参考資料 3-1
MEPC 72/17/Add.1
Annex 11, page 1
ANNEX 11RESOLUTION MEPC.304(72)(adopted on 13 April 2018)
INITIAL IMO STRATEGY ON REDUCTION OF GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPSTHE MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION COMMITTEERECALLING Article 38(e) of the Convention on the International Maritime Organization (theOrganization) concerning the functions of the Marine Environment Protection Committee (theCommittee) conferred upon it by international conventions for the prevention and control ofmarine pollution from ships,
ACKNOWLEDGING that work to address greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships has
been undertaken by the Organization continuously since 1997, in particular, through adopting
global mandatory technical and operational energy efficiency measures for ships under
MARPOL Annex VI,
ACKNOWLEDGING ALSO the decision of the thirtieth session of the Assembly in
December 2017 that adopted for the Organization a strategic direction entitled "Respond to
Climate Change",
RECALLING the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,
1
ADOPTS the Initial IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships(hereinafter the Initial Strategy) as set out in the annex to the present resolution;
2
INVITES the Secretary-General of the Organization to make adequate provisions in
the Integrated Technical Cooperation Programme (ITCP) to support relevant follow-up actionsof the Initial Strategy that may be further decided by the Committee and undertaken by
developing countries, particularly least developed countries (LDCs) and small island
developing States (SIDS);
3
AGREES to keep the Initial Strategy under review, with a view to adoption of a
Revised IMO Strategy on reduction of GHG emissions from ships in 2023.

I:\MEPC\72\MEPC 72-17-ADD.1.docx

MEPC 72/17/Add.1
Annex 11, page 2
ANNEX
INITIAL IMO STRATEGY ON REDUCTION OF GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS
Contents
1

INTRODUCTION

2VISION3

LEVELS OF AMBITION AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES

4LIST OF CANDIDATE SHORT-, MID- AND LONG-TERM FURTHER MEASURESWITH POSSIBLE TIMELINES AND THEIR IMPACTS ON STATES5BARRIERS AND SUPPORTIVE MEASURES; CAPACITY BUILDING ANDTECHNICAL COOPERATION; R&D

6

FOLLOW-UP ACTIONS TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REVISEDSTRATEGY

7

PERIODIC REVIEW OF THE STRATEGY

I:\MEPC\72\MEPC 72-17-ADD.1.docx

MEPC 72/17/Add.1
Annex 11, page 3
1

INTRODUCTION

1.1
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the United Nations specialized
agency responsible for safe, secure and efficient shipping and the prevention of pollution fromships.
1.2
The Strategy represents the continuation of work of IMO as the appropriate
international body to address greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from international shipping.
This work includes Assembly resolution A.963(23) on IMO policies and practices related to the
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from ships, adopted on 5 December 2003, urging theMarine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) to identify and develop the mechanisms
needed to achieve the limitation or reduction of GHG emissions from international shipping.
1.3
In response to the Assembly's request, work to address GHG emissions from ships
has been undertaken, including inter alia:.1

MEPC 62 (July 2011) adopted resolution MEPC.203(62) on Inclusion ofregulations on energy efficiency for ships in MARPOL Annex VI introducing
mandatory technical (EEDI) and operational (SEEMP) measures for theenergy efficiency of ships. To date more than 2,700 new ships have beencertified to the energy efficiency design requirement;.2

MEPC 65 (May 2013) adopted resolution MEPC.229(65) on Promotion oftechnical co-operation and transfer of technology relating to the improvementof energy efficiency of ships, which, among other things, requests IMO,
through its various programmes (ITCP,1 GloMEEP project,2 MTCC network,3etc.), to provide technical assistance to Member States to enable
cooperation in the transfer of energy efficient technologies, in particular todeveloping countries; and.3

MEPC 70 (October 2016) adopted, by resolution MEPC.278(70),amendments to MARPOL Annex VI to introduce the data collection system
for fuel oil consumption of ships, containing mandatory requirements forships to record and report their fuel oil consumption. Ships of 5,000 gross
tonnage and above (representing approximately 85% of the total CO2
emissions from international shipping) are required to collect consumption
data for each type of fuel oil they use, as well as other, additional, specified
data including proxies for "transport work".

1.4This Initial Strategy is the first milestone set out in the Roadmap for developing acomprehensive IMO Strategy on reduction of GHG emissions from ships (the Roadmap)
approved at MEPC 70. The Roadmap identifies that a revised Strategy is to be adopted
in 2023.

1
2
3

Integrated Technical Cooperation Programme http://www.imo.org
Global Maritime Energy Efficiency Partnerships http://glomeep.imo.org
Global Maritime Technology Cooperation Centres Network http://gmn.imo.org

I:\MEPC\72\MEPC 72-17-ADD.1.docx

MEPC 72/17/Add.1
Annex 11, page 4
Context
1.5

The Initial Strategy falls within a broader context including:.1other existing instruments related to the law of the sea, including UNCLOS,
and to climate change, including the UNFCCC and its related legal
instruments, including the Paris Agreement;.2

the leading role of the Organization for the development, adoption andassistance in implementation of environmental regulations applicable tointernational shipping;.3

the decision of the thirtieth session of the Assembly in December 2017 that
adopted for the Organization a Strategic Direction entitled "Respond toclimate change"; and.4

the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Emissions and emission scenarios
1.6
The Third IMO GHG Study 2014 has estimated that GHG emissions from international
shipping in 2012 accounted for some 2.2% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions and that such
emissions could grow by between 50% and 250% by 2050. Future IMO GHG studies would
help reduce the uncertainties associated with these emission estimates and scenarios.
Objectives of the Initial Strategy
1.7

2

The Initial Strategy is aimed at:.1enhancing IMO's contribution to global efforts by addressing GHG emissions
from international shipping. International efforts in addressing GHG
emissions include the Paris Agreement and its goals and theUnited Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its SDG 13:"Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts";.2

identifying actions to be implemented by the international shipping sector, as
appropriate, while addressing impacts on States and recognizing the criticalrole of international shipping in supporting the continued development of
global trade and maritime transport services; and.3

identifying actions and measures, as appropriate, to help achieve the above
objectives, including incentives for research and development andmonitoring of GHG emissions from international shipping.

VISIONIMO remains committed to reducing GHG emissions from international shipping and, as amatter of urgency, aims to phase them out as soon as possible in this century.

I:\MEPC\72\MEPC 72-17-ADD.1.docx

MEPC 72/17/Add.1
Annex 11, page 5
3

LEVELS OF AMBITION AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES

Levels of ambition

Guiding principles
3.2

The principles guiding the Initial Strategy include:.1.2

the need to be cognizant of the principles enshrined in instruments alreadydeveloped, such as:.1

the principle of non-discrimination and the principle of no morefavourable treatment, enshrined in MARPOL and other
IMO conventions; and.2

the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities andrespective capabilities, in the light of different national
circumstances, enshrined in UNFCCC, its Kyoto Protocol and theParis Agreement;

the requirement for all ships to give full and complete effect, regardless offlag, to implementing mandatory measures to ensure the effective
implementation of this strategy;

I:\MEPC\72\MEPC 72-17-ADD.1.docx

MEPC 72/17/Add.1
Annex 11, page 6

4.3

the need to consider the impacts of measures on States, including
developing countries, in particular, on LDCs and SIDS as noted by MEPC 68(MEPC 68/21, paragraphs 4.18 to 4.19) and their specific emerging needs,
as recognized in the Organization's Strategic Plan (resolution A.1110(30));
and.4

the need for evidence-based decision-making balanced
precautionary approach as set out in resolution MEPC.67(37).

with

the

LIST OF CANDIDATE SHORT-, MID- AND LONG-TERM FURTHER MEASURESWITH POSSIBLE TIMELINES AND THEIR IMPACTS ON STATES

Timelines
4.1
Candidate measures set out in this Initial Strategy should be consistent with thefollowing timelines:.1

possible short-term measures could be measures finalized and agreed by
the Committee between 2018 and 2023. Dates of entry into force and whenthe measure can effectively start to reduce GHG emissions would be definedfor each measure individually;.2

possible mid-term measures could be measures finalized and agreed by theCommittee between 2023 and 2030. Dates of entry into force and when themeasure can effectively start to reduce GHG emissions would be defined foreach measure individually; and.3

possible long-term measures could be measures finalized and agreed by theCommittee beyond 2030. Dates of entry into force and when the measurecan effectively start to reduce GHG emissions would be defined for eachmeasure individually.

4.2
In aiming for early action, the timeline for short-term measures should prioritize
potential early measures that the Organization could develop, while recognizing those alreadyadopted, including MARPOL Annex VI requirements relevant for climate change, with a viewto achieve further reduction of GHG emissions from international shipping before 2023.
4.3

Certain mid- and long-term measures will require work to commence prior to 2023.

4.4
These timelines should be revised as appropriate as additional information becomes
available.
4.5
Short-, mid- and long-term further measures to be included in the Revised IMO GHG
Strategy should be accompanied by implementation schedules.
4.6
The list of candidate measures is non-exhaustive and is without prejudice to measures
the Organization may further consider and adopt.

I:\MEPC\72\MEPC 72-17-ADD.1.docx

MEPC 72/17/Add.1
Annex 11, page 7
Candidate short-term measures
4.7
Measures can be categorized as those the effect of which is to directly reduce GHG
emissions from ships and those which support action to reduce GHG emissions from ships. All
the following candidate measures4 represent possible short-term further action of theOrganization on matters related to the reduction of GHG emissions from ships:

4.1further improvement of the existing energy efficiency framework with a focus
on EEDI and SEEMP, taking into account the outcome of the review of EEDI
regulations;.2develop technical and operational energy efficiency measures for both newand existing ships, including consideration of indicators in line with thethree-step approach that can be utilized to indicate and enhance the energy
efficiency performance of shipping, e.g. Annual Efficiency Ratio (AER),
Energy Efficiency per Service Hour (EESH), Individual Ship Performance
Indicator (ISPI) and Fuel Oil Reduction Strategy (FORS);.3

establishment of an Existing Fleet Improvement Programme;.4

consider and analyse the use of speed optimization and speed reduction asa measure, taking into account safety issues, distance travelled, distortion of
the market or trade and that such measure does not impact on shipping's
capability to serve remote geographic areas;.5

consider and analyse measures to address emissions of methane and further
enhance measures to address emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds;.6

encourage the development and update of national action plans to develop
policies and strategies to address GHG emissions from international
shipping in accordance with guidelines to be developed by the Organization,
taking into account the need to avoid regional or unilateral measures;.7

continue and enhance technical cooperation and capacity-building activities
under the ITCP;.8

consider and analyse measures to encourage port developments andactivities globally to facilitate reduction of GHG emissions from shipping,including provision of ship and shoreside/onshore power supply fromrenewable sources, infrastructure to support supply of alternative low-carbon
and zero-carbon fuels, and to further optimize the logistic chain and its
planning, including ports;.9

initiate research and development activities addressing marine propulsion,
alternative low-carbon and zero-carbon fuels, and innovative technologies tofurther enhance the energy efficiency of ships and establish an International
Maritime Research Board to coordinate and oversee these R&D efforts;.10

incentives for first movers to develop and take up new technologies;

The Initial Strategy is subject to revision based on fuel oil consumption data collected during 2019-2021 anddoes not prejudge any specific further measures that may be implemented in Phase 3 of the three-step
approach.

I:\MEPC\72\MEPC 72-17-ADD.1.docx

MEPC 72/17/Add.1
Annex 11, page 8.11develop robust lifecycle GHG/carbon intensity guidelines for all types of fuels,in order to prepare for an implementation programme for effective uptake ofalternative low-carbon and zero-carbon fuels;.12

actively promote the work of the Organization to the international community,in particular, to highlight that the Organization, since the 1990s, hasdeveloped and adopted technical and operational measures that haveconsistently provided a reduction of air emissions from ships, and thatmeasures could support the Sustainable Development Goals, including
SDG 13 on Climate Change; and.13

undertake additional GHG emission studies and consider other studies toinform policy decisions, including the updating of Marginal Abatement Cost
Curves and alternative low-carbon and zero-carbon fuels.

Candidate mid-term measures
4.8
Measures can be categorized as those the effect of which is to directly reduce GHG
emissions from ships and those which support action to reduce GHG emissions from ships. All
the following candidate measures represent possible mid-term further action of theOrganization on matters related to the reduction of GHG emissions from ships:.1

implementation programme for the effective uptake of alternative low-carbon
and zero-carbon fuels, including update of national actions plans to
specifically consider such fuels;.2

operational energy efficiency measures for both new and existing ships
including indicators in line with three-step approach that can be utilized toindicate and enhance the energy efficiency performance of ships;.3

new/innovative emission reduction mechanism(s), possibly including
Market-based Measures (MBMs), to incentivize GHG emission reduction;.4

further continue and enhance technical cooperation and capacity-building
activities such as under the ITCP; and.5development of a feedback mechanism to enable lessons learned on
implementation of measures to be collated and shared through a possible
information exchange on best practice.

Candidate long-term measures
4.9
All the following candidate measures represent possible long-term further action of
the Organization on matters related to the reduction of GHG emissions from ships:.1

pursue the development and provision of zero-carbon or fossil-free fuels toenable the shipping sector to assess and consider decarbonization in thesecond half of the century; and.2encourage and facilitate the general adoption
new/innovative emission reduction mechanism(s).

I:\MEPC\72\MEPC 72-17-ADD.1.docx

of

other

possibleMEPC 72/17/Add.1
Annex 11, page 9

5

BARRIERS AND SUPPORTIVE MEASURES;TECHNICAL COOPERATION; R&D

CAPACITY-BUILDING

AND

5.1
The Committee recognizes that developing countries, in particular LDCs and SIDS,
have special needs with regard to capacity-building and technical cooperation.
5.2
The Committee acknowledges that development and making globally available newenergy sources that are safe for ships could be a specific barrier to the implementation of
possible measures.
5.3
The Committee could assist the efforts to promote low-carbon technologies byfacilitating public-private partnerships and information exchange.
5.4
The Committee should continue to provide mechanisms for facilitating information
sharing, technology transfer, capacity-building and technical cooperation, taking into accountresolution MEPC.229(65) on Promotion of technical co-operation and transfer of technology
relating to the improvement of energy efficiency of ships.

I:\MEPC\72\MEPC 72-17-ADD.1.docx

MEPC 72/17/Add.1
Annex 11, page 10
6

FOLLOW-UP ACTIONS TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REVISEDSTRATEGY

6.1

A programme of follow-up actions of the Initial Strategy should be developed.

6.2
The key stages for the adoption of a Revised IMO GHG Strategy in 2023 as set out
in the Roadmap, are as follows:
Spring 2018
(MEPC 72)

Adoption of the Initial Strategy5 including, inter alia, a list of candidate
short-, mid- and long-term further measures with possible timelines, to berevised as appropriate as additional information becomes available

January 2019

Start of Phase 1: Data collection (Ships to collect data)

Spring 2019
(MEPC 74)
Summer 2020

Initiation of Fourth IMO GHG Study using data from 2012-2018

Autumn 2020
(MEPC 76)

Start of Phase 2: data analysis (no later than autumn 2020)
Publication of Fourth IMO GHG Study for consideration by MEPC 76

Spring 2021
(MEPC 77)

Secretariat report summarizing the 2019 data pursuant to regulation
22A.10Initiation of work on adjustments on Initial IMO Strategy, based on Data
Collection System (DCS) data

Summer 2021

Data for 2020 to be reported to IMO

Spring 2022
(MEPC 78)Phase 3: Decision step
Secretariat report summarizing
regulation 22A.10

Data from 2019 to be reported to IMO

the

2020

data

pursuantto

Summer 2022 Data for 2021 to be reported to IMO
Spring 2023
(MEPC 80)

Secretariat report summarizing the 2021 data pursuant toregulation 22A.10
Adoption of Revised IMO Strategy, including short-, mid- and long-term
further measure(s), as required, with implementation schedules

6.3
The Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) for each measure, as appropriate,should be ascertained and updated, and then evaluated on a regular basis.

5

Initial IMO Strategy is subject to revision based on DCS data during 2019-2021 and does not prejudge any
specific further measures that may be implemented in Phase 3 of the three-step approach.

I:\MEPC\72\MEPC 72-17-ADD.1.docx

MEPC 72/17/Add.1
Annex 11, page 2
7

PERIODIC REVIEW OF THE STRATEGY

7.1

The Revised Strategy is to be adopted in spring 2023.

7.2

The Revised Strategy should be subject to a review five years after its final adoption.

7.3
The Committee should undertake the review including defining the scope of the review
and its terms of reference.
***

I:\MEPC\72\MEPC 72-17-ADD.1.docx