faced with this situation, people in various
places in the Oti plain (see Figure 2 below) have repeatedly expressed their desire to restore the forest coverin their respective communities following the ongoing and alarming level of damage these natural stands havesustained, hindering economic development in the region. The desire they have demonstrated is motivated by
the continuing fall in production of their main agricultural activities that were once a significant source of income.
As a result, preliminary meetings were held between the communities in the area and the authorities of both theAMEN Association and the Forestry Administration to discuss the environmental problems of the Oti plain andconcerns of local communities. During this series of meetings, the participatory approach was preferred andadopted by the communities. Communities are generally very much aware of the state of degradation of theirenvironment and are fully supportive of the proposed pre-project. This pre-project will conduct preliminary
surveys (forestry surveys, socio-economic and environmental surveys) in the area in order to generate technicaldata and develop a credible project proposal for submission to the ITTO.
The pre-project proposal was reviewed, validated and amended by the ODEF Panel for submission to ITTO.
Amendments focused on conformity with ITTO objectives and priorities (ITTA, 2006; ITTO Strategic Action Plan
2022-2026, ITTO Policy Guidelines on Gender equality and Women Empowerment, ITTO Environmental andSocial Management Guidelines); on budget costs related to personnel, subcontracting, duty travel, consumer
goods, miscellaneous, pre-project monitoring and administration; and on the number of years of experience
required for the national expert to be hired for the pre-project.
Issues preventing the development of a project proposal
This pre-project is justified by the lack of data due to the outdated nature of existing studies on the area
combined with the non-availability of national expertise and the lack of material and financial resources. These
shortcomings are a major impediment for developing a full project proposal directly.
Developing a project proposal requires reliable and practical data from implemented surveys. Therefore thispre-project will contribute to strengthening the human, material and financial resources required for appropriate
implementation of the future project.
Figure 1: Map of the North Plain, including the Oti plain (Zone I)

1

Figure 2: Map of the Oti plain area, Togo (project area)

1.2

Relevance
1.2.1

Conformity with ITTO objectives and priorities

The pre-project is in full compliance with the objectives and priorities of the ITTO as defined in Article 1 of theITTA, 2006, in that it:(c) Contributes to sustainable development and the alleviation of poverty
Pre-project activities will be part of the implementation of sustainable forest management in Togo. Togo has
actually made significant progress by establishing a framework conducive to sustainable and participatory
forest management: the law establishing the “Forest Code” was adopted on June 19, 2008. The Forest Codeaims to remedy the shortcomings 1938 Decree enforcement. To this end, it provides a state-of-the-art legal
system for a more participatory and efficient form of management, which will ensure forest and forest
ecosystem sustainability; the substantial contribution of the forest industry to economic development; and willcontribute to improving the living conditions of local communities. Non-farming income-generating activities
will be identified and implemented for the development of the local communities based on a participatory
approach and the empowerment of grassroots communities.
➢(j) Encouraging members to support and develop tropical timber reforestation, as well as rehabilitation
and restoration of degraded forest land, with due regard for the interests of local communities dependent
on forest resources.

The pre-project will reinforce the future project focusing on the development of degraded forest lands with theactive participation of local communities who will be gradually empowered to sustainably manage theirenvironment. The future project is consistent with the national policy for the production of tropical timber andwill also address poverty alleviation. Project objectives will include inter alia the control of deforestation andenvironmental degradation.
In addition, this pre-project proposal is consistent with priorities and expected outcomes outlined in the ITTO
Strategic Action Plan (2022-2026) as follows:
Strategic priority 3: “Resilience, restoration and conservation”"Reduce tropical deforestation and forest degradation, enhance forest landscape restoration and theresilience of forest ecosystems to climate change, and conserve forest biodiversity and ecosystemservices".

2

The pre-project will generate technical data from forestry, socio-economic and environmental impact surveys
providing the basis for project development. Pre-project implementation will contribute to increasing timber
production and improving forest land with positive effects on local and regional climate. It will also generate
more employment and new income-generating activities in communities. It will therefore contribute to the social
promotion of local communities by reducing their vulnerability to climate change.
During the execution of forestry and socio-economic surveys by consultants in connection with pre-project
implementation, local communities will propose IGAs (Income-generating activities) to provide sources ofincome for their livelihoods. Proposed IGAs will be considered in the development and implementation of the
future project.
The pre-project proposal is also compliant with “ITTO Project Cycle, Component 2”, contained in ITTO Policy
Guidelines on Gender Equality and Empowering Women.
In view of the significant role played by women, women have been included in diagnostic studies right from preproject identification and development. The pre-project also took into account this group of stakeholders in thestakeholders’ analysis for identifying activities, logical framework, implementation approaches, etc.
The pre-project is also compliant with the ITTO Guidelines on the Assessment of Environmental and Social
Risks and Impacts, and in particular Principles 1, 2 and 3, and Priority 1 “Rehabilitation of degraded landscapes”;
Priority 3 “Community management of natural resources”; and Priority 4 “Biodiversity conservation in timber
producing forests”.
1.2.2

Relevance to the submitting country’s policies

The pre-project, is consistent with the national policy contained in forest code adopted in 2008; the forest policy
adopted in 2011; and the updated version of the National Forestry Action Plan (PAFN, 2011). The PAFN focuseson the development of gazetted forest land/protected areas and private forest land with the participation of ruralcommunities to be gradually empowered to sustainable management of their environment.
Togo aims to increase the rate of current forest cover from 6.8% to 30% through this programme, as
recommended by the FAO and thereby increase the timber production by:•

Developing natural plant formations and reforesting degraded and/or new lands;•

Implementing national policies aiming at the rational use and conservation of genetic resources in the
country.

Four additional programs were developed and validated to this end, namely:- National Agriculture Investment and Food Security Programme (PNIASAN)- National Action Plan to Combat Desertification (PAN/LCD)- National Development Plan (PND);- National Agricultural Development Plan (PNDA);- The Strategic Investment Framework for Environment and Natural Resource Management in Togo, 20182022 (CSIGERN) was also developed and validated.
In addition to the programs developed under the National Forestry Action Plan (NFAP) and those of the National
Environment Action Plan (PNAE), the pre-project is consistent with other national programs such as the poverty
alleviation efforts and the combat against desertification and land degradation.
The pre-project is also consistent with Togo’s national policy for gender equity and equality, whose vision is tomake Togo an emerging country without discrimination, where men and women are given the same
opportunities to play a role in its development and to enjoy the benefits of the country’s growth.
The pre-project was designed to focus on the conservation and restoration of existing forest formations and isin line with several major projects and pre-projects completed or under implementation in the country through
ITTO funding, as follows:▪

Project PD 9/99 Rev.2 (F) "Sustainable management of the Missahoé Reserved Forest forestry resources
with the participation of the local rural communities for an optimal timber production (Kpalimé-TOGO)", now

3

▪
▪

completed, follow up to pre-project PPD 11/96 Rev.2 (F) Identification and planning of measures for thesustainable management of the Kloto community forests with the participation of farming communities.
Pre-project PPD 136/07 Rev.1 (F) “Study for the conservation, Land Management and Sustainable
Mountain Biodiversity Management in the Centre North Region of Togo”, implemented and completed.
Pre-project PPD 191/18 (F) “Support to the local communities of the Mono plain for the promotion andsustainable management of community forests in Togo”, implemented and completed in September 2020.

4

PART 2. PRE-PROJECT RATIONALE
2.1.

Objectives

2.1.1.

Development objective

To contribute to the conservation and sustainable management of forest ecosystems in the Oti plain in Togo.
2.1.2.

Specific objective

To support local communities with developing a project for the conservation and sustainable management of
biodiversity in the Oti plain in Togo.
2.2.

Problem analysis

The Oti plain area, has a population of approximately 841,750 inhabitants, or 9.21% of the Togolese population,
based on the general population and housing census of 2010. 80% of the population is essentially rural with
802,211 inhabitants distributed across eight (8) prefectures namely: Kpendjal, Oti, Oti-south, Kéran, Doufelgou,
Kozah, Dankpen and Bassar. All prefectures are located in the Kara and Savanes Regions where the incidenceof poverty is 60.2% in rural areas compared to 36.5% in urban areas. It is overwhelmingly an agricultural region
where cotton, maize, yams, groundnuts and rice are grown. This Oti plain area is inhabited by the Tchokossi,
Lamba, Kabyè, Moba, and Konkomba people who are respectively located n the districts of Mandouri,
Koundjoaré, Borgou, Naki-est, Nagbani, Barkoissi, Galangashie, Tchanaga, Mango, Mogou, Gando, Sadori,
Guérin-Kouka, Naware, Bapuré, Namon, Sadji, Bandjeli, Kountoiré, Kididjan, Natchitikpi, Katchalla andAgbassa.
More specifically, the localities targeted by pre-project activities are as follows: (i) Prefecture of Kpendjal(Districts of Mandouri, Koundjoaré, Borgou, Naki-est, Nagbani and Barkoissi); (ii) Oti prefecture (Districts ofGalangashie, Tchanaga, Mogou and Mango); (iii) Prefecture of Oti-South (districts of Gando, Sadori, Gando,
and Kountouré); (iv) Prefecture of Kéran (Districts of Sagbiabou, Sadoda, Faré, Koumongou, Naboulgou,
Ossacré, Atolotè, Kpessidè and Naouté); (v) Prefecture of Dankpen (Districts of Takpemba, Hélota, Nali,
Bapuré, Guérin-Kouka, Natchitikpi, Namon, Sadji and Nawaré); (vi) Prefecture of Doufelgou (District ofKatchalla); (vii) Prefecture of Kozah (District of Agbassa); and (viii) Prefecture of Bassar (District of Bandjeli).
Municipalities identified for reforestation will be selected after consultations with local communities and validated
by a technical workshop.
Target communities and neighboring villages as well as Village Development Committees will be involved inwork associated to reforestation, forest seedling production in nurseries, modern beekeeping and traditional
poultry breeding. They will benefit directly from project impacts through: (i) payment for work associated withreforestation, nurseries, beekeeping and poultry farming; (ii) establishment of private forest reforestation andnurseries operated by communities allowing them to access new financial resources; (iii) significant sales ofgood quality honey and poultry; and (iv) increased agricultural income resulting from improved climaticconditions in the project area.
The diagnosis mission conducted in the area with the support of local communities provided an opportunity forthem to express their concern regarding the ongoing degradation in their living area, which hinders thedevelopment of the economy in the region, and their desire to restore the forest cover. Their strong desire foraction is motivated by the need to address the continuing fall in production output for their main agricultural andpastoral activities, which used to be significant sources of income. This decline in productivity is essentially the
result of human pressure and deteriorating environmental conditions. The development of this pre-project istherefore justified by the lack of a forest development plan for the Oti Plain due to the outdated nature of existingstudies on the area combined with the non-availability of national expertise and the lack of material and financial
resources.
The causes of above threats are as follows:(i)
Overuse of forest and wildlife resources
Overuse and uncontrolled utilization are among the drivers of deforestation in Togo, driven by the need forfuelwood as well as timber and service wood.

5

(ii)

Farming pressure

Crop cultivation practices are carried out using traditional methods, in particular shifting and slash- and-burncultivation, and tree girdling, resulting into loss of flora, fauna and biodiversity.
(iii)
Repeated and uncontrolled wildfires.
They consume most of savanna areas, open forests and grasslands, endangering habitats and species
that depend on them.
The above threats have several impacts, such as:• Loss of a number of biological species;• Reduced availability in timber products;• Degradation of forest land and decrease in farming production;• Increased poverty among local people.

6

PART.3. DESCRIPTION OF PRE-PROJECT INTERVENTIONS
3.1.

Outputs

Output 1: Data from forest, socioeconomic and legal surveys and environmental and social impact
assessments are available.
Output 2: A project proposal for the promotion and sustainable management of community forests in the Oti
plain, Togo, is developed for submission to the ITTO.

7

3.2.

Activities, inputs and unit costs

Outputs and activities

InputsUnits and description

QTY

Unit costs

Source (I/EA)

Year

Budget component

TOTAL

Output 1: Data from forest,socioeconomic and legal
surveys, and environmental
and social impact
assessments are available
Activity 1.1: Raise awarenessof communities and conduct
inventory of community forests
in pre-project area
Coordinator

10120,0 (I)

Y1

11.1

1200

Coordinator

month
month

20

112,0 (EA)

Y1

11.1

2239

National expert

month

2

750,0 (I)

Y1

31.1

1500

5

60,0 (I)

Y1

12.1

300

month
Finance assistantmonth
Finance assistant10

20,0 (EA)

Y1

12.1

200

Driver/courier

month

10

15,0 (I)

Y1

12.2

150

Driver/courier

month

20

5,0 (EA)

Y1

12.2

100

Outreach kits

day

25

Y1

21

16500

Vehiclemaintenance

unit

1

298 (EA)

Y1

52

298

Fuel andlubricants

liter

92

10,0 (I)

Y1

51

920

50

10,0 (EA)

Y1

44.1

500

Project leader

unit
month

10

325,0 (EA)

Y1

31.3

3 250

Communication

month

5

25,0 (I)

Y1

53

125

Office supplies

66²0,0 (I)Sub-total 1.1

27 2828

Outputs and activities
Activity 1.2: Implement socioeconomic studies in preproject area

InputsUnits and description QTY
month
National
consultant (2month duration)
3
month
Coordinator
10
month
Coordinator
20

Unit costs

Source (I/EA)

Year

Budget component

TOTAL

5000,0 (I)

Y1

22

15000

150,0 (I)

Y1

11.1

1500

122,0 (E)

Y1

11.1

2439

5

100,0 (I)

Y1

12.1

500

month
Finance assistantmonth
Finance assistant15

20,0 (E)

Y1

12.1

300

Driver/courier

month

10

15,0 (I)

Y1

12.2

150

Driver/courier

month

15

10,0 (E)

Y1

12.2

150

Fuel andlubricants

liter

92

10,0 (I)

Y1

51

920

Vehiclemaintenance

unit

1

298,0 (E)

Y1

52

298

Communication

month

5

25,0 (I)

Y1

53

125

Subtotal 1.2
Activity 1.3: Conduct forestry
surveys in pre-project area

National
consultant (2month duration)

21 382month
37000,0 (I)

Y1

23

21000

Coordinator

month

10

300,0 (I)

Y1

11.1

3000

Coordinator

month

20

137,0 (E)

Y1

11.1

2739

Finance assistant5

200,0 (I)

Y1

12.1

1000

Finance assistant month15

40,0 (E)

Y1

12.1

600

Vehiclemaintenance

month

1

298 (E)

Y1

52

298

Driver/courier

unit
month

10

40,0 (I)

Y1

12.2

400

Driver/courier

month

20

15,0 (E)

Y1

12.2

300

9

Outputs and activities

InputsUnits and description

QTY

Unit costs

Source (I/EA)

Year

Budget component

Fuel andlubricants

liter

92

10,0 (I)

Y1

51

920

Communication

month

5

25,0 (I)

Y1

53

125

Subtotal 1.3
Activity 1.4: Conduct legal
surveysTOTAL

National
consultant (1month)

30 3822

3000,0 (I)

Y1

24

6000

Coordinator

month
month

5

200,0 (I)

Y1

11.1

1000

Coordinator

month

10

50,0 (E)

Y1

11.1

500

5

60,0 (I)

Y1

12.1

300

15

10,0 (E)

Y1

12.1

150

1

298 (E)

Y1

52

298

Driver/courier

unit
month

5

20,0 (I)

Y1

12.2

100

Driver/courier

month

10

10,0 (E)

Y1

12.2

100

Fuel andlubricants

liter

51

10,0 (I)

Y1

51

510

Communication

month

5

25,0 (I)

Y1

53

125

National
consultant (1month)

month
2

3000,0 (I)

Y1

25

6000

Coordinator

month

5

200,0 (I)

Y1

11.1

1000

Coordinator

month

10

50,0 (E)

Y1

11.1

500

5

60,0 (I)

Y1

12.1

300

15

10,0 (E)

Y1

12.1

150

month
Finance assistantmonth
Finance assistant
VehiclemaintenanceSub-total 1.4
Activity 1.5: Conduct
environmental and social
impact assessment

8 583

month
Finance assistantmonth
Finance assistant10Outputs and activities

InputsUnits and description
Vehiclemaintenance

QTY

Unit costs

Source (I/EA)

Year

Budget component

TOTAL

1

100 (E)

Y1

52

100

Driver/courier

unit
month

5

20,0 (I)

Y1

12.2

100

Driver/courier

month

10

10,0 (E)

Y1

12.2

100

Fuel andlubricants

liter

51

10,0 (I)

Y1

51

510

Communication

month

5

25,0 (I)

Y1

53

125

Subtotal 1.5
Activity 1.6: Hold workshop for 10-person
reporting survey findings tocommittee x 1
stakeholders
day

8 885

1

3000,0 (I)

Y1

61

3 000

Project manager

day
month

2

20,0 (E)

Y1

31.3

40

Coordinator

month

3

100,0 (I)

Y1

11.1

300

Coordinator

month

5

60,0 (E)

Y1

11.1

300

National expert

month

1

500,0 (I)

Y1

31.1

500

5

20,0 (I)

Y1

12.1

100

month
Finance assistantmonth
Finance assistant10

10,0 (E)

Y1

12.1

100

Driver/courier

month

4

25,0 (I)

Y1

12.2

100

Driver/courier

month

5

10,0 (E)

Y1

12.2

50

Vehiclemaintenance

unit

10

29,7 (E)

Y1

52

297

Fuel andlubricants

liter

40

10,0 (E)

Y1

51

400

Insuranceunit

1200,0 (E)

Y1

64

200

Communication

month

5

25,0 (I)

Y1

53

125

Subtotal 1.6

5 512

11

Outputs and activities

InputsUnits and description

QTY

Unit costs

Source (I/EA)

Year

Budget component

TOTAL

Output 2: A project proposal for the promotion and sustainable management of community forests in the Oti plain, Togo, is developed forsubmission to the ITTO
month
Activity 2.1: Develop a project
proposal for submission to the
ITTO
National expert
10150,0 (I)
Y1
31.1
month
Coordinator
5120,0 (I)Y1
11.1
Coordinator
National
supervisors (10persons x 20
days)

1500
600

month

10

50,0 (E)

Y1

11.1

500

day
month

20

625,0 (I)

Y1

31.2

12 500560,0 (I)

Y1

12.1

300

Finance assistantmonth
Finance assistant10

20,0 (E)

Y1

12.1

200

Driver/courier

month

10

10,0 (I)

Y1

12.2

100

Driver/courier

month

20

5,0 (E)

Y1

12.2

100

Vehiclemaintenance

unit

10

29,7 (E)

Y1

52

297

Fuel andlubricants

liter

92

10,0 (I)

Y1

51

920

Communication

month

5

25,0 (I)

Y1

53

125

Subtotal 2.1
Activity 2.2: Hold a workshop
for validating pre-project
outcomes

30 participants x
2 days

17 142

2

1500,0 (E)

Y1

62

3 000

Coordinator

day
month

3

100,0 (I)

Y1

11.1

300

Coordinator

month

5

40,0 (E)

Y1

11.1

200

National expert

month

1

500,0 (I)

Y1

31.1

500

12

Outputs and activities

InputsUnits and description QTY
month
Finance assistant

Unit costs

Source (I/EA)

Year

Budget component

TOTAL

5

20,0 (I)

Y1

12.1

100

5

20,0 (E)

Y1

12.1

100

3

1000,0 (I)

Y1

63

3 000

Driver/courier

day
month

4

25,0 (I)

Y1

12.2

100

Driver/courier

month

10

10,0 (E)

Y1

12.2

100

Vehiclemaintenance

unit

10

29,7 (E)

Y1

52

297

Fuel andlubricants

liter

40

10,0 (I)

Y1

51

400

Office supplies
Office equipment(Photocopy
machine)unit

1500,0 (I)

Y1

54

500

unit

1

1000,0 (I)

Y1

44.1

1000

Communication

month

5

25,0 (I)

Y1

53

125

month
Finance assistantAssessment
Committee (10pers. x 3 days)

Subtotal 2.2
Activity 2.3: Produce preproject reports

9 722
month
Coordinator

5120,0 (I)

Y1

11.1

600

Coordinator

month

15

20,0 (E)

Y1

11.1

300

Project leader

month

10

325,0 (E)

Y1

31.3

3 250

National expert

month

5

200,0 (I)

Y1

31.1

1000

Finance assistant5

40,0 (I)

Y1

12.1

200

Finance assistant month540,0 (E)

Y1

12.1

200

Office set-up

51960,0 (E)

Y1

41

9 800

month

units

13

Outputs and activities

InputsUnits and description

QTY

Unit costs

Source (I/EA)

Year

Budget component

TOTAL

Office supplies

units

10

150 (I)

Y1

54

1 500

Office equipment(computer)

units

2

1000,0 (I)

Y1

44.1

2000

Audit

units

1

2000,0 (I)

Y1

65

2 000

Subtotal 2.3

20 850TOTAL

149 74014

3.3.

Approaches and methods

The pre-project will conduct a baseline study of these ecosystems of national significance to build a database
and to develop a management and conservation plan for these ecosystems.
The pre-project will be implemented with the participation of all stakeholders involved in project development,
including communities, local NGOs and the forestry administration, agriculture, social affairs and otherstakeholders involved in the management of natural resources. Awareness raising of communities will be astrong focus to secure their support and availability as well as expectations regarding the future project, incompliance with ITTO’s environmental and social principles and standards (ESS 1, ESS 2, ESS 3, ESS 4,
ESS 5, ESS 6, ESS 7).
Target village communities and neighboring villages together with the CVDs (Village Development Committees)
will be involved in work associated with reforestation; production of forest seedlings; beekeeping and poultry
breeding. They will benefit directly from pre-project impacts through: (i) payment for work associated withreforestation, nurseries, beekeeping and poultry breeding; (ii) establishment of private forest reforestation andnurseries operated by communities allowing them to access new financial resources; (iii) significant sales ofgood quality honey and poultry; and (iv) an improved income from farming resulting from improved climaticconditions in the pre-project area.
Because of their proximity to the location where the future project will be located, the municipalities of Mandouri,
Mango, Kanté and Guérin-Kouka will gain economic benefits from income spent by communities. The
Government of Togo, through the forestry administration, is developing an approach for managing its forestry
sector more successfully. It will therefore have the resources to carry out new projects in the future.
The future project will rehabilitate the forest cover with positive impacts on the local and neighboring climate. It
will generate significant employment (distribution of income) and will introduce new income-generating activities
in local communities, which will contribute to their social advancement.
It should be noted that consultations with all stakeholders involved, in particular CVDs, grassroots organizations,communities, etc. will be held prior to all future project activities. A Committee in charge of Natural Resource
Management and Protection (CGPRN) will be established to this end and will be responsible for managing thefuture project. Its precise role will be discussed at the time of establishment, i.e. at the start of the future project.
For example, roles assigned to the CGPRN might include: (1) preparation of its rules of procedure; (2)involvement in confirming the proposed areas of use according to the land allocation map and in preparing
related rules of use; (3) responsible for supervising implementation of the rules of use per land allocation area;(4) take part in planning and organizing reforestation work; (5) organizing the protection of community forests
against fire, illegal timber cutting and poaching; (6) discussing, proposing and supporting measures for promoting
reforestation; (7) taking part in the selection of external stakeholders. The CGPRN will include: two
representatives per village; Prefect representative (environmental DR, Social Affairs representative and the
project coordinator (during project implementation). Depending on the agenda other representatives may be
invited. The CGPRN should meet at least 3 to 4 times/year, and more often upon project start. The CGPRN will
be supported by Local Committees in charge of Natural Resource Management and Protection (CLGPRNs)
representing target districts. Their role and how they operate will be discussed and decisions reached between
the CGPRN and the districts. The CLGPRN will decide on their membership and on the distribution of duties andobligations. Communities will be responsible for forest tree species seedling production, but they may request
technical support from the forestry services, and assistance with purchasing forest seeds and equipment.
Considering that forest stands in the pre-project area are owned by local communities, the concept of community
forest would be more appropriate provided relevant communities are certain that their interests will be preserved
and that income from products and services derived from these community forests will be shared equally. To doso, the pre-project technical manager, the forestry administration local representatives and community
development NGOs working in the area will be required to assist village communities with the establishment oflegal entities such as associations, cooperatives, joint-initiative groups (GIC) or economic interest groups (GIE)
for the management of these forests. In connection with the establishment and management of community
forests Awareness meetings and consultations targeting all community components will be held by forest
administration officers responsible for ensuring the participation of all community members and identifying
objectives and priority uses for these forests.
Pre-project work will begin with a preliminary phase that will focus on the literature review and a fieldwork phase
to be devoted to a field survey. Also, some more recent climate data may, to the extent possible, be sought fromthe Directorate of National Meteorology to update the climatic characteristics of the study area.

15

Research will also be carried out on various websites (CITES, IUCN, ITTO, FAO, UNDP, etc.), to assist withidentifying endangered species and those that should be primarily considered in the planned development
program.
a)Participatory approach

The overall objective of a participatory approach is to engage, involve and closely associate communities in the
diagnosis, identification, programming, implementation and monitoring of actions at the level local and identify
the responsibilities of the different partners in monitoring and management activities. The participatory approachleads to the collaborative management of mutually agreed solutions to meet the needs and expectations of local
communities. It aims, ultimately, at improving the living conditions of communities while ensuring local
development for their benefit on a sustainable basis.
Several methods can be used, such as PARA, DIGRAP, PCESH, GSEA, ZOPP, for this purpose. During preproject implementation, the PRA method would be more appropriate as it has been largely recognized forcontributing to improving techniques used for diagnosis, planning and evaluation in rural areas in particular. The
success of the PRA method is undoubtedly due to the fact that it is based on local knowledge and amultidisciplinary team of stakeholders using a variety of flexible tools for promoting the community participation.
These tools can be classified into three main groups, namely:- Tools for participatory information collection;- Tools for participatory planning;- Tools for participatory monitoring & evaluation.
In addition, the ZOPP methodology (Goal-Oriented Project Planning) can be used in workshops to validate theresults of pre-project surveys. Based on workshop results, the future project proposal will be developed taking
into account all the stakeholder interests and expectations, including those local target communities for living
conditions and environment will be improved through project outcomes, while contributing to a rational use ofavailable biological resources.
Although pre-project development arose from the concerns of local people in the Oti Plain, during the pre-project
activity implementation, the focus should be on specific categories of stakeholders, including landowners who
assume that the development of their land for the benefit of communities will eventually lead to its loss. To
address this key issue, the pre-project team should increase outreach by closely involving traditional chiefs. To
this end, a workshop with landowners in the pre-project area may be organized to secure landowner approvaland support and to ensure future project success.
It should also be noted also that pre-project beneficiaries will actively participate in surveys and studies
conducted and will send representatives to attend the workshops. This will enable communities to become moreaware of community development and to discuss land tenure issues.
The dynamics set in motion following the phase during which bottlenecks were identified and the pre-project wasdeveloped will be maintained during the field survey phase and until the development of the future full project
proposal. NGOs will continue to generate relevant information to pave the way for the consultant throughstrengthening the organizational capacities of populations. All project work will be leveraged throughconsultations and exchange workshops between various stakeholders in order to maintain trust and consolidate
the commitment of all involved in future project implementation.
b) Field survey•

Inventory of vegetation and flora in pre-project area

The inventory will be implemented along transects through targeted points in the study area that cross several
selected wetlands; occurrence and non-occurrence of plant species will be recorded together with a number of
relevant parameters (strata, biological types, etc.). Additional plots will be established in which the species willbe identified as aforesaid.
Environmental characteristics such as moisture levels, depth of open water (ponds, reservoirs, dams,
etc. providing their habitat to a diversified flora), soil types, etc. will be recorded.
•

Wildlife inventory

16

The following methods will be used for collecting information regarding:






Species identification;
Population numbers;
Structure of groups;
Evidence of occurrence;
Behavior of groups.

• Direct observation (transects methodology)
Censuses will be implemented, along walks or by holding “watches”. This direct method is based onrecording all visual and auditory contact with animals. Observations are made with the naked eye or withbinoculars (8x) around potential sites such as ponds, streams and along the “line” considered a transect.
With regard to fish, the inventory will be based on catches made by the indigenous people who have used
the following methods: hawk fishing, angling, fishing with bottom gill nets and frame nets.
•

Quantitative sampling using the quadrat methodology

25 m2 or 100 m2 areas in which holes dug by West African fiddler crabs and other crustaceans have been
numbered will be demarcated. The objective is to assess the abundance of these species.
c) Ethno-botany and ethno-zoological surveys
Surveys to assess the level of interest for these ecosystems – together with their various plant and animal
species – will be conducted among target communities and villages. Interviews will be conducted with community
members, including farmers, fishermen, merchant and traders, stock breeders, etc. in order to draw up the listof local wetlands with their respective uses and their animal and plant resources, and the various human activities– whether with human-induced impacts on these ecosystems or not. The surveys will help develop a knowledge
base on these local wetlands. Questionnaires will help assess the conservation and management potential ofthese biodiversity-rich areas.
d) Proposed participatory management model for the target area
To the best of our knowledge, the Oti plain area was never the subject of any management program. However
diverse forms of wetlands are found in the Oti plain, including ponds, reservoirs, with abundant biologicaldiversity which the local communities use in accordance with their needs.
Faced with this situation, a management plan for these areas will be contingent upon the level of interest each
local community has expressed for these ecosystems and the national significance the conservation of theseenvironments can take on. Therefore, one awareness-raising meeting will be organized with the communities inthe target landscapes where opportunities for ecosystem conservation and management are perceived. A pledge
will be made to the local communities who will indicate the appropriateness of maintaining these ecosystems intheir environment (interest, cause and consequences of their degradation, and recommended solutions).
Together, a consensus will be reached for the management of each of the areas selected.
e) Mapping of plant assemblages/plant communities
The methodology selected for mapping vegetation types (plant assemblages) will be based on the combined
use of the Geographical Information System (GIS) and remote-sensing techniques. At first, planimetric records
relating to the study area will be researched and compiled. Existing maps, aerial photographs and satellite
imagery (if available) will be documented. The next step will consist of transferring map features(topography/contours, infrastructure, river systems, soil types, villages and built-up areas, administrative
boundaries, etc.) in existing areas. Digital or visual classifications will be made from satellite imagery data and/or
aerial photographs and use to produce draft maps. The maps will be subsequently validated after ground-level
verification using a GPS. The incorporation of additional information (land-use systems, human activities, soil
condition, status of the vegetation, etc.) will make it possible to produce a land-management map of vegetation
types in the target areas. Mapping work will be undertaken using the ARCGIS software.
f) Data analysis
Collected data will be entered in the computer system using Excel software and a multi-variable analysis will be
conducted using specialized software (e.g. Community Analysis Package, 2002) in order to define the vegetation
formations/types and the plant assemblages within each identified formation. Analysis findings will confirm orcomplement existing data.

17

The resulting list of plant species will be compared with that of previous work in order to determine rare species
or species endemic to the area. The formations identified as well as the flora and fauna diversity will be comparedwith those of similar ecosystem in other tropical regions, in order to define, where possible, the specificity of theOti plain.

18

3.4.

Work plan
Outputs and activities

Party in charge

Schedule (months)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Output 1: Data from forest, socio-economic, legal and environmental studies are available

Activity 1.1. Raise awareness ofcommunities and conduct inventory ofcommunity forests in the pre-project area

NC/AMEN/DRF/TS
C/CVD

Activity 1.2. Conduct forestry studies
Activity 1.3. Conduct socio-economic
studies in the pre-project area

Consultant
Consultant

Activity 1.4. Conduct legal studies

Consultant

Activity 1.5 Conduct environmental andsocial impact assessment

Consultant

Activity 1.6. Hold workshop toreport study findings to stakeholders

NS/AMEN/DRF/TS
C

Output 2: A project proposal for the promotion and sustainable management of community
forests in the Oti plain, Togo, is developed for submission to the ITTO
Activity 2.1. Hold a validation workshop for
NC/AMEN/DRF/TS
reporting pre-project findings
C
Activity 2.2. Produce pre-project reports

NE/NC

Activity 2.3. Develop a project proposal forsubmission to ITTO for funding

NC/DRF

NE=National Expert; NC=National Coordinator; TSC=Technical Support Committee; DRF=Directorate ofForest Resources- 19 -

3.5.
BudgetConsolidated yearly pre-project budget
Budget component

InputsUnit costs

TOTAL

Year 1

1.1.1. Coordinator

10 p/m1400

14 000

14 0001.2.1 Finance assistant

10 p/m

510

5 100

5 100

12.2 Driver/courier

10 p/m

220

2 200

2 200

21 30021 30010 Project personnel
1.1 National experts (long term)

19. Component total
20 Subcontracting
2.1 Outreach kits
2.2 Consultant for socioeconomic
studies
2.3 Consultant for forestry studies

25 d

660

16 50016 500

3 p/m

7 000

21 000

21 000

3 p/m

5 000

15 000

15 0002.4 Consultant for legal studies

2 p/m

3 000

6 000

6 000

2.5 Consultant for environmental
and social impact assessment

2 p/m

3 000

6 000

6 000

64 50064 5002.9 Component total
30 Duty travel
3.1 Daily allowance
31.1 National expert
31.2 Other national key personnel,
including Technical Support
Committee
31.3 Project manager

10 p/m

500

5 000

5 000

50 p/m250

12 5000

12 500031.4 Courier

10 p/m

650

6 500

6 500

24 00024 00039. Component total
40 Capital items
41. Premises
44. Capital goods
44.1 Office supplies (computersDestop+PC)
49. Component total

10 hm

980

9 800

9 800

03

500

1 500

1 500

15 30015 30050 Consumables
51. Raw materials (fuel)18 500 l

1,018 50018 50052. Maintenance and spare parts
53. Networks and utilities(communication)
54. Office supplies

10 p/m

230

2 300

2 300

10 p/m

100

1 000

1 000

10 p/m

280

2 000

2 000

12 44012 44059. Component total
60 Miscellaneous
61. Reports and printing

2 p/m

750

1 500

1 500

62. Workshop for reporting survey
findings

1d

3 000

3 000

3 000

- 20 -

Budget component

InputsUnit costs

TOTAL

Year 1

63. Assessment of project proposal
by National Panel

1d

1 000

1 000

1 000

64. National seminar for assessing
study findings with stakeholders

1d

5 000

5 000

5 000

65. Insurance

10 p/m

170

1 700

1 700

66. Audit

1 p/m

2 000

2 000

2 000

69. Component total

12 20018 200Subtotal

149 740

149 74070 Local management costs
71. Executing agency management
costs

5 990

79. Component total
Pre-project monitoring and80
administration
81. ITTO monitoring and review

5 990

5 990

5 990

2 000

2 000

83. Program support costs (12%of 10-82 items above)

12 612

12 61289. Component total

14 61214 612170 342

170 34282. ITTO mid-term, final and ex-post
evaluation costs

100 GRAND TOTAL

Pre-project yearly budget by source - ITTO
Budget component

Inputs

Unit
costs

TOTAL

Year 1

10 Project personnel
1.1 National experts (long term)
1.1.1 Coordinator

10 p/m

950

9 500

9 500

1.2.1 Finance assistant

10 p/m

310

3 100

3 100

12 60012 600Component total
20 Subcontracting
2.1 Outreach kits

25 d

420

10 50010 5002.2 Forestry and wildlife surveys

3 p/m

7 000

21 000

21 0002.3 Socioeconomic surveys

3 p/m

5 000

15 000

15 000

2.4 Legal surveys

2 p/m

3 000

6 000

6 000

2.5 Environmental and social impact
assessment

2 p/m

3 000

6 000

6 000

58 50058 5002.9 Component total
30 Duty travel
3.1 Daily allowance
31.1 National expert

10 p/m

500

5 000

5 000

31.2 Other national key personnel

50 p/d250

12 50012 500- 21 -

Budget component

Inputs

Unit
costs

TOTAL

Year 131.3 Project manager
39. Component total

17 50017 500

0

0

4 000

4 000

4 000

4 000

1 000

1 000

2 000
3 000

2 000
3 000

1 500

1 500

3 000

3 000

40 Capital items
41. Premises
44. Capital goods
44.1 Office supplies

1

4 000

49 Component total
50 Consumables
53. Networks and utilities(communication)
54. Office supplies

10 p/m100.

10 p/m200

59. Component total
60 Miscellaneous
61. Reports and printing
62. Workshop for reporting study
findings
63. Assessment of project proposal
by ODEF Panel

1
1d
1d

3000
1000

1 000

64. Assurance

1 000

0

0

2 000

2 000

7 500

7 500

103 100

103 100

2 000

2 000

83. Program support costs (12% of
10-82 items above)

12 612

12 61289. Component total

14 61214 612117 71265. Audit

1

2000

69. Component total
Subtotal
Pre-project monitoring and80
administration
81. ITTO monitoring and review
82. ITTO mid-term, final and ex-post
evaluation costs

100 GRAND TOTAL

117 712Pre-project yearly budget by source – Government of Togo
Budget component

Inputs

Unit
costs

TOTAL

Year 1

10 Project personnel
1.1 National experts (long term)
1.1.1 Coordinator

10 p/m

450

4 500

4 500

1.2.1 Finance assistant

10 p/m

200

2 000

2 000

12.2 Driver/courier

10 p/m

220

2 200

2 200

8 700

8 700

19. Component total
20 Subcontracting- 22 -

Budget component

Inputs

Unit
costs

TOTAL

Year 1

2.1 Outreach kits

6 000

6 000

29. Component total

6 000

6 000

6 500

6 500

6 500

6 500

980

9 800

9 800

-

1 500

1 500

11 300

11 30030 Duty travel
3.1 Daily allowance
31.3 Project manager

10

650

39. Component total
40 Capital items
41. Premises

10

44. Capital goods
44.1 Office equipment
49 Component total
50 Consumables
51. Raw materials (fuel)

8 000

1

8 000

8 000

52. Maintenance and spare parts

10

144

1 440

1 440

9 440

9 440

59. Component total
60 Miscellaneous
62. Assessment workshop

1

3 000,00

3 000

3 000

64. Insurance

1

1 700,00

1 700

1 700

4 700

4 700

46 64046 64071. Executing Agency management
costs

5 990

5 990

79. Component total

5 990

5 990

69. Component total
Subtotal
70 Local management costs

100 GRAND TOTAL

52 630- 23 -

Pre-project budget by activity and component (US$)
Budget components
OUTPUTS/ ACTIVITIES +Non-activity related expenses

10. Pre20.
30. Duty
40. Capital
50.
60. Miscel- Ye
GRANDproject
Subcontract travel
items
Consumablelaneousar
TOTAL
personnel
ing
items
Output 1: Data from forest, socio-economic, legal and environmental studies are available
Activity 1.1. Raise awareness of
4 500,00
IE 16 500,00 I 19 000,00 IE 11 200,00
E 1 100,00
IE Y1 52 300,00
communities and conduct inventory ofcommunity forests in the pre-project area
Activity 1.2. Conduct socio-economic
5 500,00
IE 15 000,00 I I 3 200,00
IE Y1 23 700,00
studies
Activity 1.3. Conduct forestry studies
6 550,00
IE 21 000,00 I I 3 350,00
IE Y1 30 900,00
Activity 1.4. Conduct legal studies
2 100,00
IE 6 000,00
I I 1 200,00
IE Y1 9 300,00
Activity 1.5 Conduct environmental and social impact 2 100,00
IE 6 000,00
I I 1 200,00
IE Y1 9 300,00
assessment
Activity 1.6. Hold workshop to
550,00IE I IE I 500,00
IE 3 000,00
I Y1 4 050,00
report study findings to stakeholders
Subtotal 1
21 300,00 #64 500,00 # 19 000,00 #11 200,00# 10 550,00#
3 000,00
129 550,00
Output 2: A project proposal for the promotion and sustainable management of community forests in the Oti plain, Togo, is developed for submission to the ITTO
Activity 2.1. Hold a validation workshop for reporting
1 800,00
IE - 3 200,00
I
I 998,00
IE Y1 5 998,00
pre-project findings
Activity 2.2. Produce pre-project reports
850,00IE I 200,00
I
800,00I 992,00
IE 3 000,00
I Y1 5 842,00
Activity 2.3. Develop a project proposal for
2 050,00
IE - 1 600,00
IE 1 800,00
E 1 400,00
I
1 500,00
I Y1 8 350,00
submission to ITTO for funding
Subtotal 2
4 700,00
Subtotal (ITTO)
12 600,00
58 500,00
Subtotal (Executing Agency)
8 700,00
6 000,00
Subtotal (Other)
TOTAL (ITTO+EA excluding costs)
21 300,00
64 500,00
I= ITTO contribution; E= Executing Agency/host government contribution;

5 000,00
17 500,00
6 500,00
24 000,00- 24 -

2 600,00
4 000,00
11 300,00
15 300,00

3 390,00
3 0000,00
9 440,00
12 440,00

4 500,00
7 500,00
4 700,00
18 200,00--

20 190,00
103 100,00
46 640,00
149 740,00

PART 4. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
4.1.
Executing agency and organizational structure
The pre-project will be led by a steering committee consisting of the National Coordinator appointed by
the AMEN Association and a National Expert which will be hired. The Steering Committee will supervise
the execution of the various consultant studies.
The Coordinator will be supported by a Technical Support Committee which will comprise:• One Representative from the Ministry of Environment and Forest Resources;• One Representative from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries;• One Representative from ITTO Focal Point in Togo;• One Representative from the Directorate of Forest Resources;• One Representative from the Directorate of Environment;• One Representative from the AMEN Association;• One Representative from the Togo Non-Governmental Organization Union (UONGTO).
The Technical Support Committee will be responsible for reviewing progress reports. Women will beprivileged in the constitution of the said committee. Explicitly, this committee will be made up of thefollowing departments: The Directorate of Forest Resources, which plays a supervisory role; theDirectorate of Agriculture; the environment department; ODEF and UONGTO. It will be responsible for
evaluating applications for national expert and consultants in forestry studies, socio-economic studies,
legal studies, and environmental and social impact studies. It will also carry out awareness raisingsessions for communities in the pre-project area. Finally, the Technical Support Committee will be incharge of evaluating the reports of the consultants for finalization. The supervising agency will ensure
the progress and disbursement of funds for the implementation of pre-project activities.
4.2.

Pre-project management

The Ministry of Environment and Forest Resources is the government representative to ITTO. To thisend, it will ensure the appointment of the National Coordinator of the preliminary project proposed by
the association "Friends of the Environment" (AMEN) representing pre-project Management. It will also
be responsible for hiring national consultants and ensuring the participation of various departments andNGOs and other stakeholders involved in pre-project implementation.
The AMEN association will be technically supported by the Directorate of Forest Resources since it isstatutorily responsible for forest management in Togo.
Three local grassroots structures will be involved in the future project, as follows:• Structure for the local management of community forests;• Village Committees for the management of community development;• Village Committees in charge of community forest monitoring and maintenance
4.3.

Monitoring and reporting

Monitoring and evaluation:
A Technical Support Committee will be set up (see above) to ensure appropriate pre-project monitoring,
and will assess the various consultant reports. Meetings of the Technical Support Committee will takeplace whenever draft reports are submitted and will be minuted. The ITTO Focal Point in Togo will also
be involved in monitoring pre-project implementation.
Reporting:
The National Coordinator will submit work plans and progress reports to the ITTO with copy to the ITTO
Focal Point in Togo.
Two technical reports will be produced by the National Coordinator with copy to the ITTO Focal Point,
as follows:• A progress report will be produced in accordance with ITTO procedures;• The pre-project completion report including conclusions and recommendations will be
produced in accordance with ITTO guidelines, and will also include the pre-project financial
audit report.

- 25 -

ANNEXES:ANNEX 1.

PROFILE OF THE EXECUTING AGENCY

1)

Background:– Name, address of headquarters and mission profile
AMEN has its headquarters in Adéticopé, rue des cocotiers, S/C BP: 30327 Tel : +228 90 35 91 35– Year of establishment : March 2001
– Année d’obtention de récépissé : January 2005
– Fields of specialism: Education, Environment and health– Staff Chart:
The civil society organization “Les Amis de l’Environnement” (AMEN) promotes development at
grassroots level and is affiliated to several ONG networks. It is the body in charge of designing,
coordinating and implementing the grassroots-level development policy in agriculture, environment andconservation, especially forest resources. For this purpose, it is in charge of:(i)Forest ecosystem protection and rehabilitation;(ii)
Control of soil fertility degradation, combat against desertification;(iii)
Control of coastal environment and lagoon ecosystem degradation;(iv)
Outreach campaigns on environmental protection targeting communities;(v)
Introducing entrepreneurship to the youth; etc.
At central level, it includes:– The General Assembly;– The Board of Directors;– The Executive Office.
The Executive Office includes:
One Chairperson,
One General Secretary,
One Treasurer GeneralIn the hinterland, AMEN has its own chapters in each region to coordinate its activities. At present, there
are three of them:•••

Kara chapter for the Kara region,
Blitta chapter for the Central and Plateaux Region,
The chapter for the Maritime region is assumed by the headquarters in
Adéticopé.

AMEN undertakes its development projects through its local chapters present in a number of regions of
the national territory. Under the leadership of its Executive Office, very early in its history it set out toimplement the tasks identified under its objectives:• Combat desertification,• Protect and rehabilitate forest ecosystems,• Control soil degradation• Raise awareness of rural communities to the protection of their environment, Promote
entrepreneurship among the youth,• etc.
While not producing an in-depth review of all activities conducted in these different areas, the mostsignificant aspects of their action should be highlighted as follows:
Participation in all meetings organized by ONG groups and related umbrella organizations;
Organization of training programs and symposia; etc.
AMEN self-finances its operational costs through its members’ contributions, both monthly and ad hoc,
which has enabled it to initiate a number of projects pending further funding. Among projects initiated inpursuance of their objectives, there are:
• The Atamtou reforestation project (Binah Prefecture, Kara region);• The beekeeping project in Blitta (Blitta Prefecture; Centrale Region);• The forest surveys of pre-project PPD 37/02 Rev.1 (F) (Lacs Prefecture; Maritime Region);• The forest surveys of pre-project PPD 136/07 Rev.1 (F) (Kara and Centrale Regions);
2)

Infrastructure:- 26 -

AMEN does not have sufficient resources. However, for training and retraining of theirpersonnel, they resort to training equipment of training centers built by the Government forthis purpose. Training props are often provided by the Association and/or NGO Groups. For
long-term training, the assistance of specialist training institutes in the African sub-region isoften needed.
3)

Budget: (US$)

Years
Components

2019

2020

2021

Personnel
Duty travel
Missions
Capital Goods
Consumables
TOTAL

21588
5000
4005
1200
1200
32993

21451
3000
6018
1200
2500
34169

19130
3500
3252
1200
2600
29682

4)

Personnel :Categories(g) University Graduates (Baccalaureate + 5, 6 or 7
years)(h) Trainers, Assistants, Extension workers(i) Administrative Personnel.
(j) Support staff- 27 -

Staff
05
08
09
19

ANNEX 2. TASKS AND DUTIES OF KEY EXPERTS PROVIDED BY THE EXECUTING AGENCY
Pre-project National Coordinator (NC)The pre-project coordinator will be in charge of making all arrangements required to implement the
project; he/she will work in close collaboration and various experts; develop the detailed work plan;
facilitate consultations and collaboration with all institutions involved in project implementation; he/shewill prepare appropriate documentation for the experts; he/she will organize and convene the project
results evaluation seminar; he/she should become familiar with ITTO procedures, in particular withfinancial management and reporting.
He/she will prepare the annual reports and project completion report; he/she will produce a brief reviewof the project situation, detail the terms of reference of the various studies in connection with the projectsituation and will brief the various experts, and finally conduct consultations with stakeholders and somedirectors of the Ministry of Forests.
Secretary/Administration and Finance Assistant
He/she will be responsible for secretariat operation, accountancy and administration.
Driver/courier
He/she will be responsible for correspondence transmission and management of vehicles.

- 28 -

ANNEX 3: TERMS OF REFERENCE OF PERSONNEL AND CONSULTANTS FUNDED BY ITTO
Pre-project National Expert
Based on the various studies conducted in the target area and the recommendations of the validation
workshop, and in accordance with the ITTO procedures for project proposal development, the National
Expert will:▪ Develop the draft strategy and the project proposal document to be submitted for validation by thevalidation workshop;▪ Finalize the strategy and project proposal taking into account the resolutions and recommendations
formulated by the validation workshop for submission to the ITTO;▪ Present the strategy and project proposal to the assessment committee;▪ Produce the pre-project final technical report, including the summary of completed surveys anddeveloped project proposal.
▪ Be available for reflecting amendments formulated by stakeholders and ITTO Expert Panel, as
appropriate.
The National Expert should have at least 10-year experience in developing project proposals inaccordance with the ITTO Manual for Project Formulation.

Consultant in forest studies
Forest and wildlife surveys will:− Identify and map plant assemblages/vegetation types and the habitats of the target areasusing vegetation maps, aerial photographs and satellite imagery, and ground-truth surveys;
he/she will undertake all necessary field surveys in certain habitats having a particularsignificance for conservation;− Analyze the status of land-use planning in the target area;− Synthesize and analyze existing biodiversity data on the forests of the target area;− Describe and map the habitats under various pressures and containing rare or endangered
species, or plant assemblages/vegetation types presenting any particular scientific or
cultural interest; and describe the biodiversity of these habitats;− Assess the multiple potential uses of the forest resources in the target area by thecommunities to cover local community needs as well as the national demand for timber andnon-timber products;− Describe the existing physical environment through the provision of information on thegeographical situation, climate, soil, hydrological status, etc.;− Inventory briefly and describe main forest types and all other plant assemblages of the target
areas;− Assess the biodiversity of the various biomes identified (habitats, flora, fauna, and otherliving organisms);− Prepare the vegetation map and an estimate of the area covered by each vegetation
type/plant communities represented;− If possible, establish the list of endemic, rare or endangered flora and fauna species in the
project study area;− Identify any human activities conducted in the areas concerned and their impact on theconservation and sustainable management of the forest stands/plant communities in thearea;− Prepare and deliver the land-use map (zoning plan);− Identify problems linked to forest stand conservation, restoration and sustainable
management in the pre-project study area;− Identify and assess existing reforestation trials (regeneration techniques, applied
silvicultural treatment, management and monitoring mechanisms, constraints, etc.;− Assess the opportunities and constraints associated with natural regeneration andreforestation;− Carry out the analysis of constraints and opportunities for the conservation, restoration andsustainable management of montane forests;− Propose a participatory management model for the conservation, restoration andsustainable management of forest stands in the pre-project intervention area;- 29 -

− Participate proactively in the workshop for the assessment and validation of the various
surveys and in the workshop for assessing the project proposal document to be submitted
to the ITTO.
The forest and wildlife-related surveys will be conducted by the Association AEM-Togo withproven experience in this field.
Consultant in socio-economic studies− Identify future project stakeholders;− Prepare a sociological map of the region (location of villages, population centers, social
infrastructure, dependence on natural resources);− Conduct a socio-economic survey to establish a set of baseline data for the socio-economic
context and the use of resources;− Characterize the dynamics of economic exchanges between the region and the rest of thecountry;− Investigate data on the current use of natural resources in the region and to predict future trends;− Research information on the traditional user’s rights on forest resources, migratory flows andany cultural aspects relevant to biodiversity conservation;− Research relevant information on relevant local knowledge in respect of biodiversity
management;− Research information on local communities’ outlook with regard to biodiversity management
and conservation objectives;− Actively participate in the workshop reporting the findings of the socio-economic study;− Propose policies for the adequate participation of stakeholders in the execution of the planned
project.
− Determine the crucial role of women in terms of forest management, access to financial
resources, technology, education and training; and opportunities to take part in decision-making− Specify the advantages and disadvantages of women in the wood industries, have equal accessto employment opportunities− Determine the potential of women to become involved in the national forest economy, tocontribute to it;− Promote gender equality and empower women in the community forest sector; and- Promote the role of women in the governance structure of community forests at cantonal,
regional and national level- Participate proactively in the workshop for the assessment and validation of the various surveys
and in the workshop for assessing the project proposal document to be submitted to the ITTO.
The socioeconomic studies will be conducted by the Association Hydrautex-Togo with provenexperience in this field.
Note: For all activities, analyzes and recommendations, the consultant will sufficiently demonstrate
his sensitivity to the dimension of gender equity.
Consultant in legal studies− Identify the stakeholders of the future project;− Prepare a sociological map of the region (location of villages, population centers, social
infrastructure, dependence on natural resources);;− Study the social structure, socio-political relations between the local communities and socialgroups (conflicts, competition, cooperation);− Research relevant information on relevant local knowledge pertaining to biodiversity
management;− Research information on local communities’ outlook with regard to biodiversity management
and conservation objectives;− Actively participate in the workshop reporting the results of the socio-economic study;− Propose policies for the adequate participation of stakeholders in the implementation of theplanned project;− Identify institutional requirements and related needs for implementing mitigation and monitoringmeasures;− Actively participate in the evaluation and validation workshop for various studies and theevaluation workshop for the project document to be submittted to ITTO.

- 30 -

The legal studies will be conducted by a consultant with proven experience in this field.
Consultant in environmental and social impact assessment
1.
Introduction
•
•
•
2.

The Project to be assessed and the purpose of the assessment
The requirements of ITTO, the laws of Togo and relevant international conventions
The Executing Agency.

Background
•
•
•
•
•

3.

Objectives
•
•
•
•

4.

Specific objective of the EIA
Identification and analysis of planned project objectives
Working relationship with the studies conducted by other projects and study teams
Approach considered for the mutual consultations with affected groups.

The Study Area (include map in attachment)•

5.

Agencies and institutions concerned
Brief description of the planned projectCurrent status of Project preparation and related Work Plan
Relations with previous studies
Relation with other projects in the same region.

Specify the target area

Specific work to be undertaken
5.1

Describe the project in detail, focusing on the aspects that represent risks or activities likely
to generate impacts.

5.2

Describe the environment of the study area
• Physical environment• Biological environment• Social and cultural characteristics.

5.3

Describe legal and regulatory considerations

5.4

Identify potential impacts• Characterize baseline data and other useful information and to evidence their level ofreliability• Describe the positive and negative impacts and those reversible and irreversible,
temporary and long-term.
• Identify measures to reduce and/or mitigate impacts• Quantify and allocate financial and economic values to impacts, and to indicate
mitigation measures• If need be, develop data sheets on the studies to be conducted to obtain missing
information.

5.5

Describe and analyze alternative options• Describe any alternatives considered by others• Identify alternatives considered under the Project (or other projects) that may enable
the implementation of the Project objectives•
Implement a technical, economic, social and environmental analysis of alternatives
envisaged by the Project.

5.6

Develop a mitigation plan for negative impacts- 31 -

•

Include objectives, implementation procedures, the work plan and budget proposed.

5.7

Develop a monitoring plan to implement mitigation measures and/or measures to offset the
impacts of the project. Include the baseline studies required and related costs
5.8 Identify institutional requirements and requirements relating to the implementation of the
mitigation and monitoring measures.
5.9 Identify actions able to:➢ Contribute to sustainable development and poverty reduction;➢ Maintain and support mechanisms aimed to generate new and additional financial
resources for project stakeholder capacity building;➢ Encourage target community members to support and develop reforestation activities
and degraded forest land rehabilitation, while taking account the interests of local
communities;➢ Encourage target community members to acknowledge the role of all forest-dependent
local stakeholders in sustainable forest management.
5.13 Submit a report containing the following•
Executive Summary•
Description of the planned project•
Description of the environment•
Description of significant environmental impacts•
Analysis of alternatives to the project proposal•
Plan of mitigation measures and costs•
Monitoring and costs plan•
Description of required changes, strengthening or reforms of the legal andinstitutional framework in relation to the mitigation and monitoring actions•
Training needs and related plan and costs•
Strategies for inducing interinstitutional involvement•
A list of references and resource persons.
• Actively participate in the evaluation and validation workshop for various studies andthe evaluation workshop for the project document to be submittted to the ITTO.
The environmental and social impact assessments will be conducted by a consultant
with proven experience in this field.

- 32 -

ANNEX 4: PRE-PROJECT ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

Pre-project management
Steering Committee
National Coordinator (NC)
Secretary/Administration & Finance AssistantConsultants in charge of various
surveys

Local Management
Structures in charge ofcommunity forests

Decentralized Services

Village Committees
for Community
Management andDevelopment- 33 -

Village Committees forCommunity Forest Monitoringand MaintenanceANNEX 5: MAPS OF PRE-PROJECT AREA

Figure 5.1: Map of eco-floristic zones in Togo

Area I: Northern plain= Pre-project
area (sudanian savanna)Figure 2: Map of ecological subdivisions in Togo (Ern, 1979)
I: Northern plains (Sudanian savanna); II: Northern Mountains (savanna + dry dense forest); III: Center
plains (Guinean forest savanna); IV: Mount Togo Southern area (semi-deciduous dense forest); V:
South Togo coastal plain (mosaïc of savanna, forest patches, fallows, etc.).

- 34 -

Figure 5.2. Map of the Oti plain, Togo

Oti plain = Pre-project area (see legend below)- 35 -

Annex 6: Table of specific recommendations by the 58th Expert Panel, and resulting amendments

No
1

Recommendations by Expert Panel
Improve Section 1.1 (Origin and justification) by inserting the geographicallocation maps of the target area of the future project which are included in
Annex 5.

2

Improve Sub-section 1.2.1 (Conformity with ITTO objectives and priorities)
by including the elements regarding the conformity with relevant strategic
priorities and related targets specified in the current ITTO Strategic Action
Plan 2022-2026.

3

Add in Section 3.3 (Implementation approaches and methods), somereferences in relation to the relevant elements in the ITTO Environmental
and Social Guidelines (PS-23), as well as in the ITTO Guidelines on
Gender Equality and Empowering Women (PS-22), for the purpose of thesocio-economic survey and environmental assessment to be carried out
during the pre-project implementation.

4

Readjust the ITTO budget in accordance with the above overall
assessment and specific recommendations and also in the following way:a) Delete the budget line 12.2 (driver) and budget line 51 (vehicle fuel)as no vehicle will be purchased with ITTO budget for the pre-project
implementation,b) Recalculate the ITTO Programme Support Costs (Sub-component83) so as to conform with new standard rate of 12% of the total ITTO
pre-project costs, after deleting the abovementioned budget lines; andInclude an Annex that shows the overall assessment and specificrecommendations of the 58th Expert Panel and respective modifications intabular form. Modifications should also be highlighted (bold andunderline) in the text.

5

Resulting amendments
Section 1.1 (Origin and justification)
was improved by inserting thegeographical location maps of thetarget area of the future project.
See 1.1. Origin and justification,
pp. 1-2.
Sub-section 1.2.1 (Conformity withITTO objectives and priorities) was
improved by including the elements
regarding the conformity with relevant
strategic priorities and related targets
specified in the current ITTO Strategic
Action Plan 2022-2026.
See 1.2.1 Conformity with ITTO
objectives and priorities, pp. 2-3.
Section
3.3(Implementation
approaches and methods) was
improved by adding some references
to the relevant elements in the ITTO
Environmental and Social Guidelines,
as well as in the ITTO Guidelines on
Gender Equality and Empowering
Women.
See 3.3 (Approaches and methods),
p. 15.
The budget was readjusted bydeleting budget lines 12.2 and 51.
See 3.5 (budget), pp. 20-24.

All amendments resulting fromrecommendations by the 58th Expert
Panel were highlithted in bold andunderlined in the text and included inannex to this document.

Category C based on the ITTO Environmental and Social Screening Checklist Questionnaire(ESM)
The pre-project proposal is classified in Categorie C: low/no risk.
Based on the completed ITTO Environmental and Social Screening Checklist Questionnaire,
project potential risks/impacts were classified in Category C considering that the project will have noharmful environmental and social impacts. The project will also involve small-scale
reforestation/restoration activities using local species; capacity building operations; community forest
management activities; and field studies and inventory work in existing natural forests within the project
area. Project objectives, as well as the various activities to be carried out, are fully in line with the ITTO
guidelines which endorse five principles derived from the Sustainable Development Goals and the
Global Forest Goals, and are essential to achieve ITTO core objectives, namely: 1) environmental
sustainability; 2) social viability; 3) gender equality and empowerment of women; 4) good governance;and 5) forest tenure security and access to forest resources.

- 36 -

Annex 7: ITTO Environmental and Social Screening Checklist Questionnaire
Project document number (included in project document): PPD 203/23 (F)Evaluator: DJAKAMBI Banlipo
Date: February 2023
This environmental and social checklist questionnaire is for use by project proponents in conducting initial ES
screening of the potential risks/impacts of a project proposal based on available data and information.1For each question,please provide one of the following answers: yes, no, unknown or not applicable (n/a). Based on the completed checklist,
please rate potential project risks/impacts as category A (high risk), category B (moderate risk) or category C (low/norisk).
Answer (yes, no,Part 1—Principles for questions 1–11: Do project activities/interventions have the potential to—unknown or N/A)
Principle 1: Environmental sustainability
1. Adversely affect the essential functions of forest ecosystems, for example by reducing carbon
Nosequestration, increasing disaster risk or impairing forest health, water quality or air quality?
2. Adversely affect (directly or indirectly) nationally or internationally threatened or endangeredNo
species (listed or proposed for listing) or their habitats?
Brief justification of answers to questions 1 and 2.
Environmental sustainability encompasses the essential functions that forest ecosystems
provide, including soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration and disaster risk reduction,
as well as the values of forest biodiversity. In line with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 15
and Global Forest Goals (GFG) 2 and 3, ITTO is committed to conserving, maintaining and,
where possible, restoring forest ecosystem services, conserving and using sustainably
biodiversity, and enhancing forest health and vitality.
Principle 2: Social sustainability
3. Adversely affect the livelihoods, subsistence or well-being of communities of people, includingNomarginalized or vulnerable individuals or groups or people living in poverty?
4. Adversely affect forest-based socioeconomic benefits and opportunities, working conditions
Noor cultural heritage?
Brief justification of answers to questions 3 and 4.
Social viability refers to the populations, households, communities, workers and other groups of society living in a given
place or in its vicinity, or participating in an initiative, and which are likely to be positively impacted by the project. In linewith SDG 8 and GFG 2, ITTO is committed to maintaining and enhancing the socio-economic benefits and opportunities
derived from forests, supporting job creation and decent and healthy working conditions, and preserving cultural heritage.
Principle 3: Gender equality and empowering women
5. Adversely affect gender equality or the situation of women and girls?
No
6. Discriminate against women based on gender or make it difficult for women to participate in,Noinfluence and benefit from project design and implementation?
Brief justification of answers to questions 5 and 6.
Gender equality is a human rights issue and a core value of ITTO. Gender will be taken into account in the project andemphasis will be placed on the employability of women and young girls. In line with SDG 5 and the ITTO Guidelines on
Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment, ITTO is committed to mainstreaming gender issues and improving genderequality-related results in all of its policy and project work. ITTO recognizes that projects and other activities that strive
to reduce gender gaps and empower women at all levels will accelerate the achievement of its goals.
Principle 4: Good governance
7. Provide less than meaningful stakeholder participation during any part of the project processNoor demonstrate a lack of transparency, accountability or inclusive decision-making?
8. Foster a non-cross-sectoral approach to issue identification and resolution?
No
9. Fail to follow the rule of law?
No
Brief justification of answers to questions 7 to 9.
Governance refers to the process of decision-making and implementation. In line with SDG 17 and GFG 5, ITTO
recognizes that good governance is part of a decision-making process that should be participatory, transparent,
responsive and inclusive; coherent intersectoral policies; accountable and effective institutions; and the rule of law. ITTO
is committed to promoting good governance, which is essential to achieving project objectives.
Consultation and ongoing consultation remain will be key to project success. In case of resistance or rejection of the
project, no action will be taken. Stakeholders will be empowered to promote project support and ownership. Decisions- 37 -

will be taken by consensus with relevant stakeholders (traditional authorities, opinion leaders, representatives of thediaspora, youth leaders, women's associations, etc.).
Principle 5: Security of tenure to forest land and access to forest resources
10. Trigger land conflicts or worsen unresolved issues concerning legal or customary rights toNoforest land or access to forest resources?
11. Negatively affect indigenous peoples in terms of their rights, lands, resources or traditional
No
livelihoods, or encroach on territories customarily used or occupiedby indigenous peoples?
Brief justification of answers to questions 10 and 11.
Forest tenure security and access to forest resources are important aspects of good governance. Security of tenure isessential to ensure the livelihoods, sustenance, well-being and resilience of forest-dependent communities, and toachieve sustainable forest management (SFM) at the local level. In line with SDG 1, ITTO is committed to fullyrecognizing and supporting the ownership, control and customary rights of local communities and indigenous people
over forest lands and their resources.
To ensure the security of tenure, the project will be carried out on land belonging to the communities, there will be no riskthat the project will have a negative impact on their rights, their lands, resources or traditional livelihoods.
Part 2: Environmental and social standard
Answer (yes, no,
Questions 1 to 30 – If implemented, is the project likely to—
unknown or N/A)
ESS 1: Stakeholder analysis
1. Ensure that stakeholders will be engaged in all stages of the project cycle, including
Yes
implementation, monitoring and evaluation?
2. Improve existing forest-related land-tenure arrangements?
Yes
ESS 2: Gender analysis
3. Provide equitable opportunities for men and women in stakeholder consultations and decision- Yesmaking during project formulation, implementation and evaluation?
4. Generate gender co-benefits in project interventions?
Yes
5. Include the collection of quantitative or qualitative sex-disaggregated data?
Yes
ESS 3: Conservation of biodiversity and protection of ecosystem services
6. Reflect an integrated conservation and development approach in defining project interventions Yes
to manage impacts?
7. Adhere to the ITTO/IUCN Guidelines for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Yes
in Tropical Timber Production Forests?
8. Comply with relevant national/subnational/local environmental laws and regulation?
Yes
9. Comply with your country’s international obligations (e.g. as a party to the Convention on Yes
Biological Diversity, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance)?
10. Exacerbate human–wildlife conflicts or bushmeat issues?
No
11. Degrade primary forests, critical habitats or environmentally sensitive or high-conservationNovalue areas, or pose risks to endangered or threatened species?
12. Increase forest vulnerability to diseases, pests, invasive alien species or wildfire?
No
13. Increase the risk of disasters (e.g. floods, landslides)?
No
ESS 4: Forest-based climate-change mitigation (including carbon storage in wood products) and adaptation
14. Maintain or increase/enhance forest area and/or carbon stocks?
Yes
15. Increase the risk of wildfire?
No
16. Maintain or increase the resilience and adaptive capacity of forest ecosystems and local Yes
communities to natural disasters and the impacts of climate change?
17. Comply with your country’s relevant international obligations as a party to the United Nations Yes
Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement on climate change andcontribute to its forest-related nationally determined contributions?
ESS 5: Sustainable management of natural tropical forests
18. Benefit local communities?
Yes
19. Adhere to the ITTO Voluntary Guidelines for the Sustainable Management of Natural Tropical Yes
Forests?
20. Apply reduced impact logging techniques?
Yes
21. Comply with applicable national/subnational/local SFM performance standards and safety Yes
standards for forest workers (e.g. loggers and equipment operators)?
22. Comply with your country’s relevant international obligations (e.g. as a member of the Yes
International Labour Organization)?
ESS 6: Restoration and rehabilitation of degraded forest landscapes
23. Adhere to the ITTO Guidelines for Forest Landscape Restoration in the Tropics?
Yes- 38 -

24. Adhere to the ITTO Guidelines for the Establishment and Sustainable Management ofPlanted Tropical Forests?
25. Select tree species for planting in close consultation with local stakeholders, taking into
account the ecological, social, cultural and economic values of the species?
ESS 7: Forest product production and processing (wood and non-wood)
26. Create local employment, business or market opportunities?
27. Promote the efficient and innovative production and processing of forest products?
28. Comply with national/subnational/local air- and water-quality standards and labour standards
for production workers (e.g. regarding health and safety, child labour and sexual harassment)?
29. Comply with your country’s relevant international obligations (e.g. as a party to theConvention on Biological Diversity, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International
Importance, or as a member of the International Labour Organization)?
30. Reduce waste and/or increase recycling?

- 39 -

Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes

Figure 1: Map of the Northern Plain, including the Oti plain area (Zone I)- 40 -

Figure 2: Map of the Oti plain area,Togo (pre-project area)- 41 -