ロマン主義の諸相
第３回感受性②

James Macpherson, Fragments of Ancient Poetry,Collected in the Highlands of Scotland, andTranslated from the Galic or Erse Language (1760)

Characteristics
The “Homer of the North”
 Bleak Scottish landscape and weather
 Mysterious events behind tragic loveaffairs and murders Elegiac mood The great warriors and bards of the past
 The supernatural visitations of the past
heroes The absence of gods

Poetic prose
Narrow is thy dwelling now; dark the place ofthine abode. With three steps I compass thygrave, O thou who wast so great before! Fourstones, with their heads of moss, are the only
memorial of thee. A tree with scarce a leaf,
long grass which whistles in the wind, markto the hunter’s eye the grave of the mighty
morar. Morar! Thou art low indeed. Thouhast no mother to mourn thee; no maid withtears of love. Dead is she that brought theeforth. Fallen is the daughter of Morglan.

Robert Lowth’s Lectures on the Sacred
Poetry of the Hebrews (1753)
 a study on the structure of Hebrew

verse in the Old Testament The rhythms of the Old Testament＋
The moods of sensibility＋
The ancient world of the Gaels

Doubting the authenticity
 Samuel Johnson: the poem is ‘as gross animposition as ever the world was troubledwith.’ William Wordsworth: ‘Having had the good

fortune to be born and reared in a
mountainous country, from my very
childhood I have felt the falsehood thatpervades the volume imposed upon the world
under the name of Ossian. From what I saw
with my own eyes, I knew that the imagery
was spurious.’

Thomas Chatterton (1752-70)
 Rowley's History of England (1769)

Henry Wallis, “The Death of Chatterton” (1856)

Horace Walpole

William Beckford

Gothic Novels
Horace Walpole, The Castle of Otranto ()Strawberry Hill

William Beckford, Vathek (1786)

Fonthill Abbey

Ann Radcliffe (1764 - 1823)
 A Sicilian Romance (1790)
 The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794)
 The Italian, or the Confessional of theBlack Penitents (1797)

Enthusiastic Responses toOssian(Germany) Friedrich Gottlob Klopstock: Ossian isvirtually German.
 Celts = Gaels = Germans = Bards
 Bürger translated several sections ofOssian.
 Goethe: ‘The Songs of Selma’ in Werther– Representing hopeless infatuation andself-regarding melancholy

Friedrich Hölderlin (1787)
 Something new! A beautiful, beautiful

heart-stirring novelty! I have Ossian,
the bard like no one else, Homer’s
great rival I have actually in my hands.
You must read him, friend – then yourvalleys will become Corna’s valleys,
your Engelberg a mountain of Morven.
Then so sweet and melancholy afeeling will slowly come over you.

England William Blake Samuel Taylor Coleridge
 Lord Byron

France Jean-François Le Sueur, Ossia, ou Les Bardes(1804) Opera Alphonse de Lamartine:
Above all, Ossian, that poet of vagueness, thatmist of imagination, that inarticulatelamentation of the northern seas, that foam ofthe strand, that moaning of the shades, thatrolling of the clouds around the stormy pines ofScotland, that northern Dante, as majestic, assupernatural, as the Dante of Florence, moresensitive [sensible] than he, and who often
wrests from his phantoms cries more humanand more heart-rending than those of Homer’s
heroes.

Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson, “Ossian receiving
the Ghosts of the French Heroes” (1801)

Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres,"Ossian's Dream" (1813)

François Pascal Simon Gérard, "Ossianon the Bank of the Lora, Invoking theGods to the Strains of a Harp" (1801)

Ossian in the U.S.A?

The Town of Ossian, Indiana

The Town of Ossian, Iowa

Ossian Days in Ossian, Iowa

これがOssianか？？？？

宗教
 The Latitudinarians （広教会派）
 Dissenters (非国教徒）
 Evangelical Revival⇒ Methodism（福音復興）

哲学 Earl Shaftesbury innate human virtue
 Hutchesonbenevolence Humeanti-rationalism, sceptic‘Morality . . . is more properly felt thanjudged of . . . To have a sense of virtue isnothing but to feel satisfaction of aparticular kind.’ Adam SmithThe Theory of Moral
Sentiments (1759)
 Rousseau, La Nouvelle Héloïse (1761)

美学
 Edmund Burke, Philosophical Enquiry

into the Origin of our Ideas of theSublime and Beautiful (1757, revisedand enlarged 1759)
The beautiful / the Sublime

Romanticism
as a reaction against Sensibility
 Coleridge: ‘Romanticism is not Benevolence. Nay, bymaking us tremblingly alive to trifling misfortunes, itfrequently prevents it and induces effeminate andcowardly selfishness.’ (1796)

Radical views on society and politics> the American Revolution and the French Revolution ‘Bildung’ = inner cultivation (Shaftesbury and Schiller)

Feeling and reason are to be fused into one faculty.