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The Owakidani Tephra Group: A Newly Discovered Post-magmatic
Eruption Product of Hakone Volcano, Japan
Makoto KOBAYASHIῌ, Kazutaka MANNENῌῌ, Mitsuru OKUNOῌῌῌ,Toshio NAKAMURAῌῌῌῌ and Kazuo HAKAMATAῌῌῌῌῌ
We discovered a set of phreatic explosion deposits, herein referred to as the Owakidani tephra group, on thenorthern slope of Mt. Kamiyama and in the Owakidani fumarolic area of the Hakone Volcano. The tephra groupis the product of the volcanic activities since the latest magmatic eruption of Hakone Volcano at around ,.3 ka.
It comprises ﬁve units named Hk-Ow+ to Hk-Ow/ in the ascending order. Both Hk-Ow+ and Hk-Ow, comprisetephra fall deposits and secondary debris ﬂow deposits. In addition to these deposits, Hk-Ow, is also associatedwith surge deposits. Hk-Ow-, Hk-Ow. and Hk-Ow/ consist of tephra fall deposits. The ash of these tephra fall
deposits and the matrix of the secondary debris ﬂows are principally composed of clay, altered lithics andsecondary minerals supposed to be of fumarolic area origin.
It is possible that Hk-Ow+ and Hk-Ow, erupted from a ﬁssure on the northeastern ridge of Mt. Kamiyama,
while Hk-Ow-, Hk-Ow. and Hk-Ow/ erupted at Owakidani.
No juvenile material was found within the deposits of these eruptions except for Hk-Ow,, while the surge
deposit of Hk-Ow, contained trace amounts of volcanic glass fragment. Although it is considered that the
principal nature of the eruptions of the Owakidani tephra group is phreatic, the deformation of the ediﬁce aroundthe source area implies the possibility of magma intrusion to shallow levels.
Based on the calendar ages of the Owakidani tephra group and the stratigraphic position of the KozushimaTenjosan tephra, we estimated that Hk-Ow-, Hk-Ow. and Hk-Ow/ erupted in relatively short intervals between
the latter half of the +,th and +-th centuries. On the other hand, Hk-Ow+ and Hk-Ow, erupted at around - kyr
BP and , kyr BP, respectively.
The eruption ages of the Owakidani tephra group generally correspond to the seismic events that occurred in
the Kozu-Matsuda Faults and the Tanna-Hirayama tectonic line. It is suggested that the activity of the Hakone
Volcano may be closely related to the tectonic events in this region.
Key words : Hakone volcano, Owakidani tephras, phreatic eruption, Kozushima-Tenjosan tephra, radiometriccarbon age!--+ῌ20-2 "#$%&'()*+,- ,ῌ,1,ῌ./01234567896:
Dia Consultant Co., Ltd., ,ῌ,1,ῌ- Yoshino-cho, Kitaku, Saitama, Saitama --+ῌ20-2, Japan.
!,/*ῌ**-+ ;<=$>)?@ /20;<=$ABCDEFGHot Springs Research Institute of Kanagawa Prefecture, /20 Iriuda, Odawara, Kanagawa ,/*ῌ**-+, Japan.
!2+.ῌ*+2* HI$HI)JK+LM 2ῌ+3ῌ+
HINDDOCPQRDR
Department of Earth System Science, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, 2ῌ+3ῌ+ Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 2+.ῌ*+2*, Japan.
!.0.ῌ20*, ST$UVW)XY+Z[UVWND \]^_`EFa69b
Center for Chronological Research, Nagoya University,
Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi .0.ῌ20*,, Japan.
!,/*ῌ*-32 ;<=$cdefgh-ij ,/0
gh-kl
Hakone Town O$ce, ,/0 Yumoto, Hakone, AshigaraShimo, Kanagawa ,/*ῌ*-32, Japan.
Corresponding author : Makoto Kobayashi
e-mail : M.Kobayashi@diaconsult.co.jp

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

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+.

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+333, ]µ B %G¶Mvde!

Fig. +. Location of outcrops and sampling points around central volcanic cones of Mt. Kamiyama and Mt.
Komagatake in the Hakone Volcano. Contour interval is +** m.

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

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247

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4 -mr3 lA1 b +* cmE T
W*Fonp9'h@A -   !"#$% &''( ) ,*2 XY ,,23 *F4 +, *+, -.&'/01+, : Hk-Kmd. a ; 2

lA1FmK 4bKxZlA

 +3333 4.  !" (Hk-Kn) 5*  

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K-L
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Hk-Ow+ XY Hk-Ow,

VWKKH

Z[+,U5 Fig. -VW. -* cm BdkL/k

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Hk-Ow+ ;¡679'h+,HK4¢Wm]9'=>67^_`ab

K Q Av&'5=>KW£¤'-c +3223  S++ dD Zu 7D  efEKL¥¦1mK  §¨©1¥F

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Fig. ,.

Ow+ 9qrp9'h+, Hk-*+, 6«*7¬

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²44<¬k5³R=b´ bµ: ¶¥ Hk-Ow+

Columnar sections around Owakidani and Mt. Kamiyama.

´R µ¶STe·¶¸U ¹¶Dº»V¶¼WXV

248

F GHI5 , (Hk-Ow,) J*FHk-Ow, 1KL2341
 Hk-Ow+ MN8OP4 QR  M

S  T =   
EF ! ! ,*2

! ,+* KL ! ,+/ =U#56781
,+1 /

! ,+0 PVL

! ,+0   S+2 EFWX

Y."Z8 ) M*#[\& mm', cm $%567]Q \ ./ cm .^_ 567 `,U.&a'(b)**c !+d*c#e ,f=`g e-b

h567/ i$jkg .l 0 *mnop /[018
=P q+2b) S+2 $%  r3Y*4s

 -8tuD-*v-8O

-KL5-6w -* cm'+ m $%xyz{{|*}7~ ."8s !9F ! ,./# z{|.
: xy*4s0;G-^ 

0=Ug 0   g
g O"8s   <
QR  . Hk-Ow, ABCD ?@8b)= g8=>
,ῌ-  -.  /

Hk-Ow-/ ; *>?@>

 Hk-Ow, $


%

Af

- B ' 1./ 0 - B: PVLM$ C- ).+ ! ! ,*, KL ,+*#
0 - B PP<ABCD  EF %gGHI5 - .
/ (Hk-Ow-, Ow., Ow/) J*F0
Fig. -. Distribution of eruption deposits and secondary deposits of Hk-Ow+ (a) and Hk-Ow, (b).

>\ 1 cm'+* cm $% eD%. $%.1
D*Qs 0 - BYE > 
N8O>. Hk-Ow-

Y Hk-Ow. PVL /FXY*4s   
     

: GH.I>0 J]./=>0g .l 018

,ῌ,  ,Hk-Ow, ;Hk-Ow+ -   S+2 !"  +322# $% & cm'&( cm HI5]Q*g s/ :)*+, -./ 0

Kjk X "*8  ¡L* Table-  1 2341+¢s £¤8  +* &¥5¦$%*§¨ M

56781 - 9:.  0 ©@©*ªF« N¬O­®¯*P>O1 - 9: ; <.=>/$?

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 9>O:K*P>jk*8 

,KLA "#wxWy»¼.rsr(L^Fpq12
Table +.

Summary of microscopic observation and XRD analysis of samples from the Owakidani group.

 
 

249

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 .., RS  *.- mm )&-ῌ+  

 / . 9!"  + mm   

TU1VD4 . 9!"E!

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 

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'5* +IJBCD4& . ,KLA

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234&J)& E!-D  ./$L

x Wk E!-234N AVWXY(Z04

k A=OM4$-* E> L[\]12./$LAVWX Hk-Ow, L[\]12

^)3 ,+0_ `234& 234&4

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OM4

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0SD4& ^gh¬A+ ,**/_"#?$

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Hk-Ow, L[\]12  ./$LAVWX

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D4JBCD4& mµ (,**-) 54 
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._. Hk-Ow+ XY Hk-Ow, :Pq35XY: :Fr/.s]-.

0  0 Hk-Ow, Z!"#$%

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6> a5|}~6a!
@ a!@[7[A 2:18:9: . q35w:!!c5&' Hk-Ow, T !
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Fig. ..

XRD patterns of Owakidani tephra group.

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 !"#$%

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0 

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:RS

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 Hk-Ow+ XY Hk-Ow, !ZP


0 

,**/ Hk-Ow, &'!c5:&9FQ®

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:Q

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a@U bcc [!"µSj&k:LO cT:>]dY#e@\N (Fig. -)L+[@bcc

f$ g!h῍%"]iYj[ Hk-Ow+ x(Y , :RS\N :cT>L Hk-Ow+ 1 ,:!U.¶. U'

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251/ 
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



   !"#$%&( ) *+%,



' 

-. +32. ; /

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9!:;<9=6 +3308 $% B  ( C%&D' (AD2-2) (EFGHI" -C%&D

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.9 /O9

,0P9

Q& K 10 (2345R 6S78
!"#+TUB+ V 9   -D  ,**- ;Sugiuchi and Fukuoka, ,**/8  W !"#X:

;$%C%&D HI"<; +V9$29 =>HI"YZ[ C%&D H
I"F( ?@ B AB , \]CD
E -FG ,*,8 ^_=> -FG ,+*8 9`0 Hk-Ow,

abDc10

(2H /d+* cm ef9g

h ghiI$%jk !"# MJK

Fig. /. Contents of volcanic glass shards from Kozushima-Tenjosan tephra.

L945+R 6S78 (+..3.d+..32) M C%
&D HI"?N Ol Kmn
iI3TUB%

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op8
A

 Hk-Ow- RG$% Hk-Ow/ RD$[,UV

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Xv9wxy -RG .,r RD .3r8 u W

RG2~^_g10 (2< , +.C h
iP@ hiP@jhiP@k
34x HVEE l¡¢m£

q (Nakamura et al., ,***) ¤^ &Z +.C hi¥k¦B^%,

Libby |//02 h^  iI +-C an,ncVo§¨p(++r)

q -3r ,**+8 P@©ª + stª9u U

10 (2~3TU ?@HI"  Y uh«q Intcal*..+.C (Reimer et al., ,**.) Z[6\@&Aa ]^[   x¬x#­® Calib/.*. (Stuiver and Reimer,$%DG B +_`9=  WB9 !"+33- ; Stuiver et al., ,**/) ¤^ ¯G°±9#TM8$%F( @  TM8+, stª«quh^u HI"F(  @ $ kG

 Table , u

Gc9z{|},F( G L

Hk-Ow- RGg10 (2 +.C hi +,.,*

+ab9=En , FGjc9 TM8
Hk-Ow- RD$RG kG Hk-Ow,- e

%  n, C%&D '  Hk-Ow- v Hk-Ow, abKDc= K @ 
/ῌ,

+.

C

 +.C hiv^_«quh

²-* yr BP (NUTA,-11/1) Hk-Ow, TU d0e

f+ 2-* ² ,/ yr BP (NUTA ,-11/+) ^_ 13/ ² ,/ yBP(NUTA,-../2) 9= B% W³ /2+d00*

cal AD, +,+00d+,,0* cal AD ^_ +,,*3d+,,10 cal AD «quhwb  U Hk-Ow. TU d0e\]CDE -FG ,*,8 9`0=>HI"Yf +.C hi 23*²,/ yr BP (NUTA,-11/,) ^_ 2+*²

TU &d0ef$ HI" RD^_-* yr BP (NUTA,-11/2) 9=  B% ´µ +,*..d jj252

j¡¢£jkl£Results of AMS +.C data.

Table ,.

Fig. 0. Eruptive ages of Hk-Ow-, Hk-Ow. and Hk-Ow/ estimated from the layer of Kozushima-Tenjosan tephra
and calendar ages of +.C.
+,,+/ cal AD  +,+1/+,,1+ cal AD 

. h4ijkl +31/m nopq r:2 \]^_

  Hk-Ow/  C +.

!" #$ +,*./ 22*,/ yr BP (NUTA,-11/3)+,,+3 cal AD 

 %&/

GHIabGHI +.C .#$ -.+ kyr BP
0yz.(`'{|

!

<'.stue hvl ,*** ; wjx ,**/m <e<'.}0/ 8:2;

' Hk-Ow- ' Hk-Ow- () ~ WXYZ[GHIRSUV.

* /** +,,-.!  Hk-Ow- /0 Hk-Ow

.    Hk-Ow+ RST\]^_GH/123456.78"9:2; <'.

IGHIQ' +.C 3 LMN*
- kyr BP 'fg   Hk-Ow, RS =/ /ῌ- ῒ῎ῑ῏ῌ῍ῐ` !

>?@ABCDEFGHIJ()

,**/m ' Hk-Ow- '(`yz8K/0* , kyr BP '

8K

LMN 4OPGHIQRSTUV

ue 
Hk-Ow-  +, /0 +- >(Fig. 0)Hk-Ow+ WXYZ[GHI (Hk-Kn) '\]^_G

HIF`

S+2 GHI h,..*,/,* cal yr BP ; wjx

 S++ GHI'abGHI,

cde

 Hk-Kn  C * ,.3 kyr BP 'fg0e2NA+.

 <eBCDEFGHIJ().

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ue

'

  

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 +- 



253



  +,  +-   ! "#0   

$%& (+333)  '()*+/012 3,-.

- kyr BP4 56 7( /012 3/ kyr

BP ; 8 %9  +3304:;< =>? @A B<CDEF

G '(

H>(IJK 3L( +33-4 M:;N!


IJK=>? @AOP! Q



3R +33/ ; %& ,**/ ; Fig. 14$%&(+333) '( STSUVWXY2 H>(IJK 3L( +33-4 M:;N'(Z[ \]^_1`aN! bc (Fig. 1) d
B H>(IJKdef =
>? @AOfgh[ bcdi ifj'(kl-***  mno` p Yq`rqXfmno`stuf<fgh[Fig. 1. Tectonic setting around northernmost areaof Izu Peninsula (Koyama,+33/ ; Takahashi et al.,+333). Contour interval is ,** m.

e!v

%w"xj (Fig. 2)
Hk-Ow+

y< =>? @A Bmn

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2 wfs Hk-Ow+ t6 ,Bmno` E 3H@A!T]1\ +32-4¤¥if{ d ¦§3KM[ ¨¤i[ z Hk-Ow,

<lOy< =>? @A Bmno` , H@A Bmno` D 3H@A!T]1\ +32-4

<E" Hk-Ow- Hk-Ow. 56 Hk-Ow/lO

y<bc+,  +- 

Q

V+

E" Hk-Ow-  / &1 Z+¤¥4l[ ©ª ¤¥"VzQ
.4 +Y 5«/6 5«¬. J/¬.6567/¬.fs­8fI;.i[ klfj=>? @A kBmI;. ©ª ¤¥ ¤9!:;Q

no` 3+, +-/*AD ; | }~ ,**- ; ,**.4

 z i[# $mno`<%lO

B'(

B



$%&

(+333) 'Yq`rqXg(kuI;. <®¯V °±"=c  +Y¤¥ tu =>? @A H

&j@A<)iz* tuQc)tjzNz Hk-Ow,

bc



²1 . ³{>?fz´f(µX¶!
¤:5:!

¯ V4l

"bc  '+Y :;<STS·iM¸¹@
1 



Ai¹f!

+4 '( +p! |(,-56/4 |BCM(Y Aº gh56»+Y (Hk-Ow+/) "D Hk-Ow- Hk-Ow. 56 Hk-Ow/  +, 

+"V

Q  +Y i*N +- ! '( k STStz!

 !

,4

Hk-Ow+ (. f/0

.f

Hk-Ow, (.

/0.c1 .f / !¡z(. ¢f04

+Y

yy¼ =ῌ?

@A

f

56H@A Bmno`¼lO! tu

Hk-Ow-

Qc

Seismic and volcanic events around Hakone Volcano correlated with the activity of Hakone Volcano.

 

Fig. 2.

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Nakamura, T., Niu, E., Oda, H., Ikeda, A., Minami, M.,
Takahashi, H., Adachi, M., Pals, L., Gottdang, A. andSuya, N.(,***)The HVEE Tandetron AMS system at
Nagoya University. Nuclear Instruments and Methods inPhysics Research, B+1,, /,ῌ/1.
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age calibration, ,0ῌ* ka BP. Radiocarbon, .0, +*,3ῌ+*/2.
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Stuiver, M. and Reimer, P. J. (+33-) Extended +.C database and revised CALIB -.* +.C age calibration program.
Radiocarbon, -/, ,+/ῌ,-*.
Stuiver, M., Reimer, P. J. and Reimer, R.W. (,**/)CALIB /.*. [WWW program and documentation ; http ://radiocarbon.pa.qub.ac.uk/calib/].
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Sugiuchi, Y. and Fukuoka, T. (,**/) Tephrochronology ofrecent (T+,** YBP) Mt. Fuji eruption history using
rhyolitic tephra derived from outside Mt. Fuji Volcano.
International Field Conference and Workshop on Tephrochronology and Volcanism : "Tephra Rush ,**/”, INQUA
Sub-Commission for Tephrochronology and Volcanism(SCOTAV).
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