1Country Reports
1. ARGENTINA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
2. AUSTRALIA--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
3. AUSTRIA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
4. BAHRAIN --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
5. BELGIUM --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
6. BRAZIL------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
7. BRUNEI DARUSSALAM ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
8. CANADA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
9. CHILE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
10. CHINA------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 45
11. COLOMBIA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
12. COSTA RICA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
13. CZECH REPUBLIC ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
14. DENMARK ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 62
15. EGYPT------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 66
16. ESTONIA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72
17. FIJI ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77
18. FINLAND -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81
19. FRANCE---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87
20. GEORGIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92
21. GERMANY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 96
22. HONG KONG --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------101
23. ICELAND--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------105
24. INDIA -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------108
25. INDONESIA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------113
26. IRELAND--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------118
27. ISRAEL ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------122
28. ITALY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------126
29. JAPAN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------132
30. KAZAKHSTAN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------136
31. KENYA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------140
32. SOUTH KOREA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------145
33. LITHUANIA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------151
34. MACAO---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------154
35. MALAYSIA -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------158
36. MEXICO --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------163
37. MOROCCO-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------168
38. NETHERLANDS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------172
39. NEW ZEALAND -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------177
40. NIGERIA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------182

2
41. NORWAY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------186
42. OMAN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------191
43. PAKISTAN------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------196
44. PERU ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------201
45. PHILIPPINES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------205
46. POLAND --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------210
47. PORTUGAL-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------214
48. ROMANIA------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------219
49. RUSSIA----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------223
05. SAUDI ARABIA------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------227
51. SINGAPORE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------230
52. SOUTH AFRICA -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------234
53. SPAIN -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------239
54. SWEDEN--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------243
55. SWITZERLAND ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------248
56. TAIWAN --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------253
57. THAILAND -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------257
58. TUNISIA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------262
59. TURKEY---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------267
60. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------271
61. UNITED KINGDOM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------276
62. URUGUAY -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------282
63. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA-----------------------------------------------------------------------------287
64. VENEZUELA----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------292
65. VIETNAM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------296

3

Argentina
1 General Information
Area: 2,780,400 km2
Population: 43,431,886
Government Type: Presidential Republic
GDP: $22,400
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a region
Countries in the Americas

Among American countries, Argentine is superior in the National Portal indicator. Its score isslightly lower than the US. However, other indicators are lower than the average of Americancountries. This may indicate that in National Portal, some developing countries are moreadvanced than developed countries. National Portal could be the indicator in which theperformance of developing countries can exceed that of developed countries.

4

3 E-Government Development
The World Bank’s Information Technology-based Public Sector Strengthening Program has been
active since 2011 and will run through the end of 2017. This program is aimed at modernizing
Argentina’s procurement, taxation, and irrigation systems through the use of IT. Despite the lack oflegal framework on open government initiatives, the Argentinian government has built an open
government data portal. The portal contains datasets for demographic and economic statistics. The
public can download the data in non-proprietary formats such as Excel, csv, and pdf files. The portal
is provided by the city of Buenos Aires.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
In 2005, Argentinean government released a strategic plan that regulates the e-GovernmenteGovernment national plan. The regulation is granted on April 27, 2005 through Decree No.378 about
e-Government national plan entitled “Plan Nacional de Gobierno Electronico y Planes Sectoralies deGobierno Electronico”. The decree has been designed to improve government services thus
guaranteeing more efficiency and transparency.
The decree requires the government institution in Argentina to put more attention on the following
aspects:-

The use of Internet technology in the development of integrated system and the provision of
information to the public
The implementation of interoperability standards
The creation of national portal which contain all available information from different
government agencies.
The synergy among national public administration to improve government information
system

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The National Office of Information Technology (ONTI) is assigned to take the responsibility for
implementing the decree. Under this agency, Argentina has released e-Governmente-Government
programs covering G2G, G2C, and G2B. These programs are as follows:
Technological Standards for the Public Administration (ETAP) is a program aimed to develop processinteroperability among government agencies in terms of network, framework, and data.
Transparency in Public Administration (the Cristal Project) was launched to fulfill the mandate
established under the Fiscal Responsibility Law 2515/1999. In addition to these programs, ONTI isgiven a mandate to develop the regulation for digital signature.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The five most common online government services are e-procurement, e-tax, e-customs, one-stop
service, and e-health system. Argentina has released two web-based e-procurement system which5
are connected each other, i.e., www.onc.mercon.gov.ar and www.cristal.gov.ar. However, during
this research, these websites cannot be accessed.
The website www.afip.gov.ar is developed as the embryo of e-tax and e-customs system inArgentina. Through that website, citizen has access to download tax-related forms and obtainspecified tax information. There is a login access page on that website for the citizen by using
specific identity.
ONTI planned to put the government one-stop Service on the government portal. IT is still an
ongoing process. Therefore, there is insufficient evidence to prove that the service is available. An eHealth system is not mentioned as one of the Argentina’s e-Governmente-Government program
flagships.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
Argentina’s national portal (http://www.argentina.gob.ar) provides some e-Services to citizens,companies and foreigners, but the portal’s focus is on providing information and news rather than
online services. Aside from two undated PDF documents that provide information in English, theportal site is entirely in Spanish. It does offer a translation widget powered by Google which—while
imperfect—makes it easier for non-speakers to navigate the site.
The well-organized portal serves as a platform to help the public find their desired information. To
improve users’ browsing experiences, the portal also allows them to create government accounts
and to customize the portal as they see fit.
The portal’s structure is clear and the services for citizens and customers can be found by searchingor browsing a “Virtual Office.” The six most common online services are prominently featured, andthe site claims that over 1000 procedures are available via the website (though many of thesefunctions only allow you to download or print forms and information). The portal also connects
users to social media such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and blogging sites, and there is a feature
to receive specific notifications via email.
The portal provides a great deal of information, with a calendar, interactive map and online hotline
number with 24-hour service. XHTML 1.0 and CSS interlink all ministries and government agencies
and organizations. The National Portal of Argentina uses Web 2.0 technology and offers a userfriendly design with access to information and many online services.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There are no specific laws or mandates for CIO positions. However, after referring to the tasks andduties of the Oficina Nacional de Tecnologías de Información (ONTI), it can be inferred that ONTI has
many of the responsibilities of a government CIO.
All ministries are involved in e-Governmente-Government projects according to Decree 378, which
lays out the country’s e-Government strategy. Therefore, it can be considered that all ministries havea CIO position even though the title is not precisely CIO (for instance, Head of IT Division; Head of eGovernment Projects).
There are no CIO training courses found in Argentina in universities or training centers.

6
4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]The National Office for Information Technologies (ONTI) is the decision-making body in this area, andfunctions under the Sub secretariat of Public Management of the Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers.
Specific projects include digital signature infrastructure, information security, and technologicalstandards for public administration.
The ONTI has responsible for not only the technical prerequisite of e-Governmente-Government but
also the promotion of e-Governmente-Government. The promotion is address to both citizen andgovernment agencies.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The national portal http://www.argentina.gov.ar/ of Argentina is a one stop service site for citizens
but the web 2.0 technologies is not integrated and almost information in portal is static. There isinformation on the structure of government, online services and links to other government bodies.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]In December 2013, Argentinian senate has passed law on public access to funded research. It is thefirst step of Argentina to release freedom of information act which is still under discussion inparliament.
Regardless the lack of legal framework on open government initiative, Argentinian government has
built open government data portal. The portal contains dataset from demographics and economics.
Public can download the data in non-proprietary format such as excel file, csv, and pdf. The portal isprovided by Buenos Aires City.

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Open government data and integrating government information system is the trends that is found in
Argentina. However, the leadership and commitment of all stakeholders are relatively low. The
sustainability of some projects such as Cristal and e-procurement is under critical situation.

5 Some Highlights
Bringing ICT into the classroom has become a key concern in educational policy in Argentina, leading
the Ministry of Education to launch the National Campaign for Digital Literacy and various teaching
and methodology proposals for teachers. Nevertheless, the ministry’s policies leave essential
variables uncertain, particularly as these relate to economically and culturally excluded sectors.
Although there is concern for the distribution of infrastructure in relation to the socioeconomic
conditions of the sectors which benefit, this intention continues to show evidence of discriminationin favor of those closest to large urban centers. The same malaise afflicts the concern for teachers, as
it does not address the issue in its full socioeconomic and organizational complexity, nor take into
account work regimes and hours, or the general working conditions of education workers.

7

Australia
1 General Information
Area: 7,741,220 km2
Population: 22,751,014
Government Type: federal
democracy
GDP: $ $65,400
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

parliamentary

2 Positioning in a global organization
OECD Countries

APEC Economies

This year, Australia surpassed the world’s and OECD’s average score in most indicators, except cybersecurity and e-participation. The country even got a better ranking on management optimization
when compared with the USA – which ranks the first position in e-Governmente-Government ranking
this year. A similar phenomenon was witnessed when comparing Australia with APEC economies.

3 E-Government Development
The National Digital Economy Strategy was published on 31 May 2011 emphasized on the mission toposition Australia as a leading digital economy by 2020. Drawing upon this vision, a collection ofpolicies, strategies and guidelines were published by Ministry of Finance and Deregulation and8Australian Government Information Management Office (AGIMO), pursuing to make Australia
government becoming an effective government; seeking to reduce costs, increase customer
satisfaction and promote innovation.
Australians e-Governmente-Government adoption efforts have been clarified under the 2012-2015 eGovernmente-Government strategy. It shows that Australians continue to embrace the Internet as away of interacting with government.

4 Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 84.6% Australia’s population were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring
the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Amongthem, wired broadband subscribers accounted for around 25.8% while more than 100% of total
population have a wireless broadband connection.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Australian government has issued
several policies and strategies related
to eto e-Government development at
national scope, addressing various
aspects of digital government such as
digital economy (National Digital
Economy Strategy), government
online services (APS ICT Strategy
2012-2015), infrastructure (AustralianGovernment Data Centre Strategy
2010-2025), and cloud computing(AustralianGovernment
Cloud
Computing
Policy).
Australia
Government also mandated thecollaboration between government
Figure 1 Australian Government Architecture
entities via the Public Governance,
Performance and Accountability Act
2013 (PGPA Act). Under this act, a National Collaboration Framework was created in order tofacilitate the collaboration among Commonwealth entities, state, territory and local jurisdictions. In
addition, the Australian Government Information Interoperability Framework and the GovShareinitiative were put in place to ensure the seamless collaboration and information sharing among
government agencies.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service comprises of five sub-dimensions: e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs, eHealth, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL Address. All of9those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of Security, andLevel of Convenience.
In terms of complexity level, all Online Services in Australia have reached the transactional level inwhich users can conduct all of their businesses via electronic portal. For e-procurement, AusTender(www.tenders.gov.au) is a centralized gateway for publishing information on Australian Government
business opportunities, annual procurement plans, and contracts awarded. With the replacement ofaustralia.gov.au accounts by MyGov1, Australian Government aims to link all government services
into a single place. By creating a MyGov account, citizens are featured from various utilities like
MyGov Inbox, MyGov Profile and a growing range of services including Medicare, Australia Taxation
Office, Personal Controlled eHealth Record, Child Support, and so on.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application Google PageSpeed™ Insight2 has
showed that all services have a good access speed.
Table 1 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://www.tenders.gov.au/
https://www.ato.gov.au/
http://www.border.gov.au/
https://myhealthrecord.gov.au
https://my.gov.au

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. www.australia.gov.au is the national portal of Australia. It presents a wide range of
information resources and online services from various government agencies which can beaccessible from a single point.
In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website operates wellboth from PC and from Mobile Device. The portal also connects to various Social Networks such as
Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Flickr, plus there is a feature allowing users to receive update via
mail notification. In terms of accessibility, Australia.gov.au is currently compliant to Level A of
the Web content accessibility guidelines version 2.0 - external site (WCAG 2.0) standard.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
After just 12 months being the leader of heading up IT governance and whole-of-government IT
policy for Federal government, Australian government chief information officer Glenn Archer left his
position at AGIMO. In this sense, the federal government will no longer have a chief information

1
2

https://my.gov.au
https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.

10
officer after deciding not to replace the position of former CIO Glenn Archer 3. This restructure effort
is supposed to reduce the “duplication and unclear objectives for whole-of-government policies”.
Although the government CIO role is no longer exist at Federal government level, the presences of IT
champions are still found at other departments and State level governments. For example, the Cityof Melbourne has appointed PwC partner Michelle Fitzgerald as Victoria’s first ever chief digital
officer.
The Corporations Act 2001 imposes a number of legal responsibilities upon company directors,
secretaries and “officers” which is broadly defined to cover COOs, CTOs, CIOs and Information
Systems Managers. These requirements suggest, as a director or officer, an obligation to uphold due
care and diligence.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The digital interactions between Australian government with various stakeholders such as citizens,businesses, employees and other governments has been increased through years. This is the result
from the government’s continuous efforts to develop and promote digital government. As stated in
the Digital First, the Australian Government aims to digitalized end-to-end government transactions
by 2017.

4.7 E-Government Participation [EPAR]
With well-established e-Governmente-Government channels, the rate of interacting withgovernment has been increased: two-thirds of Australian using e-Governmente-Government services
for their most recent contact (AGIMO, 2011). Australia national portal offers a good platform toencourage the citizens to take part in various activities and discussions with government.
Consultation processes supported by a diversity of technologies allow people and communities to be
actively involved in designing and developing policy and services.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
After joining the Open Government Partnership on 2013, on 11th April 2016, the AustralianGovernment held the co-creation workshop to develop its first National Action Plan (NAP) for Open
Government. Stakeholders from civil society and Government were invited to consult and suggest on
the draft of the plan. Around 210 actions were grouped into 18 proposals which were then prioritizedby participants and turned into 14 commitment templates 4.
As of May 2016 the Australian Government’s data site data.gov.au includes 8000 datasets from theAustralian Government and state and territory governments. This initiative was created under
Government’s Declaration of Open Government and as a response to the Government 2.0 Taskforce
Report.

3
4

http://www.itnews.com.au/news/australian-government-abandons-cio-role-384743
http://ogpau.govspace.gov.au/

11
4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]

Figure 2: Australian Government Cyber Security Architecture 5

Cyber security is one of Australia's national security priorities. A new long-awaited national cybersecurity policy was released in mid-2016, establishing five themes of action for AustralianGovernment until 2020: A national cyber partnership; strong cyber defense; global responsibility andinfluence; growth and innovation; and a cyber smart nation.
In terms of cyber security government entities, Australian Government aims to strengthen its leadingrole on cyber security policy by establishing a new position in the Cabinet: The Prime Minister’sSpecial Adviser on Cyber Security. The national Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT)
Australia works in collaborating with over 500 businesses and advises on cyber security threats tothe owners and operators of Australia’s critical infrastructure. The Australian Cyber Security Centre,
established in 2014, gathers cyber security capabilities across the Australian Government to enable
collaborating and sharing threat information.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). The Government launched
its Cloud Computing Policy in 2014, mandating Government agencies to adopt a “cloud first”
approach whenever possible. By September 2014, a Request for Tender (RFT) to establish the Wholeof Government Cloud Services Panel (including Software, Platform and Infrastructure as a Service,and Specialist Cloud Services) has been published on AusTender. The Digital Transformation Officehas created cloud.gov.au as a new platform to facilitate digital services delivery. The first service was
expected to be presented on the platform in February 2016.

5https://cybersecuritystrategy.dpmc.gov.au/assets/pdfs/dpmc-cyber-strategy.pdf

12Regarding Big Data, The Australian Public Service Big Data Strategy was developed by Ministry of
Finance and endorsed by the Secretaries' ICT Governance Board to provide a whole-of-government(WofG) approach to big data. In parallel, The WofG Data Analytics Centre of Excellence (CoE) wasestablished by the Australian Taxation Office as a place to build analytics capability acrossgovernment 6.

5 Some Highlights
Management Optimization continues becoming the strongest point for Australia in the ranking
thanks to the presence of an adequate number of policies regarding e-Government. With allevidences have been found and validated, Australian government has obtained the maximum scorein Management Optimization indicator.
Online Services score has significantly increased in comparing with last year’s score. This is the resultof appointing the Government Digital Service as a specialized agency accounting for digital services
development. By adapting the UK’s digital service standard into Australia’s context and release theservice design guidelines, the government is seeking to deliver “simpler, clearer, faster public
services” to citizens and businesses.
Data shows that there has been only limited progress in adopting cloud services by government
agencies to date although there were cloud policy and guidance already in place7. Until 2014, cloud
procurements in AusTender have only in total $4.7m since July 2010 (while the total expenditure ofAustralian Government on ICT is approximately $6bn annually)8. It is recommended that AustralianGovernment should embrace the power of emerging technologies such as Cloud Computing, Big
Data or Internet of Things into government’s operation activities to get a higher position in the
ranking.

6

http://www.finance.gov.au/archive/big-data/
http://www.finance.gov.au/files/2012/09/a-guide-to-implementing-cloud-services.pdf
8
http://www.finance.gov.au/sites/default/files/australian-government-cloud-computing-policy-3.pdf
713

Austria
1 General Information
Area: 83,871 km2
Population: 8,665,550
Government Type: Federal Republic
GDP: $47,500
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

European Countries

Among OECD Countries, all indicators except the Use of Emerging Technologies for
Government (EMG) indicator are above or same with the average score of OECD members.
Amongst European countries, Austria is placed below Denmark. However, the e-Participation(EPAR) indicator of Austria is same level with that of Denmark, the best country in the European
region.

14

3 E-Government Development
The development and implementation ofelectronic public services is one of thepriorities of the Austrian Federal Government.
Austria has been at the forefront for many
years in the e-Government arena. The diverse
efforts and leading e-Government initiatives of
the Austrian government have beenrecognized many times at the European level.
The Platform Digital Austria, which was
created in 2005, has become the center point
for coordination and strategy of eGovernment in Austria by the Federal
Government. All e-Government projects inAustria now run under the Platform Digital
Austria designation. It coordinates all theagendas of the “Kooperation BLSG” (which
stands for Cooperation of Federal Government,
Provinces, Municipalities and Communities),
previously known as the E-Cooperation Board,
virtual e-Government structure of Austria
and the ICT Strategy Group, formerly known as the ICT Board. The advantages of having a single
chairmanship in charge of projects are obvious. Projects are coordinated with one another so any
projects which are too similar can be detected and duplication of effort can be avoided. The
chairmanship of Platform Digital Austria is held by the Federal CIO.
The Austrian e-Government platform is chaired by the Federal Chancellor and involves several
ministers, the representatives of the provinces, municipalities, cities and the business sector. The
main intention of the e-Government platform is to consolidate and improve the present different eGovernment solutions and to develop new activities common to all authorities. Communication
between all members should be ensured by the Executive Secretary of the e-Cooperation Board (IKTBoard).

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 80% of people in Austria were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 27.5%
have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reach 67.2%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Federal e-Government Strategy provides an efficient implementation of electronic government
services, based on the basic premise that all businesses and citizens must be able to perform all theprocedures of public administration quickly and easily electronically without having special technical15expertise. To achieve this goal, the Austrian e-Government strategies are based on the involvement
and close cooperation between the federal state, cities and municipalities.
The Platform Digital Austria (PDÖ), developed an overall concept during a strategy session in 2015 forthe coordination and strategy board of the federal government for e-Government in Austria. The
platform members formulated the concept for successful cooperation and Visions 2020.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigated online services: e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services were investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-One-Stop Service has thelowest score, compare to other online services. The Electronic Health Record ELGA (e-Health) is an
information system that facilitates access to health data. It is open to all people, which are suppliedin the Austrian health care system as well as their doctors, hospitals, nursing homes and pharmacies
available.
In addition, all Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication,
and Password Protection for obtaining the services. And all of Online Service except the One Stop
Service in Austria has reached a transactional in which user can start the transaction from applying toreceiving the service through the portal in terms of complexity level.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that eProcurement, e-Tax and e-Customs portals are above the average. The third party application forassessing the portal is the application from Google named Google PageSpeed™ Insight on
https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.
Table 2 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://portal.bbg.gv.at/https://finanzonline.bmf.gv.at/fon/
https://finanzonline.bmf.gv.at/fon/
https://www.gesundheit.gv.at/Portal.Node/ghp/public
https://www.help.gv.at/Portal.Node/hlpd/public

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors: Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Austria “http://help.gv.at/”, is an Internet platform linking to a large
number of public authorities. It provides information on all interactions with Austrian authorities
required in the most frequent life situations such as pregnancy, childbirth, marriage or housing, andpermits the electronic processing of some of these procedures. The portal constitutes an interface
between authorities and citizens, with special emphasis on transparency, user-friendliness and clarity
of information. However, the portal does not provide the user with news and blogs. And, in technicalaspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is about
average on both from PC and from Mobile Device.

16
4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The Federal CIO, appointed by the Federal Government in 2001, advises the Federal Government at
strategic and technical levels, supports the formulation of its e-Government policies, chairs the
Platform “Digital Austria” and promotes Austrian e-Government solutions in the European andinternational arena. The CIO regularly reports to the competent State Secretary on ongoing activities.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The e-Government Act is the core of Austrian laws on e-Government. This law serves as the legal
basis for e-Government services. It enables closer cooperation between all authorities that provide eGovernment services and gives them the opportunity for networking together.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The technical basis for e-participation in Austria is well developed, yet accessibility of municipal web
sites and the phrasing of information leaves space for improvement. E-participation in Austria is stillin a nascent state and requires the convergence of technical, political, legal and socio-economic
factors, which have not yet fully arrived at the municipal level.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]Austria has recently launched the Open Data portal “http://data.gv.at/”, and in the autumn of 2012
the competition “apps4austria” was launched to present prizes for the first time to web applications,mobile applications (apps), visualizations and concepts that develop open data records of public
administration in a user-friendly manner.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The Austria Cyber Security Strategy (ACSS) is a comprehensive and proactive concept for protecting
cyber space and the people in virtual space while guaranteeing human rights. Most importantly,
however, it will build awareness and confidence in Austrian society. Austria’s Cyber Space Security
Strategy has been developed on the basis of the Security Strategy and is guided by the principles of
the Austrian Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). The Austrian Government
considers and fosters Big Data as important lever to increase efficiency within public administration,
to improve existing and create new services for citizens and entrepreneurs. The electronic census isanother best practice of big data in Austria.

5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the Open Government is the top indicator in Austria.
Other hand, Management Optimization, Cyber Security, Online Service and National portal are thesame high level among other indicators. This result shows that the Platform Digital Austria, which
was created in 2005, has become the center point for coordination and strategy of e-Government in17Austria by the Federal Government. All e-Government projects in Austria now run under the Platform
Digital Austria designation.
Data protection is a right that is highly prized in Austria. Citizens place much value on the protectionof their privacy. Sector-specific personal identifiers, or ssPINs, were developed specifically for the
purpose of identification to conform to data protection standards. They ensure that public
administration employees only have access to personal data from various public administration areas
for which they have authorized access rights.
Moreover, in terms of e-Governmente-Government platform, the Business Service Portal“http://USP.gv.at/”, an initiative of the Federal Government, has been offering useful information ona wide range of topics that are of interest to businesses. The portal aims to serve as a single entry
point for businesses to the administration. By offering information (administrative activities, startinga business, tax and legal requirements) and transaction services, it intends to help businesses tofulfill their information obligations and to reduce their administrative burden.
The weak point in Austria is about the use of emerging ICT. As for the emerging technology, it is the
new indicator for this year survey. Austria is commencing the use of Big Data as important lever toincrease efficiency within public administration.

18

Bahrain
1 General Information
Area: 760 km2
Population: 1,346,613
Government Type: Constitutional Monarchy
GDP: $ 51,200
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

GCC Organization

Asian Countries

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Among GCC Countries, Bahrain has a better score than the average score of GCC Countries in basic
infrastructure, National Portal, Open Government Data, and Cyber Security. As shown on the above
picture, Bahrain is very low on the e-Government Promotion indicator. Furthermore, the lack of eGovernment Promotion in Bahrain can be considered one of the reasons for the similar situation in
Online Service or even on Management Optimization which is below the average of GCC Countries.
Achievement in some indicators also reflect the position in Asian region in which Bahrain isconsiderably approaching Singapore, the best in the Asian region, at the basic infrastructure andNational Portal.

19

3 E-Government Development
E-Government development in Bahrain was started in 2009 when the Bahrain delegation attended
the first GCC e-Government Conference in Oman. In 2011, Kingdom of Bahrain launched the new eGovernment Strategy 2012-2017. The policy
contains seven elements that represent theobjective of the strategy. Picture 1
illustrates these seven elements of eGovernment Strategy of Bahrain.
As part of the strategy, 32 government
agencies actively participated in an eReadiness study for the development of eGovernment Bahrain. Moreover, eGovernment Authority has identified
thirteen initiatives with high priority. These
initiatives are the flagship that will enablefurther development.
These 13 agency programs are CaseManagement System, Customs and Ports,
Picture 1. 7 Elements of e-Government Vision
Education,e-Health,e-Office,eSource: e-Government Authority of Bahrain
Procurement, G2B Portal, G2E Portal,
National Employee Programme, National Data Set, Real Estate Services, Social Information System,
and Tourism Services.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 91% of people in Bahrain were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 21.4%
have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached 126%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]As an effort to bring the government to the next level, Kingdom of Bahrain has launched the New eGovernment Strategy 2017. The strategy is equipped with several initiative strategies and measurable
Key Performance Indicators (KPI). Furthermore, Action Plans and Agency Involvement are statedclearly in the New e-Government Strategy 2017.
In developing the e-Government, Bahrain adopted the enterprise architecture practices. Kingdom of
Bahrain has developed its own EA named “National Enterprise Architecture Framework” (NEAF). To
streamline the data exchange among government agencies, Kingdom of Bahrain has established
National Data Center Consolidation (NDCC). Contribution from operationalization of both NEAF and
NDCC is very significant in this area. Despite a positive nuance in this indicator, there is a lack ofintegrated financial information system in Bahrain.

20
4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax,
e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-One-Stop Service and eHealth have the lowest score, compare to other three online services.
In terms of complexity level, except the e-Tax, all of Online Service in Bahrain have reached atransactional in which user can start the transaction from applying to receiving the service throughthe portal. In addition to that, all Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL,
Site Authentication, and Password Protection for obtaining the services. Since the e-Tax systemcannot be accessed during this study, it is considered that e-Tax is still immature in the Kingdom of
Bahrain, hence, such security measures are not found in it.
For measuring the level of convenience, the third party application result has shown that threeportals are above the average considerably in terms of speed. Except e-Procurement, all online
service in Bahrain got scored below average, thus, significantly slow to access. The third party
application for assessing the portal is the application from Google named Google PageSpeed™
Insight on https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that, all clickableobjects on the portal work as they should do.
Table 3 List of Online Services
Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://etendering.tenderboard.gov.bh/
N/A
http://www.bahraincustoms.gov.bh/
http://www.moh.gov.bh/EN/E-Services/EServices.aspx
https://www.bahrain.bh

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Bahrain (http://www.bahrain.bh) contains proper information for
local citizens and foreigners. Information about Bahrain is available on the portal. The user can findinformation about culture and heritage, demographic, and government. In technical aspect, theresult of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is below average bothfrom PC and from Mobile Device.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Kingdom of Bahrain has established e-Government Authority as a GCIO Office. Head of this authority
takes the responsibility similar to the GCIO. GCIO is important to deliver an active sponsorship
through strong leadership. In contrary to the presence of GCIO at a national level, the presence ofany formal document that clearly stated the mandate, the responsibility, and the position of GCIO in
local government is hardly found.

21
4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There is no significant evidence to indicate that Bahrain government conduct any initiatives topromote the use of e-Government Service. This situation is similar to the one in any developed
countries where the IT Culture has been embraced in the society. However, Bahrain is not considered
as a developed country. Without any efforts to increase the citizen awareness on e-Government, themassive investment in developing e-Government in Bahrain could become meaningless whereresidents do not use the e-Services only because they do not know how to use it, and they do notknow that the e-Service does exist.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
A low score in this indicator is a kind of stereotype in a monarchy system. In Bahrain, it is rather
difficult to find government officer’s websites. Parliament member does not have an official website
to gather opinions from citizens. Bahrain only uses two methods for gaining citizen’s expressions;
Pooling through https://www.bahrain.bh and Tawasul Program through http://services.bahrain.bh.
The presence of these two programs helps Bahrain to get the score for this indicator.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Despite the absence of Freedom of Information Act, Kingdom of Bahrain considers that public has
right to obtain information from the government side. As part of e-Government Strategy under
National Data Set Program, Kingdom of Bahrain has appointed Central Informatics Office (CIO) toestablish and manage Bahrain Open Data Portal at https://www.data.gov.bh. Considering the risk ofirrelevant and not-up-to-date, CIO included a regular submission of information for the Open Data
Portal as a KPI in each government agency.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Bahrain has ratified several laws related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

Cyber Crime Law No. 60/2014
Data Protection Act 1998
Law No. 16 of 2014 concerning Protection of State Information and Documents
Regulation 9 of 2009 concerning Lawful Access
Cyber Crime Law No. 60/2014
Law NO. 28/2002 about Electronic Transaction

In addition to these laws, Bahrain has established The General Directorate of Information Security,
Central Informatics Organization. It is the agency whose responsibility is to implement a national
cybersecurity strategy, policy, and roadmap. In addition to that, Bahrain has created Bahrain CERT
for monitoring and solving Internet Security problems.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Bahrain has attempted to
implement Cloud Computing for Public Sector. Some provisional programs have been launched suchas National Gateway Interface, National Authentication Framework, Project Management Toolkit for22governmental entities, and National Payment Aggregator. Other emerging technologies forgovernment agencies are still nullity in Bahrain.

5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the National Portal and the Management Optimization
are the best among other indicators in e-Government Bahrain. This achievement signifies theimportance of the New e-Government Strategy 2017 for improving the quality of government
business process. Bahrain implements several best practices for developing e-Government system.
Enterprise Architecture is adopted to develop Bahrain National Enterprise Architecture Framework.
COBIT 5 is applied for designing IT Governance Framework.
The weak point in Bahrain is about e-Government Promotion and the use of emerging ICT. For
developing countries, e-Government Promotion is crucial to make sure that what was built will
deliver benefit to the citizen. In the other way around, e-Government Promotion is important toencourage citizen for using the e-Government service. In the end, through e-Government Promotion,
there is a balance between what is offered by government and what is needed by citizens.

23

Belgium
1 General Information
Area: 30,528 km2
Population: 11,323,973
Government Type: Federal constitutional monarchy
GDP: $44,100 (2015)
Historical Ranking (2006-20016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

Europe Countries

3 E-Government Development
E-Government in Belgium developed early. The first parliamentary review of e-Government in
Belgium, ‘e-Government at the Federal, provincial, and local levels’ was published in January 2001.
The main objectives of Belgian e-Government in this period was to improve the delivery of public
services for citizens and businesses by rendering it faster, more convenient, less constraining andmore open.
During many years of development there have been various e-Government strategies for central andlocal government. Today, Belgium e-Government focuses on the following key areas: (i) user
centricity, (ii) transparent government, (iii) cross border mobility, and (iv) key enablers.

24
The newest action plan Digital Belgium was introduced by Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of
Digital Agenda and Telecom in April 2015. The key objective is to achieve growth and create jobs
through digital innovation in the coming years. The action focuses on five priorities, (i) digital
economy, (ii) digital infrastructure, (iii) digital skills and jobs, (iv) digital trust and security, and (v)digital government.
In center government, Belgium government has Open data strategy toward 2020. The objective is tostrengthen the digital ecosystem and the evolution towards leaner, more efficient and modern
administration. The most important part of the plan is to create the default for all government data,
except for information with privacy or security implications.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Belgium has well-developed ICT infrastructure, for the Internet connection its ranking among the top
countries in the world in termss of total number of Internet users, fixed broadband users, mobile
broadband users, and Internet hosts. The Belgian ICT market is mature and sophisticated, yet open,
innovative and highly competitive. According to the ITU, the Internet Usage Statistics in Belgium asof December 2013 is about 87.4% (9,876,100 Internet users) penetration. The number of broadband
connection in household is about 88% while the number connection in enterprises is 97%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Belgium has divided by Federal Government and three regions. Therefore, they have center
government and local government with many dependent strategies. In 2015 the head of eGovernment issued a new action program for Belgium, called Digital Belgium. This program focuseson three ambitions toward 2020. Belgium aims to reaffirm its place on the digital map as based uponfollowing five priorities: (i) Digital Economy; (ii) Digital infrastructure; (iii) Digital skills and jobs; (iv)
Digital trust and digital security; and (v) Digital government.
The newest program in Federal government is Open data strategy for the period 2015 to 2020. The
aim of this program is to strengthen the digital ecosystem and the evolution towards leaner, more
efficient and modern administration.

4.3 Online Service [OS]Like other developed countries in Europe, e-Government services in Belgium are divided in to eGovernment for citizens and e-Government for businesses. The e-Services for citizens are focused onhealth care, social security service and education. E-Services in Belgium are provided through onestop services (portal). Belgium has more developed systems considering that they now have 20 basic
public services, but in this ranking Waseda focuses on 5 groups of services, which are e-tax, ecustoms, e-health, e-procurement, and one-top services.
E-procurement (https://enot.publicprocurement.be) was introduced in 2008, the Belgian public
procurement portal provides links to portals and platforms which currently cover three of the main
aspects of the procurement process, namely, e-Notification, e-Tendering, e-Awarding and eCatalogue. It is available in English, French, Dutch and German.

25
4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The federal portal (www.belgium.be) was introduced in 2002. A new version of the portal was
released in 2008. This portal is one-stop services for all citizens and businesses. The information infederal portal is introduced by Dutch, English, French and German. The design of portal is userfriendly and easy to use. A major section of the new portal links to all the available public services
online. Users looking for a specific service can refine their search by theme, target group and/or levelof Government involved. Several of these e-Services are secured and require authentication.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There is no change in this indicator compares the ranking last year. There is no specific law or
mandate in Belgium creating the CIO position in the government. In Belgium, the Waseda ranking
found the CIONET. It is a network of CIOs CTOs and IT managers with offices in many European
countries.
The CIO Forum is a part of a passionate community but it only related to Belgian business notgovernment section. The CIO forum is created to organize networking events and provide aninteractive social platform to bring IT professionals together in an open and trustworthy community
in Belgium.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
During one year of evaluation, there is not much information relates to e-Governmente-Government
activities even Belgium is divided into Federal government and three regions. In Flanders region, theycreated Flanders Information Agency in 2015. It promotes the use the use of open data standards bypublic administrations in the Flemish region by aligning the existing and future business processes
involving open data with European linked open data standards, and with advances foreseen in theuse of these standards.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The Federal Government of ICT set a strong focus and an increased efforts on e-participation and eInclusion plans. Recently, the utilization of Social Networking Services (SNS) promoted theparticipation of citizens in providing feedback to the government and reception of government
information easily though the Social Media such as Facebook and Twitter. ICT policy and e-Inclusion
policy in Belgium is to a large extent demand- and sector-driven. This is partially explained by theinstitutional arrangements that govern the country. In social affairs, many institutional channels exist
through which social organizations and pressure groups can express their concerns.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
The federal government departments and institutions made open data available on “Data.gov.be”,
in October in 2008. This portal enables all government bodies to make available their data to citizens
and businesses by using the information provided. For the first time, Data.gov.be went from only 60
datasets to more than 4900 datasets. The datasets cover many fields, including Agriculture andFisheries, Culture and Sports, Economy and Finance, Education, Energy, Environment, Health,International, Justice, Population, Public sector, Regional, Science and Technology, and Transport.

26
Most of datasets is free, each federal department or federal government institution itself determines
the terms and conditions governing access to and use of the data. The datasets are also divided tothree languages, English, Dutch, and French.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
In 2012, the Prime Minister presented a national cyber-strategy. The strategy identifies 3 strategic
objectives which are to be realized through different initiatives in eight identified action domains.
These 3 strategic objectives are 1) a safe and reliable cyberspace, 2) an optimal security andprotection for critical infrastructures and governmental information systems, and 3) the
development of national cyber security capabilities.
The Belgian Cyber Security Guide was presented in the International Cyber Security Strategy
Congress September 2013 following 10 principles: looked beyond the technology, do not consider
compliance as sufficient, translate your vision and approach in a security policy framework, ensure
executive sponsorship, define a dedicated security role in your company and embed personal
responsibility, remain secure even when you outsource, ensure security is an enabler for new
technologies and innovation, keep challenging yourself, maintain focus, be prepared to handle
incidents.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator is the newest indicator in Waseda e-Government ranking. This indicator refers to theusage of cloud computing technology in sharing data among government agencies, departments aswell as between center government and local government. The use of emerging ICT is also theapplication of IoT, and Big data in the activities from government.
In the evaluation, we found that there is regulation on the use of Cloud Computing, IoT, and Big datafor government agencies but there is no evidence that government agency has used Big Data.

5 Some Highlights
Compared to last year, Belgium stepped down from 18th to 21st in 2016. In most of the evaluation
sub-indicators which Waseda evaluated, Belgium received lower scores compared last year.
Furthermore, in 2016 ranking, Waseda e-Government ranking added a new sub-indicator in total
ranking. It is one reason makes changing score in overall ranking compared last year.
There are two sub-indicators which received lower score compared last year, Government CIO andmanagement optimization. During the research, there is no specific law or mandate in Belgium
creating the CIO position in the government.
In order to improve public services delivery for citizens and businesses, the Belgian government has
adopted four main strategic streams for its e-Government program, as follows: 1) Re-engineering andintegration of service delivery around user’s needs and life events. 2) Cooperation among all levels ofgovernment so as to provide integrated services across organizational boundaries and administrative
layers. 3) Simplification of administrative procedures for citizens and businesses. This requires anincreased exchange and sharing of data and information between government departments andagencies. 4) Back-office integration and protection of personal data.

27

Brazil
1 General Information
Area: 8,515,770 sq km
Population: 204,259,812
Government Type: Federal presidential
republic
GDP: $15,800
Historical Ranking (2006-20016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
America Countries

3 E-Government Development
E-Government in Brazil was developed rapidly in the 1990s at three levels, federal, state andmunicipal government. The first e-Governmente-Government project in Brazil was e-Brazil Project, it
launched at the 33rd National Seminar on Public Informatics. It seeks to promote what we call edevelopment, a broader vision than e-Governmente-Government, including the private sector, NGOs,
and academia as well as governments.

28
Brazil is now still struggling to improve the efficiency of the public policy and service for societies via
e-Government, and tries to improve efficiency and transparency of the management process
through giving opportunity for its citizens to access government information and to participate insome political administrative decisions.
The Open Government Partnership (OGP) – of which Brazil is co-leader – is recognized as an effort ofseveral partner countries to make governments more transparent, effective and reliable through theestablishment of Open Government goals included in the agendas of each country. The Government
Open Data aims at publishing government data in reusable formats and increasing transparency andgreater political participation of citizens, as well as generating several applications collaboratively.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]The growth of ICT in Brazil has been impressive, the ICT sector was one of the most affected by the
economic opening up process observed in Brazil in the 1990s. In 2015 Internet penetration was 63.7%
and expected to grow 66.4% this year. As for broadband market, Brazil has one of the largest in Latin
America, the number of population

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The history of Brazil’s e-Government development officially started in 2000, thus Brazil is relatively inthe early stage in applying knowledge management technique in its e-Government. Brazil is now
struggling to improve the efficiency of the public policy and service for societies via e-Government,
and tries to improve efficiency and transparency of the management process through giving
opportunity for its citizens to access government information and to participate in some politicaladministrative decisions.
For 2013-2016, seven strategic objectives were defined, established by the board of directors andsuperintendents. However, in the course of this plan, Serpro developed in 2014 an eight-year
strategic plan instead of the usual four-year one. For the 2014-2022 plan, Serpro adopted a newmodel and only one strategic objective: the institution of the center for solution and information for
the Brazilian government, with a broader scope, divided into three dimensions (Government andSociety, Economy, and Technology) and six strategic guidelines.

4.3 Online Service [OS]In this ranking, Waseda considers to 5 services in each country e-procurement, e-tax, e-customs, onestop
service,ande-health.
Alle-Services
areintegrated
intoone
portal(http://www.governoeletronico.gov.br). This portal provides information, links to each service. This
portal also provides useful links to other governmental sites. It has to be noted that this web pagehas kept its structure for the past four years. It might be desirable to change its appearance andinterface. E-tax, e-customs, e-procurement, and one-stop service got a high score on evaluation. But,
there is not much information on e-health. As for e-health service, Brazil has static website only. No
interaction or transaction sites are integrated.

29
4.4 National Portal [NPR]
http://www.brasil.gov.br is national portal. It includes basic information about Brazil, from news on
the government activities, economic, legislation, to e-Governmente-Government services for all
citizens and businesses. The national portal is available in Portuguese only. It also is one-stop service,
but some e-Services such as passport and visa, e-tax have information only, not includingtransactional or interactive. The national portal is connected to SNS for raising the connection ability
from citizens with government.

The www.governoeletronico.gov.br provides the information from the Government’s side andthe www.e.gov.br contains the available services and information provided by thegovernment on different areas, such as agriculture, citizenship, science and technology,
trade, communications, postal services, social affairs, human rights, economy and finance,and education sports.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The Government Chief Information Officer (GCIO) position is not included in the official structure of
the country. However, as a similar position with CIO, Ministry of Planning, Budget and Management
perform the tasks of CIO in Brazil. The Ministry of Planning, Budget and Management mainly performthe following tasks; assistant of national strategic planning and management, evaluating federal
government policies, elaborating government’s new economic plan, etc. The research activity of
Ministry of Planning, Budget and Management is mainly practiced through Brazilian Institute ofGeography and Statistics and Institute of Applied Economic Research.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There are not activities on e-Government in Brazil such as organize e-Government conferences, eGovernment training for citizens as well as advertisements for e-public services. In Waseda ranking:legal aspect, enabling aspects, supporting aspects, and assessment aspects are used to evaluate thepromotion from government. But less information found on these issues. In Brazil, there are notprivate entities involved at national level and local government. No information found on PPP orinternational and domestic collaboration involved. Especially, there is a circulation of publication
about e-Governmente-Government hosted by government, through PPP, and academia as well as
training for citizens on e-Governmente-Government at national and local level.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Brazil got quite high score on this indicator. Brazilian government has tried to improve the provisionof information through SNS, open more website for each service. For calling citizens to connect withgovernment, the government gives citizens the option to subscribe to national portal contents via
Tweeter or Facebook. They also publish much information from government activities. Currently,
there
are
fourteen
governmental
projects
ofdigitalinclusion(http://www.governoeletronico.gov.br/acoes-e-projetos/inclusao-digital). The most notable are thebroadband connection in the schools, digital inclusion workshop, and “a computer per student”.
Mostly, the projects are aimed at lower class students and its community, because of the lack ofinfrastructure in certain areas and promote the usage of ICT in education.

30
4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
http://dados.gov.br/ is portal for open government data in Brazil. It was introduced in 2012, theBrazilian Open Data portal was initiated to give the public access to raw data from public agencies.
The Brazilian Portal Open Data is the tool provided by the government so that everyone can find anduse the data and public information. The site prides itself on simplicity and organization so that you
can easily find the data and information you need. The portal also aims to promote dialogue between
actors of the society and the government to think the best use of data for the sake of a better
society.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Brazil is confronted with a wide variety of so-called cyber threats, including online scams, cybercrime,and digital surveillance. The cyber threats are growing across Brazil and fast evolving cyber-security
apparatus. Brazil has not implemented any legislation addressing cybercrime. Any cyber laws that
Brazil does have either outdated or in conflict with international standards. In Brazil, there is aserious lack of privacy protection for any data being sent over the nation’s networks due to the lackof privacy legislation in place. There is no law on access control, risk assessment, and e-payment.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Despite of rising on the Internet user and broadband penetration. As for IoT, the concept of IoT isquite new and awareness still low. Current status now IoT is already a familiar name in Brazil. During
the evaluation processes, not much information on IoT and Big data could be found in thegovernment activities. No evidence found the government agency that act as a Cloud Computing
Provider for other government agencies and uses the emerging trends in government departments
and agencies.

5 Some Highlights
One single page groups the electronic services provided by the Brazilian government the e-Services(http://www.governoeletronico.gov.br/) and information homepage (http://www.e.gov.br/). This
page also provides useful links to other governmental sites. It has to be noted that this web page has
kept its structure for the past several years. It might be desirable to change its appearance andinterface. Brazil’s Open Data portal is an integral part of the Open Data National Infrastructure
aiming to provide one stop government data provider, to improve transparency, and to contributetowards a better policy making. Brazil has not implemented any legislation addressing cybercrime.
Any cyber laws that Brazil has either outdated or in conflict with international standards. In Brazil,
there is a serious lack of privacy protection for any data being sent over the nation’s networks due tothe lack of privacy legislation in place.
Brazil is one of the biggest population and area, therefore to provide the e-Services to all citizens are
require to setup a good infrastructure, now the situation is low awareness of e-GovernmenteGovernment services is a barrier preventing its effective use, therefore it can be established that thisis also an obstacle to the assessment of citizen demand. One of the challenges is the citizens withhigher levels of education get more easily acquainted with the new ICT tools and access the eGovernment services. Besides, education consists a fundamental requirement to enable citizenshipand as a consequence for the advancement of e-Governmente-Government.

31

Brunei Darussalam
1 General Information
Area: 5,765 km2
Population: 429,646
Government Type: Absolute(Sultanate)
GDP: $79,700
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

Monarchy

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
ASEAN Countries

Asian Countries

Among ASEAN Countries, Brunei has a better score than the average score of APEC in National Portal
and the use of the Emerging ICT. As shown on the above picture, Brunei is very low on the eParticipation, e-Government Promotion, and Network Infrastructure. Considering that Brunei is a richsmall country similar to Singapore, its lack of basic infrastructure is questioning. The government
type of Brunei, which is absolute monarchy, may contribute to the low score on e-Participation and eGovernment Promotion. The positioning of Brunei in ASEAN countries is similar to its position in
Asian countries.

3 E-Government Development

32
e-Government in Brunei is formally led by e-Government National Center (EGNC). EGNC provide bothgovernment institutions and government officers with various services. EGNC offers One
Government
Network
andOne
Government Cloudtogovernment
institutions for reduce their capital
expenditure on ICT infrastructure. For
government officers, EGNC provide
ONEPASS, a secure Digital Identity, forgaining the benefit of online collaboration
among government officers.
Government CIO is distinguished as the key
factor of leadership in e-GovernmenteGovernment
development.
Bruneigovernment established the e-Government
Leadership Forum (EGLF) to strengthen theleadership in the area of e-GovernmenteSource: Brunei e-Government Center
Government development. Deputy Ministerat the Prime Minister’s Office chaired theforum to expose the strong commitment
https://www.brunei.gov.bn/en/Pages/unused/Abouto e-Government development. This is the highest body for approving and monitoring the progressof e-Governmente-Government development. All CIO in government institutions are involved in theforum. The Co-Deputy Chairman from the Prime Minister’s Office appointed as the Overall eGovernment Chief Information Officer (Government CIO).

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 68.8% of people in Brunei were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 7.1% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, but only 6.3% of the population has a wired broadband connection.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In 2014, Brunei has launched the Digital Government Strategy 20152020. The ultimate goal of this strategy is the Digital Government.
There are six pillars that embody the Digital Government. These are
Service Innovation, Security, Capability & Mindset, Enterprise
Information Management, Optimization, and Collaboration &Integration.

To support these pillars, Brunei has developed One Government Network (OGN). The OGN istargeted to provide government agencies and other parties to establish inter-connectivity with othergovernment agencies.

33
4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services:., e-Procurement, eTax, e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its
URL Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity,
Level of Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-Tax and e-Health are
the best Online Service during the period of survey.
In terms of complexity level, most of investigating Online Service in Brunei has reach a transactional
in which user can start the transaction from applying to receiving the service through the portal. In
contrast, e-Procurement in Brunei is still very simple and less complex than other online service.
Except the e-Procurement, all Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site
Authentication, and Password Protection for obtaining the services.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that all portal is
above the average in terms of speed. The third party application for assessing the portal is theapplicationfrom
Googlenamed
GooglePageSpeed™
Insightonhttps://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that, all clickable objects on
the portal work as they should do.
Table 4 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.mof.gov.bn/index.php/generalinformation-state-tender-board
https://www.stars.gov.bn
http://www.bdnsw.gov.bn/Pages/Home.aspx
http://www.moh.gov.bn/SitePages/BruHIMS.aspx
https://brunei.gov.bn/en/SitePages/HomeCitizens.aspx

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Brunei (https://brunei.gov.bn) contains proper information for local
citizens and foreigners. Information about Brunei is available on the portal. User can find information
about culture and heritage, demographic, and government. In technical aspect, the result of Google
PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is above average both from PC and from
Mobile Device. The portal also provides the user with some functionalities such as searching, site
map, and Social Network integration.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Brunei government established the e-Government Leadership Forum (EGLF) to empower theleadership in the area of e-Governmente-Government development. The forum is chaired by the
Deputy Minister at the Prime Minister’s Office. All CIO in government institutions are involved in the34forum. The Co-Deputy Chairman from the Prime Minister’s Office appointed as the Overall eGovernment Chief Information Officer (Government CIO).
There is a quarterly dialog meeting among GCIOs to share the members’ experience during the eGovernment Program/Projects. The output of the meeting will be discussed in the EGLF. The
Permanent Secretary usually chaired the CIO Dialog Meeting.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There is small trace in Brunei that indicates any initiatives related to promote e-Government for
citizens. Although the Digital Government Strategy includes initiatives to increase the awareness of
citizens on e-Government, the program and/or the activities to support the promotion strategy are
hardly to find. In addition to that, there is no information whether Brunei regularly evaluated their eGovernmente-Government development or not.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
E-Participation in Brunei is relatively low, compared to other indicators. It is susceptible to theabsolute power of Sultanate. Most of government portal use twitter and Facebook as the only
channel for citizens to give some idea or comment. There is no evidence about how the government
proceed the citizens’ comment.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
During the research period, Open Data in Brunei is still at initial stage. Most of Data are about
education and religion-related. Despite the limitation of variety of dataset, Brunei has appointed
EGNC as the responsible institution for Open Data website.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Brunei has ratified several laws related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

Chapter 197 Anti-Terrorism (Financial and Other Measures) Act
Chapter 194 Computer Misuse Act
Chapter 153 Official Secrets Act
Chapter 108 Evidence Act

In addition to these laws, Brunei has strengthened organization capacity for cybercrimecountermeasure by setting up National ICT Security Policy Authority and Bru-CERT.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Brunei has started to
implemented Cloud Computing for running One Government Private Cloud (OGPC). OGPC offers
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) for government agencies. E-Government National Center maintains
this Cloud Computing Services. Other emerging technologies are still immature and no evidence toprove that Brunei implemented Big Data and IoT.

35

5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the National Portal and Online Service are the top two
indicators in Brunei. National Portal Brunei
contains useful information for local and also
foreigners such as country information,
tourism, and link to available e-Services.
Online service on Healthcare is one of vocal
point in Brunei in year 2016 with its slogan“One Patient One Record”. Using ID-Card,
citizen can enjoy the Bru-HIMS using PC orusing mobile device.
In this release, Brunei has the low score on eGovernment Promotion and e-Participation.
It is hardly to find any evidences or traces
about campaign or other initiatives for
Bru-HIMS at http://www.moh.gov.bn
promoting e-Government Services. EParticipation is considered very low in Brunei.
The government system of Brunei may contribute to the implementation of e-Participation.

36

Canada
1 General Information
Area: 9,984,670 km 2
Population: 35,099,836

Government

Type: a parliamentarydemocracy, a federation, and a constitutionalmonarchy
GDP: $45,900
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Economies

OECD Countries

Canada have achieved great performance on all the indicators exceeding the average level of both
APEC economies and OECD countries. The highest scores of the ten indicators are the Open
Government Data and Management Optimization, especially full score on the OGD.

37

3 E-Government Development
Digital Canada 150 is the overall ICT strategy for nation which was launched in 2014. The Digital
Canada 150 is aimed to take the full benefit of digital opportunity for Canadian. It is expected that in2017, in a 150th anniversary of Canada, Canada will thrive the digital Canada which accentuates fivepillars; connecting Canadians, protecting Canadians, economic opportunities, digital government,
and Canadian content. By releasing the Digital Canada 150, Canadian government endeavors a newchallenge for connecting the Canadian, that is shifting e-Governmente-Government to digital
government where the government service is digital by default.
To lead and take control of information management, Canada has set up The Chief Information
Officer Branch (CIOB) in the secretariat organization. According to the official explanation, “The
Chief Information Officer Branch (CIOB) provides strategic direction and leadership in the pursuit ofexcellence in information management, information technology, security, privacy and access to
information across the Government of Canada. To facilitate this work, CIOB also provides support
and guidance on capacity building and project management and oversight.”

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 87.1% of people in Canada are Internet users according to the report released by ITU.
35% are fixed-broadband users and the wireless-broadband users are 59.8%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In 2014, Canadian government has launched Digital Canada 150. The Digital Canada 150 is aimed totake the full benefit of digital opportunity for Canadian. It is expected that in 2017, in a 150th
anniversary of Canada, Canada will thrive the digital Canada which accentuates five pillars;connecting Canadians, protecting Canadians, economic opportunities, digital government, andCanadian content. Canada has created Shared Service Canada for consolidating government backoffice system to save money, streamline process, and deliver better services. The initiatives are still
continuing to support and stimulate the app economy by creating an open data ecosystem in Canada.
By releasing the Digital Canada 150, Canadian government endeavors a new challenge for connecting
the Canadian. The country will provide the Canadian with the digitally government services. In otherwords, the Canadian government will shift from e-Governmente-Government to digital government
where the government service is digital by default.

4.3 Online Service [OS]Among five investigated online services, e-procurement, e-tax, one-stop-service are the better than
the rest online service. These four online services provided the citizen the two way interaction withgovernment, including e-payment, security, and automation. E-Health and E-Customs do not provide
two-way interaction so far. E-procurement portal of Canada is managed by Public Works andGovernment Services Canada. E-tax system offers various services related to taxation for the citizens
including business enterprises. It is managed by Canada Revenue Agency. The system is supported by
NETFILE as an electronic tax-filing system. E-Customs Canada offers the facilities to monitor the38
process of trading from checking the document to releasing the goods. It is equipped with Customs
Automated Data Exchange (CADEX).

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The national portal of Canada (www.Canada.gc.ca) is integrated with the one-stop service, agateway to improve the communication experience between the government and the public. The
national portal of Canada has the basic interface for stakeholders to contact government
electronically.
Moreover, it provides information that helps the public to better understand government structure.
The well-organized portal serves as a platform that assists the public to find desired information. To
improve users’ browsing experience, the portal also allows users to create government accounts
that allow each individual user to customize the portal as they desire. The website contains
accessibility features statement and allows configuration of the visual presentation by using a clientside Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) file. The portal is available in official languages – English and French.
National Portal of Canada have been using Web 2.0 technology and combining SNS features as well
as being user-friendly and the portal have easy-to-use electronic services and services for finding
information. Portal can also access via mobile phone also.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The CIO of the government of Canada is responsible for establishing strategies, directions andpolicy for the Government in the areas of Information Technology, Information Management,
Security, Privacy and Access to Information. This role involves working collaboratively and often-in
partnership with all Federal Government Departments & Agencies, industry, other Canadianjurisdictions as well as on the international. There has the Chief Information Officer Branch (CIOB)
which provides strategic direction and leadership in the pursuit of excellence in information
management, information technology, security, privacy and access to information across theGovernment of Canada. The office also provides support and guidance on capacity building andproject management and oversight.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Canada has been a pioneer in providing access to electronic information, political agendas andcultural/linguistic sensitivities have greatly hindered the implementation of bias-free policies for the
dissemination of information and promotion of e-Governmente-Government, so the implementationof e-Government in Canada is an effort of both public and private entities. For example, the Digital
Economy in Canada consists of members from the government and private companies. The main
driver of the e-Government promotion is the Government Online (GOL) entity, which is also thesupervisor of the IM/IT plans. The responsibility for coordinating the implementation of GOL lies on
the Information Technology Services Branch at Public Works and Government Services Canada(PWGSC).The Government of Canada tried to promote Legal Mechanism Enabling Mechanism
Support Mechanism, Assessment Mechanism through providing up to date Government
announcements, news, contact, services, and daily life information.

39
4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
In Canada, e-Services online services, online information and online citizen engagement areorganized by category and not on a department-by department basis, which makes it user-friendly
and responsive to citizen demands. In order to gauge the efficacy of their services, the government
uses a unique Canadian outcomes analysis approach called 'Citizens First' in the case of individuals
and families, and 'Taking Care of Business' in the case of companies, So it enable everyone to use
electronic form of services very easily. The Government of Canada offers a variety of applications,accounts, tools and services to allow citizens to complete tasks online.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Canada's commitment to open government is part of the federal government's efforts to foster
greater openness and accountability, to provide Canadians with more opportunities to learn about
and participate in government, to drive innovation and economic opportunities for all Canadians and,at the same time, create a more cost effective, efficient and responsive government. The
Government of Canada first launched its Open Government strategy in March 2011, and then further
enhanced its commitment by announcing its intention to join the Open Government Partnership in
September 2011.Canada has consulted Canadians on both the development of a Digital Economy
Strategy and on Open Government. Canada`s Action Plan on Open Government sets out Canada
commitments to Canadians and for the Open Government Partnership, which Canada will achieve
over a three-year period through the effective and prudent use of resources. It is structured along
the three streams of our Open Government Strategy: Open Information, Open Data, and Open
Dialogue. The portal site http://open.canada.ca/ is one of the best practices among the countries.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Canada has made several regulations and Acts related to Cyber Security, such as the Personal
Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA). The national Cyber Security Strategy
by the Ministry of Public Safety. Canadian researchers have been at the forefront of making
cyberspace a reality. This same ingenuity must continue to be applied to predicting, detecting anddefeating the cyber threats of tomorrow, and exploiting cyberspace to further Canada's national
interests. The cyber security strategy will be implemented by the departments and agencies mostdirectly responsible for securing the Government's cyber systems. Canada will work with ourprovincial and territorial partners, as they are jointly responsible for protecting much of the criticalinfrastructure in Canada.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Government of Canada has regarded the merging ICT as important elements into its Digital Economy
Strategy, discussing about how to utilize Cloud Computing and IOT to benefit the citizens andindustries. Government has established a shared service provider and put Big data into their internal
agencies practice. However, there has no specific strategy about emerging ICT or regulations so far,
official utilization through policy still needed to be discussed.

40

5 Some Highlights
As one of the pioneer countries in providing advanced e-Services to citizens, Canada has a splendid
one-stop service system which endeavors to embrace all the information and services that citizens orenterprises need at one unified place. Massive contents have been divided into very plain andconcise catalogs and users can always go to the destination directly through humanized introduction.
Also, citizens are easily to interact with government agencies due to straightforward communication
channels. That’s why Canada has extremely good performance on the indicators of “Online Service”
and “E-participation”. As one of the leading nations in e-Governmente-Government area, Canada is
expected to get more scores on the new indicator for the usage of new technologies, which is tohave efficient model of adopting emerging technologies such as Cloud Computing or IOT for
developing countries to learn from in the future.

41

Chile
1 General Information
Area: 756,102 sq km
Population: 17,508,260
Government Type: Presidential republic
GDP: $23,800
Historical Ranking (2006-20016)

2 Positioning in a region
America Countries

APEC Economies

OECD Countries.

42

3 E-Government Development
Through 2004-2006, the action plan concentrated on promoting the generalization of the access andthe sophistication of IT usage through using Internet by citizens and societies in major six areas(massive access, education/training, e-Governmente-Government, national industry, IT, and legal
infrastructure). In November 2010, Chile's government unveiled a new digital action plan for public
sector IT development for 2010-2014. The plan is intended to drive state modernization and wider
utilization of ICT nationwide. Among specific targets is a plan to expand the number of government
agencies that offer e-Governmente-Government services by around 20 during each year of the plan.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Chile has 72.3% Internet users per 100 inhabitants and 28% of mobile-broadband penetration with
cutting the price of an entry-level broadband service. The broadband subscriber per 100 inhabitants
was 12 as of 2015. Chile’s broadband market is one of the most developed in Latin America.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In Chile, e-Governmente-Government is in full swing and one of the top countries in Latin America interms of Internet access, but Chile will be faced with many challenges such as: how to reduce thedigital divide and lack of technical infrastructure as well as implementation policies on e-Government.
Chile government aims to provide what the citizen needs and better services as a main goal of the eGovernment. Now, Chile provides 130 services through 13 public institutions, the Social Security
Institution, the Citizens Defense, etc.9 The national portal establishes the open place for the citizens
to express their thoughts and views, and the national website, gobiernoabierto.cl/, is a good
example of encouraging citizen’s participation though e-Government in Chile. Currently, aninteroperability platform service oriented organizes approximately 40 public institutions with over
109 formalities which improve the transaction more than 2 million in a month.

4.3 Online Service [OS]In the end of 2004, Chile sets up the law for the Efficiency of Digital Communications, which rules thecommunication between government agencies and citizens in electronic media and manages the useof appropriate techniques and information. In addition, the Interoperability of Digital Document
decree in 2004 improves the visibility of public administration by offering the innovative service ofgovernment information and digital identity validation.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The national portal http://www.gob.cl/ is main portal; it provides the Government information andPresident’s activities but not e-Services integrated into national portal. The portal which offers
information and procedures in a Government services have address www.Chileclic.cl. Recently the
Chilean opened the webpage www.datos.gob.cl a centralized catalogue with a relevant data offer. In

9“Modernization and E-Government in Chile,” www.modernizacion.gob.cl/43order to increase the citizen participation indexes, the Chilean government has created not only thewebsite www.modernizacion.cl, but also SNS features such as Facebook, Twitter and Flickr where,
among other things, users are invited to express and propose ideas contributing to Chile’s
modernization. In the website www.comunidadtecnologica.gob.cl there are a series of initiatives andprojects focused on ICT training for public officials.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There was not information about the CIO found in Chile in terms of CIO positions as well as CIO
organizations. There is not existence of law to create or mandate the position of CIO in Government
at national level and sub-national level. We also did not find any information about the CIO training inChile.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The e-Government strategy and master plan were found at national level, not in sub-national level.
They also had a policy for development e-Government in national level, there is not e-Government
fund in Chile but they have a fund for developing national ICT. No activities from the Government toimprove e-Government in Chile, such as: e-Government conference or training course to the citizens.
The IDB funded project “ChileAtiende” was used to upgrade the electronic government
procurement platform to increase its visibility and transparency, and to expand the range of business
opportunities for potential government suppliers. The project also offered digital literacy programs
and public awareness campaigns to inform citizens about online government services.
Chile government aims to provide what the citizen needs and better services as a main goal of the eGovernment. Now, Chile provides more than130 services through 13 public institutions, and the Social
Security Institution. The national portal establishes the open place for the citizens to express theirthoughts and views, and the national website, gobiernoabierto.cl/, is a good example of encouraging
citizen’s participation though e-Government in Chile.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Effective interaction between citizens and Government, where the former are able to influence on
the decision making process through their participation in the consultations made by theGovernment through the web. The Government must not only aim at offering a good service, butalso consider the number of people who really have access to these media, and it must inform thecitizens through campaigns on the procedures and participation platforms which are available byelectronic means. Social network services are now used as a means to help the communication
between the government and citizens.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
The implementation and development of Open Government Data policies in Chile is alreadyhappening, the current state is nothing but a small collection of already-available links to data
sources in heterogeneous formats, and with absolutely no semantic coherence. The transparency
law already paved the way in regulation terms.
The portal of open data is http://datos.gob.cl/ it contains more than 2400 datasets, it comes from 196
organizations belongs to government and distributing by 23 categories.

44
4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Chile has an officially recognized national CIRT, CLCERT. CLCERT-CL has existed and functioned
within the government but it is not a formal institutional entity so much as an operational capacity
and structure maintained by the Ministry of the Interior and Public Safety. Chile government also has
Program for the Improvement of Information Security Systems Management as the nationalframework for implementing internationally recognized cyber-security standards.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
There is no evidence found that Chile government is use of emerging ICT to promote e-Government
activities, such as applying IoT, Big data and Cloud computing in government activities.

5 Some Highlights
Chile has achieved its e-Governmente-Government success due to three main factors: a continuous
long-term strategy, efficient policy-making and its modern socioeconomic qualities. Unlike othercountries in the region, Chile began designing its long-term e-Governmente-Government policy plansby the early 2000s, when its first webpage for official procedures, “Easy Errand,” was created. By
2004, Chile had designed its first Digital Agenda to start with a continuous process that would lead
up to today’s 2013-2020 version.
Many of Chile’s programs, such as Startup Chile, which has become a regional leader in promoting
tech and other businesses, are well-designed and strategically planned based on shared knowledge
with scholars or think-tanks. Chile’s policy-making processes show an adequate performancein evidence-based instruments and societal consultation.
Good e-Government systems in Chile have engaged people to a good level of e-participation, but thiscertainly does not mean that there is a better overall democratic process. Other factors – such as
citizen’s knowledge and understanding of policies that concern them – must be taken into
consideration to find integral solutions. It is necessary to inform citizens and provide proper
education in use of the new tools to see major benefits offered by these new opportunities.

45

China
1 General Information
Area: 9,596,960 km 2
Population: 1,367,485,388
Government Type: communist state

GDP: $14,300
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Countries

ASIAN Countries

China has still showed his weak points compared with other Asia countries and APEC members.
Especially, the performance on indicators of E-Participation, Open Government Data are extremely
low within its economic status. Considering the political context, these two indicators may seemremaining no progress phase in recent year.

46

3 E-Government Development
To align with national informatization development plan 2006-2020, the Ministry of industry andinformation technology of the People’s Republic of China (MIIT) has published “The 12th five-year
national e-Governmente-Government plan”, also consistent with nation’s overall 12th five-year
strategy. the 12th Five-year plan is focusing on development of e-Governmente-Government network,
increasing financial investment in e-Governmente-Government construction, and enacting laws for eGovernmente-Government. And the goal of this plan is aimed at perfecting and to strengthening eGovernmente-Government, which can support government departments to perform their functions
and duties, in order to satisfy the public on public service delivery, social management, market
supervision, and promoting the administrative restructuration and service based governmentbuildings.
At present there is no GCIO position set up in the government of China, the closest agency has beencalled “National informatization leading group” which was set up at The State Council andtransferred to MIIT since the institutional reform in 2008. On Feb 27, 2014, China established anotherleading group which named The Central Leading Group on the Cyber Security and Information, whichis led by Chinese president Xi Jinping.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
According to the report of ITU, 49.3% of people in China were Internet users, approximately 14.4%
have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached41.8%. China has
a poor infrastructure construction and penetration than other countries.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In China, several plans for the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development had
been proposed and some have been implemented already to improve service delivery throughutilization of e-Governmente-Government. For this, China has been making efforts to improve thelevel of its Government portal by providing comprehensive information, integrating services ofdifferent sectors and focusing on interactions between governmental officials and citizens.28
According to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of People’s Republic of China(MIIT), the 12th Five-year plan is focusing on development of e-Governmente-Government network,
increasing financial investment in e-Governmente-Government construction, and enacting laws for eGovernmente-Government. And the goal of this plan is aimed at perfecting and to strengthening eGovernmente-Government, which can support government departments to perform their functions
and duties, in order to satisfy the public on public service delivery, social management, market
supervision, and promoting the administrative restructuration and service based governmentbuildings. According to the Information Development Plan from the Ministry of Industry andTechnology of People’s Republic of China (MIIT) which published in September 2013, until 2015, The
key works of Chinese E-Government is to perfect unified national e-Governmente-Government
network, to promote the information resource sharing.

47
4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax,
e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-One-Stop Service and eHealth have the lowest score, compare to other three online services. According to 12th Five-yearplan of China’s E-Government, Chinese government would pay more and more attention on
promoting the ability of E-Government service, increase types of online services, optimize theprocess, and improve the coverage of online service guide, form download, online consulting, online
application, the result ,feedback and so on.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Chinese national portal www.Gov.cn provides a general gateway for users to access and search
information published by the government. The national portal allows users to link to the portals of
local governments, departments and agencies and also provide popular E-services. The national
portal includes information from government documents to government structures. Moreover, theportal is provided in multiple languages (simplified Chinese, traditional Chinese, and English). The
portal contains pages that allow users to download application forms, search for information, andprovides a platform for administrative departments to exchange information with each other. There
are also video feeds and other multimedia contents in the portal. The national portal includes 8
topics which are government structures, news, special topics, policies, services, seeking advice foradministration, data and national conditions. Through the topic of seeking advice for administration,
users can up load their opinions, advice and comments. There are also a sub-topic named I have aword to the premier in which people can express their viewpoint directly to the Premier.
Furthermore, the national portal also provides online social media platform such as Microblog and
WeChat where citizens can share their opinions and inquiries while the government responding themeffectively (Microblog and WeChat are two of the most popular social media in China). (The
Microblog and WeChat account of government are mainly posting and publishing the government’s
policies and news, not for sharing and responding).

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Chinese Government has no Chinese government has no CIO. But there is the Leading Group of State
Informatization, which is led by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang. And an institution called the Ministry ofIndustry and Information Technology of People’s Republic of China (MIIT), which is responsible fordevelopment of e-Governmente-Government. There is also a committee named Advisory Committee
for State Information in charge for making recommendations to the Leading Group of State
Information. On Feb 27, 2014, China established another leading group which named The Central
Leading Group on the Cyber Security and Information, which is led by Chinese president Xi Jinping.
Local governments also have industry and information technology department and Leading Group ofInformatization. However, CIOs in China are not given enough authorities and the responsibilities arestill unclear. There is no further plan for CIO development until now

48
4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Although, Chinese e-Governmente-Government nowadays is still at starting stage, China’s eGovernmente-Government development index (05359) and world e-Governmente-Government
development ranking 70 covering over 1,341 million people among countries with largest population,
followed by India based on the 2014 UN e-Governmente-Government rankings. Chinese government
has implemented a series policy to promote E-Government. Such as “2006-2020 National
Informatization Developmental strategy, 12th Five-year plan of national E-Government,
Informatization Development Plan of MIIT”

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Despite several developments in China e-participation is still lacking as a platform bringing the
Chinese citizens on board as main stakeholders in promotion of ICT. Even through the government
provides blogs or any other means of interaction, there is still a long way to go for Chinese eGovernmente-Government to develop its E-participation for online users to fully have decision makestake at national level.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
The Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Open Government Information (OGI
Regulations) published on April 24, 2007 and effective one year later on May 1, 2008, mark a turning
point away from the deeply ingrained culture of government secrecy toward making Chinese
government operations and information more transparent. But these Regulations do not have quite
the status of a law promulgated by the National People’s congress.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
China does not have a monolithic, coordinated policy approach to cyber security. Although politicalpower is centralized in the Chinese Communist Party, Chinese governance is fragmented regionallyand functionally. China’s civilian national cyber-security strategy, initially classified but later
promulgated more widely, is known as “Document 27: Opinions for Strengthening Information
Security Assurance Work.” It enshrines a principle of “active defense” and sets policy foundations
for critical infrastructure protection, cryptography, dynamic monitoring, indigenous innovation,
talent development, leadership, and funding.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). The evidences show that
local governments in China are eager to implement Cloud Computing or Big Data into their public
sectors, especially the economic advanced cities and provinces such as Beijing, Shanghai andGuangdong Province. But central government is lagging behind the policies and plans for emerging
technologies.

49

5 Some Highlights
Compared with other economics, China has a comparatively slow process on e-GovernmenteGovernment development. Except the indicator of “Management Optimization”, performance on all
the segments of ranking could be considered backward than advanced nations. The absence of GCIO
not only pares down the scores for evaluation, but more importantly, has influenced the executionof ICT plans in each government level. According to China’s strategy, e-Governmente-Governmenthas been regarded as a tool for administrative reform and government process re-engineering rather
than developing e-Governmente-Government itself. A plenty of the online service remains below thephase of transaction, not to mention the lack of open government data and e-decision making.
However, some megacities in China has promoted advanced e-Service and data share process tocitizens (For example Shanghai), which continues to pull ahead the gap with underdeveloped areas.
The gap of wealth has affected every aspect of the societies in China, and the implementation of
better e-Governmente-Government is no exception.

50

Colombia
1 General Information
Area: 1,138,910 km2
Population: 46,736,728
Government Type: Presidential Republic
GDP: $14,000
Historical Ranking (2006-20016):

2 Positioning in a region
Countries in the Americas

3 E-Government Development
Colombia is making great strides in some areas, but the overall trend has not been positive in recent
years. In the United Nations’ E-Government Development Index, Colombia slipped from 31st to 50th
place from 2010 to 2014. Much of this change can be accounted for by a much more competitive and51
crowded e-Governmente-Government environment as more countries develop their ICT
infrastructure. Also, it should be noted that Colombia continues to be a top-twenty country in thearea of e-participation.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]In December, the President of Colombia set forth the e-Governmente-Government management
strategy in Resolution 2482, which emphasized the goals of a more efficient and transparent
government. Colombia’s online government strategy is developed and implemented by the Ministryof Information Technology and Communication (MinTIC).

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]MinTIC has enunciated four main goals to achieve its online government vision through better
management:
1.
2.
3.

4.

“Facilitate efficiency and collaboration within and between state agencies, as well associety as a whole.
To help increase transparency in public administration, with greater visibility of publicaffairs and facilitating citizen knowledge of state management.
Promote citizen participation using electronic media, building trust in government andenabling new channels to the collective construction of public policies, solving everyday
problems, decision-making and social control.
Strengthening the conditions for increasing competitiveness and improving the quality oflife, from the provision of services to meet the needs of citizens and businesses.”

4.3 Online Service [OS]From the national portal, citizens can easily access the online services page, which offers e-Services
in nine categories: driver’s license, single tax record, passport, certificates, identity card, othertaxation, visa, SISBEN (social benefits program), and civil registration. Each of these categories
offers a number of different options depending on the user’s needs. However, many of themprovide only a description of the procedure, rather than offering the entire procedure electronically.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
Colombia’s national portal is located at https://www.gobiernoenlinea.gov.co, and is called Gobierno
en Linea (Online Government). It is offered in Spanish with a built-in translation widget powered by
Google. Its main page provides news and information about Colombia, and there are also links toservices for citizens, businesses, public employees, and youths. The site has links to Colombia’ssocial media channels, including Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and BlogSpot.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
The closest equivalent to a CIO position in Colombia is the ICT Minister for MinTIC. This position iscurrently held by David Luna. As head of the Directorate for Online Government, he has

52
responsibility for all of its five different divisions as the organization uses a hub-and-spokemanagement model.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Through MinTIC, the Colombian government is consistently working to promote the use anddevelopment of e-Governmente-Government. Their stated strategy is to identify how to create
increased value for the government itself, businesses, and citizens through the use of eGovernmente-Government. To this end, Decree 19 was enacted in 2012 to eliminate paperwork forinternal government uses. This led many ministries and agencies to find ways to digitize these
services, leading to more efficient governance, and better customer service for businesses andcitizens.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Colombia consistently ranks very high on the United Nations’ E-Participation Index. It has beenranked 11th in the world since 2012, which is nearly identical to its 12 th place rankings in 2004 and 2005.
Colombia’s web portal and most of its government websites actively encourage citizen participation
by soliciting feedback, posting links to social media, and hosting regular online live-chats. The
government also offers a site called Crystal Urn (http://www.urnadecristal.gov.co/) which posts
information material about the major issues of the week and offers ideas for how to participate. The
government answers questions and proposals from citizens, and provides brief online audio andvideo broadcasts.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
The government offers an open data portal located at www.davos.gov.co. The portal is currently inthe beta stage, but will be improved “according to user demand and supply of public resources.” 10
Currently there are about 1,000 datasets available via the portal, and they are searchable by categoryor organization. The datasets are viewable online, or downloadable in Excel or text format.

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
In March, Colombia’s Ministry of Information Technology and Communications (MinTIC) released its
Agenda for Strategic Innovation: Cybersecurity. This document outlined its approach towardwarding off the growing number of cyber-attacks, and forming a sound cyber-defense infrastructure.
Colombia has also announced plans to use new ICT technology to launch a new open data and eparticipation platform.

5 Some Highlights
Colombia has participated in several international efforts to improve e-Government in the Americas.
For example, it has offered many candidates for excelGOV awards, and generally participated inregional and international working groups at a rate higher than its neighboring nations. Though it
still has much room for improvement in termss of rankings, Colombia is poised to continue on its
upward trajectory and make some important advances in the coming years.

53

Costa Rica
1 General Information
Area: 51,100 km2
Population: 4,814,144
Government Type: Democratic Republic
GDP: $ 15,500
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
America Countries

Among America Countries, only Network Infrastructure Preparedness (NIP) indicators is above withthe average score of America region. And Costa Rica is placed below USA, the best country in
America region.

54

3 E-Government Development
The Costa Rican government isjust finishing its Digital
Government Master Plan 20112014. This plan was put into
place after the previous Digital
Government Action Plan 20082010. The country’s digital
government planning began inearnest with Executive Decree
No. 33147-MP, issued in May
2006. This proposed that a plan
to digitize the Costa Rican
Digital Government Master Plan 2011-2014
government be drafted andimplemented with cooperated to South Korean Government. This master plan has the mission
statement: “Improving the national competitiveness with environmental responsibility throughproviding transparent and high level services to the citizen based on interconnected government
and ICT development”.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 49.4% of people in Estonia were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring
the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 10.4%
have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached 86.9%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Costa Rican government is just finishing its Digital Government Master Plan 2011-2014. This plan
was put into place after the previous Digital Government Action Plan 2008-2010. However, now,there is no evidence about the new version of ICT strategy or e-Government plan. In all, Costa Rica
has achieved the haft score in Management Optimization domain.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax,
e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and their URL
Address. All of those services were investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Costa Rica is only providing e-Procurement, e-One-Stop Service
and e-Health. Among these Online Services, e-Health has the highest score, compare to other online
services. The number of available e-Services continues to grow, but many of the designs operateusing different platforms, and are not well-integrated. In terms of complexity level, most of Online
Service in Costa Rica has reached only information provider in which user can start the find theinformation through the portal.

55
For measuring the level of convenience, the third party application result has shown that threeportals are the same with the average considerably in terms of speed. The third party application forassessing the portal is the application from Google named Google PageSpeed™ Insight on
https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.
Table 5 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.mer-link.co.cr/index.jsp
N.A
N.A
https://registrelo.go.cr/
http://gob.go.cr/es/servicios-en-linea

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Costa Rican government’s main portal site “http://gob.go.cr/es/” is only available in Spanish andis not compatible with most major translation services. It offers a great deal of links to information,
services, and data, but many of the options take the form of long lists of links, rather than intuitive
menus. In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website
performance is below the average both from PC and from Mobile Device. However, the portal does
not provide the user with some functionality such as searching, site map, and an inquiry form.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Alicia Avendaño Rivera has served as the Director of Digital Government since 2009, and this is theclosest analogue to a CIO position in Costa Rica. The Director has administration over the three
Digital Government divisions, Projects, Technology, and Digital Inclusion.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The Costa Rican government’s e-Governmente-Government promotion plan was laid out in its Digital
Government Master Plan 2011-2014. The prior plan succeeded in establishing a base structure for eGovernmente-Government.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
According to the United Nations E-Participation Index, Costa Rica is the leading country in Central
American and 14th in the world for e-participation. This is a major improvement from 2005, in which
they placed 90th. This indicates that the government’s ICT initiatives have succeeded in making the
population more connected, and providing a platform those appeals to users. For instance,
parliament member has their website and provides the information to citizens that can contact withthem.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]The Technical Secretariat of Digital Government operates an open data site populated with datafrom Costa Rica’s other online services, including Mer-link (public procurement), Controlpas(operated by the Ministry of Public Security), Register it (Ministry of Health), and CrearEmpresar

56(National and Municipal Registry) among others. The database is powered by the U.S.-based open
data platform Junar. However, the data is not yet as voluminous, standardized, or searchable as it
could be. Also, data from previous years have not been uploaded.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
As a member of the Organization of American States (OAS), Costa Rica approaches many cybersecurity issues in collaboration with fellow OAS member states. The OAS Inter-American Committee
against Terrorism (CICTE) developed and passed the OAS-Cyber Security Strategy in 2004. Since then,
OAS member states have collaborated on increasing cyber security in each country, and in the region.
There are still significant weaknesses.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Costa Rica has the plan toimplement Cloud Computing for Public Sector. However, the evidence shows that it is not officiallylaunched. Other emerging technologies for government agencies are still nullity in Costa Rica.

5 Some Highlights
Costa Rica has the impressive point on E-Participation, Open Government Data and Management
Optimization. According to the United Nations E-Participation Index, Costa Rica is the leading
country in Central American. And this indicates that the government’s ICT initiatives have succeededin making the population more connected, and providing a platform that appeal to users. However,
it is still low on E-Decision Making.
This year is the 2nd year of ranking; Costa Rica still has the weakness. The use of emerging technology
and Government CIO are the weak point of Costa Rica. Director of Digital Government is the closest
analogue to a CIO position in Costa Rica. The Director has administration over the three Digital
Government divisions, Projects, Technology, and Digital Inclusion. And Costa Rica also has low score
on Cyber Security. Even if Costa Rica is a member of the Organization of American States (OAS),
Costa Rica approaches many cyber security issues in collaboration with fellow OAS member states.

57

Czech Republic
1 General Information
Area: 78,867 sq km
Population: 10,644,842
Government Type: parliamentary
republic
GDP: 31,500$
Historical Ranking (2006-20016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

Europe Countries

3 E-Government Development
Since the late 1990s, Czech Republic had strategic in promoting information technology, one of themknown under the name "State Information Policy". This policy defined eight priority areas for thedevelopment of the information society, including e-Government and e-Democracy. This strategy canbe considered as the first ICT project to promote e-Government services in Czech Republic. In 2006,
the Czech government issued "State Information and Communication Policy" or "e-Czech". The main

58
objective of this project is to maximize the use of ICT by improving e-Government services, eProcurement and e-Health. In 2007, e-Government concept was associate with the modernization of
public administration. This project called "Smart Administration Strategy".
From 2008 to 2012, Czech published Strategy for the development of Information Society services forthe period 2008 - 2012. This was a strategy for the development of services in an open, democraticsociety. The strategy divided into five program: (i) Basic registers and identification; (ii) Universal
point of contact; (iii) Secure communications; (iv) Digitization of data archives; and (v) Personalized
Information Society services.
The State Policy in Electronic Communications - ‘Digital Czech Republic’ was adopted in early 2011 andaims to assess the current overall status of accessibility and development in selected areas ofelectronic communications which have the greatest growth potential.
In 2014, Czech government introduced GeoInfoStrategy 2014 - 2020. The Strategy draft has been
designed in a strong connection to other national strategic documents, i.e. the Strategy ofinternational competitiveness of the Czech Republic for 2012-2020, the Czech Republic's National
reform program, Strategic framework for the public administration development for 2014 -2020 andother key national strategic documents.
In 2015, the national government of the Czech Republic approved the Strategy for ICT Services
Development in Public Administration. This document provides an updated overview of eGovernment status in Czech Republic.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]The KIVS (Public Administration Communication Infrastructure) enables the interconnection of all
Public Administration (PA) bodies (e.g. ministries, central administrations, regional authorities,municipal offices, labor offices, revenue authorities and public libraries), ensures secure and costefficient data and voice communications, as well as access to central information resources.
Czech POINT is a network of one-stop access points to e-Government services intended to prevent
citizens from visiting several offices, thus significantly reducing excessive administrative burden.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In the Czech Republic the issue of ICT is under the responsibility of two ministries. Electronic
communications are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Industry and Trade URL:
http://www.mpo.cz/en/e-comm-and-post/ and e-Government issues are under the responsibility of
Ministry of Interior URL: http://www.mvcr.cz/mvcren/scope-of-activities-e-Government.aspx
The latest version of the National e-Government Development Strategy was published in the form of
a government decision “Resolution of the Government of the Czech Republic 889/2015 to the further
development of ICT services in public administration” from the November 2, 2015. URL (in Czech
only): http://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/vestnik-vlady-pro-organy-kraju-a-organy-obci-717579.aspx; pages
206 – 228)

59
Another significant governmental material is a document, Digital Czech Republic v. 2.0 –The Way to
the Digital Economy“. This is a program of the state policy on electronic communications in the
Czech Republic - material was published in May 2014.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The Czech Republic has a centralized e-Procurement system based on a national platform managed
by the Public Procurement and Public Private Partnership Department of the Ministry for Regional
Development.
The Czech electronic health record (elektronická zdravotní knížka - EZK, in Czech) is a highly secure,free-of-charge summary of patient health information in electronic form, accessible 24 hours a day
via the Internet and smartphones. It is a safe environment that links healthcare providers, patientsand health insurers. It can be used to transmit and sharing in real time medical information between
the doctor and patient or between different doctors. In the Czech Republic there is no alternative
system of real time information sharing in this field. The two regions where the number of healthrecords stored on the IZIP system is growing the most are Vysočina and Karlovy Vary.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
In Czech, the public administration portal is developed by Ministry of Informatics. Citizens can accessto (www.portal.gov.cz) for getting data, information or other publication from government. Beside
the national portal, a local self-government portal (ePUSA) is an information system that contains an
up-to-date database of self-government entities in the territory of the Czech Republic. The systemenables the selection of required data according to different criteria.
Towns and Communities Online Portal (TCOP) is nationwide tele-democracy website, which support
e-information exchange between local government and Czech citizens. Portal for data boxes was
first launched in 2011. It provides a more comprehensive service to users of Data Boxes.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
In the e-Government is in the ministry in charge (Ministry of Interior) responsible for the eGovernment matters the Department of the e-Government in the section of Information andCommunication Technologies. Each ministry has its own CIO, who is responsible for the(development) of ICT in the area of responsibility.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The opportunities for greater engagement with citizens through e-Government channels willcontinue as the introduction of high speed broadband and the increased use of new communication
technologies provide the Czech Government with greater flexibility in delivering better services topeople, communities and business, as well as improved government operations. Significant increasesin The Czech accessing the web via mobile phone or similar portable devices, and making phone calls
over the Internet. There was also continuing growth in the use of social networking sites and SMS

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The Czech government and ICT companies provide e-information, e-consultation services, forms,
articles and resources about trends and issues related to citizens participation in government

60
democratic processes using the Internet, mobile communications, and other information andcommunications technologies.
The aim is to provide a one-stop shop for individuals and organizations to obtain information on, andcommunicate directly with, the Czech authorities. The Ministry as the site's administrator and Czech
Post as the technical provider completely revamped the look and feel of the previous Public
Administration Portal as well as its functioning, so as to make navigation easier, faster and moreintuitive. The portal's target audience is made of: Czech citizens; foreigners living in the Czech
Republic; entrepreneurs and businesses; public authorities.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
A national data portal is available at http://opendata.cz/. It includes 73 datasets, which come from 1
organization. In government agencies, they have a local portal, to provide open data in eachgovernment agency (http://data.mfcr.cz/en). Most of the necessary data is produced from the tax
payer's money. The data is even often available on the web. The Government of the Czech Republic
fully supports attempts to remove regulatory and technical barriers to access to information and its
goal is to enable the general public to share, combine and freely use the available data.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Czech National Security Authority Cyber Security was established according to the Decision n.
781/2011 of the Government of the Czech Republic. The name is National Cyber Security Centre(NCSC) and it’s headquarter is in Brno. The main task of the NCSC is coordination of cooperation on
both national and international level to prevent cybernetic attacks, to propose and adopt measures
for incident solving and against ongoing attacks.
In 2015, the Director of the National Security Authority submitted to the government the newstrategy with large focus on the national cyber security of the Czech Republic for the period of theupcoming five years and marks an important milestone for the Czech Republic in termss of cybersecurity.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
The Czech Republic works on consolidation of data centers of various government offices with thetarget to launch the government cloud.

5 Some Highlights
Compared to last year, this year Czech receives lower score in most of sub-indicator. Especially in
Government CIO and Management Optimization. In most of questions to evaluate Government CIO,
Czech Republic had no information to evaluate CIO and management optimization sub-indicator.
In 2015, Czech government introduced strategy for ICT Service development in public administration.
The strategy focuses on national cyber security until 2020 and also introduces the idea to legislatively
delegate to the Department of Chief architect of the e-Government at the Ministry of the Interior therole of “watchdog” to oversee the efficiency of public spending in public administration ICT area.
The strategy includes a list of improvement opportunities that should lead to a better nation-wide
governance of ICT services in public administrations.

61
In the e-Government is in the ministry in charge (Ministry of Interior) responsible for the eGovernment matters the Department of the e-Government in the section of Information andCommunication Technologies. Each ministry has its own CIO, who is responsible for the(development) of ICT in the area of responsibility.
Czech National Security Authority Cyber Security was established according to the Decision n. 781 /2011 of the Government of the Czech Republic. The name is National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC)
and it’s headquarter is in Brno. The main task of the NCSC is coordination of cooperation on bothnational and international level to prevent cybernetic attacks, to propose and adopt measures forincident solving and against ongoing attacks.
The Czech Republic works on consolidation of data centers of various government offices with thetarget to launch the government cloud.

62

Denmark
1 General Information
Area: 43,094 km2
Population: 5,581,503
Government Type: Parliamentary Constitutional
Monarchy
GDP: $45,800
Historical Ranking (2006-2016)

2 Positioning in a region
OECD Countries

Europe3 E-Government Development
Denmark has come a long way since it made the decision to establish a modern, robust digital
infrastructure for the public sector. As part of its efforts on countering the digital divide, Denmark is
promoting the enhanced accessibility of its public websites. Denmark’s new mandatory digital
mailbox is an intriguing development. It allows the government to communicate instantly andsecurely with businesses in an official manner. As part of its e-Inclusion efforts, public documents on
the information society recognizes the needs of at risk (of exclusion) groups. The USO (Universal
Service Obligation) in Denmark has provisions for a PC based text telephone service and access to
the Internet. In the area of ICT and aging, Denmark has established drop-in centers for the elderly tolearn new ICT skills.

63

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
The current Danish e-Government strategy, published in August 2011, is entitled ‘The Digital Path toFuture Welfare: e-Government Strategy 2011-2015.’ The strategy proposes that the central
government, regions and municipalities cooperate in order to accelerate the adoption of digitalsolutions in the public sector. The report emphasizes that the government must capitalize on its
leading position and continue to be a digital government leader well into the future.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The strategy is divided into three main tracks, each covering a different area or theme:
1) No more Printed Forms or Letters2) New Digital Welfare
3) Digital Solutions for Closer Public Sector Collaboration
According to the report, “the adoption of digital solutions and new technology will provide DKK 3
billion [about $500 million] every year by 2020 in gains.” The national government has also passed a
Digital Post law requiring all businesses to establish a digital mailbox address. This mailbox is ofequivalent legal status to the physical mailbox, meaning that businesses have the responsibility toread all of their digital mail. This system allows the public sector to communicate with businesses
and to send official notifications more efficiently, and it allows businesses a quick and secure channel
to respond.

4.3 Online Service [OS]Denmark has a healthcare portal, Sundhed.dk which was launched in December 2003 and was given
a major update in 2012. The site is a public, Internet-based health portal that collects and distributes
health care information among citizens and health care professionals. It is unique in bringing theentire Danish health care sector together on the Internet and providing an accessible setting for
citizens and healthcare professionals to meet and efficiently exchange information. From the main
portal, all Danish citizens have access to sundhed.dk and everyone has a personal page, whichreflects the specific needs of the individual

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Danish national portal, Borger.dk was originally launched in 2007. The latest version of the site(version 3) was published in June 2012. Borger.dk (borger is Danish for ‘citizen’) is where Danish
citizens can find all public information and self-service options on a one-stop basis. This is a single
entry point to the public sector for all citizens. A single sign-on is made available for citizens toaccess services of different agencies without having to repeatedly log-on.
Denmark also has an official website, Denmark.dk, from which both citizens and non-citizens canaccess public information and services. The portal supports many foreign languages including English,
Spanish, French, German, Chinese, Arabic and more. It also has SNS features on the homepage, suchas Facebook, Twitter and Google Plus to enhance citizens’ participation with blogs, and provides

64
information for foreigners who want to study and work in Denmark. Denmark also has a businessportal which delivers fully digital public services for the benefit of companies. The portal includes
more than 200 e-forms, some of which may be filled out and signed with an OCES signature.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
While there are government CIOs at the national and ministry levels, information about CIOs at lower
levels of government is not available. There is no single CIO position for the Danish government.
However, the Steering Committee for Joint-Government Cooperation (STS) is responsible forcoordinating e-Government initiatives throughout the public sector. This committee reports its
findings twice each year. There is no current legislation regarding the CIO position in government

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Since 2001, municipalities and regional government have worked together on e-Government
solutions to renew and rationalize the public sector. The new strategy sets clear and binding goals
for e-Governmente-Government implementation of the e-Governmente-Government solutions
established in recent years, which not only require a strong capacity for decentralized
implementation capacity, but also demands a centrally focused coordination effort.
According to news from epractice.eu, the Danish Government, supported by the Local Governments
Association (KL) and the Danish Regions has recently created a new public plan for the digitization ofhealth care for 2013-2017. The strategy aims to create better cross-sector relationships and safe
treatment based on the individual's resources and needs.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The Danish government’s web portals demonstrate a developed understanding of e-participation.
Information and services delivered online encourage a high level of social responsibility andaccountability. For instance, the portal for citizens (borger.dk) functions as a national debate andvoting portal enabling citizens at all levels of society to participate in debates and participate in polls
and elections organized at the local, regional and national levels. Moreover the hosting of blog
services creates the opportunity to comment on the Danish lifestyle and encourages foreigners toparticipate.
ROSTRA is an online system for public debate and expression of opinions through voting facilities
based on the Danish Digital Signature. The tool is a part of the Danish citizens’ portal developed by
the Danish National IT and Telecom Agency. It functions as a national “debate and voting portal”
allowing citizens, businesses, politicians and journalists to participate in debates and votes organizedby levels of government, subject, etc. The tool can handle debates and votes at the local, regionaland national levels and it is possible to confirm your identity through login with the Danish Digital
Signature.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In 2012, the Danish Government presented its first National Action Plan for Open Government
Partnership. The vast majority of the projects and initiatives have been implemented and several ofthem are taken forward and further developed in this OGP National Action Plan. The Danish OGP
National Action Plan 2013-2014 was created with contributions from a public consultation where

65
citizens, companies, NGOs and public authorities were invited to propose initiatives and activities.
The National Action Plan has been divided into five themes:-

Local democracy and participation
Full digital communication - and inclusion
New forms of collaboration and involvement
Open data - innovation, transparency and enhanced efficiency
The promotion of open government

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
The Danish government has been using a domestic standard for information security called DS 484
for over a decade. As of January 2015, government institutions are required to abide by Information
Security ISO/IEC 27001, an international standard. The Ministry of Finance’s Agency for Digitization istasked with enforcing this standard and “developing tools, templates, seminars and workshops to
support [its] implementation and maintenance.”

5 Some Highlights
Denmark has shown marked developments in e-Governmente-Government projects but there arefew available resources on e-Government related promotions particularly at the local level. In 2005,
the Danish authorities launched a large-scale communication campaign to raise citizens’ awarenessof e-Governmente-Government services. The OIO Committee for Architecture and Standards (OIO
Committee) has a mandate to support the strategy to facilitate the work of e-GovernmenteGovernment in the state, regions and municipalities, with particular emphasis on ensuring
interoperability between IT systems across organizational boundaries. The government has released
its e-Governmente-Government strategy 2011- 2015 on June 20, 2011 at the eGov Global Exchange in
Singapore, even before reaching the Danish public, according to Lars Frelle-Petersen, Deputy
Director General and Head of the Digital Task Force Agency for Governmental Management, Danish
Finance Ministry. The government is thus looking at online services that are simpler and more
effective. This will be achieved through four goals: 1) Phase out paper applications and regular mail 2)
Help companies achieve higher growth rates 3) Bring ‘welfare technologies’ into public schools,
hospitals, nursing homes, providing better welfare with more value for the money 4) Cooperate
closely to digitize the public sector. Furthermore, to promote Internet use in Denmark, The Danish
Public Welfare Technology Fund will allocate DKK 15 million to establish Internet hotspots in public
places. Institutions for education, knowledge or culture can apply for funds to provide their users
with free Internet access. The funds will be used to prioritize Internet connectivity and use. The
government will also invest 500 million. DKK and municipalities will up to 1 billion. DKK tailoringteaching in public schools for future needs.

66

Egypt
1 General Information
Area: 1,001,450 km2
Population: 88,487,396
Government Type: Republic
GDP: $11,500
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Africa Countries

Among Africa Countries, only Management Optimization (MO), e-Government Promotion (EPRO)
and the use of Emerging Technologies for government (EMG) indicators are above with the averagescore of Africa region. In addition, the Management Optimization (MO) indicator of Egypt is better
than those of South Africa, the best country in Africa region.

67

3 E-Government Development
In 1999, the Ministry for Communications and Information Technology (MCIT) was formed to build
momentum to create an information society and to improve the information infrastructure. Shortly
after its formation, the Ministry revealed the Egyptian National Communications and Information
Technology Plan (NCITP). The NCITP has paved the road for launching the Egyptian Information
Society Initiative (EISI). Although, Egypt’s e-Government program was initiated in by the MCIT in
2000, the Ministry of State for Administrative Development (MSAD) took over the leading role in2004. Egypt’s e-Government was divided in to two stages. The first stage (2001-2007) incorporated
setting and approving the government strategic plan, implementing and assessing pilot projects, andstarting geographical and sectorial deployment of some projects. The second stage (2007-2012)
aimed at expanding successful pilot projects on national level, and the development of government
administrative body.
MCIT
supports
otherministries in facilitating eGovernment programs andservices as part of theEgyptian
Information
Society Initiative (EISI). In
April 2013 MCIT launched
today the Egypt's ICTStrategy 2013- 2017. MCIT
future vision focuses onachieving the digital socioeconomic development in
Egypt:
Prosperity,
Freedom and Social Justice.
Moreover, Digital Economy
2020 was announced withthe vision for “Achieving
Objectives of Egypt's ICT Strategy 2013- 2017
theDigitalEconomythrough ICT to Provide Prosperity, Freedom and Social Equity for All”. According with the Digital
Economy 2020, Egypt’s ICT 2020 Strategy was finalized, and focuses on three key objectives: thetransformation of Egypt into a digital Society, the development of the ICT industry and theestablishment of Egypt as a global digital hub. The goals of Egypt’s ICT Strategy 2020 is to create adigital society allowing Egyptian citizen to use IT services and maintaining communications growthby attracting global companies, in addition to benefiting from the geographical location of Egypt andmaritime cables in Suez Canal.

68

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 31.7% of people in Estonia were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 3.7% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached 43.5%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In April 2013 MCIT launched today the Egypt's ICT Strategy 2013-2017 which has 4 Strategic Goals: 1)
Supporting the Democratic Transition; 2) Promoting Digital Citizenship and Information Society; 3)
Promoting Sustainable Development; and 4) Strengthening the National Economy. In addition, theDigital Economy 2020, Egypt’s ICT 2020 Strategy was finalized. Its mission is to enable thedevelopment of a knowledge-based society and a strong digital economy relying on equitable andaffordable access to knowledge; digital rights; and the development of a competitive, innovative
national ICT industry.
Moreover, MCIT endeavors to promote the development of the ICT infrastructure and digital
services of government entities, one of its key priorities. Activities on this track aim to enhance theperformance of ministries and other government bodies – and to raise the quality and efficiency ofthe services they provide to the public – by improving the work environment, providing support for
decision-making and finding solutions to issues of concern to the community. These efforts will
boost local markets and raise demand for ICTs.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax,
e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and their URL
Address. All of those services were investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. e-Procurement has the highest score, compare to other online
services. The Egyptian government has made significant developments in termss of G2G services
such as e-tender, geographical networks and ERP systems. In general, the lack of comprehensive
legislative framework for e-Governmente-Government has slowed the development of some eServices such as tax procedures, filling out and submitting official forms, and online tax payments.
There is also a lack of policies and laws and citizens are most unlikely to use e-GovernmenteGovernment services without a guarantee of protection of their privacy.
In terms of complexity level, most of Online Service in Egypt has reached the two ways interaction inwhich user can download and summit application from through the portal. In addition to that, only eProcurement has implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, and Password
Protection for obtaining the services.
For measuring the level of convenience, the third party application result has shown that eProcurement, e-Customs and e-Health are above the average considerably in terms of speed. The
third party application for assessing the portal is the application from Google named Google
PageSpeed™ Insight on https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that,
all clickable objects on the portal work as they should do.

69
Table 6 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://etenders.gov.eg/en/index.php
http://www.incometax.gov.eg/
http://www.customs.gov.eg/
http://mhealth.cu.edu.eg/
https://www.egypt.gov.eg/English/Home.aspx

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
Egyptian e-Governmente-Government portal “www.egypt.gov.eg” was inaugurated in January 2004as Egypt’s information portal. Through the national portal, e-contents industry encompasses thecreation, design, management and distribution of digital products and services and the technologies
that underpin these activities. E-Government portal demonstrates well-structured navigation andinterface features. In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that thewebsite performance is below average both from PC and from Mobile Device. However, the portal
provides interactive features such as blog and polls. There is also a Live Support chatting feature forassistance. Besides national language of Arabic, much of the portal is available in English.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Regarding the CIO concept, the Egyptian public administration at the national and local levels does
not appoint clear CIOs or equally influential positions within its legal framework. Nevertheless, it isobserved that there is increasing concern on positioning of CIO equivalent executives withadministrative body.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Egypt’s e-Governmente-Government initiatives pursue capacity-building and market maturity alongwith essential public-private partnerships. MCIT has implemented a number of programs with thechief aim of providing benefits to users, promoting computer literacy, and encouraging increased
use of ICT by the public. In terms of assessment aspects of e-Government, the Egyptian Cabinet’s
Information and Decision Support Center (IDSC) stands as one of the distinguished Think Tanks in
Egypt, particularly for the Cabinet. IDSC strives to enhance relations with different ministries andgovernment authorities, and to open communication channels with the public to measure thesociety’s attitudes towards national issues. IDSC also works on disseminating data and information,
focusing on electronic dissemination.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
In general, Egyptian government web sites demonstrate interactive functionality and good design,
however in termss of participatory decision making processes or public discussions, national portal
and other government web sites at national and local levels offer very limited public engagement. In
the national portal and other government websites, users can follow and receive information
through SNS such as Facebook and Twitter. Government leaders are also using ICT applications for
management and operations.

70
4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]Some Egyptian government entities share information when available, as also foreseen in the ad hoc
legislation. However, there are still important challenges concerning the level of interoperability ofthe databases and the varying quality of data available. There is no evidence about the Egyptian
government’s efforts on developing open government or open data.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The Egyptian Computer Emergency Response Team (EG-CERT), established by the National
Telecommunication Regulatory Authority in April 2009, provides 24-hour support to protect criticalinformation infrastructure. In 2012, EG-CERT provided support to entities across the ICT, banking andgovernment sectors, helping them tackle cybersecurity threats including denial of service attacks.
Moreover, in the National ICT Strategy 2012 – 2017, the cyber security draft law has been mentioned
as a document which “represents the biggest response possible to the requirements of civil society,taking into consideration national security dimensions, and corresponding with the most recent
legislation of its kind in the world”.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies to evaluate this indicator. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Egypt has a strategy plan for cloudcomputing for the public sector according to Egypt’s ICT 2020 Strategy. The Egyptian Government
Cloud (EG-Cloud) Strategy seeks to improve the efficiency and performance of the government.
MCIT has signed MOU with Telecom Egypt to provide cloud computing application services toprivate and public sector organizations in Egypt. However, the evidence shows that it is not officiallylaunched. Other emerging technologies for government agencies are still nullity in Egypt.

5 Some Highlights
Egypt has the impressive point on Management Optimization, National Portal, and Online Service.
MCIT endeavors to promote the development of the ICT infrastructure and digital services ofgovernment entities, one of its key priorities. The project of e-Government is being executed by
MCIT in cooperation with the MSAD, and will involve all the Egyptian Ministries and Government
bodies. In addition, The Government of Egypt has also established several e-health programs to bringbetter diagnostic and health services to a wider segment of Egyptian society. The Ministry of Health& Population in cooperation with the MSAD and the Egyptian Government Portal provide theDoctors’ Residency Enrollment service through WAP on mobile phones on “mhealthmob.cu.edu.eg”
where you can enter 20 choices instead of 300 and complete registration in 2 steps instead of 3.
Appointments with doctors, dentists, physiotherapists, pharmacists and nurses are available throughthe mobile phone.
On the other hand, Egypt still has Government CIO as the weakness and has low score with Open
Government Data and Cybersecurity. Regarding the CIO concept, the Egyptian public administration
at the national and local levels does not appoint clear CIOs or equally influential positions within its
legal framework. Nevertheless, there is no evidence to show about Government CIO on Egypt’s ICTStrategy 2020 too. Egyptian Open Data initiative was started, with government data is open to use
and reuse to a limited extent only. However it is not clean with strategy.

71
In the opposite, Egypt has the high score with the use of emerging technology event if it is the new
indicator for this year survey. Since 2011, MCIT has been considering the Cloud Computing model,
decision was crated Egyptian Government Cloud (EG-Cloud) strategy that is one of Basic
Infrastructure pillar of the Digital Economy 2020, with the vision to accelerate the government
adoption of the cloud computing for superior performance, productivity and service delivery.

72

Estonia
1 General Information
Area: 45,228 km2
Population: 1,265,420
Government Type: Parliamentary Republic
GDP: $28,700
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

European Countries

Among OECD Countries, all indicators except the use of Emerging Technologies for government are
above the average score of OECD members. The Management Optimization (MO) indicator for
Estonia received a better score than that of United States, the best country in the global ranking andalso in OECD.
Amongst European countries, Estonia is placed below Denmark. However, the e-Participation and
Government CIO of Estonia are better than those of Denmark, the best country in Europe region.

3 E-Government Development

73
e-Government in Estonia has reached the connected stage. Since 2000, Estonia has implemented XRoad as the core of government information system integration. Using X-Road, public and private
sector agencies can share their information,
thus, enabling them to offer e-Services
without redundancy. E-Tax system in
Estonia is one of the online services utilize
the presence of X-Road. Estonians enjoy
the simple procedure for filling tax reportin which they simply click four to six button
for completing the procedure. It is notnecessary to input the similar data timeover time because the data is already there.
Hence, everything is prefilled. Unlesssomething is wrong, they do not need to fillanything.
To expose the position of Estonia to
become a world-class public e-Service,
Source: Estonian Information System Authority
Estonia joined with the United Kingdom,
https://www.ria.ee/public/publikatsioonid/xSouth Korea, Israel, and New Zealand toestablish a Digital 5 (D5) Cooperation. The first D5 Meeting was held in London in December 2014.
Tallin hosted the second summit in November 2015.
Strong commitment to ICT is inherent in the part of the prime minister and senior government
officers. Prime Minister chaired E-Estonia Council, which lead the making and execution of national
digital agenda in the country.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 84.2% of people in Estonia were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring
the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 27.4%
have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached 117.2%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In early 2014, Estonia has launched the Digital Agenda 2020. The ultimate goal of this agenda is not
merely an ICT use in daily life and business. The current plan emphasizes the improving economic
competitiveness, the well-being of people and the efficiency of public administration. Some priorities
have been set on the agenda such as completing the next generation broadband network,
generating greater control over personal data, and utilizing data analytics in public sectors.
In all, Estonia has fully achieved the maximum score in Management Optimization domain.
Contribution from operationalization of X-Road is very significant in this area.

74
4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax,
e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-One-Stop Service and eHealth have the lowest score, compare to other three online services.
In terms of complexity level, most of Online Service in Estonia has reached a transactional in whichuser can start the transaction from applying to receiving the service through the portal. In addition
to that, all Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, andPassword Protection for obtaining the services.
For measuring the level of convenience, the third party application result has shown that threeportals are above the average considerably in terms of speed. The other two portals, i.e., e-Healthand One-Stop Service are slightly above the average. The third party application for assessing theportal is the application from Google named Google PageSpeed™ Insight on
https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that, all clickable objects on
the portal work as they should do.
Table 7 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop
Service

URL
https://riigihanked.riik.ee
http://www.emta.ee
http://www.emta.ee
https://www.eesti.ee/eng/teemad/kodanik/riigiportaali_abi
https://www.eesti.ee

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Estonia (http://estonia.eu) contains proper information for local
citizens and foreigners. Information about Estonia is available on the portal. People can findinformation about culture and heritage, demographic, and government. In technical aspect, theresult of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is above average bothfrom PC and from Mobile Device. However, the portal does not provide the user with somefunctionalities such as searching, site map, and an inquiry form.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Estonia government has clearly defined the need of ICT leadership on e-Government. The Digital
Agenda 2020 stated the role, the mandate, and the position of CIO in central and local authority. The
agenda also mentioned the need to establish GCIO Network among them. In addition to that, toprovide a formal education that focused on CIO Competency, Tallin University has opened CIO
program as one of Master Degree program.

75
4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]The Digital Agenda 2020 covers all aspects of developing ICT in government. Not only the technicalside but also managerial and awareness is mentioned on the document. The programs, initiatives,and funding for increasing the awareness on Digital Government have taken place. Some efforts
regarding e-Government Promotion has been found during this research. E-Governance Academy
has several awareness programs about utilizing ICT in Public Sector. As part of European Union (EU),
Estonia gets some support from EU under the scheme ““Raising Public Awareness about theInformation Society”.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Culture and society in Estonia have been created as a high-tech society. These factors have driven
Estonia to the next horizon of e-Government. Citizens and government can take the benefit of ICT intheir daily life. For instance, parliament member has their website and provides the citizens with thealternative channel to communicate. The presence of e-participation portal (osale.ee) contributes tothe high achievement of Estonia in this indicator.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In 2000, Estonia launched Public Information Act 2000 to participate in the Freedom of Information
Act movement around the world. To strengthen the implementation of these act, Estonia hasestablished Open Data Portal (http://pub.stat.ee) to provide public with government information. To
keep the information up-to-date, Estonian government uses Data submission procedure througheSTAT system.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Estonia has ratified several laws related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

State Secrets and Classified Information of Foreign States Act
Public Information Act
Personal Data Protection Act 2003
Database Act 1997
Information Society Act

In addition to these laws, Estonia has strengthened organization capacity for cybercrimecountermeasure by setting up CERT-Estonia and give a mandate to Information System Authority(RIA) to exercise supervision over the continuous application of security measures in regards to theinformation systems used for the provision of vital services. Moreover, Estonian government
decided to change the encryption method for Digital Identity code from RSA 1024bit to Ecliptic Curve
Cryptography.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Estonia has attempted to
implement Cloud Computing for Public Sector. However, the evidence shows that it is not officiallylaunched. Other emerging technologies for government agencies are still nullity in Estonia.

76

5 Some Highlights
The operationalization of X-Road has brought the Management Optimization as the best indicators
for Estonia. X-Road enables secure Internetbased data exchange between the state’s
information systems. Not only state’s
information system but also private sector
can take the benefits of X-Road. In addition
to that, citizen uses X-Road seamlessly byusing Citizen ID, due to the fact thatinteraction with government is considerably
simple through Online Participation Portal. As
a result, the e-Participation indicator for
Estonia places the second best performer.
The situation is similar to Online Service
indicator that sets the third best performer.
Estonia Online Participation at http://www.osale.ee

Despite the excellent score on these three
best indicators, Estonia still has weakness on
utilizing the emerging ICT. Emerging ICT is the new indicator in the year 2106 ranking. Also, this newtechnology; Cloud Computing, Big Data, and IoT are still the new toy for government due to theirconcerns about security. Since many countries are still attempting to take the optimum benefit ofemerging ICT, there are many rooms for improvement in this domain.

77

Fiji
1 General Information
Area: 18,274 sq km
Population: 909,389
Government Type: Parliamentary republic
GDP: $8,800
Historical Ranking (2006-20016)

2 Positioning in a region
Oceania Countries.

78

3 E-Government Development
The e-Government program is the single most massive ICT project for the Fiji Government. With theFiji government facing the challenge of using technologies to fundamentally transform government
service delivery with a vision to provide citizen-centered and integrated. The following critical
success factors or e-Government strategic thrusts are needed to achieve the national objectives: (i)Implement financially sustainable service delivery models; (ii) Reinvent services delivery model toprovide citizen-centric outcomes; (iii) Enhance operational efficiencies within and across government
agencies; and (iv) Enhance ICT skills competency of government employees at all levels.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 42% of people in Fiji were Internet users in 2015 and there is 54% have wirelessbroadband subscriptions, but only 1% of the population has a wired broadband connection. Fiji isisland nation, so it is difficult in the deployment of ICT infrastructure to serve the development of eGovernment.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]One of ITC Service’s strategic priorities is to transform or re-engineer government services across all
government agencies through the realization of the e-Government strategy. This holistic strategy
adopts the three legged stool approach, focusing on People, Processes and Technology. In
collaboration with other Government agencies, cooperate sectors, NGOs and other stakeholders, ITC
Services will develop, promote, coordinate and support strategies that foster service excellence
through the utilization of e-Government Application tools.

4.3 Online Service [OS]E-Services online provides Government Services over the Internet. There are 3 Clusters in which theGovernment will provide services. These are: (i) G2G Cluster, This cluster focus on the exchanging ofdata between Government Ministries and Departments where necessary. These services are only
available to government officers; (ii) G2B cluster: This cluster focus on providing Online Services toInvestors and business that need approval from the concerned Government authorities. These
services require free business user registrations and login; (iii) G2C cluster: This cluster focus onproviding Government Services online to the Fiji Citizen. Where by citizen will be able to access andextract the required information from the Government Departments. Also citizen will be able tosubmit applications online to relevant authorities should the services is available online. These
services require free citizen user registrations and login.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
www.fiji.gov.fj is one of national portal. This portal together with one other government portal,
egov.gov.fj, so called the citizen portal, collectively makes up the Fiji Government Online (FGOL)
presence. The national portal demonstrates a consistent page layout and navigation with English as
the main language used. There is also an option for users to easily increase the sizes of the letters or
decrease them which very convenient for those with bad eyesight. There is a clear lack of citizens`

79
participation mechanisms such as blogs, polls and forums but citizens can access and follow theGovernment activities though Facebook through a link on the national portal services.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The Minister of Information was appointed to the position of CIO. Fiji National ICT Governance
Structure comprises of a CIO Council which reports directly to the e-Government Steering Committeeon all e-Government matters and is responsible for implementing the e-Government Master Plan at
the agency level. However, there are further requirements to penetrate CIO concept withingovernment.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]In Fiji, there are some private companies, which provide a holistic range of IT and communications
engineering solutions to support our customers’ business goals throughout their technology lifecycle.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
In order for e-participation to develop there needs to be more improvements and efforts placed on
infrastructure and capacity building. Fijian Government national portal still lacks features to confirm
engagement of citizens in the decision making process.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Official Fiji Government website with information about departments, ministries, news briefs, andpress releases, this portal is gateway to share information on e-health, e-tender system but nothing
found on open government data.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The increased availability and use of computers in Fiji has led to a corresponding growth ininternational data transmission requirements. The cyber environment in Fiji includes licensed
operators, telecoms, as well as the ISPs, TAF, Commerce Commission, and other organizations and islinked to an Internet ecosystem. One of the challenges in Fiji is that there is not sufficient awarenessamongst stakeholders within the cyber-environment of the stakeholders within the Internet
ecosystem and how each relates to each other.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
There is no emerging ICT in Fiji

5 Some Highlights
In Fiji, the e-Government program involves three (3) main streams: Public Contact Center (PCC),
Government Information Infrastructure (GII) and E-Applications. These 3 streams addresses the tasksof handling inquiries or complaints from the public, connection of government offices to the
network and managing and developing various government online applications for the eGovernmente-Government SharePoint Framework respectively.

80
E-Services Fiji is one stop portal providing services to be delivered online on a real time basis to users
be it citizens, visitors to Fiji, individuals / companies local or foreign setting up businesses in Fiji or
Government department employees providing various services and performing various back office
functions.
The users, based on the access rights granted, will have access to various services from a single
services platform that are required to perform various activities in the day to day life of the user.

81

Finland
1 General Information
Area: 338,145 km2
Population: 5,476,922
Government Type: republic
GDP: $41,200
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

EUROPEAN Countries

Among OECD countries, Finland scores lower than the average in National Portal, Government CIO,
E-Government Promotion and E-Participation. Similar result was observed in the comparison Finlandwith other countries in European when Finland has surpassed the region’s average in most of
indicators except these aforementioned ones.

3 E-Government Development
Finland has one of the highest broadband penetration rates in Europe. Finland is also one of the early
adopters of e-Governmente-Government initiatives within the OECD, and has achieved impressive
results based on international comparisons. (OECD, 2010). In Finland, in responsible for eGovernmente-Government, information society portfolio and participation policy are collaborated

82
across three ministries – the Ministry of Transport and Communications; the Ministry of Finance andthe Ministry of Justice. The Ministry of Finance has central policymaking responsibilities for public
administration reform and development of general ICT and e-Governmente-Government strategies.
Within these responsibilities, Public Sector ICT dep., as part of the Ministry, is leading the overall eGovernmente-Government development, e.g. by promoting cooperation between central and local
government on common information management, formulating common functional and technicalsolutions and methods, and developing information and data security in public administration.
In order to maximize the cooperation among government bodies, Finland established the UbiquitousInformation Society Advisory Board which involved of representatives from major ministries,
agencies, business and academicians and headed by the Minister of Transport and Communication.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
There are more than 90% of people in Finland were Internet users in 2014, according to the
Measuring the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
Among them, only 32.3% have a fixed-broadband connection while the portion of the total
population has a wireless subscription is 138%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]
top

May

the
Figure 3: The Public Administration's Architecture. Source:
http://vm.fi/en/enterprise-architecture-in-practice

Digitalization become thepriorityinFinnishGovernment’s
agenda,markingbytheannouncementoftheGovernment Programme in2015, which specifies thatpublic services should be
developed
primarily as
digital11. In the efforts ofaccelerating
e-Services
provision, Finland adopted
Estonia’s X-Road system,
data exchange layer which
provides a standardized
methodtoexchange
information and data among

public sector organizations and connect different national datasets.
The Ministry of Finance has launched The National Architecture for Digital Services which isconsidered as a compatible infrastructure for facilitating information exchange between
11

https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ckeditor_files/files/eGovernmnent%20in%20Finland%20%20February%202016%20-%2018_00%20-%20v2_00.pdf

83organizations and services. The programme consists of several components such as: “a national dataexchange layer, the shared service views required by citizens, companies and authorities, a newnational e-identification model and national solutions for the administration of roles andauthorizations for organizations and individuals”12.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services:., e-Procurement, eTax, e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its
URL Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity,
Level of Security, and Level of Convenience.
For e-Procurement, due to the highly decentralization in Finland, e-Procurement initiatives were notprovided on a single national platform. Information on public tendering however is provided via
Hilma service (https://www.hankintailmoitukset.fi/fi/). Tax and Customs are the two services
reaching the highest complexity level, with various security mechanisms are fully implemented.
To measure the level of convenience, the Google PageSpeed™ Insight’s result has showed that allservices are operating well at reasonable speed. Proper guidance and customer services were
provided for citizens.
Table 8 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://www.hankintailmoitukset.fi/fi/
http://www.vero.fi/en-US
http://www.tulli.fi/
http://www.kanta.fi
Suomi.fi

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. Finland’s national portal (http://finland.fi/) was designed in the blog style, with articles
being categorized into different topics (culture, life style, politics, and so on). There are different
social networks integrated with the portal. However, this portal does not include the information
about Government, although there is a link to Suomi.fi where government’s services are provided.
Regarding technical aspects, the portal operates well with different browsers and devices, withacceptable loading speed (according to Google Speed Test result).

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Each ministry and government agency has its own chief information officer, although the formal title
and precise job description may vary. There is no law mandating the presence of CIOs in eachministry and government agencies but the CIO position is decided based on each organization’s own
internal process.
12

http://vm.fi/en/national-architecture-for-digital-services

84
The mandate and role of CIOs are currently changing, particularly at the ministerial level. In the past,
they have been responsible for all the ICT technology within their own organization. Nowadays, due
to the fact that infrastructure services (or sector-independent ICT services) are provided by aGovernment ICT Centre Valtori (established in 2014), the operative tasks of CIO are decreasing andthe mandate is becoming more strategic oriented. The most important tasks in this new role
includes designing and managing enterprise architecture, defining ICT strategy and information andcyber security strategy. It should be noted, however, that this changing role of CIOs in government
agencies are still transition process which may take few years.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The Ministry of Finance plays perhaps the most important role in the horizontal co-ordination of eGovernmente-Government. It has a central policy-making function and helps the government totranslate its vision and principles into effective guidelines and related e-Governmente-Government
strategies.
At the national level, the Association of Finnish Local and Regional Authorities (AFLRA) plays a majorrole in representing the interests and perspective of local government partners. The Association of
Finnish Local and Regional Authorities seeks to promote the opportunities of the local government
sector to make efficient use of ICT.
According to the Act on Information Management Governance in Public Administration, major
central government IT projects (projects costing over EUR 5 million) shall be reviewed by the
Ministry of Finance before the investment decision is made. This review process ensures that major
IT projects are compatible with overall enterprise architecture and thus meet state wide
interoperability requirements. Cost-benefit analysis (business case) is also required.
The National Audit Office occasionally scrutinize and reviews selected IT projects. These reviews,
however, are completely up to the NAO that what, when and to what extent it wish review andscrutinize government’s reform programmes (including IT) or single IT projects.
At agency or project level each government agency is responsible of evaluating its own projects.
Ministry of Finance recommends usage of a common evaluation framework for projects costing
more than 1 million euros.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Several initiatives were established to facilitate the interacting between citizens and government.
This enables citizens to participate in various government activities. For example:- Public consultation: lausuntopalvelu.fi;- Questionnaires, polls: otakantaa.fi;- Citizen initiatives: kansalaisaloite.fi
These initiatives are the components of the e-participation environment project 2010-2014, which is apart of the Ministry of Finance’s Action Programme on e-Democracy and e-Services.

85
4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]Regarding Open Government, Finnish Government has cooperated with other Nordic countries suchas Denmark, Sweden and Norway to share their open data strategies and promote for opening up
data.
Led by the Ministry of Finance, the Open data Programme – 17 May 2013 to 30 June 2015 – waseliminating obstacles to the re-use of public data as well as creating the preconditions for open data
within the public administration. The Open data policy for 2015 – 2020 covers the proposals of the
programme for the key goals and actions in the field of open data in the public administration in
Finland.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The Government of Finland released its Cyber Security Strategy as a Government Resolution in 2013 13,
defining vision and the key objectives of the government for protecting society and its vital functions
against cyber threats. Finnish Government took a further step in securing government network byintroducing the Act on the Government security network which came into force early 2015. By doing
this the communication of state administration’s leaderships could be secured in all situation14.
The Ministry of Finance is responsible for the steering and development of the state's information
security. The Security Committee was established on February 2013 with the role to is to assist theGovernment and ministries in matters relating to comprehensive security. There is also an incident
response team called VIRT (Virtual Incident Response Team) which is a governmental network
consists of 50 cyber security professionals, with the duties are to plan and prepare co-operation andresponses to major cyber security incidents encountered by the Finnish Government agencies.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT).
Internet of Things was mentioned in the new Government Programme as a key project to coordinate
the ministries' activities. This will be a joint effort by businesses and the public sectors in order to“create a favorable operating environment for digital services and new business models” 15. An
implementation plan for leveraging big data and for piloting My Data will be drawn up (based on the
Big Data Strategy of the Ministry of Transport and Communications, 8/2014).

13

14

http://www.yhteiskunnanturvallisuus.fi/en/materials

https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ckeditor_files/files/eGovernmnent%20in%20Finland%20%20February%202016%20-%2018_00%20-%20v2_00.pdf
15

http://valtioneuvosto.fi/documents/10616/1986338/Action+plan+for+the+implementation+Strategic+Governme
nt+Programme+EN.pdf

86

5 Some Highlights
In Finland, the new appointed government - Sipilä’s Government – has published its Government
Programme, focusing on overarching reforms with five strategic priorities and 26 key projects.
Among these, digitalization is a cross-cutting theme which is appeared in almost of the key projectsof the Government. These efforts contribute to the increase of Finland’s score on Management
Optimization and Online Services this year.
Being one of the most developed information societies who’s functioning heavily relies on digitalized
networks and services, Finland has already been the target of various types of cyber threats. That
explains why Finland is giving high priority to information security, however until 2013, the firstnational Cyber Security Strategy was published as a Government Resolution.
With an advanced e-Governmente-Government development level, the e-Governmente-Government
promotion activities of Finnish Government are no longer surrounded the matter of citizens’
awareness. Instead, the target is focusing on how to improve users’ experience with government
digital services due to the increase in citizens’ expectation.
More attentions need to be paid to the utilizing of emerging technology such as Internet of things or
big data within government agencies.

87

France1 General Information
Area: 643,801 km2
Population: 66,553,766
Government Type: Republic
GDP: $41,400
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

European Countries

Among OECD Countries, all indicators except GCIO, Cybersecurity (CYB) and the use of Emerging
Technologies for government (EMG) indicators are above or same with the average score of OECDmembers. Amongst European countries, France is placed below Denmark. However, the eParticipation (EPAR) indicator of France is better than those of Denmark, the best country in Europe
region.

88

3 E-Government Development
In France, there was a development plan called the “Digital Economy by 2012”. This was France's
national e-Governmente-Government strategy aiming to make France a digital nation by 2012. The
plan was comprised of 150 actions centering on four major priorities 1) access to all digital networks
and services 2) production and supply of digital contents 3) diversification of digital services and 4)
governance modernization of digital economy. And On November 2011, the Minister of Industry,
Energy and the Digital Economy presented the results and prospects of the “Digital France Plan 20122020”, with 57 new priority targets to develop the digital economy by 2020.
The Inter Ministerial Directorate
for Information Systems isbuilding the foundations of the"ETAT PLATEFORME" (State
platform),anarchitecture
supporting the creation of a
new kind of digital public
services. This strategy oftransforming
the
state
information
systempresupposesthattheState platform
administration itself needs tobring together the various data of the user necessary for its purposes, and offers in return almost
ready-to-use services. It deals with services centered on its needs, and not from the organizational
carving of administrative structures. The main principles of the State platform are the opening of API
by large public providers of data, the flow of data between administrations, and the flow control byusers through France Connect. Open up data for exchange between agencies, but give end users
control over how information of a confidential nature is exchanged, such as personal data. Besides
France Connect, the platform will offer other State resources. Including a store to reference theavailable APIs, the type of data that covers and related service contracts. A blacksmith will also be
available to developers to encourage the reuse of software components required for theconstruction services. Finally, the General Repository for Interoperability and Architecture
Framework of the State Platform API will enable developers to rely on the same exchange protocols.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 83.8% of people in Switzerland were Internet users in 2014, according to the
Measuring the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
About 40% have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reach 66.2%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The National e-Government strategy of France “Government as a platform” is led by Prime Minister’s
services on the behalf of the Ministry for State Reform and the Ministry for Digital economy. And on
February 2013, the government presented its Roadmap for the Digital Economy. This strategy

89
revolves around three pillars, which are to 'Provide opportunities for youth', 'Reinforce
competiveness', and 'Promote our values in society'.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services:., e-Procurement, eTax, e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its
URL Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity,
Level of Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-Procurement, e-Tax,
e-Customs and One-Stop Service are the best performer among five online services. Furthermore,
there are various fully transactional e-Services provided in France. Users can file taxes, search forjobs, apply for social benefits, register vehicles, request certificates, and access many other services
by searching as category.
In terms of complexity level, all online services have reach interaction level where the citizen canobtain the service without necessarily visit to the government office. Initial stage of interaction withgovernment through the portal. In addition to that, all Online Service have implemented security
measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, and Password Protection for obtaining the services.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that all five online
service portals are above the average considerably in terms of speed. E-Procurement and e-Health(personal medical account - ‘dossier médical personnel’: DMP) are the only portal that scored about
the same with average. The third party application for assessing the portal is the application from
Googlenamed
GooglePageSpeed™
Insightonhttps://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.
Table 9 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://www.marches-publics.gouv.fr/
http://www.impots.gouv.fr/
https://pro.douane.gouv.fr/
https://mondmp1.dmp.gouv.fr/login
https://www.service-public.fr/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of France “https://www.service-public.fr/” contains proper information
for citizens. Information about France is available on the portal, and there is other government
portal “http://www.gouvernement.fr/” that provide many government information and service. In
technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance iswell on PC but it is about average on from Mobile Device. However, from the user experience aspect,
this website is tremendous.

90
4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There are also other established organizations responsible for e-Governmente-Government
policy/strategy development and coordination: The Council for the Modernization of Public Policies(CMPP) and the Directorate-General for State Modernization (DGME). The members of the council
and the directorates carry out e-Governmente-Government responsibilities in an intermsinisterial/departmental setting.
Henri Verdier, the Head of the Interdepartmental Agency for Digital Projects and Information Systemof the Government (Direction in termsinistérielle du numérique et du système d’information et decommunication de l’Etat, DINSIC) - is at the same time GCIO, Governement Chief Digital Officer and
Government Chief Data Officer. He is in charge of the Information System of the Government andthe chairman of the interdepartmental committee of ministries’ permanent secretaries anddepartmental GCIOs.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
France is committed to making the country a major digital power through e-GovernmenteGovernment promotion. Various mechanisms are being strengthened to boost development such as
laws and legislation, plans and strategies, public and private collaborations, and transforming toelectronic administration.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The official French website for e-participation is “http://www.gouvernement.fr/”. This e-participation
promotes French citizens to get online and ‘e-democracy’ is aimed at involving the citizen andhearing their voices in major areas of democratic governance. And it can follow the government
action which the progress and any related to its. Political and ideological debates are opened online
to the citizens, which serve as a dialogue avenue with political officials. More ever there are havepersonal information and contract for each parliament member that citizen can write an opinion,
and also see more information about public meeting for each parliament activity.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]France has released the beta version of its open government data website, “http://data.gouv.fr/”.
Following the wave of open government data portals around the world and the Commission’s Open
Data Strategy the French open data portal data.gouv.fr is one step towards a new governance model
which aims to be more open, participative and Internet-driven. France became the first country to
appoint a national Chief Data Officer (Administrateur général des données - AGD).

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
To meet the growing challenges posed by cyber-attacks and in light of the recommendations madein the White Paper on Defense and National Security, the French Network and Information Security
Agency (ANSSI) was set up in July 2009. ANSSI is an interdepartmental agency operating under theauthority of the Prime Minister. And On Friday 16 October the Prime Minister outlined the French
National Digital Security Strategy, designed to support the digital transition in French society.
As part of the reinforcement of cyber defense capabilities at the Ministry of Defense, the post of
Cyber Defense General Officer was created in 2011, with responsibility for coordinating the Ministry’s

91cyber defense activities and acting as the main interface in the event of a cyber-crisis. The Ministry ofForeign Affairs ensures the consistency of French positions on cyber security within the various
international organizations and supports the development of international collaboration to address
this issue.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Government of France
issued the “Guide to Cloud Computing” that guide government use the Cloud Computing that is oneof enterprise architecture of e-Government. For example; Interdepartmental Agency for Digital
Projects and Information System of the Government (DINSIC) and Interdepartmental Purchasing
Department (DAE) purchase cloud computing solutions for all departments. And Etalab team (part of
DINSIC) have been employing data scientists for 2 years to develop predictive analytics use cases ofbig data.

5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the E-Participation, Management Optimization, Open
Government Data and Online service are the best among other indicators in e-Government France.
And also National Portal score is high, with “http://legifrance.gouv.fr/” and “http://vie-publique.fr/”
gives citizens to legal texts and knowledge about the public policies. France’s national portal,
gouvernement.fr, provides a gateway for users to access government information easily. The portal
is divided into four main pages with the main page, Prime Minister page, government page and news
page. The national portal of France also provides the online forms and services and connection tomon.servicespublic.fr. The portal also provides several media contents including videos, audios andphoto galleries. There is also help functions to guide users’ browsing experience. The portal also
indicates the current location of the pages to help user identify their current location. The main aimof the portal is to simplify routine relation between government and citizens.
The weak point in France is about Government CIO and the use of emerging ICT. On 24th September
2015, the nomination of Henri Verdier for the new CIO of French was officially announced, he is at thesame time GCIO, Government Chief Digital Officer and Government Chief Data Officer. And the use of
Cloud Computing on government should be increase after “Guide to Cloud Computing” wasprogress.

92

Georgia
1 General Information
Area: 69,700 sq km
Population: 4,931,226
Government Type: Semi-presidential republic
GDP: $9,500
Historical Ranking (2006-20016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Europe Countries

93

3 E-Government Development
During the processes of evaluation, Most of e-Governmente-Government services such as: E-tender,
Social Security Services, Civil Registration Services, Consular Services and Labor Related Services areprovided at static websites available. E-payment and e-voting services are not available yet. E-healthis being actively promoted by the Georgian Telemedicine Union, whose activities include telepathology, education, and development of policy for particular scenarios, such as e-consultations forconflict regions. It also developed a proposal for the creation of an e-health national network in
Georgia.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]Internet users in Georgia is around 2 million users as of early 2016. The penetration is about 52.9%. By
early 2015 mobile penetration in Georgia had approached 128%, subscriber penetration having
increased tenfold over the previous nine years.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The newest document “A Digital Georgia: e-Georgia strategy and action plan 2014-2018” defines thepath leading to a modern Georgia and provides a comprehensive framework for societal changes
enabled by ICT. It focuses on those potential fields, where the public sector is able to takemeasurements and to set frameworks to exploit the full potential of ICT. The eGeorgia strategy is,however, not limited to the activities covered under the term e-Government.
The vision for the e-Georgia strategy reflects this wider scope and is defined as “Georgia will becomea more efficient and effective public sector offering integrated, secure, and high quality e-Services.
Improved usage and participation enable ICT-driven sustainable economic growth.”

4.3 Online Service [OS]
There has been very little progress in Georgia regarding the provision of e-Governmente-Government
services. Most of e-Governmente-Government services such as: E-tender, Social Security Services,
Civil Registration Services, Consular Services and Labor Related Services are provided at static
websites available. E-payment and e-voting services are not available yet. E-health is being actively
promoted by the Georgian Telemedicine Union, whose activities include tele-pathology, education,and development of policy for particular scenarios, such as e-consultations for conflict regions. It
also developed a proposal for the creation of an e-health national network in Georgia. However, thishas not yet been implemented. This year there is no information change in this indicator

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Georgian national portal http://government.gov.ge/ provides very basic functions for users. The
portal links to all government agencies’ websites. Information provided in the portal seems to betargeting foreign visitors and business who want to know more about the country. The portal isavailable in Georgian official language and English. There is not SNS feature in the National Portal.

94
4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The official CIO position is still absent in the Georgian bureaucracy. Policy development in ICT areas
comes from the Telecommunication and Information Technology Department of the Ministry of
Economic Development. However, the Ministry does not have a published forward-looking strategy
for development across industry.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Georgia is short of legal framework for e-Governmente-Government development. There are no
legislations, strategies, policies or plans regarding e-Governmente-Government. Most eGovernmente-Government projects are sponsored by international organizations

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
E-Participation in Georgia is still limited at offering information to the citizen through government
website. Web 2.0 tools are not yet being used to allow more interaction between government andcitizen. However, citizen can contact with government officials through feedback forms or email
addresses available at some government websites.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]In April 2012, the country’s government presented a relevant Action Plan which is focused on
improving public services, increasing public integrity, managing public resources effectively, andcreating safer communities. The implementation of these commitments is currently coordinatedwithin an NGO forum created under the Ministry of Justice. The Georgian government had no
specific plan to engage civil society and the private sector in the development of OGP commitments.
Georgia’s OGP action plan is structured around four grand challenges: improving public services,increasing public integrity, managing public resources more effectively, and creating safer
communities. The OGP requires countries to undertake at least one grand challenge of its list of five
grand challenges, so by undertaking four Georgia is going beyond this requirement.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The Government of Georgia publishes its Cyber Security Strategy for the first time in 2008, it has
clearly demonstrated that the national security of Georgia cannot be achieved without ensuring
security of its cyberspace. The National Security Concept of Georgia defines cyber security as one ofthe principal directions of its security policy. Georgia aims to set up a system of cyber security thatwill facilitate resilience of cyber infrastructure against cyber threats as well as will represent
additional factor in the economic growth and social development of the country.
Georgia aims to develop a system of information security that is able to minimize harmful effects ofany cyber-attack and allows rapid recovery of information infrastructure to being fully operational in
the aftermath of such attacks.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
There is no emerging of using ICT in Georgia government.

95

5 Some Highlights
A “Georgia Health Management Information System Strategy” was already developed by the
Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs in 2011. The e-Health action plan is a vital part of the eGeorgia strategy.
Through 5 years of evaluation and based on the methodology of Waseda e-Government ranking,Georgian e-Government ranking is decreasing, especially this year. The official CIO position is still
absent in the Georgian bureaucracy. Policy development in ICT areas comes from the
Telecommunication and Information Technology Department of the Ministry of Economic
Development.
There has been very little progress in Georgia regarding the provision of e-Governmente-Government
services. Most of e-Governmente-Government services such as: E-tender, Social Security Services,
Civil Registration Services, Consular Services and Labor Related Services are provided at static
websites available. E-payment and e-voting services are not available yet.
Georgia was among the first group of countries to join the Open Government Partnership (OGP). In
April 2012, the country’s government presented a relevant Action Plan which is focused on improving
public services, increasing public integrity, managing public resources effectively, and creating safer
communities.
Georgia adopts New Cyber Security Strategy that will be the main document defining state policy
and establishing basic guiding principles in cyber security field. It should be mentioned that strategy
considers cyber space protection equally important as inviolability of land, air and maritime
boundaries.

96

Germany
1 General Information
Area: 357,022 km2Population: 80,854,408
Government Type: federal republic
GDP: $47,400
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a region
OECD Countries

EUROPEAN Countries

Among OECD countries, Germany’s Government CIO and Cyber Security are ranked higher than the
global, Europe and OECD’s average scores. Especially for GCIO, Germany secures the top position in
European countries. Meanwhile, the country stands below the world and OECD in termss of utilizing
emerging technologies.

3 E-Government Development
Germany, being a developed country, has significant experience with e-Government and as such hasvery evolved e-Government plans, policies and goals.

97

4 Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 86.2% Germany’s population were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring
the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Amongthem, wired broadband subscribers accounted for around 35.8% while more than 63.6% of total
population have a wireless broadband connection.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Germany Federal Government has approved the Digital Agenda 2014-2017 on August 2014. This
agenda was planned by the joint efforts of by the Federal Ministry of the Interior, the Federal
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy and the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital
Infrastructure. With its Digital Agenda, the Federal Government aims to three targets: to further
exploit the innovative capacity for economic and employment growth; to expand the national
networks and imporve digital literacy for public access and participation; and to enhance IT systems
and services’ security and saferty, thus increase trust among the public and the business sector.
In addition, the Federal Government’s “Digital Administration 2020” programme establishes anoverarching framework for the federal administration of the future, where potential benefits ofdigitalization are utilized to enable the administration reform, targeting to effectiveness,transparency, efficiency, accessibility and responsiveness to the needs of individual citizens andbusinesses.
In terms of government network, the project “Netze des Bundes” was implemented to consolidate across-departmental communication infrastructure with the highest level of security. All existingfederal administration’s networks are planned to be fully migrated to this infrastructure.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service comprises of five sub-dimensions: e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs, eHealth, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL Address. All of
those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of Security, andLevel of Convenience.
In terms of complexity level, almost Online Services in Germany have reach the transactional level inwhich users can totally conduct their businesses via electronic portal. For e-procurement, in line with
the new European procurement law, German Federal Government plans to make electronic
procurement binding for the federal administration by April 2016. 'XVergabe' is a project initiated in2007 to provide a standard interface for data exchange formats and data exchange processes of allelectronic tendering platforms in Germany. Regarding customs, since 2006 the German Federal
Government bring the Electronic Customs Tariff (EZT) system to the Internet, known as "EZT-online".
In addition, users can switch to an alternative solution provided by the European Commission – theIntegrated Tariff of the European Community (TARIC) information system. With both systems, users
can look up the importing/exporting code and customs duties. For healthcare, there is a telemedicine
portal launched by the Federal Ministry of Health as a part of the eHealth initiative which was
initiated in mid-2010. The portal provides a nationwide looking up on more than 200 projects

98
involving telemedicine applications and tele-monitoring in Germany16. In addition, as of December
2015 the “Act on secure digital communication and applications in the health care system” - E-health
Law - came into effect, establishing a framework for utilizing ICT into health care area. From 2018
onwards, patients can choose to have the relevant emergency data stored on their health card.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application Google PageSpeed™ Insight 17 has
showed that all services have a good access speed.
Table 10 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.evergabe-online.de/https://www.elsteronline.de/
http://www.zoll-d.de/
http://telemedizin.fokus.fraunhofer.de/https://www.bund.de/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. deutschland.de is considered as the national gateway of Germany. It presents a wide
range of information resources about different aspects of Germany, from politics to culture.
However, government services were not provided on this portal.
In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website operates wellboth from PC and from Mobile Device. The portal also connects to various Social Networks such as
Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Flickr, plus there is a feature allowing users to receive updates via
mail notification.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Under the new strategy, the future development of federal IT will be in charged by the Chief
Information Officers Council together with the Federal IT Management Group led by the Federal
Government Commissioner for Information Technology.
In 2015, Klaus Vitt, head of IT at Germany’s Federal Employment Agency was appointed by theGerman federal government to become the new IT Commissioner of the federal government. by theGerman federal government.
CIO-equivalent positions were also found in federal states’ agencies18.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]The Federal Ministry of the Interior is in charge of the strategic orientation and development of eGovernmente-Government in Germany. The IT Planning Council is the main body for managing
federal and state IT. The council consists of the Federal Government Commissioner for Information
16

http://www.bmg.bund.de/en/health/the-electronic-health-card/background-material-on-the-e-healthinitiative-of-the-federal-ministry-of-health.html
17https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.
18
http://www.cio.de/a/klaus-vitt-wird-neuer-bundes-cio,3243557

99Technology and the representative of 16 German states. The IT Planning Council has a clear directive:
facilitating mandatory cooperation among federal, state and local governments on IT and eGovernmente-Government, with the target of delivery user-centric electronic public services andcost-effective, efficient and secure IT operations for public administration.
In August 2013, the federal E-Government Act (EGovG)19 was enacted, establishing the regulatory
framework for digitization in the federal administration. The Act mandates the deadlines foradapting electronic access for individuals, businesses and the public administration, which enforces
the federal administration to follow in order to ensure the successful implementation of eGovernmente-Government programs.
Initiative D21 is a nonprofit organization based in Berlin. It represented the largest public-private
partnership in Germany for the Information Society. Two of projects supported by Initiative D21 are
the E-Government Monitor and the Digital Index for Germany which are published annually.

4.7 E-Government Participation [EPAR]
In 2015 there is a pilot project titled “Digital Voluntary Social Service Year” (FSJ-digital) launched togather and summaries best-practice experience about how young people can offer their skills andtalent in managing and applying new media to help non-profit organizations.
No evidence has been found regarding to electronic voting in e-Governmente-Government.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In 2014, the Federal Government issued the National Action Plan to implement the G8 Open Data
Charter20 to define measures for facilitating access to government data. This Action Plan takes into
consideration the results already achieved in previous programs: the Federal Government’s“Transparent and Network-Based Administration” program, the IT Planning Council’s “Promoting
Open Government” program, and the prototype development for the data portal GovData(http://www.govdata.de/).
In line with the national plan, the Federal Government seeks to strengthen the legislation for
publishing government data by amending the Act on Access to Geodata (GeoZG); the E-Government
Act; the Environmental Information Act (for environment information); the Freedom of Information
Act and so on.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The Federal Ministry of the Interior works with the Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) to
provide appropriate IT security. Germany’s Cyber Security Strategy was adopted on 23 February 2011.
This strategy called for establishing the National Cyber Response Centre and the National Cyber
Security Council, among other things.

19

http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/News/e-Government.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/Broschueren/2014/national-action-plan-opendata.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
20

100
Laying a comprehensive legal foundation for cyber security is the target of the German Government.
The Federal Government stated in the digital agenda that it will aim to modernize European dataprotection law in the digital market by adopting the General Data Protection Regulation by 2015 21.
The National Cyber Response Centre will be assigned a greater coordination role in responding tocyber security incidents and improving cooperation between specialized authorities.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). The Federal Government ispursuing to boost up the development and introduction of cloud computing facilities by issuing the
new Cloud Computing Action Programme22.
There is a research project known as THESEUS, aiming to utilize The Internet of Services and theInternet of Things. With this project, the German Federal Government is seeking to utilizing semantic
technologies and the creating new standards for the Internet of Services.

5 Some Highlights
In the attempts to promote for publishing government datasets and information, early 2015, German
Government presented ‘The General Government’s National Action Plan to implement the G8 Open
Data Charter’. By doing this the government put into action one of its pledges to maintain the top
position in Open Government ranking indicator.
Cyber Security is another strong point of Germany. With the presence of a Cyber Security Strategy
alongside a comprehensive, frequently amended legislation framework (Federal Data Protection Act(2003), Digital Signature Act (2001), Electronic Commerce Act (2001), Act on the Federal Office forInformation Security 2009), German Government demonstrates a strong commitment to fight against
cybercrime.
With a relatively low score in the National Portal (https://www.deutschland.de), it is recommended
that the government should put more efforts on providing more information about the country, thegovernment and available services for citizens and businesses.
Although German Government has planned to use cloud computing (ICT strategy of the German
Federal Government 201523) but no evidence of actual usage in Federal Government has been found.
The government should pay a close attention to all challenging aspects such as cloud security andstandards to put cloud computing plan into action.

21

http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/Broschueren/2014/digitalagenda.pdf?__blob=publicationFile22
http://www.bmwi.de/English/Redaktion/Pdf/normungs-und-standardisierungsumfeld-von-cloud-computing
23
https://www.bmwi.de/English/Redaktion/Pdf/ict-strategy-digital-germany2015,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi2012,sprache=en,rwb=true.pdf

101

Hong Kong
1 General Information
Area: 1,108 km2
Population: 7,141,106

Government Type: limited democracy
GDP: $57,000
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Countries

ASIAN Countries

Hong Kong has got decent performance on most of indicators compared with other APEC members
and ASIAN countries. Especially on the indicator of Online Service and Government CIO, HK has
showed their efforts to deliver high quality e-Service and reform on the governmental structure to
implement e-Government strategy.

3 E-Government Development
The 2008 Digital 21 Strategy is the latest document for ICT development in Hong Kong which
has updated regularly to adapt technological advancement and changing needs of the society. The
Office of the Government Chief Information Officer (OGCIO) has been set up to serve as GCIO of
Hong Kong, taking the responsibility to lead ICT strategy implementation and providing measures. As

102
the main goal of strategy is to build a world digital city, OGCIO also actively collaborate withindustries, organizations and academics to seek for the best IT solutions for the whole society.
Recently the government has constructed cloud computing motel energetically and provided
government cloud platform for e-Service. It contains “in-house private cloud” “outsourced private
cloud” and “public cloud” to respond to different needs and functions. Economic advancement is
expected by the HK government with supporting and creating the best IT environment for businessand individuals.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
According to the report of ITU, 74.6% of people in HK were Internet users, about 31.2% have fixedbroadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached104.5%. HK has a wellestablished infrastructure construction and penetration among Asia countries.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Hong Kong’s Digital 21 Strategy is the blueprint for the development of information andcommunications technology (ICT) in Hong Kong. It is updated regularly to take into accounttechnological advancement and changing needs of the society. Two administrative applications havebeen established, one is the e-Payroll & Benefits System established by the HK Treasury via whichusers can make online enquiry on their general payroll, personal, appointment, payment-related andhousing benefit information. The other one is the e-Leave System provided by the Civil Service.
Bureau which is to support leave applications and the associated processing, recording andmonitoring of leave taken by civil servants The Hong Kong Government will also be adopting the
Cloud Computing model to meet rising public demands and community expectations on eGovernmente-Government services and reap the benefits of emerging technologies. To be inaccordance to the general strategy, HKG has launched continuous initiatives in the Policy Address
and Budget such as “Innovation and Technology” in 2016 Policy Address.

4.3 Online Service [OS]HK has got comparatively high score on the indicator of Online Services among Asia area. The eService system also has won several awards especially the one-stop service portal. The Electronic
Transactions Ordinance was enacted in 2000 and updated in 2004. It was the foundation of eapplications, which allowed HKG to develop further e-Services for users. So far, HKG has establishede-Tax, e-Payment, and consular services at the transactional level; e-Tender and civil registration
services at two-way interactions level, while social security and labor related services allow
downloading of documentation. All e-Services in Hong Kong are interactive and doing by two way
transaction or dynamic website.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
As for a national portal, the HKG launched a new portal (http://www.gov.hk) in 2008, which is nolonger in cooperation with a private company but operated solely by the HKG itself. The new portal
provides many kinds of services to not only citizens but also enterprises and foreigners. Generally
speaking, it has an excellent navigation function, and an easy to understand interface. In the portal,

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there are three languages options: English, simplified Chinese, and traditional Chinese. Almost all
web pages and documents can be found in these three language options. However, it is surprising tofind that mobile version and accessible version started this year. Through mobile version people
could read text only versions which can match various screen size. And an accessible version which
provides several tools like non-text content, audio-only, video-only, no keyboard trap，is convenient
for all the people including disables. In addition, HKG organized the Web Accessibility Recognition
Scheme to show appreciation to businesses and organizations that have made their websites
accessible, with an aim to encourage adoption of web accessibility to facilitate access to online
information and services by all segments of the community including persons with disabilities.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The HKG established the OGCIO in 2004. Mr. Daniel Lai has assumed the role of OGCIO from 2012.
And there are two Deputy Government Chief Information Officers (DGCIO) who support OGCIO in
daily work. The DGCIO is responsible for two major areas of responsibilities: Policy & customer
Service, and Consulting & Operations. The main task of OGCIO is to provide leadership for thedevelopment of ICT within and outside the Government. In Hong Kong, while many universities
provide CIO related courses, but there are few CIO related organizations in academia and the private
sector. Headed by the Government Chief Information Officer (GCIO), the OGCIO provides a single
focal point with responsibility for ICT policies, strategies, programmes and measures under Digital 21
Strategy, in addition to providing information technology (IT) services and support within the
Government. OGCIO is playing an important role under the Digital21 Strategy in five action areas:
1.Facilitating a digital economy; 2.Promoting innovation and technology; 3.Developing Hong Kong asa hub for technology and trade; 4.Development of the next generation of e-GovernmenteGovernment services; 5.Fostering a digital inclusive Society.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
OGCIO plays the main role in enabling e-Governmente-Government promotion, such as in producing
video material and pamphlets for example. Moreover, the Digital 21 Strategy Advisory Committee isthe main supporter for the Digital 21 Strategy, while the Commerce and Economic Bureau provides
the budget for e-Governmente-Government implementation and promotion; 4.5 billion HKD in 2008
for example. As for an assessment mechanism, the HKG established an e-Government Steering
Committee to assess the performance of the e-Governmente-Government program.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Hong Kong is highly ranked in termss of the e-Participation indicator. In the Hong Kong national
portal, there are many kinds of online services, not only for citizens, but also for business andforeigners. It is also really easy to navigate and find information in the portal. This also acts as a onestop service center for citizens. The HK portal uses web 2.0 technologies such as RSS, online forums
and blogs to facilitate communication between citizens and Government. In the portal there is also
information about how the Government takes the opinions of citizens in decisions making processes.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
The Code on Access to Information states that the government exists to serve the community wellwithin available resources.78 To this end, it recognizes the need for the community to be well

104
informed about the Government, the services it provides and the basis for policies and decisions that
affect individuals and the community as a whole. This Code defines the scope of information that will
be provided, sets out how the information will be made available either routinely or in response to arequest, and lays down procedures governing its prompt release.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The Hong Kong police launched Cyber Security Center on December 7, 2012, in order to boost Hong
Kong’s Internet security. The center provides round-the-clock services under the bureau’sTechnology Crime Division. The center will strengthen co-ordination between Police, government
departments, and local and overseas stakeholders when major information systems come underattack. Now HK also has Computer Emergency Response Team Coordination Centre (HKCERT) and
Government Computer Emergency Response Team Hong Kong (GovCERT.HK). The latter responds
to cyber security incidents that affect public agencies. On the other hand, the Cyber Security andTechnology Crime Bureau CSTCB) is responsible for handing cyber security issues and technologicalcrime investigations, and so on.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). The evidences show that
HK government has put effort to implement Cloud Computing or Big Data into their public sectors,
such as they create government cloud environment to service the communities and IT industry,
benefiting government themselves as well. The government values the usage of emerging
technologies, to keep its leading position in e-Governmente-Government area among Asia.

5 Some Highlights
Since the HKG has enabled one-stop service portal GOVHK ((http://www.gov.hk), citizens could get
public services and information through the website promptly. The portal site has won several
international awards due to the convenience and enhanced contents, well-designed columns whichhelps citizens to find what they what without complicated introductions. More than that, GOVHK has
upgraded the accessibility for people with special needs. The high score on indicator of “Online
Service” could prove its significant improvement. With the penetration of mobile devices, mobile eGovernmente-Government has shown its importance increasingly. HKG keeps promoted its userfriendly e-Services on smart phones, followed by measures to assist the implementation created by
OGCIO.
On the prospective of ranking, Hong Kong could raise more scores on “E-Government Promotion”“Cyber security” and “The usage of emerging technologies”. Perhaps HK has high rate of usage andawareness of e-Governmente-Government and there is no need to conduct strong promotion,
citizen’s engagement is the fundamental element for e-Governmente-Government itself. In addition
to that, legal framework preparedness for cyber security and emerging technologies is the next taskfor HK e-Governmente-Government, if its objective is to maintain the first-class IT area in Asia, evenaround the world.

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Iceland
1 General Information
Area: 103,000 km2
Population: 331,918
Government Type: Parliamentary Republic
GDP: $46,600
Historical Ranking (2006-2016):

2 Positioning in a region
OECD Countries

Europe3 E-Government Development
The Republic of Iceland’s economy was devastated by the 2008 economic crisis, but it has since had abetter-than-average recovery. Similarly, it suffered from a recent political scandal involving its newprime minister. Nevertheless, it has made great strides in the past few years to improve its eGovernmente-Government services and infrastructure, and it has become one of the top-performers
in Europe by many measures. The government has also been using tools like social media ininnovative ways. In 2012, for example, the government created accounts on social media sites like
Facebook or Twitter to solicit feedback for the world’s first ‘crowdsourced’ constitution. While theconstitution was never formally adopted, this effort represented Iceland’s approach to engaging its
citizens and utilizing new platforms in unique ways. The Icelandic government will need to redouble

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its efforts if it wishes to reach its goal of becoming a top-ten e-Governmente-Government and eparticipation country by 2020.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Iceland’s development and implementation of ICT services and infrastructure is among the mostadvanced in the world. It has been ranked fourth in the world for ICT Development by theInternational Telecommunication Union (ITU) for the past three years. With a usage rate of 96.5%,
Icelandic citizens are more likely to use the Internet than the citizens of any other country. 35.1% of
citizens had wired broadband subscriptions in 2013, and 74.7% had wireless broadband access,placing the country within the top five for this metric.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Iceland’s current e-Governmente-Government development strategy is a critical component of the
Iceland 2020 initiative, and it is based in large part on the previous Icelandic Government Policy on
Information Society 2008-2012. The goal of this initiative is to place Iceland within the top ten
countries in the United Nation’s e-Government Development Index (it ranked 19th in 2014).

4.3 Online Service [OS]Icelandic citizens have had the option of submitting their annual income tax declarations
electronically since 1999. Citizens can also calculate their future pension payments, and accesspersonalized accounts pertaining to social security, and health insurance benefits at the portal
www.tr.is. Citizens can also apply for unemployment benefits, passports, driver’s licenses, and otherdocuments entirely online. Businesses also have a wealth of online services available to them,including various tax and employee contribution declarations, customs’ declarations, andprocurement services. Many of these e-Services can be completed entirely online. Others provide
forms and information on how to complete the process.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
Iceland’s national portal is located at www.island.is. From this portal, citizens can receive news andinformation, access a wide array of e-Services, sign or post petitions, access public data, find local
government websites, and more. The site is available in both Icelandic and English (though theEnglish version is limited). From this portal, citizens can sign up or login to My Pages, which allows
citizens and business to “easily find personalized information from public sources.” The portal has asimple front-end user interface, but provides an array of information, forms and services.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
While Iceland does not have a specific CIO position, the Ministry of the Interior is responsible for eGovernmente-Government development. Ólöf Nordal began serving as the Minister of the Interior
on December 4th, 2014, so she currently has oversight over the development of ICT infrastructure and
e-Services.

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4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The government of Iceland has laid out several important goals and policies to promote the use anddevelopment of e-Governmente-Government. Some key goals are to become an ‘e-Nation’ thatoffers one-stop online service for all citizens and businesses. They also plan to increase efficiency
and eventually become a world leader in e-Governmente-Government.
Iceland also has a deep legal framework on e-Governmente-Government and open information
issues, especially since the 2012 passage of its new Information Act, which outlined the public’s rightto governmental data and the government’s responsibility to provide it in a timely manner. Icelandalso has laws in place regarding digital privacy, e-commerce, and e-procurement.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Iceland has improved markedly in this category over the past few years, moving from 135 th in 2010 to65th in 2014 in the United Nations’ E-Participation Index Ranking. The Iceland 2020 Initiative aims toplace within the top ten by 2020 in this ranking. The Icelandic government continues to promote useof its e-Services to increase efficiency and reduce costs. As of April 2014, “over 90 % of Iceland’s
individual taxpayers file electronically.”

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]Accessible directly from its main government portal, Iceland’s open government database(http://www.opingogn.is/) provides data collections and packages from several government
ministries and offices. Geographic, economic, and statistical data packages are publicly available
through this portal, with more data sets added on a regular basis.

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Iceland’s Skilriki service (http://skilriki.is/) allows citizens and businesses to create personalized
electronic certificates to provide secure authentication and signatures. Authentication can be set up
to use a card, or a mobile phone for validation. Citizens and businesses can also apply for an
IceKey—a password directly linked to the official identification number of an Icelandic citizen or legal
entity—which adds an additional layer of security to online transactions.

5 Some Highlights
Iceland’s government portal, www.government.is, provides information, news, and resources,
including links to each ministry. Visitors from around the world can access information about how
the government is structured, biographies and contact information for various officials, and past
publication from each office and ministry.
There is also a separate portal for foreigners, http://www.iceland.is/. This portal is presented in
English, and contains information about travel and tourism in Iceland, investment opportunities, artsand culture, and the latest news and events.

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India
1 General Information
Area: 3,287,263 km2
Population: 1,251,695,584
Government Type: Federal Republic
GDP: $6,300
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Asian Countries

Among Asian Countries, India has a better score than the average score of Asian countries in Open
Government Data, The use of Emerging ICT, and National Portal. As shown on the above picture,
India is very low on the basic infrastructure. However, despite the lack basic infrastructure, India has
been trying to take the benefit of emerging ICT such as Cloud Computing, Big Data, and IoT. In
addition to that, Open Data is one of attractive program in India to respond the demand of moredata for empowering the society.

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3 E-Government Development
Government of India has acknowledged that expanding the telecommunication infrastructure needs
a huge investment and demands some business
opportunities that is very difficult to achieve. Digital
divide is still wide in India. Classical problem about
the gap in North-and-South and West-and-East is still
coexist.
Instead of focusing mainly on thetelecommunication
infrastructure,
India
government focusing on improving the governanceusing ICT; e-governance.

Figure 4 State Data Center, DeITy.

e-Government in India has been steadily improved
with clear direction. India government follow thebest practices from advanced countries such as
United States and United Kingdom for developing
ICT Solution. Supporting by huge amount of IT
Professional, India does never have issues on thelack of human resources on ICT.

Furthermore, business enterprises in India highly supported government vision on bringing thebenefits of IT revolution to the masses. Government of India defined their e-vision as follow.
“To make India a global information technology superpower and to strive to make Indian software
industry one of the largest exporters of software in the world”.
India has launched so many e-Governmente-Government projects all over the country. The projects
are mainly focused on delivering government services better to the citizen. Following is the list of eGovernmente-Government project in India.
e-Government Projects at central and local government in India
1. Gyandoot (Madhya Pradesh)
2. Twin cities network services (Hyderabad and Andhra Pradesh)
3. Electronic Land Record Systems (Karnataka, Punjab, and Andhra Pradesh)
4. Automated Milk Collection (AMC) System (Gujarat)

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 18% of people in India were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 1.2% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reach 5.5%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In early 2010, India has launched Digital India Program, a flagship program of the Government ofIndia with a vision to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.
The program required all government institutions to leverage their ICT capacity. This program also

110adopts Public Private Partnership approach for supporting the successful of Digital India. The
program has identified priority areas; Digital Infrastructure, Governance and Service on Demand, andDigital Empowerment. These areas were cascaded into specific actions and measurable targets.
India choses centralization for e-Government initiatives. As part of centralizing e-Government
initiatives, India developed State Data Center. Furthermore, India has set an e-governanceinfrastructure to ensure the alignment among e-Governmente-Government projects with national
strategy. To increase interoperability, India prepared a Government Application Program Interface(API).

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services:., e-Procurement, eTax, e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its
URL Address. All of those services were investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity,
Level of Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e- Health is the only
Online Service in India that cannot be investigated during the period of survey.
In terms of complexity level, all of Online Service in India have passed an initial stage in which user
can download the document requirement and still need a physical interaction with government
officers. In addition to that, all Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site
Authentication, and Password Protection for obtaining the services. Since the e-Customs is still in aone-way interaction, such security measures are not found in it.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that three portals
are above the average considerably in terms of speed. All online service in India have scored above
average, thus, considerably fast to access. The third party application for assessing the portal is theapplicationfrom
Googlenamed
GooglePageSpeed™
Insightonhttps://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that, all clickable objects on
the portal work as they should do.
Table 11 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://eprocure.gov.in
http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in
https://www.icegate.gov.in/
N/A
http://india.gov.in/services/online-Services

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of India (https://india.gov.in/) contains proper information for local
citizens and foreigners. Information about India is available on the portal. User can find information
about culture and heritage, demographic, and government. In technical aspect, the result of Google
PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is above average both from PC and from
Mobile Device.

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4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
India government established the Department of Electronic and Information Technology under
Ministry of Communication and Information India (DEITY). DEITY take a significant role for providing
a sponsorship and leadership on e-Government in India. DEITY is considered as a GCIO for nationwide. The role of head of DEITY is similar to the role of a CIO. To support the development programof CIO, there is a CIO Academy offered by Srini Raju Centre for IT & Networked Economy (SRITNE)
and the Centre for Executive Education at the Indian School of Business (ISB) in partnership with the
CIO Association of India.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
One program in Digital India is to create awareness about e-Governance services and service delivery
points. There are numerous activities to introduce e-Government services from government tocitizens. These activities were hosted by DEITY under National e-Government Plan (NEGP). In
addition to that, to ensure the fairness and sustainability of e-Governmente-Government projects,
India government used a third party audit do so.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Culture and society in India has long been recognized as a high tech society. Government officers cantake the benefit of ICT for supporting their role. For instance, parliament member has their own
website and provide the citizens with the channel to communicate. However, the absence of eparticipation portal for gaining citizen’s expression reduce the quality of e-Participation in India so far.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In 2001, India has launched Freedom of Information Act to participate in the Freedom of Information
Act movement around the world. To strengthen the implementation of these act, India hasestablished Open Data Portal (https://data.gov.in) to provide public with accessible government
information. The portal is maintained by National Informatics Center. To keep the information
update, India government uses a module for contributing data catalogs by various government
agencies, thus, making those available on the front end website after a due approval process
through a defined workflow.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
India has ratified several laws and regulation related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

IT Act 2000
IT (Amended) Act 2008
Trusted Company Certification
Security incident - Early Warning & Response
Cyber Security Assurance Framework
National Cyber Security Policy

In addition to these laws, India has strengthened organization capacity for cybercrimecountermeasure by setting up an Inter Departmental Information Security Task Force (ISTF) with
National Security Council as the nodal agency. Indian-CERT was established to support India
government for solving Internet Security problems.

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4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). India has implemented
Cloud Computing for Public Sector named “GI Cloud”, which is later named “Meghraj”. This Cloud ishosted by National Informatics Center. Infrastructure-as-a-Service is one of Cloud Computing
Services available for government institution. Beside the Cloud Computing Technology, India hasformally implemented IoT. The state government of Andhra Pradesh have approved their own
Internet of things policy, with an aim to capture at least 10% Indian IoT market share. Although thepolicy has been approved, however, the evidence show that it is not officially launched.

5 Some Highlights
Align with India’s e-vision, India is struggling to adopt the Cloud Computing through a very ambitious
initiatives named “GI Cloud”, which is later
named “Meghraj”.
GI Cloud involves
government, private sector, and community.
They have roles in every building block of GI
Cloud initiatives; Cloud Consumer, Cloud
Auditor, Cloud Provider, Developer Community,
and Research & Development Center.
In addition to Government Cloud Initiatives,
India also implements Internet of Things (IoT)
as a way to take the optimum benefit of ICT in
this era. Government has assigned Bangaloreas the IoT Hub for India since the Bangalore
has the largest IoT Community in India. To
Figure 5: GI Cloud Architecture
support the IoT era, government set up theCenter of Excellent for IoT in partnership with NASSCOM.
In contrast to Cloud Computing and IoT, Big Data is still in an initial stage in India. Government is stillcollecting ideas from community about Big Data, especially Big Data Analytics for Public Sector.

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Indonesia
1 General Information
Area: 1,904,569 km2
Population: 255,993,674

Government Type: Presidential Republic
GDP: $11,300
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Countries

Asian Countries

Among APEC Countries, Indonesia has a better score than the average score of APEC in Open
Government Data, Government CIO Institutionalization. As shown on the above picture, Indonesia isvery low on the basic infrastructure. However, despite the lack basic infrastructure, Indonesia has
been trying to take the benefit of emerging ICT such as Cloud Computing, Big Data, and IoT. Some
progress in the area of emerging ICT has led Indonesia to get a better position than the average of
APEC Countries.
These achievements also reflect the position in Asian region in which Indonesia considerably
approached Singapore in the Open Data and the use of emerging ICT.

3 E-Government Development

114
e-Government in Indonesia has been initiated formaly since 2003 along with the ratification of
Presidential Instruction No. 3/2003 about implementatino of e-Government in Indonesia signed by
the 5th President of Indonesia. Since 2014,
there are two ministries responsible for eGovernmente-Government, i.e., Ministry ofCommunication and Information (Kominfo)
andMinistryofApparatus
Empowerment/Bureaucratic
Reform(MenPAN-RB). Kominfo deals with thetechnical aspect and MenPAN-RB takeresponsibility on policy and procedure.
E-Government in Indonesia is scattered allover government agencies either central
and local. Most of them are not connected
nor interoperable each other. The major
theme of e-Government in Indonesia is
improving public service for reducing
Source: Sabillungan Portal, a Collaborative
corruption.
Many
e-Government
Monitoring Portal
applications are addressed tocurb
corruption such as e-budget system in Jakarta Province, e-Participation application provided byPresidential Task Force, and collaborative monitoring portal by Bandung City.
This year, Indonesia government is still processing the approvement for National e-Government
Roadmap 2016-2019. This plan is aimed to optimize the use of information and communication
technology in improving the public satisfaction of government services, promoting the economic
growth, increasing the public engagement and trust, as well as improving the performance of public
services.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 17.1% of people in Indonesia were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring
the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 1.2%
have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached 34.7%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In 2016, Indonesia is still processing the National e-Government Roadmap 2016-2019. The ultimate
goal of this agenda is the optimization of the use of ICT that will address the public satisfaction of
government service, economic growth, and public engagement. The strategy was designed forsupporting President’s Vision named NawaCita 2016-2019. E-Government is the embodiment of
mission no. 2 of NawaCita; “to ensure that the government is clean, efficient, democratic andtrusted”.

115
For supporting the inter government interoperability, Kominfo has launched a guidance named“Handbook for inter government document interoperability”. In addition to that, there are one casethat Indonesia have a centralized government financial information system which integrate local andcentral government financial system named “State Treasury and Budgetary System” (SPAN).

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax,
e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-One-Stop Service and eHealth have the lowest score, compare to other three online services.
In terms of complexity level, most of Online Service in Indonesia has reached a transactional in whichuser can start the transaction from applying to receiving the service through the portal. In addition
to that, all Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, andPassword Protection for obtaining the services. As for the One-Stop-Service, Indonesia adopts thedecentralization in which all government agencies, especially the local government, have right todevelop their own e-Governmente-Government solution for improving the public services.
For measuring the level of convenience, the third party application result has shown that all portals,
except the e-Health, are above the average considerably in terms of speed. The third party
application for assessing the portal is the application from Google named Google PageSpeed™
Insight on https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that, all clickableobjects on the portal work as they should do.
Table 12 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://lpse.lkpp.go.id
https://djponline.pajak.go.id
https://www.insw.go.id/
N/A
http://satulayanan.id/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Indonesia (http://www.indonesia.go.id) contains proper information
for local citizens and foreigners. Information about Indonesia is available on the portal. People canfind information about culture and heritage, demographic, and government. In technical aspect, theresult of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is very poor, which is far
below average both from PC and from Mobile Device. In addition, the portal does not provide theuser with some functionalities such as social network integration, and an inquiry form.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Indonesia government has clearly defined the need of ICT leadership on e-Government. Major
ministries have CIO as the proper role in part of their structure. CIO in ministerial level is notnecessary a head of ICT-related bureau. Most of them are high rank officer which is one level below

116
the Minister. However, it depends on the size of organization, some organizations attach the role of
CIO to the head of ICT-related bureau which is two level below the Minister. For the GCIO
development program, Bandung Institute of Technology and Gadjah Mada University offer a Master
Degree program specializing on CIO.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There is a very few evidence to get the assurance that there were several programs in Indonesia
related to the promotion of e-Government. However, there are two regular efforts in Indonesia thatare aimed to measure the Indonesia e-Governmente-Government development. These efforts are
Indonesian e-Government Ranking (PeGI) and ICT Pura. Moreover, Indonesia has established
National ICT Council (Detiknas) that consist of government, business enterprise, and academia.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Indonesia enjoyed the young society whose demand in utilizing ICT is very big and active. These
factors have driven Indonesia to equip e-Governmente-Government with mobile-friendly application.
Despite its lack of basic infrastructure, e-participation related application is widely spread around the
young generation. For instance, some government leaders have their website and provides thecitizens with the alternative channel to communicate. The most interesting e-participation portal inIndonesia are lapor.go.id which is a portal for citizens to report any wrong-doing found ingovernment service. This portal is maintained by Presidential Task Force and redirected to all
government institutions.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In 2008, Indonesia launched Freedom of Information Act (UU No. 14/2008) to participate in theFreedom of Information Act movement around the world. To strengthen the implementation ofthese act, Indonesia has established Open Data Portal (http://data.go.id/) to provide public withgovernment information. Jakarta City also developed Open Data at http://data.jakarta.go.id. To keep
the information up-to-date, Indonesian government involves community in the area of Open Data tostandardize and reformat all interesting data available on the government website to be displayedon the Open Data Portal.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Indonesia has ratified several laws related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

Electronic Transaction Act No. 11/2008
Electronic Transaction and System Provider Regulation No. 82/2012
Information Security Guideline
GOV-Cert
ID-SIRTII
ID-CERT
ID-SIRTII

In addition to these laws, Indonesia has strengthened organization capacity for cybercrimecountermeasure by setting up CERT-Indonesia and give a mandate to ID-SIRTII to exercise
supervision over the continuous application of security measures.

117
4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Indonesia has officiallylaunched a Software-as-a-Service solution called SiMaya by Circular of Ministry of State Apparatus
Empowerment and Bureaucratic Reform No.5/2013. The service is hosted by Ministry ofCommunication and Information. And, it is available for all government agencies that needs suchservice.
Jakarta Provincial Government has been implementing Big Data in Jakarta Smart City applications.
Data on the application is taken from reports on public complaints on several social media and also
Qlue, a social media community reporting. Reports from the public then digitally mapped andintegrated with smartcity.jakarta.go.id pages and Quick Response on Public Opinion (CROP)
application. The city government officials are required to install this application on their smartphones,
especially the officials responsible for residential areas, the local leader. Moreover, Internet of Things
has been applied in most areas and government institutions such as CCTV monitoring for traffic andpublic facilities by Local Police Agency (TMC Polda Metro Jaya) and Bus Rapid Transit System inJakarta.

5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the Open Government Data, National Portal, andCybersecurity are the top three indicators inIndonesia. Indonesia has sharpened the Open
Data Initiatives so that the community cantake the benefit of it such as more
empowerment, more informed, and more
expressive. The focus of advancing the Open
Data is to create demand for Internet, hence,
encourage the telecommunication company
to increase the quality of telecommunication
infrastructure. National Portal Indonesia
contains useful information for local and also
Indonesia Online Participation at http://lapor.go.id
foreigners such as country information,
tourism, and link to available e-Services. To increase trust of citizens for using e-Government service,
ensuring the security of digital transactions has been taken into account in e-Government
Development in Indonesia.
Despite its lack of basic infrastructure, Indonesian government decided to strengthen government
capacity in ICT by utilizing the emerging ICT. Some examples of current implementation are SiMaya
for Cloud Computing Service, Bus tracking and IP CCTV for IoT implementation, and Public Report
Analysis for the Big Data implementation. In addition to that, Indonesia government has decided toextend the Palapa Ring Project under the Indonesia Broadband Plan (IBP) 2015-2019. Two
procurements have been announced and the bid winner was appointed in 2015. It is expected that in2019, the telecommunication infrastructure will be improved significantly.

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Ireland
1 General Information
Area: 70,273 km2
Population: 4,892,305
Government Type: republic,
democracy
GDP: $54,300
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

parliamentary

Rank 20
2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Europe Countries

OECD Countries

It is the first time for Ireland to be evaluated in Waseda e-Government ranking with a good positionat 21. Compared to Europe countries, Ireland has got better performance on indicator ofManagement Optimization, E-Government Promotion, E-Participation and Emerging Technologies,
especially the last one. Ireland also does well when compared with OECD countries.

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3 E-Government Development
The latest e-Governmente-Government strategy in Ireland called “e-Governmente-Government 2012
– 2015” was published by COMD, a division within the Department of Public Expenditure & Reform,
working with the Public Service CIO Council. The policy document is aimed to assist the programme
for government and public service reform plan with the utilization of ICT technologies. Eight key
projects including 44 specific actions are planned into the policy: Continue momentum with online
services; Use new and emerging technologies and media; Ensure that e-Government is designed
around real needs; Take steps to improve Take-Up; Ensure that public service data is available for Reuse; Digital mapping/Geographic information systems; Identity and authentication; Back-end
integration. These actions show the priority of e-Governmente-Government policy in Ireland, withthe commitment to deliver better services and promote collaboration between government andcitizens, and reduce administrative burden for business as well. The task for monitoring ICT and eGovernmente-Government strategies implementation has been attributed to CMOD, who owns twocross-sectoral p groups: ICT frameworks steering group and Government networks programmeboard to take responsibility for strategical approaches to ICT development and overseeing the
procurement details.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 79.7% of people in Ireland are Internet users according to the report released by ITU.
26.9% are fixed-broadband users and the wireless-broadband users are 81%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Department of Public Expenditure and Reform has published national e-Government Strategy
for 2012~2015 in co-work with the Public Service CIO Council to enhance public service delivery andbetter access to service channels for citizens and industries. For the interval governance structure,
one division called CMOD (Centre for Management and Organization Development) in the
Department of Public Expenditure and Reform is responsible for coordinating the development andimplementation of e-Government policy and for central e-Government operation. Under the Public
service CIO Council, it advises and requires report progress from different government agencies.

4.3 Online Service [OS]Among five investigated online services, e-tax, and one-stop-service of Ireland are the better than
the rest online services. They have provided the citizen the two way interaction with government,
including e-payment, security, and automation. E-Health and E-Customs do not provide two-way
interaction so far. The one-stop-service has listed the categories of each service in a brief links withsimple name, which simplified the introduction and has saved time for citizens to search and accessto the e-Services they want.

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4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The National Portal (http://www.gov.ie/) is integrated with one-stop-service portal, which has stick
to its succinct rule to keep information delivery simple and easy for users. If users want to checkpublic services and entitlements, the citizen’s information has provided information about every
aspect of social life in Ireland interacting with government agencies including Social Welfare/
Education and Training/ Housing/ Employment and so on. However, for foreign users there could be
more basic introduction to the nation.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
In 2016, Ireland has appointed the third government CIO, Barry Lowry, the former head of IT in the
Northern Ireland Civil Service. There has also established the Office of the Government Chief
Information Officer (OGCIO) at the Department of Public Expenditure and Reform since 2013. In
second degree government agency such as the Health Service Executive, the Office of Chief
Information Officer (OCIO) has been launched to turn the eHealth Ireland Strategy into reality
ensuring that technology supports healthcare efficiently and effectively throughout the wholesystem.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The latest e-Government strategy 2010-2015 has a detailed website to introduce each aspect of thestrategy itself within links on previous plans. Ireland has a very clear picture of the e-Government
promotion structure, from the organizational preparedness on each sector such as
Ministry/Government/Cabinet Committee on Public Service Reform, CMOD, Public Service CIO
Council and different departments in government. In specific agency, CIO has played a role tosupervise ICT policy implementation and internal reform by the ICT.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The remarkable one-stop-service in Ireland has enabled citizens to interact with government in amost simple and convenient way. By different categories, different situation and different purpose, it
provides multiple channels for users to search, apply and contact the government agencies. In a
feedback process, the portal has prepared a completed list for complaining on different departments
and variable issues which citizens may face during their interaction with public sectors.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Ireland has launched Freedom of Information Action (FOI) in 2014, to promise that every citizen has
legal rights on accessing official records held by Government Departments and all public bodies,
having personal information held on them corrected or updated where such information isincomplete, incorrect or misleading and being given reasons for decisions taken by public bodies that
affect them. The first daft Open Government Partnership (OGP) National Action Plan has also been
published at the OGP Europe Regional Conference in 2014. To the open data website(https://data.gov.ie/data), there has 4322 datasets by 85 publishers in government agencies so far.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Ireland has made several regulations and Acts related to Cyber Security, such as the Consumer
Protection (Consumer Information) Regulations 2012, Data Protection Act2003, and Electronic121
Commerce Act 2000. To the strategical side, The National Cyber Security Strategy has been publishedin 2015 and the Data Protection Strategy2014-2016 was released earlier. At the meanwhile,organizational preparedness has been as the establishment of The National Cyber Security
Centre(NCS) to operate tasks on network and information security. The NCSC encompasses theState’s national/governmental Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT-IE). CSIRT-IE isseeking international recognition with respected peers in the respective government and national
CSIRT communities so that it can effectively undertake its work on situational awareness andincident response. CSIRT-IE is initially focusing on the State sector and acts as a national point ofcontact.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Government of Ireland has regarded the merging ICT as methods to reform public service, the key
element of public service’s ICT strategy. Cloud Computing Strategy has been made to support thereform, to engage with Cloud Computing and to undertake a comprehensive programme of Data
Centre Consolidation. Considering Ireland’s effort to promote open data, there should be more
related legal framework and Data management engaged into the government’s official departments.

5 Some Highlights
It is the first year for Ireland to enter Waseda e-Governmente-Government ranking, with 20th
position among 65 countries. Scores on each indicator are balanced, and Ireland showed its strength
on the indicator of “Online Service” and “Management Optimization”, which also are the common
strong points for Top 20 countries. The one stop service of Ireland (http://www.gov.ie/) tries tominimize the website to provide most of the information and links to government agencies on
simple options. It is also available for users to search information by 4 ordinary needs as“apply/find/complain/pay” on the first-level page. However, more information could be added to thenational portal for non-Irish people to get known about the nation, in additions to the tourism
website for Ireland. With a good foundation of e-Governmente-Government plans and GCIO
structures, Ireland may gain more progress on the e-Governmente-Government development in the
future.

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Israel
1 General Information
Area: 20,770 km2
Population: 8,049,314
Government Type: Parliamentary Democracy
GDP: $34,300
Historical Ranking (2006-2016):

2 Positioning in a region
OECD Countries

Europe3 E-Government Development
In recent days Israel has stepped forward in e-Governmente-Government services and joined the top
20 countries according to the United Nations. The strong effort and dedication in providing its
citizens all information access and transparency and citizen participation in government has helped
Israel advance to join top leaders in e-Governmente-Government. Started e-GovernmenteGovernment projects as early as 1997, now Israel is a more advanced country in e-GovernmenteGovernment development compare to others in Western Asia. In the next years, the Israel
government intends to focus on personalization government portal for Israeli citizens (my.gov.il);
deployment of Smart-ID card for all citizens; developing new cross-government applications; develop
infrastructure for cellular e-Gov; deploying Digital Signature in all government forms and upgrade all
government websites with web 2.0 tools.

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4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of theMediterranean Sea in Western Asia. The country covers an area of 20,770 square kilometers. It isbordered by Lebanon to the north, Syria to the north-east, Jordan to the east, Egypt to the southwest and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. It had a population of 7,821,850 in 2013 and the GDP
per capital was about USD $36,200. Israel joined the OECD in 2010. As of 2013, 70.8% of Israeli
citizens connected to the Internet. 25.7% of citizens are broadband subscribers.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]E-Government projects in Israel began as early as the late 90’s with the governmental Internet
committee, the Tehila and Shoham (governmental payment services), Merkava (ERP system togovernment offices) and Tamar (public key infrastructure).
In termss of e-Government, Israel is an advanced country within the region. E-Government in Israel iswell matured and widely used in administration implemented using the five Layer model of eGovernment. The overall e-Governmente-Government strategy places enhanced information accessand integration, based on the Merkava concept, at the core. A strategic solution enabling thegovernment as a whole to perfectly harness information and knowledge resources in order toachieve an order of magnitude improvements in effectiveness, efficiency and service delivery

4.3 Online Service [OS]The E-signature Law, the Data Communication Law and Anti-spam Law are considered pieces of thebasic legal framework for interface applications. The Israeli government is currently providing acomprehensive e-commerce services including e-tender, e-tax, and e-payment services attransactional level. E-voting system was tested in some areas but security issues and some flaws in
the implementation process hindered the full take-up. Other e-Services allow users to download
forms such as Consular Services, Civil Registration Services, and Social Security Services.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Israel government portal http://www.gov.il/firstgov/ is part of the e-Government project; its goal
is to improve and reinforce ties and communication between citizens and government institutions.
The portal is the single gateway to all the governmental ministries and services on the Internet. The
portal provides the entire range of services and information supplied by the government to citizensof the state Citizens can access information on government services in several ways: by target
audience, topics and life events. Citizens can also use the portal’s electronic identity management
feature ‘My Gov.’ to filter content that interests them and to access the full range of online
government services and make online payments.
The website presents information in five major categories: Ministries and Authorities (Informationfrom the websites of Government Ministries), Guides (Information tailored to key target audiencessuch as tourists, students, immigrants, and investors), Subjects (Information regarding historic
events of the state), Forms and Payments. It also has column with links to the gov.il forum, thetourism website and about Israel; and provides weather and exchange rate information for citizens.

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Despite the availability of the website in Hebrew, English and Arabic; mobile services, SNS and blog
features are only available on the Hebrew website which is also richer in contents than the otherlanguage websites. The website also updates information about governmental activities and new eGovernmente-Government initiatives.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Israeli public administration has appointed the first government CIO in 2012 after creating the CIO
titled position under the Ministry of Finance. There was an initiative in the government to appoint
CIOs in the government starting from 2012. The Ministry of Finance coordinates a sophisticatedinitiative for e-Governmente-Government, which integrates all ministries, and is establishing highly
developed services for citizens. The E-Government Department under the Ministry of Finance is incharge of e-Governmente-Government implementation and coordination. However, there is no CIO
related education in the Israel’s current education system. On the other hand, there is significant
number of CIOs and CIO positions within the private sector in the country.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
As far as specific e-Governmente-Government promotion measure is concerned, the Israel government
has directed all government ministries, through the Accountant General (responsible for eGovernmente-Government practices), to include the www.gov.il portal logo and URL in any official
publication (such as documents, envelopes, payment vouchers, etc.) for over a decade.
The Government of Israel has adopted and promoted the policy of open government, and has joined theInternational Open Government Partnership, which also promotes Open Government Policy. The goal ofan open government is to empower the individual, the society and the state on the basis of threefundamental principles: Transparency through active reporting to the public, citizen participation andAccountability. Because e-Governmente-Government has become an integral part of public sectortransformation nowadays.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The Government of Israel is committed to freedom of information, and to promoting transparency
and accessibility to data and information produced in the public sector. Now Israel is one of the
figurehead countries which promote online public involvement. Most of public information such as
elected officials, legislation, national budget information, etc. of Israeli government is available
online. In Israeli government’s websites, sharing, tagging and SNS tools such as Facebook, Twitter,YouTube, Flicks, etc. are widely adopted. Both Prime Minister and President of Israel have their own
websites which provide feedback functions to communicate with citizens.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]Open Government Policy—as it has developed throughout the Western world in recent years—aims
to harness new technologies to improve communication between the government and its citizens. It
also aims to correctly utilize and exploit the information that is at the disposal of the government, inorder to bring about social and economic benefits. This policy paper proposes a model for the
successful implementation of Open Government Policy in Israel.

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In advancing the principles of transparency, making information accessible to the public, and public
participation, the primary advantage of the digital age is an ability to supervise the actions ofgovernment.
Another advantage is that an increased level of accessibility to data in different fields leads to public
and economic benefits and encourages development and initiatives. In addition, it goes without
saying that public participation is an excellent tool for actualizing the concept of the “wisdom of thecrowd” (the collective perception of a group of people, who are not necessarily experts).

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
A special program was established to prioritize the cyber defense industry, in cooperation with the
Ministry of Economy, which will invest approximately 22 million dollars in R&D between 2013 and2015. Perhaps, the greatest asset though is Israel human capital. Due to the security threat, thegovernment has a record number of young people who enter the fields of technology and cyberdefense, every year, at the young age of 18, within the framework of their military service. They areyoung, dynamic and creative. In the field of cyber defense, the threat matrix is changing constantly
and one must be incredibly flexible and creative.

5 Some Highlights
Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu designated the southern metropolitan area of Beer Sheva,
as an international cyber center. All of governmental and military institutions which address thecyber threat will be transferred to city of Beer Sheva,. Israel also acceded to the Budapest
Cybercrime Convention in 2013. The government will continue to support other cooperation
mechanisms that contribute to harmonizing cyber defense tools. In Israel they believe that cyber is
not just a threat, but rather an opportunity for creative thought and economic growth. As thereliance on the Internet and the virtual realm increases, the need for cyber defense will only grow.

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Italy
1 General Information
Area: 301,340 km2
Population: 61,855,120
Government Type: Republic
GDP: $35,800
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

European Countries

Among OECD Countries, all indicators except GCIO indicator is above or same with the average scoreof OECD members. GCIO indicator of Italy get the worst score in European countries and also in
OECD. Amongst European countries, Italy is placed below Denmark. However, the e-Participation(EPAR) indicator of Italy is better than those of Denmark, the best country in Europe region.

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3 E-Government Development
The Agency for Digital Italy(L'Agenzia per l'Italia Digitale:
AGID) has been set up withthe task of monitoring theimplementation plans for ICT
in public administrations inline with the Digital Agenda
for Europe, thus creating the“Italian Digital Agenda” in
line
with
the
DigitalAdministration Code (Codicedell'Amministrazione Digitale,CAD) at the end of March
2014. And AGID also remindedpublic administrations that
The Italian strategy for next generation access network
they are obliged by a 2014 law
to offer electronic payment solutions. AGID is offering support, by organizing meetings withmunicipal and regional administrations across the country, explaining the benefits of e-Payment
solutions, and by introducing possible solutions and solution providers. Offering e-Payment tocitizens and companies is key to the growth of e-Government services, AGID writes.
In addition to legislative measures for general profiles and strategy in the field of digital agenda, theCouncil of Ministers has approved the Digital Growth Plan 2014-2020 and the UltraWideband Plan.
Both plans have been defined by AGID and the Ministry of Economic Development under thecoordination of the Prime Minister.
The national plan for ultra-wideband is synergistic to the Strategy for Growth Digital. The strategy
has a dynamic character, to be able to adapt gradually to the scenarios in the reference period 20142020. It 'a strategy aimed at growing digital citizens and businesses, also using the levers public.
Integrate what has been achieved in a subsidiary or under construction in both the public sector,
both in the private and must be realized a complete synergy with other public strategies in place, isattributable to the national government is a regional responsibility, to put helpfully "to system"objectives, processes and results.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 62% of people in Switzerland were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring
the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 23.5%
have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reach 70.9%.

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4.2 Management Optimization [MO]This “Italian Digital Agenda” guideline provides operational guidance for Italian public
administrations towards the implementation process of the national strategy for improving public
information assets. Among other topics, organizational and operational schemes are proposed,
technical standards and best practices are highlighted and cost and licensing aspects are considered.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services:., e-Procurement, eTax, e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its
URL Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity,
Level of Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five e-Tax, and e-Customs are the best
performer among five online services.
In terms of complexity level, only e-Tax, and e-Customs have reach interaction level where the citizen
can obtain the service without necessarily visit to the government office. Other services have thedownloadable form and like to other service. In tern of enable citizens to securely access e-Services,the Italian Government has also developed the National Services Card (CNS). It is a smart cardallowing for the secured identification of citizens online.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that e-Tax, and eCustoms and One-Stop Service portals are above the average considerably in terms of speed. The
third party application for assessing the portal is the application from Google named Google
PageSpeed™ Insight on https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.
Table 13 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://www.acquistinretepa.it/
https://telematici.agenziaentrate.gov.it/Main/index.jsp
https://assistenza.agenziadogane.it/assistenza/index.asp
http://www.salute.gov.it/
http://www.agid.gov.it/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. The “http://www.governo.it/” government portal provides a gateway for users toaccess government information easily, and “http://www.agid.gov.it/” is the Italia Digital Agenda
which provides single-window access to information and government services to citizens andorganizations/businesses. Moreover, http://www.impresainungiorno.gov.it/ is e-Government portal
for business which has been offering useful information on a wide range of topics that are of interest
to businesses. In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website
performance is below average on both from PC and from Mobile Device. And also from the user
experience aspect, this website is not much functionality.

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4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There is no dedicated GCIO post. There are no specific laws or mandates for CIO positions in Italy.
AGID under the Prime Minister's Office is the leading institution for Digital Italy and is responsible forthe provision of technical support and consultancy for the Italian Public Administration and the
Italian Government. And Director of AGID is partly addresses the GCIO position.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The passage of the e-Government Code (Codice dell’Amministrazione Digitale) in 2006 marked amilestone in Italian e-Government efforts. Passage of such legislation heralded stronger emphasis on
e-Government in Italy. This also provided the legal framework for succeeding e-Government
initiatives both at the national and local level. And this situation is similar to the one in any developed
countries where the IT Culture has been embraced in the society.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Having web forums to enable citizens to participate in e-discussions is one of the remarkablefunctions that central and local Italian government is seeking to deploy at length. And Polls delivered
via the national portal allow citizens to express their views on topics raised by some administrators.
Generally speaking, Italy has a certain level of understanding of e-participation in decision-making
policies.
In addition, since June 2015 the beta of Italian Login “http://design.italia.it/” was initiated. The project
Italian Login pursues the creation of an ecosystem of information and services, as provided by theplan of Digital Growth, the Government's strategy for innovation in the country. Italy Login also
represents a first step towards the definition of a coherent identity for the central public
administration.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
AGID update annually the national guidelines
for the enhancement of public information, as
indicated by the Article 52 of the Government
Code.
It
providesguidanceandrecommendations to which the PA is required
to comply in releasing public datainteroperable nationwide. The guidelines
propose as below; and also suggest the cost
aspects and licenses that the PA must
consider the exposition of the data.
-a model for open data andmetadata
Process of public information enhancement
an operational / organizationalmodel for the production and publication of open datatechnical standards and relevant best practices

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The “http://www.dati.gov.it/” is e-Government portal for open data that is promoted by the Ministry
for Public Administration and Innovation in order to enable the access to the data of all the Italianauthorities, both at the national and local level. It contains links and descriptions for about 10,347
datasets produced by 76 governments including Geographical data and 695 Statistical data as one
the end of May, 2016. The data available any citizen intending to use it to develop applications foranalysis or study purposes, in a complete, quick and accessible to all format. In local level such Roma,also has open data http://www.opendata.provincia.roma.it/ however it is not much of data set.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
In Italy, since 2013 following the adoption of the Prime Minister’s “Decree Containing Strategies
Guidelines for the National Cyber Protection and ICT Security”, the Cybersecurity Working Group wasestablished under the Committee for the Security of the Republic, and chaired by Department forIntelligence and Security (DIS) and developed the National Strategic Framework for Cyberspace
Security 2013. In addition, the Ministry of the Interior established the National Anti-Cybercrime
Center for the Protection of Critical Infrastructure (Centro Nazionale Anticrimine Informatico per laProtezione delle Infrastrutture Critiche - CNAIPIC) as a special unit within the Postal andCommunication Police Service.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). The strategy for
implementing Government Cloud has been approved by Italian Digital Agenda. Along with theimplementation of Government Cloud, it started the second phase of the Consip tender for the
supply to the PA central and local cloud computing services and were sent invitation letters tocompetitors who have pre-qualified, responding to tender. In addition, Italy’s Revenue Agency usedthe computer system to compare taxpayers’ income declarations with their expenditures, it works
under concept of Big government meets big data.

5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the Open Government, e-Participation and Online
service are the top indicator in Italy. However, the weak point in Italy is about the use of emerging
ICT for government and GCIO. In June 2015, AGID launched a new version of the National Open Data
portal: dati.gov.it in order to promote the quality of the data published. The new portal ensuresuniformity of the contents of the catalog, which now includes metadata that describe open data heldby the public authorities involved. Moreover, it publishes only the metadata of data available informats recognized as open and associated with open licenses compatible with the definition ofopen data. Moreover, AGID launched the “DATA4ALL”, a platform which gathers the three thematic
portals (SoldiPubblici, ItaliaSicura and OpenExpo). “DATA4ALL” provides visualization tools andpathways to make the big public administration information accessible and reusable assets to nonexperts, together in a single virtual space open data of some important projects undertaken by the
Italian Government.
Public System for Digital Identity Management (SPID) is a unique personal code that certifies thedigital identity of citizens and businesses. SPID can be used to access and enjoy all the telematic

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services of the PA which a unique identification code. The launch in April 2015 within the system SPID
is one of the priorities set by the President of the Council of Ministers. In addition, the Italianelectronic identity card grants access to secure e-Government services requiring electronic
identification, and the possibility to perform related online transactions. Strictly for electronic use,
they also have the National Services Card (NSC). Online interfaces are also provided for citizens toaccess to e-Procurement, e-Tax, and e-Customs, which have implemented security measures such as
SSL, Site Authentication, and Password Protection for obtaining the services.

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Japan
1 General Information
Area: 377,915km2
Population: 126,919,659
Government Type: a parliamentary government
with a constitutional monarchy

GDP: $38,200
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Economies

OECD Countries

Japan has comparatively high performance on most of the indicators than average level of APEC andOECD members, except the indicator of National Portal. Compared to USA who ranked first in 2016,
Japan has better or close scores of Network Preparedness and GCIO.

133

3 Government Development
E-Government strategies in Japan have gone through several stages along with the technical andsocial change, the latest e-Governmente-Government initiative remains the “declaration to be theworld’s most advanced IT nations” published in 2014. Japan founded a comprehensive system fordecision and implement in e-Governmente-Government plan, the participating sectors include IT
strategic headquarters, Government program management office, Government CIO, CIOs Council,
etc. It is a compliment to Japan’s meticulous e-Governmente-Government initiatives which cascaded
nation’s objectives into different plans, such as the promotion of online use of administrative
procedures and optimization of work and systems, local e-Governmente-Governments and so on.
Legible and distinguished goals from different initiatives possess their own policy evaluation, in order
to confirm the best implement on each phase. Moreover, Japan has established GCIO system in eachlevel of government to ensure the implement of ICT strategies into organizations and societies.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 90.6% of people in Japan have used Internet in their daily life. According to ITU’s
report, about 29.3% are fixed-broadband users and the wireless-broadband users are 121.4%. Internet
penetration in Japan has reached a high level compared to other countries.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Japan is one of the earliest countries to push the integrated government systems and has made lotsof progress such as the GPKI ( Government Public Key Infrastructure) and “Kasumigaseki one”
system. As of 2011, most of the 87-optimization target areas are in the implementation phase. IT
Headquarter started “The most advanced IT Nation” Strategy to implement e-GovernmenteGovernment as the priority area productivity and efficiency since 2013.

4.3 Online Service [OS]Most of the Online application systems such as e-Tax, e-Payment, and social security services provide
transactional operations (covering all the service processes including requests, payments, decisions,and delivery). There are many various online services by e-Governmente-Government, but the eGovernmente-Government development in local level lack of usage. It may be related to the realityof aging society faced by Japan that most of the residences are aging people in local area who are
not familiar to the e-Service systems. Therefore, the online service sites are less designed andregularly updated.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
National Portal of Japan (http://www.japan.go.jp/index.html ) is a new public site for introducing
Japan to people, mainly for the non-citizens. It contains proper information about different aspectsof Japan, the portal has provided the latest national news, demographic information, political
initiatives, cultures, government agencies introduction and so on. It also has presented the official
JapanGov APP to deliver users up-to-date information about Japan including photos and videos.

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4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Each central ministry has a CIO who is appointed among senior staff within the ministry (mainly
Director General of administration) and an assistant CIO who is an expert recruited externally.
Federal CIO Council composed of Ministry CIOs has the authority to decide many rules on in-house
ICT installation and online services. The percentage of CIO appointments at the prefecture level is
90% and 85% is at the city level in 2014.The government established a Government CIO as a core of all
Ministry CIOs in November 2012. Mr. Endoh, EVP of Ricoh was appointed to the first government CIO
and has worked very efficiently with Federal CIO council.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There are four organizations behind promotion of e-Government in Japan. Namely: The eGovernment Evaluation Committee; the Government Promotion and Management Office of IT Policy
Office of Cabinet Secretariat, the Administrative Management Bureau of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs and Communications; and the Program Management Offices (PMO). They are responsible forcreating a new set of priority policies every year to identify crucial issues that must be solved during
short-term time and also analyze its contribution to the long-term benefits. The national IT strategies
and the frameworks of action plans are developed by the IT Strategic Headquarters. It has
subordinate organs, which include the CIO Council consisting of all the CIOs and their assistants ineach Ministry. MIC created the National e-Governmente-Government promotion council and has
made various PR activities.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
2016 is the first year for the Japanese Government adopting the Social Security and Tax number
system (My number) This system needs e-participation by all Japanese citizens and companies todevelop efficiency in administration and enhance public convenient. However, after a trial practice,
the government has announced the system has to delay until July 2017 which is half a year later thanthe plan. How to encourage citizens to join the system is one of the big problems for government
agencies now in Japan.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In October, 2013, Open data charter action plan was announced, and then the government has
released using standard version1.0 for open data in 2014. Open data has become one of Central
topics of IT policy in Japan. Until June of 2016, the data site ( http://www.data.go.jp/) has over than
15,000s datasets presented. Users can search the information by publishing government agencies,groups, tags and formats.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Japan boasts the world’s highest level of telecommunications infrastructure. The increased use andapplication of information and communication technology means, the Japanese government
successively prepared and revised strategies, annual plans, sector-specific policies and othermeasures in pursuit of ensuring cyber security, and based on these strategies and measures, forgedcooperation among industry, academia and government stakeholders in addressing these challenges.
Japan is dedicated to utilize these extensive experience and knowledge in promoting international
cooperation. Japan has adopted a range of information security measures with due consideration

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given to the viewpoints of the nation and users, based on the “Information Security Strategy forProtecting the Nation” (May 2010) and its annual plan, “Information Security 2010” and“Information Security 2011”. In June 2013 the Japan Revitalization Strategy and the Cyber security
Strategy which were developed, and summarizes Japan’s basic policy and its priority areas forinternational cooperation and mutual assistance in the field of cyber security, so that it can bepresented as a package to the stakeholders both in Japan and overseas. Japan will promote
initiatives for international cooperation and mutual assistance in cyber security based on thisstrategy under the common understanding shared among all domestic stakeholders including thosefrom industries, academia and the government. The just renamed National Centre of Incident
Readiness and Strategy for Cyber Security serves as the secretariat for Japanese governments’cyber-security strategy headquarters

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Japan has moved fast at the emerging ICT application into public sectors. There are already somenational plans such as Smart Cloud Strategy, Big Data in Government, etc. Cloud computing ingovernmental platform is at the ongoing phase. The ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry also
has sponsored to public projects which have been selected to facilitate the IOT utilization. The nextstage should be making the draft for legal framework on emerging technologies applications.

5 Some Highlights
As one of the advanced e-Governmente-Government nation, Japan keeps its leading impetus at theTOP 10 of ranking. As aforementioned situation, Japan government has built a sophisticatedpromotion system for e-Governmente-Government initiatives and precise GCIO regimes into every
rank of government (Central and local government; different government agencies) to assure theimplementation and evaluation process of e-Governmente-Government initiatives. It can be reported
on high scores on “Government CIO” and “E-Government Promotion”. Japan also continues to
update its online service system as the objective of initiatives to simplify administrative procedures
and working systems. However, National Portal seems to be the only weak point for e-GovernmenteGovernment in Japan. (http://www.japan.go.jp/) Some basic information including demographic dataand introduction to Japan political situation have been provided at the site, but it still needs much
more necessary functions to serve visitor’s needs rather than providing information only. In
consideration of the coming Tokyo Olympic Games that massive visitors would choose national
portal as reference, it is a chance and challenge at the same time for Japan government toreconsider that what is the appropriate way to provide information and deliver e-Service to Japaneseand non-Japanese through Internet.

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Kazakhstan
1 General Information
Area: 2,724,900 sq km
Population: 18,157,122
Government Type: Presidential Republic
GDP: $24,700
Historical Ranking (2006-20016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
ASIAN Countries

3 E-Government Development
In 1997 the Head of the state has addressed with the Message to the people of the country"Prosperity, safety and welfare improvement of all Kazakhs" which specified strategic priorities of137
development of Kazakhstan till 2030. In 2009 completed realization of decade of Strategic plan ofdevelopment of the Republic of Kazakhstan which main objectives are achieved. Key directions andstrategic targets of next decade are specified by Strategic plan of development of Kazakhstan till2020. Efforts of the state will be concentrated on five key directions: preparation for post-crisis
development; accelerated diversification of the economy; investing in the future; services for citizens
and ensuring international consent, security, stability of international relations. In 2011, the EGovernment of Kazakhstan (www.egov.kz) provided 2,000 information services, 219 interactive andtransaction service online, granted 917,000 e-digital signatures and 3.500 e-licenses.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
In 2015, Kazakhstan Internet users is about 9.7 million users with the penetration was55.5%. The
Internet in Kazakhstan is growing rapidly. The mobile penetration is 180%; the country was also
claiming an impressive figure of 58 Internet users per 100 people. Most importantly, by early 2016
mobile broadband services comprised around one third of the total mobile subscriber base as thisservice platform continued on a rapid growth path.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The State Program “Information Kazakhstan – 2020” was approved by the President on January 8,
2013.The main purpose of the Program is creation of conditions for transition to the informationsociety. The key objectives of the Program are: (i) Ensuring efficiency of the state administration
system; (ii) Ensuring accessibility of information and communication infrastructure; (iii)
Establishment of information environment necessary for social, economic and cultural developmentof society; and (iv) Development of the national information space.

4.3 Online Service [OS]http://egov.kz/ is one-stop service, it is divided for citizens and businesses, The popular e-Services in
Kazakhstan are payment for tax on vehicles, get the certificate of the registered legal entity,
Registration of persons driving vehicles on the basis of power of attorney, except for the registration
which is carried out by the Ministry of Agriculture and payment of the fee for traffic regulations
violations.
www.goszakup.gov.kz is a central facility for all public sector contracting authorities to announce
procurement opportunities and award notifications. It provides information about coming, acceptedand current tenders and allows online submission of tenders. Some e-Services were introduced withfull transaction, but almost of them are at the level of information provision and downloading forms
and will be gradually enhanced to reach transactional level in the coming years.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The government one-stop-shop portal www.egov.kz was launched in 2006. The portal services areavailable in 3 languages: Kazakh, Russian and English. E-Government of Kazakhstan (www.egov.kz)
provides 2,000 information services, 219 interactive and transaction service online. The portal
provides an on-line counseling service, allowing citizens to address any government agency

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concerning certain issues. Registered users may have access to a wider range of services including“Mail me” functions, common scheduling and e-mail accounts. The portal also provides informationon the national e-Governmente-Government development program and its projects and allows
access to the reports on e-Governmente-Government implementation results.
The portal also lacks accessibility features: it doesn’t allow changing font size of the text and spacing
between words, and no text vocalization is provided. More advanced content and functions such as
multimedia shows, sharing, tagging, podcasts are still to be introduced but SNS feature are also
introduced.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There is no official designated Government CIO. However, there are a de-facto two governmentorganizations that share the responsibilities of the CIO: National ICT Holding Zerde and JSC National
Information Technologies

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Kazakhstan government has put a lot of effort in reducing digital divide among the population andgovernment employees. Public Internet access points were opened all over the country in order toconnect citizens to the web. Classrooms for providing computer literacy were opened in several
regions to promote capacity development of public sector employees. To facilitate continues
development of e-Governmente-Government in the country the government of Kazakhstanorganizes annual international conferences called “e-Government initiatives”. In addition special
national competitions are announced on an annual basis with nominations for the best web-site in
the official language, best public e-Service at the central and regional levels, best public managers
promoting e-Governmente-Government, best mass media coverage of e-Governmente-Government
project etc. Awareness surveys and opinion polls are posted on the one-stop shop portal to captureuser feedback and to improve the quality of provided e-Services.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
http://e.gov.kz/ includes features that increase citizen engagement. The site has a formal online
consultation section, online web conference between government officials and citizens, where thegovernment receives feedback from its citizens on government policies and services. A schedule ofcitizen reception by the heads of State Bodies is also available on the website. All of the cabinet
members have their own blogs in http://www.blogs.e.gov.kz/, the official government blog platform,
where citizens can comment, ask questions, or send suggestions.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
www.data.gov.kz is open data portal and introduced in 2013. It contains 763 types of official
information helpful to citizens and businesses are posted. Accessing the government agencies’ data
sets allows the programmers’ developing a variety of applications and directories. Information
posted on the portal is classified by such areas as transport, education, statistics, culture, health,second-tier banks, KazPost.

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4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Cybersecurity in Kazakhstan is overseen by the Committee on National Security and the Ministry ofInternal Affairs. Both bodies are responsible for legal, regulatory and enforcement activities in thearea of cybersecurity (including prevention and counter-measures). These bodies work closely with
telecom infrastructure providers, including fixed and mobile telecoms

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
The Government of Kazakhstan is in the process of creating Government Cloud Infrastructure thatwill allow providing cloud-based services to Government bodies and citizens. The initiative is called Gcloud. Plans for IoT implementations will be reflected in the new Digital Kazakhstan strategy,
especially in the Smart Cities section. The government is running a pilot Big Data project within NITEC
aimed at analysis of social networks.

5 Some Highlights
There is no official designated Government CIO. However, there are a de-facto two governmentorganizations that share the responsibilities of the CIO: National ICT Holding Zerde and JSC National
Information Technologies.
The Presidential Administration and Office of the Prime Minister receive regular reports on
implementation and status of e-Governmente-Government initiatives submitted by the National ICT
Holding Zerde and National Information Technologies. However, since these are the agencies
responsible for implementation as well, this evaluation can be biased.

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Kenya
1 General Information
Area: 580,367 km2
Population: 45,925,301
Government Type: Republic
GDP: $ 3,300
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Africa Countries

Among Africa Countries, only Management Optimization (MO) and e-Participation (EPAR) indicators
are above with the average score of Africa region. However, the e-Participation (EPAR) indicator of
Kenya is better than those of South Africa, the best country in Africa region.

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3 E-Government Development
The Government of
Kenya established the eGovernment
Programme in June
2004.
It has sincecommitted
itselftowards achieving aneffectiveandoperational
eGovernment
tofacilitate more efficient
National ICT Master Plan 2014 – 2017, Strategic Pillarsdelivery of informationand services to the citizens, promote productivity among public servants, encourage participation of
citizens in government, and empower all Kenyans.
The Kenya National ICT Master Plan 2014 - 2017 was launched on April 2014. This Master Plan has
three foundations and three pillars. The foundations are the critical things that need to happen inorder to lay a basis of Kenya transitioning to a Knowledge Society and positioning the country as aregional ICT hub while the pillars are meant to facilitate the achievement of socio-economic growthand Vision 2030 targets. The master plan will help to create a political, legal and regulatoryenvironment; provide e-Governmente-Government services that are simple to use and convenient
for citizens and businesses; increase the productivity, efficiency and effectiveness of critical
economic sectors; stimulate the setup and growth of ICT-related businesses to enhance employment
creation; enable and scale up ICT innovation; and develop a dynamic and robust ICT sector that will
enhance socio-economic growth.
This Master Plan proposes that Kenya strategically develop and implement public data hubs basedon a unique digital ID built on a secure infrastructure for efficient and effective citizen centric
services, enhance IT-enabled democratic governance, and create of data markets from the publicdata and information to spur innovative and commercial services and products. Moreover, On
December 2013, the Kenya and South Korean governments have announced a partnership to develop
an e-Governmente-Government master plan in Kenya, looking to develop ICT to stimulate socioeconomic development in the country. In addition, the Kenya e-Governmente-Government masterplan was developed by South Korea’s National IT Promotional Agency (NIPA) and the Kenya ICT
Authority under the Ministry of Information Communication and Technology (MoICT), and isanchored in the constitution of Kenya (2010), Vision 2030 and the Kenya ICT Master plan 2013.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 43.3% of people in Estonia were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring
the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 0.2%
have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached 9.1%.

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4.2 Management Optimization [MO]On April 2014, Kenya has launched the Kenya National ICT Master Plan 2014 - 2017. This Master Plan
has three foundations and three pillars. The first pillar of this Master Plan is E-Government services,which aims at ensuring provision of e-Government information and services as key to improving
productivity, efficiency, effectiveness and governance in all key sectors. The second pillar is ICT as a
Driver of Industry, which aims at transforming key Vision 2030 2nd MTP economic sectors tosignificantly enhance productivity, global competitiveness and growth; and the third pillar isDeveloping ICT Businesses that can produce and or provide exportable quality products and services
that are comparable to the best in the world.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax,
e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five e-Tax has the highest score, compare to other
online services. The electronic procurement and payment system was launched in August 2014. This
e-Procurement system is an automated business process which includes procurement planning,
management of suppliers, requisitions, quotations, contracts and receipts will be shifted to a more
effective and cost efficient online transaction. In addition, the Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA)
provides KRA Online service and iTax Online e-Services as an e-tax service.
In terms of complexity level, most of Online Service in Kenya has reached the two ways interaction inwhich user can download and summit application from through the portal. In addition, only e-Tax
and One Stop Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, andPassword Protection for obtaining the services.
For measuring the level of convenience, the third party application result has shown that all portals
are below the average considerably in terms of speed. The third party application for assessing theportal is the application from Google named Google PageSpeed™ Insight on
https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.
Table 14 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.ppoa.go.ke/
https://itax.kra.go.ke/KRA-Portal/
http://www.revenue.go.ke/index.php/customs-services/aboutcustoms
http://www.ehealth.or.ke/
https://www.ecitizen.go.ke/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. The Kenyan government is taking steps to digitize content and provide services online.
Although there is still significant work to be done in this area, the Kenyan e-Governmente-

143
Government portal “http://presidency.go.ke/” offers basic government information to citizens. In
technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance isbelow average both from PC and from Mobile Device. And addition, the portal does not provide theuser with some functionalities such as searching, site map, and an inquiry form.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There are no specific laws or mandates for CIO positions in Kenya. However, the Information andCommunication Technology Authority is a State Corporation under MoICT. The Kenya ICT Board,
Directorate of e-Government and Government Information Technology Services (GITS) have been
merged into this Kenya ICT Authority in August 2013.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The achievement of e-Government in Kenya has been one of the main priorities of the Governmentof Kenya towards the realization of national development goals and objectives for Wealth and
Employment Creation, as stipulated in the Kenya Vision 2030. The basic framework for e-Government
is comprised of a relatively manageable set of Kenya Information and Communications (Amendment2013) Act and National ICT Master Plan. However, there is no evidence that make clear about EGovernment Promotion in Kenya from support aspects.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
According to the United Nations E-Participation Index, Kenya is a leading country in Africa (ranked
second after Morocco) and 33th in the world for e-participation. This is a major improvement from2008, in which they placed 135th. This indicates that the government’s ICT initiatives have succeededin making the population more connected, and providing a platform that appeals to users. For
instance, parliament member has their website and provides the citizens with some information.
However, President and Deputy President of the Republic of Kenya are using other social media
channel to communicate with citizen.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Kenya launched the Open Data portal “https://opendata.go.ke/” since 2011. Kenya is the firstdeveloping country to have an open government data portal, the first in sub-Saharan Africa andsecond on the continent after Morocco. There are currently over 850 datasets hosted on the site.
According to the site, there have been over 150 million page views. There are now over a hundred
requests from the public for new datasets, and there is a clear demand for more data to be madeavailable.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The Kenya Information and Communications Act, 1998, mandates the Communications Authority of
Kenya (CA) to develop a national cyber security management framework through the establishmentof a national Computer Incident Response Team (CIRT). The Communications Authority of Kenya
setup the National Kenya Computer Incident Response Team Coordination Center (National KECIRT/CC) whose mandate is to coordinate responses and manage cyber security incidents nationallyand to collaborate with relevant actors locally, regionally and internationally.

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4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). The government of Kenya
start to discuss about the plan to implement Cloud Computing and Big Data for Public However, theevidence shows that it is not officially launched. Other emerging technologies for government
agencies are still nullity in Kenya.

5 Some Highlights
Kenya has the impressive point on Management Optimization, Online Service, and E-Participation.
The Kenya Vision 2030 is the national long-term development policy that aims to transform Kenya
into a newly industrializing, middle-income country providing a high quality of life to all its citizens by
2030 in a clean and secure environment. The Vision comprises of three key pillars: Economic; Social;and Political. Kenya government National ICT Master Plan 2014 - 2017, National Cybersecurity
Strategy 2014 and National Broadband Strategy were launched to support Kenya Vision 2030.
Huduma Kenya is a program by the Government of Kenya that aims to transform Public Service
Delivery by providing citizens access to various public services and information from One Stop Shop
citizen service centers called Huduma centers and through integrated technology platforms.
Currently https://www.ecitizen.go.ke/ is a one-stop shop service to citizens. And about EParticipation, this indicates that the government’s ICT initiatives have succeeded in making the
population more connected, and providing a platform that appeals to users.
Government CIO, the use of emerging technology and e-Government Promotion are the weak pointof Kenya. There are no specific laws or mandates for CIO positions in Kenya. For Cloud Computing
and big data, Kenya government started to corporate with academic and private such as IBM is doing
together with the Nairobi City Council is they've asked us for help to manage their fleet of garbage
trucks better.

145

South Korea
1 General Information
Area: 99,720 km2
Population: 49,115,196
Government Type: republic
GDP: $36,700
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a region
OECD Countries

APEC Economies

Among OECD countries, the Korean government shows a great progress in e-GovernmenteGovernment development, with all indicators except Online Services ranking better than the OECD’s
average. In APEC group, the Korean’s government performance is even better, with all indicators are
surpassed the group’s mean.

3 E-Government Development
The history of improvement on Korea’s e-Government could be divided into three periods; theinfrastructure development (1987-2002), the full-fledged implementation (2003-2007), and thefurther advancement (2008-now).

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Based on the development of e-Government which it has been achieved from 1978, Korea
Government has been expanding the integration of e-Government towards the Smart e-Government
promoting the usage of public service and active participation in anytime and anywhere. Since 2010,
Korea has emerged as the world leader in ICT and e-Governmente-Government.

4 Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
The total of Internet users in South Korea accounts for nearly 88% of the population, according to the
Measuring the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
Among them, more than 108% people have a wireless broadband connection, while the figure for
fixed-broadband subscriptions is only 38.8%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Since 2013, the Park Geun-Hye’s
Government
embraces
Government 3.0 as a newparadigm which pursuits two
majortargets:
delivering
customized public services andgenerating new jobs. In order toturn these targets into realistic,
the new paradigm aims totransform the government into a
more service-oriented, competent,
and transparent government. The

On-nara BPS is a new businessprocess management system
Figure 6: The Korean Government 3.0
thathas
improved
theefficiency and transparency of administration process by handling, recording and managing
in a standardized way all the business procedures of the government online . Approximately
362.000 government officers in 154 local and central governments are currently connecting to thesystem. In addition, all information systems operated by individual government agency areintegrated and managed by the Government Integrated Data Center. Currently, there are 1200
systems of 43 government departments connecting to GIDC. GIDC helps to ensure security
mechanisms against cyber-attacks and make all connected systems being prepared for natural
disasters.
Information sharing among government organizations is fostering under Government 3.0. Examples
can be seen in My Car Information App where vehicles’ records (insurance, maintenance andaccident) are provided for common usage.

147
4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services:., e-Procurement, eTax, e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its
URL Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity,
Level of Security, and Level of Convenience.
In terms of complexity level, most of Online Service in Korea has reach a transactional level in whichuser can totally conduct their businesses online. Korea Online E-procurement System, or KONEPS,
won the United Nations Public Service Award (PSA), and was selected by OECD as one of the bestcases for improving transparency, and won the ‘Global IT Excellence Award’ from World Congress on
Information Technology (WCIT) in 200624. The entire procurement procedures are processed via
KONEPS‘s subsystems: e-bidding, e-contracting, e-ordering from online shopping mall and e-payment.
With the presence of Home Tax initiative, all tax businesses including filing, billing, and payment areprocessed online and information is retrieved anytime by taxpayer. Taxpayers or their tax agents canrequest and receive 18 civil affairs certificates. In terms of civil services, Minwon(http://www.minwon.go.kr/) is the one-stop portal where users can find services they need bysearching through around 5,300 services available and get detailed information.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that all portal is
above the average in terms of speed. The third party application for assessing the portal is theapplicationfrom
Googlenamed
GooglePageSpeed™
Insightonhttps://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.
Table 15 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
www.g2b.go.kr
www.hometax.go.kr
www.portal.customs.go.kr
http://www.minwon.go.kr/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of South Korea (www.korea.go.kr) contains proper information for local
citizens and foreigners. Information about the country, government structure and latest
government’s activities are also available. In terms of technical aspects, the result of Google
PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the portal performs at average speed and operates well with both
PC and Mobile devices. The portal is also equipped with several basic functionalities search capability,
site map, and Social Network integration.

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4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Currently, the country’s e-Governmente-Government lead agency is the Ministry of Security andPublic Administration (MOSPA).
CIO was introduced in each ministry of the government since 1998. The Fundamental Law on
National Informatization and the Presidential Directive states the appointment of CIO in national andbureau level. According to The Presidential Directive No.157, the position of CIO in each ministry

and governmental agency is mandatory.
The main roles of CIO are planning ICT projects, allocating ICT budget, and improving regulations
related with e-Governmente-Government project. The eligible personnel must meet the following
qualifications; strong expertise in the corresponding agency’s actual performance, wide perspective
and professional knowledge on ICT, and strong will to initiate innovations in administration throughinformatization.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
By pursuing Government 3.0, President Park shows her ambition and interests in utilizing ICT totransform government. The vision and strategy of Government 3.0 are received a broad consensus
of government officers. The strong willingness and commitment from the top-level leaderships is
one of success factor to the e-Governmente-Government development of South Korea.
Another fundamental factor that has been contributed to the success of e-GovernmenteGovernment adoption in Korea is the presence of solid IT policy and regulation framework. Some
examples are Framework Act on Informatization Promotion (FAIP), 1996; Electronic Government Act,
2001; Open Data Act; Information Disclosure Act; and so on. Alongside this, the sustained investment
for e-Governmente-Government (around 1% of national budget every year) guarantees Korea
Government has sufficient resource for implementing its strategies and action plans. Funds for eGovernmente-Government come from various sources such as the Informatization Promotion Fund;the Telecommunication Promotion Fund or the Central Fund for e-Governmente-Government. And
finally, the presence of institutions as coordinating bodies in public sector such as National
Computing and Information Agency; National Information Society Agency; and Data Strategy Board;
Gov. 3.0 Advisory Group; Gov. 3.0 officers in every ministry ensure the success of the new eGovernmente-Government paradigm.

4.7 E-Government Participation [EPAR]
Another target of Government 3.0 is about connecting with citizens and encouraging them toengage in public affairs. Government enables this via online voting, online consultant and otherlarge-scale public projects.
‘e-People’ website for online participation of citizens was selected as one of the top 10 services foronline politics in 2006 World e-Government Forum. This portal facilitates citizens’ participation inpolicy-making by processing people s complaints and suggestions via a single window. This is asingle window application enables citizen participating in policy making process by receiving
and handling their suggestions and complaints.

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The official Facebook (www.facebook.com/govkorea) and Twitter (twitter.com/govkorea) is alsoavailable. Furthermore, elected officials and politicians often have their own website or SNS accountto notify their activities and communicate with citizens

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Government 3.0 pursues transparency of government. Open government in termss of data andinformation means the transition from supply-driven transparency (reactive, responsive disclosure of
public information) to demand-driven transparency (proactive sharing). According to President Park,
Government 3.0 places emphasize on “make information sharing more equitable and transparent
between the central government, local governments, government agencies and the public.” Aligningwith this vision, Korea has published the National Action Plan on Open Government Partnership 2014
- 201625.
Citizens can access public information and data at data.go.kr. Currently, central-local governments,
and public agencies open 5,007 DBs (2013). By 2016, 12,654 DBs of total 21,087 DBs (60%) are
expected to be open to public26.
In 2014, among OECD nations, Korea achieved the first position in OURdata (Open, Useful, Reusable
Government Data) Index27.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB] (4/10)
The National Cyber Security Master Plan was released in 2011, since then, it has been viewed as thefoundation to guide the nation’s cyber defense strategy. Korea also has a solid legislation framework
on cyber security such as: The Information and Communication Infrastructure Protection Act 2001
(critical infrastructure protection); Act on Protection of Personal Information Maintained by Public
Agencies (1994); Electronic Transaction Basic Act (February 1999, into force on 1 July 1999); and soon.
Both KrCERT/CC and KN-CERT are considered as computer emergency response teams in Korea
Government. The Korea Internet and Security Agency is responsible for network and information
security. In addition, the National Cyber Security Center (NCSC) is the central point of government
for identifying, preventing and responding to cyber-attacks and threats in Korea. The NCSC, incollaboration with the private sector and the military sector, will improve warning systems andresponse time to security incidents and protect critical national infrastructures in Korea. For raisingawareness on cyber security, the Korea Information Security Agency is responsible for online training
and broadcasting about the responsible use of the Internet among users.

25

http://www.opengovpartnership.org/sites/default/files/140624_OGP_Action_Plan_Republic_of_Korea_%EC%88%98%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B8__%EC%B6%94%EA%B0%80%EC%88%98%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B8__edited.pdf
26
http://asean.women.or.kr/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Lecture-1-GOVERNMENT3.0E-GOVERNMENT-INKOREA_Kim-Sangjin.pdf
27
http://www.oecdilibrary.org/docserver/download/4215081e.pdf?expires=1464490214&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=3CAF28
2CDF92585BBB19823BC7FEE134

150
4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG] (3.5/8)
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT).
In 2013, the first center for big data analytics was established which provides an adequate, securelarge-scale data analytics infrastructure for future potential big data projects. Big data is currently
integrating in Government Integrated Data Center (GIDC) too. Its big data log analysis system nSIMS,
developed after 18 months of efforts, monitors 100,000 dangerous IPs in countries like North Korea,
Romania, and the U.S. in real time while detecting signs of system failure.
The government’s G-Cloud Project is expanding. A total of 260 e-Governmente-Government systems
have adopted G-Cloud by 2014, and the number is scheduled to be increased to 740, which isequivalent to 60 percent of the entire systems, by 201728.
In 2014, the Ministry The government has adopted the field of “Internet of Things” as a national
strategic project, announcing the Internet of Things master plan to achieve a leading country of
hyper-connected digital revolution last May29

5 Some Highlights
By implementing initiatives for optimizing business process of public sectors such as Governmentwide Enterprise Architecture (GEA), On-nara BPS and Government Information Sharing, South
Korean government has reached a high level of efficiency and transparency of administration
process. This is awarded by a nearly perfect score on Management Optimization indicator this year.
Another strength of South Korea is the comprehensive cyber security framework, indicating by fullscore in this dimension. With a supportive cyber regulation environment and well-establishedsecurity agencies, the cyber security framework is strengthened, giving the government thecapability to identify, prevent and respond to cyber-threats.
One of the targets of Government 3.0 is Service-oriented Government. Future policies are required to
be designed as service and follows 4-step process: Discover, Define, Develop, and Deliver.
Aiming toward “Smart nation”, Korea is leading the world in digitalizing every aspects of life.
On 3rd March 2015, Korea passed the world’s first cloud-specific law, with the stated aim of driving
the adoption of cloud computing in Korea. The Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning announced
the "K-ICT Cloud Computing Development Plan" during the November 2015 cabinet meeting withother related agencies and the Government 3.0 Committee30. On April 2016, the Ministry establisheda cloud computing support center in Daegu City so public institutions can make better use of thetools provided by entities in the private sector.

28

http://businesskorea.co.kr/english/news/ict/8871-national-it-systems-143-e-Governmente-Governmentsystems-adopt-cloud-computing-year29
http://www.kiot.or.kr/uploadFiles/board/KOREA-IoT%20Master%20Plan.pdf
30
http://english.msip.go.kr/english/msipContents/contentsView.do?cateId=msse44&artId=1289190

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Lithuania
1 General Information
Area: 65,300 km2
Population: 2,884,433
Government Type: Semi-Presidential Republic
GDP: $28,000
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

Rank 51
2 Positioning in a region
Europe3 E-Government Development
Lithuania is a new country to the ranking. The official government web portal can be located atwww.lrv.lt, and they also have additional web portals with information and news about the country
in English. The country’s official web presence is polished and professional, but, as it is a country witha very low population, its online offerings are relatively limited. For example, while Lithuania is amember of the Open Government Partnership, it is difficult to find detailed, downloadable open data
sets from an official source. There are ongoing efforts to remedy this situation by promoting open
data and a start-up culture, but the extent of these programs are limited, or entwined withcooperation from other countries in the region.

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4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
In Lithuania, approximately 66% of households have access to the Internet. This is about 15% less thanthe EU average, but the number has been going up, particularly in recent years (it rose from 60% to
66% from 2012 to 2014). Furthermore, nearly 100% of businesses are connected to the Internet, andabout 70% of the population uses the Internet once a week or more. Broadband connections lag the
EU average at 65%, and only 19% of individuals have ordered a product online within the past threemonths, less than half of the EU average. These numbers suggest that while NIP is improving in
Lithuania, it still has some room to grow relative to other nations in the region.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Lithuanian government is more than halfway through implementation of the LithuanianInformation Society Development Programme (2011-2019). This is a multi-pronged program, butthere are two overarching goals. The first goal is to improve the skills and IT literacy of the Lithuanianpeople. This is to be accomplished by providing training (online and in-person), and funding IT
careers in both rural and urban areas. The second goal is to continue developing and enhancing arobust and user-friendly series of government services available on the World Wide Web.

4.3 Online Service [OS]Lithuania offers a diverse array of services available to citizens and businesses on the Internet. They
offer an online procurement portal for government agencies to make purchases efficiently. They alsooffer a host of services for citizens, including e-Tax, an online social security and unemployment
benefits system, license and certificate applications, notification of change of address, etc. Lithuania
is not leading the way forward in termss of innovative online services, but it certainly is not far
behind its counterparts in Europe.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
Lithuania’s national portal, the e-Governmente-Government Gateway, was launched in 2004. It offersa single source of information, services, and communication between citizens and government. The
portal offers information to both citizens and foreigners in several languages. There is also a Loginfeature so that citizens can customize their experience on the portal. The portal contains links to allof the necessary features for citizens with a simple, organized, user-friendly style.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
The closest role to a GCIO in Lithuania is the Advisor of the e-Governmente-Government Policy
Division. This position is currently held by Dr. Vytautas Krasauskas. He reports to the Minister of theInterior, which is currently Tomas Žilinskas. They are responsible for all e-Government strategy,
implementation, and development.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The Lithuanian government’s newest strategy to promote a connected, information-based society is
the Ministry of Transport and Communication’s 2014 decision to allocate funds to improve IT services

153in the nation. These funds will serve to promote the nation’s e-Services by enhancing awareness andtechnical literacy among the population.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The Lithuanian government promotes online participation largely through its national portal, which
provides links to blogs and social media accounts for agencies and individual government officers.
These measures are meeting increased success as a larger proportion of the population is now using
the Internet regularly and feeling more comfortable interacting with others online..

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]As early as 1996, Lithuania had a law requiring the government to disclose information to the public.
That law was strengthened in 2000, and is still in force today. Individual agencies within the
Lithuanian government do publish datasets to the public. For instance, data sets regarding thefederal budget, legislation, census information, election results, and more are available, but they are
not presented together in a single portal. This is a significant obstacle to citizens’ ability to find theinformation they need without undue effort, and steps toward a more robust OGD portal should betaken.

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Recently, Lithuania developed the Secure State Data Communication Network (SSDCN), whichallows sensitive data and communication to be transmitted securely. Furthermore, Lithuania aspires
to be a regional leader in the Internet of Things, or IoT. The government has made efforts to attractstate-of-the-art tech companies that are researching new consumer electronics that rely on IoTtechnology.

5 Some Highlights
The Lithuania government offers a public procurement site at www.cpo.lt. This site provides users(in this case, mostly governmental institutions) with an easy way to order and receive goods andmaterials that they need from more than 450 different suppliers. This site eliminates a significant
amount of inefficiency and lowers costs for procurement.
There is also an online customs website available in several languages at www.cust.lt. This site
mostly provides information regarding the customs process, but it also provides some helpful tools
to help businesses and individuals predict the customs process before they import or export goods.
The site is well-organized and very user-friendly.
The Lithuanian government continues to place e-Government development as a high priority.
Despite the country’s relatively small size and population, it has established a useful and user-friendly
online presence for itself, which only shows signs of improving in the days ahead.

154

Macao
1 General Information
Area: 28.2 km2Population: 592,731

Government Type: limited democracy
GDP: $88,700
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Asian countries

3 E-Government Development
Macao SAR has published the latest e-Governmente-Government strategy called “Macao SARElectronic Governance General Plan 2015-2019” in 2015, drafted by Public Administration and Civil
Service Bureau (SAFP). The new strategy is to make response to the overall governance plan of
Macao in which the development orientation has been set up as “One Centre” and “One Platform”.
According to the government’s information, The EGOV General Plan was approved by the Chief
Executive and The Secretariat for Administration and Justice is responsible for the overall

155
coordination of the plan. Members from all five secretary offices and SAFP composed thecoordination committee of Public Administration Reform to supervise the implementation of eGovernmente-Government plan. SAFP serves as the GCIO of Macao, meanwhile each government
agency owns a working team in which the agency leader, IT head and personnel of its IT and related
business units have been included to guarantee the internal management and collaboration amongagencies.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
According to the most recent ITU report, 96% of people in Macao were Internet users, approximately
62.6% have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached96.2%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Aiming to raise the maturity of e-Governmente-Government, Macau Government promotes
the E-Macao program and changes the main objectives with times. The objectives of the e-Macao
program in 2012 include: 1. Support the Macao e-Government Development Program and Macao
Public Administration Roadmap; 2. Facilitate the adoption of government-wide standards to guidethe planning, implementation and management of technology-oriented projects in government; 3.
Build human capacity in government agencies through the provision of training, mentoring anddevelopment of skills to meet project requirements; 4. Promote Macao as one of regional leaders inresearch and practice on Electronic Government and technology in government in general.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The E-Macao is the project aiming to build a foundation for electronic government in Macauthrough readiness assessment, software research and development, and capacity building for thegovernment workforce. The project will provide advice on how specific project deliverables can be
exploited or scaled for production environment, and provide a program phase-completion report toreflect on the successes and lessons learnt over the three-year period of the e-Macao Program. Now
this project has been completed. We can find different forms of interaction in the websites ofdepartment of government department. The E-Services in Macau are information downloads form,
e-payment systems to e-tax systems, from; labor related services to e-health system are all done by
two-way interactions. The national portal provides inquiries and calculation functions and facilitates
the users to know the given proposed programs, current events and situation any time in the
country.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Macau SAR Government Portal (www.gov.mo) is provided in simplified Chinese, traditional
Chinese, English and Portuguese. It offers government news, city information and e-Services and hasareas for citizens, tourists and merchants. It is also a useful gateway to the public sector, with links toalmost all government agencies and departments. The government portal is supported by thesoftware applications to allow users to enjoy a variety of services and complementing other services,such as subscribing your favorite information, providing Smart ID card and the electronic certification,
to carry and deliver to the public highly secure and reliable services, on the government portal, there

156
are catalogues of job matching, social benefits, vehicles, public libraries, which are mainly providing
documents and searching, applying and paying. Through the deployment of these software
applications, the government expects to streamline its internal processes, ultimately to improve its
overall efficiency. However, it was projected to improve in termss of details like setting up anaccessible version for mobile user and disabilities.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The CIO development programs are processing. The CIO position in Macau is IT director, which
was appointed at National government agencies and bureau level. There is no law about CIO and no
MS or PHD course that is related to CIO training offered in Macau. But the CIO Leadership Forum
held in Macau every year is worthy of all attention. Although this forum does not just focus on GCIO,
its topics are meaningfully like new challenges faced by CIOs, governance & compliance and risk inface of cloud.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The Macao SAR Government is in charge of e-promotion in Macau. The E-Macao program was
proposed and jointly developed between MSARG, UNU-IIST and local institutions initially involving
University of Macao (UM) and “Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores de Macau”(INESC-Macau) and later, Macao University of Science and Technology (MUST) and Macao
Polytechnic Institute (MPI). The Science and Technology Development Fund held by Macao
Government, provides financial assistance for education, research and projects that are related toscience and technology policy objectives. At the same time, through multiform conferences, forums,
trainings, publications, the government tries to improve the e-Governmente-Government promotion.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]In Macau, the Government portal www.gov.mo is one-stop shop services. In this portal allservices are provide to citizens and business, when we open the homepage, we can see online
newsletter, web bulletin boards, click the government information. We can find the government
structure, contacts of government departments and officials (including e-mail address) and theinformation of the main officials. Comprehensive information is provided. The chief executive ofMacau government has his own website, where schedule of the chief executive, news, feedback
form are on it. Although he did not respond individually, but in the feedback form, you can get his
reply. In addition, government is completing the e-identity scheme, which is integrated ofecertificate, ID card and e-pass. As pointed in the policy address 2013, all departments will introduce
more electronic public services for people to get convenient service.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Disclosure of government information is important "sunshine government" weapon
construction contemporary developed countries, because on the one hand it guarantees citizens'right to know, so that the public and businesses equal access to government information and know,change in government and business, information is not between individuals symmetrical conditions
for transparent administration laid the foundation community. Currently, Macao residents still on the"sunshine government" building there are more doubts. And even, the occurrence of this year's

157"May 25" against "officials from the bill up" event, the public officials raised objections "fatten"
slogan. But unfortunately, it seems that in recent years the policy report no relevant reference.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Macau Computer Emergency Response Team Coordination Centre (MOCERT) founded in
February 2010, the center of innovation and technology management from Macau, Macau iscommitted to providing information processing computer security incidents, raising publicawareness and recognition of information security, computer security incidents and to provide forthe public and Macau enterprise solutions and consulting services proposal. At the same time thecenter and local agencies, and with global security organization Forum of Incident Response andSecurity Teams (FIRST) and the Asia Pacific Computer Emergency Response Teams (APCERT)
members work closely together to exchange information and keep in touch. It aims at promoting ahealthier and more secure Internet environment in Macau.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). The evidences show that
Macau has are government data center to provide related data services to public. But there is rare
information about regulations around emerging technologies, even though the developing plans for
IOT and Cloud Computing are written in their e-Governmente-Government general plan.

5 Some Highlights
Macao has performing well on “Management Optimization” and “Online Service”. The Macao
SAR government has strived to simplify the administrative procedures and optimize public services
through continuous e-Governmente-Government plan in different phase. Administrative
effectiveness and efficiency, governance reform have always been the critical tasks for eGovernmente-Government in Macao. The Macau SAR Government Portal (www.gov.mo) has
provided basic e-Service for all kinds of needs of citizens, non-citizens and business. Its simplified
catalogs and columns keep the interaction between government and individuals plain and fast. The
mobile version also has been set up to be user-friendly for people’s new habit. However, Macaoshould get more scores on “Government CIO” “E-participation” and “The usage of emerging
technologies”. On account of the fact that many nations are still in the initial stage on last indicator,
it could be considered as a good chance for any developing areas to bridge the gap by adopting newtechnologies into e-Governmente-Government area with comprehensive legal framework andinfrastructure preparedness. To Macao, in addition to the new indicator, completing the government
CIO functions is still an important issue.

158

Malaysia
1 General Information
Area: 329,847 km2
Population: 30,513,848
Government Type: constitutional monarchy
GDP: $26,600
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a region
ASEAN Countries

APEC Countries

Among ASEAN countries, Malaysia has high scores on e-participation, cyber security andmanagement optimization. These scores surpassed the world and ASEAN’s average and close to theSingapore’s – the e-Governmente-Government leader in ASEAN region.
In APEC countries, Malaysia only exceeds the group average on management optimization and eparticipation. Other indicators are below the mean of APEC and global.

3 E-Government Development
E-Government has long been an interest of Malaysia government since 1996 with the establishmentof the Multimedia Super Corridor (1996). A transformation vision toward 2020 including 12 national
key economic areas (NKEA), of which e-Governmente-Government is one of essential entry point

159
project was announced aiming to “increasing the accessibility, speed and transparency of
government services”.
Since e-Government is high on the agenda of Malaysia government, it has received strong financial,
institutional and legal supports. Lots of efforts have been carried out by the Government in order topromote for e-Governmente-Government development.

4 Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 84.6% Australia’s population were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring
the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Amongthem, wired broadband subscribers accounted for around 25.8% while more than 100% of total
population have a wireless broadband connection.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Malaysian Public Sector
ICT Strategic Plan (2011-2015) isthelatestnationaleGovernmente-Government
strategy which draws strategic
directionontheimplementation if Information
andCommunications
Technology (ICT) in the
Malaysian public sectors.
The strategy emphasizes ondelivering innovative, efficientandqualitycitizenandbusiness-centric services byleveraging on the pervasive useof ICT. The ultimate aim is toachieve a Citizen-Centric andWhole of Government public
service. 5 programs and 6
policy targets have been
identified in the strategy
A secured, dedicated, centrally managed Government consolidated ICT network infrastructure forGovernment agencies named “1Gov*Net” has been implemented with the target to transform ICT
network infrastructure via consolidation to optimize resources and value for money forstrengthening Government service delivery system. To date, 10.600 government premises are linked
to 1Gov*Net. Besides, a government cloud called “1GovCloud” has implemented by The Malaysian
Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit (Mampu) in order to create a private,secure and dedicated platform for government agencies.

160
Project Monitoring System creates a collaboration framework for better management anddevelopment of e-Governmente-Government projects across agencies. There is also a Human
Resource Management Information System (HRMIS) implemented in Malaysian Federal Government
which provides a single interface to perform human resource effectively. In addition, the Malaysian
Government also employed the Generic Office Environment (GOE) with the purpose to enableefficient communication, allowing collaboration across government officers. The government also
put in place the use of an enterprise architecture framework called “1GovEA” in order to create aneffective strategic alignment between backend business and ICT usage in government organizations.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service comprises of five sub-dimensions: e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs, eHealth, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL Address. All of
those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of Security, andLevel of Convenience.
In general, most of public services in Sweden are provided digitally. However, not all of themreached the transactional complexity level.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application Google PageSpeed™ Insight 31 has
showed that all services have a good access speed.
Table 16 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.eperolehan.gov.my/
http://www.customs.gov.my/en/uc
eservices.com.my

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. Government.se is the government portal of Sweden. It presents a wide range of
information resources about government structure, government agencies, legal documents anddaily news regarding to government’s operations. Information are delivered in 16 different
languages.
In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website operates wellboth from PC and from Mobile Device. The portal also provides several contacting methods via
various Social Networks such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Flicker as well as there is a featureallowing user to receive update mail notification.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]

The role of government CIO is defined on MAMPU website32

31

https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.

161
A self-assessment competency for CIOs has been developed in CIO Handbook published by MAMPU,
in order to provide an opportunity for CIOs to identify any gaps for self-improvement while
33
performing their role as CIO. CIO-equivalent positions are also found in ministerial agencies via the
Public Sector CIO Information Systems. The office of the Malaysian Government CIO has always beenin the forefront of equipping and acculturating CIOs in the latest technologies and ICT tools for
Public Service delivery through workshops and CIO summits.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The Malaysia Administrative Modernization and Management Planning Unit (MAMPU) is promoting
the use of e-Governmente-Government.
MAMPU also carries out e-Governmente-Government promotion programs such as conferences,
exhibitions, seminars throughout the country. As for assessment mechanisms, the Electronic
Government Steering Committee and Government IT and Internet Committee are the two over-sightbodies, evaluating the e-Governmente-Government implementation at national level. The Electronic
Government Activities Act of 2007 provides the legal framework for e-Governmente-Government
implementation in Malaysia. Under the law, Malaysian Public Sector ICT Strategic Plan is still on going.

4.7 E-Government Participation [EPAR]
The national portal www.malaysia.gov.my is beginning to evolve from just merely providing einformation to providing e-consultation services as well. It is also the government one-stop-shop forinteracting with citizens. The portal provides information on government such as policies,
government procedures, the national budget and legislation. The website has some facility forencouraging citizen feedback and conducts simple online surveys.
As the e Services can support participation in processes involved in government and e-participation ishence closely related to e-Governmente-Government and by providing e-Services such as MY ID, My
SMS, MY Health, My procurement, My Ideas, and increasing the benefits of citizen Malaysian
government want increase e-participation. In addition, SMS is utilized as an ultimate channel toprovide user access to government services. An electronic touchscreen is installed at every service
counter in order to receive user feedback for the service provided.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
The official open data portal of Malaysia government is located at data.gov.my which recently
involves 32 organizations in 10 sectors as providers with totally 1121 datasets provided to date. The
data were published mostly in XLSX and CSV format. Only in 2 states Freedom of Information isenacted (Selangor and Penang).

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
By 2013, total of 10.636 security incidents were detected by MyCERT, involving all kinds of cybersecurity threats such as fraud, intrusion, spam, malicious code, and so on.

32
33

http://www.mampu.gov.my/web/en/gcio

162
The Malaysian Government has strengthened the role of CyberSecurity Malaysia by Order of the
Ministers of Federal Government Vol.53, No.13, dated June 22, 2009 by identifying CyberSecurity
Malaysia as national info security coordination center that provides ICT security specialist services
and continuously monitors threats to the national security.
In termss of cyber laws, Malaysia has enacted the Digital Signature Act of 1997; Computer Crimes Act
of 1997; Telemedicine Act of 1997, e-Commerce Act of 2006, Electronic Government Activities Act of2007 and the latest Personal Data Protection Act by 2010.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT).
MY E.G. Services Berhad (“MYEG”) is a concessionaire for Malaysian Electronic-Government (“EGovernment”) MSC Flagship Application. Over the past 5 years MYEG has invested in and iscurrently deploying our next generation technologies based on The Internet of Things (“IoT”)
solutions. We believe that the deployment of IoT coupled with big data analytics will bring significant
improvements to our overall quality of life. Our environment will increasingly anticipate our needs as
opposed to responding to our actions. MYEG implements cutting edge IoT solutions that is being
deployed on a nationwide scale for the first time anywhere in the world.
A government cloud called “1GovCloud” has implemented by The Malaysian Administrative
Modernisation and Management Planning Unit (Mampu) in order to create a private, secure anddedicated platform for government agencies

5 Some Highlights
Management Optimization is always the strong point of Malaysian government with major
initiatives have been implemented: the government ICT network “1Gov*Net”; the enterprisearchitecture framework “1GovEA”; government shared services such as Digital Document
Management System, Service Intelligence (SI), Government Risk and Compliance Scorecard(myGRiC); and so on.
Regarding online services, this year, Malaysia government is on its way to restructuring several major
services including customs service. An initiative so-called uCustoms was introduced as “a fully
integrated, end-to-end, and customs modernization solution that delivers single window for goods
clearance”, is expecting to complete no sooner than 2017.
The national portal as well as the one-stop-shop services - malaysia.gov.my - seems to be inaccessible
outside of Malaysia, which prevented the evaluation process, resulted in a low score for Malaysia innational portal and online service dimensions.
Malaysia government is also putting great efforts to meet minimum points required to join by Open
Government Partnership. To meet those requirements, several challenges are recommended tofocus on: the right to information, asset and conflict interest disclosures and citizen engagement.

163

Mexico
1 General Information
Area: 1,964,375 km2
Population: 121,736,809
Government Type: Federal Republic
GDP: $47,500
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

APEC Economies

All indicators except the use of e-Participation (EPAR) indicator is below the average score of OECD
and APEC members.

164

3 E-Government Development
The Mexican government was already making widespread use of ICT by the end of 1990s. There was
no overarching e-Government strategy for the federal government until 2001. In Mexico, theInstitute for Statistics, Geography, and Informatics (INEGI) was in charge of the federal
government’s IT policy. In 2001, the President’s Office for Government Innovation officiallyintroduced e-Government as an initiative to digitalize and modernize government. E-Mexico was a
related initiative focusing on connectivity and electronic access. e-Government became one of thesix pillars of the Good Government Agenda in late-2002, thus consolidating it as a central strategy of
the Mexican Government.
Mexico has a long-standing commitment tousing ICT to support public sector reforms
and foster good governance by improving
transparency, quality and efficiency of
government. The Mexican government also
adopted an initiative called e-Mexico
National System that aims to increase theconnectivity between all levels ofgovernment, the IT industry, and academic
institutions until 2025. Through this plan
they would like to provide contents to thecitizens, for instance: e-health, e-learning, eeducation and e-Governmente-Government.
In October 2013, Mexico launched its
National Digital Strategy to promote theuse of Information and Communications
Technology. The National Digital Strategy,“Digital Mexico," is the digital action plan
the Government will implement over the
next few years to encourage the adoption
National Digital Strategy, digitization impacts
and development of Information and ICT
and insert Mexico into the Information and Knowledge Society.
The Strategy sets out the challenges Mexico faces in the digital context and the way it will cope withthem through five major objectives: 1) Government Transformation, 2) Digital Economy, 3) Quality
Education, 4) Universal, Effective Health, and 5) Public Safety. The primary goal of the strategy was
to achieve a "Digital Mexico” in which technology facilitates economic development and improves
the quality of citizens’ lives. Based on policies for a digital government, Mexico seeks to build a new
relationship between the government and citizens.

165

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 44.4% of people in Estonia were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring
the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 11.6%
have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached 37.5%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Mexican government also adopted an initiative called e-Mexico National System that aims toincrease the connectivity between all levels of government, the IT industry, and academic
institutions until 2025. In October 2013, National Digital Strategy, “Digital Mexico”, is based on clear
definitions, enabling those involved to strive to achieve the objectives set forth therein, which arealigned with the major goals of the National Development Plan 2013-2018 that guide thegovernment’s efforts.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax,
e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and their URL
Address. All of those services were investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Cyber security and e-commerce laws were found at national andsub-national level but some of them are pending. Compared with other countries in Central America,
Mexico had very good e-Services. e-Tax is the highest score, compare to other online services.
In terms of complexity level, most of Online Service in Mexico has dynamic sites available. It allows
downloading of forms and submitting them back to government agencies. In addition to that, only eTax has implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, and Password Protection
for obtaining the services.
For measuring the level of convenience, the third party application result has shown that e-Service
portals expect e-Health are above the average considerably in terms of speed. These mean they areusing only the static information. The third party application for assessing the portal is theapplicationfrom
Googlenamed
GooglePageSpeed™
Insightonhttps://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.
Table 17 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://web.compranet.gob.mx/
https://www.siat.sat.gob.mx/PTSC/
http://www.aduanas.gob.mx/e5cinco/Ingreso.aspx
http://www.esalud.gob.mx/
http://www.gob.mx/

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4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. The national portal “http://www.gob.mx/” is a part of the Mexican Government Portal
and gives citizens a single entry to e-Governmente-Government services online. The Citizen Portal
uses a customer relationship management strategy to better present its content according to users’
needs. The portal uses a technological platform that enables interoperability and standardization
across different government offices. In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insightshowed that the website performance is above average both from PC and from Mobile Device.
However, the portal does not provide the user with some functionality such as other language and it
is still beta version.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Regarding the Government CIO in Mexico, the CIO is appointed only nationally. The Director of the eGovernment and IT Policy Unite at the Ministry of Public Administration hold the equivalent post of
GCIO. There is no information about any CIO association or organization. There is not a CIO training
course found in Mexico.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]In Mexico, the law on e-Government was adopted at the national level but not at the sub-national
level. The e-Government master plan and policies exist only at the national level. There are nogovernment activities such as organized conferences or citizen training. There are no think-tanks orfunds for developing e-Government in Mexico.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The national portal http://www.gob.mx/ is a one-stop-shop service for all citizens. Mexican
Government has launched the e-Participation portal “http://www.gob.mx/participa”, which is aplatform for citizen participation that allows, through diverse mechanisms such as forums, surveys
and exercises of co-edition to create better public policy proposals for the development of thecountry.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Mexico has recently launched the Open Data portal “http://datos.gob.mx/” that National Open Data
Policy creates and implements a national policy for the publication and use of open data that is clear,provides legal certainty, uses open and interoperable standards, and is guided by the principle ofmaximum publicity.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
In 2001, the Steering Committee of the Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST)
officially granted (DGSCA-UNAM) the approval to operate as a national CERT. The Coordination ofInformation Security (CSI) / UNAM-CERT of the Directorate General of Computing and Information
Technology and Communication, UNAM is a meeting point which can turn the computing community
for information, advice and services security; and to exchange experiences and points of view,
thereby establishing appropriate security policies, reducing the number and severity of security
problems and spreading the culture of computer security.

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4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Mexico has attempted to
implement Cloud Computing for Public Sector such as Mexico's Tax Administration System (SAT).
However, the evidence shows that it is not officially launched. Other emerging technologies forgovernment agencies are still nullity in Mexico.

5 Some Highlights
Mexico has the impressive point on e-Participation, Open Government Data, and National Portal.
Mexico has high score on e-Participation that is the result of the digital government item in the Good
Government Agenda, and is also part of the e-Mexico. The citizen participation portal,“http://www.gob.mx/consulta/” is a proposal by the Government of the Republic to promote citizen
participation through digital means, as a way to improve public policies, making them more effective
and achieve greater impact on the daily lives of people.
Mexico's commitment to open government includes expanding access to government services
online, and digital democratic tools to make government actions and government spending moretransparent by making them available online. Mexico launched a National Digital Strategy on 2013,
coordinated by presidential advisor Alejandra Lagunes, with the goal of placing Mexico first among
Latin American nations on the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Digital Engagement Index. In Mexico, the Open Government Partnership has become a space for
dialogue and exchange of ideas that allows the government, in collaboration with civil society, totake on commitments linked to the four principles of Open Government with the potential totransform people’s quality of life.
Mexico still has the weakness. The use of emerging technology and Government CIO are the weak
point of Mexico. As for the emerging technology, one of Mexico's governmental agencies
transitioned to Microsoft's cloud computing services with the aim to improve its services to Mexican
taxpayers. There is no evidence that make clear about Government CIO, even if There is a law
creating the position of the CIO in the government and a document defining the role and function of
the CIO in Mexico. Moreover, Mexico has low score on Cybercrime Countermeasures, and there also
is not any evidence about cyber security strategy or action.

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Morocco
1 General Information
Area: 446,550 sq km
Population: 33,322,699
Government Type: Parliamentary constitutionalmonarchy
GDP: $8,300
Historical Ranking (2006-20016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
AFRICA Countries

169

3 E-Government Development
In 2008, the Moroccan government introduced the National Strategy for Information Society andDigital Economic 2009-2013, known as “Digital Morocco 2013” or “Morocco Numeric”. The strategicplan “Digital Morocco 2013” is meant to make from information technology a cornerstone of theeconomy, a source of added value for other economic sectors and public administration, and anengine for human development, in view of positioning Morocco as a regional technology hub. The
strategy focuses on four main priorities: expanding citizen access to broadband with an emphasis on
knowledge; user-oriented e-Governmente-Government and public service provision; promoting
computerization across small and medium enterprises to increase productivity; supporting local
actors to develop IT markets and build greater potential for sector exports. These priorities aresupported by two measures: the development of human capital and promotion of cyber-confidence.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
As of 2015, Morocco has over 20 million Internet users with the penetration is about 60.6%. In
Morocco, public sector expenditures represent a significant share of the state budget. Also, this area
is it expected to achieve significant efficiencies through the implementation of e-GovernmenteGovernment services through a streamlined and automated processing of information. The aim is
to use the e-Government projects to modernize and Local Administration in the service of citizens
and businesses. It is the use of information technology and communications to reconfigure
processes in depth, making them effective and efficient, completely geared to serve citizens andbusiness.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The latter requires the establishment of a Computer Emergence Response Team (ma-CERT) at anational level, as well as the launch of an Information Systems Security Committee within the
National Council of Information Technology and Digital Economy. Digital Morocco 2013 also
envisages public awareness campaigns for the general public aimed at increasing confidence inmodern technologies.
During processes of evaluation, we found that in Morocco, there is a few number of e-Government
services, transactional portals, and e-transformation effect. In 2015, they did not have any strategy
for the development on ICT and e-Government.

4.3 Online Service [OS]http://www.service-public.ma/ is one-stop services for public sectors. This is static website andcontains the link to ministries and other government website. It’s an institutional web site without
online public services integration and contains the same content picked from other government website. This portal offers the description of procedure for more than 70 public’s services and divided todetail catalogs, such as citizens, enterprises, and professionals,

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4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The national portal (www.egov.ma) includes main information for e-Governmente-Government
programs, projects and operates e-Service information, it has a link to separate e-Service portal(http://www.service-public.ma/) this is the set of services offered by the Moroccan administration.
The national portal aims first and foremost, to improve the relation between the administration andits users.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There is no information for government CIO.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]The Steering Department of the e-Government program (DPGOV) is attached to the CIGOV. This
structure consists of internal and external expertise that will be responsible of assisting the CIGOVand SPGOV in the implementation of the e-Governmente-Government program. The activities of the
DPGOV are divided into four major functions (1) Strategic management, (2) Steering, (3) Assistance,and (4) Promotion: design of a communication/marketing for the program and also synchronization
with the others SPGOV.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The Moroccan government has launched several e-participation initiatives including: (1) Fikra: The
Suggestion Box for the improvement of the Administration. It was launched on February 25, 2011
offers a discussion forum to get more feedback from citizens and enable them to express their views.
They can submit ideas, vote for ideas and comment. The Government also created 3 forums forsharing ideas are available (i) Forum “Your ideas for new eGov services”; (ii) Forum “Your ideas for
simplifying administrative tasks”; and (iii) Forum “Your ideas for improving the Administration”. (2)Comment drafts of laws and decrees, and (3) Questionnaire and suggestion box on the websites.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In June, 2014 The Directorate of Digital Economy launched officially online for the new version of the
Moroccan portal of Open Government Data (http://data.gov.ma/fr). The new portal, which
regrouped around sixty files shared by different departments, it was realized based on the open
source software CKAN whose development is coordinated by the Open Knowledge Foundation,
which remains a powerful data management system with its tools that simplify editing, sharing,
research and use of data.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Morocco is currently in the process of implementing a National Cybersecurity Management System(NCSecMS), which consists of four components: (1) The National Cybersecurity Framework; (2)Maturity Model; (3) Roles & Responsibilities, and (3) The Implementation Guide.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
No evidence found that Moroccan government is use of emerging ICT to promote e-Government
activities, such as applying IoT, Big data and Cloud computing in government activities.

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5 Some Highlights
Compared to last year of ranking, due to there is no new e-Government strategy therefore,
Morocco's rank this year is low in most of sub-indicators. In 2014, Moroccan government issued aportal of Open government data, the new portal, which regrouped around sixty files shared bydifferent departments, it was realized based on the open source software CKAN whose
development is coordinated by the Open Knowledge Foundation, which remains a powerful data
management system with its tools that simplify editing, sharing, research and use of data.
Morocco is currently in the process of implementing a National Cybersecurity Management System(NCSecMS), which consists of four components; The National Cybersecurity Framework, Maturity
Model, Roles & Responsibilities, and The Implementation Guide.
Same last year, Moroccan government has neither CIO positions in center government nor local
government. They have some services for citizens and businesses, but still lack of information andthere is no online transaction. Morocco is still struggling to improve their e-GovernmenteGovernment using the existing technology. New technology is still far the implementation in
Morocco.

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Netherlands
1 General Information
Area: 41,543 km2
Population: 16,947,904
Government
Type:
Parliamentary
Constitutional Monarchy
GDP: $ 49,300
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

European Countries

Among OECD Countries, Netherlands has a better score than the average score of OECD in
Management Optimization, Online Service, and National Portal. However, as shown on the above
picture, Netherlands is very low on the e-Government Promotion. A contradictive situation between
e-Government Promotion and the Online Service including Management Optimization, has indicatedthat most citizens know how to use e-Government service. As a consequence, Netherland decided toreduce e-Government Promotion program.
These achievements also reflect the position in European region in which Netherlands is approaching
Singapore, the best country in the region, in the Management Optimization.

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3 E-Government Developmentin 2014, the Dutch government announced the Digital 2017,the new e-Governmente-Government
strategy that will bring e-Governmente-Government to the next horizon. In the so-called Vision
Letter on Digital Government 2017 Mr
Plasterk, minister of the Interior andKingdom Relations, sets out how thegovernment intends to improve theservices available to the public. The Digital
2017 is a part of Compact Central
Government Implementation Program.

Source:Netherland
Architectuur

Overheid

Referentie
at

To strengthen the integration andcollaboration
among
government
intitutions, Netherlands designed thegovernment
enterprisearchitecturenamely “Netherland Overheid Referentie
Architectuur (NORA). NORA is the standard
for integrating the information systemamong government agencies.

Using Digital 2017, Netherland is shifting its
e-Governmente-Government to the digital
government. This movement is similar to other countries which has reached the mature eGovernmente-Government. Using the different metaphor, the substance of such wave is to achieve a
condition of “the government service is digital by default”.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 93.2% of people in Netherlands were Internet users in 2014, according to the
Measuring the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
About 41% have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reach 69.1%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In early 2010, Netherlands has established government-wide service vision in which the target shouldbe met in 2020. As part of it, Netherlands issued The Digital 2017 to ensure that all parties government, citizens and business - work together to achieve the ultimate objective for 2017.
Government equipped The Digital 2017 with a more detailed information that covers the schedule,
responsibilities of all parties, and measurable targets.
To streamline the data exchange among government agencies, Netherlands has appointed Digi
Network. Using DigiNetwork, government and private company have connectivity to all theconnected government agencies through a single link. In addition to DigiNetwork, Netherlands has
an interoperability framework for data exchange among government agencies. The name of theframework is NORA. In all, Netherlands has fully achieving the maximum score in Management

174
Optimization domain. Contribution from operationalization of DigiNetwork and NORA is verysignificant in this area.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services:., e-Procurement, eTax, e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its
URL Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity,
Level of Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-One-Stop Service
and e-Health have the lowest score, compare to other three online services.
In terms of complexity level, except the e-Customs, all of Online Service in Netherlands have reacheda transactional in which user can start the transaction from applying to receiving the service throughthe portal. In addition to that, all Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL,
Site Authentication, and Password Protection for obtaining the services. Since the e-Customs is stillin a one-way interaction, such security measures are not found in it.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that three portals
are above the average considerably in terms of speed. E-Health is the only portal that scored below
average, thus, considerably slow to access. The third party application for assessing the portal is theapplicationfrom
Googlenamed
GooglePageSpeed™
Insightonhttps://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that, all clickable objects on
the portal work as they should do.
Table 18 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.tenderned.nl/
http://www.belastingdienst.nl
http://www.belastingdienst.nl/
https://www.nictiz.nl/over-nictiz/english
https://overheid.nl

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Netherlands (www.government.nl) contains proper information for
local citizens and foreigners. Information about Netherlands is available on the portal. User can findinformation about culture and heritage, demographic, and government. In technical aspect, theresult of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is above average bothfrom PC and from Mobile Device. However, the portal does not provide the user with demography
information, link to the e-Services, and an inquiry form.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Netherlands has clearly defined the appointment of GCIO in all level of department. However, there
is no formal document that clearly stated the mandate, role, and responsibility of GCIO. There is noevidence that GCIO in Netherlands has a regular forum to share experiences.

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4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There is no significant evidence to indicate that Netherlands government conduct any initiatives topromote the use of e-Government Service. This situation is similar to the one in any developed
countries where the IT Culture has been embraced in the society.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Culture and society in Netherlands has been created as a high tech society. These factors have driven
Netherlands to the next horizon of e-Government. Citizens and government can take the benefit of
ICT in their daily life. However, there is no application where the citizen can directly communicate to
the government. The absence of e-participation portal significantly impacts the score of thisindicator.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]In 1991, Netherlands has launched Government Information (Public Access) Act to participate in theFreedom of Information Act movement around the world. To strengthen the implementation ofthese act, Netherlands has established Open Data Portal (https://data.overheid.nl/) to provide publicwith accessible government information. To keep the information update, Netherlands government
uses Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT) Standard. This standard is also supported by European Union(EU).

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Netherlands has ratified several laws related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

Telecommunications Act (2004)
Personal Data Protection Act (2000)
Electronic Signature Act (2003)
E-Commerce Act (2004)
Cyber Security Strategy
Guideline for Information Disclosure
Cyber Security Assessment

In addition to these laws, Netherlands has strengthened organization capacity for cybercrimecountermeasure by setting up Dutch Cyber Security Council (CSR). CSR consists if government
representative, business enterprises, and scientific institutions.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Netherlands has
attempted to implemented Cloud Computing for Public Sector. However, the evidence show that it is
not officially launched. Other emerging technologies for government agencies are still nullity in
Netherlands.

176

5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the Management Optimization is the best among otherindicators in e-Government Netherlands. This achievement signifies the importance of NORA for
improving the quality of government business process. Similar to other European countries,
Netherlands is shifting its e-Governmente-Government to the next level in which they try to make all
public service will be digital by default. As has been noted, the better the Management Optimization,
the less complex for completing the ultimate goal of Digital 2017.
The weak point in Netherlands is about e-Government Promotion and the use of emerging ICT. One
argument is that the lack of e-Governmente-Government promotion activities occurred because
Netherlands does not need such programs anymore. Their citizen is aware already of eGovernmente-Government service and knows how to use it. However, by the increasing use of
emerging ICT, Netherlands still has a chance to get the higher score in e-Government Promotion. The
promotion activities will follow the progress of developing the Digital Services by default since itneeds some introductions to the citizens about this matter.

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New Zealand
1 General Information
Area: 268,000 km2
Population: 4,438,393
Government Type: Parliamentary Democracy
GDP: $36,400
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Countries

OECD Economies

Among APEC Countries, except on the e-Government Promotion, New Zealand is excellent on all
indicators. As shown on the above picture, New Zealand is exceptional in the basic infrastructure,
Cybersecurity, Open Government, and GCIO. For Management Optimization, New Zealand isconsidered more advance than United States, the number one country in the current ranking.
However, despite the high performance on these indicators, New Zealand has the low score on eGovernment Promotion. The situation is even lower than the average of APEC countries and global
average.
These achievements also reflect the position in OECD region in which New Zealand is considerably
approaching United States in the Open Data and the Cybersecurity.

3 E-Government Development

178
New Zealand has continued the e-GovernmenteGovernment to the next level in which the public
services will be available in digital by default. In
2013, the new e-Governmente-Government
strategic plan has been launched with the title“Government ICT Strategy and Action Plan to2017”. The strategy comprises four integrated
domains which are covered by system assurancecomponent. New Zealand adopt centralization fortheir
e-Government
development.
Thedevelopment is centrally led by a Government
Chief Information Officer (GCIO). New Zealand,
together with South Korea, New Zealand, Israel,and United Kingdom, has established Digital 5(D5) Forum for supporting among member to improve their e-Governmente-Government.
GCIO has the central role in developing e-Government. GCIO holds the highest authority to lead theaction and the collaboration with chief in other agency for delivering the optimum result. GCIO in
New Zealand comprises several teams that represent specific expertise and functions covering
managerial and technical aspects.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 85.5% of people in New Zealand were Internet users in 2014, according to the
Measuring the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
About 30.5% have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reach 92.7%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In June 2013, Cabinet of New Zealand has approved Government ICT Strategy and Action Plan to 2017.
It is the revised version of Government ICT Strategy 2015 due to the dynamic ICT environment. The
new plan is aimed to achieve the government’s aim of an ICT-enabled transformation of public
services to New Zealanders.
The new Government ICT Strategy is led by a partnership framework which involved key
stakeholders across government agencies. Current e-Government Strategy New Zealand covers
almost all aspects for optimizing back-end process such as the necessity of Governance andLeadership, Assurance Framework, Programs and Initiatives, and ICT System Assurance. In all, New
Zealand has fully achieving the maximum score in Management Optimization domain.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services:., e-Procurement, eTax, e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its
URL Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity,

179
Level of Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-One-Stop Service
and e-Health have the lowest score, compare to other three online services.
In terms of complexity level, most of Online Service in New Zealand has reach a transactional inwhich user can start the transaction from applying to receiving the service through the portal. In
addition to that, all Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site
Authentication, and Password Protection for obtaining the services.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that three portals
are above the average considerably in terms of speed. E-Procurement is the only portal that scoredbelow average in terms of page speed. The third party application for assessing the portal is theapplicationfrom
Googlenamed
GooglePageSpeed™
Insightonhttps://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that, all clickable objects on
the portal work as they should do.
Table 19 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://www.gets.govt.nz
http://www.ird.govt.nz/
http://www.customs.govt.nz
http://www.ird.govt.nz/forms-guides/keyword/
http://healthitboard.health.govt.nz/about-us/ehealthvision
http://newzealand.govt.nz/
https://www.realme.govt.nz/what-it-is/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of New Zealand (https://www.govt.nz/) contains proper information
for local citizens and foreigners. Information about New Zealand is available on the portal. User canfind information about culture and heritage, demographic, and government. In technical aspect, theresult of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is above average bothfrom PC and from Mobile Device. However, the portal does not provide the user with somefunctionalities such as news and social network integration.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]New Zealand government has clearly defined the need of ICT leadership on e-Government. The eGovernment Strategy stated the role, the mandate, and the position of CIO in central and local
authority. The e-Government Action Plan was arranged by CIO from across agencies under apartnership framework. The Partnership Framework is initiated by GCIO. Despite the strong role of
CIO in New Zealand, there is no GCIO development program found in New Zealand during the periodof this research.

180
4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]The Government ICT Action Plan covers all aspects of developing ICT in government. In addition totechnical aspect, managerial and awareness are mentioned on the document. The programs,
initiatives, and funding for increasing the awareness on Digital Government have taken place.
However, none of the activities related to e-Government Promotion has been found during thisresearch.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Culture and society in New Zealand has been created as a high tech society. These factors have
driven New Zealand to the next horizon of e-Government. Citizens and government can take thebenefit of ICT in their daily life. For instance, parliament member has their own website and provide
the citizens with the channel to communicate.
Despite of all aforementioned achievements, the absence of e-participation portal reduces theachievement of New Zealand in this indicator.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]In 1982, New Zealand has launched Official Information Act to participate in the Freedom ofInformation Act movement around the world. To strengthen the implementation of these act, New
Zealand has established Open Data Portal (https://data.govt.nz) to provide public with government
information. To keep the information update, New Zealand government uses Data one.govt (OpenNetwork Environment) as a platform for data submission.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
New Zealand has ratified several laws and regulation related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as
follow:-

Crimes Act 1961, Section 249
Unsolicited Electronic Messages Act 2007
Privacy Act 1993
Electronic Transaction Act 2002
Trust and Security Guidelines
Privacy Maturity Assessment Framework
Cyber Security Strategy

In addition to these laws, New Zealand has established Government Communication Security Bureau(GCSB) for providing information assurance and cyber security to the New Zealand Government andcritical infrastructure organizations, foreign intelligence to government decision-makers, andcooperation and assistance to other New Zealand government agencies. Besides that, an IT
Community New Zealand initiated the foundation of New Zealand Internet Task Force to improvecyber security posture of New Zealand.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). New Zealand has

181
attempted to implemented Cloud Computing for Public Sector. New Zealand Government has
released the guidance and requirement for applying cloud computing technology in government
agency. Other emerging technologies such as IoT and Big Data for government agencies are still in an
initial stage in New Zealand.

5 Some Highlights
New Zealand has the impressive point on Management Optimization, Open Government Data, andCyber Security. With the centralized style, New Zealand has reached the high level of e-Government
development. The high score in Management Optimization reflects the high degree of connectivity
and interoperability of government information system. In this area, New Zealand is attempting to
the pursue the next step of public service under the theme “Services are digital by default”. The
effort to achieve the digital by default is equipped with the proper equipment on Open Government
Data which ensures all stakeholder can take the benefit of government data. To increase the trustlevel on e-Government service, New Zealand also has a remarkable Cyber Security infrastructures.
In contrast to those three indicators. New Zealand still has the weakness. The use of emerging
technology and e-Government Promotion are the weak point of New Zealand. As for the emerging
technology, it is the new indicator for this year survey. New Zealand is commencing the use of Cloud
Computing for delivering public services. Many countries are still in the initial stage on the use
emerging ICT. Furthermore, another weakness point of New Zealand is on the e-Government
Promotion. It is hard to find any pieces of evidence related to e-Governmente-Government
promotion strategy and activities. One argument is that the lack of e-Governmente-Government
promotion activities occurred because the New Zealand does not need such programs anymore.
Their citizen is aware already of e-Governmente-Government service and knows how to use it.
By the increasing use of emerging ICT, New Zealand still has a chance to get the higher score in eGovernment Promotion. The promotion activities will follow the progress of developing the Digital
Services by default since it needs some introductions to the citizens about this matter.

182

Nigeria
1 General Information
Area: 923,768 km2
Population: 181,562,056
Government Type: Federal
Republic
GDP: $6,400
Historical Ranking (2006-2016):

Presidential

2 Positioning in a region
Africa3 E-Government Development
The national portal, http://www.nigeria.gov.ng is beginning to evolve from just merely providing einformation to providing e-consultation services as well. It is also the government one-stop-shop forinteracting with citizens. Some Web 2.0 tools are being used to allow more interaction between
government and citizen. For instance, citizen can contact with government officials throughfeedback forms or email addresses available at some government websites, plus the government has
added some social media integration (Twitter and Facebook) to the main portal.
The government established NCC (Nigeria Communication Commission) under guideline of ministryof Communication and Technology to help reach out, and protect the consumer and Internet user

183
can access it at http://consumer.ncc.gov.ng/. It is more of a citizen advocacy site compared with thenational portal. Here, consumers and businesses are encouraged to send their complaints. They haveaccess to podcasts, opinion polls, and Facebook pages as well.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) estimates that in 2013, 38% of Nigerians used theInternet. About 10% of the population has access to wireless broadband, but the ITU claims that
virtually nobody in the country (0.0%) had wired broadband access in 2013.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]As of 2014, Nigeria is ranked 141st in the world according to the United Nations’ E-Government
Development Index. The Nigeria government has various initiatives of government strategy that
include: the National/State Economic Empowerment Strategies (NEEDS/SEEDS), the Vision 2020, theNational e-Government Strategy (NeGST) and a well-formulated National IT policy. The National
Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA) was charged with the responsibility of coordination the Nigeria project in collaboration with National e-Government Strategies Limited(NeGSt). The Government of President Olusegun Obasanjo approved this policy in March 2001. The
Nigerian Federal Ministry of Information and Communications says that its priority is to provide
citizens with credible and timely information on government activities and programs and initiatives
to create a technological environment for Nigeria’s social and economic development, but little has
been done in termss of management optimization although various initiatives have been rolled out.

4.3 Online Service [OS]In Nigeria there are legislative initiatives, already, aimed towards providing a favorable environment
for the development of e-commerce in Nigeria witnessed principally, for example, by the draft
Nigerian Electronic Transactions Bill which is still making its way slowly through the legislative
process. On the other hand, the Nigerian Cyber-crimes Act was recently voted into law. The draft
Electronic Transactions bill addresses matters such as the formation and validity of electronic
contracts as well as the form and validity of electronic signatures while the draft Cyber-crimes Act
tackles some types of criminal activity by or through computers and information systems.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Nigerian e-Government portal is http://www.nigeria.gov.ng but the portal has some limitations.
The interface is not user-friendly for all consumers and the portal provides mostly static information
about news, the government, army and police activities and only link to government departments.
There are no e-Services integrated into portal as well as no information about the social media in
portal to encourage the Nigerian citizens to interact with their government. These limitations areunderstandable, though, in light of the limited availability of fixed broadband connections in the
country.

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4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There are no specific laws or mandates for CIO positions in Nigeria. The head of the National eGovernmente-Government Strategies (NeGST) may be the closest position in the Nigerian
government. However, the NeGST website does not provide details on its leadership ororganizational structure. There are no CIO associations in Nigeria and not CIO training course areoffered by any university or training center.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]The Nigerian Government has many plans and strategies for developing e-Government as well as
providing e-Services to citizen. In 2007, the central government, as part of its public service reforms,
announced the intended use of electronic payments for all public sector transactions. This electronic
payment system is now currently in use, and continues to improve. These include salaries of
employees and payment for procurements and contracts. Also in 2007, the government of Nigeria
established a public corporation known as Galaxy Backbone to provide its technological platform for
e-Governmente-Government, and is working on a comprehensive broadband policy and vision
document which will provide broadband definition, performance indicators, incentives forinvestment, macroeconomic targets, deployment guidelines and citizens charter. The Government
has articulated a clear vision for e-Government, driven by the Ministers of Information andCommunications and Science and technology. However, e-Governmente-Government is more
fragmented and allocated through many different government organizations so it is not accessibleon the same portal like many other countries.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The national portal, http://www.nigeria.gov.ng is beginning to evolve from just merely providing einformation to providing e-consultation services as well. It is also the government one-stop-shop forinteracting with citizens. Some Web 2.0 tools are being used to allow more interaction between
government and citizen. For instance, citizen can contact with government officials throughfeedback forms or email addresses available at some government websites, plus the government has
added some social media integration (Twitter and Facebook) to the main portal.
Furthermore, the government established NCC (Nigeria Communication Commission) underguideline of ministry of Communication and Technology to help reach out, and protect the consumer
and Internet user can access it at http://consumer.ncc.gov.ng/. It is more of a citizen advocacy site
compared with the national portal. Here, consumers and businesses are encouraged to send theircomplaints. They have access to Podcasts, opinion polls, and Facebook pages as well.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
On September 12, 2013, the first open data portal was launched in Edo State. Edo State is also thefirst sub-national government body in Nigeria and Africa to launch an Open Data Portal. Currently,
the most up-to-date and effective open data portal for Nigeria is operated by the African
Development Bank Group, and this only provides limited and narrowly-focused amounts of data.
There is much room for improvement in this area.

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4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
There is no doubt that e-crime is an image problem for Nigeria. The recent passage of the new Cyber
Crimes bill in the Nigerian Senate may be a step in the right direction. The bill is still awaiting passage
in the Nigerian House of Representatives. There continues to be serious controversy over the bill,including whether it contains loopholes that will actually increase domestic corruption. However, it
is clear that a tougher and more effective approach on cyber-crime and cyber security is necessary in
Nigeria.

5 Some Highlights
The recent passage of the new Cyber Crimes bill in the Nigerian Senate may be a step in the right
direction. The bill is still awaiting passage in the Nigerian House of Representatives. There continues
to be serious controversy over the bill, including whether it contains loopholes that will actually
increase domestic corruption. However, it is clear that a tougher and more effective approach on
cyber-crime and cyber security is necessary in Nigeria
Nigeria still needs to improve further on its ICT services and telecommunication systems. Mobile
Internet holds some promise for increasing access to marginalized sectors of the population andthere has been exponential growth in mobile subscriptions. All Nigerian states now have some formof mobile coverage, however, there are still millions of Nigerians with limited or no access to ICT
services due to lack of network infrastructure.
Moreover, there some new tech trends in the ICT field that Nigeria is trying to emulate to improve its
telecommunication services. The Ministry of Communications Technology is collaborating with its
agencies NCC and NITDA to create and strengthen software and improve broadband infrastructuredevelopment.
Also worthy of mention is the continuing trend of mobile banking, where subscribers can send andreceive money using their mobile phones. This has been successful due to private sector initiatives
to reach out to citizens in rural areas who did not have access to banks.

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Norway1 General Information
Area: 323,802 km2Population: 5,207,689
Government Type: constitutional monarchy
GDP: $68,400
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a region
OECD Countries

EUROPEAN Countries

Among OECD countries, Norway shows a great performance in e-Governmente-Government
progress, indicated by almost indicators have surpassed the OECD average, except Government CIO,
cyber security and national portal. This phenomenon was also witnessed when comparing Norway
with European Countries. In the comparison with the USA, Norway had similar scores inManagement Optimization, Online Services, Network Infrastructure and Emerging Technology, whilescored lower in the rest.

3 E-Government Development
Being one of the countries with advanced ICT infrastructure, digitalization will continue being the top
priority in Norwegian Government’s agenda for many years to come.

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Norway has a huge advantage in online service development when in 2015 Q4, 97 per cent of
the population aged over 12 had Internet access at home, at school or work, or elsewhere. More than90 percent of citizens use the Internet daily (Eurostat 2014), ranks highest in Euro and the rest of theworld. Norwegians also have high expectation regarding public sectors and many of them

are ready for electronic interaction with government.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
The total of Internet users in Norway accounts for more than 96% of the population, according to the
Measuring the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
Among them, about 93% people has a wireless broadband connection, while the figure for fixedbroadband subscriptions is only 38.1%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Norwegian Government has published the latest digital agenda for Norway in 2015, in whichprioritized five areas: focusing on user centric; efficient use of ICT for strengthen innovation andproductivity; strengthening digital competence and inclusion; effective digitization of the public
sector; and data protection and information security34. Difi and Ministry of Local Government &Modernisation continues being strengthened as coordinating bodies in the public sector and theNorwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities will be in charge for facilitating eGovernmente-Government development at local government level. The government also establishedthe Digitization Council in 2016 to help government agencies succeed with their digitization projects.
There is a national enterprise architecture (NEA) developed by Norway International Experience
Norwegian Government which consists of technical, conceptual, organizational and proceduralstandards. The architecture was translated into domain and organizational architectures at the local
level.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services:., e-Procurement, eTax, e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its
URL Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity,
Level of Security, and Level of Convenience.
In terms of complexity level, most of Online Service in Norway has reach a transactional level inwhich user can totally conduct their businesses online. In November 2015, a new authorization
initiative called the ID Gateway (ID-porten) for “Mobile BankID” was launched, supporting
Norwegian citizens to access over 600 public digital services via Altinn.no one-stop-service portal.
Doffin is a new national procurement portal launched in 2014, enables public institutions in Norway
to publish tender information. However, in prior to register as member, users are required to send all34

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necessary papers and application documents to Doffin for manually approval. Regarding e-Health,
Helsenorge.no is the Health and Care Services’ portal providing guidance to the health services andself-service solutions available in the health sector. All online services had security measures such as
SSL, Site Authentication, and Password Protection fully implemented.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that all portal is
above the average in terms of speed. The third party application for assessing the portal is theapplicationfrom
Googlenamed
GooglePageSpeed™
Insightonhttps://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.
Table 20 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
doffin.no
http://www.skatteetaten.no
http://www.skatteetaten.no/https://helsenorge.no/
Altinn.no

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Norway (http://www.norge.no/) contains proper information for
local citizens and foreigners. Information about the country and latest events is also available bylinking to another portal for visitors. In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insightshowed that the website performance is above average both from PC and Mobile devices. The portal
is also equipped with several basic functionalities search capability, site map, and Social Network
integration.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There are numbers of strategies and documents related to e-Governmente-Government and ICT
development found within national and local government level, for examples, the Norway Digital
Agenda (published annually), Difi’ strategy 2012-2015, and so on.
Regarding to ICT budget, from the data of the Norwegian Government Agency for Financial
Management, an estimate of ICT procurements in the public sector in 2014 is put at NOK 16.6 billion.
Thanks to the consistent and substantial funding on ICT, the use of digital services in government
agencies and municipalities is increasing dramatically: use of public services online increased by 235
per cent between 2010 and 2015 (based on number of logins through the e-ID Gateway35). Hundredsof services can be accessible via e-ID login solution and this number is still growing.

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In order to reduce the size and complexity of digitalization projects, the Government has issued thePrinciples of digitization projects which consists of five fundamental rules: start with needs, think big– start small, choose the right partner, ensure appropriate skilled leader, and iterate outcomes.

4.7 E-Government Participation [EPAR]
Since its launch in 2003, Altinn portal has played a significant role in the growth of the awareness of
citizens about electronic forms and services. Over 200 million digital forms and messages have beentransmitted via Altinn so far.
In the efforts to increase the interaction with citizens, Norwegian Government has put into place theuse of Digital Mailbox, an initiative allows government agencies to send messages directly to citizens.
Public administration bodies are mandated to implement the digital mailbox by the first quarter of
2016.
Digidel (http://digidel.no/) is another initiative launched in 2016 where courses and training
programmes in computer literacy are provided. Some example courses are Tax Administration’s tax
return online service course or Difi’s "Learn to login to public utilities with BankID" 36 course.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Norway has been ranked as the 3rd most advances country in Open Government according to theWorld Justice Project Open Government Index 2015.
In termss of legislation framework covering open government, Norwegian regulations which werebased on the EU’s PSI Directive from 2003, enforce public agencies to make information accessible
for reuse37. Norwegian government also promulgated supportive law and policy documents such as:
Public Administration Act, Freedom of Information Act (2006), Personal Data Act (2000), and so on
to facilitate the open data.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The annually conducted survey of Norwegian Business and Industry Security Council in 2012highlighted that only one in three public and private enterprises has preparation plans for crisis andthat the cost of cyber incidents was ignored by one in three enterprises.
The latest cyber security strategy was published in 2012.
The Norwegian National Security Authority (NSM) is considered as a cross-sectoral professional andsupervisory authority within the protective security services in Norway, is also responsible formatters of cybersecurity 38 . NorCERT (Norwegian Computer Emergency Response Team), a
department operates under NSM, is responsible for detects cyber incidents in Norway. To promoteresearch, training and education on cyber security, Norway established the Center for Cyber andInformation Security in 2014, with the major mission is to increase the national capacity to cope withsecurity challenges in digital space.
36

http://digidel.no/2016/04/13/difi-viser-vei-med-nytt-opplaeringsprogram/
https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/4339bb2154bd4b829f1d147bb2b26da8/engb/pdfs/stm201220130023000engpdfs.pdf
38
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Cybersecurity/Documents/Country_Profiles/Norway.pdf
37

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4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Brunei has started to
implemented Cloud Computing for running One Government Private Cloud (OGPC). OGPC offers
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) for government agencies. E-Government National Center maintains
this Cloud Computing Services. Other emerging technologies are still immature and no evidence toprove that Brunei implemented Big Data and IoT.

5 Some Highlights
Being aware of the high demand of citizen in communicating with public sectors via online way,
Norwegian Government has put many efforts into building a strong and efficient public sector for
better public services delivery. Major initiatives such as Altinn portal, Standard Portal(http://www.standard.difi.no/index.html ), Public e-ID solution – MinID, and the latest one Mobile BankID, launched on November 2015 - help the country securing its position in top 5 of Online
Service delivery.
In June 2015, Nordic countries including Demark, Finland, Norway and Sweden have decided tocooperate on their open government strategy and implementation by sharing their national OGP
working and together promote open data39. This cooperation and other efforts of the government inpromoting for open government help Norway to score 9 out of 10 in Open Government dimension.
Ensuring a secure online environment continues becoming the main concern of Norwegian
Government when both public and private Norwegian companies were targeted in 45,000 cases ofcomputer hacking, theft and fraud last year, according to a recent survey among 886 companies.
With a relatively low position in Cyber Security this year, there are still much works to do for
Norwegian goverment.
With new challenges being arose such as aging society and refugees, extensive adaptions need to beentailed. These changes in demographic could increase the proportion of the population who havelittle or no knowledge on using digital applications, thus deepening the digital divide.

39

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Oman
1 General Information
Area: 309,500 km2
Population: 3,286,936
Government Type: Monarchy
GDP: $46,200
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a region
GCC Countries

Asian Countries

Among GCC Countries, Oman has a better score than the average score of GCC in Open Management
Optimization. As shown on the above picture, Oman is considerably low compare to the average of
GCC on basic infrastructure, National Portal and GCIO. However, despite the lack basic infrastructure,
Oman has been trying to take the benefit of emerging ICT such as Cloud Computing, Big Data, and
IoT. Some progress in the area of emerging ICT has led Oman to get a better position than the
average of GCC Countries.
These achievements also reflect the position in Asian region in which Oman is considerably
approaching Singapore in the Management Optimization and the use of emerging ICT.

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3 E-Government Development
Oman has started the e-Governmente-Government development since 2003 by endorsing the Digital
Oman Strategy. As a monarchy, Sultanate Oman
centralize the e-Government development. The roleof Sultan is very dominant. By His Majesty’s order,
Sultanate Oman established the Information
Technology Agency (ITA) in 2006. ITA is considered
as a single organization that responsible for the
execution of Digital Oman Strategy. In order tospeed up e-Governmente-Government development
and its adoption to the whole government offices
and citizens, Sultan Oman launched annual Excellent
e-Government Award.
This year is the second year of Oman as aparticipating country in the ranking. As a result,
Figure 7 Information Technology Authority
there is no appropriate information of the progressof e-Government development in Oman. However,based on United Nation e-Government Index 2014, Oman places the 48th position, which is improved
from rank 127th 40 in a decade earlier.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 70.2% of people in Netherlands were Internet users in 2014, according to the
Measuring the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
About 4.5% have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reach 73.7%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]As an effort to bring the government to the next level, Oman has launched the Digital Oman Strategy.
Referring to this strategy, each government agency has to specify its own e-Government target. The
target should be aligned with National Targets. The Digital Oman Strategy is broken down into
several initiatives and roadmap for completion. Measurable objectives are in place.
Centralizing the ICT solution is the choice of Oman Government in which they decided to build Oman
Government Network. Oman government adopted enterprises architecture practices by introducing
Oman e-Government Architecture Framework (OeGAF). As a result of centralization initiatives, Oman
has developed National Payment Gateway where all governments are able to proceed efficientelectronic transactions and simplify the processing of payment transactions for electronic services
within the country.

40

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4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services:., e-Procurement, eTax, e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its
URL Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity,
Level of Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, only e-Health hasreach a high level of complexity while the others are still one-way interaction.
In terms of complexity level, except the e-Health, all of Online Service in Oman still in a one-way
interaction in which user can only get information about government service and download somedocuments required for the services. In this scenario, visiting the government office physically isnecessity. Given that, all Online Service have not implemented security measures such as SSL, Site
Authentication, and Password Protection for obtaining the services.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that three portals
are below the average considerably in terms of speed. Except e-Procurement and e-Tax, all online
service in Oman got scored below average significantly, thus, considerably fast to access. The third
party application for assessing the portal is the application from Google named Google PageSpeed™
Insight on https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that, all clickableobjects on the portal work as they should do.
Table 21 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://etendering.tenderboard.gov.om
http://www.taxoman.gov.om
https://www.customs.gov.om/portal/ar/esw/
https://www.moh.gov.om
https://www.oman.om

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Oman (http://www.oman.bh) contains proper information for local
citizens and foreigners. Information about Oman is available on the portal. User can find information
about culture and heritage, demographic, and government. In technical aspect, the result of Google
PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the portal has severe issues on performance since the score issignificantly below average both from PC and from Mobile Device.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Oman has established Information Technology Authority as a GCIO Office. Head of this authority takethe responsibility similar to the GCIO. GCIO is important to deliver a strong sponsorship throughstrong leadership. In contrary to the presence of GCIO at national level, the presence of any formal
document that clearly stated the mandate, the responsibility, and the position of GCIO in local
government is hardly found.

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4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Digital Oman Strategy has put several initiatives including raising citizen awareness on e-Government
services. However, there is no significant evidence to indicate that Oman government conduct any
initiatives to promote the use of e-Government Service. This situation is similar to the one in any
developed countries where the IT Culture has been embraced in the society. Moreover, Oman is notconsidered as a developed country. Without any efforts to increase the citizen awareness on eGovernment, the huge investment in developing e-Government in Oman could become meaninglesswhere citizens do not use the e-Services simply because they do not know how to use it and they do
not know that the e-Service does exist.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Low score in this indicator is a kind of stereotype in a monarchy system; Sultanate is considered as a
type of Monarchy. In Oman, it is rather difficult to find government officer’s websites. Parliament
member does not have official website to gather opinions from citizens. Despite the lack ofaforementioned items, Oman has developed e-Participation Portal that can be accessed throughwww.oman.om. The presence of this program help Oman to get the score for this indicator.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Despite the absence of Freedom of Information Act, Kingdom of Oman considers that public has
right to obtain information from government side. As part of Digital Oman Strategy, Sultanate of
Oman has appointed Information Technology Authority (ITA) to manage Oman Open Data Portal at
http://www.oman.om/wps/portal/index/opendata. Considering the risk of irrelevant and not-up-todate, regular submission of government information for the Open Data Portal is conducted througha single point of entry system as required by ITA.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Oman has ratified several laws related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

Royal Decree No 12/2011 on Cyber Law
Royal Decree No 12/2011 on Cyber Law Chapter Seven
Royal Decree No 12/2011 on Cyber Law Chapter Two
Authentication Procedure
Royal Decree 69/2008 on eTransaction Law; Article (14)

In addition to these laws, Oman has established Center of Information Security. It is the agency
whose responsibility is to implement a national cybersecurity strategy, policy and roadmap of eOman. In addition to that, Oman has created Oman CERT for monitoring and solving Internet
Security problems.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Oman has attempted to
implemented Cloud Computing for Public Sector under Oman Government Cloud. The Cloud service
is proved by ITA. Infrastructure-as-a-Service is offered to minimize the investment spent by

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government agency. In addition to that, Oman has initiated the development of Big Data technology.
The Big Data is still at initial stage; Introduction Stage.

5 Some Highlights
Oman has the impressive point on Management Optimization. They have a comprehensive strategy
and framework for strengthening the backoffice. By adopting the best EnterpriseArchitecture Practices, Oman has establishedtheOman
e-Government
Architecture
Framework (OeGAF). OeGAF consists of fourmain architectures 41 ; Business Architecture,
Solution
Architecture,
Information
Architecture, and Technology Architecture.
OeGAF ensure the interoperability among
government information system.
There is still a plenty of room for improvement
e-Government development. Online service, eParticipation, and the Emerging ICT are among
Figure 8: Information Technology Authority
the low score of Oman e-Government ranking.
However, by the strong foundation of Back Office Infrastructure, Sultanate Oman has an advantage
to speed up the e-Government Development. In addition to that, Oman is one of the high GDP
country that is believed as a factor for successful e-Government Development.

41

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Pakistan
1 General Information
Area: 796,095 km2
Population: 199,085,847
Government Type: Federal Parliamentary Republic
GDP: $4,900
Historical Ranking (2006-2016):

2 Positioning in a region
Asia

3 E-Government Development
With over 118 million mobile subscribers in 2014, Pakistan has the highest mobile penetration rate in
the South Asian region, up from only about 300,000 in 2000; more than 90 percent of Pakistanis live
within areas that have cell phone coverage and more than half of all Pakistanis have access to a cell
phone; fiber systems are being constructed throughout the country to aid in network growth; fixedline availability has risen only marginally over the same period and there are still difficulties getting
fixed-line service to rural areas.
Pakistan telephone subscribers (main line) is around.722 million (2011), 30th in the world andTelephone-Mobile subscribers is around 111 million (2011), 9th in the world, Country code is 92;

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Pakistani Internet host is around 365,813 (57th) as of 2012 as well country Internet country code is(.pk) Pakistanis collectively sent over 151 billion text messages during the year 2009. Nokia has citedPakistan to be producing the third highest SMS traffic in the world in 2010.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Pakistan ranks as the 20th (2009) country in the world for Internet usage with 29.128 million users asof Dec, 2011, 15.9% penetration and 7.227 million Facebook users that shows 3.8 penetration rate as ofOct, 2012.
Pakistan most popular sites are major international ones, such as Google.pk, Yahoo, YouTube andFacebook and as of March 2012 Pakistan broadband users cross over 1.7 million. Pakistan has close to50,590,000 personal computer users. Over the years the percentage of households using personal
computers in Pakistan has grown substantially and around 350,000 new computer users added every
year in Pakistan.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Pakistan is one of the emerging countries in the world which is trying to make a difference in his way
and implementing e-Governmente-Government in at an enormous rate as well as Pakistani
government believe that Information technology is a vital tool in order to accelerated economic
growth, efficient governance and human resource development.
Pakistan E‐Government objectives are focused on high priority areas for improving the internal
operations and management. Most objectives are intended to help Interior better executeadministrative and supporting functions that exist across the entities. These functions, while in manycases part of the “back office”, play critical roles in accomplishing the missions for which Interior is
responsible. They are also crosscutting and have impacts across the Department and all mission-­‐related activities. The usage of ICT in Pakistan is improving day by day in internal processes and thegovernment’s computerization efforts and the level of ICT integration is very good since last coupleof years. Standardization of service procedures and information systems in order to achieve internal
effectiveness and efficiency of governmental operations can be constrained by many reasons.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The Proactive Data Publishing Service initiative would inventory high-value information currently
available for download; fosters the public’s use of this information to increase public knowledge;
promote public scrutiny of agency services by citizens, journalists, the media and relevant
stakeholders; identify high value information not yet available and establish a reasonable timeline foronline publication in open formats.
Data.gov.pk’s extendible platform will proactively publish government data online in multiple easy touse formats, create and institutionalize a culture of transparency, improve the quality of government
information and create an enabling policy framework for open government.

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4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The national portal of Pakistan (pakistan.gov.pk) is a gateway to improve the communication
experience between the government and the public as well as provides a ‘single window access’ toinformation and government services which can be accessed by citizens and organizations/ businesssector. The national portal of Pakistan has the basic interface for all government website and tocontact government electronically. The Pakistani Government’s Web portal presents a wide range of
information resources and online services from various government sources, accessible from a single
point. Pakistan Government’s Web portal is a gateway to improve the communication experience
between the government and the public. Moreover, it provides information that helps the public tobetter understand government structure. The well-organized portal serves as a platform that assists
the public to find desired information. Moreover, it provides information that helps the public tobetter understand government ministerial structure, parliament and Senate. The well-organized
portal serves as a platform that assists the public to find desired information. To improve users’
browsing easy access facility, the portal also allows user link with sub-government portal (provincial
government such as khyberpakhtunkhwa.gov.pk, punjab.gov.pk (that allow each individual user tovisit the each portal as they desire. The portal is available in official language (English).

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The E-Government Program in Pakistan is an initiative of Ministry of Information Technology(Ministry of Science & Technology) under the National IT Policy 2000 approved by the Federal
Cabinet in August 2000. Extensive research has been undertaken in preparation of this program. This
included covering all ministries of the Federal Government with regard to their requirements over a
period. Recently office of government CIO issue Information Security Policy under the authority of
the Government Chief Information Officer on October 2012.
The Pakistan C National directorate of e-Government was established within the Ministry ofInformation Technology to provide leadership and oversight for IT spending throughout the Federal
Government. In addition, each Federal agency has its own directorate of e-Government.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]The Government of Pakistan has promulgated the Electronic Transaction Ordinance (ETO) andworking towards developing e-Governmente-Government services. Many organization and website
offer services such as e-Governmente-Government.gov.pk and. e-gov.pk.
The digital interactions between a Pakistan’s government departments, citizens, businesses,
employees and other governments improved from couple of years And this clearly appear from theefforts to develop and promote electronic Government services. The promotion of the use of theInternet and other information technologies to increase opportunities for citizen to participate with
the Pakistan Government and promoting interagency collaboration providing electronic Government
services, where these collaborations would improve the service provided to its citizens by
integrating related functions and the use of internal electronic Government processes.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Electronic Democracy is one of important area that Pakistan government is working now and this is
the solution Pakistanis are waiting for to solve inherent civil problems of Pakistan. There are many

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projects for improvement e-participation and e-democracy. One of them is E-Democracy in Pakistan
project. In the description of the project it is emphasized that "the aim is to offer the citizens anopportunity to get electronic access to relevant information related to administrative decisions
concerning the open land in the district.
These initiatives by government agencies to allow stakeholders to contribute their opinion, either
privately or publicly, on specific issues as well as it enable ICT to support individuals come together
to form communities, to progress shared agendas and to shape and empower such communities.
The website http://www.ecp.gov.pk/ provides the information on election in Pakistan.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]This dimension measures the extent of the access of the general population to information andknowledge. This includes the presence of policies relating to freedom of information, access topublicly funded research (open content), availability of government data in a reusable format (opendata) and the ability of citizens to access information relevant to their needs.
The Government of Punjab, Pakistan, has recently approved the Right to Information Act 2010 thatenables public sharing of government data. As the act approaches the final stages of enactment, it
has become imperative to develop an online platform that enables public sharing of government
data with citizens and relevant stakeholders. Given the upcoming 2013 elections, soaring foreign anddomestic investments in development projects, demands for increased accountability for public
expenditure and transparent budgets, the Pakistani citizens’ interest in accessing open government
data has skyrocketed.

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
The e-Governmente-Government strategy plan now provides e-Services for almost all field anddepartments within the Pakistani government such as Pakistan Police: E-services, Supreme Court ofPakistan: Check Your Case Status online, Pakistan Research Repository: Digital Archives of PhD,
Pakistan Railways: E-Services, Pakistan Post: E-service, Pakistan Medical and Dental Council: Check
Registration of Doctors, Pakistan International Airlines: E-Air, Pakistan Electric Power Company:
Electricity Bill SMS alerts and E-billing, Higher Education Commission: E-Services and High Court: Eservices, So through all these E-services citizens can get on time and time and money efficient dataanytime anywhere.

5 Some Highlights
Today's cyber threats are becoming increasingly more targeted and sophisticated with criminal
networks operating across the world, coordinating complex attacks against targets in a matter ofminutes. Due to the complexity of the cyber-threat landscape, cybercrime investigations areprofoundly different in nature to traditional crime, requiring high-level technical expertise and largescale cross-jurisdictional investigations. It is essential that law enforcement prioritize resources, build
cross-jurisdictional and cross sectorial collaboration in addition to developing the technical expertise,
tools and infrastructure required to effectively combat threats and eventually enhance digital
security. In response, Pakistan Information Security Association (PISA) has been working for the last
many years to highlight this much needed topic of Multi-Stakeholder coordination for combating
Cyber Crimes. PISA will seek to implement an alliance with multi-stakeholders, including government

200
organizations, academia, law enforcement agencies and Internet security specialists from the private
and public sector, to leverage their respective expertise and resources for fighting cybercrimes.

201

Peru
1 General Information
Area: 1,285,216 km2
Population: 30,444,999
Government Type: presidential republic
GDP: $12,300
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a region
AMERICA Countries

APEC Countries

Among American countries, Peru shows slow progress on e-Governmente-Government performance.
Of the 10 indicators, only National Portal has higher score than the world and regional average point.
Similar thing happens in APEC where Peru surpasses the group average only on the national portal.
Other scores are under the group’s mean.

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3 E-Government Development
E‐Government in South Africa are considered as a high priority area for improving the internal
operations and management. However, e-Government level in South Africa is still at the infancy
phase. Most objectives are intended to help the Interior better executing administrative andsupporting functions that exist across the government bodies. The e-Governmente-Government
strategy is drafted by the Center for Public Service Innovation (CPSI) in associate with the
Department of Public Service and Administration and the State Information Technology Agency.

4 Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 50% South African’s population were Internet users in 2014, according to the latest
report on Measuring the Information Society from International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
Among them, wired broadband subscribers accounted for around 32% while more than 46.7% of total
population have a wireless broadband connection.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Peru’s e-Government master plan project has been initiated and implemented based on Peruvian
government’s sustained commitment to the project and experience-based support of Korean
government. The Peru’s e-Government master plan project was to analysis of Peru's informatization
status, and establishment of vision and strategy of e-Government. The Peruvian government also
issued the Digital Agenda 2.042 in 2011 which establish a framework for government on developing
the use of IT.
E-Government in the Peruvian public sectors still has much room for improvement. This is due to thelack of necessary infrastructure to be implemented throughout the country, such as fiber optical
network.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service comprises of five sub-dimensions: e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs, eHealth, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL Address. All of
those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of Security, andLevel of Convenience.
There are total around 748 services provided digitally. Most of them are at the two-way interactive
level. The SEACE website, www.seace.gob.pe, managed by the OSCE, was created in 2004 providing
electronic system for public procurement. Interested suppliers can register on the National Registerof Suppliers, which is maintained on SEACE, and receive electronic notice of procurement
information. Regarding e-health, a Telehealth Framework Law was issued via LAW No. 30421 by
Ministry of Health on April 2016.

42

http://www.codesi.gob.pe/docs/AgendaDigital20_28octubre_2011.pdf

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To measure the level of convenience, the third party application Google PageSpeed™ Insight43 has
showed that all services have a good access speed.
Table 22 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
www.seace.gob.pe
http://www.sunat.gob.pe/
http://www.sunat.gob.pe/
N/A
http://www.serviciosalciudadano.gob.pe/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. peru.gob.pe is the government portal of Peru. It presents a wide range of information
resources about country demographic, national programs, government structure, government
agencies, legal documents and daily news regarding to government’s operations. Information aredelivered in Spanish only.
In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website operates wellin PC but represents some layout issues on mobile devices. The analysis also indicated several
technical problems which may slow down the portal’s loading speed. Social network features aresupported.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
The legal framework related to electronic government does not consider the CIO position. The
equivalent of a CIO in the Peruvian public sector is the Chief of the National Office for Electronic
Government and Informatics (ONGEI). This office is a part of the Presidency of the Council of
Ministers (Prime Minister Office)

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]ONGEI (National Office of e-Government and Informatics) is the agency responsible for eGovernmente-Government development. There is an annual fund for IT adoption of Peruvian
businesses called Technology Science and Innovation Fund.
The data from Dominio Consultores 2013 shows that the government consumption on IT is still
limited, accounting for only 19% of the total market.

4.7 E-Government Participation [EPAR]
With the growing of mobile Internet connections, the Peruvian Government focused on providing
services via mobile applications. A portal for mobile government was established to serve thispurpose (http://www.movil.softwarepublico.gob.pe/). This is the place where various mobile
applications are provided to citizens. Some examples are: the San Borja Smart app provides as an
43

https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.

204interactive channel between citizens and San Borja city government, which citizens can access public
information, report crimes, and so on; Chapa tu Aedes application helps user to identify and reporton the symptoms of Dengue, Zika and other diseases;
In the efforts to increase digital inclusion, the Law No. 29904 - Law on the Promotion of Broadband
was issued to narrow the digital divide by implementing of public Internet access centers, aiming tobring the benefits of Internet access for the entire population.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]The Peruvian Government has published the Law of Transparency and Access to Public Information(“Information Access Law”). A representative commission was appointed on April 2016 to monitor
the implementation of the National Open Government Action Plan.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Several regulation documents have been issued regarding cyber security: Law No. 29733 - Law on
Personal Data Protection 2011; Law 30096: Computer Crimes Act 2013; and so on.
Pe-CERT,isthesystemofcoordinationofthePublica, which is responsible for coordinating defense against cyber-attacks.

Administration

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). There is little evidence
found on the use of emerging technologies in public sectors. No evidence has been found on theutilizing high-end technologies in government’s operations.

5 Some Highlights
Although several efforts have been acknowledge, Peru is still lacking of a holistic approach on eGovernmente-Government development.

205

Philippines
1 General Information
Area: 300,000 km2
Population: 100,998,376
Government Type: Republic
GDP: $7,500
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Countries

ASEAN Economies

Among APEC Countries, Philippines has a better score than the average score of APEC in Open
Government Data and Management Optimization. As shown on the above picture, Philippines is very
low on the basic infrastructure and the use of emerging ICT. However, despite the lack basic
infrastructure, Philippines has been trying to take the benefit of modernized government process
through Management Optimization and Open Government Data.
These achievements also reflect the position of Philippines in ASEAN region in which Philippines
considerably approached Singapore in the Open Data and the Management Optimization.

3 E-Government Development

206
Philippines has a comprehensive e-Government Master Plan that covers year 2013 – 2016. The Master
Plan emphasizes on the creation of transparency, collaborative, and integrated government.
Department of Science and Technology hold the strong role in eGovernment through the establishment of ICT Office (ICTO).
Philippines adopts centralization for their e-Government
development. The development is centrally led by ICTO.
The Philippines’ E-Government Master Plan (EGMP) adopts awhole-of-government approach that supports the Philippine
Development Plan (2011-2016). The EGMP highlights theimportance of collaboration, interoperability, shared services, andopenness. It includes a list of proposed policies and mechanisms
for creating and ensuring an environment that institutionalizes
open government. Government interoperability frameworks(GIFs) and similar mechanisms toward this end will be crucial to the e-Governance agenda.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 39.7% of people in Philippines were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring
the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 23.2%
have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and 28% of the population has a wired broadband connection.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In 2010, Philippines has launched the Philippines’ E-Government Master Plan (EGMP). It replaces thePhilippine Digital Strategy 2011-2015 This master plan adopts a whole-of-government approach that
supports the Philippine Development Plan (2011-2016). The EGMP highlights the importance ofcollaboration, interoperability, shared services, and openness. It includes a list of proposed policies
and mechanisms for creating and ensuring an environment that institutionalizes open government.
EGMP also contains a measurable target and clear responsibilities of government agencies. For
supporting such priorities, Philippines has developed Government interoperability frameworks (GIFs)
and similar mechanisms.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services:., e-Procurement, eTax, e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its
URL Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity,
Level of Security, and Level of Convenience.
In terms of complexity level, most of investigating Online Service in Philippines has reach atransactional in which user can start the transaction from applying to receiving the service throughthe portal. All Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication,
and Password Protection for obtaining the services.

207
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that, except thee-Customs, all portal is above the average in terms of speed. The third party application for assessing
the portal is the application from Google named Google PageSpeed™ Insight on
https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that, all clickable objects on
the portal work as they should do.
Table 23 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://philgeps.gov.ph/
http://www.bir.gov.ph/https://www.nsw.gov.ph/
http://www.philhealth.gov.ph
http://www.gov.ph/services/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Philippines (http://www.gov.ph) contains proper information for
local citizens and foreigners. Information about Philippines is available on the portal. User can findinformation about demographic, and government. In technical aspect, the result of Google
PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is below average both from PC and from
Mobile Device. Moreover, the portal does not provide the user with some functionalities such as
inquiry form, and Social Network integration.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Referring to the Philippines Digital Strategy, due to the absence of formal GCIO, there is anorganization called The Chief Information Officers Forum, Inc. (CIOF). This is a non-profit
organization incorporated by CIOs of different government departments and agencies with the
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The heads of government offices have the discretion to
designate the heads of their IT departments as Chief Information Officers of their respective
agencies.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Raising public awareness of ICT is one of the Action Plan in Philippines Digital Strategy. EGovernment Projects, the deliverables and the impacts, are evaluated through the Medium-Term
Information and Communications Technology Harmonization Initiative (MITHI) and through theagency’s Information Systems Strategic Plan. MITHI is an e-Government and ICT support mechanismthat aims to harmonize and ensure interoperability among ICT-related resources, programs, andprojects across the government. It is a government body composed of representatives fromdifferent government agencies (Department of Budget and Management, Department of Scienceand Technology, National Economic and Development Authority).

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Culture and society in Philippines governmental sector has been created with an IT savvy.
Government officers can take the benefit of ICT for supporting their role. For instance, parliament
member has their own website and provide the citizens with the channel to communicate. The

208
presence of e-participation portal (Crisis Response) contributes to the achievement of Philippines inthis indicator so far.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Up to this year, The Congress still arrange the process of ratification of Philippines Public Information
Bill. This Bill is an integral element of the Aquino Good Governance and Anti-Corruption Plan of 20122016. To strengthen the implementation of these act, Philippines has established Open Data Portal(http://data.gov.ph) to provide public with accessible government information. Three agencies are
involved in the Open Data Project; Department of Budget and Management, Office of Presidential
Spokesperson, and The Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Philippines has ratified several laws and regulations related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as
follow:-

Cybercrime Prevention Act 2012
Data Privacy Act
Electronic Commerce Act in 2000
Executive Order No. 810, series of 2009

In addition to these laws, Philippines has set two institutional structures for strengthening
Philippines in Cybersecurity; Cybercrime Investigation and Coordinating Center (CICC) and
Department of Justice (DOJ)- Office of the Cybercrime (OOC).

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, andInternet of Things (IoT). Philippines has
implemented Cloud Computing Services forgovernment agencies under iGovPhil Projects. The
Government Cloud Computing is run on top of
National Government Data Center (NGDC) and is a
joint
program between Information and Communications
Technology Office - Department of Science andTechnology (DOST-ICTO) and Advanced Science andTechnology Institute (DOST-ASTI). It offers
Infrastructure-as-a-Service(IaaS)
toothergovernment agencies. Other emerging technologies are still not common and there is no evidence toprove that Philippines implemented such technologies.

5 Some Highlights

209
Philippines has the impressive point on Management Optimization, Open Government Data, andOnline Service. With the comprehensive e-Government Master Plan, Philippines is able to improvethose three indicators. The high score in Management Optimization reflects the high degree ofconnectivity and interoperability of government information system as required by the Master Plan.
In this area, Philippines is attempting to the pursue the connected yet integrated government under
the theme “iGovPhil” Initiative. The effort to achieve
the connectivity and interoperability among
government agencies is equipped with the proper
equipment on Open Government Data which ensures
all stakeholder can take the benefit of government
data. To engage the citizen and business enterprise forusing e-Government system, Philippines is continuously
enhancing the Online Service.
In contrast to those three indicators. New Zealand still
has the weakness. The use of emerging technology and
Network Infrastructure are the weak point ofPhilippines. As for the emerging technology, it is the
new indicator for this year survey. Philippines iscommencing the use of Cloud Computing forgovernment interoperability and integration. Many countries are still in the initial stage on the use
emerging ICT. Furthermore, another weakness point of Philippines is on the classical issue fordeveloping country, i.e., Network Infrastructure Preparedness (NIP). Most developing countries
have problem with the telecommunication infrastructure either on the penetration or the quality of
it. Furthermore, there is small chance for developing countries like Philippines to significantly
increase the NIP since it needs a big investment and involves the “business-friendly” calculation.

210

Poland1 General Information
Area: 312,685 km2
Population: 38,562,189
Government Type: Parliamentary Republic
GDP: $26,400
Historical Ranking (2005-2016):

2 Positioning in a region
OECD Countries

Europe3 E-Government Development
The cyberspace of the Republic of Poland includes systems, networks and data communication
services of particular relevance for the internal security of the country, operated, among others, bystate and local government institutions, the banking system as well as systems to ensure thefunctioning of the country's transport, communications, energy, water and gas infrastructure andhealth care IT systems, where their destruction or damage may pose a considerable threat to humanlife or health, national heritage and environment or cause serious damage.
The Prime Minister is responsible for the protection of the Polish cyberspace. The leading role in thearea of cyber protection is played by: the Ministry of Interior, the Internal Security Agency, theMinistry of Defence and the Military Counter-intelligence Service. While the Government Centre for211
Security is responsible for coordinating the protection of critical data communications infrastructure.
The system also includes other government entities and private individuals – owners of resources
which are critical for the state's ICT infrastructure.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
The first e-Government strategy in Poland, Gateway to Poland (2002-2006), was published in
December 2002 and later updated with a concept of e-PUAP (explained below). From 2004-2006,
Poland issued e-Poland: The Strategy on the development of the Information Society, with objective
were to contribute to a knowledge-based economy development and to improve citizens’ quality oflife. To reach these objectives, four priorities were set: provision of broadband Internet for all
schools; development of the 'Gateway to Poland' - an integrated platform for e-Government
services; development of Polish content on the Internet; and universal access to ICT training

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The first action plan was introduced in 2005 – 2006, this action plan derived from ePoland and known
as ePolska. The first plan for computerization introduced for the period 2007 – 2010, which describes
in a systematic manner concrete tasks to be carried out by public bodies in the field of informationsociety development and for the provision of e-Services. The aim of this plan is to introduce a newrange of e-Services between 2007 and 2013. New e-Services are meant to be set up, covering, among
other services: the processing of IDs and passports; the change of residence details; the booking ofdoctors’ appointments; eTax declarations sending; and the reception of information from registry
offices.
The newest strategy on e-Government is the National Development Strategy 2020. This strategy’s
objective is to digitize public administration to the extent possible, to make government accountable
and transparent to the public, and creating a central IT infrastructure for the entire government.

4.3 Online Service [OS]In the Europe, Poland standing at 19th out of the 32 measured countries, online service accounted
79% and lower than EU average of 82%. Poland has not a centralized e-Procurement infrastructure
but a Public Procurement Office’s (PPO) portal, which plays a central role in the development of eProcurement. The portal operates in parallel to the website of the Public Procurement Office and it
contains information and tools aimed at electronic procurement. Like other EU countries, e-Service
in Poland is divided to citizens and businesses, Poland issued services for citizens. For example, the eTax system was introduced in the late 2000s at http://www.e-deklaracje.gov.pl. It allows anyone with
an electronic signature, who has registered as an online client with the Taxation Office, to submit
his/her tax declaration electronically.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
In December 2014, Poland launched the third version of its official promotional website, accessible atwww.polska.pl. The new site is currently in beta testing. It is available in English and Polish. This

212
portal gives information about Polish history and culture, tourism, science and industry. It is easy to
use and find information with its search engine and menu system. This portal does
Besides the promotional portal, Poland has another portal called e-PUAP to provide citizens andbusinesses with e-Services. It is located at www.epuap.gov.pl. It was intended to electronicallyintegrate all public registers and provide an integrated platform supporting a number of interactive
services for citizens and businesses, with user identification/authentication, electronic case handlingand e-Payments, when needed. The latest version was updated in 2011 with two-fold purpose toenhance the portal's convenience for citizens and to facilitate the provision of e-Government
services for public entities.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There is no evidence on Government CIO found in Poland, but they do have a similar position in the
Minister of Administration and Digitization. Andrzej Halicki currently serves in this role.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Regarding e-Government legislation, Poland has a long-standing act regarding the computerizationof the operation of the Entities Performance Public Tasks. It grants both citizens and businesses theright to contact public authorities electronically. This Act furthermore sets up
horizontal/infrastructure programs for all sectors of Public Administration and establishes a common
interoperability framework for IT systems in the Polish public sector
The act on access to Public Information allows anyone to demand access to public information heldby public and private bodies exercising public tasks, as well as trade unions and political parties. The
bodies must officially respond within 14 days.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The information society strategy is multidimensional and covers different aspects of informationsociety development, included e-participation. It defines the vision and mission for the developmentof the information society in Poland. Within each of the three priority areas (Human, Economy andState), it maps out strategic directions and determines the objectives that should be accomplished inorder to achieve the desired outcome as efficiently as possible.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
MamZdanie.org.pl was the first nationwide service dedicated to open public consultation. It was
created in response to the need for greater transparency in the creation of legislation and otherdocuments defining public policies (at both national and local).

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Social security benefits are also issued by Poland Government, it includes Unemployment benefits,Child allowances, Medical costs, passport and driver’s license, Car registration, Certificates (birth,marriage) but some of them had information only without transactions.
Regarding the e-Health system, The National Health Fund has implemented a public information
system of waiting list length and waiting times for health services at healthcare providers – available
in all regional branches of the National Health Fund. Some healthcare providers have implemented

213
appointment systems (mostly semi-interactive: the hospital has to call back the person who has filledin the form)

5 Some Highlights
Poland has taken significant steps towards the development of an e-Government framework thataims to define the rights and obligations of both citizens and businesses. The new trends for eGovernment development regarding the e-Government strategy and focus on:-

The Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in Poland until 2013
The Computerization Development Strategy of Poland until 2013 and Perspectives for the
Information Society Transformation by 2020 sets out the framework for the development of
Poland's Information Society

Poland was ranked 42nd in the United Nations’ E-Government Development Index in 2014, which isrelatively consistent with previous rankings. Poland will remain focused on providing user-friendly
and reliable e-Services in the coming years.

214

Portugal
1 General Information
Area: 92,090 km2
Population: 10,825,309
Government Type: Republic; Parliamentary Democracy
GDP: $27,800
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

European Countries

Among OECD Countries, all indicators except National Portal (NPR), GCIO and the use of Emerging
Technologies for government (EMG) indicators are above or same with the average score of OECDmembers. Amongst European countries, Portugal is placed below Denmark. However, as other
European countries, the e-Participation (EPAR) indicator of Portugal is same level with those of
Denmark, the best country in Europe region.

3 E-Government Development
The Portuguese e-Government Development Strategy is coordinated at the level of the Presidency ofCouncil of Ministers, by the Minister of the Presidency and the Administrative Modernization, andundertaken by a series of key public institutions led by the Agency for the Administrative
Modernization (AMA). This strategy will be carried out by the new Simplex Program, under the215motto A STRONG, INTELIGENT and MODERN STATE. In addition, AMA is a public institution that took
over the responsibilities in the areas of modernization and administrative simplification as well as eGovernmente-Government (formerly under the Agency for Knowledge) in 2007.
The Portugal Digital Agenda, along with
the"Strategic
Plan
of
ICT
Rationalization and Cost Reduction PGETIC", approved by the Council of
Ministers Resolution No. 12/2012, will
make an important contribution to theachievement of the national objectives
in the fields of administrative
modernization. Therefore, the Portugal
Digital Agenda no longer focused only
on Government action and public
administration, and also have a strong
involvement and participation of civilsociety and the private sector, inparticular, of the entities related to the
ICT sector.

Vision of strategic comprehensive, PGETICIn March 2014, Portugal launched the National Administrative Modernization Strategy (PGETIC). It isbased on the digital by default principle in order to reduce the bureaucratic burden on citizens andeconomic operators, by introducing transparency and efficiency and reducing the constraints
generated by the slowness of different procedural acts. In addition to this effort, as means toimprove the efficiency of the public sector and deploy better electronic services that simplify andenhances the competiveness to the citizens and business, it’s being renewed the strategic plan for
PGETIC in the public sector started in 2012. The creation of PGETIC meant great achievements in ICT
management in the Portuguese Public Administration. It provided the public sector with an extra setof tools to enhance its operation, and represents the beginning of a global plan towards a rationaluse of ICT resources, with a flexible and resilient structure that allows addressing future challenges ina very fruitful way. The ICT rationalization measures, detailed in this plan, were targeted with a viewto ensuring, through the provision of services quality ICT, better public services at a lower cost

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 64.6% of people in Portugal were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring
the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 26.7%
have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reach 45.3%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]e-Government in Portugal is strongly connected to Administrative Modernization and Public Service
Delivery initiatives, focusing on promoting a less bureaucratic Public Administration, cost-effective

216
solutions and innovative public services using unique counters, digital services or interoperability
solutions.
The Strategic Plan for ICT rationalization on the Public Sector (PGETIC), launched in 2012, will also be
renewed as a means to improve the efficiency of the public sector and deploy better electronic
services. PGETIC will be geared as a more efficient and effective public sector can provide electronic
services through the use of ICT to attain better integration and interoperability, innovation andcompetiveness and resource sharing.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services:., e-Procurement, eTax, e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and their
URL Address. All of those services were investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity,
Level of Security, and Level of Convenience. All these five Online Service are the best performers as
the same level of total score for each online service.
In terms of complexity level, all online services have reach interaction level where the citizen canobtain the service without necessarily visit to the government office. All e-Services in Portugal suchas e-Tender systems, e-Tax systems, e-Payment systems, Social Security Services and Civil
Registration Services are presented with two-way interaction and protected with security.
Concerning the e-Health systems the Government provides a wide range of information on publichealthcare, and The Citizen Card or Mobile Digital Key allows authenticating the Citizens Area toaccess your clinical information, as recorded by professionals of the National Health Service,confidentially and securely. In addition to that, all Online Service have implemented security
measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, and Password Protection for obtaining the services.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that three portals
are above the average considerably in terms of speed. All these five Online Service scored below
average, thus, considerably slow to access. The third party application for assessing the portal is theapplicationfrom
Googlenamed
GooglePageSpeed™
Insightonhttps://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.
Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop
Service

URL
http://www.base.gov.pt/
https://www.portaldasfinancas.gov.pt/pt/home.action
https://aduaneiroqua.portaldasfinancas.gov.pt/jsp/main.jsp
https://www.sns.gov.pt/
https://www.portaldocidadao.pt/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. The Portuguese government has three main domains that collectively make up its
online presence. National Portal of Portugal “https://www.service-public.fr/” contains proper
government information for citizens. User can find information about government and publicconsolations that is available in both Portuguese and English. And the Portuguese government also
hascitizenportal,“http://www.portaldocidadao.pt/”;
andenterprise
portal,217“http://www.portaldaempresa.pt”. All these websites are integrated and share the same framework.
Furthermore, the portals provide remarkable functionality for citizens and enterprises. They act as agateway for all e-Governmente-Government services and administrative resources. In technicalaspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is above
average on both from PC and from Mobile Device.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
The Portuguese government office has GCIO – right now is temporary and was defined for the
implementation of the ICT strategy action plan. Currently it’s being approved a stable governance for
ICT in the public sector alongside the renewed strategy for ICT.
The Model Governance of PGETIC, approved by Resolution of the Council of Ministers No. 60/2012,
identifies the various agencies that take responsibility for the implementation of PGETIC therespective responsibilities and articulation. At present it is an executive body that defines andcoordinates the ICT policies at a supra ministerial level and CIOs and CTOs in each ministry that define
the ministerial strategy and coordinates the implementation.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]At the Government and local level, some activities such as the e-Government strategy, e-Government
policy, and training e-Government for citizens as well as e-Government conferences are going well.
However, there is no significant evidence to indicate that Portuguese government conducts any
initiatives to promote the use of e-Government Service. This situation is similar to the one in any
developed countries where the IT Culture has been embraced in the society.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
In general, government web sites demonstrate interactive functionality and good design. These
factors have driven Portugal to the next horizon of e-Government. Citizens and government can takethe benefit of ICT in their daily life. However, there is no application where the citizen can directly
communicate to the government. There is only the form provides a graphical interface for sending email to the President, Parliamentary member and government. On the other hand, in termss ofparticipatory decision making processes or public discussions, national online portal presence offers
limited public engagement.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]In April 2011, the Parliament approves legislation establishing the use of open standards in theinformation systems of Public Administration institutions. It is considered a fundamental step for thesovereignty of and the control over documents that public institutions own. AMA is committed tothe development of a wide and open platform containing all kinds of data from public bodies. The'Dados.gov' project is a key initiative of the Portuguese open government agenda. And open portal“http://www.dados.gov.pt/” makes available to citizens an extensive range of information from very
diverse areas. And it is published and aggregated information produced by the public authorities sothat it can be read and reused by any citizen. The beta version was made available to the public in
November 2011 as following international practices in open government data.

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4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Portugal finds itself in an initial phase of defining a National Information Security Policy. Currently no
NIS-oriented risk management process is in place at a national level. The PGETIC defined a common
strategy for security in cyberspace and created the Nation Cybersecurity Center (CNCS) in October
2014 that identifies and coordinates the response to threads, provides support training andinformation on security which will have to contribute to Portugal use cyberspace a more free,reliable and safe by promoting continuous improvement of national cybersecurity and international
cooperation.
In addition, The National Cyberspace Security Strategy published by Resolution of the Council of
Ministers no. 36/2015 in June 2015, is based on the commitment to reinforce the security of networks
and information, in order to ensure the protection and defense of critical infrastructure and vital
information services, and promote a free use, safe and efficient cyberspace by all citizens, businesses
and public and private entities.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Portugal has theimplementation of the ICT strategy (PGETIC) that was defined a strategy for cloud adoption on the
public sector and created the ICT shared services network. IoT and Big Data where addressed
informally until now but will have a place in the ICT strategy renewal 2016-2020.

5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the Open Government Data, Online Service,
Management Optimization and e-Participate are the best among other indicators in e-Government
Portugal. This achievement signifies the importance of the National Administrative Modernization
Strategy that it is based on the digital by default principle in order to reduce the bureaucratic burden
on citizens and economic operators, by introducing transparency and efficiency and reducing theconstraints generated by the slowness of different procedural acts. As example, one of Online
Service, the Public Contracts Code (PCC) provides for the complete dematerialization of public
procurement procedures. Therefore, contracting entities are required to use exclusively electronicmeans, from the moment they decide to procure a service or works until the conclusion of thecontract. The BASE Portal was established for that purpose and is now managed by the Institute ofConstruction and Real Estate - Instituto dos Mercados Públicos, do Imobiliário e da Construção, I.P.
(IMPIC). It is the licensing entity, monitoring and inspection of electronic procurement platforms. In
addition, Portugal government also implemented Entidade de Serviços Partilhados da Administração
Pública (eSPap): it is the managing body for the national public purchasing system. The“https://www.espap.pt/” publishes electronically all notices and contract announcements, and lists
all certified eTendering platforms.
The weak point in Portugal is about GCIO and the use of emerging ICT. The Portuguese public
administration at the national and local levels does not appoint clear CIOs or equally influential
positions within its legal framework. And the concept of using Cloud Computing and Big Data ingovernment, and Internet of Things (IoT) are still on the concept in strategy.

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Romania
1 General Information
Area: 238,391 sq km
Population: 21,666,350
Government Type: Semi-presidential
republic
GDP: $22,100
Score (Rank):
Historical Ranking (2006-20016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Europe Countries

3 E-Government Development
The e-Government development in Romania is slower than other Europe countries. The applicationof ICT in local government and center government are only been concerned since 2008 by

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introducing the Agency for Information Society Services (ASSI) published its strategy which provided
an overview of e-Government strategy in Romania.
In 2009, Romanian government issued the policy paper called "eRomania". The objective of thispaper was to lead the entire public sector to the information and knowledge-based society. The eGovernment system is to be the main tool for building a national integrated system for online public
services. The aims of this paper was to create the large scale use of IT in business environment,
promote economic, high quality of services.
In 2010, Romanian government adopted a key strategic for promoting e-Government strategy called"National Program for Supercomputing" with aiming is to modernize the services and theinformation systems of the public administration. The newest program for e-Government
development is National Strategy on Digital Agenda for 2014-2020. The objective is to aims tocontribute to the economic growth and increase competitiveness in Romania.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Romania’s Internet and broadband market is experiencing strong growth, despite the country’s low
fixed-line penetration rate. Broadband services are widely available from the cable operators as wellas the fixed-line incumbent. As of December 2014, Romania has more than 11 million Internet users
with the penetration is about 56.3%.
Romania has a good ICT platform.
eIdentification/eAuthentication is Integrated National System Introduction and Update ofInformation Relating to Personal. Furthermore, to prepare for transactional processes, Romania
developed the “Virtual Payment Office”. The aim of this project is to facilitate citizens’ interaction
with the Public Administration by allowing for electronic payment records.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The National Strategy on Digital Agenda focuses on four fields of action: (i) e-GovernmenteGovernment, Interoperability, Cyber Security, Cloud Computing, Open Data, Big Data and Social
Media; (ii) ICT in Education, Health, Culture and eInclusion; (iii) eCommerce, Research &Development and Innovation in ICT, and (iv) Broadband and Digital Services Infrastructure.
In 2014, Romanian government adopted a program based on the Digital Agenda for Europe. They
defined 4 major fields of action that will be pursued as Romania’s vision of the ambitious programthat will drive the economic growth and increased competitiveness, for covering the underpinningprinciple stated above in pursuit of sustainable long-term economic growth: (1) e-Government,Interoperability, Cyber Security, Cloud Computing, Open Data, Big Data and Social Media; (2) ICT in
Education, Health, Culture and e-Inclusion; (3) e-Commerce, Research & Development andInnovation in ICT, and (4) Broadband and Digital Services Infrastructure.

4.3 Online Service [OS]Romania has a central e-Procurement platform ('eLicitatie.ro) that is under the responsibility of the
Agency for Digital Agenda. All Romanian contracting authorities are required to publish their notices

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within the framework of public procurement procedures, and all businesses aiming at supplying
products or services to a public authority have to access the platform.
E-Tax system is used in center government and covered around 50% of Romanian municipalities. The
health care service has portal at URL: www.ms.ro but this portal has information only, there are no
online services. Customs online services are available at https://www.customs.ro/ro/e-customs.aspx
it allows declarations to be filled in online for all types of businesses and agents that perform
activities in this sector. This service ensures authentication of users through digital certificates.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
www.e-guvernare.ro is a one-stop service, it providing a single point to provide services at national
and local services and incorporates a transactional platform. Most of e-Services are at level 2.
Individuals can download the form online then doing processes for application. The national portal is
not so good in design. It is covered by all texts and it is really monotonic. It does not appeal to users
and does not transmit information that the government wants to introduce, and deliver to citizens.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
The role of CIO is not played by an individual but rather is held by the Ministry of Communications
and Information Society, through the National Center for Management of Information Society(CNMSI). There is a relatively new, private organization called The CIO Council, whose members aremanagement staff of large national and international companies. operating in Romania.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
In Romania, the Ministry of Communication and Information society (MCIS) has executive control
over e-Government. This dedicated ministry is the main policy and strategy provider for the domain.
The Ministry for Internal Affairs (MAI) has political responsibility for e-Government lies within the
MAI which contributes to e-Government policy and drafts strategic documents on Public
Administration. The MCIS also is responsible for the implementation of policies and strategies,
together with the subordinate agencies and departments in the e-Government domain. They
establish the activities and promotion for e-Government development. Even Romania is divided into
center and local government, but almost e-Government promotions are implemented in center level.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The national portal www.e-guvernare.ro of Romania has improved over time. The portal is a one stop
service site for citizens. In terms of e-Inclusion, Even though an e-Inclusion dedicated strategy wasnever in place, it can be found in some strategies and political documents related to Information
Society such as e-Romania and the National Government Plan.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
The Romanian government introduced a beta version of data national portal in 2013. This is unique
national platform open data loaded by public institutions in Romania. Till date, the government has
439 datasets with a multiple format and several fields.

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4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
In Romania, CERT-RO is the national contact point for cyber security and responsible for elaborating
and distributing public politics for prevention and counteracting the incidents that occur within cyber
infrastructures. CERT-RO processes two types of cyber-security alerts (1) Alerts collected and sent
through automatic systems, and (2) The manually processed alerts.
National Center for IT incidents has been adopted in Romania and currently authorities are making
efforts to operationalize this unit. The purpose Romania cyber security strategy is to define andmaintain an environment virtually certain, with a high degree of resilience and confidence, based
cyber infrastructure national, which is an important support for national security and good
government, to maximize the benefits to citizens, businesses and society Romanian. Cyber Security
Strategy of Romania presents the objectives, principles and major Action awareness, prevention andcountering threats, vulnerabilities and cyber security risks to Romania and to promote the interests,
values and national objectives in cyberspace.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
In Romania, the Local Communities Electronic Networks (LCENs) connect local communities (schools,
public offices and libraries) to the Internet. Public Access Points have been set up in each area
covered by the networks. The objectives are to reduce the rural-urban digital divide, stimulate theuse of ICTs in schools, and facilitate the interaction between citizens and administration.

5 Some Highlights
Romania is added for evaluation since 2007 for the first time in Waseda e-Government ranking.
Through 9 years of evaluation, we show that the development of e-Government in Romania is notstable in general strategy. The e-Government system is to be the main tool for building a national
integrated system (NES) which would be designed to be the unitary interface that connects all public
administration and the citizens as well as the business sector. The role of CIO is not played by anindividual but rather is held by the Ministry of Communications and Information Society, through the
National Center for Management of Information Society. CIO council organized the first National
Conference of IT managers in Romania about the future of IT. Cyber and e-commerce legislation
have been enacted. Regarding the e-Services, through the Unique Form System there are six services
online available at present, some of them are online with two-way interaction and security.
Since the beginning of the decade, Romania has passed fundamental ICT-related laws, planned andimplemented the first steps towards an Informational Society but there is still much that needs
improvement. Romania has the advantage of good ICT infrastructure in place and of the great
availability of IT professionals. The e-Romania project has yet to be implemented. Local eGovernmente-Government initiatives are underway in several regions but there are big differencesamong regions. A government oversight board would be necessary. E-participation also needs to beenhanced.

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Russia
1 General Information
Area: 17,098,242km 2
Population: 142,423,773
Government Type: federation

GDP: $23,700
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Economies

EUROPE Countries

Russia have exceeded on indicators of E-Participation and E-Government Promotion over than not
only the average of APEC economies, but also than average scores of Europe countries. But
performance on indicator on GCIO was below the average at both groups.

3 E-Government Development
The latest ICT strategy called “The state programme Information Society 2011-2020” was publishedby the Ministry of Communications and Mass Media and the Ministry of Economic Development in
Russia. E-Government and “effective stage governance” has been mentioned as one of the six

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objectives, including data management system, local e-Governmente-Government (e-regions and emunicipalities), and so on. Other related goals contain bridging the digital gap or improving e-Service
quality. In addition, the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications has developed the systematic
approach of e-Governmente-Government in 2016 to foster more e-participation content, in whichuser orientation has been established. To lead nation’s ICT development, the Ministry of Telecomand Mass Communications has played roles of policy-making and implementation of national policy
and regulations, even there is no official GCIO position at federal level. Some regional
administrations own GCIO office but it is not a mandatory, and functions of GCIO have not beenformally ascertained by government.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
According to ITU, about 70.5% of people in Russia have used Internet in their daily life. And about
17.5% are fixed-broadband users and the wireless-broadband users are 65.9%.

4.1 Management Optimization [MO]The latest state program called “Information Society(2011-2020)” to stress the IT development in
Russia. In the document it contains the plan for e-Governmente-Government. Also, the Ministry of
Telecom and Mass Communication of the Russia Federation has presented document to guide eGovernmente-Government path.
At present government efforts are focused on modernization of integrated enterprise network,
installation of interagency electronic request system and integration of regional e-GovernmenteGovernment portals to the Unified System of Identification and Authentication. Currently 62 out of
85 provinces in Russia are connected to Unified System of Identification and Authentication foraccessing regional and municipal public services. That system is expected to be used by all 85
provinces for identification and authentication purposes. The government puts forward theobjective of making the system accessible for 35% of population by the end of 2014 and for 70% by
2018.

4.2 Online Service [OS]The e-Services in Russia are currently available through integrated e-Service portal and accessible via
password protected personal accounts requiring two-stage identity confirmation. Personal accountis accessible via e-signature and universal ID card. Maturity of provided services is not uniform
among the regions. Payment services such as paying utilities fees, driver civil penalties are madeavailable through personal account on the portal in some regions. E-Tax service is not fullytransactional. To use e-tax service a user is required to install special software and fill a tax form
using that software. The form is then to be sent to tax authorities through the portal. Upon theconfirmation of the receipt a taxpayer is required to submit a paper-based declaration to the local
tax authority.

225
4.3 National Portal [NPR]
National Portal of Singapore (http://www.gov.sg/) contains proper information for local citizens andforeigners. The portal has provided latest national news, useful guidelines for every aspect inSingapore life (divided by topics such as Finance, Education, Immigration, Taxes, Health, etc.)
Besides, the portal has introduction of country information, visions for nation, to present the country
to users closely and deeply. There are also contacts information of government agencies and theirannouncement individually. Though online translation supports users to search government terms
into Chinese, Malay, and Tamil, it would be better if the portal equips multiple language versions of
all the information.

4.4 Government CIO [GCIO]
Government Chief Information Office Wing has been set up at IDA (Infocomm Development
Authority of Singapore) which serves as the government CIO for Singapore. There are also clearly
appointments about CIOs at every government agency, responsible for specific objectives on
infocomm technologies, infrastructure and services. Government CIO issues are valued at Singapore,but there are still needs to establish assorted educational programs related to GCIO.

4.5 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
High-tech and informational society is one of the vital national strategies in Singapore, therefore
government never has stopped the evolution of e-Governmente-Government. Not only thecontinuous plans but also relevant legal framework has renewal in the past years. Academic support
including seminars and research centers on e-Government and ICT utilization are active in Singapore.
It ranked second in this indicator among evaluated countries.

4.6 E-Participation [EPAR]
Citizens in Singapore have adapted to the culture of connecting government within online service
systems, and participate in the public affairs through different channels which are provided bygovernment. Reach (www.reach.gov.sg) is a platform built for citizens’ voice spread and heard on
public policies, public affairs within various forms such as online discussion, events and public
consultation. Deliberative democracy has been reflected through ICT utilization in public sectors.

4.7 Open Government Data [OGD]Singapore has launched Open Data Portal (https://data.gov.sg/) in 2011 as the portal site to provide
publicly-available datasets from 70 public agencies. There are some principles about data sharing
presented such as: data shall be made easily accessible; data shall be released in a timely manner, etc.
However, there has the necessity to improve legal mechanism for open government initiative in
Singapore in the future.

4.8 Cyber Security [CYB]
Singapore has released different acts and regulations on Cyber Security issues, such as Computer
Misuse Bill, The Electronic Transactions Act and Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA), and the later
Computer Misuse and Cybersecurity Act (CMCA). A government body called Personal Data
Protection Commission has been established to administer and enforce the PDPA. Recently, anorganization called Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA) has been found to oversee the226national cyber security strategy and outreach. Also, New Cyber Security Act will be published in the
coming year to be expected.

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]As leading country in e-Governmente-Government area, Singapore would not pass up the chance tointroduce and apply emerging technologies in public sectors. Public projects within Cloud-computing,big data and IOT utilization are ongoing or planned into sophisticated phases. Organizational
preparedness such as National Cloud Computing – Advisory Council (NCCAC) is paying attention to
the adoption of technologies, industrial standard construction and fostering collaboration between
different sectors. Great potential in the development of emerging technologies into e-GovernmenteGovernment area could be anticipated, but government’ guidance should play the crucial role inleading industry and society.

5 Some Highlights
As leading nation of e-Governmente-Government in Asia, Singapore continues to maintain the
momentum of evolvement. The performance on indicators of Management Optimization, eGovernmente-Government promotion and cyber security are showing its strong points andadvancement this year. Especially on the efforts for cyber security, Singapore equips the law andregulation framework to assure every safety measure and security upgrade can be enforced withlegal basis. In respect to policy, National Cyber Security Masterplan 2018, as the latest strategy,
guides government to enhance nation’s security environment and create a robust and trusted
society for public, private and individuals. Continuous masterplans in each crucial segment are one of
the keys to keep Singapore proactive and possessing execution capacity on e-GovernmenteGovernment development.
To future direction, Singapore still has potential on the growth of the use of emerging technologies.
This new indicator has been introduced to Waseda e-Governmente-Government ranking this year.
Due to the fact that many countries are still at the start-up phase, direction for expanding the newtechnologies into public service sector needs more endeavor to be clarified. Singapore could seize
the opportunity to formulate policies and standards, not only guide domestic innovation, but alsodelight international co-development.

227

Saudi Arabia
1 General Information
Area: 2,149,690 km2
Population: 27,752,316
Government Type: Absolute Monarchy
GDP: $54,600
Historical Ranking (2006-2016):

2 Positioning in a region
Asian countries

Gulf Cooperation Council

3 E-Government Development
The Saudi Arabian Government combined with IDC announced the organization of Saudi Arabia CIO
Summit for the first time in Saudi Arabia in 2011. Saudi Arabia CIO Summit aims to shed light on thechallenges facing the Information technology sector in the Kingdom and discuss problems andstrategies of government and private organizations, in addition to sharing experiences between
decision makers and elite officials in the kingdom's IT sector.
Based on the second action plan, it provides for using IT & communication tools to support citizen
participation in government processes including administration, service delivery and decision making.
The United Nations’ E-Participation Index ranked Saudi Arabia 51st in 2014. This is a large drop from2012, when they placed 22nd, but it a significant improvement over 2010, in which they placed 102nd.

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These unusually volatile numbers seem to be context-dependent, and suggest that Saudi Arabia has
the ability to be a leader in e-Governmente-Government participation, if not the political will.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]The e-Government in Saudi Arabia was established as per Royal Decree No. 7/B/33181 dated
September 7, 2003. The e-Government was created by the Ministry of Communications andInformation Technology. In 2005, the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology
created the e-Government Program Yesser (www.yesser.gov.sa), with the Ministry of Finance andthe Communications and Information Technology Commission.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]E-Government strategy in Saudi Arabia has been divided into two ambitious plans. The E-Government
Program has been assigned the task of developing and implementing these plans and strategies incooperation with government agencies. The First Action Plan, from 2006 to 2010, has been
completed. Now, Saudi Organizations are in the process of launching the Second Action Plan, from2012 to 2016.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The national portal is one-stop-service that provides e-Service to citizens, business and also
government agencies. All e-Service focus on user or citizen centricity, in total, Saudi Arabia
government suggested 150 government services e-enabled and implemented through the Internet.
Beside e-Services, government also introduced mobile services to all citizens.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Saudi e-Governmente-Government Portal "Saudi" www.saudi.gov.sa is the central Saudi Arabiangovernment portal through which not only citizens, residents, businesses and visitors but also othergovernment organizations and businesses can access e-Services online. This approach has beenchosen as the best way to enable government services in an efficient manner.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
As the role of a CIO is becoming less technology focused and more strategy oriented, CIOs in Saudi
Arabia are becoming more engaged in setting strategy, enabling enterprise change, and solving
business problems, as well as IT problems. The Director General of the e-Government Program(Yesser) has a role very similar to that of a national government CIO. This position is currently held
by Dr. Abdul Rahman bin Sulaiman Al-Eraini.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]The Government of Saudi Arabia has attached high interest to the e-Government Concept and thetransformation process that leads to implementation of such a concept. It strongly believes in thehuge benefits such concept of e-Government entails for the National Economy. Accordingly, theSupreme Royal Decree number 7/B/33181 included a directive to the Ministry of Communications andInformation Technology to formulate a plan for offering government services and transactions

229
electronically. Transformation to an Information Society cannot be achieved without comprehensive
collaboration and concerted efforts to realize the specified objectives. Therefore, the Ministry ofCommunications and Information Technology (MCIT) established the e-Government Program“Yesser” in conjunction with the Ministry of Finance and the Communication and Information
Technology Commission (CITC).

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Based on the second action plan, it provides for using IT & communication tools to support citizen
participation in government processes including administration, service delivery and decision making.
The United Nations’ E-Participation Index ranked Saudi Arabia 51st in 2014. This is a large drop from2012, when they placed 22nd, but it a significant improvement over 2010, in which they placed 102nd.
These unusually volatile numbers seem to be context-dependent, and suggest that Saudi Arabia has
the ability to be a leader in e-Governmente-Government participation, if not the political will.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Saudi Arabia has open government/data in some fields, such as social insurance, trade, education andtraining, social services, population and health care. Users can download or share all the data thatgovernment provided in the website.

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
The Council of Ministers, headed by the King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz, approved the Anti-Cyber Crime
Law. The law provides for a jail sentence no more than a year and a fine no more than SR500,000, or
any of the two punishments, for any person committing the crimes described in the law. The above
law strikes an important balance between the right of the society to benefit from new technology
and the right of the consumer for protection of his/her privacy. It also paves the way forestablishment of IT legal system that safeguards the rights resulting from the legal use of computers
and information networks. Its stated objective is to protect public interest, morals, public ethics, andthe national economy.

5 Some Highlights
Saudi Arabian e-Government development is in the second phase of its action plan, and there is still
great opportunity for further improvement to increase the speed of implementation, and to build on
the momentum that has been established. The major strategic benefits from the e-GovernmenteGovernment program to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia remain the same as those identified in the firstaction plan:-

Better services for citizens and businesses-

Increased efficiency and effectiveness-Support the move to an information society

In order to successfully implement the Second National e-Governmente-Government Action Plan,
this national Vision must be used by each government agency to develop an individual eGovernmente-Government Vision and strategic action plan for individual agencies and sectors.

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Singapore
1 General Information
Area: 697 km2
Population: 5,674,472

Government Type: Parliamentary Republic
GDP: $85,700
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Economies

ASEAN Countries

Among OECD Countries, all indicators except the use of Emerging Technologies for government are
above the average score of OECD members. The Management Optimization (MO) indicator of
Estonia get the better score than that of United States, the best country in the global ranking andalso in OECD.
Amongst European countries, Estonia is placed below Denmark. However, the e-Participation and
Government CIO of Estonia are better than those of Denmark, the best country in Europe region.

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3 E-Government Development
Since 1980 it had the first CSCP (Civil Service Computerization Programme), e-GovernmenteGovernment plans have advanced to the 4th version of eGov masterplans called eGov 2015(20112015) in Singapore. According to its explanation, “the eGov2015 Masterplan (2011-2015) aims to be a
Collaborative Government in which the governments must take on the roles of a facilitator andenabler-to collaborate with the public, private and people sectors in creating new solutions, newbusinesses, and new wealth.” The strategy is composed of 3 main dimensions to found collaborative
government: Co-creating for greater value, connecting for active participation and catalyzing wholeof-Government transformation. Government agencies including the ministry of finance, ministry of
information communications and the arts and the infocomm development authority of Singapore(IDA) are cooperating to implement e-Governmente-Government plans. Among them IDA plays therole to steer e-Governmente-Government projects to which Government chief information officewing pertains.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 82% of people in Singapore have used Internet in their daily life. According to ITU’s
report, about 27.8% are fixed-broadband users and the wireless-broadband users are 156.1%. Internet
penetration in Singapore has reached a high level compared to other countries.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Singapore is one of the earliest countries who started computerization and telecommunication
infrastructure construction. With the development of information society, government in Singapore
has launched continuous strategies in different aspects of e-Governmente-Government. Also,
Singapore has made effort to integrate the internal government network architecture. For instance,
the latest cube program is designed as the new intranet platform for public agencies tocommunicate, connect and collaborate with each other.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service of Singapore is also comparatively high, ranked 4th among the evaluatedcountries. Five online services have been examined and investigated, through the Level ofComplexity, Level of Security and Level of Convenience. E-Procurement and One Stop Service havegained the better scores than e-Customs and e-Tax, and e-Health. Most of the services in Singapore
have come to transactional stage, allowing citizens having two-way transaction with public agencies.
However, the third party application result (Google PageSpeed) has been introduced to Waseda eGovernment Ranking in 2016 to measure the portals’ speed in consideration of convenience. There
are still some perfection could be achieved with the online portals in Singapore.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
National Portal of Singapore (http://www.gov.sg/) contains proper information for local citizens andforeigners. The portal has provided latest national news, useful guidelines for every aspect inSingapore life (divided by topics such as Finance, Education, Immigration, Taxes, Health, etc.)

232
Besides, the portal has introduction of country information, visions for nation, to present the country
to users closely and deeply. There are also contacts information of government agencies and theirannouncement individually. Though online translation supports users to search government terms
into Chinese, Malay, and Tamil, it would be better if the portal equips multiple language versions of
all the information.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Government Chief Information Office Wing has been set up at IDA (Infocomm Development
Authority of Singapore) which serves as the government CIO for Singapore. There are also clearly
appointments about CIOs at every government agency, responsible for specific objectives on
infocomm technologies, infrastructure and services. Government CIO issues are valued at Singapore,but there are still needs to establish assorted educational programs related to GCIO.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
High-tech and informational society is one of the vital national strategies in Singapore, therefore
government never has stopped the evolution of e-Governmente-Government. Not only thecontinuous plans but also relevant legal framework has renewal in the past years. Academic support
including seminars and research centers on e-Government and ICT utilization are active in Singapore.
It ranked second in this indicator among evaluated countries.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Citizens in Singapore have adapted to the culture of connecting government within online service
systems, and participate in the public affairs through different channels which are provided bygovernment. Reach (www.reach.gov.sg) is a platform built for citizens’ voice spread and heard on
public policies, public affairs within various forms such as online discussion, events and public
consultation. Deliberative democracy has been reflected through ICT utilization in public sectors.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]Singapore has launched Open Data Portal (https://data.gov.sg/) in 2011 as the portal site to provide
publicly-available datasets from 70 public agencies. There are some principles about data sharing
presented such as: data shall be made easily accessible; data shall be released in a timely manner, etc.
However, there has the necessity to improve legal mechanism for open government initiative in
Singapore in the future.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Singapore has released different acts and regulations on Cyber Security issues, such as Computer
Misuse Bill, The Electronic Transactions Act and Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA), and the later
Computer Misuse and Cybersecurity Act (CMCA). A government body called Personal Data
Protection Commission has been established to administer and enforce the PDPA. Recently, anorganization called Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA) has been found to oversee thenational cyber security strategy and outreach. Also, New Cyber Security Act will be published in the
coming year to be expected.

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4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]As leading country in e-Governmente-Government area, Singapore would not pass up the chance tointroduce and apply emerging technologies in public sectors. Public projects within Cloud-computing,big data and IOT utilization are ongoing or planned into sophisticated phases. Organizational
preparedness such as National Cloud Computing – Advisory Council (NCCAC) is paying attention to
the adoption of technologies, industrial standard construction and fostering collaboration between
different sectors. Great potential in the development of emerging technologies into e-GovernmenteGovernment area could be anticipated, but government’ guidance should play the crucial role inleading industry and society.

5 Some Highlights
As leading nation of e-Governmente-Government in Asia, Singapore continues to maintain the
momentum of evolvement. The performance on indicators of Management Optimization, eGovernmente-Government promotion and cyber security are showing its strong points andadvancement this year. Especially on the efforts for cyber security, Singapore equips the law andregulation framework to assure every safety measure and security upgrade can be enforced withlegal basis. In respect to policy, National Cyber Security Masterplan 2018, as the latest strategy,
guides government to enhance nation’s security environment and create a robust and trusted
society for public, private and individuals. Continuous masterplans in each crucial segment are one of
the keys to keep Singapore proactive and possessing execution capacity on e-GovernmenteGovernment development.
To future direction, Singapore still has potential on the growth of the use of emerging technologies.
This new indicator has been introduced to Waseda e-Governmente-Government ranking this year.
Due to the fact that many countries are still at the start-up phase, direction for expanding the newtechnologies into public service sector needs more endeavor to be clarified. Singapore could seize
the opportunity to formulate policies and standards, not only guide domestic innovation, but alsodelight international co-development.

234South Africa
1 General Information
Area: 1,219,090 km2
Population: 53,675,563
Government Type: republic
GDP: $13,400
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a region
AFRICA Countries

Among Africa countries, South Africa has surpassed the average of the region in most of indicators,
except management optimization and e-merging technology. However when comparing with theworld’s average, only e-participation and e-promotion show the better scores.

3 E-Government Development
E‐Government in South Africa are considered as a high priority area for improving the internal
operations and management. However, e-Government level in South Africa is still at the infancy
phase. Most objectives are intended to help the Interior better executing administrative andsupporting functions that exist across the government bodies. The e-Governmente-Government

235
strategy is drafted by the Center for Public Service Innovation (CPSI) in associate with the
Department of Public Service and Administration and the State Information Technology Agency.

4 Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 50% South African’s population were Internet users in 2014, according to the latest
report on Measuring the Information Society from International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
Among them, wired broadband subscribers accounted for around 32% while more than 46.7% of total
population have a wireless broadband connection.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]South Africa's National Development Plan and the National Integrated ICT Policy Green Paper
published in 2013 are expected to be the major success driver of the development and uptake of eGovernmente-Government services.
There is a so-called the Minimum interoperability standards (MIOS) for IS published by the South
African government SITA agency. This standard defines the minimum principles that an IT system ingovernment must meet. The target of this policy is to maintain the interoperability acrossgovernment systems.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service comprises of five sub-dimensions: e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs, eHealth, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL Address. All of
those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of Security, andLevel of Convenience.
In general, only Tax and Customs services are delivered digitally. The South African revenue service(SARS) has put a system in place since 2003 for taxpayers to submit their tax returns. Until now thesystem reached the transactional level of online service, enabling individuals and businesses tosubmit and claim their tax totally online.
Regarding e-procurement, the etenders.gov.za is an initiative instituted by The Office of the Chief
Procurement Officer to mandate all public sector organizations in South Africa to publish
procurement information. Currently, the functionalities of the portal are only publishing information
regarding tender and award notices and providing search capability on tender opportunities.
South Africa has a portal providing links to different types of services, however, citizens still have to
go to specific department for service applying. Work is under progress to consolidate all government
44
services in one single place. In health care, a national e-health strategy was published45

To measure the level of convenience, the third party application Google PageSpeed™ Insight has
showed that all services have a good access speed.

44

https://www.health-e.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/South-Africa-eHealth-Strategy-2012-2017.pdf

236
Table 24 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.etenders.gov.za
http://www.sars.gov.za/
http://www.sars.gov.za/
http://www.minavardkontakter.se/
http://www.gov.za/services

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. gov.za is the government portal of South Africa. It presents a wide range of
information resources about country demographic, national programs, government structure,
government agencies, legal documents and daily news regarding to government’s operations.
Information are delivered in English only
In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website operates wellin PC and shows some minor layout issues on mobile devices. The analysis also indicated several
technical problems which may slow down the portal’s loading speed. Social network features aresupported.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
The role of the CIO in South Africa was endorsed by the Government IT Officer’s (GITO) Council in
2002. GITO was created to serve as an IT coordinator, to consolidate the IT activities of government
agencies. The council functions as a platform in which both the government and citizens ensure thatthe government itself is aware of the needs of citizens.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]The Department of Public Service and Administration (DPSA) is responsible for the development andcoordination on e-Governmente-Government strategies. For implementing and monitoring eGovernmente-Government projects, the South African government established statutory agencies
such as the State Information Technology Agency (SITA) and Government Information Technology
Officers Council (GITOC).
Public private partnerships have been promoted in South Africa recently in order to boost ICTdevelopment in the country. Most of projects are focusing on enhancing ICT infrastructure.
Government's expenditure on ICT is estimated to reach $707.6 million in 2019, after reaching a total
46
of $615.9 million in 2014, according to latest research by Frost & Sullivan .
The South African Government SA is aiming to provide broadband access to all citizens at reasonable
prices. Given this target, the government has invested resources in enhancing infrastructure capacity,with the initializing the first phase of a 3-year project on broadband network. The total funding of45

https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.
http://www.itweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=144530:Govt-ICT-spend-to-reach707m-in-2019&catid=86
46

237
R740 million was allocated for this purpose. The first phase was said to cover 7 provinces, with 5803
facilities including schools, health and other government entities. Steering committees have been
shaped in all eight district municipalities and they comprise the provincial Departments of Basic
Education, Health, Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, Higher Education, Safety,
Security and Liaison as well as the South African Local Government Association.
At local government level, most evidences were found related to the Gauteng Government eGovernmente-Government promotion activities. Last year, the Gauteng provincial government has
invested over R1 billion in the full penetration of the Gauteng Broadband Network (GBN) for the next
four years. This is a part of the Gauteng city region-wide e-Governmente-Government strategy,
targeting at enhancing linkages and integration among city region governments and theirdepartments47.

4.7 E-Government Participation [EPAR]
Provincial and Local Liaison provides development communication and extends government's
information infrastructure through partnerships with provincial and local government. It coordinates
the establishment of Thusong Service Centre (TSC) programme – the one stop central forgovernment services and information. There were 171 such centers by 2012. This is hoped to bringgovernment services closer to the people.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]

The second South African open government partnership action plan 48 was released,
reaffirmed South Africa’s commitment to good governance and an open society underpinned byvalues of transparency, accountability and participatory governance.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
May 2016, the international cooperation in the area of information and communications technology(ICT) and cyberspace between South Africa and China was promised to be strengthened.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). There is little evidence
found on the use of emerging technologies in public sectors. No evidence has been found on theutilizing high-end technologies in government’s operations.

5 Some Highlights
South Africa has achieved average scores on Online Service, e-Government Promotion and eParticipation, thanks to the recent efforts of the government in the cooperation with private sectors
to enhance national ICT capacity. The government considers the public-private partnership to be the47

http://www.itweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=150061:Gauteng-targets-100broadband-connectivity&catid=14748
http://www.opengovpartnership.org/sites/default/files/OPG%20booklet%20final%20single%20pages.pdf

238
central focusing point of the National Development Plan and key to rapid development for economic
growth.
However, the country scored low in all the rests. There are several major reasons for this situation,
but the most important one is the lack of a long-term e-Governmente-Government strategy. It is
recommended that the South African Government should endorse a national strategy which put
more focus on ICT and e-Governmente-Government development.
Although GCIO is considered to be one of the key factors in the success of South African eGovernment implementation, this indicator’s score was not improved recently. It is advised that theGovernment should pay closely attention to develop government CIO in termss of quality andquantity.
Though some South African government websites show great promises but they are still working
with silo style, agency centric perspective, with the lacking of cooperating together and theinsufficient focus user friendly and consumer-centric. This calls for a set of standards being publishedas the guidance for portals and service design.

239

Spain
1 General Information
Area: 505,370 sq km
Population: 48,146,134
GovernmentType:parliamentary
constitutional monarchy
GDP: $35,200
Historical Ranking (2006-20016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

Europe Countries

3 E-Government Development
The development of e-Government in Spain was marked by a series of projects on ICT, especially the
projects of Public Administration - The "Conecta" Plan. The aim of this strategy is to promoteelectronic interactions between Public Administrations and citizens (eCertificates); e-ID card; and acitizen portal to provide access to interactive and transactional services.
The "Moderniza" Plan (2006-2008), a plan of measures aimed at improving, modernizing andsimplifying the Administration with a view to better accommodate the needs of citizens. In 2008 theSpanish Council of Ministers approved a ‘Plan for the Reduction of Administrative Burden and the
Improvement of Regulation’ the plan targets a 30 % cut in the burden currently resting on businesses.

240
The ‘Avanza’ Plan for the development of the Information Society forms part of the broader
program ‘Ingenio 2010’. The objectives of this plan is to develop user-centric e-Government whichfurthermore overcomes the most serious challenges facing public e-Services, This plan was divided
into 2 phases. The first phase is to develop Information Society and for Convergence with Europe,and among Autonomous Communities and Cities. The second is consolidate the milestones achieved
during the first phase of the Plan while contributing to foster the demand for ICT and to fortify the
ICT industry.
Avanza 2 was introduced in 2010 toward the second strategy 2011-2015. The aim of this plan is to help
overcome ten objectives such as Promote innovative ICT processes in regional governments, Spread
ICT applications in health and well-being, and Enable the application of ICT to the educational andtraining system.
In 2012, Spanish government issued MEJORA plan (Strategic Plan for Improving Public Service andAdministration) for the period of 2012-2015. The MEJORA is divided into three major strategies:
General State Administration (Racionaliz@ Plan), Citizens (Simplific@ Plan), and other public
administrations (Compart@ Plan).

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
According to ITU, there is approximately 75% of people in Spain were Internet connection in 2015, as
for wireless broadband, Spain has about 70% subscriptions, but only 26% of the population has awired broadband connection.
As for intranet connection, Spain has The 'Red SARA' network, administered by the Ministry of
Finance and Public Administrations, is Spain's Government intranet. It interconnects 16 ministries, allAutonomous Communities (17) and Autonomous Cities (2), as well as over 3708 local entities,
representing more than 90 % of the population. Red SARA’s objective is to increase collaboration andinteroperability among the information systems of the various levels of Government.
Furthermore, the Spanish government developed a lot of platform to promote e-Government
services such as Public Certificate Authority (CERES), National e-ID Card (DNIe), @firma – MultiPKI
Validation Platform for e-ID and eSignature Services, Cl@ve, and ePassports.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In 2015, the Spanish government adopted the newest plan “The Digital Transformation Plan for the
General Administration (GA) and the Public Agencies belonging to it (PAs) (ICT Strategy)”. The ICTStrategy sets out the global strategic framework to make progress in the transformation of the
Administration, sets forth the guiding principles, goals and actions required to complete it, as well as
the landmarks in the gradual development of Digital Government.

4.3 Online Service [OS]Like other European countries, e-Services in Spain also are divided to citizens and businesses. Spanish
government has developed a high level system of applications: E-procurement, e-tax, e-payment,social security services and civil registration services, all have transactional functions. Labor related

241services and e-Health system only allow two-way interaction while the website of consular services
only provides downloading functions.
Some of the Regional Governments provide health-related services fully online, including access toelectronic health records, appointments. Especially, in national level there is an interoperable healthcare for all the Autonomous Communities and the digital clinical history of the National Health
System can be accessed from any connected region.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The first portal was launched in 2006, www.060.es gives unified electronic access to Spain’s public
services, regardless of which administration runs them. The national portal is a unique multi-channel
system and a key entry point to the administrative services of all three levels of Government.
There are some national portals in administration side, administracion.gob.es is one of them. It is
access point facilitates the intercommunication of citizens and businesses with Public
Administrations. http://administracionelectronica.gob.es/pae_Home is the Public Administration'schannel that unifies and centralizes all available information about e-Government. It serves as agateway for all information on the status, development, analysis, news and initiatives around eGovernment activities.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Currently, there is no official legal enactment of establishing CIO position in Spanish government. At
national level, The State Secretariat for the Public Service, under the authority of the Ministry of
Territorial Policy and Public Administration, is in charge and has full responsibility for the eGovernment strategy. It promotes the full incorporation of information technologies andcommunications for the provision of public services through simplified procedures and processes
aiming at the modernization of the entire sector. The Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade is
responsible for conducting the Avanza Plan – now in its second phase, Avanza2 (2009-2012). Amongthe key objectives of this plan is the full development of e-Government.
At ministry level, there is a Ministerial Committee for Electronic Administration in each ministry,undertakes CIO tasks in terms of information technologies and e-Governmente-Government and in
charge of coordinating ICT and e-Government developments within the various central ministries. A
Ministerial Committee for Electronic Administration is chaired by the Undersecretary of the ministry
and the composition will be determined by their respective governing according to the specificitiesof each department.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The e-Government activities such as conference, advertisement for e-public services and oversightcommittee are doing at national and sub-national level. The council of Minister is in chart of doing eGovernment strategy in Spain and now they are in the second stage of strategy (2011-2015) of'Avanza 2' Plan. It has incorporated the actions implemented and has updated the original objectives
to suit the new challenges of the Network Society.

242
4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
This indictor got low score, during the evaluation there is neither information presence ofgovernment blogs on the official government portal nor e-consultation. No evidence to proof thatthe government takes the opinions of citizens in the decision making process and no evidence toinform the citizens on which decisions made based on citizens input.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Datos.gob.es incorporates the resources to facilitate the opening up and location of data on-line(following recommendations described by the Directive 2003/98/EC) and to raise user participation.
It focuses its web activity on the Data Catalogue. It is available to professionals, businesses,
managers of institutions and the general public. These are the main beneficiaries of and key players
in the reuse of public sector information and make it possible to: launch new business models,modernize government bodies and create transparent platforms for public collaboration andparticipation.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Spain introduced the National Cyber Security Strategy in 2013. The strategy which sets objectives andtargeted lines of actions. It is compatible with, and references, both the National Security Plan andexisting security laws. Spanish government also established two computer emergency response
teams (CERTs), INTECO-CERT and CCNCERT, and the National Centre for Critical Infrastructure
Protection (CNPIC). In 2009, the government cooperates with the private sector to formalize the
National Advisory Council on Cyber-security.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
The growth of IoT in Spain is being incubated by academia in the area of information and computerscience such as at the NICS Lab. But there is no information could be found on the evidence thatgovernment agency has used IoT or Big data in daily activities of government agencies.

5 Some Highlights
There will always be a percentage of the population unable or reluctant to use electronic means with
Public Administrations. Extending the benefits of e-Government to these citizens is, without any
doubt, the major challenge for inclusive e-Government policies. The development of multi-channel
strategies based in human in termsediaries is now possible in Spain.
Compared to last year, Spain increased 4 places from No. 32 to No. 28 in the rankings this year. In
2015, thanks to a new development strategy in the promotion of e-Governmente-Government, Spain
has clearly policies and strategies intended to promote open government data and cyber security.
Furthermore, changing the number of assessment indicator which positive effects in helping Spain
increasing in the rankings this year.

243

Sweden1 General Information
Area: 450,295 km2
Population: 9,801,616
Government Type: constitutional monarchy
GDP: $48,000
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a region
OECD Countries

EUROPEAN Countries

Among OECD countries, Sweden has very high scores on network infrastructure, e-GovernmenteGovernment promotion and management optimization. These scores are far above the world andOECD’s average and very close to the USA’s – who achieved the top position in OECD countries.
In European countries, Sweden surpasses the regional average on almost indicators, except Online
Services, Open Government and National Portal. Especially in e-Governmente-Government
promotion, the Swedish government even outweighs Denmark, securing the 1 st in the European inthis indicator.

3 E-Government Development
As one of the world’s best connected countries, Sweden has 100% cell phone subscriptions with data,
90% Internet users, 87% households with personal computers, and 32% broadband subscribers). All ofthese conditions combine with an early interest from decision-makers on IT, have turned Sweden

244
into a prominent ICT nation with good infrastructure and advanced services. In fact, Sweden is oneof the international leaders with regards to e-Governmente-Government (United Nations, 2012). The
Swedish government has formulated strong policies in this progress.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 84.6% Australia’s population were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring
the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Amongthem, wired broadband subscribers accounted for around 25.8% while more than 100% of total
population have a wireless broadband connection.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In December 2011, the Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications published the latest
national policy for e-Government, called ICT for Everyone - A Digital Agenda for Sweden Digital
Agenda49. The agenda describes how the Swedish Government plans to further reinforce thecapacity of government agencies to work together in delivering digital services.
In order to strengthen the collaboration among government agencies, Sweden launched a new eGovernmente-Government strategy, “the Digital Step” targeting on making public administrations
simpler, more transparent, and more efficient, with a major focus on citizen-centric e-Services.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service comprises of five sub-dimensions: e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs, eHealth, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL Address. All of
those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of Security, andLevel of Convenience.
In general, most of public services in Sweden are provided digitally. However, not all of themreached the transactional complexity level. Regarding e-Procurement, the Swedish Government has
not implemented a centralized portal for electronic public procurement, as this is intentionally left up
to private operators. The website avropa.se is currently the primary means of communication withprocuring entities and suppliers. In order to facilitate the delivery of transactional e-Services tocitizens, the Swedish Government has put into place the National e-Identification Board, whose
mission is to promote and coordinate electronic identification and signature for the public sector eServices. Regarding Taxation and Customs, skatteverket.se and tullverket.se are two electronic
portals established to provide various transactional services to citizens and businesses. Those
services obtained the highest level in complexity score.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application Google PageSpeed™ Insightshowed that all services have a good access speed.

49

50

has

http://www.government.se/contentassets/8512aaa8012941deaee5cf9594e50ef4/ict-for-everyone---a-digitalagenda-for-sweden
50
https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.

245
Table 25 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.avropa.se/
http://www.skatteverket.se/
http://www.tullverket.se/
http://www.minavardkontakter.se/
N/A

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. Government.se is the government portal of Sweden. It presents a wide range of
information resources about government structure, government agencies, legal documents anddaily news regarding to government’s operations. Information are delivered in 16 different
languages.
In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website operates wellboth from PC and from Mobile Device. The portal also provides several contacting methods via
various Social Networks such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Flicker as well as there is a featureallowing user to receive update mail notification.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Tt is clear that the position of CIO does exist in all levels of government, from national, to regional, tolocal, albeit under different names and with different responsibilities.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
On 1 July 2015, the Swedish e-Government Delegation was said to be completed its mission and nolonger responsible for e-Governmente-Government development. Instead, another e-GovernmenteGovernment unit was said to be setting up at Ministry of Financial and the Minister for Public
Administration Ardalan Shekarabi will be responsible for e-Government.
For municipalities digitalization, Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SKL)
continues being in charge. Swedish Association of Municipalities for Joint Development of Public eServices (SAMBRUK) initiated in 2003, involving 11 ICT Managers, for joint development of e-Services.
So far, this organization’s members include approximately 80 member municipalities from all overSwedenIn terms of monitoring e-Governmente-Government progress, the Digitalisation Commission has
been established in 2012 by the Swedish Government to analyze and monitor progress towards theSwedish ICT-policy goal to become the best in world at digitalization. Sweden also has research
51
52
think-tanks on e-Governmente-Government, such as eGovLab of Stockholm University or Timbro .

5152

http://www.egovlab.eu/index.php/about-us
http://timbro.se/en

246
4.7 E-Government Participation [EPAR]
There are around 60% of Swedish citizens use e-Services. The total of services provided online isaround 3800 services. Another successful story about e-participation in Sweden is E-identification,
which has over 4 million users out of 9 million citizens. These users conducted over 250 million
53transactions in various private and public e-Services during 2011 , thanks to the availability of aworld-class broadband. This enables households and businesses to have good opportunities to use
electronic public services via broadband.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
By publishing the Swedish Second National Action Plan 2014-2016 for the Open Government
Partnership, the Swedish government reaffirmed its commitment to open government efforts, bothin principle and in practice. Similar to other Nordic countries such as Finland and Norway, Sweden
has a high degree of transparency and open government.
The Public Sector Information website was launched in February 2014 by VINNOVA (Sweden’sInnovation Agency). The website is about making public information more accessible, denoting theextent to which Swedish authorities comply with the holistic vision on open data.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
A national strategy on Cyber security is under preparation progress. However there are some policies
promulgated by government agencies such as the Strategy for Information Security in Sweden 2010201554 by The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency.
Sweden has formulated several legal documents regarding e-commerce and cyber security such as
Personal Data Act, Public Access to Information and Secrecy Act, Act on Electronic Commerce andother Information Society Services (2002).

In terms of cyber security government entities, CERT-SE was established in 2003 and is
responsible for coordinating incident response measures for both government institutions andprivate entities across all Swedish networks55, while network and information security protection is
the main role of The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB).

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). There is little evidence
found on the use of emerging technologies in public sectors.

5 Some Highlights
There have been lots of efforts carried out by Swedish Government to promote for e-GovernmenteGovernment. These activities could be found in both central and local government levels. For53

http://www.opengovpartnership.org/es/files/swedens-ogp-action-plan-2014-2016-pdf/download
https://www.msb.se/RibData/Filer/pdf/25940.PDF
55
http://cybersecurity.bsa.org/assets/PDFs/country_reports/cs_sweden.pdf
54247
example, in October 2015, an advisory board for e-Government was established by the Swedish
government which consist of high-level decision-makers in the public sector with the task to give56
advice on e-Government policy . In addition, regular meetings and events were held at municipality
level to promote different aspects of e-Government. All of these evidences resulted a high score for
Sweden on e-Government promotion ranking this year.
More attentions need to be paid on providing information on the national portal. It is advised thatcountry information and available services should be included on the national portal as a one-stop
gateway for residents and foreigners. In addition, being the country with many famous technology
corporations such as Erikson, the government is recommended to utilize emerging technologies into
public sector’s operations. This will help to improve the ranking of Sweden in this area.

56

https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ckeditor_files/files/e-Government%20in%20Sweden%20%20February%202016%20-%2018_0_v1_00.pdf

248

Switzerland
1 General Information
Area: 41,277 km2
Population: 8,121,830
Government Type: Federal Republic
GDP: $ 59,300
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a region
OECD Countries

European Countries

249

3 Government Development
On 24 January 2007, the Federal Council
launched a national e-Government strategy.
Unlike in many countries where the national eGovernment strategy is commonly proposedby central government, Switzerland develeop
the strategy in a collaboration between the
cantons and the municipalities, under the
direction of the FSUIT. The strategy comprises
the basis for the Confederation, the cantons,
and the municipalities to align their efforts
toward common goals.
In December 2015, the Confederation andCantonal Government of Switzerland adopted
the revised strategy and settled theframework agreement for 2016-2019 legislative
period.
To strengthen the integration and collaboration among government intitutions, The Swis Conferenceon Informatics (CSI) encourages the participation of cantonal and municipal authorities in theimplementation of e-Government strategy.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 87% of people in Switzerland were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring
the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 46%
have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reach 76.6%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]e-Government Strategy Switzerland was created through a collaboration between central and local
government. The strategy has set the role and responsibilities of each agencies. There aremeasurable target and objectives on the e-Government Strategy. Furthermore, the strategic plan has
been cascaded into more detailed action plan.
Switzerland government uses Business Process Model Notation (BPMN) for illustrating government
business process. This practice will enable to identify redundancy or critical process that could be
eliminating or adding more control over it.
Since the strategy is the result of good cooperation between central and local government, there is amutual control system among them regarding data exchange. Network Administration Switzerland
handles such activities.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services:., e-Procurement, eTax, e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its

250
URL Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity,
Level of Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-Procurement, e-Tax,
and One-Stop Service are the best performer among five online services.
In terms of complexity level, all online services have reach interaction level where the citizen canobtain the service without necessarily visit to the government office. Initial stage of interaction withgovernment through the portal. In addition to that, all Online Service have implemented security
measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, and Password Protection for obtaining the services.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that three portals
are above the average considerably in terms of speed. E-Procurement and e-Customs are the only
portal that scored below average, thus, considerably slow to access. The third party application forassessing the portal is the application from Google named Google PageSpeed™ Insight on
https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that, all clickable objects on
the portal work as they should do.
Table 26 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.simap.ch/
https://www.estv.admin.ch
http://www.ezv.admin.ch/index.html?lang=en
http://www.e-health-suisse.chhttps://www.ch.ch

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Switzerland (https://www.admin.ch) contains proper information for
local citizens and foreigners. Information about Switzerland is available on the portal. User can findinformation about culture and heritage, demographic, and government. In technical aspect, theresult of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is below average on
both from PC and from Mobile Device. However, from the user experience aspect, this website istremendous.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Switzerland has clearly defined the appointment of GCIO in all level of department. Furthermore, themandate and the role of GCIO are stated on the official document under “Framework agreement
under public law on e-Governmente-Government cooperation in Switzerland (2016 – 2019)”.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There is no significant evidence to indicate that Switzerland government conduct any initiatives topromote the use of e-Government Service. This situation is similar to the one in any developed
countries where the IT Culture has been embraced in the society.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Culture and society in Switzerland has been created as a high tech society. These factors have driven
Switzerland to the next horizon of e-Government. Citizens and government can take the benefit of251
ICT in their daily life. However, there is no application where the citizen can directly communicate to
the government. The absence of e-participation portal significantly impacts the score of thisindicator.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In 2004, Switzerland has launched Federal Act on Freedom of Information in the Administration toparticipate in the Freedom of Information Act movement around the world. To strengthen theimplementation of these act, Switzerland has established Open Data Portal(https://opendata.swiss/en/) to provide public with accessible government information. To keep theinformation update, Switzerland government authorize all government agencies to publish theirdata to the open data portal on behalf of the state.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Switzerland has ratified several laws related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

Information Protection Ordinance 2007
Federal Act on Data Protection 2010
Information Protection Ordinance 2007
"Military Act, Art 99/100 Ordinance on the Armed Forces Intelligence Service (O-AFIS)"
Federal Law on Certification Service

In addition to these laws, Switzerland has strengthened organization capacity for cybercrimecountermeasure by setting up Swiss Cyber Security Advisory and Research Gr0up. Beside theadvisory group, there are two important organizations in the Swiss cybersecurity, i.e., FITSU and
Swiss-CERT.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Switzerland has attempted
to implemented Cloud Computing for Public Sector. Switzerland built a private cloud for government.
The strategy for implementing Government Cloud has been approved by e-Government Steering
Committee in October 2012. Along with the implementation of Government Cloud, Swissgovernment has implemented Big Data Analytics in Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs.

5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the Management Optimization is the best among otherindicators in e-Government Switzerland. This achievement signifies the importance of strong
collaboration between central and local government; Confederation and Cantonal, for improving thequality of government business process. Similar to other European countries, Switzerland is shifting
its e-Governmente-Government to the next level in which they try to make all public service will be
digital by default.
The weak point in Switzerland is about e-Government Promotion and the use of emerging ICT. One
argument is that the lack of e-Governmente-Government promotion activities occurred because
Switzerland does not need such programs anymore. Their citizen is aware already of e-Governmente-

252
Government service and knows how to use it. However, by the increasing use of emerging ICT,Switzerland still has a chance to get the higher score in e-Government Promotion. The promotion
activities will follow the progress of implementation of the New e-Government Strategy since itneeds some introductions of new services to the citizens.

253

Taiwan1 General Information
Area: 35,980 km2
Population: 23,415,126

Government Type: multiparty democracy
GDP: $47,500
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Economies

ASIAN Countries

Among APEC countries, expect Management Optimization and National Portal, rest 8 indicators of
Taiwan are above the average score of APEC members, Especially the performance on Open
Government Data. Taiwan also has achieved comparatively better scores compared with Asia
countries, exceeding or equal to the average except National Portal.

3 E-Government Development
The national development council of Taiwan has published national e-Governmente-Government
plan (2017-2020) this year, as the fifth step after previous strategies. The new plan is aim to match
the white paper: ide@Taiwan2020 Policy which released earlier. According to its definition, “e” is for

254“e-Governmente-Government”: to provide people proactive, niche, or comprehensive services
through streamlined administrative processes and effective and efficient management. Also, “I”(intelligent Taiwan), “d” (digital nation) and “a” (accessible to the people) are indispensable andrelative goals valued at the paper. However, in its new plan for next 4years, Taiwan sets the goal to
move towards a “digital government” era surpassing traditional e-Governmente-Government phase.
The new objective adopting emerging technologies like big data and cloud-computing is to build acomprehensive data-driven system of which citizens can take full advantage instead of receiving
standard public service. Other targets such as government transparency and accountability could beachieved effectively as well in the new vision.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
According to ITU’s investigation, Internet users take up 80% of the population in Taiwan. About 24.7%
are Fixed-Broadband users, and 57.1% of the wireless broadband users, in which most of advanced
countries have achieved more proportion close to 100%~110%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Taiwan has propelled the administrative reformation by information system since 1980s. Afterconsistent e-Governmente-Government plans of five stages within particular emphases on
government system integrations, it has optimized the internal office and established an effective
operation. However, to keep the e-Governmente-Government program advancing, meticulous
periodic evaluation of each plan needs to be fulfilled and presented to the public by government.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is evaluated on five online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. There are three levels of sophistication were
examined as Level of Complexity, Level of Security, and Level of Convenience. For Taiwan, most of
the online services have been estimated as high performances which provide citizens withtransactional online service, except the portal for e-Health. The services presented on thesite( http://www.mohw.gov.tw/ ) are staying at e-information, application and inquire. Now someadvanced countries have already established an e-Health online system to connect the hospitals,
care-center with citizens in which multiple needs on health can be satisfied even with one APP.
Considering the fact of incoming aging society, there are undoubted necessaries to integrate the eHealth system to serve citizens in different needs and priorities.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. The National Portal of Taiwan (http://www.taiwan.gov.tw/) offers information
about Taiwan including demographic and historical introductions. Other information has beenclassified by different purposes such as Visas/Immigration, Education/Employment, Tourism,
Economy and so on. There are also guides for residents with various aspects of living in Taiwan. EInformation is the main function for National Portal of Taiwan, which could increase more services in
the future.

255
4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Taiwan has put effort to establish the GCIO system. The year 2012 was an important time point inwhich the first GCIO Mr. San-Cheng Chang has been appointed and the second- degree GCIO system
was set up. According to it, The Convenor of National Information and Communications Initiative
Committee (NICI) will fill the post of GCIO in Executive Yuan level and each Ministry level of central
government have their CIOs as well. Regular CIO Meeting has be held among the CIOs and deputy
heads of municipal and city governments.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The newest e-Government agenda published in 2016 focus on the digital government construction
within the utilization of emerging technologies including IOT, Cloud Computing and Big Data. To
coordinate with the ide@Taiwan 2020 white paper, the fifth e-Governmente-Government plan has
proposed three main objectives as “Provindg convenient living” “Develop digital economy” and“Fulfill governance transparency”. The core concept of the new plan is “Data-driven” “ public-private
collaboration” and “civilian-centric”. There are also other promotions cover issues such as
government open data and infrastructure.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Most of the government agencies in Taiwan have prepared channels for citizens to interact withspecific agencies via email, Tel and online message form. A simple search engine on the one-stop
service portal enables users to find the departments they want to reach directly and effectively withcompleted contact lists by names.
For a nation like Taiwan who values democracy, there are more energies and needs to explore the eParticipation contexts such as e-Voting and e-Decision making process which could combine social
desires on democracy and information society into more efficient public services supported by ICT.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Taiwan got comparatively high scores on indicator of Open Government Data and tied with
Singapore for the first place among Asia nations. Open data initiative has remained one of the firstpriorities in e-Government plans of Taiwan, within legal preparedness such as “The Freedom of
Government Information Law (2005)” “Copyright Act (2014)” and “Personal Information Promotion(2015)”. The Open Data Portal (http://data.gov.tw/ ) are not only updating datasets on every aspect
in social life and governments, but also providing space for citizens to comment and discuss after
checking the data. What’s more, the details in data standards and guide for users to read and utilize
information are presented on the website.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Several policies related to Cyber Security have been issued in Taiwan including such as Information
and Communication Security Policy White Paper (2008/2010) and National Information andCommunication Security development project (2013-2016). To strengthen nation’s capacities in Cyber
Security, the National Information and Communication Security Taskforces (NISCT) was formed by
The Executive Yuan in 2001, by whom Ministry of Science and Technology were issued as the256
responsible authority for Cyber Security instead of NISCT, within a new institution called “National
Center for Cyber Security Technology (NCCST)” in 2016.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Taiwan government isearnest to implement new technologies into Public Sector. There are all evidences to show their
ongoing projects and plans adopting Cloud Computing or Big data, to correspond the data-driven
vision for nation’s strategy. However, regulations around emerging technologies are still not been
prepared, same situation to other countries who try to put the technologies into practice at the firstplace.

5 Some Highlights
Taiwan jumped to 11th in Waseda e-Governmente-Government ranking in 2016. It has great
performance on indicator of “Open government”, showing government’s effort actions to achieve
the goals that have been emphasized in aforementioned national plans. As a matter of fact,
Transparency, Accountability or E-democracy have always remained social focus in the society. Alongwith the development of digital government strategy, Taiwan is expected to gain better
achievements on “e-participation” “the usage of emerging technologies” in the future. On the other
hand, national portal should not be forgotten since it is not only the portal to send nation’s message
to citizens but also an important window for non-Taiwan citizens to understand and become familiar
with the society. In addition, cyber security is a vital issue for digital government as well.

257

Thailand1 General Information
Area: 513,120 km2
Population: 67,976,405
Government Type: Constitutional Monarchy
GDP: $16,100
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Countries

ASEAN Countries

Among APEC Countries, the Management Optimization (MO), GCIO, e-Promotion (EPRO) and the useof Emerging Technologies for government (EMG) indicators are above the average score of APEC
members. The Management Optimization (MO) indicator of Thailand gets the same level of UnitedStates, the best country in the global ranking and also in APEC. Amongst ASEAN countries, Thailand
is placed below Singapore. However, the GCIO is better than those of Singapore, the best country in
ASEAN region. Moreover, the National Portal (NPR) indicator of Thailand is lowest among theseregions.

258

3 E-Government Development
The Ministry of Information andCommunications Technology (MICT) is
the main body responsible not only for
the ICT master plan but also for the
National
e-Government
policyformulation. MICT presented Thailand
Information
andCommunication
Technology (ICT) Policy Framework(2011-2020) is ICT2020 which was
released on May 2011. In 2016, Thailand
government announced the draft ofDigital Economy Development plan
along
with
DigitalGovernment
Development plan. The digital economy
sets the framework and direction driving Digital Economy Strategy of Thailand
the economy and society as a whole; while the Digital government development plan provides moredetail for the government sector moving toward digital economy. The strategic framework “DigitalThailand” for promoting a digital economy consists of four areas: Digital Commerce, Digital
Entrepreneur, Digital Innovation, and Digital Content. Emphasis will be placed on five strategies,
namely, Hard Infrastructure, Service Infrastructure, Soft Infrastructure, Digital Economy Promotion,
and Digital Society.
Digital Government development plan has been established by Electronic Government Agency(Public Organization) (EGA) with takes the roles to develop and integrate information andcommunication technology systems to achieve establishing e-Government which is the country's key
strategy to effectively leverage government’s capabilities of management and public service systems.
Digital Government Plan 2016-2018 has characters with 1) Government Integration; 2) Smart
Operations; 3) Citizen-centric Services; 4) Driven Transformation. In addition, there are 4 digital
government strategies define as 1) Developing the capacity to support government services; 2)
Elevation of Citizen’s Quality of life; 3) Enhancing the capacity of business sectors’ competitiveness;
4) Increasing national security and public safety.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 34.9% of people in Switzerland were Internet users in 2014, according to the
Measuring the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
About 8.2% have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reach 79.9%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Although Thailand scores highly in termss of optimization awareness, the development of an EA
framework remains average. There is significant work to put interoperability under the control of259
MICT. The present Thailand Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy Framework(2011-2020) is ICT2020 which was released on May 2011.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services:., e-Procurement, eTax, e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and their
URL Address. All of those services were investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity,
Level of Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-Procurement, e-Tax,and e-Customs are the best performers among five online services.
In terms of complexity level, all online services have reach interaction level where the citizen canobtain the service without necessarily visit to the government office. Initial stage of interaction withgovernment through the portal. In addition to that, all Online Service have implemented security
measures such as Site Authentication, and Password Protection for obtaining the services. However,
it is still limit to use SSL as security measure when login to system.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that all portals
are below the average considerably in terms of speed. Thus, their access speed considerably slows toaccess, according the big size of page that use many picture and not using the web cache. The third
party application for assessing the portal is the application from Google named Google PageSpeed™
Insight on https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that, all clickableobjects on the portal work as they should do.
Table 27 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.gprocurement.go.th
http://www.rd.go.th/
http://e-tracking.customs.go.th/ETS/index.jsp
http://ict.moph.go.th/
https://www.govchannel.go.th/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. Thailand has several websites collectively which make up government online presence.
The digital portal of the Thai government is www.egov.go.th that provides daily information and eGovernment connectivity for citizens. The portal is available only in the national language Thai. In
technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance isbelow average on both from PC and from Mobile Device. It scored below average in terms of page
speed.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The Chief Information Officer (CIO) is a bureaucratic position mentioned in ICT Master Plan 2002 2006. In Thailand, CIOs are appointed at all levels except town/city level. A Government CIO office isestablished at national level. There are several organizations for the CIO, such as the CIO Association

260
of Thailand (CIO and IT persons from both government and private sectors) and the International
Academy of CIO in Thailand. In addition, The National Electronic and Computer Technology Center(NECTEC) also studies about CIOs. EGA has e-Government Academy that also coordinates with otherorganizations to hold CIO related activities like seminars, conferences, and workshops. For the
purpose of the realization of Smart Thailand, the ICT 2020 also emphasizes the important role of CIOs
in termss of both private and public sectors.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The e-Government Promotion & Development Bureau (Under MICT) was in charge of eGovernmente-Government promotion in Thailand. Now, it is charged to EGA. And, The National
Information Technology Committee, NECTEC, and the IT Operations Support Office are government
entities involved in assessing the progress of e-Governmente-Government. However, ministries, local
governments, and some state-owned companies in telecommunications are also involved inpromoting e-Governmente-Government.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
In general, all interest groups have online access to essential administrative information. As of
November 2014, current Thai government led by General Prayut Chan-o-cha has released official
Facebook webpage of National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) in order to be alternative
communication between Thai people and current government. In addition, there is no application
where the citizen can directly communicate to the government. The absence of e-participation portal
significantly impacts the score of this indicator.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Since 2013, Thailand government has appointed EGA to develop Thailand Government Open Data
“https://www.data.go.th/” and Open Application “https://apps.go.th/”. These projects are still in an
ongoing process. It is limited of dataset, and it contains links and descriptions for about 552 datasetsand has 211 applications as one the end of May, 2016. To keep the information update, EGA authorize
all government agencies to publish their data to the open data portal on behalf of the state, and EGA
also has seminar and event to promote Government open data. In addition, for Thailand increasingof Government open data means showing the political will to fight against corruption by publishingas much information as possible in free access for citizens, however it is also creating new economic
opportunities and helping better business decisions be made through open data.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB] (7.6/10)
Thailand has The Electronic Act 2001 as the core of its cyber law. This act delivers the legal
framework for the validity of digital signature and electronic transaction. On 18 July 2007, theComputer Crime Act B.E.2550 (2007) came into force. Now, Thailand is in the process of establishing
new legislation of the government’s digital economy policy. The Cybersecurity Bill, one of the legal
instruments proposed is under review, and the Bill specifies the establishment of a National Cyber
Security Committee (NCSC) which will be chaired by the prime minister to provide national levelcybersecurity policy to protect prevent and combat cyber threats.

261
4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). G-Cloud is an IaaS thatutilized cloud computing technology for managing resources of government, and it has beencertified by ISO / IEC 27001: 2013 that ensure the information security management system. Thailand
now is preparing to establish “Government Big Data Testbed committee” that involved EGA.
However, the evidence shows that Big Data is not officially launched. In addition, EGA by Research &Development team is working on some research and published some papers on IoT issue. And manyof prototype project that provided by EGA is ongoing.

5 Some Highlights
Thailand has the impressive point on Management Optimization, Government CIO, and Online
Service. A new plan of ICT2020, taking into account of the past experience, current status and futurechallenge to be expected, was issued by MICT for the purpose of policy continuation in 2011. All the
directions will lead Thailand to a country in 2020 where 95% of the population will have access tobroadband, the economy will be service and creativity based type, ICT value will be of significance tothe whole economy while more than half population will be aware of the importance of ICT. A
Government CIO office is established at national level. Even though all government units have a CIO,
most CIOs still lack knowledge, understanding and skills in technology. There are several
organizations for the CIO, such as the CIO Association of Thailand and the International Academy of
CIO in Thailand.
The use of emerging technology and e-Participation are the weak point of Thailand. However, theuse of Cloud Computing is high that there have been accumulated number of 129 different
organizations using G-Cloud from the total number of 259 Cloud Computing-based system or project.
According, Thailand still does not have election yet, the e-Participation score is low. Thailand
prepared the plan by establishing the “Government Big Data Testbed committee” that involved EGA,NSTDA, NECTEC, DoH and Thammasat University. The objective is considering the Big Data plan.
Moreover, in 2015, the Government Big Data Conference 2015 and the Hackathon events in Big Data
which organized by EGA is a highly successful and is renowned both in the public and private sectors.

262

Tunisia
1 General Information
Area: 163,610 km2
Population: 11,037,225
Government Type: Republic
GDP: $11,600
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Africa Countries

Among Africa Countries, all indicators except e-Government Promotion (EPRO) and the use of
Emerging ICT on Government (EMG) indicator are above with the average score of Africa region. In
addition, the Management Optimization (MO), National Portal (NPR) and the use of Emerging ICT on
Government (EMG) indicator of Tunisia are better than those of South Africa, the best country inAfrica region.

263

3 E-Government Development
In 2010, the Tunisian government issued thee-strategy 2010-2015. It is a part of the
dynamics of the Tunisian Government forthe development of the knowledge
economy and the introduction ofTechnologies
ofinformation
andCommunication "ICT" in Tunisian. The
Tunisian government focuses on twocomplementary
objectives:theimprovement of the citizen-administration
relationship and the development of
Tunisian enterprises’ competitiveness. The
achievement of these two objectives restson the development of an efficient e-Government Framework
integrated administration in the service of citizens and enterprises, enabling better interaction withcitizens and a more competitive environment for enterprises. The development of e-administrationin Tunisia occupies a central place among national priorities. It is a fundamental pillar in the global
and sustainable development process given the primordial role of e-administration in the
improvement of public management performance and the reinforcement of service quality.
Tunisia joined the Open Government Partnership on January 2014. This is an international forum toexchange successful experiences in the field of open government and promote the progress of themember countries. The Tunisian government has embarked on the preparation of a national action
plan (National OGP Action Plan 2015-2016) for the Open Government Partnership. They aim to
implement a number of reforms in the area of governance and anti-corruption throughout 2015 and2016 in collaboration with the various components of civil society.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 46.2% of people in Estonia were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring
the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 4.4%
have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached 47.6%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In 2010, the government issued the National Strategy for e-Administration Development for theperiod 2010-2014. This strategy includes a new generation of public services based on the idea ofservices integration and interoperability between information systems belonging to administrative
structures.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax,
e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL

264
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Tunisia’s approach to promoting information society
development and innovative citizen shaping has been positioning information and communication
technologies as key drivers for its economy. Tunisia has well-designed and developed technology
parks such as El Ghasala. Furthermore, it has strong research centers and good universities
researching modern ICT tools and techniques.
For measuring the level of convenience, the third party application result has shown that threeportals are above the average considerably in terms of speed. The other two portals, i.e., e-Healthand One-Stop Service are slightly above the average. The third party application for assessing theportal is the application from Google named Google PageSpeed™ Insight on
https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that, all clickable objects on
the portal work as they should do.
Table 28 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://www.tuneps.tn/index.do
http://www.impots.finances.gov.tn/
http://www.douane.gov.tn/
http://www.santetunisie.rns.tn/fr/
http://www.pm.gov.tn/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Tunisian Government portal www.bawaba.gov.tn or www.tunisie.gov.tn serves as a government
portal for the public administration, citizens, businesses, visitors and civil society. The portal only
hosts online service information and provides links to relevant domains. The portal delivers most of
its contents in its official language of Arabic, but also offers information in French. There is no English
version of the portal.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The Tunisian public administration at national and local levels does not appoint CIOs or equivalent
positions within the legal framework. The director general for e-Government under the prime
minister can be considered the CIO at the national level. Similarly, there is no CIO related education in
the Tunisian education system. It should also be noted that the private sector in the country does notappoint CIO positions.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]For Tunisia, it can be noted that ICT promotion, which increasingly also includes e-GovernmenteGovernment promotion, is the main priority of government and the presidential agenda. The law of
e-Government exists at the national level but not at the sub-national level.
There also seems to be growing collaboration in the non-government, private and public sectors.
This synergy with the presidential leadership at the top level of administration helps to promote ICT
penetration and engagement of stakeholders besides changing the nation’s online connectivity
culture. However the frameworks, methods and tools used to measure and evaluate e-GovernmenteGovernment as well as oversight committees lack of adequate levels of integrity.

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4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Tunisia is one of the most technologically developed nations in the region and has good
opportunities to implement e-Participation in the country. However, there has been little action
taken in this direction recently. In general, government websites provide services in Arabic andFrench. The national portal and other high-level government sites demonstrate interactivefunctionality and well thought-out design. Successful national ICT initiatives correlate with increasingawareness of participation. Availability of polls and feedback options shows that the government
takes the opinions of citizens into account during decision-making processes. However there is still alack of detailed policy declarations and there are also accountability issues.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Tunisia joined the Open Government Partnership on 14 January 2014. The Tunisian government hasembarked on the preparation of a national action plan (National OGP Action Plan ) for the Open
Government Partnership. They aim to implement a number of reforms in the area of governance andanti-corruption throughout 2015 and 2016 in collaboration with the various components of civilsociety. Currently, Tunisia has released the beta version of its open government data website,“data.gov.tn”, following the wave of open government data portals around the world. The aim of
this portal is to open data produced by various public structures, and facilitate its reuse. The portal
development will be made according to a participatory approach that involves civil society
representatives.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The national governance roadmap for cyber security in Tunisia is elaborated in the National Agency
for Computer Security (ANSI ). ANSI is responsible for the benchmarking and measuring cybersecurity development in Tunisia, and also responsible for providing educational and professional
training programs for raising awareness with the general public, promoting cyber security courses inhigher education and promoting certification of professionals in either the public or the private
sectors. And Tunisia has an officially recognized National CIRT (Tunisian Computer Emergency
Response Team - TunCERT).

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Tunisia has attempted to
implement Cloud Computing for Public Sector. However, the evidence shows that it is not officiallylaunched. Other emerging technologies for government agencies are still nullity in Estonia.

5 Some Highlights
Tunisia has the impressive point on e-Participation, Management Optimization, and National Portal.
On 26 March, 2011, Decree-law 41 which regulates the public access to administrative document wasenacted. In 2012, there was a conference to discuss ‘open data and e-participation’ at the initiative of
the prime ministry. The main goal for the conference was the improvement of e-participation in the
public and private sectors. By opening the electronic administration, the government expects toachieve active investment and e-business. About National portal, The Tunisian Government portal

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www.tunisie.gov.tn serves as a government portal for the public administration, citizens, businesses,
visitors and civil society. The portal only hosts online service information and provides links torelevant domains. The portal delivers most of its contents in its official language of Arabic, but alsooffers information in French.
However, the use of emerging technology and government CIO are the weak point of Tunisia.
Currently, the Tunisian public administration at national and local levels does not appoint CIOs orequivalent positions within the legal framework. The director general for e-Government under theprime minister can be considered the CIO at the national level. And Tunisia put CIO model withempowered to implement a holistic vision on Post 2015 Agenda. Moreover, there is no evidence
about the use of Cloud Computing for delivering public services. However, Tunisia government cloud
initiative was started to discuss.

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Turkey1 General Information
Area: 783,562 km2Population: 79,414,269
Government Type: republican parliamentarydemocracy
GDP: $20,500
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Europe Countries

OECD Countries

The performances on most of the indicators of Turkey have showed comparatively low level below
average of Europe countries and OECD groups. Among all the ten indicators, Online Service has agood score and the only one exceeding average of Global.

3 E-Government Development
Turkey has launched its latest National e-Governmente-Government strategy and action plan for
2015-2019 by the Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communication in 2015. For ICT initiative,

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the Ministry of Development is responsible for the” Information society strategy and action plan”.
There is no official GCIO position in the government of Turkey, but three main agencies are
participating in the e-Governmente-Government strategy/plan making and decision: the Ministry ofDevelopment; the Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications and e-Transformation
Turkey Executive Committee. As the last one, the committee contains officers from different
government agencies such as the Ministry of Development /Sciences/ Transportation/Education, etc.
Also some members came from NGOs. According to the introduction, “The Committee is the highest
level policy and decision-making, assessment and steering body in the information society Strategy
implementation process.”

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
According to ITU’s report, approximately 51% of people in Turkey have used Internet in their daily life.
About 11.7% are fixed-broadband users and the wireless-broadband users are 42.7%. Internet
penetration in Turkey is in a comparatively low position compared to most of the evaluated countries.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Turkey's national approach to e-Government can be characterized as centralized. The National eGovernmente-Government strategy and action plan for 2015-2019 has been published by the Ministryof Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communication, with a view to increase the pace of structuralreforms and strengthens the fundamentals of the Turkish economy with a holistic approach.

4.3 Online Service [OS]Regarding electronic transactions and identification, the Turkish government enacted several
amendments to integrate e-Services into daily public life such as in e-commerce, e-signature and eprocurement legislation, chiefly within the last 5 years. For instance, there is legislation for regulating
Internet broadcasts and combating crimes committed through such broadcasts. There are nine
catalogued criminal offences, which can be committed through Internet publications .Nationwide
implementation of electronic declarations by the Ministry of Finance is one of the first transactional
level “e-Service” type services in Turkey. It was initially part of the Tax Office Automation Project(VEDOP) and is now at a third phase of development and aptly named VEDOP-3.Compared to othertop priority services, current sophistication of daily life citizen services such as car registration,
certification is still lacking certain quality and integration. However, there is an ongoing pilot project
for e-ID card, which is expected to enable more integrated and transactional level daily life services.
Online information is provided by hospitals through their websites. Furthermore, online
appointments are available at certain hospitals. Appointment for all hospitals through a central callcenter is possible. The Ministry of Health is also working on a one-stop-shop mechanism for online
appointments.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Turkish portal, www.turkiye.gov.tr, is integrated as the one stop service portal for citizens as
well. It acts as a gateway for all e-Governmente-Government services and as an administrative
resource. As of June 2011, the e-Government Gateway includes more than 260 services of 28 different
agencies, as well as information about administrative procedures and links to the services provided
directly through websites of each public agency. Although it has well-structured navigation andinterface features, the website clearly lacks interactive features such as blogs, SNS, forums or polls.

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On the other hand, the portal demonstrates secure transactions through mobile electronic
signatures (via mobile devices) as well as non-mobile (PC or stationary device based) electronic
signatures and password login. As a new functionality, users has access via has mobile handset withm-signature integration.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The Turkish public administration at national and local levels does not appoint CIOs or equally
influential positions within the legal framework. Heads of IT directorates or IT departments have themain competencies of a CIO. However the quality of CIO competency varies from ministry to ministry.
One ministry might have strong IT management and leadership while another ministry would haveunclear objectives and an insignificant IT department. There is no whole of government perspective
for contract management, strategic planning, or ICT implementation among ministries. At the local
level, each municipality has an Information Technology Directorate position but with varying duties
and degree of executive power. Thus, there is no clear intention to change administrative structure
or attach well-defined CIO position to the public management. There is no CIO mandate the law andlegislation as well as existence of the law creating the position of CIO in the Turkish Government.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The national strategy for transitioning into an information society consists of social transformation,
public modernization and a globally competitive IT sector. In light of this projection and taking into
account tangible actions, public and private sector collaboration is growing. International andnational e-Government related conferences have been organized by initiatives of both the private
sector and academic institutions. At the local level there are inadequate initiatives to promote eServices and to train citizens as compared to the interest in implementation. The central-local
government collaboration required to realize an information society is lacking. Due to highpercentage of school age population, there are significant initiatives and projects driven by ICT to
improve the quality of education system and educational content, which helps to promote eGovernmente-Government in different levels with public-private-NGO engagement.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
In general, government web sites demonstrate interactive functionality and good design, however intermss of participatory decision making processes or public discussions, national portal and othergovernment web sites at national and local levels offer very limited public engagement. There areonline channels besides dedicated phone services for both President and Prime Minister’s Office tolodge a request or grievance. However, even with increased public awareness and enhanced web
portals; there is not much evidence to show that the government takes the opinions of citizens indecision making processes. Taking into consideration young people, web 2.0 applications such as
blogs or web forums are promising tools, which could encourage more use of e-GovernmenteGovernment services.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]The Turkish Statistical Institute posts government data regularly on its website,(http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/). These statistics come from a variety of government ministries, and canbe downloaded in Excel format. The site hosts a large amount of data, particularly economic data,
but it does not have advanced searching, charting, or organizational features.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
In Turkey, there are several laws that are complement each other’s, such as Law No. 5237, “Turkish
Penal Code”, Law No. 5271, “Code of Criminal Procedure”, Law No. 5846, “Intellectual and Artistic

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Works”, Law No. 5809; “Electronic Communication Act”, Law No. 5070, “Electronic Signature Act”
and Law No. 5651, “Regulation of Publications on the Internet and Combating Crimes Committed bymeans of such Publication”

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
It is hardly to find information about emerging ICT launched in governmental sector in Turkey,
general strategies around new technologies have not yet been organized by government. There
have some private sectors talking about introducing IOT to Turkey such as the company IDC, but noofficial announcement of large plans about the upcoming visions within emerging ICT.

5 Some Highlights
The Turkey government has continued to complete and add amendments to integrate e-Services
into daily public life, the e-Service portal (https://www.turkiye.gov.tr/) keeps upgraded various
information to citizens, for specific service it can link users to corresponding agencies for e-tax, ehealth, e-procedure, etc. The same as some well-prepared nations, Turkey has shown strength on“Management Optimization” and “Online Service”. At the mean time the same with medium
developed countries, the lack of systematic GCIO institute, less promotion on e-GovernmenteGovernment implementation and open government initiative are the reasons for lagging behind.
First of all, laying a good foundation as legal framework and sophisticated initiatives for special eGovernmente-Government objectives as well as institutional preparedness could benefit thedevelopment of e-Governmente-Government in Turkey to a great extent.

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United Arab Emirates
1 General Information
Area: 83,600 sq km
Population: 5,779,760
Government Type: Federation of monarchies
GDP: $67,000
Historical Ranking (2006-20016)

2 Positioning in a region
ASIAN Countries

Gulf Cooperation Council Countries

272

3 E-Government Development
The development of e-Government
in UAE are to enhance the role ofFederal Entities in devising effective
regulations and integrated policies
byefficientplanning
and
enforcement, enhance effective
coordination
andcooperation
among Federal Entities and Local
Governments.
It focuses on delivering high-quality,
customer-centric, and integrated
government services, Invest in
human resource capabilities anddevelops leaders.
Promote efficient resource management within Federal Entities and leverage dynamic partnerships.
Pursue a culture of excellence through strategic thinking, continuous improvement in performanceand superior results. Enhance transparency and good governance throughout the Federal Entities.
Moreover, besides focusing on development of the government sector, it tackles other social,economic, and infrastructure issues, First-class Education System, World-Class Healthcare,
Competitive Knowledge Economy, Safe Public and Fair Judiciary, Sustainable Environment andInfrastructure and Strong Global Standing.
The next phase for the UAE – which is seeking to establish itself as smart government leader in theregion – will be to win users over to the latest apps and building m-government to help citizens havea better channel to apply for their services. The future is going to be about interconnecting
government to government, and more collaboration on the government to citizen side.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]The UAE has a well-developed and technologically advanced telecommunications infrastructure andhas high mobile telephone and Internet penetration. The Internet users are about 8,807,226 million
in 2015 (93.6%) and the penetration is about 93.2%. Almost Internet connection is by broadband with
the Telecommunication infrastructure developed very well. UAE has many advantages in
implementing e-Government. In 2016 the broadband market in the UAE is one of the most advanced
both regionally and globally. Prior to the fixed network sharing agreement introduced in late 2015,
The UAE government at both federal and emirate level has been proactive in the digital economy
and digital media sectors, with programs to encourage computer and Internet use.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The UAE is investing heavily in adopting and implementing ICT in its government and private sectors.
In the past, The UAE Federal e-Government Strategy 2012-2014 aims at building a world-class federal

273
e-Government that works with the federal government agencies to establish an effective and reliable
information technology infrastructure and to provide electronic services to customers throughmultiple innovative electronic channels in line with the UAE Vision 2021 and the UAE Government
Strategy 2012-2014.
The mission of Federal e-Government strategy is to innovative e-Government, committed toenhancing the competitiveness of the UAE and providing world-class multi-channel services based on
the expectations of customers through a coherent and efficient government; taking advantage of anadvanced digital infrastructure and highly qualified human resources within a smart framework ofgovernance.

4.3 Online Service [OS]E-Services in UAE are categorized for individuals, businesses, visitors, and governments. UAE
government delivers e-Services through online and offline channels. Government.ae is the official
portal of the UAE Government and it is the unified gateway to access e- Services provided by all the
UAE government ministries and authorities in the UAE. Other channels, includes: customer service
centers, phones, kiosks/public payment machines, banks, drive-thru service, post offices, Dubai
metro stations, apps for smart gadgets, and the newest way is through robots and drones.
The Government provides users with transactional e-Payments, e-Health, e-Tax, e-Procurement by
two-way interaction. With a huge number of e-Services are provided for citizen in UAE to avail avariety of services without leaving their home or office spaces. The portal has an advanced searchfacility to help people look for the services they want to access. The portal also contains a section on
alternate means for accessing government services.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The national portal of the UAE Government is www.government.ae. It is part of the federal eGovernment program and a major milestone in the process of e-Transformation in the UAE. It is onestop services, it brings all e-Services provided by the UAE federal and local government bodies under
one umbrella.
The national portal is well design, easy to use and very useful for everyone. It is available in English
and Arabic, the national portal contains all necessary information for individuals, businesses, visitors,
and government. It is a single entry-point for users to access the different federal and local
government e-Services. The portal also facilitates to boost communication between the customers
and the government representatives and e-Participation through forums, blogs, surveys, polls andsocial media.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
In the UAE, the CIO positions are appointed at all town and city. A Government CIO office isestablished at national level, event that in each city they have a portal and providing e-Services tocitizens. Laws on information technology and e-commerce also have been found but there is no
information about the CIO laws, Government CIO position and office are indicated and established at
the national level as well as sub-national level and government agencies.

274
There is no CIO association in UAE but they have many courses training information technology and
CIO in University, there are many jobs related to CIO but almost from private sectors.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Promoting the development of e-Government strategy is also aimed to promote and implement eGovernmente-Government services are secure and correct route. However, during one year ofevaluation Waseda ranking could not find any new strategy for 2015, 2016. Therefore, it reduces
UAE’s score on this indicator and also in overall ranking.
There is no information on government agencies and private entities involved at local government
level. Furthermore, there is no information on a think-tank between government and PPP.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The UAE e-Government believes in the importance of e-Participation and enabling its customers totake part in the decision-making process. The government portal clearly encourages citizens andcustomers to participate in government decision making process including policies and initiatives by
having their say. The "Contact Government" section in the portal is dedicated to hear their say byproviding many important tools, including web 2.0 tools and online direct communication with thecustomer. The UAE Government has launched its new federal portal, redesigned to offer many eParticipation channels, include advanced practices such as Open Data, and be a better unified
gateway to access many online services provided by the UAE Government. The UAE Government has
engaged multiple platforms like forums, blogs, chats, surveys, polls and social media tools like
Facebook, Twitter, Flickr and YouTube to reach to the general public and engage them in active
communication with the government with regard to their opinions and experiences on government
services, policies.
Especially, in UAE the ranking shows there is evidence to proof that the government takes theopinions of citizens in the decision making process, and there is evidence to proof that the
government inform the citizens on which decisions made based on citizens input.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
http://bayanat.ae/ is an open data portal for UAE. It provides official statistics about UAE as well as
many advanced features for analyzing, visualizing, and reporting statistical data over time, it also
allows preparing presentation-ready for users. Individuals can select Data Catalogue to get somecustomized filtered or detailed data on UAE level or even emirate level for direct use andcomparability. There are a lot of data can be opened, it covers demographics, education, foreign
trade, health, households, labor, population, and socio-Economic datasets.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
In UAE, the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA)’s Computer Emergency Readiness
Team (AECert) recently underscored the role of cyber security in ensuring public safety amid rapid
developments in the ICT sector and growing incidents of harmful cyber-attacks. AECert alsoemphasized the need to raise more public awareness and educate society about information security,
the attack risks and prevention methods.

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In 2014, The National Electronic Security Authority, NESA, has officially announced the publication ofa range of key strategies, policies and standards to align and direct national cyber-security efforts in
UAE. NESA is a federal authority responsible for developing, supervising and monitoring theimplementation of U.A.E. cyber-security strategies, policies and standards.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Even UAE is developed country in ICT, but the use of emerging ICT is still in a mature stage. There isno information could be found on evidence that government agency has used Cloud Computing andprovide the cloud service from SaaS to IaaS, and also there is no evidence that government agency
has used Big Data.

5 Some Highlights
In the UAE, the CIO positions are appointed at all town and city. A Government CIO office isestablished at national level, event that in each city they have a portal and providing e-Services tocitizens. Laws on information technology and e-commerce also have been found but there is no
information about the CIO laws, Government CIO position and office are indicated and established at
the national level as well as sub-national level and government agencies.
The official portal of the UAE government is the unified gateway for all information and services
provided to the public. It was divided into four categories: services for individuals, services forbusinesses, services for visitors and services for all. The Government provides users withtransactional e-Payments, e-Health, Employment and Labor, Religious Affairs and Society as well as
Business activities allow two-way interaction between the user and government.

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United Kingdom
1 General Information
Area: 243,610 km2
Population: 64,088,222
Government Type: constitutional monarchy
and Commonwealth realm
GDP: $41,200
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

EUROPEAN Countries

UK is one of the leaders in e-Governmente-Government among OECD and European countries. The
UK government has scored greater results in all indicators than the average of OECD and European.
Only National Portal shows a lower score in comparing with OECD and European’s mean. The UK also
shared the top position with the USA and Denmark in Network Infrastructure Readiness,
Management Optimization and Cyber Security.

3 E-Government Development

277
The UK has a long history of e-Government development. The Government Digital Strategy released

Figure 9: E-governance structure.
Source: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/85968/ukgovernment-government-ict-strategy_0.pdf

in 2011, updated in 2013 by the Cabinet Office, sets out how the government will become digital by
default. April 2014, with the launching of new projects which were funded £1.5 million (about €1.8
million) from the Release of Data fund, the government strived a huge step to unlock data frompublic bodies and increase transparency (European Union, 2014).

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
According to the Measuring the Information Society Report 2015 from International
Telecommunication Union (ITU), Internet users in UK account for 91.6% of total population. About
37.4% have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and 98.7% of the population has a wireless broadband
connection.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]UK has launched its Government ICT Strategy since 2011 focusing on several critical targets such as
reducing waste and project failure, and stimulating economic growth; creating a common ICT
infrastructure; using ICT to enable and deliver change; and strengthening governance. In terms ofdigital government, the Government Digital Strategy was published by the Cabinet in 2012, with the278
ultimate goal focusing on “how government will redesign its digital services so well that people
prefer to use them”.
To achieve those targets, the UK government has concentrated on developing the UK government
ICT reference architecture (UKRA) to provide interoperable platform in which ICT solutions can beshared and reused across government agencies. The architecture consists of the Business Reference
Model, Information Reference Model, Application Reference Model and Technical Reference Model.
In addition, a new model of Government Shared Services was introduced as one of the efforts toensure cost reduction target among government agencies.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five pillars, which are: e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs, eHealth, and One-Stop Service. These services were assessed based on three major factors such as
Level of Complexity, Level of Security, and Level of Convenience. Table 1 lists the online services andits URL Address.
With the Digital Service Standard came into force, UK has obtained a very high level on digital service,reflected by most of services’ complexity are provided at the highest level (transactional). All
services are integrated into a single gateway with adequate security mechanisms were fully
implemented ranging from basic authentication as Password protection to complex methods like
digital certificate or secured socket layer. Of the five pillars, Tax and Customs are the mostcomprehensive services, while Procurement is still at its beta testing period for the new applicationso-called ContractFinder, which was launched in February 2015. For Health, NHS (http://www.nhs.uk/)
is the biggest provider in e-Health services, with lots of transactional services such as My Vision
Online or Patient Access.
Intermssofconveniencelevel,
theresultsfrom
GooglePageSpeed(https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights) denote a reasonable page speed on all
portals. Proper guidance and customer supports are also provided for end users.
Table 29 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://www.contractsfinder.service.gov.uk/
https://www.tax.service.gov.uk/
https://online.hmrc.gov.uk
http://www.nhs.uk/
https://www.gov.uk

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. The official portal of the UK Government is https://www.gov.uk/ which replaced for theprevious version direct.gov.uk by October 2012. The new version has been introduced as the bestplace to find government services and information in simpler, faster and clearer manner. The website
of 24 government ministerial departments and 331 other public agencies are being gathered at
gov.uk. By doing this, citizens, business and government officers are believed to easily find public
services in one place. However, lacking some country’s information such as demographic, culture

279
resulted in a medium score in NPR for UK. Regarding technical aspect, the result of Google
PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performs quite well for different devices.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
UK government established the Government CIO Council since 2010 to empower the leadership in
the area of e-Governmente-Government development. The council was leaded by Cabinet Office andwas shaped by gathering all CIOs from public sectors at all levels with the mission to “creating anddelivering a government-wide CIO agenda to support the transformation of government and to build
capacity and capability in IT-enabled business change “.
However, since 2013, UK government has abandoned the role of cross-departmental chief
information officer. The responsibility for governance of technology projects was moved into theGovernment Digital Service. The reason behind this action, according to Mike Bracken, the executive
director of the Government Digital Service is to focus more on driving business performance basedon meeting user needs.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There are not much evidences found in UK’s e-Governmente-Government promotion programs, due
to the country has reached a high position in digital government development and citizens are quite
familiar with e-Governmente-Government initiatives.
Regarding support mechanism, UK Government has a comprehensive legislation framework andstrategies for e-Governmente-Government development from central to local governments. There
are reports on digital government progress published every 3 months, showing what government
has achieved against the strategy’s objectives.

4.7 E-Government Participation [EPAR]
UK citizens frequently interact with their government and proactively participate into government’s
decision making process. This is due to a huge portion of populations (almost 90%) are online users
and there is a clear opportunity for government to deliver digital services to them. All information
related to government structure, legislation, policy and budget are open to citizens. UK government
agencies also utilized the strength of social media to reach their citizens instantly, allowing them tocontribute their voices and ideas to the government’s policies. Statistics shows that in the past 12
months there have been 636 completed consultations where the government takes into
consideration all responses and opinions of citizens into decision making process.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
April 2014, with the launching of new projects which were funded £1.5 million (about €1.8 million)
from the Release of Data fund, the UK government strived a huge step to unlock data from publicbodies and increase transparency (European Union, 2014). With the presence of the Open
Government Partnership UK National Action Plan 2013 to 2015 setting out a series of commitments,
the UK government is making progress to improve transparency, participation and accountability.
At the local government level, there was a so-called the Local Authority (LA) Incentive Scheme
running until March 2015 with the purpose providing monetary encouragements for councils to
publish data on specific categories in standard tabular formats. This project was allocated funding

280(£721,360) from the Cabinet Office’s Release of Data Fund, focusing on the priorities of the UK Open
Data community.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
UK has ratified several laws related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

Data Protection Act (1998)
The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003
Electronic Communications Act (2000)
Electronic Commerce Regulations (2002)

In five years, from 2011 to 2016, the UK Government has financed a National Cyber Security
Programme of £860 million to deliver the 2011 National Cyber Security Strategy 57. Some activities
included in the program: the launch of “10 Steps to Cyber Security” in 2015 together with new
guidance for businesses: “Common Cyber Attacks: Reducing the Impact”; “Think Cyber – Think
Resilience” seminars for around 700 policy makers and practitioners from local authorities; theForeign Secretary publicly confirmed the Centre for Cyber Assessment (CCA) to provide assessmentsof cyber threats and vulnerabilities to policymakers; provide briefing and training to public sector
staff in information security roles; and so on.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). The UK has strong
capabilities in high technology manufacturing, telecommunications and digital services which could
place the country among the leaders in reaping benefits from using emerging technologies. The UK
Government has established the private Government Cloud Computing Infrastructure called G-Cloud
which includes Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Middleware/Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). For IoT, the UK government has published a review58, considering thistechnology as the way to transform citizens’ life and deliver great benefits to economy.

5 Some Highlights
Most of indicators are at very high score which reflects a well-developed e-GovernmenteGovernment situation. The main focus of digital government strategy is on how to improve users’
experience with online services and reduce digital divide.
Being one of the countries with a high level of e-Governmente-Government development, the UK
government actually did not need to put much efforts on broadcasting e-Governmente-Government
initiatives. Instead, a bunch of policies and guidelines were developed to uniform all e-Government
initiatives such as: Guidelines for UK Government Websites, Quality Framework for UK Government

57

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/516331/UK_Cyber_Security_Str
ategy_Annual_Report_2016.pdf
58
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/409774/14-1230-Internet-ofthings-review.pdf

281
Website Design, e-Government Metadata Standard Version 3.0, e–Government Interoperability
Framework and so on.
The UK government is aiming to enhance public services quality by issuing the Digital by Default
Service Standard which mandates all government agencies to follow when developing new digital
services. This standard covering 5 different stages of service development: discovery, alpha, beta,
live and retirement. As the result the country has reached a very high rank on online service delivery
indicator.
Having a high level of capabilities in technology, infrastructure and telecommunication, the UK
Government has a great opportunity to reap the benefits from emerging technologies such as Big
Data or Internet of Things to transform the national economy and citizens’ life.

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Uruguay
1 General Information
Area: 176,215 km2 59
Population: 3,341,893 60
Government Type: Presidential Republic 61
GDP: $ 21,80062
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a region
American Countries

Among American Countries, Uruguay has a better score than the average score of Americancountries in Open Government Data. As shown on the above picture, Uruguay is very low on the eGovernment Promotion, e-Participation, and the use of the Emerging ICT. However, despite the lack59

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basic infrastructure, Uruguay has been trying to take the benefit of National Portal for creating
demands of citizen for more advance e-Governmente-Government services. This also applies to theOnline Service which is on the average of American countries.

3 E-Government Development
e-Government in Uruguay is formally led by Agency for the Development of Government Electronic
Management and Information Society and Knowledge (AGESIC). AGESIC has mandate to generate,
plan and implement e-GovernmenteGovernment projects with emphasis on
improvement of public service delivery.
AGESIC hold a strategic role in eGovernment in Uruguay. Not only technicalaspect but also providing government
office with assistance on financial aspects.
In addition to that, President has appointed
Director of Agency for the Development ofGovernment Electronic Management andInformation Society and Knowledge(AGESIC) to act as a Government CIO by
Presidential Decree. There is a strong
leadership for e-Government development
in Uruguay.
Source: AGESIC Uruguay at http://www.agesic.gub.uy

In all, Uruguay has put all e-Government
trend into their e-Government Strategic
Plan. The strategic plan is developed under “Program to Support e-Government Management”. Not
only does the strategy has targeted the citizens’ participation but also how to create interoperability
system among government institution.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 61.5% of people in Uruguay were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring
the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 24.6%
have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and 59.8% of the population has a wired broadband connection.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In 2010, Uruguay has launched the Uruguay Digital Agenda 2011-2015. The Digital
Agenda contains Strategic Initiatives, Action Areas, and Objectives. The Agenda
has set clearly the responsibility of each government agencies; central and local
government. There are Action Areas that embody the Digital Uruguay. These
are Access, Education, e-Government, Productivity, Health, and Environment.

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4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services:., e-Procurement, eTax, e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its
URL Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity,
Level of Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e- Health is the only
Online Service in Uruguay that cannot be investigated during the period of survey.
In terms of complexity level, most of investigating Online Service in Uruguay has reach atransactional in which user can start the transaction from applying to receiving the service throughthe portal. All Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication,
and Password Protection for obtaining the services.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that all portal is
above the average in terms of speed. The third party application for assessing the portal is theapplicationfrom
Googlenamed
GooglePageSpeed™
Insightonhttps://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that, all clickable objects on
the portal work as they should do.
Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://www.comprasestatales.gub.uy
https://www.efactura.dgi.gub.uy/
https://vuce.gub.uy
N/A
http://tramites.gub.uy

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Uruguay (http://portal.gub.uy/) contains proper information for local
citizens and foreigners. Information about Uruguay is available on the portal. User can findinformation about demographic, and government. In technical aspect, the result of Google
PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is above average both from PC and from
Mobile Device. However, the portal does not provide the user with some functionalities such as
news, inquiry form, and Social Network integration.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Uruguay government established the Agency for e-Government Development (AGESIC). AGESIC takea significant role for providing a sponsorship and leadership on e-Government. AGESIC is considered
as a GCIO for nation-wide. The role of head of AGESIC is similar to the role of a CIO. Unlike the strong
Organization of GCIO, there is no adequate evidence related to GCIO activities; forum, development
program, and formal regulation.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
e-Government Promotion is a part of AGESIC activities. Funding for e-Government Promotion isprovided by AGESIC and included in AGESIC Budget. However, there is no activities regarding eGovernment Promotion in Uruguay. This situation is similar to the one in any developed countries
where the IT Culture has been embraced in the society. However, Uruguay is not considered as a

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developed country, besides, Uruguay is still struggling to realize Digital Uruguay. Moreover, without
any efforts to increase the citizen awareness on e-Government, the huge investment in developing eGovernment in Uruguay could become meaningless where citizens do not use the e-Services simply
because they do not know how to use it and they do not know that the e-Service does exist

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
E-Participation in Uruguay is relatively low, compared to other indicators. There is no evidence about
how the government proceed the citizens’ comment.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In 2000, Uruguay has launched PublicInformation Act to participate in the Freedom ofInformation Act movement around the world.
To strengthen the implementation of these act,
Uruguay has established Open Data Portal(https://www.catalogodatos.gub.uy/group) to
provide public with accessible government
information. AGESIC is responsible to keep theinformation always current.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Uruguay has ratified several laws and regulations related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as
follow:-

Ley No. 18331 about Personal Data Protection
Ley No. 18331 about Personal Data Protection
Ley No. 13.362, article 73
Ley No. 13.362, article 73
Chapter 197 Anti-Terrorism (Financial and Other Measures) Act
Chapter 194 Computer Misuse Act
Chapter 153 Official Secrets Act
Chapter 108 Evidence Act
Guidance for Information Security on The Internet

In addition to these laws, AGESIC is the only agency responsible for Cybersecurity in Uruguay. AGESIC,
into some extents, collaborate with Uruguay CERT (CERTuy).

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Uruguay has plan to use
Cloud Computing for Government. This plan has not implemented yet. Other emerging technologies
are still not common and there is no evidence to prove that Uruguay implemented such technologies.

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5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the National Portal, Open Government Data and Online
Service are the top three indicators in Uruguay. National Portal Uruguay contains useful information
for local and also foreigners such as country information, tourism, and link to available e-Services.
Uruguay government has put Open Data as one of priority initiatives in their agenda. As one part ofOpen Data initiatives, government set an API standard so that other parties are able to use the single
data for many purposes.
There are still so many areas in e-Governmente-Government development in Uruguay. Any initiatives
and programs related to e-Government Promotion and Public engagement are some indicators thatare difficult to find.

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United States of America
1 General Information
Area: 9,826,675 km2 63

Population: 321,368,864 64
Government Type: Federal
Republic65
GDP: $56,300 66
Historical Ranking (2006-2016):

Presidential

2 Positioning in a region
OECD Countries

APEC Economies

3 E-Government Development
The U.S. has continued to improve its open-data and online service offerings. Healthcare.gov, forexample, which was infamously flawed at launch, operated much more smoothly in 2015. Data.gov,
analytics.usa.gov, Census.gov and other open data sites continued to become more user-friendly.
ICT continues to provide new and innovative ways for U.S. citizens to interact, get involved andbecome empowered. Public participation enhances the government’s effectiveness by improving the63

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quality of its decisions through collaboration. Innovative tools can be used to create unprecedented
openness in the Federal Government through increased citizen participation to make this type ofcollaboration a reality.
On the U.S. national portal, www.usa.gov, citizens can use many online services including e-tax,
applying for a driving license, filing a complaint, finding a local doctor, applying for a passport orgetting travel advice. The portal’s design makes it easy for citizens to find both broad, common
information, as well as specific, personalized services.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]Internet access in the United States is largely provided by the private sector and is available in avariety of forms, using a variety of technologies, at a wide range of speeds and costs. By 2004, threequarters of Americans had Internet access at home. The United States has over 67.7 million people
subscribed to the top broadband speed.
In the U.S., around 146.7 million people use social networking services at least monthly, representing
nearly 60% of Internet users. Some changes regarding across-the-board-improvements on key
metrics underlying user performance have been identified including three primary improvements inresidential broadband service.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]E‐Government objectives are focused on high-priority areas for improving the internal operations
and management. Most objectives are intended to help Interior better execute administrative andsupporting functions that exist across entities. These functions, while in many cases part of the“back office”, play critical roles in accomplishing the missions for which Interior is responsible. They
are also crosscutting and have impacts across the Department and all mission-related activities.
The usage of ICT in the U.S. is improving day by day in internal processes and the government’s
computerization efforts and the level of ICT integration has been very good in the last couple ofyears. Standardization of service procedures and information systems in order to achieve internal
effectiveness and efficiency of governmental operations can be constrained by many reasons.

4.3 Online Service [OS]In this indicator we examine the laws of American cyber security and e-Transaction as well as eServices that the U.S. government provides to citizens and enterprises. Available e-Services include
an e-Tender system, e-Tax systems, e-Voting, e-Payment system, Social Security services, Civil
Registration services and e-Health systems.
To enhance the security and resiliency of the cyber and communications infrastructure of the UnitedStates, a new Cybersecurity Act was issued in 2012 and it focused on protecting ICT criticalinfrastructure, Information sharing, governmental and private networks. The current statutes forrequired interfaces will be enhanced and revised. The Electronic Transactions and Information Law
which was enacted in the U.S. regulates all matters pertaining to information and transactions in all289
electronic forms. The Law regulates cyber activity in the U.S. It provides a general outline, andrequires further elaboration through government regulations.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
www.usa.gov is the U.S. Government’s Web portal for citizens. It presents a wide range of
information resources and online services from various government sources, accessible from a single
point. It is also known as the National Portal of the USA and is a gateway to improve thecommunication experience between the government and the public. Moreover, it provides
information that helps the public to better understand government structure. The well-organized
portal serves as a platform that assists the public to find desired information. To improve users’
browsing experience, the portal also allows users to create government accounts that allow eachindividual user to customize the portal as they desire. The website contains accessibility features, alive chat platform, and the chat hours operation services are conveniently available every weekday
except holidays. This provides a one-stop-shop for all government information and services. It
comprehensively lists all public services, forms, tools and transactions that the government provides
in a user-friendly manner.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The U.S. CIO position was established within the White House’s Office of Management and Budget(OMB) to provide leadership and oversight for IT spending throughout the Federal Government. In
addition, each Federal agency has its own CIO, as established by the Clinger-Cohen Act.
The CIO in government is a very important indicator in the world e-Government ranking, not tomention its importance in improving American e-Governmente-Government platforms. Tony Scotthas served as the U.S. GCIO since February of 2015, and has focused on modernizing American efforts,
especially regarding cybersecurity and information policy.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The digital interactions between the U.S. government, citizens, businesses, employees and othergovernments improved from couple of years ago. This clearly results from the efforts to develop andpromote electronic Government services and processes by the establishment of an Administrator
Office of Electronic Government within the Office of Management and Budget. The promotion of theuse of the Internet and other information technologies to increase opportunities for citizens toparticipate with the U.S. Government and promoting interagency collaboration providing electronic
Government services, where these collaborations would improve the services provided to citizens by
integrating related functions and the use of internal electronic Government processes.
To provide effective leadership of the Federal Government, there have been efforts to develop andpromote electronic Government services and processes by establishing an Administrator Office ofElectronic Government within the Office of Management and Budget. e-Government promotion has
reduced the cost and burden for businesses and government entities

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
ICT provides innovative ways for American citizens to interact, get involved and become empowered
and these relate to more traditional approaches. Public participation enhances the government’s

290
effectiveness by improving the quality of its decisions through collaboration. Innovative tools can beused to create unprecedented openness in the Federal Government through increased citizen
participation. This program includes: Citizen Services Dashboard, Open Government Dialogue
Platform, Challenge.gov, and the Citizen Engagement Platform.
The U.S. enhanced its e-Government in this indicator. In the national portal, citizens can use many
online services which include paying taxes, submitting tax returns, applying for a driving license,
making a complaint, applying for a passport or getting a travel advance. It is a very convenient portal
for citizens.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
As a priority Open Government Initiative for President Obama's administration, Data.gov increases
the ability of the public to easily find, download, and use datasets that are generated and held by theFederal Government. Data.gov provides descriptions of Federal datasets (metadata), information
about how to access the datasets, and tools that leverage government datasets. The data catalogs
will continue to grow as datasets are added. Federal, Executive Branch data are included in the firstversion of Data.gov. The site has undergone continuous improvements since then.

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
The United States government believes the security of computer systems is important to the world
for two reasons. The increased role of Information Technology (IT) and the growth of the eCommerce sector, have made cybersecurity essential to the economy. Also, cybersecurity is vital tothe operation of safety critical systems, such as emergency response, and to the protection of
infrastructure systems, such as the national power grid. Based on then-DHS Secretary Janet
Napolitano’s testimony to the Senate in 2012, in 2011 alone, the DHS U.S. Computer Emergency
Readiness Team (US-CERT) received more than 100,000 incident reports, and released more than
5,000 actionable cybersecurity alerts and information products. Twitter, the Wall Street Journal,
New York Times, and the Department of Energy and many other prominent companies havereported that their systems had been breached. Furthermore, classified government data has been
leaked to the press and the public in several high-profile cases. Current efforts are being made tosecure sensitive data to prevent future breaches.

5 Some Highlights
Notable highlights include the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) portal, which allows
applicants to check their immigration status instantly along with typical wait times, and the Open
Government Initiative. The USCIS portal is consistently rated among the most accessed websites in
the U.S. government, according to the official Open Analytics counter.
On the local government front, sharing best practices can particularly improve the provision of
benefits for low-income individuals by state governments. Millions of federal dollars are spentannually on state or local IT that supports these services, and the Advance Planning Document (APD)
process allows states to obtain approval for the portion of the costs of acquiring new online systems
that the federal government contributes. The current system contains important mechanisms tohold states accountable for making smart choices about which systems are developed, but it may
also encourage siloed systems, which might add greater costs for later integration as well as biasing

291states against migrating to solutions that could be more cost-effective in the long term. To address
this gap, The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) should work with relevant agencies tomodernize the APD process to encourage governments to develop enterprise-wide solutions.
Though more than 75% of Internet users have visited a U.S. government website, reports consistently
show that public sector websites lag the private sector. Additionally, the government has failed tomeaningfully integrate lessons learned from best practices of leading online government services
into its operations. Because public sector websites lag the private sector in usability and design, theFederal Web Managers Council should benchmark the design and usability of government websites
against leading industry best practices. The Office of Management Budget should continually
recommend specific improvements that agencies should make, highlight best practices in its annual
E-Government Report to Congress and deploy the E-Government Fund to help replicate bestpractices across the federal government. The U.S. government has already made some steps in thisdirection, but more should be done in the coming years.

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Venezuela
1 General Information
Area: 912,050 km2 67
Population: 29,275,460 1
Government Type: Federal Republic 1
GDP: $16,100 1
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
American countries

Among America Countries, an only e-Participation (EPAR) indicator is above with the average scoreof America region. And Venezuela is placed below USA, the best country in America region.

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3 E-Government Development
Since 1999, Venezuela has a Ministry of Science andTechnology (MCT) which, in 2009 and through themerger of various Venezuelan ministries, wasrenamed the Ministry of Popular Power for Science,
Technology and Industry (MCTI). The MCTI is
responsible for forming and maintaining the National
System of Science, Technology and Innovation(SNCTI) to promote processes of research,innovation, production and transfer of knowledge,
with relevance to fundamental problems anddemands affecting Venezuelan society. Currently,
MCTI suppurated to become the Ministry of PopularPower for Communication and Information (MINCI)and merged to the Ministry of Popular Power for
Structure of Venezuela ICT Plan
University, Science and Technology Education(MPPEUCT). Venezuela’s Government has an information technology national plan andTelecommunication plan, and the last version is ICT Plan 2007-2013.
The Electronic Government seeks rapprochement and exchange between government and citizen,
relying on ICT for transformation of the Venezuelan State, of Public Management, structures andprocesses of government. The Venezuelan e-Government portal is “http://gobiernoenlinea.gob.ve/”,
this portal developed and administered by the National Center of Information Technologies (CNTI)
under MPPEUCT. However the portal has only static information, news and links to othergovernment websites.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 57% of people in Estonia were Internet users in 2014, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 7.8%
have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached 43.9%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Venezuela’s Government has an information technology national plan and Telecommunication plan,and the last version is ICT Plan 2007-2013. However, there is no evidence of the existence or new of eGovernment strategies or an e-Government master plan.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax,
e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and their URL
Address. All of those services were investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Venezuela is only providing e-Procurement and e-Health. Amongthese Online Services, e-Procurement has the highest score, compare to other online services. In294
terms of complexity level, most of Online Service in Costa Rica has reached only information provider
in which user can find the information and do download form through the portal.
For measuring the level of convenience, the third party application result has shown that portals areabove the average considerably in terms of speed. The e-Procurement is slightly above the average.
The third party application for assessing the portal is the application from Google named Google
PageSpeed™ Insight on https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.
Table 30 List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://rncenlinea.snc.gob.ve/
N.A
N.A
http://www.mpps.gob.ve/
N.A

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. The Venezuelan e-Government portal is “http://gobiernoenlinea.gob.ve/”, but theportal has only static information, news and links to other government websites. And the other“http://www.presidencia.gob.ve/”, the president’s government website, offers information on
policies and programs, budgets, laws and regulations, and other topics of key public interest. In
technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance islower than average both from PC and from Mobile Device. In addition, the portal does not provide
the user with some functionalities multi language, link to other online service, and blog.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There are no specific laws or mandates for CIO positions in Venezuela. There are no CIO associations
as well as not CIO training course are offered by any university or training center.

4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
For e-Government promotion in Venezuela, President Chávez issued decree number 825 dated May
10, 2001 to develop the e-Government process. He also issued the telecommunications, data
messages and electronic signatures law as well as a technology and innovation law.
Telecommunications Law (OTA) (2000) instrument aims to “establish the legal framework regulating
telecommunications in general, to guarantee citizens the human rights of communication and offer
the implementation of telecommunications business activities necessary to achieve it.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Venezuela’s Bolivarian Democracy brings together a variety of perspectives on participation anddemocracy in Venezuela. An interdisciplinary group of contributors focuses on the everyday lives ofVenezuelans, examining the forms of participation that have emerged in communal councils, culturalactivities, blogs, community media, and several other forums. In order to achieve smoothcommunication between the government and the citizen, using social network services now plays animportant role. Twitter “https://twitter.com/gobenlineave” is now available in Venezuela’s national

295
portal. This feature encourages citizen e-participation in Venezuela. In addition, citizens may contact
the government or President through the website “http://www.presidencia.gob.ve/”.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
There is no evidence about the Venezuelan government’s efforts on developing open government or
open data.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Venezuela is a special country in that they have non-extradition rights as far as the US is concerned.
Cybercrime is illegal in country, but is actually (under the table) encouraged. The government ishappy to support criminal groups acting in the U.S. (and the UK and AU) from Venezuela. Basically,
as long as nothing is done against the citizens of Venezuela, no criminal sanctions are filed against
the cartels.
There is no evidence of the existence of a national master plan or strategy relating to cyber security.
However, The VenCERT is the presence of Cyber Security Response Center of Venezuela. Its main
objective, as a government CERT is the prevention, detection and management of incidents
generated in the information systems of the National Public Administration and Public Entities incharge of the management of the National Critical Infrastructure.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). There is no evidence about
the Venezuelan government’s efforts on developing the use of emerging ICT on government.

5 Some Highlights
Venezuela has the impressive point on E-Participation. Venezuela’s Bolivarian Democracy brings
together a variety of perspectives on participation and democracy in Venezuela. An interdisciplinarygroup of contributors focuses on the everyday lives of Venezuelans, examining the forms ofparticipation that have emerged in communal councils, cultural activities, blogs, community media,
and several other forums.
However, Venezuela still has many weaknesses to develop e-Government. The use of emerging
technology, Government CIO and e-Government Promotion are the weak point of Venezuela. And
also other indicators are still low. There are no specific laws or mandates for CIO positions in
Venezuela. There is no evidence of the existence of an emerging technology use in government. The
score of e-Government Promotion is so low that only National Center for Information Technologies(CNTI) that is a committee to support e-Government. Moreover, there is no evidence about the
Venezuelan government’s online service. And there also is no evidence about the Venezuelan
government’s efforts on developing open government or open data.

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Vietnam
1 General Information
Area: 331,210 km2
Population: 94,348,835
Government Type: communist state
GDP: $6,100
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2016)

2 Positioning in a region
ASEAN Countries

APEC Economies

This year Vietnam’s overall e-Governmente-Government score experienced a significantly decrease.
Among ASEAN Countries, Vietnam shows little progress on e-Governmente-Government
development. The country scores lower than ASEAN’s and the world average on almost of indicators
except e-Governmente-Government promotion. The similar phenomenon when comparing Vietnam
with APEC economies.

3 E-Government Development
ICT development has been one of the priorities of Vietnamese government since 2000. On October
2000, the Directive 58-CT / TW on embracing ICT for national industrialization and modernization
came into force, making ICT becomes the top priority for the national socio-economic development.
In this period, Vietnamese government emphasized on promoting administration reform, developing297
the national information network, increasing Internet penetration rate and utilizing IT in the stateadministration operations. The most notable ICT project were approved by the Government in thisperiod was the Project 112 on computerization of state administration in 2001-2005 with the total
funding being around 3.800 billion VND. In September 2001, the Prime Minister approved the stateadministrative reform program in the 2001-2010 period.
The year of 2015 was considered as an important milestone, marking by the officially announcementof the first legal document on e-Governmente-Government of Vietnamese Government through the
Resolution 36a/NQ-CP dated October 2015. The resolution places priorities on ensuring the effective
operations of state agencies, better serve people and businesses, and improve the nation’scompetitiveness.

4 Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
The total of Internet users in Vietnam accounts for 50% of the population, according to the
Measuring the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
Among them, around 31% people have a wireless broadband connection, while the figure for fixedbroadband subscriptions is only 6.5%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Until 2015 the Vietnamese Government published the first official legal document on e-GovernmenteGovernment. It was the Resolution 36a/NQ-CP dated October 2015 signed by the Prime Minister. The
resolution lays the foundation for e-Governmente-Government development in Vietnam, withpriorities given to promote the development of online public services, IT infrastructure and humanresources during 2015-2017. The major targets set in the period are pushing administrative reform,
utilizing IT in management and provision of public services. Drawing upon these targets, several
measurable actions are prioritized: develop the information system to connect government agencies
at all level; establish the national one-stop-service portal; promote IT application in administration
reform to enhance the national competitiveness and facilitate business environment; and improve
ICT infrastructure capacity to deliver Internet connection to remote areas.
Vietnamese government has successfully implemented several information systems in central
government agencies, for examples, the Treasury and Budget Management System in Ministry of
Finance (project TABMIS sponsored by World Bank), the electronic customs declaration system(project VNACCS/VCIS system partially funded by Japanese government from 2012) in General
Department of Customs, and the in General Department of Tax. In addition, until 2015, almost
ministerial-level agencies have implemented basic applications such as human resourcesmanagement system, document management system, one stop shop application, and so on. All
these projects aim to reduce the burden of application process for citizens and enhance public
sectors efficiency.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services:on an investigation offive online services:., e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry.

298
Table 1 lists the online services and its URL Address. All of those services was investigated using threefactors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of Security, and Level of Convenience.
In termss of complexity level, only online service in Tax and Customs reached the transactional level
in which user can totally conduct their businesses online. Organization or enterprise who want todeclare their tax online will need to have a bank account belonging to one of banks that have thecooperation relationship with General Department of Tax. The General Department of Customs haslaunched the project named VNACCS/VCIS in 2012 with the support from Japanese government, inorder to provide an effective tool to support customs departments national wide in cargo clearance
services and customs management. In order to declare customs, enterprises need to download andinstall client software and connect to VNACCS/VCIS system. Payment can be made by bank transfer
or directly at customs offices. One stop service gateway is under planning progress.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that all portal is
above the average in termss of speed. The third party application for assessing the portal is theapplicationfrom
Googlenamed
GooglePageSpeed™
Insightonhttps://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. For public procurement, the electronic
procurement portal only works on Internet Explorer. The portal also supports https protocol with acertificate provided by Korea Certificate Authority.
Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://muasamcong.mpi.gov.vn
https://nhantokhai.gdt.gov.vn
http://www.customs.gov.vn
N/A
N/A

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Vietnam (chinhphu.vn) contains proper information for local citizens
and foreigners. Information about the country, government structure and latest government’s
activities are also available. In termss of technical aspects, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insightshowed that the portal performs at average speed and operates well with both PC and Mobile
devices. The portal is also equipped with several basic functionalities such as search capability andsite map.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Currently, the government body responsible for the overall e-Governmente-Government
development at national scope is the Ministry of Information and Communication. There is a
Government CIO Council established in 2011 with the members are the directors of ICT departments
in all provinces. To date, the council has demonstrated its roles in several actions such as
promulgating instructions in building ICT planning for local governments, applying technicalstandards for local portals or using state budget for applying ICT in government agencies. Besides,
there are CIO-equivalent positions appointed with the roles to promote ICT development at local
government level.

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4.6 E-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There is a national strategy on ICT development every year. And it is mandated on provinces toendorse similar strategy at local level. There has not been a separate financial mechanism for ICT
development. Funding for ICT projects is deducted from the Science Technology fund.

4.7 E-Government Participation [EPAR]
Vietnamese citizens seem not to be aware about government’s plans on e-GovernmenteGovernment although they are supposed to be the center point in any e-Governmente-Government
project. This is due to e-Governmente-Government projects were used to be designed and developed
mostly based on suppliers’ perspectives.
Private sectors are the most proactively participated users in e-Governmente-Government initiatives
with 98% of total companies lodging tax via Internet in 2015. In the same year, the number of firms
participating in electronic customs declarations was 35,020, accounting for 98.13% of all businesses.
These are the results of government’s aggressive efforts in recent years to promote the tax andcustoms modernization process.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]Currently the management, exploitation and usage of national data are facing with lots of challenges.
For instance, there is no existence of a national population data, however practically there has been
several separate databases related to the population such as civil, labor, health insurance, driving
license, and so on which are managing by different agencies. The statics on socioeconomic are
published limitedly without reusing or redistribution. Data from a few sectors such as environmental
resource has not been managed well, resulting in fragmentation, inconsistent and duplication. Under
specific circumstance, data can be exchanged among different government agencies.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
With the strong growth of ICT, the Vietnamese government is putting more effort into ensuring thesafety and security of cyber environment. The Law of Information Technology was approved on
2006, establishing the basic principles for this purpose. In termsIn termss of institutional, theVietnam Computer Emergency Response Team (VNCert) was established in 2005 under the Ministryof Information and Communications with the duties to give warnings on computer network security
and advise the Ministers in the safety and security management of state agencies.
There are few national regulations relating to information safety came into force such as: The
directive 28-CT/TW, on 16-9-2013 of the Party Central Committee's Secretariat (XI) to enhance the
network information security and Decree No. 72/2013/ND-CP, validated 15-7-2013 of the Government
in management, provision and use of Internet services and online information.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These
technologies are Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). No information was foundregarding to the utilization of emerging technologies within government agencies.

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5 Some Highlights
Vietnam started to connect to the Internet world in 2000. At the time, only 0.3% of the population
were Internet users in Vietnam. This figure has grown to 48.3 million, accounting for more than halfof the population in 2015, ranking 7th in Asia. After two decades, the ICT industry is playing animportant role in socio-economic development of Vietnam. Recently, Vietnam stands in the top 10
most attractive outsourcing environments in the Asia-Pacific region; the total IT industry revenue
reached 33 billion USD and the total employees working in the IT sector was over 440,000 in 2013.
This year, Vietnam has its highest score on Management Optimization, which reflects the efforts ofgovernment in utilizing ICT in state administration bodies’ operations. The Resolution No. 36a / NQCP issued by the Government on October 2015 identifies general visions on e-GovernmenteGovernment such as: promote the development of e-Governmente-Government; improve the quality
and efficiency of the activities of State agencies to serve citizens and businesses better; improve
Vietnam's position on United Nation e-Governmente-Government ranking; and publicize theactivities of state agencies in the network environment. Inheriting achievements accumulated fromprevious periods, the IT utilization in state agencies have shown optimistic results.
However, online service delivery is still very limited, despite of a high rate of InternetInternet
penetration. Most of online services are at interactive level, calling for necessary activities of thegovernment to boost the administration reform process. Lack of consistent direction in eGovernmente-Government implementation, especially in local governments, resulted in the highly
fragmentation in e-Governmente-Government initiatives and imped collaboration and data sharing
among agencies.
Cyber security is another weak point of the country as the lack of necessary security mechanisms andlegal framework made online transactions become more vulnerable to cyber threats. Alongside withthe fast growth in ICT, high-tech criminal status in Vietnam tend to be more complicated. This in turnwill become the barrier preventing citizens and businesses in interacting with governments via online
way.
Although there has been some progress from the Vietnamese government on e-GovernmenteGovernment development, the outcome is still far from meeting expectations. This implies that the
government should pay attention not only to technical investments but also to other indispensable
determinants such as leadership commitment, legislative framework, inter-cooperation among
government agencies and strict supervision from independent bodies.