Mahere Tāmaki Makaurau 2050PŪRONGO KOKE WHAKAMUA IA TORU TAU

THREE YEARLY PROGRESS REPORT

February 2020

MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

RIPANGA IHIRANGITABLE OF CONTENTS
WHAKARĀPOPOTO MATUA | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................................................................4
TE WHAKAWHANAUNGATANGA ME TE WHAI WĀHITANGA | BELONGING AND PARTICIPATION........................8
Ngā Nekehanga Putanga | Outcome Trends............................................................................................................................... 10
Supporting community connection and resilience........................................................................................................................ 14
Improving physical activity and mental health............................................................................................................................... 17
Supporting communities of greatest need....................................................................................................................................... 19
TE TUAKIRI MĀORI ME TE ORANGA | MĀORI IDENTITY AND WELLBEING...........................................................................22
Ngā Nekehanga Putanga | Outcome Trends............................................................................................................................... 25
Ensuring physical and cultural revitalisation of marae.................................................................................................................. 28
Increasing Māori capacity in leadership and decision making..................................................................................................... 29
Supporting te reo Māori to flourish for future generations.......................................................................................................... 30
NGĀ KĀINGA ME NGĀ WĀHI | HOMES AND PLACES....................................................................................................................32
Ngā Nekehanga Putanga | Outcome Trends............................................................................................................................... 35
Tackling a growing intermediate housing market........................................................................................................................... 39
Preventing homelessness...................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Ensuring low carbon, resilient, healthy homes and places........................................................................................................... 43
TE IKIIKI ME TE HEINGA | TRANSPORT AND ACCESS.....................................................................................................................46
Ngā Nekehanga Putanga | Outcome Trends............................................................................................................................... 48
Responding to climate change through transport.......................................................................................................................... 51
Ensuring equity in access to transport............................................................................................................................................... 53
Improving safety on the transport network..................................................................................................................................... 56
TE TAIAO ME NGĀ WĀHI WHAI MANA | ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL HERITAGE....................................................58
Ngā Nekehanga Putanga | Outcome Trends............................................................................................................................... 60
Transitioning to sustainable urban planning and development approaches............................................................................ 63
Building resilience of our environment, species, cultural heritage and infrastructure to climate change impacts........ 66
NGĀ HUARAHI WĀTEA ME TE TŌNUITANGA | OPPORTUNITY AND PROSPERITY...........................................................68
Ngā Nekehanga Putanga | Outcome Trends............................................................................................................................... 70
Addressing the ability to afford everyday needs............................................................................................................................. 73
Developing skills for the future............................................................................................................................................................ 74
Supporting business resilience through innovation........................................................................................................................ 76
NGĀ PUNA RARAUNGA | DATA SOURCES.........................................................................................................................................79
NGĀ TOHUTORO | REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................... 902

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

WHAKARĀPOPOTO MATUAEXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Auckland Plan 2050 states that a progress report against the six outcomes will be prepared every three years to
support evidence-based decision making required to implement the Auckland Plan’s strategic direction. This reportsupplements the annual scorecards and provides a more detailed analysis of trends for each outcome detailed in the Plan.
The analysis draws on a range of other reports and data sets to understand where progress has been made and to identify
opportunities for greater progress. These opportunities are integral to the future of the outcome and are considered
together with the wider context and drivers, including current and future national and global trends. This report
also references some of the central and local government initiatives that are currently in place that support theseopportunities for greater progress.

Summary of outcomes progress
BELONGING AND PARTICIPATION
Progress in the right direction

Mixed progress Opportunities for greater progress Neighbourhood safety Most Aucklanders continue to view
ethnic and cultural diversity positively,
but this varies across Auckland’scommunities1.

 Trust in people
 Support for diversity
 Life expectancy
 Participation in the arts

 Health trends such as life expectancy
and smoking have improved, but otherssuch as obesity and mental health haveworsened

Supporting community
connection and resilience

2. Improving physical activity andmental health
3. Supporting communities ofgreatest need

 Physical activity for children
and adults has been declining,alongside self-reported health Household incomes are increasing,but there is less money available after
housing costsMĀORI IDENTITY AND WELLBEING
Progress in the right direction

Mixed progress Opportunities for greater progress Māori youth
participation in
education and training Income gap is not widening but not
closing either

4. Ensuring physical and culturalrevitalisation of marae Individual wealth is not growing largely
due to lower levels of home ownership

5. Increasing Māori capacity indecision making and leadership Māori academic
achievement inmainstream education
 Māori asset base
 Auckland Māori’s
employment, income
and wages

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 Little progress has been made inincreasing the number of Auckland Māori 6. Supporting te reo Māori toflourish for future generations
who are te reo proficient Only half of Auckland’s Māori had visitedtheir ancestral marae over the last year Many non-statutory co-governance/comanagement arrangements have been
set up but how effective/enduring they
are is still to be determinedHOMES AND PLACES
Progress in the right direction

Mixed progress Opportunities for greater progress Dwelling consent
numbers and code
compliance certificates(CCCs) issued

 Some improvement in housing
affordability although a large majorityof residents do not feel their current
housing costs are affordable7.

 Dwelling consents forintensive housing Increasing proportion of residents meetthe criteria of being homeless Auckland is one of the most common
regions across the country reporting
damp homes and rental dwellings aremuch more likely to be always damp
than owner-occupied dwellings

9. Ensuring low carbon, resilient,
healthy homes and places Housing affordability in
partTackling growth in theintermediate housing market

8. Preventing homelessness

 Emissions from residential energy
use make up 5.2% of Auckland’s total
emissions profile
TRANSPORT AND ACCESS
Progress in the right direction

Mixed progress Public transport
accessibility

10. Responding to climate change The number of deaths and serious
injuries in Auckland were increasing
through transportannually from 2012, but declined in 2018
11. Ensuring equity in access to Transport emissions continue to increasetransport
annually, largely related to travel by road,but management of transport waste is
12. Improving safety on the
improvingtransport network
 Perceptions of public transport
accessibility, reliability and affordability
have not changed overall, but varies
across Auckland’s communities Public transportboardings
 Cycling counts

 Opportunities for greater progress

ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL HERITAGE
Progress in the right direction

Mixed progress Domestic waste volumes  Development is following a quality
compact approach but urbanisation is Community awarenessstill impacting the natural environment
and engagement
and protection of our cultural heritage
in environmental
restoration and cultural
heritage experiences Water quality is improving in someplaces and worsening in others Domestic waste per household is
reducing but commercial waste tolandfill is increasing Opportunities for greater progress

13. Transitioning to sustainableurban planning anddevelopment approaches
14. Building resilience of ourenvironment, species, cultural
heritage and infrastructure toclimate change impacts

 More historic heritage places are being
protected but only a small percentage of
Māori cultural heritage is protected

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

OPPORTUNITY AND PROSPERITY
Progress in the right direction

Mixed progress Income, wages andemployment

 Employment is rising and
15. Addressing the ability to afford
unemployment is low, though there
everyday needs
remain disparities in population groups
16. Ensuring skills for the future
and areas Participation in
education
 Knowledge intensive
employment
 Digital access Tourism spend Over the last ten years a business’
ability to find skilled labour in
Auckland has become more difficult
but has shown signs of improvement
in recent years

 Opportunities for greater progress

17. Supporting business resiliencethrough innovation

 Proportion of young people witha higher level qualification has notincreased Knowledge intensive employment is
growing steadily but its share of total
employment has remained aroundthe same

Key Challenges and Emerging Themes
The Auckland Plan 2050 identified three key challenges that Auckland faces now and in the future. These are highpopulation growth, shared prosperity, and environmental degradation. This progress report strongly supports theneed to continue to address these challenges as they underpin many of the opportunities for greater progress.
Common themes have emerged across all the outcome areas, most prominently equity, climate change transitionand community resilience. The significance of equity is evident in spatial and ethnicity trends related to healthoutcomes, employment and income, Māori decision making, housing affordability and transport safety and access.
Transition needed in response to climate change is reflected in sustainable housing, transport emissions, future skills
and urban development impacts on the environment. The importance of community resilience emerges in measuresof population growth, diversity, urban spaces, marae development and business innovation.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Development Strategy
The Development Strategy is integral to the Auckland Plan 2050 and shows how Auckland will grow and change overthe next 30 years. It takes account of the Auckland Plan outcomes, as well as anticipated growth and opportunities
provided in the Auckland Unitary Plan. Monitoring of the Development Strategy is undertaken on an annual basis tomeasure and report on progress toward achieving the implementation of the strategy. The first monitoring report wasdelivered in October 2019. It is accessible online through the Auckland Plan 2050 website with links to interactive
monitoring dashboards that have been made to supplement the report.

Data and Trend Analysis
The measures, reports and research results used in this report reflect data and information available at the time ofwriting. To identify trends, data has been analysed as far back as possible and there is variation in the time series ofeach measure. Many measures are only presented from the time of the Plan’s adoption in 2018. Where changes inpercentages from year to year are reported as having increased or decreased, it should be noted that these are notnecessarily statistically significant and require further time series to determine a real trend.
There have been data constraints, largely due to data availability, that has translated to a lack of identified trends
or results in some of the outcome areas. Measures and results are good indicators of progress but do not tella complete story. Considerations of qualitative data, national and global trends and future considerations havealso been a part of the analysis to inform the progress of our outcomes.

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

TE WHAKAWHANAUNGATANGAME TE WHAI WĀHITANGABELONGING AND PARTICIPATION
We know we have achieved this outcome when all Aucklanders are a part of and contribute to society,access opportunities, and have the chance to develop to their full potential.

Progress so far
The trends emerging from the Belonging and Participation outcome measures indicate that we are making positive
progress in the following areas:
Trust and reliance on people: most Auckland residents feel they have someone to rely on for help, and trust inpeople has increased.
Life expectancy and smoking: residents of North and West Auckland continue to have the longest life
expectancy in the country, and smoking continues to decline.
Diversity: over half of Auckland residents view the impact of increased ethnic and cultural diversity positively,
and the majority of residents continue to feel comfortable about a new neighbour who has a different
ethnicity, religion, language or sexual orientation to them.
Neighbourhood safety: the majority of Auckland residents feel safe in their homes after dark and increasingly
safe when walking alone in the neighbourhood after dark.
Participation in the arts: the number of Auckland residents that have actively participated in the arts in theprevious year has increased, with a large proportion agreeing that the arts make Auckland a more vibrant andattractive place to live.

Opportunities for greater progress
The analysis of supporting evidence, including a range of datasets and key trends, identified the following
opportunities for greater progress that are integral to the future of this outcome.
Supporting community connection and resilience
Improving physical activity and mental healthSupporting communities of greatest need8

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Ngā Nekehanga Putanga Outcome Trends
AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONS DATA AND TRENDSi
AND FOCUS AREAS
Direction 1: Foster an inclusive• The proportion of Auckland residents that feel a sense of community
Auckland where everyone belongs
with others in their neighbourhood has decreased from 61% in 2010 to
50% in 2018.
• Regular face-to-face contact with family and friends has declined,
although non-face to face contact remained high (79% in 2018).
• The percentage of Auckland residents who had positive contact withpeople in their neighbourhood remains about the same (43% in 2018).
• The percentage of Auckland residents who feel they have someone torely on for help increased from 89% in 2016 to 93% in 2018, and trust inpeople increased from 58% in 2012 to 62% in 2018.
• Around one third of residents have confidence that Auckland Council
makes decisions in the best interests of Auckland and believe the public
has an influence on council decision-making (29% and 31% respectively
in 2018). The latest citizens insight monitor shows residents’ satisfaction
with council’s performance and trust in council decision-making has
increased (from 15% and 17% in 2015 to 23% and 24% in 2019).
• The voter turnout in Auckland’s 2019 local elections was 35%.
Direction 2: Improve health andwellbeing for all Aucklanders by
reducing harm and disparities inopportunities• The percentage of Auckland residents who report their health to be
excellent/very good/good has been declining since 2010 (although thishas remained stable in other social surveys outside of the quality of life
survey).
• Life expectancy continues to increase across each of the Auckland
District Health Board areas. Residents of West Auckland and the North
Shore continue to have the longest life expectancy in the country.
• In 2018, 92% of Auckland children took part in sport and recreation in
any given week. On average they spent 10.2 hours participating. Weekly
physical activity is less in the areas covered by Counties Manukau Sportand Sport Waitākere (91% in 2018).
• Use of active transport (e.g. walking, cycling and scooting) by children
has seen a sustained downward trend from 2011 (49%) to 2017 (45%).
• One in seven (15%) of Auckland children were classified as obese
in 2019. Children living in the most deprived neighbourhoods are
more likely to be obese (26% compared to 3% in the least deprived
neighbourhoods).
• Around 1 in 3 adults in Auckland are classified as obese. The percentage
has increased from 26% in 2017 to 30% in 2019.

i

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Data sources are provided in the data sources table at the end of this document.

AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONSAND FOCUS AREAS
Direction 2: Improve health andwellbeing for all Aucklanders
by reducing harm and disparities
in opportunities(continued)

DATA AND TRENDSi• The percentage of adults with diabetes remained at 6% in 2017.
• The percentage of Auckland residents who experienced stress that hada negative effect on them increased from 16% in 2014 to 20% in 2018.
• 31% of Aucklanders had a World Health Organisation wellbeing score ofless than 13 (indicative of poor emotional wellbeing and/or poor mental
health) in 2018. Auckland compares poorly to other New Zealand cities.
• The percentage of Aucklanders who smoke has declined from 16% in2012 to 13% in 2017. Census 2018 suggests this has declined further to11%.

Focus Area 1: Create safe
opportunities for people to meet,connect, participate in, and enjoy
community and civic life

• The percentage of Aucklanders who are hazardous drinkers is 15%,compared to 19.5% nationally (2017).
• The majority of Auckland residents feel safe in their homes after dark
(91%), in the city centre during the day (90%), and increasingly when
walking in their neighbourhood after dark (62% in 2018). Perceived
safety in their city centre after dark is also improving from 39% in 2016
to 46% in 2018.
• The number of reported victims of crime in Auckland appears to betrending down since early 2017. Theft and burglary make up the largest
proportion of victimisations (62% and 28% respectively in 2019).
• Key barriers to accessing health care include being unable to get an
appointment within 24 hours and cost.

Focus Area 2: Provide accessible
services and social and cultural
infrastructure that are responsive • In 2017, over half of Auckland residents had been to a community eventin meeting people’s evolving needs
and 67% of Auckland residents had been to a park or reserve (in the last
12 months).
Focus Area 3: Support
and work with communities
to develop the resilience to thrive
in a changing world

Focus Area 4: Value and provide
for Te Tīriti o Waitangi/the Treatyof Waitangi as the bicultural
foundation for an intercultural
Auckland• 78% of Empowered Communities activities (i.e. activities involving
Auckland Council’s Community Empowerment Unit) were community
led (2019).
• 74% of Empowered Communities activities build capacity and capability
to assist local communities to achieve their goals (2019).
• Community groups’ overall satisfaction with their experience of working
with council has increased from 62% in 2018 to 66% in 2019.
• Just under half of Auckland residents rated their knowledge of the Treatyof Waitangi as fair/well (2018).
• Almost half of Aucklanders used Māori phrases or words in the previous
four weeks (2017).
• Around one quarter of residents watched a Māori television programmeand 18.5% had sung a Māori song, performed a haka, given a mihi or
speech, or taken part in Māori performing arts or crafts in 2017.
• Around one in five residents (19%) had been to a marae in 2017.

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AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONS DATA AND TRENDSi
AND FOCUS AREAS
Focus Area 5: Recognise, value and • Auckland is becoming increasingly diverse with the percentage ofcelebrate Aucklanders’ differences
Aucklanders who identified as European continuing to decline from 59%
as a strengthin 2013 to just over half (54%) in 2018.
• Between 2013 and 2018, the percentage of Aucklanders who identified
as Asian increased from 23% to 28% and the percentage who identified
as Pacific increased from 15% to 16%.
• Over half (54% in 2018) of Auckland residents viewed the impact ofincreased diversity in lifestyle and culture as making their local area abetter place to live, compared with 17 percent that viewed it as making
their local area a worse place to live. Most residents continue to feel
comfortable about a new neighbour who has a different ethnicity,religion, language or sexual orientation to them.
• Most Auckland residents continue to feel able to express their identity
and the percentage of residents who experienced discrimination in thelast 12 months stayed the same (17% in 2018).
• The percentage of Auckland residents who agree that it a good thing forsociety to be made up of people from different races, religions and cultures
remains high at 74% in 2016, but has declined from 80% in 2013.
• Most recent migrants living in Auckland were satisfied with life in New
Zealand (85% in 2017) although less satisfied compared to migrants
elsewhere in New Zealand.
Focus Area 6: Focus investment
to address disparities and serve
communities of greatest need12

• Average annual household incomes are increasing but so are housing costs.
• Distinct geographical patterns of deprivation continue to exist across
Auckland. The comparison (2013 and 2018) between the proportionof the population living in the most deprived areas presents a mixed picture.

AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONSAND FOCUS AREAS
Focus Area 6: Focus investment
to address disparities and serve
communities of greatest need

DATA AND TRENDSi(continued)• The percentage of Auckland residents who report not having enoughmoney to meet their everyday needs for things such as accommodation,
food, clothing and other necessities has improved in 2018 although still
represents almost one fifth of Auckland residents.

Focus Area 7: Recognise thevalue of arts, culture, sports andrecreation to quality of life

• Auckland residents’ self-reported quality of life remains high (82% in2018) with just under a third of Auckland residents reporting that their
quality of life had increased compared with 12 months prior.
• 64% of Auckland residents in 2018 agreed that Auckland is a greatplace to live, and around the same proportion agreed that the arts make
Auckland a more vibrant and attractive place to live.
• 30% of Auckland residents in 2018 believed that Auckland or their local
area has a rich and diverse arts scene.
• The proportion of Auckland residents that have actively participatedin the arts each year has been increasing over the last few years to justunder half in 2017 and almost three quarters of Auckland residents in2017 had attended at least one arts event across all arts forms.
• The proportion of Auckland adults taking part in sports and recreationin any given week has decreased from 78% in 2013 to 72% in 2018 (4.8hours per week).
• The majority of Auckland residents refer to walking as the most popular
recreational activity

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

Ngā Āheinga mō te Koke Whakamua ki Taumata kē ake
Opportunities for greater progress
Te tautoko i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te hapori me tana manawaroa
Supporting community connection and resilience
Why this is significant
One of the key challenges for Auckland identified in the Auckland Plan is the rate and speed of population growthand social change. Understanding the impact of change on communities is key to promoting a more inclusive Tāmaki
Makaurau where everyone belongs.
Te Tiriti o Waitangi provides the bicultural foundation for an intercultural Auckland. Auckland is already diverse,
which brings shifts in values and lifestyles, demand for goods and services, and civic engagement and democracy.
Our increasing social and cultural diversity poses both challenges and opportunities. It requires us to proactively
promote community connection and resilience so every Aucklander has opportunities to experience the social andeconomic benefits of Auckland’s growth and can participate in and enjoy community and civic life.
Continued population growth and demographic change puts pressure on existing social and cultural infrastructure
and creates demand for new facilities. We need to ensure that our community services and facilities meet the needsof our more diverse population.

Supporting trends
Between 2013 and 2018, Auckland experienced an 11 per cent population increase. Although almost all local board
areas experienced growth, the Papakura (26.3%), Rodney (21%), Upper Harbour (17.1%) and Manurewa (16.3%) local
board areas have grown at a faster rate than the rest of Auckland. The Papakura and Upper Harbour local board areas
also experienced significant demographic change as the percentage of Aucklanders identifying as European declined
while those identifying as Asian increased.
Auckland’s demographic profile is quite different from the rest of New Zealand. The percentage of Aucklanders who
identified as European continued to decline from 59 per cent in 2013 to 54 per cent in 2018. In 2018, younger people(0-15 years old) continue to outnumber the older population (20% and 12% respectively).
The majority of Aucklander residents continue to view ethnic and cultural diversity positively (54%). However, thisvaries by local board area. In addition, those local boards experiencing growth and demographic change tended toview ethnic and cultural diversity less positively, with some saying it made Auckland a worse place to live.
Most Auckland residents (71%) believe that it is important to feel a sense of community with others in theirneighbourhood. However, only half of Aucklanders feel a sense of community and this has declined over time.
This varies across Auckland with residents in some local board areas experiencing a stronger sense of community
than others.
Families, friends and neighbours are key sources of social support and give people a sense of belonging. Althoughface-to-face contact with family and friends declined in 2018, non face-to-face contact remains high. Most Auckland
residents (90%) said that they had some kind of positive contact with people in their neighbourhood in the previous
12 months.
Availability of support contributes to mental and physical health. Most Auckland residents (93%) have someone tohelp them if they were faced with a serious illness or injury or needed emotional support.
Trust in others is an important indicator of how people feel about members of their community. High levels of trust
facilitate co-operative behaviour among people and contribute to people’s ability to develop positive relationships
with others. Overall, 62 per cent of Auckland residents felt that people can be trusted, although there is variation
across the region.
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Strategic context
There are numerous factors that drive population growth and social change, including natural increase, immigration,and migration to and from other parts of New Zealand. Auckland has experienced year-on-year population growth,
driven largely by natural increase and migration from overseas. However, since 2012, increasing numbers ofpeople have been leaving Auckland to move to other areas in New Zealand, especially Tauranga, Waikato District,Whangarei and the Far North1.
Globally, societal change has been a driving factor in governments doing more to promote greater social inclusion
and a more connected society. Growing ethnic and cultural diversity has highlighted the importance of building
strong community connections and the need for communities to come together across ethnicity and race-based
divides. Delivering social inclusion is also viewed as contributing to a nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) throughhealth and social care savings. A recent United Nations (UN) report also highlighted the role of volunteers
in strengthening community resilience2.
In 2019, New Zealand was ranked eighth out of 156 countries in the United Nations Sustainable Development
Solutions Network (2019) World Happiness Report. Social support was one of the main factors for New Zealanders
ranking so highly. The report noted that the happiest and most well-connected societies are also the most resilient.
Other cities internationally are developing social inclusion strategies to guide investment in the infrastructure that
communities need to stay connected. They are also developing tools to measure progress towards social inclusion,
including contact and friendship with minority groups. The Government’s Living Standards Framework takes a broad
approach to measuring wellbeing and continues to evolve.
Auckland Council has made significant progress in ensuring that the foundations are in place to support community
connection and resilience. There is an opportunity to enhance more effective implementation through the refresh ofexisting strategies and the roll out of supporting programmes.

Central and local government initiatives
Central government is currently tackling social inclusion through its focus on wellbeing. The Measurement of Social
Connectedness and its Relationship to Wellbeing (MSD, 2018) is intended to provide the basis for future work to
explore how social connectedness affects resilience and wellbeing for New Zealanders and how the development
and effectiveness of these networks might be supported by government.
The government is also supporting the Office of Ethnic Communities to promote social cohesion, inclusivenessand diversity. $9.4 million over four years was allocated as part of the 2019 Wellbeing Budget, which follows anadditional $1.8 million announced in April 2019.
Fit for purpose social infrastructure is vital to the delivery of essential public services. In 2018, the government
announced additional funding to upgrade Auckland’s aging hospital facilities including Middlemore, Auckland Cityand Starship hospitals and the Greenlane Clinical Centre. In late 2019, the government announced additional funding
for repairs to state schools and other building work across New Zealand.
In addition, the government has developed a range of initiatives targeted at children and young people, older people,
and disabled people. These include initiatives to support the Child Poverty Reduction Act 2018, such as the Childand Youth Wellbeing Strategy. The Ministry for Youth Development funds a range of programmes and services
that promote identity, belonging, connectedness and the strengths of young people. Better Later Life – He Oranga
Kaumātua 2019 to 2034 identifies key areas for action to support New Zealand’s aging population, including
enhancing opportunities for participation and social connection. The Ministry of Social Development funds a range of
projects that promote the inclusion and contribution of older people to community life. The government’s report to
the United Nation’s Disability Committee outlines what the government has done over the past four years to put the
Disability Convention into action and identifies areas for improvement.

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Auckland Council has a number of strategies, plans and policies that aim to support social inclusion such as theThriving Communities Plan (currently being refreshed) and I Am Auckland (Council’s strategy for children andyoung people). An age-friendly plan is also being developed to support greater participation and inclusion of older
Aucklanders. Other strategies such as Toi Whītiki (Council’s arts and culture strategy) and the Auckland Sport andRecreation Strategic Action Plan aim to increase participation in arts and culture and sport and recreation, which leadto improved wellbeing and social connection. As part of the Investing in Aucklanders project, staff engaged with over600 Aucklanders to hear what makes them feel they belong and identified enablers and barriers to inclusion. The
research highlighted the importance of community places, activities and social networks in promoting connection.
These findings, based on Aucklanders’ lived experience of inclusion, are informing the development of up to fivepilots that will test the types of activities that make a difference to Aucklanders feeling included.
The Enabling Council Strategic Framework is a whole of council programme to ‘transform council’s culture, systems,
policies and practices to enhance the achievement of community and social outcomes’. The programme delivers
on Our Strategy 2022 ‘Connecting with our communities’ game-changer through key internal change projects andinitiatives to enable delivery of community-related Auckland Plan outcomes. Initial areas of focus include improving
the experience of community groups, embedding social procurement to enhance social outcomes, and improving
local outcomes through place-making. It seeks to support community-first thinking, working in more joined-up andintegrated ways, and encouraging innovation and experimentation. Council’s capacity-building initiatives also help
community organisations to be self-reliant, resilient and sustainable.
A number of local boards are exploring the use of the Welcoming Communities framework, which is being promoted
by central government (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment), as a way of welcoming newcomers (suchas migrants and refugees) into their local communities.
Other initiatives include the Inclusive Auckland Framework, Auckland Council’s plan to be an inclusive organisationthat promotes and celebrates diversity within its workforce through the design and delivery of inclusive services, aswell as through encouraging diversity of political representation and civic engagement. Auckland Council became
the first council in Aotearoa New Zealand to be awarded the Rainbow Tick Certification. As part of the Pride Festival
2020, Auckland Council’s Proud Centres invite the community to submit ideas for events that enable people toexperience inclusivity and diversity in their own communities and foster pride in their own place.
Social and community infrastructure are hubs for the delivery of services and provide places where Aucklanders canconnect and interact. Auckland Council’s Community Facilities Network Plan guides council’s strategic approach tothe provision of community facilities over the next 20 years such as the recent investment in the Avondale multipurpose community facility and Te Manawa – Westgate’s Integrated services hub. Council will be working closelywith Kāinga Ora, through the Auckland Housing and Urban Growth Joint Programme, to ensure the adequate
provision of social and community infrastructure to meet the needs of new communities resulting from thegovernment’s housing developments and where significant future urban development is being planned.
Auckland Council’s Community Investment principles are set out in the Facility Partnership Policy 2018 and seek tosupport facility partnerships that can enable the council, co-investors and the community to provide more of the
facilities Auckland needs, faster and more effectively.
The Parks and Open Spaces Provision Policy guides council’s approach to the acquisition of new parks and open
space, particularly to address the needs of growth and our increasingly diverse communities. This policy informs
investment decisions to create a high-quality open space network that contributes to Aucklanders’ quality of life. For
example, the acquisition of land at Scott Point for the creation of New Zealand’s first fully sustainable sports park
will help guide the future provision of parks as well as serving 20,000 new residents.
The development and adoption of strategies such as open space network plans also guide the development ofexisting parks and open space to improve access and respond to growth in Auckland. Ten local boards have currently
adopted their own open space network plans.
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Te whakapai ake i te korikori tinana me te oranga hinengaro
Improving physical activity and mental health
Why this is significant
Good health is critical to wellbeing and enables people to participate more fully in society. It also has wider benefits
for Auckland, including lower health care costs and increased productivity. Participating in sport and recreation playsa critical role in enabling residents to be more active and improve their quality of life, health and general wellbeing.
Evidence shows that more active lifestyles help to combat obesity and related health outcomes. Participation canalso have a positive impact on physical and mental health, social connection and educational outcomes.
Declining physical activity and related high levels of obesity, stress and poor mental health continue to persist in
Auckland and remain a concern, particularly for young people.

Supporting trends
Self-rated health is a widely used indicator of health status and has a strong relationship with objective measuresof health status. Although most Aucklanders (78%) report their health to be excellent/very good/good, this has
declined from 88 per cent in 2010ii. Māori and Pacific people are less likely to rate their health positively (68% and
69% respectively).
The percentage of Auckland residents who said that they had been physically active five or more days over theprevious seven days has declined, and Auckland’s young people have the lowest scores in the country for both weekly
physical activity and time spent being active (10.2 hours in 2018). Auckland children using active transport has seena sustained downward trend.
In 2018, almost a third of Aucklanders had a World Health Organisation wellbeing score of less than 13, which isindicative of poor emotional wellbeing and/or poor mental health. Auckland compares poorly with other New
Zealand cities. Suicide rates are also an indicator of mental health and wellbeing. In 2018/19, the number of suicides
in New Zealand reached its highest level ever, with the highest number of suicides being in Auckland.iii This was
driven by an increase in the numbers of young people, particularly in the 15-19 year age group.

Strategic context
The next 20 years will bring sizeable shifts to New Zealand’s population in terms of age, ethnicity and geographic
spread. Environmental, social, technological, and cultural changes will provide both opportunities and challenges.
Challenges include the impact of climate change on the health of vulnerable population groups3, technological andresearch advances, significant shifts in demand for health services, and social and cultural changes (e.g. expanded
self-monitoring and options for accessing health services).
Health behaviours and socio-economic factors account for approximately 30 per cent and 40 per cent respectivelyof a person’s health and wellbeing status, and the physical environment accounts for about 10 per cent4. The social
determinants of health include housing, employment, poverty, social attitudes and discrimination.
Although health outcomes have generally improved in recent years, health inequalities persist. Poor health outcomesfor Māori and Pacific people are still unacceptably high compared with the rest of the population, and rates of youth
suicide remain a problem. Of all ethnic groups, Pacific people are amongst those most affected by inequalities in thesocio-economic determinants of health, including living in areas of high deprivation, being unemployed and having low
weekly earnings. Although life expectancy continues to increase across each of Auckland’s District Health Board areas,
there is a 7-8 year gap between Pacific and other ethnicities (excluding Māori)5.

ii However, Aucklanders’ self-reported health remained stable at 78% according to the New Zealand General Social Survey and at 87% in the New Zealand
Health Survey.
iii Annual provisional suicide statistics for deaths reported to the Coroner between 1 July 2007 and 30 June 2019.

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New Zealand has the third highest adult obesity rate in the world (OECD, 2017). In 2018/19, one in three adult New
Zealanders and one in nine children were classified as obese6. A recent study7 found that a third of the variation in
obesity prevalence between communities could be explained by the socio-economic and urban composition of thecommunity. A child’s family and neighbourhood conditions, including family make-up, levels of deprivation, andrural versus urban, accounted for half of the differences in obesity rates between Māori and European children, anda third of the disparity between Pacific and European children. The study also confirmed poverty as a major driverof disproportionate obesity rates among Māori and Pacific pre-schoolers. The findings highlight the potential healthimpact of redressing wider inequities in society and reinforce the need to move beyond individualistic framing ofobesity to a more holistic view.
In Auckland, obesity rates have continued upwards for adults and in children 14 years and under. Adult obesity
increased from 21 per cent in 2014 to 30.4 per cent in 2019. In 2017, approximately one quarter of the populationin Auckland and Waitematā DHBs and almost 40 per cent of residents in the Counties Manukau DHB area are
determined to be obese8.
Mental health remains a concern and Auckland compares poorly to other New Zealand cities in relation toemotional wellbeing, alongside an increasing proportion of Auckland residents who experienced stress that had anegative effect on them (20% in 2018).
Recreation and sport provide a key mechanism, when combined with good nutrition, to address increases in diseases
such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. They improve individuals’ wellbeing and reduce costs to thewider community. Recreation and sport encourage regular activity and provide physical and psychological healthbenefits, such as higher levels of self-esteem, motivation and self-worth. They provide an element of fun, providing
respite from everyday hassles and challenges9.

Central and local government initiatives
Health, disability and supporting improved mental health are key priorities for the government. The government
announced a wide ranging review of New Zealand’s health and disability system in 2018. The review is designed
to future proof health and disability services and ensure that it delivers equitable health outcomes for all New
Zealanders.
The government released its response to He Ara Oranga, the report from its Inquiry into Mental Health andAddiction in May 2019. This included “significantly” increasing access to publicly-funded mental health and addiction
services for people with mental health and addiction needs. The Mental Health and Wellbeing Commission Bill
proposes to establish a Mental Health and Wellbeing Commission to contribute to improving equity for Māori,Pacific peoples, disabled people, rainbow communities, and other groups that experience poorer mental healthand wellbeing outcomes. The government increased funding for mental health services, including alcohol and drug
addiction services, as part of its Wellbeing Budget 2019. A specific focus was on promoting the mental wellbeing of
the under 24s.
The government also released its Every Life Matters – He Tapu te Oranga o ia Tangata - Suicide Prevention Strategy
2019-2029 and Action Plan 2019-2024 in September 2019. The action plan details actions across the suicide prevention
continuum that aim to increase protective factors and reduce risk factors for the population of Aotearoa New Zealand.
The Government has also committed additional funding to suicide prevention in the 2019 Wellbeing Budget.
Auckland Council has a key role in making bylaws to protect, promote and maintain public health and safety andenabling health promoting environments such as the endorsement of the Safe Communities Foundation NZ for Pan
Pacific Safe Community accreditation and healthier food and beverage offerings in council’s leisure facilities. Healthy
Auckland Together is a coalition of 26 organisations, including Auckland Council, with a focus on encouraging
physical activity and good nutrition10.

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Council’s investment in parks, sports and recreation facilities and walking and cycling infrastructure encourages
Aucklanders to be active more often. The council works with key agencies to support leadership and developmentof the play, active recreation and sports sector, such as council’s strategic partnership with Aktive Auckland
Sport & Recreation.
Auckland Council’s newly adopted Increasing Aucklanders’ Participation in Sport Investment Plan 2019 – 2039 is atargeted, strategic approach for future investment to improve participation in community sport. In addition, therecently established Sport and Recreation Facilities Fund will enable communities to access $120 million set aside in
the Long-term Plan 2018-2028 for community-based projects, including the development of sports and recreation
facilities. The council also supports a range of regional sports and recreation organisations to deliver regional projects
through grant funding.

Te tautoko i ngā hapori whakaraerae
Supporting communities of greatest need
Why this is significant
Disparities in income, employment, health and education outcomes continue to exist. As successive generationsof Auckland whānau experience socio-economic deprivation, the impact is more visible and harder to change as
poverty and inequality of outcomes become more entrenched.

Progress and challenges
Although average annual household incomes in Auckland have increased, housing costs are also on the rise. This
impacts on income households can spend on other essentials. Although 41 per cent of Aucklanders have enoughmoney to meet their everyday needs, an additional 35 per cent have ‘just enough’. The percentage of Aucklanders
who do not have enough money to meet their everyday needs for things such as accommodation, food, clothing
and other necessities has improved but still represents almost one fifth of Aucklanders. Furthermore, 39 per centof residents in the Māngere-Ōtāhuhu and 32 per cent in the Ōtara-Papatoetoe local board areas report not having
enough money to cover the costs of their everyday needs.
The recently released New Zealand Deprivation Index 201811 demonstrates that, although some areas of Auckland
have experienced positive change, the underlying geographical pattern of deprivation continues to exist and may
take generations to shift. The comparison (2013 and 2018) between the proportion of the population living in themost deprived areas presents a mixed picture with Waiheke, Waitematā and Papakura local board areas experiencing
a decline in the percentage of residents living in the most deprived areas (Deprivation Index 8,9 and 10 areas) whileothers, such as Henderson-Massey, Whau, Howick and Maungakiekie-Tāmaki local board areas, have experienced
an increase in the percentage of residents living in the most deprived areas. Each of these local board areas also
experienced moderate levels of population growth (9-11%)12.

Strategic context
Our children and young people can be among the most vulnerable in society. The first official Child Poverty Report
was released in May 2019 as part of the government’s Wellbeing Budget13. It found that nearly one in six of New
Zealand’s 1.1 million children live in households below the poverty line, which is relative to incomes across the
population and which takes no account of housing costs. When housing costs are factored in, nearly one in fourchildren live below the line. One in seven experiences material hardship, nearly half of which experience severematerial hardship.

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In 2018, it was estimated that a quarter of a million children (23%) live in households with low incomes (i.e.
disposable equivalised income less than 50 per cent of the median after housing costs). Although the rate has been
gradually decreasing since June 2015, the proportion of children in deepest poverty has not decreased over the past
10 years14.
In 2018, it was estimated that approximately 148,000 children (13%) were living in households that were unable
to afford six or more essentials for a decent standard of living (material hardship), while 6 per cent of children(approximately 65,000) were living in households experiencing severe material hardship.
In 2019, it was estimated that 15.1 per cent of Auckland children (57,900) were living in households with low
incomesiii. Once housing costs were factored in, 22.3 per cent or 85,600 were classified as living in households with
low incomes. This percentage compared unfavourably with other regions other than Northland and Bay of Plenty.
Furthermore, 13.5% of Auckland children (approximately 51,500) were living in households experiencing material
hardship and 6.2% (23,600) were experiencing severe material hardship15.
Hospitalisation rates for respiratory conditions for children living in areas with the highest social and material
deprivation scores (NZDep2013) were three times as high as the hospitalisation rates for children living in areas
with the lowest deprivation scores. The proportion of households with children experiencing severe-to-moderate
food insecurity was significantly higher for lower income households. More than half (56%) of children included inhouseholds receiving income-replacement financial assistance lived in households experiencing severe-to-moderate
food insecurity. In 2017–2018, over 30 per cent of these households were spending more than half their income on
housing costs. Living costs for people in the lowest income households, such as beneficiaries and superannuants,
have also been rising faster than those across all households16.
Poverty interferes with the capacity of children to enjoy their right to an adequate standard of living. Adequate
household financial and material resources are important for children’s positive health, educational and socialbehavioural outcomes.
Cities are increasingly taking the lead in the fight against poverty and social exclusion. The Deloitte report Building
family resilience and wellbeing (2019) included recommendations on creating a social service model that breaks
intergenerational cycles of poverty, societal disadvantage and exclusion. Several communities in Australia are
currently partnering with state and Commonwealth governments to trial place-based approaches to tackling thecycle of disadvantage.
A place-based approach addresses a set of problems that are specific to a location or community. It empowers
the local community itself to develop holistic answers to these problems by giving them a degree of control
and accountability. A core principle is tailoring place-based solutions to the unique strengths and needs of each
community and devolving accountability, decision-making, funding and service delivery to the local level.

Central and local government initiatives
Central government has prioritised reducing child poverty and improving child wellbeing and has established childpoverty reduction targets for each primary measure of child poverty. Initiatives intended to lift Māori and Pacificincomes, skills and opportunities are also intended to address inequality of outcomes for these ethnic groups.
The government has increased welfare spending through its Families Package. Demand for Ministry of Social
Development (MSD) services has increased over the past year and it is providing direct financial support to one infour New Zealanders. As at 30 June 2019, MSD was providing support to 1.25 million people – including working-age
people, whānau, families, students and seniors17.

iii Less than 50% median equivalised disposable household income before housing costs (BHC) for the financial year.

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Hardship assistance expenditure has grown rapidly since late 2017, and doubled between December 2017 andDecember 2019 quarters, from around $80 million to more than $160 million, with the biggest increases for
emergency housing grants. Hardship grants for food have doubled over the past two years, from $14.4 million during
the December 2017 quarter to $30.3 million in the December 2019 quarter18.
The government’s Social Welfare Reform agenda is designed to make the social welfare system fairer and accessible
for all New Zealanders. Wakamana Tāngata – Restoring Dignity to Social Security in New Zealand19 recommended
significant and large-scale reform and includes 42 recommendations to ensure the welfare system moves
beyond being a ‘safety net’ to enabling ‘whakamana tāngata’ – restoring dignity to people so they can participate
meaningfully with their families and communities. The government was to consider the report alongside therecommendations of the Tax Working Group. The Tax Working Group noted that according to the OECD, New
Zealand’s tax and transfer system reduced income inequality by less than the average across the OECD. The
government released its initial response in May 2019. Its three priority areas are addressing financial support witha focus on child wellbeing, supporting people who are able to be earning, learning, caring or volunteering andimproving access to affordable housing. The government provided budget funding of more than $600 million overfour years to improve beneficiary incomes. Funding was also provided for frontline MSD staff over four years to help
support more people into work (June 2019).
The government included an extra $94 million to house the homeless as part of the Wellbeing Budget. As well as
helping people into stable housing, the Housing First programme provides wraparound support services to deal withthe problems that may have led people to be homeless in the first place (e.g. mental health issues and addictions).
It connects them with health and social service providers such as mental health counselling, budgeting advice, anddrug and alcohol addiction treatment.
Increasingly, Auckland Council policies are incorporating principles around ‘equity’ and ‘access and affordability’ toguide and prioritise what we do. For example, the Sports Investment Plan and the Facility Partnership Policy include
equity as a key investment principle. This may result in a shift from ‘universal services’ to more strategically targeted
services and investment that aim to address inequities of outcomes.
The Southern Initiative (TSI) and The Western Initiative (TWI) are examples of targeted, place-based investment
to address social inclusion and inequities in areas of the city with the highest levels of socio-economic deprivation.
The programme has a focus on supporting local community enterprise, social procurement, and supporting youth
skills development and employment. The aim is to achieve long-term and transformational social change in thesecommunities.
Auckland Council has also played a key role in advocating for improved outcomes for communities most in
need through submissions to government on issues such as homelessness, the Child Poverty Reduction Bill, thegovernment’s Child and Youth Wellbeing Strategy and Strategy for an Ageing Population. Preventing homelessness
is covered in more detail in the Homes and Places section of this report.

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TE TUAKIRI MĀORI ME TE ORANGAMĀORI IDENTITY AND WELLBEING
We know we have achieved this outcome when a thriving Māori identity is Auckland’s pointof difference in the world and prosperity advances for Māori and benefits all Aucklanders.

Progress so far
The trends emerging from the Māori Identity and Wellbeing measures indicate that we are making positive progressin the following areas:
Māori employment, income and wages: increasing and higher than the Māori national average.
Māori youth in education and training: participation is increasing and achievement in mainstream
education is improving.
Size of Māori asset base: collective wealth is building as Māori asset base is growing.

Opportunities for greater progress
The analysis of supporting evidence, including a range of datasets and key trends, identified the following
opportunities for greater progress that are integral to the future of this outcome.
Ensuring physical and cultural revitalisation of marae
Increasing Māori capacity in leadership and decision making
Supporting te reo Māori to flourish for future generations

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Directions for improving outcomes for Māori are included across Auckland Plan 2050 outcomes and therefore
progress or otherwise in these areas will also have an impact on Māori. Trends and results that are specific to Māori(for example, health, economic, and road safety statistics) are detailed alongside each of the outcome areas.
It is important to establish and maintain a robust data set for Auckland’s Māori but the range of specific and enduring
data sets for the Auckland region are relatively limited. There are new metrics being developed internal to council(Unitary Plan monitoring framework, Māori Outcomes framework) and external to council (Stats NZ – Indicators
Aotearoa New Zealand, Te Kupenga) that could potentially provide for more robust data sets. The Independent
Māori Statutory Board, through the Māori Plan, has developed a monitoring framework20 which complements the
Auckland Plan monitoring framework with many shared measures.

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Ngā Nekehanga Putanga Outcome Trends
AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONSAND FOCUS AREAS
Direction 1: Advance Māori
wellbeing

DATA AND TRENDSv• Māori home ownership is lower than average and continuing to decline.
• Education achievements for young Māori in mainstream education are
improving with the NEET rate gradually improving in the past decade.
• The income gap between Māori / non- Māori has remained about thesame. The average household income of Aucklanders remains higher
than the Auckland Māori average.
• The average personal income for Auckland Māori is higher than among
Māori across the rest of New Zealand, but there is still an income gap
between Māori and non-Māori.
• Health outcomes (physical and mental) for Māori continue to be worse
than the rest of the population.

• Māori asset base is growing with 30% held by Māori collectives
Direction 2: Promote Māori(including post treaty settlement governance entities, Māori land trusts
success, innovation and enterpriseand Māori incorporations)• Māori Small to Medium Enterprise (SME) sector continues to facechallenges in accessing capital to finance their innovation and growth
initiatives• Secondary Schools curriculum is not well designed to provide Māori
centric entrepreneur learning for rangatahi.
• Areas where Māori communities are most prominent tend to be heavy
in manufacturing and production-based employment opportunities.
Direction 3: Recognise and provide • The Auckland Unitary Plan Independent Hearings Panel 2013 ruling
resulting in the non-inclusion of the mana whenua sites of value presents
for te Tiriti o Waitangi outcomesa challenge to the acknowledgement by council of the Rangatiratanga“of mana whenua. The scheduling of mana whenua sites of value
through the plan change process provides a mechanism to rectify this.
• Local board agreements are in place to enable shared decision making
opportunities between mana whenua and local boards and growopportunities for Māori collectively.
• There remains a lack of Māori representation in elected roles.
• 7% of Māori hold management positions (Chief Executives, generalmanagers, legislators).
• The proportion of Māori respondents who agree the public have some/large influence on council decision making process remains about thesame at almost 30% in 2018.
• Proportion of Māori respondents who agreed that they have confidence
in their local council’s decision making decreased from 32% in 2016
to 26% in 2018.

v

Data sources are provided in the data sources table at the end of this document.

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AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONSAND FOCUS AREAS
Direction 4: Showcase Auckland’s
Māori identity and vibrantMāori culture

DATA AND TRENDSv• A majority (88%) of Māori in Auckland know their iwi, which iscomparable to the national average. However, just under half areregistered with their iwi, which is lower than the national averageand the 15-24 and 25-34 age groups are significantly lower thanother age groups.
• Inclusion of New Zealand History at schools as a result of the National
Curriculum review.
• There is limited data to show how actively Māori are engaging with
their customs, arts and culture, but it is generally recognised that Māori
culture plays an important role in Tāmaki Makaurau.

Focus Area 1: Meet the needs
and support the aspirationsof tamariki and their whānau• Connection to iwi is declining.
• Participation in education delivered through Māori education medium
has been slowly declining.
• Barriers continue to exist in accessing support and services.
The unintended consequences from policies in the past havedisproportionately impacted Māori.

Focus Area 2: Invest in marae
to be self-sustaining andprosperous• Around half of Auckland’s Māori had visited their ancestral marae,
which is slightly lower than the national percentage in 2013.

Focus Area 3: Strengthen
rangatahi participation inleadership, education andemployment outcomes• Participation in decision making (voting in local/general elections)is higher than national average but lower in younger age group.

• The number of mana whenua and mataawaka marae that received
support to renew or upgrade marae infrastructure has been above theannual target.

• Employment of Māori youth (7%) in council is low in comparison to
Auckland’s Māori youth population.
• There were 3 out of 21 youth in the previous council Youth Advisory
Panel who identified as Māori.
• Participation in mainstream education has improved which is critical
for the overall outcome.
• Participation in apprenticeships has increased and is a key pathway
for employment, preferred by rangatahi.

Focus Area 4: Grow Māoriintergenerational wealth• Collective asset base is growing, mainly through treaty settlements
and land-holding.
• Individual asset base is not growing in line with increasing incomesdue to lower home ownership rates.

Focus Area 5: Advance mana
whenua rangatiratanga inleadership and decision-making
and provide for customary rights

26• Partnership with central government is complex for Māori largely due
to the divergent nature of central government agencies.
• Partnerships with local government are being established although
it is unclear at this stage how effective they are.

AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONSAND FOCUS AREAS
Focus Area 6: Celebrate Māori
culture and support te reo Māori
to flourish

DATA AND TRENDSv• Half of Auckland’s Māori rated their te reo Māori proficiency as being
able to speak no more than a few words or phrases in 2013.
• There has been no significant progress in improving Auckland’s Māorite reo Māori proficiency over the past few years.
• Te reo Māori is being seen in more places and spaces with growth indemand from both Māori and non-Māori seeking the Level 1 te Reo
Māori courses through AUT, Te Wānanga o Aotearoa and Unitec.

Focus Area 7: Reflect mana
whenua mātauranga and Māoridesign principles throughout
Auckland• History and presence is progressively being incorporated in Auckland’surban landscape.
There are examples of how the Te Aranga Design Principals are being
applied in large-scale land development21.

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Ngā Āheinga mō te Koke Whakamua ki Taumata kē ake
Opportunities for greater progress
Te whakatītina i te whakarauora ā-ōkiko, ā-ahurea hoki o te marae
Ensuring physical and cultural revitalisation of marae
Why this is significant
Marae across Auckland are centres of Māori identity and mātauranga, providing the physical and spiritualconnections to whānau, hapu, iwi and Māori communities. Marae are essential to enable and support Māori lifeand play a critical role in maintaining and extending te ao Māori into urban areas. Marae play a community resiliencerole, including adapting to provide emergency housing and defence responses. Using marae for other community
purposes could divert resources and focuses for marae as the place where cultural knowledge can be transferred
between generations – in particular, the revitalisation of te reo Māori and tikanga Māori.

Supporting trends
While a large majority (88%) of Māori in Tāmaki Makaurau know their iwi, connection is declining with just under
half being registered with their iwi, lower than the national average. Māori rangatahi have a significantly lower
registration than other age groups. Sense of community is also declining among Māori and only half of Auckland’s
Māori had visited their ancestral marae which is slightly lower than the national percentage. The role of marae iscritical to build connectedness between whānau, hapu, iwi and Māori communities.
The number of mana whenua and mataawaka marae that received support from the council to renew or upgrade
marae infrastructure was above the annual target but many more marae lack the necessary infrastructure to function
fully as a community hub. There is still more that needs to be done in governance and management of marae if they
are to be thriving and prosperous22.

Strategic context
The key drivers for marae development include governance of marae, management of marae and physicalinfrastructure and funding. Many Auckland marae are not in great condition and lack the necessary infrastructure tofunction fully as a community hub. Investing in the physical structure/infrastructure of the marae should also include
investment into marae governance, leadership and financial literacy to ensure the hau kāinga can maintain theirmarae as the embodiment of their social, cultural and economic aspirationsvi. This reflects the council’s legislative
obligations to invest in Māori capability and their capacity to realise the principles of Te Tiriti o Waitangi.
Māori trustees have requested an emphasis on financial literacy and control mechanisms be included in marae
governance training initiatives through Te Puni Kōkiri (TPK) to address the current lack of te ao Māori based
governance training support. A key element to effective marae management is an understanding of the separaterole and functions of the marae trustees and the marae committee tasked with the day to day management of themarae. This is often confused and results in a lack of cohesive planning for the marae.
This has impacted on the maintenance, repair and overhaul of marae infrastructure. Auckland Council’s maraedevelopment fund and the Oranga Marae fund have gone some way to address these issues while raising theimportance of supporting marae to develop marae plans.
With the majority of Māori living in Auckland being mataawaka, the tendency has been to focus on urban marae
and urban authorities as a means of engaging mataawaka. However, the majority of mataawaka in Tāmaki are notassociated with urban marae or Māori urban organisations. Any focus on mataawaka pathways needs to include
other Māori and Māori communities not associated with urban marae or mataawaka associations.

vi The Status of Marae, Te Puna Kōkiri (2009) provides a comprehensive overview that forms much of the evidence base for this outcome.

28

Central and local government initiatives
To address some of these issues, marae and central/local government agencies are working closely together and key
programmes that are already underway include:
•

•

•
•

Māori Land Court (MLC) Trustee Training provides monthly governance training sessions for marae trustees.
These are free programmes and provide governance leadership and financial literacy development at an
introductory level.
Oranga Marae offer a programme of support, advice and investment for marae delivered jointly by Te Puni
Kōkiri/Department of Internal Affairs. It gives whānau and hapū advice and support to help develop theirmarae and achieve their goals. This support may include building projects and activities to revitalise cultural
knowledge. This replaces the Lottery Marae Heritage and Facilities Fund.
Heritage New Zealand assists whānau, hapū and iwi initiatives to preserve taonga through the Māori Buildings
Conservation Programme.
Auckland Council has led funding to support marae to be sustainable cultural hubs for Māori and the wider
community. This is also one of the priority Māori outcomes for council.

Te whakapakari ake i ngā pūkenga arataki o te iwi Māori me tewhakaputa whakatau
Increasing Māori capacity in leadership and decision making
Why this is significant
Our rangatahi make up half of Māori in Auckland and it is critical to provide succession pathways into leadershiproles. This is done by creating opportunities to participate as leaders in decisions (civic/local) that affect them andhave the appropriate communication channels that work for them. Many young Māori see opportunities in working
for local and central government as a way to lead, but employment of Māori youth in the Auckland Council is low incomparison to Auckland’s Māori youth population.

Supporting trends
Māori participation in decision making in Auckland (voting in local/general elections) is higher than the national
average but lower in younger age groups. The number of Māori candidates in the last local body election was higher
than previous elections, although it was not realised in the final election results. The number of Māori in leadershiproles, both in the public and private sectors, has been generally lower in comparison to the Auckland average.
Only a small percentage of Auckland Council’s youth employees (aged under 25 years old) have identified as being
Māori and 3 out of 21 identified as Māori in the Youth Advisory Panel. Māori are underrepresented in management
positions such as chief executives, general managers and legislators.
The proportion of Māori respondents who felt that they have some or a large influence on the council decision
making process remains about the same at about one third of Māori residents. The proportion of Māori respondents
who felt that they have confidence in their local council’s decision making has dropped to below one third in 2018.

Strategic context
The key drivers for decision making include providing the opportunity to participate in decision making and having
the capacity and capability to participate and lead.
Partnership and collaboration with central government is complex for Māori largely due to the divergent nature ofcentral government agencies that each have different agendas. Iwi have often been involved inconsistently and thishas been further complicated by a limited understanding of the different context for iwi at governance, strategic,
operational and implementation levels of a programme or project.

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In the same way, although local government partnerships are being established, it is unclear at this stage how
effective they are. In an effort to understand this better, Auckland Council is developing a report on mana whenua
engagement indicators that emphasises quality over quantity.
Prior to the establishment of the Mana Whenua Kaitiaki Forum (MWKF) there had been a lack of consistent strategiclevel partnership in the council’s relationships with iwi. Auckland Council’s engagements were largely transactional
because it engaged as a result of a programme or a project to discuss the council’s plans and aspirations. The MWKF
is seeking to focus on strategic levels of partnership and addressing engagement at the implementation stage.
In general, local board boundaries do not match iwi rohe which can result in a multiplicity of relationships at the
local level.
Without changes to the electoral system a lack of Māori representation in elected roles will continue. Māori leaders
are constrained by a sheer lack of numbers and a pathway to appeal to non-Māori voters for what many see as Māoriinterests. Māori leadership development is still catching up with succession planning with Kaupapa Māori centricleadership development being integral to improve this outcome.

Central and local government initiatives
The central government response is led from Te Puni Kokiri (TPK) to enable rangatahi (as future Māori leaders) toparticipate in leadership development opportunities by leading discrete areas of policy and innovation, including
addressing levels of rangatahi participation in employment, education and training. TPK also aims to influence
through leadership, education, and employment programmes led by other agencies, such as He Poutama Rangatahi
and the reduction of child poverty. TPK invests in promoting enhanced rangatahi leadership, education andemployment outcomes, including through initiatives such as cadetships.
Building capacity and capability is critical to all Māori and initiatives should focus on areas that are of value to Māoriand enable opportunities for leadership and influence.

Te tautoko i te reo Māori kia puāwai i ngā reanga e whai ake nei
Supporting te reo Māori to flourish for future generations
Why this is significant
Māori language is fundamental to a thriving Māori identity for Tāmaki Makaurau. There is currently widespreadcommitment to increase fluency in day-to-day usage of te reo Māori to ensure this taonga tuku iho flourishes
for generations to come.

Supporting trends
Te reo Māori is being seen in more places and spaces, and there are genuine efforts for the revitalisation of te reo.
However, retaining and growing te reo Māori speakers has not improved in the past few years and enrolment in the
Māori medium of education has remained static. Half of Auckland’s Māori rated their te reo Māori proficiency as able
to speak no more than a few words or phrases.

Strategic context
An estimated 2000 languages worldwide have already become extinct, and language revitalisation is necessary
to preserve linguistic diversity. Te reo Māori, being an official language of New Zealand, is a key element ofMāori culture and constitutes part of the broader cultural identity of New Zealand. The proportion of Māori
language speakers declined markedly over the last century, particularly following the rapid urbanisation of the
Māori population.
The key drivers for te reo Māori revitalisation include conversations with other speakers (whānau), Māori-medium
learning to allow immersion within a structured learning environment, and exposure to te reo Māori in public spaces
and places and communication mediums (i.e. seen, heard and spoken).
30

Central and local government initiatives
Central government has adopted Maihi Karauna: Crown’s Strategy for Māori Language Revitalisation 2018-2023vii,
to focus on Aotearoa Whānui in order to create the societal conditions for intergenerational transmission and thewidespread use of te reo Māori as a living language. This is supported by the Maihi Māori Strategy23 which focuses onrevitalising te reo Māori in homes, communities and whānau as a mother tongue or first language and the growth ofintergenerational transmission within whānau.
The Māori Language in Education Strategy24 provides a connected and cohesive approach to strengthen the Māori
language through the education pathways. With Māori visiting their hau kāinga on short visits, our education
institutions are often the only means of accessing te reo Māori learning so it is the main channel of influence. There
has been growth in demand from both Māori and non-Māori in seeking the Level 1 te reo Māori courses throughAuckland University of Technology (AUT), Te Wānanga o Aotearoa and Unitec. Each of these programmes holds
waitlists averaging 60 people for each semester. A new approach is the advent of online te reo Māori courses. The
demand for te reo Māori learning courses is high and exceeds the existing institutions’ capacity.
Auckland Council has adopted a Māori Language Policy that outlines the council’s commitment to te reo Māori being
seen, heard, spoken and learnt and it is supported by the Māori Language implementation plan. This is also one ofthe priority Māori outcomes for council.

vii Te Puni Kokiri (2019) Maihi Karauna is the Crown’s Strategy for Māori Language Revitalisation 2019 – 2023.

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

NGĀ KĀINGA ME NGĀ WĀHIHOMES AND PLACES

We know we have achieved this outcome when Aucklanders live in secure, healthy, and affordable homes,
and have access to a range of inclusive public places.

Progress so far
The trends emerging from the Homes and Places outcome measures indicate that we are making positive progressin the following areas:
Dwelling consents: number of dwellings consented is rising steadily, with over 15,000 (a record number)issued in 2019.
Dwelling consents for intensive housing: a strong shift towards denser, attached housing, with the rate ofincrease in building consents for apartment and townhouse-style dwellings almost doubling that of standalone
houses over the past year.
Number of completed homes: a substantial increase in the number of new homes being built in Auckland –over 13,000 code compliance certificates (CCCs) were issued in 2019.
Housing affordability: while home ownership is still out of reach for many, affordability has improved
since 2015 due to regulatory changes, foreign buyer ban, industry capacity and ongoing economic strengthin Auckland.

Opportunities for greater progress
The analysis of supporting evidence, including a range of datasets and key trends, identified the following
opportunities for greater progress that are integral to the future of this outcome.
Tackling a growing intermediate housing market
Preventing homelessness
Ensuring low carbon, resilient, healthy homes and places

32

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

It is important to acknowledge that funding and financing infrastructure projects to enable accelerated delivery of
housing is one of Auckland’s biggest challenges. Auckland is growing fast, but infrastructure is not keeping pace. A
key challenge for the council is how to continue to support the infrastructure levels needed while still maintaining
prudent financial settings.
There has been some progress in this area recently, however, including the creation of a Special Purpose Vehicle tofund infrastructure for a new housing development in Milldale. The Special Purpose Vehicle is a commercial model
enabling government and private sector financing of bulk housing infrastructure to support housing developments
coming onto the market at a larger scale and sooner than they otherwise would have under the status quo, without
putting pressure on the council balance sheet. The Milldale model is a working example of a funding and financing
tool that will be introduced more widely in 2020, through the Infrastructure Funding and Financing Bill.
Given Auckland’s scale, it is critical this progress is maintained and we see continued investment in the infrastructureneeded to meet the needs of a growing population. Addressing the infrastructure deficit and the other key issues
identified above will require different ideas and approaches, and collaboration between the different actors in thesystem. An example is the Auckland Housing and Urban Growth Joint Programme, a collaborative approach between
Auckland Council and central government to delivering shared housing and urban growth priorities.

34

Ngā Nekehanga Putanga Outcome Trends
AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONSAND FOCUS AREAS
Direction 1: Develop
a quality compact urban form toaccommodate Auckland’s growth

DATA AND TRENDSviii• Auckland’s population continues to grow at a strong rate. The city is
projected to account for more than half of New Zealand’s population
growth to 2043, and 87% of growth in the 15 to 64 years age range.
• The number and location of dwelling consents issued in 2019 broadly
follows the implementation of the quality compact approach set out in
the Development Strategy (95% of dwelling consents were issued in theexisting and future urban areas and 28% inside the 1500m catchment of
the rapid transport network).

Direction 2: Accelerate
the construction of homesthat meet Aucklanders’ needs
and preferences• In 2019 over 90% of code compliance certificates (CCCs) were issued for
dwellings in the existing and future urban areas.
• More than 15,000 dwelling consents were issued in Auckland in 2019, an
all-time record and an 18% rise in consents issued year-on-year.
• The number of new homes being completed in Auckland has also been
rising steadily, with over 13,000 code compliance certificates (CCCs)
issued in 2019.
• In 2019, multi-unit dwellings (apartments, townhouses etc.) represented
over half of total dwellings consented.
• The number of consents issued for more intensive dwellings likeapartments and townhouses is increasing at a faster rate than consents
for standalone houses.
• The value of residential activity in Auckland is increasing and by 2024 isforecast to reach 39% above 2018 levels.
• Over 96,000 dwelling units are expected to be consented in Auckland in
the six years from 2019 to 2024. Almost 60% of these are expected to
be multi-unit dwellings.
• Nearly 80% of Aucklanders say the type of home they live in suits theirneeds and the needs of others in their household.

Direction 3: Shift to a housing
system that ensures secureand affordable homes for all• Housing affordability is at its best in almost six years and 26% better
than in June 2015, but remains a significant challenge for many
residents.
• The median house price in Auckland is now around 8.6 times the medianannual household income.
• Housing costs as a percentage of household income have not changed
significantly since 2008 and remain at around 18%. However, the data
includes all households, including those with fully paid off homes, andtherefore may not be a full reflection of the reality of housing costs formany people.

viii

Data sources are provided in the data sources table at the end of this document.

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONSAND FOCUS AREAS
Direction 3: Shift to a housing
system that ensures secureand affordable homes for all(continued)

DATA AND TRENDSviii• 44% of Aucklanders do not think their current housing costs (including
things like rent or mortgage, rates, house insurance and house
maintenance) are affordable. There is significant age disparity, with those
aged 65 and over saying costs are affordable and those aged 25 and undersaying their costs are unaffordable.
• The share of potential first home buyer households in Auckland who would
be spending over one third of their income on housing costs decreasedslightly from 88% in 2017 to 86% in 2018.
• The share of renter households in Auckland spending over one third of theirincome on housing costs has remained about the same (31%) in 2018.
• The number of empty dwellings in Auckland rose by 18 per cent, to almost
40,000, between 2013 and 2018.
• The number of people on the Public Housing Register in Auckland rose
to 5,326 in November 2019, an increase of 36% since June 2018.
Nearly half of those on the register came from five local board areas(Māngere-Otahuhu, Manurewa, Ōtāra-Papatoetoe, Maungakiekie-Tāmaki,
and Henderson-Massey).
• The government spent almost $100 million on emergency housing special
needs grants in the first three quarters of 2019 – double what was spentin 2018. Over $42 million of this was spent in Auckland.
• Housing subsidies are expected to rise from $2 billion per year presently
to almost $3 billion by 2022.
• There were 1,171 transitional housing places in Auckland at the end of
November 2019, an increase of 4% on the previous year.
• The number of public houses (32,326) in Auckland increased by just over
4% in the year to September 2019.
• Residents receiving the Accommodation Supplement in Auckland (99,257)
increased by 6% in the year to December 2019.
• Almost 4,000 public housing tenancies were being delivered by
Community Housing Providers in September 2019, up 17% on theprevious year.
• Levels of overcrowding in Auckland households remain high, with over
200,000 people living in a crowded household.
• Around half of crowded houses in New Zealand are in the Auckland region,
compared with around one-third in 1991. Rates of crowding were highestin Māngere-Ōtāhuhu.
• 45% of Pacific people and 25% of Māori in Auckland live in a crowded
home, compared with around 10% of the total population.

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AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONSAND FOCUS AREAS
Direction 3: Shift to a housing
system that ensures secureand affordable homes for all(continued)

DATA AND TRENDSviii•

The Auckland region saw one of the largest increases in homelessness
between 2006 and 2013 (35%), with 20,296 Aucklanders meetingthe definition of homeless (living without shelter, in temporary
accommodation or in uninhabitable housing) in 2013.

• People identifying as Pacific, Māori, or Asian are over-represented in the
Auckland homeless population.
Direction 4: Provide sufficientpublic places and spaces thatare inclusive, accessible andcontribute to urban living• 78% of Aucklanders think their local area is a great place to live.

Focus Area 1: Accelerate quality
development at scale that
improves housing choices• Labour productivity in the building and construction sector has beenpoor – increasing on average just 1% per year from 1998 to 2018.

• The proportion of Auckland residents who feel a sense of pride in theway their local area looks and feels stayed about the same (61% in2018). Those in higher socio-economic areas are more satisfied with
their local area than those in lower socio-economic areas.

• Of the construction firms established in 2009, only 23% were still
trading in 2019.
• There has been strong growth in residential building construction, withthe sector employing 30,300 people – 52.4% more than in 2014.

Focus Area 2: Increase securityof tenure and broaden the rangeof tenure models, particularly
for those most in need
Focus Area 3: Improve the built
quality of existing dwellings,
particularly rental housing• In 2013, 32% of new New Zealand houses incorporated some form of
prefabrication, compared to 90% in Sweden and 3% in Australia. Less
than 2% of all buildings were completely prefabricated.
• The percentage and number of households in rentals in Auckland isincreasing while owner-occupiers are decreasing.

• Auckland is one of the most common regions across the country
reporting damp homes - almost a quarter of Aucklanders have problems
with damp some or all of the time.
• Mould is also a problem for many Aucklanders, with almost 25,000
homes always having mould over A4 paper size always present.
• Rental dwellings are about seven times more likely to be always damp
compared to owner-occupied dwellings. Mould is also more common inrental homes.
• Over half of Aucklanders say their house or flat is colder than theywould like.

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONSAND FOCUS AREAS
Focus Area 4: Invest in andsupport Māori to meet their
specific housing aspirations

DATA AND TRENDSviii• Māori home ownership (around 27%) is lower than average andcontinuing to decline. Renting rates for Māori continue to be higher than
average.
• Full findings from Ira Mata Ira Tangata: Auckland’s Homeless Count, showthat nearly 43% of those living without shelter and nearly 40% of thoseliving in temporary accommodation were Māori.
• In 2013, around one in five Māori lived in crowded households.

Focus Area 5: Create urban places
for the future38• No trends to report.

Ngā Āheinga mō te Koke Whakamua ki Taumata kē ake
Opportunities for greater progress
Te whakamātau i te mākete whare waenga e tupu tonu ana
Tackling a growing intermediate housing market
Why this is significant
One of the Auckland Plan’s key challenges is ensuring shared prosperity for all Aucklanders. Auckland’s future
economic and social prosperity will be underpinned by its ability to provide secure and healthy housing that people
can afford to own or rent, and in which they can feel at home.
While Auckland’s housing affordability has improved since 201525, it has fallen sharply from the levels of the early
2000s and many people remain locked out of the home ownership market by steep prices and the need for large
deposits. A large and growing share of working families and professionals are competing for inferior quality andinsecure private rentals. The inability of these households to attain home ownership, or high quality, secure rentals, is
impacting on the city’s ability to attract and retain essential workers like teachers, police and nurses.
With fewer households transitioning to owner occupation, those who have traditionally relied on the private rental
sector, such as Māori, Pacific people, sole parents and retired renters, are being increasingly marginalised, forced into
lower quality homes, into overcrowded situations, onto the social housing waiting list, or into homelessness.

Supporting trends
Housing affordability in Auckland has improved since 2015 due to a range of factors, including implementation of
the Auckland Unitary Plan, controls on foreign ownership, tighter loan-to-value restrictions, an increase in industry
capacity, and ongoing economic strength with income growth and low unemployment. However, the continuing
high cost of homes means that housing is still out of reach of many. The median house price in Auckland grew by
34 per cent in the five years to October 2019. Home ownership rates are falling and over 40 per cent of Auckland
households now rent26.
The intermediate housing market (working renting households that pay over 30% of their income on housing andcan’t afford to buy a home and/or don’t qualify for public housing) has seen significant growth in recent years. The
number of households in the intermediate housing market in Auckland increased by approximately 109% between
2001 and 201827. By 2028 the intermediate housing market is expected to account for 17.7% of all households in
Auckland, up from 10.9% in 200128. The intermediate housing market is also becoming more diverse – increasingly
comprised of people employed in higher paid occupations, working families with children, and older renters.

Strategic context
The size of the intermediate housing market is driven by a number of factors, including house price trends, householdincome, mortgage interest rates, bank lending criteria, and population growth.
There is a sharpening divide in the incomes and wealth of homeowners and those in the intermediate housing
market. Owners benefit from the untaxed wealth generated by house price increases and low interest rates.
Meanwhile, renters often live in poorer quality homes with less security and are unable to access New Zealand’s
primary source of wealth accumulation. Traditionally, the stability of home ownership and healthier state of owned
homes has been associated with a range of positive educational, health and social outcomes. A key challenge witha growing intermediate housing market will be ensuring renters can gain the benefits traditionally associated withhome ownership and avoid the hazards that often accompany renting.

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

Growth in the intermediate housing market and lack of adequate affordable housing has consequences for
Auckland’s labour market and economy. More renting households consist of couples with children or older renters.
Increasingly the people living in these households are employed in higher paid occupations. The inability of thesehouseholds to attain secure and high-quality rentals or home ownership is impacting on the city’s ability to attract
and retain essential workers, particularly in occupations such as teaching, police or nursing, though these are by nomeans the only ones affected. This is leading to Aucklanders moving to regions with better job opportunities andlower costs of living29. Failure to provide adequate, affordable, local housing options for those in the intermediate
housing market can impact on the availability of labour and efficiency of the labour market, and also lead to suboptimal settlement and commute patterns, such as car dependency, dormitory suburbs, and lower productivity30.
With home ownership rates falling and expected to continue to fall without further intervention, better and morestable tenancy arrangements will be vital in the future. Alternative models such as build-to-rent, shared equity
schemes, co-housing, papakāinga, prefabricated houses, relocatable dwellings, and others all need to be viableoptions to reflect the needs and aspirations of different groups and communities such as Māori, Pacific people,
older people, and first time buyers. The build-to-rent scheme in Hobsonville by the NZ Super Fund, Ngāi Tahu
Property and New Ground Capital is a good example of a new model.

Central and local government initiatives
Central government is currently tackling housing affordability in a number of ways, including taking a more activerole in housing development through Kāinga Ora – Homes and Communities, assisting first time buyers throughvarious financial schemes, putting controls on property speculation and foreign ownership, and increasing theincomes of low income families through minimum wage increases and initiatives such as the Families Package.
In September 2019, the government announced a $400 million progressive home ownership scheme that could
include rent-to-buy and shared equity plans to open up home ownership to a greater number of people. Recentchanges to legislation relating to housing quality, including the Healthy Homes Act which introduced minimum
standards for heating, insulation, ventilation, moisture and drainage, and the Residential Tenancies Act, which will
limit rent increases to one per year, end ‘no-cause evictions’, and change lease arrangements to give tenants moresecurity of tenure, will all help make renting better for those in the intermediate housing market.
Auckland Council is focusing work on the intermediate housing market as it is a significant part of the populationand has a “knock on” effect on the housing continuum. As people move into more secure rental or home ownership,people at the lower end of the housing continuum – including those that are homeless – are able to access more
housing options. In 2019, Auckland Council agreed to take an ‘intervene and lead’ position and role on affordable
housing. The affordable housing work programme is investigating:
•
•
•
•
•
•

opportunities to improve council’s existing systems and processes
new incentives and initiatives open to council
developing new and/or strengthening existing partnership opportunities
planning changes open to council
opportunities to implement particular aspects of the Independent Māori Statutory Board’s Kāinga Strategic
Action Plan
opportunities for increasing the current stock of housing for older people.

This builds on existing council activities that support the delivery of affordable homes, including delivering a mixof housing types on surplus council land, providing grants/assistance to support papakāinga and Māori housing,and the Haumaru Housing venture providing affordable housing services for older people.
The council has a support role in affordable housing. Rather than building houses, it works with central government,
community housing providers, developers, iwi, and others to deliver housing that fits the needs of Aucklanders.
The council also gives input into central government plans and policies related to housing to ensure Aucklanders
are given a voice.
40

Te ārai atu i te kāingakoretanga
Preventing homelessness
Why this is significant
One of the worst impacts of the Auckland housing crisis has been the increase in homelessness in the city. The Statistics
New Zealand definition of homelessness includes those in precarious housing situations – people living without shelter,
people in temporary accommodation or sharing temporarily, and people living in uninhabitable dwellings such as garages
and sheds.
Homelessness is associated with a range of poor social and economic outcomes for individuals, families and communities.
Children experiencing homelessness are at risk of multiple negative consequences such as malnutrition, infectious diseases,
dental health issues, behavioural issues and poorer educational attainment. Homelessness can make it hard for individuals
to find a job, stay healthy, and maintain relationships. With people often experiencing feelings of isolation, homelessness
can also increase people’s chances of experiencing mental or physical health problems. As someone’s problems become
more complex, anti-social behaviour, involvement with the criminal justice system and acute health services become more
likely. Homelessness can also have a negative impact on local communities, with increased rough sleeping, begging andstreet drinking.
The immediate and long-term costs of homelessness can be significant, so a systematic and coordinated effort to address
the many, inter-related determinants of homelessness is required.

Supporting trends
While the true scale of homelessness in Auckland is unknown, given the city’s housing affordability issues andthe rising levels of demand for emergency housing and public housing over the last few years, it is expected that
homelessness has significantly increased.
Analysis of 2013 census data by the University of Otago found that 20,296 people were homeless in Auckland, anincrease of 26% since 200631. Based on the average increase between censuses, and excluding other external factors,
this conservatively projects homelessness could reach 26,522 by 202132.
Homelessness is increasingly affecting groups who have not traditionally been at risk. Nationally, in 2013, 52%of those who were homeless were working or studying33. The over-represented groups are amongst the mostdisadvantaged – low income households, sole parent households, young people, and older people without their own
home who are struggling to pay rent. Māori are five times more likely than Pākehā to be homeless. Pacific people arealso over-represented in homelessness figures, emergency and transitional housing and rental accommodation34.
Even as the rate of state house building has increased recently, the waitlist for public housing is continuing torise, with over 5300 people on the waitlist in Auckland at the end of 2019 – up from 1726 at the end of 201535.
Government expenditure on emergency housing is also increasing rapidly, with emergency housing grants
increasingly being used for longer term accommodation.

Strategic context
Homelessness is a complex area and can result from multiple factors, including:
•
•
•
•
•
•

lack of social and affordable housing
growth in the intermediate housing market putting pressure on private rental availability
discrimination in the rental market
poverty and unemployment
low income, including stagnating benefit levels
complex personal issues, including mental health, substance abuse, family violence, and criminal history.

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

The true scale of homelessness in Auckland is largely unknown. Auckland’s first region-wide homeless count,
Ira Mata, Ira Tangata, took place in 2018, and estimated that 800 people were living without shelter36. However, thiswas not a comprehensive account of homelessness in the region but rather a snapshot of the minimum numberof people experiencing unsheltered and temporary homelessness at one point in time. Rough sleepers are themost visible and the thin edge of the wedge, but much homelessness is hidden. Homeless figures are likely to beconservative and under-counted as people don’t like to reveal their true housing circumstances and the number in
uninhabitable housing like garages and sheds is unknown. A better understanding of the scale and the natureof the problem would inform a more effective response. It would also be helpful if organisations used a consistentdefinition and had a consistent approach to collecting data.
Homelessness is increasingly affecting groups who have not traditionally been at risk – including working
households, sole parent households, young people and older people without their own home. To enable effective
targeting of initiatives, better data is needed on how homelessness affects these groups – for example young people
tend not to identify themselves as homeless and frequently move between family, friends, transitional housing andthe street.
Much of the effort to tackle homelessness today is focused on responding to immediate needs for emergency
housing, with limited focus on prevention and early intervention initiatives. Taking a prevention approach means
programmes that aim to reduce the risk for groups who are more vulnerable, such as domestic violence prevention.
An early intervention approach means providing support for people who are clearly at risk of, or who have recently
become, homeless. This includes working with agencies to stop the flow of individuals from mental health care, childprotection and the criminal justice system into homelessness.

Central and local government initiatives
Efforts to address homelessness continue to evolve. Over the past two years, central government’s response tohomelessness through Housing First, transitional housing and public housing has been ramped up significantly.
Internationally, more and more cities and countries are turning to the proven ‘Housing First’ model to tackle chronic
homelessness, an approach in which homeless people are given immediate access to housing without prerequisites
like sobriety or a willingness to participate in services. The model is typically designed for people with complex needs
and who are the least likely to be able to proactively seek and obtain housing on their own. The Housing First model
is being increasingly rolled out across New Zealand, with the Government investing an additional $197 million in
the Housing First programme through its 2019 budget. Auckland Council has contributed $1.75 million towards
establishing Housing First in Auckland.
In February 2020, the government announced a homelessness action plan backed by $300 million of extra funding.
The package includes 1000 additional transitional housing places, extra funding for the Sustaining Tenancies
programme, and $20 million to work with Māori to prevent homelessness and expand housing supply.
In 2017, Auckland Council agreed that homelessness should be “rare, brief, and non-recurring” and has placed
homelessness high on its agenda. Council is looking to strengthen its levers to end and prevent homelessness
through working with government and non-government partners on the development of a regional, cross-sectoral
homelessness plan, ‘Kia Whai Whare Tatou Katoa’.
Council is also supporting a range of other initiatives to tackle homelessness, including the Housing First Aucklandcollective, Auckland City Mission’s HomeGround housing and social services project, the redevelopment of James
Liston Hostel, and Rainbow Youth homelessness.

42

Because of the many and complex drivers of homelessness, such as supply and affordability issues or health andsocial issues, the solutions to homelessness will require a collective approach and cooperation across local andcentral government, iwi and Māori organisations, housing providers and others. A clear vision and purpose, effective
leadership, common data and evidence, a plan with shared ownership, mutually reinforcing activities, sharedmeasurement and monitoring, and open communication will be key. The recently established Inner City Auckland
Homeless Initiative is an example of this kind of approach.

Te whakarite i ngā wāhi me ngā kāinga e iti ana te tuku atu i te waro, e kahaana, e hauora ana anō hoki
Ensuring low carbon, resilient, healthy homes and places
Why this is significant
Climate change is one of the most significant issues facing Aucklanders. We are already starting to see higher
temperatures, increased drought, more intense rainfall events and sea level rise. A new study has shown that atypical New Zealand home emits five times as much carbon dioxide as it can afford to, if the world is to stay inside
2-degree Celsius warming. Housing needs to shrink its carbon footprint by 80% to do its bit to meet the Parisclimate accord37. Because New Zealand houses have a life expectancy of around 100 years38, it is also essentialthat buildings constructed today are able to deal with climate changes forecast for the long term. Houses will needto respond to higher temperatures, different rain and wind patterns, and potentially increased flooding and storm
events. Houses also need to be designed, constructed and demolished in such a way as to minimise waste andemissions of carbon dioxide.
The way we design our places and make land use and planning decisions will also be key in responding to climatechange. A quality, compact city presents a greener way to live with better and lower-carbon transport choices, andfewer impacts on air and water quality.

Supporting trends
The emissions of buildings and homes in New Zealand are significant and increasing. New Zealand’s built
environment is estimated to be responsible for 20 per cent of the country’s carbon footprint39. Emissions fromresidential energy use make up 5.2% of Auckland’s total emissions profile40. Between 2009 and 2016, Auckland’s
overall emissions increased by 5.6%. If this trend continues, Auckland’s emissions will increase by almost 30%
by 205041.
Construction and demolition waste currently account for 40% of Auckland’s total waste stream, and this is expected
to increase with a growing population42. The standard way of constructing and demolishing houses is harsh on
the environment. A significant amount of energy and material is used in a new build, and each home constructed
generates around four tonnes of waste43.
The 2018 Census results show that almost a quarter of Auckland houses were damp some or all of the time, andrental dwellings were more likely to be always damp compared to owner-occupied dwellings. As with dampness,mould was more common in the homes of those who were renting. In Auckland, almost 25,000 homes always had
mould over A4 paper size. People who live in unhealthy homes have increased risk of contracting a range of serious
and avoidable illnesses such as meningitis, rheumatic fever and pneumonia, as well as an increased risk of depression
and other forms of mental illness.

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

Strategic context
Much of Auckland’s existing housing stock is unsustainable, inefficient and unhealthy. Currently, about 66 per centof housing emissions are from existing houses, which greatly outnumber new homesix. The majority of existingdwellings are built to the minimum insulation standard required by law, resulting in significant heat loss and higher
energy costs, often for homeowners or renters who can least afford it. The poor design of our houses also increases
the risks of overheated living spaces during hotter weather. By 2030, warming temperatures from climate change
will increase the overheating problem by an estimated 61%44. Retrofitting existing homes is essential to make themmore resilient to climate change, to reduce their emissions, and to make them healthier to live in.
Auckland will likely require another 320,000 dwellings to be built by 2050. This major housebuilding drive presents
an opportunity to rethink how we design our communities and how we build and power our homes to result inhigh-performing homes and places. High-performing homes both optimise Aucklanders’ health and wellbeing
and help deliver on Auckland’s goal of net zero emissions by 2050.
The quality of Auckland’s housing is driven primarily by the Building Code, which outlines the minimum legal
standards to which buildings must be constructed. The Building Code is seen as being behind international standards,
and poor when it comes to its energy-efficiency requirementsx. Other countries, such as the UK, which announced in2006 that all new homes would have to be zero carbon by 2016, and which has recently announced a Future Homes
Standard to increase the energy efficiency requirements for new homes from 2020, are far ahead of New Zealand intightening building codes to help decarbonise their built environments.

Central and local government initiatives
Some change is underway in tackling the quality of our existing housing stock. The Healthy Homes Guarantees Act
introduced new minimum requirements for heating, insulation, ventilation, moisture and drainage from July 2019.
Auckland Council delivers a range of programmes to achieve healthy housing outcomes, including an eco-design
advisor service which employs qualified home performance specialists to advise landlords and tenants on creating
warm, dry and energy efficient homes; the Retrofit Your Home funding assistance programme which provides loans
to homeowners for heating and insulation solutions; and local board projects such as Healthy Rentals.
Increasingly, there is also a recognition that houses being constructed today are homes that will still exist in 50100 years and standards set for these homes need to set us on the right path in order to avoid major retrofittingin the future. Panuku Development Auckland has introduced Homestar 6 rating as a minimum requirement on its
residential sites (Homestar 7 in Wynyard Quarter) as part of its commitment to climate change and sustainabilityxi.
Kāinga Ora has also introduced minimum Homestar 6 certification for new builds (except apartments) contracted
from 1 July 2019, and for apartments from 1 January 2021.
Panuku Development Auckland has also been taking a sustainable approach to master planning, with two Panuku
neighbourhoods achieving a Green Star–Communities rating in 2019xii. The Opanuku Precinct in Henderson and the
Unlock Takapuna programme have been independently rated for their commitment to sustainability, planning forclimate change and building community resilience.

ix ‘Existing’ homes are defined as those built before 2018; ‘new’ homes are those built between 2018 and 2050.
x The New Zealand Building Code has been criticised by the OECD for being less stringent than the building codes of many OECD countries and by the International
Energy Agency which says gthe Code is below the standareds required in most IEA countries with comparable climates.
xi Homestar is a comprehensive, independent national rating tool, run by the Green Building Council, that measures the health, warmth and efficiency of New Zealandhouses. A 6 Homestar rating or higher provides assurance that a house will be better quality - warmer, drier, healthier and cost less to run - than a typical new house
built to building code which is generally rated around a Homestar 4.
xii Green Star - Communities is one of a handful of interantionally recognised sustainability rating tools for communities and precincts. Owned by the Green Building
Council of Australia (GBCA), the tool has been adapted alongside NZGBC for use in a New Zealand context.

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Auckland Council is leading on the development of a region wide climate action plan. Te Tāruke-ā-Tāwhiri: Auckland’s
Climate Plan sets strategic direction and priorities for mitigating emissions and adapting to the impacts of climatechange. A number of priority areas in Auckland’s Climate Plan address the new and existing built environment,
looking into improving the health, energy efficiency and resilience of our buildings and infrastructure, as well as
addressing sustainable future growth.
Moves towards a regenerative, circular economy where products and assets are designed to be more durable, andto be repaired, refurbished, reused and disassembled are also important in tackling the huge amount of waste andembodied carbon produced in the construction, maintenance and demolition of homes. Central government isfacilitating the large-scale manufacturing of high-quality prefabricated houses with changes to the Building Act
introducing a new, streamlined nationwide consenting process for prefabricated buildings. Prefabricated housing has
many benefits, including greater efficiency, low material waste, good moisture control, higher structural quality,
and reduced local impacts due to less time spent constructing on site.

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

TE IKIIKI ME TE HEINGA

TRANSPORT AND ACCESS
We know we are achieving this outcome when Aucklanders are able to get where they want to go,
more easily, safely and sustainably.

Progress so far
The trends emerging from the Transport and Access measures indicate that we are making positive progressin the following areas:
Accessibility of public transport: The majority (95%) of residents within the urban service area are within
500 metres of a bus stop and over half of Auckland residents agree that public transport is easy to get to.
Use of public transport: the number of boardings on public transport continues to increase(totalling 103.2 million in 2019), with bus, rail and ferry boarding all increasing over the last year.
Cycling: cycling counts continue to increase (totalling 3.77 million in 2019).

Opportunities for greater progress
The analysis of supporting evidence, including a range of datasets and key trends, identified the following
opportunities for greater progress that are integral to the future of this outcome.
Responding to climate change through transport
Ensuring equity in access to transport
Improving safety on the transport network

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

Ngā Nekehanga Putanga Outcome Trends
AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONSAND FOCUS AREAS
Direction 1: Better connect people,
places, goods and services
Direction 2: Increase genuine travel
choices for a healthy, vibrant andequitable Auckland

DATA AND TRENDSxiii• In the 12 months to July 2019, 24% of the arterial network was consideredcongested in the morning peak. This is down from a peak of 25% in 2017,
despite recent strong population growth.
• Many parts of Auckland remain highly dependent on private vehicles
and traffic volumes have generally grown in recent years although a recent
dip in fuel sales in Auckland suggests this trend may be changing45.
• Total fuel sales for the 12 months to August 2019 were 6.1% lower than
the 12 months to August 2018.
• Petrol sales for the 12 months to August 2019 were 5.6% lower and diesel
sales 6.9% lower than the 12 months to August 2018
• In terms of household budgets average weekly expenditure on transport
increased from 12% to 14% between 2010 and 2016.
• Nearly two thirds of Auckland residents agree that public transport is easy
to get to (63% in 2018).
• About half of Auckland residents agree that public transport is frequent (53%
in 2018).
• Just under half of Auckland residents agree that public transport is reliable(45% in 2018).
• Over a third (39%) of Māori residents agreed that public transport
is affordable, 63% that it is frequent, and 49% that it is reliable.

Direction 3: Maximise safety
and environmental protection• Between 2012 and 2017, there were annual increases in deaths
and serious injuries, peaking at 828 before dropping to 649 in 2018.
• Transport emissions contribute the largest proportion (44%) of Auckland’s
greenhouse gas emissions, of which on-road transport contribute 86%.
Between 2012 and 2016 transport emissions increased from 4,362 ktCO2e
to 4,939 ktCO2e.

Focus Area 1: Make better useof existing transport networks• Just over a quarter (27% in 2018) of Auckland residents said they always
or frequently use public transport.
• Our young people (school leavers and those under 25 years) use public
transport much more frequently than other residents.

Focus Area 2: Target new transport
investment to the most significant
challenges

xiii

48

• No trends to report.
• Investment in rapid transit, strategic roading, greenfield transport
infrastructure, safety programmes, walking and cycling and bus and ferry
improvements are discussed further in this section.

Data sources are provided in the data sources table at the end of this document.

AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONS DATA AND TRENDSxiii
AND FOCUS AREAS
Focus Area 3: Maximise the benefits • Since mid-2018 Auckland has seen a rapid increase in the number and typefrom transport technology
of small personal transport devices, often described as “micromobility”.
This has been most visible in the increasing utilisation of both rental andprivate e-scooters but has also included increasing use of other types of
micromobility devices such as e-skateboards and monowheels. Whilst the
number of micromobility trips are low, they are increasing.
• The number of p-endorsements (required for carrying passengers in private
vehicles) has increased from 6,215 in 2010 to 15,528 in 201846, which is likely
to be due to the increased availability and popularity of ride-hailing apps.
• Ride-hailing adds vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT) to the transport system,and this additional VKT makes a material difference to congestion levels.
Focus Area 4: Make walking,cycling and public transport
preferred choices for many
more Aucklanders• Total public transport totalled 103.2 million boardings for the 12 months
to December 2019, an increase of 7.6% (from 2018).
• Rail boardings increased 6.0%, or 1.2 million boardings (on the 12 months
to December 2018)47.
• Bus boardings totalled 75.0 million for the 12 months to December 2019, an
increase of 8.6%, or 5.9 million boardings, on the 12 months to December 2018.
• Ferry boardings totalled 6.2 million for the 12 months to December 2019, an
increase of 2.0%, or 0.1 million boardings, on the 12 months to December 2018.
• Cycling counts have increased, totaling 3.77 million in the 12 months
to June 2019, an increase of 8.9% on the previous year.
• Less than half of Auckland residents agree that public transport is affordable(42% in 2018).

Focus Area 5: Better integrate
land-use and transport• In 2019, almost 28% (4,244) of total dwellings consented were consented
within 1500m of the rapid transport network.
• 30,000 more homes enabled to be built in major greenfield growth areas,
many near rapid transport network – Warkworth, Silverdale/Dairy Flat,
Northwest and South.

Focus Area 6: Move to a safe
transport network, free fromdeath and serious injury• Between 2012 and 2017 the number of deaths and serious injuries
in Auckland was increasing annually, reaching a peak of 813 in 2017.
Those figures dropped to 649 in 201848.
• From 2014-2018, Rodney and Franklin Local Boards had the highest
numbers of people killed or seriously injured on Auckland’s roads.
Waitematā and Otara-Papatoetoe Local Boards had the highest
densities of deaths and serious injuries by road kilometre.
• The majority of Auckland residents strongly agree that public transport issafe to use (72% in 2018). 61% of Māori residents strongly agree that public
transport is safe.

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONSAND FOCUS AREAS
Focus Area 7: Develop a sustainable
and resilient transport system

DATA AND TRENDSxiii• Compared internationally, New Zealand’s use of transport isemissions-intensive. New Zealand has the ninth highest per capita
transport emissions of all countries with populations over 1 million.
• The transport sector is one of Auckland’s most significant sources ofgreenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), largely related to travel by road,and emissions continue to increase annually.
• Management of waste from the transport network is improving,with 82% of waste from construction and demolition projects
recycled, and 35% of material used in road corridor maintenancecontracts recycled.

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Ngā Āheinga mō te Koke Whakamua ki Taumata kē ake
Opportunities for greater progress
Te urupare ki te hurihanga āhuarangi mā te ikiiki
Responding to climate change through transport
Why this is significant
Climate change is one of the most significant challenges facing Auckland. Its impacts on natural systems and humancommunities are already being felt, and analyses of probable impacts demonstrate that more vulnerable membersof Auckland’s communities are likely to be disproportionately affected49. Changing weather patterns with extreme
weather, increased rainfall intensity and sea-level rise will impact Auckland’s and New Zealand’s transport network’s
infrastructure. Sea levels are already rising and may rise by one metre by 2100 depending on the extent of changes
to average temperatures and the effects of complex environmental feedback loops. Severe weather will increasingly
impact our environment, communities and infrastructure including roads, rail, community facilities and both watersupply and management,50,51. The degree of change we will face is directly influenced by ongoing emissions.
Delivery of the Transport and Access Outcome is vital to addressing climate change, both through reducing emissions(mitigation) and ensuring our networks and infrastructure are fit for purpose into the future (adaptation).

Supporting trends
Auckland has and continues to experience rapid population growth that is estimated to be 2.4 million by 2050.
With that growth comes an increase in travel demand; there is already an increase in travel demand and increasing
volumes of freight being moved by road.
The transport sector is one of the region’s most significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) representing
44% (4,939 ktCO2e) of total gross emissions in 201652, with 86% of those emissions related to travel by road,and these have increased steadily over the long-run.
There has been some progress in areas such as public transport and active travel. For example, since 2010, thenumber of system-wide public transport boardings has increased at a rate consistently exceeding population
growth and cycle movements has increased along major corridors, along with additional cycleways and tracks being
installed. However, despite these improvements, gross and per capita vehicle registrations have risen over recent
years, and vehicle kilometres travelled per capita have remained static.

Strategic context
The key challenge when addressing climate change is the scale and pace of change required to mitigate emissions
and build resilience to future impacts.
Reducing the emissions generated by the transport sector continues to be a challenge, considering increasing
travel demand and low occupancy use of light vehicles. There are also increasing numbers of air travellers which are
forecast to increase to 8.2 billion globally by 2037, double 2017 figures. Much of that growth is expected to comefrom the Asia-Pacific region53.
There has been relatively little change over time in vehicle fuel efficiency and a slow uptake of electric or hybrid
vehicles; currently the transport fuels we use are almost entirely fossil fuels. SUVs, utes and other larger vehicles
continue to be very popular for both commercial and private passenger travel. New Zealand itself is a lag market
for vehicles in which older cars from overseas are imported into the country; the average age for light fleet vehicles
is 14 years. The truck fleet also tends to be older, with an average age of 17.8 years54. Together, these factors mean
decarbonisation of our existing fleet is likely to take considerable time.

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

As set out in the Auckland Plan, a shift away from fossil fuel powered vehicles is needed, as well as a reduction in distancetravelled and the need to travel. This will require a move toward a transport network which prioritises –and is built for – active and public transport and one which provides zero carbon choices55 and more integrated land use.
A further challenge is that major transport assets are exposed to the impacts of climate change and so resilience planningand investment are also required.

Central and local government initiatives
The Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Act (the Act) passed in 2019 is the government’s main
policy for mitigating emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change. The Act requires that government
develop and implement policies for climate change adaptation and mitigation. It is anticipated that the Act will
influence future land transport investment and decision-makingxiv. Emissions budgets arising from the Act may
require significant change in the land transport system, the vehicle fleet and our travel choices, particularly in urban
areas. A shift in transport modes away from private, carbon-fuelled vehicles towards shared, energy-efficient vehicles
is anticipated in line with regional climate related policy and strategy.
The Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is central government’s main tool for meeting domestic and international
climate change targets. The scheme aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by applying a ‘cap and trade’approach. The relevance for transport is through “liquid fossil fuels (including petrol and diesel suppliers)” where theobligation is on the companies importing the fuel rather than on the drivers of fossil-fuelled vehicles56. All sectors of
the economy must report to the government on their annual greenhouse gas emissions.
The Government Policy Statement on Land Transport 2018/19-2027/28 (GPS) sets out the government’s priorities
for expenditure from the National Land Transport Fund over the next 10 years. The Ministry of Transport is currently
working on the GPS 2021 which will refine the GPS 2018 to achieve the government’s priorities on land transport.
The draft GPS 2021 is expected to be released for public engagement in early 2020.
The GPS (2018) identifies environment as one of the four strategic priorities for land transport. It states thatthe environment objective ensures that the development of the land transport system reduces greenhouse gas
emissions, as well as adverse effects on the local environment and public health. Climate positive policy andinvestment is likely to lead to wider benefits across all four priority areas of safety, access, environment and value
for money57.
In response to a greater focus in the GPS (2018) on resilience, New Zealand Transport Agency (NZTA) developeda resilience framework in 2018. As well as including impacts of climate change, the framework seeks to enablecommunities to withstand and absorb impacts of unplanned disruptive events, perform effectively during
disruptions, and respond and recover functionality quickly58.
As part of its infrastructure upgrade package announced in January 2020 the government included funding for
key walk and cycleways including the Northern Pathway and Skypath projects59. Already across Auckland, bus
and ferry improvement projects are being implemented such as the new Network for Auckland buses, Ferry basin
redevelopment and the Albany Station Park and Ride extension programme to allow more people to use express bus
services into city centre60.
Te Tāruke-ā-Tāwhiri: Auckland’s Climate Plan identifies the key priorities for delivery of climate action across theregion. Delivery of these priorities will get Auckland on the path to net zero emissions by 2050 and prepared forclimate change impacts. The priority in this framework related to transport establishes actions to deliver clean, safeand equitable transport options, for example making public transport more appealing and rapidly increasing accessto bicycles and micro-mobility to encourage mode switch. Other priorities within Auckland’s Climate Plan include
actions to support resilience of the transport network.
xiv Note: the Act sets a target of net zero for long-lived domestic sourced gases (mainly carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide) by 2050 or sooner and for short-lived gases(mainly methane) to sustainable levels but not zero.

52

Auckland Transport has taken steps towards mitigating emissions. From 2014, 57 electric trains were introduced to
the Auckland Transport rail network, reducing use of diesel and carbon emissions. 15 additional electric trains havebeen ordered and are expected to be in service by the end of 2020 and the final section of rail line will be electrified.
Auckland Transport’s Low Emission Bus Roadmap has set a pathway to transition Auckland’s bus fleet to full zero
emissions by 2040, procuring only zero emission buses from 2025. Energy use has been reduced through LED
retrofits for streetlights, traffic signals, train stations and carparks. Collectively these will lead to annual savings ofaround $2.1 million. It is estimated that optimising the road network has delivered 500,000 litres of fuel savings and
500 tonnes of CO₂ emission savings per year.
Auckland Council is engaging with the Climate Change Commission (CCC) to align analyses and strategic
recommendations between the national and regional levels. The CCC is a Ministerial advisory committee created by
the New Zealand Government to give effect to the Zero Carbon Act, including developing the first three five-year
national emissions budgets, which are to be finalised on 1 February 2021.

Te whakarite i te āheinga tōkeke ki te ikiiki
Ensuring equity in access to transport
Why this is significant
Improving access to essential opportunities such as jobs and education helps improve prosperity and lift people outof poverty. However, the areas within Auckland which are facing the greatest challenges in accessing employment
and other opportunities are also some of the most economically deprived communities, such as south and west
Auckland61. With more than a million people projected to be living in the western and southern parts of Aucklandby 2046, there are significant implications in these areas being excluded from the benefits of Auckland’s expanding
employment base.
Without good alternative mobility options in some areas of Auckland, residents are forced to rely on private vehicles
for most trips, which can lead to transport costs taking up a large and unaffordable part of the household budget.
Public transport fares in Auckland have also been increasing annually, leading to increased financial pressures on low
income communities62.

Supporting trends
South, west and east Auckland continue to have less transport choice, resulting in a high reliance on private vehicles
and lower use of public transport63. A study that compares Auckland’s public transport system with Brisbane,
Perth and Vancouver found that Auckland’s public transport system favours more affluent neighbourhoods64.
Auckland provides better service for short journeys, which benefit those who live in prime locations close to major
employment areas, which is partially due to centralised job locations. Residents that are further away from major
employment areas tend to perceive accessibility, affordability, frequency and reliability much less positively thanthose close to major employment areas.

Strategic context
When transport investments are made equitably, individuals and families in all communities can participate in, andbenefit from, economic growth and activity throughout the region, regardless of car ownership, ethnicity, income
level, gender, age and ability65. Some of the key factors that drive, or have an impact on, equity are:•Growth resulting in people needing to travel further to access social and economic opportunities, particularlyin the south and west of Auckland. These areas also experience higher exposure to transport-related
externalities such as traffic collision66.

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050••

There are no displacement policies in place to ensure that existing communities can benefit from public
and private sector investment within their locations.
Auckland’s climate is changing and becoming more disruptive, putting pressure on already vulnerable
communities through its impacts and consequential regulatory and policy responses.

In Auckland, the Auckland Transport Alignment Project (ATAP) Foundation Report highlighted significant accessibility
challenges in the west and south over the next 10 years, in part due to their distance from where employment
growth is expected to occur. In comparison, access to employment by car and transport for those living in the central
part of Auckland appears to improve throughout the next 30 years, reflecting the growth in employment in central
Auckland. As a result, specific interventions were put in place in the recommended transport package (ATAP 1.0)
to improve accessibility in the west and south over the next three decades, such as advancing the Northwest rapidtransit network and light rail between the City Centre and Māngere.
The impacts of climate change will exacerbate the issue, with south and parts of west Auckland likely to experience
the greatest impacts, whilst also having the least ability to adapt to those impacts67. The potential legislative andregulatory responses to climate change could also impact these communities more through for example congestion
charging68 and transition to low emission vehicles69.
In recognition of the role of transport investment to improve socio-economic outcomes, recent strategic transport
documents such as the ATAP Better Travel Choices Mode Shift Plan (2019)70 have increased their focus to improvetransport choice in locations within the south, east and west. These areas include Manukau, Middlemore, Māngere,
Glen Innes and Glen Eden, being areas with spare capacity on the public transport network and where travel demandis expected to grow.
It is important that transport decisions are supporting, as well as being supported by the Development Strategy andland use planning.
An overarching challenge for transportation projects is that current assessment tools and business processes are notwell equipped to prioritise equity as an outcome. In addition, whilst existing measures such as access to employment
and spatial distribution of deaths and serious injuries provide some insight into transportation equity, they do notgive a full picture of how the benefits and costs of transport projects are distributed amongst different communities,
for which new measures would be required.

Central and local government initiatives
Access is identified as one of the strategic priorities in the GPS 2018 which sets out the government’s objective
to develop a land transport system that provides increased access to economic and social opportunities, enablestransport choice and access, and is resilient71. It identifies that having a transport system that promotes equitable
access and liveability is vital for creating safer, more attractive and more accessible urban environments. It also
identifies that the land transport system needs to enable a range of lower cost and more space efficient transport
choices so all people can easily access employment, education, recreational and social opportunities.
In response to the current GPS, the New Zealand Transport Agency (NZTA) is currently reviewing its Investment
Decision-Making Framework (IDMF) which is used to develop, assess and prioritise funding transport investment
proposals. The review is considering the principles of the GPS (2018) with the view of putting people and place,rather than vehicles and networks, at the centre of decision-making. Anticipated changes from the review include:72
•

•

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All transport modes and alternatives (including walking, cycling, public transport and new transport options
such as electric scooters and the use of technology) are considered when planning and investing in landtransport.
The inclusion of social, economic, cultural, and environmental outcomes in transport planning and investment,
and consideration of the wider impact of transport proposals on communities, the environment andsurrounding transport infrastructure.

The Confidence and Supply agreement between the Labour and Green parties included an increase in investment
in safe walking and cycling, frequent and affordable passenger transport, rail, and sea freight, with the aim ofsupporting affordability but also an efficient and sustainable transport network73. The 2019 budget allocated $4.6
million to investigate a Green Transport Card to reduce the cost of public transport, prioritising people in low-income
households and people on a benefit. It would entitle Community Services Card holders to public transport fareconcessions. The work is due to take place in 2020.
Other measures within the agreement may include reprioritising spending from the National Land Transport Fundto increase investment in rail infrastructure, cycling and walking in cities and regions, beginning work on light railfrom the city to the airport in Auckland, and making safe cycling and walking – especially around schools –a transport priority.
The Auckland Transport Alignment Project (ATAP) was established in 2016 (with a 2018 update) to provide a longterm strategic approach to address Auckland’s transport challenges and represents the shared transport vision for
Auckland of the government and Auckland Council. Through ATAP, $28 billion of investment was allocated for aten-year period, funded from the National Land Transport Fund, Crown funding, Auckland Council and the Auckland
Regional Fuel Tax. The government recently (2020) announced that it would fully fund the accelerated delivery of$3.48 billion of transport projects in Auckland (from the timeframes envisaged in ATAP 2018). The implication of thisannouncement for the wider ATAP investment programme are still being worked through. Auckland Transport has
also progressed several projects using Auckland Council’s Local Residential Growth Fund.
Investment includes a wide range of projects across rapid transit, strategic roading, greenfield transport
infrastructure, safety programmes, walking and cycling and bus and ferry improvements74. It is not currently clear
how equity outcomes will be assessed and prioritised for these projects.

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Te whakapai ake i te haumaru i te whatunga ikiiki
Improving safety on the transport network
Why this is significant
Improving road safety is one of the key strategies for unlocking increased public and active transport in urban
environments, as well as generating significant health, access and environmental benefits75. Road safety is acontinuing challenge for Auckland with a general upward trend in deaths and serious injuries and where preventative
measures have not kept up with a growing population76.
Trauma resulting from road crashes has significant financial, economic and a wide range of less tangible costs tosociety which impact on Aucklanders’ ability to thrive and prosper now and as Auckland continues to grow.
These costs include reduced quality of life, reduced productivity and raised medical and other resource costs77.

Supporting trends
Between 2012 and 2017, the number of deaths and serious injuries in Auckland increased annually reaching a peakof 64 road deaths and 749 serious injuries in 2017 with a total estimated social cost of $1.3 billion78. Those figures
dropped in 2018 to 54 road deaths and 595 serious injuries on the transport network. These figures tend to be higher
among Māori, Pacific children, and people living in more socio-economically deprived areas79.

Strategic context
A recent Road Safety Business Improvement Review80 stated that road safety performance in Auckland in recent
years, particularly since 2014, is of concern, and Auckland is experiencing what could be described as a crisis in roadsafety performance.
Nearly half of people who die or are seriously injured on the transport system are motorcyclists, cyclists andpedestrians, reflecting the higher vulnerability of those users 81. Work commissioned by Auckland Transport
in 2013 also identified that Māori residents experience a significantly higher risk of road traffic injury than any
other ethnic group82. Key findings included:
•
•

•

•

Māori children experience a 65% higher road traffic injury risk than any other ethnic group, for Pacific childrenthat figure is 31%.
The highest rates of harm for Māori come from car / van occupant injuries, pedestrian injuries and othermodes, whilst those number of motorcyclist injuries per capita are lower when compared to other ethnic
groups.
In the last five years 18% of all people who lost their lives on the transport network were Māori, adisproportionate level of harm as Māori make up 11% of the overall population. When including serious
injuries this figure is 14%83.
The report also identified socio-economic differences in the proportion of deaths and serious injuries in
Auckland, where there is a higher risk of road traffic injury for people living in more socio-economicallydeprived areas in the urban areas of the south and west of Auckland, and particularly in rural areas84. In moredeprived areas, there is a three times higher injury rate than children living in the least deprived areas. This isalso higher for Māori and Pacific children in these communities.

Whilst the deaths and serious injuries figures provide a picture of physical harm, they do not measure thepsychological impact on whānau and communities.

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Central and local government initiatives
A key priority of the government Policy Statement on Land Transport 2018/19-2027/28 (GPS 2018) is for “A safe
system, free of death and serious injury” which outlines the commitment to deliver a new road safety strategy
and signals a greater focus on investing in safety improvements on high risk state highways and local roads85.
In December 2019, the government launched Road to Zero: NZ’s road safety strategy 2020-2030. This strategy
proposes a target of 40% reduction for deaths and serious injuries by 2030, which on current trends may mean
750 fewer deaths and 5,600 fewer serious injuries nationally86.
Through the National Land Transport Programme, the government has stated it will invest $4.3 billion between 2018and 2021 to reduce deaths and serious injuries on New Zealand roads. Investment will be across a range of activities
from road policing and promotion of road safety to specific projects on local and high-risk roads87.
In response to the direction set by the GPS, the Regional Land Transport Plan, which reflects the intent of the
Auckland Transport Alignment Project (ATAP), has increased funds for road safety projects to $800 million overthe next ten years. 2018/19 was the first delivery year under the new road safety budget within which Auckland
Transport will deliver an accelerated programme of safety investment.
Improving safety of the transport system is a key priority for Auckland Transport and there are several activities
underway to realise this88. For example, following recommendations made in a 2018 Road Safety Business
Improvement Review, Auckland Transport commissioned a Road Safety Programme Business Case that was finalisedin August 2019. This contains a combination of investment in infrastructure and non-infrastructure responses which
include key programmes for safe speeds and safe roads, and roadsides and educational campaigns for speed andvulnerable road users.
In 2019 Auckland Transport adopted Vision Zero for Tāmaki Makaurau that sets a new transport safety vision withno deaths or serious injuries (DSI) on Auckland’s transport network by 2050, with an interim target of no more than
250 deaths and serious injuries by 2030. This extends the ATAP target of reducing deaths and serious injuries by
60%, from 813 in 2017 to 325 by 2027.
Vision Zero is based on the principle that it isn’t acceptable for people to be killed or seriously injured when using thetransport network. It doesn’t mean there will be no crashes but acknowledges that humans make mistakes and so
the transport system needs to be designed in such a way as to reduce the likely consequences of those mistakes89.
Both Auckland Transport’s Statement of Intent and Vision Zero Strategy identify the high risk of road traffic
injury to Māori. Through their Statement of Intent, Auckland Transport has committed to delivering projects thatspecifically contribute to Māori wellbeing. Projects include continued implementation of Auckland Transport’s Māori
Responsiveness Plan (MRP)90 which includes delivery of their Te Ara Haepapa road safety programme that is focusedon Māori drivers, passengers and pedestrians. Vision Zero further builds on these with its 13 strategic priorities, twoof which specifically focus on impacts relating to Māori 91:••

Ensuring Māori participation and representation in governance decision-making and leadership.
Expanding Te Ara Haepapa Māori designed and led programmes including sustainable funding pathway anddevelopment of a monitoring and evaluation framework using Māori methodology.

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TE TAIAO ME NGĀ WĀHI WHAI MANAENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL HERITAGE
We know we have achieved our outcome when Aucklanders preserve, protect and care for the naturalenvironment as our shared cultural heritage, for its intrinsic value and for the benefit of present
and future generations.

Progress so far
The trends emerging from the Environment and Cultural Heritage outcome measures indicate that we are making
positive progress in the following areas:
Beach water quality: the proportion of time beaches are safe for swimming in summer is exceeding targets.
Domestic waste: residents are producing less domestic rubbish per person than the current target.
Environmental restoration: the number of community groups active in environmental restoration initiatives
such as pest control and planting is increasing.
Cultural heritage: public awareness, understanding, and appreciation for Auckland’s heritage has increased.
Urban development: the pattern of consented activity within the existing urban area has become more
focused in locations in and around centres and along major public transport corridors and Auckland’s growthis largely following the quality compact approach.

Opportunities for greater progress
The analysis of supporting evidence, including a range of datasets and key trends, identified the following
opportunities for greater progress that are integral to the future of this outcome.
Transitioning to sustainable urban planning and development approaches
Building resilience of our environment, species, cultural heritage and infrastructure to climate change impacts

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Ngā Nekehanga Putanga Outcome Trends
AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONSAND FOCUS AREAS
Direction 1: Ensure Auckland’snatural environment and cultural
heritage is valued and cared for

DATA AND TRENDSxv• 26km of tracks in regional parks now meet a “kauri safe” standard
and were reopened in 2018/2019 92.
• Under the Unitary Plan, 14% of land use capability93 (LUC) class 1 land has
been or will be encroached upon for various forms of development, as well
as 31% of LUC class 2 and 18% LUC class 3 landxvi.
• While there has been limited recent vegetation clearance in Auckland, native
ecosystems have been almost totally cleared in the past from some partsof the region e.g. Manukau ecological neighbourhood has only 1.2% native
forest cover94.
• Auckland averages 4 new plant species naturalizing in the region every year
and is one of the world’s weediest cities.
• There have been significant increases in weed and pest animal control in andaround local and regional parks and increased control of priority pest plants
and animals in priority ecosystems across the region95.
• Year on year increases in public awareness, understanding and appreciation
for Auckland’s cultural heritage96.
• Visitors to cultural heritage attractions have increased97.
• Most (9 out of 12) water quality variables are improving in more sites thanthey are worsening98.
• E.coli levels are improving in 50% of streams, worsening in 40%
of streams, and undetectable in 10%99.
• Sediment accumulation in estuaries is increasing and numbers of benthic
invertebrates are decreasing100.
• Proportion of time beaches were safe for swimming in summer was 81% in2019, above the goal of 78%.

Direction 2: Apply a Māori world
view to treasure and protect our
natural environment(taonga tuku iho)

• No trends to report.

Direction 3: Use Auckland’s
growth and development toprotect and enhance the naturalenvironment• No trends to report.

Direction 4: Ensure Auckland’s
infrastructure is future-proofed• Storm surge and sea level rise are already affecting Auckland’s people andinfrastructure. A 1m sea level rise is projected by the end of this centuryxvii.
• Almost one quarter (23%) of Auckland’s buildings are exposed to flood
hazards. It is estimated that 16,000 buildings are at risk of floor flooding
in a 100-year flood event101.

xv

Data sources are provided in the data sources table at the end of this document.

xvi

Land use capability is the hierarchical classification system used in assessing the capability of certain land areas to sustain continuous production(Landcare Research 2000). The land is assessed in terms of versatility for productive use; factors that limit the land’s capability for productive use;and characteristics that determine productive use. LUC Class 1 land is “land with virtually no limitations for arable use and suitable for cultivated crops,
pasture or forestry. LUC Class 2 is land with slight limitations for arable use and suitable for cultivated crops, pasture or forestry. LUC Class 3 is land withmoderate limitations for arable use, but suitable for cultivated crops, pasture or forestry.

xvii

This figure is taken from RCP 8.5, the worst-case scenario for climate change. Representative concentration pathway (RCP) is a greenhouse gas concentration(not emissions) trajectory adopted by the IPCC for its Assessment Reporting framework. Under this scenario the world’s average temperature would increaseby 4.9 degrees C.

60

AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONS DATA AND TRENDSxv
AND FOCUS AREAS
Focus Area 1: Encourage all• 299,000 hectares under group stewardship by June 2019 above the goal
Aucklanders to be stewards of theof 130,000 with at least 58,000ha of pest control or restoration being
natural environment, and to makecarried out in these areas102.
sustainable choices• Council is leading formal engagement with over 500 conservation
advocates and nearly $1.5 million in funding provided to 100 community
groups for community-led pest control and ecological restoration
coordination work, tools and resources103.
• 64%104 of schools in Auckland engaging in sustainability education
programmes. This is more than the LTP target of 58%105.
• The number of conservation projects recommended for council funding
in the 2019/2020 regional environment and natural heritage grant
programme has increased from 25 to 38 projects and the average grantvalue per project has increased106.
• The number of grant applications from council’s waste minimisation andinnovation fund has decreased slightly since 2017/2018. However, thequality of applications received has improved107.
Focus Area 2: Focus on restoring
environments as Auckland grows• Over the last 15 years there has been an increase (+ 400ha) in native
ecosystems in the Auckland urban area. This has mostly come about
through expansion planting around the margins of larger native
remnants and removing exotic forest and scrub and replanting withnative forest plants108.

Focus Area 3: Account fully
for the past and future impactsof growth• Transport and stationary energy account for 43.6 per cent and 26.6 percent of gross emissions. Carbon dioxide (CO2) contributed 83.1 per cent,methane (CH4) 10.5 per cent, nitrous oxide (N2O) 1.7 per cent, andother GHGs 4.7 per cent.
• Commercial waste to landfill is growing. The combined commercial anddomestic waste to landfill per year per person was 922kg which is above
the goal of 877kg.
• Domestic waste per household has met or exceeded reduction targets.
• Without further intervention, Auckland could be generating 2.7 million
tonnes of waste to landfill annually by 2040 – nearly two-thirds morethan we produced in 2016109.

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AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONS DATA AND TRENDSxv
AND FOCUS AREAS
Focus Area 4: Protect significant• The climate in Auckland is changing, with extreme weather eventsnatural environments and cultural
becoming more common and more severe. Storm surge and sea level
heritage fromrise are already affecting Auckland’s places and ecosystems110.
further loss
• Analysis of trends in beach profiles has demonstrated significant erosionof beaches across the region (west coast, open east coast, Hauraki Gulf,
Firth of Thames) in response to storm events. This has implications forincreased frequency of extreme wave events.
• There has been recorded significant increasing trends in sea surface
water temperature in the Kaipara, Manukau, and Waitematā Harbours.
This is consistent with climate change predictions for the Auckland
region.
• Increased numbers of historic heritage places are being protected
but only a small percentage of identified Māori cultural heritage is
protected111.
• 70 protected cultural or historic heritage places are in flood-sensitive
areas and a further 242 are in flood-prone areas.
• Around 220 protected heritage buildings requiring seismic
strengthening within 35 years.
• 989 protected heritage places are in sea spray areas.
Focus Area 5: Adapt toa changing water future• The overall demand for tap water in Auckland is rising. A growing
population, expanding businesses and high tourist numbers are all
having an impact.
• Over the past 20 years, the regions consumption has increasedby 100 million litres a day (over 36%)112.

Focus Area 6: Use green
infrastructure to deliver greater
resilience, long-term cost savingsand quality environmental
outcomes

62• Transport emissions contribute the largest proportion (44%) of
Auckland’s greenhouse gas emissions of which on-road transport
contribute 86%. Transport emissions have increased from 4,362 ktCO2e
in 2012 to 4,939 ktCO2e in 2016.
• 28% of dwellings were consented within 1500m of the rapid transport
network (RTN) in the last 12 months and 30,000 more homes have beenenabled to be built in major greenfield growth areas, many near rapidtransport networks.

Ngā Āheinga mō te Koke Whakamua ki Taumata kē ake
Opportunities for greater progress
Te whakawhiti atu ki ngā whakamahere tāone toitū me ngā tikanga
whakawhanaketanga
Transitioning to sustainable urban planning and development approaches
Why this is significant
One of the key challenges articulated in the Auckland Plan is reducing environmental degradation. Historicand current land use and infrastructure decisions mean that our ecosystems, cultural landscapes and marine
environment have been significantly stressed by urban development. As a result, some of our ecosystems andspecies are at risk and we may lose important aspects of the wide ranging economic, social and cultural benefits
that the natural environment provides. Auckland’s environmental degradation impacts on Māori wellbeing; throughharming the whenua, wai, sites of cultural heritage, wāhi tapu and taonga and reducing the amenity and other valuesof ecosystems.
Management of our cultural heritage in the face of urban development pressures is also a challenge. Our heritage isfundamentally irreplaceable – once we lose it, we cannot recreate or recover it. There are many unprotected Māori
cultural heritage sites in Tāmaki Makaurau, many of which are under threat or degraded. Few sites are adequately
recognised and yet mana whenua retain strong, enduring and living connections with their cultural heritage which isalso part of Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland’s identity.
Heritage assets and the natural environment are public goods, making a tangible contribution to Auckland bycreating a sense of place and identity for the community and through ecosystem services.

Supporting trends
Our ongoing environmental efforts have contributed towards some improvements in rural streams, and fresh andmarine water quality variables at many sites. We have improved pest control well above our goals and there has
been a significant increase in council support to community groups and landowners providing tools for biodiversity
management and restoration. There has also been increasing resident awareness, understanding and appreciation of
Auckland’s cultural heritage.
Auckland’s growth is largely following the quality compact approach. The pattern of consented activity within theexisting urban area is for higher density development and has become more focused in locations in and aroundcentres and along major public transport corridors. Some growth is occurring in identified future urban areas(with some preference for lower density houses however), and growth in rural areas has been limited althoughconsents are still increasing.
Despite recent trends, Auckland’s land use, activities and infrastructure decisions have resulted in declining
biodiversity through habitat and vegetation loss. Some of our water quality is still poor, and sediment accumulationin our estuaries is increasing.
Urban development has posed challenges for cultural heritage protection, particularly Māori cultural heritage.
There are a small number of sites protected, as cultural values are not well understood and the scope and scaleof the work to protect additional sites is significant. More generally, large areas within Auckland have little
or no recorded heritage sites, particularly in the north and south.

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Strategic context
Auckland’s population growth is putting pressure on the environment through urbanisation. The impacts of ouractivities and side effects of the city’s functioning and development have meant that the state of our environmentis generally in decline. More than 1.66 million people live in Auckland already. Over the next 30 years this could
increase by another 720,000 people to reach 2.4 million. This growth drives further urbanisation through new
housing and business land and infilling of existing brownfields sites.
Urban development means changes to the receiving environments of that development (i.e. waters, soils, and air
quality) through infilling of streams, removal of vegetation, loss of productive soils and pollution. This can put
pressure on Auckland’s ecosystems and contribute to reductions in ecosystem health undermining environmental
outcomes. Those changes can be significant or minimal depending on the choices we make. Over time, the effects
are cumulative. Urban development and growth also mean more people moving into, out of and around the region.
This movement can enable the introduction of pest plants and animals. Pests can increase predation and competewith native species.
In Auckland, while gross emissions have not increased at the rate of population growth and economic growth113,
the transport sector is still one of Auckland’s most significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), largely
related to travel by road and this continues to increase annually. There has been some progress in areas such as
public transport and active travel and reduction (through reuse) of waste from some parts of the transport. By
achieving a compact urban form (through intensifying both brownfields and greenfields development) we canfurther shorten trips and decrease travel distances, better enable active transport choices and further reduce
emissions. Responding to climate change through transport is discussed further in the Transport and Access section ofthis report.
Auckland’s land use decisions have also put pressure on the boundaries of our urban areas leading to rural land
fragmentation and urban sprawl. Our versatile land has reduced through this conversion. This can limit Auckland’s
local food production or shift growers onto more marginal land. This has impacts on food security due to increases intransport costs, greater use of fertilisers or changes in production methods.
If Auckland achieves current water efficiency targets, we can delay bringing new water sources online until
approximately 2031114. However, population growth will continue to drive demand for safe, reliable drinking water
beyond supply by 2050115.
Total amounts of waste to landfill will also continue to climb as Auckland’s population grows even as per capita
targets are achieved. Waste generation and resource depletion puts significant pressure on the environment. Moving
to circular and regenerative models of consumption and resource use will help to address these issues.
Our historic built heritage is densest in the city centre and along now modern transport routes. Urban developmentin these areas requires us to make choices about how we accommodate protection of this heritage and increasing
growth and development demands.

Central and local government initiatives
The Ministry for the Environment’s 2016/17 Performance Improvement Framework review noted that New Zealand“can no longer afford to ‘run the same race faster’ but need[s] to ‘run a new race’ (transformation)”.
There is a large environmental and urban development reform programme focussed on improving environmental
outcomes in the context of increasing growth pressures underway. It will potentially significantly change ourlegislative framework for environmental decision-making.

64Current and proposed national level environmental initiatives include:
•

•
•
•
•
•
•

a systems-level review of the resource management system which questions whether environmental
and development outcomes should have their own legislation or be considered in an integrated way national
direction on highly productive (i.e. rural) land
provision of climate change guidance
review of the national environmental reporting system
steps to improve New Zealand’s freshwater management
new national direction on New Zealand’s indigenous biodiversity and strategic guidance and action plans on
biodiversity
phase out of some single use plastics and identifying further opportunities to reduce the effects of plastics on
ecosystems and species
work on new product stewardship schemes and a range of other proposals to reduce waste to landfills.

The Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment has identified two other key projects for 2020:• developing a set of core environmental indicators to be included within New Zealand’s regulatory framework• understanding how environmental data and indicators can be used in policy processes to support current andfuture wellbeing.
The Ka Muri, Ka Mua Cultural Monitoring Framework is an interagency approach that integrates western science with
mātauranga Māori. This approach to monitoring and evaluation is sensitive to intellectual property challenges andenables a strategy of Māori values through the enabling of a co-management approach to restoration of the mauriof our already degraded environments, habitats and cultural landscapes. To date there has been no systems level
regional evaluation of progress according to Māori values. Tangata whenua are protective of tikanga, customs andpractices as these are critical to the emergence of their own identity.
The $452 million Auckland water quality targeted rate provides investment over ten years for new stormwater
infrastructure and initiatives to reduce wastewater, sediment and other pollutants contaminating our waterways
and marine environment. The investment is dedicated to achieving cleaner harbours, beaches and streams reducing
public health risk from wastewater overflows and pollutants and improving the ecology of our waterways.
The $311 million natural environment targeted rate supports council and community-led pest control and ecologicalrestoration and has the potential to arrest decline in priority habitats and ensure additional protection of threatened
species and ecosystems.

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Te whakapakari ake i te kaha o tō tātou taiao, o ngā koiora, o ngā wāhi whai
mana me ngā hanganga tukuaru ki ngā pānga kino o te hurihanga āhurea
Building resilience of our environment, species, cultural heritage andinfrastructure to climate change impacts
Why this is significant
The Auckland Plan 2050 identified climate change as one of two specific issues that will have the biggest effect on
our environment. There is a certain level of climate change that is already locked into the global climate system due
to global emissions to date. The effects of climate change are already being felt but over time will become more
severe and pronounced. We can expect climate change effects (i.e. sea level rise, flooding, erosion etc.) to undermine
exposed infrastructure, habitats and sites of cultural heritage and affect ecosystems (and species).
Habitats that are already stressed are more susceptible to the negative impacts of climate change. This means weneed to try and future-proof infrastructure, restore ecosystem health, protect exposed environments (or otherwise
provide for the ecosystems and species within them) and protect heritage and cultural landscapes before further
irreversible harm occurs.

Supporting trends
The climate in Auckland is changing, with extreme weather events becoming more common and more severe.
Although there is significant year-to-year variability in Auckland’s temperature, there was a trend of about 1.6o C
increase in annual mean temperature between 1910 and 2016116. Auckland’s temperature is projected to continue
to increase117 and hot days (maximum temperature > 25°C) have been increasing over time and are projected tocontinue increasing everywhere in the Auckland region118.
Significant increasing trends in sea surface water temperature have been recorded in the Kaipara, Manukau, andWaitemata Harbours and ocean acidification is already threatening Auckland’s marine ecosystems119, including
culturally, economically and ecologically significant species. Changes to the oceans will have impacts on the
distribution, species composition, and health of marine life in the Auckland region120.
Storm surge and sea level rise are already affecting Auckland’s places and ecosystems. Over this century
approximately 1.5-2.5% of Auckland’s land area could be exposed to sea level rise. This includes 80% of coastal
ecosystems121. Analysis of trends in beach profiles has demonstrated significant erosion of beaches across the region(west coast, open east coast, Hauraki Gulf, Firth of Thames) in response to storm events. This has consequential
implications for increased frequency of extreme wave events.
Almost one quarter (23%) of Auckland’s buildings are exposed to flood hazards122. It is estimated that 16,000
buildings are at risk of floor flooding in a 100-year flood event. In addition, Auckland has 70 protected heritage
places in flood-sensitive areas, a further 242 protected heritage places in flood-prone areas and 989 protected
heritage places in sea spray areas123. Further, all transport asset categories are exposed to sea level rise scenarios
to some degree124

Strategic context
Vulnerable species populations will experience more heat related stress. Temperature changes will also will likely
influence plant growth and the types of plants able to grow. Increased terrestrial and water temperatures may induce
lethal life cycle or changes in distributions of some species, as well as creating an environment that will allow morepests (both animals and plants) and water and vector-borne diseases to thrive in Auckland.

66

Auckland is also projected to become more drought-prone125. The current 2020 summer season exemplifies drought
conditions. The Auckland region in 2020 has seen the longest period of no rain on record, the lowest flows on record
for several rivers across the region, and very low groundwater levels in multiple aquifers. A reduction in moderateintensity rainfall is likely to reduce annual recharge to aquifers, in turn causing lower stream flows, while also leading
to increased water demand for irrigation. The intersection of water demand and water scarcity places increased
pressure on both aquifer and stream water resources, which support Auckland’s unique ecosystems.
Extreme rainfall events are likely to increase in intensity in Auckland. Extreme, rare rainfall events may causesignificant damage to land and infrastructure and both rainfall and drought may affect Auckland’s hydrology.
Groundwater recharge may decline. Coastal aquifers may also be affected by sea-level rise in terms of flow velocities
and salinity. Extreme rainfall events could increase the amount of sediment from land delivered to receiving
environments.
Areas of urban development are also likely to become more hazard prone (due to insufficient understanding of thelikelihood of current or potential hazards). Poor urban development can also further exacerbate climate change
impacts (i.e. through increasing flooding risk, creating urban heat islands, embedding energy inefficiencies).
The key climate change impacts on our cultural heritage are increases in the likelihood of coastal erosion andinundation affecting coastal sites, particularly Māori archaeological sites.

Central and local government initiatives
New Zealand has several greenhouse gas emissions reductions targets. Our international targets are 5% reduction
below 1990 gross emissions for the period 2013-2020 and a 30% reduction below 2005 (or 11 per cent below 1990)
gross emissions for the period 2021-2030. Our domestic targets are net zero emissions of all greenhouse gases
other than biogenic methane by 2050 and 24 to 47% reduction below 2017 biogenic methane emissions by 2050,
including 10% reduction below 2017 biogenic methane emissions by 2030.
Meeting New Zealand’s commitments under the Paris Agreement, including our target of reducing emissions by
30% below 2005 gross emissions for the period 2021-2030 includes:• implementing a new domestic emissions reduction target• developing a national adaptation plan that sets out the government’s objectives, strategies and policies foradapting to the effects of climate change• supporting work in the climate finance space (investment and expenditure both public and private that
contributes to either climate mitigation or adaptation)• reporting on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions analysis for all policy proposals that go to Cabinet and meetcertain qualifying criteria.
Auckland Council has undertaken a climate change risk assessment providing information about the risk andvulnerabilities the Auckland region may face under a changing climate regime. The eight reports in the seriesconsider various components of key risks across sectors and systems of interest: people (heat vulnerability, climatechange and air quality), society (social vulnerability and flooding), and natural environment (terrestrial and marine
ecosystems), as well sea level rise at regional and local scales. They provide an indication of the expected trends andchallenges across these sectors and systems of interest and give us a better understanding of the issues for Auckland
and how we might respond.
Te Tāruke-ā-Tāwhiri: Auckland’s Climate Plan identifies the key priorities for delivery of climate action across theregion. Delivery of these priorities will get Auckland on the path to net zero emissions by 2050 and prepared forclimate change impacts.
Environmental restoration activities delivered in Auckland (for example the million trees project, stream restorationsetc.) can also deliver a range of climate change resilience benefits.
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NGĀ HUARAHI WĀTEA ME TE TŌNUITANGAOPPORTUNITY AND PROSPERITY

We know we have achieved our outcome when Auckland is prosperous with many opportunities
and delivers a better standard of living for everyone.

Progress so far
The trends emerging from the Opportunity and Prosperity outcome measures indicate that we are making positive
progress in the following areas:
Employment, income and wages: unemployment rates remain low and income and wages are continuing
to improve for Auckland residents, including our Māori population.
Participation in education: rates in early childhood and tertiary education for the majority of communities
are increasing.
Digital access: availability and use of digital technology is improving.
Tourism spending: amount of visitor spend is increasing.
Knowledge intensive industries: employment in Auckland’s knowledge-intensive industries continues
to grow faster than the national increase.

Opportunities for greater progress
The analysis of supporting evidence, including a range of datasets and key trends, identified opportunities for greater
progress that are integral to the future of this outcome.
Addressing the ability to afford everyday needs
Developing skills for the future
Supporting business resilience through innovation

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Ngā Nekehanga Putanga Outcome Trends
AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONSAND FOCUS AREAS
Direction 1: Create the conditions
for a resilient economy throughinnovation, employment growth
and raised productivity

DATA AND TRENDSxviii• Auckland has a strong economic sector and remains the largest
and fastest growing regional economy in New Zealand.
• Employment is rising and unemployment remains low, though there
remain disparities in population groups and areas.
• The average wage is increasing overall, but living costs in Auckland
remain high –largely due to housing costs• Although improving, one in five Auckland residents state their income
is not enough to meet everyday needs and 44% (in 2018) do not agree
that housing is affordable.
• Productivity levels (GDP) are low compared to OECD cities but are
increasing.
• Growth in business is planned for with 1,400 ha of business-zoned landin urban areas. The amount of business-zoned land across the region has
remained constant.

Direction 2: Attract and retain
skills, talent and investment• The average weekly wage has been increasing since 2015 and annual
earnings have increased by 31% in the last 10 years.
• Employment in Auckland’s knowledge-intensive industries continued to
grow faster than New Zealand as a whole (2.3% compared with 1.7%
nationally per annum) and comprised 35% of the working population.
• The biggest industries contributing to knowledge intensive employment
have been in hospitals, computer system design, consulting services andprimary education.
• Skill shortages remain in areas such as education, engineering,accountancy, medical technology, outdoor recreation and metal andmotor trades.
• The percentage of highly skilled workers has grown slowly over the lastten years.
• Over the last ten years a business’ ability to find skilled labour in
Auckland has become increasingly more difficult but has shown signs ofimprovement in recent years.
• Overall, the number of skilled migrants coming into the Auckland region
had been steadily increasing over the last decade but declined from 2017
due to changes in immigration policy.

Direction 3: Develop skills andtalent for the changing nature ofwork and lifelong achievement

xviii

70

• The proportion of young people with a higher level qualification(39% in 2018) has stayed around the same since 2014.
• Since 2017, Auckland’s existing jobs and skills hubs have helped morethan 1,500 people into work and are focused on the construction
and infrastructure sector.

Data sources are provided in the data sources table at the end of this document.

AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONS DATA AND TRENDSxviii
AND FOCUS AREAS
Focus Area 1: Harness emerging• The majority of lower income residents use the internet, with only
technologies and ensure equitablea small percentage (4.7%) being low level or non-users.
access to high quality digital data • Almost half of Auckland residents use three device types to connect
and services
to the Internet.
• Fibre technology is being rolled out at a faster pace than expected, with
90% of the 2022 target already completed (562,534 Auckland homes)
over the last few years and a 61% uptake of ultrafast broadband where it
is available.
• Ultrafast Broadband is over halfway complete in Auckland’s rural areas.
Focus Area 2: Ensure regulatory
planning and other mechanisms
support business, innovation andproductivity growth• Auckland continues to rank highly in world cities in relation to its
business sophistication, ease of doing business (1st of 190), andinnovation (110th of 500).
• Knowledge intensive businesses are growing slowly, estimated at over
one third of the employment share of all businesses.
• Many businesses are involved in some kind of innovation each year
(82% in 2018).
• The proportion of Auckland businesses that have undertaken researchand development or introduced new and improved goods or services tothe market each year has increased since 2015 but this is showing signsof slowing.
• Growth in employment in the creative industries is slow but positiveon average and has been growing somewhat more strongly in Auckland
than New Zealand as a whole.

• Māori are experiencing increased wages and less unemployment.
Focus Area 3: Advance Māori
employment and support Māori• The proportion of Māori who are not in employment, education orbusiness and iwi organisations totraining is decreasing over time and the gap between Māori and nonbe significant drivers of Auckland’s
Māori is closing.
economy• A higher proportion of Māori residents (compared with non-Māori) do
not feel like their income is enough to meet their everyday needs.
• Māori economic aspirations (particularly small to medium enterprises)
continue to be more reliant on government funding and enterprise
grants than traditional banking and lending institutions.
Focus Area 4: Leverage Auckland’s
position to support growthin exports• Exports through Auckland’s sea and air ports have a current value of$11.9 billion and make up around 20% of New Zealand’s total export
value. The growth in value made a recovery in 2018 but in 2019 reachedits lowest (-11.5%) since 2013.
• Auckland has seen an average of 6.6% growth in international visitor
arrivals over the last five years (to 2019).

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AUCKLAND PLAN 2050 DIRECTIONSAND FOCUS AREAS
Focus Area 4: Leverage Auckland’s
position to support growthin exports(continued)

DATA AND TRENDSxviii• Tourism spend for 2019 was $8.82b, up 4.1% on the previous year.
Domestic spend was $4.03b for the year (up 0.4%), and international
spend was $4.79b (up 7.5%). Spend on accommodation services in 2019
increased (10.3%) compared to last year.

Focus Area 5: Increase educational • The number of young people who are not in employment, education ortraining (NEET) has fluctuated but is about the same as it was ten years
achievement, lifelong learningago. Significantly higher proportions of those aged 20 to 24 years are
and training, with a focus on those
NEET than those aged 15-19 years.
most in need
• The percentage of residents that have achieved a higher qualification(bachelor’s degree or level 7, or higher qualification) has increased from
25% in 2013 to 31% in 2018.
• Participation rates in early childhood, schooling and tertiary education
are increasing in the majority of communities. Those enrolling in tertiary
education one year after leaving school is 66% (in 2018).
• There remain substantial prosperity gaps between local board areas inrelation to skills (qualification levels), labour force (employment), andhousehold prosperity.

72

Ngā Āheinga mō te Koke Whakamua ki Taumata kē ake
Opportunities for greater progress
He whakaaro mō te āhei ki te hoko i ngā matea o ia rāAddressing the ability to afford everyday needs
Why this is significant
One of the key challenges in the Auckland Plan is shared prosperity; that is, to ensure that all Aucklanders can benefit
from the social and economic prosperity that growth brings and can participate in and enjoy community and civic life.
To meet this challenge, residents need adequate income and reasonable costs of living to be able to meet everyday
needs126. The most recent survey of Auckland residents indicates that around one in five residents (19%) do not feel
their income is able to meet their everyday needs. The ability to afford the cost of living is dependent on wages,
qualifications, employment, skills, and access to employment.

Supporting trends
While Aucklanders are experiencing an increase in income and wages, higher employment rates and lower
unemployment rates, we are still experiencing high costs of living alongside the challenge to budget and live within
one’s means. A large proportion of residents say that housing is not affordable and many struggle with essential
costs such as heating. According to the latest Auckland prosperity index127, certain local boards within Auckland arechallenged with insufficient skills for employment and lower household prosperity. Housing costs continue to bea significant issue within the Auckland region, which directly affects discretionary income and the ability for someresidents to afford day-to-day expenses.

Strategic context
There are numerous factors that drive, or have an impact on, affordable living. On the global scale, Auckland is perceived
as a great place to live, attracting many new migrants, but this rapid increase in population and consequent demandfor housing has contributed to Auckland being rated as one of the most unaffordable developed cities due to highhousing costs and comparatively lower average household incomes128. Auckland’s population growth is linked toconcentrating employment and business in its urban areas, however access to employment and increasing income
does not always translate to the ability to meet Auckland’s increase in basic expenditure, such as fuel and electricity
and especially housing costs. Impacts of housing costs have been seen in higher household occupancy rates and moves
towards the edges of the city, resulting in longer and more expensive commutes. There are, however, recent indications
from building consent data that this trend is reversing to more uptake of high density housing such as apartments andtownhouses as a more affordable and sustainable option. This is in line with the Auckland Plan Development Strategy.
Recent economic and labour-market changes in New Zealand have favoured people with higher education, and those
employed in the services sector, particularly in Auckland. While there have been reductions in the employment shareof middle-skilled jobs in New Zealand, there has not been an increase in low-skilled jobs as seen in other developed
countries129. This could make it harder for those with lower skills to find employment and leads to an increasing
income disparity between communities within Auckland. Those that struggle the most with meeting everyday needs
include young adults, those on a low income, those with no formal education, those who are living in rental housing,Māori, Pacific people, and those that have recently migrated to Auckland. An overwhelming majority (69%) of thesecommunities rate their quality of life as poor.
Lower prosperity in south Auckland reflects higher proportions of the population that are beneficiaries, who havehigher unemployment rates, lower skill levels and lower household incomes. Many of these areas (i.e. MaungakiekieTāmaki, Māngere-Ōtāhuhu, Ōtara-Papatoetoe, Manurewa, and Papakura) perform well in terms of business activity,
highlighting the fact that employment opportunities exist but the resident population faces barriers in accessingthese opportunities130.

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Central and local government initiatives
Central government has developed initiatives to address various labour market issues that could have a positive impact
on income for some workers. These initiatives include incremental lifts in minimum wage, extending paid parental leave,
creating a process to address pay equity through the Equal Pay Amendment Bill and designing a process for enabling
Fair Pay Agreements. There has also been increased funding for an inclusive labour market through the Oranga Mahi
programme, Work and Income and within the welfare review.
The Auckland Council family has invested in place-based initiatives to address inequities in participation in the workforce inareas of the city with the highest levels of economic deprivation through The Southern Initiative and The Western Initiative.
Programmes such as the Māori and Pasifika Trades Training programme focuses on people who face challenges in thelabour market and for whom a career could have life-changing and inter-generational impacts. It targets young people notin education, employment or training, sole parents and people who have experienced long-term joblessness or sporadic
low paid employment. The Southern Initiative has also been a catalyst for social procurement practice across local andcentral government through initiating practice that increases female participation, closes the gap between Māori and Pacificpeople’s wages and the rest of Auckland, and increases business opportunities for Māori- and Pacific-owned enterprises.
Other contributions initiated by Auckland Tourism, Events and Economic Development (ATEED) include the Local Economic
Regeneration that began with an Employment Precinct Strategy for the Tāmaki Regeneration Company area and provides
a framework for activity in the Tāmaki Employment Precinct over the next 20 years. Auckland Council has implemented aliving wage for all its employees and has programmes such as Kia Puāwai, Ngā Puna Pūkenga and the Healthy Waters social
contracts to assist unemployed people into permanent employment. The council’s sustainable procurement objectives andtargets also support supplier diversity, local suppliers, and quality employment for targeted communities.
In an effort to address Auckland’s high housing costs and address some of the adverse consequences, the council
has made significant investment in areas such as homelessness, affordable long-term housing services for older people,
and ongoing provisions for growth through the Auckland Unitary Plan. Tackling the growing intermediate housing market
and preventing homelessness is discussed further in the Homes and Places section of this report. Supporting communities
of greatest need is discussed further in the Belonging and Participation section of this report.

Te whakawhanake pūkenga mō anamata
Developing skills for the future
Why this is significant
Auckland is experiencing significant changes in its economic environment, influenced by high and increasingly diverse
population growth and technological transformation resulting in industry and business shifts and a more dynamic working
environment. This translates to a changing structure of occupations and business practice that will require a workforce
ready to meet the challenge of transformation. A skilled workforce will enable innovation and help drive growth in highvalue industries, resulting in a high-functioning and resilient economy131. A labour market that is not only able to efficiently
match workers with jobs, but also provide the capacity to transfer skills across occupations and industries, will benefit theindividual, local businesses and the health of the Auckland community.

Supporting trends
The percentage of highly skilled workers in Auckland has remained about the same over the last ten years and businesses’
ability to find skilled labour in Auckland has become more difficult, alongside challenges to find people with soft skills suchas problem solving and critical thinking. Although participation rates in early childhood, schooling and tertiary education
have increased overall, the percentage of young people not in education, employment or training (NEET) has remained
about the same over the last ten years. Similarly, the proportion of young people with a higher level qualification has notincreased over the last five years.

74Strategic context
Auckland is forecasted to grow in higher skilled employment opportunities in industries such as professionals,
managers, and technicians and trades. Furthermore, the introduction of advanced technology is likely to reduce thereliance on technical skills and increase the need for uniquely human skills such as critical thinking, creativity andcommunication132. Emerging skill areas such as data science, customer experience design, digital and cybersecurity
are increasingly required across industries and organisations. Businesses increasingly recognise the need forhighly skilled people in these emerging areas and yet data suggests that Auckland’s highly skilled workers andcorresponding higher levels of qualifications are not increasing at the required rate of change.
It will be important for education providers and employers to understand and prepare for climate related changes intheir workforce as many of Auckland’s core industries such as manufacturing and retail will be affected. Some skills
will become less relevant while others may be reinvented for the zero-carbon economy.
Recent research of New Zealand employer demand shows a growing need for skills in information, creativity andhealth, with core skills in high demand across all jobs in New Zealand133. This research suggests that many workers
have the capacity to adapt to dynamic work environments through transferable skill sets that enable transition froman occupation or industry in decline into areas experiencing growth. Knowing which occupations and roles sharethe same core skills can broaden employers’ hiring pool, expand career opportunities and help educators to craft
the most relevant curricula and courses to support transitions between related occupations. It could also allow
policymakers and employers to fine-tune their employment strategies in New Zealand’s changing labour market.
Less formal learning and development is important for enabling working-aged adults to maintain the skills they
already have, adapt to a changing labour market, and progress in their careers. More extensive data are required
to adequately cover the wide range of on-the-job learning or work-related training that does not result in a formal
qualification. However, the relatively high number of poorly qualified individuals has implications for Auckland’s
ability to leverage the skills of workers to increase innovation and productivity134.
Auckland’s education and training systems and institutions will need to reflect this future demand for different
and higher skills. For highly skilled jobs and management positions, employers still look for tertiary qualifications
and yet in periods of high employment, more school leavers opt out of tertiary options to enter the workforce135.
Upskilling and retraining of the adult workforce will continue to be integral to keeping pace with the change. As thelife span of skills reduces, and new ways of working emerge, many of the technical skills learned in our youth will
become outdated.

Central and local government initiatives
Central government addressed the future of skills through its Wellbeing Budget with investment in initiatives that
help young people with pathways to industry training opportunities and key workplace skills, such as the School
Leaver’s Toolbox, Mana in Mahi, and He Poutama Rangatahi. The Sector Workforce Engagement Programme has also
benefited some communities in Auckland by providing a fully funded service for job seekers and employers and has
recently (2019) invested in two more jobs and skills hubs in Manukau and Glenfield.
Through the vocational education reform, six Workforce Development Councils will be established by the endof 2022 which will improve advice to central government on investment in vocational education and determine
the appropriate mix of skills and training for the industries they cover. Alongside these reforms, fifteen Regional
Skills Leadership Groups, including one in Auckland, will also be established in 2020 to better articulate, to central
government and locally, current and future regional workforce skills needs, opportunities and barriers. Innovativeeducation providers such as Mind Lab and 21C Skills Lab are based on a vision to transform New Zealand educationby aligning digital skills and capabilities with the demands of the contemporary world.

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

Local contributions initiated by ATEED include the Local Economic Regeneration, BuildAKL and the We’re Hiring
campaign (designed to attract high-skilled offshore construction and technology talent to Auckland). The Southern
Initiative also manages the Youth Connections programme that supports young people into high-quality, sustainable
employment and works with businesses and education and training organisations to build pathways to new careers.
The focus should remain on keeping our school leavers engaged in the education and training system and our current
workforce engaged in further learning to achieve higher levels and more transferable skills and qualifications to meetthe skill demand for the future.

Te tautoko i te aumangea o ngā pakihi mā te auahatanga
Supporting business resilience through innovation
Why this is significant
Rapid technological change and globalisation are shifting societal norms and the way we work. Auckland's readinessto keep pace with digital transformation and automation is crucial for its ability to compete in the global market.
Climate change will also continue to impact businesses with the need to make decisions on how to address climate
risks and look for innovative opportunities to reduce emissions, transition sunset industries and prepare for workforcechanges. It is important for businesses to understand and prepare for a fair and just transition and be able to reinvent
themselves for a low emissions economy.
These shifts in our economic environment suggest a significant challenge for businesses unless they can build resilience
to disruption and keep pace with the transformation through innovation and entrepreneurship supported by quality
research and development.

Supporting trends
Auckland’s business community is predominantly comprised of small and medium-sized businesses and continues
to struggle to be internationally competitive. Current productivity levels are comparatively low, and our economy
is heavily reliant on increased domestic consumption to drive growth. Auckland’s businesses suggest there are
numerous constraints to early uptake and implementation of new technologies and innovative practices due tofactors such as the capital and skills required for early adoption136.
Employment in knowledge intensive businesses and the creative sector has increased steadily and is growing
somewhat more strongly in Auckland than in New Zealand but the share of total employment in these sectors
has not increased significantly. Auckland has comparative advantages in knowledge intensive industries related toadvertising, finance, corporate head office management and investment. Auckland continues to rank comparatively
higher in world cities in relation to its business sophistication, ease of business, and innovation and yet business
confidence indicators remain relatively low. Many Auckland businesses report being involved in innovation andresearch and development, although this number appears to have declined recently.

Strategic context
Knowledge intensive sectors represent an increasing share of Auckland’s employment and economic output andwill most likely be the primary source of future productivity growth. These industries have greater scope to create
wealth both for Auckland through higher GDP and for individuals through increased wages. The largest knowledgeintensive industries in terms of employment in 2018 were hospitals, with computer systems design and related
services, management advice and other consulting services, and primary education also contributing significantly
to knowledge intensive employment across Auckland. For the 20 largest knowledge-intensive industries, Auckland
provided on average 42% of New Zealand’s employment in those industries – significantly above its share for allindustries (of 34.4%)137.

76

Entrepreneurship and innovation supported by research and development are important for economic growth andfor sustaining a dynamic economy capable of competing successfully on the international stage. A diverse businessenvironment is better able to absorb cyclical downturns and changing market trends and, where there is highbusiness confidence, people are more inclined to venture into entrepreneurial activities as they see an economy thatis able to support new ideas.
The effects of climate change on businesses will require innovative transitions. Many of Auckland’s core industries
like manufacturing and retail will be affected by changes to consumer behaviour, and disruption to supply of
products and services. There will be greater demand for low carbon goods and services and possible damage
to commercial assets. Broader social impacts, like the effect of rising temperatures on health, could also affectworkforce productivity. However, climate change can also present new opportunities. For example, some regions
may grow crops not possible before and new technologies and materials for energy distribution, mobility or foodproduction may be discovered.
Many large businesses measure their emissions and may have reduction targets, but most are yet to identify
the impacts, risks and opportunities of climate change to their businesses and business models. Businesses andgovernments would be well-served by coinvesting in and retraining their workforces, with likely benefits beyond
those preparing for climate change. Recent research suggests that cities that accelerate climate action by supporting
cleantech start-ups and corporate innovation could supercharge urgent global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and mitigate the worst impacts of the climate crisis138.
Globally, there has been an increase in innovation investments with the use of intellectual property (IP) reachingrecord highs in 2017 and 2018. Global research and development expenditures had been growing faster than
the global economy, more than doubling between 1996 and 2016. However, as at 2019, public research anddevelopment expenditures in some high-income economies have been growing slowly or not at all which isconcerning given its central role in funding basic research and development and other blue sky research, core to
future innovations139.
According to the global innovation index, New Zealand remains in line with expectations for its level of development
and is ranked number 25 of all 129 economies covered. New Zealand’s institutions rank well for innovation in termsof political and operational stability, regulatory environment and business environment (ranking number 1 in its
ease of starting a business) and market sophistication. However, New Zealand ranks much lower in research anddevelopment and in its knowledge, technology and creative outputs140. Auckland continues to rank comparatively
higher in world cities in relation to its business sophistication, ease of business and innovation, with a highproportion of its businesses involved in innovation each year and an increasing proportion of businesses having
undertaken research and development or introduced new and improved goods or services to the market each year,
although this appears to have recently declined141.

Central and local government initiatives
Central government has addressed innovation for the future through its Wellbeing Budget with a focus on researchand development and has invested extensively in operational funding for early stage capital market development
through the Venture Capital Fund, and further capital into the commercialisation of innovation and other initiatives
to support businesses to become more productive and develop high-value, low-emissions products. As part of thisinvestment, the Wellbeing Budget provides further capital to support, incubate and grow start-ups including throughthe new Technology Incubator Programme and additional funding has gone into the Pre-Seed Accelerator Fund andCommercialisation Partner Network.

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

Government is developing Industry Transformation Plans (ITPs) for selected sectors of the economy where
significant growth opportunities exist, or for sectors that are facing significant disruption to workers and/or firms.
ITPs will describe an agreed vision for the future state of the sector and outline the actions required to realise thisvision, including investment, innovation and better skills development. ITPs which are particularly relevant to
Auckland include Food and Beverage, Construction and Digital.
The Future of Work Tripartite Forum was established in 2018 to co-ordinate the decision-making of government,
business and unions in seizing the opportunities of the future of work. In the coming year, the Future of Work Forum
will be focusing on four key priorities:• Shaping the strategic direction and focus of Industry Transformation Plans• Identifying priorities to facilitate in-work training and lifelong learning• Identifying priorities to support workers who are displaced or at risk of displacement• Advising on options for better protecting non-standard workers
Auckland’s economic development agency, ATEED, works with new and existing Auckland businesses to help themstart up, grow, innovate and export. Its current innovation projects and initiatives include the GridAKL innovation
precinct at Wynyard quarter, bringing like-minded technology companies together in the same area. ATEED also
plays a strategic role in delivering the Young Enterprise Scheme that provides business skills for the next generationof business leaders.
Auckland Council is currently developing actions within its Te Tāruke-ā-Tāwhiri: Auckland’s Climate Plan. One of theplan’s priorities has the goal of leading climate-smart innovation and a fair and just transition to a zero carbon,
climate-resilient economy. Relevant actions within this priority will involve establishing a climate innovation system,
accelerating business transition to zero carbon and building resilience, and embedding circular principles into
Auckland’s economy.

78NGĀ PUNA RARAUNGADATA SOURCESOUTCOME

MEASUREBELONGING AND Auckland survey respondents that agree/strongly agree they have a senseof community in one's own neighbourhood
PARTICIPATIONSOURCE
Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Auckland survey respondents that had positive contact with people in theirneighbourhood in the last 12 months i.e. a visit or asking each other for small
favours

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Auckland survey respondents that agreed/strongly agreed they feel a senseof community with others in their neighbourhood

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Auckland survey respondents that had face-to-face contact with family at least
once a week

Statistics New Zealand,
New Zealand GeneralSocial Survey

Auckland survey respondents that had non face-to-face contact with family
at least once a week

Statistics New Zealand,
New Zealand GeneralSocial Survey

Auckland survey respondents that stated that people can almost always/usually
be trusted

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Auckland survey respondents that feel very/fairly safe in their own home after dark

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Auckland survey residents that agree/strongly agree they feel they have someone
to rely on for help if faced with physical injury or illness, or if in need of support
during an emotionally difficult time

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Number of eligible voters that voted in the Auckland Council elections

Auckland Council

Auckland survey respondents that agree/strongly agree they are confident that
council makes decisions in the best interests of the city

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Auckland survey respondents that believe the public has some/large influence
on council decision-making

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Auckland survey respondents that are satisfied with council's performanceand have trust in council decision-making

Auckland Council,
Citizens insight monitor

Auckland survey respondents that rate their health as excellent/very good/good

Auckland Council,
Quality of life survey

Number of years a new-born could expect to live if they were subject throughout
their lives to the age-specific mortality patterns prevailing over a three year
period centred on their birth year

Statistics New Zealand,Life expectancy tables

Auckland survey respondents that scored 13+ on their rating of the extent towhich each of five emotional wellbeing indicators has been present or absent
in their lives over the previous two week period, on a six point scale ranging
from ‘all of the time’ to ‘at no time’

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Adults (15 years of age and over) with obesity as a percentage of the population(Auckland)

Ministry of Health,
New Zealand Health Survey

Auckland survey respondents that rate their health as excellent or very good

Ministry of Health,
New Zealand Health Survey

Number of current smokers (tobacco) as a percentage of the population (Auckland) Ministry of Health,
New Zealand Health Survey
Number of hazardous drinkers as a percentage of the total population (Auckland)

Ministry of Health,
New Zealand Health Survey

Auckland children that took part in sport and recreation in any given week
and average hours spent participating in sport and recreation

Sports New Zealand,
Active New Zealand Survey

79

MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050
OUTCOME

MEASURESOURCE

BELONGING AND Auckland residents that agreed/strongly agreed they had experienced stress that
had a negative effect on them over the last 12 months
PARTICIPATION

Auckland Council,
Quality of life survey(continued)

Number of Auckland adults over 15 years of age with diabetes

Ministry of Health,
New Zealand health survey

Number of Auckland children 5-14 years of age in the household that usually use
active modes of transport (walking, cycling, scooter, skating etc) to get to school

Ministry of Health,
New Zealand health survey

Number of Auckland children 0-14 years of age with obesity as a percentage of all Ministry of Health,0-14 year olds
New Zealand health survey
Auckland survey respondents that feel very/fairly safe walking alone in theirneighbourhood after dark

Auckland Council,
Quality of life survey

Auckland survey respondents that feel very/fairly safe in their own home,neighbourhood and city centre after dark

Auckland Council,
Quality of life survey

Number of burglary victimisations (Auckland)

New Zealand Police

Number of theft victimisations (Auckland)

New Zealand Police

Auckland survey respondents stating their most common barriers to accessing
health care

Ministry of Health,
New Zealand health survey

Auckland survey respondents that had been to a park or reserve in the last 12
monthsStatistics New Zealand, New
Zealand general social survey

Auckland survey respondents that had been to a community event in the last 12
monthsStatistics New Zealand, New
Zealand general social survey

Percentage of Empowered Communities activities (in Auckland) that arecommunity led and build capacity and capability to assist local communities toachieve their goals)

Auckland Council

Auckland community groups’ satisfaction with their experience of working withcouncil

Auckland Council,
Community groupexperience survey

Auckland survey respondents that rated their knowledge of the Treaty of Waitangi Auckland Council as fair/well
Residents survey

80

Auckland survey respondents that used Māori words or phrases in the past 4 weeks

Statistics New Zealand, New
Zealand general social survey

Auckland survey respondents that participated in Māori cultural activities in thelast four weeks i.e. watched a Māori television programme, participated in kapa
haka, sung a Māori song, performed haka, given a mihi or speech, or taken part inMāori performing arts or crafts

Statistics New Zealand,
New Zealand generalsocial survey

Auckland survey respondents that has visited a marae over the last 12 months

Statistics New Zealand, New
Zealand general social survey

Auckland survey respondents that viewed the impact of increased diversity inlifestyle and culture as making their local area a better or worse place to live

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Percentage change in population from 2013 to 2018

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of populationand dwellings

Percentage change in ethnicity from 2013 to 2018

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of populationand dwellings

Percentage change in children (0-14 years of age) from 2013-2018

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of populationand dwellings

Percentage change in older persons (65 years of age and over) from 2013-2018

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of populationand dwellings

Auckland migrants’ satisfaction with life in New Zealand on a scale from 0 to 10,
where 0 is not at all positive and 10 is very positive (Positive = 7 or more out of 10)

Ministry of Business
Innovation and Employment,
Migrants’ survey

OUTCOMEMEASURESOURCE

BELONGING AND Auckland survey respondents that agree/strongly agree it is a good thing for any Auckland Council,
society to be made up of people from different races, religions and cultures
Quality of life survey
PARTICIPATION
Auckland survey respondents that reported experiences of discrimination over the Statistics New Zealand, New(continued)MĀORI IDENTITY
AND WELLBEING

last 12 months

Zealand general social survey

Auckland survey respondents that feel very comfortable/comfortable about a
new neighbour who spoke a different language to them

Statistics New Zealand, New
Zealand general social survey

Auckland survey respondents that feel very comfortable/comfortable about a
new neighbour who was a different religion to them

Statistics New Zealand, New
Zealand general social survey

Auckland survey respondents that feel very comfortable/comfortable about a
new neighbour who had a different sexual orientation to them

Statistics New Zealand, New
Zealand general social survey

Auckland survey respondents that feel very comfortable/comfortable about a
new neighbour who had a different ethnicity to them

Statistics New Zealand, New
Zealand general social survey

Auckland survey respondents that agree/strongly agree they feel able to express
their identity

Statistics New Zealand, New
Zealand general social survey

Weighted average deprivation index score by local boards in Auckland

Department of Public
Health, University of Otago,
Wellington

Average annual household income (Auckland)

Statistics New Zealand,Household Economic Survey

Average annual housing costs (Auckland)

Statistics New Zealand,Household Economic Survey

Auckland survey respondents' rating on how well income meets everyday needs(percentage that stated ‘not enough money’)

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Auckland survey respondent that state that their quality of life is good/very good

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Auckland survey respondents that agree/strongly agree that Auckland has a richand diverse arts scene

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Auckland survey respondents that have been to a community event in the past
12 months

Statistics New Zealand, New
Zealand general social survey

Auckland survey respondents that agree/strongly agree that the arts make
Auckland a more vibrant and attractive place to live

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Auckland survey respondents that have actively participated in the arts in theprevious 12 months

Creative New Zealand, andthe arts, attitudes, attendance
and participation in Auckland

Auckland survey respondents (5-17 years of age) that were physically active in sport
and active recreation at least once in the past week

Sports New Zealand,
Active New Zealand Survey

Average time that Auckland survey respondents (5-17 years of age) spent being
physically active in sport and active recreation in the past week

Sports New Zealand,
Active New Zealand Survey

Auckland survey respondents (18 years of age and over) that were physically activein sport and active recreation at least once in the past week

Sports New Zealand,
Active New Zealand Survey

Average time that Auckland survey respondents (18 years of age and over) spent
being physically active in sport and active recreation in the past week

Sports New Zealand,
Active New Zealand Survey

Auckland survey respondents most frequently stated recreational activity

Sports New Zealand,
Active New Zealand Survey

Percentage of Auckland Māori that own their own home

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of populationand dwellings

Annual household gross income for Māori in Tāmaki Makaurau and Aotearoa

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of populationand dwellings

Percentage of Māori in Tāmaki Makaurau with ‘Skill Level 5’ by local board

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of populationand dwellings81

MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050
OUTCOME

MEASURESOURCEMĀORI IDENTITY
AND WELLBEING(continued)

Employment by occupation (professionals and managers) for Māori in Tāmaki
Makaurau and Aotearoa

Infometrics, Auckland
economic profile

Tertiary students completing a qualification for Māori in Tāmaki Makaurau

Ministry of Education,
Education counts

Percentage of Auckland Māori school leavers with NCEA Level 2 or above

Ministry of Education,
Education counts

Number of Auckland Māori apprenticeships

Ministry of Education,
Education counts

Percentage of Auckland Māori survey respondents that rate their health as good/very good

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Percentage of Auckland Māori survey respondents who agree/strongly agree they
feel a sense of community

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Percentage of Auckland Māori survey respondents who feel safe/very safe in theircity centre/local area

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Percentage of Māori respondents who agree/strongly agree that public transport
is safe

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Number of Māori students in Tāmaki Makaurau enrolled in kura kaupapa Māori
and kura teina

Ministry of Education,
Education counts

Number of tamariki in Tāmaki Makaurau enrolled in kohanga reo

Ministry of Education,
Education counts

Percentage of Year 11 and 12 Māori students in Tāmaki Makaurau engaging inMāori language learning, by immersion level

Ministry of Education,
Education counts

Percentage of Māori school leavers in Tāmaki Makaurau engaged in Te Reo Māoriat NCEA Level 1, 2 and 3

Ministry of Education,
Education counts

Percentage of Auckland Māori who have visited an ancestral marae in the last 12
monthsStatistics New Zealand
Te Kupenga

Percentage of Auckland Māori who rated Māori culture as important

Statistics New Zealand
Te Kupenga

Percentage of Auckland Māori attending a club or interest group

Statistics New Zealand
Te Kupenga

Percentage of Māori youth in education, employment or training - derived fromNEET (not in education, employment or training) for Māori

Infometrics, Auckland
economic profile

Proportion of youth employees identified as Māori and representation in Youth
Advisory Panel

Auckland Council

Percentage of Auckland Māori 18-24 years of age that voted in the local bodyelection

Local Government
New Zealand

Number of mana whenua and mataawaka marae that received support to renew
or upgrade marae infrastructure

Auckland Council

Auckland’s Māori asset base relative to rest of New Zealand asset base

New Zealand Instituteof Economic Research

Number of Māori businesses which had been through an ATEED programme
or benefited from ATEED intervention

Auckland Council

Number of Māori New Zealand Trade Enterprise Focus, Build and Start clients

New Zealand Trade Enterprise

Regional Business Partners Funding to Māori businesses in Auckland

New Zealand Trade Enterprise

Number of Māori organisations in Auckland accessing Callaghan Innovation
Research and Development grants

Callaghan Innovation

Percentage of Māori tourism businesses by region

Statistics New Zealand,
Tatauranga umanga Māori

Number of Auckland Council non-statutory co-governance/co-management
arrangements

Auckland Council

82

OUTCOMEMEASURESSOURCEMĀORI IDENTITY
AND WELLBEING(continued)

Number of iwi that have signed a formal relationship agreement with theGoverning Body (out of 19)

Auckland Council

Number of iwi that have signed a formal relationship agreement with the Local
Boards in Auckland (out of 21)

Auckland Council

Proportion of Māori in management positions (Chief Executives, generalmanagers and legislators) in Auckland

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of population anddwellings

Percentage of Auckland Māori that feel they have some/large influence on
Council decision making process

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Percentage of Auckland Māori that feel they have confidence in their local
council's decision making

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Self-rated te reo Māori proficiency of Auckland Māori (able to speak no morethan a few words or phrases)

Statistics New Zealand
Te Kupenga

Auckland population projections by age group

Statistics New Zealand,
Population projections

Percentage of Auckland homes consented to within 1500m distance of the rapidtransport network

Auckland Council,
Building consents

Number of dwellings consented by location (across Auckland)
and type

Auckland Council,
Building consents

HOMES
AND PLACES

Number of new dwellings issued in Auckland with code of compliance certificates Auckland Council,
Building consents
Number, type and value of Auckland residential forecasts

Ministry of Business,
Innovation and Employment,
National construction
pipeline report

Auckland survey respondents that agree/strongly agree that their housing suits
their needs and the needs of others in their household

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

The 30 per cent gross income benchmark i.e. whether a household pays no morethan 30 per cent of its gross income on housing costs

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of population anddwellings

Auckland survey respondents who disagree/strongly disagree that their housing
costs are affordable (housing costs included things like rent or mortgage, rates,
house insurance and house maintenance)

Auckland Council
Quality of life Survey

Number of Aucklanders without shelter and no other option to acquire safe andsecure housing (includes sleeping rough or living in a car, living in temporary or
emergency accommodation such as night shelters, refuges, as well as living in
uninhabitable housing, such as dilapidated dwellings or garages)

Statistics New ZealandMedian Multiple Measure i.e. ratio between median house price to annual
household income

Demographia,
Demographia survey

Percentage potential first home buyers that would spend over 30 per cent of their Ministry of Housing
incomes on housing
and Urban Development,
Housing per cent buy
Percentage of renters in Auckland whose rent is more than 30 per cent of theirhousehold income

Ministry of Housing
and Urban Development,
Housing per cent rent

Number of empty dwellings in Auckland

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of populationand dwellings

Number of social housing dwellings by provider

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of populationand dwellings

83

MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050
OUTCOME

MEASURESOURCEHOMESAND PLACES(continued)

Total number of people on the Public Housing Register in Auckland

Ministry of Social
Development Housing
Register statistics

Number of public houses in Auckland

Ministry of Social
Development Housing
Register statistics

Number of transitional housing places in Auckland

Ministry of Social
Development Housing
Register statistics

Government spend on emergency housing special needs grants in Auckland

Ministry of Social
Development National
Benefit Tables

Number of people receiving the Accommodation Supplement in Auckland

Ministry of Social
Development, National
benefit tables

Value of housing subsidies

Salvation Army,
Beyond renting

Number of privately owned dwellings and composition of those households in
AucklandStatistics New Zealand,
Census of populationand dwellings

Number, ethnicity and Auckland local board areas of people living in crowded
households (crowded households are classified according to the presence, number
and type of family nuclei, and the presence of related and unrelated people)

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of populationand dwellings

Auckland survey respondents who agree/strongly agree they feel a sense of pridein their local area

Auckland Council,
Quality of life survey

Auckland survey respondents that agree/strongly agree their city or local area
is a great place to live

Auckland Council,
Quality of life survey

Labour productivity for the building and construction industry (annual percentage Statistics New Zealand,change)Business demography

84

Percentage of construction firms still trading (from 10 years ago)

Statistics New Zealand,Business demography

Percentage of houses with some form of prefabrication incorporated

Moradibistouni & Gjerde,2017 report

Auckland employment in residential building construction sector

Statistics New Zealand,Business demography

Percentage and number of households that are rented, and owner-occupied

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of populationand dwellings

Percentage of Auckland households that rent

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of populationand dwellings

Average rent increase in Auckland compared with average income increase(annual)Salvation Army,
Beyond renting

Auckland survey respondents that state they have damp homes some/allof the time

Auckland Council,
Quality of life survey

Number of Auckland homes always having mould present (over A4 paper size)

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of populationand dwellings

Rental dwellings in Auckland that are damp or have mould

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of populationand dwellings

OUTCOMEMEASURESSOURCEHOMESAND PLACES(continued)

Auckland residents that state their house or flat is colder than they would like

Statistics New Zealand,
Wellbeing statistics

Percentage of Auckland Māori that own their own home

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of populationand dwellings

Percentage of those living without shelter or living in temporary accommodationthat are Māori

Ira Mata Ira Tangata,
Auckland's homeless count

Percentage of Māori that live in crowded households

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of populationand dwellings

Percentage of jobs within reasonable travel time from home
(30 minutes by car or 45 minutes by public transport) of average Aucklander

Auckland Forecasting Centre

Total and per capita delay (minutes) across the network based on the projectedvolume of traffic divided by its theoretical capacity (VC ratio)

Auckland Forecasting Centre

Congestion levels on motorway and key arterials

Auckland Transport
Alignment Project

Percentage of trips made by public transport, walking and cycling during the AM
peak

Auckland Forecasting Centre

Fuel sales for diesel and petrol (percentage change over 12 months)

Auckland Transport
Alignment Project

Average weekly transport costs (transport costs contain expenditure on vehicle
purchases, private transport supplies and services, and passenger transport
services, spending on petrol, vehicle parts and servicing, and travel by rail, road,air and sea)

Statistics New Zealand,Household economic survey

Auckland survey respondents that agree/strongly agree that public transport iseasy to get to

Auckland Council,
Quality of life survey

Auckland survey respondents that agree/strongly agree that public transport isfrequent

Auckland Council,
Quality of life survey

Auckland survey respondents that agree/strongly agree that public transport isreliable

Auckland Council,
Quality of life survey

Auckland Māori survey respondents that agree/strongly agree that public
transport is affordable, frequent and reliable

Auckland Council,
Quality of life survey

Tonnes of harmful emissions from land transport emitted per year (apportioned
harm from exposure to air pollutants from land transport)

Auckland Council, Auckland’s
greenhouse gas inventory

Number of individual deaths recorded by NZ Police Traffic Crash Reports (TCRs)
on all local roads, state highways and motorways within the Auckland Council
boundary during a calendar year

New Zealand Transport
Authority, Crash analysis
systemNumber of serious injuries recorded by NZ Police Traffic Crash Reports (TCRs)
on all local roads, state highways and motorways within the Auckland Council
boundary during a calendar year

New Zealand Transport
Authority, Crash
analysis system

Tonnes of harmful emissions from marine transport emitted per year
(apportioned harm from exposure to air pollutants from marine transport)

Auckland Council, Auckland’s
greenhouse gas inventory

Kilotonnes of CO2 equivalent (transport related)

Auckland Council, Auckland’s
greenhouse gas inventory

Proportion of greenhouse gas emissions attributed to transport

Auckland Council, Auckland’s
greenhouse gas inventory

TRANSPORT
AND ACCESS

85

MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050
OUTCOME

MEASURESSOURCE

TRANSPORT
AND ACCESS(continued)

Auckland survey respondents that agree/strongly agree they always or frequently
use public transport

Auckland Council,
Quality of life survey

Auckland survey respondents that agree/strongly agree they always or frequently
use public transport (school leavers to those under 25 years of age)

Auckland Council,
Quality of life survey

List of investments in rapid transit, strategic roading, greenfield transport
infrastructure, safety programmes, walking and cycling and bus and ferry
improvements

Auckland Council

Number and type of small personal transport devices (such as e-scooters,
e-skateboards and monowheels)

Auckland Council

Number of p-endorsements (required for carrying passengers in private vehicles)

New ZealandTransport Authority

Number (and percentage increase) of Auckland public transport boardings

Auckland Transport
Alignment Project

Number (and percentage increase) of Auckland rail boardings

Auckland Transport

Number (and percentage increase) of Auckland bus boardings

Auckland Transport

Number (and percentage increase) of Auckland ferry boardings

Auckland Transport

Kilometres of cycle way available and new cycleway being laid in Auckland

Auckland Transport
Alignment Project

Number of cycle movements past selected count sites in Auckland

Auckland Transport
Alignment Project

Auckland survey respondents that agree/strongly agree that public transport iseasy to get to

Auckland Council,
Quality of life survey

Number of dwellings consented to within 1500m of the rapid transport network

Auckland Council,
Building consents

Number of dwellings enabled to be built in major greenfield growth areas, near
rapid transport networks

Auckland Council,
Building consents

Number of individual deaths and serious injuries recorded by NZ Police Traffic
Crash Reports (TCRs) on all local roads, state highways and motorways by local
boards in Auckland

New Zealand Transport
Authority, Crash analysis
systemAuckland and Auckland Māori survey respondents that agree/strongly agree thatpublic transport is safe to use

Auckland Council,
Quality of life survey

Per capita transport emissions (for populations over 1 million)

Auckland Council, Auckland's
greenhouse gas inventory

Percentage of Auckland transport related waste from construction and demolition Auckland Transport
projects that is recycled
Alignment Project

ENVIRONMENT
AND CULTURALHERITAGE

86

Percentage of material used in Auckland road corridor maintenance contracts
that is recycled

Auckland Transport
Alignment Project

Tracks in Auckland regional parks that meet a kauri safe standard

Auckland Council

Percentage and type of land use capability (LUC) encroached on for various forms Landcare Researchof development in Auckland
New Zealand, Land
information systems
Percentage of native forest cover in Auckland

Auckland Council, Stateof environment report

Number of new plant species naturalizing in Auckland

Auckland Council, Stateof environment report

Control of weed and pest animals in Auckland’s local and regional parks andpriority ecosystem

Auckland Council, Stateof environment report

Percentage of Auckland survey respondents that are aware of, understand andhave an appreciation for Auckland’s cultural heritage

Auckland Council,
People’s panel

OUTCOMEMEASURESSOURCEENVIRONMENT
AND CULTURALHERITAGE(continued)

Number of visitors to Auckland’s cultural heritage attractions

Auckland Council,
Auckland’s heritage counts

Improvement of water quality variables at 12 monitored sites
in Auckland

Auckland Council,
State of environment report

E.coli levels in monitored streams in Auckland

Auckland Council,
State of environment report

Sediment accumulation and benthic invertebrates in estuaries
in Auckland

Auckland Council,
State of environment report

Proportion of time beaches are safe for swimming in summer in Auckland

Auckland Council,
State of environment report

Sea level rise projections

Auckland Council, RIMU
technical report TR2019/11

Percentage of Auckland's buildings exposed to flood hazards (floor flooding in a
100-year flood event)

Auckland Council, RIMU
technical report TR2019/11

Hectares of land under group stewardship (including pest control and/or
restoration) in Auckland

Auckland Council

Number of conservation advocates and number of community groups funded forcommunity led pest control and ecological restoration work, tools and resources

Auckland Council

Percentage of Auckland schools engaged in sustainability education programmes

Auckland Council

Number and value of regional environment and natural heritage grants in Auckland

Auckland Council

Number and quality of grant applications from Auckland Council's waste
minimisation and innovation fund

Auckland Council

Number of hectares of native ecosystems in the Auckland urban area

Auckland Council

Total stationary and transport energy as percentage of gross emissions

Auckland's greenhousegas inventory

Combined commercial and domestic waste to landfill in Auckland per person (annual) Auckland Council
Domestic waste to landfill per household per year in Auckland

Auckland Council

Projected waste generation to landfill over next 20 years

Auckland Council

Frequency and severity of extreme weather events

Auckland Council, RIMU
technical report TR2019/019

Auckland beach profile erosion

Auckland Council, RIMU
technical report TR2019/019

Sea surface water temperature in the Kaipara, Manukau, and Waitemata harbours

Auckland Council, RIMU
technical report TR2019/019

Number of Auckland historic heritage places being protected, including Māori
cultural heritage

Auckland Council,
Auckland’s heritage counts

Number of Auckland cultural or historic heritage places in flood sensitive or floodprone areas

Auckland Council,
Auckland’s heritage counts

Number of protected Auckland heritage buildings requiring seismic strengthening
within 35 years

Auckland Council,
Auckland’s heritage counts

Number of protected Auckland heritage buildings in sea spray areas

Auckland Council,
Auckland’s heritage counts

Water consumption (total) for Auckland

Watercare

Proportion of greenhouse gas emissions attributed to transport

Auckland Council,
Auckland’s greenhousegas inventory

Kilotonnes of CO2 equivalent (transport related)

Auckland Council,
Auckland’s ‘s greenhousegas inventory

Percentage of Auckland dwellings consented to within 1500m of the rapid transit network

Auckland Council,
Building consents

87

MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050
OUTCOME

MEASURESSOURCEOPPORTUNITY
AND PROSPERITY

Auckland survey respondents' rating on how well income meets everyday needs(percentage that stated ‘not enough money’)

Auckland Council,
Quality of life report

Number and percentage of residents employed full-time or part-time

Statistics New Zealand,Household labour force survey

Global Competitiveness Index 40 assessment of microeconomic andmacroeconomic foundations of national competitiveness (defined as the setof institutions, policies, and factors that determine the level of productivityof a country)

World Economic Forum,
Global competitiveness index

Hectares of business zoned land under the Auckland Unitary Plan (i.e. zones thatare classified as being in either the light Industry or Heavy Industry zones)

Auckland Council

Contribution ($m) of tourism to total Gross Domestic Product in Auckland

Infometrics, Auckland
economic profile

Percentage of working age residents not in employment (unemployed excludes
people whose only job search method was to look at job advertisements innewspapers or online)

Statistics New Zealand,Household labour force survey

Occupations in which Auckland has a significant shortage of skilled workers

New Zealand
Immigration Services

Average weekly wage of people over 15 years of age who work for wages
or salaries or are self-employed

Statistics New Zealand,Household labour
force survey

Average weekly paid hours of part time plus full time employees (of businesses
that employ more than two people)

Statistics New Zealand,
Quarterly employment survey

Number of employed (full and part-time combined) as a percentage of theworking age population

Statistics New Zealand,Household labour force survey

Highest level of education attained for the Auckland regional labour force aged
15 and over (includes NCEA Level 1, 2 and 3 school qualifications, Honours,
Masters and Doctorate degrees and Highest Qualification unidentifiable,
Other NZ Secondary School Qualification, and Qualification Not Stated

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of Population
and Dwellings

Number of people employed in Knowledge Intensive industries as a percentage
Infometrics,
of total employment in all industries (Knowledge Intensive is defined as industries Auckland economic profile
where at least 25 per cent of the workforce must be qualified to degree level
and at least 30 per cent of the workforce must be employed in professional,
managerial, as well as scientific and technical occupations)88

Net percentage of business respondents (in Auckland) that find it easier,harder or the same level of difficulty in finding skilled and unskilled labour
than three months ago

New Zealand Instituteof Economic Research,
Quarterly Survey ofBusiness Opinion

Number of skilled/business migrants to Auckland approved for residency

Ministry of Business,
Innovation and Employment

Percentage of Auckland’s total employed by skill level category ‘highly skilled’

Infometrics,
Auckland economic profile

Percentage of Auckland’s young people 20-24 years of age with a qualification
registered on the New Zealand Qualifications Framework (NZQF) at Level 4 orabove

Statistics New Zealand,Household labour
force survey

Number of people brought into work through Auckland’s jobs and skills hubs

Auckland Council

Percentage of Auckland survey respondents under 65 years of age to the World Internet
Project New Zealand survey of internet usage who gave their household income
information, by categories of internet user status and household income brackets

Auckland Universityof Technology,
World internet project

Percentage of Auckland residents that connect to the Internet with threeor more device types

Auckland Universityof Technology,
World internet projectOUTCOMEMEASURESSOURCEOPPORTUNITY
AND PROSPERITY(continued)

Percentage of Auckland households that have connected to ultrafast broadband
where it is available

Ministry of Business,
Innovation and Employment

Auckland’s Gross Domestic Product per employed person (in constant 2019prices)Infometrics,
Auckland economic profile

Auckland's ranking in world cities in relation to ease of doing business andinnovation

World Bank Group,
Ease of doing business index

Percentage of Auckland businesses that undertook research and development
over the last 12 months

Auckland Council,
Business survey

Employment in creative industries (as a percentage of total employment) in
Auckland

Infometrics,
Auckland economic profile

Average weekly wage of Auckland Māori (over 15 years of age who work for wages Statistics New Zealand,or salaries or are self-employed)
Household labour
force survey
Percentage of working age Māori residents not in employment

Statistics New Zealand,Household labour
force survey

Auckland Māori survey respondents rating on how well income meets everyday
needs (percentage stating ‘not enough money’)

Auckland Council,
Quality of life survey

Value of goods exported (annual percentage growth) that was estimated to be
produced in Auckland (assuming Auckland exports the same proportion as New
Zealand for each industry)

Ministry of Business,
Innovation and Employment

Percentage growth in international visitor arrivals to Auckland

Infometrics,
Auckland economic profile

Tourism spend (percentage increase, total domestic spend, total international
spend, total accommodation spend)

Infometrics,
Auckland economic profile

Number of people 15-24 years of age who are not in employment, education ortraining (NEET) as a percentage of the population of that age group in Auckland

Statistics New Zealand,Household labour
force survey

Percentage of Auckland population (15 years of age and over) with a bachelor’s
degree or level 7, or higher qualification

Statistics New Zealand,
Census of populationand dwellings

Percentage of Auckland school leavers staying until at least their 17th birthday

Ministry of Education,
Education counts

Percentage of Auckland new entrants’ that had prior participation in earlychildhood education

Ministry of Education,
Education counts

Number of Auckland tertiary students enrolled in industry training, including
apprenticeships one year after leaving school

Ministry of Education,
Education counts

Levels of prosperity for skills, labour force and household prosperity by local
boards in Auckland

Martin Jenkins,
Prosperity Index

89

MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050

NGĀ TOHUTOROREFERENCES
1

McLeod, K. (2018) Where We Come from, Where We Go – Describing Population Change in New Zealand, Analytical Paper 18/02, New Zealand Treasury:
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2

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3

Fernandez, Mario Andres and Nancy E. Golubiewski (2019). An assessment of vulnerability to climate change in Auckland. Auckland Council technicalreport, TR2019/011

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Gibb et al. (2019). Child obesity prevalence across communities in New Zealand: 2010–2016.
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8

Auckland Council. (2019), Healthy Auckland Together: The 2019 Healthy Auckland Scorecard,
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9

Auckland Council. (2017), Auckland Sport and Recreation Strategic Action Plan. Retrieved fromhttps://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/plans-projects-policies-reports-bylaws/our-plans-strategies/topic-based-plansstrategies/parks-sports-outdoorplans/Pages/auckland-sport-recreation-strategic-action-plan.aspx

10

Auckland Council. (2018). Healthy Auckland Together Monitoring Report.
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11

University of Otago. (2018). Socioeconomic deprivation indexes.
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12

Auckland Council. (2019). 2018 Census Results Local board and Special Area Information Sheets.
Retrieved from https://censusauckland.co.nz/files/Auckland%20area%202018%20Census%20info%20sheets%20(all%20local%20boards).pdf

13

Statistics NZ. (2019). Child Poverty Statistics.
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14

Salvation Army. (2019). State of the Nation Report.
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15

Statistics New Zealand. (2020). Child poverty statistics: Year ended June 2019.
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16

Ibid.

17

Ministry of Social Development. (2019). Annual Report.
Retrieved from https://www.msd.govt.nz/about-msd-and-our-work/newsroom/2019/demand-increasing-for-our-services.html

18` Salvation Army. (2019). State of the Nation Report.

Retrieved from https://www.salvationarmy.org.nz/research-policy/socialpolicy-parliamentary-unit/latest-report19

Welfare Expert Advisory Group. (2019). Report into the future of the social security system.
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20

Independent Māori Statutory Board. (2019). Value Reports: Whanaungatanga, Rangatiratanga, Manaakitanga, Wairuatanga, Kaitiakitanga.
Retrieved from https://www.imsb.maori.nz/what-we-do/maori-value-reports/

21

Tamaki Regeneration Company. (2016). Tamaki Regeneration Design Framework.
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22

Auckland Council. (2019). Annual Report 2018/2019.
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23

Te Mātāwai. (2017-2040). The Maihi Māori Strategy. Retrieved from https://www.tematawai.maori.nz/maihi-maori-english

24

Ministry of Education. (2013). Tau Mai Te Reo – The Māori Language in Education Strategy.
Retrieved from https://www.education.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Ministry/Strategies-and-policies/Ka-Hikitia/TauMaiTeReoFullStrategyEnglish.pdf89

25

Auckland Council Chief Economist Unit. (2019). Auckland Economic Update. Retrieved fromhttps://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/business-in-auckland/docsoccasionalpapers/november-2019-economic-update.pdf

26

Statistics NZ. (2018). Census of Population and Dwellings.
Retrieved from https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-population-and-dwelling-counts

27

Ian Mitchell. (2019). Intermediate housing market and housing affordability trends in Auckland.
Retrieved from https://www.branz.co.nz/cms_show_download.php?id=68c6c0b5d04de76c36b71e36b86eb0926a2df53b

90

28

Ibid

29

Ibid

30

Ibid

31

Amore, K. (2016) Severe housing deprivation in Aotearoa / New Zealand: 2001 – 2013. He Kainga Oranga/Housing & Health Research Programme,
University of Otago Wellington

32

Auckland Council. (2017). Addressing Homelessness in Auckland: Identifying Auckland Council’s position and role, Report to Environment andCommunity Committee (July 2017). Available at:https://infocouncil.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/Open/2017/08/ENV_20170808_AGN_6831_AT_files/ENV_20170808_AGN_6831_AT_Attachment_54705_1.PDF

33

Amore, K. (2016) Severe housing deprivation in Aotearoa / New Zealand: 2001 – 2013. He Kainga Oranga/Housing & Health Research Programme,
University of Otago Wellington

34

Salvation Army. (2019). Social Policy & Parliamentary Unit Report: The Housing Crisis Facing Pasifika People in Aotearoa.
Retrieved from https://www.salvationarmy.org.nz/research-policy/social-policy-parliamentary-unit/latest-report

35

Ministry of Social Development. (2015-2019). Housing Register information.
Retrieved from: https://www.msd.govt.nz/aboutmsd-and-our-work/publications-resources/statistics/housing/index.html

36

Auckland’s Homeless Count. (2018), Ira Mata, Ira Tangata. Retrieved from https://www.aucklandshomelesscount.org.nz

37

Chanjief Chandrakumar, Sarah J. McLaren, David Dowdell, Roman Jacques (2020) A science-based approach to setting climate targets for buildings:
The case of a New Zealand detached house.

38

Mithraratne & Vale. (2003). Life cycle analysis model for New Zealand houses.
Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222436345_Life_cycle_analysis_model_for_New_Zealand_houses

39

Thinkstep (2018). The Carbon Footprint of New Zealand’s Built Environment.
Retrieved from https://www.thinkstep.com/content/carbon-footprint-new-zealands-built-environment-hotspot-or-not

40

Xie, S (2019). Auckland’s greenhouse gas inventory to 2016. Auckland Council technical report, TR2019/002

41

Auckland Council. (2019) Te Tāruke-ā-Tāwhiri Auckland’s Climate Action Framework. Retrieved fromhttps://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/have-your-say/topics-you-can-have-your-say-on/auckland-climate-actionframework/Documents/
aucklands-climate-action-framework.pdf

42

Rohani, M., T Huang, L Hoffman, M Roberts and B Ribeiro. (2019). Cost benefit analysis of construction and demolition waste diversion from landfill.
A case study based on HLC Ltd development in Auckland. Auckland Council technical report, TR2019/009

43

Rohani, M., T Huang, L Hoffman, M Roberts and B Ribeiro. (2019). Cost benefit analysis of construction and demolition waste diversion from landfill.
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44

Auckland Council. (2019). Draft Te Tāruke-ā-Tāwhiri: Auckland Climate Plan. Retrieved fromhttps://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/have-your-say/topics-you-can-have-your-say-on/auckland-climate-actionframework/Documents/
aucklands-climate-action-framework.pdf

45

ATAP. (2019). Progress Update.
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46

NZTA. (2019). Open data. Retrieved from https://opendata-nzta.opendata.arcgis.com/

47

Auckland Transport. (2019). Quarterly and Monthly indicators report. Retrieved fromhttps://at.govt.nz/media/1981997/item-111-open-11-february-2020-quarterly-and-monthly-indicators-report.pdf

48

ATAP. (2019). Outcomes Report. Retrieved from https://www.transport.govt.nz/land/auckland/atap/

49

Fernandez, M and Golubiewski, N (2019) An assessment of vulnerability to climate change in Auckland. Auckland Council Technical Report 2019/011

50

New Zealand Transport Authority. (2019). NZTA Long Term View. Retrieved fromhttps://www.nzta.govt.nz/assets/planning-andinvestment/docs/arataki/key-drivers-december-2019.pdf

51

Auckland Council. (2019). Te Tāruke-ā-Tāwhiri: Auckland’s Climate Plan. Retrieved fromhttps://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/have-your-say/topics-you-can-have-your-say-on/auckland-climate-actionframework/Documents/aucklandsclimate-action-framework.pdf

52

Auckland Council. (2016). Auckland’s greenhouse gas inventory to 2016. Retrieved fromhttps://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/environment/state-of-auckland-research-report-cards/Pages/greenhouse-gas-emissionsreport-card-auckland-reportingarea-2016.aspx

53

International Air Transport Association. (2018). IATA Forecast Predicts 8.2 billion Air Travelers in 2037. Retrieved fromhttps://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2018-10-24-02.aspx90

54

The NZ Vehicle Fleet. (2017). Annual fleet statistics.
Retrieved from https://www.transport.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/Research/Documents/Fleet-reports/1b33252a3d/The-NZ-Vehicle-Fleet-2017-Web.pdf

91

MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050
55

Auckland Council. (2019). Te Tāruke-ā-Tāwhiri: Auckland’s Climate Plan. Retrieved fromhttps://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/have-your-say/topics-you-can-have-your-say-on/auckland-climate-actionframework/Documents/aucklandsclimate-action-framework.pdf

56

Ministry for the Environment. (2019). Emissions Trading Scheme. Retrieved from https://www.mfe.govt.nz/ets

57

Ministry of Transport. (2019). GPS on Land Transport.
Retrieved from https://www.transport.govt.nz/multimodal/keystrategiesandplans/gpsonlandtransportfunding/58

New Zealand Transport Authority. (2018). Transport Agency’s Resilience Framework.
Retrieved from https://www.nzta.govt.nz/roads-and-rail/highways-information-portal/technical-disciplines/resilience-nzta-focus-on-resilience/59

ATAP (2019). Outcomes Report. Available at: https://www.transport.govt.nz/land/auckland/atap/

60

ATAP (2019). Auckland at a glance 2019. Available at: https://at.govt.nz/media/1980874/auckland-at-a-glance.pdf60 ATAP (2016). Foundation Report.
Available at: https://www.transport.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/Land/Documents/f78cd79d88/Auckland-Transport-Alignment-Project-Foundation-Report.pdf

61

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62

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64Adli, S, Chowdhury, S and Shiftan, Y (2019) Justice in public transport systems: a comparative study of Auckland, Brisbane, Perth and Vancouver.
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Fernandez, M and Golubiewski, N (2019) An assessment of vulnerability to climate change in Auckland. Auckland Council Technical Report 2019/011

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Ministry of Transport (2019). Vehicle fuel efficiency standard: preliminary social impact assessment. Retrieved fromhttps://www.transport.govt.nz/assets/Import/Uploads/Our-Work/Documents/c50c25f19c/Clean-car-standard-preliminary-SIAJuly-2019.pdf

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ATAP (2019). Better travel choices – creating a more accessible, healthy, safe and sustainable Auckland by reducing our reliance on private vehicles.
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71

ATAP (2019). GPS on Land Transport Funding.
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New Zealand Transport Authority (2019). Investment decision-making framework.
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Green party (2017). Greens Sign Agreement to Govern Based on Shared Values.
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Ministry of Transport (2019). Auckland Transport Alignment Project 2018.
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75

Auckland Transport (2019). Auckland Regional Land Transport Plan.
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76

Auckland Transport (2019). Statement of Intent. Retrieved from https://at.govt.nz/about-us/transport-plansstrategies/statement-of-intent/

77

Ministry of Transport (2016). Social cost of road crashes and injuries.
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Auckland Transport (2019). Auckland Regional Land Transport Plan.
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79

Hosking, J, Ameratunga, S, Exeter, D, and Stewart, J (2013) Social and geographical differences in road traffic injury in the Auckland region.
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Auckland Transport (2019). Auckland Road Safety Programme Business Case.
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81

Auckland Transport (2019). Vision Zero. Retrieved from https://at.govt.nz/projects-roadworks/vision-zero-for-the-greater-good/82

Hosking, J, Ameratunga, S, Exeter, D, and Stewart, J (2013) Social and geographical differences in road traffic injury in the Auckland region.
Produced for Auckland Transport

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Auckland Transport (2019). Vision Zero. Retrieved from https://at.govt.nz/projects-roadworks/vision-zero-for-the-greater-good/84

Hosking, J, Ameratunga, S, Exeter, D, and Stewart, J (2013) Social and geographical differences in road traffic injury in the Auckland region.
Produced for Auckland Transport

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ATAP (2019). GPS on Land Transport Funding.
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Auckland Transport (2019). Vision Zero. https://at.govt.nz/projects-roadworks/vision-zero-for-the-greater-good/87

New Zealand Transport Authority (2018). National Land Transport Programme.
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88

Auckland Transport (2019). Statement of Intent. Retrieved from https://at.govt.nz/about-us/transport-plansstrategies/statement-of-intent/

89

Auckland Transport (2019). Vision Zero. Retrieved from https://at.govt.nz/projects-roadworks/vision-zero-for-the-greater-good/

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Auckland Transport (2019), Māori Responsiveness Plan.
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92

Auckland Council. (2019). Natural environment and water quality targeted rates – Highlights 2018/2019.
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94

Auckland Council. (2016). State of the Environment reporting.
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95

Auckland Council. (2019). Natural environment and water quality targeted rates – Highlights 2018/2019.
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96

Auckland Council. (2019). People’s panel and other polling.
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97

Auckland Council. (2019). Auckland’s Heritage Counts.
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Auckland Council. (2016). State of the Environment reporting.
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99

Ibid.

100 Ibid.
101 Fernandez, Mario Andres and Nancy E. Golubiewski (2019). An assessment of vulnerability to climate change in Auckland.Auckland Council technicalreport, TR2019/011
102 Auckland Council. (2019). Natural environment and water quality targeted rates – Highlights 2018/2019.

Retrieved from https://ourauckland.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/media/19292/attachment-b-water-quality-targeted-rate.pdf
103 Auckland Council. (2019), Natural Environment Targeted rate monitoring and evaluation. Retrieved fromhttps://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/environment/what-we-do-to-help-environment/Documents/natural-environment-targetedrate-update.pdf
104 Auckland Council. (2018). Long Term Plan monitoring. Retrieved fromhttps://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/plans-projects-policies-reports-bylaws/our-plans-strategies/budget-plans/our-10-year-budget/
docs10yearbudgetvolumes/10-year-budget-2018-2028-volume-1.pdf
105 Auckland Council. (2018). Long Term Plan target: environmental services. Retrieved fromhttps://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/plans-projects-policies-reports-bylaws/our-plans-strategies/budget-plans/our-10-year-budget/
docs10yearbudgetvolumes/10-year-budget-2018-2028-volume-1.pdf
106 Environment and Climate Change Committee 28 November 2019 Item 8 Regional Environment and Natural Heritage GrantProgramme allocation
107 Environment and Climate Change Committee 28 November 2019 Item 9 Update on Waste Minimisation and Innovation fund September 2019/2020

funding round.
108 Auckland Council. (2016). State of the Environment reporting.

Retrieved from https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/environment/state-of-auckland-research-report-cards/Pages/state-auckland-reportcards.aspx
109 Auckland Council. (2018). Auckland’s Waste Assessment 2017. Retrieved fromhttps://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/plansprojects-policies-reports-bylaws/our-plans-strategies/topic-based-plans-strategies/environmentalplansstrategies/docswastemanagementplan/waste-assessment-2017.pdf
110 Climate change risks in Auckland (2019) ARUP for Auckland Council Auckland Council technical report, TR2019/019
111 Auckland Council. (2019). Auckland’s Heritage Counts. Retrieved fromhttps://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage/docsheritagecountssummaries/aucklands-heritage-counts-2019.pdf
112 Watercare. (2020). Auckland smashes previous water consumption record. Retrieved from https://www.watercare.co.nz/Aboutus/News-media/

Aucklanders-set-new-water-consumption-record
113 Xie, S (2019). Auckland’s greenhouse gas inventory to 2016. Auckland Council technical report, TR2019/002
114 Watercare. (2017). Auckland water efficiency strategy 2017-2020.

Retrieved from https://www.watercare.co.nz/CMSPages/GetAzureFile.aspx?path=~%5Cwatercarepublicweb%5Cmedia%5Cwatercaremedialibrary%5Creports-and-publications%5Csoi_2018-2021.pdf&hash=bf73c3157ff9e5de2140e08986efca28f12bddabfa092b7a5a8deec5a98e6f3b
115 Auckland Council. (2019). Our water future: discussion document. Retrieved from https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/haveyour-say/topics-you-can-have-your-say-on/our-water-future/Documents/our-water-future-full.pdf
116 NIWA (2018). Auckland region climate change projections and impacts. Retrieved fromhttps://www.knowledgeauckland.org.nz/publications/auckland-region-climate-change-projections-and-impacts-summary-report/

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MAHERE TĀMAKI MAKAURAU 2050 | AUCKLAND PLAN 2050
117 Ibid.
118 Ibid.
119 Auckland Council. (2016). State of the Environment reporting.

Retrieved from https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/environment/state-of-auckland-research-report-cards/Pages/state-auckland-reportcards.aspx
120 Ibid.
121 Fernandez, M and Golubiewski, N (2019) An assessment of vulnerability to climate change in Auckland. Auckland Council Technical Report 2019/011
122 Ibid.
123 Auckland Council (2019). Heritage team: Plans and Places.

Retrieved from https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage/Pages/heritage-advice.aspx
124 Fernandez, M and Golubiewski, N (2019) An assessment of vulnerability to climate change in Auckland. Auckland Council Technical Report 2019/011
125 Ibid.
126 Nielsen. (2018). Quality of Life survey 2018: Topline report. A report prepared on behalf of Auckland Council.

Retrieved from http://www.qualityoflifeproject.govt.nz/pdfs/Quality-of-Life-2018.pdf
127 Auckland Tourism, Events and Economic Development. (2018). Prosperity in Auckland. Retrieved fromhttps://www.aucklandnz.com/business-and-investment/economy-and-sectors/market-news-and-trends/growing-prosperity-forall-aucklanders
128 Demographia. (2019). International Housing Affordability Survey. Retrieved from http://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf
129 Productivity Commission (2019). New Zealand, Technology and Productivity: Technological Change and the Future of Work (draft).

Retrieved from https://www.productivity.govt.nz/assets/Documents/740ce1e715/Draft-report-1_NZ-technology-and-productivity-v3.pdf
130 Auckland Tourism, Events and Economic Development. (2018). Prosperity in Auckland. Retrieved fromhttps://www.aucklandnz.com/business-and-investment/economy-and-sectors/market-news-and-trends/growing-prosperity-forall-aucklanders
131 Tuatagaloa, P (2019). The labour market and skills in Auckland 2009-2019. Auckland Council technical report, TR2019/022
132 Martin Jenkins. (2019). Auckland Future Skills. Retrieved fromhttps://www.aucklandnz.com/sites/build_auckland/files/media-library/documents/MJ%20Auckland%20Future%20Skills%20Final%20Report.pdf
133 Tertiary Education Commission. (2019). Hidden Links New Opportunities Report.

Retrieved from https://www.tec.govt.nz/assets/Reports/49efa6f071/Hidden-Links-New-Opportunities-Report.pdf
134 Tuatagaloa, P (2019). The labour market and skills in Auckland 2009-2019. Auckland Council technical report, TR2019/022
135 Martin Jenkins. (2019). Auckland Future Skills. Retrieved fromhttps://www.aucklandnz.com/sites/build_auckland/files/media-library/documents/MJ%20Auckland%20Future%20Skills%20Final%20Report.pdf
136 Martin Jenkins. (2019). Auckland Future Skills. Retrieved fromhttps://www.aucklandnz.com/sites/build_auckland/files/media-library/documents/MJ%20Auckland%20Future%20Skills%20Final%20Report.pdf
137 Tuatagaloa, P (2019). The labour market and skills in Auckland 2009-2019. Auckland Council technical report, TR2019/022
138 Cleantech Cities. (2019). Accelerating Climate Change through Startup and Corporate Innovation.

Retrieved from https://laincubator.org/acceleratingclimateactionreport/
139 Global Innovation Index. (2019). Creating Healthy Lives—The Future of Medical Innovation.

Retrieved from https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/Home
140 Global Innovation Index. (2019). Creating Healthy Lives—The Future of Medical Innovation.

Retrieved from https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/Home
141 Dodd, J, Richard Griffiths, R, Karkaria, Y and le Roux, Hanrie (2019). Auckland Council Business Survey Auckland Region Wave 6 results.

Prepared for Auckland Council.

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© 2020 Auckland Council
Auckland Plan 2050 Three Yearly Progress Report, February 2020
ISBN 978-1-99-002218-0 (Print)
ISBN 978-1-99-002219-7 (PDF)

The Auckland Plan 2050 Three Yearly Progress Report was approved by the Auckland Council Planning Committee
on 5 March 2020. This document provides an overview of progress towards the Auckland Plan 2050 outcomesas at February 2020. The information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable and accurate
at the date of preparation, but its accuracy, correctness and completeness cannot be guaranteed. At the timeof writing, the impacts of COVID-19 were developing and unknown and are therefore not reflected in this report.
Please note that the Auckland Plan 2050 is a digital plan and updates will be provided on the Auckland Plan website
theaucklandplan.govt.nz