416

Dr. C. P. Alexander on

The new genus Diplecogaster is proposed to include threewell-marked species--Cyclopterus bimaculatus Bonnaterre,
1788, which is selected as the genotype, Lepadogastermicrocephalus Brook, and L. pellegrini Chabanaud.
A key to these three species has been given b y Chabanaud
1925.
The British species may now be listed thus : - Diplecogaster bimaculatus (Bonnaterre).
microcephalus (Brook).
M irbelia decandollii (Risso).
Lepadogaster lepadogaster (Bonnaterre).
In passing it m a y not be out of place to mention here
the genus Gouania Nardo, based on Lepadogaster wildenowii
Risso, with several synonyms such as Rupisuga, Apepton,etc. ; it resembles Lepadogaster in having the verticalfins united, but differs in lacking the nasal tentacles andin other small characters. It is possible that it mightprove subgeneric.

L.----New or little-known Tipulid~e (Diptera).--LV.
IYeotropical Species. By CHARLES P. ALEXANDER,
Ph.D., F.R.E.S., Massachusetts State College, Amherst,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.
] AM here discussing a series of Limoniine crane-flies
that were taken in eastern Ecuador by Mr. William
Clarke-Macintyre and his native collectors. Most of thespecies were secured at and near Abitagua, on the Rio
Pastaza, at an approximate altitude of 1200 metres.
My sincere thanks are extended to Mr. Macintyre forhis continued efforts in making known the rich Tipulid
fauna of the region. All types are preserved in m yprivate collection of these flies.

Limonia (Limonia) pastazicol~, sp. n.
Belongs to the eiseni group; mesonotum reddish
brown, darker behind ; legs black ; wings with a brownish
tinge, restrictedly patterned with darker brown, including
areas at origin of Rs, fork of Sc, stigma, cord and outerend of cell 1st M 2 ; Rs angulated and spurred at origin ;new or little-known Tipulidse.

417

abdominal tergites black, the sternites more bieoloured ;male hypopygium with the two spines of the rostralprolongation of the ventral dististyle widely separated,each acutely pointed; at base of prolongation a strong
tubercle provided with two modified set,e, one from apex,
the other from base; gonapophyses with mesal-apicallobe a slender blackened spine; mdeagus relatively
narrow, parallel-sided.
M a l e . - - L e n g t h about 8 ram. ; wing 9 mm.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black throughout ;flagellar segments long-oval, with long, unilaterally distributed verticils. Head black; anterior vertex narrow.
Pronotum brownish yellow. Mesonotal prmscutum
reddish brown, restrictedly darkened medially ; posteriorsclerites of notum more uniformly darkened. Pleura
chiefly dark brown, the dorsal half more intensely so
but not forming a well-defined longitudinal stripe.
Halteres dark brown, the base of stem restrictedly pale.
Legs with the cox~e and trochanters yellowish testaceous ;remainder of legs black, the femoral bases restrictedly
brightened. Wings with a brown tinge, restrictedly
patterned with darker brown, as follows :--Stigma;
origin of Rs ; fork of Sc ; cord and outer end of cell
1st M2; veins brown, a little darker in the clouded
areas. Venation: Sc relatively long, Sc 1 ending about
opposite two-thirds to three-fourths Rs, Sc,, close to its
tip ; R s angulated and spurred at origin ; m - c u oblique,at the fork of M.
Abdominal tergites black, the sternites more bicoloured,
brownish black, the basal portion of the more proximal
segments obscure yellow ; hypopygium black, the ventral
dististyles pale yellow. Male hypopygium with the dorsal
dististyle long, the tip strongly decurved. Ventral
dististyle relatively small, the rostral prolongation conspicuous, very high basally ; two pale acute spines thatare widely separated, the distance between their bases
nearly equal to the length of the spine ; at base of prolongation a strong tubercle with two modified setm, one
from apex, the other from base of tubercle. Gonapophyses with mesal-apical lobe a slender blackened spine.
2Edeagus relatively narrow, parallel-sided, the apicallobes not divergent.
Hab. Ecuador (Oriente).
A n n . & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 11. Vol. ii.
28

418

Dr. C. P. Alexander on

Holotype, ~, Abitagua, Rio Pastaza, altitude 1200
metres, March 23, 1937 (Macint~re).
Limonia (Limonia) pastazicola is quite distinct fromthe other species of the group, the chief distinctions
being found in the structure of the male hypopygium.
Limonia (Limonia) hyperphallus, sp. n.
Belongs to the eiseni group ; front silvery ; mesonotal
pr~escutum polished black, the posterior sclerites darker ;pleura with a broad dorsal black stripe; legs black;wings with a brown tinge, the costal and apical portions
more suffused ; a restricted but conspicuous dark brownpattern; Sc long, Rs angulated and spurred at origin;abdominal tergites uniformly brownish black; sternites
bicoloured; male hypopygium with the rostral prolongation relatively slender, the pale rostral spines
placed close together; a single modified seta at base of
prolongation ; mesal-apical lobes of gonapophyses broad,each outer angle produced; mdeagus unusually broad,the apical lobes very widely flaring.
Male.--Length about 6.5 mm. ; wing 7 ram.
Female.--Length about 8 mm. ; wing 7-5 ram.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black throughout ;flagellar segments oval, the long verticils unilaterally
arranged. Front silvery, posterior portion of head darkbrown ; anterior vertex reduced to a narrow strip.
Pronotum brownish yellow above, darker on sides.
Mesonotal prmscutum chiefly polished brown, the humeral
region obscure yellow; posterior sclerites of notum
brownish black, the mediotergite a little more brightened.
Pleura brown, with a broad dorsal black stripe, extending
from the sides of the pronotum to the abdomen, passing
through the base of halteres. Halteres dusky. Legs
with the coxm and trochanters obscure yellow; femora
dark brown, tibiae and tarsi black. Wings with a browntinge, the costal portion and wing-tip in outer radial
field more suffused ; a conspicuous but restricted darker
brown pattern, a s follows :--Origin Rs; fork of Sc;
stigma ; cord and outer end of cell 1st M 2 ; veins brown.
Venation: Sc long, Sc 1 ending about opposite threefourths the length of Rs, Sc~ near its t i p ; Rs squareand short-spurred at origin; m-cu close to fork of M,
exceeding the distal section of Cu r

new or little-known Tipulid~e.

419

Abdominal tergites uniformly brownish black ; sternites
bicoloured, the bases yellow, the apices broadly blackened,
the amount of the latter increasing on the outer segments ;hypopygium black, the ventral dististyle pale. Male
hypopygium with the ventral dististyle of moderatesize, the rostral prolongation relatively slender; rostralspines pale, placed close together, their punctures lessthan their own width apart, located at base of prolongation; a single modified seta near base of prolongation,
this not arising from a basal tubercle. Gonapophyses
with mesal-apical lobe blackened, very broad, the apex
subtruncated, with each angle slightly produced into aspinous point. 2Edeagus unusually broad, especially thewidely flaring apex, which is about one-half as wide as
the transverse diameter of the tergite.
Hab. Ecuador (Oriente).
Holotype, ~, Abitagua, Rio Pastaza, altitude 1200
metres, April 7, 1937 (Macintyre). Allotopotype, ~_,April 5, 1937.
The nearest relative is Limonia (Limonia) cariba~aAlexander (Cuba), which differs especially in the structureof the male hypopygium, as the ventral dististyle and theunusually broad ~edeagus.

Limonia (Limonia) bimucronata, sp. n.
Belongs to the eiseni group; head black, the vertex
with a narrow median grey line ; thorax obscure brownish
yellow, including the pleura; knobs of halteres darkbrown ; legs black ; wings yellow, beyond the cord with
M1 outer radial cells deeper fulvous brown; a sparsebrown pattern, including cord and outer end of cell
1st M,~; Rs square and spurred at origin; abdominal
tergites bicoloured, yellow, the apices brown; malehypopygium with the ventro-mesal lobe of basistylebearing a lateral tubercle ; spines of rostral prolongationof ventral dististyle widely separated; gonapophyses
bispinous at tips.
Male.~Length about 6.5 mm. ; wing 7.2 mm.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennm black throughout ;flagellar segments oval, passing into long-oval, the morebasal segments with very short, glabrous, apical pedicels ;terminal segment one-half longer than the penultimate ;verticils very long, unilaterally distributed. Head black,
28*

420

Dr. C. P. Alexander on

the front, anterior vertex, and a narrow median line onposterior vertex light grey.
Thorax almost uniformly obscure brownish yellow,
the surface subnitidous, the posterior sclerites of themesonotum a trifle darker. Halteres with stem yellow,
knob dark brown. Legs with the coxse and trochanters
yellow ; femora brownish black, the bases very vaguely
paler; tibiae and tarsi black; claws with a single very
long tooth. Wings with the ground-colour yellow, including
all cells basad of cord, beyond cord reaching the wingtip in cells R~, 1st M 2, 2nd M2, and M 3 ; beyond cord theground-colour of remaining cells is more fulvous brown,
more saturated in the outer radial field; a sparse darkbrown pattern, as follows :--Origin of Rs, fork of Sc, cord,
outer end of cell 1st Ms, and a small marginal spot on R 3 ;veins yellow, darker in the.infuscated portions. Venation :Sc moderately long, Sc 1 ending shortly beyond midlength of Rs, S% at its tip ; Rs square and spurred atorigin; free tip of S% placed shortly distad of levelof R~ ; cell 1st M 2 about equal in length to vein MI+ 2
beyond it ; m-cu shortly before fork of M.
Abdominal tergites bicoloured, the bases of segments
yellow, the apices brown, on the more basal segments
including about one-half the segment, the brown becoming
more restricted on outer segments; sternites and hypopygium more uniformly yellow. Male hypopygium withthe ventro-mesal lobe of basistyle bearing a conspicuous
lateral lobule. Dorsal dististyle nearly straight, thelong tip curved at a right angle. Ventral dististyle
relatively small, the rostral portion very large andcompressed, as in the group ; rostral spines blunt, pale,separated on prolongation by a distance subequal totheir own length, their bases surrounded by abundantsilken setulm ; modified set~e from base of style arisingfrom a low inconspicuous tubercle. Gonapophyses black,the mesal-apical lobe relatively narrow, terminatingin two unequal spines. 2Edeagus of moderate width.
Hab. Ecuador (Oriente).
Holotype, ~, Abitagua, Rio Pastaza, altitude 1200
metres, August 20, 1937 (Macintyre).
Limonia (Limonia) bimucronata is quite distinct fromthe other described species of the group having bispinous

new or little-known Tipulidee.

421

gonapophyses, as L. (L.) caribxa Alexander and L. (L.)
hyperphallus, sp. n.
Limonia (Limonia) lustralis, sp. n.

Belongs to the insularis group; general coloration ofthorax obscure yellow, the notum unpatterned ; antennse
and legs black throughout; wings bright brownish
yellow, the outer radial field more saturated ; a restricteddark brown pattern; Rs long, square at origin; cell
1st M,, subequal in length to vein MI+ ~ beyond it ; m-cu
at fork of M ; abdominal tergites dark brown, sternites
obscure yellow.
Female.--Length about 8 mm. ; wing 8 ram.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennse black throughout ;basal flagellar segments short-oval to pyriform, withvery short apical pedicels ; outer segments more elongate,
the terminal segment very long, nearly twice the penultimate. Front grey, the posterior parts of head black;anterior vertex narrow, about one-half the diameter ofscape.
Pronotum dark brown medially, paling to yellow onsides. Mesonotum and pleura almost uniform obscureyellow, the ventral sternopleurite slightly darkened.
Halteres short, weakly infuscated. Legs with the cox~eand trochanters yellow; remainder of legs intensely
black. Wings bright brownish yellow, the costal regionand outer radial field more saturated ; a very restricteddark brown pattern, as follows :--Origin of Rs; forkof Sc ; narrow seams on free tip of Sc~ and R~ ; cordand outer end of cell 1st M~ very narrowly borderedwith brown ; small marginal clouds at ends of all longitudinal veins, largest on Ra+5 ; stigma oval, pale brown,
scarcely darker than the ground; veins yellow, darker
in the infuscated areas. Venation: Rs long, squareat origin, longer than vein R alone ; Sc long, Sc 1 ending
about opposite five-sixths the length of Rs, Sc~ at tip ;R2+ a relatively short, less than twice the basal sectionof R4+~; cell 1st M 2 subequal in length to vein MI+ 2
beyond it ; m-cu at fork of M.
Abdominal tergites dark brown, sternites obscureyellow ; genital segment yellow ; cerci slender, upcurved.
Hab. Ecuador (Oriente).

422

Dr. C. P. Alexander on

Holotype, 9, Abitagua, Rio Pastaza, altitude 1200
metres, November 21, 1937 (Macintyre).
The nearest relatives of the present fly seem to be
Limonia (Limonia) capnora Alexander, L. (L.) lutzi
Alexander, and L. (L.) infucata Alexander, all of which
differ in the coloration of the thorax, legs, and wings.
Limonia (Limonia) grossa, sp. n.
Belongs to the insularis group; size large (wing,
male, 11 mm.) ; general coloration brown ; legs uniformly
yellowish brown; wings tinged with brown, patternedwith still darker brown; Sc 1 ending about opposite
four-fifths the length of Rs, the latter nearly square atorigin ; R~ greatly reduced ; abdomen weakly bicoloured ;male hypopygium with the rostral prolongation moreconstricted at base than at apex.
Male.--Length about 9 mm. ; wing 11 ram.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black; flagellar
segments cylindrical, with short, glabrous, apical pedicels ;terminal segment elongate. Head brownish black, thefront more silvery; anterior vertex narrow, about
one-half the diameter of the scape.
Thorax almost uniform brown, the posterior pleurites
somewhat darker; pr~escutum without stripes; setm
of interspaces sparse. Halteres with stem dusky, knob
more infuscated. Legs with cox~e and trochantersbrown; remainder of legs uniform yellowish brown.
Wings with a brownish tinge, patterned with still darker
brown, including restricted seams at origin of Rs, fork of
Sc, R~ and free tip of Sc.~, cord, and outer end of cell]st M S ; veins pale brownish yellow, darker in theclouded portions. Wing-tip obtuse. Venation: Scl
ending about opposite four-fifths the length of Rs, Sc 2
at its tip ; Rs nearly square at origin ; R 1 bent strongly
eaudad on outer portion, greatly reducing vein R2, Sc 2
correspondingly lengthened ; basal section of R4+ 5 short,angulated at near mid-length ; m-cu just before the forkof M.
Abdomen weakly bicoloured, obscure yellow, the caudal
margins of the individual segments broadly infuscated ;hypopygium dark brown. Male hypopygium with therostral prolongation of the ventral dististyle constrictednew or little-known Tipulid~e.

423

at base, thence gently expanded into a head. Dorsal
dististyle scabrous, as in the group.
Hab. Ecuador (Oriente).
Holotype, 3, Abitagua, Rio Pastaza, altitude 1200
metres, April 21, 1937 (Macintyre).
Limonia (Limonia) grossa is most closely allied toL. (L.)fumosa (Alexander), differing in the large size andin the structure of the male hypopygium. There are
now numerous Neotropical species referable to thisgroup, several of which have the legs variegated invarious patterns.
Limonia (Neolimnobia ) corallina, sp. n.

General coloration coral-red; antennal scape andpedicel black, fiagellar segments bicoloured, yellow anddark brown; head black; femora brownish yellow,
the tips abruptly clearer yellow ; wings with the groundcolour pale yellow, with a pale brown reticulated pattern.
Male.--Length about 7 mm. ; wing 8 mm.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae with the scapeand pedicel black ; flagellar segments bicoloured, yellow,
with a dark brown subbasal ring, terminal segments
uniformly d a r k ; flagellar segments oval to long-oval,
the incisures well indicated; verticils much exceeding
the segments. Head black, the orbits very narrowly
g r e y ; anterior vertex a little less than twice as wide as
the diameter of the scape.
Thorax uniformly coral-red, without markings. Halteresyellow throughout. Legs with the cox~e and trochantersreddish yellow; femora brownish yellow to pale brown,
the tip narrowly and abruptly yellow; tibiae and tarsi
brownish yellow, the terminal tarsal segments darkened ;claws conspicuously toothed. Wings with the groundcolour pale yellow, conspicuously marked with a pale
brown reticulate pattern; veins pale yellow, a little
darkened in the clouded areas. Venation: Sc 1 ending
just before origin of Rs, Sc 2 at its extreme tip; Rsarcuated, about twice as long as the more strongly
a~cuated basal section of R4+5; supernumerary crossvein in cell Ra at near two-thirds the length of the cell ;cell 1st M e nearly as long as vein MI+ ~ beyond it ; m-cu
shortly beyond the fork of M.

424

Dr. C. P. Alexander on

Abdomen, including hypopygium, reddish yellow, thecaudal margins of the segments vaguely darker ; hypopygium, especially the large ventral dististyles, brown.
Hab. Ecuador (Oriente).
Holotype, (~, Abitagua, Rio Pastaza, altitude 1200
metres, April 7, 1937 (Macintyre).
Limonia (Neolimnobia) corallina is very different fromthe other species of the subgenus so far described. The
specific name has a double significance, referring to thebody-coloration and to the wing-pattern.

Limonia (Peripheroptera) prindlei, sp. n.
Size very large (wing 10 mm. or over) ; coloration ofbody polished black ; antennse, halteres, and legs black ;wings deep yellow, restrictedly patterned with black,
including the costal border; wing-tip more or lessinfumed.
Male.--Length about 7-8 mm. ; wing 11-15 mm.
Female.--Length about 8 mm. ; wing 10-10.5 mm.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennse black throughout ;flagellar segments oval. Head polished black; anteriorvertex broad, in male nearly four times the diameterof scape.
Thorax entirely polished black. Halteres and legs
black throughout. Wings deep yellow, restrictedly patterned with black, including the narrow costal border tobeyond wing apex, the latter more extensively infumedin certain specimens; cord very narrowly seamed withbrown, not evident in the paratype female; veins clear
yellow, brown in the darkened areas. Venation: free
tip of Sc 2 some distance basad of level of R2 ; S% at near
mid-length of vein Sc ; m-cu at or shortly beyond forkof M ; cell 2nd A relatively long and narrow.
Abdomen, including the male hypopygium, polished
black ; in female the extreme caudal borders of segments
pale.
Hab. Ecuador (Oriente).
Holotype, ~, Pundoa, altitude 2600 metres, August 21,
1937 (Macintyre). Allotopotype, ~, August 20, 1937.
Paratopotypes, 2 ~ , 1 broken ~, with holotype.
This striking species is named in honour of m y brother,
Professor William Prindle Alexander, Hayes Professor of
Natural History, Buffalo Museum of Science. It isnew or little-known Tipulid~e.

425

entirely different from all other members of the subgenus
so far described. By my key to the species of Peripheroptera (Ent. News, xxiv. p. 409, 1913) the fly runs to
L. (P.) teucholaboides (Alexander), of Peru, an entirely
different species.
Limonia (Geranomyia) luteimana, sp. n.
General coloration black, including the notum anddorsal half of pleura ; rostrum long ; halteres black ;femora and tibiae obscure yellow, the tips darkened;basitarsi brownish black, the outer tarsal segments
yellow; wings blackened, the costal border broadly
whitish; Sc 1 ending opposite origin of Rs; abdominal
tergites black.
Female.--Length, excluding rostrum, about 8 mm. ;wing 7 mm. ; rostrum about 6 ram.
Rostrum unusually long, black throughout. Antennm
black ; flagellar segments cylindrical, w i t h unilaterally
arranged verticils that slightly exceed the segments inlength. Head brownish black.
Pronotum dark brown nmdially, obscure yellow onsides. Mesonotal prmscutum almost covered by three
confluent, polished black stripes, the yellow groundcolour restricted to small humeral triangles; posteriorsclerites of notum polished black. Pleura with dorsal
haft polished black, concolorous with the notum, theventral half abruptly yellow. Halteres black. Legs
with the coxse and trochanters pale yellow; femora
obscure yellow, the tips rather narrowly dark brown;
tibise yellowish brown, the tips very narrowly and inconspicuously darkened; basitarsi brownish black, thesucceeding tarsal segments pale yellow. Wings with theground-colour strongly blackened, the prearcular fieldand costal border broadly and abruptly whitened, interrupted by narrow dark extensions at h, mid-length ofvein Sc, origin of Rs, and at stigma, the white areas notquite reaching vein M behind ; stigma a trifle darker
than the ground ; veins dark brown, paler in the whitened
costal portions. Venation : Sc short, Scl ending opposite
origin of Rs, S% at its tip; basal section of R4+5 long,shortening r - m ; cell 1st M~ subequal to vein MI+ ~beyond it ; m-cu at fork of M,

426

Dr. C. P. Alexander on

Abdominal tergites black, sternites obscure yellow,
the borders restrictedly darkened. Ovipositor withshield black, valves horn-yellow, straight and slender.
Hab. Ecuador (Oriente).
Holotype, 9, Abitagua, Rio Pastaza, altitude 1200
metres, September 21, 1937 (Macintyre).
Limonia (Geranomyia) luteimana is closest to L. (G.)
lacteitarsis (Alexander), of Colombia, which differs in the
shorter rostrum, pale antennal scape and pedicel, andin the details of wing-pattern and venation.

Limonia (Geranomyia) tumidibasis, sp. n.
General coloration greenish yellow ; rostrum relatively
short; antennae black throughout, scape elongate;pr~escutum with a single dark stripe; femora brownish
yellow, the tips yellow, preceded by a narrow darkbrown ring ; wings yellow, heavily patterned with brown,
the third costal area involving the origin of Rs and thefork of Sc; male hypopygium with the rostral spines
elongate, from unusually long basal tubercles, placed
close together, the outer spine close to apex of prolongation; mesal-apical lobe of gonapophysis long,
slender, curved.
Male.--Length, excluding rostrum, about 6 mm. ;wing 7 mm. ; rostrum about 2"3 mm.
Rostrum relatively short, about twice the length ofantennae, black throughout; palpi black. Antennae
black throughout; scape unusally long, nearly as longas the basal four flagellar segments together; flagellar
segments oval to subcylindrical; verticils of moderate
length. Head grey, darkened behind; anterior vertex
reduced to a narrow line.
Pronotum greenish yellow. Mesonotal pr~escutum
greenish yellow, with a single brown median stripe;
seutal lobes darkened ; seutellum and postnotum testaceous yellow. Pleura testaceous yellow. I-Ialteres
broken. Legs with the coxm and trochanters pale;femora brownish yellow, the tips yellow, preceded bya slightly narrower, dark brown ring ; tibiae pale brown,
the tips narrowly dark brown; tarsi brown, the outer
segments passing into black. Wings yellow, the costal
portion a little more suffused; a brown pattern, distributed as follows ;--Five costal areas, the first arcular,

new or little-known Tipulid~e.

427

the third a major common area involving the originof Rs and fork of Sc ; fourth area stigmal ; fifth small,at end of vein R a; cord and outer end of cell 1st M 2
seamed with brown; brown marginal clouds at ends
of veins Cu 1, 1st A, and 2nd A, the second largest; veins
yellow, darker in the clouded areas. Venation: Sc
relatively short, Sc 1 ending about opposite one-fifth thelength of Rs, S% a short distance from its tip; R2+aless than twice the basal section of R4+5 ; r-m relatively
short, obliterative ; cell 1st M s longer than vein MI+ 2
beyond it ; m-cu shortly before fork of M.
Abdominal tergites weakly bicolored, the segments
yellow, with the caudal portions a little darker; hypopygium yellow. Male hypopygium with the caudal
margin of the tergite weakly emarginate, the lobes
broadly rounded, with numerous set~e. Dorsal dististyle
relatively small, gently curved. Ventral dististyle large
and fleshy, the prolongation short but conspicuous;
two rostral spines placed close together on long conspicuous tubercles, the outer far distad, the apex of
prolongation beyond it sloping off precipitously ; outerspine about three times its long tubercle, the spine itself
straight, exceeding the dorsal dististyle in length ; innerspine from a slightly shorter tubercle, gently curved,
about two-thirds the length of out_~r spine. Gonapophyses with mesal-apical lobe unusually long and slender,
curved, the tips subaeute, weakly darkened.
Hab. Ecuador (Oriente).
Holotype, ~, Abitagua, Rio Pastaza, altitude 1200
metres, April 4, 1937 (Macintyre).
Limonia (Geranomyia) tumidibasis is allied to species
such as L. (G.) eurygramma Alexander and L. (G.) glauca(Alexander), differing conspicuously in the structure of
the male hypopygium, notably the ventral dististyle.
Limonia (Rhipidia) jubilata, sp. n.

General coloration black, the pr~escutum and scutum
variegated with chestnut-brown; antennae (male) withten bipectinate segments, the flagellum bicoloured;
halteres pale yellow; femora yellow, with a narrow,brownish black, subterminal ring; tarsi passing intobrown; wings handsomely variegated with pale brownwashes and darker brown spots on a yellow ground;428

Dr. C. P. Alexander on

m-cu at fork of M ; abdominal segments conspicuously
bicoloured, obscure yellow, the caudal margins narrowly
black; male hypopygium with three rostral spines,
these arising at near mid-length of the rostral prolongation.
Male.--Length about 6 mm. ; wing 6.4-6.5 mm. ;antenna about 2 mm.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennm bicoloured ; scapeblack, pedicel brown; flagellar segments with base andbranches black, the apical pedicels conspicuously white ;first flagellar segment produced into a simple pointthat is a little shorter than the segment; flagellar segments 2 to 11, inclusive, rather long-bipectinate, thelongest branches (at near mid-length of organ) about
three times the segment; terminal segment simple,
longer than the penultimate segment or its branches.
Head dark grey, variegated with brown on occiput;
anterior vertex reduced to a narrow strip that is about
one-third the diameter of scape.
Pronotum dark brown. Mesonotal preescutum withmedian portion on cephalic half brownish black, the posterior half expanded, more chestnut-brown ; the humeral
region obscure yellow, the sublateral portions broadly
grey, the lateral margins broadly infuscated; scutum
black, the centres of lobes chestnut-brown; scutellum
brownish black; mediotergite black, pleurotergite pruinose. Pleura with two narrow black longitudinal stripes,
the dorsopleural region and dorsal sternopleurite paler
brownish grey. Halteres pale yellow. Legs with thecox~e blackened; trochanters obscure yellow; femora
yellow, with a narrow, brownish black ring before thesubequal yellow apex; tibiae and basal segments oftarsi yellow, the outer segments passing into brown.
Wings with the ground-colour light yellow, variegatedby pale brown washes and conspicuous darker brownspots ; the dark areas include the following :--Arculus ;mid-distance between arculus and origin of Rs in cell Sc ;origin of R s ; fork of Sc; cord and outer end of cell
1st M 2 ; the more conspicuous paler brown washes
include the basal third of wing, outer radial field, and outerportions of cells Cu and 1st A, variegated by yellowish
grey areas before arculus, before origin of Rs, before andbeyond stigma; on both sides of cord in radial andnew or little-known Tipulid0e.

429

medial fields, and in outer end of cell 1st A adjoining
vein 2nd A ; stigma with yellow centre, the margin
brown; veins brown, brighter in the ground areas.
Venation : Sc ending opposite or just beyond mid-lengthof Rs, Sc~ at tip ; m-cu at fork of M.
Abdominal segments conspicuously bieoloured, obscureyellow, the caudal margins narrowly but very conspicuously blackened; hypopygium brownish yellow. Male
hypopygium with the ventro-mesal lobe of basistyle
simple. Dorsal dististyle curved, the long tip acute.
Ventral dististyle fleshy, the rostral prolongation moderately long, with three rostral spines arising close together
at near mid-length of prolongation on outer margin;
prolongation beyond insertion of spines shorter than the
shortest of latter. Gonapophyses with mesal-apical lobe
long and slender, blackened.
Hab. Ecuador (Oriente).
Holotype, ~, Abitagua, Rio Pastaza, altitude 1200
metres, April 21, 1937 (Macintyre). Paratopotype, ~,April 3, 1937.
The present fly is entirely different from the numerous
Neotropical species of the subgenus so far made known.

Orimarga (Orimarga) multipunctata, sp. n.
General coloration of mesonotum greyish yellow, thepreescutum with four brown lines ; halteres pale yellow ;femora brown, the tips more darkened ; tibim infuscated,the base narrowly white, the apex narrowly darkened;tarsi white; wings pale yellow, heavily spotted withbrown; RI+ ~ entire, very long, subequal to Rs; m-cu
about its own length before the fork of M ; abdominal
tergites weakly bicoloured.
Male.---Length about 7 mm. ; wing 6"5 mm.
Female.--Length about 7.5 mm. ; wing 6.7 ram.
Rostrum pale, palpi black. Antennae black; flagellar
segments oval. Front light grey ; vertex darker grey.
Mesonotal pr~escutum greyish yellow, with four brownlines, the intermediate pair narrower, incomplete in front
and behind ; posterior sclerites of notum pale brownish
yellow. Pleura brownish yellow, with a conspicuous
dorsal black stripe ; ventral sternopleurite less conspicuously infuscated, ttalteres pale yellow. Legs with the430

Dr. C. P. Alexander onfore coxm darkened, remaining coxse obscure yellow;
troehanters yellow; femora brown, the tips slightly
more darkened; tibim infuscated, the base narrowly
white, the apex narrowly blackened; tarsi white, theterminal segment darkened. Wings pale yellow, thecostal portion somewhat deeper yellow; a conspicuous
brown spotted pattern, as follows :--Arculus ; origin of
R s ; fork of Sc; R 2; anterior cord and m-cu; forkof 3/3+ 4 ; large marginal areas on veins RI+ 2 and 2nd A ;smaller clouds on M 3, Ma, Cu D and 1st A ; a weakerbrown wash in base of cell Cu ; veins yellow, brown int h e clouded areas. Venation : Sc 1 ending about opposite
five-sixths the length of tts, S% a short distance from its
tip ; Rs weakly angulated at origin ; free tip of S% about
its own length before R~; RI+ 2 entire, very long, subequal in length to Rs ; cell Ma subequal to its petiole ;m-cu about its own length before the fork of M ; cell
2nd A relatively wide.
Abdominal tergites weakly bicoloured, the basal rings
obscure brownish yellow, the apices brown ; subterminal
segments more uniformly darkened; sternites more
uniformly pale yellow.
Hab. Ecuador (Oriente).
Holotype, ~, Abitagua, Rio Pastaza, altitude 1200
metres, September 20, 1937 (Macintyre). Allotopotype, ~_.
Readily distinguished from other species with very
long, entire vein RI+.,, as Orimarga (Orimarga) excessiva
Alexander and O. (O.) pallidibasis Alexander, by theheavily spotted wings.
Orimarga (Orimarga) ~varvipuncta, sp. n.
General coloration of mesonotum brownish grey,
posterior selerites darker; pleura with a broad black
dorsal stripe ; antennal flagellum yellow ; halteres pale ;femora brown, passing into brownish black at tips;
tibia white, in cases more or less infuscated beyond thebase, the tips conspicuously blackened; tarsi white,the outer portions of the basitarsi weakly infumed;
wings greyish yellow, the prearcular field milky white;a restricted brown:spotted pattern on certain veins;Rs relatively short, RI+ ~ very long ; cell M a subequal toits petiole; abdominal segments weakly bicoloured,new or little&nown Tipulidae.

431

black, the caudal margins obscure yellow; hypopygium
black.
Male.--Length about 7-7.5 ram. ; wing 6.5 ram.
Female.--Length about 8 ram. ; wing 6 ram.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae with the scapeblack, remainder of organ pale yellow. Head grey.
Mesonotal praescutum uniformly brownish grey, thelateral margin narrowly paler ; posterior sclerites darker,
pruinose; mediotergite dark. Pleura with a broad
black dorsal stripe, the sternopleurite pale brown.
Halteres pale. Legs with the coxae and trochanterstestaceous yellow; femora, including the front pair,brown, passing into brownish black at tips ; tibiae white,in cases more or less infuscated beyond the base,especially on fore pair, the tips conspicuously black,the amount subequal on all legs ; tarsi white, the distal
portion of basitarsi weakly infuscated, forming a more orless evident ring at mid-length of tarsi. Wings tinged
with greyish yellow, the pr~earcular field milky white;a restricted brown pattern, as follows :--Origin of Rs;
fork of Se ; R 2 ; cord ; tips of outer radial veins ; veins
yellow, whitened in prearcular field, infuscated in theclouded areas. Venation : Rs relatively short, subequal
to or a little longer than R2+ a, usually shorter than thevery long RI+~; cell M 3 subequal to its petiole; m-cu
close to fork of M.
Abdominal segments weakly bicoloured, black, tilecaudal margins obscure yellow to brownish yellow;
hypopygium black.
Hab. Ecuador (Oriente).
Holotype, ~, Abitagua, Rio Pastaza, altitude 1200
metres, September 20, 1937 (Maeintyre). Allotopotype, ~_,September 22, 1937. Paratopotypes, 2 @@, September 21,
1937.
The nearest ally is Orimarga (Orimarga) pallidibasis
Alexander (Amazonian Peru), which differs in the patternof the legs, thorax, and abdomen, the unspotted wings,
and in the details of venation.

Orimarga (Orimarga) scabriseta, sp. n.
Allied to funerula; general coloration black, thelateral margin of pr~escutum and the thoracic pleura

432

Dr. C. P. Alexander on

striped longitudinally with silvery; halteres and legs
black; wings long and slender, strongly suffused withblackish; vein RI+ 2 long, approximately one-half Rs;
m-cu about opposite three-fourths the length of Rs;
male hypopygium with the set~e of basistyle unusuallyabundant and placed close together, each with microscopic lateral branches scattered over the length.
Male.--Length about 9-10 ram. ; wing 6.5-7 mm.
Rostrum black, subequal in length to remainder ofhead ; palpi black. Antennae black throughout ; flagellar segments oval. Head light grey pruinose;
anterior vertex a little wider than the diameter of scape.
Thorax black, the lateral border of prmseutum narrowly
silvery ; pleura with a silvery longitudinal stripe, together
with a more poorly defined grey-pruinose area extending
from beneath the wing-root to above the halteres.
Halteres black. Legs with the cox~e black ; trochantersdark brown; remainder of legs black. Wings longand narrow, with conspicuous basal petiole; almost
the entire surface strongly suffused with brownish black ;prearcular area whitened, except for the veins ; ill-defineddarker brown seams in radial field ; entire medial field,
excepting vein M a, with the veins narrowly borderedby pale ; veins dark. Venation : almost as in funerula ;R i between free tip of S% and R e subequal to R~+a;
Ri+ ~ elongate, approximately one-half the long Rs;
m-cu almost in oblique alignment with the free tip of
Sc~, nearly opposite three-fourths the length of Rs;
cell 2nd A narrow.
Abdomen, including hypopygium, black. Male hypopygium much like that of funerula but quite distinct.
Basistyle with two unusually dense groups of set~e,these placed so close together that the punctures arecontiguous; set~e roughened by microscopic lateralbranches, almost like the thoracic hairs of a bee. Apicalknob of gonapophysis more rounded and set withnumerous blunt points.
Hab. Ecuador (Oriente).
Holotype, ~, Bafios, Tungurahua, altitude 2000 metres,
May 25, 1937 (Macintyre). Paratopotype, (~.
Orimarga (Orimarga) scabriseta is very similar toO. (O.)funerula Alexander (Peru), but differs conspicuously
in the peculiar nature of the long abundant set~e of the,~tew or llttle-l~nown Tipulid~.

433

basistyle, each of which is roughened by numerous lateralbranches. These two species are readily told fromother regional members of the genus by the very strongly
blackened wings.
Helius (Helius) ineptus, sp. 21.

Thorax pate yellow; rostrum longer than remainderof head, dark brown; antennse black; legs brown,
the outer tarsal segments paling to yellow; wings
whitish subhyaline, unpatterned except for the pale
brown stigma; r-m distinct, cell 1st M s wide, shorter
than any of the veins beyond it, m - c u beyond mid-length ;male hypopygium with the outer dististyle bifid near apex,
the outer spine very small.
Merle.--Length about 4.5-5.3 mm. ; wing 5-6 ram.
Rostrum longer than the remainder of head, darkbrown; palpi black. Antennse relatively short, black
throughout; itagellar segments short-oval, the outerones more lengthened. Head blackish grey.
Thorax almost uniformly pale yellow; prsescutalsetse black, erect. Halteres with stem yellow, knob
broken. Legs with cox~e and trochanters yellow;
remainder of legs brown, the outer tarsal segments
paling to white; claws simple. Wings whitish subhyaline, unpatterned except for the pale brown oval
stigma ; veins brown, paling to yellow on basal third ofwing. Venation: Sc 1 ending about opposite threefourths to four-fifths Rs, Sc~ near its tip ; branches of R s
gently divergent, cell Ra at margin about one-fourthmore extensive than cell R~; basal section of R4+5
distinct; r - m short; cell 1st M 2 wide, much shorter
than any of the veins beyond it, m - c u beyond mid-length.
Abdominal tergites pale brownish yellow, darker
laterally; subterminal segments darker brown ; hypopygium more reddish brown. Male hypopygium withthe outer dististyle relatively small and slender, bifid
near apex by a very small sublateral spine. Innerdististyle much longer, nearly straight. Lateral armsof tergite appearing as relatively narrow blades that
gradually narrow to subaeute tips. Basistyle without
mesal armature.
H ~ . Ecuador (Oriente).
A n n . & Mag. N . Hist. Ser. 11. Vol. ii.
29

434

Dr. C. P. Alexander on

Holotype, ~, Abitagua, Rio Pastaza, altitude 1200
metres, September 21, 1937 (Macintyre). Paratopotypes,
1 ~, August 20, 1937 ; 1 ~, September 20, 1937.
Helius (Helius) ineptus is readily told by the paleyellow coloration of the body, in conjunction with thewhitish subhyaline, unpatterned wings.
Helius (Helius) lobuliferus, sp. n.
Belongs to the albitarsis group; general coloration
black; terminal tarsal segments whitened; wings witha brown tinge; m-cu far distad, at from two-thirds tothree-fourths the length of the cell; abdomen black;male hypopygium 'with the basistyle bearing a slenderfinger-like lobe on ventro-mesal face; inner dististyleunusually long ; interbases appearing as strongly curved
flattened blades.
Male.---Length about 6.5 ram. ; wing 7 mm.
Female.--Length about 6-5 ram. ; wing 6-5 ram.
Rostrum of moderate length, subequal to remainderof head, black throughout; palpi black. Antennm
black throughout, short; flagellar segments long-oval,
the verticils very long. Head black; anterior vertex
much reduced.
Thorax uniformly brownish black to black. Halteresdusky, the knobs infumed. Legs with the coxm darkbrown, the posterior pair somewhat paler; trochantersdark ; remainder of legs black, the outer tarsal segments
restrictedly whitened, involving the four outer segments
and the extreme tip of basitarsus. Wings with a browntinge, the long-oval stigma darker brown; veins darkbrown. Venation: Sc, ending just before fork of Its,
Sc~ at its tip ; r-m reduced to a point by approximation ofveins; m-cu far distad, at from two-thirds to threefourths the length of the cell.
Abdomen brownish black; hypopygium black. Male
hypopygium with a slender, finger-like lobe on the ventromesal face of basistyle at near two-thirds the length.
Outer dististyle small, curved, with a small subterminal
spine. Inner dististyle unusually long, about twice thelength of the outer, the distal half prolonged into a slenderpale point. What appear to represent interbases arestrongly curved blades, the tips acute.
Hab. Ecuador (Oriente).

new or little-known Tipulidm.

435

Holotype, (~, Abitagua, Rio Pastaza, altitude 1200
metres, April 5, 1937 (Macintyre). Allotopotype, ~_.
Helius (Helius) lobuliferus is readily told from othermembers of the albitarsis group by the structure of themale hypopygium, as the lobed basistyles and the strongly
flattened interbases.
Helius (Helius) melanophallus, sp. n.
Size very small (wing, male, under 4 ram.); generalcoloration brownish black; tarsi, including more than
distal half of basitarsi, snowy white ; wings with a strong
dusky tinge; r-m obliterated by punctiform contact ofveins R4+5 and MI+ 2 ; abdomen, including hypopygium,
black; male hypopygium with the outer dististyle only
a little shorter than the inner style, the latter with apicalportion relatively stout ; interbases appearing as slendercurved spines ; eedeagus black.
Male.--Length about 3.5 mm. ; wing 3.8 mm.
Rostrum and patpi black. Antennae black throughout,relatively long; flagellar segments oval to long-oval,
with coarse erect setm. Head dark.
Mesonotum brownish black, the pleura somewhat
paler. Halteres dark throughout. Legs with the coxm
dark, trochanters payer; femora, tibiae, and basal twofifths of basitarsi brownish black, the remainder oftarsi snowy white; claws long, simple. Wings witha strong dusky tinge, the elongate stigma a trifle darker
than the ground; veins dark. Venation: Sc long,Sc 1 ending opposite the fork of Rs, the longer Sc~ somedistance beyond this point; branches of Rs rather
strongly divergent at outer ends, so cell R a is wider at
margin than cell R2; r-m obliterated by punctiform
contact of veins R4+5 and MI+~; cell 1st M s widest
across base ; m-cu at near mid-length of lower face ofcell 1st Ms, subequal to either section of M3+4.
Abdomen, including hypopygium, black. Male hypopygium with the basistyle unprovided with lobes. Outerdististyle only a little shorter than the inner, strongly
curved near outer end, with a small subterminal spine.
Inner dististyle with apex relatively stout. What appear
to represent interbases are slender, curved spines.
_/Edeagus relatively simple but elongate, black, only thetip pale.
29*

436

Dr. C. P. Alexander on

Hab. Ecuador (Oriente).
Holotype, c~, Abitagua, Rio Pastaza, altitude 1200
metres, April 18, 1937 (Macintyre).
Helius (Helius) melanophallus is the smaUest speciesof the albitarsis group so far made known. The structureof the male hypopygium readily separates it from allother known species of the group.
Helius (Helius) invariegatus, sp. n.
General coloration black, the pr~escutum and scutum
more reddish brown; halteres yellow; legs black, theouter tarsal segments paler; wings with a weak browntinge, stigma and a vague seam along cord darker;
cell 1st M S subrectangular, with m-cu at near one-third thelength; abdominal tergites weakly bicoloured, black,the apical half brown, the basal sternites more brightened ;male hypopygium with the tergite conspicuously produced ;basistyle with mesal lobe; outer dististyle a slender
simple rod ; inner dististyle expanded outwardly, bilobed,
the outer lobe flattened, the apex obtusely rounded;eedeagus unusually long and slender.
Male.--Length about 4 mm. ; wing 4-5 mm.
Female.--Length about 4.5 mm. ; wing 4-8 ram.
Rostrum black, about one-half the length of remainderof head; palpi black. Antennae black throughout.
Head greyish brown.
Pronotum black. Mesonotum with pr~escutum andscutum variegated with reddish brown, the remainder
black. Pleura uniformly black. Halteres yellow. Legs
with the coxm and trochanters black; remainder oflegs black, the outer tarsal segments paling to brownish
yellow; no brightening at genua. Wings with a weakbrown tinge, the prearcular field and costal border slightly
more yellow ; stigma small, oval, slightly darker brown ;a narrow, poorly indicated, dusky seam along cord;veins brown, yellow in the flavous areas. Venation:
Sc 1 ending about opposite two-thirds the length of thenearly straight R s ; branches of Rs divergent, cell R aa little wider at margin than cell R~; cell 18t.M~ subrectangular, with m-cu at near one-third the length.
Abdominal tergites weakly bicoloured, the bases black,the distal haft brown ; basal sternites more conspicuously
bicoloured, the brown apex replaced by yellow; hypo-new or little-known Tipulidse.

437

pygium black. Male hypopygium of the general typeof myersiellus ; tergite conspicuously produced, the apex
a little dilated, truncate. Basistyle slender, the mesal
face with a conspicuous dusky lobe. Outer dististylea slender, nearly straight, simple rod. Inner dististyle
expanded outwardly, longer than the outer, bilobed
at apex, the inner lobe slender, with setse to tip ; outer
lobe flattened, the apex obtusely rounded. 2Edeagus
unusually long and very slender, hair-like on outerportion, the total length exceeding three times the basistyle.
Hab. Ecuador (Oriente).
Holotype, (~, Abitagua, Rio Pastaza, altitude 1200
metres, September 22, 1937 (Macintyre). Allotopotype, ~,September 21, 1937.
The nearest relatives are Helius (Helius) albogeniculatus Alexander and H. (H.) myersiellus Alexander,
both of Brazil, which differ in the conspicuously whitened
femoral tips, the wing-pattern, and in the details of
structure of the male hypopygium.

Helius (Helius) panamensis lateralis, subsp, n.
~'emale.--Length about 6.5 mm. ; wing 5.8 mm.
Similar to the typical form, differing in details of
colour.
Rostrum yellow, a little longer than the remainderof head ; palpi pale, the outer segments darker. Antennse
with scape and pedicel pale yellow, flagellum a little
darker; basal flagellar segments nearly globular, small
and crowded, the outer segments longer, with more
conspicuous verticils. Head grey.
Pronotum yellow. Mesonotum pale yellow, the mediotergite black, sending cephalad a narrow lateral line
involving the dorsal pleurites, passing beneath the wingroot, nearly if not quite interrupted at the suture andincluding the broad pra~scutal margins between the
suture and pseudosutural fove~e. Pleura yellow. Halteres
pale yellow. Legs yellow, the femoral tips narrowly
but conspicuously blackened. Wings yellow, sparsely
patterned with brown, as in the typical form; stigmaoval, brown; paler clouds at cord, before mid-length ofvein Cu, and as a seam in the outer medial and cubital
fields ; veins yellow, a little darker in the clouded areas,

438

Mr. H. W. Parker on the Vertical Distribution

Venation : r - m at or shortly before fork of Rs ; m - c u
shortly beyond fork of M.
Abdominal tergites yellow, vaguely patterned withdarker ; sternites uniformly yellow.
Hab. Ecuador (Oriente).
Holotype, 9, Abitagua, Rio Pastaza, altitude 1200
metres, September 21, ] 937 (Ma~cintyre).

L I . - - T h e Vertical Distribution of some Reptiles andAmphibians in Southern Ecuador. B y H. W. PARKER,
B.A., Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural
History).
ALTHOUGH in recent years a certain amount of attention
has been devoted to the study of the geographical distribution of reptiles and amphibians in the Neotropicalregion, particularly in Central America, very little
accurate information is at present available as regards
the vertical distribution of these animals along the
Andean chain. Professor Clodoveo Carribn of the University of Loja has endeavoured to remedy this deficiency
over the area in which he works and the following notes
are offered as a contribution towards the study of thefaunal zones of the Andes. First there is an annotatedlist of the specimens recently obtained b y Professor
Carribn at various altitudes both to the east and westof the Andean watershed and then a summary of thespecies previously collected in the province of Loin.
Altitude alone probably has only a minor effect upon
the distribution of plants and animals, a more importantrole being played b y the concomitant factors of temperature and humidity which are influenced also by latitude
and physiographical conditions. Altitudinal figures areconsequently no index of the physical conditions prevailing, and so complex are the various factors involvedthat no simple physical measurement will provide asatisfactory index. Instead it is more convenient toconsider the vegetational zones which are more or lessclearly defined, but which naturally are not abruptly
marked off one from the other. In southern Ecuador
there are three major zones on each side of the central
watershed :--(1) A humid tropical zone of limited extent