Application Note

Light Emitting Diode

Hermetically Sealed LEDs and VOCs

Table of contents
1. Overview ................................................................................2
2. VOCs ......................................................................................2
3. Measures against VOCs .........................................................5
4. Test Method to Examine VOC Discoloration ........................8
5. Examples of VOC Effects .................................................... 11
6. Summary ..............................................................................13

The Nichia part numbers NC2W170B, NFSW172 and NK4W093 within this document are merely
Nichia’s part numbers for those Nichia products and are not related nor bear resemblance to any
other company’s product that might bear a trademark.

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Application Note

Light Emitting Diode

1. Overview
In outdoor light fixtures such as headlamps, street lights, and floodlights, there are cases where thefixture is hermetically-sealed in order to protect it from moisture/dust. Light fixture materials usedaround LEDs (surrounding materials) may outgas volatile components when they are exposed toheat and light, and if the LED is used in an environment where the light fixture is hermeticallysealed, the concentration of the outgassed components may become high and the LED can beadversely affected by the components. Some components outgassed from materials may containvolatile organic compounds (VOCs), some of which can react and discolor under the exposure toheat and light energy.
Figure 1 shows abnormal LEDs caused by the discoloration of VOCs. VOCs are more likely toaffect an LED if the air circulation around the LED is poor inside the light fixture, especially when
it is hermetically sealed. Thus, considerations are required when designing a hermetically-sealed
light fixture.
This application note explains some adverse effects of VOCs on LEDs and how VOCs can affectthem as well as preventive measures.

Part No. NC2W170B

Part No. NFSW172

Part No. NK4W093

Figure 1. Adverse Effect of VOCs on LEDs (Left: Before Discoloration; Right: After Discoloration)

2. VOCs
2.1 What are VOCs?
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that can easily volatilize and turn into
gas in the air. VOCs are generally found in glues, paints, and organic solvents (e.g. cleaning agents).
As they can also be contained in additives in molded resins such as housings and gaskets etc., VOCs
can be outgassed from solid materials as well.
VOCの揮発Volatilization of VOCs

Ink etc.
インク等
Rubber Gaskets

Secondary
Lens
2次レンズ

接着剤
Adhesive

Glue
LED
LED

Additive in Molded Resin (e.g. Antioxidant)

Housing
ハウジング

LED
LED
パッキン
Gasket配線（カバーテープ）
Wire (Insulation Tape)

Figure 2. Examples of Surrounding Materials that may Release VOCs
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Application Note
VOCs can be classified as shown in Table 1 below. Note that VOCs in this document encompass
all types of VOCs below.

Light Emitting Diode

Table 1. VOC Classification by Boiling Points
Abbreviation

Description

Boiling Point
Range

Example Compounds

VVOC

Very Volatile Organic
Compounds<50℃

Acetaldehyde(C2H4O),
Dichloromethane(CH2Cl2), Methane(CH4),
Formaldehyde(CH2O)

VOC

Volatile Organic
Compounds

50℃ to 260℃

Ethanol(C2H5OH), Benzene(C6H6),
Toluene(C7H8), Xylene(C8H10)

SVOC

Semi Volatile Organic
Compounds

260℃ to 400℃

Diphenylamine(C12H11N), Chlorpyrifos(C9H11Cl3NO3PS),

POM

Particulate Organic Matter≥400℃

PCB(C12H10-nClN), Benzo[a]pyrene(C20H12)

2.2 VOC Effects on LEDs
There are two reasons why VOCs have adverse effects on LEDs:- VOCs can permeate the inside of an LED and remain there.
- VOCs can discolor when they are exposed to heat and light energy.
There are no direct changes in LED’s components themselves in these phenomena; however, VOCs
may change (discolor) after they enter an LED and can eventually have adverse effects on the LED’s
performance.
2.3 Permeation of VOCs into an LED and Remaining
Nichia uses materials suitable for intended applications/purposes in our LEDs. For LEDs’
encapsulating resin, epoxy resin and silicone resin etc. are used.
In the case of LEDs intended for outdoor applications in which LEDs can be exposed to the outside
air, epoxy resin is often used to prioritize gas barrier performance and mechanical strength; whereas
for LEDs used in light fixtures/electronic devices where LEDs will not be exposed to the outside
air, silicone resin is often used to prioritize LED’s characteristics under high temperature and longer
lifetime.
Silicone resin has good resistance to heat, photochemical reactions, and moisture; however, due toits gas permeability, it is more likely to allow outgassed components to permeate into an LED.
Hence, VOCs that are volatilized from surrounding materials and turn into gas can pass through thesilicone encapsulating resin and permeate the inside of an LED and remain (adhere) there.
Adhesive (Silicone Resin)
Phosphor-Containing Encapsulating Resin
Encapsulating Resin(Silicone Resin)(Silicone Resin)
LED Die
Phosphor Plate
Package(Heat-Resistant Polymer)
Electrode

LED Die

Package(Ceramic)

Figure 3. Examples of Silicone Resins Used in LED
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Application Note
1. Initial State

2. Permeation of VOCs

Adhesive(Silicone Resin): Colorless VOCs

Encapsulating Resin(Silicone Resin)

Phosphor Plate

VOCs are volatilized fromsurrounding materials in ahermetically-sealed light
fixture.

LED Die
Package(Ceramic)

Figure 4. VOC Permeation

When a VOC is exposed to light energy, photochemical reaction occurs in the VOC and thechemical bonds (molecule structure) change. Due to the change in the chemical bonds, theabsorption spectrum also changes. Most organic compounds have their absorption spectra in theultraviolet region and are colorless. However, once the chemical bonds change and hence thecompound absorbs light in the visible region, the VOC will be colored and the transparency will
decrease.
A silicone resin was applied to a glass plate and a VOC was
adhered to the resin to compare changes in the condition of theresin.

No Adhesion
Adhesion ofof VOC
VOC
No
After VOC
VOC Adhesion
Adhesion (Before(Before Discoloration)
Discoloration)
After
After VOC
VOC Discoloration
Discoloration
After
100

Rate [%]
Transparency Rate
Transparency[%]

Light Emitting Diode2.4 Discoloration of VOCs

1. Initial State (No Adhesion of VOC)

8060

2. Permeation of VOC(Before Discoloration; After VOC Adhesion)

40
20

3. After VOC Discoloration(After Photochemical Reaction)

Low Transparency = Large Absorption
0
300

400

500

600

700

800

MeasurementWavelength
Wavelength[nm][nm]
Measurement

Figure 5. Transparency Change due to VOC Adhesion and Discoloration

If VOCs permeate the silicone resin and remain around the light emission area of the LED, they
will be intensely exposed to light energy emitted from the LED die and discolor. As a result, it
appears as if the light emission area is discolored, causing a decrease in the luminous flux and color
shift in the LED.
1. Initial State
Phosphor Plate
Adhesive(Silicone Resin)
LED Die
Package(Ceramic)
Emission Surface

2. Permeation of VOCs
Encapsulating Resin(Silicone Resin)
VOCs are volatilized
from surrounding
materials in ahermetically-sealed
light fixture.

: Colorless VOCs

3. Discoloration of VOCs
: Colored VOCs

The LED is lit andlight energy is
supplied, causingchemical reaction in
VOCs.
No Discoloration

Discolored(Ex. Part No. NC2W170B)

Figure 6. VOC Discoloration
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Application Note
3. Measures against VOCs
As an effective measure against VOCs, decreasing the VOC concentration around the LED issuggested.
3.1 Improve Air Circulation around the LED

Light Emitting DiodeOne of the effective measures is to improve air circulation around the LED by creating air vent(s)near the LED to avoid a complete hermetic sealing of the light fixture. The larger the vent is, thebetter the air circulation becomes. If the air circulation is improved, the VOC concentration aroundthe LED decreases, which creates an environment where discoloration of VOCs is less likely tooccur. Note that even if the light fixture has air vent(s), there is a case where the VOC concentration
around the LED does not decrease depending on the air flow inside the fixture. Thus, when thevent(s) is located near the LED, it is expected to be more effective.
Hermetic Seal

Good Air Circulation

LED

：VOC

：VOC

ベント
Vent

：VOC

ベント
Vent

a) No Vent

ベント
Vent

c) Multiple Ventsb) 1 Vent

Figure7. Example of Preventive Measure (Ventilation)

3.2 Increase the Volume of the Light Fixture
It is more effective to have a large volume of a light fixture in order to decrease the VOC
concentration around the LED. If the VOC concentration is low, the discoloration of VOCs is lesslikely to affect the LED (see Figure 13).
Larger Volume ⇒ Lower VOC Concentration
：VOC

：VOC
ベント
Vent

Vent

ベント

ベント
Vent

Vent

ベント

Figure 8. Preventive Measure (Increase the Volume of the Light Fixture)

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Application Note

Light Emitting Diode

3.3 Avoid Materials Susceptible to VOC Discoloration
Some materials used around LEDs may be susceptible to VOC discoloration.
- Rubber materials (synthetic, natural)- Adhesive of Tapes, Glues- Additives in the Resin (Antioxidants, Flame Retardants etc.)- Cable Insulations (Sheaths)
There have been cases where an antioxidant and a flame retardant in molded resins caused
discoloration. Thus, cautions are required for solid materials as well. How much the discolorationof VOCs from each material will affect LEDs can be examined by carrying out a comparison test.
See the next chapter 4. Test Method to Examine VOC Discoloration for reference.
Tables 2 and 3 show the examples of substances tested at Nichia to examine VOC discoloration.
The effects of VOC discoloration can vary depending on the VOC concentration; thus, there may
be no effect even if the substance with the test result of “discolored” is contained in the material to
be used in the light fixture. However, Nichia recommends avoiding materials containing thesesubstances to reduce potential risks.
It should be noted that this document does not identify or present all materials that may affect LEDs.
Besides those listed in the tables, there are substances that can outgas VOCs and be the source of
VOC discoloration. When selecting/changing materials of a light fixture, please optimize thematerials by choosing those that are less likely to outgas VOCs and confirm that they will not affectthe LED’s characteristics prior to use. Note that the information provided in the tables is merely
Nichia’s test results and does not guarantee that the same results will be obtained, as thesesubstances may affect an LED when combined with different substance(s) etc.

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Application Note

Light Emitting Diode

Table 2. List of Substances with which VOC Discoloration was Confirmed (Additives in Resin)
Substance

CommonApplication

FormulaBoiling
Point

Test Result

Diphenylamine

Antioxidant

C12H11N

302℃

Discolored

Nonylphenol

Antioxidant

C15H24O

295℃

Discolored

Hexadecane

Glidant

C16H34287℃

Discolored

DOP
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate

Plasticizer

C24H38O4

385℃

No Effect
Observed

DOA
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)
adipatePlasticizer

C22H42O4

335℃

No Effect
Observed

Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)
propionate

Antioxidant

C35H62O3323℃

Discolored

Pentaerythritol
tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)
propionate]

Antioxidant

C73H108O12

779.1℃

No Effect
Observed

2,2-Bis{[3-(dodecylthio)-1-oxopropoxy]methyl}
propane-1,3-diyl bis[3(dodecylthio)propinate]

Antioxidant

C65H124O8S4323℃

No Effect
Observed

Naphtalene

DyeIntermediate,
Raw Materialof Synthetic
Resin

C10H8

218℃

Discolored

Chemical Composition

Table 3. List of Substances with which VOC Discoloration was Confirmed (Rubber Materials)
Substance

Category

Isoprene rubber (IR)Synthetic
RubberNitrile rubber (NBR)

Synthetic
RubberChloroprene rubber (CR-70)

Synthetic
RubberEthylene propylene rubber(EPDM)

Synthetic
RubberSilicone rubber

Silicone
RubberChemical Composition
CH3
CH2

CH2

CH

Test Result

H
C

C

CH2

Discolored

CH2

n

CH

CH

m

CH2

n

Discolored

CN

Cl
CH2

C

CH

CH2 n

Discolored

Discolored
CH3
CH3

Si
CH3

CH3
O

Si
CH3

CH3
O

Si

CH3

No Effect Observed

n CH3This document contains tentative information, Nichia may change the contents without notice.
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Application Note
4. Test Method to Examine VOC Discoloration
It is difficult to reproduce the exact environment where an LED is actually used when examining
VOC discoloration. It should be noted that the test described below is an example of VOC
discoloration test and cannot be used as a test to determine if VOCs will discolor in customers’ light
fixtures. This test is solely to check whether the discoloration of VOCs from test materials is severe
or not.

Light Emitting Diode

4.1 Example of Test Method
Test LED: Part No. NC2W170B
Test Specimen (Material Confirmed to Release VOCs): Polypropylene 60mg
Glass Dome Volume: 0.9ml
Adhesive: EA 0151 Manufactured by LOCTITE
Illuminance Meter: CL-70F Manufactured by Konica Minolta
Others: PCB, Heat Sink, DC Power Supply
Ambient Temp.: 25℃
IF: 1000mA
Glass DomeLED
Test Specimen
Adhesive
PCB
Heat Sink

Figure 9. Example of Test Apparatus for VOC Discoloration Test

In this test, the test LED and specimen are hermetically sealed so that the VOC concentration
remains the same to check for discoloration of VOCs. A glass dome or a glass beaker that does notrelease VOCs is used for hermetic sealing. The adhesive and PCB, also used for hermetic sealing,should be checked prior to the test without placing the test specimen inside the dome to confirm
that the VOCs that may be outgassed from them do not affect the LED. Since VOCs are more likely
to be outgassed if the ambient temperature is high, the adhesive used for hermetic sealing may affecttest results depending on the temperature condition. Considering the possibility of the adhesive
outgassing a slight amount of VOCs, a reference sample without the test specimen should be also
prepared for comparison purposes to check the difference in the degree of effects.

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Application Note
Prepare two (or more) sets of an LED mounted on a PCB and a glass dome and use one of the sets
as a reference sample without placing the test specimen inside the glass dome. For the other set,place the test specimen in the dome. As shown in Figure 13 in the next chapter, VOC effects are
more likely to appear with the higher VOC concentration. Thus, the effects can be observed moreeasily if the test is carried out with more than ten times as high a concentration as that in the actual
use environment (the ratio of the volume of the test specimen to the volume of the glass dome or
the ratio of the surface area of the test specimen to the volume of the glass dome).

Light Emitting Diode

Glass Dome

LED

Glass DomeLED

Test Specimen

Adhesive

Adhesive

PCB

PCB

Heat Sink

Heat Sink

Figure 10. Test Method Examples (Left: Reference; Right: Apparatus with Test Specimen)

The adhesive should be applied in a way there is no gap between the glass dome and PCB. Apply
the adhesive to the glass attachment area and then place the glass dome onto it. Slightly rotate theglass dome as you push it down to eliminate gaps. If a gap is still found, use a spatula etc. to fill thegap. Leave approximately 24 hours to completely cure the adhesive before lighting up the LED tostart the test.
The illuminance meter should be used at a fixed position directly above the LED to measure theluminous intensity (arbitrary illuminance) and color at the initial state. The measurement device
does not have to be an illuminance meter as long as the luminous intensity relative to the initialstate can be determined. If no luminous intensity measurement device is available, visually compare
the discoloration of VOCs that appears in the LEDs by lighting the LED in the reference sample(without the test specimen) and the LED with the test specimen for the same period of time todetermine if they are affected by the VOCs. In the case of visual comparison, ensure that the LEDs
are turned off before observing the emission surfaces to avoid directly viewing intense light.
Illuminance Meter(The positional relationship with
the LED should be fixed.)

Turn off the LED
before viewing.

Figure 11. How to Check Luminous Intensity and Discoloration

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Application Note
The discoloration of VOCs progresses if they are exposed to light energy. Hence, the test results
should be evaluated based on the total time of light emission regardless of whether the emission
was continuous or intermittent. How fast the effects will emerge depends on the VOCs and theirconcentrations. Some may be discolored in approximately 10 hours if early. If discoloration is foundin an LED, the material tested with the LED is likely to give adverse effects of VOCs on LEDs andthus, should be avoided. It is difficult to reproduce the exact environment where the end product isused by performing a simplified test like this one. Therefore, other measures (e.g. ventilation)
should be taken in addition to the test.
Table 4 shows the results of the VOC discoloration test. The test was originally scheduled for 500
hours, however, since discoloration was detected in 60 hours, it was discontinued after 60 hours.
Table 4. VOC Discoloration Test Results (Example)

Light Emitting Diode

Lighting Duration

0hrs.

10hrs.

20hrs.

40hrs.

60hrs.

Material A(Polypropylene)
DiscoloredMaterial B(Polypropylene)
Discolored

Discolored

Discolored

Discolored

Reference(W/O Specimen)
No Effect
Observed

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Application Note
5. Examples of VOC Effects
5.1 Effects of VOC Discoloration on LEDs
In an environment where the LED is hermetically sealed or the air circulation around the LED ispoor, VOCs may permeate the LED, and they may discolor when exposed to heat and light energy,
which can cause a decrease in the light output or color shift of the LED. Even if discoloration occurs,
the decreased light output and color shift tend to be improved by having better air circulation.
Note that even in a hermetically-sealed environment, if substances that cause discoloration (e.g.
VOCs) are not present, the environment does not have adverse effects on the luminous flux/colorof the LED.

After Releasing
Releasing toto the open
After
OpenAir
Air

Hermetically-Sealed Environment
Environment
Hermetically-Sealed

Hermetically-Sealed Environment
Hermetically-Sealed
Environment

0.36

0h

0.34

100%

37h

0.32

80%

y

Relative Luminous
Flux[%]
LuminousFlux
Relative[%]

120%

Light Emitting Diode

After Releasing
Releasingtotothe
the
Open
After
open
AirAir

60%

y

0.30
0.28

40%

0.26

20%

0.24

17h

Releasing to the Open Air

0.22

0%
0

10

20
Operation TimeOperation
Time [hours][hours]a) Luminous Flux Transition

30

40

0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28

0.3

0.32 0.34 0.36xxb) Color Transition

Figure 12. Discoloration of VOCs and Reduction in the Discoloration(Verification by Accelerated Test Under High VOC Concentration)

Figure 12 shows the discoloration as a result of LED operation in a hermetically-sealed environment
and the reduction in the discoloration after operating the LED in an open air. Since the test was anaccelerated test under a high VOC concentration in a hermetically-sealed space, discoloration
occurred in several hours in this test. Depending on the components/concentration of VOCs and/or
light energy intensity, time required for discoloration may vary; in some cases, discoloration may
be observed after a long period of time (e.g. after 100 hours or longer).

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Application Note
5.2 Effect of VOC Concentration
Figure 13 shows an effect of VOC concentration using different amounts of VOC source(diphenylamine) that causes discoloration under a hermetically-sealed environment.

[%] Flux
Luminous
Relative[%]
Flux (%)
Relative相対光束
Luminous

1mg

5mg

10mg

30mg

120
100

Glass Container

LED

VOC source (Diphenylamine)

8060

Adhesive

40

PCB
Heat Sink

20
0
5

10

15

20

25

駆動時間Time[hours]Operation(hrs.)
OperationTime[hours]Figure 13. Diphenylamine Amount vs. Decrease in the Luminous Flux in a Hermetically-Sealed
Environment

5.3 Repetition of On and Off
The progression of discoloration is accelerated when the LED is turned on and off repeatedly rather
than being operated continuously without interruption.
Continuous Operation
Continuous
Operation

Continuous Operation
Continuous
Operation

Continuous Operation+ off×3
Continuous
Operation+off×3

60

100

Lighting Resumed
Lighting
Resumedafter
after off
offforfor1.5hours
1.5hours

80

60

LightingResumed
ResumedLighting
off 3hours
afterafter
off for3hours40

Close-up

20

Relative Luminous Flux [%]Lighting Resumed
Lighting
Resumedafter off
off forafter
for 10hours
10hours

Relative Luminous Flux [%]120
Lumious Flux
Relative[%]
Flux[%]
Luminous
Relative

Light Emitting Diode0+ off×3
Continuous Operation
Operation+off×3

Lighting
ResumedLighting Resumed
after
after off
off forfor10hours
10hours

50

Lighting Resumed
Lighting
Resumedafter off
off forafter
for 1.5hours
1.5hours

40
30
20

Lighting
LightingResumed
Resumedafter
for3hours
3hoursafter
offofffor

10

0
0

5

10

15

20

TotalOperation
Operation TimeTime [hours]
Total[hours]

25

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Total Operation
Operation Time
Total
Time [hours][hours]Figure 14. Comparison of Continuous Operation and On/Off Operation

VOCs are more likely to remain (adhere) inside the silicone resin in low temperature than in hightemperature. Thus, if the LED is turned off for a certain period of time, the temperature of the LED(silicone resin) decreases and adhesion progresses. As a result, the VOC concentration inside theLED becomes higher than that in the continuous operation without interruption and the progressionof discoloration is accelerated.

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Application Note
6. Summary
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be outgassed from various materials used around LEDs.
If VOCs permeate the inside of an LED and remain there, chemical reaction may occur due to heatand light energy and the VOCs may discolor. The discoloration of VOCs can cause a decrease in
the luminous flux or color shift of the LED, the degree of which may vary depending on thevolatilized VOCs and the VOC concentration.

Light Emitting Diode

The VOC discoloration is more likely to occur if the concentration of the VOCs is high; thus,
improving air circulation around the LED is suggested as an effective measure. When designing alight fixture, measures such as ventilation are recommended to have better air circulation aroundthe LED. If the LED is used in a hermetically-sealed environment, please check for the effects of
VOCs on the LED and perform verification prior to use to ensure that there are no issues with the
LED performance.
It is difficult to perform a reproduction test of VOC release and discoloration for all materials usedaround LEDs or all environments where the LEDs are used. This document does not identify orpresent all the materials that may affect LEDs. It is important to take the effects of VOCs describedin this document into consideration when selecting/changing materials.

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Application Note

Light Emitting Diode

Disclaimer
This application note is a controlled document of Nichia Corporation (Nichia) published to provide
technical information/data for reference purposes only. By using this application note, the user agrees
to the following: This application note has been prepared solely for reference on the subject matters incorporated
within it and Nichia makes no guarantee that customers will see the same results for their chosen
application.
 The information/data contained herein are only typical examples of performances and/or
applications for the product. Nichia does not provide any guarantees or grant any license underor immunity from any intellectual property rights or other rights held by Nichia or third parties.
 Nichia makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, as to the accuracy, completenessor usefulness of any information contained herein. In addition, Nichia shall not be liable for any
damages or losses arising out of exploiting, using, or downloading or otherwise this document, or
any other acts associated with this document.
 The content of this application note may be changed without any prior or subsequent notice.
 Copyrights and all other rights regarding the content of this document are reserved by Nichia or
the right holders who have permitted Nichia to use the content. Without prior written consent of
Nichia, republication, reproduction, and/or redistribution of the content of this document in any
form or by any means, whether in whole or in part, including modifications or derivative works
hereof, is strictly prohibited.

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TOKUSHIMA 774-8601, JAPAN
Phone: +81-884-22-2311 Fax: +81-884-21-0148

NICHIA CORPORATION
http://www.nichia.co.jp

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