Appendix: Target Stimulus Sentences
Katsuo Tamaoka and Michael P. Mansbridge (in press). An eye-tracking investigation on pre-head andhead-driven processing for Japanese scrambled sentences, Gengo kenkyu ( 言 語 研 究 ), ??, ??-??.
Appendix 1: Experimental sentences used in Experiment 1
The following sentences are all the canonical items from Experiment 1. Item 1 contains both the canonical(1a) word order and its scrambled (1b) variation. The interest regions are denoted using asterisk marks.
The first region and second region are both proper names and the third region is always a verb.
1aCanonical*友子が*太郎を*ほめた。*

Tomoko-ga

Taroo-oNP(Tomoko)-NOM NP(Taroo)-ACC

hometaV(admire)-PAST

Tomoko admired Taro.
1b

Scramble*友子を*太郎が*ほめた。*

Tomoko-oTaroo-ga

hometaNP(Tomoko)-ACC

NP(Taro)-NOM

V(admire)-PAST

Taro admired Tomoko.
2*太郎が*順子を*助けた。*

Taroo-ga

Zyunko-otasuketa

NP(Taro)-NOM

NP(Zyunko)-ACC

V(help)-PAST

Taro helped Junko.
3*次郎が*和子を*殴った。*

Ziroo-ga

Kazuko-onagutta

NP(Ziro)-NOM

NP(Kazuko)-ACC

V(beat)-PASTJiro beat Kazuko.
4*太郎が*順子を*雇った。*

Taroo-ga

Zyunko-oyadotta

NP(Taro)-NOM

NP(Zyunko)-ACC

V(hire)-PASTJiro hired Junko.
5*次郎が*和子を*だました。*

Ziroo-ga

Kazuko-odamasita

NP(Ziroo)-NOM

NP(Kazuko)-ACC

V(cheat)-PASTJiro cheated Kazuko.
6*太郎が*友子を*殺した。*

Taroo-ga

Tomoko-okorosita

NP(Taroo)-NOM

NP(Tomoko)-ACC

V(kill)-PAST

Taro killed Tomoko.
7*友子が*健二を*憎んだ。*

Tomoko-ga

Kenzi-onikundaNP(Tomoko)-NOM

NP(Kenzi)-ACC

V(hate)-PAST

Tomoko hated Kenji.
8*順子が*健二を*許した。*

Zyunko-ga

Kenzi-oyurusita

NP(Zyunko)-NOM

NP(Kenzi)-ACC

V(forgive)-PAST

Junko forgave Kenji.
9*順子が*和子を*産んだ。*

Zyunko-ga

Kazuko-ounda

NP(Ziro)-NOM

NP(Kazuko)-ACC

V(give birth to)-PAST

Junko gave birth to Kazuko.
10*和子が*太郎を*信じた。*

Kazuko-ga

Taroo-osinzitta

NP(Kazuko)-NOM

NP(Taroo)-ACC

V(believe in)-PAST

Kazuko believed in Taro.
11*次郎が*和子を*指導した。*

Ziroo-ga

Kazuko-osidosita

NP(Ziroo)-NOM

NP(Kazuko)-ACC

V(coach)-PASTJiro coached Kazuko.
12*和子が*太郎を*疑った。*

Kazuko-ga

Taroo-outagatta

NP(Kazuko)-NOM

NP(Taroo)-ACC

V(doubt)-PAST

Kazuko doubted Taro.

13*次郎が*順子を*叩いた。*

Ziroo-ga

Zyunko-otataita

NP(Ziroo)-NOM

NP(Zyunko)-ACC

V(hit)-PASTJiro hit Junko.
14 *順子が*次郎を*追いかけた。*

Zyunko-ga

Ziroo-ooikaketa

NP(Zyunko)-NOM

NP(Ziroo)-ACC

V(chase after)-PAST

Junko chased after Jiro.
15 *友子が*健二を*尊敬した。*

Tomoko-ga

Kenzi-osonkeisita

NP(Tomoko)-NOM

NP(Kenzi)-ACC

V(respect)-PAST

Tomoko respected Kenji.
16 *太郎が*友子を*逃がした。*

Taroo-ga

Tomoko-onigasita

NP(Taroo)-NOM

NP(Tomoko)-ACC

V(set free)-PAST

Taro set Tomoko free.
17 *次郎が*順子を*突き飛ばした。*

Ziroo-ga

Zyunko-otukitobasita

NP(Ziroo)-NOM

NP(Kazuko)-ACC

V(shove)-PASTJiro shoved Kazuko away.
18 *健二が*和子を*驚かした。*

Kenzi-ga

Kazuko-oodokasita

NP(Kenzi)-NOM

NP(Kazuko)-ACC

V(scare)-PAST

Kenji scared Kazuko.
19 *順子が*太郎を*蹴った。*

Zyunko-ga

Taroo-oketta

NP(Zyunko)-NOM

NP(Taroo)-ACC

V(kick)-PAST

Junko kicked Taro.
20 *和子が*次郎を*投げ飛ばした。*

Kazuko-ga

Ziroo-onagetobasita

NP(Kazuko)-NOM

NP(Ziroo)-ACC

V(throw away)-PAST

Kazuko threw Jiro away.
21 *友子が*健二を*刺した。*

Tomoko-ga

Kenzi-osasitaNP(Tomoko)-NOM

NP(Kazuko)-ACC

V(prick)-PAST

Tomoko pricked Kenji.
22 *和子が*太郎を*縛った。*

Kazuko-ga

Taroo-osibatta

NP(Kazuko)-NOM

NP(Taroo)-ACC

V(tie up)-PAST

Junko tied Taro up.
23 *友子が*次郎を*呼び止めた。*

Tomoko-ga

Ziroo-oyobitometa

NP(Tomoko)-NOM

NP(Ziroo)-ACC

V(stop)-PAST

Tomoko stopped Jiro.
24 *順子が*健二を*引っ掻いた。*

Zyunko-ga

Kenzi-ohikkaitta

NP(Zyunko)-NOM

NP(Kenzi)-ACC

V(scratch)-PAST

Junko scratched Kenji.
25*友子が*太郎を*起こした。*

Tomoko-ga

Taroo-ookosita

NP(Tomoko)-NOM

NP(Taroo)-ACC

V(wake up)-PAST

Tomoko woke Taro up.
26*次郎が*和子を*誤解した。*

Ziroo-ga

Kazuko-ogokaisita

NP(Ziroo)-NOM

NP(Kazuko)-ACC

V(misunderstand)-PASTJiro misunderstood Kazuko.
27*和子が*健二を*背負った。*

Kazuko-ga

Kenzi-oseottaNP(Kazuko)-NOM

NP(Kenzi)-ACC

V(carry)-PAST

Kazuko carried Kenji.

28*順子が*太郎を*にらんだ。*

Zyunko-ga

Taroo-onirantda

NP(Zyunko)-NOM

NP(Taroo)-ACC

V(glare at)-PAST

Junko glared at Taro.
29*和子が*次郎を*突き落とした。*

Kazuko-ga

Ziroo-otukiotosita

NP(Kazuko)-NOM

NP(Ziroo)-ACC

V(push off)-PAST

Kazuko pushed Jiro off.
30

*友子が*健二を*見つけた。*

Tomoko-ga

Kenzi-omituketa

NP(Tomoko)-NOM

NP(Kenzi)-ACC

V(find)-PAST

Tomoko found Kenji.
31*和子が*太郎を*脅した。*

Kazuko-ga

Taroo-oodosita

NP(Kazuko)-NOM

NP(Taroo)-ACC

V(threaten)-PAST

Kazuko threatened Taro.
32*友子が*次郎を*見送った。*

Tomoko-ga

Ziroo-omiokutta

NP(Tomoko)-NOM

NP(Ziroo)-ACC

V(send off)-PAST

Tomoko sent Jiro off.
33

*順子が*健二を*捕まえた。*

Zyunko-ga

Kenzi-otukamaeta

NP(Zyunko)-NOM

NP(Kenzi)-ACC

V(catch)-PAST

Junko caught Kenji.
34*友子が*太郎を*呼んだ。*

Tomoko-ga

Taroo-oyonda

NP(Tomoko)-NOM

NP(Taroo)-ACC

V(call)-PAST

Tomoko called Taro.
35*順子が*次郎を*泣かせた。*

Zyunko-ga

Ziroo-onakaseta

NP(Zyunko)-NOM

NP(Ziroo)-ACC

V(cry)-PASTJunko made Jiro cry.
36

*順子が*健二を*押した。*

Zyunko-ga

Kenzi-oosita

NP(Zyunko)-NOM

NP(Kenzi)-ACC

V(push)-PAST

Junko pushed Kenji.
Appendix 2: Experimental sentences used in Experiment 2
The following sentences are all the canonical items from Experiment 2. Item 1 contains the canonical word
order and both of its short scramble and long scramble variations. The interest regions are designatedbetween asterisk marks. The first three regions are proper nouns, the fourth region is always the verb of theembedded phrase, and the last region is always a complementizer and the past tense of the verb ‘hear’.
1a Canonical*ケンジが*マサトが*ケイコを*助けた*と聞いた。*

Kenzi-ga Masato-ga Keiko-o tasuketa to kiita.
NP(Kenzi)-NOM NP(Masato)-NOM NP(Keiko)-ACC V(help)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Kenji heard that Masato helped Keiko.
1b Short Scramble*ケンジが*マサトを*ケイコが*助けた*と聞いた。*

Kenzi-ga Masato-o Keiko-ga tasuketa to kiita.
NP(Kenzi)-NOM NP(Masato)-ACC NP(Keiko)-NOM V(help)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Kenji heard that Keiko helped Masato.
1c Long Scramble*ケンジを*マサトが*ケイコが*助けた*と聞いた。*

Kenzi-o Masato-ga Keiko-ga tasuketa to kiita.
NP(Kenzi)-ACC NP(Masato)-NOM NP(Keiko)-NOM V(help)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Masato heard that Keiko helped Kenji.
2 *マサトが*サトコが*クミコを*雇った*と聞いた。*

Masato-ga Satoko-ga Kumiko-o yatoota to kiita.
NP(Masato)-NOM NP(Satoko)-NOM NP(Kumiko)-ACC V(hire)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Kenji heard that Masato hired Keiko.
3 *ケイコが*オサムが*タカシを*殺した*と聞いた。*

Keiko-ga Osamu-ga Takasi-o korosita to kiita.

NP(Keiko)-NOM NP(Osamu)-NOM NP(Takasi)-ACC V(kill)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Keiko heard that Osamu killed Takasi.
4 *サトコが*トモコが*トオルを*許した*と聞いた。*

Satoko-ga Tomoko-ga Tooru-o yurusita to kiita.
NP(Satoko)-NOM NP(Tomoko)-NOM NP(Tooru)-ACC V(forgive)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Satoko heard that Tomoko forgave Toru.
5 *クミコが*ミチコが*シゲルを*信じた*と聞いた。*

Kumiko-ga Mitiko-ga Sigeru-o sinjita to kiita.
NP(Kumiko)-NOM NP(Mitiko)-NOM NP(Sigeru)-ACC V(believe in)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Kumiko heard that Michiko believed in Shigeru.
6 *オサムが*ユミコが*アケミを*疑った*と聞いた。*

Osamu-ga Yumiko-ga Akemi-o ukagatta to kiita.
NP(Osamu)-NOM NP(Yumiko)-NOM NP(Akemi)-ACC V(doubt)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Osamu heard that Yumiko doubted Akemi.
7 *タカシが*ユタカが*アキラを*追いかけた*と聞いた。*

Takasi-ga Yukata-ga Akira-o oikaketa to kiita.
NP(Takasi)-NOM NP(Yukata)-NOM NP(Akira)-ACC V(chase after)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Takashi heard that Yutaka chased after Akira.
8 *トモコが*サチコが*ヒロシを*逃がした*と聞いた。*

Tomoko-ga Satiko-ga Hiromi-o nigasitato kiita.
NP(Tomoko)-NOM NP(Satiko)-NOM NP(Hiromi)-ACC V(set free)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Tomoko heard that Sachiko set Hiromi free.
9 *トオルが*ヨウコが*ススムを*驚かした*と聞いた。*

Tooru-ga Yooko-ga Susumu-o odorokasita to kiita.
NP(Tooru)-NOM NP(Youko)-NOM NP(Susumu)-ACC V(scare)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Toru heard that Yoko scared Susumu.
10 *ミチコが*ユウコが*タツヤを*投げ飛ばした*と聞いた。*

Mitiko-ga Yuuko-ga Tatuya-o nagetobasita to kiita.
NP(Mitiko)-NOM NP(Yuuko)-NOM NP(Tatuya)-ACC V(throw away)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Michiko heard that Yuko threw Tatsuya away.

11 *シゲルが*ナオキが*ツトムを*縛った*と聞いた。*

Sigeru-ga Naoki-ga Tutomu-o sibatta to kiita.
NP(Sigeru)-NOM NP(Naoki)-NOM NP(Tutomu)-ACC V(tie up)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Shigeru heard that Naoki tied Tsutomu up.
12 *ユミコが*ユカリが*ヒデキを*引っ掻いた*と聞いた。*

Yumiko-ga Yukari-ga Hideki-o hikkaitta to kiita.
NP(Yumiko)-NOM NP(Yukari)-NOM NP(Hideki)-ACC V(scratch)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Yumiko heard that Yukari scratched Hideki.
13 *アケミが*マユミが*ツヨシを*誤解した*と聞いた。*

Akemi-ga Mayumi-ga Tuyosi-o gokaisita to kiita.
NP(Akemi)-NOM NP(Mayumi)-NOM NP(Tuyosi)-ACC V(misunderstand)-PAST COMP V(hear)PAST
Akemi heard that Mayumi misunderstood Tsuyoshi.
14 *ユタカが*マナブが*テツヤを*にらんだ*と聞いた。*

Yutaka-ga Manabu-ga Tetuya-o niranda to kiita.
NP(Yutaka)-NOM NP(Manabu)-NOM NP(Tetuya)-ACC V(glare at)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Yutaka heard that Manabu glared at Tetsuya.
15 *アキラが*カズヤが*メグミを*見つけた*と聞いた。*

Akira-ga Kazuya-ga Megumi-o mituketa to kiita.
NP(Akira)-NOM NP(Kazuya)-NOM NP(Megumi)-ACC V(find)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Akira heard that Kazuya found Megumi.
16 *サチコが*アサミが*タクマを*見送った*と聞いた。*

Satiko-ga Asami-ga Takuma-o miokutta to kiita.
NP(Satiko)-NOM NP(Asami)-NOM NP(Takuma)-ACC V(send off)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Sachiko heard that Asami sent Takuma off.
17 *ヒロシが*アスカが*ナナミを*呼んだ*と聞いた。*

Hirosi-ga Asuka-ga Nanami-o yonda to kiita.
NP(Hirosi)-NOM NP(Asuka)-NOM NP(Nanami)-ACC V(call)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Hiromi heard that Asuka called Nanami.
18 *ヨウコが*ミハルが*ケンジを*押した*と聞いた。*

Yooko-ga Miharu-ga Kenzi-o osita to kiita.

NP(Yooko)-NOM NP(Miharu)-NOM NP(Kenzi)-ACC V(push)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Yoko heard that Miharu pushed Kenji.
19 *ススムが*マサトが*ケイコを*ほめた*と聞いた。*

Susumu-ga Masato-ga Keiko-o hometa to kiita.
NP(Susumu)-NOM NP(Masato)-NOM NP(Keiko)-ACC V(admire)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Susumu heard that Masato admired Keiko.
20 *ユウコが*クミコが*サトコを*殴った*と聞いた。*

Yuuko-ga Kumiko-ga Satoko-o nagutta to kiita.
NP(Yuuko)-NOM NP(Kumiko)-NOM NP(Satoko)-ACC V(beat)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Yuko heard that Kumiko beat Satoko.
21 *タツヤが*オサムが*タカシを*だました*と聞いた。*

Tatuya-ga Osamu-ga Takasi-o damasita to kiita.
NP(Tatuya)-NOM NP(Osamu)-NOM NP(Takasi)-ACC V(cheat on)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Tatsuya heard that Osamu cheated on Takashi.
22 *ナオキが*トモコが*トオルを*憎んだ*と聞いた。*

Naoki-ga Tomoko-ga Tooru-o nikunda to kiita.
NP(Kaoki)-NOM NP(Tomoko)-NOM NP(Tooru)-ACC V(hate)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Naoki heard that Tomoko hated Toru.
23 *ツトムが*ミチコが*ハナコを*産んだ*と聞いた。*

Tutomu-ga Mitiko-ga Hanako-o unda to kiita.
NP(Tutomu)-NOM NP(Mitiko)-NOM NP(Hanako)-ACC V(give birth to)-PAST COMP V(hear)PAST
Tsutomu heard that Michiko gave birth to Hanako.
24 *ユカリが*ユミコが*アケミを*指導した*と聞いた。*

Yukari-ga Yumiko-ga Akemi-o sidoosita to kiita.
NP(Yukari)-NOM NP(Yumiko)-NOM NP(Akemi)-ACC V(coach)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Yukari heard that Yumiko coached Akemi.
25 *ヒデキが*ユタカが*アキラを*叩いた*と聞いた。*

Hideki-ga Yutaka-ga Akira-o tataitta to kiita.
NP(Hideki)-NOM NP(Yutaka)-NOM NP(Akira)-ACC V(hit)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Hideki heard that Yutaka hit Akira.

26 *マユミが*サチコが*ヒロシを*尊敬した*と聞いた。*

Mayumi-ga Satiko-ga Hirosi-o sonkeisita to kiita.
NP(Mayumi)-NOM NP(Satiko)-NOM NP(Hirosi)-ACC V(respect)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Ayumi heard that Sachiko respected Hiroshi.
27 *ツヨシが*ヨウコが*ススムを*突き飛ばした*と聞いた。*

Tuyosi-ga Yooko-ga Susumu-o tukitobasita to kiita.
NP(Tuyosi)-NOM NP(Yooko)-NOM NP(Susumu)-ACC V(thrust away)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Tsuyoshi heard that Yoko shoved Susumu away.
28 *マナブが*ユウコが*タツヤを*蹴った*と聞いた。*

Manabu-ga Yuuko-ga Tatuya-o ketta to kiita.
NP(Manabu)-NOM NP(Yuuko)-NOM NP(Tatuya)-ACC V(kick)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Manabu heard that Yuko kicked Tatsuya.
29 *テツヤが*ナオキが*ツトムを*刺した*と聞いた。*

Tetuya-ga Naoki-ga Tutomu-o sasita to kiita.
NP(Tetuya)-NOM NP(Naoki)-NOM NP(Tutomu)-ACC V(prick)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Tetsuya heard that Naoki pricked Tsutomu.
30 *メグミが*ユカリが*ヒデキを*呼び止めた*と聞いた。*

Megumi-ga Yukari-ga Hideki-o yobitometa to kiita.
NP(Megumi)-NOM NP(Yukari)-NOM NP(Hideki)-ACC V(stop)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Megumi heard that Yukari stopped Hideki.
31 *カズヤが*マユミが*ツヨシを*起こした*と聞いた。*

Kazuya-ga Ayumi-ga Tuyosi-o okosita to kiita.
NP(Kazuya)-NOM NP(Ayumi)-NOM NP(Tuyosi)-ACC V(wake up)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Kazuya heard that Ayumi woke Tsuyoshi up.
32 *アサミが*マナブが*メグミを*背負った*と聞いた。*

Asami-ga Manabu-ga Megumi-o seotta to kiita.
NP(Asami)-NOM NP(Manabu)-NOM NP(Megumi)-ACC V(carry)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Asami heard that Manabu carried Megumi.
33 *タクマが*テツヤが*カズヤを*突き落とした*と聞いた。*

Takuma-ga Tetuya-ga Kazuya-o tukiotosita to kiita.

NP(Takuma)-NOM NP(Tetuya)-NOM NP(Kazuya)-ACC V(push off)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Takuya heard that Tetsuya pushed Kazuya off.
34 *アスカが*アサミが*タクマを*脅した*と聞いた。*

Asuka-ga Asami-ga Takuma-o odosita to kiita.
NP(Asuka)-NOM NP(Asami)-NOM NP(Takuma)-ACC V(threaten)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Asuka heard that Asami threatened Takuma.
35 *ナナミが*アスカが*ミハルを*捕まえた*と聞いた。*

Nanami-ga Asuka-ga Miharu-o tukamaeta to kiita.
NP(Nanami)-NOM NP(Asuka)-NOM NP(Miharu)-ACC V(catch)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Nanami heard that Asuka caught Miharu.
36 *ミハルが*ケンジが*サチコを*泣かせた*と聞いた。*

Miharu-ga Kenzi-ga Satiko-o nakaseta to kiita.
NP(Miharu)-NOM NP(Kenzi)-NOM NP(Satiko)-ACC V(cry)-PAST COMP V(hear)-PAST
Miharu heard that Kenji made Sachiko cry.