2015.02.11 10th Annual Meeting@ Colombo, Sri Lanka

Water Environmental Managementin Asia
Challenges, Opportunities andExpected Role of WEPA
Motoyuki Suzuki
WEPA Special Advisorsuzuki@ouj.ac.jp

http://www.wepa‐db.net/index.htm

First Phase (2004‐2008)• Activities/documents•••

Dialogues with member countries for Information Sharing
Linkage with WWFs
Annual Meetings
State of water / Organizational arrangement/Legislative
framework / Background / Lawand Workshops
enforcement / Cases• Database

Database of technologies inoperation / Information on
appropriate technologies
Activities by NGOs and CBOs /Governmental activities
Various sources of water‐related information,
Global level / Asia regional level / Nationallevel

Second Phase (2009‐2013)‐‐‐ Knowledge Sharing for Solutions ‐‐‐• 2009‐11• Review of Water Environmental Management• Starting with Two Fields of Topics• Domestic Wastewater Treatment• Climate Change and Water Environment•
Identification of Specific Issues to be discussed• 2012‐13• Experiences Sharing and Knowledge Sharing among Member
Countries through Solution Findings through:• Workshops, Bilateral meetings, Annual meetings etc.
• Development of Twinning Programmes for CapacityEmpowerment etc.

‐ Legislation and Organization: Detailed systems and capacity
development required in order to implement a legislative
framework‐ Identification of proper paths for a new form ofdevelopment, leap frog approaches‐ Ensuring implementation of proper monitoring and datamanagement‐ Adequate settings of water quality standards/effluent
standards‐ Coordination among relevant water organizations andregulations‐ Partnership among NGOs, GOs and various stakeholders,
Cooperation between member countries, etc.
‐ Water quality management at the basin level‐ Integrated management?, upstream/downstream
relations, diversified stakeholders, multiphase problems,
long range optimization, etc.

Draft near the End of Second Phase

Common Challenges :Some of the Issues identified by WEPA Partner Countries

DPSIR: Structure of water
environment issues• Driver (Basic causes)– Increase of human activities: Population increase,economic development, life style change,industrial development, urbanization, etc.

• Pressure to water environment– Waste water and solid from industry, domestic
activities, excess fertilizer, land use change, etc.

Macro policy:
Paradigm shift towardsustainable societies

Environmental policy
Legislation, Institutionalarrangement , technology
development, etc.

Environmental policy• State changeCountermeasures for– Algal broom,chemicaland biochemical patterns indegradation of water1.
Past
development
contamination, biodiversity loss, drinking water
bodies, monitoring,
deteriorationAsian countries
analysis, etc.
• Impact 2.
to humanactivities
Some ofthe Japan`s experiences
Social systems
Compensation rules,– Health effects,
degradedlivingenvironment,3.
Input
totheｔhirdphaseof
WEPA
promotionofdeteriorated ecosystems, lowering of propertyvalues, etc.

environmental sciences• Response (Policy)
M. Suzuki

DPSIR: Structure of water
environment issues
policy:Development• Driver (Basiccauses) causes varieties ofMacro
Paradigm shift towarddegradationin natural– Increaseof human activities:
Populationwater
increase, systems,
sustainable societies
economic development, life style change,
though water
is oneindustrial development,
urbanization,etc. of the key Environmental policy
for development. Legislation, Institutional• Pressure toelements
water environment– Waste water and solid from industry, domestic
activities, excess fertilizer, land use change, etc.

arrangement , technology
development, etc.

Environmental policy• State changeCountermeasures for– Algal broom,chemicaland biochemical patterns indegradation of water1.
Past
development
contamination, biodiversity loss, drinking water
bodies, monitoring,
deteriorationAsian countries
analysis, etc.
• Impact 2.
to humanactivities
Some ofthe Japan`s experiences
Social systems
Compensation rules,– Health effects,
degradedlivingenvironment,3.
Input
totheｔhirdphaseofWEPA
promotion ofdeteriorated ecosystems, lowering of property
values, etc.

environmental sciences• Response (Policy)
M. Suzuki

Economic Development in Asian Countries

GDP per Capita (current USD)

100,000(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD)
USAJapanGermany
Korea
Malaysia
China
ThailandMongolIndonesia
Sri Lanka
Philippines
BhutanVietnamIndia
Lao PDR
Pakistan
Cambodia
Bangladesh
Nepal

10,000

1,000

100
1960 65 70

75

80

8590

95 2000 05 2010

City water and on‐site sewage
systems (60‐75)

Industrial
pollution

100
1960 65 70

Urban
environmental
problems

75808590

Basic Law on Biodiversity

Act on Global Warming Countermeasures
N,P ControlBasic Law on Sound Material Cycle

Basic Law of Environment

End of Cold War
Rio UNCED

Total Effluent Control

1,000Tokyo Olympic

10,000Oil Crisis

Severepollution
incidents

Income doubling Plan

GDP per Capita (current USD)

100,000

Pollution Prevention Basic Act
WaterStockholm
Pollution
Control Law
UNCHE

Experiences of Japan during its economic development

Globalenvironmental
problems

95 2000 05 2010Japan

Urban env.
problems

Industrial
pollution

Povertylimit<$2/dayEconomic Development in Asian Countries

GDP per Capita (current USD)

100,000(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD)

Global Climate
10,000Urban Environment
Problems

Industrial Pollution

1,000

Compressed
Environmental
Problems

Poverty Level < $2/day
100
1960 65 70

75808590

USAJapanGermany
Korea
Malaysia
China
ThailandMongolIndonesia
Sri Lanka
Philippines
BhutanVietnamIndia
Lao PDR
Pakistan
Cambodia
Bangladesh
Nepal

95 2000 05 2010Urban population increases in Asian countries,
1970‐2010
Population Ratio in Urban Areas (%)

1009080

World Development Bank, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS, 2012
Japan

Definition of“urban” ?

Korea
USA
Germany
Malaysia

70

Mongolia
Indonesia

60

China
Philippines

50

Pakistan

40BhutanThailand30

Laos PDR
India

20

VietnamBangladesh

10Nepal01970

Sri Lanka

1980

1990

2000

2010

Percentage Urban

Urban Population Proportion versus GDP per Capita
WUP 2011 (UN DESA Pop. Div.)100
UrbanizationJapan
90
seems roughly
USA
Korea
80
linked with theMalaysia
Germany
70
economic
Mongolia
development
60
50Philippines

Indonesia
China

Lao PDR
BhutanPakistanThailandMyanmar
India
Bangladesh
Vietnam
Cambodia
Nepal
Sri Lanka

40
30
20
10

Half of the
population
is urban

0100

1,000

10,000100,000

GDP per Capita (2010)

Water and Lives

Waterresources

Taihu Lake, 2007

Algal bloom as an example
Greenlavers,Quindao,
KagoshimaBay,
2010.07.28
Quindao,2008
NewYorkHarbor,2010 2011.7.18
HongKong,
2001

Fresh water resources and withdrawal per capita of Asian countries
Total water withdrawal per capita (m3/capita/yr)(prepared from Aquastat, FAO (2014.1))
10000

USA
Pakistan

VietnamThailandPhilippines Myanmar
India Japan
Lao PDR
Sri
Lanka
Indonesia
Korea
China
Germany
Nepal Malaysia
Bangladesh
Mongolia

1000

BhutanCambodia

100
100

1000

10000

100000: Total renewable water resources per capita (m3/capita/yr): Total internal renewable water resources per capita (m3/capita/yr)

Water and Lives

Run‐offwater

Gross Domestic
Product

Surface water, etc.

Fertilizer, skill, etc.

Agricultural
product

Agricultural use

Ind. structure, capacity, etc.

Industrial
product

Industrialuse

Market systems, etc.

Product fromServices

Domestic use

Natural Resources,
ecosystem services

Water withdrawal per Capita (m3/year)

Germany
Japan
USA

Korea.

1,000

Malaysia

Nepal
Bangladesh
Cambodia
Pakistan
Lao PDR
Vietnam
India
Philippines
BhutanMongolia
Sri Lanka
Indonesia
ChinaThailand

Environmental
Water

100Waterwithdrawals
Vs. GDPin Asian
countries
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial

10

AQUASTAT (FAO),
Most recent statistics.
From 2000‐2010

Agricultural
withdrawal
1100

1,00010,000

GDP per Capita (2010)

100,000
World Bank, 2012

Water withdrawal per Capita (m3/year)

Germany
Japan
USA

Korea.

Malaysia

Nepal
Bangladesh
Cambodia
Pakistan
Lao PDR
Vietnam
India
Philippines
BhutanMongolia
Sri Lanka
Indonesia
China
Thailand

1,000

Domestic
withdrawal
100

Water
withdrawals
Vs. GDPin Asiancountries
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial

10AQUASTAT (FAO),
Most recent statistics.
From 2000‐2010

1100

1,000

10,000100,000

Water withdrawal per Capita (m3/year)

Germany
Japan
USA

World Bank, 2012

Korea.

1,000

Malaysia

Nepal
Bangladesh
Cambodia
Pakistan
Lao PDR
Vietnam
India
Philippines
BhutanMongolia
Sri Lanka
Indonesia
China
ThailandGDP per Capita (2010)

Industrial
withdrawal
100

Water
withdrawals
Vs. GDPin Asiancountries
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial

10

AQUASTAT (FAO),
Most recent statistics.
From 2000‐2010

1100

1,000

10,000GDP per Capita (2010)

100,000
World Bank, 2012

Water withdrawal per Capita (m3/year)

Germany
JapanUSA

Korea.

Malaysia

Nepal
Bangladesh
Cambodia
Pakistan
Lao PDR
VietnamIndiaPhilippines
BhutanMongolia
Sri Lanka
Indonesia
China
Thailand

1,000100

Water
withdrawals
Vs. GDPin Asiancountries
Agricultural

Municipal
Importance ofIndustrial
wastewater
AQUASTAT (FAO),treatments

10Most recent statistics.
From 2000‐2010

1100

1,000

10,000100,000

GDP per Capita (2010)

World Bank, 2012

Water withdrawals
Southeast Asian countries have enjoyed the benefit ofprecipitation driven by the Monsoon.
The amount of withdrawal per capita is quite varied
from country to country. Water resources may limit
further development in some areas.
Agricultural water use is not a strong function of GDP
but fertilizer consumption should be carefully
controlled for excess application to be avoided.
Countries moving into industrialization and/orurbanization must be prepared for the increase ofwater demands. Development of policies related towater management becomes one of the essential
factors for achieving sustainability in the future.

Coverage of Domestic Water Systems in Japan,
1960‐2000
Population Coverage (%)

100

City Water

80

1970
60

1980 2000
On‐siteTreatment,
Jokaso1960
40

Large‐scaleSewerage
Systems

200100

1000

10000

100000

Cost of Large‐scale Sewerage
Systems:
1. Initial cost2. Operationcost

3. Maintenance/Replacement

GDP per Capita (1991 USD)The Minamata Disease• The Nippon Chisso Co. had been producing ammonia
sulfate fertilizer since 1932.
• Its Minamata complex was also the top manufacturerof acetylene‐derived acetaldehyde (1953‐) which wasa valuable raw material for producing DOP, aplasticizer for PVC (polyvinyl chloride).
– Mercury was used as a catalyst for acetaldehyde production, often
released to the Minamata Bay with other wastes from the production
processes.
– Tiny fraction of mercury discharged to the sea was gradually converted
into toxic methyl compounds by biomes in the sea.

• In 1968, the government officially recognized that themercury discharge from Chisso company was thecause of the Minamata disease.
– Number of designated victims is around 5,000 so far.

Simplified Picture of the Minamata Events
Calcium
CarbideCaC2

Acetylene

Acetaldehyde

C2=H2

CH3CHO

HgO2

Hg

・DOP (Dioctyl‐Phthalate)・ Acetic Acid・ Ethyl Acetate
・ Vinyl Acetate
・ Others

Plastics, Cloth,
Construction
materials, etc.

Fe2S3Hg, Hg CH3X

(Methyl Mercury)Foods

Hg CH3X → Fish, Shellfish

Tragedy
The Minamata Disease: a neurological syndrome caused by severe
mercury poisoning. Symptoms include ataxia, numbness in thehands and feet, general muscle weakness, narrowing of the fieldof vision and damage to hearing and speech. In extreme cases,
insanity, paralysis, coma and finally death follows.

Statistics of the Minamata Disease
日本の公害経験(1991)より

1. The Nippon Chisso Co. had been spending 1.2
million USD/year (average) for investment forpollution prevention.
2. The compensation for the damages
Item
Average Annual
Expenditure
Compensation for the victims
76.7 million dollar
Recovery for the polluted
42.7 million dollar
Minamata land area
Compensation for local fishery 6.9 million dollar
damageThird Phase (2014‐2018)
Basic matters to be considered:
1. Diversity of development stages and natural conditions
among member countries.
2. Economic development is roughly linked withindustrialization and urbanization.
3. Treatment of both industrial and domestic wastewaters
becomes significant in most countries.
4. Distributed rather than centralized collection and treatment
methods might give sustainable water cycle systems.
5. Challenging tasks are to find comprehensive solutions tocompressed environmental problems

Voyage without the chart‐‐‐‐Learning by doing‐‐‐‐26