Storm Ophelia

An Analysis of Storm Ophelia which struck
Ireland on the 16th October 2017

Met Éireann
Glasnevin Hill, Dublin 9
2018

Storm Ophelia

Table of Contents
1.

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3

2.

Storm Evolution.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4

3.

Comparison with other Severe Storms……………………………………………………………………………..6

4.

Storm event analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7
4.1 Storm Ophelia
4.2 The first signs of the storm
4.3 Forecasts and Advisories
4.4 The Day of the Storm: Monday 16th October

5.

Forecast performance……………………………………………………………………………………………………….13

6.

Impacts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….14

7.

Conclusions and Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………..15

References ……………………………………………...………………………………………………………………………………..16
Appendix …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….17

Page 2

Storm Ophelia, An Analysis

1. Introduction
Hurricanes and tropical storms that form in the tropical Atlantic, usually from August to October, which is the peak of
the Atlantic hurricane season, are occasionally picked up by the North Atlantic jet stream and swept north-eastwards
towards Europe. By the time they reach Ireland, they are usually no longer classified as hurricanes, having transitioned into what are known as post or extra-tropical storms but can be quite powerful and damaging. Extra-Tropical
Storm Ophelia (also known as Storm Ophelia) was not the only tropical system to affect Ireland in the 2017-2018
windstorm season. The remnants of Hurricane Gert and Nate had already brought heavy rainfall and flooding to someparts of Ireland in August and October but little in the way of wind.
Ophelia is the farthest east Major Hurricane (Category 3 or higher) on record in the Atlantic Basin. It made landfall
over Ireland as an extra-tropical storm on the morning of the 16th October 2017 resulting in observed wind speeds of
up to 156 km/h, in a (3-second mean) gust, at Roche’s Point station, County Cork.
A nationwide Severe Weather Warning (see www.met.ie for criteria) was issued by Met Éireann, such a warning isonly used in circumstances where the weather conditions are deemed severe enough to endanger life. A ‘Status Red- Severe Weather Warning - Take Action’ implies that recipients take action to protect themselves and their properties.
The storm caused major power outages, lifted roofs, felled countless trees and caused coastal flooding in Ireland. The
tragic loss of three lives was also attributed to Storm Ophelia. All schools and many businesses closed for the day
while the nation weathered out the storm.
This report contains an analysis of wind data observed during Storm Ophelia, it also describes its development andpath over Ireland, as well as providing an account of the weather forecasts and warnings issued.

Page 3

Storm Ophelia, An Analysis

2. Storm Evolution
Ophelia originated as an upper-level trough in the central
subtropical Atlantic Ocean that amplified during the 1st to
5th October. It initially had the characteristics of an extratropical low pressure system, with a cold core. It wasnamed by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) in Florida
as a tropical low on the 9th October when it had become awell defined tropical depression located around 760 nautical miles southwest of the Azores, with an area of deep
convection to the east of its centre.
Ophelia drifted slowly north-eastward remaining very
close to its original location, before making a turn southeastward by 0900 UTC Tuesday the 10th October, as aresult of being trapped between mid level ridges to thenorth and west. During this time, it steadily strengthened
and became a tropical storm by early Wednesday the 11 thof October, being upgraded to a Category 1 Hurricane on
the Saffir-Simpson scale1 by 2100 that same day (Figure1). SSTs were around 26.5 °C, which by themselves
would not have been warm enough to enable intensification, but the presence of cooler than average mid and Figure 1 Best track positions for Hurricane Ophelia, 9–15 October 2017.
The track during the extratropical stage on 16–17 October is partially based
upper level air and low vertical wind shear allowed the on analyses from the NOAA Ocean Prediction Center, Met Éireann (Irish
system to keep intensifying during the following hours, National Meteorological Service), and the UKMET (United Kingdom Meteorobecoming a Category 2 Hurricane by the evening of logical Office).
Thursday the 12th of October. Through the following day,Friday the 13th, Hurricane Ophelia accelerated towards
the east-northeast, with little change to its intensity.
Meanwhile, in Ireland, the warm front of an Atlantic
frontal system or trough, containing the remnants of exHurricane Nate had reached Ireland’s Atlantic Seaboard
on the afternoon of Thursday the 12th October. A Tropical Maritime Airmass spread over the country as a result,producing exceptionally mild and humid warm-sector typeconditions. On Friday the 13th October, the warm front
was followed by the associated cold front, which tracked
southeastwards over the country that day. That cold front
weakened and became slow-moving over southern partsx
OPHELIAof Britain early on Saturday the 14th of October, owing to
the amplification of an anticyclone over mainland Europe.
Further intensification of the anticyclone over Europe
resulted in the weakened cold front retreating northwestwards back over parts of Ireland as a warm front during
Saturday the 14th. The frontal zone eventually became
near stationary over northwestern and western parts of
the Ireland on Sunday the 15th October (Figure 2). Perti- Figure 2 Above is the 10.30am METEOSAT satellite image on Sunday 15 th
nent to this now near stationary frontal zone was the fact October showing Ophelia positioned west of Portugal. Here Ophelia hasthat it had become increasingly entrained downstream in become embedded within a band of cloud extending up to Scandinavia andthe sub-tropics in the preceding days.
it was along this trailing (baroclinic) zone that Ophelia moved poleward
towards Ireland.

(1 The Saffir-Simpson scale is a 1 to 5 categorisation of ahurricane based on its intensity at the give time. Category 3 or higher hurricanes are called major hurricanes. The scale provides an estimate of the expected impacts https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php )Page 4

Storm Ophelia, An Analysis

In the meantime, Hurricane Ophelia had undergone an increase in forward speed as it moved northeastwards into the midlatitudes on Saturday 14th of October. However, it was still moving through an area of low shear, and this combined with cooler
than normal upper level temperatures, helped to maintain convection around the eye of the hurricane. Thus despite moving
over relatively cooler sea-surface temperatures, Hurricane Ophelia reached its peak intensity of 100kts, achieving Category 3
major hurricane status on the Saffir Simpson Scale, whilst moving at 22kts. By Sunday the 15th October, Hurricane Ophelia
had begun to weaken, becoming well embedded within the fast flow of another large mid-latitude trough moving eastwards in
the Atlantic (Figure 2).
The near-stationary frontal zone over northwest Ireland was linking up with this fast moving trough, it was becoming increasingly obvious that the storm would travel towards Ireland along the trailing baroclinic zone. Of additional interest, was the favourable position that the now transitioning cyclone held relative to an upper-level jet streak which was travelling ahead of themain fast-moving trough. The upper-level jet streak helped to deepen the storm as the wind field expanded substantially, thus
slowing the weakening of the maximum winds speeds as the post-tropical cyclone approached Ireland.
Extratropical transition (ET) was complete by 0000 UTC on Monday the 16 th and the powerful post-tropical cyclone kept travelling towards Ireland at 40 kt speed, making landfall west of Valentia Observatory, Co Kerry at 10am local time (1100 UTC) October the 16th, where a sharp change in wind direction was observed and pressure dropped to 959 mb (Figure 3).
Extra-tropical Ophelia continued its north-northeastward path across Ireland and steadily weakened, making additional landfalls
near Doonshean, Co Kerry, Cathair, Co Galway and Kilcar, Co Donegal at 1645 UTC that day.

Figure 3 Pressure (top) and wind direction (bottom) time series for Valentia Observatory, Ireland, on 16 October 2017.
Ophelia passed over the site as a post-tropical/extratropical cyclone at approximately 1100 UTC with a pressure of 959.3
hPa (mb).

Page 5

Storm Ophelia, An Analysis

3. Comparison with other Severe Storms
Storm Ophelia stands out as a significant weather event. However, many severe storms have impacted Ireland and led to lossof life and widespread damage across the country. The following is a summary of some of the most notable storms to affectIreland in recent history. Figure 4 lists the Hurricane Force 10-minute wind speeds recorded at meteorological stations in Ireland, with Ophelia’s top 10-minute recorded wind speed for reference. Figure 5 gives the top wind gusts recorded at meteorological stations in Ireland since 1942.
Ex ‘Hurricane’ Debbie: This is the most similar storm to Ophelia in terms of its meteorological development and track. Debbie, like Ophelia, formed as a hurricane exceptionally early in the eastern Atlantic near the Cape Verde Islands and also
strengthened to a Category 3 Hurricane in mid-Atlantic. Debbie then moved back towards Ireland and tracked up along thewest coast as an Extra-Tropical Cyclone on Saturday, 16th September 1961 and resulted in 18 fatalities (7 fatalities in Northern
Ireland). A gust of 181.5km/h was recorded at Malin Head meteorological station, Co Donegal. Debbie struck suddenly andunexpectedly and pre-dated satellite and computer technology which are now available and led to the successful forecast of
Ophelia five days in advance.
Ex ‘Hurricane’ Charley: It formed on 13th August 1986 near Florida, then the remnants moved across the Atlantic impacting
Ireland on Tuesday 25th August 1986 and resulted in severe rainfall and flooding along the east coast. Earlier in the month(Tuesday 5th August), another extreme rainfall event caused severe flooding also.
Atlantic Storm (Unnamed) January 1991: A windstorm which occurred during a protracted episode of severe weather inJanuary 1991 caused 14 fatalities, including seven people killed in a minibus by a falling tree.
Atlantic Storm ‘Darwin’: The most recent comparable event was Storm Darwin (Wednesday 12th February, 2014) which intensified as it tracked rapidly across the country from the north Atlantic resulting in disruption to the power supply for over
200,000 premises and trees were knocked blocking many parts of the road network.
Ex ‘Hurricane’ Ophelia: The highest 10-minute sustained wind speed recorded during Ophelia was at Roches Point, Co Cork.
It reached 115 km/h which is violent storm force, with gusts to 156km/h. However there were hurricane force winds off thesouth coast just before Ophelia made landfall, with a gust of

Date

km/h

CountyThu, 18-Jan-1945

131.5

Limerick

Wed, 24-Dec-1997

125.9

Cork

Tue, 3-Jan-2012

125.9

DonegalSat, 26-Dec-1998

124.1

DonegalTue, 2-Mar-1982

124.1

DonegalSat, 16-Sep-1961

122.2

DonegalThu, 31-Jan-1957

122.2

Mayo

Wed, 12-Feb-2014

120.4

GalwayWed, 9-Jan-2008

120.4

DonegalMon, 15-Jan-1968

118.5

Donegal*Sun, 16-Oct-2017

114.8

Cork

Figure 4 Hurricane Force 10-minute mean
winds, including *Ophelia for reference.
Page 6

Figure 5 Top gusts in Ireland since 1942
191km/h recorded at Fastnet Rock (70m elevation). Over 300,000

Storm Ophelia, An Analysis

4. Storm Event Analysis
This section of the report provides a record of the events of Monday 16 th October 2017 and the actions taken before, during
and after the event to help mitigate the impact of the storm.

4.1 Storm Ophelia
Ophelia was a rare hurricane setting a new record as
the farthest east occurring major Hurricane in the
Atlantic Basin and subsequently made landfall overIreland on Monday the 16th October 2017. In accordance with the Storm naming convention adopted by
Met Éireann and the United Kingdom Meteorological
Office (UKMO), named storms occurring in the vicinity of Ireland and the UK of tropical origin retain thename give by the NHC, hereafter it will be referredFigure 6 METEOSAT VISIBLE SATELLITE AT 11:30 IST (10:30 UTC) MON 16 th
OCT 2017

to as Storm Ophelia.
It became a hurricane on Wednesday the 11th October 2017 and a major hurricane (defined as Category 3 or higher) during Saturday the 14th October
2017 just south of the Azores. As it accelerated
towards Ireland it began to weaken and completed
an extra-tropical transition early Monday the 16th
October 2017. During that day, three deaths, all in
Ireland, were directly attributed to this storm. There
Figure 7 Impacts of Storm Ophelia from RTE

was major storm damage in Ireland due to fallentrees and record numbers of power outages. It also
helped fan wildfires on the Iberian Peninsula, and a combination of the dust from these wildfires and Sahara dust turned thesky an eerie red for a time across the UK.
It was predicted some days in advance to be an extreme weather event and violent storm force winds were recorded. While thesouthwest, south and southeast were worst impacted, trees were knocked or damaged in most areas making road conditions
extremely hazardous. Rainfall was not a feature with the bulk of the rain associated with the storm passing to the west of the
Page 7

Storm Ophelia, An Analysis

4.2 The first Signs of the Storm
The National Hurricane Centre (NHC) in Miami, Florida issued its first advice on the seventeenth Tropical Depression of the season near the Azores in the eastern Atlantic at 0900 UTC on the Monday 9 th October 2017, and upgraded it to a named Tropical
Storm (Ophelia) in the advisory issued at 1500 UTC. The NHC is the body responsible, as designated by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), for Atlantic Hurricane and tropical storm forecasts.
On Tuesday the 10th October the first definitive evidence of a possible extreme wind event for the following Monday the 16 th
October with respect to Ireland was noted by the forecast team in Met Éireann using the ECMWF probability forecasts.
At 9am on Wednesday the 11th October, the NHC elevated Ophelia to Category 1 Hurricane status as per the Saffir-Simpson
Hurricane scale. The NHC bulletin at 3am on Thursday the 12th October forecasted further strengthening of the Hurricane andmentioned the possibility of a powerful extratropical depression affecting Ireland and the UK for the first time.
A tele-con-

Figure 8 Tropical-Storm-Force wind probability 5 day forecast from The NHC given on the 13 th of October.

Page 8

Storm Ophelia, An Analysis

4.3 Forecasts and Advisories
On Thursday afternoon the 12th October, Met Éireann issued an initial advisory which reflected the information available:
A combination of a vigorous Atlantic weather system and the remnants of Hurricane Ophelia will pass close to Ireland on Monday, and has the potential to be a high-impact event in parts of the country. There is a lot of uncer-

Advisory Issued: 2pm, Thursday the 12th October 2017

tainty as to the exact evolution and movement of this weather system during the coming four days, but storm-force

winds, outbreaks of heavy rain, and very high seas are threatened. Met Éireann will maintain a close watch on theevolution and issue further advisories and warnings as these are warranted.

As well as issuing its advisory through the normal channels to its contact points, Met Éireann briefed the National Directorate
for Fire and Emergency Management (NDFEM) on Thursday the 12 th October. News reports were starting to emerge also in Ireland and the UK as well as the rest of Europe of the possibility of Hurricane Ophelia potentially making landfall in Ireland over
the weekend or into Monday the 16th October.
Advisory Issued: 10am, Friday the 13th October 2017.

However, there remained a high degree of uncertainty regarding the

track and intensity of Ophelia. Met Éireann, the UKMO and the NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(USA)) continued to liaise and co-ordinate information to update forecast models. Hurricane Ophelia continued to strengthen
through the rest of Thursday, reaching Category 2 on Thursday evening. Through Friday the 13 th October, Ophelia started toaccelerate a little east-north-eastwards, as forecasted, with little change in intensity. The Met Éireann advisory was updated at
10am, Friday the 13th October:
On Monday, an Atlantic storm from the remnants of Hurricane Ophelia will move northwards close to Ireland.
There is still a high degree of uncertainty regarding the exact track and evolution of the storm. However, storm
force winds, heavy rain and high seas are threatened. Met Éireann will continue to monitor this storm and will isStatus Red Warning issued noon, Saturday the 14th October: Cork, Kerry, Clare, Galway and Mayosue appropriate

warnings as required.

There was still a high degree of uncertainty at this stage as to the track and intensity of Ophelia and what level of impact she
would have across the country.

Red Level Wind Warnings.
On Saturday morning Met Éireann’s high resolution 54-hour HARMONIE model forecast hurricane force winds close to Ireland
Page 9

Storm Ophelia, An Analysis

Ex-Hurricane Ophelia is forecast to track directly over Ireland during daytime Monday. Violent and destructive
gusts are forecast with all areas at risk and in particular the southwest and south in the morning, and easterncounties in the afternoon. Also heavy rain and storm surges along some coasts will result in flooding. There is potential risk to lives.
Status Red Warning issued 8pm, Sunday the 15th October 2017: Ireland

Ophelia accelerated towards Ireland steered by the jet stream, travelling 1800km in just 24-hours. As it moved northwards
across the cooler seas it began to weaken and completed the transition from a Hurricane to an Extra-Tropical Cyclone by 0300
UTC Monday the 16th October. In other words, Ophelia changed from being a major Hurricane fuelled by convection from thewarm Tropical seas to being a mid-latitude storm whose energy derived from the interaction between polar air and tropical air(The temperature at Valentia Observatory was over 19 degrees Celsius at 6am Monday). As Ophelia was no longer a hurricane
the NHC no longer had responsibility for issuing alerts and warnings and did not take part in the conference briefing on Monday
morning between Met Éireann and the UKMO. However the final forecast from the NHC was cautionary:‘ Despite

the expected weakening, the post-tropical cyclone is still likely to bringhurricane-force winds, especially in gusts, to portions of western Ireland on Monday……. This is the last advisory issued by the National Hurricane Center now that
Ophelia has become post-tropical. Local forecasts, warnings, and other communications
regarding the post-tropical cyclone that are pertinent to Ireland and the United Kingdom will continue to be available from Met Eireann and the UK Met Office.’

Figure 9 The forecasted probable path of Post Tropical Cyclone Ophelia issued late on the 15 th of October
2017 by The National Hurricane Center.

Page 10

Storm Ophelia, An Analysis

4.4 The Day of the Storm: Monday the 16th October 2017
The day dawned with fine and unusually warm conditions for most areas. However by 6am, Storm Ophelia began to affect thesouthwest with violent storm force winds across parts of Counties Cork and Kerry. After this Storm Ophelia began to lose intensity but nonetheless storm force gusts moved incrementally northwards across the country during the day with storm surge
conditions impacting southern coastal areas. Violent storm force winds were also recorded over parts of the UK.
A wave height of 17.81 metres was recorded by the M5 weather buoy off the south-east coast at 4pm on the 16th October 2017(highest on record for the M5 buoy), the buoy also recorded a significant wave height of 12.97 metres. Earlier in the day, at
midday, the M3 buoy, off the south-west coast recorded an individual wave height of 13.59 metres. The M2 buoy to the east of
Dublin recorded a wave height of 9.6 metres at 24:00 IST (highest on record for the M2 buoy was 9.8 meters).
The following four graphics from left to right show the circulation and winds of Storm Ophelia as it moved northeastwards during the day. These are high resolution short range forecasts from Met Éireann’s Harmonie model.
The centre of the vortex was forecasted to be off Kerry at 10am IST (Figure 10a), Clare at 1pm IST (Figure 10b), Mayo at 4pm
IST (figure 10c) and Donegal at 7pm IST (Figure 10d). The dark purple shaded area denotes the hurricane force 12 winds, theFigure 10a Mon 10am (IST)

Figure 10c Mon 4pm (IST)Page 11

Figure 10b Mon 1pm (IST)

Figure 10d Mon 7pm (IST)Storm Ophelia, An Analysis

The heaviest rain occured on the northwestern side of the system and because the centre of the storm tracked over the west of
Ireland, the heavy rain stayed out at sea and there was no severe flooding. The highest rainfall, 35mm, occurred at the rainfall
station, Falcarragh-Lough Altan in Co. Donegal, with only 12mm being recorded at Valentia, Co Kerry and less than 5mm in
Dublin.

Figure 11 The below table summarizes the main wind statistics from Storm Ophelia :Figure 12 Harmonie forecasted Mean-Sea-Level-Pressure at
06z

Page 12Figure 13 is the 11.30am EUMETSAT satellite image over Ireland showing the centre of Storm Ophelia just off the Kerry Coast. The lowest
mean sea level pressure at a land station during the day was 962.2 hPa
recorded at Valentia Observatory, Co Kerry in the hour ending 11am.

Storm Ophelia, An Analysis

5. Forecast Performance
The communication of Met Éireann’s weather advisories, forecasts and warnings played a pivotal role in helping to prevent
greater loss of life and destruction to property and infrastructure during this event. Met Éireann contributed to the briefings at
the NECG meetings and the media press conferences in the NECC. In addition Met Éireann meteorologists broadcasted continuously through the day on RTE TV, TV3, as well as on National and Local Radio Stations Nationwide. The predictions and warnings by the Aviation forecasters in Met Éireann ensured safety for all Air Traffic over Ireland and in particular minimised disruption at Dublin Airport.
Traffic on Met Éireann’s' digital platforms, www.met.ie, mobile website m.met.ie and the two mobile apps (iOS and Android)
were the highest ever recorded. The number of page views for www.met.ie was 1.87 Million, and the number of unique users
was 0.41 Million. For the m.met.ie and mobile apps the number of page views was 2.45 Million and the number of unique users
was 0.30 Million. There was a total of 4.32 Million Page views on the 16th October, or 180,000/hour or 3,000/minute. The peak
was approximately 6,500 page views in one minute on the 16th of October 2017. Over the two days, the 15th and 16th October,
Met Éireann’s tweets were viewed 12.5 million times. In addition the Met Éireann Facebook profile was viewed 55k times.
Met Éireann and The NHC predicted the arrival and path of Storm Ophelia with a high degree of accuracy. This was possible
because of international collaborations and well developed meteorological infrastructures and forecasting systems. On themorning of Saturday the 14th, Met Éireann’s high resolution 54-hour HARMONIE model forecast hurricane force winds close to
Ireland for Monday the 16th October. HARMONIE is a high resolution state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction (NWP) toolthat is used operationally by many countries in Europe, including the Scandinavian countries, Spain and Ireland.
Met Éireann issued appropriate weather warnings, using its colour-coded warning system (introduced in 2013) to the public, toFigure 14 Comparing forecasted 10m winds from Harmonie and ECMWF (IFS) to actual recorded at Roches point on the 16 th 2017.

Page 13

Storm Ophelia, An Analysis

6. Impacts
Storm Ophelia was the second named storm of the 2017-2018 winter season. It caused widespread damage in the south andwest of the country, but all counties experienced some disruption.
Countrywide, the impacts were exacerbated by fallen trees that were with full leaf. Trees were ripped up, roofs were blown off
and tragically, three people died. Trees on streets can be vulnerable because their roots are often restricted. Other factors thatmake a tree more susceptible to being blown over include its level of exposure, the time of year: whether it’s in full leaf or after
a full season’s growth, and the length of the previous occurrence of strong winds. Fallen electricity poles and electric cables left
300,000 households, 385,000 premises in total without power. This in turn affected other infrastructure and services, such as
water treatment and wastewater systems. ESB Networks and Irish water worked together for over a week after Storm Ophelia
to restore electricity and water supply, prioritising vulnerable customers and co-ordinating with the Principal Response Agencies
to provide humanitarian assistance to those left without water and power.
The National Emergency Coordination Group convened after a nationwide red weather warning was issued, schools and colleges
closed, HSE appointments, Bus Éireann services, postal services and court sittings were cancelled. There were widespread roadclosures and flight cancellations. The public were advised to avoid all unnecessary travel. In Cork city the storm knocked morethan 500 trees, part of one of the stands in Turner’s Cross stadium collapsed and in Douglas the roof of the Community
School’s sports hall was ripped off. In general, the gap between the sustained wind speeds and the peak gusts widens as windspeeds increase and as the wind moves over land. The gustiness effect is amplified over land where friction reduces the sustained wind speeds but not the peak gusts. This widens the gap between the peak and lull of gusts even more, creating destructive gusts and strong negative pressure forces on structures.
The worst of the storm passed over Kerry by 2.30pm on Monday the 16 th October 2017, felling hundreds of mature trees andcausing flooding in a number of locations that blocked roads. In Galway city, coastal defences were completely breached along
the Salthill promenade, causing extensive flooding. Limerick city suffered some flooding and water surges, driven by offshore
winds in the Shannon Estuary.
Dublinavoidedtheworst of

Opheliabut thefire bri-gade inthe capi-

tal still

respond-

ed to

more

than 70

major

tree

falls.

Countiesin thenorth-

west andmidlands

also

suffered

some

major

disrup-tion withwide-

spreadroad

closures

and

thou-

sands ofhomes

left with-

Figure 15 Some of the recorded winds during Storm Ophelia on the 16 th of October 2017, including what theywould correspond to on Met Éireann’s colour-coded warning system.

Page 14out pow-Storm Ophelia, An Analysis

7. Conclusions and Summary
Coastal areas, and in particular southern coastal areas bore the brunt of Storm Ophelia. Hurricane force winds occurred off
the south coast with Roche’s Point recording violent storm force winds with gusts of up to 156km/h. A gust of 191km/h wasrecorded at the Fastnet Rock (height of mast is 70m). A wave height of 17.81 metres was recorded by the M5 weather buoy(a record for the M5 buoy) off the south-east coast at 4pm on the 16th October 2017, the buoy also recorded a significant
wave height of 12.97 metres. Earlier in the day, at midday, the M3 buoy, off the south west coast recorded an individual
wave height of 13.59 metres. The M2 buoy to the east of Dublin recorded a significant wave height of 6.64 metres at 6pm.
Further inland, gale to strong gale force winds with frequent severe gusts led to countrywide disruption primarily due to hundreds of fallen trees (most trees were in full leaf) and electricity poles. While many of our inland stations recorded windspeeds that were not within the limits set in the criteria for issuing a 'Red Warning', the exacerbated impacts of the winds
warranted a high level warning.
Ophelia was a significant weather event that led to widespread disruption, however no wind or wave records were broken.
Extraordinary events such as the “Night of the big wind” in 1839, with Hurricane strength winds, and Ex ‘Hurricane’ Debbie in
1961 are two of Ireland's most significant storm events in recorded history. While true hurricanes are technically not found atlatitudes as high as Ireland, Debbie retained many hurricane characteristics with winds gusting over 177 km/h as it passed
near Ireland's southwest coast giving a maximum gust in excess of 180 km/h, recorded at Malin Head, Co. Donegal. Thesestorms pre-dated satellite and computer technology so its impossible to be sure whether they made landfall in Ireland as
Hurricanes or extra tropical storms. Hurricane Charley (1986) was considered an extra tropical storm when it hit the south
coast of Ireland and was referred to as ‘the tail-end of a hurricane’ by the media. Hurricane force winds are recorded on average approximately once every eight years in Ireland.
On the 12th October 2017, Met Éireann issued an initial advisory on a Storm reaching Ireland that had the potential to be ahigh-impact event. On the 14th October, it issued a 'Status Red' warning for parts of Ireland. Issuing such a warning morethan 48 hours in advance was "unprecedented", as warnings are normally issued within 24 hours of the event. On the 15 th
October, the National Emergency Coordination Group and Met Éireann convened to advise the public in relation to the posttropical storm Ophelia reaching the Republic of Ireland. At 20:15 on the 15 th, 'status red' warnings were extended to all areasof the Republic of Ireland, and officials confirmed that all public education services would be cancelled for the following day.
The utilisation of improved high resolution forecast models by Met Éireann were instrumental in declaring a ‘Status Red’warning. This warning in conjunction with the State National Emergency Coordination Group advisory ensured that every
effort was made to keep associated damages and losses to a minimum.

Page 15

Storm Ophelia, An Analysis

8. References
Storm Evolution section used the ‘Tropical Cyclone Report’ published on 27 th of March 2018 by Stacy R. Stewart of The National Hurricane Centre in the United States as a reference.
Comparison with other Severe Storms section used extracts from ‘Report on the Response to Storm Ophelia’ published by
National Directorate for Fire and Emergency Management.
Storm Event Analysis section used extracts from ‘Report on the Response to Storm Ophelia’ published by National Directorate
for Fire and Emergency Management.
Forecast Performance section used extracts from ‘Report on the Response to Storm Ophelia’ published by National Directorate for Fire and Emergency Management.
Figure 1, 8 and 9 The NHC in Miami, Florida.
Figure 2 and 6 METEOSAT satellite image.
Figure 7 RTE (Raidió Teilifís Éireann) News.
Figure 13 EUMETSAT satellite image.

Edited by: Paul Moore
Report contributors: Liz Walsh, Evelyn Cusack, Keith Lamkin, Aidan Murphy, Sandra Spillane, Seamus Walsh, Laura Zubiate.

Page 16

Storm Ophelia, An Analysis

9. Appendix
Glossary:
Hurricane - a storm with a violent wind, in particular a tropical cyclone in the Caribbean.
Tropical Cyclone - A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed lowlevel atmospheric circulation with a warm core, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy
rain.
Post or Extra-Tropical Cyclone - Extratropical cyclones have cold air at their core, and derive their energy from the releaseof potential energy when cold and warm air masses interact. Thesestorms always have one or more fronts connected to them,and can occur over land or ocean.
Extratropical transition - When a tropical cyclone enters the subtropics and mid-latitudes, it can interact with other extratropical weather systems that are there. In many cases, a change takes place, resulting in a new weather system thatis a cross between a tropical cyclone and an extratropical cyclone.
Jet Stream - A current of rapidly moving air that is usually several thousand miles long and wide but is relatively thin. They
are found in the upper levels of Earth's atmosphere at the tropopause - the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere
Jet Streak - a segment of the jet stream that has relatively high velocity winds.
Baroclinic Zone - A region in which a temperature gradient exists on a constant pressure surface. Baroclinic zones are favoured areas for strengthening and weakening systems.
NOAA - The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is an American scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce that focuses on the conditions of the oceans, major waterways, and the atmosphere.
NHC - The National Hurricane Center is the division of the United States' National Weather Service responsible for tracking andpredicting tropical weather systems between the Prime Meridian and the 140th meridian west poleward to the 30th parallel
north in the northeast Pacific Ocean and the 31st parallel north in the northern Atlantic Ocean.
UTC - Coordinated Universal Time (abbreviated to UTC) is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks andtime.
AST - The Atlantic Time Zone is a geographical region that keeps
standard time—called Atlantic Standard Time(AST)—by subtracting
four hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)IST - Irish Standard Time (IST) is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

Page 17