Journal of Light & Visual Environment Vol.40, 2016
J-STAGE Advanced published date: June 17, 2016, doi: 10.2150/jlve.IEIJ150000569

Translated Paper

The Lighting Installation for Evacuation Guidance and the Outdoor
Areas in Temporary Architecture Group District
Shigeo KOBAYASHI* and Masahide KAKUDATE*** Tokyo City University, Department of Architecture** BONBORI Lighting Architect & Associates, Inc.
Received September 29, 2015, Accepted January 28, 2016

ABSTRACTThis research targeted a suburban area in Rikuzen-Takata of the Tohoku district in Japan where large
numbers of temporary buildings have been built after the great earthquake 2011. The research aimed to
install adequate light ﬁxtures which guide people to higher ground and provide them with the safety andcomfort in daily life. The lighting design was examined based on the knowledge of several ﬁeld surveys
and previous researches. Finally, a total of 179 lights, such as incandescent bulbs were attached. The
questionnaire survey to residents was carried out before or after the lighting installation. As a result, it was
conﬁrmed that the recognition of entrances to evacuate or the evacuation directions which guide to higher
ground had increased enough compared with the previous situation. It was also conﬁrmed in the temporary shopping district or the construction ofﬁce that surrounding visibility and safety had been improvedby lighting. The lighting social experiment was conducted over September 2013 to about one month. Most
light ﬁxtures have been continuously maintained by residents even after the end of the experiment.
KEYWORDS: escape route, temporary shopping district, disaster area, emergency light, lighting design
right), but ﬂowed backwards the Kesen river and inﬂicted damage to the upriver district.
Takekoma-cho which is located in about 3.5-km inlandfrom the seashore, and the sea cannot be directly seenfrom there. Nevertheless, the tsunami which ﬂowed
backwards the Kesen river reached to this place andit suﬀered damage in residences, ﬁelds, streets, andbridges, etc. After the earthquake disaster, this spot
was one of the principal points of inland traﬃc, and alarge number of temporary shops, banks, oﬃces, etc.
got to be arranged. It became the most active locationin Rikuzen-Takata in 2013 two years after the earthquake disaster.

1.

Introduction
Rikuzentakata located in the Paciﬁc coast of the
Tohoku district in Japan spreads along the deeplyindented coastline, and has the geographical featurethat the tsunami which invades becomes high. Therefore, countermeasures against tsunami, such as a largesized breakwater, were taken for a long time. However,from the earthquake in 2011, the tidal wave which
exceeded assumption invaded and the city area suffered destructive damage. Figure 1(left) shows the maparound Rikuzen-Takata and the tsunami attainment
line in case of the earthquake disaster1)2). The tsunami
not only attacked the area along the shore (Figure 1

Figure 1

Map around Rikuzen-Takata and the photo after the tsunami attack of the central city area in 2011.

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Journal of Light & Visual Environment Vol.40, 2016
doi: 10.2150/jlve.IEIJ150000569

and proceeded investigations of the situation at night.
We attached to the central city area the temporary
lights which support evacuation guidance, and attachedlights to the dangerous location at night8)9). Moreover,the lighting techniques which maintain the balance ofevacuation guidance, energy saving, and the local landscape were examined through such activity.
Even when people live in the disaster area temporarily, their safety should be guaranteed as promptly as
possible. It is essential to return the research achievements to the disaster area as much as possible. For
that purpose, it is required to examine the lighting
method ﬂexibly according to the situation and the budget regardless of the existing general standard. This
research aimed at realizing immediately based on theﬁeld survey.

Even if the town consisted of temporary buildings, it
had suﬀered the damage caused by tsunami, and had
already become a place of citizensʼ daily life. The landscape by inexpensive and colorless materials did notlook prepossessing, and people tended to feel uneasy
at night in order that there was little light arranged.
Therefore, it was essential to guarantee safety andsense of security with lighting at night. This research
examined the evacuation lighting for supporting escapeto higher ground, and it aimed at realizing the lighting
environment that the people of this area could recognize
the directions of heights when the following tsunami
comes. In addition, the research tried to produce signsof peopleʼs existence to the temporary shopping district,and tried to produce the lighting environment in orderthat people could walk without anxiety at night.
In previous researches about the lighting eﬀects
of evacuation behavior or evacuation guidance, there
are experiments on the inside ﬁre of buildings3)‒6), experimental simulations which examined the visibility insmoke7), and investigations on outdoor evacuation lighting at night8)9). About improvement of the evacuation
lighting from tsunami at night, the Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport of Japan summarized“The design guideline of the tsunami escape facilityof a port” after the earthquake disaster in 2011. The
maintenance indicator of the lighting or backup powersystem was shown. In the areas along the shore of the
Paciﬁc Ocean like Hamamatsu, reparation of evacuation
lighting is being forwarded by the bounty. On the other
hand, the authors accessed into Kamaishi of the Tohoku
district immediately after the earthquake disaster 2011,

Figure 22.

Preliminary survey
Figure 2 shows the targeted area in this research.
There were existing houses which escaped the damageof tsunami, and there were temporary shops and construction oﬃces which were built after the earthquake.
Tsunami reached to near the Takata road which is a
traﬃc main line in this district. From the central point,
rising grounds are close in the three directions of thenorth side, the east side, and on the south. As shownin Figure 2, there are four escape routes for evacuees,
A, B, C, and D. The escape route C is looking east andthe end beyond the ridge is connected to the sea. The
entrance to the heights of the escape route D cannot
be recognized from the circumference of the Takata
road, and existence of the road is hard to be grasped.

Tsunami range of access and escape routes in the research area.

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Journal of Light & Visual Environment Vol.40, 2016
doi: 10.2150/jlve.IEIJ150000569

Figure 3

Lighting design suggestions based on the situation of each escape route.

was rising even in daytime. In addition, the promenade
was located in the back side of temporary shops, andlights from them seldom appeared at night. Signs ofpeopleʼs existence were hard to be perceived. Then, thefollowing three types were considered as the method of
evacuation lighting.
(Ba) Lights for reﬂecting in the river are arranged.
The direction of the upper stream is stressed by them,and people can walk without anxiety by the continuous
lights reﬂected in the river.
(Bb) Lights are provided as low as possible in thejunction of the escape-route entrance, and they areprovided as highly as possible at the distant place ofthe slope. Therefore, the vertical interval of the course
is emphasized.
(Bc) Lights are arranged in a long distance by regularintervals. Continuity of the escape route is perceived
and the vertical interval is also perceived.

Moreover, this direction has overlapped with the Kesenriver which tsunami had invaded. When interviews toabout 20 local residents were held from February to
July 2013, it has been grasped that people tended tofeel uncomfortable to evacuate in the east or the south
directions. In order that physiographic elements, suchas mountains and hills, became hard to be perceived atnight, their hesitations to move in the direction of thesea or the river seemed to become stronger.
On the other hand, the escape routes A and B arelooking to inland linearly, and it has conﬁrmed that residents had the consciousness of the direction of heights.
Therefore, it was concluded that it was essential to letthese two routes visualize at night. Based on the visual
diﬀerences in the daytime and nighttime of the routes
A and B, the appropriate lighting methods guided toheights were examined. Lighting arrangement whichlets the “entrance”, the “course” and the “direction” ofthe escape route recognize was extracted from the previous research10).
The examined typical examples of lighting proposal
are shown in Figure 3. The gradient of the escaperoute A exceeds 10%, and there are few surrounding
structures. It was easy to recognize that the road wasconnected to heights in the daytime. On the other hand,
it was diﬃcult to grasp it in the nighttime because theroad curves and disappears from the middle. And moreover, the road was locally illuminated only from onepole light. Then, the following three lighting methods
were considered as the evacuation lighting.
(Aa) The intersectional entrance is illuminated to consider as the mark from a principal road.
(Ab) Small lights are continuously arranged to visualize the curve of the road.
(Ac) A symbolic light is provided in the facility on the
top of the mountain, and it supports recognition of thegeographical feature.
The escape route B is located along the branch of the
Kesen river, and consists of a driveway and a promenade. The road gradient from junction is as gradualas about 6%, and it was hard to recognize that the road3.

Lighting installation experiment for evacuation
guidance
3.1 Lighting program outline
The ﬁeld survey was carried based on the evacuation lighting proposal shown in Figure 3. Feasibility
was examined from power supply positions, required
equipment, the attachable places and their diﬃculties,
or the cost, etc. The installation program for carryingout experimental lighting was examined over a limited
period of time. The social experiment which realizes
evacuation guidance lighting to heights was conducted.
Figure 4 shows the lighting arrangement plan of theescape route A, Figure 5 shows the lighting arrangement plan of the escape route B. Figure 6 shows thesetting-up situation of the escape route A, and Figure 7
shows the setting-up situation of the escape route B. In
the escape route A, light sources have been arrangednear the junction with the Takata road, and they havebeen arranged from the junction at 100 m ahead thecurve. The former intended that the entrance was easily recognized from the circumference, and the latter
intended that the distant position and the shape of the3

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Journal of Light & Visual Environment Vol.40, 2016
doi: 10.2150/jlve.IEIJ150000569

Figure 4

Figure 6 Photos after the lighting arrangement of the escaperoute A.

Lighting arrangement of escape route A.

Figure 7 Photos after the lighting arrangement of the escaperoute B. The number shows the position in Figure 5.

Figure 5

attached to the back side of the temporary shops or thehandrail of the riverbank. They are because the sign ofpeople in those shops can be perceived at the same time
the course is recognized ((2) of Figures 5 and 7). 20 W
and 40 W of the incandescent bulbs were selected tocreate warm atmosphere and to be inexpensive.
There were two small-scale shrines in the mountainside of the hill which swerved from the escape route
B to the northwest side, and the walk course was also
prepared. However, they had not been recognized at
all at night. In order that the hill was visualized andthe originality of the landscape was strengthened, eachshrine was illuminated with the LED ﬂoodlights of 5 Wof the solar battery type ((4) of Figures 5 and 7).
These lighting arrangements were ﬁnally determined
after taking into consideration doing the number oflight sources and power consumption as small as possible. The lighting of the escape route A was installed
for four days by September 10th to 13th, 2013, and thelighting of the escape route B was installed for 25 daysby September 10th to October 4th. All lights wereLighting arrangement of escape route B.

road were easily recognized. In the entrance portion, 5
LED foot lights (color temperature 6300 K) of 9 W havebeen arranged at both sides of the road (a total of 10sets). In order that the road shape may be grasped easily, the 13 same foot lights have been arranged along
the outside of the curve. LED of white lights was used
to improve luminous eﬃciency and visibility.
In the escape route B, lighting equipment which
serves as a mark from the circumference on the bridge(at junction with the Takata road) has been arranged in
the lowest position ((1) of Figure 5 and Figure 7). Lights
were attached to the temporary shop which exists
about 80 m ahead in the escape route in the highest possible position in order to stress the geographical verticalinterval ((3) of Figures 5 and 7). In addition, lights were
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Journal of Light & Visual Environment Vol.40, 2016
doi: 10.2150/jlve.IEIJ150000569

Table 1

The illuminance and luminance of the escape routes.

turned on from 18:00 to 6:00 in the next morning.
Table 1 shows the illuminance and luminance of each
escape route before and after the lighting arrangement.
They are the average of a 10-m interval.
3.2 Evaluation to evacuation guidance
A questionnaire which evaluates the eﬃciency ofevacuation guidance to people who live or work in
the Takekoma area was carried out. It was evaluatedto three conditions of daytime, the night before thelighting arrangement, and the night after the lighting
arrangement. The questionnaire consisted of ﬁve itemsof “Do you understand that this is the entrance to thehill?”, “Do you understand the direction to evacuate?”,“Do you think that you can evacuate safely?”, “Do you
feel a sense of security?”, “Does the route harmonize
with the landscape here?”.
Each item was evaluated in four grade, “I think so”, “I
rather think so”, “I do not rather think so”, and “I do notthink so.” 11 subjects answered to the escape route A,
and 17 subjects answered to the escape route B. They
stood near the entrance of each escape route of the
Takata road and evaluated those items.
Figure 8 shows the questionnaire result of the escape route A. It shows the ratio of the subjects who
answered “I think so” or “I rather think so” (aﬃrmativeevaluations). In order that the slope of the escape route
A is comparatively strong, the recognition of the daytime of the “hill entrance” and the “evacuation direction”
were evaluated highly. However, in the night before thelighting arrangement, the evaluations became low. Afﬁrmative evaluations were less than 50% about “safety”,“feeling of security”, and the “landscape.” Since the range
illuminated from the existing street light was limited, it
was considered that the route could not be recognizedcontinuously. On the other hand, evaluation increased
after the lighting arrangement at night, and aﬃrmativeevaluation exceeded 50% by all the questionnaire items.
It has conﬁrmed that lights arranged around the junction strengthened recognition of the “hill entrance”, andthe lights arranged along with the curve of the roadstrengthened recognition of the “evacuation direction”.
However, as compared with evaluation of daytime, evaluation of “safety” and the “landscape” dropped to some

Figure 8

Questionnaire result of escape route A (N=11).

Figure 9

Questionnaire result of escape route B (N=17).

extent. As reasons which were not evaluated safety,
some subjects mentioned that “neither a building nor apedestrian was in the surroundings” and “the road was
illuminated too much partially.” In addition, as reasons
which did not harmonize with the landscape, “it is not
an originally beautiful road landscape” or “white lightprovides a cool impression” were mentioned.
Figure 9 shows the questionnaire result of the escaperoute B. In order that the escape route B has a gradualslope, only about 75% of subjects evaluated the “hillentrance” and the “evacuation direction” aﬃrmativelyin spite of daytime. In the night before the lighting
arrangement, these evaluations dropped further andaﬃrmative evaluation was less than 50% according to
all the items. Although the escape route B was brighter
than the route A, the recognition of being connected tothe hills was weak. Since there was nearly no light inside the promenade of the riverside, it was also diﬃcult
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Journal of Light & Visual Environment Vol.40, 2016
doi: 10.2150/jlve.IEIJ150000569

Figure 10

The recognition ranges of each escape route. Shading shows the recognition ranges after lighting arrangement.

to be able to walk without anxiety. On the other hand,
after the lighting arrangement, evaluation of all thequestionnaire items increased extremely. Especially,evaluation of the “evacuation direction” became higher
than daytime. It was considered that the arrangement
pattern of lights emphasized the vertical interval. As
reasons it was evaluated safety, “brightness increased
across the board”, and “peopleʼs existence got to beperceived for temporary shops”, etc. were mentioned.
In addition, many comments like “the lights arranged
along the riverside are suitable for remembering thegeographical feature and river.” were obtained about
the “landscape”.
Figure 10 shows the areas which the escape routes
A and B have been recognized from the circumferencein the daytime and nighttime. Three examiners walked
around the area, the points which each escape routehas grasped visually were investigated, and the range
which two or three examiners have recognized was
expressed on the map. The ﬁgure shows that the bothof escape routes got to be recognized from the broader
range after the lighting arrangement. The recognition
range of the escape route A has expanded to about
150-m distance in the large-sized commercial facilities
side of the opposite direction to the route. The recognition range of the escape route B has expanded to morethan 150-m beyond in the west cross direction to theroute. The small lights arranged continuously were
outstanding in this district. Therefore, they might haveattracted residentsʼ attention and supported the route
recognition from a distant place.

Figure 11 Lighting installation diagram to temporary shopping district.

across the Takata road from the escape routes A and B
was a place in which people gather most in this district.
Interviews about “nighttime safety”, “feeling of security”, and “how to spend in the evening” were held to the
shopkeepers, shoppers and construction workers fromFebruary to July, 2013. As a result, the following threeproblems have been grasped. First, dimples were located around walking routes, riversides, or the back sideof buildings, and they were hard to be visible at night.
Second, it was hard to recognize spatial relationshipwith the Takata road or other facilities. Third, atmosphere became gloomy at night more than daytime, andvisitors could not stay comfortably and could not spend
outdoors for a long time. Based on these problems, acouple of lighting programs for the temporary shopping
district and construction oﬃce were examined.
Figure 11 shows the conceptual diagram presented
to the community in July, 2013. As shown in the ﬁgure,the role of ﬁve lighting, “I: Light which works as a landmark”, “II: Light for leading to a destination”, “III: Light

4.

Lighting arrangement to temporary shopping
district
4.1 Experiment outline
The temporary shop group which was situated
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Journal of Light & Visual Environment Vol.40, 2016
doi: 10.2150/jlve.IEIJ150000569

which expresses humanity”, “IV: Light which improvessafety”, and “V: Light for providing visual harmony tothe district”, was established. About I and II, lights areto be provided in the gates and the bridges for pedestrians, and the destinations are expected to become more
intelligible. It is planned that the lights are arranged in
the upper position of telegraph poles or leading-in poles,
and it is expected to improve the visibility from a distance. The lights of III are to be provided in the walls
and stairs of temporary buildings, and they are also provided around benches which people often use for theirbreak. They are expected to give peopleʼs existence
and to support peopleʼs rest outdoors at night. The
lights of IV are to inform the dangerous zones and theboundary of the site, and improving safety is expected.
The lights of V are to illuminate temporary shops, con-struction oﬃces, and houses. with the same light source
and technique. They intended giving harmony to thewhole landscape, and also intended developing sharedconsciousness to people who live and work in the same
district.
Based on the conceptual diagram, the speciﬁc lighting
positions and the power supply system were conﬁrmed.
Detailed arrangement was determined examining eachlighting eﬀect. Figure 12 shows the ﬁnal arrangement
plan of lighting. The incandescent bulbs of 20 W and
40 W were chieﬂy used for the light source. The lighting
ﬁxtures have been arranged for 25 days by September
10 to October 4. Lighting time was 18:00 to 6:00 in thenext morning.
4.2 Experimental result
Figure 13 shows the night view after lighting arrangement. The number of (1)‒(4) shows the positionin Figure 12. Lights were attached to the riverbank
which had been extremely dark along the walk route in
the low position 1 m or less-above ground. Lights were
chieﬂy attached to building facades at 2‒3 m height. In
addition, lights were attached to the place where thecognition from distance was required in the high position of more than 5 m using existing structures ((1) of
Figures 12 and 13). Lights were attached near peopleʼsfaces at the places of the benches, the tables, and theunder the eaves which were used for their break ((2)(3) of Figures 12 and 13). The night landscape of this
district was coordinated as well as lighting arrangement of the escape route A by distributing warm color
small light sources for construction oﬃces or temporary
shops ((4) of Figures 12 and 13).

Figure 12 Lighting arrangement around temporary shopping
district.

Figure 13

Photos after the lighting arrangement to the temporary shopping district. The number shows the position in Figure 12.

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doi: 10.2150/jlve.IEIJ150000569

Table2

Number of installation and power consumption of lights.

Table 3Figure 14

Average illuminance on the road.

Road surface illuminance and color temperature distribution of the target area.

and the color temperature generally became low. Figure 13(1) shows that the temporary shopping districtchanged to be easily recognized from a distance, andFigures 13 and 14 show that lighting distribution andthe color temperature got to be coordinated on bothsides of the Takata road.
The questionnaire survey was carried to the workers and residents in their 20ʼs to 70ʼs. 16 subjects
answered in the daytime, 18 subjects answered in
the night before lighting arrangement were, and 16
subjects answered in the night after lighting arrangement. The result is shown in Figure 15. Generally highevaluation was obtained after lighting arrangementcompared with before lighting arrangement at night.
Especially, evaluation of “prediction of being rescued
when a crime and an accident happen” is high, and has
exceeded rather than daytime. It can be said that thelights attached to the walls of buildings or under the

Table 2 shows the number of lights and power consumption which were used in this lighting installationthat combined the escape routes and the temporary
shopping district. It is the sum total arranged at theplace which exceeds 60,000 square meters. Although
179 lights have been arranged, each amount of light ﬂux
was as small as 500 or less lumen, and the sum total was
only about 55,610 lm. It is equivalent to about 13 mercury lamps (4,200 lm) of 100 W used in the neighboring
parking lot etc.
Table 3 and Figure 14 show the result of measured
illuminance and color temperature. The illuminance ofthe principal places which were able to be walked wasmeasured at almost equal intervals (31 points before
lighting installation, and 49 points after installation).
Figure 14 shows the average in a circle 5 m in diameter.
It is shown that the road surface illuminance and vertical illuminance became high after lighting installation,
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Journal of Light & Visual Environment Vol.40, 2016
doi: 10.2150/jlve.IEIJ150000569

Figure 15

Questionnaire results in temporary shopping district (N=14–18).

eaves not only illuminated surroundings brightly, butthey contributed to giving existence of people. Since
evaluations of “a feeling to relax outdoors” and “desire
to walk along the outdoors” also increased at night, it
can be said that such lights extended the opportunityof nighttime activities. Actually, people who relax on
the table and benches got to be observed after lighting
arrangement. These activities had hardly existed in theprevious lighting environment.
Aﬃrmative answers were obtained also about “thelights are suitable for the district”, “the light works asstrengthening the peopleʼs relation”, and “the lights
work as forming the spatial continuity over the surrounding landscape.” The comments that “The scenechanged drastically only by attaching simple electricbulbs at night”, “It is important that the lights aiming
at disaster prevention or crime prevention just because
this town experienced the earthquake disaster”, “Whilefeeling uneasy at an unfamiliar place, such lights impress warmth and relationship” were also obtained.

to higher ground had increased enough compared withthe previous situation. It was also conﬁrmed in the temporary shopping district or the construction oﬃce thatsurrounding visibility and safety had been improved bylighting. The lighting social experiment was conducted
over September 2013 to about one month. Most lightﬁxtures have been continuously maintained by residents even after the end of the experiment.
Even when people live in the disaster area temporarily, their safety should be guaranteed as promptly as
possible. This research aimed at realizing immediately
based on the ﬁeld survey. The reasonable and energy
eﬃcient lighting could be realized by designing according to the required performances for the location.
The improvement of evacuation lighting would leadregional development in disaster areas. These activity
achievements will contribute to immediate lighting environment improvement of a disaster area when similar
damage occurs in the future.
Acknowledgments

5.

Conclusion
The importance of evacuation to higher ground awayfrom a tsunami safely at night has been recognizedright after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011.
This paper has reported the achievement of lightingsocial experiments in which evacuation lighting equipment was placed to a disaster area.
The suburban area in Rikuzen-Takata of the Tohoku
district was targeted where large numbers of temporary buildings have been built after the earthquake.
The lighting program was carried based on the knowledge of ﬁeld surveys and authorsʼ previous researches,and 179 lights, such as incandescent bulbs, have beenarranged. The questionnaire survey to residents was
carried out before or after the lighting installation. As aresult, it was conﬁrmed that the recognition of entrances to evacuate or the evacuation directions which guideThis work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant
Number 15K06334.
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