Ghana
HIV/AIDS
MedCOI

July 2024

Manuscript completed in July 2024
Neither the European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA) nor any person acting on behalf of the
EUAA is responsible for the use that might be made of the information contained within thispublication.
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2024
PDF

ISBN 978-92-9410-282-9 doi: 10.2847/31205

BZ-05-24-534-EN-N© European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA), 2024
Cover photo/illustration: davide bonaldo, close up of young african doctor hand bleedingmaking hiv and sida test on african woman, © Adobe Stock, n.d.,
https://stock.adobe.com/images/close-up-of-young-african-doctor-hand-bleeding-making-hivand-sida-test-on-african-woman/222969459
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. For any use or reproductionof photos or other material that is not under the EUAA copyright, permission must be sought
directly from the copyright holders.

GHANA TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HIV/AIDS

Acknowledgements
The EUAA acknowledges International SOS as the drafter of this report.
The report has been reviewed by International SOS and EUAA.

3

EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUMContents
Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................ 3
Disclaimer ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Glossary and abbreviations ........................................................................................................... 6
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 8
Terms of reference .......................................................................................................... 8
Collecting information ..................................................................................................... 8
Quality control ................................................................................................................... 8
Sources ................................................................................................................................................... 91.

Prevalence of HIV/AIDS................................................................................................... 10

2.

Access to treatment ......................................................................................................... 10
2.1. Insurance and national programmes .................................................................................... 112.2. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)............................................................................ 11

3.

Cost of treatment ..............................................................................................................12

4.

Cost of medication ............................................................................................................14

Annex 1: Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 17
Annex 2: Terms of Reference (ToR) .............................................................................................194

GHANA TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HIV/AIDS

Disclaimer
This report was written according to the EUAA COI Report Methodology (2023). The report isbased on publicly available sources of information, as well as oral anonymised sources whoare based in Ghana. All sources used are referenced.
The information contained in this report has been researched, evaluated and analysed withutmost care. However, this document does not claim to be exhaustive. If a particular event,person or organisation is not mentioned in the report, this does not mean that the event has
not taken place or that the person or organisation does not exist.
Furthermore, this report is not conclusive as to the determination or merit of any particularapplication for international protection. Terminology used should not be regarded asindicative of a particular legal position.
‘Refugee’, ‘risk’ and similar terminology are used as generic terminology and not in the legal
sense as applied in the EU Asylum Acquis, the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967
Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees.
Neither the EUAA, nor any person acting on its behalf, may be held responsible for the use
which may be made of the information contained in this report.
On 19 January 2022 the European Asylum Support Office (EASO) became the European Union
Agency for Asylum (EUAA). All references to EASO, EASO products and bodies should beunderstood as references to the EUAA.
The drafting of this report was finalised on 27 March 2024. Any event taking place after thisdate is not included in this report. More information on the reference period for this report canbe found in the methodology section of the Introduction.

5

EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUMGlossary and abbreviations
Term

Definition

AIDS

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

ART

Antiretroviral Therapy

ARV

Antiretroviral

ASR

Ashanti Region

CHAG

Christian Health Association of Ghana

CHPS

Community-Based Health and Planning Services

CR

Central Region

GHANET

Ghana HIV and AIDS Network

HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus

NACP

National AIDS Control Programme

NHIS

National Health Insurance Scheme

PLHIV

People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

PEP

Post-Exposure Prophylaxis

PrEP

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis

PHC

Primary Healthcare

6

GHANA TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HIV/AIDS

Term

Definition

STI

Sexually Transmitted Infection

UNAIDS

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS

VR

Volta Region

WAAF

West Africa AIDS Foundation

WAPCAS

Ghana-West Africa Programme to Combat AIDS and STI

WNR

Western North RegionWR

Western Region

7

EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUM

Introduction
Methodology
The purpose of the report is to provide information on access to Human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) treatment in Ghana. This information is relevant to the application of international
protection status determination (refugee status and subsidiary protection) and migration
legislation in EU+ countries.

Terms of reference
The terms of reference for this Medical Country of Origin Information Report were developedby EUAA.
The terms of reference for this Medical Country of Origin Information Report can be found in
Annex 2: Terms of Reference (ToR). The initial drafting period was finalised on 9 November
2023, peer review occurred between 10 November – 22 December 2023, and additional
information was added to the report as a result of the quality review process during the review
implementation up until 27 March 2024. The report was internally reviewed subsequently.

Collecting information
EUAA contracted International SOS (Intl.SOS) to manage the report delivery including datacollection. Intl.SOS recruited and managed a local consultant to write the report and a publichealth expert to edit the report. These were selected from Intl.SOS’ existing pool ofconsultants. The consultant was selected based on their experience in leading comparable
projects and their experience of working on public health issues in Ghana.
This report is based on publicly available information in electronic and paper-based sources
gathered through desk-based research. This report also contains information from oral
sources with ground-level knowledge of the healthcare situation in Ghana who wereinterviewed specifically for this report. For security reasons, all oral sources are anonymised.

Quality control
This report was written by Intl.SOS in line with the European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA)
COI Report Methodology (2023), 1 the EUAA Country of Origin Information (COI) Reports
Writing and Referencing Guide (2023) 2 and the EUAA Writing Guide (2022). 3 Quality control of
the report was carried out both on content and form. Form and content were reviewed by
Intl.SOS and EUAA.

EUAA, Country of Origin Information (COI) Report Methodology, February 2023, url
EUAA, Country of Origin Information (COI) Reports Writing and Referencing Guide, February 2023, url
3
EUAA, The EUAA Writing Guide, April 2022, url
12

8

GHANA TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HIV/AIDS

The accuracy of information included in the report was reviewed, to the extent possible,
based on the quality of the sources and citations provided by the consultants. All thecomments from reviewers were reviewed and were implemented to the extent possible, undertime constraints.

Sources
In accordance with EUAA COI methodology, a range of different published sources have been
consulted on relevant topics for this report. These include governmental publications, reports
by non-governmental organisations and international organisations. All sources that are usedin this report are outlined in Annex 1: Bibliography.
Key informant interviews were carried out in September 2023. Interviews were conductedwith an officer who works within organisations of Ghana’s healthcare system. A complete
anonymised list of interviewees can be found in Annex 1: Bibliography.

9EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUM

1.

Prevalence of HIV/AIDS

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to be a disease of public health importanceand Ghana is classified as having a low-level generalised HIV epidemic. 4
In 2022, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) stated that 350 000
adults and children are living with HIV in Ghana, of which 330 000 (94.3 %) are aged 15 to 49
years. There are 25 000 children (aged 0 to 14 years) living with HIV. There are 230 000 adultwomen living with HIV, comprising 65.7 % of all those who live with HIV and 69.6 % of adults
who live with HIV. 5 99Science, a Ghanaian science communication platform, reports thatyoung people (aged 15 to 24 years) constitute 25 % of people who live with HIV (PLHIV) in the
country.6
About 250 000 PLHIV are aware of their status (71 %) and 220 000 PLHIV who know theirstatus are on antiretroviral therapy (ART). 7
99Science reports that the country’s HIV prevalence rate stands at 1.8 %. The prevalenceacross the country varies with the Northern Region recording the lowest prevalence of 0.02 %and the Eastern Region having the highest prevalence of 2.3 %, followed by the Greater Accra
Region and the Western Region, with rates of 2.1 % and 2.2 %, respectively. 8

2.

Access to treatment

Ghana has a pluralistic health sector in terms of ownership (public and private) and in terms ofhealthcare models (orthodox, traditional and alternative medicine). 9 Healthcare services areprovided by the public sector, as well as by private sector service providers made up of forprofit providers and non-profit faith-based health facilities. 10 The health system is organised inthree levels: the primary level, with a focus on primary healthcare (PHC) services, starts withthe community-based health and planning services (CHPS) compound, then the sub-district
health centre/clinic and ends up at the district hospital. The secondary and tertiary levels haveregional and teaching hospitals, respectively. 11

CCM Ghana, HIV/AIDS in Ghana, n.d., url
UNAIDS, Country factsheets, Ghana 2022, 2023, url
6
99Science, HIV in Ghana: Everything you need to know, August 2023, url
7
UNAIDS, Country factsheets, Ghana 2022, 2023, url
8
99Science, HIV in Ghana: Everything you need to know, August 2023, url
9Ghana, MOH, National Health Policy: Ensuring healthy lives for all (Revised Edition), January 2020, url, p. 23
10
Ghana, MOH, Health Sector Medium Term Development Plan 2022-2025, December 2021, url, p. 11
11
Ghana, MOH, Health Sector Medium Term Development Plan 2022-2025, December 2021, url, p. 11
4

5

10

GHANA TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HIV/AIDS

Public and private facilities, at all levels of the health system, can provide care within limits set
by the Standard Treatment Guidelines 2017. 12 The primary level of care has the capacity toidentify and make differential diagnosis of some of the conditions. This capacity is mostly at
the district hospital level where they can make more definitive diagnosis, commence basiccare and continue to refer the client to the appropriate secondary or tertiary facility fordefinitive case management. All patients can access care at the nearest point of service tothem at any level of the health system. Based on the severity of the condition and the capacityof the point of service to manage the condition, care will be continued, or the patient will bereferred to the next higher level of care for further appropriate case management. Patients
can however walk into any emergency room in any secondary or tertiary facility and will beattended to. 13
There is a National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) run by the Ghana Health Service. It
provides prevention services, including promoting condom use, advocating for pre-exposure
prophylaxis (PrEP) and ensuring access to post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Expanding HIV
testing and prevention education can significantly reduce new infections, particularly among
high-risk populations. It also provides treatment services that include early diagnosis andtreatment. There are approximately 68 % of individuals on ART achieving viral suppression,and the outlook for effective HIV treatment seems positive. 14
Persons requiring HIV services are eligible for free services if registered with designatedpublic facilities located throughout the country. According to an interviewed infectious disease
doctor, these services are considered to be easily accessible. 15

2.1.

Insurance and national programmes

The cost for HIV treatment is not covered under the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS)
as HIV treatment is provided free by government. The NHIS is available for registration to allindividuals living in Ghana. 16

2.2.

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

There are a number of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) supporting persons affectedwith HIV and AIDS to access the available treatment care and support available. They do notprovide treatment services but they engage in prevention interventions. They also engage inadvocacy and community engagement activities to raise awareness of what is available,
where it is and how it can be accessed. Some of these organisations are Ghana HIV and AIDS
Network (GHANET), 17 the West Africa AIDS Foundation (WAAF), 18 and the Ghana-West Africa
Ghana, MOH, GNDP, Standard Treatment Guidelines, Seventh Edition, 2017, url
CHvKII101, Consultant Infectious Disease Doctor, Interview, September 2023, Accra
14
99Science, HIV in Ghana: Everything you need to know, August 2023, url
15
CHvKII101, CHvKII101, Consultant Infectious Disease Doctor, Interview, September 2023, Accra
16
CHvKII101, Consultant Infectious Disease Doctor, Interview, September 2023, Accra
17
GHANET, 2023, url
18
WAAF (West Africa AIDS Foundation), 2020, url
12
13

11

EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUM

Programme to Combat AIDS and STI (WAPCAS). 19 The faith-based health service provider the
Christian Health Association of Ghana (CHAG) provides treatment services in its facilities. 20

3.

Cost of treatment

HIV outpatient treatment and laboratory tests are provided for free in all public facilities for all
persons who have been diagnosed and are registered with the same or designated facility
that provides HIV treatment care and support services. 21
In Table 1 and Table 2 below, the prices for specialists consultations in public facilities are
based on the NHIS tariffs for tertiary hospitals, 22 while prices for the private sector as well as
reimbursement and insurance information are provided by interviewee CHvKII101. 23
Table 1. Cost of specialist consultations in public tertiary and private health facilities
Specialist

Publicoutpatient
treatment
price in
GHS

Publicinpatienttreatment
price inGHS*

Privateoutpatient
treatment
price in
GHS

Internist

Free

127

300 to400

400 to 500

HIV specialist

Free

127

300 to400

400 to 500

The cost of ART and HIV
specific laboratory tests arefree of charge in public
facilities for both outpatientand inpatient treatments.

400 to 500

The cost of admission andnon-HIV related care andtreatment can be covered
within the limits of the NHISor private insurance
packages.

Infectiologist

Free

127

300 to400

Private inpatient
treatment pricein GHS*

Reimbursement/ special
programme/ free/ comments

If no insurance, then thepatient pays out-of-pocket.

WAPCAS, 2017, url
CHAG, 2023, url
21
CHvKII101, Consultant Infectious Disease Doctor, Interview, September 2023, Accra
22
NHIS Tariffs for tertiary hospitals (2023)
23
CHvKII101, Consultant Infectious Disease Doctor, Interview, September 2023, Accra
19

20

12

GHANA TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HIV/AIDS*The cost of inpatient treatment is calculated on a daily basis and includes bed and food.

Table 2. Cost of HIV laboratory, diagnostic imaging and specialist treatment interventions in public
tertiary and private health facilities
Public treatment
price in GHS

Private treatment pricein GHS

Reimbursement/ special
programme/ free/ comments

Laboratory measurements
Viral load countFree

HIV viral load – 500

CD 4 countFree

Not foundLaboratory research:
resistance test for
antiretroviral drugs

Free

HIV 1 & 2 resistance
2 860

127

400 to 500

Free if obtained fromgovernment-approved HIV
centres. If not, then cost is paidout of pocket by the patient orwith private insurance.

Treatment
Clinical admittance oninternal/ infectious
disease department(daily rate)

Both public / private sector
prices can be paid with NHIS or
private insurance and thefacility is reimbursed. If no
insurance, then cost is born by
the patient.
The NHIS is does not cover thefull cost of care in the private
sector.

13

EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUM

4.

Cost of medication

The cost of medication for the treatment of HIV is free when provided in public facilities.
Government, with support from the Global Fund and other bi-lateral and multilateral agencies,
covers all treatment costs. Medication is mostly found in government designated treatmentsites. Some medications can be found in a few private sector facilities on a payment basis. 24
Prices in private facilities and information on insurance and reimbursement are provided byinterviewee CHvKII101. 25
In Table 3 below, ‘Pharmacy’ refers to the private sector and ‘Hospital’ refers to public sector.
Concerning the coverage and reimbursement of the medication prices in the table below, thefollowing principles apply:
1.

Both public and private sector prices can be covered by NHIS or/and private
insurance.

2. If insured, on presentation of one’s insurance card, whether NHIS or private, nopayment is made by the patient, as the insurance company re-imburses the facility at alater date on submission of claims.
3. In private facilities, where NHIS coverage is accepted, the price difference between the
NHIS tariffs and the private price is borne by the patient.
4. Uninsured patients pay out-of-pocket for all medications at public and private facilities.

Table 3. Cost of medicines in both public and private sector
Generic Name

Brand nameStrength of
unit

Form

Numberof units inthecontainer

Price perbox inGHS

Place(pharmacy,
hospital,…)Abacavir

Abacavir

300 mgtablet30

Free

Hospital

Dolutegravir

Dolutegravir

50 mg

tablet30

Free

HospitalEfavirenz

Efavirenz

600 mgtablet30

Free

Hospital

Elvitegravir

Elvitegravir

150 mgtablet30

Free

Hospital

24
25

CHvKII101, Consultant Infectious Disease Doctor, Interview, September 2023, Accra
CHvKII101, Consultant Infectious Disease Doctor, Interview, September 2023, Accra

14

GHANA TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HIV/AIDS

Generic Name

Brand nameStrength of
unit

Form

Numberof units inthecontainer

Price perbox inGHS

Place(pharmacy,
hospital,…)Emtricitabine

Emtricitabine

200 mgcapsule30

Free

Hospital

Tenofovir
disoproxil

Tenofovir
disoproxil

300 mgtablet30

196.3

Pharmacy

300 mgtablet30

Free

Hospital

Tenofovir
disoproxil
Tenofovir
alafenamide

Tenofovir
alafenamide

25 mgtablet30

187.7

Pharmacy

Zidovudine

Zidovidine

300 mgtablet60

Free

Hospital

Truvada®
(combinationof tenofovir
disoproxil/
emtricitabine)

Truvada®

200 mg/tablet30

1 105

Pharmacytablet30

Free

Hospital

Combivir®
(combinationof zidovudine/ lamivudine)

Combinationof zidovudine
andlamivudine

300 mg/tablet30

Free

Hospital

Epzicom®
Kivexa®
(combinationof abacavirandlamivudine)

Combinationof abacavirandlamivudine

600 mg/
300 mgtablet30

Free

Hospital

Juluca®
(combinationofdolutegravir
and rilpvirin)

Combinationofdolutegravir
and rilpvirin

50 mg/
25 mg

tablet30

Free

Hospital

Kaletra®
(combinationof lopinavir /ritonavir)

Combinationof lopinavir
and ritonavir

200 mg/50 mg

tablet120

Free

Hospital

Trizivir®
(combination

Combinationof abacavir /300 mg/
300 mgtablet30

Free

Hospital

300 mgTruvada®

200 mg/
300 mg

150 mg15

EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUMGeneric Name

Brand nameStrength of
unit

Form

Numberof units inthecontainer

Price perbox inGHS

Place(pharmacy,
hospital,…)of abacavir /zidovudine/lamivudine)zidovudine /lamivudine

Aciclovir

Aciclovir

200 mgtablet30

45

Pharmacy

Cefotaxim

Austell™

1g

injection

1

372.7

Pharmacy

Ceftriaxone

Rocephin™

2g

injection

1

174.8

Pharmacy

Doxycycline

Doxycycline

100 mgcapsule10

22

Pharmacy

Fluconazole

Diflucan™

150 mgcapsule1

307

Pharmacy

Itraconazole

Sporanox™

100 mgcapsule28

195

Pharmacy

Nystatin

Nystatin

100 000
units/5ml

suspension

1

69.4

Pharmacy

16

GHANA TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HIV/AIDS

Annex 1: Bibliography
Oral sources, including anonymous sources
CHvKII101, A Consultant Infectious Disease Doctor, Interview, Accra, September 2023. The
person wishes to remain anonymous.

Public sources
99Science, HIV in Ghana: Everything you need to know, August 2023,
https://99science.org/2023/08/05/hiv-in-ghana-everything-you-need-toknow/#:~:text=Approximately%20354%2C927%20people%20are%20living,access%20to%20
HIV%20testing%20services, accessed 10 December 2023
CCM Ghana (Ghana Country Coordinating Mechanism), HIV/AIDS in Ghana, n.d.,
https://www.ccmghana.net/index.php/2018-2020/hiv-aids, accessed 22 December 2023
CHAG (Christian Health Association of Ghana), 2023, https://chag.org.gh/, accessed 5
December 2023
Ghana, MOH (Ministry of Health), GNDP (Ghana National Drugs Programme), Standard
Treatment Guidelines, Seventh Edition, 2017, https://www.moh.gov.gh/wpcontent/uploads/2020/07/GHANA-STG-2017-1.pdf, accessed 5 December 2023
Ghana, MOH (Ministry of Health), Health Sector Medium Term Development Plan 2022-2025,
December 2021, https://www.globalfinancingfacility.org/sites/gff_new/files/Ghana-GFFInvestment-Case.pdf, accessed 10 December 2023
Ghana, MOH (Ministry of Health), National Health Policy: Ensuring healthy lives for all (Revised
Edition), January 2020, https://www.moh.gov.gh/wpcontent/uploads/2020/07/NHP_12.07.2020.pdf-13072020-FINAL.pdf, accessed 10 December
2023
Ghana, NHIS (National Health Insurance Authority), Tariffs for Tertiary Hospitals, February
2023, accessed 5 December 2023. Not available online
GHANET (Ghana HIV and AIDS Network), 2023, https://www.ghanet.net/, accessed 5 October
2023
NHIS (National Health Insurance Scheme), Medicine List, February 2023,
https://nhis.gov.gh/medlist, accessed 5 December 2023
UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS), Country factsheets, Ghana 2022,
2023, https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/ghana, accessed 10 December
2023

17

EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUMWAAF (West Africa AIDS Foundation), 2020, https://waafweb.org/, accessed 5 December
2023
WAPCAS (Ghana-West Africa Program to Combat AIDS & STI), 2017, https://www.wapcas.org/,
accessed 5 December 2023

18

GHANA TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HIV/AIDS

Annex 2: Terms of Reference (ToR)
HIV/AIDS
Note for drafters: These are guidelines on the information to be included. If one aspect is
not relevant, e.g., there is no national institute to treat this disease or no international
donor programme, there is no need to mention it. Keep the focus on treating medicine –preventive care can be mentioned but is of less interest to the target group.

General information
•
•
•
•

•
•
•
•

Briefly describe prevalence and incidence of HIV/AIDS (epidemiologic data).
How is the health care organized for this disease?
How is HIV/AIDS treated – at specific centres, in primary health care centres,
secondary care / hospitals, tertiary care etc.?
Which kinds of facilities can treat HIV/AIDS [public, private not for profit (e.g., hospitals
run by the church), private for-profit sector]? Include links to facilities’ websites if
possible.
How are the resources organized in general to treat patients with HIV/AIDS? Are there
sufficient resources available to treat all patients?
Is there a particular type of this disease for which no (or only partial) treatment exists inthe country?
Is there a (national) institute specialised in treating this disease?
Are there any national or international plans or (donor) programmes for HIV/AIDS; if
yes, could you elaborate on such programme(s) and what it entails?

Access to treatment
•
•
•

•
•

•

Are there specific treatment programmes for HIV/AIDS? If so, what are the eligibility
criteria to gain access to it and what they contain?
Are there specific government (e.g., insurance or tax) covered programmes for thisdisease? If so, what are the eligibility criteria to gain access to it?
Are there any factors limiting the access to healthcare for patients? If so, are theyeconomic, cultural, geographical, etc.? Are there any policies to improve access tohealthcare and/or to reduce the cost of treatments and/or medication? What is thenumber of people having access to treatment? Keep focus on e.g., waiting times rather
than the exact number of specialists in the field.
If different from information provided in the general section; is the treatment
geographically accessible in all regions?
What is the ‘typical route’ for a patient with this disease (after being diagnosed with thedisease)? In other words: for any necessary treatment, where can the patient find help
and/or specific information? Where can s/he receive follow-up treatment? Are there
waiting times for treatments?
What must the patient pay and when?
19EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUM•••

Is it the same scenario for a citizen returning to the country after having spent a
number of years abroad?
What financial support can a patient expect from the government, social security or apublic or private institution? Is treatment covered by social protection or an additional /communal health insurance? If not, how can the patient gain access to a treatment?
Any occurrences of healthcare discrimination for people with this disease?

Insurance and national programmes•••

National coverage (state insurance).
Programmes funded by international donor programmes, e.g., Global Fund, UNAIDS,UNICEF, Gates foundation, Clinton foundation etc.
Include any insurance information that is specific for patients with this disease.

Cost of treatment
Guidance / methodology on how to complete the tables related to treatments:
•
•
•

•
•
•
•

Do not delete any treatments from the tables. Instead state that they are not available
or information could not be found if that is the case.
In the table, indicate the price for inpatient and outpatient treatment in public andprivate facilities and if the treatments are covered by any insurance or by the state.
For inpatient, indicate what is included in the cost (bed / daily rate for admittance,
investigations, consultations…). For outpatient treatment, indicate follow up or
consultation cost.
Is there a difference in respect to prices between the private and public facilities?
Are there any geographical disparities?
Are the official prices adhered to in practice?
Include links to online resources used, if applicable (e.g., hospital websites).

Note: a standardised list of treatments was also included in the original ToR, as can beviewed in the report. Any treatment without a found price was removed at the editorial
stage.

Cost of medication
Guidance / methodology on how to complete the tables related to medications:••••

Do not delete any medicines from the tables. Instead state that they are not available
or information could not be found if that is the case.
Are the available medicines in general accessible in the whole country or are there
limitations?
Are the medicines registered in the country? If yes, what are the implications of them
being registered?
Indicate in the tables: generic name, brand name, dosage, form, pills per package,
official prices, source, insurance coverage.
20

GHANA TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HIV/AIDS

•
•
•
•

Are (some of the) medicines mentioned on any drug lists like national lists, insurance
lists, essential drug lists, hospital lists, pharmacy lists etc.?
If so, what does such a list mean specifically in relation to coverage?
Are there other kinds of coverage, e.g., from national donor programmes or otheractors?
Include links to online resources used, if applicable (e.g., online pharmacies).

Note: a standardised list of medication was also included in the original ToR, as can beviewed in the report. Any medication without a found price was removed at the editorial
stage.

NGOs••

Are any NGOs or international organisations active for patients with HIV/AIDS? What
are the conditions to obtain help from these organisations? What help or support canthey offer?
Which services are free of charge and which ones are at a cost? Is access provided to
all patients or access is restricted for some (e.g., in case of faith-based institutions or incase of NGOs providing care only to children for instance).

21

EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUM

22