B re din-Archb oldSmithsonian Biological
Survey of Dominica:
The Crane Flies(Diptera: Tipulidae)

CHARLES P. A EXAN

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • 1970

NUMBER 45

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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TOZOOLOGYNUMBER 45

Charles P. Alexander

Bredin-Smithsonian Biological
Survey of Dominica:

The Crane Flies(Diptera: Tipulidae)

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESSCITY OF WASHINGTON

I97O

ABSTRACT
Alexander, Charles P. Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey of Dominica:
The Crane Flies (Diptera: Tipulidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 45:
1-57. 1970.—The crane fly fauna of the Antillean island of Dominica is discussed,
based in chief part on a study of the extensive series of specimens collected byvarious staff members in entomology of the United States National Museum between
1956 and 1966. The only other island of the Lesser Antilles that had been studiedin some detail is Saint Vincent, by Williston (1896). Two islands of the Greater
Antilles have been discussed by Alexander, Puerto Rico (1932) and Jamaica (1964a).
In this report on Dominica 64 species of Tipulidae are discussed, of which 26 aredescribed as new. Virtually all belong to the subfamily Limoniinae, with only
3 species, distributed in as many genera, in the Tipulinae. In the Limoniinae, 3 tribes
are represented, the largest being the Limoniini with 32 species or exactly one-halfof those presently known from the island. The largest single genus is Limonia
Meigen, with 29 species arranged in 6 subgenera, the largest such groups being
Geranomyia Haliday with 13 species and Rhipidia Meigen with 8. The second mostimportant tribe is the Eriopterini, with 23 species belonging to 7 genera, the largest
genus being Gonomyia Meigen with 10 species in 4 subgenera. The third tribe, theHexatomini, has only 6 species in 5 genera. Only 2 genera, Limonia Meigen and
Gonomyia Meigen, have 10 or more species. Of the total of 28 genera and subgenerain the Dominican fauna no fewer than 19 are represented by a single species each.
The following new taxa are described:
Eriopterodes, new genus; Nephrotoma dominicana, new species; Tipula (Microtipula) carib, new species; Limonia (Caenoglochina) wirthiana, new species;
L. (Dicranomyia) clarkeana, new species; L. (Neolimonia) gurneyi, new species;
L. (Geranomyia) caribica, new species; L. (G.) neptis, new species; L. (G.) spangleri,
new species; L. (Rhipidia) eremnocera, new species; L. (R.) steyskali, new species;
Orimarga (Orimarga) nimbicolor, new species; O. (Diotrepha) bifidaria, newspecies; Epiphragma (Epiphragma) caribica, new species; Shannonomyia urophora,
new species; Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) pertenuis, new species; Teucholabis(Teucholabis) fulviventris, new species; T. (T.) tenella, new species; Gonomyia(Gonomyia) dominicana, new species; G. (Lipophleps) acanthomelana, newspecies; G. (Paralipophleps) cultriformis, new species; G. (P.) dikopis, new species;
G. (P.) wirthiana, new species; Eriopterodes celestis dominicana, new subspecies;
Erioptera (Mesocyphona) gagneana, new species; Toxorhina (Toxorhina) carunculata, new species; T. (T.) polytricha, new species; T. (T.) subfragilis, new species.

Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recordedin the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year.
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For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
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Bredin -ArchboldSmithsonian Biological
Survey of Dominica:

The Crane Flies(Diptera: Tipulidae)
The crane fly materials upon which the present paper
is based in chief part were collected by staff membersof the United States National Museum. A relatively
few further specimens were derived from othersources, as discussed later. Types of the new species
here described are in the United States National
Museum.
Members of the museum staff who participated mostactively in the Bredin-Archbold Survey include J. F. G.
and Thelma Clarke (1956, 1965), R. J. Gagne (1966),
A. B. Gurney (1966), P. J. Spangler (1964), G. C.
Steyskal (1966), and especially W. W. Wirth (1965).
Fewer specimens have been taken by D. M. Anderson(1965), R. T. Bell (1965), D. F. Bray (1964), D. R.
Davis (1965), O. S. Flint (1966), and D. L Jackson(1965). The flies were collected in various manners,
chiefly by general sweeping with nets, by Malaise traps,
at light, or by means of light traps. A very few species
were represented by reared materials, as discussed under Limonia (Geranomyia) spangleri, new species,
L. (Rhipidia) domestica (Osten Sacken), and L. (R.)
subpectinata (Williston). In addition to the above
there were a small number of miscellaneous unreared
larvae that are not discussed further at this time.
Apparently, the first crane flies to be collected on
Dominica were taken by Dr. Walter H. Hodge in 1938,
Charles P. Alexander, Professor Emeritus of Entomology,
University of Massachusetts, 39 Old Town Road, Amherst,
Massachusetts, 01002.

as discussed in some detail in a paper by the writer(Alexander, 1939b:91-100; see Literature Cited atconclusion of report). Dr. Hodge secured representatives of 14 species of Tipulidae, of which 8 were described as new in the paper cited. His principal collecting stations included Morne Trois Pitons, mentioned briefly later under the account of Leptotarsus(Longurio) hodgei (Alexander), at the Hatton Garden and Sylvania Estates, and along the interconnecting Hatton Garden Trail. Papers by Hodge (1941,1942), and the interesting early account of Dominica
by Ober (1880) are listed under Literature Cited. In
addition to the collectors named, a few further specimens were taken in November 1967 by Noel L. H.
Krauss, of Honolulu.
The species treated in the present paper may beconsidered as being representative of the crane fly
fauna of the island, but it seems certain that manyfurther species will be added by later collecting. In
comparing the Tipulidae of Dominica with other West
Indian islands, attention may be called to detailed discussions by the writer covering Puerto Rico (1932)
and Jamaica (1964a). For the Lesser Antilles, the only
detailed account is a report by Williston (18%) discussing the species of Saint Vincent, likewise in the
Windward Islands and located some two degrees oflatitude to the south, separated from Dominica by theislands of Martinique and Saint Lucia. Williston's listof species from Saint Vincent includes 23 species of1

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

which the following have not been collected in Dominica: Nephrotoma elegantula (Williston); Tipula (Microtipula) subinfuscata Williston; Limonia (Geranomyia) lycaon Alexander, as pallid a Williston, preoccupied; Limonia (G.) rostrata antillarum Alexander,
as rostrata Say; Limonia (Rhipidia) unipectinata(Williston); Orimarga (Diotrepha) concinna (Williston) ; O. (D.) mirabilis (Osten Sacken) ; Epiphragma (Epiphragma) sackeni Williston; Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) meridionalis Alexander, as
longirostris Williston, preoccupied; Trentepohlia(Paramongoma) manca (Williston) ; Trentepohtia(P.) pallida (Williston) ; Teucholabis (Teucholabis)
complexa Osten Sacken; Gonomyia (Paralipophleps)
pleuralis (Williston) ; and Erioptera (Erioptera) annulipes Williston. Certain of the above are based onerroneous identifications, but some of the valid species
presumably will be found to occur in Dominica. A
small number may be found to be restricted to Saint
Vincent and, conversely, it appears that certain of the
Dominican species described at this time will be foundto be restricted to this island.

Systematic Treatment
Key to Subfamilies and Tribes of TIPULIDAE
1. Terminal segment of maxillary palpus commonly elongate; nasus usually distinct; antennae
with 13 segments; size large (wing of local species 12 mm or more) ; venation (Figures 1-3)
Tipulinae
Terminal segment of maxillary palpus short; no distinct nasus; antennae commonly witheither 14 or 16 segments, fewer in Toxorhina where 5 or 6 flagellar segments are united
to form a basal fusion segment; size small (wing of local species commonly less than 10 mm);
venation (Figures 7, 29-31, 36-41, 44-47, 60-64)
Limoniinae 2
2. Wings with free tip of vein Sc2 often preserved; veins Rt and i?» fused to margin, there being
only 2 branches of Rs: venation (Figures 7, 27-31) ; antennae with 14 segments (Limonia)
or with 16 segments (Helius, Orimarga)
Limoniini
Wings with free tip of vein Sc3 lacking; veins Rt and Rs separate, the former usually transferredto the upper branch of the sector to form an element Ri.n; usually with 3 branches of Rs,
with 2 such branches in Atarba (Figure 40), Elephantomyia (Figure 41), Teucholabis(Figure 44), and in some Gonomyia (Figures 46, 47), in Toxorhina (Figure 64), with asingle branch; antennae usually with 16 segments, except in Toxorhina, as stated incouplet lb
3
3. Legs with tibial spurs present; venation (Figures 36-41)
Hexatomini
Legs with tibial spurs lacking; venation (Figures 44-47, 60-64)
Eriopterini

TIPULINAE
Key to Genera of TIPULINAE
1. Wings (Figure 2) with vein Sc short, Sct opposite origin of Rs; cell Mi elongate, sessile; vein
Mi originating before base of cell 1st Mi(N. dominicana, new species)
Nephrotoma Meigen
Wings (Figures 1, 3) with vein Sc longer, Sct beyond midlength of Rs; cell Mi shorter,
petiolate; vein M« originating at outer end of cell 1st Mt
2
2. Wings (Figure I) with vein Sci preserved, ending beyond level of fork of Rs; r-m reduced byapproximation of veins Ri+i and Afi+1; antenna with terminal segment long, subequal to thepenultimate, verticils of outer flagellar segments very long, exceeding the segments(L. hodgei Alexander) Leptotarsus Guerin-M6neville
Wings (Figure 3) with vein Sct atrophied, Set joining R before the fork of Rs, r-m elongate;
antenna with terminal segment reduced, oval, less than one-fifth the penultimate, verticils
of outer flagellar segments shorter than the segments(T. carib, new species) Tipula Linnaeus

NUMBER 45

Genus Leptotarsus Guerin-Meneville
Leptotarsus Guenn-M6neville, 1838, p. 286.

Subgenus Longurio Locw; 1869, page 3.

Genus Nephrotoma

MeigenNephrotoma Meigen, 1803, p. 262.

Nephrotoma dominicana, new species
FIGURES 2,

5

Leptotarsus (Longurio) hodgei (Alexander), 1939
FIGURES

1,4

Tanypremna (Tanypremna)

hodgei Alexander, 1939b, pp.

92-93, figi. 1, 10.
The types were from Morne Trois Pitons, Dominica,
altitude 1,371.6 m (4,500 ft), taken 15 August 1938
by W. H. Hodge. Dr. Hodge made the following observations concerning this species: "Collected on oneof the two lesser summits of Mome Trois Pitons, intypical wind-dwarfed, rain-swept cloud forest, thebranches of the trees dripping with mosses and hepatics
and laden with other epiphytes, particularly watercontaining bromeliads. This species occurred in dozens,
many mating. The few I managed to pick up I had tostalk after they had alighted beneath the shelter ofthe leaves."
The further specimens now available show somedifferences in coloration, especially the darker wings,
and in having cell 2nd A narrower than in the type
(Figure 1). The male hypopygium (Figure 4) has the2 spinoid setae near apex of the inner dististyle, d,more reduced and with a strong tubercle tipped witha very stout spinoid seta on disk of the style, this notpresent in the type-material. The specimens available
have the powerful spine at base of the inner dististyleand strong setae on the rounded gonapophyses, but
despite these differences appear to represent a single
species. The fly originally was described as a Tanypremna but seems more correctly placed in Longurio
Loew, both names now considered as being subgenerain the major genus Leptotarsus, as here treated. It has
become increasingly difficult to maintain these twogroups as distinct.
DOMINICA.—Morne Trois Pitons, 1,371.6 m (4,500ft), 15 August 1938 (Hodge). D'leau Gommier, 17
March 1956 (Clarke); 16 March 1965 (Wirth). Pont
Casse, 23 November 1964 (Spangler); 804.7 m (0.5mile) east of Pont Casse, 11 April 1966 (Gagne")
4,828 m (3 miles) east, 13-16 October 1966 (Gurney).
Fresh Water Lake, 762 m (2,500 ft), 5 April 1966

General coloration of mesonotum yellow, praescutumwith 3 chestnut brown stripes, anterior third of medianarea with sides blackened, lateral stripes straight; knobof halteres brownish black; legs obscure yellow, outer
segments brownish black, claws toothed; wings faintly
tinted, cell Sc and stigma darker brown, extreme wing
tip weakly infuscated; male hypopygium with distal
third of outer dististyle long and slender, inner stylewith beak broadly obtuse, posterior crest produced into
an obtuse blade, outer basal lobe a small darkened
knob; 8th sternite with dense fringes of long yellow
setae, the median membrane densely reticulated.
MALE.—Length about 10-13 mm; wing 9.5-10.5mm; antenna about 3.8-4.2 mm.
FEMALE.—Length about 14-15 mm; wing 11-12mm.
Frontal prolongation of head polished yellow, nasus
elongate, brownish black, with black setae; palpi
brown, basal segment yellowed. Antennae of male
relatively long; scape brownish yellow, pedicel and1st flagellar segment dark brown, remainder of flagellum more blackened; segments only moderately incised, verticils short. Head orange, including the low
entire vertical tubercle; occipital brand inconspicuous,
pale brown, subtriangular, the anterior end rounded.
Pronotal scutum yellowed on central part, more
obscured on sides, scutellum yellow medially and onsides, intermediate areas dark brown. Mesonotal
praescutum yellow, with 3 chestnut brown stripes, thebroader central area narrowed posteriorly, reaching
the suture, lateral borders of anterior third black;lateral stripes straight, chestnut brown, in cases very
faint, cephalic end more darkened but not outcurved;
scutum with median area broadly yellow, lobes chestnut brown, cephalic part with 2 virtually separate
brown marks, lateral end of outer one blackened atsuture; scutellum light brown, parascutella yellow;
postnotum chiefly yellow, anterior part of disk ofmediotergite more fulvous, pleurotergite with a narrow darkened stripe that separates the anapleurotergite
from the katapleurotergite; scutellum and mediotergite
with sparse short setae. Pleura light yellow, with vague
more reddened areas, more evident on anepisternum

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

9s

FIGURES 1-6.—Venation: 1, Leptotarsus (Longurio) hodgei (Alexander) ; 2, Nephrotoma
dominicana, new species; 3, Tipula (Microtipula) carib, new species. Male hypopygium: 4,
Leptotarsus (Longurio) hodgei (Alexander); 5, Nephrotoma dominicana, new species; 6, Tipula(Microtipula) carib, new species, [SYMBOLS: b, basistyle; d, dististyle; p, phallosome; pr,proctiger; 8s, 8th sternite; 9s, 9th sternite; t, tergite.]NUMBER 4 3

and ventral sternopleurite. Halteres with stem darkbrown, base reddened, knob brownish black. Legs withcoxae and trochanters yellow; femora obscure yellow,
base clearer, outer end vaguely more darkened; tibiae
brownish yellow; tarsi gradually darkening to brownish
black; claw of male with a single tooth just before
midlength. Wings (Figure 2) very faintly tinted, cell
C brownish yellow, Sc and the stigma darker brown;
extreme wing tip in cells Rs to A/t weakly infuscated;veins dark brown. About 5 trichia in stigma, lacking inouter wing cells. Venation: cell Afx narrowly sessile;
m-cu shortly before fork of vein M4.
First abdominal tergite yellowed, with paired pale
brown spots on either side; 2nd tergite yellow,
darkened centrally before midlength and near apex;
succeeding tergites chiefly dark brown, incisures yellow, more extensive on bases of segments; sternites
yellow, restrictedly pale brown at posterior ends, appearing as paired darkenings that are more extensive
and confluent on outer segments; hypopygium yellowed. Male hypopygium (Figure 5) with lateral tergal lobes, t, appearing as glabrous blades, the tips
obtuse; spinoid setae in two groups, with smaller pegs
at margin. Outer dististyles, d, with outer third longand slender; inner style with beak broadly obtuse,lower margin slightly produced and blackened, lower
beak black; posterior crest produced into a broadly
obtuse blade; outer basal lobe a small darkened knob
that is tipped with a few weak setae; aedeagus shortand stout, the subtending apophyses subhyaline, longand narrow, tips obtuse. Eighth sternite, 8 s, with posterior border slightly concave, with dense fringes ofvery long yellow setae with incurved tips, forming conspicuous brushes; additional to the setae, with a central
membrane including many microscopic areolae to produce a densely reticulate appearance (not shown infigure).
Holotype, male, Cabrit Swamp, Dominica, 23 February 1965 (Wirth). Allotype, female, South Chiltern, 8-10 December 1964 (Spangler). Paratypes,
male, female, with allotype: female, Laboviere, October 1967 (Krauss); male, Pont Casse, 12-14 October
1964 (Spangler).
Nephrotoma dominicana is quite distinct from N.
elegantula (Williston), described from Saint Vincent.
This has the pattern of the mesonotum with outcurved
praescutal stripes and with the tips of the femora andtibiae blackened. Other species from the Greater Antilles include N. circumscripta (Loew), from Cuba andJamaica, and N. glabricristata Alexander, from Hispaniola (Haiti) and Cuba, both different from thepresent fly.
Genus Tipula Linnaeus
Tipula Linne", 1758, p. 585.

Subgenus Microtipula Alexander
Subgenus Microtipula Alexander, 1912b, page 360, figs. 1, q.

Tipula (Microtipula) carib, new species
FIGURES 3, 6

General coloration of thoracic dorsum chestnut brown,
pleura yellowed; antennae of male elongate, in theextreme cases only a little shorter than the wing; legs
brown, tarsi brownish black; wings weakly infuscated,
cells C and Sc more darkened, stigma small; abdominal
tergites brown, 7th segment more blackened, sternites
and hypopygium yellowed; male hypopygium withposterior border of tergite gently emarginate, producing 2 broad lateral lobes and a smaller central protuberance ; proximal end of basistyle with a blackened
scabrous appendage; outer dististyle long and narrow,inner style outwardly with 2 glabrous blades and along black spine.
MALE.—Length about 12-13 mm; wing 10.5-12mm; antenna about 5.5-11 mm.
FEMALE.—Length about 15 mm; wing 13 mm;
antenna about 4 mm.
Frontal prolongation of head yellowish brown;nasus short and stout; palpi obscure yellow, terminal
segment very long, exceeding in length the combined
basal segments. Antennae of male elongate, very variable in length, as shown by the measurements; scapeand pedicel obscure yellow, 1st flagellar segments yellow to brownish yellow with outer ends slightly darker,
outer segments black; segments long-cylindrical, basal
enlargements oval, verticils much shorter than thesegments. Head light brown.
Pronotum dark brown, sides broadly more yellowed.
Mesonotum almost uniformly chestnut brown, humeral
region of praescutum vaguely more darkened. Pleuraand katapleurotergite yellowed, clearer ventrally.
Halteres with stem weakly darkened, knob brownish
black. Legs with all coxae and trochanters clear lightyellow; femora and tibiae brown, the long tarsi

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

brownish black. Wings (Figure 3) weakly infuscated,
cells C and Sc light to darker brown; stigma small, in
most specimens paler brown, in cases larger and darker;
veins brown. Venation: Sc2 about opposite two-thirds
Rs; cell A/i variable in length, from subequal to its
petiole to about three times this length; cell 2nd Along and narrow.
Abdomen elongate in both sexes; tergites brown todark brown, the basal rings usually more yellowed;
7th segment more intensely blackened; sternites andhypopygium yellowed. Male hypopygium (Figure 6)
with tergite, t, transverse, posterior border with 2 lowlateral lobes, marginally with strong black setae;
median emargination of similar outline, produced intoa small more glabrous central lobe; posterior border
beneath more thickened, extended laterally, tipped with
about 8 shorter and stouter black setae, on either sideof ventral surface with a longitudinal area with rowsof delicate yellow setae. Proctiger, pr, without blackened points. Basistyle, b, on mesal face near apex
with a low lobe that is provided with delicate setulaeand sparse yellow setae; mesal face nearer basewith a conspicuous blackened corrugated lobe or appendage. Outer dististyle, d, long and narrow, withdarkened setae; inner style shorter and broader, terminating in 2 glabrous blades that are separated by anarrow notch, with a powerful more basal arm thatis extended into a long straight black spine. Medianappendage of 9th sternite, 9s, appearing as 2 divergent
lobules provided with abundant yellow setae. Phallosome, p, including small paddle-like gonapophyses atbase of the slender aedeagus.
Holotype, male, Fond Figues River, 121.9 m (400ft), 29 April 1966 (Gagne"). Allotype, female, along
Falls trail, 4,828 m (3 miles) cast of Pont Casse, 13-16
October 1966 (Gurney). Paratopotypes, males andfemales, in rain forest, 3 February 1965, 9-12 March
1965 (Wirth); 28 April 1966 (Gagne"). Paratypes,
with the allotype, 16 October 1966 (Gurney); male,D'leau Gommier, 10 March 1966 (Wirth); males andfemales, Pont Casse, 12-14 October, 23-30 November,
8-10 December 1965 (Spangler); 2,414 m (1.5 miles)
west of Pont Casse, 3 April 1965 (Davis), 2,736 m(1.7 miles) east of Pont Casse, 10 March 1965
(Wirth); 1 male, along trail, 1,609 m (1 mile) northof junction of roads to Rosalie and Castle Bruce, 3 % m(1,300 ft), 23 April 1966 (Gagne").
Other members of the subgenus Microtipula known
from the Windward Islands include the very different
Tipula (Microtipula) bruesi Alexander, of Grenada,
and T. (M.) subinfuscata Williston, of Saint Vincent.
The latter fly remains unknown to me but can scarcely
be referred to the present species because of the coloration, especially of the legs, which are described as being
yellow with the tip of the tibia and most of the tarsi
black. Williston makes no mention of the male hypopygium in his species, this being quite distinctive forthe present fly. The blackened corrugated appendage
of the basistyle in this species likewise occurs in several
other species of the subgenus elsewhere in tropical
America. In the present fly the unusual range in lengthof the male antennae should be emphasized.

LIMONIINAE
LIMONnNI
Key to Genera of LIMONIINI
1. Wings (Figure 29) with vein R, lacking.... (H. albitarsis Osten Sacken) J/Wiiu Saint-Fargeau
Wings (Figures 30, 31) with vein Rt present, transverse in position, simulating a crossvein .2
2. Wings (Figures 30, 31) with m-cu some distance before the fork of M, at least three times
its own length and usually more; antennae 16-segmented. Separate key
Orimarga Osten Sacken
Wings (Figure 7) with m-cu close to the fork of M, when before the fork the distance not or
scarcely exceeding its own length; antennae 14-segmented. Separate key
Limonia Meigen

NUMBER 45

Genus Helms Saint-Fargeau

Genus Limonia Meigen

Helius Saint-Fargeau, 1825, p. 831.
Rhamphidia Meigen, 1830, p. 281.

Limonia Meigen, 1803, p. 362.
Limnobia Meigen, 1818, p. 116.
Limonia.—Alexander, 1967, pp. 279-344.

Helius (Helius) albitarsis (Osten Sacken), 1887
Subgenus Caenoglochina Alexander, 1964a; page 31

FIOURE 29

Rhamphidia albitarsis Osten Sacken, 1887, p. 184.
Helius (Helius) albitarsis.-—Alexander, 1964a, pp. 16-17, fig. Subgenus Dicranomyia Stephens, 1829; page 53
5.
The type, a male, was from Puerto Rico, collectedprior to 1860 by Carl A. Moritz. The species is known
from Cuba and Jamaica, Saint Vincent, and fromCentral America and northern South America.
DOMINICA.—321.8 m (0.2 mile) east of Pont Casse,
6Mayl966(Gagn£).
The venation is shown (Figure 29).

Subgenus Geranomyia Haliday, 1833; page 154
Subgenus Neoglochina Alexander, 1967; page 316
Subgenus Neolimonia Alexander, 1964a; page 320
Subgenus Rhipidia Meigen, 1818; page 153

Key to Subgenera of Limonia
1. MouthparU and especially the labial palpi elongate, the rostrum so formed much longer thanthe head and commonly about equal to the combined head and thorax or longer; wings
with a supernumerary crossvein at near midlength of cell Sc. Separate key
Geranomyia Haliday
Mouthparts not conspicuously lengthened, shorter than the remainder of head2
2. Antennae withflagellarsegments produced into long branches or shorter ventral protuberances
to produce a bipectinate, unipectinate, or subpectinate appearance in the males (Figure28), the protuberances usually shorter in the females. Separate key
Rhipidia Meigen
Antennae with flagellar segments simple, oval to more elongate
3
3. Wings (Figure 7) with vein Sc short, ending opposite, before or only a short distance beyond
origin of Rs. Separate key
Dicranomyia Stephens
Wings with vein Sc longer, Scx ending about opposite two thirds the length of Rs or beyond. .4
4. Wings with vein R, deflected caudad, reducing vein /?• to a short element that is only about
one third the free tip of Sct which is in transverse alignment or virtually so; male hypopygiumwith dorsal dististyle present; rostral spines of ventral style lacking, replaced by an oval
depressed area
(N. insularis Williston) Neoglochina Alexander
Wings with veins Ri and R,,t nearly parallel, Rt not conspicuously shortened, subequal to
the free tip of Sct; male hypopygium with dorsal dististyle present or lacking, when present(Neolimonia) rostral spines 2, placed far basad on the rostral prolongation
5
5. Male hypopygium (Figure 13) with dorsal dististyle present; rostral spines 2, widely
separated, near base of prolongation; basistyle with a large simple obtuse ventromesal
lobe(N. gurneyi, new species) Neolimonia Alexander
Male hypopygium (Figure 8) without a dorsal dististyle; ventral style with variously modified
accessory lobes but without rostral spines; basistyle with variously modified smaller lobes(C. apicata Alexander) Caenoglochina Alexander
Subgenus Caenoglochina Alexander, 1939
Limonia {Caenoglochina) apicata dominicensis Alexander, 1939
Dicranomyia apicata Alexander, 1914, pp. 225-226.
Limonia {Caenoglochina) apicata (Alexander), 1964a, p. 31.
Limonia (Caenoglochina) apicata dominicensis Alexander,
1939b, pp. 93-94,fig.13.
372-728 O—70

2

Types from Layou River, on Hatton Garden Trail,
548.6-609.6 m (1,800-2,000 ft), 16-29 August 1938
(Hodge). Cabrit Swamp, 23 February 1965, light trap
(Wirth); Carholm Estate, 7 February 1965 (Wirth);
Clarke Hall, 8-31 January, 1-10 March 1965 (Wirth);
Fond Figues River, 121.9 m (400 ft), 12 April 1966
(Gagn6); Manets Gutter, 10 March 1965 (Wirth);SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY12

FIGURES 7-13—Venation: 7, Limonia (Dicranomyia) clarkeana, new species. Male hypopygium: 8, Limonia {Caenoglochina) wirthiana. new species; 9, Limonia (Dicranomyia) alfaroi(Alexander); 10, Limonia (Dicranomyia) clarkeana, new species; 11, Limonia (Dicranomyia)
divisa Alexander; 12, Limonia (Dicranomyia) omissa (Alexander); 13, Limonia (Neolimonia)
gurneyi, new species; [SYMBOLS: a, aedeagus; b, basistyle; d, dististyle; g, gonapophysis; t,tergite.]NUMBER 45

Pont Casse, 321.8 m (0.2 miles) east, May 1966
(Gagne); South Chiltern Estate, 2 February 1965
(Wirth).
Limonia (Caenoglochina) wirthiana, new species
FlOURE 8

General coloration of mesonotum obscure yellow,
pleura clearer yellow; antennae of male relatively long,
flagellar segments conspicuously nodulose, with longabrupt apical pedicels; wings faintly tinged withbrown, stigma darker, Sc long; male hypopygium withconspicuous tergal lobes; basistyle with the ventromesal
lobe at proximal end, provided with very long setae;
dististyle quite complex, massive, the body with anextensive cushion of spinoid setae, rostral prolongation
smaller, the margin trilobed.
Male.—Length about 5.5 mm; wing 6 mm; antenna
about 2.1 mm.
Rostrum brownish black; palpi black. Antennae
with scape and pedicel slightly paler than the uniformly blackened flagellum; flagellar segments conspicuously pedicelled to produce a nodulose appearance;
proximal segments shorter and broader, the abrupt
pedicel about one-half as long as base, outer 3 or 4
segments progressively more elongate, the pedicels
somewhat shorter but exceeding one-third the base;longest verticils shorter than the enlargements. Headdark brown, sparsely pruinose, with long erect black
setae; anterior vertex reduced to a very narrow strip.
Prothorax very reduced, brownish yellow, pretergites clearer yellow. Mesonotum obscure yellow, praescutum with a slightly darker central stripe, pale brownand better defined on anterior half; interspaces withsparse black setae, longer and more erect on anterior
part. Pleura clearer yellow, especially on ventral half,vaguely more obscured anteriorly. Halteres with stem
obscure yellow, clearer basally, knob large, brownish
black. Legs with coxae yellow, fore pair vaguely darker;

trochanters yellow; remainder of legs yellowish brownto very pale brown. Wings faintly tinged with brown,
stigma oval, darker brown; veins brown. Venation:
Sc long, Sci ending shortly before the fork of Rs, Sc2close to its tip; cell 1st M2 short-rectangular, shorter
than any of the veins beyond it; m-cu just before thefork of M.
Abdominal tergites dark brown, darker laterally,sternites abruptly light yellow. Male hypopygium(Figure 8) distinctive, especially as regards the tergite,
basistyle and dististyle. Ninth tergite, t, with conspicuous sublateral lobes provided with long setae,
behind the concave central part darkened, provided
with numerous shorter setae. Basistyle, b, long, therelatively small oval ventromesal lobe nearly basal in
position, provided with very long yellow bristles thatare arranged in two more or less distinct groups. Dististyle, d, very complex, as shown; the more massive
body bears an extensive plate or cushion of spinoid
setae, with a more yellowed lobe projecting beyond;rostral portion smaller, flattened, margin trilobed, basal
lobe longer and more rounded; basal armature of styleextensive and complex. Gonapophysis, g, with mesalapical lobe relatively slender, blackened, tip acute.
Aedeagus, a, slender, pale.
Holotype, male, Fond Figues River, Dominica, inrain forest, 3 February 1965 (Wirth).
This very distinctflyis dedicated to the collector, Dr.
Willis W. Wirth, distinguished student of the Diptera.
Limonia (Caenoglochina) wirthiana is entirely different from the other regional species presently known,
L. (C.) apicata (Alexander) and races, in the long,strongly nodulose male antennae and in hypopygial
structure, including the tergite, basistyle, and dististyle.
Of the relatively numerous members of the subgenus
elsewhere in Tropical America, L. (C.) somnifica
Alexander, of Ecuador, has the antennal structure mostnearly as in the present fly but with the details ofhypopygial structure quite distinct.

Subgenus Dicranomyia Stephens
Key to Species of Dicranomyia
1. Wings unpatterned except for the more darkened stigma
2
Wings with a conspicuous reticulated brown pattern; male hypopygium (Figure 10), venation(Figure 7)
L. (D.) clarkeana, new species

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

10

2. Wings with cell 1st Af» closed; male hypopygium (Figure 11) with apex of rostral prolongationof ventral dististyle bidentate
L. (D.) diviss Alexander
Wings with cell Mt open; male hypopygium with apex of rostral prolongation of ventral{
dististyle simple, short, and obtuse
3. General coloration of body and appendages yellow; wings with cell A/» open by atrophy ofbasal section of vein Af«, the medial fork above; vein Sc long, Sci ending about opposite
one-third Rs, the latter about twice the basal deflection of /?«.»; male hypopygium (Figure9)
L. (D.) alfaroi (Alexander)
General coloration of body and appendages brown; wings with cell Afi open by atrophy ofm, the medial fork below; vein Sc short, Sd ending before origin of Rs; male hypopyKium(Figure 12)
L- (£•) omuttm Alexander

Limonia (Dicranomyia) alfaroi (Alexander), 1922
FIGURE 9

Dicranomyia alfaroi Alexander; 1922, pp. 2-3.

The type was from San Jose", Costa Rica, collected in
October 1920 by A. Alfaro. The species is widespreadin continental tropical America from Mexico to Bolivia
but had not been recorded from the Antilles.
The species is readily told by its small size, almost
uniformly pale yellow color, long vein Sc and in having
cell M2 of the wing open by the atrophy of the basal
section of M3. Male hypopygium (Figure 9) with thedorsal dististyle, d, bent near its outer end almost at aright angle into a long straight spine; ventral styleslightly smaller than the basistyle, outer half of rostralprolongation pendant, the 2 slender rostral spines
placed so close together as to appear as a single element.
DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, at light trap, 1-10 March
1965 (Wirth). Fond Figues River, light trap, 13
March 1965 (Wirth). Freshwater Lake, 5-8 November
1966 (Gurney). D'leau Gommier, 15 February 1965
(Wirth). 804.7-2736 m (0.5 to 1.7 miles) east of Pont
Casse, 27-29 January, 12 March 1965 (Wirth).

Limonia (Dicranomyia) clarkeana, new species
FIGURES 7,

10

Allied to reticulata; general coloration of thoracic
notum brown, patterned with darker and light yellow,
pleura longitudinally striped with brown; femora yellow with a broad subterminal dark brown ring; wings
very pale yellow, costal border brighter, surface conspicuously patterned with brown, including series ofdarker costal spots and paler transverse lines in allcells; male hypopygium with ventral dististyle verylarge and fleshy, nearly four times the size of the basistyle, rostral spines 2, unusually small.

MALE.—Length about 4.5-5 mm; wing 5-5.5 mm;
antenna about 0.8-0.9 mm.
FKMALK. Length about 4.5-5 mm; wing 4.5-5.5mm.
. Rostrum dark brown; palpi brownish black. Antennae with scape brownish black, pedicel and 1st fiagcllar segment yellow, succeeding segments light brown,
outer segments somewhat darker; proximal flagcllar
segments subglobular to short-oval, outer segments
oval; verticils short. Anterior vertex broad, golden
yellow, with a central dark brown line, posterior partof head brown.
Pronotum elongate, orange yellow above, darkened
laterally. Mesonotal praescutum chiefly brown, patterned irregularly with darker, including a centralarea, posterior part with lateral and sublateral darkenings, with a light yellow line on either side of central
darkening; scutal lobes gray, conspicuously variegatedwith brown, central area yellowed; scutellum lightbrown with a darkened spot on either side of the narrow midline, postnotum darkened, pleurotergite withsilvery areas. Pleura chiefly yellowish gray, conspicuously patterned with darker brown, in cases with black;paler areas include chiefly the dorsal stemopleurite andmetapleura; dorsopleural region brownish yellow,
darkened anteriorly. Halteres with stem light yellow,
knob abruptly dark brown to brownish black. Legs
with coxae yellowish gray, with a brown central ring;
trochanters yellow; femora yellow, clearer basally, witha broad dark brown nearly terminal ring, tip yellow,
in cases very narrow; remainder of legs brown. Wings(Figure 7) very pale yellow with a conspicuous reticulated brown pattern that involves all cells; prearcularand costal fields light yellow, the latter with about 15

NUMBER 4 5

narrow brown spots, the interspaces more extensive;
cells behind R with larger brown areas, including one
at origin of Rs that crosses cells R and M; stigmal arealargest, behind including the fork of Rs; other cellswith markings narrowly transverse, crossing the cells,
cell M with about 6 lines, 2nd A with 3 lines; veins
light brown, costal interspaces yellow, alternating withthe brown spots. Venation: Sc relatively short, Scx ending about op|>osite origin of Rs, in cases to nearly onethird the length of this vein, Sc? near its tip; cell
1st Mi longer than any of the veins beyond it, m transverse, much shorter than basal section of Ma; m-cu
long, shortly before fork of M.
Abdominal tergites and hypopygium brown, basal
strrnitrs obscure yellow, in cases the pattern incudes
brown arras on a more yellowed ground. Male hypopygium (Figure 10) with tergite, t, transverse, slightly
narrowed outwardly, posterior border virtually truncate, the usual lobes scarcely developed. Basistyle, b,
only about one fourth the size of the ventral dististyle;ventromesal lobe large, obtuse, with very long setae.
Dorsal dististyle, d, a small gently curved sickle thatnarrows into a long spine; ventral style very large andfleshy; rostral prolongation straight, spines 2, unusuallysmall, subequal, shorter than the prolongation beyond
their origin, in cases the spines shorter and stouter,
placed on prolongation, in other specimens closer toupper margin. Gonapophysis, g, with mesal-apical lobe
narrowed into a gently curved acute point. Aedeagus
terminating in a single small rounded lobe, thegenital apertures sublateral.
Holotype, male, D'leau Gommier, 17 March 1956
(Clarke). Allotopotype, female. Paratopotypes, 4males. Paratypes, males and females, Clarke Hall,
1-10, 21-28 February 1965 (Wirth). 1 female, 11 June
1966 (Steyskal). Male, Freshwater Lake, 5-6 November 1966 (Gurney); males and females, Pont Casse,
23 November 1964 (Spangler); 804.7-2,736 m (0.5
to 1.7 miles) east of Pont Casse, 1 January-24 March
1965 (Wirth), 804.7 m (0.5 mile) east, 11 April 1966
(Gagn6), 4,828 m (3 miles) east, 13-16 October 1966
(Gurney). 804.7 m (0.5 mile) west of Pt. Lolo, atlight, 25 January 1965 (Wirth). South Chiltern, 20
February 1965, in alcohol (Wirth), 2 November 1966
(Gurney).
Although it is generally similar to Limonia (Dicranomyia) reticulata (Alexander), of Mexico and theGreater Antilles (Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico), andto certain other Neotropical species, the present fly

11
is readily told by the hypopygial structure, especiallythe enlarged ventral dististyle with unusually small
rostral spines. Other species that have a somewhat similar wing pattern but distinct hypopygia include L. (D.)
calliergon Alexander (Hispaniola),L. (D.) farri Alexander (Jamaica), L. (D.) pampoecila Alexander(Peru), L. (D.) subreticulata Alexander (Ecuador),and L. (D.) thamyris Alexander (Venezuela).
I take great pleasure in dedicating this attractive
fly to the collectors, Dr. J. F. Gates Clarke and Mrs.
Thelma Clarke.
Limonia (Dicranomyia) divisa Alexander, 1929
FIGURE 11

Dicranomyia diversa Osten Sacken, 1859, p. 212; name preoccupied by Limonia (Geranomyia) diversa (Osten
Sacken), 1859, p. 207.
Limonia {Dicranomyia) divisa Alexander, renaming of diversa, preoccupied, 1929a, p. 247.—1932, p. 359, fig. 8.—
1942, p. 315,fig.11.

Widely distributed in eastern North America; Greater
Antilles (Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico). Male
hypopygium (Figure 11).
DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 11-20 January 1965, inMalaise trap (Wirth). D'leau Gommier, 16 March
1965 (Wirth). 2,736 m (1.7 miles) east of Pont Casse,
10-24 March 1965, light trap (Wirth).
The European Limnobia divisa Walker (1848,
p. 55) never has been placed in the proper genus
Limonia and so does not affect the present name. It
now is recognized as being the correct name of Erioptera (Erioptera) divisa, formerly known as E. (E.)
macrophthalma Loew. The use of the name Erioptera
at this time and elsewhere in the present paper has
been discussed by Stone et al. (1965, p. 80).
Limonia(Dicranomyia)

omissa (Alexander), 1912

FIGURE 12

Furcomyia omissa Alexander, 1912a, p. 340, pi. 11, fig. o.

The types were from Aguna, Guatemala, collected by
G. Eisen.
The venation has Sc relatively long, Sc1 ending only
a short distance before the origin of Rs; vein 2nd A
short, the cell relatively narrow. Male hypopygium(Figure 12) with rostral prolongation of ventral dististyle very obtuse, apparently without terminal setae.

12

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Rs; abdominal tergites brownish black, proximal sternites bicolored, whitened, apices brown; male hypopygium with tergal setae few, about 8 on either side of
midline; basistyle with ventromesal lobe shallowly divided at apex to form 2 lobules, one with the setae
Subgenus Neoglochina Alexander
numerous and much longer than the other; ventral
dististyle with body very small, rostral prolongation
Limonia (Neoglochina) insularis (Williston), 1896
large, compressed-flattened, with 2 widely separated
Limnobia insularis Williston, 1896, p. 287, pi. 10, fig. 58. pale peglike spines, the outer lying in a longitudinalrow of long yellow setae; gonapophysis with mesalThe unique type male was from Saint Vincent, colapical lobe erect, slender, blackened; apex of aedeagus
lected at 304.8 m (1,000 ft) by H. H. Smith. Thea single small oval lobe.
Dominican materials agree well with Williston's brief
MALE.—Length about 5.5-6.5 mm; wing 6-8.5 mm;
description and the identification is believed to beantenna about 1.2-2 mm.
correct.
FEMALE.—Length about 5.5 mm; wing 6 mm.
The general coloration of the thorax in the present
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black; flagellar
specimens is brown rather than "brownish red" assegments long-oval, with abrupt apical jxjtlicels, eachstated by Williston. Wings strongly infumed throughsegment on outer face with a single very long verticil,
out, more heavily so along costal border but not conthe longest about two and one half times the segment,
centrated at apex. Wing tip in male obtuse, costa
remaining verticils short and weak. Anterior vertex inconspicuously thickened and with abundant short setae
front light gray, behind narrowed to a capillary strip;
from blackened tubercles, the marginal ones larger
posterior vertex dark brown, sparsely pruinosc.
and more evident to produce a roughened appearance.
Cervical region and pronotal scutum and pleura
Male hypopygium with tergite transverse, posteriordark brown, scutcllum and pretergites yellow. Mesonoborder Very shallowly emarginate, not forming evident
tal praescutum with 3 confluent shiny brown stripes,
lobes; on either side some distance from border withthe central one paler, humeral region and lateral
8 or 9 weak setae. Basistyle in area nearly twice theborders light yellow; posterior sclerites of notum univentral dististyle, ventromesal lobe large, about oneformly light brown. Pleura dark brown, dorsopleural
half the size of the ventral style, with very long setae,
region and a broad ventral stripe yellowed, the latter
those of body of style shorter. Dorsal dististyle a gently
includingthe fore and hind coxae, midcoxae and lower
curved rod, tip acute; ventral style with long setae;
part of sternopleurite restrictedly darkened. Halteres
rostral prolongation cleaver-like; glabrous except forwith stem yellow, knob brownish black. Legs with
2 weak, nearly terminal setae; sensory pore elongate.
coxae as described; trochanters yellow; femora brown,
Gonapophysis with mesal-apical lobe a small curved
bases slightly more yellowed, tips narrowly darker
hook. Aedeagus with apex galeate, as in the subgenus.
brown, remainder of legs brown; claws of male long
DOMINICA.—A broken male, 3,218 m (2 miles) eastand slender, with 2 subbasal spines, the outer veryof Pont Casse, 8 April 1966 (Gagne). A broken male,long, basal spine small. Wings weakly tinted, prearcularin alcohol, Fond Figues River, 13 March 1965
and costalfieldsyellow; a restricted brown pattern that
(Wirth).
includes relatively small spots at arculus, origin of Rs,
fork of Sc, and stigma; narrow seams over cord andSubgenus Neolimonia Alexanderouter end of cell 1st M2; marginal clouds at ends ofLimonia (Neolimonia) gumeyi, new species
longitudinal veins, largest at R3 and anals, very small
onmedial and cubital veins; a small isolated brown
FIGURE 13
cloud in cell R at near one-third the length; veins
General coloration of mesonotum light brown; antebrown, darker in the clouded parts. Venation: Sc long,rior vertex conspicuously light gray, posterior vertex
Sct ending about opposite three-fourths of Rs, Sc2 neardark brown; knobs of halteres brownish black; legs
its tips; Rs nearly erect at origin, free tip of Sc2 and R2
brown; wings weakly tinted, with a restricted brownin transverse alignment; m-cu close to fork of M; analveins at origin virtually parallel.
pattern, Sc long, ending nearly opposite three-fourths
DOMINICA.—2,414 m (1.5 miles) north of Pont
Casse, 12 February 1965 (Wirth). Trafalgar Falls,
365.7 m (1,200 ft), 5-6 April 1966 (Gagne).

13

NUMBER 43

Abdominal tergites brownish black; proximal 4sternites bicolored, the bases broadly whitened, apices
slightly more narrowly dark brown; outer segments andhypopygium uniformly dark brown. Male hypopygium(Figure 13) having the general structure of the subgenus. Ninth tergite, t, large, transverse, posteriorborder truncate on central third, shoulders morerounded; a group of 7 or 8 strong setae near outermargin, widely separated at midline. Basistyle, b, inarea approximately twice the ventral dististyle, ventromesai lobe large, its apex shallowly divided into 2
lobules, the larger with numerous long setae, the otherwith few much smaller setae. Dorsal dististyle, d, longand slender, the slightly dilated apex curved, extended
into a long point; ventral style with body unusuallysmall, its area less than that of the beak, provided.vith long setae; beak very broad basally, with theusual 2 very long setae near base close to the dorsal
style; 2 pale peglike rostral spines, the inner placed in
an area of delicate sctulae, outer spine removed, placedin a longitudinal row of long yellow setae. Gonapophysis, f;, with mesal-apical lobe erect, slender, blackened.
Acdeagus, a, with apex a single small oval lobe, thegenital openings at its base.
Holotype, male, \lands Gutter, in light trap, 10
March 1965 (Wirth). Allotype, female, 804.7 m (0.5mile) east of Pont Casse, 5 May 1966 (Gagn6).

Paratypes, 2 males, with the allotype, 10-11 April 1966
(Gagne) ; 1 male, 27-30 November 1964 (Spangler).
The species is dedicated to Dr. Ashley B. Gurney,
former student and longtime friend, distinguishedauthority on the Orthoptera, Grylloblattodea, Zoraptera, Corrodentia, and other groups. The paratypemales are considerably larger than the holotype, withmore heavily patterned wings and with slight differences in the male hypopygium but appear to pertain
to this species. The allotype more closely resembles theholotype. The subgenus Neolimonia includes rather
numerous regional species, including one each fromthe major Greater Antilles, Limonia (Neolimonia)
borinquensis Alexander (Puerto Rico), L. (N.) caribaea Alexander (Cuba),L. (N.) domballah Alexander(Hispaniola), and L. (N.) jamaicensis Alexander(Jamaica). Other species are found in the southern
United States, Mexico, and Central America, including the Nearctic L. (N.) argenteceps (Alexander) andL. (N.) rara (Osten Sacken). There are numerous
other species in Central and South America, all most
readily separated among themselves and from thepresent fly by details of coloration and venation andespecially by hypopygial features. It may be noted thata single species, L. (N.) dumetorum (Meigen), occurs
in Europe.

Subgenus Geranomyia Haliday
Key to Species of Geranomyia
1. Wings unpatterned except for the more darkened stigma
2
Wings with a darkened pattern other than the stigma
7
2. Wings with vein Sc short, Sct ending opposite or close to origin of Rs
3
Wings with vein Sc longer, Sci ending opposite one-fourth to one-half the length of Rs.
5
3. General coloration of thorax gray, pracscutum with a darkened central strip; male hypopygium (Figure 15) with 2 slightly separated rostral spines.
L. (G.) cinereinota (Alexander)
General coloration of thorax brown
4
4. Praescutal stripes clearly defined, especially the narrow central vitta; legs with tips of fore
tibiae conspicuously black; male hypopygium (Figure 24) with rostral spines very long,more than twice the rostral prolongation; mesal-apical lobe of gonapophysis bidentate
at tipL. (G.) Hbialis (Loew)
Praescutal stripes pale brown, poorly defined; legs uniformly brown, tibiae not blackened;male hypopygium (Figure 19) with rostral spines shorter than the rostrum itself; mesalapical lobe of gonapophysis flattened, tip simple
L. (G.) neptis, new species
5. Male hypopygium (Figure 21) with rostrum of ventral dististyle bearing 2 very unequal
spines, the longest from a conspicuous basal tubercle, apex of rostrum very short andobtuseL. (G.) spangleri, new species
Male hypopygium with rostral spines of ventral dististyle short and nearly equal in length 6
6. Wings tinged with brown, the stigma conspicuously darker brown, vein Sc shorter, Sci
ending about opposite one-third Rs; body and appendages brown; male hypopygium

14

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY(Figure 18) with spines of the elongate rostral prolongation basal in position; gonapophysis with mesal-apical lobe darkened, triangular in outline, about as long as the diameter
across base
L. (G.) microphaea Alexander
Wings subhyaline, the stigma pale brown, vein Sci ending nearly opposite midlength of Rs;
body and appendages brown, in fresh specimens with greenish tints; male hypopygium(Figure 22) with rostral spines closely approximated, arising from summit of a low
tubercle; gonapophysis with mesal-apical lobe pale, elongate
L. (G.) tubvireicens Alexander
7. Wings with vein Sc long, Sc\ ending beyond midlength of Rs, darkened areas at origin ofRs and tip of Sc small, widely separated; legs with a very narrow darkened subterminal
femoral ring, the yellow apex about three times as extensive
L. (G.) bicincta angusticincta Alexander
Wings with vein Sc shorter, Sci ending opposite origin of Rs or shortly beyond, in cases
to about one-third the length, the darkened areas at origin of Rs and at tip of Sc
confluent8
8. Mesonotal praescutum with a broad median brown or orange stripe that is narrowly marginedlaterally with darker
9
Mesonotal praescutum with 3 or 5 narrow brown discal stripes
10
9. Legs with femora brown, tips yellow; male hypopygium (Figure 17) with 2 separated rostralspines from long tubercles, the spines divaricate; apical lobes of aedeagus of moderatesize
L. (G.) rurygramm* (Alexander)Legs with femora yellowed, with a narrow brown subterminal ring; male hypopygium (Figure16) with 2 very long rostral spines arising from summit of an elongate basal tubercle,
the latter subequal in size to the entire rostrum; apex of aedeagus with 2 very large
lobes
L. (G.) dominicana Alexander
10. Costal border of wing light yellow, the darkened pattern greatly reduced to narrow seams
over cord and elsewhere; male hypopygium (Figure 14) with rostral spines subequal,from small slightly separated tubercles
L. (G.) caribica, new species
Costal border of wing less evidently yellowed, variegated by conspicuous brown areas at
the supernumerary crossvein in cell Sc, origin of Rs, and at tip of Sc, and the stigma;
male hypopygium with the rostral spines at summits of conspicuous tubercles
11
11. Wings with Sc short, Sci ending just beyond origin of Rs; male hypopygium (Figure 20)
with rostral spines from stout basal tubercles, very unequal in size, the small inner one
very slender, hairlike
L. (G.) recondite civic* Alexander
Wings with Sc longer, Scx ending opposite one-fifth to one-third Rs; male hypopygium withrostral spines subequal, from long basal tubercles
12
12. Darkened wing pattern heavier, especially along Sc and the cord; dark femoral ring broad,much exceeding the yellow tip; male hypopygium with rostral spines subequal to or
only slightly exceeding their long basal tubercles; gonapophysis with mesal-apical lobe
long and slender, narrowed outwardly; 9th tergite with central emargination broad
L. (G.) plumbeipUtura (Alexander)
Darkened wing pattern paler and less extensive; dark femoral ring narrow, pale, only
slightly longer than the yellow tip; male hypopygium (Figure 23) with the rostral spines
subequal, about twice as long as their relatively small basal tubercles; gonapophysis withmesal-apical lobe a small darkened oinc; 9th tergite with central emargination narrower,
shallow
L. (G.) sylvania Alexander

Limonia (Geranomyia) bicincta angusticincta (Alexander), 1921

Limonia (Geranomyia) caribica, new species
FIGURE 14

Geranomyia bicincta angusticincta Alexander, 1921, p. 45.

The types were from Amazonian Peru, collected by
H. S. Parish. Although only the female sex is available
from Dominica the identification appears to be correct.
DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 11-20 January 1965, 2128 February 1965, in light trap (Wirth); Sylvania,
23 January 1965 (Wirth).

Mesonotal praescutum yellowed, with 5 brown stripes,
the intermediate 3 narrow, central stripe darker, posterior sclerites of notum and the pleura yellowed; legs
yellow, femora with a pale brown subterminal ring;wings tinted with pale brown, costal border clear lightyellow, disk with a very restricted brown pattern overthe veins, including the cord, stigma small and faintly

NUMBER 45

15

18

FIGURES 14-20.—Male hypopygium: 14, Limonia (Geranomyia) caribica, new species 15,
Limonia (Geranomyia) cinereinota (Alexander); 16, Limonia (Geranomyia) dominicana
Alexander; 17, Limonia (Geranomyia) eurygramma (Alexander); 18, Limonia (Geranomyia)
microphaea (Alexander); 19, Limonia (Geranomyia) neptis, new species; 20, Limonia(Geranomyia) recondita civica Alexander, [SYMBOLS: a, aedeagus; b, basistyle; d, dististyle; g,gonapophysis; t, tergite.]372-726 O—70-

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

16

indicated, vein Sc, ending about opposite one fourth
to one third Rs; male hypopygium with rostral prolongation slender, with 2 straight spines from small
basal tubercles; gonapophysis with mesal-apical lobe
pale, long and slender.
MALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 5-6 mm:wing 6-7.5 mm; rostrum about 2.4-2.7 mm.
FEMALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 5.57.5 mm; wing 6.5-7.5 mm; rostrum about 2.8-3 mm.
Rostrum relatively long, more than twice the lengthof the antennae, dark brown, tips of labial palpi paler.
Antennae dark brown, pedicel slightly paler. Headgray, vestiture blackened.
Pronotum yellowed, narrowly dark brown medially,sides paler brown. Mesonotal praescutum with groundyellowed, with 5 brown stripes, those on the disk narrower, central line dark brown, intermediate pairslightly broader, paler brown, lateral darkenings stillbroader; scutum yellowed, inner part of each lobe
brown, being a posterior extension of the intermediate
praescutal stripe; posterior sclerites of notum andthe pleura yellowed. Halteres with stem yellow, knob
very slightly darker. Legs with coxae and trochanterslight yellow; remainder of legs yellow, femora with amore or less distinct pale brown subterminal ring.
Wings tinted with pale brown, costal border, including
both cells C and Sc, clear light yellow; very small andinconspicuous brown spots and seams at Sc2, origin ofRs, cord, and outer end of cell 1st M2; stigmal darkening very faintly indicated; veins pale brown, more yellowed in costal field. Venation: Sc relatively long, Scx
ending about opposite one-fourth to one-third Rs, Sc2
lacking, supernumerary crossvein in cell Sc far retracted, Sci alone about one-half longer than Rs; m-cu
at or close to fork of M.
Abdominal tergites brown to light brown, stemites
paler. Male hypopygium (Figure 14) with tergite, t,transverse, posterior lobes small and low. Basistyle,b, less than one-half the size of the ventral dististyle;ventromesal lobe simple. Dorsal dististyle, d, slightly dilated on outer half, thence narrowed and decurved toa sharp point; ventral style with rostral prolongation
slender, the 2 subequal spines contiguous, from small
basal tubercles; mesal margin of style below base of
prolongation with a group of black setae. Gonapophysis, g, with mesal-apical lobe pale, long and slender,
narrowed gradually to the acute tip. Aedeagus relatively broad, the rounded terminal lobes further extended into membranous triangular points.

Holotype, male, Trafalgar Falls, Dominica, 365.7 m(1.200 ft), 5-6 April 1966 (Gagne). Allotopotype,female. Paratopotypes, 4 males and females. Paratypes, 1 female, Antrim, 304.8 m (1,000 ft) 11 March
1956 (Clarke) ; Fond Figues River, in light trap, 13
March 1965 (Wirth) ; 1 female, Manets Gutter, light
trap, 10 March 1965 (Wirth).
In the general coloration of the thorax and wings,
the present fly suggests species such as l.imonia (Geranomyia) tibialis (Loew) and some others but is entirely
distinct, especially in the hypopygial characters. The
characteristic wing pattern separates it from other regional species.
Limonia
1913(Geranomyia) cinereinota (Alexander),FlOURE 15

Gtranomyia cintrtinota Alexander, 1913b, pp. 407-408, pi.
14,fig.4.
Limonia (Gtranomyia) cintrtinota Alexander, 1939b, p. 94.
Limonia (Gtranomyia) eintrtinota Alexander, 1953, pp. 8990, fig. 4.
Geranomyia domingtniis Alexander, 1916a, pp. 490-491.

The type of cinereinota (male) was from Coroico,
Bolivia; type of domingensis (female) from the San
Francisco Mountains, Santo Domingo (Hispaniola).
The species is widespread in Tropical America, from
Puerto Rico and Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles,
south to Paraguay. Male hypopygium (Figure 15) withthe area of the ventral dististyle, d, less than twice thatof the basistyle, b; rostral prolongation long and slender, the 2 unequal spines from small basal tubercles,
outer spine longer. Apical lobes of aedeagus, a, relatively broad, tips obtuse.
DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 15 January 1965
(Clarke); 21 January-10 February 1965 (Wirth),
18 January 1966 (Wirth); 6-8 October 1966 (Gurney). Fond Figues River, at light trap in rain forest,25-30 January, 3-9 February, 13 March 1965
(Wirth), altitude 121.9 m (400 ft), 29 April 1966
(Gagne). D'leau Gommier, 16 March 1965 (Wirth),
518 m (1,700 ft), Central Forest Reservation, 26 May
1966 (Gagne). Layou River, on Hatton Garden Trail,
609.6 m (2,000 ft), 16 August 1938 (Hodge). 2,414 m(1.5 miles) north of Pont Casse, 19 February 1965
(Wirth). 2,736 m (1.7 miles) east, 24 March 1965
(Wirth), 321.8 m (0.2 mile) east, 6 May 1966
(Gagne), Pont Casse, 14 October 1966 (Gurney).

NUMBER 45

Along trail 1,609 m (1 mile) north of junction of roads
to Rosalie and Castle Bruce, 396 m (1,300 ft),
April 23, 1966 (Gagne). Springfield, November 1967
(Krauss).
Limonia (Geranomyia) dominicana Alexander, 1939
FIGURE 16

Limonia {Geranomyia) dominicana Alexander, 1939b, pp

94-95.
The type was from Dominica, as recorded below.
Male hyjjopygium (Figure 16) with the tergite, t,transverse, |x»terior border with very low lobes. Basistyle, b, only about one-fourth the size of the ventral
dististyle, vcntromcsal lobe oval. Dorsal dististyle, d,a slender gently curved rod, the acute tip decurved;
ventral style very large, fleshy; rostral prolongation
very small, the 2 spines very long and slender, placed
together at summit of a long basal tubercle that exceeds the prolongation beyond it, the spines curved
gently. Gonapophysis, g, with mesal-apical lobe flat,
darkened, the apex a microscopic knob. Aedeagus terminating in 2 large oval lobes.
DOMINICA.—Type from the Sylvania Estate, 548.6 m(1,800 ft), 30 August 1938 (Hodge) ; Freshwater Lake,
5-$ November 1966 (Gumey); 4,828 m (3 miles) eastof Pont Casse, 13-16 October 1966 (Gurney).
Limonia (Geranomyia) eurygramma (Alexander),1928
FIGURE 17

Gemnomyia eurygramma Alexander, 1928a, pp. 107-108.
Types from Cordoba, Mexico. The present materials
differ in some respects from the type. Central praescutal stripe light brown, separated by broad darker brownlateral borders, pleural stripe similarly darkened;scutellum and central area of scutum whitened. Legs
with femora yellowish brown, clearer yellow basally,
tips yellow. Certain of the specimens are smaller andshow slight differences in coloration, the praescutum
yellow with a central median brown stripe, the centersof the scutal lobes darkened, and the pleura yellow
without pattern. The wing pattern and hypopygial
structure, however, are so similar to typical material
that the identification is considered to be correct. Male
hypopygium (Figure 17) with the basistyle, b, about
one-third to one-half the largefleshyventral dististyle,17d; rostal prolongation of the latter slender, the 2 spinesfrom conspicuous basal tubercles, that of the longer
outer spine subequal in size to the prolongation beyond
it. Gonapophysis, g, with concave margin of apical lobe
with a conspicuous flange. Aedeagus terminating in
2 long pale lobes, tips obtuse, not extended into a point
as in many other species.
DOMINICA.—Fond Figues River, 121.9 m (400 ft),in light trap, 13 March 1965 (Wirth); 29 April 1966
(Gagne). D'leau Gommier, 17 March 1956 (Clarke).
1,609 m (1 mile) east of Pont Casse, 29 January 1965
(Wirth). 2,736 m (1.7 miles) east, light trap, 12March
1965 (Wirth).
Limonia (Geranomyia) neptis, new species
FlOURE 19

Size small (win.g to 5 mm) ; general coloration ofthoracic notum brownish yellow, patterned with pale
brown, including 3 praescutal stripes, pleura clearer
yellow; rostrum black, approximately one-half the remainder of body; antennae and knob of halteres black;legs medium brown; wings weakly tinted, unpatterned
except for the small pale brown stigma, vein Sc short,
Sci ending opposite origin of Rs, Sc2 shortly removed;
abdominal tergites dark brown, sternites yellowed; malehypopygium with the dorsal dististyle extended into along straight spine, ventral style with rostral prolongation small, the 2 spines pale, from a common low
rounded tubercle; gonapophysis with mesal-apical lobe
flattened, inner margin conspicuously emarginate toform 3 unequal lobes; aedeagus broad, terminatingin 2 acute pale spines, without setulae on margin before
apex.
MALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 4.2^4.5mm; wing 4-5 mm; rostrum about 1.8-2.5 mm.
FEMALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 4 mm;wing 5 mm; rostrum about 2.4 mm.
Rostrum black, approximtely one-half the remainderof body. Antennae black, less than one-half the rostrum;
flagellar segments oval, crowded, verticils short. Headbehind brownish gray, front more silvery, anterior vertex about equal in width to the antennal scape.
Pronotum brownish yellow. Mesonotal praescutum
brownish yellow with 3 pale brown stripes that arepoorly indicated against the ground; scutal lobes andscutellum darker yellowish brown, remainder of notum
brownish yellow. Pleura clearer yellow, more so on
ventral half. Halteres with stem brown, paler at base,

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

18

knob black. Legs with coxae and trochanters yellow;
remainder of legs medium brown, femoral bases narrowly more yellowed; claws relatively long, the slenderspines grouped at base. Wings weakly tinted, prearcular field yellow; stigma small, pale brown; veins
darker brown. Macrotrichia on longitudinal veins beyond general level of cord, including also Rs and outerend of M, lacking on Cu and the anals. Venation: Sc
short, Scx ending opposite origin of Rs, Sc2 shortly
removed; M3+4 subequal in length to vein M4; m-cu
subequal to distal section of Cuu shortly before forkof M; vein 2nd A relatively short, nearly straight togently convex.
Abdominal tergites dark brown, sternites slightly
paler, yellowed in the female. Male hypopygium (Figure 19) with tergite, t, transverse, posterior borderwith 2 low rounded lobes provided with numerous
setae. Basistyle, b, about one-third the area of theventral dististyle; ventromesal lobe relatively small,oval, with very long setae, some exceeding the lobe inlength. Dorsal dististyle, d, a curved sickle, apicalfourth a long straight spine; ventral style with rostralprolongation small, the 2 spines short and straight froma common low rounded tubercle. Gonapophysis, g,with mesal-apical lobe conspicuously flattened, darkened, inner edge emarginate to form 3 unequal lobes.
Aedeagus broad, outer apical angles produced into
acute pale spines, lateral margins before the spine without setulae, such as are found in microphaea.
Holotype, male, 321.8 m (0.2 mile) east of Pont
Casse, 10 April 1966 (Gagne"). Allotopotype, female,
1,609 m (1 mile) east of Pont Casse, at light, 29
January 1965 (Wirth). Paratopotypes, male, 2,414m (1.5 miles) west of Pont Casse, at light, 27 January 1965 (Wirth); males and females, Pont Casse, 816 October 1966 (Gurney). Paratypes, 2 males, 1
female, Freshwater Lake, 5-8 November 1966 (Gurney) ; 804.7 m (0.5 mile) west of Pt. Lolo, at light,
25 January 1965 (Wirth).
The most similar regional species is Limonia (Geranomyia) microphaea Alexander, likewise describedfrom Dominica, as considered earlier. Both are small
brown species with the wings unpattemed or virtually
so. The two flies differ from one another in the lengthof vein Sc and very evidently in hypopygial structure,especially both dististyles, gonapophyses, and the apexof the aedeagus, as described and figured for both
species.

Limonia (Geranomyia) plumbeipleura (Alexander),
1916
Geranomyia plumbeipleura Alexander, 1916c, pp. 10-11, pi.
2, fig. 4.
Limonia (Geranomyia) plumbeipleura Alexander, 1939b, p.
94.

Type from Huigra, Ecuador. Widely distributed intropical America from Dominica, Trinidad, and Panama, southward to Brazil and Peru.
DOMINICA.—Antrim, 304.8 m (1,000 ft), 11-12
March 1956 (Clarke). Clarke Hall, light trap, 21-28
February, 1-10 March 1965 (Wirth), 27 May 1966
(Steyskal). 4,828 rn (3 miles) east of Pont Casse, 1316, 28-30 October 1966 (Gurney). Roseau, at light,
28 December 1964, 3 January 1965 (R. T. Bell).
Sylvania Estate, 548.6 m (1,800 ft), 28-30 August
1938 (Hodge).
Limonia (Geranomyia) rtcondita civica Alexander,
1939
FtOURE 20

Limonia (Geranomyia) recondita civica Alexander, 1939a,
pp. 70-71.
Geranomyia recodita Alexander, 1921, pp. 42-43.

Type of Limonia (Geranomyia) recondita from
Iquitos, Amazonian Peru, May 1920. Type of L. (G.)
civica from Vergel, Chiapas, Mexico, 800 meters(about 0.5 mile), June 1935.
Typical recondita generally is more southern but has
been recorded from Puerto Rico. The present race is
known also from Jamaica. It has vein Sc short, with
Sci ending opposite the origin of Rs and with thefemora darkened, with only the apex yellowed. In themale specimen from Pont Casse, recorded below, thelegs are uniformly blackened, with no indication ofpale femoral tips.
DOMINICA.—Fond Figues River, in rain forest, 1
February 1965 (Wirth). 4,828 m (3 miles) east of Pont
Casse, 13-16 October 1966 (Gagne").
Limonia (Geranomyia) spangleri, new species
FIGURE 21

Size small (wing of male 4.5 mm); rostrum about onehalf the wing; thorax above brownish yellow, pleura
clearer yellow; legs light brown; wings very weakly

19

NUMBER 4 528
FIGURES 21-28.—Male hypopygium: 21, Limonia (Geranomyia) spangleri, new species; 22,
Limonia (Geranomyia) subvirescens Alexander; 23, Limonia (Geranomyia) sylvania Alexander;
24, Limonia (Geranomyia) tibialis (Loew); 25, Limonia (Rhipidia) bipectinata (Williston);
26, Limonia (Rhipidia) eremnocera, new species; 27, Limonia (Rhipidia) tetraleuca Alexander.
Antenna: 28, Limonia (Rhipidia) wUlistoniana Alexander, [SYMBOLS: a, aedeagus; ant, antennaof male; b, basistyle; d, dististyle; g, gonapophysis; t, tergite.]SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

20

tinted, stigma subcircular, pale brown, Scx ending
nearly opposite midlength of Rs; male hypoygium withthe ventral dististyle large and fleshy, more than fourtimes the bastistyle; rostral prolongation very short andobtuse, the 2 spines unequal, the outer shorter from avery small basal tubercle, inner spine long and slenderfrom a longer pale basal tubercle; dorsal dististyle with
tip obtuse; gonapophysis with mesal-apical lobe pale,narrow.
MALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 4 mm;wing 4.5 mm; rostrum about 2.2 mm.
FEMALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 4 mm;wing 4.2 mm; rostrum about 2.1 mm.
Rostrum in both sexes approximately one-half theremainder of body, medium brown. Antennae withscape yellowish brown, remainder dark brown; flagellar segments suboval, verticils very small. Head medium
brown; eyes large, anterior vertex reduced to a narrow
strip.
Thoracic dorsum almost uniformly brownish yellow,
scutellum somewhat clearer yellow; pleura yellowed,
clearer ventrally. Halteres with stem yellow, knob darkbrown. Legs with coxae and trochanters yellowed,
faintly tinted with green; remainder of legs light brown.
Wings very faintly tinted, stigma pale brown, subcircular; veins light brown. Longitudinal veins beyond
origin of Rs with macrotrichia, including also the outer
fifth of M, lacking on Cu and the anals. Venation:
Sc relatively long, Scx ending nearly opposite midlengthof the straight Rs, Sc2 close to its tip; m-cu some distance before fork of M.
Abdominal tergites medium brown, sternites lightyellow. Ovipositor with cerci slender, nearly straight.
Male hypopygium (Figure 21) with the tergite, t,transverse, posterior border very shallowly emarginate,
the low lobes with long coarse setae. Basistyle, b, small,ventromesal lobe long-oval. Dorsal dististyle, d, a gently
curved rod, tip obtuse; ventral style large and fleshy,
its area more than four times that of the basistyle, setae
small; rostral prolongation distinctive, very short andobtuse, the 2 spines very unequal, the outer close toapex of prolongation, straight, from a very small basal
tubercle, 2nd spine from a long pale basal tubercle, longand slender, strongly curved into a sickle that narrows
very gradually to an acute point, the sickle a little
shorter than the dorsal dististyle and much more
slender. Gonapophysis, g, with mesal-apical lobe pale,narrow, shaped as figured; aedeagus narrow, terminating in 2 very small lobes.

Holotype, male, Fond Figues River, 1 December
1964 (Spangler). AUotopotype, female, with the type.
Both types emerged from pupae, the cases being preserved with the adults; cast skins attached to small
pieces of a species of moss.
I dedicate this species to the collector, Dr. Paul J.
Spangler, coleopterist with the United States National
Museum, who collected several interesting Tipulidae in
Dominica.
Other regional species that are generally similar tothe presentflyinclude Limonia (Geranomyia) militaris
Alexander (L. (G.) viridula Alexander, preoccupied),
L. (G.) subvirescens Alexander, L. (G.) virescens(Loew), and L. {G.) viridella Alexander. The mostnearly allied are L. (G.) militaris and L. (G.) virescens
which differ evidently in hyjwpygial structure, especially both dististyles and the gonapophyses. In thepresent fly particular attention is called to the outerdististyle and to the rostral prolongation of the ventral
style and its armature.
Limonia {Geranomyia) subvirescens Alexander, 1930
FIGURE 22

Limonia (Gtranomyia) subrimcens Alexander, 1930, p. 112.

The types were from the Trinidad Mountains, Cuba.
Other materials that appear to be strictly conspecificare from Panama and Venezuela. The subspecies,
jamaicae Alexander, still is known only from Jamaica,
differing from the present fly in slight details of hypopygial structure.
DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 21-31 January, 1-28
February, 11-31 March 1965, chiefly in light traps
and Malaise trap (Wirth); 10 October 1966 (Gumey);along Cocoa Trail, 16 February 1965 (Wirth). Pont
Casse, 27-30 November 1964 (Spangler), 2,414 m (1.5
miles) north, 12 February 1965 (Wirth), 4,828 m (3miles) east, 13-16 October 1966 (Gurney).
Limonia (Geranomyia) sylvania Alexander, 1939
FIGURE 23

Limonia (Geranomyia) sylvania Alexander, 1939b, pp. 9798,fig.16.

Types from Sylvania, as recorded below. Male hypopygium (Figure 23).
The nearest relative is Limonia (Geranomyia)
marthae Alexander, known from Colombia and Vene-

21

NUMBER 45

zuela, south to Bolivia. This differs in slight hypopygial
characters, as the larger ventral dististyle and very
unequal basal tubercles of the rostral spines of thestyle.
DOMINICA.—Sylvania Estate, 548.6 m (1,800 ft),
28 August 1938 (Hodge), type. 804.7 m (0.5 mile)east of Pont Casse, at light, 27 January 1965 (Wirth).
Limonia (Geranomyia) tibialis (Loew), 1851
FIOURE

24

Aporosa tibialis Loew, 1851, pp. 397-398.
Limonia (Gtranomyia) tibialit.—Alexander, 1954, pp. 60-61,
fig. 27.
Limonia (Ggranomyia) tibialis.—Alexander, 1962, p. 3,
figs. 3, 4.

One of the most widely distributed species in the subgenus, ranging from the Antilles (Jamaica, Puerto
Rico, Dominica, Grenada) and Mexico, to southern

Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina; Galapagos.
Male hypopygium (Figure 24) with rostral prolongation of ventral dististyle, d, very small, especiallythe apex which is much shorter than the 2 long straightspines, these from small basal tubercles. Gonapophysis,g, bidentate at apex. Aedeagus broad, the pale apicalblades extended into a hairlike point.
DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 26-31 October 1964
(Spangler), 11 January-31 March 1965, in light traps(Wirth), 10-31 October 1966 (Gurney). D'leau Gommier, Central Forest Preserve, 13 May 1966 (Steyskal),
26 May 1966 (Gagn£). Layou River, at mouth, 15January 1965 (Wirth). Melville Hall Airport, 28 May
1964 (Steyskal). Pont Casse, 23 November 1964
(Spangler), 8-13 October 1966 (Gurney). Roseau,
October-November 1967 (Krauss). Springfield, November 1967 (Krauss). Sylvania Estate, 548.6 m(1,800 ft), 30 August 1938 (Hodge), 25 October 1966
(Gurney).

Genus Rhipidia Meigcn
Key to Species of Rhipidia (based on male sex)
1. Antennae of male with flagellar segments bipectinate or weakly tripectinate
2
Antennae of male with flagellar segments unipectinate to subpectinate
3
2. Wings infuscated, without clearly defined darker areas excepting the stigma, vein Sc long,
Sci ending nearly opposite the fork of Rs: antennae with 10 branched segments, bipectinate,with a rudimentary spur distad of the primary branches to appear weakly tripectinate,terminal segment simple, pale; male hypopygium (Figure 25) with spines of rostral prolongation of ventral dististyle contiguous at their bases. L. (R.) bipectinata (Williston)Wings cream colored, with a conspicuous dark pattern, including 4 major brown areas incostal field, vein Sc shorter, Sci ending about opposite midlength of Rs; antennae (Figure28) with 6 bipectinate segments, without an additional basal spur, outer 3 segments subpectinate to simple, terminal segment dark; male hypopygium (Figure 28) with spinesof rostral prolongation of ventral dististyle widely separated
L. (R.) willistoniana Alexander (costalis Williston, preoccupied)
3. Antennal flagellar segments uniformly blackened
4
Antennal flagellum with certain outer segments pale5
4. Wings with darkened pattern restricted, the subcostal markings smaller than the groundinterspaces, cell 2nd A unicolorous; legs with all tarsi darkened; antennae with flagellum
subpectinate, the longest productions subequal to the segments; male hypopygium (Figure26) with 3 long pale rostral spines
L. (R.) eremnocera, new species
Wings with darkened pattern more extensive, the subcostal markings much exceeding theinterspaces, cell 2nd A dark, its base broadly whitened; legs with posterior tarsi extensively
yellowed; antennae with flagellum unipectinate, longest branches about twice the segments;
male hypopygium with 2 short inconspicuous rostral spines L. (R.) subcostalis (Alexander)
5. Antennal flagellum with 2 subterminal segments (12 and 13) pale
6
Antennal flagellum with more numerous pale segments
7
6. Wings with darkened pattern more extensive, especially in the costal field, in the stigmal
region forming a pale brown ring; mesonotal praescutum brownish gray, patterned with

22

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

darker brown, lateral margins not paler, pleura brownish gray without a clearly defineddarker stripe; male hypopygium with ventral dististyle large, about twice the basistyle,rostrum with 2 or 3 spines
L. (R.) domestica (Osten Sacken)
Wings with darkened pattern restricted to small spots, stigmal area small; mesonotal
praescutum light cinnamon brown, the lateral margin and dorsopleural membrane broadly
and abruptly yellow, pleura yellowed, with 2 longitudinal stripes, the dorsal one blackened,
extending from cervical region to abdomen; male hypopygium with ventral dististylesmaller, subequal in area to the basistyle, rostrum with 2 spines
L. (R.) lubpectinata ( Willis ton i
7. Darkened wing pattern sparse, especially before cord, the areas in costal field not attaining
costa, axillary region not whitened, vein Sc long, Sc\ ending nearly opposite fork of lit,
m-cu beyond fork of M; antennae not known for male sex, in female f'agellar segments
short-unipectinate, basal segments darkened, outer 4 or 5 yellowed, including the terminalone
L. (R.) sttyskali, new specie*
Darkened wing pattern more extensive and conspicuous, the major subcostal areas reachingcosta, axillary region whitened, vein Sc shorter, Sc\ ending nearly opposite midlengthof Rs, m-cu shortly before fork of M; antennae of both sexes short-unipectinate, darkened,with 4 subterminal segments (10 to 13) pale, terminal segment dark brown; male hypopygium (Figure 27)
L. (R.) uiraUuca Alexander

Limonia (Rhipidia) bipectinata (Williston), 1896
FIGURE 25

Rhipidia bipectinata Williston, 1896, pp. 285-286, fig. 54.

Type from Saint Vincent, at 304.8 m (1,000 ft), collected by H. H. Smith.
The specimens from Dominica agree well with Williston's brief description. A few supplementary notes
are provided, based on the present specimens.
MALE.—Length about 6.5-7 mm; wing 8-9 mm;
antenna about 2.8—2.9 mm.
Antennae dark brown, terminal segment abruptly
whitened, longer than the penultimate; flagellar segments 2 to 11 bipectinate, with a further small spur
placed slightly more distally, directed obliquely outwardly; branches of segments 2 and 11 slightly unequal, about one-fourth longer than the segment,
branches of other segments longer, about one-half to
two-thirds longer than the segment. Wings with vein
Sc! about opposite fork of Rs; m-cu at fork of M toslightly beyond at near one-fifth the length of 3f3+4.
Male hypopygium (Figure 25) with the tergite, t,transverse, both the anterior and posterior borders
nearly truncate, the latter very slightly emarginate.
Basistyle, b, with ventromesal lobe large, with numerous very long setae. Dorsal dististyle, d, gently
curved, terminating in a long black spine; ventral style
relatively small, its area less than that of the basistyle;rostral prolongation long and stout, the 2 long slenderspines placed close together, longer than the prolongation beyond their bases. Gonapophysis, g, with mesalapical lobe darkened, broad, base obtuse.

Particular attention is called to the antennae, especially the whitened terminal segment and the approachto a tripectinate condition of the flagellar segments,
better developed in other members of the subgenus, as
Limonia (Rhipidia) tripectinata Alexander, of Colombia.
DOMINICA.—Male, 2,736 m (1.7 miles) east of Pont
Casse, 10 March 1965 (Wirth); male, 321.8 m (0.2
mile) east, 10 April 1966 (Gagne").
Limonia (Rhipidia) domestica (Osten Sacken), 1859
Rhipidia domestica Osten Sacken, 1859, p. 208.
Rhipidia domestica.—Alexander, 1919b, p. 893, fig. 40.
Limonia (Rhipidia) domestica.—Alexander, 1942, p. 328,
fig. 37c—1939b, p. 94.

One of the most widely distributed crane flies in
America. There is considerable variation in body andwing coloration and in the degree of pectination of
the male antennae. As presently known, the number ofrostral spines of the male hypopygium ranges from
2to4.
DOMINICA.—Cabrit Swamp, 23 February 1965, light
trap (Wirth). Clarke Hall, 8-17 January 1965
(J. F. G. and Thelma Clarke), 11 January-31 March
1965, chiefly at light; 1 female reared from banana
stem, emerged 6 February 1965 (Wirth); 28 March
1966 (Gagne), 28 May-8 June 1966 (Steyskal), 6-31
October 1966 (Gurney). La Plaine, 17 February 1964
(Bray). Lisdara Estate, 548.6 m (1,800 ft), August
1937 (Hodge). Marigot, July 1938 (Hodge). Pont
Casse, 4,023 m (2.5 miles) west, 27 January 1965, at

23

NUMBER 45

light (Wirth), 2,414 m (1.5 miles) west, 3 April 1965
(Davis) ; South Chiltern, 2 November 1966 (Gurney),
Springfield, November 1967 (Krauss), Sylvania, 23
January 1965, light trap (Wirth), 25 October 1966
(Gurney).
Limonia(Rhipidia)

eremnocera, new species

FIGURE 26

Allied to Urnonia (Rhipidia) domestica; antennae
uniformly brownish black, flagellar segments of malemoderately produced; thoracic pleura above lined withbrown, beneath extensively yellowed; legs brownish
yellow, apices of fore pair darker brown; wings brownish yellow, restrictedly patterned with brown, including
4 darker subcostal areas, additional to the small solidly
darkened stigma, remainder of wing with paler brown
seams; male hypopygium with ventral dististyle large,
nearly three times the basistyle, rostral prolongation
long, with 3 long pale spines.
MALE.—Length about 5 mm; wing 5.3 mm; antenna
about 1.1 mm.
FEMALE.—Length about 5.5 mm; wing 6 mm.
Rostrum and palpi very small, black. Antennae
brownish black throughout; intermediate flagellar segments of male moderately produced, with short but
conspicuous pedicels; terminal segment nearly twice
the penultimate. Eyes of male large, above broadly contiguous or virtually so; posterior vertex brownish gray.
Pronotum brown, darker laterally. MesonotaJ praescutum obscure yellow laterally, disk with a brown
central stripe that is paler and more narrowed at near
midlength, lateral stripes scarcely indicated, short andpale, humeral and lateral borders more darkened;scutellum and much of scutum obscure yellow, centersof lobes darker; postnotum brownish yellow. Pleura
chiefly darkened, including a dorsal stripe, beneath,
including the lower sternopleurite, patterned with obscure yellow. Halteres with stem yellow, knob weakly
darkened. Legs with coxae obscure yellow, bases patterned with brown; trochanters light yellow; femora
brownish yellow, apices of fore pair darker brown; remainder of legs brownish yellow, outer tarsal segments
brown. Wings brownish yellow, with 4 brown costal
areas that are somewhat smaller than the interspaces,
darker in cell Sc; stigma brown, small and solidly
darkened; elsewhere on disk with pale brown washes
in cells beyond cord, wing apex pale; cord and outerend of cell 1st M2 narrowly seamed with pale brown;
an isolated pale brown cloud in cell Sc2 beyond the872-72« O—TO*

stigma, as also found in certain allied species; veinsbrown. Venation: Sc relatively long, Scx ending about
opposite midlength of Rs; m-cu some distance before
fork of M, up to three-fourths its own length.
Abdominal tergites vaguely bicolored, brownish yellow, apices darker; sternites more obscure yellow, incisures narrowly pale brown; genital segments in both
sexes more yellowed. Male hypopygium (Figure 26)
with the tergite, t, transverse, posterior border very shallow ly emarginate, lateral and posterior margins with
abundant long setae. Basistyle, b, slightly more than
one-third the area of the ventral dististyle. Dorsal
dististyle, d, long, gently curved, terminating in a longspine; ventral style with rostrum pale, relatively long,with 3 long recurved pale spines on face at near midlength. Apical lobes of aedeagus small.
Holotype, male, Clarke Hall, 11-20 March 1965
(Wirth). Allotype, female 2,736 m (1.7 miles) eastof Pont Casse, in light trap, 24 March 1965 (Wirth).
Although the present fly is generally similar andclosely allied to Limonia (Rhipidia) domestica (Osten
Sacken), it differs in some important characters, as theuniformly darkened antennae and in the wing pattern,including the small, solidly darkened stigmal area.
Limonia (Rhipidia)

steyskati, new species

Size large (wing and body of female about 9 m m ) ;general coloration of thoracic dorsum brownish yellow,
posterior sclerites darker, pleura with a conspicuous
blackened longitudinal stripe; antennae of female withall flagellar segments except the last strongly unipectinate, branches relatively slender, about two-thirds thesegments; apex of knob of haltere infuscated; legs
brownish yellow, tips of fore femora narrowly pale
brown; wings with posterior cells weakly darkened,
those of anterior half more yellowed, with a restrictedpale brown pattern that includes the cord, outer endof cell 1st M2 and origin of Rs, with virtually no darkenings on proximal half of wing; Sc long, Sct ending
nearly opposite fork of Rs, Sc2 near its tip, basal sectionof i? 4+5 long, about five-sixths Rs, cell 1st M2 small,
m-cu at near one fourth Ma^; abdomen obscurebrownish yellow, patterned with pale brown; ovipositor
with cerci relatively slender, with a small point on
dorsal margin before apex.
FEMALE.—Length about 7-9 mm; wing 7-9 mm;
antenna about 1.8-2 mm.
Rostrum dark brown; palpi black. Antennae offemale with scape obscure yellow, pedicel and prox-

24

imal 4 or 5 flagellar segments dark brown, intermediate segments paler brown, the outer 5 or 6 light yellow,
in the paratypes the proximal flagellar segments pale
brown, the outer 6 or 7 yellow; all flagellar segments
excepting the last with a strong branch to produce
a subpectinate appearance, on intermediate segments
about one-half longer than the protuberance, outer endof each segment abruptly narrowed into a glabrous
pedicel. Eyes very large, eliminating the anterior vertex, posterior vertex dark brownish gray.
Cervical region and pronotum brownish black.
Mesonotal praescutum with 3 confluent brownish yellow stripes that are vaguely separated, darker behind,lateral praescutal borders clearer yellow; scutal lobes
brown, central region and scutellum obscure yellow;
mediotergite brown, pleurotergite more yellowed.
Pleura with a conspicuous blackened stripe, sternopleurite broadly light brown, dorsopleural region
yellowed. Halteres with stem yellow, apex of knob infuscated. Legs with coxae yellow, fore pair darker
basally, trochanters yellow; femora obscure brownish
yellow, apices of fore pair narrowly pale brown; tibiae
and tarsi brownish yellow; claws of female short, with 2
teeth, the outer larger, stout. Wings relatively long andnarrow, cells of anterior half yellowed, prearcular andcostalfieldsclear light yellow, remainder of ground before the cord weakly darkened; a restricted pale brownpattern that includes areas at origin of Rs, fork of Sc,
cord, and outer end of cell 1st M2, as well as an isolatedarea over vein R at near two-thirds vein R; a vague
darkened cloud in centers of cells R2 and R3 before
tips, extreme wing apex in medial field darkened;
stigma small and relatively inconspicuous, pale brown,
its proximal end more yellowed; no darkenings basadof cord excepting the single darkened cloud on vein R
as described; in the paratypes the darkened pattern isslightly more extensive and the veins darker; veins
light brown, more yellowed in the brightened fields,
darker in the patterned areas. Longitudinal veins beyond cord, as well as Rs, with trichia, lacking on basalveins excepting C and R. Venation: h oblique; Sc long,Set ending nearly opposite fork of Rs, Sc2 near its tip;
Rs arcuated at base, subequal to R2+3; basal section of
J?4+5 long, aboutfive-sixthsRs; cell 1st M2 small, nearlyrectangular, shorter than any of the veins beyond it;
m-cu at near one-fourth Af3+4.
Abdomen obscure brownish yellow, clearer yellow
on central parts of tergites; sternites light yellow, in-

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

cisures pale brown; dorsopleural membrane darkbrown. Ovipositor with cerci relatively slender, on
dorsal margin with a small point before the slightly
longer apex.
Holotype, female, 2,736 m (1.7 miles) east of Pont
Casse, Dominica, 10 March 1965 (Wirth). Paratypes,
3 females, Pont Casse, 22-23 November 1964
(Spangler.)I dedicate thisflyto George C. Steyskal, distinguishedstudent of Diptera in the United States National Museum. In the toothed cerci the species obviously is related to Limonia (Rhipidia) bellingeri Alexander, of
Jamaica, which differs evidently in the pattern andvenation of the wings, including a series of darkened
areas in cell Sc. The flagellar branches in the female
are much stouter than in the presentfly.The antennae,
venation, and ovipositor have been figured in an earlier
paper (Alexander, 1964a, figs. 21, 22). The male sex
still remains unknown in both of these flies and thecondition of the antenna in this sex presumably will
provide further characters.
Limonia {Rhipidia) subcostalis (Alexander), 1922
Rhipidia (Rhipidia) subcostalis Alexander, 1922, pp. 3-4.
Limonia (Rhipidia) subcostalis (Alexander), 1964a, pp.
35-37, figs. 23, 28, 30.

The type-male was from Tiribi, Costa Rica, 9 October
1920 (United States National Museum no. 24,695).
Later recorded from Cuba and Jamaica. Distinguishedfrom the generally similar Limonia (Rhipidia) unipectinata (Williston), of Saint Vincent by having 11
branched flagellar segments in the male instead of 8
as in the latter species. The rostral spines of the ventral
dististyle are unusually short and inconspicuous.
DOMINICA.—2,736 m (1.7 miles) east of Pont Casse,
10March 1965 (Wirth).
Limonia (Rhipidia) subpectinata (Williston), 1896
Rhipidia subpectinata Williston, 1896, p. 287, fig. 57.
Limonia (Rhipidia) subpectinata.—Alexander, 1950, p. 200.

Types from Saint Vincent, 304.8 m (1,000 ft), collected by H. H. Smith. Known also from Dominica
and Grenada. The antennae of the type were describedby Williston as being yellow, slightly brownish at tip,
but in all materials available to me these structures

25

NUMBER 45

are dark in color, with the 2 subterminal flagellar segments pale. Despite this discrepancy I believe that myidentification is correct.
DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 8-10 January—1-10
March 1965, at light and in Malaise traps (VVirth) ;24 May 1966 (Steyskal); reared from banana stem,no. 65 W 41, 10 February 1965 (Wirth), reared fromrotting cacao pods, no. 65 VV 3, 31 January 1965
(Wirth). Pont Casse, 22 November 1964 (Spangler).
South Chiltern, 8-10 December 1964 (Spangler).

Limonia (Rhipidia) willistoniana Alexander, 1929
FIGURE

28

Rhipidia costalis Williston, 1896, pp. 286-287, fig. 56.
Limonia (Rhipidia) willistoniana Alexander, 1929a, p. 246.
New name for costalis Williston, preoccupied by Limonia
costalis (Wiedemann), 1824, p. 10.

The type was from Saint Vincent, altitude 457.6 m(1,500 ft), collected by H. H. Smith. Known also from
Dominica and from Costa Rica.
Williston'sfigureof the male antenna correctly showstheouter 3 segments simple and emphasizes the very
Limonia (Rhipidia) tetraleuca Alexander, 1937
unusual length of theflagellarverticils. These are much
FIOURE 27
longer than the segment and are placed on the basal
Limonia (Rhipidia) tetraltuca Alexander, 1937a, pp. 182- enlargement opposite the point of insertion of the
branches. First flagellar segment unbranched, apical
183.
pedicel abrupt; 2nd and 3rd segments with the
The type, a female, was taken along the El Yunquebranches very unequal, the longer one subequal to thetrail, Luquillo National Forest, Puerto Rico.
segment; flagellar segments 4 to 8 inclusive with
The male here discussed agrees well with the type,branches longer than the segments, slightly unequal,
differing chiefly in sexual characters. Antennae withtipped with a single long seta; 9th segment with a sinscape light brown, pedicel andflagellumdarker brown;
gle branch subequal to the segment; 10th and 11th
four subterminal segments light yellow, as in the typesegments with branches indicated only by a low tuberfemale; 1st and 2nd flagellar segments produced into
cle ; terminal segment dilated on more than basal half
(antenna, Figure 28). Male hypopygium (Figure 28)
simple stout lobes, branches of intermediate segmentswith tergite, t, transverse, narrowed outwardly, postermuch shorter than in Limonia (Rhipidia) subcostalis,
ior border shallowly emarginate, the low lobes withthe longest subequal to the segment; outer pale segthickened borders, each with about a dozen long setae.
ments with the branch stout, shorter than the segment.
Basistyle, b, with body and ventromesal lobe subequal
Male hypopygium (Figure 27) much as in L. (R.)
subcostalis, especially in the very short rostral spines in extent, setae of the latter long and slender. Dorsal
dististyle, d, a very gently curved darkened rod, tipof the ventral dististyle, the rostrum deeper, bladelike,suddenly curved, placed in a shallow emargination ofwith the spines placed on the face of the blade. The
the ventral style; rostral prolongation long, the 2 spines
only male available shows 3 rostral spines on one side,
very long, widely separated, arising from small basal
2 on the other, as shown in the subfigure. Ninth tertubercles, the longer outer spine exceeding the prolongite, t, with posterior border very shallowly emargigation and more than one-half the dorsal dististyle.
nate, in L. (/?.) subcostalis with the border evenly Gonapophysis, g, with mesal-apical lobe stout, darkconvex.
ened, tip obtuse. Aedeagus with apex weakly bilobed.
It should be noted that Limonia (Rhipidia) subDOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 11-20 January, 1-10,
costalis has the antennal flagellum uniformly darkened,
20-28 February 1965 (Wirth), 4 February 1964
with the branches of the intermediate segments long
(Bray), 6-8 October 1966 (Gurney). Fond Figues
and slender, approximately twice the segments, of theRiver, 13 March 1965 (Wirth). Pont Casse, 23 Nopenultimate and antepenultimate subequal to thevember 1964 (Spangler), 28 October 1966 (Gumey).
segment.
Sylvania Estate 548.6 m (1,800 ft), 29 August 1938
(Hodge). Trafalgar Falls, 365.7 m (1,200 ft), 5-6
DOMINICA.—Pont Casse, 12-14 October 1964
April 1966 (Gagn6).
(Spangler).

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

26
Genus Orimarga Osten Sacken
Orimarga Osten Sacken, 1869, p. 120.

Subgenus Diotrepha Osten Sacken, 1878, pp. 219-220.
Key to Subgenera and Species of Orimarga
Wings (Figure 30) with 3 branches of media—A/,,,, A/,, and A/«; m-cu moderately retracted,
about opposite base of Rs or close to midlength of vein Cu; legs extensively black, outer tars.il
segments white(O. (O). nimbicolor, new species) Orimarga Osten Sacken
Wings (Figure 31) with 2 branches of media—Aft.» and Af«; m-cu far retracted, placed somedistance before origin of Rs or opposite approximately one-fourth to one-fifth the length ofvein Cu; legs light brown, femora with tip brownish black, preceded by a subequal whitenedring, tarsi and tips of tibiae white.... (O. (D.) bifidaria, new species) Diotrtpha Osten Sacken

Orimarga (Orimarga) nimbicolor, new species
FIGURES 30, 32

Allied to Orimarga (Orimarga) dichroptera. Thorax
laterally with 2 silvery white longitudinal stripes, thedorsal one on lateral border of praescutum, ventral
stripe on pleura; femora brownish yellow, tip brownish
black, tibiae and proximal end of basitarsi black, remainder of tarsi excepting the terminal segment snowy
white; wings long and narrow, with a slender basal
petiole, strongly darkened anteriorly, outer half behind
the radial field paler; vein Sc very short, ending far
before origin of Rs, cell 2nd A short and narrow; malehypopygium with a single dististyle that terminatesin 3 points or blades, basistyle with interbase extended
into a long spine, gonapophysis terminating in 2 longspines, aedeagus relatively small and weak.
MALE.—Length about 8-10 mm; wing 5.3-6 mm:
antenna about 0.7-0.8 mm.
FEMALE.—Length about 9 mm; wing 6 mm.
Rostrum, palpi, and antennae black; rostrum short,about one-half the remainder of head. Head blackened,gray pruinose.
Pronotum black, above pruinose. Mesonotum andpleura polished black, with 2 narrow, very conspicuous, light silvery longitudinal stripes, the dorsal one on
lateral border of praescutum, extending backward towing root, ventral stripe on dorsal portion of the extensive sternopleurite, from behind the fore coxae tobase of abdomen. Halteres black. Legs with coxae andtrochanters yellowish brown; femora brownish yellow
basally, darker outwardly, tip brownish black; tibiae
dark brown to brownish black; basitarsi chiefly black,the outer fourth and virtually all of remainder of tarsi
snowy white, including the vestiture, terminal seg-ment darkened. Wings (Figure 30) long and narrow,with prearcular field very narrow to produce a petiolate appearance with no indication of an anal angle,
strongly darkened, the outer half behind the radial
field paler, prearcular radial cell very large, conspicuously whitened; darkest areas include costal border,
outer radial cells where they become more intense attip, and a broad seam along vein Cu to margin; veinsbrown, trichia black. Longitudinal veins beyond general level of cord with strong trichia, including also
the outer one-half to two-thirds of Rs and distal endof M, lacking on anal veins. Venation: Sc very short,
Set ending a distance before origin of Rs about equal
to two-thirds to three-fourths the latter vein; Ra*t
subequal to or a little shorter than Rlt2 or about onehalf longer than RJt the latter in transverse alignment
with r-m; Af3+4 subequal to or shorter than vein A/4;
m-cu opposite base of Rs, cell 2nd A narrow.
Abdomen unusually long, black. Male hypopygium(Figure 32) with outgrowths on mesal face of basistyle, b, culminating in a modified interbase that appears as a slender blade, the apex a long spine. Dististyle, d, single, basal half enlarged, terminating in 3
points or blades, as shown; on face of basal part witha group of about 18 setae, the outermost longest Phallosome, p, complex, gonapophyses with outer arm
slender, divided into 2 long spines; aedeagus relatively
small and weak.

Holotype, male, Trafalgar Falls, Dominica, 365.7 m(1,200 ft) 5-6 April 1966 (Gagne). Allotype, female, Clarke Hall, along Cocoa Trail, 16 January 1965
(Wirth). Paratopotypes, 7 males, with type. Paratypes, 1 female, Carholm Estate, 7 February 1965
(Wirth); 1 male, Manets Gutter, 9 September 1965
(Jackson).

27

NUMBER 4 5

33

FIGURES 29-35.—Venation: 29, HWiiu (Helius) albitarsis (Osten Sacken); 30, Orimarga(Orimarga) nimbicolor, new species; 31, Orimarga (Diotrepha) bifidaria, new species. Male
hypopygium: 32, Orimarga (Orimarga) nimbicolor, new species; 33, Orimarga (Diotrepha)bifidaria, new species; 34, Epiphragma (Epiphragma) caribica, new species; 35, Shannonomyia
urophora, new spceies. [SYMBOLS: a, aedeagus; b, basistyle; d, dististyle; g, gonapophysis; i,interbase; p, phaUosome; t, termite.]

28

The various Neotropical members of the subgenus
Orimarga that have the legs darkened with the outertarsal segments snowy white, and the wings with vein
Sc short and having Sci ending some distance before
the origin of Rs, include the following: Orimarga(Orimarga) chionopus Alexander, of Ecuador; O.
(O.) dichroptera Alexander, Venezuela; O. (O.)
farriana Alexander, Jamaica; O. (O.) niveitarsis Alexander, Panama, additional to the present species. Allof these are distinguished chiefly by wing pattern andvenation, the distribution of which coloration on thetarsi, and in hypopygial structure This last characteris unknown for some of these species, including O. (O.)
dichroptera, which is most similar to the present fly,differing in the venation of the subcostal and radial
fields. It appears certain that the male sex of thisspecies when discovered will provide further charactersfor the separation of these flies.
Subgenus Diotrepha Osten Sacken
Orimarga (Diotrepha) bifidaria, new species
FIGURES 31, 33

General coloration of thorax brownish yellow, pleura
clearer yellow, abdominal tergites light brown; rostrum
light yellow, antennae black; femora pale brown, tip
narrowly dark brown, preceded by a slightly broader
and clearer white ring, tibia with more than basal
three-fourths pale brown, tip narrowly blackened, preceded by a broad white ring, tarsi snowy white; wings
long and narrow, faintly darkened, prearcular andcostal regions light yellow; male hypopygium with dististyles fused basally, phallosome complex, aedeagus
relatively small, apex bifid, the blades short.
MALE.—Length about 6.8-7 mm; wing 5-5.6 mm.
FEMALE.—Length about 7.5-9 mm; wing 6-6.2 mm.
Rostrum and mouthparts light yellow, palpi with 1st
segment obscure yellow, remainder black. Antennae
black; flagellar segments long-oval to subcylindrical.
Head light gray; eyes large, reducing the anterior vertex to a linear strip.
Cervical region and pronotum dark brown. Mesonotal praescutum almost uniformly brownish yellow;
scutal lobes yellowish brown; scutellum and mediotergite darker brown; parascutella and pleurotergite
more yellowed. Pleura brownish yellow to clearer yel-

SMITHSON1AN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

low. Halteres with stem whitened, knob medium
brown. Legs with coxae and trochanters yellowed;
femora pale brown, base narrowly more brightened,
tip narrowly dark brown, preceded by a slightly wider
clearer white ring; tibiae with more than basal threefourths pale brown, tip narrowly blackened, precededby a broad white ring; tarsi snowy white. Wings (Figure 31) long and narrow, faintly darkened, prearcularand costal fields light yellow; veins brown, yellowed inprearcular field. Trichia on vein Ru2, all of Riy andextensively on R*,-,, Mx.z and Af3.«; n o trichia on
Sc and with very few at distal end of R. Venation:
Sci ending about opposite one-fourth Rs, Sc2 at or somedistance beyond end of Sd; R2tS variable in length,from about two to four times /?,.
Abdomen light brown, stemites more yellowed, outer
3 segments brownish black. Ovipositor with valves horncolored, cerci slender. Male hyjxjpygium (Figure 33)
with setae of mcsal face of basistyle, b, abundant, moreelongate near base. Dististyle, d, fused basally, theouter style narrowed gradually into a long spine, innerstyle virtually as long, with abundant setae, apex obtuse. Interbase and phallosome complex, the details
about as shown. Aedeagus short, at apex split into 2
short flattened blades, their tips obtuse.
Holotype, male, D'leau Gommier, Central Forest
Reserve, 518 m (1,700 ft), 26 May 1966 (Gagne).
Allotype, female, Trafalgar Falls, 365.7 m (1,200 ft),
5-6 April 1966 (Gagne). Paratopotype, female, 15February 1965 (Wirth). Paratypes, 2 females, withthe allotype, 2 males, 2 females, Manets Gutter, 10
March 1965, in light traps (Wirth) ; 1 female, Fond
Figues River, 13 March 1965, in light trap, 1 female, 9February 1965 (Wirth); 1 female, along trail, 1,609
m (1 mile) north of junction of roads to Rosalie andCastle Bruce, 396 m (1,300 ft), 23 April 1966 (Gagne).
The most similar regional species are Orimarga(Diotrepha) arawak Alexander, of Jamaica, and thesubgenotype, O. (O.) mirab'dis (Osten Sacken), described from the southern United States and presumably extending farther south in tropical America.
Williston's record of this species from Saint Vincent
may well pertain to the present fly. It should be notedthat his figure purporting to show the male hypopygium(1896, fig 65a) actually represents the ovipositor inlateral aspect. The aedeagus in the present fly is bifid,
as described and figured, whereas in the two species
compared above the organ is simple and very large.

NUMBER 45

29

HEXATOMINIKey to the Genera of HEXATOMINI
1. Wingi (Figum 40, 41) having Rs with 2 branches, vein Rt lacking
2
Wings (Figures 36-39) with Rs 3-branched, vein Rt preserved
3
2. Rostrum elongate, exceeding one-half the remainder of body, the reduced palpi at extreme
tip; wing (Figure 41)
EUphantomyia Ostcn Sacken
Rostrum short and inconspicuous, not exceeding the remainder of head; wing (Figure 40)
Atarba Osten Sacken
3. Wings (Figure 36) with a supernumerary crossvein in cell C, wings handsomely patterned
Epiphragma Osten Sacken
Wings (Figures 37-39) without supernumerary crossveins, unpatterned or only weakly
variegated
4
4. Wings (Figure 39) with cell 1st M, closed; antennae short in both sexes
Shannonomyia Alexander
Wings (Figures 37, 38) with cell M, open by atrophy of M; antennae of male longer than
the wing, flagrllar segments strongly binodose, the nodes with long outspreading setae(Polymera Wiedemann) 5
5. Wings (Figurr 37) with M 4-branched, cell Mx present Polymera (Polymera) WiedemannWings (Figure 38) with M 3-branched, cell Af, lacking Polymera (Polymerodes) Alexander

Genus Epiphragma Osten Sacken
Limnophtla (Epiphtagma) Osten Sarkcn, 1859, p. 238^
Epiphragma Osten Sacken, 1869, pp. 193-194.—Alexander,
1948a, pp. 168-171.

Epiphragma (Epiphragma) caribica, new species
FIOURES 34, 36

General coloration of thoracic notum brown, marginedwith black, pleura chiefly black, lower part gray pruinose; antennae long, black, proximal flagellar segments patterned with yellow; no fusion segment, 1stflagellar segment elongate, equal to the combined 2nd
and 3rd segments; femora yellowed outwardly, enclosing a broad blackened subterminal ring, tibiae andtarsi chiefly light brown; wings whitened, with a conspicuous solidly darkened brown pattern that includes
3 major darker brown costal areas, cell 2nd A chiefly
darkened, including the central half.
MALE.—Length about 10 mm; wing 9.5 mm; antenna about 4.5 mm.
FEMALE.—Length about 12.5 mm, abdomen alone
9 mm; wing 10 mm; antenna about 3.6 mm.
Rostrum dark brown, in front narrowly marginedwith obscure brownish yellow, mouthparts and palpi
black. Antennae long, as shown by measurements;
scape and pedicel brownish black, 1st flagellar segment light yellow, central 3rd infuscated; 2nd segment black, outer 4th yellowed, remainder of organ
black excepting for extreme tips of segments 2 to 4

which are yellowed; all flagellar segments elongate,with no indication of fusion, the 1st very long-cylindrical, equal in length to the succeeding 2 segments andstouter; intermediate segments weakly dilated at bases,
verticils a little shorter than the segments (in female,more so in male) and with short dense dark setulae
over the entire surface; antennae of male slightly
longer than in female. Head of male very large, especially the extremely large eyes, anterior vertex at narrowest point reduced to a space not exceeding thediameter of 2 rows of ommatidia. Head darkened, infemale the extreme front end of anterior vertex withgolden yellow areas, remainder dark grayish brown,
occiput more darkened, in female anterior vertex subequal in diameter to that of the scape.
Mesonotal praescutum conspicuously patterned,
disk pale; lateral and anterior margins broadly black,disk with anterior half chestnut brown, the expanded
posterior half more yellow pollinose, with 6 dark brown
longitudinal dashes arranged in a transverse row before the suture; scutum with anterior half brownish
yellow, posterior half with a transverse brown band;
scutellum dark brown, broadly margined with brownish yellow; mediotergite brownish black at either end,
interconnected by a narrow central line, remainder ofdisk with golden yellow pollen, pleurotergite blackened. Pleura chiefly black, including a dorsal longitudinal stripe, ventral half extensively gray pruinose.
Halteres elongate, stem brown, base narrowly yellowed,
knob blackened in female, in male more weakly dark-

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOOY

3042
FIGURES 36-43.—Venation: 36, Epiphragma (Epiphragma) caribica, new species; 37, Polymera(Polymera) albitarsts dominie ae Alexander; 38, Polymera (Polymerodes) conjunct a Alexander;
39, Shannonomyia urophora, new species; 40, Atarba (Atarba) angustipennis Alexander; 41,
Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) pertenuis, new species. Male hypopygium:42, Atarba (Atarba)
angustipennis Alexander; 43, Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) pertenuis, new species.[sYMBOLS:a, aedeagus; b, basistyle; d, dististyle; g, gonapophysis; i, interbase; t, tergite.]

31

NUMBER 45

ened, apical border yellowed. Legs with coxae yellowed, with a transverse brownish black area shortly
before tip; trochanters brownish yellow; femora lightbrown, extreme base pale yellow, outer fourth lightyellow, enclosing a broad blackened subterminal ringthat is about three times the yellow tip; tibiae withextreme base yellow, the succeeding fourth dark brown,in female the remainder very light brown, in male thedarkened brown ring more extensive, involving morethan one-half the segment; tarsi very light brown.
Wings (Figure 36) narrow, whitened, with a conspicuous brown pattern, as common in the genus, thedark areas solid or virtually so, those of anterior third
still darker, including 3 larger ones in cell C withvaguely paler centers, especially one at end of vein Sc;
pattern in central half of wing ocelliferous, the ocelli
large and open, the dark pattern subequal in extent to
the ground; cell 1st A with nearly the basal half unpatterned, cell 2nd A in female chiefly darkened, including almost the central half, in male less extensively
darkened, this including either end of cell and 3 confluent small marginal spots at near midlength; veinsbrownish black, those in the prearcular field and anterior border interspaces yellowed. Venation: Cell Mt
longer than its petiole; cell 1st M. long and narrow;m-cu about its own length beyond fork of M.
Abdomen relatively long, as shown by die measurements, in female tergites yellowish brown, heavily patterned with darker brown, including a major area
beyond the phragma, posterior and lateral borders narrowly yellow, in male, tergites more extensively darkened with only the posterior borders narrowly yellowed ; sternites more extensively yellow, in female witha narrow pale brown ring at extreme base, terminal
segment more uniformly medium brown. Male hypopygium (Figure 34) widi tergal lobes, t, relatively
long and narrow, tips obtuse. Basistyle, b, with normal
pale setae and very abundant short dark setulae. Outer
disn'style, d, with apex decurved into a slender spine,
surface with several unusually long pale setae; innerstyle with tip obtuse, setae small, including a group of
5 or 6 near base. Interbase, i, with outer blade nearlystraight, tip acute, not recurved as in various otherregional species.
Holotype, female, 804.7 m (0.5 mile) north of Pont
Casse, Dominica, 12 February 1965 (Wirth). Allotype, male 321.8 m (0.2 mile) east of Pont Casse, 5 May
1966(Gagn6).

The specific name, caribica, is a recognition of the
Caribs of Dominica, last survivors of the formerly
numerous aborigines of die Lesser Antilles (Hodge,
1942, pp. 189-201).
The most similar species are Epiphragma (Epiphragma) circinata Osten Sacken, of Central America, and E. (E.) gracilicornis Alexander, of Colombia,
which likewise have conspicuously lengthened antennae, with all flagellar segments distinct, including
the long-cylindrical basal one. The present fly differs
in details of coloration of die body, legs, and unusually
narrow wings. The antennal structure is noteworthy,
especially the very long stout basal segment which islonger than in circinata which appears to be die mostnearly allied species. E. (E.) sackeni Williston, of Saint
Vincent, belongs to a different group of the genus, withthe tricolored wing pattern showing the dark markings being separated from the paler ground by clear
whitened borders. Other Neotropical species that havethis type of wing pattern include E. (E.) fabricii Alexander (maculata Fabricius, preoccupied), E. (E.) inaequicincta Alexander, E. (E.) interspersa Alexander,
E. (E.) persancta Alexander, and some others. Stillother species from the Greater Antilles likewise are notclosely related to the present fly, these including E. (E.)
cubensis Alexander and E. (E.) inornatipes Alexander,of Cuba, and E. (E.) auricosta Alexander and E. (E.)
buscki Alexander, of die Dominican Republic, Hispaniola.

Genus Polymer a Wiedemann
Polymera Wiedemann, 1820, p. 40.—Alexander, 1948, pp.
168-171.
Subgenus Polymer odes Alexander, 1920b, p. 143.
Polymera (Polymera) albitarsis dominicae Alexander,
1939
FIGURE 37
Polymera (Polymera) albitarsis dominicae Alexander, 1939b,

pp. 98-99.
Williston gives the body length for his series of 4 males
and females of albitarsis Williston as being 6-7 mm.
The present race is much smaller, with the following
measurements:
MALE.—Length about 3.5-4 mm; wing 4-4.5 mm;
antenna about 5-5.3 mm.
FEMALE.—Length about 4-4.5 mm; wing 5-5.5 mm.
The venation of the present fly is shown (Figure 37).

32

DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 8-31 January, 1-10 February 1965, light trap (Wirth), 4 June 1966 (Steyskal). Fond Figues River, 13 March 1965, light trap
(Wirth). D'leau Gommier, Central Forest Reserve,
15 February, 16 March 1965 (Wirth), 518 m (1,700ft), 26 May 1966 (Gagne). 2,736 m (1.7 miles)
east of Pont Casse, 12 March 1965, light trap (Wirth),
4,023 m (2.5 miles) east, along stream margin, 16
January 1965 (Wirth). Along trail, 1,609 m (1 mile)
north of junction of roads to Rosalie and Castle Bruce,
3% m (1,300 ft), 29 March 1966 (Gagne). Typemale, Sylvania Estate, 548.6 m (1,800 ft), 30 August
1938 (Hodge).
Subgenus Polymerodes Alexander
Polymera (Polymerodes) conjuncta Alexander, 1913
FIOURE 38

Polymera conjuncta Alexander, 1913a, p. 529, fig. 7.
Polymera {Polymerodes) conjuncta Alexander, 1948a, pp.
182-190;1920b, p. 143.

The types of Polymera (Polymerodes) conjuncta were
frorrt Para, Brazil, collected in February 1912 by H. S.
Parish. The generally similar P. (P.) conjunctoides
Alexander, 1920b, from Amazonian Brazil, Ecuador,and Peru, has a narrow longitudinal blackened stripeon the thoracic pleura which is lacking or poorly evident in P. (P.) conjuncta. The present specimensshow indications of such a stripe though less evident
and until more materials become available it seems
preferable to refer them to the present species. The
venation is shown (Figure 38), with R2t3 very short,
subequal to R2, whereas in the holotype of P. (P.)
conjuncta it is about one-half longer than R2 andoblique in position; in P. (P.) conjunctoides this veinis still more oblique to nearly longitudinal in position
and fully twice the length of R2. In the second available specimen the venation of the radial field is moreas in typical P. (P.) conjuncta. It appears that these
species are unusually variable and it is possible thata single species is represented under these two names.
This is the first record of a species of Polymerodes in
the North American fauna.
MALE.—Length about 3 mm; wing 3 mm; antenna
about 4 mm.
DOMINICA.—Fond Figues River, 25 January 1965,
13 March 1965, light trap (Wirth).

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Genus Shannonomyia Alexander
Shannonomyia Alexander, 1929b, pp. 142 143.-1948b, pp.
518-520.

Shannonomyia urophora, new species
FIGURES 35,

39

General coloration of mesonotum light brown, ventral
part of pleura light yellow; antenna of male short,
proximal flagellar segments crowded, outer ones longer,
with conspicuous verticils; vertex pale grayish white;legs pale brown; wings faintly tinged with brown,
restrictedly patterned with darker brown; macrotrichia
of veins unusually abundant, vein Sc long, cell 1st Mt
closed, elongate; male hypopygiutn with acdeagus pale,unusually broad, above its base with a dcprcs«cdflattcned central plate, its truncated apex farther produced into a taillike extension.
MALK.- -Length about 5 mm; wing 5.3 mm; antenna
about 0.8 mm.
FKMALK.—Length about 7 mm; wing 7 mm.
Rostrum and palpi brownish black. Antennae of male
short, as shown by the measurements; scape and |>cdicel
clear light yellow, the former very long, about onethird theflagellum,the latter dark brown, first segment
paler at base; flagellar segments short and crowded,
verticils on outer faces, outer 4 segments elongate, withlonger verticils, those of 10, 12, and 14 weaker thanthose of the alternate ones, terminal segment long, at
apex with 4 strong verticils that are subequal to orslightly longer than the segment. Front broad; anteriorvertex whitened, posterior vertex very pale grayish
white.
Pronotum pale yellow, brown posteriorly. Mesonotum light brown, postnotum vaguely more pruinose;
praescutal vestiture black, erect. Pleura light brown on
dorsal half, light yellow ventrally. Halteres with stem
pale, knob weakly darkened. Legs with coxae and trochanters yellow, remainder of legs very pale brown.
Wings (Figure 39) faintly tinged with brown, prearcular and costal fields yellowed; a very restricteddarker brown pattern includes small spots at origin ofRs, Sc2, cord, outer end of cell 1st A/2, stigma, fork ofi?3+4, and as minute marginal darkenings at ends ofveins R4 and 2nd A, smaller or lacking on other longitudinal veins; veins yellowed, darker in the patterned
parts. Macrotrichia of longitudinal veins unusuallyabundant, beyond cord on all veins to Cul and also on

33

NUMBER 4 5

Rs and Sc, very sparse and scattered on 2nd A, lacking
on Cu and 1st A. Venation: Sc long, Sct ending opposite three-fourths Rs, Sc2 unusually close to tip; Rsstrongly arcuated at origin; Rlt2 and R2 subequal, thelatter before the radial fork, R3ti about one-half R2;
cell 1st M2 elongate, shorter than distal section of A/i+2,
slightly exceeding A13; tn-cu at near one-third to onefourth A/s<1.
Abdomen, including hypopygium, light brown. Male
hypopygium (Figure 35) with axial terminal spineof outer dististyle, d, somewhat stouter than the subtenninal outer |x>int, setae of central area of outerface long; inner style with apical lobe slender, outersurface with erect to slightly reclinate pale delicate
setulac. (>ona|x>physis, g, relatively large; aedeagus unusually broad, curved, pale, above its base with a broad
depressed-flattened central plate, narrowed outwardly,
apex truncated, farther produced into a slender taillike
extension. I am uncertain as to the homologies of thisstructure.
Holotype, male, 2,736 in (1.7 miles) east of Pont
Casse, Dominica, 12 March 1965 (Wirth). Allotopotype, female, 24 March 1965, light trap (Wirth).
Several other members of the genus are known fromthe Greater Antilles, including the Cuban Shannonomyia brevicula Alexander and S. bruneriana Alexander, which are most similar to the present fly ingeneral appearance. The unusually stout aedeagus issuggestive of the condition in some species of Limnophila (Phylidorea), and in Shannonomyia isapproached by S. ovaliformis Alexander, of Mexico.
The genus Shannonomyia includes many species
throughout tropical America, including the extreme
south, and with a few others, including the genotype,S. lenta (Osten Sacken) in the Nearctic. The various
species show a surprising diversity in antennal structure and in the venation and trichiation of the wings.
A number of species in South America have reduced
wings, the condition culminating in Shannonomyia(Roraimomyia) permonstrata (Alexander), as presently known restricted to the summit of Mount Roraima, Venezuela. In this fly the wings are reduced totiny pads that are appressed to the body while thehalteres, which at first sight appear to be lacking, probably are represented by a microscopic knob with thestem lacking. This instance marks the extreme reduction in size of the halteres in the Tipulidae.

Genus Atarba Osten Sacken
Atarba Osten Sacken, 1869, p. 127.—Alexander, 1948b, pp.
536-541.

Atarba (Atarba) angustipennis Alexander, 1928
Figures 40, 42
Atarba {Atarba)

angustipennis Alexander, 1928b, p. 57.

The type, a female, was from the Sierra Rangel, Pinardel Rio, Cuba, 457.6 m (1,500 ft), 29 August 1927.
Further specimens are from Loma del Gato, Sierra delCobre, Cuba, 792.5-1,013.5 m (2,600-3,325 ft), 15-30
September 1935, and from El Vergel, Chiapas,
Mexico, 800 meters (about 0.5 mile) 18 May 1935.
The genus Atarba is known from 2 species in Cuba
and Jamaica and very numerous forms throughout
continental Tropical America.
Male hypopygium (Figure 42) with the tergal horns,t, conspicuous. Basistyle, b, with a small tubercle on
mesal face near apex. Outer dististyle slender, outermargin with a series of appressed spines, those nearbase smallest, outwardly gradually becoming longer
and more appressed, the outermost longer than thesmall apical point. Aedeagus, a, long and pale, straightto gently sinuous, before apex on outer margin witha small point. Venation (Figure 40).
DOMINICA.—804.7 m (0.5 mile) east of Pont Casse,
at light, 27 January 1965 (Wirth) ; 2,736 m (1.7 miles)
east, at light, 12 March 1965 (Wirth) ; 4,023 m (2.5
miles) west, at light, 27 January 1965 (Wirth).
Genus Elephantomyia Osten Sacken
Elephantomyia Osten Sacken, 1859, p. 220.—Alexander,
1948b, pp. 552-554.
As discussed under the accompanying description,
there presently are known 3 species of Elephantomyia
from the West Indian islands, including the new species
here described.
Following our presently accepted system of classification in this family of flies, the genus is placed in
the tribe Hexatomini, whereas the genus Helius is in
the tribe Limoniini, as considered earlier in this report. It is becoming evident that these 2 genera are
more nearly allied than the present arrangement shows.
The structure, including especially the male hypopygium and the venation, shows marked points ofsimilarity in the two groups. The problem had been

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

34
mentioned in another paper by the writer and seems
to require further investigation (Alexander, 1964b,
pp. 367-368).
Elephantomyia
species(Elephantomyia)

pertenuis,

new

FIGURES 41, 43

Size small (body and wing between 6 and 7 mm);rostrum subequal in length to remainder of body; general coloration light yellow, the scutellum, central areaof mediotergite, and the 8th abdominal tergite more
infuscated; legs light brown; wings subhyaline, prearcular and costal regions light yellow, without darkened pattern other than the long-oval pale brownstigma; male hypopygium with numerous setae on
mesal face of basistyle; phallosome with gonapophyses
appearing as relatively broad blades, tip obtuse, membranous, with several microscopic points; pcnefiluinvery long and delicate, strongly looped.
MALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 6-6.5mm; wing 6.2-7.2 mm; rostrum about 5-6.5 mm.
FEMALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 6.5mm; wing 7 mm; rostrum about 7 mm.
Rostrum brown, subequal in length to remainder ofbody or to the wing. Antennae light brown; flagellar
segments long, with very long verticils. Head yellow;
vertex at midlength reduced to a narrow line, the eyescorrespondingly large.
Thorax polished, almost uniformly light yellow,
scutellum and central part of mediotergite slightly
infuscated. Halteres yellow. Legs with coxae andtrochanters light yellow; femora light brown, tips narrowly darker, preceded by a subequal slightly yellowed
ring; tibiae light brown, tarsi slightly paler. Wings(Figure 41) subhyaline, prearcular and costal fields
light yellow; no darkened pattern except for the longoval pale brown stigma; veins brownish yellow, clearer
yellow in the brightened parts. Macrotrichia on longitudinal veins beyond general level of origin of Rs,
lacking on Anals. Venation: Sct ending about opposite
two-thirds to three-fourths Rs, Sc2 near its tip; bothbranches of Rs nearly parallel to one another, diverging

slightly at margin; m-cu beyond one-third the lengthof Af3+4, exceeding the distal section of Cux.
Abdomen yellow, pleural margins narrowly andvaguely more darkened, 8th tergite broadly brown,
margined with yellow. Male hypopygium (Figure 43)
with posterior border of tergite, /, very gently convex,
with numerous setae. Basistyle, b, with numerous very
long pale setae on mesal face. Both dististyles, d, terminal, outer style glabrous, basal half dilated, outerpart narrowed, curved into a slender axial spine, outermargin with a smaller straight subterminal jx>int; innerstyle longer, nearly straight, with several setae on basal
half and 3 on outer margin before apex. Phallosome, p,with gonapophyses appearing as relatively broad nearlystraight blades, outwardly only slightly produced, notpointed, terminating in pair membrane with numerous
microscopic points; penefilum unusually long and very
slender, conspicuously loojx-d, its total length difficult
to estimate but apparently subequal to the length of the
combined 3 outer abdominal segments and possibly
even longer.
Holotype, male, Fond Figues River, Dominica, inrain forest, 9 February 1965 (Wirth). Allotype, female, trail 1,609 m (1 mile) north of roads to Rosalie
and Castle Bruce, 396 m (1,300 ft), 23 April 1966
(Gagne). Paratypes, 4 males, 321.8 m to 804.7 m(0.2-0.5 mile) east of Pont Casse, 10-11 April 1966
(Gagnc); 1 male, Trafalgar Falls, 365.7 m (1,200 ft),
5-6 April 1966 (Gagne).
The present fly is distinct from the two members of
the genus presently known from the Antilles. The
larger Elephantomyia {Elephantomyia) meridionatis
Alexander (E. (E.) longirostris Williston, preoccupied) has the body and wings conspicuously patterned with brown and with the rostrum elongate,nearly one-half longer than the remainder of body(male, length 6 mm; rostum 8.5 mm). At present the
species appears to be known only from Saint Vincent.
The second species, E. (£.) westwoodi antillarum
Alexander, is similar to the last in its large size and in
the patterned body and wings. Presently it is known
only from the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola,
Puerto Rico).

35

NUMBER 43

ERIOPTERINIKey to Genera of

ERIOPTERINI

1. Rostrum very long and slender, approximately one-half the remainder of body, the reduced
palpi at apex; setae of legs profoundly bifid; wings with Rs unbranched (Figure 64)
Toxorhmm Loew
Rostrum short, not exceeding remainder of head; setae of legs simple; wings with Rs having
either 2 or 3 branches (Figures 44-47)
2
2. Wings with Rs having 2 branches (Figures 44, 46, 47)
3Wings with Rs having 3 branches (Figures 45, 60-63)
6
3. Wings (Figure 44) with vein Ri present, placed close to fork of Rs; vein Sc long, Sci ending
beyond origin of Rs
Teucholabis Osten Sacken
Wings (Figures 46, 47) with vein R, lacking; vein Sc short, Sci ending opposite or before
origin of Rs
Conomyia Meigen (in part) 4
4. Wings (Figure 46) with cell A/, open by atrophy of basal section of vein M»
Conomyia (NtolipophUps) Alexander
Wings with cell 1st M, closed
5
5. Wings (Figure 47) with stigma dark brown, conspicuous; male hypopygium (Figures 57-59)
with apex of basistyle produced into a spine
Gonomyim (ParalipophUps) Alexander
Wings with stigma pair to scarcely indicated; male hypopygium (Figures 53-56) not produced
into a spine
Conomyia (LipophUps) Bergroth
6. Wings (Figure 60) with veins /?§ and M,., fused to comprise the entire cephalic border ofcell 1st M,, r-m thus obliterated; 2 branches of hi reach the margin; vein 2nd A short
TrenUpohlia (Paramongoma) Brunetti
Wings (Figures 44-47, 61-64) with vein /?• entirely separate from A#.,i, r-m present;
3 branches of M reach the margin; vein 2nd A of normal length7
7. Wings (Figures 45, 61) with cell R» shallow, subequal to or shorter than its petiole; vein R*
lacking
8
Wings (Figures 62, 63) with cell Rt deep, longer than its petiole; vein /?» present
98. Wings (Figure 45) with vein Sc short, 5ci ending opposite or before origin of Rs; trochantersnormal, short
Gonomyia (Gonomyia) Meigen
Wings (Figure 61) with vein Sc long, Sct ending opposite or beyond midlength of Rs;
trochanters elongate
Rhabdomastix (Sacandaga) Alexander
9. Wings (Figure 62) with cell M, open by atrophy of basal section of Mt; legs with abundant
long setae, without scales; male hypopygium with apex of aedeagus bifurcate, the branches
recurved
EriopUrm (Mesocyphona) Osten Sacken
Wings (Figure 63) with cell M% open by atrophy of m; vestiturc of legs including long, very
narrow flattened scales; male hypopygium with aedeagus a simple straight spike, thetip acute
EriopUnrodss, new genus

Genus TrentepohUa Bigot
Trentepohlia Bigot, 1854, pp. 456, 473.—Alexander, 1938,
pp. 353-355; 1947a, pp. 69-72.

Subgcnus Paramongoma Brunetti
Subgenus Paramongoma Brunetti, 1911, p. 295.
Synonym. Mongomella Enderlein, 1912, p. 61.

TrentepohUa (Paramongoma) dominicana Alexander, 1947
TrentepohUa (Paramongoma) dominicana Alexander, 1947a,
FIGURE 60

pp. 71-72.

The holotype is from Dominica, as recorded below. The
species is known from Puerto Rico (El Yunque, Luquillo National Forest). The venation is shown in
Figure 60.
DOMINICA.—La Chaudiere, Hempstead River, 15
May 1940 (Hodge); type. Fond Figues River, 9-12
March 1965 (Wirth). 2,736 m (1.7 miles) east of Pont
Casse, 10 March 1965 (Wirth).
Genus Teucholabis Osten Sacken
Teucholabis Osten Sacken, 1859, p. 222.—Alexander, 1927,
pp. 17-27; 1946, pp. 375-400, 14 figs.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

36

Key to Species of Teucholabis
1. Size small (wing of male to about 6.5 mm) ; legs with femora yellow, unpatterned except
for narrow black tips of fore and middle pairs, in male, with no enlarged glandular area
on basitarsus; wings with veins Rt and Ri divergent apically, cell Rt at margin widened,
about two-thirds as extensive as cell Rt; abdominal tergites annulated, bases dark brown,
apices yellow; no setal modifications on sternite 6 in male; hypopygium (Figure 50)
T. tenella, new species
Size larger (wing of male about 7.5 mm or more) ; legs with femora darkened at or clo«e to
tip and with a central darkening, in male with a glandular swelling near proximal endof basitarsus; wings with veins Rt and Rt extending nearly parallel to one another throughout, cell Rt narrow, at margin only about one-third as extensive as cell R,; abdominal
tergites annulated (annulata) or almost uniformly fulvous (fulvivenlris) ; 6th sternite inmale with conspicuous modified setae
2
2. Abdominal tergites conspicuously bicolored, the bases broadly brown, apices yellow; wingi
virtually unpatterned except for the small darkened stigma, apex not infuscated; malehypopygium (Figure 48) with apex of outer diitistyle simple
T. annulata Williston
Abdomen behind the 1st segment almost uniformly fulvous; wings with outer end, especiallyin the radial field, narrowly darkened; male hypopygium (Figure 49) with apex of outerdististyle bidentate
T. fulviivnlrit, new specie*

Teucholabis (Teucholabis) annulata Williston, 1896
FIGURE 48(Gagne). Trail, 1,609 m (1 mile) north of junction ofroads to Rosalie and Castle Bruce, 396 in (1,300 ft),
23 April 1966 (Gagne).

Teucholabis annulata Williston, 1896, p. 290, fig. 63.

The types were from Saint Vincent, without further
data, collected by H. H. Smith.
Male hypopygium (Figure 48) with outer lobe ofbasistyle, b, relatively narrow, tip obtuse with sparselong setae; outer spine pale, narrowed to a blackened
point, inner margin with a fringe of long yellow setae,
mesal flange relatively small, with setae at anterior end,
posterior margin with 3 or 4 large teeth. Outer dististyle, d, long and narrow, terminating in a single
point; inner style with apex rounded, with about 5
long setae. Aedeagus unusually short and broad, compressed, terminating in a small darkened beak; 2 long
dorsal setae and about a dozen ventral ones.
The species differs from T. (T.) fulviventris in important hypopygial characters. Basistyle, b, with theouter lobe narrow, the outer spine with a long fringeof setae, and the mesal lobe small. Both dististyles, d,likewise differ, including the simple apex of the outerstyle. The short aedeagus has the apical beak smalland smooth.
DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 11-31 January, 1-10,
21-31 March 1965 (Wirth), 31 May 1966 (Steyskal).
D'leau Gommier, 17 March 1956 (Clarke). 321.8 m(0.2 mile) east of Pont Casse, 10 April, 6 May 1966

Teucholabis (Teucholabis) fulvivenlris, new species
FIOIRK 49

Allied to melanocephala; size relatively large (wingabout 8 mm) ; head brownish black; prothorax fulvous,
mesonotum orange, patterned with black, including
major lateral praescutal areas; pleura blackened, extensively silvery pruinose; knob of halteres blackened,
apex pale yellow; femora yellowed, with 2 brownish
black rings, on middle and posterior legs broader tonearly confluent; tibiae and basitarsi brownish yellow,
remainder of tarsi blackened; wings yellowed, prearcular and costal fields clear light yellow, restrictedly patterned with brown, including the narrow wing tip,vein Scx ending about opposite midlength of Rs, cell
1st M2 closed; abdomen orange yellow, basal tergite
and hypopygium darker; male hypopygium with outerspine of basistyle long and slender, mesal flange unusually large, margin roughened; outer dististyle bidentate at apex; outer end of aedeagus scooplike, margins
microscopically toothed or scabrous.
MALE.—Length about 8.5-9 mm; wing 7.5-8.5 mm;
antenna about 2-2.1 mm.
FEMALE.—Length about 10.5-11 mm; wing 7.57.8 mm.

37

NUMBER 45

50
FIGURES 44—52.—Venation: 44, Teucholabis (Teucholabis) tenella, new species; 45, Gonomyia(Gonomyia) dominicana, new species; 46, Gonomyia (Neolipophleps) helophila Alexander; 47,
Gonomyia (Paralipophleps) wirthiana, new species. Male hypopygium: 48, Teucholabis(Teucholabis) annulata Williston; 49, Teucholabis (Teucholabis) fulviventris, new species;
50, Teucholabis (Teucholabis) tenella, new species; 51, Gonomyia (Gonomyia) dominicana,
new species; 52, Gonomyia (Lipophelps) acanthomelana, new species, [SYMBOLS: a, aedeagus;b, basistyle; d, dististyle; p, phallosome.]

38
Rostrum fulvous, about one-third the remainder ofhead; palpi black. Antennae black; flagellar segments
long-oval, subequal in length to the verticils. Headbrownish black; anterior vertex about twice the diameter of scape.
Cervical region brownish black; pronotum fulvous.
Mesonotal praescutum with ground dull orange, with
3 conspicuous blackened areas, including a central
stripe beginning shortly behind anterior margin, ending far before the suture, slightly divided behind, lateral areas very extensive, polished black, extending
from the lateral borders behind the foveae, crossing
the suture to include the scutal lobes, narrowly confluent with the central stripe to isolate the humeral
ground area from the posterior one; central area of
scutum, scutellum and base of mediotergite orange,
remainder of postnotum infuscated. Propleura orange;
mesopleura blackened, very extensively silvery pruinose, dorsopleural region narrowly obscure yellow.
Halteres with stem brown, knob brownish black, apex
very pale yellow. Legs with fore coxae and trochantersorange, middle and hind coxae with outer faces blackened, trochanters yellow; fore femora yellow with 2
brownish black rings, the terminal one more extensive
than the central darkening, both narrower than theintervening ground area; middle femora with darkened rings broader to virtually confluent except on
lower surface; posterior femora dark brown to brownish black, bases obscure yellow; tibiae and basitarsi
brownish yellow, remainder of tarsi brownish black;posterior basitarsi of male with an elongate sensory
pocket close to base. Wings vaguely yellowed, prearcular and costal fields clear light yellow; stigma andnarrow wing tip brown; very vague darkenings overcord and outer end of cell 1st M2, indicated by a darkening of the included veins; very small pale brown
clouds at origin of Rs and near base of cell 1st A; aneven paler suffusion near outer end of cell Cu; veinsbrown, yellowed in the brightened fields. Venation:
Sc long, Scx ending about opposite midlength of Rs,
Sc2 far retracted, Scr about one-half Rs; branches of
Rs nearly parallel to one another throughout theirlengths, cell R2 at margin more than three times as
extensive as cell Rt; m-cu shortly beyond fork of M.
Abdomen with basal tergite blackened posteriorly,
remainder of organ orange yellow to fulvous, hypopygium slightly darker; sternites 2 to 4 with blackened

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

lateral areas. Sternal pocket of male blackened, broader
than long, narrowed and rounded behind; stemite 6with 2 longitudinal parallel rows of strong setae, totaling about 6 to 8 on either side. Abdomen with abundant erect yellow setae, those of hypopygium blackened. Male hypopygium (Figure 49) with outer spineof basistyle, b, broader at base, narrowed outwardly
into a slender spine; mesal flange unusually large,
more than one-third the length of the basistyle itself,
outer margin irregularly roughened, with abundantsetae over the whole length. Outer dististyle, d, a longyellow rod, apex bidentate, the lower point short andstout; inner style with outer blade darkened, cultriform, terminating in an acute point; basal lobe slender,subcylindrical, the truncate apex with a few setae, atits base with a small blackened spine. Aedcagus, a, withapex scooplike, doubled or folded, the margins microscopically toothed or scabrous; 2 dorsal setae and about
8 ventral ones, some longer.
Holotype, male, Clarkr Hall, Dominica, 11-20 January 1965 (Wirth). Allotopotype, female, 21-28
February 1965, light trap (Wirth). Paratopotypes,
both sexes, U-31 January, 1-28 February 1965
(Wirth); 12 February 1965 (J. F. G. and Thelma
Clarke); 4 February 1964 (Bray); 19-31 October,
12-17 November 1964 (Spangler); 18 July 1965
(Anderson); 19 April 1966 (Gagne); 22-31 October
1966 (Gurney). Paratypes, both sexes, Antrim, 304.8m (1,000 ft), 11 March 1956 (Clarke); Bagatelle,
304.8 m (1,000 ft), 9 March 1965 (Clarke); Cabrit
Swamp, 23 February 1965 (Wirth) ; Carholme Estate,
7 February 1965 (Wirth); Fond Figues, 17 March
1964 (Bray); La Plaine, 17 February 1964 (Bray);Pont Casse, 12-14 October, 23 November 1964
(Spangler), 8-14 October 1966 (Gurney); Portsmouth, 1-2 April 1966 (Gagne); South Chiltern
Estate, 20 February 1965 (Wirth); Syndicate Estate,
5 March 1964 (Bray). One specimen, Clarke Hall,
11 February 1965, taken by Wirth, bears the label"reared from under bark, No. 63 W 45." The habitat
indicated is the same as for all members of the genus
where the immature stages are known.
Teucholabis {Teucholabis) fulviventris is readily
told from its closest regional ally, T. (T.) annulata
Williston, by the characters given in the key. It seems
advisable to list the known members of the T. (T.)
melanocephala group, all having the abdominal sternal
pockets about as described for the present species.

39

NUMBER 43

These are distinguished among themselves by detailsof coloration of the body, legs, and wings, and especially by hypopygial structure, including the armatureof the basistyle, both dististyles, and apex of theaedeagus. The species in the group are T. (T.) amblyphallos Alexander (Honduras to Ecuador) ; T.
(T.) angustapicalis Alexander (Brazil); T. (T.) annulata Williston (Dominica, Saint Vincent); T. (T.)
atrolata Alexander (Panama); T. (T.) catharinensis
Alexander (Brazil) ; T. (7\) egens Alexander (Bolivia) ; T. (T.) fulviventris, new species (Dominica) ;7*. (7*.) gowdeyi Alexander (Cuba, Jamaica) ;T.{T.)homilacantha Alexander (Ecuador) ; T. (T.) hondurenris Alexander (Honduras) ; 7\ (T.) inulta Alexander (Brazil); T. (T.) ludicra Alexander (Peru);
7*. (7\) melanocephala (Fabricius) (northern SouthAmerica); 7\ (7'.) neinulta Alexander (Ecuador,
Peru) ; T. (7\) neosalva Alexander (Peru) ; T. (T.)
oteroi Alexander (Cuba) ; T. (T.) perangusta Alexander (Mexico to Venezuela); T. (T.) salva Alexander (Peru); T. (T.) spica Alexander (Eucador).

Teucholabii(Teucholabis)

tenella, new species

FIGURES 44, 50

Size small (wing of male to about 6.5 mm) ; mesonotal
praescutum light chestnut brown, humeral and lateralborders light yellow, pleura light yellow with a narrowdark brown longitudinal stripe; halteres with knob
light yellow; fore and middle legs with femora, tibiae,
and basitarsi yellow, tips narrowly dark brown, remainder of tarsi dark brown, posterior legs with femora
and tibiae almost uniformly yellow; wings pale yellow,
unpattemed except for the small pale brown stigma
and a darkening over the cord, Sci ending beyond midlength of Rs; abdominal tergites conspicuously patterned with yellow and brownish black, in male withbroad blackened areas on either side, median andposterior regions yellow; male hypopygium with spineof basistyle pale, dilated at midlength, thence narrowed
into a spine; mesal flange with margin smooth; terminal spine of aedeagus slender, curved.
MALE.—Length about 6.5—7 mm; wing 5.5—6.5 mm;
antenna about 1.4—1.5 mm.
FEMALE.—Length about 5-6 mm; wing 4.8-5.5 mm.
Rostrum relatively short, chestnut brown, palpi
brownish black. Antennae black; flagellar segments

oval, shorter than their verticils. Head yellow.
Pronotum and pretergites light yellow. Mesonotal
praescutum with 3 virtually confluent light chestnut
brown stripes, central area paler, humeral and lateralborders light yellow; scutal lobes light brown, midregion and posterior calli yellowed; scutellum clear
light yellow, parascutella darker; mediotergite lightbrown, cephalic border darker, lateral margins yellowed, pleurotergite light brown, posterior border paler.
Pleura light yellow, with a narrow dark brown longitudinal stripe extending from the cervical region to thepleurotergite. Halteres with stem obscure yellow, knob
clear light yellow. Legs with all coxae and trochanterslight yellow; fore and middle legs with femora, tibiae,
and basitarsi yellow, tips narrowly dark brown, remainder of tarsi more uniformly dark brown; posteriorlegs almost entirely yellow, tips of femora and tibiae notor scarcely darker, outer segments infuscated; 5th tarsal
segment with a strong basal epicondyle; no modification of basistyle. Wings (Figure 44) pale yellow, stigma
brown, subcircular; cord narrowly darkened, the color
virtually restricted to the veins, remaining veins yellow, m a little darker. Costal fringe of proximal thirdof wing relatively long and conspicuous. Venation: Sc
long, Sci about opposite two-thirds the length of Rs;
R2*s*4 from about one-half to two-thirds R2, cell J?2
at margin more extensive than cell Rt; m-cu close tofork of M.
Abdominal tergites conspicuously patterned withyellow and brownish black, in male the 2nd segment
darkened medially, succeeding segments with broad
black areas on basal two-thirds, the median region andposterior borders yellow, in cases the base of segment
uniformly darkened, the median yellow pattern poorly
indicated or lacking; hypopygium yellow; stemites
more uniformly yellow; segments with long erect palesetae. In female abdominal tergites more uniformly
dark brown, posterior borders obscure yellow, more extensive on anterior segments. Male with sternal pocketof 5th segment small and simple, including about 10
marginal setae that are directed inwardly, the laterals
stouter, with about 4 smaller setae and longitudinalrows of microscopic setulae in the discal area; no definite setal pocket on 6th sternite. Male hypopygium(Figure 50) with spine of basistyle, b, a flattened pale
blade, its outer end narrowed into a spine; mesal flangeof style relatively small, the darkened margin entire,

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

40
with a few small setae near posterior end. Outer dististyle, d, a long slender blade bearing a small weakmarginal spine beyond midlength; inner style with basea flat darkened blade, the free outer end shallowly
bidentate, the teeth widely separated. Aedeagus withterminal spine slender, curved, basal enlargement with
5 setae, the outer unpaired bristle long.
Holotype, male, Clarke Hall, Dominica, 11-20 January 1965, in Malaise trap (Wirth). Allotopotype,female, 1-10 February 1965 (Wirth). Paratopotypes,
both sexes, 11-20 January, 1-28 February, 1-10 March
1965, chiefly in light traps (Wirth); 13 June 1966
(Steyskal), 10 October 1966 (Gurney). Paratypes,
both sexes, Cabrit Swamp, 23 February 1965, light
trap (Wirth); Manets Gutter, 10 March 1965, light
trap (Wirth); 804.7 m (0.5 mile) east of Pont Casse,
27 January 1965 (Wirth), 3,218 m to 4,828 m (2 to
3 miles) east of Pont Casse, 13-21 October 1966
(Gurney); Portsmouth, 2 March 1964 (Bray) ; Syndicate Estate, 5 March 1964 (Bray).
Teucholabis (Teucholabis) tenella has somewhat
the appearance of T. (T.) complexa Osten Sacken,
T. (T.) jocosa Alexander, and similar species, differing especially in the pattern of the legs and in hypopygial structure, including the aedeagus and lobes ofthe basistyle. This may be the species recorded fromSaint Vincent by Williston as T. (T.) complexa but
is an entirely distinct fly from the true T. (T.) complexa of eastern North America.

Genus Rhabdomastix

Skusc

Rhabdomastix Skuse, 1890, pp. 828-829—Alexander, 1947b,
pp. 318-322.

Subgenus Sacandaga Alexander
Subgenus, Sacandaga

Rhabdomastix
1939

Alexander, 1911, pp. 3 4 9 - 3 5 2 .

(Sacandaga)

fumipennis Alexander,

FIGURE 61

Rhabdomastix fumipennis Alexander, 1939b, pp. 99-100,
fig. 9.

Known only from the female types taken at Sylvania
Estate, 548.6 m (1,800 ft), 29 August 1938, by Hodge.
Venation (Figure 61).
Genus Gonomyia Meigen
Gonomyia Meigen, 1818, p. 146.—Alexander, 1947a, pp.
83-99.
Subgenus Gonomyia Meigen, 1818, p. 146.
Subgenus Lipophleps Bergroth, 1915, p. 55.
Subgenus Neolipophleps Alexander, 1947a, p. 98.
Subgenus ParaUpophleps Alexander, 1947a, p. 97.
Subgenus Progonomyia Alexander, 1920a, p. 938.

Key to Subgenera and Species of Gonomyia
1. Wings (Figure 45) with cell R, preserved, there being 4 branches of R
Gonomyia (Gonomyia) Meigen (G. (G.) dominie ana, new species)
Wings (Figures 46, 47) with cell Rt lacking, there being three branches of R
2
2. Wings (Figure 46) with cell M, open by atrophy of basal section of vein M*
Gonomyia (NeolipophUps) Alexander(G. (N.) helophila Alexander)
Wings (Figure 47) with cell 1st A/, closed
3
3. Wings (Figure 47) with stigma dark brown, conspicuous
Gonomyia {ParalipophUps) Alexander 4Wings with stigmal darkening inconspicuous, lacking or virtually so
Gonomyia (Lipophleps) Bergroth 7
4. Male hypopygium (Figures 57-59) with basistyle near apex bearing 2 unequal spines
5
Male hypopygium (Figure 59) with basistyle having a single spine
G. (P.) wirthiana, new species
5. Male hypopygium with ventral plate of phallosome bifid at apex
G. (P.) pleuralis (Williston) (extralimital)
Male hypopygium (Figures 57, 58p) with ventral plate of phallosome obtuse or very
shallowly emarginate at apex
6

NUMBER 45

41
6. Male hypopygium (Figure 57) with gonapophysis appearing as a narrow cultrate blade;ventral plate narrow, tip obtuse
G. (P.) cultriformu, new species
Male hypopygium (Figure 58) with gonapophysis a broad compressed blade; ventral plate
broad, tip shallowly emarginate
G. (P.) dikopis, new species
7. Male hypopygium (Figures 53, 54) with dististyle subterminal
8
Male hypopygium (Figures 55, 56) with dististyle terminal
98. Male hypopygium (Figure 54) with outer lobe of basistyle elongate, subequal to or
exceeding the base of the style; dististyle very long and slender, strongly curved
G. (P.) producta Alexander
Male hypopygium (Figure 53) with outer lobe of basistyle small, about one-third to onefourth the base of the style; dististyle short and stout; gonapophyses appearing as small
parallel or slightly decussate blades
G. (L.) bicornuta Alexander
9. Male hypopygium (Figure 55) with dististyle very small, virtually microscopic, bearing atiny blackened point; phallosome including 2 long unequal slender spines
G. (L.) puella (Williston)
Male hypopygium (Figures 52, 56) with diutistyle larger, produced into a blackened spineor horn10
10. Male hypopygium (Figure 52) with phallosome including the very long slender aedeagus
and a broader subtending plate that bears a slender appressed black spine; dististyle
triangular in outline, at apex produced into a strong straight spine
G. (L.) acanthomelana, new species
Male hypopygium (Figure 56) with phallosome including chiefly the long slender aedeagus;
distittyle a strong curved horn
G. (L.) puer Alexander

Subgcnus Gonomyia Meigen
Gonomyia {Gonomyia) dominicana, new species
FIOURES 45,51

Belongs to the Gonomyia (Gonomyia) quaesita group,
allied to G. (G.) animula; mesonotal praescutum with
3 virtually confluent brown stripes; male hypopygiumwith outer dististyle terminating in a short curved
hook, on outer margin with a single very long seta.
MALE.—Length about 3-3.5 mm; wing 3-4.5 mm;
antenna about 0.7-0.8 mm.
FEMALE.—Length about 3.8-4 mm; wing 4.2-4.5mm.
Rostrum yellow; palpi black. Antennae black, baseof scape more yellowed; proximal flagellar segments
crowed, oval, outer ones more elongate, slender; verticils of all segments relatively short, subequal to thesegments. Front yellowed, remainder of head gray.
Pronotal scutum brownish yellow, scutellum clearer
yellow. Mesonotal praescutum with 3 virtually confluent brown stripes, humeral and lateral parts broadly
obscure yellow; scuta! lobes brown, posterior sclerites
somewhat lighter brown. Pleura yellowed. Halteres
weakly infuscated. Legs with coxae and trochantersbrownish yellow; remainder of legs dark brown tobrownish black, including the vestiture. Wings (Figure45) very weakly darkened, stigma not differentiated;veins light brown, trichia darker. Venation: Sc short,

Sci ending a distance before origin of Rs that is about
two-thirds the latter, Sc2 near its tip; vein R3 short tovery short, oblique, as in the group; R1+2 and R3 at
margin separated by a distance longer than vein R3,
in cases to more than twice this length; m-cu at near
one-third A/s+4.
Abdomen light brown, hypopygium yellow. Male
hypopygium (Figure 51) with dististyles, d, terminal;
outer style shorter, narrow, appearing as a slender bladethat terminates in a short curved hook, on outer margin
at near two-thirds the length with a single very longseta, subequal in length to the entire style, in one
specimen apparently with a marginal spine opposite
this point; inner style larger, the pale yellow body longand narrow, terminating in 2 fasciculate setae, on outermargin near base with a powerful curved spine, near its
base with a strong seta that is about one-fourth as longas the bristle of the outer style (for clarity the 2 sectionsof the style are shown as separated at bases; their correct relationship is as indicated in the subfigures provided). Phallosome, p, about as figured, including 2
unequal blackened spines and a larger pale yellow
appendage that is infolded throughout most of its
length, at base with a long slender pale spine.
Holotype, male, Clarke Hall, Dominica, 21-31
March 1965, in light trap (Wirth). Allotype, female,
Fond Figues River, 13 March 1965, at light (Wirth).
Paratopotypes, 2 males, 1 female, with type, 13-31

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOOY

42

March 1965 (Wirth). Paratypes, 1 female, Manets
Gutter, 10 March 1965 (Wirth); 5 females, Trafalgar
Falls, 365.7 m (1,200 ft), 5-6 April 1966 (Gagne).
Other members of the Gonomyia (Gonomyia)
quaesita group include G. (G.) anduzei Alexander,
1940 (Venezuela), G. (G.) animula Alexander, 1966
(Honduras), G. (G.) birama Alexander, 1941 (Peru),
and G. (G.) quaesita Alexander, 1938 (Mexico). The
hypopygium of the present fly is most as in G. (G.)
anduzei and G. (G.) animula, differing in the detailsof the dististyles and phallosome.
Subgenus Lipophleps Skuse
Gonomyia (Lipophleps) acanthomelana, new species
FIGURE 52

Size medium (wing of male about 3.5 mm); rostrum
obscure yellow; antennae black; mesonotal praescutum
and scutal lobes brown, posterior sclerites extensively
yellowed; pleura yellow with 2 narrow brown longitudinal stripes that enclose a clearer yellow vitta; halteres and legs brown; wings tinged with brown, stigma
very slightly darker, Sc short; male hypopygium with
dististyle terminal, subtriangular in outline, outer angle
produced into a powerful black spine; phallosome
with gonapophysis a pale flattened blade, the margin
at near three-fourths the length with a slender appressed spine; aedeagus long and slender.
MALE.—Length about 3 mm; wing 3.5 mm.
FEMALE.—Length about 3.8-4 mm; wing 3.6-4 mm.
Rostrum obscure yellow; palpi black. Antennae
black. Head dark brown, sparsely pruinose.
Pronotal scutum light brown, scutellum and pretergites light yellow. Mesonotal praescutum brown, paler
laterally; scutal lobes brown, midarea yellow; scutellum and postnotum yellow, central part of mediotergite
light brown. Pleura yellow with 2 narrow longitudinal
brown stripes, the dorsal one extending from lower
cervical region to base of abdomen, ventral stripe morediffuse, the enclosed vitta somewhat clearer yellow.
Halteres brown. Legs with coxae yellow, fore pair narrowly darkened apically; trochanters obscure yellow;
remainder of legs brown. Wings tinged with brown,
stigma very slightly darker; veins brown. Venation:
Sc short, Sex ending just before origin of Rs.
Abdominal tergites brown, sternites and genital
segments yellow. Male hypopygium (Figure 52) withbasistyle, b, narrowed outwardly; dististyle, d, terminal,

appearing as a subtriangular plate, the outer angle
produced into a powerful black spine that narrows toan acute point; fasciculate bristles on inner fact*, widely
separated. Phallosome, p, including a single well-developed gonopophysis, g, that appears as a pale flattened
blade, tip obtuse, on margin at near three-fourths thelength with a strong appressed blackened spine, thisslightly longer and more slender than the spine ofthe dististyle; aedeagus, a, long and slender, tip acute.
Holotype, male, Freshwater Lake, Dominica, 5-8
November 1966 (Gumey). Allotopotype, female.
Paratopotype, female.
The most similar species is Gonomyia (Lipophleps)
puella (Williston), discussed later in this paper. The
details of structure of the dististyle and phallosome arequite distinct in the 2 species. In the Neotropical fauna
there are numerous members of the submenus that havethe dististyle terminal, as in the present fly, virtually
all of these having the style pale, subglobular to suboval, without blackened |>oints but with the 2 fasciculate setae. Such species include G. (L.) arajuno
Alexander, 1945 (Ecuador); G. (L) bifiligera Alexander, 1932 (Puerto Rico), G. (L.) calvnti Alexander, 1914 (Costa Rica) ; G. (L.) cubana Alexander,
1931 (Cuba), G. (L.) duurvoorti Alexander, 1928
(Surinam), G. (L.) haploa Alexander, 1926 (Mexico), G. (L.) haploides Alexander, 1938 (Mexico),
G. (L.) inermis Alexander, 1914 (British Guiana),
G. (L.) leonura Alexander, 1941 (Ecuador), G. (L.)
maya Alexander, 1927 (Mexico), G. (L.) melanacantha Alexander, 1954 (Brazil), G. (L.) minutistyla
Alexander, 1969 (Lesser Antilles: Grenada), G. (L.)
orthomeroides Alexander, 1939 (Mexico), G. (L.)
parinermis Alexander, 1940 (Venezuela), G. (L.)
phoroctenia Alexander, 1921 (Peru), G. (L.) prolongata Alexander, 1940 (Venezuela), G. (L.) scelerata
Alexander, 1945 (Peru), G. (L.) subinermis Alexander, 1939 (Mexico), and some others. All such species
differ from one another chiefly in characters of themale hypopygium.
Gonomyia {Lipophleps) bicornuta Alexander, 1927
FIGURE 53

Gonomyia (Lipophleps) bicornuta Alexander, 1927b, pp.
276-277.—1932, p. 372,fig.22.

Type from the Luquillo National Forest, Puerto Rico,collected 10-13 May 1927. Male hypopygium (Figure 53).

43

NUMBER 4 5

54

57

58
FIGURES 53-59.—Male hypopygium: 53, Gonomyia {Lipophleps) bicornuta Alexander; 54,
Gonomyia (Lipophleps) producta Alexander; 55, Gonomyia {Lipophleps) puella (Williston);
56, Gonomyia {Lipophleps) puer Alexander; 57, Gonomyia {ParaUpophleps) cultriformis, newspecies ; 58, Gonomyia {ParaUpophleps) dikopis, new species; 59, Gonomyia {ParaUpophleps)
wirthiana, new species, [SYMBOLS: b, basistylc; d, dististyle; g, gonapophysis; p, phallosome]SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY44
DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 8-10 January 1965, light
trap (Wirth), 6-8 October 1966 (Gurney).

Gonomyia (Lipophleps) producta Alexander, 1919
FIGURE 54

Gonomyia(Leiponeura)

producta Alexander, 1919a, pp.

139-140.
Type from Blubber Valley, Antigua, Lesser Antilles,
collected in March 1908. The species has a wide range
in tropical America from Puerto Rico and Mexico
south to Ecuador. Male hypopygium (Figure 54).
DOMINICA.—Caforit Swamp, 23 February 1965, light
trap (Wirth). Clarke Hall, 8-31 January, 1-28 February, 1-20 March 1965 (Wirth). 6-17 October 1966
(Gurney). D'leau Gommier, 16 March 1965 (Wirth).
Mouth of Layou River, 15-20 January 1965 (Wirth).

Gonomyia (Lipophleps) puella (Williston), 1896
FIGURE 55

Atarba puella Williston, 1896, pp. 288-289, fig. 60.
Gonomyia (Lipophleps) puella.—Alexander, 1947b, p. 95,
fig. 28.

Types were from Saint Vincent, Lesser Antilles, collected by H. H. Smith. Male hypopygium (Figure 55).
DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 11-28 February 1965, light
trap (Wirth). D'leau Gommier, 16-17 March 1965
(Wirth). 804.7 m (0.5 mile) west of Pt. Lolo, 25 January 1965, at light (Wirth). 2,414 m (1.5 miles) westof Pont Casse, 3 April 1965 (Davis), 2,736 m (1.7
miles) east of Pont Casse, 24 March 1965 (Wirth),
4,828 (3 miles) east of Pont Casse, 13-16 October
1966 (Gurney).

species is involved. In the present materials the style isrelatively short and stout, only about one-half the sizeof certain other specimens. In all cases the dististyles of
the two sides are terminal in position and are markedly
asymmetrical (Figure56).
DOMINICA.—Cabrit Swamp, 23 February 1965, light
trap (Wirth). Clarke Hall, 21-31 January, 1-10 February 1965 (Wirth). Pt. Ix>lo, 804.7 m (0.5 mile) west,
25 January 1965, at light (Wirth).
Subgenus Neolipophleps Alexander

Gonomyia (Neolipophleps) helophila Alexander, 1916
FIOURE 46

Gonomyia (Leiponeura) helophila Alexander, 1916b, pp.
343-346, figi. 1, 3.
Gonomyia (Neolipophleps) helophila Alexander, 1947a,
p. 99.
? Elliptera ip., WUIuton, 1896, p. 290, fig. 64.

Types from Lima, Peru, taken in August 1914 by H. S.
Parish. Widespread in tropical America, from thesouthwestern United States to Peru. It had not beenrecorded previously from the Antilles unless the record
by Williston from Saint Vincent, above cited, pertains
to this species. This certainly belongs to the present
subgenus but may be found to belong to still anotherof the various regional species. Venation (Figure 46).
DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 21-31 January, 1-28 February, 1-31 March 1965, light trap (Wirth). Mouthof Layou River, 15-20 January, 6 February 1965
(Wirth).
Subgenus Paralipophleps

Alexander

Gonomyia (Paralipophleps) cultriformis, new species
Gonomyia {Lipophleps) puer Alexander, 1913

FIGURE 57

FIGURE 56

Coloration of body and wings as in the subgenus; malehypopygium with bastistyle unequally bispinous; dististyle relatively narrow, fasciculate setae nearly terminal, below these with a group of small darker setae;
phallosome with gonapophysis relatively slender, tip
slightly dilated and recurved; ventral plate elongateoval, apex obtuse, without lobes or spines.
MALE.—Length about 5.5-6 mm; wing 3.3-4 mm.
FEMALE.—Length about 6.5 mm; wing 4 mm.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae with scape andthe enlarged pedicel yellow above, more darkened be-

Gonomyia
fig. 14.

(Leiponeura)

puer Alexander, 1913a, p. 506,

Types from Hispaniola (Santo Domingo), in UnitedStates National Museum; no. 14,932. The species has
a vast range in tropical and subtropical America, fromthe District of Columbia southward on the mainland to
British Guiana, Ecuador, and Peru. There is a surprising variation in the size and structure of the dististyle of the hypopygium but it appears that a single

45

NUMBER 4 5

low; proximal 2 flagellar segments yellow, the outerones brown; flagellar segments 3 to 7 with exceedingly
long verticils that are six or more times the lengthof the segments, as common in the subgenus, verticils of
remaining segments abruptly shorter, subequal to thesegments. Head light yellow, posterior vertex with abrown discal area.
Pronotum, pretergites and narrow lateral border ofpraescutum light yellow, the last bordered internallyby a dark brown line, remainder of praescutum andscuta! lobes light cinnamon brown; median region of
scutum and most of scutellum obscure yellow, the latteron posterior border and as a central area narrowly
brown; mediotergite yellow, base restrictedly patternedwith brownish black. Pleura and pleurotergite conspicuously striped with very pale yellow or yellowish white,bordered both above and below by brownish black toform subequal stripes. Halteres with stem weakly
darkened, knob slightly infuscated. Legs with fore coxae
light yellow at bases, comprising the anterior end of thepleura I stripe, apex blackened, being part of the pleura!
darkening; midcoxae yellow, base narrowly blackened,hind coxae uniformly yellow, all trochanters more obscure yellow; femora brownish yellow with a vague
brown nearly terminal ring, extreme tip pale; tibiae
and tarsi light brown. Wings very weakly darkened,prearcular and costal fields more yellowed; stigma
short-oval, dark brown, with pale areas before andbeyond and less evidently on either side of the cord;veins light brown, cord darker brown, anterior branchof Rs slightly darker and more apparent against the
ground than in Gonomyia (Paralipophleps) wirthiana.
Venation: Scx ending a distance before origin of Rs
about equal to two-thirds to three-fourths of this vein;m-cu at or shortly before fork of M.
Abdominal tergites obscure yellow, posterior andlateral borders blackened, median region weakly infuscated ; sternites, base of hypopygium, and much of
the basistyle yellowed. Male hypopygium (Figure 57)
with the basistyle, b, bispinous, including a large stout
outer spine and a slender curved inner one; fleshy lobe
very pale, with long setae. Dististyle, d, relatively narrow, the fasciculate setae nearly terminal, below thesewith a group of small darkened setae. Phallosome, p,with gonapophysis, g, relatively narrow, tip dilated andrecurved; aedeagus longer, relatively narrow; ventral
plate elongate-oval, with long setae but without terminal lobes or spines, apex obtuse, in cases slightly
more narrowed and darkened.

Holotype, male, Clarke Hall, Dominica, 11-20 February 1965 (Wirth). Paratopotypes several males, 8January-31 March 1965 (Wirth), 13-17October 1966
(Gurney). A further broken female is considered to belong here but may pertain to one or another of theother regional members of the subgenus, since it was
not found associated with the male.
Other members of the subgenus having 2 apicalspines include Gonomyia {Paralipophleps) diplacantha Alexander, G. (P.) latistyla Alexander, and
G. (P.) pleuralis (Williston), all having the detailsof the phallosome quite distinct, particularly the ventral plate and gonapophyses. Other species have theapex of the ventral plate with 2 points or lobes and the
gonapophyses terminating in acute spines, not cultriform as in the present fly. G. (P.) dikopis, new species,
similarly falls in this general group but has the hypopygial details even more distinct. It should be notedthat the species determined as being G. (P.) pleuralis
still remains not fully settled since the type cannot belocated in any of the various collections where theWilliston 1896 materials have been preserved. What
has been identified as this over the past several years
is the commonest and best known member of the subgenus, with a vast range in the Americas, from Georgia,
Florida, and the Bahamas south to Bolivia. The immature stages were described by Rogers and the malehypopygium by the writer (Alexander, 1964a, p. 79,
fig. 87). I believe that the name G. (P.) pleuralis
should be restricted to this species.
Gonomyia (Paralipophleps)

dikopis, new species

FIGURE 58

MALE.—Length about 4.5 mm; wing 3.8 mm.
FEMALE.—Length about 5.3-5.5 mm; wing 3.8-4mm.
General coloration of body and appendages as in
Gonomyia (Paralipophleps) pleuralis and related
species. Flagellar verticils of the male excessively long,
the longest exceeding one-half the entire antenna.
Thorax with dorsal dark pleural stripe broad, divided
by a paler line. Legs with femora brown, more yellowed basally, darker near tip, the extreme genua
whitened; tibiae and tarsi light brown.
Male hypopygium (Figure 58) with basistyle, b,
narrowed outwardly and extended into a long slenderspine, with a smaller spine near its base; fleshy lobe
long. Dististyle, d, relatively narrow, outer end ter-

46
minating in a fasciculate seta, the 2nd usual bristle
erect, removed a short distance from the tip, face ofstyle with a small darkened area. Phallosome, p, quitedistinct from other species, especially in the broadly
flattened gonapophyses and the broad depressed-flattened ventral plate, its apex shallowly emarginate.
Holotype, male, Trafalgar Falls, Dominica, 365.7 m(1,200 ft), 5-6 April 1966 (Gagne). Allotopotype.
female. Paratopotype, 1 broken male, abdomen lacking. Paratypes, South Chiltern, 18-19 August 1965
(Jackson). Springfield, November 1967 (Krauss).
The only other regional member of the subgenus
with the phallosomic ventral plate unarmed is Gonomyia (Paralipophleps) cultriformis, new species, readily told by various details of structure of the malehypopygium, as discussed and keyed elsewhere in thepresent paper.

Gonomyia (Paralipophleps) wirthiana, new species
FIGURES 47, 59

General coloration of body and wings as in the subgenus, thoracic pleura conspicuously striped longitudinally with dark brown and white; male hypopygiumwith outer apical angle of basistyle produced into aflattened blade, with a fleshy lobe at its base; dististyle a broadly flattened pale plate, apex nearly truncate, with a blackened bidentate area; phallosome
with 2 pairs of elongate rods, tips of one pair acute, ofthe other obtuse.
MALE.—Length about 5.5-6 mm; wing 3.5-4 mm.
FEMALE.—Length about 5.5-6 mm; wing 4-4.2 mm.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae with scape,pedicel, and proximal 2 flagellar segments orange yellow, remainder dark brown to black; outer flagellar
segments long-cylindrical, verticils of the 3rd and succeeding 5 or 6 segments exceedingly long, about onethird the entire flagellum, of the outer segments shorterbut still longer than the segments. Head very paleyellow, center of vertex weakly darkened.
Pronotum china white, including also the pretergites
and narrow lateral praescutal margins, the latter extended posteriorly across the wing base to include thedorsal pleurotergite and lateral parts of the mediotergite. Mesonotal praescutum light chestnut brown, patterned with slightly darker brown, including a central
stripe and narrower sublateral lines adjoining thewhitened margins; scutum with lobes chestnut brown,
lateral mesal borders dark brown, central region yel-

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

low with a vague central darkening; scutellum yellow,
very narrowly bordered posteriorly by dark brown, variegated as indicated above. Pleura with the grounddark brown, appearing as 2 narrow longitudinal stripesthat enclose a slightly broader china white ventral line;
more dorsally below the wing root with a slightly separated brown line that includes the propleura, the 2
darkened stripes enclosing a slightly paler brownish
yellow line. Halteres yellow, base of stem infuscated,
apex of knob yellowed. Legs with coxae whitened, apex
of fore pair and base of middle dark brown, being included in the ventral dark brown pleural stripe; trochanters yellow; femora yellow, with a narrow subterminal brown ring, the narrow tip pale; tibiae andtarsi brown. Wings (Figure 47) light brown, prcarcularand costal fields clear light yellow, more expanded surrounding the dark brown stigma, including all of cell
Rx and along vein C virtually to wing tip; very narrow and vague darkenings over cord and outer end ofcell 1st A/.., best indicated by a darkening of the veins;remaining veins yellowed, trichia black, very short andrelatively sparse, including vein Rt, all outer medial
branches and outer end of Cux. Venation: Scx ending
just before origin of Rs, anterior branch of the latterstrongly upcurved, very pale and difficult to see against
the ground; veins Rs and Mx,3 convergent outwardly,
strongly narrowing cell Rs; m~cu close to fork of M.
Abdominal tergites obscure yellow, posterior borders
narrowly brownish black, median area with a muchpaler brown longitudinal line; sternites yellowed medially, light brown on sides and along posterior border;
9th tergite light yellow, remainder of hypopygium
slightly darker yellow. Male hypopygium (Figure 59)
with outer lateral angle of basistyle, b, produced intoa flattened blade that terminates in an acute spine, atits base with an additional nearly apical fleshy lobe
with very long setae. Dististyle, d, a broadly flattenedpale plate, apex very obtuse to nearly truncate, bearing
a slightly bidentate blackened area, the 2 modified
setae at outer edge of this area. Phallosome, p, including 2 long acute spines and 2 longer narrow pale rods,
their tips obtuse; ventral plate terminating in 2 small
divergent arms.
Holotype, male, Clarke Hall, Dominica, 1-10 February 1965 (Wirth). Allotopotype, female, 21-28
February 1965 (Wirth). Paratopotypes, numerous
males and females, 8 January-20 March 1965 (Wirth),
13-17 October 1966 (Gumey). Paratypes, males,NUMBER 45

Antrim, 304.8 m (1,000 ft), 11-20 March 1956
(Clarke).
I take unusual pleasure in naming this distinct fly
for Dr. Willis W. Wirth, distinguished student of theDiptera, to whom much of our knowledge of Dominican flies is due. The species is readily told from otherregional members of the subgenus by the conformation of the dististyle of the hypopygium.
Eriopterodes> new genus
Antennae short; pedicel enlarged-oval, proximal 2
flagellar segments short and crowded, closely approximated to partially fused, the suture indicated; succeeding segments progressively more elongate outwardly,
with very long verticils, the longest exceeding twice thelength of the segments; outer 3 segments very long,
without verticils, the preceding one with a single suchseta. Legs with trochantere, femora, tibiae, and proximal ends of basitarsi with abundant to dense elongate
scales, outer segments with normal setae; claws verysmall. Wings (Figure 63) in the genotype, celestis, withtrichia of veins unusually stout, from microscopic
punctures, tips obtuse, in laetipleura the scales longand of normal thickness. Venation: Cord at near midlength of wing; cell M2 open by atrophy of m; m-cu
at or beyond fork of M; vein 2nd A only slightly
sinuous, terminating opposite or before m-cu. Male
hypopygium not inverted, the tergite dorsal in position,
its median area produced into a broad lobe. Basistylewithout lobes or modifications. Dististyles 2, terminal,
both simple, long and slender; outer style nearlystraight, at apex with 2 divergent teeth; inner stylevirtually as long, curved gently to the obtuse tip. Phallosome unusually simple, including the long slenderaedeagus, its base broader, outwardly narrowed to theacute tip; gonapophysis simple, pale, bladelike, tip
obtuse, base dilated.
GENOTYPE.—Erioptera (Erioptera) celestis (Alexander), 1940, page 294. Ecuador and Venezuela. I
consider the materials in the present series from
Dominica to represent an undescribed subspecies,
Eriopterodes celestis dominicana, new subspecies. The
Mexican E. laetipleura (Alexander) with unpatternedwings, likewise belongs here.
The hypopygial feature of a simple aedeagus separates the present group from Erioptera Meigen and its
various subgenera, which have the apex of the aedeagus
bifurcate. Certain other groups earlier associated with
Erioptera, such as Arctoconopa Alexander, now are47
believed to represent entirely distinct genera. The long
slender aedeagus of Eriopterodes is suggestive of thecondition found in the genus Molophilus Curtis, particularly in the subgenus Promolophilus Alexander,
where the structure is unusually short but stout.
Eriopterodes celestis dominicana, new subspecies
FIGURE 63

Thorax with anterior end of praescutum orange,posterior sclerites darker, pleura brownish black with aconspicuous yellow longitudinal stripe; femora blackened, the extreme tip paler; wings strongly darkened,costal border broadly yellow, with 4 brown areas thatare subequal to or more extensive than their interspaces; marginal spots at ends of longitudinal veinslarge and diffuse.
MALE.—Length about 3.2-3.5 mm; wing 3.5—4 mm;
antenna about 0.65-0.8 mm.
FEMALE.—Length about 3.5-4 mm; wing 4-4.2 mm.
Rostrum brown, palpi black. Antennae with scapeand pedicel obscure yellow to light brown, flagellum
brownish black, the segments with long verticils, as
discussed under the genus. Vertex dark brown, orbits
more pruinose.
Pronotum brownish black, representing the anterior
end of the dorsal pleural stripe. Mesonotal praescutumwith anterior half orange, with a capillary darkened
central vitta, lateral borders more yellowed, behind thepseudosutural foveae light brown, the color continued
across the suture to include the scutal lobes, medianregion vaguely yellowed; scutellum and mediotergite
light brown, pleurotergite yellowed. Pleura very conspicuously patterned with 2 longitudinal brownish black
stripes that are separated by a subequal yellow line that
extends from the fore coxa to base of the posterior coxa.
Halteres with stem light yellow, knob weakly darkened.
Legs with coxae yellowed, fore pair brighter, as described ; trochanters obscure yellow; femora blackened,
the color accentuated by the abundant blackened scales,
extreme tip paler; tibiae and basitarsi more yellowed,
but appearing darker because of scales, outer tarsal
segments yellowed. Wings (Figure 63) strongly darkened, prearcular and costal fields light yellow, thelatter with 4 extensive brown areas that are subequal inextent to the yellow interspaces; a narrower and lessconspicuous paler brown seam over cord and small
pale brown spots at ends of longitudinal veins, excepting M 1+2 ; cell 2nd A chiefly darkened; veins obscure

48

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY68
FIGURES 60-68.—Venation: 60, Trentepohlia {Paramongoma) dominicana Alexander; 61,
Rhabdomastix (Sacandaga) fumipennis Alexander; 62, Erioptera (Mesocyphona) gagneana,
new species; 63, Eriopterodes celestis dominicana, new subspecies; 64, Toxorhina (Toxorhina)
carunculata, new species. Male hypopygium: 65, Erioptera (Mesocyphona) gagneana, newspecies; 66, Toxorhina (Toxorhina) carunculata, new species; 67, Toxorhina (Toxorhina)
polytricha, new species; 68, Toxorhina (Toxorhina) subfragilis, new species, [SYMBOLS: bbasistyle; d, dististyle; i, interbase; p, phallosome.]

49

NUMBER 4 3

yellow, slightly darker in the patterned parts. Longitudinal veins with yellowed setae in the ground sections, more brownish black and appearing slightly
stouter in the markings, intensifying the pattern. Venation as in the genus.
Abdomen of male brownish black, 9th tergite andsternite yellowed, styli brownish black; in female genital
segment light orange. Male hypopygium as discussed
under the genus.
Holotype, male, 2,736 m (1.7 miles) east of Pont
Casse, 12 March 1965, light trap (Wirth). Allotopotype, female, 13 March 1965 (Wirth). Paratopotypes,
2 males, with types, 10 March 1965; 2 females, 804.7
m (0.5 mile) east of Pont Caase, 27 January 1965, atlight (Wirth), 8,046 m (5 miles) east of Pont Casse,
11 April 1966 (Gagne). Paratypes, both sexes, D'leau
Gommicr, 17 March 1956 (Clarke), Central Forest
Reserve, 518 m (1,700 ft), 26 May 1966 (Gagn£).
Fond Figues River, 121.9m (400 ft), 12, 29 April 1966
(Gagne), 13 March 1965 (Wirth). Freshwater Lake,
762 m (2,500 ft), 5 April 1966 (Gagne). Trail, 1,609
in (1 mile) north of junction of roads to Rosalie andCastle Bruce, 3 % m (1,300 ft), 29 March 1966
(Gagne).
Genus Erioptera

MeigenErioptera Meigen, 1803, p. 262.—Alexander, 1947b, pp. 328335—Stone, et al., 1965, p. 80.
Subgenus Mesocyphona

Osten Sacken

Subgenus Mesocyphona Osten Sacken, 1869, p. 152.

Erioptera (Mesocyphona) caliptera Say
Erioptera caliptera Say, 1823, p. 17; LeConte 1859, p. 44;
caloptera of authors.
Erioptera caloptera Williston, 1896, p. 294.
Erioptera (Mesocyphona) caloptera.—Alexander, 1939b, p.
100; 1942, p. 457,fig.52 I.

The species is widely distributed throughout the
Nearctic region, ranging southward into tropical
America. Williston (18%) had recorded it from Saint
Vincent. It is known from Cuba and Puerto Rico andpresumably is widespread in the Antillean islands.
DOMINICA.—Antrim, 304.8 m (1,000 ft), 11-20
March 1956 (Clarke). Boeri Lake, 22 February 1964
(Bray). Cabrit Swamp, 23 February 1965, light trap
(Wirth). Clarke Hall, 8 January 1965 (Clarke), 8

January-28 February 1965 (Wirth), 1-20 March 1965
(Wirth), 6-13 April 1966 (Gagne), 6-10 October
1966 (Gurney). D'leau Gommier, 17 March 1956
(Clarke). Mouth of Layou River, 15-20 January 1965
(Wirth). Mt. Trois Pitons, 27 February 1964 (Bray),
1,609 m (1.0 mile) east of Pont Casse, 29 January
1965 (Wirth), 2,414 m (1.5 miles) north, 12 February 1965 (Wirth). Portsmouth, 2 March 1964 (Bray).
Sylvania Estate, 548.6 m (1,800 ft), 29 August 1938
(Hodge), 9 February 1964 (Bray), in grassy marsh,
23-25 January 1965, light trap (Wirth).
Erioptera (Mesocyphona)gagneana, new species

FIGURES 62, 65

Size small (wing about 3 mm); mesonotum chiefly
dark brown, praescutum with a pale brown central
stripe; pleura brownish black, with a silvery whitelongitudinal stripe; fore and middle femora darkbrown, tips narrowly pale yellow, posterior femora
obscure yellow with 2 brown rings, the subterminal
one broader; wings weakly suffused with brown, unpatterned; male hypopygium with a single dististylethat bears 3 branches, the outer one a small slenderbasal spine, inner branch a long slender smooth rod,
longest arm dilated at apex, extended into a long pale
blade.
MALE.—Length about 2.8-3 mm; wing 2.7-3.2 mm;
antenna about 0.5 mm.
FEMALE.—Length about 3 mm; wing 3 mm.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae with scape andthe enlarged pedicel black, flagellum dark brown tobrownish black. Head with anterior vertex yellow, posterior regions broadly dark brown.
Pronotum brown, patterned with darker, lateralborders narrowly light yellow. Mesonotal praescutumwith an obscure pale brown central stripe, in cases withfurther less evident lateral areas, interspaces and outermargin darker brown; scutal lobes dark brown, central
area and the scutellum paler brown; postnotum brownish black. Pleura brownish black with a broad silvery
white longitudinal stripe, extending from the ventral
sternopleurite caudad to beneath the halteres, slightly
widened behind; dorsopleural region broadly whitened,
midregion of sternites obscure yellow. Halteres paleyellow, knob weakly darkened. Legs with fore coxae
and trochanters brownish black, mid-coxae and tro-

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

50
chanters slightly paler, posterior pair yellowed; fore
and middle femora dark brown, slightly darker subterminally, tips narrowly and abruptly pale yellow;
tibiae light brown, extreme base and tip yellowed;
basitarsi weakly darkened, outer part and remainder oftarsi pale yellow; posterior femora obscure yellow with
2 brown rings, subterminal band broader, central annulus narrow and diffuse, posterior tibiae and tarsi asin the other legs. Wings (Figure 62) weakly suffusedwith brown, unpatterned, veins darker brown, trichia
brownish black. Venation: Petiole of cell M3 subequal to or longer than m-cu.
Abdominal tergites brownish black, sternites andsubterminal segment slightly paler, hypopygium black.
Male hypopygium (Figure 65) with a single dististyle,d, that bears 3 branches, the major arm dilated onouter half, the end extended into a long pale blade,the dilated head with about 6 strong spines arranged
in a transverse row at base of blade, with a further
comb of about a dozen more slender spines placed
longitudinally along the base; 2nd arm long andslender, smooth, placed on mesal margin close to base;
3rd branch or arm a microscopic spine on margin ofstyle slightly distal of level of the inner arm.
Holotype, male, 2,736 m (1.7 miles) east of Pont
Casse, 12 March 1965 (Wirth). Allotopotype, female,
1,609 m (1 mile) east of Pont Casse, 29 January 1965,
at light (Wirth). Paratopotypes, both sexes, 27-29 January, 10-24 March 1965 (Wirth). Paratypes, both

sexes, Clarke Hall, 21-31 January 1965 (Wirth).
Fond Figues River, 121.9 m (400 ft), 9 February, 13
March (Wirth), 12 April 1966 (Gagne). DUeau Gommier, 17 March 1956 (Clarke), 15 February, 16 March
1965 (Wirth). Manets Gutter, 1-10 March 1965,
light (Wirth). 804.7 (0.5 mile) west of Pt. Lolo, 25
January 1965, at light (Wirth).
The species is named for Dr. Raymond J. Gagn6,
student of the Diptera, Entomology Research Division,
United States Department of Agriculture.
There are numerous Neotropical species in the subgenus having unpatterned wings but relatively few
with the leg pattern somewhat as in the present fly.
All members of the subgenus are most readily separated by differences in hypopygial structure. The mostsimilar species include Erioptera{Mesocyphona)modica Alexander, /." (A/.) troglodyta Edwards, andE. (A/.) withycombei Alexander.
Genus Toxorhina Loew
Toxorhina Loew, 1851, pp. 400-402, figs. 16-23.—Alexander, 1947b, pp. 356-360, figs. 30-32.
All members of the genus in Dominica are generally
similar and closely allied, differing from one anotherchiefly in coloration of the wings and legs, trichiationof the wing veins, and in relatively slight details ofhypopygial structure.

Key to Species of Toxorhina
1. Wings strongly suffused with brown; (wing veins beyond cord without trichia, vein Ri with
about 10)
T. fumipciMu Alexander
Wings paler, subhyaline or only weakly tinted
2
2. Legs with tips of tibiae narrowly blackened; male hypopygium with arms of aedeagus elongate,
longer than the dististyle; (wing veins unusually glabrous, without trichia on /?» and about
2 on Ri)
T. sUmopkmUms Alexander
Legs with tibiae uniformly light brown
3
3. Wings (Figure 64) with trichia of veins more abundant, including Rs and virtually complete
series on Rlf Rs, and distal sections MM and M»; male hypopygium (Figure 66) with apexof dististyle narrowly obtuse to subacute, outer margin of blade at base with low blunt
tubercles
7*. caruncuUtm, new species
Trichia of outer wing veins very sparse, Ri with a complete series, Rt and MM with few atouter ends; male hypopygium (Figures 67, 68) with apex of dististyle more broadly obtuse,
the blade without distinct tubercles
4
4. Mesonotal praescutum with pale brown stripes; hypopygium (Figure 67) with major setae of
blade of dististyle numerous, to about 10 in total
T. poly trick*, new species
Mesonotal praescutum dark brown; hypopygium (Figure 68) with major setae of bladeof dististyle few in number, 10 or lessT. subfragilis, new species

51

NUMBER 4 5

Toxorhina (Toxorhina)
FIGURES 64,

caruncuhtta, new species

66

General coloration of thorax darkened, pleura yellowed
ventrally, above with a narrow dark brown longitudinal stripe; rostrum longer than wing; legs brownish
yellow, with abundant darker bifid setae, tips of tibiae
not blackened; wing subhyaline, outer veins with trichia, including extensive series on Rs, /?», and distal
sections of M,tt and A/ s ; male hypopygium with aspine on basistyle; dististyle with several low tubercles
on outer margin at base of the prolongation; arms ofphallosome relatively long, more than five times theirdiameter across base.
MALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 7-7.5mm; wing 5-5.8 mm; rostrum about 6.5-7 mm.
Rostrum dark brown, longer than the wing and only
a little shorter than remainder of body. Antennae darkbrown. Head light brownish gray; anterior vertex relatively narrow, about one-half greater than the diameterof the scape.
Cervical region and pronotum dark brown. Mesonotal pracscutum with disk darkened, including 3
faintly differentiated dark brown stripes and slightly
paler interspaces, lateral borders more yellowed; scutal
lobes similarly dark brown, central region and posteriorborders of lobes paler; scutellum and mediotergite
brown, light gray pruinose. Pleura with a narrow darkbrown dorsal stripe extending from the cervical region
to the halteres, more diffuse behind, ventral pleurites
yellowed, broadly clear light yellow beneath. Halteres
weakly infuscated. Legs with coxae and trochanters
yellowed, anterior face of fore coxa weakly darkened;remainder of legs brownish yellow, appearing darker
brown because of the abundant bifid darkened setae;
tips of tibiae not darkened. Wings (Figure 64) subhyaline, veins and trichia darker brown. Trichia ofveins beyond cord unusually abundant, including extensive series on Rs, Rs, and distal sections of Mlt2 andAf, except on their bases. Venation: Sc, ending nearly
opposite origin of Rs, about one-third to one-half /?i+2;
m-cu shortly before fork of M.
Abdominal tergites almost uniformly dark brown,sternites slightly more yellowed, apices of tergites very
narrowly darker; hypopygium brown. Male hypopygium (Figure 66) with basistyle, b, bearing a long
pale nearly terminal spine or narrow blade; setae of
mesal face of style numerous, long and slender. Interbase, i. a flattened pale blade. Dististyle, d, with basal

lobe long, the outer end farther produced into a slenderdarkened lobule that is microscopically roughened;outer blade of style long and pale, outer margin nearbase with several pale tubercles, lower face of prolongation with numerous setae. Phallosome, p, witharms parallel, relatively long and slender, the lengthof either arm more than five times the diameter atbase, tip obtuse, not prolonged into a hairlike point
as in domingensis.
Holotype, male, Cabrit Swamp, Dominica, 23 February 1965, light trap (Wirth). Paratypes, 2 males,
Clarke Hall, 11-20 February, light trap, 21-31 March
1965 (Wirth). A further broken specimen from 804.7
m (0.5 mile) east of Pont Casse, 27 January 1965,
collected by Wirth, apparently belongs here.
Species from the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas
include the genotype, Toxorhina {Toxorhina) fragilis
Loew, of Puerto Rico, T. (T.) domingensis Alexander,of Hispaniola, and the very distinct T. (T.) jamaicensis
Alexander, Jamaica, T. (T.) violaceipennis Alexander,Cuba, and T. (T.) distalis Alexander, Bahamas. Of
the various species herein recorded from Dominica, allappear to be closely interrelated and may be separated
by the characters given in the key.
Toxorhina (Toxorhina) fumipennis Alexander, 1939
Toxorhina(Toxorhina)

fumipennis Alexander, 1939b, p.

100.

The type female was from the Sylvania Estate, Dominica, 548.6 m (1,800 ft), 29 August 1938, collectedby Hodge. In the original description erroneously recorded as a male. It is most readily distinguished fromthe other regional species by die markedly infumed
wings.
Toxorhina (Toxorhina)

polytricha, new species

FIGURE 67

Size small (wing of male to 4 m m ) ; rostrum subequalin length to remainder of body; mesonotal praescutumwith 4 light brown stripes, lateral borders broadly yellow; pleura yellow widi a narrow dark brown dorsal
stripe; wings weakly darkened, with sparse trichia on
Rs and near outer ends of veins Rs and Afi+2; malehypopygium with spine of basistyle slender, tip acute;dististyle with about 20 major setae on disk; arms ofphallosome relatively short, separated by a distancesubequal to their diameter.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

52

MALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 4.5 mm;wing 3.5—4 mm; rostrum about 4.5 mm.
FEMALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 5.5-6mm; wing 4-4.5 mm; rostrum about 4 mm.
Rostrum brownish black, in male subequal in length
to remainder of body. Antennae with scape and pedicel dark brown, flagellum brownish black. Head gray;anterior vertex about twice the diameter of scape.
Cervical region brownish black. Pronotum brownish yellow. Mesonotal praescutum with 4 light brown
stripes, the intermediate pair becoming obsolete behind, interspaces brownish yellow, humeral and lateralregions light yellow, posterior sclerites of notum darkbrown. Pleura light yellow, with a narrow brown dorsal
stripe. Halteres with stem obscure yellow, knob brown.
Legs with all coxae and trochanters light yellow; remainder of legs light brown. Wings weakly darkened,prearcular field more yellowed; veins brown. Sparse
trichia on outer ends of veins /?5 and Afi+2, with still
fewer on Rs.
Abdomen with tergites light brown, more brightened
laterally, subterminal segments slightly darker to form
a narrow ring; sternites and hypopygium yellow. Male
hypopygium (Figure 67) with spine of basistyle, b,
slender, tip acute. Dististyle, d, with apex of blade
obtuse; disk below the darkened tubercle with unusually abundant major setae, to about 20 in number,the more basal ones paler, long and slender. Phallosome, p, with arms relatively short, separated by a space
subequal to their own diameter.
Holotype, male, 321.8 m (0.2 mile) east of Pont
Casse, Dominica, 8 April 1966 (Gagne). Allotype,female, Fond Figues River, 13 March 1965, light trap
(Wirth). Paratopotypes, 4 males and females, 4,828 m(3 miles) east of Pont Casse, 13-16 October 1966
(Gurney). Paratypes, female, Clarke Hall, 21-31
January 1965, at light (Wirth). Fond Figues River,
13 March 1965 (Wirth). G'leau Gommier, 17 March
1956 (Clarke).
The most similar species are Toxorhina (Toxorhina)
carunculata, new species, and T. (T.) subfragilis, newspecies most readily separated by the characters provided in the key.

DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 12-17 November 1964
(Spangler) ; 11-20 January 1965, in Malaise trap
(Wirth), 1-20 February 1965, light trap (Wirth). Pont
Casse, 22 November 1964 (Spangler).
Toxorhina (Toxorhina) subfragilis, new species
FIGURE 68

Mesonotal praescutum with 3 virtually confluent brown
stripes, sides broadly yellow; pleura yellow with abrown dorsal stripe; wings faintly tinged with brown,
prearcular field slightly more yellowed; abdominal tergites uniformly dark brown, basal sternites brownish
yellow, hypopygium yellowed; male hypopygium withspine of basistyle slender; dististyle with outer blade aflattened pale paddlr, apex obtuse, base with a relatively slender darkened lobe, face of style with only
about 4 major setae.
MALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 5.5 mm;wing 5 mm; rostrum about 4 mm.
FEMALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 5.5mm; wing 4 mm; rostrum about 3.5 mm.
Rostrum shorter than wing, brownish black. Antennae with scape brown, pedicel brownish yellow, flagellum black. Head light brown; anterior vertex nearly
three times the diameter of scape.
Cervical region black. Mesonotal praescutum with 3
virtually confluent brown stripes, the central one
darker anteriorly, sides broadly yellow; scutal lobes
blackened; posterior notal sclerites brown, gray pruinose. In the allotype the prasecutum and scutal lobes
are paler brown. Pleura with a diffuse dark brown
dorsal stripe, ventral pleurites abruptly light yellow,
especially the sternopleurite and meron. Halteres darkbrown. Legs with all coxae and trochanters light yellow; remainder of legs light brown, the outer tarsal
segments darker. Wings faintly tinged with brown,
prearcular field slightly more yellowed; veins brown.
Venation: Sc^ ending about opposite origin of Rs;
m-cu at or close to fork of M.
Abdominal tergites uniformly dark brown, basal
sternites brownish yellow, hypopygium yellowed. Male
hypopygium (Figure 68) with spine of basistyle pale,long and slender. Dististyle, d, with blade a flattened
Toxorhina (Toxorhina) stenophallus Alexander, 1937
pale paddle, apex obtuse, outer margin near base withToxorhina (Toxorhina) stenophallus Alexander, 1937b, pp.
a relatively slender, darkened, slightly roughened lobe;503-504.
face of style with major setae reduced in number to
The type was from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, known
about 4. Phallosome, p, with arms relatively long andalso from Panama and Venezuela.
narrow, the intervening space broader.

53

NUMBER 4 5

Holotype, male, Freshwater Lake, Dominica, 6March 1965 (Wirth). Allotype, female, Fond Figues
River, 13 March 1965, light trap (Wirth).
The single most similar regional species is Toxorhina(Toxorhina) carunculata, new species, which differs
chiefly in slight details of the hypopygium, including
the dististyle. This has the blade pale and narrow, withthe apex subacute, and with numerous setae at base ofstyle.
Literature Cited
Alexander, Charles P.
1911. Note* on Two Tipulidae (Dipt.)- EntomologicalNtwt, 22: 349-354,4 figure*.
1912a. New Specie* of Furcomyia (Tipulidae). The
Canadian Entomologist, 44: 333-342, 1 plate with
16 figures.
1912b. New Neotropical Tipulinae (Tipulidae, Dipt).
Annalt of the Entomological Society of America,
5: 343-365, 23 figure*.
1913a. A Synuptit of Part of the Neotropical Crane-fliesof the Subfamily Limnobinae. Proceedings of
the United States National Museum, 44: 481-549,
plates 65-68 with 42 figures.
1913b. The Neotropical Tipulidae in the Hungarian National Museum (Diptera).—I. EntomologicalNews, 24: 404-412, 1 plate with 10 figures.
1914. On a Collection of Crane-flies from British Guiana(Tipulidae, Diptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 40: 223-255, 2 plateswith 20 figures.
1916a. New or Little-known Crane-flies from the UnitedStates and Canada: Tipulidae, Ptychopteridae;
Diptera. Part 3. Proceedings of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1916: 486549, 7 plates with 98 figures.
1916b. New Species of Crane-flies from the West Indies(Tipulidae, Dip.). Entomological News, 27': 343347, 6 figures.
1916c. New or Little-known Crane-flies from Colombia,
Ecuador and Peru (Tipulidae, Diptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society,42:1-32, 5 plates with 43 figures.
1919a. Records and Descriptions of Neotropical Craneflies (Tipulidae, Diptera) I. Journal of the New
York Entomological Society, 27:132-154, plate
17 with 16 figures.
1919b. The Crane-flies of New York. Part I. Distribution
and Taxonomy of the Adult Flies. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station: Memoir
25:765-993, text figures 121-131, plates 30-45
with 354 figures.
1920a. The Crane-flies of New York. Part II. Biology andPhylogeny. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station: Memoir 38:691-1133, portrait,
plates 12-97 with 539 figures.

1920b. New or Little-known Crane-flies from Tropical
America (Tipulidae, Diptera). The Canadian Entomologist, 52:141-144.
1921. New or Little-known Crane-flies from the Amazonian Region. Proceedings of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1:39-103, 12
figures.
1922. Undcscribed Species of Costa Rican Flies Belonging to the Family Tipulidae in the United States
National Museum. Proceedings of the UnitedStates National Museum, 60(25): 1-7.
1927a. New or Little-known Crane-flies. Part II. Encyclopedie Entomologique, Diptera, 4:17-27.
1927b. Records and Descriptions of Neotropical Craneflies (Tipulidae, Diptera), III. Journal of the
New York Entomological Society, 35:265-278.
1928a. Studies on the Crane-flies of Mexico. Part IV.
(Order Diptera, Superfamily Tipuloidea). Annalsof the Entomological Society of America, 21:101—
119.
1928b. Records and Descriptions of Neotropical Craneflies (Tipulidae, Diptera), IV. Journal of the New
York Entomological Society, 36:47-59.
1929a. New or Little-known Tipulidae from the Philippines (Diptera), V. The Philippine Journal of
Science, 40(2):239-273, plate 1 with 18 figures.
1929b. Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Based
Mainly on Material in the British Museum (Natural History). Part I—Crane-flies, i-xvi, 1-240,
3 text figures, 12 plates with 259 figures.
1930. Records and Descriptions of Neotropical Crane-flies(Tipulidae, Diptera), VIII. Journal of the New
York Entomological Society, 38:109-120.
1932. The Crane-flies of Puerto Rico (Diptera). The
Journal of Agriculture of Puerto Rico, 16(4) :347387, plates 43-48 with 26 figures.
1937a. New or Little-known Species of West Indian Tipulidae (Diptera). II. The Journal of Agricultureof the University of Puerto Rico, 21(2): 179-190,
11 figures.
1937b. New or Little-known Tipulidae (Diptera). LIII.
Neotropical Species. The Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, series 10, 20:481-504.
1938. New or Little-known Tipulidae (Diptera). LIV.
Neotropical Species. The Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, series 11, 1:336-362, 8 figures.
1939a. Studies on the Crane-flies of Mexico. Part VI.
(Order Diptera, Superfamily Tipuloidea). Annals of the Entomological Society of America,
32:70-90.
1939b. New or Little-known Species of West Indian
Tipulidae. IV. The Journal of Agriculture of the
University of Puerto Rico, 23(2) :91-130, 18
figures.
1940.

New or Little-known Tipulidae (Diptera). LVII.
Neotropical Species. The Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, series 11, 5:275-297.
1942. Guide to the Insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The
Diptera or True Flies of Connecticut. First Fas-

54
cicle. External Morphology; Key to Families;
Tanyderidac, Ptychopteridae, Trichoceridae, Anisopodidae, Tipulidae. State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut, Bulletin, 64:vi,
1-517, 55 figures (with subfigurcs), 4 plates.
Reprinted with two additional pages in 1966.
1946. Notes on the Tropical American Species of Tipulidae (Diptera). I. The Genus Teucholabis Osten
Sacken. Revista de Entomologia, 17(3):375^*00,
14 figures.
1947a. Notes on the Tropical American Species of Tipulidae (Diptera). II. The Primitive Eriopterini:
Sigmatomera, Trentepohlia, Gnophomyia, Neognophomyia, Gonomyia, and Allies. Revista deEntomologia, 18(1/2): 65-100, 31 figures.
1947b. Notes on the Tropical American Species of Tipulidae (Diptera). III. The Specialized Eriopterini:
Rhabdomastix, Cryptolabis, Erioptera, Molophilus,
Styringomyia, Toxorhina, and Allies. Revista deEntomologia, 18(3):317-360, 32 figures.
1948a. Notes on the Tropical American Species of Tipulidae (Diptera). IV. The Primitive Hcxatomini:
Paradelphomyia, Austrolimnophila, Epiphragma,
Lecteria, Polymera, and Allies. Revista de Entomologia, 19(1/2): 149-190, 33 figures.
1948b. Notes on the Tropical American Species of Tipulidae (Diptera). V. The Specialized Hexatomini:
Limnophila, Shannonomyia, Gynoplistia, Hexatoma, Atarba, Elephantomyia, and Allies. Revista
de Entomologia, 19(3): 509-556, 36 figures.
1950. Notes on the Tropical American Species of Tipulidae (Diptera). VI. The Tribe Limoniini: Genus
Limonia; Subgenera Limonia, Neolimnobia, Discobola and Rhipidia. Revista de Entomologia,
21 ( 1 / 2 ) : 161-221, 42 figures.
1953. Notes on the Tipulidae of Ecuador (Order Diptera). Part IV. Revista Ecuatoriana de Entomologia y Parasitologia, 1 ( 4 ) : 77-95, 9 figures.
1954. Notes on the Tipulidae of Ecuador (Order Diptera). Part V. Revista Ecuatoriana de Entomologia y Parasitologia, 2(1-2):51-68: 32 figures.
1962. The Crane Flies of the Galapagoes Islands (Tipulidae, Diptera). Opuscula Zoologica. Hcrausgegeben von der Zoologischen Staatssammlung in
Miinchen. 61:1-5, 6 figures.
1964a. The Crane-flies of Jamacia (Diptera, Tipulidae).
Bulletin of the Institute of Jamaica, Science Series,
14:1-86, 97 figures.
1964b. Diptera (Nematocera: Tanyderidae, Ptychopteridae, Tipulidae). In South African Animal Life.
Results of the Lund University Expedition in 19501951,10:229-441, 124 figures.
1967. Notes on the Tropical American Species of Tipulidae (Diptera). VII. The Tribe Limoniini:
Genus Limonia, Concluded; Helius, Orimarga, andOthers; Tribe Pediciini: Subfamily Cylindrotominae. Studia Entomologica,10( 1/4): 277—
352, 78 figures.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Bergroth, Ernst E.
1915. Some Tipulid Synonymy. Psyche, 22:54-59.
Bigot, Jacques M. F.
1854. Essai d'une Classification Generale et Synoptique del'ordre des Insectes Dipteres. Ille. Annales de laSociete Entomologique de France, (3)2:447-482.
Brunetti, Enrico
1911. Revision of the Oriental Tipulidar with Descriptions of New Species. Records of the IndianMuseum, 6(5) :231-3I4.
Enderlein, Gunther
1912. Studien uber die Tipuliden, Limoniiden, Cylindrotomiden und Ptychoptcriden. Zoohgische Jahrbuch, 32, Abteilung fur Systematic!, 1 88, 51
figures.
Guerin-Mlneville, Felix E.
1838. In Duperrey, L. I , editor, Voyage autour du mondestir la corvette de sa majeste I.a Coquille, Zoologie,
2(2):1-319.
Haliday, Alexander II
1833. Catalogue of Diptrra Occurring about Holywood
in Downshirc. The Entomological
Magatme(London),1:147 180.
Hodge, Walter H.
1941. The Vegetation of the Leuer Antilles, a Brief
Review. Chronica Botanica, 6( 17/18) :402-404,
2 maps.
1942. Plants Used by the Dominica Caribt. Journal of
the New York Botanical Garden, 43(512) : 189-201.
26 Photographs, 1 map.
LeConte, John L.
1859. The Complete Writings of Thomas Say on the
Entomology of North America, 2:1-814. (Reference pp. 38-66, 67-89).
Linne, Carl von (Linnaeus)
1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, edition
10, volume 1,824 pages.
Loew, Hermann
1851. Beschreibung einiger ncuen Tipularia Terricola.
Linnaea Entomologica, 5:385-406, 2 plates.
1869. Diptera Americae Septentrionalis Indigena, Centuria Octava. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift,
13:1-52.
Meigen, Johann W.
1803. In Illiger's Magazin fur Insektenkunde, 2:259-281.
1818. Systematische Beschreibung der Bekannten Europaischen Zweiflugeligen Insekten, 1: xxxvi, 1-333,
plates 1-11.
1830. Systematische Beschreibung der Bekannten Europaischen Zweiflugeligen Insekten, 6:iv, 1-401,
plates 55-66.
Ober, Frederick A.
1880. Camps in the Caribbees, the Adventures of a Naturalist in the Lesser Antilles, pages xvi-366, 34 figures (Dominica, Chapters 1-11).

NUMBER 4 5

Osten Sacken, Carl R.
1859. New Genera and Species of North American Tipulidae with Short Palpi, with an Attempt at a New
Classification of the Tribe. Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
1859:197-256, 1 figure, 2 plates.
1869. Monographs of the Diptera of North America.
Part IV. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,
1878.

1887.

8 ( 1 , publication 2 1 9 ) : 1-345, 7 figures, 4 plates.
Catalogue of the Described Diptera of North
America (edition 2 ) . Smithsonian
Miscellaneous
Collections,16(2, Publication 2 7 0 ) : 1-276.
Studies on Tipulidae. Part II. Review of the Published Genera of the Tipulidae Brevipalpi.
Ber-

liner Entomologisches Zeitschrift,3\: 163-242.
Saint-Fargeau, Count de (Lepeletier, Amedee L. M.), with
Latreille, P. A., et al.)1825. Entomologie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces,
des Arachnides et des Insectes, 10:1-344.
Say, Thomas
1823. Descriptions of Dipterous Insects of the UnitedStates. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3:9-54, 73-104. (See LeConte 1859.)

55
Skuse, Frederick A. A.
1890. Diptera of Australia. Part VII. The Tipulidae
Brevipalpi. Proceedings of the Linnaean Societyof New South Wales, (2)4:757-892, 4 plates with
70 figures. (Preprint 1889.)
Stephens, James F.
1829. A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects, 2:388.
Stone, Alan, Curtis W. Sabrosky, Willis W. Wirth, Richard H.
Foote, and Jack R. Coulson
1965. A Catalogue of the Diptera of America North of
Mexico. United States Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, pages 1-1696.
Walker, Francis F.
1848. List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in theCollection of the British Museum. Volume 1:1229.
Wiedemann, Christian R. W.
1820. Diptera exotica (edition 1). Part I:i-xix, 1^42, 1
figure.
1824. Analecta Entomologica, 60 pages, 1 plate.
Williston, Samuel W.
1896. On the Diptera of St. Vincent (West Indies).
Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1896:253-446, plates 8-14.

Index[Names of new species in italics, page numbers of principal accounts in boldface.]acanthomelana, Gonomyia (Lipophleps) 37 (fig.)- 41, 42
albitarsis, Hclius, 7, 27 (fig.)
albitanis dominicae, Polymera, 30 (fig.), 31
alfaroi, Limonia (Dicranomyia), 8 (fig.). 10
angusticincta, bicincta, Limonia (Geranomyia), 13, 14
angustipennis, Atarba, 30 (fig.), 33
annulata, Teucholabis (Tcucholabis), 36, 37 (fig.)
apicata dominiccnsis, Limonia (Caenoglochina), 7
Atarl.a, 29, 33
angustipennis, 30 (fig.), 33
bicinrta anguiticincta, Limonia (Geranomyia), 13, 14
bicornuta, Gonomyia (Lipophleps), 41, 42, 43 (fig.)
bifidatia. Orimarga (Diotrepha), 26, 27 (fig«.), 28
bipcctinata, Limonia (Rhipidia), 21, 22 (fig.)
Caenoglochina, Limonia, 7,9
wirthiana.% (fig.),9
caliptera, Erioptera (Mesocyphona), 49
earth, Tipula (Microtipula), 4 (figs.), 5
caribiea, Epiphragma, 27 (fig.), 29, 30 (fig.)
caribica, Limonia (Geranomyia), 14, 15 (fig.)
carunculata, Toxorhina (Toxorhina), 48 (figs.), 50, 51
celeitit dominicana, Eriopterodei, 47, 48 (fig.)
cinereinota, Limonia (Geranomyia), 13, 15 (fig.), 16
civic*, recondita, Limonia (Geranomyia), 14, 18
clarkeana, Limonia (Dicranomyia), 8 (figs.) 9, 10
conjuncta, Polymera (Polymerodes), 30 (fig.), 32
costalis, Limonia (Rhipidia), 21
cultriformis, Gonomyia (Paralipophelps), 41, 43 (fig.), 44
Dicranomyia, Limonia, 7, 9 (key)alfaroi, 8 (fig.), 10
clarkeana, 8 (figs.), 9, 10
divisa,8 (fig.), 10,11
omissa, 8 (fig.), 10, 11
dikopis, Gonomyia (Paralipophleps), 41, 43 (fig.), 45
Diotrepha, Orimarga, 26, 28
bifidaria, 26, 27 (figs.), 28
divisa, Limonia (Dicranomyia), 8 (fig.), 10, 11
domestica, Limonia (Rhipidia), 22
dominicae, albitarsis, Polymera (Polymerodes), 30 (fig.), 31,
32
dominicana, celestis, Eriopterodes, 47, 48 (fig.)
dominicana, Gonomyia (Gonomyia), 37 (figs.), 40, 41
dominicana, Limonia (Geranomyia), 14, 15 (fig.), 17
dominicana, Nephrotoma, 3, 4 (figs.)
dominicana, Trentepohlia (Paramongoma), 35, 48 (fig.)
dominicensis, apicata, Limonia (Caenoglochina), 7
Elephantomyia, 33
pertenuis, 30 (fig.), 34
Epiphragma, 29
caribica, 27 (fig.), 29, 30 (fig.)
eremnocera, Limonia (Rhipidia), 21, 23 (fig.)

Erioptera (Mesocyphona), 35, 49
caliptera, 49
gagneana, 48 (figs.), 49
Eriopterini, 2, 35 (key)
Eriopterodes, 35,47
celestis dominicana, 47, 48 (fig.)
rurygramma, Limonia (Geranomyia), 14, 15 (fig.), 17
fulviventris, Teucholabis (Teucholabis), 36, 37 (fig.)
fumipennis, Rhabdomastix (Sacandaga), 40, 48 (fig.)
fumipennis, Toxorhina (Toxorhina), 50, 51
gagneana, Erioptetdi (Mesocyphona), 48 (figs.), 49
Geranomyia, Limonia, 7, 13 (key)bicincta angusticincta, 13, 14
caribica, 14, 15 (fig.)
cinereinota, 13, 15 (fig.), 16
dominicana, 14, 15 (fig.), 17
eurygramma, 14, 15 (fig.), 17
microphaea, 14, 15 (fig.)
neptis, 13, 15 (fig.), 17
plumhci pleura, 14, 18
recondita civica, 14, 15 (fig), 18
spangleri, 13, 18, 19 (fig.)
subvirescens, 14, 19 (fig.), 20
sylvania, 14, 19 (fig.), 20
tibialis, 13,19 (fig.), 21
Gonomyia, 35,40 (key)gonomyia (Gonomyia), 41
dominicana, 37 (figs.), 40, 41
Gonomyia (Lipophleps), 35, 40 (key), 42
acanthomelana, 37 (fig.), 41,42
bicornuta, 41,42, 43 (fig.)
producta.41,43 (fig.), 44
puella,41,43 (fig.),44
puer,41,43 (fig.),44
Gonomyia (Neolipophleps), 35, 40
helophila, 37 (fig.), 40, 44
Gonomyia (Paralipophleps), 35, 40, 44
cultriformis, 41, 43 (fig.), 44
dikopis, 41,43 (fig.), 45
pleuralis, 40, 45
wirthiana, 37 (fig.), 40, 43 (fig.), 46
Gonomyia (Progonomyia), 40
gurneyi, Limonia (Neolimonia), 8 (fig.), 12
Helius (Helius),6, 7
albitarsis, 7, 27 (fig.)
helophila, Gonomyia (Neolipophleps), 37 (fig.), 40, 44
Hexatomini, 2, 29 (key)hodgei, Leptotarsus (Longurio), 3, 4 (figs.)
insularis, Limonia (Neoglochina), 12
Leptotarsus (Longurio), 2, 3
hodgei, 3, 4 (figs.)

57

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

58
Limoniinae, 2,6Limoniini, 2, 6 (key)Limonia, 6, 7 (key)Limonia (Caenoglochina), 7,9
apicata, dominicensis, 7
wirthiana, 8 (fig.), 9
Limonia (Dicranomyia), 7,9 (key)alfaroi, 8 (fig.), 10
clarkeana, 8 (figs.), 9, 10
divisa, 8 (fig.), 10, 11
omissa, 8 (fig), 10, 11
Limonia (Geranomyia), 7, 13 (key)bicincta angusticincta, 13, 14
caribica, 14, 15 (fig.)
cinereinota, 13, 15 (fig.), 16
dominicana, 14, 15 (fig.), 17
eurygramma, 14, 15 (fig.), 17
microphaea, 14,15 (fig.)
neptis, 13, 15 (fig.), 17
plumbeipleura, 14, 18
recondita civic a, 14, 15 (fig.), 18
spangleri, 13, 18, 19 (fig.)
subvirescens, 14, 19 (fig.), 20
sylvania, 14, 19 (fig.), 20
tibialis, 13,19 (fig.), 21
Limonia (Neoglochina), 7, 12
insularis, 12
Limonia (Neolimonia), 7, 12
gurneyi,8 (fig.), 12
Limonia (Rhipidia), 21 (key)bipectinata, 21, 22 (fig.)
costalis, 21

domcstica, 22
eremnocera, 21, 23 (fig.)
steyskali, 22, 23
subcostalis, 21,24
subpectinata, 22,24
tetraleuca, 22, 25 (fig.)
willistoniana, 21, 25 (fig.)
Lipophleps, Gonomyia, 35,40 (key), 42
acanthomelana, 37 (fig.), 41, 42
bicornuta, 41,42, 43 (fig.)
producta, 41, 43 (fig-), 44
puella,41,43 (fig.), 44
puer,41,43 (fig.), 44
Longurio, Leptotarsus, 2, 3
hodgei,Z,A (figs.)
Mesocyphona, Erioptera, 35,49
caliptera, 49
gagneana, 48 (figs.), 49
Microtipula, Tipula, 5carib,4 (figs.), 5
microphaea, Limonia (Geranomyia), 14,15 (fig.)
Neoglochina, Limonia, 7,12
insularis, 12
Neolimonia, Limonia, 7,12
gurneyi, 8 (fig.), 12
Neolipophleps, Gonomyia,35, 37, 40,44
helophila,37 (fig.), 40,44

Nephrotoma, 2, 3
dominicana, 3, 4 (fig>.)
neptis, Limonia (Geranomyia), 13, 15 (fig.)> 1?
nimbicolor, Orimarga (Orimarga), 26, 27 (fig».)
omissa, Limonia (Dicranomyia), 8 (fig.), 10, 11
Orimarga (Diotrepha), 26, 28
bifidaria, 26, 27 (figs), 28
Orimarga (Orimarga), 6, 26
nimbicolor, 26, 27 (figs.)
Paralipophleps, Gonomyia, 35, 40, 44
cultriformis, 41, 43 (fig.). 44
dikopis, 41, 43 (fig), 45
pleuralis, 40,45
wirthiana, 37 (fig.) 40,43 (fig.),46
Paramongoma, Trentepohlia, 35
dominicana, 35,48 (fig.)
pertenuis, Elephantotmyia (Elephantomyia), 30 (fig.), S4
pleuralis, Gonomyia (Paralipophlept), 40,45
plumbeipleura, Limonia (Geranomyia), 14,18
Polymrra (Polymera), 29, 31
albitanis dominies*, 30 (fig.), 31
Polymrra ( Polymrrmlr*), 29, 31, 32
conjuncta, 30 (fig), 32
Potymerodes, Polymera, 29, 31, 32
conjuncta, 30 (fig.), 32
polytricha, Toxorhina (Taxorhina), 50, SI
producta, Gonomyia (Lipophleps), 41,43 (fig.), 44
Progonomyia, Gonomyia, 40
puella, Gonomyia (Lipophleps), 41, 43 (fig.), 44
puer, Gonomyia (Lipophleps), 41, 43 (fig.), 44
recondita, civica, Limonia (Geranomyia), 14, 15 (fig.), 18
Rhabdomastix (Sacandaga), 35,40
fumipennis, 40,48 (fig.)
Rhipidia, Limonia, 7, 21 (key)bipectinata, 21, 22 (fig.)
costalis, 21

domestica, 22
eremnocera, 21, 23 (fig.)
steyskali, 22,23 (fig.)
subcostalis, 21,24

subpectinata, 22,24
tetraleuca, 22,25 (fig.)
willistoniana, 21, 25 (fig.)
Sacandaga, Rhabdomastix, 35,40
fumipennis, 40,48 (fig.)
Shannonomyia, 29, 32
urophora, 27 (fig.), 32
spangleri, Limonia (Geranomyia), 13,18,19 (fig.)
stenophallus, Toxorhina (Toxorhina), 50,52
steyskali, Limonia (Rhipidia), 22, 23
subcostalis, Limonia (Rhipidia), 21,24
subfragilis, Toxorhina (Toxorhina), 50,52
subpectinata, Limonia (Rhipidia), 22,24
subvirescens, Limonia (Geranomyia), 14, 19 (fig.), 20
sylvania, Limonia (Geranomyia), 14, 19 (fig.), 20
tenella, Teucholabis (Teucholabis), 36, 37 (figs.), 39
tetraleuca, Limonia (Rhipidia), 22,25
Teucholabis (Teucholabis), 35, 36 (key)annulata, 36,37 (fig.)

59

NUMBER 4 5

fulviventris, 36, 37 (fig.)
tenella, 36, 37 (figs.), 39
tibialis, Limonia (Geranomyia), 13, 19 (fig.), 21
Tipula (Microtipula), 5
carib, 4 (figs.), 5
Tipulidae, 2 (key)
Tipulinae, 2 (key)
Toxorhina (Toxorhina), 35, 50 (key)carunculata, 48 (fig*.), 50, 51
fumipennis, 50, 51

polytricha, 48 (fig.), 50, 51
stenophaJlus, 50, 52
subfragilis.W (fig.) 50,52
Trentepohlia (Paramongoma), 35
dominicana, 35, 48 (fig.)
urophora, Shannonomyia, 27, 30 (fig.), 32
willistoniana, Limonia (Rhipidia), 21, 25 (figs.)
wirthiana, Gonomyia (Paralipophleps), 37 (fig.), 40, 43(fig.), 46
wirthiana, Limonia (Caenoglochina), 8 (fig.), 9
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In the bibliography (usually called "Literature Cited"), spell out book, journal, and article
titles, using initial caps with all words except minor terms such as "and, of, the." (For capitalization of titles in foreign languages, follow the national practice of each language.) Underscore(for. italics) book and journal titles. Use the colon-parentheses system for volume, number, andpage citations: "10(2) :5-9." Spell out such words as "figures" and "plates" (or "pages" whenused alone).
For free copies of his own paper, a Smithsonian author should indicate his requirements on"Form 36" (submitted to the Press with the manuscript). A non-Smithsonian author will receive
50 free copies; order forms for quantities above this amount with instructions for payment will be
supplied when page proof is forwarded.