5. Promoting Cooperation with Member Countries, International Organizations and NGOs

5-2. Capacity Building in Member Countries
5-2-1. Technical Cooperation Project in Nepal
5-2-1-1. Background of the Project
Nepal is located in the area of collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate,which has been hit by earthquakes frequently. Kathmandu Valley, where

the capital city of

Nepal is located , has experienced several disastrous earthquakes, including the Bihar-Nepal
earthquake of magnitude 8.4 which occurred in 1934, leading to collapse of approximately 20%
of all buildings in Kathmandu Valley and 9,040 fatalities.
Despite the high risk of a future earthquake in Kathmandu Valley, countermeasures such as
retrofitting of buildings for seismic resistance, land use control and application of the National
Building Code have not been sufficiently promoted so far . Further, due to the rapid increase of
population of Kathmandu Valley, increasing number of population could face the risks causedby extensions work on existing buildings and non-engineered buildings that constructed without
the participation of knowledgeable and skilled architects and engineers.
With this background, it has become an urgent need to update the risk assessment for the
future development plans and raise policies concern on the disaster risk management. Under therequest from the government of Nepal, JICA formulated the “Project for Assessment ofEarthquake Disaster Risk for the Kathmandu Valley” and decided to start the project activities
from the end of April 2015 and ADRC contributed to it.
On April 25, 2015, just before the commencement of the project, the Gorkha earthquake of
Mw7.8 (USGS) occurred at the boundary of the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate with its
epicenter approximately 76km west of Kathmandu. This earthquake brought heavy damages ina wide range of area; more than 8,600 people were killed and approximately 500,000 buildings
were totally destroyed(See 5-2-2-1). Through a series of discussions with counterparts, theproject component was partly modified in order to adapt to the post-earthquake situation andrespond to the rehabilitation and recovery needs.

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5-2-1-2. Outline of the Project
The outline of the project is as shown in the below table.
【Project Period】

April 2015 – October 2016 (Term 1)
October 2016 – April 2018 (Term 2) (Total 3 years)【Project Goal】

To implement the earthquake risk assessment for future scenario earthquakes
with considering the earthquake environment after the Gorkha Earthquake, andto develop the DM plan for concrete and effective promotion on disaster risk
management for future earthquakes.

【Project Target Areas】

Kathmandu Valley【Expected Outputs】[Output 1]: To conduct seismic hazard analysis based on scenario earthquakes
utilizing the latest knowledge and create detailed ground model for
Kathmandu Valley.
[Output 2]: To conduct seismic risk assessment based on the results of seismic
hazard analysis (Output1), and summarize as damage estimation byconsidering several occurrence scenes (time, date, season, etc.)[Output 3]: To enhance skills for updating risk assessment results inaccordance with the social environment change in the future.
[Output 4]: To formulate BBB recovery and reconstruction plan utilizing theresults of hazard analysis, and disaster management plan based on the resultsof seismic risk assessment for the pilot municipalities.

In the fiscal year 2016, as one of the activities on “Standard Operation Procedure (SOP)
Planning”, the existing SOPs in Nepal were reviewed. Then, using the result of thechronological survey on the emergency response activities of the disaster management
organizations at national level and in the pilot municipalities in the case of the Gorkha
Earthquake, the first version of the SOP for municipality level was drafted. Also, as theactivities on the “Community Based Disaster Risk Management(CBDRRM)”, a 3-day
CBDRRM training for the municipality officers in pilot areas was organized. After the training,pilot activities for the CBDRRM in the pilot communities were discussed and coordinatedamong the stakeholders.

Fig. 5-2-1 First Version of the SOP for Municipalities

Fig. 5-2-2 CBDRRM Training for Municipality Officers(Source: JICA Project for Assessment of Earthquake Disaster Risk for the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal )46

5. Promoting Cooperation with Member Countries, International Organizations and NGOs

5-2-2. Project on Rehabilitation and Recovery from Nepal
Earthquake
5-2-2-1. Background of the ProjectOn 25th April 2015, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake occurred and its epicenter was in the Gorkha
District which is approximately 77km northwest of Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. Dueto several aftershocks, devastating damage was recorded. The total number of deaths was 8,631,
the number of injuries was 16,808; there were 500,000 totally collapsed houses andapproximately 270,000 partially collapsed houses.

The Nepali government estimated the total

economic damage caused by the earthquake was approximately 10 billion dollars (GDP of
Nepal in 2012-2013 was 19.2 billion dollars).

In addition, the Asian Development Bank

(ADB) estimated the real GDP growth of Nepal in 2014-2-15 would be 3.8 % which wasunderestimated by 0.8 % as a result of the earthquake. It is expected the earthquake has caused
a serious negative impact to the economy of Nepal.
According to the assessments by the United Nations (UN) and the Nepali government,
fourteen Districts which were designated as heavily affected areas consisted of 20% of the
population of Nepal. Meanwhile, deceased and injured persons and heavily affected public
facilities and individual housing consisted of more than 90% of the total population andbuildings. Moreover, approximately more than 3,300 landslides occurred including those on the
Tibet side, and the landslide damaged a large number of roads and bridges, which is a hindranceof rehabilitation and reconstruction.
Under these conditions, JICA dispatched a fact finding mission to Nepal from 26th of April
to conduct a needs assessment related to rehabilitation and reconstruction and to develop thecontents of urgent projects. On 25th of May, the Nepal government and JICA jointly conducteda seminar in Kathmandu to introduce the Japanese experience of reconstructions fromearthquakes, formulation of reconstruction plans, and examples of reconstruction projects. In
this seminar, JICA emphasized the importance of formulating more disaster-resilient national
reconstruction plans which reflected the concept of Build Back Better. This concept indicatedthat the timing before the rehabilitation and reconstruction phase is the opportunity to develop a
more resilient society than the pre-disaster phase, which was based on “Sendai Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030” adopted by the Third United Nations World Conference on
Disaster Risk Reduction held in Sendai in March 2015, and “Sendai Cooperation Initiative forDisaster Risk Reduction” stated by the Japanese government. Many participants from the Nepal
side appreciated the ideas.

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5-2-2-2. Outline of the Project
The outline of the survey is as shown in the below table.
【Survey Period】

July 2015 – March 2019【Survey Goal】

To comprehensively support the process of early rehabilitation andreconstruction of the affected areas and the formulation of a disaster resilient
nation and society by referring to the experience and lessons learnt of thedisasters and reconstruction in Japan.

【Target Areas】

Damaged area: Gorkha, Sindhupalchok
Capital: Kathmandu area

【Basic Policy of theSurvey】

1) Formulation of national level and district level plans
2) Promotion and dissemination of seismic resistant buildings and structures
3) Formulation of prioritized reconstruction project (Program grant aid)
4) Formulation and implementation of Quick Impact Projects (QIPs)

ADRC

has

dispatchedtheexperts

on“Community

Based

Disaster

RiskManagement(CBDRM)” to conduct the CBDRM workshops for Disaster Risk Reduction(DRR) awareness and establishment of Early Warning Systems (EWS) at areas of high risk oflandslide. Followings are example of activities at local.
Landslides are one of the most familiar natural disaster in Nepal, because many Nepali live atslope areas with terraced field. It means Nepali people are living with risk of landslides.
However, there are no Landslide EWS in Nepal. Therefore, to protect lives at high risk
communities, community awareness and community based disaster risk reduction are necessary.
JICA project team held a DRR seminar at Kerabari village, Syaule, Sindhupalchok incollaboration with Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention: DWIDP, withparticipation of more than 50 villagers including the village leader and school teacher. Kerabarivillagers have lost some friends and families caused by a big landslide at the Nepal earthquakeon 25th April 2015.

Fig. 5-2-3.DRR workshop at local community48

5. Promoting Cooperation with Member Countries, International Organizations and NGOs
After that, a settlement affected by the landslide moved to safer places within the village by
their own judgment. And the landslides experts from Japan highly recommended establishing
EWS including monitoring systems at the top of the hill to catch the signal of future landslides.
Participants learnt the basic knowledge of landslides, and set a simplified rain gauge, an angle
meter, and an extension meter. Participants deepened their understanding of self-evacuation andalerting the local government in case of abnormal value based on self-monitoring. It was a pilot
case of the DRR education at community level, therefore JICA project team hopes that theseminarand contents will be revised and formulated as a sustainable activity in Nepal incollaboration with landslide experts and other related organizations of EWS.

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5-2-3. Data Collection Survey of Disaster Protection andPrevention in Mongolia
5-2-3-1. Background of the Survey
In Mongolia, especially in the western part, occurrence of the several large-scale earthquakesof magnitude 8.0 or the similar scale has been recorded in the earthquake chronology. Recently
three active faults were discovered in the suburbs of Ulaanbaatar (UB) city, capital of Mongolia,
and also the number of both unfelt and felt earthquakes in UB city has increased. Thesesituations raise concerns about the increased risk of earthquake in Mongolia.
Under such circumstance, JICA extended the cooperation for the Emergency Management
Department of the Capital City (EMDC) through “The Project for Strengthening the Capacityof Seismic Disaster Risk Management in Ulaanbaatar City” from February 2012 to October
2013 and provided the following support: 1) drawing up the comprehensive earthquake risk
map, 2) reviewing the Earthquake Disaster Prevention Plan and giving a proposal for its
revision, 3) Drawing up the Guidelines for Seismic Resistance of Mid-to-high-rise Buildings,
and 4) cultivation of human resources for DRR.
In the light of the consequence of the technical cooperation, in 2013, the National Emergency
Management Agency (NEMA) of the central government of Mongolia requested to theGovernment of Japan to provide aid for the following technical cooperation project. Since thecontents of the request were wide-ranging, JICA conducted a field survey in February 2014.
The survey concluded need for the improvement of legal system, human resource development,
public awareness and information sharing for quality control of building construction as issuesof priority in the field of improvement of seismic resistant construction.
While more than two years passed since the above request was made by the NEMA, thegovernment of Mongolia accelerated various their-own efforts for disaster risk reduction. Also,in March 2015, the third UN World Conference on DRR was organized and the Sendai
Framework for DRR 2015-2030 was adopted in the Conference. Consequently, it was needed toreconsider the support strategy to Mongolia in line with the global movement based on the
Sendai Framework and by reviewing the requests not only on seismic resistant construction
measures, but also on overall earthquake DRR measures. Against this background, “DataCollection Survey of Disaster Protection and Prevention in Mongolia” was conducted forreviewing and analyzing the latest information on DRR measures and efforts.

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5. Promoting Cooperation with Member Countries, International Organizations and NGOs

5-2-3-2. Outline of the Survey
The outline of the survey is as shown in the below table.
【Survey Period】

February – November 2016

【Survey Goal】

To review current situation and issues for earthquake disaster risk reduction
measures in Mongolia.
To reexamine the request from the government of Mongolia and propose
support strategy by JICA for serving the consideration of the next project.

【Target Areas】

Whole of Mongolia (Research Base: UB city)【Basic Policy of theSurvey】

1) To analyze issues and challenges for earthquake DRR measures from thecomprehensive perspective2) To consider contents for technical cooperation for demonstrating andmaximum utilizing leading technology in Japan
3) To propose support contents in line with the Sendai Framework for DRR【Items of the Field
Survey】

and based on the current situation of Mongolia• Past earthquake history and damage situation• Earthquake occurrence probability and damage estimation• Earthquake observation and early warning• Earthquake risk map• Law, regulation, policy, DRR plan
• Disaster management system and social capitals• Disaster information• Emergency response system• Information collection on the situation of mainstreaming of DRR• Seismic protection construction standards and construction administration• DRR education• Project related to Urban Master Plan in UB city
• On-going and past DRR-related projects of other donors, possibility ofcollaboration, duplication with the requested activities

ADRC dispatched the expert on “DRR Education” in this survey to review and analyze
current situation and issues to be addressed in the field of DRR education in Mongolia. Also,
based on the survey result, priority activities to be conducted in the next project were proposed.

Fig. 5-2-4 Observation Visit to the Public DRR
Training Center under Construction

Fig. 5-2-5 Interview Survey in Emergency
Management Department in UB City (EMDC)(Source: JICA Data Collection Survey of Disaster Protection and Prevention in Mongolia)

515-2-4. Technical Cooperation Project in Mongolia
5-2-4-1. Background of the ProjectIn 2013, the National Emergency Management Agency（NEMA）of the central government ofMongolia requested the Government of Japan to provide aid for the technical cooperation
project aiming to promote disaster management abilities related to earthquakes in Mongolia.
JICA conducted the Data Collection Survey of Disaster Protection and Prevention in Mongolia(refer to the section 5-2-3) from February 2016, and collected relevant information. Throughthe survey, JICA coordinated opinions with the Mongolian government and modified thecontents of the request above to the ones focusing on strengthening the ability of NEMA. Then,in May 2016, the modified request was finally adopted by the government of Japan.
Subsequently, JICA dispatched the Detailed Planning Study Team, and according to the resultof the study, JICA and NEMA agreed on the details of the Project named “The Project forStrengthening the National Capacity of Earthquake Disaster Protection and Prevention in
Mongolia”, and started the project activities from November 2016.

5-2-4-2. Outline of the Project【Project Period】

November 2016 – January 2020 (3 years)【Project Goal】

The capacity of the National Emergency Management Agency will beenhanced through the activities for strengthening the countermeasures
for seismic risk.
Output 1: Capacity for data collection on disaster risk reduction andcoordination among related organizations will be enhanced.
Output 2: Capacity of public administration officer related to the seismic
assessment and seismic strengthening of buildings will beenhanced.
Output 3: Implementing a plan on disaster risk reduction education andawareness raising activities will be developed and realized.

【Expected Outputs】

ADRC dispatched the expert for taking the leadership of the overall activities to achieve
above mentioned “Output 3” in this project. Also, the following activities related to the School
DRR are the main responsibilities of the ADRC;Development of Guideline for DRR Education in Pre-School, Elementary School,
And Junior High School,

Development of Educational Materials for DRR Education in Pre-School, Primary
School, and Junior High School,Implementation of Training Program for Teacher Instructors, and

Indirect Support for Implementation of Training Program for Teachers and School
Staff Members

In the fiscal year 2016, as an initial activity, Japanese School DRR Education guideline wasintroduced, and the survey on current situation of DRR contents in the school education in52

5. Promoting Cooperation with Member Countries, International Organizations and NGOs
Mongolia was initiated. Further, the training program for the project counterpart persons wasorganized in Japan in March 2017 for learning Japan’s DRR efforts, including School DRR
education.

Fig. 5-2-6 Introduction of DRR-related
Contents in Japanese School Texts

Fig. 5-2-7 Training in Japan: Field Visit to Disaster
Reduction and Human Renovation Institute (DRI)(Source: Project for Strengthening the National Capacity of Earthquake Disaster Protection and Prevention in Mongolia)

53