The
Antique Wireless
Association Review

Story on page 241

Volume 24

2011

Table of Contents
Volume 24, 2011
Foreword....................................................................... iv
The History of Japanese Radio (1925 - 1945)
Tadanobu Okabe.................................................................1
Henry Clifford - Telegraph Engineer and Artist
Bill Burns ....................................................................... 19
Toyota Radio: 1946-49 Tadanobu Okabe ....................... 41
Culture, Technology, Britannia: The BBC Handbooks
David Wunsch ................................................................. 55
John Graeme Balsillie: Australia's Forgotten Wireless
Pioneer Graeme Bartram ................................................ 75
How the 1923 Radiola Season Really Came About
Eric Wenaas .................................................................... 99
Development of Television in Germany until 1939
Franz Pichler ..................................................................125
Eddystone Radio and their mid-1930’s All World Two

Gerry O’Hara, Graeme Wormald and Ian McQueen .............145

The Radio Products of the Globe Electric Company
Glenn Trischan ...............................................................167
The Airship America John Dilks ................................. 189
The Origins of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers’ Medal of Honor David and Julia Bart ......... 207
Wireless Comes of Age on the West Coast Bart Lee.... 241
Letters to the Editor ..................................................283
iii

Bart & Bart

AWA Review

The Origins of the Instituteof Electrical and Electronics
Engineers’ Medal of Honor
2011 David Bart & Julia Bart

ABSTRACTA Medal of Honor isawarded each year by
the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). It is thehighest international
award specifically recognizing accomplishmentsin the fields of electronics and electrical engineering. Edwin H.
Armstrong was the firstrecipient of the Medalin 1917 when it was initially established by theInstitute of Radio Engineers (IRE). The Medal
quickly gained stature,and its distinguishedrecipients include themost important contributors to electricalscience and technology.
In 1963, the IRE mergedwith the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) to form theIEEE. Since that time,
the Medal of Honor has
been administered by
the IEEE as its highest
award.
This article describes
the history of the Medalof Honor and its relationships to other key
scientific and technicalawards, including theIEEE’s Edison Medal,
the Nobel Prize and theRadio Club of America’s
Armstrong Medal.

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) is the world’s largest technicalsociety with approximately 400,000 membersin 150 countries. The Medal of Honor is theIEEE’s most prestigious award for meritorious
accomplishments in the fields of electronics
and electrical engineering. Since 1917, the mostimportant contributors to these fields have received the Medal in recognition of their criticalroles in laying the foundations of the modern
electric world. This article presents the storyof the Medal, its origins, connections to othermajor awards, and its legacy of honor.
FIRST PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
By the mid-1850s, electricity had made its
grand entrance into society. The technology for
employing electrical telegraph communications
was developing rapidly following the work ofCharles Wheatstone and Samuel F.B. Morse.
Indeed, this technology was now nearly twenty
years old. The joint American and British effort to span the Atlantic with a telegraph cable
was currently underway. Clocks coordinatedby telegraph were being used to standardize
time management and schedule the railroads.
Burglar alarms and electric elevators were on
the horizon, and new uses for electricity werebeing developed daily (Century of Electricals,
1984; Ryder & Fink, 1984).
Prior to 1860, most scientific and technical information was disseminated through the
publications of learned societies, books andprivately published letters, correspondence
and pamphlets. The most respected scientificjournals were “refereed” by the British Royal
Society (Barton, 1998). The rapid growth oftelegraphy and new applications of electricity
further stimulated demand for sharing more
information in an organized and timely manner. Soon, new technical journals emerged tobridge the gap between scientific discoveries
and their engineering applications. The ElecVolume 24, 2011 207

The IEEE Medal of Honor
trician began publication in 1861,
and The Telegraphic Journal was
published weekly from 1861 to 1899
when it was renamed The Electrical Review.1 The British telegraphindustry was particularly driven by
the influence of Sir William Thomson (later known as Lord Kelvin)and its many renowned electricalengineers. They created demandfor, and organized, the first professional societies and journals
specifically catering to the electricalsciences. With the success of the1866 Atlantic Cable, most scientificand popular magazines or journals
carried articles about submarine
telegraphy (Barton, 1998).
Between 1870 and 1890, professional, technical and academic
societies were helping to facilitate
greater communication and the
direct exchange of knowledge andideas in many fields (Frary, 2008).
Thomson worked to establish a
dedicated technical society and corresponding journal that catered tothe unique interests of telegraphersand electrical engineers. In 1871,
he became a founding member andthe first vice-president of the new
British Society of Telegraph Engineers (BSTE). Thomson regarded
the society as a vehicle that would
bridge the gap between theory andpractice in the electrical sciencesby providing a place for organizedcooperative discourse on topics
of common interest. The BSTE
was the first professional society
focused specifically on the new science and technology of electricity.2
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
The Americans were not far
behind their British counterparts.3
Beginning in the 1860s, new American publications emerged that provided a platform for telegraphersand electrical workers to share information. The National Telegraph
208 AWA Review

Union founded The Telegrapher in
1864. The Operator was foundedin 1874, and the Journal of the
Telegraph was founded by Western
Union in 1877. Unlike their British
colleagues, American telegraphers
were not heavily involved in thecreation of submarine cable telegraph systems. Therefore, they
were less interested in creating a“science” of electricity based on
the laws of induction. Instead,the Americans were driven bypractical experience and a spirit ofinvention. Nevertheless, Americantelegraphers increasingly sought
a formal means to communicate
scientific and technical discoveries.
Many Americans were membersof the BSTE, but they needed asociety of their own. The American Electrical Society was foundedin 1875; but it, and a number ofsmaller societies that followed, did
not survive the decade (McMahon,
1984; Israel, 1992).
By 1880, advanced automatedtechnologies were being applied totelegraphy, and the telephone wasmaking inroads into the communication field. The Civil War wasa distant memory, and the nation
was united by the trans-continental
telegraph and the trans-continental
railroad. Thomas Edison had installed the world’s first central station for electric power generationin New York City, and electric lighting was beginning its march acrossthe country. The industry’s leading
professionals soon made two more
attempts to form a national society
for electricians; founding the New
York Electrical Society in 1881 andthe Franklin Institute’s electricalsection in 1882. (McMahon, 1976;
Israel, 1992).
The International Electrical
Exhibition hosted by The Franklin
Institute was scheduled to takeplace in Philadelphia in September,
1884. Nathan S. Keith, an inventor

Bart & Bart
Institute of ElectricalEngineers (AIEE). 4
The first technicalsession of the newly
formed AIEE was heldat The Franklin Institute during the ten day
Exhibition. By far,the largest numbersof new members were
inventor-manufacturers and corporate
managers, but electrical engineers, electricians, professors andinstructors were wellFig. 1. Nathaniel Keith’s “Call” to Organize the AIEE represented. Nine fufrom Electrical World April 5, 1884. (IEEE Global,
ture presidents of the
2011d.)and electrometallurgical engineer, AIEE were among the Exhibition’s
wanted American professionals eighty-nine American representato form their own organization tives (McMahon, 1976 & 1984).
Over time, the AIEE would deso that they could participate inliver
a distinguished group of presithe Exhibition on an equal footing with their international peers. dents including Alexander Graham
Keith, along with Thomas Edison, Bell, Charles Proteus Steinmetz,
Elihu Thompson, Edwin Hous- Schuyler S. Wheeler, Dugald C.
ton, Edward Weston and twenty Jackson, Michael I. Pupin and Titus
other prominent leaders in the G. LeClair (IEEE Global, 2011f).
American electrical sciences, issued Although early topics included
three published “calls” to create telegraph and telephone commua national organization. Their nications, the challenges of electric
calls noted that the Philadelphia power generation and the design
Exhibition would be attended by of electric motors soon dominatednumerous “foreign electrical sa- the interests of the AIEE. The
vants, engineers, and manufactur- standardization of electrical units,ers” and that “it would be a lasting definitions and nomenclature weredisgrace to American electricians also top priorities. Edison’s legendif no American electrical national ary battle with Nikola Tesla andsociety was in existence to receive George Westinghouse regarding
them with the honors due them alternating versus direct current
from their collaborators in the technologies grabbed headlines
United States” (McMahon, 1984; and fostered scientific research.
Reiman, 1984). Keith organized a Increasingly, communications
formal meeting on May 13, 1884 at technology was relegated to a secthe American Society of Civil Engi- ondary concern of the society (seeneers (the oldest American profes- Note 3).
sional society founded in 1852) to“unite those involved in the art of THE FIRST WIRELESS
producing and utilizing electricity” ASSOCIATIONS(Century of Electricals, 1984). The
The science and technology
attendees drew up a charter and of wireless telegraphy traces its
named themselves the American
Volume 24, 2011 209

The IEEE Medal of Honor
enough to meetthese new challenges. University trained engineers, academic
scientists andadvanced amateurs with specialized interests
soon dominatedearly progress inthe field. Applications of engineering theory,
rather than practical mechanicalexpertise, were
now playing the
key role (McMahon, 1984; Israel, 1992). Thiswas seen in the
AIEE’s leadership which, by
1900, was dominated by corporate electricalengineers andno longer had
manufacturers
in leadership
Fig. 2. International Electrical Exhibition Broadside for the positions. Ten
First Electrical Exhibition in America. (Century of Electricals, years later, over
85% of AIEE’s
1984.)
leadership wereroots to the experiments of Oliver directly employed in the electrical
Lodge and Heinrich Hertz and industry or were consultants for
to Guglielmo Marconi’s develop- large companies, and the need forment of a working system in the college training was indisputablelate 19 th century. Professional (McMahon, 1976).
engineers, amateur experimenters
Demand for professional asand academic scientists raced to sociations dedicated to radio andclaim new inventions and discov- wireless communications could
eries that would enable the new have provided the impetus fortechnology to succeed. But, the change within the AIEE. But,
technology underlying wireless given the AIEE’s focus on electriinvolved the use of many more cal power generation, and its lackscientific and theoretical concepts of emphasis on communications
than land-line telegraphy. Limited technology, a new association
practical approaches once used to would have to satisfy the growpropel the growth of the telegraph ing demand by professionals for aindustry were no longer robust society that was relevant to their
210 AWA Review

Bart & Bart
interests. Even at a time whencompanies were intensely competitive and protective of their technological secrets, professionals
still needed a place to share ideas
and to learn from one another(Proceedings, 1952; Whittemore,1957). In 1912, the Institute ofRadio Engineers (IRE) became thepremier professional organization
satisfying this demand. Its roots lie
in the consolidation of two smaller
predecessor organizations, theSociety of Wireless Telegraph Engineers (SWTE) and The WirelessInstitute (TWI).5
SWTE was founded in Boston
on February 25, 1907 by John
Stone Stone6 with eleven membersof the engineering staff of Stone
Wireless Telegraph Company andits successor the Stone Telegraph &Telephone Company (collectively,“STTC”).7 At the outset, SWTE
provided a forum for STTC’s staff
to read and discuss technical papers, focusing on “the mathematical treatment of wireless problems”
in order that the engineers might“speak the same language” (Clark,
1946). All employees who were notout of town were required to attend. John Stone was SWTE’s first
President. The SWTE published asmall booklet in 1908 outlining its
aims, membership and management. Membership soon expanded
to include “the technical staff ofany wireless telegraph or wirelesstelephone company, or a wirelesstelegraph engineer” (Clark, 1946)
Notably, the membership included
Reginald Fessenden’s National
Electric Signaling Company (NESCO). Lee de Forest and thenFritz Lowenstein succeeded Stone
as President. SWTE’s goal was tohelp “crystallize” ideas and to share
information about the work being
performed (Clark, 1946). Although
SWTE did not publish proceedings,
or a journal, it did share scientificpapers among its members. As anorganization, it remained more of
a club and discussion group thana professional society (see Note 5).
TWI was the first truly professional organization dedicated toFig. 3. John Stone Stone, Founder of
the Society of Wireless Telegraph Engineers. (IEEE Global History, 2010b.)Fig. 4. Robert H. Marriott, Founderof The Wireless Institute and First
President of the IRE. (IEEE Global
History, 2010c.)

Volume 24, 2011 211

The IEEE Medal of Honor
radio-telegraph communications.
On May 14, 1908, Robert H. Marriott, then the Assistant Scientificmanager of the United Wireless
Telegraph Company, issued a circular soliciting some 200 people
regarding their interests in forming a professional society focusedon radio engineering.8 Discussions
and inquiries continued across thesummer. Finally, on January 23,
1909, Marriott formed TWI with
fourteen members and was elected
as its first President. He remained
its president through 1912. TWI
was dedicated to the new fieldsof wireless communications andradio engineering. By design,
TWI was modeled after AIEE, butsought an international membership. Given the larger number ofwireless operators and radio engineers in New York City compared
to Boston, TWI soon became amuch more active organization

than SWTE.9 TWI published thefirst dedicated professional journalin the wireless engineering field
known as The Wireless Institute
Proceedings (see Note 5).
In 1910, just two years afterorganizing the SWTE, the Stone
businesses ceased operation. In
the meantime, NESCO relocatedto Brooklyn, effectively moving
a significant share of SWTE’s
membership away from Boston(see Note 9). Coincidentally,
Fessenden became involved with
the newly formed Radio Clubof America (RCofA) as its first
Consulting Engineer (see below).
TWI lost a significant number ofmembers following the July, 1911
collapse of New York based United
Wireless Telegraph Company, thenthe largest wireless company in the
U.S. (Clark, 1942). The financiallystrapped TWI was soon struggling
to pay its debts and was placed into

Fig. 5. IRE Dinner at Luchow’s Restaurant in New York City in 1915.(IEEEGlobal History, 2011b.)

212 AWA Review

Bart & Bart
receivership (see Note 5).
INSTITUTE OF RADIO
ENGINEERS
In 1912, Marriott, on behalf of
TWI, and Alfred N. Goldsmith10
and John V.L. Hogan11, on behalfof SWTE, met informally to review
the fate of both organizations. On
May 13, 1912, TWI12 and SWTE13
gathered at Columbia University
in New York City and approved theconstitution of a new consolidated
organization, the Institute of RadioEngineers (IRE). The creation of
the world’s first professional association of radio engineers came
just a few weeks after the historic
sinking of the RMS Titanic on April
14, 1912. Radio signals carried the
distress calls that saved more than
700 lives in the tragedy, and radio
was now a hot topic (New YorkTimes, 1942). Efforts to form a
new independent professionalsociety serving radio engineers culminated on August 23, 1913 when
IRE incorporated under the lawsof New York. Marriott became thefirst President. Ironically, AIEE
had finally authorized creation of
a Radio Transmission Committee
the same month, but it was too little, too late. The first IRE meetings
were held at Sweet’s Restaurant on
Fulton Street in New York withinblocks of at least ten prominent radio companies. Membership in the
new IRE quickly grew from 46 inMay, 1912 to 231 by January, 1914.
By the next year, 83 members wereregistered from foreign countries(see Notes 5 & 9).
The IRE’s goals included boththe presentation and preservation of technical papers. This led
to publication of the Proceedingsof the IRE beginning in January,1913. The IRE’s structure andorganization were based on TWI,
which had itself followed the AIEE
model; but, as with TWI, IRE’s
membership was, by design, in-ternational in scope, rather thanprincipally American. The organization’s new emblem featured
the IRE’s initials, representing themathematical symbols for current,
resistance and electromotive force,placed within a triangle, together
with a symbol for electrical andmagnetic forces. The IRE now
stood completely independent of
AIEE, focused on electronics andelectrical communications.14
Over the next fifty years, theIRE expanded to ninety countries.
By December, 1961, the IRE had
96,551 members. A list of its officers is a who’s who of the electronics communication field. IRE pastpresidents include such notables asGreenleaf W. Pickard15, Arthur E.
Kennelly, Michael I. Pupin, Ernst
F.W. Alexanderson, Alfred N.
Goldsmith, Lee de Forest, C. Stuart Ballentine and L.A. Hazeltine(Whittemore, 1957 & 1962).
IRE’S MEDAL OF HONOR
By 1917, the IRE had more than
1,000 members and had become
the leading technical and scientificsociety in the wireless field withmajor sections located in New
York, Washington, Boston, Seattle
and San Francisco (Wireless Age,
1917a).
Professional medals of recognition and accomplishment were
now well established among engineers and academic scientists.
The AIEE’s Edison Medal and theJohn Fritz Medal were regularlypresented and were more than adecade old (see below). Yet, thecommunity of electrical specialists
interested in communications had
no award of its own. On February
15, 1917, the IRE established its
own medal to recognize the prominent advances made in radiotelegraphy and radio-telephony(Proceedings, 1919a).
The IRE announced the creVolume 24, 2011 213

The IEEE Medal of Honor
ation of its new award in May,
1917. The candidates were to be
named annually at the April IRE
meeting as the person(s) who, during the prior two calendar years,
made public the greatest patented
or unpatented advance in radio
communication. The advancewas to be publicly and completely
described in a scientific or engineering journal of recognized
standing, and it was required to
be operational. Preference wasgiven to widely adopted devices or
explanations of previously unexplained phenomena accompanied
by rigorous analytical treatmentof the subject. The advance or the
explanation had to be relevant tothe art of radio communication,such as patented or unpatented
inventions, scientific analysis or
explanation, and it could extend
to a system of traffic regulation orcontrol, a system for administration of radio companies or evenlegislative programs. A “Board of
Direction” called upon IRE members for suggested candidates andthen nominated up to three eligible candidates by the April IRE
meeting. The award recipient wasthen selected by majority vote of
the Board of Direction during thefour weeks following the April IRE
meeting. The official presentationof the medal was scheduled to occur at the subsequent May or June
meeting.16
Two years later, the ruleschanged, eliminating the time
period for the production andpublication of the medal candidate’s advancement. Recipients
could now be awarded the medal
regardless of when they performed
or published their work (Proceedings, 1919a & b).
A DESIGN FOR THE MEDALThe IRE awarded the task of designing its medal to the well known
214 AWA Review

sculptor Edward Field Sanford, Jr.
of New York. Sanford was bornin New York in 1886. He studied
at the Art Students League andthe National Academy of Designin 1907 and 1908, and attended
the Academie Julian in Paris andthe Royal Academy in Munich.
Sanford’s best known works included the Charles Francis Adams
Memorial at Washington and Lee
University in Lexington, Virginia,
and the two colossal bronze groups
for the Core Mausoleum in Norfolk, Virginia. Sanford was at theforefront of a new movement in
American art during the 1920s that
supported large public sculpture.

Fig. 6. The Medal of Honor Beginning
1917. (Wireless Age, 1917a.)

He later produced many colossal
Gothic figures and bronze facades
for power companies, cemeteries
and court houses, as well as thebase panels of the New York State
Roosevelt Memorial. Sanford also
designed medallions and bronze
reliefs.17
Sanford’s design for the obverse(face) of the IRE’s Medal of Honor
was inscribed with the words “Institute of Radio Engineers” andan allegorical representation ofelectromagnetic waves interlinking
the magnetic and electric forces inspace. The reverse (back) includes
a laurel wreath surrounding theinscription “To___, In Recognition of Distinguished Service In
Radio Communication” followedby the date (Wireless Age, 1917a;
Proceedings, 1919a).

Bart & Bart

Fig. 7. Edwin H. Armstrong Explaining the Principles of Super-Regeneration
at a Meeting of the Radio Club of America at Columbia University in New York
Circa 1923. (First Amateur, 1923.)

FIRST RECIPIENT OF THE
MEDAL OF HONOR
Due to the U.S. involvement inWorld War I, the IRE postponed
its presentation of the first Medalof Honor, although the IRE didannounce it would be presented toCaptain Edwin H. Armstrong for
his work on receiving apparatus.
His selection was seen as an inspiration to amateur radio experimenters since “Mr. Armstrong’s
regenerative circuit was evolved
in his amateur days” (WirelessAge, 1917b). The IRE postponed
the presentation of Armstrong’s
1917 Medal and did not award a
Medal of Honor in 1918 due to thewar. Finally, in April, 1919, the IRE
announced that Mr. (now Major)
Edwin H. Armstrong would receivehis 1917 Medal “in recognition of
his work and publications dealing
with the action of the oscillating
and non-oscillating audion” (Proceedings, 1919a).

EARLY CONFLICTS AND
CONTROVERSIESThe Medal of Honor has been
awarded annually since 1919 withthe exception of 1925, 1947, 1965
and 1976 (IEEE Website, 2011b).
In its early years, it was referred toas the “Gold Medal” of the IRE, andit was presented at a special dinner
event with multiple speakers andan evening program (George H.
Clark Radioana, 1923). The ensuing history of the Medal of Honor
includes legendary stories about
important award recipients andmajor controversies.
Guglielmo Marconi’s wellknown work in radio-telegraphylaid many of the foundations ofwireless communication. The
IRE selected Marconi to receive
its third Medal of Honor in 1920.
The award was presented on June
20, 1922 to an audience of morethan 1,000 cheering radio scientists and engineers. Marconi took
Volume 24, 2011 215

The IEEE Medal of Honor

Fig. 8. John Stone Stone Medal of
Honor Presentation Program for 1923.
(George H. Clark Radioana Collection, Smithsonian Institution, 1923.)

the opportunity to demonstrateexperiments in directional radio
signals and short wave transmission during his acceptance speech(New York Times, 1922). He alsopresented and later published “Radiotelegraphy,” a sweeping historyof the early years of radio and his
own experimental work (Marconi,
1922). This was actually Marconi’s
second visit to the U.S. On January
13, 1902, he was the guest of the
AIEE when he formally announced
to the scientific community his
historic trans-Atlantic broadcastof the Morse code letter “S” acrossthe ocean on December 12, 1901.18
Upon his receipt of the IRE Medalin 1922, Marconi thanked his
American hosts for their “generous
encouragement and valid support
so heartily extended to me practically at the commencement of
my career, when perhaps I mostneeded it” (Marconi, 1922).
Reginald Fessenden was awarded the fourth Medal of Honor
in 1921 for his landmark workin radio. Known for his difficult
personality, Fessenden was deeply
suspicious. Fessenden had heardthat Marconi’s earlier medal was
made of solid gold, so he had his
own medal analyzed and discovered it was an alloy, not pure gold.
Fessenden returned the medal to
the IRE and requested that his
name be stricken from the list ofaward winners. Greenleaf W. Pickard, a close friend, investigated anddetermined that both medals were

Fig. 9. Guglielmo Marconi’s 1920 Medal of Honor.(Museum of the History of
Science, University of Oxford, 2011a.)

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Bart & Bart
made of exactly the same composition. Only then did Fessenden
agree to take the medal back. His
award contains no citation or description of his contributions (Coe,1996; IEEE Website, 2011b).
By 1934, Edwin Armstrong’s
twenty years of intense rivalry andprotracted litigation with Lee deForest, regarding the legal priority
to the regenerative circuit, came toa head. An initial case had been decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in1928 in favor of de Forest. For the
first time in its history, the U.S. Supreme Court heard the same patent
litigation twice. In May, 1934, theCourt issued its final landmark
decision based primarily on thedates of notes contained in various
laboratory notebooks. The Court
recognized that de Forest’s work
on feedback circuits, beginning inAugust, 1912, preceded the work of
Armstrong. The Court also decided that de Forest’s work preceded
the claims of Irving Langmuir at
General Electric and Alexander
Meissner in Germany which had
been independently performed.
Although de Forest had essentiallyinvented a telephone circuit withthe potential for radio amplification, and Armstrong had invented
his circuit specifically for radio, theCourt ruled in favor of de Forest.
Armstrong was devastated.19
On May 28, 1934 Armstrong
walked into the IRE’s ninth annual convention, with nearly 1,000
members in attendance, intent
on returning the Medal of Honor awarded to him in 1919. As
Armstrong began his composed
speech, Charles Jansky, Jr., IRE’s
President, addressed Major Armstrong directly from his chair,“…by unanimous opinion of themembers of the Board, I havebeen directed to say to you…that
the present Board of Directors,
with full consideration of the greatvalue and outstanding qualityof the original scientific work ofyourself and of the present highesteem and repute in which you
are held by the membership of theInstitute and themselves, hereby
strongly reaffirms the original
award, and similarly reaffirms thesense of what it believes to havebeen the original citation.”20 The
meeting erupted into a standing
ovation reaffirming that, despite
the Supreme Court’s decision, tothe engineers, Armstrong was theinventor of the regenerative circuit.
Thus, by the unanimous decisionof the Board, with many senior
representatives of AT&T and thepowerful Radio Corporation ofAmerica in its ranks, the scientificand engineering community issued
their definitive opinion that thescientific credit for the invention
belonged to Armstrong. For hispart, Armstrong considered the
IRE’s Medal of Honor, bestowed
by his fellow radio engineers, tobe the highest honor he received(Lessing, 1956; Lewis, 1991). Withtears in his eyes, Armstrong closed
his statements with “This is thehighest honor a radio engineer
can hold. I give you my heartfelt
thanks, and I assure you they comefrom the bottom of my heart”(Lessing, 1956).
AN EVOLVING RANGE OFMEDAL WINNERS
In its early years, the Medal of
Honor was primarily awarded torecognize achievements in the fieldof radio. John A. Fleming received
the 1933 Medal “for the conspicuous part he played in introducing
physical and engineering principles into the radio art” (Brittain,2007). Fleming’s contributions
included the two-element “Fleming Valve” and over one hundred
technical articles and twenty-one
textbooks (Brittain, 2007). The
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The IEEE Medal of Honor
1941 Medal was given to Alfred
N. Goldsmith, not only for his
contributions to radio researchand engineering, but for his leadership in standardization and theestablishment of the Proceedingsof the IRE. Vladimir K. Zworykinreceived the 1951 Medal for his development of television and otheradvances. The IRE made no comment and simply sidestepped any
debate with Philo T. Farnsworth
over who was really responsible
for the invention of television. In
1954, William L. Everitt won theaward for his contributions to establishing electronics as a branchof electrical engineering and hisleadership in the IRE (IEEE Website, 2011b).
In 1963, the IRE merged with
AIEE, forming the IEEE (seebelow). Although IEEE officiallycommenced operations in 1963,
the awards committees for the
IRE and AIEE remained separatethat year due to delays in theirconsolidation and the time needed
to meet the logistical requirementsof their awards processes. Twocandidates were selected for the

Fig. 10. Three Medal of Honor Winners (L to R): John R. Pierce (1975),
Rudolf Kompfner (1973), and Harry
Nyquist (1960).(AT&T Archives. See
Gannett, 1998.)

218 AWA Review

1963 Medal of Honor: George C.
Southworth, a research engineer
at Bell Telephone Laboratories,
renowned for his pioneering workwith waveguides, and John H.
Hammond, Jr., a prolific inventor
with more than 700 inventions,
including a remote controlled
boat, radio-controlled torpedoes
and radio directed missiles. The
proponents of the two candidates
refused to compromise. A subsequent deadlock arose within
the new Board of Directors as it
struggled with setting the precedent of IEEE’s new direction while
creating a broader scope for theIEEE Medal of Honor. The Board
resolved the impasse by awarding
the 1963 Medal of Honor to bothcandidates. It was the only timethat two Medals of Honor were
given in one year (Gannett, 1998).
After 1963, the range of recipients broadened to include subjects
beyond the original scope of the
IRE into areas that which wereformerly recognized by AIEE. The
awards now included new topics
such as mathematical theorists(Claude E. Shannon in 1966), lasers (Charles H. Townes in 1967),
holography (Dennis Gabor in1970), transistors (John Bardeen
in 1971), digital computers (Jay W.
Forrester in 1972), systems theory(Rudolf E. Kalman in 1974), thebeginning of integrated circuits(Robert N. Noyce in 1978) and thediscovery of magnetic resonanceimaging (Calvin F. Quate in 1988)(IEEE Website, 2011b).
THE EDISON MEDAL
America had made significant
and society-altering contributions
to industrial technology in thelate 19th century, including electric
lighting, the telegraph, telephone,electric railway transportation andthe phonograph. Thomas Edison
was a household hero and wasBart & Bart
perhaps the most easily identified
public personality associated withthe development of electricity.
1904 was the 25th anniversary of
Edison’s invention of his incandescent lamp. Samuel Insull, Charles
Batchelor and a group of Edison’sfriends, former employees and associates decided to commemoratethat anniversary on the occasionof Edison’s birthday. They formed
the Edison Medal Association with
Samuel Insull (Chairman), Charles
Batchelor (Vice-Chairman) and
124 additional members including J. Pierpont Morgan, Reginald A. Fessenden, W.S. Mallory,
Frank J. Sprague and Nikola Tesla.
The group planned to name anendowed academic medal after
Edison that would be awarded
through the AIEE, with AIEE acting as trustee of the medal. The
medal was intended to “serve as anhonorable incentive to the youth ofAmerica to maintain by their works
the high standard of accomplishment by the illustrious man whosename and features shall live while
human intelligence continues toinhabit the world” (Science, 1904).
While Edison’s anniversary celebration was a success, little progress was made on the actual design
or awarding of the Edison Medal.
After 1904, the initial excitement of
the Edison celebration faded, andthe medal languished (Bart & Bart,
2009 & 2010).

THE JOHN FRITZ MEDAL
Meanwhile, the John Fritz Medal, the highest American award in
the engineering profession, wasbeing presented each year. Established in 1902, the Fritz Medal
recognized scientific or industrial
achievement in any field of pure orapplied science. Fritz had achieved
fame and recognition for his development of American iron and steel
manufacturing. The medal named
in his honor was jointly established on Fritz’s 80th birthday by
the American Institute of Mining
Engineers (AIME), the American
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE),
the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and theAIEE. Sponsorship eventually
included the American Associationof Engineering Studies (AAES) as
well.21
The first four Fritz Medals
were given to John Fritz (1902),
Lord Kelvin (1905), George Westinghouse (1906) and Alexander
Graham Bell (1907) (John Fritz
Medal, 2009a). Thomas Edison
received the fifth Fritz Medal in1908 for his “invention of theduplex and quadruplex telegraph;the phonograph; the developmentof a commercially practical incandescent lamp; the development of
a complete system of electric lighting, including dynamos, regulating
devices, underground system protective devices and meters” (JohnFritz Medal, 1910).

Fig. 11. Guglielmo Marconi’s 1922
John Fritz Medal.(Museum of the History of Science, University of Oxford,
2011b.)

Fig. 12. The First Edison Medal
Awarded to Elihu Thomson in 1909.
(IEEE Global History, 2008: Images
410 & 535.)

Volume 24, 2011 219

The IEEE Medal of Honor
EDISON MEDAL BECOMESAIEE’S HIGHEST AWARD
Finally, five years after the initial 1904 organization of the Edison Medal Association, the Edison
Medal Awards Committee officiallynamed its first Edison Medal recipient. Dr. Elihu Thomson wascited for his “meritorious achievement in electrical science, engineering and arts as exemplified in
his contributions thereto during
the past 30 years” (Edison Medal
Committee, 1910). Thomson’s accomplishments were wide ranging
and internationally acclaimed. He
was also active in the AIEE.22 The
Edison Medal Association presented Thomson with a parchment
certificate constituting official
notice of the award at AIEE’s annual dinner on February 24, 1910.
He received the Edison Medal at
AIEE’s annual meeting on May 17(Edison Medal Committee, 1910).
Over the ensuing years, AIEE’s
focus remained on electric power
generation as demonstrated by
the following innovators of alternating current technology who
received Edison Medals during
its first decade: Elihu Thomson(1909), Frank J. Sprague (1910),
George Westinghouse (1911), William Stanley, Jr. (1912), Charles F.
Brush (1913), Nikola Tesla (1916)
and Michael I Pupin (1920) (IEEE
Website, 2009c).
TIES WITH THE EDISONAND FRITZ MEDALS
Medal of Honor recipients arewell represented among the winners of both the Edison Medal andthe Fritz Medal.
Of the 104 winners of the Fritz
Medal since 1902, six also received
the Medal of Honor. These include
Guglielmo Marconi [MOH 1920,
JFM 1923], Claude E. Shannon[MOH 1966, JFM 1983], Robert
220 AWA Review

N. Noyce [MOH 1978, JFM 1989],
George H. Heilmeier [MOH 1997,
JFM 1999] and Gordon E. Moore[MOH 2008, JFM 1993] (JohnFritz Medal, 2009a; IEEE Website,
2011b).
Of the 98 recipients of the Edison Medal since 1908, eight also
received the Medal of Honor for
their critical roles in developing thescience and technology underlying
radio and television communication. These include Edwin H.
Armstrong [MOH 1917, EM 1942],
Ernst F.W. Alexanderson [MOH
1919, EM 1944], Arthur E. Kennelly[MOH 1932, EM 1993] and Vladimir K. Zworykin [MOH 1951, EM
1952]. As communications technology advanced, four individuals
won both the Medal of Honor andEdison Medal for their important
contributions to satellites, signal
processing, semiconductors, andcomputer memory; including,John R. Pierce [MOH 1975, EM
1963], Sidney Darlington [MOH
1981, EM 1975], Nick Holonyak,
Jr. [MOH 2003, EM 1989] andRobert H. Dennard [MOH 2009,
EM 2001] (IEEE Website, 2009c &2010a, IEEE Edison Medal, 2009).
Columbia University’s legendary Professor Michael I. Pupin
was the only person to receive all
three engineering awards. He received the Edison Medal in 1920,
the Medal of Honor in 1924 andthe Fritz Medal in 1932.23 Pupin
was president of the IRE in 1917
and President of the AIEE from
1925-1926. He received the Edison
Medal “For his work in mathematical physics and its application to
the electric transmission of intelligence,” and he received the IRE
Medal of Honor “In recognition of
his fundamental contributions in
the field of electrical tuning andthe rectification of alternating currents used for signaling purposes”(IEEE Global, 2011l). He received

Bart & Bart
the Fritz Medal as a “scientist,
engineer, author, inventor of thetuning of oscillating circuits andthe loading of telephone circuits
by inductive coils” (Electrical Engineering, 1932). In 1915, he wasmade a Fellow of both the AIEE
and IRE. A student of Hermann
Von Helmholtz and Gustav Kirchhoff, Pupin was a highly regarded
scientist who was a mentor toNobel Prize winners Robert A. Milliken and Irving Langmuir, as well
as Gano Dunn, Edwin Armstrong,
Alfred Goldsmith and the larger
community of radio engineers(Architects, 1984; Brittain, 1999).
ASSOCIATIONS WITH THE
NOBEL PRIZE
The Nobel Prize, the world’s
highest award in science, hasmany ties to the Medal of Honor.
The Nobel Prize was establishedin 1895 by Alfred Nobel. Between
1901 and 2010 there have been
543 Nobel Prizes, including 104
in Physics and 102 in Chemistry(Nobel Prize, 2011).
The winners of the Nobel Prizein Physics include twenty-one
members of the IEEE and its
predecessors, the AIEE and IRE.
Two other IEEE members received
the Nobel Prize in Chemistry andMedicine. Irving Langmuir, the1932 recipient of the Nobel Prizein Chemistry, was President of the
IRE in 1923 (Nobel Prize, 2011).
Seven recipients of the Medal of
Honor received the Nobel Prize inPhysics. Their work ranged fromradio wave propagation in the ionosphere, investigations in quantum electronics, superconductor
superlattices, coding, and the invention of the transistor; including
Edward V. Appleton [MOH 1962,
Nobel 1947], Nicolaas Bloembergen [MOH 1983, Nobel 1981], Leo
Esaki [MOH 1991, Nobel 1973],
Jack S. Kilby [MOH 1986, Nobel2000], William R. Shockley [MOH,
1980, Nobel 1956] and Charles H.
Townes [MOH 1967, Nobel 1964](IEEE Global History, 2009; IEEE
Website, 2011b).
The importance of developinga system of wireless telegraphy
was considered so significant that
Guglielmo Marconi remains the
only person to have received theNobel Prize and two of the mostprestigious engineering awards.
He received the Nobel Prize in
1909, the Fritz Medal in 1923
and the Medal of Honor in 1920
(IEEE Global History, 2009; John
Fritz Medal, 2009a). Contrary to
popular misconception, Marconi
never received the Edison Medal(IEEE Website, 2009c). Marconi
noted in his 1909 Nobel Lecturethat “Whatever may be its present shortcomings and defects,
there can be no doubt that wireless telegraphy - even over great
distances - has come to stay, andwill not only stay, but continue toadvance” (Marconi, 1909).
TIES TO THE RADIO CLUBOF AMERICA’S ARMSTRONG
MEDALEdwin H. Armstrong played aprominent role in linking professional electrical engineers andamateur experimenters. The recipients of IRE’s Medal of Honor
share a common history with theRadio Club of America’s Armstrong Medal.
The Radio Club of America(RCofA) is the oldest radio communications society in the world.
It was initially formed in 1907 as
the Junior Aero Club of the U.S.
On January 2, 1909, the club was
renamed the Junior WirelessClub Ltd. reflecting its new focus
on wireless telegraphy and telephony. On October 21, 1911, theclub changed its name to RCofA.
Volume 24, 2011 221

The IEEE Medal of Honor
Membership quickly grew to include amateur wireless operatorsand professional radio engineers.
The word ‘club’ is actually a misnomer, because RCofA operated
as a blend of professional society
and amateur experimenter’s association. RCofA effectively bridged
the gap between the amateurs andprofessionals, but it remained asmaller society promoting cooperation among those interested
in the advancement and study ofradio communications; versus
the orientation of the IRE and its
successors as large international
professional organizations.24
RCofA’s focus was on experimentation, and many seminal
papers were presented at RCofA’s
meetings that were later publishedin the Proceedings of the RCofA.
Its membership included IRE
founders Marriott, Goldsmith and
Hogan as well as notable industry
leaders, including David Sarnoff(Radio Corporation of America)
who was also Secretary of the
IRE from 1915-1917. Fessenden
was RCofA’s founding Consulting
Engineer, and Armstrong served
as President from 1916-1920. The

club’s membership is a digest ofcommunications visionaries who
advanced wireless technologies
and then two-way and amateur
radio; radio and television broadcasting; paging, wireless voice,data and messaging; and modern
cellular communications (see Note
24).
RCofA’s first major honor waspresented to its President, Edwin
H. Armstrong, on November 19,
1919, just months after he had received the IRE’s Medal of Honor.
When Armstrong returned fromWorld War One, he was widely
heralded as one of the foremost
contributors to radio’s development, and he was one of RCofA’s
pre-eminent members. RCofA
held a banquet at the Hotel Ansonia to celebrate Armstrong’s
achievements in regenerative circuit design and his contributions
to the U.S. Army Signal Corps during the war. The sixty-four guests
encompassed many IRE members
and its founders, including Hogan,Goldsmith and Pupin as well as
George C. Clark and J. Andrew
White. RCofA did not conduct
another banquet until 1926 (Wire-

Fig. 13. Radio Club of America Banquet to Honor Edwin Armstrong November
19, 1919.(Wireless Age, 1919.)

222 AWA Review

Bart & Bart

Fig. 14. Radio Club of America Scroll
Dedicating the Establishment of the
Armstrong Medal.(Radio Club, 1959)

less Age, 1919; Radio Club 1934 &1959).
RCofA’s first major award
was established in 1935 when
it inscribed a testimonial scroll
presented to Major Armstrong
dedicating an RCofA medal in his
name. The scroll was presented
to Armstrong following a special
reading by Armstrong of his paper on Frequency Modulation on
December 19, 1935. Armstrong
was taken completely by surprise(Radio Club, 1959).
RCofA’s Armstrong Medal was
subsequently designed by John

Fig. 15. Original Press Photographsof the 1937 Radio Club of America
Armstrong Medal.(Katzdorn, 2011.)

Vassos, W.B. Stevenson and J.P.
“Jack” Barnes. All three worked
for the Radio Corporation of America as artist/designers. The sculptor was Harry Straubel. 25 The
obverse (face) features a portraitof Armstrong with his accomplishments inscribed around the edge.
The reverse (back) names RCofA,
the Armstrong Medal and the recipient. The reverse includes allegorical representations of the earthand planets joined by an electricalcharge between two coils.
Louis A. Hazeltine received thefirst medal in 1937. Hazeltine had
been active in both IRE and RCofA
and was IRE’s President in 1936
(Radio Club 1959; Brittain, 1999).
RCofA’s Board of Directors
awards the Armstrong Medal to
candidates within RCofA’s membership who have made an important contribution to the art andscience of radio. The Armstrong
Medal is not awarded every year,
but only after careful considerationof the candidate proposed by theawards committee. All of the Armstrong Medals have been granted
to people who made contributionsin the fields of radio, televisionand other communication media(Radio Club, 2011a).
In October, 1950, a special issueof the Proceedings of the RCofA
described in detail the December,1921 successful transmission of thefirst short wave radio signals acrossthe Atlantic Ocean by members of
RCofA and the American Radio
Relay League. This was a successnoted by amateur experimenters
who had made so many contributions in the early days of radio
and which again reflected Armstrong’s leadership. Armstrong received the 1950 RCofA Armstrong
Medal for this accomplishment.26
Armstrong and RCofA had again
brought together the amateur,
professional and scientific commuVolume 24, 2011 223

The IEEE Medal of Honor

Fig. 16. Professor Alan Hazeltine Receiving the First Armstrong Medal fromJohn Miller President of the Radio Club Of America on Oct. 29, 1937. L To R:
Edwin H. Armstrong, Prof. Hazeltine, John Miller, Harry Sadenwater, George
Burghard.(Radio Club, 1959.)

nities in another radio first (Story,
1950; Radio Club, 2011a).
Out of the fourty-four recipientsof RCofA’s Armstrong Medal since
1935, six were Medal of Honor winners. The Armstrong Medal wasawarded to two of IRE’s founders
who also administered the Medalof Honor: Greenleaf W. Pickard[MOH 1926, AM 1940] and John
V.L. Hogan [MOH 1956, AM 1947].
Other Armstrong Medal winners
included Melville Eastham [MOH
1937, AM 1956], Harold H. Beverage [MOH 1945, AM 1938], andHarold A. Wheeler [MOH 1964,
AM 1964]. Armstrong’s long timecollaborator, Harry W. Houck27,
received the Armstrong Medal in1941, but never received any othermajor honors (Radio Club, 2011a;
IEEE Website, 2011b).
Armstrong is the only person
to be recognized twice by RCofA’s
Armstrong Medal, receiving thescroll in 1935 and the medal in1950 (Story, 1950; Radio Club,
2011a).
GROWING IMPORTANCE OF
THE MEDAL OF HONOR
In 1942, the IRE staged dem224 AWA Review

onstrations of mechanical color
television, and Armstrong demonstrated his FM transmitter at
Alpine, New Jersey to commemorate the 30th anniversary of theorganization. The IRE had grown
to over 7,000 members with morethan 1,000 attending its anniversary conference. Medal of Honor
winners now included Alexanderson, Pupin, Hooper, Kennelly,
Fleming, Dellinger, Espenschiedand Goldsmith. The IRE’s list ofpresidents now included such radio engineering legends as Pickard,
Langmuir, Morecroft, Ballentine,
Hazeltine, Beverage and Pratt. In
one way or another, the IRE and its
members had led the developmentof electronic communications.28
Within ten years, IRE wasovertaking AIEE in growth andleadership in electronics. In 1952,
the IRE hosted 27,500 participants at its conference with over
200 technical papers presented.
Displays included guided missile,long distance television, home
video and transistors (New YorkTimes, 1952).
The field of electronics was rapidly expanding. Just one year ear-Bart & Bartlier, in 1951, Vladimir K. Zworykinreceived the Medal of Honor for
his work in developing television.
He stated that the Medal “means
to me more than recognition of
my past efforts by the group ofengineers who shared in them andare best qualified to judge them”(Proceedings, 1951). His acceptance speech went on to describe
a future in which medicine would
apply the principals of radio andtelevision to the development of
new devices capable of diagnosis
and treatment. In mid-century,
Zworykin anticipated the eventual
explosion of the electrical sciencesand electrical engineering into entirely new fields of endeavor thatwould become part of 21st century
life (Proceedings, 1951).
THE IRE AND AIEE MERGERIn 1963, IRE and AIEE merged
to form the IEEE.29 Several attempts had been made to consolidate the organizations dating backto 1922, but the AIEE was resistantto giving adequate time and attention to communications related
topics, and IRE members wanted
to retain their independence.30
At the end of the Second World
War, the AIEE had a total mem-

Fig. 17. Total Members in IRE and
AIEE.(Membership Statistics, 1962.)

bership of 21,400, twice the sizeof the IRE. But rapid changes inelectronics technology, shifting
student enrollments, the expansion of telecommunications, andthe use of electronics in the defense
and space industries were changing the playing field (McMahon,1984).
After the war, the two organizations became more and morecompetitive (Goldsmith & Hogan,
1952; Should the IRE, 1962). By
1961, the purposes of the two organizations increasingly overlapped
as they fought for dominance.31
Neither organization represented
the full scope of electrical technology, nor efficiently served thebroad range of related industries oracademic interests. Many professionals were actually members ofboth organizations and questioned
the need for two competing groups.
The proposal to combine both organizations resolved to merge all
fields of interest, including both
power engineering and the newer
fields of electronics and communications, and sought to accommodate new technologies as they
emerged (Century of Electricals,
1984; Ryder & Fink, 1984).

Fig. 18. Student Members in IRE and
AIEE.(Membership Statistics, 1962.)

Volume 24, 2011 225

The IEEE Medal of Honor
These professional trends revealed a shifting landscape thatwas very evident in the membership statistics. By 1961, AIEE had
approximately 70,000 membersin the U.S. and Canada. IRE had
91,000 members with significant
international participation. Some
6,000 members belonged to bothsocieties (IRE Almanac, 1961).
Just two years later, IRE could
claim 96,500 members while
membership in AIEE had declined
to 57,000 members (Reiman,
1989; IEEE Global, 2011f & h).
Most compelling was the dramatic shift in engineering student
memberships that represented
the future of both organizations.
Between 1955 and 1962, the number of student members climbed
from 7,000 in each organization
to 21,000 in the IRE, versus only
10,000 in the AIEE. During thefive years prior to 1955, student
memberships in AIEE had alreadyfallen from 20,000 to 7,000 (Ryder, 1984; Ryder & Fink, 1984).
The reasons for the eventual
merger were summarized by L.V.
Berkner, President of the IRE, in1961. Essentially, by the late 1950s,
the subjects addressed by the AIEE
and IRE were “migrating onto thesame ground” and competition
between the societies was seen as
dissipating professional resources
at a time when AIEE was trying
to broaden its interests and IRE
was growing in size. More than
85% of IRE’s membership favoredconsolidation for the benefit of theprofession (Berkner, 1961; Should
the IRE, 1962). At the time of thevote, both IRE’s and AIEE’s members each favored the merger by an
overwhelming 87% majority (Ryder & Fink, 1984; Reiman, 1990).
The IRE’s former Medal of
Honor, its highest award, was selected to be IEEE’s highest award
in the field of electronics and elec226 AWA Review

trical engineering. The IEEE also
continues to present the Edison
Medal, which remains the oldest
award in the field of electrical engineering (Century of Honors, 1984;
IEEE Awards, 2010).
QUALIFICATIONS AND
TODAY’S AWARD
The Medal of Honor is granted
for “an exceptional contribution
or an extraordinary career in theIEEE fields of interest” (IEEE
Website, 2010). Contributions areevaluated based on the “substantial significance of achievement;
originality; impact on society;impact on the profession; publications and patents relating to
the achievement” (IEEE Website,2010). Nominations consider
the candidate’s leadership in thefield, breadth of work, achievement in other fields, inventive
value (patents), individual versus
group contributions, publications(articles, books, etc.), originality ofcontribution, quality of nomination, society and professional activities and honors, and the qualityof endorsements.32
The selection of today’s Medalof Honor recipients is governedby the IEEE Medals Council and anine person Medal of Honor Committee of the IEEE Awards Board.
If the Medal of Honor recipient
is not an IEEE member, they areautomatically recommended to
the IEEE Board of Directors forIEEE Honorary Membership (seeNote 32).
In conjunction with the mergerof the two organizations, the design of the Medal of Honor was
modified. The obverse (front) now
includes the name “The Instituteof Electrical and Electronics Engineers.”
The original award included agold medal, bronze replica, a cer-Bart & Bart
tificate and a small honorarium.
Today, the honorarium is $50,000.
The Medal may only be awarded
to an individual. It is consideredof such importance that recipientsare no longer eligible to receive anyother IEEE institute-level medal,
technical field award or recognition (IEEE Website, 2010; IEEE
Awards, 2010).
THE LEGACY OF THE MEDALOF HONOR
The Medal of Honor is the only
major award for achievement in
the field of electronics that is notnamed for an inventor or scientist. Other awards such as the
Edison Medal, Armstrong Medal
and Fritz Medal were intended
to inspire and recognize achievement by noting the examples of
their namesakes. The Nobel Prize,
awarded in many fields, seeks torecognize an individual’s contributions to humanity as an ideal, butalso commemorates its namesake
Alfred Nobel. Only the Medal of
Honor celebrates outstanding accomplishment through a purely
institutional recognition of both
excellence and personal contributions to science and technology.
The 2010 Medal of Honor wasawarded to Andrew J. Viterbi, developer of the Viterbi Algorithmand co-founder of Qualcomm Incorporated. The Viterbi Algorithm
involves a coder and decoder usedin disk drives and MP3 players. It
is also utilized to transmit images
from deep space. Third-generation
mobile telephones also employ
one or more of the Viterbi systems(IEEE Website, 2011b).
Viterbi’s work in the field of
applied mathematics and computers seems far removed fromArmstrong’s development of theregenerative radio circuit firstcommemorated by the IRE in 1917.
The tremendous progress achievedin electronics and electrical science over the past century, which
is characterized by the recipientsof the Medal of Honor, has madeit a living testament to the life andwork of these major contributors
to our modern world.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This article was written as a
joint project undertaken by theIEEE History Center and the Antique Wireless Association. The
authors express their sincere gratitude to Dr. Michael Geselowitz
and the staff of the IEEE History
Center located at Rutgers University for their ongoing support andassistance with the research forthis article.

Fig. 19. The Medal of Honor After
1963.(IEEE Global History, 2011a.)

Volume 24, 2011 227

The IEEE Medal of Honor

IEEE MEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENTSYEARRECIPIENTDESCRIPTION

1917
1918
1919

E. H. ARMSTRONGNO AWARD
E. F. W. ALEXANDERSON

Action of the oscillating and non-oscillating audion

1920
1921
1922

GUGLIELMO MARCONI
R. A. FESSENDENLEE DE FOREST

1923
1924
1925
1926

JOHN STONE-STONE
M. I. PUPINNO AWARD
G.W. PICKARD

1927
1928
1929
1930
1931

L. W. AUSTIN
JONATHAN ZENNECK
G. W. PIERCE
P. O. PEDERSEN
G. A. FERRIE

1932

A. E. KENNELLY

1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942

J. A. FLEMING
S. C. HOOPERBALTH. VAN DER POL
G. A. CAMPBELLMELVILLE EASTHAM
J. H. DELLINGER
A. G. LEELLOYD ESPENSCHIED
A. N. GOLDSMITH
A. H. TAYLOR

1943
1944

WILLIAM WILSONHARADEN PRATT

1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953

H. H. BEVERAGE
R. V. L. HARTLEYNO AWARD
L. C. F. HORLE
RALPH BROWN
F. E. TERMAN
V. K. ZWORYKIN
W. R. G. BAKER
J. M. MILLER

1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963

Long distance radio communication, frequencies, ampli
fiersRadio-telegraphy(No citation)
Three electrode vacuum tube, radio-telephonic commu
nicationContributions to the radio art
Electrical tuning, AC rectification
Crystal detectors, antennas, wave propagation, atmo
spherics
Quantitative measurements in radio wave transmission
Radio circuits, author
Crystal detectors, magnetostriction devices, author(No citation)
Radio communication in France, international radio co
operation
Radio propagation phenomena, theory and measure
ment of AC
Physical and engineering principles into the radio art
Radio communication in the Government Service
Circuit theory and electromagnetic wave propagation
Electrical networks
Radio measurements, laboratory practice, IRE leadershipRadio measurements and standards, wave propagation
International radio services
Radio telephony, international radio coordination
Research, engineering, standardization, IRE Proceedings
Piezoelectric controls, HF wave-propagation, Naval Re
search Labs.
Radio-telephony, IRE service
Extension of communication facilities to distant lands,
IRE service
Radio research, IRE service
Oscillating circuits, triode tubes, information transmission

Radio, standardization, electron tubes, IRE service
Contributions to radio, IRE leadership
Teacher, author, scientist and administrator
Television, application of electronics, national security
Engineering projects, IRE service
Electron tube theory, crystal controlled oscillators, receivers
W. L. EVERITTDistinguished career, contributions establishing electron
ics, IRE
H. T. FRIISSpectrum of radio frequencies, leadership
J. V. L. HOGAN
Lifetime achievement, founder IRE, inventions
J. A. STRATTON
Teacher, physicist, engineer, author and administrator
A. W. HULLElectron tubes
E. L. CHAFFEE
Research contributions and training for leadership in radio
HARRY NYQUISTThermal noise, data transmission and negative feedback
ERNST A. GUILLEMIN
Scientific and engineering achievements
EDWARD V. APPLETON
Ionosphere and radio waves
GEORGE C. SOUTHWORTH Microwave physics, radio astronomy, waveguide transmission

228 AWA Review

Bart & Bart
YEAR

RECIPIENTDESCRIPTION

1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971

JOHN H. HAMMOND, JR
HAROLD A. WHEELERNO AWARD
CLAUDE E. SHANNONCHARLES H. TOWNESGORDON K. TEALEDWARD L. GINZTONDENNIS GABORJOHN BARDEEN

Radio control of missiles, basic communication methods
TV resolution, antennas, microwave elements, circuits

1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977

JAY W. FORRESTERRUDOLF KOMPFNERRUDOLF EMIL KALMAN
JOHN R. PIERCENO AWARD
H. EARLE VAUGHANMathematical theory of communication
Quantum electronics, maser and the laser
Single crystal germanium, silicon technology, transistors
High power klystrons and linear particle accelerators
Holography
Conductivity of solids, transistors, theory of supercon
ductivity
Magnetic-core random access memory
Traveling wave tube amplification
System theory and algebraic structures
Satellites, traveling wave tubes, electron beam optics

High-capacity pulse-code modulation time-division tele
phone
1978
ROBERT N. NOYCE
Silicon integrated circuit
1979
RICHARD BELLMAN
Decision processes, control systems, dynamic program
ming
1980
WILLIAM SHOCKLEY
Junction transistor, analog and junction field-effect tran
sistor
1981
SIDNEY DARLINGTON
Filtering and signal processing leading to chirp radar
1982
JOHN WILDER TUKEY
Analysis random processes, fast Fourier transform algo
rithm
1983
NICOLAAS BLOEMBERGEN Quantum Electronics and three-level maser
1984
NORMAN F. RAMSEY
Cesium atomic clock and hydrogen maser oscillator
1985
JOHN R. WHINNERY
Microwave, laser, and optical devices
1986
JACK ST. CLAIR KILBY
Semiconductor integrated circuit technology
1987
PAUL C. LAUTERBUR
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
1988
CALVIN F. QUATEScanning acoustic microscope
1989
C. KUMAR PATEL
Quantum electronics, CO2 laser, spin-flip Raman laser
1990
ROBERT G. GALLAGER
Communications coding techniques
1991
LEO ESAKI
Tunneling, semiconductor super lattices, and quantum
wells
1992
AMOS E. JOEL, JR.
Telecommunications switching systems
1993
KARL JOHAN ÅSTRÖM
Adaptive control technology
1994
ALFRED Y. CHO
Molecular beam epitaxy
1995
LOTFI A. ZADEH
Fuzzy logic and its many applications
1996
ROBERT M. METCALFE
Ethernet
1997
GEORGE H. HEILMEIERElectro-optic effects in liquid crystals
1998
DONALD O. PEDERSONSPICE Program used for the computer aided circuit design
1999
CHARLES CONCORDIAPower System Dynamics
2000
ANDREW S. GROVE
Metal oxide semiconductor devices and technology
2001
HERWIG KOGELNIK
Lasers, optoelectronics, photonics, light wave commu
nication
2002
HERBERT KROEMER
High-frequency transistors and hot electron devices
2003
NICK HOLONYAK, JR.
Semiconductors, alloys, LEDs, lasers
2004
TADAHIRO SEKIMOTO
Digital satellites, leadership in computers & communica
tions
2005
JAMES L. FLANAGAN
Speech technology
2006
JAMES D. MEINDL
Microelectronics and chip interconnect networks
2007
THOMAS KAILATH
Algorithms in communications, computing, signal pro
cessing
2008
GORDON E. MOORE
Integrated-circuits, MOS memory, microprocessors
2009
ROBERT H. DENNARD
Single transistor Dynamic Random Access Memory
2010
ANDREW J. VITERBI
Communications technology and theory
2011
MORRIS CHANG
Semiconductor industry
Source: IEEE Website, 2011b. IEEE Medal of Honor Recipients.

Volume 24, 2011 229

The IEEE Medal of Honor
REFERENCES

Abbreviations Used in References:
AIEE: American Institute ofElectrical Engineers
IEEE: Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers
IRE:
Institute of Radio Engineers
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Bart & Bart

NOTES
1

2

3

4

5

6

See Bright, 1898; Lynch, 1985;
Beauchamp, 2001.
The society soon evolved into The
Society of Telegraph Engineersand Electricians, and eventuallybecame the Institution of ElectricalEngineers (IEE) in London. It
survives today as the Institutionof Engineering and Technology(IET), which was formed by aconsolidation of the IEE andthe Institution of Incorporated
Engineers (IIE) on March 31,
2006. See Frary, 2008; IET, 2008.
The early history of the American
electrical profession, the beginnings
of American professional societies
and the emergence of the AIEE
are explained in Ryder & Fink,
1984; Century of Electricals, 1984;
McMahon, 1984; Israel, 1992.
The history of the IEEE and its
predecessor organizations is also
at IEEE Global, 2011e-k; Reiman
1984, 1989a&b.
AIEE’s founders included Norvin
Green, President of Western Unionand the first President of theAIEE, plus Alexander Graham Bell,Charles Cross, Thomas Edison,
George Hamilton, Charles Haskins,
Frank Pope, Charles Brush,
Elisha Gray, Edwin Houston and
Theodore Vail (Ryder & Fink, 1984;
McMahon, 1984, IEEE Global,
2011f & 2011h). See also Note 2.
The early histories of the SWTE
and TWI and their consolidation
into the IRE are contained inRadio Pioneers, 1945; Hogan, 1951;
Proceedings, 1952; Goldsmith &Hogan, 1952; Whittemore, 1957
& 1962; and IEEE Global History,
2010b. See also Clark, 1942 &1946; McMahon, 1984; Reiman,
1989.
Stone was a telephone engineer
with the American Bell Telephone
Company in Boston. In 1901
he formed the Stone Wireless
Telegraph Syndicate which was
followed in 1902 by the Stone
Telegraph and Telephone
Company (collectively, “STTC”).
Stone developed telephone battery
systems and carrier current

transmission systems. In radio,
he pioneered adjustable tuning
methods focusing on selectivity,
single wave emission and the useof loose-coupled circuits. Afterthe collapse of STTC in 1910, Stone
became a consultant and expert
witness in patent cases, eventually
going to American Telephone
and Telegraph Company in 1920.
During the course of his career, heobtained 120 patents on his radio
and telephone inventions (Dunlap,
1944; Clark, 1946; Architects,
1984).
7 STTC was one of the first companies
to receive permission from the U.S.
Navy to install and test wirelesssystems at naval installations andonboard ships (Howeth, 1963;
IEEE Global History, 2010b). Lee
de Forest would later credit Stone
with having provided de Forest
important assistance with themathematics and theory of radio
circuits. On June 21, 1943, the U.S.
Supreme Court recognized Stone’s
Feb. 8, 1900 patent application(No. 714,756) for tuned antenna
circuits and loose-coupling plus
the work of Nikola Tesla in 1897
and others as preceding the workof Guglielmo Marconi. The Court
then invalidated Marconi’s U.S.
Patent No. 763,772 filed Nov. 10,1900 for his “four-tuned-circuit”
which was dated nine months later
than Stone’s patent (U.S. Supreme
Court, 1943; Dunlap, 1944; Clark,
1946; de Forest, 1950).
8 Marriott was responsible for anumber of patents and was theauthor of many papers and articles
on the development of radio.
He did experimental work for anumber of early radio concerns,
was a radio aide of the U. S. Navyin 1915-1925, and was a consulting
engineer for the Federal Radio
Commission in 1928-1929. He
founded TWI and co-founded theIRE, serving as its first President
in 1913 (Whittemore, 1957;
Architects, 1984; IEEE Global
History, 2010c).
9 In radio’s early years, New York
City had a large concentration ofVolume 24, 2011 235

The IEEE Medal of Honor
wireless companies including theAmerican Marconi Company, Leede Forest’s various enterprises,
Harry Shoemaker’s International
Wireless Telegraph Company andthe United Wireless TelegraphCompany. Boston was the homeof STTC and NESCO. Walter W.
Massie’s companies straddled thecorridor between New York andBoston with the Massie Wireless
Telegraph system. NESCO’s move
to Brooklyn helped permanently
focus the communications industry
in New York (Radio Pioneers,1945). By 1912, at least ten major
wireless companies were locatedwithin a few blocks of Fulton Street
in New York City (Clark, 1942).
10 Goldsmith worked at the General
Electric Company, Marconi
Wireless Telegraph Company ofAmerica and at Radio Corporationof America making significant
technical contributions. He isbest known for his work shaping
the professional organizations
in his field. He was a founder ofIRE, forty-two year Editor of theProceedings of the IRE and also
served as its President in 1928
(Whittemore, 1957; IEEE Global
History, 2011c).
11 Hogan was a laboratory assistantto de Forest, and worked for
Fessenden and NESCO at the
famous Brant Rock station where
he served as a telegraph operator.
He helped develop Fessenden’s1910 crystal detector, single control
tuning in 1912, and discovered the“rectifier heterodyne” in 1913. Healso developed the first ink tapesiphon for recording transatlantic
radio signals using an audion
amplifier. Hogan later developed
FM radio station WQXR, afacsimile transmission system,
and worked with radar and guided
missiles for the U.S. Army Signal
Corps. He was instrumental informing the SWTE and the IRE,
and was elected President of the
IRE in 1920. He served as the U.S.
Navy’s chief research engineer at
its Arlington Station and was acommercial manager for NESCO

236 AWA Review

and its successor, the International
Radio Telegraph Company (Radio
Club, 1959; New York Times,
1960; Reiman, 1992; IEEE Global,
2011m).
12 IRE founding members from TWI
include William F. Bissing, A.B.
Cole, P.B. Collinson, Janes N.
Dages, Lloyd Espenscheid. Philip
Farnsworth, Frank Fay, Edward G.
Gage, Alfred N. Goldsmith, Francis
A. Hart, Robert L. Hatfield, Arthur
A. Herbert, Frank Hinners, James
H Hoffman, Robert H. Marriott(President), A.F. Parkhurst, G.W.
Pickard, H.S. Price, A. Rau, Harry
Shoemaker, Emil J. Simon, A.
Kellogg Sloan, C.H. Sphar, Floyd
Vanderpoel and R.A. Weagant(Proceedings, 1952; Whittemore,1962).
13 IRE founding members from SWTE
include: J.C. Armor, Sewall Cabot,
W.E. Chadbourne, G.H. Clark,
T.E. Clark, E.R. Cram, G.S. David,
Lee de Forest, E.D. Forbes, V.F.
Greaves, J.V.L. Hogan, Jr., W.S.
Hogg, Guy Hill, F.A. Knowlton,
W.S. Kroger, Fritz Lowenstein,
Walter W. Massie G.W. Pickard,
Samuel Reber, Oscar C. Roos,
J.S. Stone (President), and A.F.
VanDyck (Proceedings, 1952;
Whittemore, 1962).
14 See Hogan, 1951; Goldsmith &Hogan, 1952; Whittemore, 1957 &1962.
15 Pickard had been the only person
who was a member of both STWE
and TWI, the IRE’s predecessor
organizations (Whittemore, 1957
& 1962).
16 See Electrical World, 1917;
Wireless Age, 1917a; Medal of
Honor, 1917.
17 S a n f o r d a l s o p r o d u c e d t h erenowned sculptural figures of theGreat Dane, Ajax and Pegassus; acommemorative tablet at Columbia
University; designed fountains forthe estates of wealthy patrons; andthe sculpture and pediments for
the State Capitol at Sacramento,
California. In the mid-1920s,
he reorganized the department
of sculpture of the Beaux-Arts
Institute of Design, became theBart & Bart
director, and inaugurated the Paris
Prize. See AskArt, 2010; Sculpture,
1916 & 1937; New York Times:
1914, 1916, 1928 & 1932.
18 On January 13, 1902, Marconi
was the guest of honor at a hastily
assembled dinner of the AIEE.
The affair was a celebration of his
historic accomplishments that was
attended by many leading figuresin electrical engineering, including
Charles Proteus Steinmetz, Michael
I. Pupin, Alexander Graham Belland Elihu Thomson. Letters andtelegrams of congratulations wereread from notables including
Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla.
Marconi would state, “I can hardly
find words to express my gratitude
and thanks for the reception I
have received here tonight” (NewYork Times, 1902). See also AIEE
Annual Dinner Program, 1902;
Annual Dinner, 1902.
19 The long history and differing
personal perspectives on thiscomplex litigation are describedin de Forest, 1950; Lessing, 1956;
Legacies, 1991; Lewis, 1991 andCoe, 1996. See also U.S. Supreme
Court, 1934. Over the years, 13
separate court decisions issued bythirty judges had been split evenly
between Armstrong and de Forest.
Despite the legal confusion, thescientific and technical societiesof the time conducted their own
investigations and rendered theirown opinions. “There is no doubtthat the great majority of wellinformed radio engineers regard
Armstrong and not de Forest as
the inventor of the regenerative
circuit” (New York Times, 1934b).
Nevertheless, de Forest received
many awards for his inventionof the triode tube including theprestigious Edison Medal, theFranklin Institute’s Cresson
Medal and the IRE’s own Medalof Honor; but, he never received anaward for the regenerative circuit.
Armstrong would receive the
Edison Medal, the Franklin Medaland other medals including the
IRE’s Medal of Honor, all for theregenerative circuit. Armstrong

would also receive the AIEE’s
honorary lifetime membership (thefirst granted to Lord Kelvin) and afellowship to Great Britain’s Royal
Society for the Encouragementof Arts, Manufacturers andCommerce, an honor granted
to few Americans. Ironically,
Armstrong served as President of
the RCofA from 1916-1920, andde Forest served as president of
the IRE in 1930. See Bart & Bart,
2009 & 2010 regarding the AIEE’sawarding of the Edison Medal to
Armstrong.
20 See New York Times, 1934a;
Lessing, 1956; Lewis, 1991.
21 For a complete history of John
Fritz and the Fritz Medal including
its winners, see Science, 1902;
John Fritz Medal 2009a & 2009b;
John Fritz Medal, 1910; Trainer,
2008.
22 Dr. Elihu Thomson is not related
to Sir William Thomson, known
as Lord Kelvin. Elihu Thomson’s
accomplishments included
approximately 700 patents, workon electric arc lighting, establishing
the Thomson-Houston ElectricCompany (which would eventuallymerge with the Edison General
Electric Company to become
General Electric Company),
the Thomson Electric Meter,
alternating current devices, theelectric air drill, methods of electricarc welding, investigating X-rays
and research on fused quartz foruse in reflecting astronomical
telescopes. Thomson was activein the AIEE, contributed too manyother societies, and received theJohn Fritz Medal in 1916. Helater became the President of
the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology. In addition to the
Edison Medal, Thomson was thefirst American recipient of the
Kelvin Gold Medal issued by theInstitute of Civil Engineers in GreatBritain in 1923. The Kelvin Medalis awarded for “distinguishedservice in the application of science
to engineering” (Presentation toThomson, 1917; Brittain, 2004;
IEEE Explore, 2008; ICE, 2009).

Volume 24, 2011 237

The IEEE Medal of Honor
23 Pupin was a legendary Columbia
University Professor who madecontributions in the fields ofwave propagation, long distance
telephony and induction. He
discovered the electrically tuned
circuit and developed the loadingof telephone circuits with induction
coils which effectively removed
the barriers to long distance
telephone communication. He
was the first to suggest the useof an electrical rectifier for use inreceiving radio signals. Pupin also
developed a method of rapid X-ray
photography. His autobiography
From Immigrant to Inventor won
the Pulitzer Prize in 1924. See
John Fritz Medal, 2009a; IEEE
Website, 2009c & 2011b. For
Pupin’s biography, see Gherardi,
1932; Michael, 1935; Architects,
1984.
24 RCofA continues to conduct
meetings, events and banquets,
and it continues to publish. Recent
awards were given to Martin
Cooper, inventor of the firsthand held Motorola cell phone,and to Dr. Donald Cox for his
development of land mobile radio
and communications. See First
Amateur, 1923; Radio Club, 1959,
2009 & 2011; Perry, 2010.
25 V a s s o s d e s i g n e d r a d i o a n d
television cabinets including RCA’s
art deco lines. Barnes worked for
RCA/Victor drafting phonographstyling designs. The medal was“drafted” by Barnes, “designed” by
Stevenson and “done” by Vassos.
Straubel crafted the bronze medal(Schultz, 2011). Thirteen silver
medals were made. One finishedmedal was given to each of thedesigners for their services. The
remaining ten were retained by
RCofA together with the master.
Since the last of the ten medals
was presented in 1956, RCofA
authorized a new mould to be
cast from the Master, and a new
supply of Armstrong Medals wasproduced for future use (Radio
Club, 1959; Schultz, 2011).
26 Seven small versions of the
Armstrong Medal were awarded

238 AWA Review

in 1950 to Ernest V. Amy, Major
Edwin Armstrong, George E.
Burghard, Minton Cronkite, Paul
F. Godley, John F. Grinan andWalker P. Inman in recognitionof their achievement (Story, 1950;
Radio Club, 2011a).
27 Houck was much more than
Armstrong’s assistant. He servedin the U.S. Army Signal Corps
in France during World War I
working with Armstrong to develop
the super-heterodyne method ofreception. He was an engineer for
the International Radio TelegraphCompany, Chief Engineer for
Dubilier Condenser and Radio
Corporation, a consultant to theFederal Telegraph Company,
and President of Measurements
Corporation. He was responsiblefor designing the second harmonicsuper-heterodyne, the first type tobe placed in large scale commercial
production, and his work on
capacitors made possible the filter
systems used in all modern radio
receivers (Harry W. Houck, 1931;
Radio Club, 1959).
28 See New York Times, 1942;
Whittemore, 1957 & 1962.
29 See the Special Merger Supplement,
1962 for the agreements between
the AIEE and IRE and theprincipals of consolidation. The
merger is further explained at
Reiman 1989 & 1990; Ryder &Fink, 1984; Century of Electricals,
1984; McMahon, 1984; IEEE
Website, 2009c.
30 Alfred N. Goldsmith, a founder of
the IRE, and Arthur E. Kennelly,a past president of both the IRE
and AIEE, had long advocated amerger of the two organizations(Reiman, 1989; Ryder & Fink,
1984; McMahon, 1984).
31 The stated purpose of the AIEE in1961 was “the advancement of thetheory and practice of electricalengineering and of the allied artsand sciences, and the maintenanceof a high professional standing
among its members.” The statedpurpose of the IRE was “to advancetheory and practice of radio andallied branches of engineering,Bart & Bart
and related arts and sciences,and to maintain high professional
standing among members”(Scientific, 1961).
32 See IEEE Website, 2010 & 2011a;
IEEE Awards, 2010; Nomination
Form, 2010.

ABOUT THE AUTHORSDavid and Julia Bart reside in
the Chicago area. Together, they
have published numerous articles
on telegraph, radio and broadcasting history.
David received both his Bachelor of Arts Degree in Anthropology
and Statistics (1985) and his Masters Degree in Business Administration (1993) from the Universityof Chicago. He is a member of theBoard of Directors of the Antique
Wireless Association, Chairman of
the Museum Advisory Board andTechnical Curator for the Museumof Broadcast Communications in
Chicago, and the former Presidentof the Antique Radio Club of Illinois where he continues to serveon its Board. He is also Chairmanof the Historical Committee of
the Radio Club of America. He
has provided many presentations,exhibits and displays on topics ofcommunications history, including at the New York Historical
Society, the American Associationof Physics Teachers and American
Association For The Advancementof Science Joint AAPT/AAAS
Meetings, the Antique Wireless
Association and the Radio Club ofAmerica.
Julia received her Bachelorof Arts Degree in Behavioral Sciences (1987) from the Universityof Chicago and a Master of Arts in
Reading from Concordia University (2007). Julia is the Editor for
the Antique Radio Club of Illinois’
publications, a past Treasurer andcontinues to play an active role as avolunteer and advisor to the Boardof Directors. Julia also provides
advisory services to the Antique
Wireless Association and has coauthored several peer-reviewed
articles for the AWA.
David and Julia’s recent workon the Edison Medal and the Medalof Honor is included on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers’ Global History Network
website.
David and Julia are founding
members of the Webster Club forthe history of scientific instruments at the Adler Planetariumin Chicago and are members of
the Scientific Instrument Society
in London. David and Julia havecollected radio, telephone, phonograph and telegraph devices forover twenty years; and, with their
two sons John and Michael, haveenjoyed providing programs for
the Boy Scouts of America, schoolgroups and local historical societies.

Julia & David Bart

Volume 24, 2011 239