ISO14045 Eco
Eco--Efficiency （環境効率）
規格の最新動向～ ISO/TC207 レオン総会における議論を踏まえて ～パナソニック株式会社
芝池 成人

ISO14045 TTargetarget Dates••••••••June 2007
ISO/TC 207/SC5: Beijing
December 2007 Task Group Meeting: Gothenburg
January 2009 1st WG 7 meeting: Kota Kinabalu
February 2009 ISO/WD 14045.1
June 2009
2nd WG 7 meeting: Cairo
August 2009
ISO/WD 14045.2
November 2009 3rd WG 7 meeting: Stockholm
February 2010 Committee draft circulated for 3
months commenting period• July 2010
4th WG 7 meeting: Leontoday• December 2010
• September 2011• December 2011

DIS circulated for 5 months vote
FDIS circulated for 2 months voteISO 14045 published4th Meeting of ISO/TC 207/SC 5/WG 7
EcoEco--Efficiency Assessment
Date: 11-14 July, 2010
Place: Poliforum Convention Centre, Leon, Mexico

ISO/TC 207
17th Plenary Meeting ScheduleISO/TC 207/SC 5/WG 7
Title:

Environmental management — Eco-Efficiency
assessment of product systems — Principles,requirements and guidelines

Convenor:

Bengt Steen, Sweden
Professor, Chalmers University of Technology

Co-convenor: Reginald Tan, Singapore
Associate Professor, National University of Singapore

Secretary:

Sara Ellström, Sweden
Swedish Standards InstituteExperts:

Norway, China, Mexico, Japan, Korea, Sweden, Argentina,Finland, Germany, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia,Chez, Columbia, Holland, Switzerland, Great Britain, etc.

Voting Result• 35 votes cast
– 24 yes– 3 no (Brazil, France, UK)– 8 abstain• 12 members not voting• Criteria to move to DIS– consensus, or– support from 2/3 of the P-members voting• 24/27 = 89%

Important Resolutions until Now•Seeing eco-efficiency assessment as a management tool is important insupport of sustainable development.

•

The value of product system in this standard can include both historical,functional, emotional, economical and other values.
The product system value assessment shall consider the full life cycleof the product system, and significant stages may be selected according to
the kind of value and stakeholders.

•The concept of ‘product system value indicator’ is introduced.
For example, price, LCC, functional performance, etc. can be allindicators to quantify the value in assessment of the ‘product system value.’•Functional value is different from functional unit in this standard.
Because the functional value of a product can change over time,
whereas the functional unit remains.

•‘Comparative assertion’ needs precise and clear definition.
For example, comparison between different generations of the productsystems of same function or between product systems of similar functions
manufactured by the same manufacturer is not included in ‘comparativeassertion.’

Introduction of Committee Draft: Principle• Eco-efficiency assessment is a quantitative management tool
which enables the consideration of life cycle environmental
impacts of a product system alongside its product system valueto a stakeholder.
• Within eco-efficiency assessment, environmental impacts areevaluated using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as prescribed byother International Standards (ISO 14040, 14044).
Consequently, eco-efficiency assessment shares with LCA
many important principles such as life cycle perspective,
comprehensiveness, functional unit approach, iterative nature,transparency and priority of scientific approach.
• The value of the product system may be chosen to reflect, forexample, its resource, production, delivery or use efficiency, or acombination of these.
The value may be expressed in monetary terms or othervalue aspects.

Scope• This International Standard describes the principles, requirements
and guidelines for eco-efficiency assessment for product systems
including– the goal and scope definition of the eco-efficiency assessment,– the environmental assessment,– the product system value assessment,– the quantification of the eco-efficiency,– interpretation (including quality assurance),– reporting and– critical review of the eco-efficiency assessment.

• Requirements and recommendations for specific choices ofcategories of environmental impact and values are not included.
• The intended application of the eco-efficiency assessment is
considered during the goal and scope definition, but the actual useof the results is outside the scope of this International Standard.
• This International Standard is not intended to be used as a single
base for contractual or regulatory purposes or registration andcertification.

Core Definitions (1)• product systemcollection of unit processes with elementary andproduct flows, performing one or more defined
functions, and which models the life cycle of a product• product system value
worth or desirability of a product system(Note: The product system value may encompass different
value aspects, including functional, monetary, aesthetic, etc.)• product system value indicator
numerical quantity representing the product systemvalue(Note: To express the product system value indicator, various
kinds of units such as physical and monetary units or relative
gradings and scoring may be used.)Core Definitions (2)• eco-efficiency
aspect of sustainability relating the environmental
performance of a product system to its productsystem value• eco-efficiency indicatormeasure of the environmental performance of a
product system and its related product system value• comparative assertion
claim in eco-efficiency regarding the superiority orequivalence of one product versus a competingproduct in a market that performs the same function(Note: Comparison between different generations of the productsystems of same function or between product systems ofsimilar functions manufactured by the same manufacturer is notincluded in comparative assertion.)

Principles of Eco
Eco--efficiency
The following principles are fundamental and serve
as guidance for decisions relating to both theplanning and the conducting of an eco-efficiency
assessment.
– Life cycle perspective– Iterrative approach– Transparency– Comprehensiveness– Priority of scientific approachPhases of Eco
Eco--Efficiency Assessment

Goal and scope definition

Environmental
assessment

Productsystem value
assessment

Quantification ofeco-efficiency
Interpretation(including quality assurance)
Eco-efficiency assessment

Applications:- Productdevelopment andimprovement- Strategic planning-Budgeting-Investment
analysis- Public policy
making- Marketing- Green purchasing- Awareness raising- OtherKey Features of Eco
Eco--efficiency Assessment- An eco-efficiency assessment is an assessment ofenvironmental performance of a product system in
relation to its value.
- Eco-efficiency is a practical tool for managing
environmental and value aspects in parallel.
- The result of the eco-efficiency assessment relates tothe product system, not the product per se.
A product cannot be eco-efficient, only its productsystem which includes the production, use, disposal, i.e.
the full life cycle.
- Different stakeholders may encounter different values
for the same product system.
For instance, the product system value to theconsumer may be different from the product system
value to the producer, and in turn different to the investor.

Function and Functional Unit
• The scope of an eco-efficiency assessment shallclearly specify the functions (performancecharacteristics) of the product system being studied.
A functional unit shall be defined consistent withthe goal and scope of the eco-efficiency assessment.
• One of the primary purposes of a functional unit is toprovide a reference for the environmental assessment.
It may also be useful for the product system value
assessment, either as a reference for normalization oras a product system value measure in itself.
Therefore the functional unit shall be measurable
and clearly defined.

Product System Value Assessment• The product system value assessment shall consider the full life
cycle of the product system.
• There are many ways to assess the product system value, as theproduct system may encompass different value aspects, including
functional, monetary, aesthetic, etc.
• In economy, values created by businesses are equal to profit, that isincomes minus costs.
For customers, it may be the willingness to pay minus costs
for the customer, often called surplus value.
The costs may include price, rental fee, operating charge, etc.
Such values are difficult to determine on a life cycle basis,
because some actors in the supply chain are unwilling tocommunicate their costs and profits.
However, one may estimate changes in such values, either
through functional performance (functional value) or throughfinancial costs (monetary value).

Functional Value• Functional value of a product system reflects a tangible andmeasurable benefit to the user and other stakeholders.
The functional value is a numerical quantity representing
functional performance or desirability of a product system, andshould be maximized.
• In the eco-efficiency assessment, the functional value is different
from the functional unit.
The functional value may be related to the functional unit in aquantification of the product system performance.
The functional unit provides a reference to which the input
and output data are normalized (in a mathematical sense).
Therefore the functional value may change over time,
whereas the functional unit remains.
NOTE The functional values may be measured with reference tothe functional unit. A physical unit to quantify the functional
performance of the product system as an indicator should be related
to the functional unit or its scientific and engineering attributes orproperties.

Monetary and Other Values• Monetary value may be expressed in terms of costs,
price, willingness to pay, added value, profit, future
investment, etc.
• Changes in costs for a single company may representchanges in the product system value over the entire
life cycle.
This would not apply if other parts of the productsystem are affected, for example if the price fromsuppliers is negotiated to be lower or the price to thecustomer is raised for the same products.
• Other values may include intangible values such as
aesthetic, brand, cultural and historical values.
These values may be determined by means ofinterviews, surveys, market research, etc.

Comparison of
EcoEco--Efficiency Assessment Results•

When comparison of eco-efficiency results between productsystems or within the same product system are made, it shall bebased on the same eco-efficiency indicator.
The comparative environmental assessment results and theproduct system value assessment results shall then be separately
included in the eco-efficiency assessment report.

•The second case (improvement or superiority in just one of bothaspects) is the most challenging, because of the trade-off between
environmental and product system value aspects.
In this case, an improvement or superiority of eco-efficiency
shall only be reported, if the trade-off is clearly communicated andthe underlying product system value assumptions are documented
and justified.

•If a claim of improvement or superiority of eco-efficiency isdisclosed to third parties for the purpose of comparative assertions,the eco-efficiency assessment results shall demonstrate an equal
or better environmental performance.

Product Development Paths
EEI (Eco-Efficiency Indicator) = P/E
A: Target area in best conditions
B: Semi-target area toward G
C: Semi-target area in better conditions
D: Non-target area
Development Target
EEI > 2

PImprovement of product functions① Both product function andenvironmental impact improve② Product function improves but
environmental impact increases③ Environmental impact improves
but product function declinesDA

New products

2EEI = 1C
1
Benchmark productBθO

0.51E

Reduction of environmental impact

Reporting and Disclosure of Results•

The results and conclusions of the eco-efficiency assessment shallbe completely and accurately reported without bias to the intendedaudience.
The results, data, methods, assumptions and limitations shallbe transparent and presented in sufficient detail to allow the reader
to comprehend the complexities and trade-offs inherent in the ecoefficiency assessment.
The report shall also allow the results and interpretation to beused in a manner consistent with the goals of the eco-efficiencyassessment.

•The results of the environmental assessment and product system
value assessment shall be documented separately.

Further reporting requirements for comparative assertion
intended to be disclosed to the public
If results from an eco-efficiency assessment are intended to be
used in comparative assertions disclosed to the public, neither theenvironmental nor the eco-efficiency assessment results shall bereported as a single overall score or number.

Annex A: Examples of Values and Indicators
Table A.1 – Light source life cycle example
Terms

ExampleValue indicator (unit)

Product system

Light source life cycle

Function

Illumination

Functional valueBrightness

Luminous flux (Lumen)

Monetary valueMarket pricePrice (Euro/piece)

Other values

Shape

Consumer ranking(numerical value from 1-5)

Table A.2 – Mobile phone example
Terms

ExampleValue indicator (unit)

Product system

Mobile Phone

Function

To use the product for a long time

Functional value

Durability

Warranty lifetime (Years)

Monetary value

Depreciation

Trade-in value (USD)

Other values

Aesthetics

Colour preference (no unit)Annex B: Examples of Eco
Eco--Efficiency Assessment• 4 real examples using the same structure and meeting therequirements of the draft standard.
– Goal definition:• Purpose of the eco-efficiency assessment• Intended audience• Intended use of the results– Scope definition• Product system to be assessed: name, scale of production, location of life cycle
stages, time of production and use, main stakeholders involved• Function and functional unit
• System boundary• Allocations to external systems• Environmental assessment method and types of impacts• Value assessment method and type of products system value• Choice of eco-efficiency indicator(s)Change!
• Interpretation to be used
• Limitations• Reporting and disclosure of results– Environmental assessment
Incandescent light bulb
– Product system value assessment– Quantification of eco-efficiency
Bulb-shaped fluorescent lamp
– Interpretation

Main Outcomes from Leon (1)• CD1への各国コメント（118項目）の処理。value assessmentの方式改善、定義等の加筆訂正、修文、事例精査、等を行った。
• 仏、英より「価値評価はTC207の範疇外だからTRに」という意見があったが、・評価にあたってはライフサイクルを考慮し、重要なステージを選択する
・intangible な価値においても定量化手法を例示する
・Annex B において、より事例を充実させて理解を促進させるという共通の理解が得られた結果、評価方法の記述が厳密且つ一般的な内容に改善されたと判断され、DIS段階に進んでも良いとの結論に達した。

Main Outcomes from Leon (2)• Functional unit の考え方を単位機能、単位時間当たり（の環境負荷、価値）と決定した。すなわち、ランプの評価例で新技術を搭載した製品の寿命伸長によりトータルのCO2排出量が増加してしまうような場合においても、適切な Functional unit の設定により環境負荷についても改善されたという評価が可能になった。結果、（比較主張の制約に関わらず） eco-efficiencyについても改善されたとの評価が可能になった。
• 価値はステークホルダーによって異なるという見解は維持された。したがって上にもあるように、価値評価は製品･サービスのライフサイクルを考慮するが、価値の生ずるステージはステークホルダーにより異なり且つ限定される場合がある、という共通理解が再認識された。

Main Outcomes from Leon (3)・日本の第一事例以外の３事例は Weighting 手法を使っているので Application として扱い分けるべき、という日本のコメントは否決され、従来どおり全て Annex B に掲載されることになった。ただし、各事例（特に日本以外の2事例）に対して、規格本文の記述に沿ったフォーマットに修正せよという要請がなされた。
最終的には以下の4事例が採用される予定。
1: Example of eco-efficiency assessment applied to electronics products
according to the Guidelines in Japanese electronics industry （日本の「共通ファクターＸ」での算出方法を用いた白熱電球と電球型蛍光灯の評価事例）
2: Example of eco-efficiency assessment based on the integrated
assessment approach （日本の一部企業で実施している重み付け手法を用いた、従来型とサイクロン型の掃除機の評価事例）
3: Application of eco-efficiency assessment in Mexican petrochemicalindustry （メキシコのエチレン精製工場の評価事例）
4: Application of eco-efficiency assessment - chelating agents （スウェーデンの化学物質評価事例）

What's Ahead?
• 2010年 10月15日

Annex Bに記載された事例の改訂案提出

•

10月下旬

DIS案をエディティンググループに回付

•

11月7日

DISをWG7に回付•

11月15日DISをSC5に登録

•

12月1日

DIS投票開始（5か月投票）• 2011年 5月1日

DIS投票締切•

次回SC5/WG7会合開催

6月（6/26～7/2、オスロ総会期間中）•

9月

FDIS投票開始（2か月投票）•

12月

ISO14045発行