Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as
Waterfowl Habitat
Ramsar, Iran, 2.2.1971
as amended by the Protocol of 3.12.1982
and the Amendments of 28.5.1987
Paris, 13 July 1994
Director, Office of International Standards and Legal Affairs
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)The Contracting Parties,
RECOGNIZING the interdependence of Man and his environment;
CONSIDERING the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands as regulators ofwater regimes and as habitats supporting a characteristic flora and fauna, especiallywaterfowl;
BEING CONVINCED that wetlands constitute a resource of great economic, cultural,scientific, and recreational value, the loss of which would be irreparable;
DESIRING to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now andin the future;
RECOGNIZING that waterfowl in their seasonal migrations may transcend frontiersand so should be regarded as an international resource;
BEING CONFIDENT that the conservation of wetlands and their flora and fauna canbe ensured by combining far-sighted national policies with co-ordinatedinternational action;
Have agreed as follows:Article 1
1. For the purpose of this Convention wetlands are areas of marsh, fen, peatland orwater, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static
or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which
at low tide does not exceed six metres.
2. For the purpose of this Convention waterfowl are birds ecologically dependent onwetlands.
Article 21. Each Contracting Party shall designate suitable wetlands within its territory forinclusion in a List of Wetlands of International Importance, hereinafter referred to as"the List" which is maintained by the bureau established under Article 8. The
boundaries of each wetland shall be precisely described and also delimited on a map
and they may incorporate riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, andislands or bodies of marine water deeper than six metres at low tide lying within thewetlands, especially where these have importance as waterfowl habitat.
2. Wetlands should be selected for the List on account of their internationalsignificance in terms of ecology, botany, zoology, limnology or hydrology. In the firstinstance wetlands of international importance to waterfowl at any season should beincluded.
3. The inclusion of a wetland in the List does not prejudice the exclusive sovereign
rights of the Contracting Party in whose territory the wetland is situated.
4. Each Contracting Party shall designate at least one wetland to be included in theList when signing this Convention or when depositing its instrument of ratificationor accession, as provided in Article 9.
5. Any Contracting Party shall have the right to add to the List further wetlands
situated within its territory, to extend the boundaries of those wetlands alreadyincluded by it in the List, or, because of its urgent national interests, to delete orrestrict the boundaries of wetlands already included by it in the List and shall, at theearliest possible time, inform the organization or government responsible for thecontinuing bureau duties specified in Article 8 of any such changes.
6. Each Contracting Party shall consider its international responsibilities for theconservation, management and wise use of migratory stocks of waterfowl, both when
designating entries for the List and when exercising its right to change entries in theList relating to wetlands within its territory.
Article 3
1. The Contracting Parties shall formulate and implement their planning so as topromote the conservation of the wetlands included in the List, and as far as possible
the wise use of wetlands in their territory.
2. Each Contracting Party shall arrange to be informed at the earliest possible time if
the ecological character of any wetland in its territory and included in the List haschanged, is changing or is likely to change as the result of technologicaldevelopments, pollution or other human interference. Information on such changes
shall be passed without delay to the organization or government responsible for thecontinuing bureau duties specified in Article 8.
Article 4
1. Each Contracting Party shall promote the conservation of wetlands and waterfowl
by establishing nature reserves on wetlands, whether they are included in the List or
not, and provide adequately for their wardening.

2. Where a Contracting Party in its urgent national interest, deletes or restricts theboundaries of a wetland included in the List, it should as far as possible compensate
for any loss of wetland resources, and in particular it should create additional nature
reserves for waterfowl and for the protection, either in the same area or elsewhere, ofan adequate portion of the original habitat.
3. The Contracting Parties shall encourage research and the exchange of data andpublications regarding wetlands and their flora and fauna.
4. The Contracting Parties shall endeavour through management to increasewaterfowl populations on appropriate wetlands.
5. The Contracting Parties shall promote the training of personnel competent in thefields of wetland research, management and wardening.
Article 5
The Contracting Parties shall consult with each other about implementing
obligations arising from the Convention especially in the case of a wetland extending
over the territories of more than one Contracting Party or where a water system isshared by Contracting Parties. They shall at the same time endeavour to coordinate
and support present and future policies and regulations concerning the conservationof wetlands and their flora and fauna.
Article 6
1. There shall be established a Conference of the Contracting Parties to review andpromote the implementation of this Convention. The Bureau referred to in Article 8,paragraph 1, shall convene ordinary meetings of the Conference of the Contracting
Parties at intervals of not more than three years, unless the Conference decides
otherwise, and extraordinary meetings at the written requests of at least one third of
the Contracting Parties. Each ordinary meeting of the Conference of the Contracting
Parties shall determine the time and venue of the next ordinary meeting.
2. The Conference of the Contracting Parties shall be competent:a) to discuss the implementation of this Convention;b) to discuss additions to and changes in the List;c) to consider information regarding changes in the ecological character ofwetlands included in the List provided in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article3;d) to make general or specific recommendations to the Contracting Parties
regarding the conservation, management and wise use of wetlands and their floraand fauna;e) to request relevant international bodies to prepare reports and statistics onmatters which are essentially international in character affecting wetlands;f) to adopt other recommendations, or resolutions, to promote the functioning of
this Convention.
3. The Contracting Parties shall ensure that those responsible at all levels forwetlands management shall be informed of, and take into consideration,

recommendations of such Conferences concerning the conservation, management
and wise use of wetlands and their flora and fauna.
4. The Conference of the Contracting Parties shall adopt rules of procedure for eachof its meetings.
5. The Conference of the Contracting Parties shall establish and keep under review
the financial regulations of this Convention. At each of its ordinary meetings, it shalladopt the budget for the next financial period by a two-third majority of Contracting
Parties present and voting.
6. Each Contracting Party shall contribute to the budget according to a scale ofcontributions adopted by unanimity of the Contracting Parties present and voting ata meeting of the ordinary Conference of the Contracting Parties.
Article 7
1. The representatives of the Contracting Parties at such Conferences should include
persons who are experts on wetlands or waterfowl by reason of knowledge andexperience gained in scientific, administrative or other appropriate capacities.
2. Each of the Contracting Parties represented at a Conference shall have one vote,recommendations, resolutions and decisions being adopted by a simple majority of
the Contracting Parties present and voting, unless otherwise provided for in thisConvention.
Article 8
1. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources shallperform the continuing bureau duties under this Convention until such time as
another organization or government is appointed by a majority of two-thirds of all
Contracting Parties.
2. The continuing bureau duties shall be, inter alia:a) to assist in the convening and organizing of Conferences specified in Article 6;b) to maintain the List of Wetlands of International Importance and to be
informed by the Contracting Parties of any additions, extensions, deletions or
restrictions concerning wetlands included in the List provided in accordancewith paragraph 5 of Article 2;c) to be informed by the Contracting Parties of any changes in the ecologicalcharacter of wetlands included in the List provided in accordance with paragraph
2 of Article 3;d) to forward notification of any alterations to the List, or changes in character ofwetlands included therein, to all Contracting Parties and to arrange for thesematters to be discussed at the next Conference;e) to make known to the Contracting Party concerned, the recommendations ofthe Conferences in respect of such alterations to the List or of changes in thecharacter of wetlands included therein.
Article 91. This Convention shall remain open for signature indefinitely.
2. Any member of the United Nations or of one of the Specialized Agencies or of theInternational Atomic Energy Agency or Party to the Statute of the International
Court of Justice may become a Party to this Convention by:a) signature without reservation as to ratification;b) signature subject to ratification followed by ratification;c) accession.
3. Ratification or accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument ofratification or accession with the Director-General of the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (hereinafter referred to as "theDepositary").
Article 10
1. This Convention shall enter into force four months after seven States have become
Parties to this Convention in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 9.
2. Thereafter this Convention shall enter into force for each Contracting Party fourmonths after the day of its signature without reservation as to ratification, or its
deposit of an instrument of ratification or accession.
Article 10 bis
1. This Convention may be amended at a meeting of the Contracting Parties
convened for that purpose in accordance with this article.
2. Proposals for amendment may be made by any Contracting Party.
3. The text of any proposed amendment and the reasons for it shall be
communicated to the organization or government performing the continuing bureau
duties under the Convention (hereinafter referred to as "the Bureau") and shallpromptly be communicated by the Bureau to all Contracting Parties. Any commentson the text by the Contracting Parties shall be communicated to the Bureau within
three months of the date on which the amendments were communicated to theContracting Parties by the Bureau. The Bureau shall, immediately after the last day
for submission of comments, communicate to the Contracting Parties all comments
submitted by that day.
4. A meeting of Contracting Parties to consider an amendment communicated inaccordance with paragraph 3 shall be convened by the Bureau upon the written
request of one third of the Contracting Parties. The Bureau shall consult the Parties
concerning the time and venue of the meeting.
5. Amendments shall be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the Contracting Parties
present and voting.
6. An amendment adopted shall enter into force for the Contracting Parties whichhave accepted it on the first day of the fourth month following the date on which twothirds of the Contracting Parties have deposited an instrument of acceptance withthe Depositary. For each Contracting Party which deposits an instrument ofacceptance after the date on which two thirds of the Contracting Parties havedeposited an instrument of acceptance, the amendment shall enter into force on thefirst day of the fourth month following the date of the deposit of its instrument ofacceptance.
Article 11
1. This Convention shall continue in force for an indefinite period.
2. Any Contracting Party may denounce this Convention after a period of five years
from the date on which it entered into force for that party by giving written notice
thereof to the Depositary. Denunciation shall take effect four months after the day on
which notice thereof is received by the Depositary.
Article 12
1. The Depositary shall inform all States that have signed and acceded to thisConvention as soon as possible of:a) signatures to the Convention;b) deposits of instruments of ratification of this Convention;c) deposits of instruments of accession to this Convention;d) the date of entry into force of this Convention;e) notifications of denunciation of this Convention.
2. When this Convention has entered into force, the Depositary shall have it
registered with the Secretariat of the United Nations in accordance with Article 102of the Charter.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being duly authorized to that effect, havesigned this Convention.
DONE at Ramsar this 2nd day of February 1971, in a single original in the English,
French, German and Russian languages, all texts being equally authentic* which shallbe deposited with the Depositary which shall send true copies thereof to allContracting Parties.
* Pursuant to the Final Act of the Conference to conclude the Protocol, the Depositary provided thesecond Conference of the Contracting Parties with official versions of the Convention in the Arabic,
Chinese and Spanish languages, prepared in consultation with interested Governments and with theassistance of the Bureau.