AGGRESSIONTENI IN MAPS

MAPS, WITH AN I N T R O D U C T I O N AND EXPLANATORY NOTES

2. LINESEPARATING INDIANAND CHINESEFORCES ON 7 SEPTEMBER
1969- I N
WESTERNSECTOR

5 . LINEO F ACTUAL CONTROL IN NOVEMBER1959 AND SEPTEMBER
1962 I NWESTERNSECTOR

6. CHINESEADVANCES BEFORE 8 SEPTEMBER
1962 AND AFTER 8 SEPTEMBER
1962 IN WESTERNSECTOR, AND AREA WHICH THEY ARE PREPARED TODEMILITARISE

7. EXTENTO F INDUNTERRITORY AND INDIAN POSTS TO BE EVACUATED BYINDUN FORCES IN WESTERNA N D MIDDLESECTORS UNDER CHINA'S
THREEPOINT PROPOSAL

8. LINESEPARATING INDIAN
AND CHINESE FORCES ON 7 SEPTEMBER
1962 IN

EASTERN
SECTOR

PUBLICATIONSDIVISION

Price : 30 nP.

ROUGHT together in this brochure are ten maps whichgraphically present the extent of the Chinew occupation ofIndian territory through aggression from time to time; the fraudulent nature of the three-point proposal with which China launcheda peace oflemive after the largescale invarion by Chinese forces
on October 20, 1962; and the minimum condition which India
has insisted on for the resumption of negotiations to settle theIndia-China boundary question. Most of the maps also carryexplanatory notes.

B

Falsehood and deception marked the Chinese Government's
policy towards India till it culminated in the massive invasion ofIndia's northern frontier, from Ladakh in the west to the North
East Frontier Agency in the east, on October 20, 1962. A
persual of the maps printed in this brochure will make it clearthat falsehood and deception are the warp and woof of the peace
offensive with which China followed up its armed aggression.
India was among the first countries to extend recognition tothe People's Republic of China which came into being on October
1, 1949. In August 1950 when the forces of the People's Republicof China came into Tibet, the Government of China declared theirwillingness to solve the problem of Tibet by peaceful and friendly
measures and their desire to "stabilise the China-India border". On
receipt of this communication, the Government of India expressed. ,their appreciation of the Chinese Government's intentions regardh g Tibet and atlirmed that "the recognired boundary between
India and Tibet should remain inviolate".
Close and friendly relations developed between the Government of India and the People's Republic of China in the subsequent years and on 29tb April, 1954, the two Governments con.eluded an Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between Tibet.and India under which India gave up all extra-territorial rights
and privileges enjoyed in Tibet, and rccogniscd Tibet as a regionof China.
The question of Chinese maps which were showing an incorrect boundary alignment between India and China was raised byPrime Minister Nehru with Prime Minister Chou En-lai in October 1954 and again in November 1956. The Governmcnt ofIndia were given to understand in October 1954 that the Chinese
maps referred to by the Prime Minister of India were merely areproduction of old Kuomintang maps and that the present
Government had had no time to revise them. In November 1956,
Prime Minister Chou En-lai told the Indian Prime Minister thatin the case of Burma, the Government of China had accepted.the formalisation of the boundary in 1914 (the McMahon Line)and proposed to recognise it with India also-that is the Eastern
sector of the Indian alignment. Prime Minister Chou En-lai said
he would consult the Tibetan authorities in thin regard.
Surreptitious Chinese intrusions into Indian territory inLadakh started in 1957. The clearing of the Aksai Chin Road.was the first step. An Indian patrol party on its normal rounds

w u detained by the Chinese forccs near Haji Langar in Stpteniber 1958. The Governmcnt of India protested against this &tention and also againrt the clearing of tht motor road by theGovernment of China across the Aksai Chin area of Indian territory. These surreptitious intrusions continued in the Lad&area and there were some other incidenu betwean Indian patrols
and the Chinese soldiers. The Government of India, in the belief
that these were instances of irresponsible behaviour of the Chinese
local authorities, lodged protests against these intrusioru andincidents.
In September 1959, the Government of China, for the firsttime, laid a formal claim to 50,000 square miles of Indian territory
in Ladakh and in the North East Frontier Agency. This led to
cxchange of communications at a high level, between the twoPrime Ministers. The two Prime Ministers met in Delhi in 1960,
and this was followed by the meeting between officials of the twosides in pursuance of the decision taken at the meeting of the two
Prime Ministers. Further intrusions by the Chinese, however,continued. By 1961, the Government of India considered it
necessary, in view of progressive Chinese intrusions, to take limited
defence measures to contain these surreptitious Chinese advanes
into Indian territory.

,Foiled in their attempt to take over further Indian territory
in Ladakh, the Chinese started further aggression in the Eastern
sector of the India-China boundary in the NEFA region on 8thSeptember 1962. After a couple of probing attacks, Chinese
forces mounted a carefully prepared and well-planned all-ut
attack on 20th October 1962 on Indian defence forces in theEastern as well as Western sectors of the India-China border.
Having acquired, as a result of their initial successes, a further
slice of about 2,500 square miles of Indian territory, the Chinese
Government started their first peace offensive-the Chinese threepoint proposal--on 24th ~ c t o b e r . When India refused to accept
the military dictates of the aggressor, the Chinese, after re-grouping and further preparations, mounted another massive offensivefrom 15th to 19th November, 1962. On the morning of 21stNovember, the Chinese started their second peace offensive withthe same object of retaining the gains of their calculated and coldso-called unilateral cease-fire and withblooded a;gression-thedrawal proposalsof 21st November, 1962.
- The Government and people of India are, by their history
and tradition, wedded to the ways of peace. They have always
been and are in favour of peaceful settlement of dzerences between nations. Peace and peaceful settlements can, however, bepursued only on the basis of decency, dignity and self-respect. It
would be fatal to compromise with aggression or submit to themilitary dictates of thc aggressor. The first essential before wecan revert to paths of peace and peaceful settlements is the undohe"of all the consequences of aggression. This means that at least
the status quo as it prevailed before the latest Chinese aggression
started on 8th September, 1962, should be restored.

Revised edition, Jarruary 1963 (Pausa 1 884)
PUBLISHED BY THE D I R E f l O R . PUBLICATIONS DIVISION. OLD SECRETARIAT. DELWI-6 A N D
PRINlTD BY THE M A N A a e R . G O W R N h f E N T OF INDIA PRESS, F A R D A B A D

MAP 2IdNE SEPARATING INDIAN AND CEUNESE FORCES ON
7 SEPTEMEER 1962 IN WE9TER.N 6ECM)R

This map depicts the three lines which have figured mostprominently in the correspondence between the Governments
and Prime Ministers of India and China after the massiveinvasion of India which was launched by Chinese forces onOctober 20, 1962. The first line shows the disposition of Chinese
posts in Ladakh in November 1959. It will be seen that at thattime there was strictly speaking no "line of control" but onlya series of Chinese pasts on Indian territory. The November
1959 'line' would be one that joined the then Chinese posts at
Spanggur Post, Khurnak Fort, Kongka Pass and Sharnallungpa
and ran northward, past Haji Langar, to join the Aksai ChinRoad.
The second line shows the line of contact between Indian andChinese forces immediately prior to September 8, 1962-the dateon which m e s e forces invaded Indian territory in the Eastern
sector also. India has made the reasonable proposal that there
should be a restoration of the positions along this line as theminimum condition for resumption of negotiations with China.

The third line shows the limits of the further area occupied
by Chinese forces after the massive aggression which they launched against Lndia, both in the Western and Eastern sectors. on
October 20, 1962. China now falsely claims that this was theline ol actual control by Chinese forces in November 1959.
Under the unilateral declaration of November 21, 1962, China
has proposed that Indian and Chinese forces should withdraw
20 kilometres on either side of this line, which they claim as
the November 1959 line but which was actually reacbed by them
only after their latest aggression.
The area betwcen the September 7, 1962, line and the 'lineof actual control of 1959' as falsely claimed by China represents
the further aggrandisement of Indian territory by China as aresult of its latest aggression. India insists that this area offurther aggression should be vacated by the Chinese and b eposition of the Indian and Chinese forces prior to 8th September
restored, before there can be a resumption of negotiation3 tosettle the India-China boundary problem.

MAP3
CHLNESE CLAIM LLNES OF 1956 AND 1960 lN WESTERN SECTOR(IZIL JIL@A

CFIrNESB CLAIM LINE OF-----? O m s TO WHICH l?4DIAN

China kept its claims on Indian territory undisclosed till 1959
though it had already, in 1957, surreptitiously cleared a motor
road across the uninhabited Aksai Chin area of Ladakh.
Territorial c!aims were put forward for the first time by theChinese Prime Minister in September 1959, based on a Chinese
map published in 1956. Ln December 1959 he affirmed theboundary on this map as the correct boundary claimed by China.
This claim was for about 50,000 square miles of Indian territory
in Ladakh and in the North East Frontier Agency. Since thentbe Chinese claim line has varied according to China's bargaining
convenience and the progressively increasing extent of occupation
3f Indian territory through force.
The Chinese claim line of 1956 in the Western sector isshown in the above map. In 1960, during talks between oficialsof the two Goveruruents, the Chinese advanced their claim line
further into Indian territory. The 1960 claim line is also shownin the map. This line, which broadly corresponds to the line ofpresent Chinese control shown in Map 2, was actually reachedby the Chinese forces only after thcir latest massive aggressionof October 20, 1962. China now falsely claims this as the line
up to which it exercised actud control in November 1959.
T h e points up to which Indian police patrols went fromtime to timc till 1958, in exercise of normal administrative
functions, are shown in the above map. They reveal the preposterous nature of the 1956 Chinese claim line, let alone theirlatest claim line which cuts even deeper into Indian territory.

MAP4ROADS CONSTRUCTED AND POSTS SET UP ILLEGALLY BY
CHINESE SINCE NOVEMBER 1959 IN WESTERN S m R

MAP 5
LINE OF ACTUAL CONTROL IN NOVEMBER 1959 A N D
SEPTEMBER 1962 IN WJBTERN SECM)R79.

ACTUAL [.INS OF CONTROLOF NOVEMBER 1939
LINE OP CONTACT ON 7 SEF-TEMBER

1961JO*40.30'---AREA B E n V E C N THE LINESOFNOVEMBER
1959 AND7 S E P T W E W 1W2WHICH
THE a m m e WOULD RAVETO D E M ~ I T A R I s E,7f78

m s map shows the area which China would have todernilitarise if Chinese forces are to go back to the true line of
their actual control as of November 7, 1959. As the Indian
Prime Minister pointed out in his letter of November 14, 1962,
to Premier Chou En-lai : "lf the Chinese Government really mean
what they say regarding the restoration of 7th November, 195980.

N**'bpositions of their forces in all sectors of the boundary, theirwithdrawal to those positions and the restoration of the positionsof the Indian forces as they were prior to 8th September 1962,
would by and large meet the problem of disengagement as here
will be enough distances bctween the positions of tbe f o m s at
the two sides to prevent any risk of a clash."MAP 6
CHlNE!3E ADVANCES BEFORE 8 SEPTEMBER 1962 AND
AFI'ER 8 SEPTEMBER 1962 IN WESTERN SECTOR, AND
AREA WHICH THEY ARE PREPARED TO DEMILlTARLSE

70'TBe areas in Ladakh illegally occupied by Chinese forcesfrom time to time till September 8, 1962, totalled about 12,000
square miles. After that date, following the massive invasion of
Octobea 20, 1962, Chinese forces occupied a further area as
indicated in the map.
'I'he Chinese, under their declaration of November 21, 1962,
proposed a mutual withdrawal of Chinese and Indian forces 20
kilometres from the line reached by Chinese forces as the resultof the latest aggression. It will be seen from the map that at
certain points the line up to which China has offered to withdraw

#OW

H.39'

its forces cuts deeper into Indian tcmtory than thc line ofcontact k t w e e n Indian a d Chinese forces on September 7.
1962. While it is true that at other points the line to whicb
China has oifered to withdraw its forces uiU take tbrm to heeast of the line of September 7, 1962, what is significant is thatthe arrangement will leave China in control of several Indian
defensive posts which were overrun during the latest Chinese
aggression. On tllc other hand, Indian forces would have towithdraw a further 20 kilometres within territory xkno\vlcd~cdeven by China to belong to India (see also Map 7).

MAP 7
EXTENT OF INDIAN TERRITORY AND INDIAN POST3 TO BE
EVACUATED BY INDIAN FORCES IN WESTERN AND
MIDDLE SECTORS UNDER CHINA'S W E P O I N T PROPOSAL

LINE SEPARATING INDIAN AND CHINESE FORCES OK
7 SEPTEMBER 1962 IN EASTERN SJ3XOR

Thip map shows the line separating the Indian and Chinese forces on
September 7, 1962, in the Eastern sector. The line was thc same as thenatural and traditional border of ludia in this sector, which was formalised
under the Simln Agreement of 1914 and came to be k~lowr~as the McMaho11Li. The map also shows the Chinese claim lina in this sector.

m9THE M ~ O LINENEX=MAP 10 1
OF INDIAN TEIUUTORY AND INDIAN FO!3TS TO BE EVACUATED BY INDIAN FORCES IN EASTERN SECTOR
UNDER CEIINA'S THREEPOINT PROPOSAL