北京中軸線上の歴史的景観保存-永定門の再建を事例としてHistorical Landscape Preservation along Beijing Central Axis:
A Case Study of Yongdingmen Gate Reconstruction
ワン ジーファンWang Zifan
1.

Introduction

1.1 Research Background and Objective
The traditional Beijing central axis, spanning fromYongdingmen Gate in the south to the Bell and Drum
Towers in the north, covers 7.8 kilometres. Dating back tothe 13th century, it features various historical structures likeroyal palaces, ceremonial buildings, administrative facilities,and road remains. The preparation for its World Heritage
nomination began in 2011. However, uncertainties surroundits cultural heritage status, particularly concerning the rebuilt
Yongdingmen Gate in 2005, raising debates about its
authenticity and integrity. (Que,2018).
This study investigates the role of Yongdingmen Gate
reconstruction in the Central Axis' historical landscape andits impact. It aims to evaluate the reconstruction'seffectiveness, its alignment with cultural heritage
preservation principles, the identification of new values forpotential World Heritage recognition and provides
suggestions for improving the World Heritage siteenvironment.
1.2 Research Subject and Methodology
The "Yongdingmen Gate" in this article refers to thereconstructed architecture located at the southernmost end of
Beijing's Central Axis, rebuilt in 2005.

reconstruction and their alignment with China's heritage
conservation regulations. The case study compares
Yongdingmen Gate's reconstruction to Suzaku Gate in Japan.
Field investigations examine Yongdingmen Gate'srelationship with its environment, potential hindrances toWorld Cultural Heritage approval, and offer suggestions fortourist guidance enhancements.

Figure 2 Location of Yongdingmen Gate
Source From: Beijing Central Axis Official Website

2. Historical Evolution and Policy Analysis

Figure 1 Current Status of Yongdingmen Gate

This dissertation employs literature review, case study,and field investigation. The literature review delves into
Yongdingmen Gate's historical background, reconstruction
challenges, and its impact on the city's historic landscape. Itdiscusses international and domestic controversies regarding
学位論文梗概集 2023

2.1 Historical Evolution of Yongdingmen Gate
Yongdingmen Gate, originally built in 1553 as a defense
against foreign invasions, underwent a remarkable evolution.
Initially, only the Gatehouse stood, followed by the additionof the Wengcheng in 1564. In 1766, a grand reconstruction
took place, enhancing its scale and adding an arrow tower.
However, urban development led to its demolition in
1950-1951 and 1957 for public traffic.
In 2005, a reconstruction project aimed to restore thehistorical landscape. Positioned on Beijing's central axis,
Yongdingmen Gate serves as a symbol of Chinese culture
and a witness to historical transformations. Its uniquedemolition and subsequent reconstruction complete thecentral axis's historical narrative.

2.2 Policy Analysis of Yongdingmen Gate
In China's heritage protection context, authenticity
means preserving history, culture, and tradition, aligningwith heritage awareness. Differing from the West, China
once had a confused understanding of authenticity within
World Heritage protection. This led to projects claiming
reconstruction but being cultural recreation (Cui,,2017).
However, China's reconstruction approach to Yongdingmen
Gate acknowledged its history, presenting it as a central axis
cultural event. Archaeological findings met authenticity
standards, portraying history accurately. This balanced
approach maintained the central axis integrity and met World
Heritage standards, showcasing China's evolving
understanding of authenticity in heritage preservation.
3. Comparative Analysis
The reconstruction of Suzaku Gate in the UNESCOWorld Heritage Site of Nara Palace Site aims to offer an
immersive historical and cultural experience. In contrast,
China's approach to heritage values emphasizes abstract andspiritual aspects rather than construction techniques.
Yongdingmen Gate's reconstruction improved the central
axis's historical landscape, attracted tourists, and enrichedacademic research on Beijing's history and culture.
Table 1 Differences between Suzaku Gate and Yongdingmen Gate

Name

Rehabilitation Focuses

Yongdingmen
Gate, Beijing

Visual impact with modifications to theinterior of the building

Suzaku Gate,
Nara

Restoring authentic historical images in theabsence of original records.

4. Field Investigation and Recommendations
4.1 Field Investigation
During the site survey, the author observed Yongdingmen
Gate's maintenance issues, including clearer guidance,
signage and visual schematics. Coherence between
Yongdingmen and Yandun (A stone stele established during
the Yuan Dynasty, typically constructed alongside
Yongdingmen Gate, symbolising the guardianship of thecity.) Ruins Park is essential for World Heritage candidacy.
Integrated cultural preservation and management measures
are required to present Yongdingmen's historical landscapeeffectively.
4.2 Recommendations
Upon recognition of the Beijing central axis as a World
Heritage Site, challenges and opportunities emerge forYongdingmen Gate. A comprehensive heritage management
plan should address maintenance, visitor management, andenvironmental monitoring. Sustainable tourism developmentat Yongdingmen Gate Square is vital to showcase its culturalvalue while minimizing negative impacts. Educational
initiatives and community engagement can raise publicawareness of heritage preservation. Long-term planning
ensures adaptability to societal and environmental changes,aligning with World Heritage Site conservation objectives:
respecting history, preserving culture, promoting community
development, and ensuring environmental sustainability.
Reference
Cui, J. (2017). Breaking the Ice - Discussion on the Material
Reconstruction of Chinese Cultural Relics and Historic Sites.
China Cultural Heritage (02), 16-27.
Que, W. (2018). The "Beijing Central Axis" Project forWorld Heritage is Contrary to the Spirit of World Heritage.
China Historical and Geographic Review (04), 5-2

Abstract:
This research examines the reconstruction of Yongdingmen Gate along Beijing's traditional Central Axis and its impact
on the city's historical landscape, particularly in the context of its World Cultural Heritage nomination. The study assesses
the reconstruction's effectiveness, alignment with heritage preservation principles, and the emergence of new culturalvalues thus concluding that the reconstruction successfully blends modern urban elements with tradition, preserving
traditional architecture, boosting tourism, and enhancing the historical landscape. However, issues like unclear signage
and limited integration with the surrounding environment may affect its World Heritage application. The study also
recommends solutions such as clear signage and improved connectivity with Yandun Ruins Park to enhance its chancesof success.

Summaries of Academic Theses 2023