Marlene Ngansop T. et al.

Identification of main Non-Timber Forest Products and related stakeholders
in its value chain in the Gribe village of southeastern Cameroon
Marlene Ngansop T.ab, Denis J. Sonwac, Evariste Fongnzossie F.bd, Biyé Elvire H.b,
Forbi Preasious F.ab, Takanori Oishie, and Nkogmeneck Bernard-Aloysb†
Millennium Ecological Museum, Cameroon
Department of Plant Biology, University of Yaounde I, Cameroonc
CIFOR, Central African Regional Office, CameroondHigher Teacher’s Training School for Technical Education (ENSET),
University of Douala, CamerooneAfrican Studies Center – Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Japanab

Abstract
Although viewed as low-power income product, trade in Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in ruralcommunities represent a major source of income for local residents who depend on them for revenue andsubsistence. This study is based on monitoring and quantitative recording of each NTFP gathering byvillagers. The results revealed that the main products collected include: Irvingia gabonensis, Aframomumspp., Pentaclethra macrophylla; Ricinodendron heudelotii, and Afrostyrax lepidophyllus. The mainstakeholders in NTFPs value chain were identified as: collectors, local traders, semi-distributors,
intermediaries, and wholesalers (Nigerian and Malian Settled in the village). The prices of these NTFPs
fluctuate between 0.09 – 0.67 USD per kilogram (kg) at village level. However, these products are generally
resold between 0.67 – 4.44 USD per kg in urban market.
The commercialization of NTFPs is less beneficial to rural collectors compared to the other stakeholders
involved, whereas they are the main contributors of NTFPs value chain. The main reason for this are thepoor organization of collectors, low access to market information, low power in price negotiation, lack ofstorage and drying facilities, ambient poverty in rural areas as well as the high purchasing power ofwholesalers who intervene in the value chain. The strengthening of the capacities for local population on
drying, conservation and processing techniques; pricing; the principle of group sale of NTFPs; the creationand empowerment of collectors organization; their networking with buyers; the development of market
information systems; and an enabling environment that facilitates market access to local collectors will
improve the profitability of NTFP value chain in the area.
Keywords: NTFP, rural collectors, value chain, profitability

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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ja― 181 ―

Identification of main Non-Timber Forest Products and related stakeholdersin its value chain in the Gribe village of southeastern Cameroon

1. Introduction
Globally, more than a billion of people depend directly on forest for their livelihoods (Pandey et al. 2016).
In Central Africa, 86 million people living in or near forests depend on natural resources for a significant
part of their diets (Eba'a et al. 2009). Forests provide many resources that can be grouped into timber andnon-timber forest products (Suleiman et al. 2017). Although minimum attention is given to non-timber
forest products (NTFP), in rural communities, trade in NTFPs represent the major source of livelihood andincome for the people. Furthermore, NTFPS provide less export revenue than timber, but higher levels of
employment (Ingram 2010).
Non-Timber Forest Products represent many goods and services for multiple uses beneficial for the
wellbeing of the populations who are dependent on them. The majority of rural households in developing
countries and a large proportion of urban households depend on these products to meet some parts of theirnutritional, health, house construction, or other needs (Shackleton et al. 2015). In Cameroon, many people
depend on these products especially because they play a vital role in their life, and theirs uses varydepending on the feeding habits and cultural practices of populations. Papadopulos (1997) already reported
that 300 NTFPs are used in Mount Cameroon area. In the South region of Cameroon, nearly 200 animal
species and 500 plant species are used as NTFPs (Van-Dijk and Wiersum 1999). Tchouamo and Njoukam(2000) reported 57 medicinal plants used by Bamilekes in Western Cameroon. In Gribe village ofsoutheastern Cameroon, Hirai (2014) identified 500 NTFPs of which 42 different products were mostfrequently sold by the local people.
The value of the NTFPs sector in Cameroon is estimated at over 32 million US$ annually, providing
income to about 34,000 people including harvesters and traders (Ingram 2014) and they generally provide
employment at different stages from the NTFP gathering to selling. Awono et al. (2016) estimated that
NTFPs sector providing employments to 283,000 persons working in microenterprises exploiting 16 main
products. NTFPs appear to be the basis of the well-being of the rural population. But current strategies forthe valorisation of NTFPs sector are not adequately beneficial to local collectors. The main reason for this is
the fact that the legal and institutional frameworks for NTFP trade in Cameroon combined with thepervasiveness of corruption, hinders sustainable development of this important and apparently growing
sector (Tieguhong et al. 2015). Furthermore, quantitative information on the NTFP sector are often
fragmentary, thus weakening decision making for sustainably use of NTFP. However, understanding value
chain characteristics of NTFP is critical for their conservation and sustainable use. The value chain context
is defined by Ingram (2010) as the entire set of processes and activities involved in getting a product fromharvest in the forests, including storage, transport, and transformation or processing and marketing to thefinal consumer. In Cameroon, NTFPs value chain studies are mostly focused on quantities sold, prices anddestination of products. Information on the improvement of the power of collectors in the NTFP value chain
in rural areas is lacking. The present paper aims to highlight the major NTFPs collected by the population― 182 ―

Marlene Ngansop T. et al.

and, identify the main stakeholders involved in their value chain. This information will be used tounderstand the power of all the stakeholders in the value chain of NTFPs and to discuss the option forimproving NTFP value chain in Gribe village.
2. Research methods
2.1. Study site
Gribe village is found in Yokadouma sub-division of the Boumba and Ngoko Division. It is located about
76 km south-west of Yokadouma town and 16.5 km northeast of Boumba-Bek National Park. It extends on
about 12 km, with a population of approximately 772 inhabitants (Toda 2014). The local population consistsof two major ethnic groups: the Konabembe bantu-speaking, agriculturalists practice small-scale subsistence
and cash-crop farming (cacao); and the Baka, hunter-gatherers who are largely sedentary and economicallydependent, as wage laborers for the Konabembe. The annual rainfall varies from 1300 to 1600 mm (SighaNkamdjou 1994). The area is subject to a Guinean equatorial climate with four seasons divided as follows:- A major dry season from December to mid-march;- A minor rainy season from mid-march to June;- A minor dry season in July and August;- A major rainy season from late August to November (Fongnzossie et al., 2014)

Figure 1. Study site

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Identification of main Non-Timber Forest Products and related stakeholdersin its value chain in the Gribe village of southeastern Cameroon

2.2. Method
This study focuses on all temporal NTFP gathering camps established in the forest during gathering seasons,especially for bush mangoes. All temporary camps established by villagers in the forest were inventoriedand geo-referenced. A daily monitoring and quantitative recording in each NTFP gathered in these camps
was carried out during the period from August 2015 to September 2016. The major parameters taken into
account were: identification of the collectors; the nature of the product indicating the part of the plantcollected; the place where the products were harvested; the destination (representing the marketing place ofthe products: sold to the village or town (Yokadouma)), and the selling price of the product. All theseinformation was used to determine: the main NTFPs collected by the populations, the prices of each NTFP
at the local level, the number of stakeholders in the NTFPs value chain, and to establish the value chain for
NTFPs in Gribe village.
3. Results and discussions
3.1. NTFP gathering at Gribe
The results show that the main NTFPs gathered at the Gribe based on the quantity collected by eachcollector were: Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’Rorke) Baill. (42%), Aframomum spp. (34%),
Ricinodendron heudelotii (Bail.) (9%), Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth. (8%), and Afrostyrax
lepidophyllus Mildbr (3%). The other products Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms; Beilschmiedia louisii
Robyns & R. Wilczek; Baillonella toxisperma Pierre; Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Tau;
Panda oleosa Pierre; Piper guineense Schumach & Thonn and Represent 4% of products gathered at Gribe
village (Figure 2). All these products are among the most preferred NTFP for commercialization recorded
by Fongnzossie and Nkogmeneck (2016) in this village.

Figure 2. Main NTFPs gathered in Gribe village in 2015-2016
For these products the main parts used are bark, leave, pod, fruit, seed, & kernel (Figure 3). All these
NTFPs are first and foremost used in feeding and in traditional pharmacopoeia. Out of the 11 NTFPs― 184 ―

Marlene Ngansop T. et al.

species recorded in the village, only P. oleosa seeds are not yet commercialized but only used as food and in
traditional pharmacopeia (Table 1).
Table 1. Main uses of NTFPs gathered
N°

Scientifics names

Trading nameMain part used

Usage

1

Irvingia gabonensis

Bush mango

fruit, kernel

Food, medicine, cosmetics

2

Afromamum spp.

fruit

Food, medicine, spiritual3

Ricinodendron heudelotii

Njansang

kernel, bark

Food, medicine, cosmetics

4

Pentaclethra macrophylla

African oil bean seed

pod, seed, bark

Food, medicine, cosmetics, handicraft

5

Afrostyrax lepidophyllus

Garlic tree

seed, leave & bark

Food, medicine,

6

Scorodophloeus zenkerii

Garlic tree

Seed &bark

Food, medicine

7

Beilschmiedia louissii

fruit

Food, medicine

8

Baillonella toxisperma

Moabi oilfruit

Food, medicine, spiritual, timber product9

Tetrapleura tetraptera

Aidan tree

kernelFood, medicine

11

Piper guineense

Guinea pepper

fruit

Food, medicine

12

Monodora mirystica

fruit

Food, medicine

3.2. Marketing of Non-Timbers Forest Products
In terms of marketing, as we observed, bark, seed, fruit or kernel (Figure 3) of the aforementioned NTFPs
are all auto consumed, sold or exchanged by the populations.

© Ngansop Marlène
Figure 3. Fruits, seeds or kernels of some NTFPs: (A) Seeds of Afrostyrax lepidophyllus; (B) seeds ofBaillonella toxisperma, (C) kernels of Irvingia gabonensis, (D) seeds of Panda oleosa, (E) seeds ofPentaclethra macrophylla, (F) seeds of Ricinodendron heudelotii, (G) seeds of Scorodophloeus
zenkeri, (H) seeds of Tetrapleura tetraptera, (I) fruits of Aframomum spp.
Demand shows higher scores for Aframomum spp., Irvingia gabonensis, Ricinodendron heudelotii,
Afrostyrax lepidophyllus, and Pentaclethra macrophylla. Hirai (2014) reported total sales of NTFPS for― 185 ―

Identification of main Non-Timber Forest Products and related stakeholdersin its value chain in the Gribe village of southeastern Cameroon

Irvingia gabonensis (2,220.750 CFA francs (approximately USD 4500), for Ricinodendron heudelotii(1,333.300 CFA, approximately USD 2700), and Aframomum spp. (1,500,000 CFA approximately USD3000). These NTFPs contribute mostly to the livelihood of population inGribe village. The NTFPs are
directly sold in forest or rural market. The prices of NTFP in local market vary between 0.09 and 0.67 USD
per kilogram for products like Aframomum spp. I. gabonensis, R. heudelotii and A. lepidophyllus (Table 2).
Although Aframomum spp. has the lowest trade value, it represents the NTFP that gives more cash income
to local populations due to its high availability and the duration of the collection (year-round) Fongnzossie
and Nkogmeneck (2016). Its availability could also be attributed to its high growth rate with a rhizome rootsystem favouring spatial its expansion. Prices are generally low in rural markets compared to urban markets
for the same products and same quantities (Table 2). Gribe village is located far from the town, about 76 km
of Yokadouma town who is the neighboringly town of Gribe, this distance can be at the origin of the low
prices of product in local level. Likewise the disequilibrium in prices of NTFP in rural compared to urban
market is due to the low power of collectors or traders in price negotiations and low access to market
information. Moreover, the absent of constructed rural or regional markets is a reason for the low prices of
NTFPs. The development of the rural markets in rural area could empower the rural population in prices
negotiation of their products. Shackleton et al. (2007) argues that local markets for NTFPs are important
especially for poor people. The character of local markets could increase the value of forest for NTFP
production (Vuola 2013), give more power to local populations in prices bargaining and create more
avenues for villagers to sell their products.
Table 2. NTFPS prices per kilogram in rural and urban market
N°

Scientifics names

Price in rural market(USD)

Price in urban
market (USD)

Aframomum spp.

0.09 - 0.14

0.67- 0.89

Pentaclethra macrophylla, Monodora mirystica,
Tetrapleura tetraptera

0.14 - 0.18

0.67 - 0.89

Beilschmiedia louissii, Scorodophloeus zenkerii

0.18 - 0.45

0.89 - 1.33

Irvingia gabonensis, Ricinodendron heudelotii,
Afrostyrax lepidophyllus

0.45 - 0.67

2.22 - 4.44

3.3. Main stakeholder in NTFP value chain in Gribe village
In Gribe village, there are five main stakeholders involved in NTFP value chain: the collectors comprisingboth Baka-pygmy's and Konambebe, local traders, mainly the Bantu, semi wholesalers who are urban― 186 ―

Marlene Ngansop T. et al.

citizen, intermediates who are the konambebe generally mandated by wholesalers, and finally wholesalers(Nigerian and Malian living in the village). Toda (2014), identified a total of seven merchants (all of
Muslims: Fulbe, Bororo, and Hausa ethic groups from northern Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria) residing in
Gribe village. Though the research area is remote from cities, the NTFP value chain includes Cameroonians
and non-Cameroonians.
Baka pygmy intervene only in NTFP gathering, they are used by the Bantu as wage laborers and they
don’t have power in NTFP value chain. Toda (2014), qualified this relation as an ambivalent and complex(involving both positive and negative feelings toward the other) relationship. This unequal relationshipappears to change at Ndongo village in East Cameroun. Oishi (2016), asserts that the increased creation of
cacao plantation by the Baka changed relationships among the area’s ethnic groups,due to the influenceof migrant merchants, who play multiple roles in commoditizing the local economy of Bakas andrender them more autonomous and less dependent on their traditional patrons (Bantu).
3.4. Organisation of NTFP value chain in Gribe village
In Gribe village, NTFPs can be self-consumed, given as gifts to people, or exchanged for other goods or
product like cassava flour, using the same measurement unit. When NTFP are not eaten they enter in thevalue chain of NTFPs. In Gribe village, the NTFP value chain is complex with multiple actors involved. At
the bottom of the chain, we have the collectors who are the main actors in value chain. During the period ofgathering collectors generally move from the village to the forest and stay there during the whole period ofgathering; living in the forest to collect and sell the products. In the forest collectors gather, crush and dry
products manually. NTFPs are generally collected in rainy season and dried under the sun or by exposing
products on fire bands when there is not sufficient sun to dry products in the forest. Concerning processing,for all the main NTFPs in Gribe village, only Baillonnella toxisperma kernels are transformed into oil
before commercialization or use. In Gribe village crushing, drying, processing and conservation of NTFP
are not well developed due to the lack of skills and equipment. This accounts for the low development of
NTFP sector. Saha and Sundriyal (2012) previously reported that NTFP profit could be increased
significantly with semi-processing and grading. Awono et al. (2013), highlighted that adding value by
simple equipment can boost production, speed up processing times and reduce losses and then packaging
can make a major difference to price and quality. Other actors of the NTFP value chain are local traders,
who are Bantu speakers. They generally buy and sell to urban semi-wholesalers or to wholesalers (Nigerianand Malian) settled in the villages. But urban semi-wholesalers generally sell directly in the urban market at
Yokadouma. One of the most powerful actors of value chain are intermediaries who have a strong influencein NTFP marketing, because they are mandated by the wholesalers who give them money and most of thetime some materials and they go to the forest to get products from the collectors. Fongnzossie andNkogmeneck (2016) mentioned that the reason why NTFP are often exchanged with commodities is thatthe basic needs of primary collectors settled very far in the forest are much about food, cigarette, drinks,― 187 ―

Identification of main Non-Timber Forest Products and related stakeholdersin its value chain in the Gribe village of southeastern Cameroon

clothes rather than money in cash because they can’t buy anything inside the forest with the money. The
presence of intermediaries weakens the power of collectors in NTFP price negotiation, but they contributeto the sales of products collected. The most powerful actors in NTFP value chain in Gribe village are thewholesalers (Nigerians and Malian). They influence NTFP marketing because they generally have the main
financial power and have the possibility to buy large quantities, store and sell in urban market at
Yokadouma (Figure 4). One of the reasons of the weakness power of collectors (Baka) in the value chain isthat they generally take credits as food, and alcohol from the local traders, wholesalers or from theintermediary against their NTFPs. This weakens their power in the value chain because they don't receive
the real incomes of their activities. However the power of the collectors can be improved in the value chain.
Oishi (2016) emphasized that creating and owning of cocoa plantations by Bakas makes them moreautonomous and gives them direct access to the market economy without mediation and control byneighboring farmers. However, owning cocoa plantations by the Baka does not always guarantee theirdirect access to the market autonomy as the latter is also conditioned by several other market determining
factors such as capital (material cost, labor cost, transport cost), level of education, and mode of life in thecase of Bakas which seems difficult to change in a short period. Thus in the case of NTFP collection andmarketing, if the aforementioned conditions are establishedBaka can be owners of the products collected, itwould give the Baka more power in the value chain and direct income from NTFPs.

Figure 4. NTFP Value Chain in Gribe village
In Gribe village, the NTFP value chain is complex, with several stages involved in the process of getting
product from forest to the market. There were at least four level of commercialisation between the collectors
and urban market. This contributed to the poor income of collectors. Furthermore, in the forest, twokilogram of product is exchanged for two kilogram of cassava flour (Figure 5) or five doughnuts or 15
sachets of whisky. NTFP gathering usually requires much labour but collectors do not generally receive the― 188 ―

Marlene Ngansop T. et al.

main part of income, all other actors generally have more power in the marketing process in Gribe village.
In Cameroon, NTFP exploitation permits are not accessible to the small collectors or traders and do notgive the possibility for them to develop their activities. Nevertheless, the applied tax is accessible and gives
the possibility to the wholesaler to have more income. Every person or organisation intending tocommercialise ‘special forestry products’ and other NTFPs first needs to be approved by the Ministry ofForestry and Wildlife (MINFOF) in Yaoundé. This approval allows access to the sector and renders thetrader legal. To obtain approval, a file is required with fee costs of 150,000 CFA (333 US$) (Tieguhong etal. 2015).

Figure 5. Exchange two kilogram of bush mango kernels by a two kilogram of cassava flour(One bowl equal tow kg).
3.5. Conclusion
In Gribe village, gathering and marketing of main NTFPs is an activity done by people in order to take carefor their primary needs. But the conservation techniques of these products are not well developed. The
NTFP value chain is complex, with multiple actors involved. Profit margins of the main collectors are very
low compared to semi-wholesalers and wholesalers, due to the poor organization of collectors, low access tomarket information, low power in price negotiation, lack of storage and drying facilities, ambient poverty inrural areas as well as the high purchasing power of wholesalers who intervene in the current value chain.
The NTFP value chain in Gribe village needs some focus action such as providing equipment to thecollectors necessary for collection, processing and conservation; building the capacities of collectors on
drying, conservation and processing techniques, creating and empowering collectors organization and their
networking with buyers, developing of market information system and an enabling environment thatfacilitate market access to local collectors. Together these solutions can give more power to local collectors
in the NTFP value chain in Gribe village. Furthermore, improving NTFPs quality can improve NTFP pricein rural, national and international markets and then reduce the pressure on forest resources and on
biodiversity in general. However, more research is needed to improve the power of collectors in the processfrom gathering to selling products so that the income of the collectors can be increased contribute tobiodiversity conservation in rural areas.

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Identification of main Non-Timber Forest Products and related stakeholdersin its value chain in the Gribe village of southeastern Cameroon

Acknowledge
We express our gratitude to all staff of forest and Savannah Sustainability Project (FOSAS), field assistants,
and all the people of Gribe village for their supportive assistance and collaboration. We also thank all staffof The UP-TUFS (University of Pretoria-Tokyo University of Foreign Studies) for the opportunity given to
us to participate to the joint seminar.

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