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    , ,**0  1  .  !" ,**1  +  +2  #$Temporal-spatial variations of Plio-Pleistocene volcanic activity in the Ryohaku
Mountains, central Japan : evidences from K-Ar ages.
, ῍
῍,
Atsushi TANASE῍, Teruki OIKAWA῍῍, Atusi NINOMIYA῍῍

Shintaro HAYASHI῍῍῍῍ and Koji UMEDA῍῍῍῍῍Temporal and spatial variations in Plio-Pleistocene volcanism in the Ryohaku Mountains, central Japan, havebeen investigated by newly obtained K-Ar ages on -2 groundmass samples separated from volcanic rocks. The
obtained groundmass ages show small variations and errors and are relatively younger than K-Ar ages from bulk
rocks reported by previous studies indicating lesser e#ect of excess argon from phenocrysts. Based on the newly
obtained ages and volcano stratigraphic data, we identify activity periods of +.*ῌ*.2 Ma for Kyogatake Volcano,*.2ῌ*.1 Ma for Hoonji Volcano, +.*ῌ*.2 Ma for Toritateyama Volcano, *.2 Ma for Akausagiyama Volcano, -.+ῌ,.3 Ma and ,./ Ma for Gankyoji-Sannomine Volcano, +./ Ma for Choshigamine Volcano, *.- Ma for Bishamon
Volcano, and +., to +.+Ma for Eboshi-Washigatake Volcano. The volcanoes in the Ryohaku Mountains form two
volcanic rows of the Kuzuryu and Hakusan Volcanic Chains which have ESE-WNW and N-S alignments,
respectively. Early volcanic activity occurred intermittently from -.0 Ma to +./ Ma, and the volcanoes near thejunction of the two volcanic chains were active. The volcanic activity in the ESE-WNW trending Kuzuryu
Volcanic Chain was restricted in the age range from +., Ma to *.1 Ma with migration from Eboshi-Washigatake
Volcano (ESE end) to Hoonji Volcano (WNW end). The N-S trending Hakusan Volcanic Chain was active from*.. Ma to the present.
Key words : Ryohaku Mountains, Kuzuryu Volcaic Chain, Hakusan Volcanic Chain, K-Ar age+ῌ ῐ ῎ ῑ ῏

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Sumiko Consultants Co. LTD., ,ῌ3ῌ1, Ikenohata, Taitoku, Tokyo ++*-***2, Japan.
y-*/ῌ2/01 bz +ῌ+ῌ+ f 1
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Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, Geological
Survey of Japan, AIST, central 1, Higashi +ῌ+ῌ+,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki -*/ῌ2/01, Japan : y/*3ῌ/+*,  ¡¢£¤¥ 3/3ῌ-+$h¦§¨©Sª«
Present address : Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 3/3ῌ-+, Jorinji, Izumi, Toki-shi, Gifu /*3ῌ/+*,, Japan.

y*+*ῌ2/*, ¬¬­®¯°£ +ῌ+¬±¯²³´µ¯gFaculty of Education and Human Studies, Akita University, +ῌ+, Tegata-Gakuencho, Akita-shi, Akita *+*ῌ2/*,, Japany/*3ῌ/+*,  ¡¢£¤¥ 3/3ῌ-+$h¦§¨©Sª«Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 3/3ῌ-+, Jorinji, Izumi,
Toki-shi, Gifu /*3ῌ/+*,, Japan.
Corresponding author : Atsushi Tanasee-mail : tanase.atsushi@sumicon.co.jp

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41

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Fig. ,. Geologic map of the Kyogatake volcano (include Hoonji volcano), Toritateyama volcano and Akausagiyama
volcano.
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4i0#j1#jghkG lNm2 ,**z& J -m ]r Pa

J - /-ῌ1

<I$"#% G! ^b  @(+ ; (BSM-,) x - ;

++ ; (BSM--) EF4

w:$y



B'- r PQD RD^-(G #j1#jkG lNm2 ,**{  ¡S ¢S  m <^-(G 1#j#jghkG-- km '2 +2 km TFPa

CD
 2

J . [JNml +** m <r-(G gh#j1#j

UVW£XG! ¤¥W¦N YZW*¦N! kG lNm ,** m ]r "s 

ZUHGJ - /*+=`t-"$5u&123<+ 2 ,* km- v6,
7896w: .<c/(G<3/(G<^-(GCHG 8=M-EF,

 +333 ; I ,**/ ;  +33, ;   +33* [J"#{[ - rPQD+ ; (GKJ-+)

P={2 /** m '- r CDP2 0** m -+ ; (GKJ-,) o /(G; (GKJ--) ^-(G

 

+

r\]P2 1**Q2** m -{ ¢S

+ ; (CHO-+)

P2 3**Q+*** m  [J"#{[B8{) §+ ; (SNM-+) <r-(G+ ; (SNM-,) x 0 ; yz& J --ῌ/ 

+R#&-;

+*¨- ©^4

={ +0,/ m _4 ={ +01+ msC,C+0+, m ¡a ={ +-/, m;M&H &_ ,C` ={

8ª b<b<&  ={ +120 m  123

+*¨$ «¬=M- + 

={ +03* m |} >~r@}Z  ={©^4+'_4+ , ­H)"c+2+*.. m $*X&"#%r

? 123<J - 0&- $*X% (G@0 D,-;,-; d®/0 +§¯`&>?,-;e +-_=}

- °L±!fgL±²³=` &)*+

K-Ar )*+,-./0 123425

6789%&

Fig. -. Geologic map of the Gankyoji-Sannomine volcano, Choshigamine volcano and Bishamon volcano.
 - 
 

#$%&'(

45

!"

46

$%&'()*+,-./01234567

Fig. .. Geologic map of the Eboshi-Washigatake volcano.
 .    ,***!"#

K-Ar ¸Fi#!"¹º"#@-#»¼03

  



+0-+ m   
!" 

#

 $% &'

_`)

a,)

47

b,)"C 4'5#T2,67d2 &e7L )#f`

Us5

Ls5K)' I45Us5Ls5K))()*+,' )- #  #. #!"#/$01%&2,3 &'V ghZ%7

Pg m +** m [\

'5)( '5K=>?t#:L#ij

4'5,67 )( 8),Gk  #:^2 H&F037 K *9 :;+,)*+< =>?

))=>?Oe#(

@-#ABC,D7./,E $FGC

L# +0-+ m l037

2#

4'5"C4'50H"  L#5m)( :n.4 +322<!

:1 . /< GC,67 )( =f7#2  2 H&03  I45678JK TU#',)(;+,)*+,'5 ;+,Z H&

L9  "C,67 

Au% :2 opq)(,Au '5 i)(  #:2  2,;M&03  GC#j H&# +.** m iS#r2) V),- 7

L)K

)(<NI4567= '>?,O)pqrq5U

GC4'5,67 )((*)

s5Ls5I45K) V s s567( = #2  2 H&03  P

8J (LK)Q,mJ block"S#Q@R (Matsuo +302) ,A' TU>V

and ash ﬂow   % :2#Stuvl',)( ;+,)*+0H

Ea7

W%W

Q@RX

Y%W

2#Q@R,:2#GB,Z

037 [CD \]^ _E` F  

m#w ,**% -** m 7K) K t#: L= G#[CD !"#H#Ia5%Jb>?: L#xy H&037

&'

Klw -** m pqrq5,mJLs5Us5(Matsuo +302)

',)( '5K L#', :K)t#z()=>?Oe# block and ash ﬂow

L#MdN H&03  K))=>?Oe# 

cF # V( 
P cm

Q@R,',Z f

Pg cm #K)Q#h  P/PR m i

S#)()jkl,mJ(,- 
7

'n

o opqrq5,mT7 Us{|>V V# %W&'{|20,} " #~ w 00 km-  ',)(# -  (EBS-,
EBS-- EBS-/) ;+,)*+G#)jkl

5Ls5I45K) V @V#I4567,

  +  (EBS-+) _`)# +  (EBS-.)

mJ,  ) # +   (EBS-2) ' 5    ) ( # +  ;+,)*+;+,Zt# L#W

a(EBS-0) "C4'5#) # +  (EBS-,Z H&03  ',)(,AuXY#1) K)# ,  (EBS-3 EBS-+*) # +*IFvwxrl# ")4()jkl

  " :1 .<  (*yaZ#7 _Fz5{|),}J~ ,** m [\.ῌ K-Ar ῐ῎῍῏% # L]a%$' m! K)F j

K-Ar  . 7 5 :kl7N&',)(#K)) :U

1   : .   : 0  s5Ls5I45K)<  : +  4 dm : 0  5"C4'5,67 )( =Y #:^2F03  TU>V_`)
 %W

H

a,)

b,) '5)( K) !" L,AuD5 E %= c2
037m : +   : +*  i 
7 ¡ : - # -2 9 &¢£" :1, - .< L 7N&¤¥T]e¦§#M'"!) (:l A-+<

0*/2* ¨l\©ª«¬#tc"­ ®¯°5=>?±«x²«³´lµ¶·xyz¶,·{¸|,}¹º~,,»¼

48

 

      !"#$%

4   3BIDF78 pX WXY9:&/ῌ, 

K-Ar F

'()* +, (+32.) - Itaya et al.

/ῌ,ῌ+ (+33+) .    ,,*** ppm  Cs UVWX _I,IB  UVWcZ/0  122' &34.   -2 Ar 5678

9:



;<







 ) =  lb >..30,?+*@+* ῌyr le > *./2+ ? +*@+*ῌ yr &'(

(Steiger and Jäger, +311) .*K ῌ K > *.***++010) CMN?~, \ (KYO-+

C[ *.3.O*.*.*.2-O*.*- Ma (KYO-, - . 1) ]^X_`aT*.2-O*.*, Ma (KYO-/) R9 " + 0 / 0 cZ

ABCUVWcZX q[ MN#|4 KYO-

    , D&34.+ :

+, 0 H+b *.32*.2* Ma 129: 3

EBFGHIB







X q[T #YZ$%

JK, (+32/) c d4efg-h-4i¡¢A#|4W.+!L&'(EMN (O + s) GH£¤R9j¥4  E H UVWcZX+ : " +

q[d £¤¦§T .+r6~B
k]IB4  '.+Er6 / K-Ar 



/ῌ+ 

k]IB: Ek]

129:b *.32*.2* Ma^X_`ab *.2 Ma R9

lX q[mnTd:[ 3X q[2&PQ" + R9 SD , C (KYO-+, 0) &T UVWX'(c!#|4W£¤R+#YZ$%[

9j¥4  '.+ UVWX 129:

3/ῌ\] ^_ `a 3*ῌbcTd.   [.

+.**.2 Ma @¨r6~Bk]IB:

+ KYO-+, 0 * +--&[e z ©ª X _I,IB  ©ª CMN`a +*ῌbcTd: fcZoq[T *.2+O*.*-*.12O*.*. Ma (HOJ-,, -, .) 

AB'(4C*+)*g.+:©ª kZoq[T *.1,O*.*, Ma (HOJ-+) Td: "H +h,!':.* Ar ijk]IB4  

+ 0 / 0  -_I ©ª X UV EB[,IB C-./lm0 / R9 S

WX [r6~B ¨b *.2*.1 Ma _«+W

AB

D,IB X n &&oa12MNk39:

-

454

 '.

+ ,IB pX qr6R9 k]

X Td: k]IB:
/ῌ,ῌ,

!

SD¬1 C': +p tT

*.21O*.*-*.2.O*.*. Ma (TTY-+ , -) # tT

IB:s 78tu9 SD,IB 

*.3/O*.*,*.20O*.*/ Ma (OCH-+ , -) [,IBlm0 0 R9 u9:;, (+322) Shimizu

" + 0 / 0 3BIpt&«:cZ

and Itaya (+33-) <q K-Ar !o *f

p X TX

W­®UVWX

b +.* Ma T

v:  SD

PQ=w R9CT' w [,IB+:xy[>HIB: f  z*X 2T{I*|SD,IB ^}[?~

0 0

@A'} X qBC/fB:D4 E4 .*Ar [fB+&  w X
q<q K-Ar 

Fr6R~4 ^¯d:[ qZ# t^}[rZ p t'sW[®f.

k]IB: t°_I3X Wb +.**.2 Mak]IB:

/ῌ,ῌ- "#

uv X _I *.12O*.*1 Ma (AKU-+) [,I[G~B+ : H]{ IJ, +322 ; B+323 zKLMtX

T±6~B:?²w4X Td:_I 3[Po Q#$T+,+qNO4DDF78 :_I :;, (+322) 4

NfB:E .* Ar ':

" + 0 / 0 uv X  !oq Xq

uv X WR9 k]IB: 3p X -UVWX ' ©ª X 

W³ R9

R[  *f SD,IB ^}[FX q/ῌ,ῌ. $%&'()

S TU~B: QVT =3  [´µª t_I ,.32O*.++,.3,O*.*1 Ma (GKJ-+

K-Ar 

Table +.



 + K-Ar 
K-Ar ages of samples determined by this study.

49 

Fig. /. Stratigraphic relationship of the volcanoes in the Ryohaku Mountains.
 / 
  K-Ar  !"#$%

50

K-Ar!, 7¡¢+£~¤¥~¦*+"#§¨

51Fig. 0. Comparison of the K-Ar age of this study with Shimizu et al. (+322).
 0 1 ) (+322)  K-Ar ! *+*+"#M1hjt\9. +*+ o*+ N` ) (+322) ) (+330)  !5.

, -) 
Ma (SNM-+)  ,.3**.*1
 ,../*.*0 Ma (SNM-,)   +  / 0  

 ,.3/*.*0 Ma (CHO-+)  "# !$%  !
&'()

*+,-./012 ,34 567.89 !: -.+;,.3 Ma ,<=./
 +  / 0!1>? &'()*+?&'( ) *+"#!: -.+;,.3

Ma UF[ ,./ Ma \G *+"# !1:+ Ma ]^_\/01

 N`a*+

1DE//ῌ,ῌ0  

b

cde

(*.,2*.*- Ma : BSM--) K1f

ghijk(*.,3*.*- Ma : BSM-+) 1b

mno+p(*.-**.*- Ma : BSM-,)

l



: -.+;,.3 Ma ,@,ABC1DE/ !.89: *.- Ma ,<=./  +  / 0 q

 0FG *./;*.. Ma HIJK: ,./r5Ds,K9t : *.- Ma uO (*.-,;*.,1 Ma) ,

Ma ,ABC 0

&'()*+L

M NABO,PQ*+"#RS1DE/
/ῌ,ῌ/ 

0*+5TB./vw HIxKMyABC*+\/012
 ,34  +  / 0/ῌ,ῌ1 +..2*.*-





zM{|o ) }o*+ +.,+*.*-;+.+/

Ma (CHO-,)   +  / 0 : +./ Ma*.*. Ma (EBS-+, ,, -, /) ~M{|)}o*+,,UK9VWX3Y+ Z*+"#PQ+.+3*.*-;+.*1*.*0 Ma (EBS-., 0, 1, 2, 3, +*) 5

012 ,34  +  / 0 b}e*+  - 

bc³´-µd¶·-e¸¹-fºgh-ij»¼

52 +.+1*.*2 +.+/*.*. +.,+*.*- (EBS-,, -, /)p=tC u56>7v1B

#  *,*.*. +.++*.*0 Ma (EBS-3, +*) +.+.    +.,+.+ Ma   !  " #  $ .%&'( K-Ar )* +.-0*.*2!/>Ul@/qwI *x /78y C49H,/ $& / Ma% >z"6!
7/>Q, r2DIE@)]8

J $& -.. Ma @J%  /12>Ul $

Ma +, $ - ,***%  -1% <{| 

 (,***)  - (+322) -.   /1}FG?H [ -!r2DIE@J //   0/123Fy

~

 4 4 56-.  /

ῌ2 (-.0+./ Ma) $%    -I J

 /-. 

.I +/4  ,K@/:;!)< ,* = 0/1

2>kLM/4 ~

789 /278y[ .

23  ,-~

F ῌa 2 (-.0-.- Ma) : $%  
0 



56 K-Ar >?*@A!

 "7 K-Ar 78, /12+#/ ῌb 2 (-.+,.3 Ma) :  ῌc 2 (,./ Ma) : - I-I/I

/ ῌd 2 (+./ Ma) : J.I /

  *, @BC+ $%. ῌa 2/ NO:PQy+& +.*,*.3. Ma / $DE- +330% FG

ῌb 2@J $-.+ Ma @J%  :NO *..,  *.*,  *.-1  *.*. Ma  /  $D E - :!,k /+Rl ,C

 H2,**,%
+333% I2+& +*  $DE-

+& . @J $'K- ,***% / $%.   FG  H2

( -





/ ῌc ῌd 2/?

S / <` TK km- @B (+32.) - (+322) Shimizu and Itaya (+33-) 

῍2 (+.,*.1 Ma) -.   $%. )*)K-Ar C,+ L)M

 PU   VW   .  +/4 (N,

 ,*O>P=Q,"7R+>,

-. P S4>? MTM+)=-U4, 

P'P(X(#Y  : ,NO :$.V /-01 +322 ; WX +323 ; Y2-"3+v4 / (-.  ++333%  / "7 K-Ar 

CZ9 (+.,+.+ Ma),<P

789C>Z4"

(+.*,*.3. Ma) VW (*.2 Ma) PU 

*.2 Ma) .



¡.

Ma 

: *.2*.1 Ma% ( P¢£N9¤¥+

U=12 NO :!,4 4 [\,9 ) >,

S4 K-Ar 4 , , $% !)]<^5

$6

7 8

7 : 1_- +321% 12 )K-Ar 

$

$%.



(+.*

: +.**.2

( P¢ /¦§+* ῍278,<`& -.0-.- Ma & / Ma 

, $- +322% a9 H,

 (-.  T+ 00 km- C,4/2m<`09C +*,* [\bc Ar de+f , $.V Y2-"3 +333%!)¨$S    /4)© >ª" < T ,* km- [\.*K-Ar 

] = < 789C>Z4" U

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-.  « ijGC ( - (+32.) - (+322) Shimizu and] U H2

 >QV *O¬^"+T­®¯U ,,M?H>z"

Itaya (+33-) )* <`& *.. Ma & *..*.-῎2 (*..* Ma)  h  Ma ,M)

K-Ar k4

 _°` +/4 X῏'a:"<l ijG  h  /

,

,

  FG :+ - (+322) Shimizu and Itaya (+33-)2m C;n<op=+W9>o / FG CH,)

?qrs@ 4 4A <o

K-Ar  *.0 Ma >±²:/:;12>& *.0 Ma 4 4

K-Ar  !  "#Fig. 1. Spatial variation of volcanic activity after Late Pliocene in the Ryohaku Mountains.
 1 
  53

[\´µ¯X¶·M¸¹º]^J_`a»¼

54

  (,**,)  

 *.. MaK-Ar   + ; * G@ +321 ; ABCD +322H&   ῎ G*..

  !"#'(  $%& +  

Ma 'NH I  5 q,0 1)*'.E0,v%  VXYK-Ar ,-./ *..

+F{]v% GGH +333 ; Ujike et al.,Ma  !,0,& 12. 34+333H&

 56 78  9:;/ <.  
*.. Ma =>?& E *='F4 &*.- Ma*.. Ma G ,**,H  5*.. Ma G +322H I

J%&

78  K ) G!L +320H&
Ma

78 1'N

 5=I4   ^¡¢=JKL@AB=AB CD

1  *.+Ma*..M*.-

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+31. +311H T¨©«V]¬
GW +H& 25p

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Shimizu and Itaya (+33-) /=b& ) b c , .]&  (+322) 6 Shimizu and Itaya(+33-)  d*+ ,$,e"-".f J

/ Ma g  ,.1M+./ Ma hi

 jk. *.3 Ma g./,%=%&  ῌ (-.0
M+./ Ma)  lm d*+ ,0. -.0
M-.- Ma 12 (ῌa) 'N +/* 3/ (ῌbMῌd)

 =d*+ no4=,4 %5p q,0r6/ st0q  u7Jv%& d*+

)**wx=ky ῍ (+.,M*.1
Ma)

q,0J0,& 1%z u7,$,῏"-".f {< ῍ v0|"%=>?& (+322) 6 Shimizu and Itaya (+33-)  ,$,ῌ"-".f

Gd*+ H -ῌ$.f

G  H }8 9~  *.3M*.0 Ma

 st%=>?%&  CD,$,῏"-".fd*+:i *.1 Ma .]v

%2=  v%&q ῍῎ 0  .fr
-+;/c4 1t"<0,&῍w )*+  +

=VXY+=VXY+)> * ῎w )*+?

Fig. 2. Summary of volcanic activity in the Ryohaku
Mountains, the Hida Mountains and the Yatsugatake and its surrounding areas.
W 2  5 NOP T¨©«Vw& ²Z 4(&  5^_[`a(/]~³0*&  5AB NOP¯X (,**-) T¨©«V ª U (+331) ­ ®   (,**,) ¯ X  (,**. ,**/) Oikawa and Nishiki (,**/) ,Y (,**/) yg=z AB°"&

K-Ar TUV4# %\»¼\]  +g.0  +./ Ma  

    
,!

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Shimizu and Itaya (+33-)  *.3 Ma * #,-! !῍./01234

ABC <=55

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VZ>$st;< '#?[" ,**0) kbc ,Dw

J./01

23ABC 898#@YEFE l$
<=A

J*<kOY@ Iwamori (,***)  aef#B#D
U O#-23

JCD#

567 898#: ; *<=>  ?

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_N:*E27fxyz{ :"XDU

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 ?

GHI J$K% =>  L

 DUCD*EFEl =>  ./01

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23ABC@R#S$^=> ? N:O ./01234567 P-,DwGX#K-

Q#D%R#S ./0123ABC$% -.

T $U ABC 898#:'   EFEGH*DV#$%*.3 Ma #,- WJ X

R ./0123ABCT $% ABC#:YEFEGH*DV#$%=>  K Z! (+32,) N[" (,***)
#$[" (,**,) (%\]^#\]#;#+) ?

and Itaya (+33-)

aef# J +g.0

Q h&1
i[!N (+331)  ./0123456
o5d¢
 J./0123456

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 Shimizu

7 898#@$ OV-

JL./0123ABCSY ?

J Iwamori (,***)

aef*h&* ¡#;  ,$ J<% _O&K#
bc#D  R ,-.#/`d ? X 

L##'[()* (,**0)`+7aFB./6

ABCG#*CD#%-.#< I./01234567 898#D%W.27~¤* J?[¥K (+33/) QLJQK '¦§I .27~¤*kOp6) ?V*<Y +.,῍*.1 Ma

#,- ¨© .27 "S! !῍
.0/`d ./012

Q=> ª./01234567 89

3ABC WjK ./01234567 8k8

8#: «¬ -! 23!-O­MY #: EFE l^4567 898#.27

: EFE GH./0123ABC#DUI+332) #®#,-¯°±²7³k$m#D%#-23$ .27 ¨©; +.1 Ma (Kimura et al., ,**/) .0n4Lo5dOp6  qr `+7aFB./6
st#D 

!-  - u

7r   7rR*/`d ./"SQ,D? +./ Ma *<U (Kamata#D&Nk +(@OY «¬K#®!-#
K-

.27

"SQ  ,Ma #,./01234567 898 Q

=0123ABCR +/*&,** km *S ?

> (Kamata and Kodama +333) Kimura et al.

ABCG8KX(,**/)  #®

 R*`+9:X

vw 'Hirahara et al., +323 ; Honda and Nakanishi,,**- ; #'[()* ,**0)   ,Dw

R

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*< +g.0,Dw 

QLJ BK  . Ma #./01234
567 !´9:P, kOµ¶  k Q
·M+(«QR  ·M+(@O k _¸

./'Ando et al., +32- ; Hiramatsu and Ando, +330 ; Hiramatsu

01234567 P# OV-kO

et al., +332 ; ;[" ,**0) ;[" (,**0)  k |YdO./01234567 898#;$VE27

K @S45674¹>#89DV#$

fxyz{# 66.6#D; =>  º .277r#, 4¹># Jk #-

ABC./0123

=> 

!

!῍



±²³1k°º´kµm»¥k¶·ijk¸a¨¼56    !

 "# $ΐῒ6789[\]=nFo^Y' _  dh `ab cd,#P"%&' ( )

&efb MPMP dgh hi*j   *+,-./01234 

klnKm   dhn^67PZ[

567898 :;<=>#?!"o K-Ar 6789<='"@" 8&"A+ dMPpqP$rst*kl$uvw

B 

,#$%&C6DE<,+( FG'H!(IJ)H7KLKE*+89MNO,P-Q.7RSTSU$V/W<X0Y 1Z["23&'\=

+ ,]<45$Y K-Ar 6789]^_ ':I 67<,+Y `ab : +.*c*.1 Ma def`ab : +.*c*.2 Ma;g< : *.2c*.1 Mah => : +.*c*.2 Ma?@ : *.2 Ma ij<klmA : -.+c,.3 Ma
nFo ,./ Ma BCaA : +./ Ma DpE : *.Ma qFCkGab : +.,c+.+ MaIJKu <$($ Iῌc῎ s>, ῌ

(-.0c+./ Ma) vL-"'   ῌ  M% (-.0c-.- Ma) "Yῌa ij<klmA (-.+c,.3 Ma) " Yῌb ij<klmAlmA$NO (,./ Ma) "Y ῌc BCaA (+./ Ma) "A w'# ῍Y ῌd  .

(+.,c*.1 Ma)  qF

CkGab M%ab => ?@ `ab" Y ῍  +,
 O"x Y PqFCkGab(+.,c+.+ Ma) G P`ab(+.*c*.1 Ma) Qs5 "# ῎& ῏ (*..c* Ma)  y  zR DpE" Y
{S5 "#- ῏5d!

 h  T +.,c*.1 Ma d῍ h U |&'   5d h } O

6T *.1c*.. Ma |. +./ Ma un>  VabWX

$YY_~5"8$(,

 T +./c*.2 Ma  "ZYn L " _ x ygz{MPqP$|}kl*~'

<NY

Yῐ ῕ ῔ ῑ2ῌ ῎ ῍ ῏, rH67P-Z[$'stnKm

 kak (,**,) Vab   .1 .-/ῌ..2.
Ando, M., Ishikawa, Y. and Yamazaki, F. (+32-) Shearwave polarization anisotropyin the upper mantle beneathcentral Honshu, Japan. J. Geophys. Res., 22, /2/*ῌ/20..
 L¡ (+333) %&
L %&P¡ CD-ROMk¢k£` (+320) ij<^ ,¤¥3Z[¦ no. +-+ῌ+*D  k @§ ¨ k #  k ©ªf k «(,***) >^ ^Z[¦ d/ '+ ^h ^Yo ,+2p£`k ¬­k¡¢yk®a£¯k¢
(+32.) °oM%±b K-Ar 67 ,¤¥3Z[¦ no. +* ,-ῌ,3
Hirahara, K., Ikami, A., Ishida, M. and Mikumo, T.
(+323) Three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure beneath Central Japan : low-velocity bodies in wedge portion of upper mantle above high-velocity subducting
plates. Tectonophysics, +0-, 0-ῌ1-.
Hiramatsu, Y. and Ando, M. (+330) Seismic anisotropy
near source region in subduction zones around Japan.
Phys. Earth Planet. Inter, 3/, ,-1ῌ,/*.
Hiramatsu, Y., Ando, M., Tsukuda, T. and Ooida, T.
(+332) Three-dimensional image of the anisotropic bodies
beneath central Honshu, Japan. Geophys. J. Int., +-/, 2*+ῌ
2+0.
Honda, S. and Nakanishi, I. (,**-) Seismic tomography of
the uppermost mantle beneath southwestern Japan : Seismological constraints on modeling subduction andmagmatism for the Philippine Sea slab. Earth Planets
Space, //, ..-ῌ.0,.
h¤*jk#d¥*k ¦ (,**0) #$%&n> S §U1.²R-L ³¨©/ ,**0 6M¡ª´{ S++2ῌP*+*
hi*jk«µ¶¬ (+333) k ·O­O,P-®¯$6 ³¨©¸PV/P¡M¡ +333 6ª´{ Vbῌ**2
°a ¹k£`k¢ (+321) =>WX
O­^ ,¤¥3Z[¦ no. +. +ῌ++

K-Ar V¹º»G

Ishida, M. (+33,) Geometry and relative motion of thePhilippine Sea Plate and Paciﬁc Plate beneath the KantoTokai district, Japan. J. Geophys. Res., 31, .23ῌ/+-.
 (+322) +** 
K-Ar   no. ,3 +.-ῌ+0+
Itaya, T., Nagao, K. Inoue, K., Honjo, Y., Okada, T. andOgata, A. (+33+) Argon isotope analysis by a newly
developed mass spectrometric system for K-Ar dating.
Mineral. J. +/ ,*-ῌ,,+Iwamori, H. (,***) Deep subduction of H,O and deﬂection of volcanic chain towards backarc near triple junction due to lower temperature. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.,+2+, .+ῌ.0.
 ,/ ,22ῌ,22 (+32*) 
 (+32,)  !
"# 22 ,+/ῌ,-* Kamata, H. (+332) Quaternary volcanic front at the junction of the South-west Japan Arc and the Ryukyu Arc. J.
Asian Earth Sciences, +0, 01ῌ1/.
Kamata, H. and Kodama, K. (+333) Volcanic history andtectonics of the Southwest Japan arc. Island Arc, 2, -3-ῌ.*-.
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1/2 37 no. 3- +.3ῌ+0*
89:;<C (+33/) =D>E FGFHIJ KL M +2 31ῌ+*Kimura J., Stern R. J. and Yoshida T. (,**/) Subduction
re-initiation of the Philippine Sea Plate and magmatic
responses in SW Japan during Neogene time. Geol. Soc.
Amer. Bull, ++1, 303ῌ320.
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HIR& S TUVWYKZ no. , +/-ῌ+/XJS
L [8OM\ NOP *]%Q^R (+330) [_ 2
2 34-5
6/ & + '.7 ++.p (/)
Matsubara, M., Hayashi, H., Obara, K. and Kasahara K.
(,**/) Low-velocity oceanic crust at the top of the Philippine Sea and Paciﬁc plates beneath the Kanto region,
central Japan, imaged by seismic tomography. J. Geophys.
Res., ++*, B+,-*., doi : +*.+*,3/,**/JB**-01-.
Matsuo, H. (+302) A study on the Neogene plants in the
Inner Side of Central Japan, II : On the Minoshirotori
ﬂora (Pliocene) of the palaeovolcano-lake deposits. Ann.
Sci. Kanazawa., /, ,3ῌ11'9`S (,**+) T>aUVW XbcYd
(/3efZ$ ghij[\]< +.C 
4-5 /, -*-ῌ-*1V9^k_`l (+32.) K-Ar

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+, 3ῌ,.
P9jk l u89: (,**0)Geochemical variation of volcanic rocks in Central Japan with the double
subducting plates
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Nakajima, J., Matsuzawa, T., Hasegawa, A. and Zhao, D.
(,**+) Three-dimensional structure of Vp, Vs, and Vp/
Vs beneath northeastern Japan : implications for arc
magmatism and ﬂuids. J. Geophys. Res., +*0, ,+2.-ῌ
,+2/1.
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S | Y ++, 5Y ,2/ῌ,2/
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Oikawa, T. and Nishiki, K. (,**/) K-Ar ages for lavas fromthe Kirigamine Volcano, central Japan. Bull. Volcan. Soc.
Japan., /*, +.-ῌ+.2.
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58

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Shimizu, S. and Itaya, T. (+33-) PlioῌPleistocene arcvolcanism controlled by two overlapping subducted plates,
central Japan. Tectonophysics, ,,/, +-3ῌ+/..
Steiger, R. H. and Jäger, E. (+311) Subcommission ongeochronology : convention on the use of decay constantsin geo- and cosmochronology. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.,-0, -/3ῌ-0,.
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/0&12  0314  2356 (+32/) 7 .
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Ujike, O., Tanaka, R., and Watanabe, K. (+333) Petrologyof adakitic rocks from Quaternary Bishamon-dake volcano, central Japan. J. Mineral. Petrol. Econ. Geol., 3., -+/ῌ-,2.
:;<<$ F=>?/@G<ABC
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Yoshimoto, K., Fujisawa, H., Okada, T., Umino, N.,
Hasegawa, A., Obara, K., Shiomi, K., Tsukahara, H.,
Okamoto, S., Kawanaka, T., Sato, H., Nishimura, T.,
Sato, H. and Ohtake, M., (,**.) Moho and Philippine
Sea plate structure beneath central Honshu Island,
Japan, from teleseismic receiver functions. Earth Planets
Space, /0, +,1+ῌ+,11.
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KYO-, : yN, RySv^ : 8s0Ot +0** m ud h 2**m Ux -0*-῍+, gy +-0-/῍*-6 : i6O6 ?vwxl j?Xy jmn oz 26

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j?Xy jmn oz 26O6i6pqrm 6|zae«¬­®
¬eX i6pqrm sjyKYO-/ : ±$°(m RySv^ : }¯st +2** m  f² {| h 2**m Ux -0*+῍++ gy +-0-0῍*-6 : i6O6 °(mMA³ ¤¥ j?Xy jmn oz 

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59

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   LU[\*+ : !"#$$,-. /0 +-/* m 12 -03*-῍-14 56 +-03-0῍**4

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 : 9$ =XY

EFGHIJKL 
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  EFGHIJKL  : TU9$ 
VWXY     ῎

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   ZU[\U    EFGHIJKL   ]^?Y_`Vop

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