★★★ ＜第27回知的財産翻訳検定試験【第13回英文和訳】＞ ★★★
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問１．背景技術***START***から***END***までを和訳してください。
***START***
Viral epidemics and pandemics represent increasing threats to global healthas zoonotic diseases spread, jumping host species, recombining, andpotentially mutating into more virulent forms. The need for additionalanti-influenza drugs is important in maintaining active countermeasuresagainst pandemics. As an example, when H1N1 flu virus swept the world in2010, the two most popularly effective antivirals were Tamiflu.RTM.
(Oseltamivir) and Relenza.RTM. (Zanamivir); which were useful, at best, forshortening the disease period by approximately a day. In less than one year,
the novel H1N1 virus evolved to increasingly resist Tamiflu.RTM.
applications, and the drug has largely become ineffective against
downstream populations of the heritage H1N1 swine flu viruses. Althoughsome antiviral medicines may be effective at present, it is vital that
researchers investigate diverse therapeutic agents in order to combat viraloutbreaks from rapidly evolving strains. The ease and speed with which
numerous varieties of flu virus mutate to become drug resistant isparticularly concerning.
***END***問２．実施形態***START***から***END***までを和訳してください。
***START***
In some aspects, the biomarkers disclosed herein can serve as diagnostic
markers that predict healing versus non-healing DFU. In some embodiments,
the signaling pathways in which these proteins reside and function are
points of therapeutic intervention, wherein combinations of therapies
targeting these interrelated pathway signaling proteins is identified. In
some embodiments, the patterns of protein expression and activation areuseful in guiding treatment decisions on an individual, per-patient basis. In
some aspects, the present disclosure provides a comprehensive assessment ofprotein signaling cascades related to proliferation, migration, inflammation,and apoptosis/senescence in diabetic wounds.
（中略）
The term "treatment" or "treating" can refer to cure or ameliorate a condition
or disorder including a disease. For example, an effectiveness of a cancer
treatment, such as administration of an anti-cancer drug, may be anassessment of the anti-cancer drug to reduce tumor or cancer cell
invasiveness, to kill cancer or tumor cells, to eliminate a cancer or tumor in asubject, to reduce a size of a tumor, to weaken or make more susceptible toapoptosis a cancer cell or tumor cell, to reduce or prevent metastasis, orothers, or combinations thereof.
***END***問３．実施例***START***から***END***までを和訳してください。なお、panning については、以下の定義を参考にしてください（参考の部分は訳す必要はありません）。
***START***
Example 1--Identification of Anti-VpreB1 Fabs
Sea Lane's proprietary Fab fragment libraries were panned against human
VpreB-1 for 4 rounds. Typically, after three to four rounds of panning,
individual clones from enriched phage pools were analyzed by ELISA against
human VpreB1, and the positive clones were sequenced to determine theirheavy and light chain sequences. From these studies, Fab clonal analyses
identified 16 unique human VpreB1 binders (Table 1). As further
characterized in Table 2, both kappa and lambda light chains were identified
with 4 different heavy chain frameworks.
Example 2--Characterization of Selected Anti-VpreB1 IgG mAbs
ELISA assays were performed to characterize the SgG-binding affinity,
sensitivity and serum background of individual panned phage Fabantibodies having affinity for human VpreB1. FIG. 8 provides an overview of
the characterization of anti-human VpreB1 IgG1. SgG proteins refer tosurrogate light chain (SLC) constructs, also referred herein as a"Surrobody.TM.," and the two terms are used interchangeably.
***END***
参考：
The term "panning" is used to refer to the multiple rounds of screening
process in identification and isolation of phages carrying compounds, such as
antibodies, with high affinity and specificity to a target.

問４．請求の範囲***START***から***END***までを和訳してください。但し、参考の部分は訳す必要はありません。なお、請求項１～４９、５１～６１、６３～１６２は省略されています。
***START***
50. A method of producing an enriched population of insulin producing cells,
the method comprising:obtaining a cell population comprising human multipotent orpluripotent cells differentiated into the pancreatic lineage;
providing the cell population with (i) an CXCR4 agonist, (ii) an
EGFR agonist, (iii) an FGFR agonist, (iv) an Activin receptor agonist or anagent that stimulates SMAD3, (v) an IL11R agonist or IL6R agonist, (vi) anotch agonist, (vii) an RXR agonist or RAR agonist, or (viii) a BMP inhibitor
for a time effective to allow the differentiation of pancreatic precursor cells
from the human multipotent or pluripotent cells; andproviding the pancreatic precursor cells with a maturation mediumthat promotes differentiation of the pancreatic precursor cells to insulin
producing cells.
62. The method of claim 50, further comprising providing the pancreatic
precursor cells differentiated from the human multipotent or pluripotent
cells with a cell growth medium comprising a Wnt signaling pathway
activation agent prior to providing the pancreatic precursor cells with amaturation medium that promotes differentiation of the pancreatic
precursor cells to insulin producing cells.
163. A method of treating a subject, the method comprising administering apancreatic insulin producing cell produced by the method of claim 50 andadministering the pancreatic insulin producing cells to the subject.
***END***参考：“Multipotent” or “multipotent cell” refers to a cell type that can giverise to a limited number of other particular cell types. Multipotent cells arecommitted to one or more embryonic cell fates, and thus, in contrast topluripotent cells, cannot give rise to each of the three embryonic cell lineages
as well as extraembryonic cells.