Japan’s Coal Policy
Katsushi TAKEHIRO
Director, Coal Division
Agency for Natural Resources and Energy,
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

Jan 23rd, 2020

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Contents
１．Japan’s energy policy and role of coal
２. Clean Coal Technology
３．Carbon Recycling

2

Contents
１．Japan’s energy policy and role of coal
２. Clean Coal Technology
３．Carbon Recycling

3• Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel; it exists worldwide.
• In many parts of the world, coal is the lowest-priced and the moststable energy resource.
• Coal should be used cleanly, because the amount of CO2
emissions per unit is larger than other fossil fuels.

Coal2North America

Central and South Africa 0Europe & Eurasia

Middle EastAfrica

Asia PacificSources: BP Statistics 2019

OilGas

Sources: IEE JAPAN DATA

Coal

2017

Gas

2016

Oil

4

2015

24.5%

2014

Gas

4.2%
7.1%

2013

Oil

13.7%

6

2012

01.3%

2011

20

33.9%

2010

40

8

30.7%

9.2%
18.8%

10

2009

51years 53years

1.2%
0.1%

2008

60

38.4%

2007

80

48.3%

Oil：4.83yen/1000kcal
Gas：3.61yen/1000kcal
Coal：1.91yen/1000kcal

2006

100

42.2%

ＣＩＦ Price（Dec, 2017）

12

2005

120

yen/kcal

9.2%
7.3%2004

140

2.8%
7.2%

2003

160

100.0%
90.0%
80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%

2002

153years

2001

180

Transition of CIF

Amount of reserves by region

2000

The reserves toproduction ratio

4

Coal has played a crucial role in providing the poor with energy access.
Many improvements in power
access to date are due to coalfired power generation.

SDGs GOAL 7「Energy access」
Ensure access toaffordable, reliable,
sustainable andmodern energy for all••Between 2000 and 2015, 1.2 billion people
gained new power access, 45% of which is fromcoal-fired power generation.
Renewable energy is mainly from geothermal andhydropower.

Ref.：IEA「Energy Access Outlook2017」

Close to 1 billion people aroundthe world has no accessto electricity••

The global share of the population withaccess to electricity rose from 78 percent in 2000 to 87 per cent in 2016.
Close to 1 billion people around the world
are still without access to electricity.

Ref. : UN「SDGs Report 2018」

2000～2012：62 million
people Improved every year

2012～2015：103 million
people Improved every year

5 In Japan’s energy mix in 2030, Nuclear, RE, LNG, Coal account forapprox. 1/4 each.
 Japan sets out 26% GHG reduction target by 2030 from 2013 level.

Power source composition of 2030
Nuclear 1％
Renewables
11％

Petroleum
15％

Nuclear22 - 20%
LNG 43％

Coal 30％

Renewables
22 - 24%

LNG 27%

Coal 26%

Petroleum3%

2013

2030

Domestic production and coal imports••

Over 99% of Japan's coal demand depends on imports.
Japanese companies own coal mining interests overseas which equals to 60%
of domestic demand.
(million tons)

Import ratio

Import Thermal Coal

Domestic Thermal Coal

Domestic Coking Coal
CSources: White Paper on Energy 2019

Import Coking Coal

6

7

Japan’s coal import••Indonesian coal consists 15% of Japan's coal imports.
Japan imports about 30 million tons of coal annually from Indonesia.
Japan’s coal import（2018）
コロンビア
1%

Columbia
1%
Canada
カナダ
5%
5%

China
中国
1%
1%

(million tons)

Others
その他
1%
1%

4035

米国
USA
6%
6%

34

35

36

37

36
33

32

32
29

30russia
ロシア
10%
10%

Indonesia
インドネシア15%
15%

Trend of Indonesian coal imports

25

1億8,932万トン
189million tons
（2018年確定値）
Australiaオーストラリア61%
61%

20151050'2010

Sources ：Trade Statistics of Japan

'2011

'2012

'2013

'2014

'2015

'2016

'2017

'2018

Benefits of Indonesian coal
 Three factors which Japanese companies consider for coal imports.
①Stable supply－Import of more than 10 million tons of coal from Indonesia since1996（Over 20 years）②Quality－Low Ash, Sulfer, Nitrogen→ Slag, SOx, NOx emission reduction③Price－Short transport distance to Japan→ Low freight cost
－Sub-bituminous coal mixed with bituminous coal reduces power
generation costs
If newly-announced regulation, called ”The provision of the use of sea
transports and national insurance for the purpose of export andimport of certain goods”, can have negative effects on the above
mentioned Indonesian coals’ advantages.

8Summary Increasing global energy demand Necessity of Energy Access to All
 Big regional differences on relative costs of coal/naturalgas/renewable/nuclear, especially when considering gridcosts
 Risk of relying on single energy source

Coal will remain one of the major energy sources.
Continuous efforts for improving coal fired power plants’
efficiency through innovation and replacement of inefficientplants is a responsible and realistic measure against climatechange.

910Contents
１．Japan’s energy policy and role of coal
２. Clean Coal Technology
３．Carbon Recycling

The prospect of highly efficient and low-carbon next-generation thermal power
generation technology
Gas Turbine Fuel Cell Combined Cycle (GTFC)

Power generation efficiency
65％

11LNG thermal power

Power generation efficiency: Approximately

63%
CO2 emissions: Approximately 280 g/kWh

Ultrahigh Temperature Gas Turbine CombinedCycle

60％

Power generation efficiency : Approximately 57%
CO2 emissions: Approximately 310 g/kWh

1700 deg. C-class GTCC

Reduction of CO2 byapproximately 10%

55％

Gas Turbine Combined Cycle (GTCC)
Power generation efficiency: Approximately 52%
CO2 emissions: 340 g/kWh

Reduction of CO2 byapproximately 20%

50％

Reduction of CO2 byapproximately 20%
Reduction of CO2 byapproximately 30%

IGFC
Integrated Coal Gasification Fuel Cell
Combined Cycle (IGFC)
Power generation efficiency: Approximately

55%

Advanced Humid Air Gas Turbine (AHAT)Power generation efficiency: Approximately 51%
CO2 emissions: 350 g/kWh45％

40％

Coal-fired power

GTFC

A-USC

IGCC（Verification by blowingair)

CO2 emissions: Approximately 590 g/kWh

1700 deg. C-class
IGCC
Integrated coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)

Advanced Ultra Super Critical (AUSC)Power generation efficiency: Approximately

Power generation efficiency: Approximately

46 to 50%
CO2 emissions: 650 g/kWh (1700 deg. Cclass)

46%

Ultra Super Critical (USC)

CO2 emissions: Approximately 710 g/kWh

Power generation efficiency :Approximately 40%
CO2 emissions: Approximately 820g/kWh
Photos by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Joban Joint Power Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., and Osaki CoolGen Corporation* The prospect of power generation efficiencies and discharge rates in the above Figure were estimated based on various assumptions at this moment.

PresentAround 2020

2030

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Key Technology : IGCC•

IGCC achieves higher efficiency through the coal gasification processcoupled with a combined cycle generation system.

Conventional ＵＳＣ

boilerSteam Turbine(1st stage)

ＩＧＣＣ

Gasifier

Power
Generation

Gas Turbine(1st stage)

Power
GenerationPower
Generation

Steam Turbine (2 nd stage)

Joban Joint Power Co.
250MW Nakoso #10(Demo. 2007 -, Commercial2013 -)13Osaki CoolGen Project
Implemented by a Joint Venture of J-POWER and Chugoku Electric Power

前ページの写真については下記に差し替えても良いか
Coal gasification unitもしれません（外部公表済み）。
右の図については、日本語が見つかりませんでした。
Central control room
Gas clean up unit
CO2 separation andcapture unit

Waste water treatment unit

Air separation unitWhy IGCC?
① IGCC’s thermal efficiency is expected to reach 46%,
meaning 21% reduction in CO2 emission compared with
Sub-C. IGCC can contribute to Indonesian NDC.

② Volume of coal ash(slag) from IGCC can be reduced byhalf.
③ IGCC fits well with sub-bituminous coal and lignite for
their low ash melting temperatures.

④ IGCC has very high speed of power output change. IGCC
is suitable for the age of massive renewable penetration.

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15

Contents
１．Japan’s energy policy and role of coal
２. Clean Coal Technology
３．Carbon Recycling

Need to challenge every option

H2CCUS
CarbonRecycling

Renewable/Storage

CCU/CCS

Efficiency

16

Distributed/ digital

NuclearHELE

capturestorageutilization

EOR

direct use

Carbon Recycling

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CCUS/Carbon Recycling Carbon Recycling technology, recognizing carbon dioxide as a source of carbon, capturing and recycling it as raw
materials and fuels by mineralization, artificial photosynthetic or Methanation as well as controlling the CO2emissions to the air.

 Carbon Recycling technology focuses upon the research and development of CO2 Utilization in collaboration amongindustries, academia and governments around the world and promotes disruptive innovation.
 Carbon Recycling is one of key technology for the world together with energy saving, renewable energy and CCS

1. Chemicals

EOR

CCUS

CaptureUtilization

Direct Utilizationof CO2(Welding/dry ice, etc.)• Oxygenated compounds (polycarbonate,urethane, etc.)• Commodity substances (olefin, BTX, etc.)• Biochemical

2. Fuels• Microalgae biofuels (jet fuel/diesel)• CO2-derived fuels or biofuels (excluding
fuels derived from microalgae) (such as
methanol, ethanol, diesel, etc.)• Gas fuels (methane)

3. Minerals
Storage

Carbon Recycling• Concrete products, concrete structures• Carbonate, etc.

4. Others• Negative emissions (BECCS. Blue Carbonetc.)

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Artificial photosynthesis

Concrete products Artificial photosynthesis can produce raw
materials for plastics and synthetic fibers
from sunlight and CO2.

 Concrete produced using an admixture
made from slaked lime produced as aby-product in chemical plants canreduce cement usage.

 Japan is working on further cost
reductions to replace conventional
chemical products with “CO2 plastics”
and “CO2 fibers” by 2050.
photosynthesis

Artificial photosynthesis
Sun light

Sun light

O2

H2O
catalyst

 This concrete also contributes to CO2
reduction because the admixture
absorbs CO2.

catalyst

Starchglucose

CO2 reduction
effectSpecialadmixture

O2H2Oe-, H+Byproductslaked lime(Ca(OH)2)

Power plantH2cementOlefin etc

Specialadmixture

H2O

Chemical plantaggregate
CO2 reduction Concrete

cement【Application examples】

cementH2O

aggregate
General Concrete

Cement factory

plastic wrap

suitcasecar parts

Scope : Roadmap for Carbon Recycling Technologies

19 The tasks and goals were organized in 2030 and 2050.
 In the future, we will conduct revisions such as adding technologies
flexibly, based on international technological trends and new proposals.
2030：Technologies aiming atachieving commercialization asearly stage as possible

2050：Technologies aiming at
achieving commercialization in
the mid- to long-term

Technologies producing high-value
added products and/or not
requiring inexpensive hydrogen
will be commercialized first:
・Chemicals (polycarbonate, etc.)
・Liquid fuels (bio-jet fuel, etc.)
・Concrete products (road curb
blocks, etc.)

Extended to products that have large
demand:・Chemicals (commodity: olefin, BTX,etc.)
・Fuels (gas, liquid)・Concrete products (commodity)

International Conference on Carbon Recycling
1. Date, Venue and Other Information

Date: 13:00 – 17:00 on September 25 th, 2019
Venue:“Tsuruno-ma” in Hotel New Otani, Tokyo

Organizer: METI NEDO
2. Agenda
 Agenda 13:00-17:00

13:00-13:20 Opening Session①Opening Remarks

METI Minister Sugawara②Photo Session

Minister Sugawara and Ministers

13:20-17:00 Industry-Academia-Government Session①Ministerial level Speeches②Technical Expert Presentations
3. Carbon Recycling 3C Initiative

Caravan: Promotion of mutual exchange
Center of Research: Establishment of R&D and demonstration base
Collaboration: Promotion of international joint research20

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Fossil Fuel + CCUS/Carbon Recycle

Zero-emission energy