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Reading Training:
US and Germany in Comparison
2nd. Extended Edition

Sanae Katagiri

Joshua Lee Solomon Reik Jagno

HIROSAKI UNIVERSITY

English Lounge

Get ready to study abroad!
Reading Training:
US and Germany in Comparison
Extended Version

Sanae Katagiri

Joshua Lee Solomon Reik Jagno

Follow the QR code for the audio files and digital version of this textbook.
QR コードを読み取って、この教科書の音声ファイルおよび、デジタル版をご覧ください。
https://home.hirosaki-u.ac.jp/salc/

Introduction ....................................................................................................... 3
Unit 1: Cultural Diversity ................................................................................... 5
US: Immigration Nation.................................................................................................. 9
Germany: A Common European Culture?................................................................. 15
Unit 2: College/Education ............................................................................... 19
US: College Education ................................................................................................. 23
Germany: Education in Germany................................................................................ 29
Unit 3: Shopping ............................................................................................. 33
US: Changing Consumer Culture in the US ............................................................... 37
Germany: Stinginess is Cool ........................................................................................ 43
Unit 4: Transportation ..................................................................................... 47
US: Trains, Planes, and Automobiles .......................................................................... 51
Germany: Transportation in the country of cars........................................................ 57
Unit 5: Safety/Security ..................................................................................... 61
US: Safety and Security in the United States.............................................................. 65
Germany: Some Thoughts on Safety and Security in Germany .............................. 71
Unit 6: Medical System .................................................................................... 75
US: The US Medical System ......................................................................................... 79
Germany: German Healthcare .................................................................................... 85
Unit 7: Taboo ................................................................................................... 89
US: “No Politics or Religion at the Dinner Table!”..................................................... 93
Germany: Behavioural Guidelines in Germany, Knigge-Etiquetteand its Strange History ................................................................................................. 99
Unit 8: Leisure ............................................................................................... 103
US: A Nation of Couch Potatoes? ............................................................................. 107
Germany: Sunday rest: Exploring its meaning for Germans ................................. 113
Solutions ........................................................................................................ 117

1

2

Introduction
この教科書は、日本人学生が欧米へ留学するための準備として知っておきたいトピックを厳選し、パッセージの読解と、その内容を学びながら、楽しく表現を身につけられるようにデザインしました。弘前大学教育推進機構で英語教育を担当しているアメリカ出身、ドイツ出
身の 2 人の教員に、それぞれの視点から、『文化の多様性』、『教育制度』、『買い物』、『移動手段』、『安心・安全』、『医療制度』、『タブー』、『娯楽』の８つのトピックについてオリジナル原稿を書いていただきました。それぞれの個人的視点からユニークでバラ
エティーに富んだ内容となっています。この教科書で学んだことを出発点に、それぞれトピ
ックについてさらに深く知るきっかけとなればと思います。
本書の特徴
この教科書は、学習者の皆さんが能動的に Reading 活動をできるようにデザインされています。読んで理解するだけでなく、表現を繰り返し練習し、習得することを目指します。また、その表現を使って自分の意見を言う練習を行えるようになっています。
Reading Passage:
本書は、学習者の皆さんが辞書なしで本文を読めるようデザインしています。音声を聴きながら、本文を一度読んでみましょう。
Chunking Practice:
チャンクと呼ばれる意味のまとまりを、与えられた語数をヒントに、本文から探しながら読解を進めましょう。また、そのチャンクを覚えるよう、ペアで声に出して練習しま
しょう。ヒントを出し合っても構いません。覚えるまで繰り返し行いましょう。
Vocabulary Practice:
語彙の確認は、後にあります。語（句）をみながら、本文のどこに出てきたか、文脈を思い出し、定義を選びましょう。こちらもペアで練習できるようになっています。
Commenting Practice:
本文を読んで考えたことを自分の言葉で理由づけする練習をしましょう。覚えたチャンクを使ってみるようにしましょう。

3

Interview Practice:
書くユニットの都切符について、インタビューを行ってみましょう。海外からの留学生
でも、日本人の学生でも構いません。理解したことを、トピックについて考えたことをもとに質問を考え、インタビュー活動をしてみましょう。

4Unit 1:
Cultural Diversity

5Cultural Diversity
文化的多様性とは、文化的背景、信念、習慣、生活様式などの点で人々の間に存在する違いを指します。社会の本質的な特徴であり、さまざまな要因によって形成されます。
多くの人が米国を、さまざまな文化的背景を持つ人々が暮らす多様な社会だと考えているでしょう。米国では、文化的多様性は、建国以来、この国の特徴となっています。この国には、さまざまな民族的・文化的背景を持つ人々が暮らしています。
しかし、米国の歴史には人種的不平等と差別の遺産も含まれており、それが今日も多くの有色人種の経験を形成しています。
ドイツでは、文化的多様性の問題は、植民地支配の遺産を含むこの国の複雑な歴史によって形成されています。第二次世界大戦後、ドイツは東西に分断されていました。また現在、ドイツには多くの移民が住んでおり、中でもトルコやポーランドからの移民は大きな割合を占めています。
以下の文章は、移民が母国の多様性についてどのように考えているかを説明する
もので、社会の複雑で興味深い部分を見ることができます。異文化理解と尊重を促進することで、各国は多様な社会の恩恵を受け、より包括的で公平なコミュニティを作ることができるのです。.

6

US: Cultural Diversity
米国は文化的多様性が有名ですが、このユニットの内容を把握するために、米国
は「移民国家」だということを理解しなければなりません。建国前よりすでにヨーロッパ各国から、そしてとくに２０世紀に入ってから、東海岸にヨーロッパ人が集中的に移民してきました。そこで入国管理局として機能していたエリス島とそばに立っている自由の女神が移民の黄金時代の象徴となりました。
移民国家であるため、たくさんの国の文化が交えていますが、やはり歴史的に同じ出身国のものが様々な理由で同じ地域に集中したことがあります。そこで、地域ごとの特有の言葉、食文化、宗教的文化などが今まで存在し続けています。このテキストの中では主にユダヤ系とイタリア系のコミュニティーについて語られます。
最後に米国の回避できない暗黒な歴史、すなわち人種差別や奴隷制度の余波について言及しています。特に「強制的な移民」だった奴隷貿易が残酷なものでした。
そのため米国につれられたアフリカ人のほとんど自分の祖国や先祖の文化を知ることが出来ず、ゆえに真新しい文化創生をせざるを得ないことになりました。さて、単一民族国家と言われている日本と、移民の国とされている米国と、どのような違いがあるでしょうか。

7

US: Immigration Nation Listening Text
The United States is a “country of immigrants.” People have been moving there for
hundreds of years. An important part of modern American cultural identity comes from theimmigration Europeans. They came to Ellis Island, a customs and immigration station
outside of New York City near the Statue of Liberty.
5

One important group of immigrants in New York City are Jewish people. Actually,
more Jews live in New York than in Israel! New York has a higher percentage of Jews thananywhere else in the country. You can find Jewish culture all around New York city. New
York is famous for Jewish bread like bagels, challah, rye bread, and Jewish sweets. Jewish
culture also includes their language. Common words include chutzpah (a rude attitude),10

shekels (money), and klutzy (clumsy).
Another big group of immigrants in New York and neighboring New Jersey are the
Italians. Maybe you have seen Italian Americans criminals in movies like The Godfather or
TV shows like The Sopranos. However, Italian Americans are just like everyone else. They
like family, food, music, and traditions. New York pizza is famous Italian American food.

15

These “tomato pies” are usually about 35.5 cm big and cut into 10 slices. You can buy a $1
slice on the street, any time of day or night. Italian Americans also have some unique words,
like “agita,” meaning “stress.”
The history of diversity in the US is not always happy. There has always been racism
and hatred against new immigrants. Worse still, America had 200 years of legal slavery.

20

Countless black men and women were forced from Africa to work and die in America.
Slavery officially ended in 1863. However, racist laws and culture held black Americans backfor over 100 years after. Furthermore, slaves were taken from their homes and split fromtheir families. This means that few black Americans today know their family roots. Instead,they were forced to create new cultures, language, and traditions in America. Black25

Americans as a group have never been treated well in America. But today, people arestarting to recognize how much they have added to American culture and life.

8US: Immigration Nation
The United States is a “country of immigrants.” Of course, Native Americans lived
there long before any Europeans, Africans, or Asians immigrated to the continent. However,people have been moving there from around the world ever since Europeans discovered it.
Much of the modern American myth has been built around the immigration of poor
5

Europeans who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to seek a better life. They were processedat Ellis Island, a kind of customs and immigration station outside of New York City and under
the watchful eyes of the Statue of Liberty. At the statue’s feet is engraved a poem by Emma
Lazarus (1880) beginning with the famous words “Give me your tired, your poor.” America
was the land of dreams and opportunity for many people across Europe.

10

One group of immigrants that became an important community in New York City ismade up of people of Jewish ancestry. About 9% of the city’s population is Jewish—more
Jews live in New York than in Israel! 1 Compared to the 3.5% of the national population that
has Jewish background, New York is certainly an exception. 2 This does not mean that there
is a Jewish Temple on every block of the city, but it does mean that Jewish culture is present

15

in many corners of New York life. This includes food: New York is famous for bagels, as wellas the bagel-like bialy, challah and rye bread, and other Jewish baked goods. It also includes
their Yiddish language: on the street, you might hear a frustrated cry of “oy vey!” orcomplaints about the chutzpah (nerve) of a rude person, someone counting their shekels(money), or laughing at a klutz (clumsy person) tripping over their own feet.

20

Another group of immigrants whose communities still color New York andneighboring New Jersey are the Italians. Italian Americans have a bad reputation as
mafiosos—organized crime families—an image cemented by the Francis Ford Coppola
Godfather films. However, contrary to the movies, Italian Americans are just like any othercommunity with their own food, music, and traditions. Pizza is popular around the world and25throughout the US. However, New York pizza is different from Chicago pizza (which is thickand eaten with a knife and fork) and California pizza (which is thin and crispy like a cracker).
New York pizzas, or “tomato pies,” are usually about 14 inches (35.5 cm) in diameter, andcut into 10 slices. In the city, it is common to buy a $1 slice on the street, any time of day ornight. Italian Americans also have some unique words, like “agita.” Agita comes from the30

word “agitate,” and literally means “heartburn,” but figuratively refers to “annoyance or1
7 things to know about the Jews of New York for Tuesday’s primary, https://www.jta.org/2016/04/18/politics/7-things-to-know-aboutthe-jews-of-new-york-for-tuesdays-primary, 18.04.2016.
2
JEWISH AMERICANS IN 2020, JEWISH AMERICANS IN 2020 Pew Research Center, https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/thesize-of-the-u-s-jewish-population/, 11.05.2021.

9

stress.” Few Americans outside of New York and New Jersey may know these words—that is,unless they are “paesano” (fellow countrymen).
The history of diversity in the US is not always a happy tale. Once immigrants become“Americans,” they often resist any newcomers. This has happened throughout history, and35

continues today with prejudice against Latin American and Muslim immigrants in particular.
America also has a shameful history of about 200 years of legal slavery. This “forced
immigration” brought countless black men and women from Africa against their will. It is sofoundational to America that some people now argue that the country was not founded in
1776 like most history books say, but in 1619, when the very first black slaves were brought40

to the continent. While slavery theoretically ended in 1863 with the beginning of the Civil
War, the effects of slavery—and racist laws and culture that continued for over 100 years
after—prevented black Americans as a group from making substantial economic,
educational, or cultural gains in society. Furthermore, as slaves were treated as chattel—
simple property to be bought and sold—they were ripped from their homes and intentionally45

split from their families and loved ones. This means that few black Americans today are able
to trace their family histories back to a specific country or culture overseas. Instead, they
were forced to create new cultures, language, and traditions in America. While thetreatment of black Americans throughout American history has usually ranged from
inexcusable to inhumane, advocates and activists have also long fought to have their great

50

contributions to American life recognized and appreciated on a national scale.

10Chunking Practice
次の日本語に相当する表現のかたまり(数字は語数を表す）を、本文から抜き出しましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら日本語を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する英語の表現を言いましょう1.

移民の国（３）2.

ヨーロッパ人がこの地を発見してから（５）3.

より良い生活を求めて（５）4.

自由の女神が見守る中（９）5.

夢とチャンスの国（６）6.

～で構成される（４）7.

ニューヨークは実に例外的な存在（６）8.

～で有名（３）9.

悪いイメージがある（４）10.

組織的犯罪集団（３）11.

映画とは裏腹に（４）12.

直径約１４インチ（５）13.

昼夜を問わず（６）14.

アメリカの多様性の歴史（７）15.

いつも幸せな話ばかりではない（６）

16.
17.

しばしば新しく入ってくる人達に抵抗する（４）２００年にわたる合法的な奴隷制度
（５）

18.

彼らの意思に反して（３）19.

南北戦争の始まりと共に（７）20.

売買される単なる財産であった（７）21.

家族の歴史をさかのぼる（５）22.

許しがたいものから非人道的なものまで様々であった（５）11Vocabulary Practice
定義に当てはまる語を下の語群から選んで書きましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら定義を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する単語を答えましょう。

immigrated
resistengraved
substantial

complaints
rippedagitatecontribution

1. to remove something quickly, without being careful2.

to make someone become nervous because ofworry or fear

3. to come to live in a different country
4.

something that you do to help achieve something
together with other people

5. to fight against something
to cut words, pictures, or patterns into the surface of
metal, stone, etc.
a statement that something is wrong or not
7.
satisfactory

6.

8.

large in size, value, or importanceCommenting Practice
下の意見について、下のように１～５で選びましょう。
1: Absolutely no, 2: No, 3: Not sure, 4: Yes, 5: Absolutely yes.
A さんは表を見ながら１つずつ意見を音読し、B さんは何も見ずにそれに対して自分の意見とその理由を述べましょう。

12

1.

I would like to live in a different country.

1 2 3 4 5

2.

Japan is a country that anybody can enjoy
living in.

1 2 3 4 5

3.

Japan should accept more foreign people.

1 2 3 4 5

4.

The US is an open country for immigrants.

1 2 3 4 5

5.

Protecting the border is important.

1 2 3 4 5

Germany: Cultural Diversity
プロイセン Preußen
プロイセンは中央ヨーロッパにあった王国であり、ドイツの歴史において重要な役割を果たしています。17 世紀に建国され、18 世紀から 19 世紀にかけてヨーロッパで圧倒的な力を持つようになりました。1871 年のドイツ統一は、プロイセン首相オットー・フォン・ビス
マルクの主導により成し遂げられました。
西ドイツ Bundesrepublik Deutschland (BRD)
第二次世界大戦後、ドイツは連合国によって 4 つの占領区に分割されました。西側の 3 つの地帯は最終的にドイツ連邦共和国（西ドイツ）となり、東側は共産主義国家であるドイツ民主共和国（German Democratic Republic）となりました。
1949 年に成立した西ドイツは、アメリカの影響を強く受けた民主主義国家です。アメリカ
は、冷戦時代にソビエト諸国との国境として重要な役割を果たした西ドイツを、経済的に豊かな国として必要としていました。
ドイツ民主共和国 Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR)
ドイツ民主共和国 (German Demokratic Republic, GDR) は、ソビエト連邦の影響を強く受けた社会主義国家です。計画経済、一党独裁、国民に対する厳格な管理体制が特徴でした。教育や医療などの分野で大きな発展を遂げた一方、経済の停滞、検閲、政治的自由の欠如に人々は悩まされました。
1989 年、ベルリンの壁が崩壊しドイツ民主共和国に終わりが訪れ、1990 年にドイツは一つの国として再統一されました。

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Germany: A Common European Culture? Listening Text
When talking about different cultures living together in Germany, there's a term
that's very German and doesn't have a perfect translation: "Leitkultur." It means something
like 'guiding culture' or 'common culture'. This idea was first introduced by a sociologist
named Bassam Tibi in 1998. He talked about a European Leitkultur based on modern values.
5

Later, the discussion shifted to a German Leitkultur, with the idea that everyone in Germany
should follow the same values.
This debate is still happening today, often led by politicians who focus onnationalism. They believe that each country should have one culture, made up of people
who are all similar in ethnicity and culture. This idea isn't new and has been used to force

10

people to assimilate throughout European history.
But Germany is a mix of different cultures. There are about 11.4 million people inGermany from different countries, speaking different languages, and following different
values and beliefs. And Germany itself is a mix of ideas from different regions, like the'German virtues' which actually originated from Prussia. Migration has always been a normal

15

part of German history. Even in the past, people moved to and from German territories forvarious reasons. For example, after World War II, Germany experienced an economic boom
partly because of guest workers from Turkey and other countries. And historically, many
Germans also migrated to other countries, like the USA.
Today, about 26 percent of Germans have a migration background. But living

20

together with different cultures hasn't always been easy. During the economic boom, guest
workers were seen as temporary and weren't actively encouraged to integrate. This led tosome communities feeling isolated, and there was a divide between 'us' and 'them'. Even
in East Germany, where guest workers were also recruited, there was a sense of separationfrom the local population. This led to a lack of understanding about migrants' needs.

25

Nowadays, there's more awareness about these issues. Many people and politicians
don't support the idea of one guiding culture anymore. With the arrival of refugees in recent
years, there's been a focus on integration and inclusion. The government supports migrants,
and there are volunteers helping them all over Germany. Schools teach diversity as a normalpart of life, and efforts are made to ensure that everyone understands and accepts it.

30

This is not just happening in Germany but throughout Europe. Embracing
multiculturalism is seen as essential for the future of Europe, moving away from the idea of
one guiding culture towards a more inclusive society.
14Germany: A Common European Culture?
When dealing with the issue of multiculturalism in Germany, there is no getting
around a term that is so German that there is no suitable translation for it. "Leitkultur" is a
German concept, which can be translated as 'guiding culture' or 'common culture'.1 The
term was first introduced in 1998 by the German-Arab sociologist Bassam Tibi and from52000 onwards took a prominent place in the national political debate on national identity
and immigration. Tibi argued for a European Leitkultur, a consensus of values based on thevalues 2 of "cultural modernity". A short time later the discourse about a German Leitkultur
and a consensus of values to which every migrant in Germany should conform emerged.
This political debate still takes place today, carried by more nationalistic politicians and

10

based on the idea that different nations must consist of ethnically and culturally
homogeneous groups.
This idea is not new and provided the pretext for forced assimilation programs of all
kinds, for discrimination, disenfranchisement, expulsion, and ethnic cleansing throughout
European history. Yet most European countries are multicultural societies and countries of15

migration. There are about 11.4 million people living in Germany who come from different
countries, speak different languages, and are guided by different values, norms andreligious beliefs. But you don't have to look at these 11 million people alone. What isGermany? Germany in its present form was founded in 1871 and ended hundreds of yearsof small states. The concept of Germany is thereby a jumbled mass of ideas from different

20

regions, especially often influenced by the domination of local rulers, such as the 'German
virtues,' which are actually Prussian in origin. The German population consists of various
subgroups, many of which differ more from each other than from members of the same
subgroup in another country.
Historically, migration to and from German territories has been a normal occurrence.

25

Routes in Europe are short enough to facilitate migration, migrant and seasonal workers,
refugees, and transients: all of these are not elements of globalization but can be
documented as early as the 17th century with the entry of Huguenots as religious refugees
into Prussia. The "West German economic miracle" after WW2 was fueled not least by guest
workers from Turkey and other countries, while German emigrants to the USA made up the30largest group of immigrants in the period from 1850 to 1890. With around 21 million
Germans, 26 percent of the population, have a migration background. However, the1 Similar to the German Leitmotiv - leitmotif,

A fragment which `retains its identity` and can be clearly identified on subsequent appearances.
such as democracy, pluralism, tolerance and reason from religious revelation215

multicultural society has never functioned particularly well. During the time of the economic
miracle, people spoke of guest workers, i.e. workers who were only tolerated and were notsupposed to stay in the country for a long time. For many West Germans, the people from35

Turkey seemed the most "foreign". They left their mark on entire neighborhoods in large
cities. What critics depreciated as "ghettoization" made it easier for new arrivals to find their
way around. While spontaneous integration began among some sections of the immigrants,
it was not actively promoted either by politics or by the population. One reaction of many
foreigners was to retreat into the private sphere and a vicious circle developed, which can

40still be felt today and left an "us against them" principle in people's minds.
At the same time, however, the GDR, the East German state, should not be forgotten.
There, guest workers were recruited for 5 years from countries like Mozambique, Cuba,
Vietnam and Poland, but were more strictly separated from the population. Despite theimportant role of these guest workers, the feeling developed that hardly any migrants were45

needed, and to this day this is reflected in an imbalance between the number of migrants
in East Germany and West Germany and a latent lack of understanding about the needs andwants of foreigners in the eastern regions of the country.
Today, the problem has been recognized and large parts of the population andpolitics reject the “Leitkulturprinzip” and especially with the influx of refugees in recent years,

50

there have been far-reaching efforts to strengthen integration and inclusion. Migrants
receive support from the state and there are volunteers throughout Germany who try to
help. In kindergartens and schools, diversity is taught as normal part of life and everything
possible is done to ensure that children understand and embrace this principle. Thisdevelopment is also necessary and underway throughout Europe in order to further

55

develop and strengthen the EU. “Leitkultur” is Europe's past, multiculturalism is the present
and future.

16

Chunking Practice
次の日本語に相当する表現のかたまり(数字は語数を表す）を、本文から抜き出しましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら日本語を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する英語の表現を言いましょう。

1.

言葉では言い表せない（７）2.

適切な訳語がない（３）3.

重要な地位を占める（４）4.

しばらくすると（４）5.

ドイツに移住する全ての人が合意していなくてはならない共通の価値観
（１１）

6.

口実となってしまった（４）7.

異なる価値観によって導かれる（４）8.

ごちゃまぜの思想（５）

9.
10.
11.

`

（そのサブグループのうちの）多くは互いに異なる（８）ヨーロッパにおける経路は十分に短く（９）
第二次世界大戦後の「西ドイツの経済奇跡」はさらに出稼ぎ労働者によって促進された（１４）12.

彼らは爪痕を残した（４）13.

それもまた積極的に推進されることはなかった（５）14.

同時に（４）

15.

移民はほとんど必要とされていないという感情が高まった（９）16.

無理解（３）

17.

広範囲な取り組みがなされている
（５）

5

17

Vocabulary Practice
定義に当てはまる語を下の語群から選んで書きましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら定義を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する単語を答えましょう。

pluralism
emigrant

homogeneousfunction1.

to work or operate2.

a good moral quality in person

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

virtuestrictly

refugee
integrationa person who leaves a country
permanently to live in another one
the existence of people of different
races, religious beliefs, and cultures
within the same society
exactly or correctly
the action of successfully joining or
mixing with a different group of people
consisting of people that are similar toeach othera person who escape from their own
country for political, religious, or
economical reasonsCommenting Practice
下の意見について、下のように１～５で選びましょう。
1: Absolutely no, 2: No, 3: Not sure, 4: Yes, 5: Absolutely yes.
A さんは表を見ながら１つずつ意見を音読し、B さんは何も見ずにそれに対して自分の意見とその理由を述べましょう。

1.

Japan is a homogeneous country.

1 2 3 4 5

2.

Immigrants should assimilate into the new country.

1 2 3 4 5

3.

Immigrants should keep their own identity.

1 2 3 4 5

4.

Japan should accept more immigrants.

1 2 3 4 5

5.

Japan has tolerance toward people from othercountries.

1 2 3 4 5

518

Unit 2:
College/Education

19

College Education
教育は、国の発展にとって重要な要素であり、国民の未来を形成する上で重要な役割を担っています。しかし、国によって教育へのアプローチは異なり、その結果、教育の質や成果に大きな差が生じることがあります。
次の章では、米国、およびドイツにおける教育システムのさまざまな側面を取り上げており、教育に対するさまざまなアプローチの違いに驚かされるかもしれません。
高校を卒業するだけでも、アメリカ、日本、ドイツでは全く異なる意味を持ちます。
その違いを考慮することは、あなたの留学生活とその国に対する一般的な理解を向上させるでしょうし、今受けている自分の教育の恩恵を最大化することにもつながるでしょう。

20

US: College Education
大学教育は文化によって大幅に異なることがあります。というのは教育内容のみならず、教育の過程など様々な局面を含みます。そこで、このユニットのリーディン
グは米国の大学制度及び大学の文化（よく「大学生活」と言われるもの）を紹介します。
おそらく日本と大きな一つの違いは、米国では教育が非常に資本主義的に作られていることです。つまり学生を「学習者」であると同時に「お客さん」としてとらえるところが多いのです。そのため、多くの大学の提供するサービス、施設、アメニティなどが日本の大学と異なります。これは諸刃の剣でもあります。
米国の大学文化の自由さや楽しさもありますが、経済的な要素を無視してはいけません。これも日本と違って、学費や大学の生活費が全国的な討論となり、学費ローンの負担により家を建てられなくなった世代が生まれてきました。実際、死ぬまで借金を払い続ける例も少なくありません。この多面的な教育制度を日本と比較して、どちらが望ましいでしょうか。

21

US: College Education Listening Text
College is important for many young people becoming adults. It is the first time living
away from home, often in a different state. It is similar to the experience of college in Japan.
However, there are also many differences.
In college in the US, students belong to the college, not a department. They can then5take any classes they want. Most bachelor’s degrees are completed in four years. Masters’degrees usually take two years, and doctorates can take between five to ten years.
One of the biggest differences is that American colleges spend much more moneyon things outside of the classroom. College is a business and students are customers, goodfacilities are good advertisements. Often, this means spending money on college sports

10

teams. Most colleges and universities also have fitness clubs, and many also have cafeteriaswith many kinds of food. Schools also sell t-shirts, pens, folders, thermoses, and an endlesslist of other goods in the university gift shop.
Housing is very different from Japan. According to JASSO, in 2018 less than 7% ofJapanese students lived in a dormitory. About 45% of American students 2017 were living

15

in school housing. Many student houses are new and expensive. Staff clean the hallways andbathrooms, and the rooms have good furniture. Students who live on campus sometimes
go to morning class in their pajamas! They can also use their student IDs to pay at thecafeteria.
Although that may sound like a lot of fun, there are downsides as well. Critics say that20

US college students are not learning necessary life skills like cooking, cleaning, andmanaging money. They say that students party all the time. About 40 percent of 18- to 24year-old Americans are enrolled in college. However, fewer than half are expected tograduate. There are many reasons for the high rate of failure. Partying, drinking, and druguse on American college campuses may be one.

25

Another major cause of student failure is the cost. In 2021, the average cost for
private universities was $38,185 per year. Public universities averaged $10,338. Private
universities are usually more famous, so students will take out large loans to go to them.
Both universities and the US government support students in need, but most still graduate
in debt. Some students try to save money by going to community college first. Students in

30

community college pay for each class they take, and can take those credits to a four-yearcollege later. One good thing is that student scholarships in the US are like gifts—unlike
Japan, there is no need to pay the money back, ever.
22US: College Education
College is an important step on many young peoples’ road to becoming an adult.
For many Americans, it is the first time living away from their parents, often in a completely
35

different state. In many ways, it is quite similar to the experience of college in Japan.
However, there are also many institutional and cultural differences.
Colleges and universities tend to use a liberal arts system. This means that students
matriculate into the college itself, not into a particular department. They can then take anyclasses they want, as long as they fulfill the requirements of their program to graduate. An

40

associate’s degree can be earned in two years, and most bachelor’s degrees are completed
in four years. For graduate study (called “postgraduate” in Europe), masters’ degrees usuallytake about two years, and doctorates can take between five to ten years of additional study.
One of the biggest cultural differences between Japanese and American colleges isthat the latter invests much more heavily in the extra-curricular aspects of the experience. In

45many ways, college is a business and students are customers, so having the best amenities
is an effective way to advertise. Often, this means supporting college sports teams bybuilding expensive training and competition facilities. Most colleges and universities also
have fitness clubs to support student health, and many also boast multiple cafeterias with awide selection of foods. Many colleges become brands: most have a logo, school colors,

50

and a team mascot…all are available for purchase on t-shirts, fancy pens, folders, thermoses,
and an endless list of other goods in the university gift shop. Room and board is one areathat is often quite different from Japan. According to an analysis of data from the Japan
Student Services Organization (JASSO), in 2018 less than 7% of all Japanese college
students lived in a dormitory. 1 By contrast, about 45% of American students in a 2017 survey

55

were living in school housing on or off campus. 2 Student housing is a big industry, and while
many campus dorms are legacy buildings—some built over 100 years ago—many are newly
constructed, sometimes in a luxurious style, in order to make as much money as possible.
Staff regularly clean the hallways and bathrooms, and the rooms come stocked with goodquality, durable furniture. When students live on campus, they are so close to the school

60

that some will roll out of bed and go right to morning class still in their pajamas! Students
can also get meal plans, so they can use their student IDs to pay at the cafeteria. Most

1
大 学 生 が 一 人 暮 ら し す る 割 合 は 実 家 暮 ら し と ど ち ら が 多 い ？ 一 人 暮 ら し に か か る 費 用 も 解 説,
https://www.athome.co.jp/contents/students/livingexpenses/percentage/, 02.05.2022.
2
Anderson, Bendix, Fall 2018 School Year Starts Strong for the Student Housing Sector, https://www.wealthmanagement.com/studenthousing/fall-2018-school-year-starts-strong-student-housing-sector, 08.10.2018.

23

universities have at least one buffet-style restaurant, so students can sit for long hours eating
and drinking whatever they want, often while doing homework or socializing with friends.
Although the above may sound like a lot of fun and games, there are some65

downsides. In fact, critics suggest that US college students are being coddled, and thoseliving in dorms are not learning necessary life skills like cooking, cleaning, and managing abudget. Others worry that students see college as an opportunity to party all the time,
without parental oversight. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, 40
percent of 18- to 24-year-old Americans had enrolled in college. 3 However, the same source

70

reports that only 64% of students who started a bachelor’s degree in 2014 had completed
their program within 6 years. 4 While there are many reasons for the high rate of failure,widespread cultures of partying, drinking, and drug use on American college campuses
certainly contribute to it.
Another difficulty in attending college in the US and a major cause of student failure75

is the cost. In 2021, the average tuition for private universities was $38,185 per year—not
including room and board. On the other hand, public universities averaged $10,338 forstudents who live in the same state. 5 Private universities tend to be more prestigious, andstudents will take out tens of thousands of dollars in loans to be able to attend them. Bothuniversities and the US government provide financial support for students in need, but many80

graduate heavily in debt. Some students try to save money by attending a two-year
community college first. Students in community college pay for each credit they take andcan transfer those credits to a four-year college to complete a bachelor’s degree. One
saving grace, however, is that student scholarships in the US are like gifts—unlike Japan,
there is no requirement to pay the money back, ever.

3
4

College Enrollment Rates, https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/cpb,05.2022.

Undergraduate Retention and Graduation Rates, https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/ctr/undergrad-retention-graduation,
05.2022.
5
Kerr, Emma; Wood, Sarah, See the Average College Tuition in 2022-2023 https://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/paying-forcollege/articles/paying-for-college-infographic, 12.09.2022.

24

Chunking Practice
次の日本語に相当する表現のかたまり(数字は語数を表す）を、本文から抜き出しましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら日本語を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する英語の表現を言いましょう。

1.

彼らの親元を離れて暮らす（５）2.

大学そのものに入学する（５）3.

彼らが必要な条件を満たしている限り（７）

4.

課外活動（６）

5.

効果的な宣伝方法のひとつ（５）6.

豊富な食材を取りそろえた複数のカフ
ェテリアを誇っている（９）7.

数えきれないほどの商品（５）8.

キャンパス内外の学生寮（６）9.

良質で耐久性のある家具が備え付けの
（５）

10.

ベッドから起き上がり（４）11.

友人と交流する（３）12.

甘やかされる（３）13.

生活に必要なスキル（３）14.

予算を管理すること（３）15.

親の監視なしに（３）16.

私立大学の平均授業料（６）17.

より権威がある傾向がある（５）18.

助けが必要な学生（３）19.

多額の借金を背負った卒業生（５）20.

たった一つの救い（３）21.

返済の必要のない（７）25Vocabulary Practice
定義に当てはまる語を下の語群から選んで書きましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら定義を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する単語を答えましょう。

matriculatesocialize

1.
2.
3.
4.

additional
downsidefacility
criticpurchase
contributea place, socially including buildings,
where a particular activity happens
to spend time people in order to enjoy
yourself
to be formally admitted to study at auniversity or college
someone who give their opinion aboutsomething5.

to buy something

6.

to be one of the reasons
something happens

7.

more than was first mentioned; extra

8.

the disadvantaged or less positive
aspects of something

why

Commenting Practice
下の意見について、下のように１～５で選びましょう。
1: Absolutely no, 2: No, 3: Not sure, 4: Yes, 5: Absolutely yes.
A さんは表を見ながら１つずつ意見を音読し、B さんは何も見ずにそれに対して自分の意見とその理由を述べましょう。

1.

It is very meaningful to go to university.

1 2 3 4 5

2.

Extra-curricular activities are important for university
students.

1 2 3 4 5

3.

It is good to loan money for tuition.

1 2 3 4 5

4.

Students can earn enough money by working parttime.

1 2 3 4 5

5.

Financial situation affect a lot on education in Japan.

1 2 3 4 526

Germany: College Education
ドイツでは、教育制度が他国とは異なる構造になっており、中等教育機関は主に 3 種類あります。ハウプトシューレ、レアルシューレ、ギムナジウムです。
ハウプトシューレ(Hauptschule)は、中等教育学校の最下層に位置する学校です。ハウプ
トシューレは、実用的で職業的なスキルに重点を置き、大学での教育を必要としない職業に就くための準備として設計されています。ハウプトシューレでは、ドイツ語、数学、社会科、体育などの科目で基礎教育を受けます。
レアルシューレ (Realschule) は、中等教育学校の中間レベルです。レアルシューレでは、
職業や技術的なキャリア、さらに学問を学ぶための準備に重点を置いています。英語、自然科学、経済学など、より広範な教育を受けることができます。
ギムナジウム (Gymnasium) は、中等教育機関の最高レベルです。ギムナジウムは、大学レベルの学習やより高度な教育を必要とする職業に就くための準備に重点を置いています。
ギムナジウムの生徒は、総合的な教育を受けることができます。

27

Germany: Education in Germany Listening Text
In

Germany,

there's

been

a

lot

of

talk

about

somethingcalled"Akademisierungswahn," which means a strong push towards everyone going to university.
Over the past 20 years, the number of students graduating from Gymnasium, which is likecollege preparatory school, has almost doubled. Some people wonder if this trend should
5

continue and if university should become the norm for everyone, like it is in other European
countries.Critics worry that because more students are going to Gymnasium and university,
the quality of education is dropping. This means that more students are entering the job
market with higher education, while jobs that used to be for students from other types ofschools are being overlooked. This can make it harder for students from those schools to

10find work.
But let's go back to the beginning of the problem: the primary school
recommendation. This is a big decision for many kids because it can affect their future for along time. In Germany, after primary school, students have to choose which type of
secondary school to attend. There are three main types: Hauptschule, Realschule, and15

Gymnasium. Hauptschule is more practical and prepares students for vocational training.
Realschule is also for vocational training but at a higher academic level. Gymnasium is thehighest level and prepares students for university.Parents have to decide which school isbest for their child around the fourth grade. More and more are choosing Gymnasium
because they think it gives their child the best chance for a good job in the future. Some20

people think there should be a mandatory recommendation from primary schools to help
parents decide. In the past, this was common practice. Teachers would look at a student's
grades, abilities, and character to decide which school they should go to next.
But this method isn't perfect. Parents often want what's best for their child and may
not agree with the teacher's recommendation. Critics say this is one reason why more

25

students are going to Gymnasium now. However, teachers can't be completely objective
either. They only see a student for a short time and might not know about their home life orhave biases. So, what's the solution? It's hard to say. But one idea is to give parents betteradvice so they can make informed decisions. Another important thing is to show parents thedifferent options available and how students can switch between schools if needed. This30

brings us back to the bigger issue of everyone going to university. Critics worry about thequality of education dropping and more students dropping out. But instead of limiting thenumber of students, maybe we should focus on providing better support and guidance tohelp all students succeed, no matter which path they choose.
28Germany: Education in Germany"Akademisierungswahn" ("academisation mania") is the catchword that has beenused in Germany for decades to discuss the current school system in a highly controversial
way. The number of Gymnasium, or college preparatory school, graduates has almost
doubled in the last 20 years. Should university studies be the norm in the future, as in other5

European countries? Critics claim that the standard at schools and universities is falling
dramatically due to the higher numbers of pupils and students. As a result, more students
graduate Gymnasium, Germany’s highest school track, and are entering the job training
market previously dominated by Hauptschule and Realschule; higher education anduniversities are overflowing, while pupils with lower education have a harder time finding

10

employment. No judgement shall be made here about the accuracy of these theses. To
survey the entire discourse would easily go beyond the scope of this text, but a look at theearliest aspect of the problem should be interesting. After all, for many children the "primaryschool recommendation" represents the first major break in their lives, which in some cases
influences them for a long time.

15

So, what is this primary school recommendation? For this purpose, let's take a brieflook at the education system, which in Germany is a matter for the federal states and usually
includes free education. After pre-school facilities such as kindergartens, German pupils
attend primary school (grades 1-4). Compulsory schooling begins at the age of six. After
grade 4, the child switches to one of three types of education. The types of school in

20

Germany vary from state to state, but the core build the Hauptschul-, Realschul- andGymnasium strands of education. The Hauptschule is the most practical route and prepares
pupils for vocational training. After finishing school, after the 9th or 10th grade, pupils are
expected to visit a vocational school. This next type of school is the Realschule. This is also
intended for vocational training after 10th grade and teaches at a higher academic level25

than the Hauptschule. The highest form of school is a Gymnasium, which prepares students
for higher education. After 12 years, students earn the Abitur (similar to A-levels in GB) by
passing an oral and written examination. Every student with an Abitur from a Gymnasium
must be admitted to a German university, but there is no guarantee of a course of study.
So where should a child go after primary school? At the beginning of the fourth30school year, parents have to decide. More and more are opting for the Gymnasium, notleast because some believe that children have to take the Abitur to have good chances on
the job market. For this reason, the reintroduction of a binding primary school
recommendation has been discussed in some federal states for years. Here, the primaryschools determine which secondary schools the fourth graders attend. Until about 20 years
29

35

ago, this was the standard. The teachers looked at the pupils' aptitude, grades and characterand determined their further path in life. But how fair is this method? As parents presumably
only want the best for their children and view them more positively than the reality, they
have the reputation to override non-binding recommendations. This is a reason that critics
see non-binding recommendations as a core reason for the increasing number of high40

school graduates. On the other hand, it is not as if teachers can be 100% objective. They
only see a pupil for a limited time, know nothing about the learning conditions at home andmay have prejudices, although of course this should not happen.
The pressure to perform and the stress of pupils increases if teachers are the soledeciders. So, what to do? There will never be a fair solution that makes all sides happy.

45

Academisation is a development that will proceed, as many apprenticeship professions also
require a higher level of education. The best solution seems twofold. On the one hand,parents must be well advised so that they can make a good decision in the interest of theirchildren. On the other hand, even more important is to educate them about the methods
that the state has created to guarantee an increased permeability between the schools. Only

50

like that, schools can cover alternative development paths.
This brings us full circle to the debate on academisation. If the drop-out rates atuniversities and the declining quality of education are criticized, the counter-question arises
as to why this has to be synonymous with more students? Dropout rates also exist in
apprenticeships, and it is the task of the education providers to prevent a decline in the

55

quality of education. Rather, as with the primary school recommendation, counselling offers
should be promoted, and the opportunity grasped to obtain interested and motivatedstudents who would have fallen through the cracks in the old ways.

30

Chunking Practice
次の日本語に相当する表現のかたまり(数字は語数を表す）を、本文から抜き出しましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら日本語を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する英語の表現を言いましょう。

1.

おおいに議論されて（５）2.

ここ２０年でほぼ倍増し（８）3.

当たり前になる（３）4.

ここでは判断しない（６）5.

人生における最初の分岐点（７）6.

連邦政府の管轄（６）7.

６歳で始まる義務教育（８）8.

職業訓練に備える（４）9.

ドイツの大学に入学することが許可される（６）

10.

保障されない（４）11.

Gymnasium を選ぶ人がどんどん増え
る（８）

12.

生徒の適正、成績、性格（６）13.

現実よりも肯定的に見ている（５）14.

拘束力にない推薦を覆す（３）15.

より高いレベルの教育を必要とする
（６）

16.

良い決断をする（４）17.

学校間の編入を容易にしたこと
（６）

18.

代替的な進路を提供する（４）19.

隙間からこぼれ落ちてしまうであろ
う（６）

31

Vocabulary Practice
定義に当てはまる語を下の語群から選んで書きましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら定義を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する単語を答えましょう。

compulsory
prejudice

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

vocationalsole

aptitudeapprentice

objective
synonymous

providing knowledge and skills that
prepare someone for a particular job
based on real facts and not influenced bypersonal beliefs or feelings
an unfair and unreasonable opinion or
feeling, especially because of lack ofthought or knowledge
mandatory; something you must do it
because of a rule or law
someone who works for a skilled person
for a particular period of time, in order tolearn that person’s skills

6.

having the same meaning

7.

a natural ability or skill

8.

being one only; single

Commenting Practice
下の意見について、下のように１～５で選びましょう。
1: Absolutely no, 2: No, 3: Not sure, 4: Yes, 5: Absolutely yes.
A さんは表を見ながら１つずつ意見を音読し、B さんは何も見ずにそれに対して自分の意見とその理由を述べましょう。

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5

32

Young children can make a right decision for their
future.
Elementary school teachers can make a better
choices for their pupils.
Parents should involve into children’s decision
making.
People should be able change their educational
path freely.
More people should get higher education today.

1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5

Unit 3:
Shopping

33

Shopping
ショッピングと消費主義は、現代社会において重要な役割を果たし、経済だけでなく文化や社会関係にも影響を及ぼしています。消費主義とは、財やサービスを獲得し消費することが、幸福や社会的地位を得るための重要な要素であると考えることです。買い物をするという行為は、個人と社会全体に影響を与える文化現象となっています。
消費主義は、しばしば資本主義経済と関連しており、そこでは、商品やサービスを販売することが企業の主要な目的となっています。このような経済では、広告やマーケティングが、しばしば消費者の欲望や感情を操作して、商品を購入するように説得する上で重要な役割を果たします。例えば、広告キャンペーンでは、説得力のある言葉やイメージを用いて切迫感を演出し、実際に必要な以上の商品を購入するよう促すことがあります。
ある社会におけるショッピングや消費主義の役割を研究する留学生は、その社会の文化や価値観について貴重な知見を得ることができます。消費主義は普遍的な現象ですが、その現れ方や影響は文化的、経済的、歴史的な背景によって様々です。
留学生は、研究を通じて、消費主義がどのように異なる社会を形成し、人々のアイ
デンティティ、社会関係、価値観にどのような影響を与えるかを理解することがで
きます。

34

US: Shopping
このユニットで米国における買い物文化を歴史的な観点から紹介します。無論、短文では詳細に記す余裕がありませんが、大まかな流れを描写しています。歴史的な物語なので、７０年代から少しずつ現在まで、段落毎に追っていく構成になっています。
いいかどうかは別にして、米国も日本も消費者社会になっています。たった８０
年か１００年を遡ると両方の消費文化の要素が全く違っていました。ことさら田舎
では「消費者」という自己認識がおそらく全くなかったでしょう。ということで、今回の文章は消費者社会における買い物に限定していることを予め理解する必要があります。
そして消費者社会においても、時代とともに消費習慣が変化していきます。消費者の好みもあれば、企業の企画もあります。この二項対立の中で、娯楽としてのお買い物と企業の利益を最高化する戦略が常に引っ張り合いをしています。その観点から読んでいくと、誰が引っ張り合いで勝っているか、誰のために文化が変化していっているのか、考察するとよいでしょう。

35

US: Changing Consumer Culture in the US Listening Text
Shopping is an important part of US culture. Shopping is often a social activity,
entertainment, and a way of creating your identity. A lot has changed over the past 40 years
in how, where, and why Americans shop.
In the 1970s and ‘80s, small stores called “boutiques” were popular. However, in the5

1990s, large companies started building “big box stores.” These stores sold one type of
product, like electronics or sporting goods. They had low prices, and drove many small
shops out of business. Now, online shopping is hurting the big box stores.
Online shopping is not very new. Shopping by mail has a long history. The Sears
Catalog, which sold everything by mail, was very popular. Online shopping started in the10

1990s, and has grown since. 2022 was the first year when consumers spent more than
$1,000,000,000 online.
One type of store that is still popular is the large discount retailer. They are like supersized big box stores. Instead of selling one category of product, they sell everything. They
focus on selling lots of cheap things. They get customers to buy everything they need all in

15

one place. You can buy things for your car, baby clothes, computers, and toys all in the samestore. They even sell food. It is hard for small businesses to compete. When small storesclose, more and more people must shop at these discount stores.
Convenience and saving money are constant themes in US shopping. In a “carculture” like the USA, people often buy 1-2 weeks of food at once. Americans also buy “value

20

packs,” buying large-sized items. If you have storage room, you can usually get a cheaper
price by buying lots at the same time. This combines convenience and savings. Additionally,
Americans use credit cards and debit cards a lot. It more convenient and safer than walking
around with lots of money.
On the other hand, the pursuit of value and convenience has some problems. First,

25

many people spend too much money with credit cards. In fact, scientists say that people
spend less money when seeing dollar bills leave their hand than when using a credit card.
Also, the US economy is relies on cheap products from other countries. Americancompanies often cannot compete with foreign companies who pay workers very little. Thatmeans that a lot of American dollars go to other countries. Often, the money goes to30companies which do not pay their workers well or keep them safe. Finally, the rise of online
shopping has also increased the amount of cardboard and other packaging waste. Simply,
convenience always comes with a cost.
36

US: Changing Consumer Culture in the US
Shopping has been an important part of culture in the US for a very long time,
especially for young people. In a consumer society, shopping is often a social activity, a formof entertainment, and a method of creating one’s identity. A lot has changed over the past
40 years in how, where, and why Americans shop, and there may be some interesting5

differences from Japan.
There are some interesting historical shopping trends. In the 1970s and ‘80s, small
specialty stores called “boutiques” were popular. However, in the 1990s, large corporations
started building “big box stores.” These were giant stores selling one type of product, likeelectronics or sporting goods. These stores had lower prices and more inventory than the10boutiques, and drove many out of business. Now, online shopping has begun to put many
big box stores out of business. Online shopping is not a very new concept. Shopping by
mail has a long history. In fact, flipping through the huge Sears Catalog, which seemed tosell everything, used to be a national pastime, especially before Christmas. 1 Online
shopping first began in the mid-1990s, and has grown exponentially since: according to the15

National Retailer’s Federation, 2022 will be the first year when consumers spend more than
$1,000,000,000 online. 2 This means that fewer and fewer people shop as a public, social
activity. In fact, so many giant shopping malls have been left empty that some adventurous
photographers have started exploring the creepy, empty spaces. 3 One type of physicalstore seems like it is here to stay: large discount retailers. Several such chains exist in the US,20

and they are like super-powered big box stores. Instead of specializing in a single categoryof goods, they sell everything. They focus on selling a high volume of cheap goods, and do
so by getting customers to buy everything they need all in one place. You can buy car
accessories, baby clothes, hardware, electronics, and toys all in the same store. They evensell food. They make it very difficult for small businesses to compete, and so many people

25

dislike using them. At the same time, however, less competition means that more and more
people are shopping at these discount stores.
The history of shopping in the US seems to continually pursue convenience and costeffectiveness. For example, instead of traveling to four different boutique electronics stores
to compare products, with big box stores you could compare all of the electronics in one

30

place. Now, with discount retailers, you can buy electronics in the same store as gardening

1

For an example, see: The Internet Archive,Sears 1970, https://archive.org/details/1970-sears-christmas-wish-book_202208.

2 U.S. consumers to spend record $1 trillion online in 2022 – report, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-consumers-spend-record-1-

trillion-online-2022-report-2022-03-15/, 16.03.2023.
3 Cattley, Alice, In pictures: America's eeriest abandoned shopping malls, https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/in-pictures-america-seeriest-abandoned-shopping-malls/ss-AA113uzb, 25.08.2022.

37

equipment, school supplies, and groceries. Otherwise, you might just buy everything froman online discount retailer and save yourself the trip. Convenience and savings are athrough-line of the history of US consumerism. Of course, this is an over-generalization, but
in a “car culture” like the US, it is often easier to shop for 1-2 weeks worth of food or other35

items than to go out every other day. Americans also tend to buy “value packs”—that means
buying in bulk. If you have room to store extra dry goods—items that won’t go bad—you canusually get a cheaper price by buying lots at the same time. This combines convenience andsavings. Additionally, Americans use credit cards and debit cards for almost all purchases.
It more convenient and safer than walking around with lots of cash, and many credit cards

40

offer rewards like a percentage of “cash back” or airline miles. If you plan well, a credit card
can actually provide a lot of value.
On the other hand, the pursuit of value and convenience has a darker side. First ofall, many people overspend with credit cards and end up in debt. In fact, there is
psychological evidence that people feel more “pain of paying” when they see dollar bills

45

leaving their wallet than when invisibly transferring money from a plastic credit card. 4 This
makes it much easier to spend money you shouldn’t. Also, the US economy is heavily reliant
on importing cheap goods from other countries. American companies often cannot
compete with low-wage foreign competition. That means that discount retailers send a lotof American dollars overseas, often to companies which do not pay their workers a decent

50

wage or provide for their safety. Finally, the rise of online shopping has also dramaticallyincreased the amount of cardboard and other packaging waste. In a word, conveniencealways comes with a cost.

4

Dholakia, Utpal , Does It Matter Whether You Pay With Cash Or A Credit Card?, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-sciencebehind-behavior/201607/does-it-matter-whether-you-pay-cash-or-credit-card, 11.07.2016.

38

Chunking Practice
次の日本語に相当する表現のかたまり(数字は語数を表す）を、本文から抜き出しましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら日本語を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する英語の表現を言いましょう。

1.

重要な文化の一部（５）2.

消費社会では（４）3.

娯楽のひとつである（４）4.

自分のアイデンティティをつくる
方法（６）

5.

大型量販店（３）6.

より低価格でより在庫がおおい（５）7.

それら（大型店）を廃業に追い込んだ（５）8.

国民的娯楽であった（６）9.

飛躍的に成長した（３）10.

空のままになっている（４）

11.
12.
13.
14.

それ（物理的な店舗）がこれからも存在する（５）
一つの商品カテゴリーに特化するのではなく（９）
利便性とコストパフォーマンスを追求し続ける（５）
全てを一か所で比較することができる（６*）

15.

店まで足を運ぶ手間を省く（４）16.

歴史の中に貫かれている（５）17.

1～2 週間分の食料を買い込む（７）18.

まとめ買い（３）19.

便利さと節約を兼ね備える（４）20.

多くのクレジットカードは特典を提供する（５）21.

借金を負ってしまう（４）22.

より「支払いの痛み」を感じる（５）23.

労働者に適切な賃金を支払う（６）24.

段ボールやその他の梱包材の廃棄物量（８）

5

39

Vocabulary Practice
定義に当てはまる語を下の語群から選んで書きましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら定義を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する単語を答えましょう。。

boutique
save

1.
2.
3.
4.

retailerpursuitconveniencetransfer

the action of trying to get something
the quality of being useful, easy, or
suitablea person or business that sells goods tothe public
a small business that sells a particular
product or service

5.

to avoid using or spending

6.

good value for the amount of money paid

7.
8.

cost-effectivenesswage

to move from one place or place toanothera fixed regular payment earned for workor service

Commenting Practice
下の意見について、下のように１～５で選びましょう。
1: Absolutely no, 2: No, 3: Not sure, 4: Yes, 5: Absolutely yes.
A さんは表を見ながら１つずつ意見を音読し、B さんは何も見ずにそれに対して自分の意見とその理由を述べましょう。

1.

I like shopping in the physical shops.

1 2 3 4 52.

I prefer to pay cash.

1 2 3 4 5

3.

I keep a record the money of I spend.

1 2 3 4 5

4.

I think the minimum wage is reasonable.

1 2 3 4 55.

College students should work part time

1 2 3 4 540

Germany: Shopping
ディスカウント・グロサー（格安食料品店） Lebensmitteldiscounter
ディスカウント・グロサーは、従来のスーパーマーケットよりも低価格で商品を提供する食料品店の一種です。通常、生鮮食品、肉、乳製品などの基本的な必需品を中心に、限られた品揃えで販売しています。また、プライベートブランドやストア
ブランド商品を扱うことが多く、一般的に有名ブランド商品よりも安価です。
ディスカウント・グロッカーは、広告、店舗のレイアウトやデザイン、顧客サービ
スなどの間接費を削減することで、従来のスーパーマーケットよりも低価格で販売できるため、食料品代を節約した消費者に人気です。
ルースグッズ（量り売り） Lose Ware
ルースグッズとは、包装や梱包をせずに販売される商品のことを指します。これらの商品は、通常、購入時にお客様ごとに重さを量ったり、計量したりします。例えば、野菜や果物などの生鮮食品、ナッツや穀物など。さらに、注文を受けてからス
ライスやカットをする肉やチーズなどがこれにあたります。

41

Germany: Stinginess is Cool Listening Text
"Stinginess is cool" was a popular slogan on German TV screens at the start of the
2000s. It was created as an ad campaign for the electronics store Saturn and really sums up
how German shopping has changed.
One of the earliest examples of this change can be seen with Aldi, a discount grocer.
5

It started as a small corner store in Essen in 1913. But things changed when the Albrecht
brothers took over. They started offering basic supplies at low prices, with a small selection
and fewer staff. People loved the cheap prices, and Aldi grew fast.
While other stores focused on being friendly and helpful, the discount model took
off in Germany. Discounters offered fewer products, kept things simple, and sold items

10straight from shipping boxes. Cashiers had to be quick, and if they weren't needed at theregister, they had to help out in the store. This efficiency meant lower prices for customers,
especially appealing to those with less money.
With the Euro introduced in 2002, prices rose, and the "Stinginess is cool" mentality
got even stronger. People saw saving money as a fun challenge, not just a necessity.

15

Bargains and low prices became normal, and saving money became a national hobby.
People went to great lengths for discounts. Price wars led to lower prices in Germany
compared to other countries. Customers paid as little as 49 cents for a liter of milk. But thishurt traditional retailers, and many stores closed as people shifted to shopping online.
The rise of the internet changed everything. Why go to stores when you can get

20things cheaper online? Even big stores like Saturn and Media Markt suffered. People would
check out items in person, then buy them online to save a few euros. This meant lessbusiness for city center stores, and many closed down. Downtown areas suffered, affecting
tourism and restaurants.
In the 2010s, cities had to come up with new plans for downtown areas. They had to25

show people the downsides of being too stingy and try to save the local economy. But withthe pandemic, many plans were put on hold, and we'll have to wait to see how things turn
out.

42

Germany: Stinginess is Cool
"Geiz ist geil" ("Stinginess is cool") sounded thousands of times from Germany's TV
sets at the beginning of the millennium. Developed as a simple advertising campaign for
the electronics discounter Saturn, no slogan better describes the development of German
shopping culture than this one.
5

One of the earliest origins can be found in the discount grocer Aldi, which has its
origins in a small grocery store in Essen and today split into two globally operatingcompanies, separated by region. Founded in 1913 as corner store, i.e. a store with a service
counter and loose goods. This represents the typical German supermarket concept before
the second world war. Its significance changed when the brothers Karl and Theo Albrecht

10

took over the business. In the context of food shortages in the post-war period, they
developed a concept of stores with basic supplies at low prices. Small selection andreduced number of employees allowed cheap prices for customers, who were only too
happy to accept this and allowed rapid expansion.
While other stores emphasized customer friendliness and service, the discounter15

principle developed at breakneck speed in Germany. Discounter means in this case therenouncement of a broad assortment as well as easily perishable goods. The stores were
kept very simple, and the goods are offered directly from the shipping cartons. Cashiers
had to have prices in their heads and be able to enter them quickly into the register toreduce waiting time. If the cash register was not needed, the employee had to take care of20

the store. Idle time is not appreciated in this concept. “Time is money”, a fact which you cansee in a race which developed between cashiers entering merchandise and the customer
bagging the scanned items to make room. The price advantages were passed on to thecustomer and this concept was particularly popular with the poorer sections of the
population, so that many stores adopted these ideas and principles or adapted them to25

their concept.
But let's finally get to the " Stinginess is cool " mentality. As described, stores like Aldi
laid the breeding ground for discounters and accustomed the German population to thisconcept. With the introduction of the Euro in 2002 came the accompanying perceived andreal inflation and Saturn's new slogan, and it would fundamentally change business. Who30

needs service and contact with people when you can get something cheaper? The decadeof bargains, permanent low prices and exclusive offers began. Saving was not only a survival
strategy for the poorer parts of the population, but all of Germany began to see "stinginess"
as a popular sport.
43

People went to great lengths for a few euros discount. Price comparisons led to an
35

incomparable price war, which can be seen from the fact that Germany paid far less forgroceries than other European countries for a long time. The resulting price war was goodfor customers, who paid for example as little as 49 cents (60 yen) for a liter of milk. Chains
flooded the city centers and the established retail trade could no longer hold on. One city
center began to resemble another; the flair was lost. What no one expected at the time was40

the blossoming of the Internet.
The Internet changed many things. Why go to stores when everything is cheaper on
the Internet? Saturn and Media Markt, two of the biggest proponents of the “cheap at all
costs principle”, were also its first victims. The customers moved on. Looking at the desired
object once in person is one thing, but afterwards you can still save a few euros online.

45

Suddenly, discounters in the city centers had to cut back and many stores closed. Outsideof larger city shopping centers, many downtowns slowly died and even the larger shopping
centers are not doing well. Now you might ask where is the problem in this development?
The death of downtowns is taking a toll on tourist numbers, restaurant business, and manyother areas. Accordingly, in the 2010s, the cities were forced to develop new concepts for50

the city centers, to explain the disadvantages of stinginess mentality to the population andto save the economy in the cities. No one can say today whether this would have succeeded,because Corona stopped many plans and only in a few years will the development be seen.

44

Chunking Practice
次の日本語に相当する表現のかたまり(数字は語数を表す）を、本文から抜き出しましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら日本語を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する英語の表現を言いましょう。

1.

節約はクールだ（３）2.

2000 年代初頭（６）3.

格安食料品店（２）4.

ばら売り商品（２）5.

事業を引き継いだ（４）6.

基本的生活用品を低価格で（５）7.

大変好評で（６）8.

急速な（事業）拡大を可能にした（３）

9.

猛烈な勢いで（３）10.

傷みやすい商品（３）11.

待ち時間を減らすために（３）12.

無駄な時間は許されない（５）13.

お客様に還元される（６）14.

格安店の温床となった（６）15.

中心街にはチェーンが乱立し（５）16.

既存の小売店（４）17.

立ちいかなくなった（５）18.

“安かろう悪かろう”（５）19.

実際に（２）

20.

数ユーロ節約する（４）21.

縮小を余儀なくされる（４）22.

観光客数に悪影響を与える（６）23.

けちけち精神の負の影響（５）45Vocabulary Practice
定義に当てはまる語を下の語群から選んで書きましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら定義を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する単語を答えましょう。

1.
2.
3.

stinginessexpansion

renouncement

merchandise

accustomed

resemble

proponent

principle

giving up something formallythe increase of something in size,
number, or importancea person who speaks publicly in support
of a particular idea or plan of action

4.

unwillingness to spend money5.

a basic idea or rule that explains orcontrols how something happens or
works

6.

goods that are bought and sold7.

to look like or be like someone orsomething

8.

familiar with something

Commenting Practice
下の意見について、下のように１～５で選びましょう。
1: Absolutely no, 2: No, 3: Not sure, 4: Yes, 5: Absolutely yes.
A さんは表を見ながら１つずつ意見を音読し、B さんは何も見ずにそれに対して自分の意見とその理由を述べましょう。

1.

I like shopping in the discount shops.

1 2 3 4 52.

I like shopping in the second-hand shops.

1 2 3 4 5

3.

I often use online shopping.

1 2 3 4 5

4.

I like shopping in the small local shops.

1 2 3 4 55.

A big shopping mall should be in the city center.

1 2 3 4 55

46

Unit 4:
Transportation47

Transportation Introduction
交通は現代社会の基盤であり、その歴史、変遷を知ることで、文化や価値観について多くのことを明らかにすることができます。
ある文化圏の交通システムを知ることで、その社会が何に最も価値を置いているか、優先順位を明らかにすることができます。例えば、公共交通機関が発達している都市では、個人で車を所有することよりも、アクセスの良さや持続可能性を優先しているかもしれません。一方、高速道路や自動車インフラに多額の投資を行う文化圏では、個人の自由や利便性を優先する可能性があります。
さらには、社会構造を反映することもあるでしょう。ある文化では、所有する車は地位や富の象徴とみなされます。一方、公共交通機関は、異なる経済的背景を持
つ人々が街中を同じように快適に移動できるよう、社会的公平性を促進する手段であると考えられている文化圏もある。
交通手段の選択のしかたで、その文化の環境に対する考え方も見えてきますし、
将来的にどのような都市計画をするか、その国の戦略を反映することもあります。
留学生にとって、交通機関を知ることが、新しい文化に接ついて多くの情報をもたらしてくれます。

48

US: Transportation
米国はよく車社会だといわれています。車社会だからこそ出来上がった文化習慣があります。ところが、このユニットでは、車というよりも電車と飛行機を中心にして書いてあります。日本もヨーロッパも、電車が綺麗で効率的で経済的だというイメージが固まっているのですが、米国の電車はいかがでしょうか。イメージがな
いかもしれません。あるとすれば、おそらく否定的なイメージでしょう。しかし米国における電車文化は大切な役割を果たしており、また歴史的に優雅な時代もありました。
電車に加えてまた飛行機を取り上げます。米国の国土の広さから、飛行機が旅行や出張に不可欠だと考える人が少なくありません。これは日本と大きな違いでしょう。しかし近年、飛行機に乗るまでの手間が増加する一方であり、大変時間を要します。
最後に、忘れがちな最も重要な移動方法、つまり日常的な車以外の方法に触れます。自転車、そして地下鉄や他の交通運転制度が特に都会の中で人々の生活に大きな影響を与えます。といってもやはり車のイメージがまだ強いかもしれません。車社会をどう評価するでしょうか。

49

US: Trains, Planes, and Automobiles Listening Text
America is often called a car society. 76% of Americans went to work by car in 2021.
Going out for a drive on the weekend with no goal in mind used to be popular, too.
Americans also like “road trips,” driving across whole country with family or friends. Thesecan be planned, or they can be free. Traveling by car gives the freedom to your schedule5

easily. Still, cars are not the only way people travel.
Trains have been important in many countries around the world. After coming to the
US in the early 1800s, they became the main way to transport things between cities. Trains
continue transporting everything today. Of course, trains also carry people. Historically,
trains had a very special image. The Oriental Express was a famous fancy train. In 1867,

10

George M. Pullman tried to copy it in the US. He made the famous “pullman cars,” whichwere like hotels and had electric lights and beds. Although pullman cars ended in 1969
because of car culture, they are still an important part of US transportation history.
When people think about travel today, they probably think of airplanes. They are
expensive and uncomfortable. Still, considering time, money, and bags, airplanes are often

15

the best way to travel far. This is important, because the United States is a big country. Your
destination might be more than 10 or 20 hours away by car.
The airline industry has changed recently because of security concerns. Getting on
an airplane used to be very easy. After the attacks on September 11, 2001, airports started
using machines to check bags and people for weapons. Soon after 9/11, the “shoe bomber”

20

hid weapons in his shoes. As a result, you now have to take off your shoes before going on
an airplane. The government also started putting police on flights. This has scared somepeople and annoyed lots of others. Actually, a 2015 report found that airport security missed
95% of the weapons and explosives during tests. On the other hand, 3,200 guns were taken
by airport security in 2020, so maybe it is working.

25

Of course, Americans walk and ride bicycles, too. This saves money and is good
exercise. Public transportation is also important. People go to work every day on buses,
subways, and light rail. Buses are a cheap option in every city. Chicago has the “L,” a trainraised above the city streets. Other cities have modern rail systems that are cheap, fast, andreliable.

50

US: Trains, Planes, and Automobiles
America is often said to be an automobile society: Americans drive for both workand pleasure. A whopping 76% of Americans in 2021 commuted to work by car—down
almost ten points from 2019, before the Coronavirus pandemic. 1 On the other hand, thepractice of a “Sunday drive”—going out for a leisurely drive on the weekend with no5

particular destination in mind—used to be so popular that there is a Wikipedia entry about
it. Another popular diversion is the “road trip,” taken across multiple states or the wholecountry, either with family or friends. These can take a lot of planning, but many people justlike to “wing it” and figure out the details on the way. Traveling by car offers the freedom tochange one’s destination and schedule on a whim. That said, cars are far from the only way

10

people move around the country.
Trains have been important for modernization in many countries around the world.
Within 50 years of their introduction to the US in the early 1800s, they replaced rivers andcanals—artificial rivers—as the main method of transporting goods between cities. 2 Trains
continue transporting everything from consumer goods to oil today. Of course, trains also

15

carry people. While Americans today often think of lumbering freight cars or the cheap andspartan, quasi-publicly owned Amtrak, historically, trains had a very different image. The
Oriental Express is famous for its luxurious amenities; in 1867, George M. Pullman
attempted to replicate the experience stateside. He did so by designing his famous pullmancars, which were like five-star hotels on wheels, including electric lights and sleeping

20

accommodations. Although his company had to discontinue the pullman car in 1969 due tothe rise of the automobile, the mark it left on American history and travel culture cannot beignored. 3
When people think about long-distance travel today, they are more likely to picture
an airplane than a train. Airplanes can be expensive, and flying economy class is usually not25very comfortable, especially for people with long legs. Still, considering time, money, andluggage, it is often the most realistic way to travel long distances. This is important, because
the United States is a huge country, and one’s destination—be it a business meeting, family
gathering, or vacation destination—could very well be more than 10 or 20 hours away by car.
The airline industry has changed dramatically over the past few decades due to30

security concerns. While getting on an airplane used to be (almost) as easy as walking

1Richter, Felix, Cars Still Dominate the American Commute, https://www.statista.com/chart/18208/means-of-transportation-used-by-uscommuters/, 12.05.2022.
2
Britannica, canals and inland waterways, https://www.britannica.com/technology/canal-waterway/United-States, last checked 10.03.2023.
3
NPS, The Pullman Car Shops , https://www.nps.gov/pull/learn/historyculture/the-pullman-car-shops.htm, last checked 10.03.2023.

51

through a metal detector, security measures grew after the terrorist attacks on the World
Trade Center on September 11, 2001. For example, airports started using sophisticatedmachines to check luggage and deploying millimeter wave advanced imaging technology
to check inside of passengers’ clothing. Soon after 9/11, the infamous “shoe bomber” tried35

to blow up an airplane with explosives hidden in his shoes. As a result, airline passengers
must now remove their shoes for scanning before passing through security. The Federal Air
Marshall Service also began sending armed security guards on flights. These developments
have alarmed privacy and civil rights advocates and annoyed countless passengers, causing
some to ask if it is all worth it. 4 A damaging report in 2015 found that airport security missed

40

95% of the weapons and explosives carried by undercover inspectors, suggesting that all of
the inconveniences are mere “security theater”—systems to make people feel safer,
regardless of their actual effectiveness. On the other hand, defenders point to statistics likethe 3,200 guns seized by airport security in 2020 to prove that it is working. 5
Of course, Americans use many other modes of transportation as well. When the45

weather is fair, many people will opt to walk or ride a bicycle. This saves money and is agood source of exercise. For those who live too far from work or school but do not drive,
public transportation is essential. People commute every day on buses, subways, and lightrail. Buses are present in every city and offer cheap and flexible transportation. The Chicago“L” (from the “el” in “elevated”) is a train system that travels in a “loop” around the main city.

50

Instead of being underground like the New York subway system, the L is raised above thecity streets. Some cities, like Seattle, Washington, have state-of-the-art light rail systems thatare cheap, fast, and reliable.

4

ACLU AIRPORT SECURITY:INCREASED SAFETY NEED NOT COME AT THE EXPENSE OF CIVIL LIBERTIES, https://www.aclu.org/other/airportsecurityincreased-safety-need-not-come-expense-civil-liberties, last checked 10.03.2023.
5
Koenig, David, How 9/11 changed air travel: more security, less privacy, https://apnews.com/article/how-sept-11-changed-flying1ce4dc4282fb47a34c0b61ae09a024f4, 06.09.2021.

52

Chunking Practice
次の日本語に相当する表現のかたまり(数字は語数を表す）を、本文から抜き出しましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら日本語を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する英語の表現を言いましょう。

1.

なんと 76％のアメリカ人（５）2.

10 ポイント近く減少（４）3.

コロナウィルスの大流行（３）4.

目的地も決めずに（６）5.

もう一つの人気の高い気晴らし（３）6.

気まぐれに、自由に（３）7.

消費財から石油まであらゆるもの（６）8.

準公営の（２）9.

アメリカでもその経験を再現しようと試み
た（６）

10.

車輪のついた 5 つ星ホテル（４）11.

列車よりも飛行機を思い描くだろう（９）12.

ビジネスミーティングであれ、家族の集まり、旅行であれ（１０）13.

安全保障上の問題から（２）14.

セキュリティー対策が強化された（３）15.

セキュリティーを通過する前に（４）16.

これらの（セキュリティー対策）の発展（２）

17.

(一方に)不利な報告書（２）18.

武器や爆発物の 95％を見逃した（７）19.

その実効性はともかく（５）20.

天気が良ければ（５）

21.
22.
23.
5

多くの人々は歩くことや、自転車に乗ることを選択する（１０）
公共交通機関は欠かせない存在
である（４）
最新鋭のライトレースシステム（４）53Vocabulary Practice
定義に当てはまる語を下の語群から選んで書きましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら定義を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する単語を答えましょう。

stateside
advocateaccommodation
inconvenience

sophisticated
fair

1.

1. able to trust or believed

2.

2. someone who encourage others to
support an idea

3.

3. a place where travelers can stay4.

4. in the US5.

5. sunny and not raining

6.

6. trouble or problem

7.

7. knowledgeable and well-educatedabout the world, culture, etc.

8.

8. to put something into use

deployreliable

Commenting Practice
下の意見について、下のように１～５で選びましょう。
1: Absolutely no, 2: No, 3: Not sure, 4: Yes, 5: Absolutely yes.
A さんは表を見ながら１つずつ意見を音読し、B さんは何も見ずにそれに対して自分の意見とその理由を述べましょう。

1.

I like to ride a bicycle.

1 2 3 4 52.

I like to travel by train.

1 2 3 4 5

3.

We should use electric cars instead of gasoline cars.

1 2 3 4 5

4.
5.

54

We should have stronger security measures for
Shinkansen trains.
Hirosaki city has convenient public transportation
system.

1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5

Germany: Transportation
アウトバーン, Autobahn
アウトバーンとは、ドイツ語で、同国の連邦高速道路システムを表す言葉です。ドイツ全土に張り巡らされた高速道路網で、主要都市や地域間を迅速かつ効率的に移動することができる。アウトバーンは 1920 年代から 1930 年代にかけて開発され、当初は国の交通インフラを近代化・合理化する方法として考案された。 現在、アウトバーンはドイツの交通システムの重要な一部であり、一部の区間では速度制限がないことでも知られています。アウトバー
ンのほとんどの区間には速度制限が設けられていますが、それでもドライバーが好きなだけ走ることができる区間があります。そのため、アウトバーンは自動車愛好家にとって高速の遊び場であるとの評判がある。
ドライジーネ, Draisine
ドライジーネ は、ダンディホースやランニングマシンとも呼ばれ、19 世紀初頭に発明された初期の自転車である。ペダルやモーターを使わず、足を地面につけて歩く、あるいは走るという動作で推進するように設計されている。

55

Germany: Transportation in the country of cars Listening Text
Germany is known for its sausage, beer, and cars, but it's not just the famous car
brands like BMW, Porsche, Volkswagen, and Mercedes that stand out. The autobahn, ahighway system, is respected worldwide. Here, you can drive as fast as you want in sections
with no speed limit. However, there's a guideline speed of 130 km/h on all motorways,
5

which serves as a recommendation, not a rule. About 20,000 km of the motorway inGermany have no speed limit, making up about 70 percent of the whole network.
But do Germans only drive cars? No, they also have a well-developed train network.
Fast trains like the ICE (Intercity Express) and IC (Inter City) travel quickly between distantplaces, while regional trains stop at smaller towns. However, there are sometimes delays. A

10train is considered on time if it arrives no more than six minutes late for passengers or 16
minutes late for freight. This might not be acceptable in Japan, but it's how things are in
Germany.
Despite some issues, many countries envy Germany's railway network. Students
often travel cheaply, and a recent trial of a 9-euro train ticket showed that people are willing15

to use trains if the prices are good and there's a nearby station.
Another important means of transport for Germans is the bicycle. While Germany
isn't as bike-friendly as neighboring countries like Holland and Denmark, more people areswitching to cycling. Cycling is faster, healthier, and cheaper than driving. The history of thebicycle in Germany dates back to 1817 when Karl Drais introduced his running machine in20

Mannheim. Today, there are around 90 million bicycles in Germany, with 5 million added in2020 alone, 40% of which are e-bikes. The Covid-19 pandemic also encouraged more
people to cycle to avoid public transport.
However, cycling in Germany isn't always straightforward. There are rules about
using cycle paths, but it can be complicated. Roads are managed by different regions, so

25each has its own designations for cycle paths. Some argue about whether cyclists should
use footpaths or roads when there's no cycle path. There are also debates about wearing
helmets, although they're not compulsory for adults in Germany. To improve cycling, thegovernment plans to invest around 1.5 billion euros by 2023 to double cycling in the country.
Until then, cycling remains a healthy and enjoyable way to get around in Germany.

56

Germany: Transportation in the country of cars
Germany: land of sausage, beer and of course cars. But it is not only the German car
brands like BMW, Porsche, Volkswagen and Mercedes that are famous. The autobahn is aterm used with respect all over the world. Here you can drive as fast as you like - at least in
sections where no speed limit is imposed. On all motorways in Germany, the so-called
5

guideline speed of 130 km/h applies. It serves as a recommendation, but not as an
obligation, which is why exceeding the guideline speed is not punished. There is no speed
limit on approximately 20,000 km of motorway in Germany. That makes up about 70 percentof the entire motorway network.
So, do Germans only drive cars? No, a highly developed train network makes

10

travelling from point A to point B comfortable. Fast trains, like the ICE - Intercity Express andIC -Inter City, travel quickly between far-flung places; and regional trains also stop at smaller
towns. Of course, not all that glitters is gold. “A stop is considered punctual if the scheduledarrival time is exceeded by less than six minutes in passenger traffic or by less than 16
minutes in freight traffic.” 1 Such statements would probably not be possible in Japan15

without risking an uprising among users. But the difference in punctuality is easily explained.
Even if it had cost more in the beginning, the Shinkansen in Japan was built on its own tracks
from the start, whereas in Germany the supposedly more efficient option of integrating
high-speed rail into an existing network was often chosen. If a train is delayed, this causes a
series of other delays, and repairs are also more difficult to carry out. But this is complaining

20

at a high level. Many countries would be happy with the German railway network. Students
can often travel cheaply, and a recent trial of a 9-euro train ticket showed that many people
are willing to switch from driving a car to the train if the prices are good and you have astation close by
However, one of the most important means of transport for Germans has still not

25

been mentioned here. The bicycle. Yes, compared to neighboring countries like Holland
and Denmark, Germany is not yet a real cycling country, but more and more people areswitching to cycling. After all, cycling is not only faster, but also healthier and cheaper thandriving. The history of the bicycle began early in Germany. In 1817, Karl Drais presented hisrunning machine (later known as the draisine) in Mannheim. On this running wheel, speeds

30

of about 15 km per hour could be reached and compared to previous running wheels, thisdraisine allowed steering. In the 1850s, the draisine was further developed with crank drives
in Germany, America, and France, before the first prototypes of today's bicycle were seen1

Unsere Ziele, https://ir.deutschebahn.com/de/db-konzern/nachhaltigkeit/unsere-ziele, last check 14.09.2022.

57

in the 1880s. Today there are around 90 million in Germany. In 2020 alone, 5 million bikes
were added, 40% of them e-bikes. 2 No wonder, since Covid-19 made normal travel35

impossible and the risk of contagion on a bike was far lower than on public transport.
But as always in Germany, nothing is as simple as it could be. There must be order,
especially in Germany with its Prussian virtues. A classic example is the compulsory use ofcycle paths. Put simply, if there is a cycle path, it must be used by cyclists of a certain age.
However, it would be too simple to call it a cycle lane. There are cycle streets, approved40

footpaths, cycle lanes, cycle fast lanes and hard shoulders (American English: breakdownlane), just to name a few. Roads are a matter for the federal states and accordingly eachregion has its own designations. If there is no cycle lane, the road should be used. Should?
Yes, should, because no cyclist should be forced to put themselves in danger by following
this rule, and accordingly it is a matter of interpretation whether you are rightfully riding on

45

the footpath or not. There are similar discussions about bicycle helmets. While in some
European countries helmets are compulsory for children or even adults, this is not yet thecase in Germany. Officially, however, the rumor exists and persists. To solve these problems,
the government has decided to promote cycling even more. With the "Cycling Plan 3.0", 3around 1.5 billion euros are to be used to expand the infrastructure by 2023. The goal is to50

double cycling in the country. But even until then, it is important to use the bicycle. It is
healthy, and in a country where cities were developed around the mobility pillars of public
transport, walking and cycling, the latter is simply fun and practical.

2

ZIV: deutscher Fahrrad-Verkauf 2020 knackt 5-Millionen-Marke, https://radmarkt.de/ziv-deutscher-fahrrad-verkauf-2020-knackt-5millionen-marke. 11.03.2021.
3
BMVD, https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/DE/Artikel/StV/Radverkehr/nationaler-radverkehrsplan-3-0.html, last check 14.09.2022.

58

Chunking Practice
次の日本語に相当する表現のかたまり(数字は語数を表す）を、本文から抜き出しましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら日本語を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する英語の表現を言いましょう。

1.

尊敬の念をもって使われる表現（５）2.

速度制限のない（５）3.

推奨であり、義務ではない（９）4.

約２万 km の高速道路に（４）5.

A〜B 地点への移動（７）6.

輝くものが全て金ではない（６）7.

時間通りと見なされる（３）8.

利用者の反乱（４）9.

より効率的と思われる方法（３）10.

高い不満（５）

11.

さらに開発されて（３）12.

現在の自転車の原型（６）13.

感染のリスク（４）14.

何事も簡単には行かない（８）15.

典型的な例（３）16.

数えればきりがない（５）17.

噂は存在し、なかなか消えない
（５）

5

59

Vocabulary Practice
定義に当てはまる語を下の語群から選んで書きましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら定義を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する単語を答えましょう。

apply
switch

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

punishcompulsory

far-flungrightfullypunctuality
expandused to refer to places that are great
distance away
the act of arriving, doing somethingcorrect time ant not late
in a morally or legally correct way
to exchange by replacing one thingwith anotherto make use of something for aparticular purpose
so cause someone who has done
something wrong to suffer
to increase in size, number, or
importanceof something that must be done;
necessary by law or a rule

Commenting Practice
下の意見について、下のように１～５で選びましょう。
1: Absolutely no, 2: No, 3: Not sure, 4: Yes, 5: Absolutely yes.
A さんは表を見ながら１つずつ意見を音読し、B さんは何も見ずにそれに対して自分の意見とその理由を述べましょう。

1.

Japan is a cyclist friendly country.

1 2 3 4 5

2.

Hirosaki has sufficient facility for cyclists.

1 2 3 4 5

3.

Japanese high way is too expensive.

1 2 3 4 5

4.

I prefer driving a car to riding a bicycle.

1 2 3 4 5

5.

Japanese train system is very punctual.

1 2 3 4 560

Unit 5:
Safety/Security

61

Safety/Security Introduction
留学生として、他国で学際には、安全・安心を最優先すべきです。 新しい国に住む外国人として、潜在的な安全リスクを認識し、自分の身を守るための対策を講じることが重要です。夜間の一人歩きは特に慎重に、治安の悪い場所は避ける、現地の習慣や法律に気を配るなどです。
他国の安全や防犯に関する懸念を理解することは、現地の文化や習慣をより深く理解することにつながります。現地の安全基準や規範を理解することで、現地の文化に敬意を表し、現地の人々とより強い関係を築くことができます。

62

US: Safety/Security
どの国でも犯罪や危険がある程度存在するため、その社会の中で暮らすうえで考慮すべきことだと考えられます。このユニットで取り上げられる米国の二つの代表的な社会問題は麻薬と拳銃です。これらは全国的で非常に大きな課題ですが、全国民が日常的に直面している課題だとは限りません。ただし、一般教養として把握す
れば、直接的に遭遇しなくても周りの人々に話が通じるようになるはずです。
米国における麻薬のイメージを理解するには、古くからプロテスタントのキリス
ト教が、どれほど文化を形成していたかを認識する必要があるでしょう。その影響ため、プロテスタントの信者ではなくても、文化的に禁酒・自制の価値観が広く浸透しています。近代化につれて、徐々にアメリカ人が宗教から離れつつあり、価値観も変わってきたので、今となっては多くの人々にとって「麻薬」が「罪」ではなく、「娯楽」の一種として見られるようになっています。ただし、その反面、管理されていない違法な麻薬がまだまだたくさんの人生を奪っています。この文章で道徳とは関係なく、公衆衛生上の危機として描かれています。
最後に拳銃を文化と歴史の文脈において描写します。アメリカ人は嫌でも、文化的な知識として意図せずに拳銃の知識を得ることがあります。そのため、一般教養として拳銃にまつわる文化をある程度知っておくべきだと思われます。また、その銃文化がもたらした数々の問題のうち、最もニュースに取り上げられているのは大量銃殺事件でしょう。

63US: Safety and Security in the United States Listening Text
It is difficult to talk about safety and security in the United States. They are related tothe population and economy, both of which vary across the country. Furthermore, whentalking about safety and security, it is easy to become scared of crime everywhere. If you
focus on it too much, you may feel like nowhere is safe. Therefore, while I will talk about two
5scary topics, they are not a part of every life everywhere in the US. On the other hand,
opioids and mass shootings have taken many lives and caused great harm.
Peoples’ opinions of drugs have been changing. For a long time most drugs wereboth illegal and considered bad or evil. Recently, more and more people agree with drugs
for medicine and for fun. In 1996, California made medical marijuana legal. In 2012,10

Colorado and Washington were the first states to make marijuana legal for fun. More statessoon followed. Many Americans now see marijuana the same as alcohol.
Marijuana is not the only legal drug that has spread. Opioids have been spreading,too. Opioids are a group of drugs including morphine. Morphine has been used as
medicine for pain for more than 100 years. In the 1990s, doctors began giving patients lots

15of oxycodone (an opioid pill). This led to opioid addiction and overdose deaths. Deaths
from opioid overdoses in 2019 were more than four times the deaths twenty years earlier.
In 2020 they increased another 30%. Much of this happens after patients run out of medicine
and they start taking illegal drugs.
Another major safety problem in the US is guns. Gun culture is a big part of the US.

20

Without guns, the first Americans would not have been able to fight to free their country.
The right to own weapons is in the constitution. Gun laws are very different in different states.
Some allow “open carry.” This means that guns may be carried openly in public. “Concealed
carry” means that they must be hidden under clothing. Unfortunately, there is little stopping
someone from buying a weapon in one state and bringing it into another.

25

About 40% of US families own a gun, and there are more guns than people in the
country. One effect of having so many guns is that crime is more deadly. Mass shootings
have become more common over the past twenty years. These include shootings atelementary schools. Children in the US now practice “active shooter drills,” and some havebulletproof backpacks. Half of the population thinks that the solution is a stronger gun

30

culture, so it seems that there will be no national agreement anytime soon.

64US: Safety and Security in the United States
It is difficult to characterize the state of security in the United States in a simple way.
Safety and security are related to population density and economic stability, both of whichvary widely across different regions. Furthermore, when discussing safety and security, it iseasy to succumb to paranoia about crime; in other words, if one focuses on it too much, it
5

may seem like there is danger around every corner. Therefore, while this essay introduces
two potentially scary topics, they should not distort the overall image of everyday life in the
US. However, it cannot be denied that these two issues—opioids and mass shootings—haveclaimed countless lives and caused irreparable harm.
There has been an ongoing cultural shift when it comes to drugs. While for many10

years all manner of drugs (besides nicotine and alcohol) have been not only illegal, but also
highly stigmatized in the US, a growing portion of the population now approves of medical
and recreational drug use. In 1996, California became the first state to legalize medical
marijuana, and in 2009 the Obama administration formally requested the federal
government to not prosecute medical marijuana drug dispensaries (even though marijuana

15

was still against federal law). In 2012, Colorado and Washington became the first states tolegalize recreational marijuana, and more and more states have followed suit. Many
Americans now view marijuana as little different from alcohol.
Marijuana is not the only legal drug that has spread in recent years. Over the past 20
years there has been an explosion in opioid use and related overdoses. Opioids are a family

20

of drugs which include opium, morphine, and heroin. Morphine has been widely used as
pain medication for over a century, and beginning in the 1990s, doctors began prescribing
vast amounts of oxycodone (a pill-form opioid) to patients for managing serious pain. This
led to an increase in opioid addiction and multiple waves of overdose deaths: what theCenter for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has dubbed the ongoing Opioid

25

Overdose Epidemic. Death rates from opioid overdoses in 2019 were more than four times
those of twenty years earlier, and in 2020 they increased another 30%. 1 Many of these
deaths occur after patients’ prescriptions run out and they turn to heroin or other illegal
opioids to feed their addiction. This is a human-made crisis, with money at its core: both
drug manufacturers and many doctors have profited wildly from it.

30

Another major safety issue in the US is guns. Gun culture is deeply embedded in the
country, with proponents pointing to the Revolutionary War (1776-1783) to argue for its
importance. Without guns in the hands of American farmers, they say, Americans would not

1

CDC, Understanding the Opioid Overdose Epidemic, https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/basics/epidemic.html, last checked 10.03.2023.

65

have been able to fight against the British colonial army and create an independent nation.
The right to “bear arms” (own weapons) is therefore enshrined in the constitution. Gun laws
35

vary widely from state to state, regulating everything from mandatory waiting periods forpurchasing firearms, criminal history and background checks, what kinds of guns may besold, and open and concealed carry. “Open carry” means that guns may be carried openly
in public; “concealed carry” means that they must be hidden under one’s clothing. In
general, rural states have laxer gun laws than states with larger cities, but there is nothing40

stopping a dangerous person from buying a weapon in one state and bringing it intoanother one.
About 40% of US households own a gun, and there are more guns than people inthe country. One of the consequences of a society with such an excess of guns is increasingly
deadly violent crime. While there is no standard definition for “mass shooting,” shootings in45

which four or more people perish have grown in frequency over the past twenty years. 2
These include school shootings, such as shootings in Sandy Hook Elementary School in2012 and Robb Elementary School in Uvalde Texas in 2022. Children in the US now have“active shooter drills” alongside traditional fire drills, and some carry bulletproof backpacks.
But when half of the population seems to think that what the country needs is even more

50

guns and a stronger gun culture, it seems that a national resolution of the problem is a longway off.

2

Berkowitz,
Bonnie;Alcantara,
Chris,
The
terriblenumbers
that
grow
https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/national/mass-shootings-in-america/, 12.05.2021

66

with

each

mass

shooting,

Chunking Practice
次の日本語に相当する表現のかたまり(数字は語数を表す）を、本文から抜き出しましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら日本語を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する英語の表現を言いましょう。

1.

安心・安全（３）2.

至る所に危険がある（６）3.

日常生活の全体像（６）4.

今まさに起こっている文化の変
化（４）

5.

あらゆる種類の薬物（４）6.

医療用や娯楽用の薬物使用（５）7.

連邦法違反（３）8.

追随している（３）9.

オピオイドの使用が激増した
（５）

10.

オピオイド中毒の増加（５）11.

中毒症状を満たすために（４）12.

この国に深く根ざしている
（６）

13.

武器を持つ権利（５）14.

州によって大きく異なる（６）15.

銃乱射事件に定まった定義はな
いが（６）

16.

従来の火災訓練と並んで（４）17.

この問題の国家的解決（６）567Vocabulary Practice
定義に当てはまる語を下の語群から選んで書きましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら定義を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する単語を答えましょう。

density irreparable
legalize
prescribe proponent enshrined1.

to keep something as if in a holy place2.

(of a doctor) to say what medical treatment
someone should have3.

to allow something by law

4.
5.

prosecuteperisha person who speaks publicly in support ofa particular idea
the number of people or things in a placewhen compared with the size of the place6.

impossible to repair or make right again

7.

to die, especially in an accident

8.

to officially accuse someone of committing
a crime in a law court

Commenting Practice
下の意見について、下のように１～５で選びましょう。
1: Absolutely no, 2: No, 3: Not sure, 4: Yes, 5: Absolutely yes.
A さんは表を見ながら１つずつ意見を音読し、B さんは何も見ずにそれに対して自分の意見とその理由を述べましょう。

1.
2.
3.

Guns are an effective way to protect your family.
The Japanese government should allow people toown a gun.
Illegal drug use in Japan is a significant social
proem.

1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5

4.

We should ban smoking and drinking by law.

1 2 3 4 55.

It should be illegal for parents to let children playoutside unattended.

1 2 3 4 568

Germany: Safety/Security
ファンプロジェクト Fanprojekt
ドイツでは、プロサッカークラブのサポーターの間で、ポジティブで責任あるファン文化を促進することを目的としたイニシアティブをファンプロ ジェクトと呼んでいます。ファン
プロジェクトは通常、ドイツ政府から資金援助を受けており、サッカークラブ、ファン、地域団体と密接に協力し、すべてのファンにとって安全で包括的な環境を作り出しています。
ファンプロジェクトの主な目的は、サッカークラブを応援することの社会的・文化的なメリットを広めつつ、ファンの間での暴力やその他のネガティブな行動を防止することです。これには、イベントやワークショップなど、ファンを集め、コミュニティと帰属意識を育む活動の企画も含まれます。また、ファンプロジェクトは、失業、教育、難民や移民の統合など、ファンに関連する社会問題の解決に取り組んでいます。また、個人的な問題に悩むファンに対してカウンセリングやサポートを提供し、若いファンにとっては最初に相談する場所となることも多い。
カッサー ディビジョン, Fußballliga
サッカーでは、通常、ディビジョンとは、その国のプロまたはセミプロのサッカーリーグ
制度内のレベルを指します。各ディビジョンには一定のチーム数があり、チームはシーズン中に一連の試合で互いに競い合います。ディビジョンの数やリーグシステムの構造は、国によって異なることがあります。例えば、ドイツでは、1～3 部リーグがプロサッカーを代表し、4 部以降はセミプロやアマチュアの地域リーグが多数存在する。

69

Germany: Some Thoughts on Safety and Security in Germany
Listening Text
When we talk about staying safe and secure, many people in Europe might think
about the United States first. They often see stories about shooting sports, gangs, and crimein America on their TVs. But what's the situation like in Germany? Well, every country has its
share of violence and crime, especially when alcohol is allowed for people as young as 16
5

and stronger drinks at 18. Alcohol can make people do things they wouldn't normally do,leading to accidents. While there are some gangs in certain German cities, it's not as
widespread as in the US. In fact, Germany is considered one of the safest countries globally.
The number of crimes in Germany has actually gone down in recent years, reaching
the lowest level in a while by 2020. And more crimes are getting solved than ever before. In

10rankings like the Global Peace Index, Germany ranks pretty high for peacefulness andsecurity.
Most of the crimes in Germany are minor, like pickpocketing, although there areoccasional cases of more serious violence. It's important to be cautious, especially incrowded places like festivals where there's a lot of alcohol and relaxed vibes. But speaking

15of festivals, Germans really love them! Events like Oktoberfest and Wacken are famous notjust in Germany, but around the world. However, after a tragic incident at the Love Paradein 2010 where people got hurt, Germany made sure to tighten safety measures for large
events.
Besides festivals, football games are a big deal in Germany. Millions of fans go to20

stadiums every weekend to support their teams. Surprisingly, despite what you might read
online, football matches aren't as dangerous as some other events. How come? Well, a big
reason is the work done with fans. Football fans come from all walks of life, and there areprograms in place to support them and address any issues they might face.
These programs, called fan projects, are like youth and social support centers. They25

offer a safe place for young people to hang out and deal with problems. They even help
connect young people with other groups in the stadium, creating a sense of community andsupport. So, while football matches might seem rowdy, they actually play a part in keeping
people connected and safe.

70Germany: Some Thoughts on Safety and Security in Germany
Safety and security: when thinking of such topics, a reader from Europe would
probably first think of the United States. Shooting sports, gang violence and crime in
America can be seen anywhere on European television. But how does the situation actually
look in Germany? Naturally, violence and crime exist in every country, especially if, as in5

Germany, the consumption of alcohol is permitted from 16, and of stronger drinks from 18.
Alcohol lowers inhibitions, so accidents will inevitably happen at any given time. There are
equally gangs existing in some cities, but never at the level reported in the US. No, on thecontrary, Germany is one of the safest countries in the world. The number of criminal
offences fell by around one million in 2020 compared to 2016, to around 5.3 million. 1This

10

is the lowest level in years, while the proportion of crimes solved reached an all-time high.
In the Global Peace Index, Germany ranked 22nd in peacefulness and 20th in security.
Mostly Germany deals with cases of petty crime, with pickpocketing being the mostcommon offense, although there are also rare cases of violent crime. It is critical to always
stay safe and cautious in crowds and festivals, especially the big ones with their mix of big

15

crowds, lots of alcohol and relaxed atmosphere. These are common places for crime, andone should be careful. But back to massive events. Germans love them and events like
Oktoberfest, Wacken or even the Love Parade are also well-known and popular abroad. It
was the Love Parade that forced Germany to thoroughly revise its concepts and lift safetymeasures to a new level. It was a techno parade that took place annually in Berlin from 198920

to 2003, and from 2007 onwards in various locations. An accident occurred during the Love
Parade 2010, where there were injuries and deaths in a mass stampede. A lack of official
regulations for the planning and approval of events was the cause. Since this event, safety
at large events has once again increased, and the first federal states have set up laws toregulate them.

25

Now, such events only happen once a year, but Germany has another category ofimportant events. The biggest event in the country is the hosting of the national footballleagues. In the first division alone, around 13,000,000 spectators travel to the stadiums of
the republic every weekend to support their teams. Not only home games, but also away
games are popular, and it can happen that even teams in the second division arrive with30

10,000 fans. Frequently you read on foreign websites to avoid stadiums and football fans,

1
Zahl der Straftaten in Deutschland sinkt auf Tiefstand, https://www.n-tv.de/panorama/Zahl-der-Straftaten-in-Deutschland-sinkt-aufTiefstand-article23487708.html, last checked 28.02.2023

71

but in relation to the number of fans attending, football matches are no more, and actuallyrather less dangerous than other events. How did Germany manage that?
Fan work plays a large part in this. Football fans come from the most diverse milieus,
from the unemployed to lawyers, every social group can be found in the stadium and35

support "their club” together. Fan work sees itself as a contact for all fans in order to support
the interests of each group. Football is one of the rallying points for young people and aplace where they can be supported while growing up and their problems are taken seriously.
In 1993, the "National Concept for Sport and Security" therefore formulated that fan projects
should be set up in the first three leagues and in the leagues below if a certain number of40

football fans regularly attend matches.
Fan projects represent a significant form of youth and social work. They are an
independent youth welfare institution and are thus networked in the municipal youth
welfare structures. They are characterized by close and socio-pedagogical access to theactive fan scenes. They provide young people with a meeting point in their free time, but

45also aid them to cope with problems or refer them to specialized agencies and contact
persons. They thus make it possible to reach groups who would otherwise be unable toseek help and have a precautionary effect on the fan scene. This effect can be undoubtedly
seen in the stadiums of the Republic, where the major prevailing "crime" is the firing offireworks in support of the team, which breaks the rules but is supported by large crowds in50

the stadium. What's more, it links young people with other groups in the stadium, educatesparticipants and forms a safety net for young people who might otherwise have gone astray.
Even if the media likes to portray football as dangerous, the ability of sport to integrate
people represents one piece in the big puzzle of security in Germany. All things considered,
Germany is not safer or more dangerous than other countries but utilizes good strategies to55

combat common problems.

72

Chunking Practice
次の日本語に相当する表現のかたまり(数字は語数を表す）を、本文から抜き出しましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら日本語を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する英語の表現を言いましょう。

1.
2.

酒を「飲む」ことが許されている（６）
必然的に事故は起こりうる（４）

3.

刑法犯の数（５）4.

犯罪の解決割合（５）5.

過去最高を記録した（４）6.

軽犯罪の事案（４）7.

人混みでは常に安全かつ慎重に（６）

8.

構想を徹底的に見直し（５）9.

安全性を新たな次元に引き上げ
た（７）

10.

集団パニックで（４）11.

公的な規制がなかったこと
（５）

12.

むしろ危険性が低い（３）13.

大きく関わっている（４）14.

重要な形態である（４）15.

問題に対処するため（４）16.

予防措置的効果がある（５）17.

花火を打ち上げること（４）18.

優れた戦略を活用する（３）573Vocabulary Practice
定義に当てはまる語を下の語群から選んで書きましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら定義を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する単語を答えましょう。

inhibition
spectator

inevitably
milieusoffenceaid

1.

an illegal act; a crime2.

a person who watches an activity, especially asports event, without taking part3.

the act of stopping or slowing down process

4.

away from the correct path or correct way of
doing something5.

in a way that cannot be avoided

6.

to help or support

7.
8.

pickpocketing
astraythe crime of stealing things out of people’s
pockets or bags, especially in a crowd
the people, physical, and social conditions andevents that provide the environment in which
someone acts or lives

Commenting Practice
下の意見について、下のように１～５で選びましょう。
1: Absolutely no, 2: No, 3: Not sure, 4: Yes, 5: Absolutely yes.
A さんは表を見ながら１つずつ意見を音読し、B さんは何も見ずにそれに対して自分の意見とその理由を述べましょう。

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

74

People do not have to worry about the safety in a
crowd in Japan.
More security cameras should be installed on thestreets.
Japanese police have better strategies to control
massive events.
Sports events are good opportunity for different
generations to interact.
Stricter security check needs to be installed for
massive events.

1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5

Unit 6:
Medical System

75Medical System Introduction
ドイツと米国は、歴史的、文化的、経済的要因によって形成された独自の制度を発展させ、国民に異なる結果と経験をもたらしてきた。
ドイツは、公的保険制度と民間保険制度の両方を組み合わせた包括的な医療制度で有名である。ドイツの制度を支えているのは連帯の概念であり、質の高い医療サー
ビスへの普遍的なアクセスを確保するために、個人が所得に応じて拠出する仕組みになっている。一方、米国は主に民間医療保険モデルを採用しており、医療へのア
クセスは雇用や個人の購買力に縛られることが多い。米国には国民皆保険制度がな
いため、医療へのアクセスやアウトカムに格差が生じ、何百万人もの米国人が手ごろな医療を受けるという困難に直面している。
両方の制度について読むことで、世界の医療制度についてより広い視野を持つこと
ができる。

76

US: Medical System
このユニットのリーディングは、米国の医療制度について日本の医療制度との違いが分かるように紹介します。残念ながら、難解でしかもつまらない内容がたくさん詰まっています。なぜなら、病院通いのアメリカ人の「苦」は身体的な苦痛だけとは限らず、むしろ金銭的な苦と、保険会社の制度との闘いから生じる苦を含むからです。すごく簡単な具体例をあげると、日本では必要な診療科に直接行くことが出来るのに対して、米国では専門家に診てもらうためにまず主治医から紹介状をもらわなければなりません。
このような制度的な問題の上に医療費が重なり、大変な社会問題となっています。
文章で説くように、アメリカの世帯の２割近くは医療費による借金を常に負っているのです。国民保険がなく、数々の医療保険会社が質の悪い製品を国民に売りつけているので、借金問題がさらに悪化しています。また、医療保険の用語や使い方が複雑で、多くの人たち、特に若者はよくわからないで、ただ安いものだけを求めています。その結果、アメリカ人は病院をできるだけ避けて、小さな病が無視できないほど深刻になるまで我慢する傾向が見られます。あるいは、比較的に安く済ませる新宗教的なヒーリングを求める人もいます。あなただったら、どうするでしょうか。

77

The US Medical System Listening Text
The US medical system is a strange mix between public and private healthcare. Many
people argue that this system allows the country to produce the best medical science in theworld. But there are some important things to know about how the system works and how
it is paid for.
5

In the US, patients usually first visit their family doctor, or “GP.” GPs have two main jobs.
First, they treat all kinds of illnesses. Second, they can send their patients to the correct
specialist. A GP must introduce you in order to see a specialist. The same is true for an
orthodontist, or “family dentist.” When the dentist finds a big problem, like cancer, they may
introduce their patient to a specialist.

10

Getting introduced to a specialist is not all you need. After you see the doctor, youhave to pay for the visit. This is the worst part of the US medical system. Most people spend
about $11,500 on medical care each year. In 2021, 9.2% of the country had no insurance,and less than 40% had public insurance. The goal of private insurance companies is to makemoney. Many people either cannot buy good insurance. Many also choose cheap insurance.

15

Cheap insurance is dangerous, because while the monthly cost is low, the amount of money
you must pay when you use it is very high. The average ambulance ride in the US costs$1,200, so just one accident can cost a lot of money. Cheap insurance also limits how muchit will pay. Hospitals are also businesses, so they will try to charge as much as possible. As aresult of this system, 19% of US homes in 2021 had medical debt. Black families, families

20

without college degrees, families with young children, and families in the South were more
likely to be in debt.
How do people deal with this situation? Some use charity or government money.
Some help themselves and their communities. Some look for answers in alternative
medicine. Alternative medicine is a huge business in the US. Americans have been spending

25

more and more money on crystals, magnets, spiritual objects, and more. They spent 21
billion dollars on it in 2021. There are also religious groups and others who just pray for
health. This is not surprising in a country that is so religious, while also being hurt by thisexpensive, money-focused medical system.

78

US: The US Medical System
No bones about it: the US medical system is a strange hybrid between public andprivate healthcare that is quite different from anything you might find in Europe or Japan.
Many people argue that this unique system, while certainly flawed, allows the country to
produce some of the most cutting-edge medical science in the world. But when it comes to5

the experience of most patients in the US, there are some important things to know about
how care is administered and how it is paid for. Also, the way Americans deal with thissystem may be surprising.
In Japan, a patient may go directly to the doctor they think is best suited to treatingthem. If one has an eye problem, they go to the optometrist; with a skin problem, they go

10

to the dermatologist. However, in the US, patients usually must first go through their “GP,”short for “general practitioner.” They are comparable to internists in Japan, but they have
two primary functions: first, to be an entry point for treating all manner of illnesses anddiseases; and second, to identify the need for and provide referral to a specialist. A letter ofreferral is often necessary to gain access to specialized treatment; thus, the GP acts like a15kind of gatekeeper. The same can be said of the orthodontist—colloquially referred to as the“family dentist.” When an orthodontist identifies a major problem, such as signs of cancer
or a need for surgical intervention, they may provide a referral to a specialist.
Gaining access to healthcare in the USA is not as simple as scraping up the proper
referrals: once you receive treatment, you have to pay for it. This is certainly the most20

contentious aspect of the US medical system. According to a study by the Center for Disease
Control (CDC) conducted in 2019, the average per-capita national expenditure on
healthcare was just over $11,500. 1 The National Center for Health Statistics reported that in
2021, 9.2% of the population was uninsured, and just under 40% were covered by public
insurance (Medicare, Medicaid, or other programs). 2 While the goal of government

25

insurance is to make healthcare affordable, the goal of private insurance is to make money.
This means that many people either cannot afford high-quality insurance or choose a cheap
plan because they think they won’t need it. Cheap insurance is dangerous, because while it
usually has low premiums—monthly charges—it often has extremely high deductibles—theamount of money you must pay in medical expenses each year before the insurance

30

company will start serving benefits. For example, the minimum deductible for a “highdeductible health plan” is $1,400, meaning that the patient must pay $1,400 each year1
2

https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/2020-2021/HExpGDP.pdf
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/insur202205.pdf

79before getting any help from insurance. 3 Most cheap plans will have a much higher
deductible than that, in exchange for lower premiums. That may not seem too extreme, butwhen the average ambulance ride costs $1,200, it becomes apparent how one accident can
35

become a major financial disaster. 4 To make matters worse, cheap insurance plans will haveextremely high “maximum out-of-pocket costs,” meaning that even once the deductible isspent, the patient will still potentially be responsible for thousands of dollars in medical
expenses. Hospitals are businesses out to make a profit, too, so they will often carry out extra
tests and procedures to inflate the bill. On top of that, doctors will only accept insurance

40

from certain private companies. As a result, a whopping 19% of US households in 2021
carried medical debt. According to census data, black families, families without college
degrees, families with children under 5 years old, and families in the South were all at higher
risk of carrying medical debt. 5
How do people deal with this situation? Some rely on charity and government support.

45

Some—especially those who live in rural areas with no local doctors or hospitals—rely onthemselves and their communities. Some look for answers in alternative medicine. Like
hospitals and insurance agencies, alternative medicine is a huge business in the US.
Americans have been spending ever-increasing sums on crystals, homeopathy, magnets,
spiritual tchotchkes, and more: all to the tune of about 21 billion USD in 2021. 6 There are50

also faith-healing groups and others who simply pray for health. Perhaps this is all
unsurprising in a country so culturally religious, while also being ravaged by an unaffordable
corporate medical system.

https://www.healthcare.gov/high-deductible-health-plan/
https://eliteamb.com/how-much-does-an-ambulance-ride-cost/5
https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/who-had-medical-debt-in-united-states.html
6https://www.statista.com/statistics/203972/alternative-medicine-revenue-growth/3480

Chunking Practice
次の日本語に相当する表現のかたまり（数字は語数を表す）を、本文から抜き出しましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら日本語を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する英語の表現を言いましょう。

1.

奇妙なハイブリッド（３）2.

全く異なる（４）3.

欠陥があるものの（３）4.

最先端の医学（５）5.

医療がいかに実施されているか（４）

6.

～への入り口（４）7.

あらゆる種類の病気や疾患（６）8.

紹介状（４）

9.

一般的に言うと（３）

10.
11.

外科的な介入（処置）の必要性（５）
医療を受ける（たどり着く）こと
（４）

12.

国民一人当たり平均（４）13.

医療費支出（３）14.

9.2％の国民が無保険で（６）15.

高い質の保険を買えない（４）16.

低い保険料（２）17.

最低控除額（３）18.

自己負担限度額（３）19.

請求額を膨らませる（４）20.

～のリスクがより高い（４）21.

代替医療（２）22.

どんどんお金をかけている（５）23.

高額な企業医療制度（４）81Vocabulary Practice
定義に当てはまる語を下の語群から選んで書きましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら定義を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する単語を答えましょう。

patient
orthodontist

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

optometrist
contentious

dermatologist
benefits

internist
potentiallya person whose job is to correct theposition of the teeth
a doctor who specializes in identifying andtreating diseases
a doctor who studies and treat skindiseasesa person whose job is examining people’seyes and selling glasses or contact lenses
to correct vision problems
a person who is receiving medical carebenefits" means "money the insurancecompany pays for medical careinvolving or likely to cause disagreement
and argument
possibly

Commenting Practice
下の意見について、下のように１～５で選びましょう。
1: Absolutely no, 2: No, 3: Not sure, 4: Yes, 5: Absolutely yes.
A さんは表を見ながら１つずつ意見を音読し、B さんは何も見ずにそれに対して自分の意見とその理由を述べましょう。

1.

All medical care should be free.

1 2 3 4 52.

I like OTC medicine.

1 2 3 4 5

3.

Ambulance should be free.

1 2 3 4 5

4.

Medical benefits should be equal for everyone.

1 2 3 4 55.

We all have equal medical access in Japan.

1 2 3 4 582

Germany: Medical System
ドイツの医療制度には、主に 2 種類、公的健康保険（gesetzliche Krankenkasse）と私的健康保険（private Krankenkasse）の健康保険があります。
ゲゼツリッケ・クランケンカッセ, Gesetzliche Krankenkasse
公的健康保険は強制的な健康保険制度で、一定の所得基準以下の従業員、退職者、その他の
特定のグループを含む国民の大多数が加入しています。保険料は通常、従業員と雇用主がの折半で負担します。公的医療保険は、医師の診察、入院、処方薬、予防医療など、必要不可
欠な医療サービスを包括的にカバーしています。すべての加入者が手頃な価格で利用できる
よう、政府が定めた厳格な規制の下で運営されています。
プリバテ・ランケンカッセ. (Private Krankenkasse)
一方、民間健康保険は、主に自営業者、高所得者、公務員、その他公的保険制度ではカバーされない特定のグループが利用できる代替オプションです。民間の医療保険は、個人のニーズに合わせて保険プランをカスタマイズできます。民間保険の保険料は公的保険と比べて高くなることがありますが、保険契約者は多くの場合、より幅の広い医師や病院のへのアクセ
ス、受診の待ち時間の短縮、入院中のアメニティの充実などの付加的なメリットを享受することができます。民間保険は政府の規制から独立して運営されており、保険会社は独自の保険料と補償条件を設定していますが、それでも一定の法的基準と消費者保護を遵守しなければなりません。

83Germany: German Healthcare Listening Text
When we look at different healthcare systems, we often wonder if others might bebetter than our own. For instance, on July 1, 2019, NBC asked, "Could the German healthsystem be a model for the USA?" Germany has the oldest healthcare system globally, andaccording to many, it's doing quite well. This is just one of many stories praising the German
5healthcare system. But how does it work, and should other countries adopt it?
The German healthcare system is known for having two main types of insurance:
public health insurance (Gesetzliche Krankenkassen) and private health insurance (Private
Krankenkassen). Public health insurance is the main part of the German healthcare system.
It's based on the idea of solidarity, meaning everyone chips in based on their income to10

help cover medical costs. These funds are managed by private companies, acting like nonprofit organizations. Almost everyone in Germany is required to have this insurance,
regardless of their health or income. This ensures that even those with low incomes or healthissues can access basic medical services. Unemployed individuals get healthcare for free,and kids can be covered under their parents' insurance until they're adults. This system

15

spreads out the cost of healthcare fairly and ensures everyone gets the care they need.
Private health insurance, on the other hand, is available to people with higher incomes or
who are self-employed. They can choose from different plans that suit their needs andpreferences. Private insurance often comes with perks like private rooms in hospitals or
better dental care. It also typically means faster access to medical services, but it can be20

more expensive. This can create inequality in the healthcare system since not everyone canafford private insurance.
Deciding between public and private insurance can be tricky. Once you switch toprivate insurance, it's hard to switch back to public, especially if your income drops. Private
insurance costs can go up as you age or if your health declines. While there are some ways

25

to switch back to public insurance, it's not always easy. Overall, the German healthcare
system is seen as fair and effective by Germans, but it's hard to copy it to other countries
without changes, as it is based on the specific needs of German citizens

84Germany: German Healthcare
When looking at one's own medical system, we tend to think that the grass is usuallygreener on the other side. On 1 July 2019, for example, NBC ran the headline "Is theGerman health system a model for the USA? Germany has the oldest health care system in
the world. And it's working." 1 This report is one of a long list of news stories about the health5system in Germany. But how does the German health system work, and should othercountries adapt it? The German health care system is known for its dualistic structure. Thisis reflected in different insurance models, offering citizens the choice between public healthinsurance(Gesetzliche

Krankenkassen)

andprivatehealthinsurance(Private

Krankenkassen).
10

Statutory health insurance funds are the backbone of the German health system.
They are public insurance schemes based on the principle of solidarity and are compulsory
for most of the population. They are financed by social security contributions from
employees and employers, with contributions depending on income. They are run byprivate companies who basically work as NPOs and compete against each other for15

customers. Every citizen has the right and duty to membership, regardless of age, healthstatus, or income. This ensures that even people with low incomes or existing healthproblems have access to basic medical services. While people with good incomes have to
pay more to support the low-income members, unemployed receive health care for free.
Moreso, children and dependents have the right to participate in their parents or partners

20

health insurance without additional costs. In the case of children, the age of coverage ends
generally at 18, but can be extended up to 25 in case they are still undergoing primaryeducation. 2
Healthy insured persons finance health care for sick or elderly people with theircontributions. This principle of risk pooling enables a fair distribution of health care costs

25

and ensures adequate care for all insured persons. In addition, the legislature sets minimum
standards for services that must be offered by the statutory health insurance funds to ensurethat certain medical services are accessible to all the people in the system. While in the pastmost of the health insurance providers were chosen based on job backgrounds, recently
laws ensured that people can choose health insurance now, so insurance companies must

30

compete for customers by extending coverage and offering new services.

1
2

https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/germany-s-health-care-system-model-u-s-n1024491
Primary education includes job training or university education up to a master’s degree.

85

Private health insurance in Germany is available to those who exceed certain income
limits or are self-employed. Such companies are private insurance providers competing in
the market. Insured persons can choose from different tariffs and benefit packages thatmeet their individual needs and preferences. This allows the insured to receive additional35

benefits such as single room accommodation in hospital, better dental care, or alternative
healing methods. Another advantage of private health insurance is the often faster
availability of medical services. Privately insured persons can usually expect shorter waitingtimes and treatments as they usually pay for the visits in advance and are reimbursed later.
Membership in a private health insurance scheme is income-dependent and may depend

40

on individual health conditions. People with low incomes or existing health problems may
not be able to join a private health insurance scheme or may have to pay high premiums.
This leads to social inequality in the health system. On the other hand, members of SHIs
have to deal with limited resources and high demand for medical care which can lead tolonger waiting times, especially for specialists or for non-life-threatening conditions.

45

Now, one can ask the legitimate question why one should stay in a state healthinsurance at all? This question is easily answered by costs. Once you make the decision toswitch to private insurance, it can be difficult to return to the public system, especially if yourincome decreases and falls below the threshold. When you join a private health insurance
plan, your premiums are often based on your age and health status at the time of enrollment.

50

As you age or if your health deteriorates, the premiums may increase significantly. Now,
returning to the public health insurance system from private health insurance is generally
possible only under specific circumstances, such as becoming an employee with income
below the insurance obligation limit or losing your private health insurance eligibility due tounemployment, but the process of re-entering the public system can be complicated.

55

Overall, the German health system is a fair and efficient system to ensure adequate
health care for all citizens. That said, it is based on the specific needs of German citizens,
who are generally willing to support the social system of their country.

86Chunking Practice
次の日本語に相当する表現のかたまり(数字は語数を表す）を、本文から抜き出しましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら日本語を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する英語の表現を言いましょう。

1.

奇妙なハイブリッド（３）2.

全く異なる（４）3.

欠陥があるものの（３）4.

最先端の医学（５）5.

医療がいかに実施されているか（４）

6.

～への入り口（４）7.

あらゆる種類の病気や疾患（６）8.

紹介状（４）

9.

一般的に言うと（３）

10.
11.

外科的な介入（処置）の必要性（５）
医療を受ける（たどり着く）こと
（４）

12.

国民一人当たり平均（４）13.

医療費支出（３）14.

9.2％の国民が無保険で（６）15.

高い質の保険を買えない（４）16.

低い保険料（２）17.

最低控除額（３）18.

自己負担限度額（３）19.

請求額を膨らませる（４）20.

～のリスクがより高い（４）21.

代替医療（２）22.

どんどんお金をかけている（５）23.

高額な企業医療制度（４）587Vocabulary Practice
定義に当てはまる語を下の語群から選んで書きましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら定義を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する単語を答えましょう。

patient
orthodontist

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

optometrist
contentious

dermatologist
benefits

internist
potentiallya person whose job is to correct theposition of the teeth
a doctor who specializes in identifying andtreating diseases
a doctor who studies and treat skindiseasesa person whose job is examining people’seyes and selling glasses or contact lenses
to correct vision problems
a person who is receiving medical carebenefits" means "money the insurancecompany pays for medical careinvolving or likely to cause disagreement
and argument
possibly

Commenting Practice
下の意見について、下のように１～５で選びましょう。
1: Absolutely no, 2: No, 3: Not sure, 4: Yes, 5: Absolutely yes.
A さんは表を見ながら１つずつ意見を音読し、B さんは何も見ずにそれに対して自分の意見とその理由を述べましょう。

1.

All medical care should be free.

1 2 3 4 52.

I like OTC medicine.

1 2 3 4 5

3.

Ambulance should be free.

1 2 3 4 5

4.

Medical benefits should be equal for everyone.

1 2 3 4 55.

We all have equal medical access in Japan.

1 2 3 4 5588

Unit 7:
Taboo

89

Taboo Introduction
社会規範や文化的慣習が織りなす複雑なタペストリーの中で、タブーは人間の行動や交流の形成に大きな役割を果たしている。この章では、「食卓では政治も宗教も禁止！」というアメリカの伝統と、「ドイツにおける行動指針」というドイツの伝統について説明しながら、タブーの探求に乗り出す： クニッゲ・エチケットとその奇妙な歴史"。
アメリカでは、「食卓では政治も宗教も禁止！」 という格言が社会的エチケットの特徴として定着しており、対人関係における調和と礼節を守ることを目的とした、深く根付いた文化的規範を反映している。尊敬、寛容、相互理解の原則に根ざした
このタブーは、政治や宗教のような極論的な話題について、共同生活の食事中に議論することを禁じている。争いの種になるような話題を避けることで、アメリカ人
は和気あいあいとした団結の雰囲気を醸成しようとし、分裂を招くような議論や意見の相違よりも、家族の絆や共有する経験を優先する。
一方、ドイツではクニッゲ・エチケットの伝統があり、礼儀正しさ、礼儀正しさ、
社会的結束を育むことを目的とした複雑な行動指針を体現している。エチケットに関する著作が広く普及した 18 世紀の作家アドルフ・フライヘル・クニッゲにちなんで名づけられたクニッゲには、ドイツ社会における社交を支配する文化的規範や習慣の豊かなタペストリーが凝縮されている。テーブルマナーやドレスコードから挨
拶や感謝の表現に至るまで、クニッゲは複雑な社会的エチケットを優雅に乗りこなすための道しるべを提供してくれる。
しかし、クニッゲ・エチケットの歴史は、社会規範や価値観の時代的変遷を反映し、特異性や逆説に満ちている。もともとは貴族や貴族のための手引書であったクニッ
ゲは、社会力学の変化や社会の民主化に応じて変容を遂げた。今日、クニッゲは、
ビジネス会議や公式行事から公共空間での日常的な出会いに至るまで、ドイツ生活のさまざまな領域で影響力を発揮し続けている。

90US: Taboo「食卓には宗教と政治の話題はふさわしくない」、という有名な言葉があります。
つまりなごやかな空間において意見の衝突が生じるような話題がタブーだということです。では、米国の文化では宗教の話はどうしてダメなのか、と思う人がいます。
多くの米国人にとって宗教は深く人生に関わるものであり、異なる宗派は、ただ意見が異なるどころか、間違っている、神様に対して不敬を表すことになるからでしょう。
但し、米国人にとって宗教そのものがタブーなだけではなく、聖書（聖典）の教えによってたくさんの物事がタブーとされています。さらに、現代の人たちはタブ
ーが宗教に由来していることを忘れ、タブーのみが存続することが多いです。これらのタブーによって多くのメディアや文化生産、個々の言葉までが制限されてきました。
その反面、タブーが根本的に社会から生まれた思想だからこそ、社会が進化するにつれてタブーも変化していきます。近年、宗教がかつてのような、米国の文化を左右する力が薄れてきています。そのため、ひと昔の文化を見るとびっくりするほど保守的に感じることがあります。海外に行って日本にないタブーに出会ったらどう反応すると思いますか。あるいは、日本ではタブーなのに海外で禁止されていない風習に遭遇したらどうするでしょうか。

91US: “No Politics or Religion at the Dinner Table!” Listening Text
Have you ever heard “No politics or religion at the dinner table”? In the USA, people
often avoid these two topics are. This rule is to protect people’s feelings and avoid stress.
For example, talking about religion can start an argument about LGBT rights. If you nevertalk about politics or religion, you can avoid arguments.
5

However, taboos change all the time. Also, what is not taboo in one place may still
be taboo somewhere else. There is a famous book about this, Purity and Danger. It says thattaboos are created to maintain order. However, people today are becoming more open
about sharing their personal beliefs.
Some examples of changing taboos include drugs, sex, and bad language. They

10

were all controlled by the law in the past. For example, the comic book industry once tried
to keep all of them out of comics. These taboos come from religion and its influence on US
culture for a long time. For example, religion has tried to stop people from drinking alcohol.
As a result, in 1920 the government banned all alcohol in the country. Of course, people
still drank alcohol in secret. While today there is not much taboo against alcohol, other drugs

15

become taboo.
Taboos against sex in the US are different from European points of view.
Descriptions of sex are controlled in both places. However, the definition of “sex” is different.
US culture is influenced by the Bible. In the story of Adam and Eve, they are embarrassed ofbeing naked and make clothing from leaves. In the US, people think that this means humans

20

must wear clothing to stop sexual desire. As a result, most nudity in the US is thought of as
sexual. While same-sex nudity used to be considered okay, recently even that kind of nudity
is treated by many as sexual.
Taboos against bad language have changed, too. Bad language usually means
words that are anti-religion or related to body functions. Actually, these are called “curse

25

words,” words with evil magic power. We still say this, even though religion is playing asmaller part in American life. As culture changes, “bad” words can be seen and heard more
and more, especially in media and on the internet. The government still controls somelanguage on television, and will block some words by “beeping” them out. But as culture
moves onto the internet, we see and hear more language, and the taboos grow weaker.

92US: “No Politics or Religion at the Dinner Table!”
Have you ever heard the phrase, “No politics or religion at the dinner table”? In theUSA, it is commonly believed that these two topics are off-limits for polite conversation—
despite the fact that they are central to the lives of so many Americans. This rule of etiquette
was established to protect people’s feelings and avoid creating tension. If you talk about5

religion, you might start an argument about LGBT rights. If you talk about politics, you mightstart a debate about the rights of protestors versus the police. But if you never talk about
politics or religion, there will be little danger of contention.
However, what society considers taboo is constantly changing. Furthermore, what
is no longer considered taboo in one place may still be off-limits elsewhere. Anthropologist

10

Mary Douglas wrote a famous book about this, Purity and Danger. 1 Her overall argument isthat taboos are created to maintain social order. Ironically, some of her specific examples
feel quaint today—precisely because of how society changes. Similarly, as people are
becoming more open about sharing their personal convictions, the idea of keeping politics
and religion to ourselves seems almost bizarre.

15

Some examples of changing taboos in American life include drugs, sex, and foullanguage. Each of these taboos were once regulated by law and in industry. For example,
in 1954 the comic book industry formed the notorious Comic Book Code Authority tofamously purge these topics from all comics. 2 These taboos can be connected to religion—
mostly Protestantism—and the broad control it has exerted on culture in the US since before

20

the country’s founding. For example, the Protestants connected alcohol to a variety of sinsand sought to curtail its consumption in various ways. As a result, in 1920 the US federal
government banned all alcohol in the country, beginning the “Prohibition Era,” which lasted
until 1933. Of course, illicit alcohol was consumed in great quantities throughout the period,and by pushing production underground, Prohibition actually resulted in a flood of25

poisonous drinks containing ethyl alcohol. While little taboo against alcohol remains today,
harder drugs have risen to take its place…although again, many of these drugs are entering
the mainstream now, too.
Taboos against sex are ancient, although they also represent a significant
difference between American and European culture today. Depictions of sex are regulated

Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo, Ark Paperbacks: London,
1966.
2
https://www.vox.com/2014/12/15/7326605/comic-book-censorship
1

93

30

in most modern contexts; however, the definition of what constitutes “sex” is subject tointerpretation. The overwhelming influence of Christian culture throughout the history of
the United States has injected society with the morals of the Bible. In the story of Adam andEve, when the titular characters eat the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge, the first thing they dois feel ashamed of their nakedness and fashion clothing out of fig leaves. One interpretation

35of this story is that a fundamental difference between humans and animals is that humans
have self-awareness and can feel ashamed by their nakedness. Another interpretation is thathumans wear clothing to guard against sexual urges. As a result of this belief, nearly allnudity in the US is treated as sexual. Furthermore, while same-sex nudity, such as in locker
rooms or saunas, used to be considered unproblematic, with the increasing acceptance and40

visibility of LGBT people throughout society, even nudity in same-sex contexts is often
treated by many as sexual in nature.
Taboos against foul language have shifted over time as well. Foul language
typically refers to words that are blasphemous (anti-religion) or crude (related to bodilyfunctions). Indeed, so-called “bad words” are often called “curse words”—words with an evil

45

magical or religious power. Although the cultural influence of Protestantism in the US is
profound, formal religion is playing a smaller and smaller overt role in American life. Thismay be one reason why self-censoring blasphemous language, such as saying “Gosh darn
it!,” feels so out of date today. Additionally, as people’s view on language changes, crude
language can also be seen and heard more and more in public places, especially in media

50

and on the internet. The government still regulates certain kinds of language on television,for instance, and will censor some words by “bleeping” them out. But as consumer culture
shifts its attentions to the internet, we are exposed to more and more language, and thetaboos grow steadily weaker.

94

Chunking Practice
次の日本語に相当する表現のかたまり(数字は語数を表す）を、本文から抜き出しましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら日本語を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する英語の表現を言いましょう。

1.

礼儀正しい会話としては禁じられている（４）

2.

事実であるにもかかわらず（３）3.

このエチケットのルールは確立された（６）

4.

緊張を避けるため（３）5.

社会秩序を維持するため（４）6.

今日では古めかしく感じられる（３）7.
8.

まさに社会がどのように変化してきたかという理由によって（６）
個人的な信条をオープンに（共有）する（４）

9.

ほとんど奇妙なものに思える（３）10.

プロテスタントはアルコールを様々な罪と結びつけた（７）11.

「禁酒法時代」の始まり（４）12.

生産を地下に追いやることで（４）13.

大きな違いを象徴する（４）14.

は解釈の余地がある（４）15.

社会に聖書のモラルを注入してきた（９）16.

裸であることを恥ずかしく感じる（５）17.

人間には自己認識がある（３）18.

性的衝動から身を守るために（５）19.

同性間のヌード でさえ（５）20.

時代とともに変化してきた（４）21.

あからさまな役割はどんどん小さくなって
いる（８）

22.

時代遅れに感じられる（５）23.

ピーという音を出して検閲する（３）24.

タブーは着実に弱くなっている（５）95Vocabulary Practice
定義に当てはまる語を下の語群から選んで書きましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら定義を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する単語を答えましょう。

etiquetteconstitute1.

2.

quaintfashionpurge
acceptanceto remove people from an organization, because
their opinions or activities are unacceptable to thepeople in power
to make or shape something, especially with yourhands to make or shape something, especiallywith your hands

3.

to make up the parts of something4.

the formal rules of correct or polite behavior insociety5.

not allowed by the law

6.
7.
8.

illicitcurse

not rejecting something or allowing it to become
part of society n
attractive in an unusual or old-fashioned way,often considered out of datea rude or offensive word or phrase that somepeople use when they are very angry

Commenting Practice
下の意見について、下のように１～５で選びましょう。
1: Absolutely no, 2: No, 3: Not sure, 4: Yes, 5: Absolutely yes.
A さんは表を見ながら１つずつ意見を音読し、B さんは何も見ずにそれに対して自分の意見とその理由を述べましょう。

1.

It is difficult to discuss political issue with other
University Students.

1 2 3 4 52.

I do not mind openly share my convictions.

1 2 3 4 5

3.
4.
5.

96

Japanese people tend to have closed-mind on “sex”
images.
Young people use more foul language than older
generation.
It is important follow social etiquette to interact
various kinds of people.

1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5

Germany: Taboo
アドルフ・フリードリヒ・ルートヴィヒ・クニッゲ- Adolf Friedrich Ludwig Knigge -（通称アドルフ・フライヘア・クニッゲ）は、ドイツの作家、フリーメーソン、社会哲学者であり、1788 年に出版された代表作『Über den Umgang mit Menschen 人間交際術』で最もよく知られています。クニッゲの著書は、社交上のエチケット、マナー、対人関係についての包括的なガイドであり、さまざまな社交の場を優雅に、機転を利かせて切り抜けるための実践的なアドバイスを提供しています。『人間交際術』は、若い貴族に宛てた一連の手紙として構成されており、会話のエチケットやテーブルマナーから、ドレスコードや求婚の際の正しい振る舞いまで、実にさまざまなトピックについて複雑な社会生活を送る読者を助ける知恵を授けています。クニッゲの、社会と人間行動に関する観察に基づき、個人的・職業的な交流において調和、相互尊重、礼節を重んじる姿勢は、当時の読者の共感を呼びました。18
世紀後半から 19 世紀初頭にかけて、この道徳的な原則と実践的なアドバイスがヨーロッパ
全土の社会規範や文化的慣習を形成し、現代社会でも評価され続けています。

97Germany: Behavioural Guidelines in Germany, KniggeEtiquette and its Strange History Listening Text
In Germany, tipping at restaurants or hotels isn't mandatory, but it's a good idea todo so if you've received good service. Normally, people give around five to ten percent of
the bill, depending on how much they spent and how well they were looked after. At thevery least, it's common to round up the bill to the next euro. This tipping tradition is widely
5

known in Germany, but where did it come from? Did it evolve naturally, or was it influenced
by the economy like in the US? Well, if you ask anyone in Germany, they'd likely say, "Check
the Knigge.""Knigge" refers to the book Über den Umgang mit Menschen (On Human
Relations) written by the German author Adolph Freiherr von Knigge. This book outlines

10

good manners for various situations and has been updated over time, remaining relevant
today. Knigge emphasized the importance of adapting to people's personalities andsituations without being fake or flattery. Knigge had his reasons for writing this book. Aftercausing trouble as a court squire, he found himself compelled to marry a lady-in-waiting hehad teased. His discontent with meaningless rules at court led to this humorous but

15consequential event. Published in 1788, Knigge's work is not just about etiquette but about
how to communicate based on Enlightenment ideals, emphasizing morality and worldly
wisdom. Despite being attributed to Knigge, later authors added etiquette rules to the book,making it a bestseller with new editions adding more rules.
In 2004, Moritz Freiherr Knigge, a descendant, published "Spielregeln - wie wir

20

miteinander umgehen sollten" (Rules of the Game - How We Should Treat Each Other), a
modern update of the classic. This cemented Knigge's status as the go-to reference for
etiquette in Germany. However, whether one finds these tips useful or not is subjective.
German society seeks guidelines, and Knigge provides them, especially in professionalsettings. Yet, some rules seem outdated and contentious today. Ultimately, whether one

25

follows these rules or not, polite and respectful behavior towards others remains timelessand crucial, especially in Germany, where people are known for their directness and honesty.

98Germany: Behavioural Guidelines in Germany, KniggeEtiquette and its Strange History
In Germany, tipping in a restaurant or hotel is not a must, but you should still tip if
the service is good. When you go to a restaurant, you generally give five to ten per cent,depending on the amount of the bill and service received. The minimum you should do isto round the bill to the next Euro. Everyone in Germany knows this rule, but why? Who
5

decided this and why? Did the rule just develop naturally from experience? Did theeconomy have influence like it is the case in the US? In Germany anyone would give a similaranswer: "Look it up in the Knigge.""Knigge" is the name of the work Über den Umgang mit Menschen - On Human
Relations, by the German writer Adolph Freiherr von Knigge. The book sets out good10

manners in all conceivable situations. Knigge has been constantly updated since it was
written and is thus still of great importance today. By human Relations' he means the art of"conforming to people's temperaments, insights and inclinations without being false; ofbeing able to tune oneself unceremoniously into the tone of any company without losing
either peculiarity of character or condescending to low flattery"1.

15

Knigge had good reasons for writing this book. After completing his studies, he
was hired as a court squire, but was thrown out as a troublemaker. In 1773 he had to marrya lady-in-waiting after playing a trick on her. Henriette von Baumbach used to secretly takeoff her tight shoes under the table. Annoyed by the meaningless behavior rules of the local
court, Knigge had stolen one of these shoes and served it on a silver platter. The lady found20

this public exposure of herself so unamusing that she forced Knigge into marriage.
In 1788, Knigge published his most famous work, “On Human Relations”. Contrary
to popular belief today, the book is by no means a book on etiquette; rather, a collection of"rules of manners" on how to communicate influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment,
which Knigge defines as follows:1

die Kunst des Umgangs mit Menschen – eine Kunst, die oft der schwache Kopf, ohne darauf zu studieren, viel

besser erlauert als der verständige, weise, witzreiche; die Kunst, sich bemerkbar, geltend, geachtet zu machen,ohne beneidet zu werden; sich nach den Temperamenten, Einsichten und Neigungen der Menschen zu richten,
ohne falsch zu sein; sich ungezwungen in den Ton jeder Gesellschaft stimmen zu können, ohne weder
Eigentümlichkeit des Charakters zu verlieren, noch sich zu niedriger Schmeichelei herabzulassen. Adolph Freiherr
Knigge, Über den Umgang mit Menschen. Dritte Auflage,

99

25

"If the rules of manners are not to be mere prescriptions of a conventional
politeness, or even of a dangerous policy, they must be founded on the doctrines of theduties which we owe to all kinds of men and may in turn demand from them. - That is to say,a system, whose cornerstones are morality and worldly wisdom, must underlie it." Today,
Knigge is regarded in Germany as the herald of fine table manners, but actually other30

authors added such rules of etiquette to the book, which was already popular at the time.
The work became a bestseller and new rules were added to every edition. In 2004, Moritz
Freiherr Knigge, a descendant of Knigge, published "Spielregeln - wie wir miteinanderumgehen sollten" (Rules of the Game - How We Should Treat Each Other), a modern versionof the classic which cemented the title of Knigge as the most important reference work on

35

etiquette.
How relevant and useful one considers these tips is something everyone must
decide for themself. Nonetheless, German society is looking for guidelines and Knigge
makes this possible. Especially in a professional context, it is certainly useful to have a codeof generally acceptable behavior to which one can adhere. However, times change quickly.

40

Many rules today seem very outdated and quite controversial. The extent to which one
wants to follow the rules of etiquette in other areas of life should therefore be determinedby each individual. For example, according to the new etiquette suggested by Knigge,“Gesundheit” (Bless you!) was supposed to be replaced, as it put too much attention on the
person who sneezed, and the new rule expected a quiet apology from the sneezer. The

45

intention behind the change made sense but German society didn’t accept the changes andjust came back to the old ways. In the end, however, one thing is certain. Regardless ofwhether one follows the "experts" or only one's own feelings, polite and respectful behavior
towards one another is timeless and important. Moreso in Germany, where people not only
will be upset about your behavior and talk behind your back, but will tell you their thoughts

50

directly to your face.

100Chunking Practice
次の日本語に相当する表現のかたまり(数字は語数を表す）を、本文から抜き出しましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら日本語を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する英語の表現を言いましょう。

1.

礼儀正しい会話としては禁じられている（４）

2.

事実であるにもかかわらず（３）3.

このエチケットのルールは確立された（６）

4.

緊張を避けるため（３）5.

社会秩序を維持するため（４）6.

今日では古めかしく感じられる（３）7.
8.

まさに社会がどのように変化してきたかという理由によって（６）
個人的な信条をオープンに（共有）する（４）

9.

ほとんど奇妙なものに思える（３）10.

プロテスタントはアルコールを様々な罪と結びつけた（７）11.

「禁酒法時代」の始まり（４）12.

生産を地下に追いやることで（４）13.

大きな違いを象徴する（４）14.

は解釈の余地がある（４）15.

社会に聖書のモラルを注入してきた（９）16.

裸であることを恥ずかしく感じる（５）17.

人間には自己認識がある（３）18.

性的衝動から身を守るために（５）19.

同性間のヌード でさえ（５）20.

時代とともに変化してきた（４）21.

あからさまな役割はどんどん小さくなって
いる（８）

22.

時代遅れに感じられる（５）23.

ピーという音を出して検閲する（３）24.

タブーは着実に弱くなっている（５）101Vocabulary Practice
定義に当てはまる語を下の語群から選んで書きましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら定義を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する単語を答えましょう。

etiquetteconstitute1.

2.

quaintfashionpurge
acceptanceto remove people from an organization, because
their opinions or activities are unacceptable to thepeople in power
to make or shape something, especially with yourhands to make or shape something, especiallywith your hands

3.

to make up the parts of something4.

the formal rules of correct or polite behavior insociety5.

not allowed by the law

6.
7.
8.

illicitcurse

not rejecting something or allowing it to become
part of society n
attractive in an unusual or old-fashioned way,often considered out of datea rude or offensive word or phrase that somepeople use when they are very angry

Commenting Practice
下の意見について、下のように１～５で選びましょう。
1: Absolutely no, 2: No, 3: Not sure, 4: Yes, 5: Absolutely yes.
A さんは表を見ながら１つずつ意見を音読し、B さんは何も見ずにそれに対して自分の意見とその理由を述べましょう。

1.

It is difficult to discuss political issue with other
University Students.

1 2 3 4 52.

I do not mind openly share my convictions.

1 2 3 4 5

3.
4.
5.

102

Japanese people tend to have closed-mind on “sex”
images.
Young people use more foul language than older
generation.
It is important follow social etiquette to interact
various kinds of people.

1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5

55

Unit 8:
Leisure103

Leisure Introduction
レジャーやレクリエーションの文化的な態度や習慣は、独特の社会的価値観、歴史的遺産、現代のライフスタイルを反映して、大きく異なります。この章では、"カウチポテトの国？"というアメリカ人の認識と、"日曜の休息 "というドイツの伝統を対比させながら、レジャーについての興味深い探求します。
米国を"カウチポテトの国 "という概念は、過剰なスクリーンタイム、受動的な娯
楽、制限された身体活動を特徴とする、ソファーに長時間座りっぱなしのライフス
タイルを象徴するものとなっています。デジタル技術の普及と現代生活の要求が相まって、多くのアメリカ人は、テレビ番組を夢中で見たり、ソーシャルメディアのフィードをスクロールしたり、ビデオゲームにふけるなど、余暇の追求にますます依存するようになっています。座りがちな行動の蔓延は、身体的健康、精神的幸福、
社会とのつながりに悪影響を及ぼすという懸念を引き起こし、活動的なライフスタ
イルとバランスの取れた余暇習慣を促進するための意識と行動の向上を促しています。
他方、ドイツには「日曜日の休息」という概念があり、何世紀にもわたる伝統と宗教的行事に根ざした深い文化的意義があります。日曜日（Sonntag ゾンターク」
は、集団的な休息と内省の日であり、のんびりとした楽しみ、家族団らん、地域活動を特徴しています。
「日曜の休息」という考え方の中心にあるのは、居心地の良さ、満足感、和やかさを体現する「ゲミュトリヒカイト-Gemütlichkeit」という概念です。結局のところ、ゲミュトリヒカイトは説明するのが難しく、その人自身によって定義が異なります。
自然の中を散歩したり、愛する人と手料理を楽しんだり、文化的なイベントに参加
したりといったのんびりとした活動を通して、人とのつながりや帰属意識、内面的な充足感を育むのです。この伝統は法的規制にも表れており、商業活動を制限する
法律や、従業員が家族や地域社会とのつながりを取り戻し、充電するための休暇を提供するよう雇用主に奨励する法律がある。

104

US: Leisure
どの国でも「娯楽」を一つのカテゴリーで説明することは出来ません。アメリカ
人もスポーツ、音楽、美術、映画など、様々な娯楽があります。その中で、このユニットは「テレビ」を一つの事例として紹介します。無論、日本にもテレビ業界が盛んですが、米国はテレビの歴史が深く、誕生から最近までのいろいろな変化をた
どってみると、学べる事があります。具体的には、監督やシナリオライターが作りたいテレビ番組がそのままできたわけではなく、常に業界の制度や技術の進歩との対話でテレビが成長してきました。今回のリーディングでこういった社会的な観点からテレビの歴史を語ります。
米国のテレビ文化のいろいろな変遷により、日本の現在のテレビ文化との違いが分かります。例えば、米国のテレビの黄金時代ではワイドショーが大変人気でした
が、ある技術的な束縛から解放されると一転、「ドラマ」が主流となりました。また、道徳や規制解除主義などといった社会全体の文化もテレビ産業に大きく影響していました。例えばレーガン大統領が８０年代に法律を変えたため、子供番組内のCM 時間が増え、テレビ番組そのものも CM のようにおもちゃを売るために作られるようになりました。日本の NHK よりは自由かもしれませんが、この番組は社会にとって肯定的な存在なのか、自分で考察する必要があるでしょう。

105US: A Nation of Couch Potatoes? Listening Text
Americans relax by watching TV, playing computer and video games, socializing,
thinking, sports and exercise, reading, and other activities. In 2020, adults spent about 5.5hours a day relaxing. And what did they do the most? They watched television. TV watchinghas changed a lot the 1950s. TVs then were black and white, had round glass screens, and5were made of wood. Of course, the technology is not the only thing that has changed.
In the Golden Age of television (1948–59), most shows were made live. There werea lot of music and sports shows. These were cheaper to make than scripted television.
“Variety shows” with singers, comedians, and dancers, were popular.
Later, videotape made it possible to record shows in advance. This helped the TV

10industry make a lot of money. At the same time, the government had to make laws about
what could be on TV. This included stopping violence, sex, drugs, and other things frombeing shown. This was supposed to protect children from seeing inappropriate content.
These laws were weakened in the 1980s by President Ronald Reagan. One of theresults was that children saw much more advertising on TV. People who grew up in the15

1980s saw many cartoons whose main purpose was to sell toys.
Of course, the story does not end in the 1980s. In the early 2000s, there started tobe more television dramas made like movies. They told complex stories. This was partly
because big-screen TVs made watching TV at home like going to the movie theatre. After
this came highspeed internet and streaming videos. In 2021, movie and TV streaming

20

websites made up 26% of all viewing in the US. Now, several streaming companies create
their own TV shows and movies. Most of these shows will never be on regular TV or in amovie theatre. Being able to watch whatever you want, whenever you want, is moreconvenient than traditional TV.
Digital streaming has changed how people watch TV in important ways. Everyone

25

used to watch the same few shows. Even with lots of channels on cable and satellite TV,
television events could still get 50 to 100 million viewers. Now, there are streaming services
for documentaries, horror films, art films, anime, and more. Everyone is watching something
different, and people share fewer national TV experiences. Also, with media on the internet,
people now can watch months of a TV show in just a few days. Shows are now made with30

those people in mind. Audiences are expected to sit through several episodes at a time to
get the best experience.
106US: A Nation of Couch Potatoes?
The Bureau of Labor Statistics divides US leisure time into categories of watchingTV, playing computer and video games, socializing, relaxing and thinking, sports andexercise, reading, and other activities. In 2020, adults spent an average of about 5.5 hours
a day doing leisure activities. And what did Americans do more than anything else to relax?
5

They watched television—up to three hours a day, on average. 1 TV watching habits havechanged dramatically since the “boob tube” first started to be found in American homes in
the 1950s. 2 TVs back then were black and white, had rounded glass screens, and werehoused in large wooden cabinets. Of course, the physical television set was not the only
thing that was different about TV back then.

10

In the Golden Age of television (1948–59), most shows were broadcast live, andthere were a lot of music and sports programs, as well as religious and educational lectures. 3
These were much cheaper and easier to produce than scripted television. Many channels
would also stop broadcasting late at night. Either way, the “variety show,” in which a hostwould introduce singers, comedians, dancers, and other acts, became very popular.

15

Although variety shows have regained some popularity around the world in the form of
talent shows, they will never become mainstream like they once were.
Once videotape made it possible to record complex shows in advance, it began to
become a very profitable industry. At the same time, it has been necessary for the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) to regulate interstate transmissions. Many aspects of20

TV have been regulated, including censoring graphic violence, nudity and sex, drug use,
and other anti-social issues. The regulations are supposed to protect the vulnerable—likechildren—from seeing inappropriate or dangerous messaging.
FCC regulation was throttled in the 1980s by a man by the name of Ronald Reagan.
President Reagan ran a crusade against “big government” and “red tape.” 4 One of the25

consequences of this deregulation was reducing advertising restrictions during children’s
programming. As a result, people who grew up in the 1980s were hit by a barrage of cartoon
shows whose primary purpose was to sell toys. This change still reverberates today: media

https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2021/time-spent-in-leisure-and-sports-activities-increased-by-32-minutes-perday-in-2020.htm
2
Old televisions used a cathode tube (ブラウン管) to make the pictures. People also thought that watching too
much TV would make you stupid, or a “boob.” Thus, the colorful nickname, “boob tube.”
3
https://www.britannica.com/art/television-in-the-United-States
4
https://open.lib.umn.edu/mediaandculture/chapter/15-2-government-regulation-of-media/
1107companies now regularly pander to young adults by remaking the TV shows and movies of
their childhoods.
30

Of course, the story does not end in the 1980s. In the early 2000s, there was a surge
in cinematic television telling complex stories over multiple seasons. This was partly due tothe invention of widescreen televisions, which made home viewing more comparable togoing to a movie theatre. This trend set the stage for what would come with the advent ofhighspeed internet: streaming videos. In 2021, movie and TV streaming services accounted

35

for 26% of all viewing in the US. 5 Now, several streaming companies develop their own TV
shows and movies—most of which will never be broadcast on TV or in a movie theatre. But
the benefits of streaming seem to outweigh the drawbacks: being able to watch whatever
you want, whenever you want, is much more convenient than waiting for your program tocome on the TV.

40

The shift to digital streaming has changed viewing habits in significant ways. People
used to just watch the one show that all of their neighbors were. The introduction of asurplus of channels on cable and satellite TV already introduced diversity, but television
events could still attract upwards of 50 to 100 million viewers. Now, with a streaming service
for every niche interest—from documentaries, to horror films, to independent media, to45

anime, etc.—everyone is watching something different, and television broadcasts are
becoming less and less shared national experiences. In addition, with media on demand,
people now “binge” entire seasons, or even years’ worth of shows, in just a few long sittings.
Some shows are even designed with binge-watchers in mind, expecting audiences to sit
through multiple episodes at a time to get the best experience.

https://www.forbes.com/sites/bradadgate/2021/06/17/nielsen-streaming-video-audience-share-is-higherthan-broadcast-tv/?sh=3078a0272c0e
5108Chunking Practice
次の日本語に相当する表現のかたまり(数字は語数を表す）を、本文から抜き出しましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら日本語を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する英語の表現を言いましょう。

1.

アメリカの余暇時間を分類している（６）2.

成人は 1 日平均約 5.5 時間を余暇活動に費やしている（１０）

3.

テレビ視聴の習慣が劇的に変化した（４）4.

大きな木製キャビネットに収められていた(６)

5.

はるかに安く、簡単に制作された（６）6.

世界的に人気を取り戻した（７）7.

それらは主流になることはないだろう（５）

8.

非常に収益性の高い産業になる（５）9.

州をまたぐ放送を規制する（３）10.

弱い立場の人々を守る（３）11.

規制が減速した（３）12.

聖戦を展開した（４）13.

アニメの嵐に打たれた（６）14.

この変化は今日でも反響を呼んでいる
（５）

15.

若者に迎合する（４）16.

物語は８０年代で終わらない（８）17.

複雑なストーリーを語る映画的なテレビ
（５）

18.

映画館に行くことに匹敵する（７）19.

高速インターネットの出現（４）20.

ストリーミングの利点は欠点を上回っているようだ（９）21.

視聴の習慣を変えた（３）22.

余剰のチャンネル（３）23.

あらゆるニッチな興味に対して（４）

24.
25.

国民共有の体験ではなくなりつつある（７）
ほんの数回の長時間（座って）視聴するこ
と（６）

5
109

Vocabulary Practice
定義に当てはまる語を下の語群から選んで書きましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら定義を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する単語を答えましょう。

broadcast
surge

1.
2.

censorinvention

inappropriate
significant

restriction
binge

examine officially and suppress unacceptable
prats of ita limiting condition or measure, especially a legal
one

3.

indulge in an activity, especially eating or drinking

4.

to send out programs on television or radio5.

sufficiently great or important to be worthy ofattention6.

not suitable in the circumstances7.

the action of inventing something, typically aprocess or device

8.

a sudden powerful forward or upward movement

Commenting Practice
下の意見について、下のように１～５で選びましょう。
1: Absolutely no, 2: No, 3: Not sure, 4: Yes, 5: Absolutely yes.
A さんは表を見ながら１つずつ意見を音読し、B さんは何も見ずにそれに対して自分の意見とその理由を述べましょう。

1.
2.

I have friends whom I can enjoy the same hobby
together.
I have online friends whom I can regularly spend theleisure time.

1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 53.

Club activates are important to find life-long friends.

1 2 3 4 5

4.

I regularly watch shows on streaming.

1 2 3 4 55.

I prepare to spend time alone.

1 2 3 4 5110

Germany: Leisure
日曜日の休息 (Sonntagsruhe)は、しばしば安息日と呼ばれ、世界中の様々な文化や宗教において深い意味を持っています。聖書の伝統に根ざした日曜日の休息は、
通常、精神的な内省くつろぎ、再生のために確保された日を意味する。キリスト教
では、日曜日は神が世界を創造した後、7 日目に休んだという聖書の物語をもとに、休息と礼拝の日として認識されています。多くのキリスト教徒にとって、日曜日を休息日として守ることは、宗教的な礼拝に出席したり、家族や愛する人と過ごしたり、仕事やその他の世俗的な活動を控えたりすることになります。日常生活の喧騒から切り離され、肉体的、精神的、そして精神的な充電をする機会でもある。
宗教的な意味合いだけでなく、日曜日の休息という概念は生活上の慣習や社会規範にも影響を与えています。多くの国では、日曜日は法律で定められた休息日とされ、企業や政府機関は休業し、労働者がくつろいだり、家族と過ごしたりできるよ
うに定められています。この伝統は、労働条件の改善やワーク・ライフ・バランスの促進を目指した労働運動や社会改革に歴史的なルーツがあります。日曜日の休息という概念は、余暇、コミュニティへの参加、個人の幸福の重要性を強調し、個人が心に栄養を与え、他者や周囲の世界とのつながる感覚を育む活動を優先する必要性を強調しています。

111

Germany: Sunday rest: Exploring its meaning for Germans
Listening Text
At the core of German culture lies a concept known as Sonntagsruhe, or "Sunday
rest," which holds significant meaning for many Germans. It represents not only a day ofrelaxation but also a deep respect for tradition and community values. However, opinions
about Sunday rest vary, with some cherishing it while others wish to abolish it altogether.
5

The origins of Sunday rest can be traced back to Germany's religious heritage,
particularly in Christianity, where Sunday is revered as a day of worship and rest, mirroring
the biblical concept of God resting after creating the world. This religious tradition has
merged with social norms over time, forming the foundation of Sunday rest in Germany.
Article 139 of the German constitution safeguards Sunday and recognized holidays as days10of relaxation from labor and spiritual growth, a concept echoed in other countries like theUnited States, Canada, Austria, Norway, and Poland. In the past, strict laws regulated
Sunday activities, with shops closed and non-essential activities prohibited. Although theseregulations have softened over time, certain rules still apply, such as designated rest periods,
typically from 10 pm to 6 or 7 am on weekdays and all day on Sundays. Activities that disrupt

15

peace, like loud music or lawn mowing, are discouraged, and neighbors may report
excessive noise to the police.
Even with evolving rules, the essence of Sunday rest remains influential in modern
German society. It serves as a sanctuary for relaxation and leisure, fostering family
gatherings, outdoor activities, and cultural events. This shared experience strengthens

20

bonds within families and communities and embodies the concept of Gemütlichkeit,
emphasizing comfort, cosiness, and belonging. Additionally, Sunday rest offers a reprieve
from consumerism, promoting experiences over material possessions. However, debates
persist about the necessity of maintaining strict Sunday regulations in a globalized andtechnologically advanced world. Some advocate for flexibility, allowing limited exceptions

25

for essential services, while others emphasize the importance of preserving the sanctity of
Sunday rest to promote mindfulness and intentional living.
Despite these debates, various factors, including cultural traditions and positive
associations with family time, continue to uphold Sunday rest in German society. Even
cultural events like football matches benefit from the allure of limited Sunday activities,

30

enhancing their appeal to the population. Thus, while the discussion about Sunday rest
evolves, its cultural significance remains deeply ingrained in German society.
112Germany: Sunday rest: Exploring its meaning for Germans
At the heart of German culture lies a concept that embodies not only a day of rest,
but also a deep-rooted reverence for tradition and community. Sonntagsruhe - "Sundayrest" - holds a special place in the hearts and minds of many Germans, symbolising abalance between work, leisure, and family life; while others would do anything to end it
5

once and for all.
The roots of Sunday rest can be traced back to Germany's religious heritage. In
Christianity, which has been a fundamental aspect of German culture and influenced its
history through the centuries, Sunday is seen as a day of worship and rest. This tradition has
its origins in the biblical notion of a day of rest to commemorate the day on which God

10rested after the creation of the world. Over time, this religious practice became interwoven
with social norms and formed the basis for today's Sunday rest. “Sunday and holidays
recognized by the state will be safeguarded by law as days of relaxation from labor and of
spiritual growth,” says Article 139 of the German constitution. Germany isn't the only country
with such laws. In some areas of the United States and Canada as well as in European

15

countries, such as Austria, Norway, and Poland similar laws are in place.
In the past, there were strict laws and regulations to ensure the sanctity of Sunday.
Shops were closed and activities that were not considered necessary were prohibited, but
in some areas the situation is slowly evolving. Now, of course, the question arises as to which
activities fall under such rules? The applicable activities are regulated by the so-called rest

20

periods as declared in the constitution. The generally agreed-upon rest period in Germany
is from 10 pm to 6 or 7 am on weekdays and all day on Sundays. Saturdays were historicallylimited to 2 pm, but this has changed in recent years to standard weekday rest times. People
are especially protected from noise from neighbours on Sundays because everyone should
enjoy their day off. On Sundays, you should keep the volume of your music and all kinds of25

noises to a minimum. This includes activities such as vacuuming or mowing the grass. Even
throwing glass into the communal trash boxes is forbidden during the rest periods. The
volume should not exceed reasonable volume; otherwise, an overzealous neighbour may
call the police for Ruhestörung, "noise nuisance".
Even though the strictness of the earlier rules has evolved, the essence of Sunday

30

rest continues to influence modern German society. In an age marked by technologicalprogress and a constant quest for productivity, Sunday rest serves as a sanctuary for rest
and recuperation. Sunday rest is not just about staying away from work; it also includes arange of leisure activities. Families often get together to share meals, especially for coffee
113and cake, engage in outdoor activities or visit museums and cultural events. These shared35

experiences help strengthen family and community bonds and reinforce the sense of
belonging. Sunday rest is therefore more than a mere day of rest. It represents a
commitment to preserving traditions and creating space for meaningful humanrelationships. This commitment is closely linked to the concept of "Gemütlichkeit", whichembraces the idea of comfort, cosiness and a sense of belonging. In addition, Sunday rest

40

serves as a counterbalance to the pressures of a consumerist society. In a world where
consumerism often dominates, this day of rest promotes a mentality that values experiences
over material possessions. On the other hand, the rise of the globalised economy and theproliferation of 24/7 online connectivity have led to debates about the advisability ofmaintaining strict regulations on Sunday trading and business operations. This debate is45

really about how to strike a balance between preserving tradition and the conveniences ofmodern life. Some Germans argue for a more flexible approach that respects the sanctity of
Sunday while allowing limited exceptions, especially in sectors that provide essential
services. Others argue that preserving the spirit of Sunday rest requires a re-evaluation ofsocietal attitudes towards work and consumption, and emphasise the need for mindfulness

50

and intentional living.
Despite the possible assumption of an progression towards the disappearance of
Sunday rest, various factors work against a change in culture. In particular, the culture oflinking Sunday rest with positive memories of family time or outdoor tours act as an obstacle
to efforts to abolish rest altogether. Even cultural events, such as football matches,

55

experience a particular enhancement through the retention of Sunday rest, as the limited
number of events during this time has an increased appeal for the general population.

114

Chunking Practice
次の日本語に相当する表現のかたまり(数字は語数を表す）を、本文から抜き出しましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら日本語を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する英語の表現を言いましょう。

1.

概念がある（３）2.

深く根差した尊敬（３）3.

人々の心に特別な位置を占める（９）4.

さかのぼることができる（４）5.

基本的な側面（３）6.
7.

聖書の概念に起源を持つ（７）
国に定められた休日（５）8.

同様の法律が制定されている（５）9.

神聖さを確保する（４）10.

不要不急の活動（６）

11.
12.

状況は徐々に変化している（５）疑問が生じる（３）13.

適用される活動は規制されている（５）14.

憲法で宣言されている（４）15.

妥当な音量を超えないこと（４）

16.
17.

行き過ぎた隣人は警察を呼ぶかもしれない（７）
休息と療養のための聖域としての役割（８）

18.
19.

家族や地域の絆を深める（５）
帰属意識の強化（５）20.

有意義な人間関係（３）21.

消費社会の圧力（６）22.

伝統を守ることと便利さのバランスを保つ（１０）
精神の維持（３）

23.
24.
25.

Sunday rest を維持することで、特別な充実感を味わうことができる（１０）
圧力に屈することなく（６）

60

115

Vocabulary Practice
定義に当てはまる語を下の語群から選んで書きましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら定義を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する単語を答えましょう。

symbolisingroots
mowing overzealous

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

safeguardedcommitment

applicablesanctity

to represent something
the source of something
to protect somethingreflecting or affecting something
to cut the grass
too enthusiastic and eager
a promise to provide something
the quality of being very importantand deserving respect

Commenting Practice
下の意見について、下のように１～５で選びましょう。
1: Absolutely no, 2: No, 3: Not sure, 4: Yes, 5: Absolutely yes.
A さんは表を見ながら１つずつ意見を音読し、B さんは何も見ずにそれに対して自分の意見とその理由を述べましょう。

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

116

In Japan, Sundays are the time for family, friends,
and community to enjoy together.
It is getting more difficult to maintaining the balance
between work and leisure in Japan.
The internet helps people to work 24/7.
People should learn strategies to have well-being intheir daily lives.
People in my county are generally happy.

1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5

Solutions

117

US: Immigration Nation
Chunking Practice1.

移民の国（３）country of immigrants2.

ヨーロッパ人がこの地を発見してから（５）ever since Europeans discovered it

3.

より良い生活を求めて（５）to seek a better life4.

自由の女神が見守る中（９）5.

夢とチャンスの国（６）the land of dreams and opportunity

6.

～で構成される（４）is made up of7.

ニューヨークは実に例外的な存在（６）New York is certainly and exception8～で有名（３）be famous for9.

悪いイメージがある（４）have a bad reputation10.

組織的犯罪集団（３）organized crime families

11.

映画とは裏腹に（４）contrary to the movie

12.

直径約１４インチ（５）14 inches in diameter13.

昼夜を問わず（６）any time of day or night

14.

アメリカの多様性の歴史（７）the history of diversity in the US15.

いつも幸せな話ばかりではない（６）is not always a happy tale

しばしば新しく入ってくる人達に抵抗する（４）
２００年にわたる合法的な奴隷制度（５）often resist any new comers

18.

彼らの意思に反して（３）against their will

19.

南北戦争の始まりと共に（７）with the beginning of the Civil War

20.

売買される単なる財産であった（７）property to be bought and sold21.

家族の歴史をさかのぼる（５）to trace their family histories

22.

許しがたいものから非人道的なものまで様々であった（５）ranged from inexcusable to inhumane

under the watchful eyes of the Statue of

16.
17.

118

Liberty

200 years of legal slavery

Vocabulary Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

to remove something quickly, without
being careful
to make someone become nervous
because of worry or fear
to come to live in a different country
something that you do to help achieve
something together with other people
to fight against something
to cut words, pictures, or patterns into
the surface of metal, stone, etc.
a statement that something is wrong or
not satisfactorylarge in size, value, or importanceripagitateimmigrate
contributeresistengravecomplaint
substantial

119Germany: A Common European Culture?
Chunking Practice
次の日本語に相当する表現のかたまり（数字は語数を表す）を、本文から抜き出しましょう。
A さんは表を見ながら日本語を言い、B さんは何も見ずに該当する英語の表現を言いましょう。

1.

言葉では言い表せない（７）there is no getting around a term2.

適切な訳語がない（３）no suitable translation3.

重要な地位を占める（４）took a prominent place4.

しばらくすると（４）A short time later

5.

ドイツに移住する全ての人が合意していなくてはならない共通の価値観（１１）

consensus of values to which every
migrant in Germany should conform

6.

口実となってしまった（４）provided the pretext for7.

異なる価値観によって導かれる（４）

guided by different values

8.

ごちゃまぜの思想（５）a jumbled mass of ideas（そのサブグループのうちの）多くは互いに異なる（８）ヨーロッパにおける経路は十分に短く（９）
第二次世界大戦後の「西ドイツの経済奇跡」はさらに出稼ぎ労働者によって促進された（１４）The "West German economic miracle"
after WW2 was fueled not least by guest
worker12.

彼らは爪痕を残した（４）They left their mark13.

それもまた積極的に推進されることはなかった（５）was not actively promoted either

14.

同時に（４）At the same time

15.

移民はほとんど必要とされていないという感情がたかまった（９）the feeling developed that hardly any
migrants were needed16.

無理解（３）

lack of understanding

17.

広範囲な取り組みがなされている（５）

there have been far-reaching efforts

9.
10.
11.

5

120

many of which differ more from each otherRoutes in Europe are short enough tofacilitate migration

Vocabulary Practice1.

to work or operatefunction2.

a good moral quality in person
a person who leaves a country permanently to live
in another one
the existence of people of different races, religious
beliefs, and cultures within the same society
exactly or correctly
the action of successfully joining or mixing with adifferent group of people
consisting of people that are similar to each othera person who escape from their own country forpolitical, religious, or economical reasons

virtue

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

emigrantpluralism
strictly
integration
homogeneous
refugee121

US: College Education
Chunking Practice1.

彼らの親元を離れて暮らす（５）living away from their parents

2.

大学そのものに入学する（５）matriculate into the college itself

3.

彼らが必要な条件を満たしている限り（７）

as long as they fulfil the requirement

4.

課外活動（６）the extra-curricular aspects of theexperience5.

効果的な宣伝方法のひとつ（５）an effective way of advertise6.

豊富な食材を取りそろえた複数のカフ
ェテリアを誇っている（９）boast multiple cafeterias with a wide
selection of foods

7.

数えきれないほどの商品（５）an endless list of goods

8.

キャンパス内外の学生寮（６）school housing on or off campus

9.

良質で耐久性のある家具が備え付けの（５）

stocked with good-quality, durable
furniture

10.

ベッドから起き上がり（４）roll out of bed

11.

友人と交流する（３）socializing with friends

12.

甘やかされる（３）are being coddled13.

生活に必要なスキル（３）necessary life skills

14.

予算を管理すること（３）managing a budget

15.

親の監視なしに（３）without parental oversight16.

私立大学の平均授業料（６）the average tuition for private
universities

17.

より権威がある傾向がある（５）tend to be more prestigious

18.

助けが必要な学生（３）students in need

19.

多額の借金を背負った卒業生（５）many students heavily in debt

20.

たった一つの救い（３）one saving grace21.

返済の必要ない（７）no requirement to pay the money back122

Vocabulary Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

a place, socially including buildings, where aparticular activity happens
to spend time people in order to enjoy yourself
to be formally admitted to study at a university orcollegesomeone who give their opinion about something
to buy something
to be one of the reasons why something happens
more than was first mentioned; extra
the disadvantaged or less positive aspects ofsomethingfacilitysocialize
matriculate
criticpurchase
contributeadditional
downside123Germany: Education in Germany
Chunking Practice1.

おおいに議論されて（５）in a highly controversial way

2.

ここ２０年でほぼ倍増し（８）has almost doubled in the last 20
years

3.

当たり前になる（３）be the norm

4.

ここでは判断しない（６）no judgement shall be made here5.

人生における最初の分岐点（７）the first major break in their lives

6.

連邦政府の管轄（６）a matter of federal states

7.

６歳で始まる義務教育（８）Compulsory schooling begins at
the age of six

8.

職業訓練に備える（４）prepares for vocational training

ドイツの大学に入学することが許可される（６）
保障されない（４）be admitted to a German
University

Gymnasium を選ぶ人がどんどん増える（８）
生徒の適正、成績、性格（６）more and more are opting for the
Gymnasium
the pupils aptitude, grades andcharacter13.

現実よりも肯定的に見ている（５）more positively than the reality

14.

拘束力にない推薦を覆す（３）override non-binding
recommendations

15.

より高いレベルの教育を必要とする（６）require a higher level of education

16.

良い決断をする（４）make a good decision

17.

学校間の編入を容易にしたこと（６）

9.
10.
11.
12.

18.
19.

124

there is no guarantee

an increased permeability
between the schools
cover alternative development
代替的な進路を提供する（４）paths
隙間からこぼれ落ちてしまうであろう（６） would have fallen through thecracksVocabulary Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

providing knowledge and skills that
prepare someone for a particular job
based on real facts and not influenced bypersonal beliefs or feelings
an unifier and unreasonable opinion or
feeling, especially because of luck ofthought or knowledge
mandatory; something you must do it
because of a rule or law
someone who work for a skilled person
for a particular period of time, in order tolearn that person’s skills
having the same meaninga natural ability or skill
being one only; single

vocational
objective
prejudicecompulsory
apprenticesynonymous
aptitudesole

125US: Changing Consumer Culture in the US

1.

重要な文化の一部（５）an important part of culture2.

消費社会では（４）In a consumer society

3.

娯楽のひとつである（４）a form of entertainment

4.

自分のアイデンティティをつくる
方法（６）a method of creating one’s identity

5.

大型量販店（３）big box stores

6.

より低価格でより在庫がおおい（５）lower price and more inventory

7.

それら（大型店）を廃業に追い込んだ（５）drove many out of business

8.

国民的娯楽であった（６）used to be a national pastime9.

飛躍的に成長した（３）has grown exponentially10.

空のままになっている（４）has been left empty

11.
12.
13.
14.

それ（物理的な店舗）がこれからも存在する（５）
一つの商品カテゴリーに特化するのではなく（９）
利便性とコストパフォーマンスを追求し続ける（５）
全てを一か所で比較することができる（６*）

it is here to stayInstead of specializing in a single
category of goods
continuously pursue convenienceand cost-effectivenesscould compare all in one place

15.

店まで足を運ぶ手間を省く（４）save yourself the trip

16.

歴史の中に貫かれている（５）a through-line of the history17.

1～2 週間分の食料を買い込む（７）shop for 1-2 week worth of food18.

まとめ買い（３）buying in bulk

19.

便利さと節約を兼ね備える（４）combines convenience and savings

20.

多くのクレジットカードは特典を提供する（５）many credit cards offers rewards

21.

借金を負ってしまう（４）end up in debt

22.

より「支払いの痛み」を感じる（５）feel more “pain of paying”

23.

労働者に適切な賃金を支払う（６）pay their workers a decent wage

24.

段ボールやその他の梱包材の廃棄物量（８）the amount of cardboard and otherpackaging waste

126Vocabulary Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

the action of trying to get something
the quality of being useful, easy, or
suitablea person or business that sells goods tothe public
a small business that sells a particular
product or service
to avoid using or spending
good value for the amount of money paid
to move from one place or place toanothera fixed regular payment earned for workor service

pursuitconvenience
retailerboutiquesave
cost-effectiveness
transferwage

127Germany: Stinginess is Cool
Chunking Practice1.

節約はクールだ（３）stinginess is cool2.

2000 年代初頭（６）at the beginning of the millennium

3.

格安食料品店（２）discount grocer

4.

ばら売り商品（２）loose goods

5.

事業を引き継いだ（４）took over the business6.

基本的生活用品を低価格で（５）basic supplies at low price7.

大変好評で（６）only too happy to accept this8.

急速な（事業）拡大を可能にした（３）

allowed rapid expansion

9.

猛烈な勢いで（３）at breakneck speed

10.

傷みやすい商品（３）easily perishable goods

11.

待ち時間を減らすために（３）to reduce waiting time12.

無駄な時間は許されない（５）idle is not appreciated

13.

お客様に還元される（６）were passed on to the customer

14.

格安店の温床となった（６）laid the breeding ground for
discounters

15.

中心街にはチェーンが乱立し（５）chains flooded the city centers

16.

既存の小売店（４）established retail trade17.

立ちいかなくなった（５）could no longer hold on

18.

“安かろう悪かろう”（５）cheap at all costs principle

19.

実際に（２）

in person

20.

数ユーロ節約する（４）save a few euros

21.

縮小を余儀なくされる（４）had to cut back22.

観光客数に悪影響を与える（６）talking a toll on tourist numbers

23.

けちけち精神の負の影響（５）the disadvantage of stinginessmentality128

Vocabulary Practice1.

giving up something formallyrenouncement2.

the increase of something in size,
number, or importance

expansion3.

a person who speaks publicly in support
of a particular idea or plan of action

proponent

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

unwillingness to spend moneya basic idea or rule that explains orcontrols how something happens or
works

stinginessgoods that are bought and soldmerchandise

to look like or be like someone orsomethingfamiliar with something

principle

resembleaccustomed

129

US: Trains, Planes, and Automobiles
Chunking Practice1.
2.

A whopping 76% of Americans
down almost ten points
The Coronavirus pandemic
with no particular destination inmind
Another popular diversion
on a whim
everything from consumer goods tooil3.

なんと 76％のアメリカ人（５）10 ポイント近く減少（４）コロナウィルスの大流行（３）4.

目的地も決めずに（６）5.
6.

もう一つの人気の高い気晴らし（３）
気まぐれに、自由に（３）7.

消費財から石油まであらゆるもの（６）8.

準公営の（２）quasi-publicly owned

9.

アメリカでもその経験を再現しようと試みた（６）attempted to replicate theexperience stateside10.

車輪のついた 5 つ星ホテル（４）five-star hotels on wheels

11.

列車よりも飛行機を思い描くだろう（９）12.

ビジネスミーティングであれ、家族の集まり、旅行であれ（１０）more likely to picture an airplane
than a train
be it a business meeting, family
gathering, or vacation destination13.

安全保障上の問題から（２）security concerns

14.

セキュリティー対策が強化された（３）security measures grew

15.

セキュリティーを通過する前に（４）before passing through security

16.

これらの（セキュリティー対策）の発展（２）

These developments

17.

(一方に)不利な報告書（２）damaging report

18.

武器や爆発物の 95％を見逃した（７）19.

その実効性はともかく（５）20.

天気が良ければ（５）When the weather is fair

多くの人々は歩くことや、自転車に乗ることを選択する（１０）
公共交通機関は欠かせない存在
である（４）

many people will opt to walk or ridea bicycle

最新鋭のライトレースシステム（４）state-of-the-art light rail systems

21.
22.
23.

130

missed 95% of the weapons andexplosives
regardless of their actual
effectivenesspublic transportation is essentialVocabulary Practice1.

reliable3.

1. able to trust or believed
2. someone who encourage others to
support an idea
3. a place where travelers can stay4.

4. in the US

stateside

5.

5. sunny and not raining

fair

6.

6. trouble or problem
7. knowledgeable and well-educatedabout the world, culture, etc.
8. to put something into use

inconvenience

2.

7.
8.

advocateaccommodation

sophisticateddeploy131

Germany: Transportation in the country of cars
Chunking Practice1.

尊敬の念をもって使われる表現（５）

a term used with respect2.

速度制限のない（５）no speed limit is imposed3.

推奨であり、義務ではない（９）served as a recommendation, but notas an obligation

4.

約２万 km の高速道路に（４）on approximately 20,000 km motorway

5.

A〜B 地点への移動（７）travelling from point A to point B

6.

輝くものが全て金ではない（６）not all that glitters is gold

7.

時間通りと見なされる（３）is considered punctual8.

利用者の反乱（４）an uprising among users9.

より効率的と思われる方法（３）more efficient option10.

高い不満（５）complaining at a high level11.

さらに開発されて（３）further developed with

12.

現在の自転車の原型（６）the first prototypes of today’s bicycle

13.

感染のリスク（４）the risk of contagion

14.

何事も簡単には行かない（８）nothing is as simple as it could be

15.

典型的な例（３）A classic example

16.

数えればきりがない（５）just to name a few

17.

噂は存在し、なかなか消えない（５）

the rumor exists and persists

132Vocabulary Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

used to refer to places that are great distance away
the act of arriving, doing something correct time ant not late
in a morally or legally correct way
to exchange by replacing one thing with anotherto make use of something for a particular purpose
so cause someone who has done something wrong to suffer
to increase in size, number, or importanceof something that must be done; necessary by law or a rule

far-flungpunctuality
rightfully
switchapply
punishexpandcompulsory133US: Safety and Security in the United States
Chunking Practice1.

安心・安全（３）safety and security

2.

至る所に危険がある（６）there is danger around every corner3.

日常生活の全体像（６）the overall image of everyday life4.

今まさに起こっている文化の変化（４）

an ongoing cultural shift

5.

あらゆる種類の薬物（４）all manner of drugs

6.

医療用や娯楽用の薬物使用（５）medical and recreational drug use

7.

連邦法違反（３）against federal law

8.

追随している（３）have followed suit

9.

オピオイドの使用が激増した（５）an explosion in opioid use

10.

オピオイド中毒の増加（５）an increase in opioid addiction11.

中毒症状を満たすために（４）to feed their addiction

12.

この国に深く根ざしている（６）is deeply embedded in the country

13.

武器を持つ権利（５）The right to “bear arms”

14.

州によって大きく異なる（６）vary widely from state to state

15.

銃乱射事件に定まった定義はないが（６）

no standard definition for “massshooting”

16.

従来の火災訓練と並んで（４）alongside traditional fire drills

17.

この問題の国家的解決（６）a national resolution of the problem

134Vocabulary Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

to keep something as if in a holy place(of a doctor) to say what medical treatment someone
should haveto allow something by law
a person who speaks publicly in support of a particularidea
the number of people or things in a place when comparedwith the size of the place
impossible to repair or make right again

enshrined

to die, especially in an accident
to officially accuse someone of committing a crime in a law
court

perishprescribe
legalize
proponent
densityirreparable
prosecute

135Germany: Some Thoughts on Safety and Security in Germany
Chunking Practice1.

酒を「飲む」ことが許されている（６）

the consumption of alcohol is permitted

2.

必然的に事故は起こりうる（４）accidents can inevitably happen

3.

刑法犯の数（５）The number of criminal offences

4.

犯罪の解決割合（５）the proportion of crimes solved

5.

過去最高を記録した（４）reached an all-time high6.

軽犯罪の事案（４）cases of petty crime

7.

人混みでは常に安全かつ慎重に（６）

stay safe and cautious in crowds

8.

構想を徹底的に見直し（５）to thoroughly revise its concepts

9.

安全性を新たな次元に引き上げた（７）

lift the safety to a new level10.

集団パニックで（４）in a mass panic

11.

公的な規制がなかったこと（５）A lack of official regulations

12.

むしろ危険性が低い（３）rather less dangerous

13.

大きく関わっている（４）plays a large part14.

重要な形態である（４）represent a significant form

15.

問題に対処するため（４）to cope with problems

16.

予防措置的効果がある（５）have a precautionary effect on

17.

花火を打ち上げること（４）the firing of fireworks

18.

優れた戦略を活用する（３）utilize good strategies

136Vocabulary Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

an illegal act; a crimea person who watches an activity, especially asports event, without taking partthe act of stopping or slowing down process
away from the correct path or correct way of doing
somethingin a way that cannot be avoided
to help or support
the crime of stealing things out of people’s
pockets or bags, especially in a crowd
the people, physical, and social conditions andevents that provide the environment in which
someone acts or lives

offence
spectator
inhibition
astrayinevitably
aid
pickpocketing
milieus137

US: The US Medical System:
Chunking Practice1.

奇妙なハイブリッド（３）a strange hybrid2.

全く異なる（４）is quite different from3.

欠陥があるものの（３）while certainly flawed

4.

最先端の医学（５）the most cutting-edge medical science

5.

医療がいかに実施されているか（４）

how care is administered6.

～への入り口（４）an entry point for7.

あらゆる種類の病気や疾患（６）all manner of illnesses and diseases8.

紹介状（４）

a letter of referral9.

一般的に言うと（３）colloquially referred to

10.
11.

外科的な介入（処置）の必要性（５）
医療を受ける（たどり着く）こと（４）

a need for surgical intervention
gaining access to healthcare

12.

国民一人当たり平均（４）the average per-capita national

13.

医療費支出（３）expenditure on healthcare

14.

9.2％の国民が無保険で（６）9.2% of the population was uninsured

15.

高い質の保険を買えない（４）cannot afford high-quality insurance16.

低い保険料（２）low premiums

17.

最低控除額（３）the minimum deductible

18.

自己負担限度額（３）maximum out-of-pocket costs

19.

請求額を膨らませる（４）to inflate the bill

20.

～のリスクがより高い（４）at higher risk of21.

代替医療（２）

alternative medicine22.

どんどんお金をかけている（５）have been spending ever-increasing
sums

23.

高額な企業医療制度（４）unaffordable corporate medical system

138

Vocabulary Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

a person whose job is to correct the position of
the teeth
a doctor who specializes in identifying andtreating diseases
a doctor who studies and treat skin diseases
a person whose job is examining people’s eyesand selling glasses or contact lenses to correct
vision problems
a person who is receiving medical carebenefits" means "money the insurance company
pays for medical careinvolving or likely to cause disagreement andargument
possiblyorthodontist
internist
dermatologist
optometrist
patient
benefits
contentious
potentially139Germany: German Healthcare
Chunking Practiceとなりの芝生はたいてい青い（９）
そしてうまくいっている（３）grass is usually greener on the other side3.

二元構造（２）dualistic structure

4.

公的健康保険制度（３）public health insurance
backbone of the German health system

6.

ドイツの医療システムの屋台骨（７）
連帯の原則（４）the principle of solidarity

7.

収入に応じた負担（４）contributions depending on income

8.

加入の権利と義務（６）right and duty to membership

基本的な医療サービスを受ける（６）
加入する権利（４）have access to basic medical services

11.

初等教育を受ける （３）undergoing primary education12.

公平な医療費負担（７）a fair distribution of health care costs
the legislature sets minimum standards
for services

14.

立法府が最低限のサービスを定める（７）保険適用範囲の拡大（２）15.

市場での競争（４）competing in the market

さまざまな料金体型と給付パッケ
ージから選択する（７）
代替療法（３）choose from different tariffs and benefit
packages

医療制度における社会的不平等（６）social inequality in the health system

1.
2.

5.

9.
10.

13.

16.
17.
18.

140

And it's working.

the right to participate

extending coveragealternative healing methods

Vocabulary Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

mandatorycompany who doesn’t work for profit
mandatory school visits until master’s
degreeadding things up
laws
different price ranges for services
plan
contract rules

statutory
NPOs
primary education
pooling
legislature
tariffsschemeconditions

141US: “No Politics or Religion at the Dinner Table!”
Chunking Practice
礼儀正しい会話としては禁じられている（４）
事実であるにもかかわらず（３）off-limits for polite conversation

This rule of etiquette was established4.

このエチケットのルールは確立された（６）
緊張を避けるため（３）5.

社会秩序を維持するため（４）to maintain social order

今日では古めかしく感じられる（３）
まさに社会がどのように変化してきたかという理由によって（６）
個人的な信条をオープンに（共有）する（４）ほとんど奇妙なものに思える（３）feel quaint today

1.
2.
3.

6.
7.
8.
9.

despite the fact

avoid creating tension

precisely because of how societychangessharing their personal convictions
seems almost bizarre
connected alcohol to a variety of sins

11.

プロテスタントはアルコールを様々な罪と結びつけた（７）「禁酒法時代」の始まり（４）12.

生産を地下に追いやることで（４）by pushing production underground13.

大きな違いを象徴する（４）represent a significant difference

14.

は解釈の余地がある（４）is subject to interpretation
has injected society with the morals of
the Bible

17.

社会に聖書のモラルを注入してきた（９）
裸であることを恥ずかしく感じる（５）
人間には自己認識がある（３）18.

性的衝動から身を守るために（５）to guard against sexual urges

19.

同性間のヌードでさえ（５）20.

even nudity in same-sex contexts

21.

時代とともに変化してきた（４）have shifted over time

あからさまな役割はどんどん小さくなっている（８）
時代遅れに感じられる（５）is playing a smaller and smaller overtrole

ピーという音を出して検閲する（３）“bleeping” them out

10.

15.
16.

22.
23.
24.

142

beginning the “Prohibition Era”

feel ashamed of their nakedness
humans have self-awarenessfeels so out of dateVocabulary Practice
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

to remove people from an organization, because
their opinions or activities are unacceptable tothe people in power
to make or shape something, especially with yourhands to make or shape something, especiallywith your hands
to make up the parts of something
the formal rules of correct or polite behavior insociety
not allowed by the law
not rejecting something or allowing it to become
part of society n
attractive in an unusual or old-fashioned way,often considered out of datea rude or offensive word or phrase that somepeople use when they are very angry

purgefashionconstituteetiquette
illicit
acceptancequaintcurse

143Germany: Behavioural Guidelines in Germany, Knigge-Etiquetteand its Strange History

Chunking Practice12

会計の端数を次のユーロに切り上げる（８）
誰もがそう同じく答えるだろう（６）to round the bill to the next Euroanyone would give a similar answer

3

調べる（３）

Look it up

4

考え得るあらゆる状況（３）all conceivable situations

5
6

常に更新され続けている（４）
人の気質、洞察力、傾向に合わせること（７）has been constantly updated
conforming to people's temperaments,
insights and inclinations7

偽ることなく（３）without being false

8

どんな相手の調子（５）the tone of any company

9

彼女に悪戯をする（５）playing a trick on her

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

144

この公衆の面前に晒したこと（３）
今日一般に信じられているのと異なり（５）
慣習的な礼儀・礼儀作法（３）（当然）負うべき義務についての教養（５）
立派なテーブル・マナーの伝
道者（６）this public exposure
Contrary to popular belief today
a conventional politenessthe doctrines of the duties
he herald of fine table manners

古典の現代版（６）a modern version of the classic

エチケットに関する最も重要な参考書（７）
一般的に許容される行動規範（６）
それゆえ各個人が決めるべきことである（７）互いに対する礼儀正しく尊敬に値する振る舞い（７）the most important reference work on
etiquette
a code of generally acceptable behavior
should therefore be determined by eachindividual
polite and respectful behavior towards one
anotherVocabulary Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

he ability to use your knowledge and experience
to make good decisions and judgmentsa person who is related to you and who lives after
you, such as your child or grandchildto make someone worried, unhappy, or angry
Constitution or habit of mind
a writer or a book, article, etc. that is mentioned
in a piece of writing, showing you whereparticular information was foundto give someone who has provided you with aservice an extra amount of money to thank them
When you ---, air and often small drops of liquid
suddenly come out of your nose and mouth in away you cannot control
an act of saying that you are sorry for something
wrong you have donetip
temperament
wisdomdescendantreferencesneezeapologyupset

145

US: A Nation of Couch Potatoes?
Chunking Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

アメリカの余暇時間を分類している（６）
成人は 1 日平均約 5.5 時間を余暇活動に費やしている（１０）テレビ視聴の習慣が劇的に変化した（４）大きな木製キャビネットに収められていた(６)
はるかに安く、簡単に制作された（６）
世界的に人気を取り戻した（７）
それらは主流になることはないだろう（５）非常に収益性の高い産業になる（５）

divides US leisure time into categories
adults spent an average of about 5.5hours a day doing leisure activities
TV watching habits have changed
dramaticallywere housed in large wooden cabinets
much cheaper and easier to produce
Have regained some popularity aroundthe world
they will never become mainstream
become a very profitable industry

9.

州をまたぐ放送を規制する（３）regulate interstate transmissions

10.

弱い立場の人々を守る（３）protect the vulnerable

11.

規制が減速した（３）regulation was throttled

12.

聖戦を展開した（４）ran a crusade against13.

アニメの嵐に打たれた（６）hit by a barrage of cartoon

14.

この変化は今日でも反響を呼んでいる（５）This change still reverberates today

15.

若者に迎合する（４）pander to young adults

物語は８０年代で終わらない（８）
複雑なストーリーを語る映画的なテレビ（５）
映画館に行くことに匹敵する（７）

the story does not end in the 1980s

19.

高速インターネットの出現（４）advent of highspeed internet

20.

ストリーミングの利点は欠点を上回っているようだ（９）the benefits of streaming seem tooutweigh the drawbacks

21.

視聴の習慣を変えた（３）changed viewing habits

22.

余剰のチャンネル（３）surplus of channels

あらゆるニッチな興味に対して（４）
国民共有の体験ではなくなりつつある（７）for every niche interest

16.
17.
18.

23.
24.
146

cinematic television telling complex
storiescomparable to going to a movie theatre

becoming less and less shared national
experiences

25.

ほんの数回の長時間（座って）視聴すること（６）in just a few long sittings

Vocabulary Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

examine officially and suppress unacceptable
prats of ita limiting condition or measure, especially a legal
one
indulge in an activity, especially eating or
drinking
to send out programs on television or radio
sufficiently great or important to be worthy ofattention
not suitable in the circumstances
the action of inventing something, typically aprocess or device
a sudden powerful forward or upward
movement

censorrestriction
binge
broadcastsignificant
inappropriate
invention
surge

147

Germany: Sunday rest: Exploring its meaning for Germans

Chunking Practice1.

概念がある（３）lies a concept2.

a deep-rooted reverence4.

深く根差した尊敬（３）
人々の心に特別な位置を占める（９）さかのぼることができる（４）5.

基本的な側面（３）a fundamental aspect

6.

聖書の概念に起源を持つ（７）has its origins in the biblical notion

7.

国に定められた休日（５）holidays recognized by the state8.

同様の法律が制定されている(５）similar laws are in place9.

神聖さを確保する（４）ensure the sanctity10.

不要不急の活動（６）activities that were not considerednecessary

11.

状況は徐々に変化している（５）the situation is slowly evolving

12.

疑問が生じる（３）the question arises

3.

holds a special place in the hearts andminds
can be traced back14.

適用される活動は規制されている(５）
憲法で宣言されている（４）15.

妥当な音量を超えないこと（４）not exceed reasonable volume
overzealous neighbour may call thepolice18.

行き過ぎた隣人は警察を呼ぶかもしれない（７）
休息と療養のための聖域としての役
割をはたす（８）
家族や地域の絆を深める（５）19.

帰属意識の強化（５）reinforce the sense of belonging

20.

有意義な人間関係（３）meaningful human relationships

21.

消費社会の圧力（６）the pressures of a consumerist society

伝統を守ることと便利さのバランスを保つ（１０）
精神の維持（３）strike a balance between preserving
tradition and the conveniences

13.

16.
17.

22.
23.
24.
25

148

Sunday rest を維持することで、特別な充実感を味わうことができる（１０）
圧力に屈することなく（６）applicable activities are regulated
declared in the constitution

serves as a sanctuary for rest andrecuperation
strengthen family and community bonds

preserving the spirit
experience a particular enhancement
through the retention of Sunday rest
without bowing entirely to the pressure

Vocabulary Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

to represent something
the source of something
to protect somethingreflecting or affecting something
to cut the grass
too enthusiastic and eager
a promise to provide something
the quality of being very important and deserving
respect

symbolisingroots
safeguarded
applicablemowingoverzealous
commitment
sanctity149

English Lounge Interview Worksheet
Your name:

提出先教養教育英語科目: Tue. / Wed. / Thu. / Fri.

Student ID #:Eng. Comm. []/[] / Hayabusa

担当教員:
教養教育英語担当の先生へ提出する際は、各担当教員の指示に従うことInterview with …

Who?

When?

Name:

Date:

Country:

Time: [ :Questions

TOPIC

/
]〜[ :

]
Notes

Follow up Questions
150

Clarification 内容がわからない場合、再度説明を求める “Could you say thatagain?/ Could you explain it more?”
Information さらに追加の情報を求める “Would you mind giving a/anotherexample?”Comments 自分の意見を述べる “That’s very interesting. I think --- .
自分の考えも述べてみよう。

151

Get ready to study abroad!
Reading Training: US and Germany in Comparison
2. Extended Edition
2024 年 3 月 31 日 初版第一刷発行
著者
片桐早苗、ジョシュア・ソロモン 、ライク・ヤグノ
発行所〒036-8560 青森県弘前市大字文京町１
国立大学法人弘前大学
弘前大学イングリッシュ・ラウンジ
TEL: 0172-39-3138
ISBN: 978-4-9912473-5-4

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