建築を通じたアイデンティティの表現：
インドネシアのバドゥイ族の建築におけるピクク習慣法の役割

Expressing Identity through Architecture:
The Role of Pikukuh Customary Law within Baduy Tribe Architecture, Indonesia
ファイルズ アルフィラ
Fairuz Alfira
1. Introduction
1.1 A Brief about Baduy Tribe and Pikukuh
With over 17.000 islands extending from the west tothe east, Indonesia is one of the culturally rich countries.
One of the ethnic communities that still living invernacular settlements are the Baduy Tribe, despite thenear location from metropolitan cities.
The Baduy Tribe is one of the sub-ethnic groups of
Sundanese ethnicity located in Kanekes Village, BantenProvince, Indonesia. The community consists of twogroups, the Outer Baduy (Urang Panamping; UrangDangka) and Inner Baduy (Urang Tangtu). Both groups
are still preserving their beliefs and traditional socialsystem, with the Inner Baduy being the stricter
practitioners. The sense of community to practice theiradat through their customary law, often called pikukuh, isstill strong. Their lifestyle is based on the pikukuh and its
taboos (buyut), which control the relationship between
the community and the nature in their surroundings, withthe general idea to keep the nature and ecosystem as it is.

fig.1 Location of Kanekes Village

1.2 Research Objective
Previous research mostly discusses about tangible
aspect of Baduy architecture and pikukuh in separated
manner. The research done by Japanese researchers,
Daisuke Niwa and team (1995), about the spatial layout
in Kadujangkung Hamlet, one of Outer Baduy hamlets.
Another research by Permana (2008) discuss the changes
in the socio-culture of the people, which negotiate the学位論文梗概集 2022

pikukuh taboos.
Meanwhile, the objectives of this research are:(1) To identify the architectural concept which
expresses the identity of Baduy, (2) To identify which
pikukuh is related to settlement constructions, and (3) To
clarify the role of pikukuh related to expression ofidentity in architecture.
1.3 Research Methodology
The methodology in this research consists of:(1) Literature study about theories regarding identityand authenticity in vernacular architecture and secondary
data about Baduy Tribe.
(2) Site survey in March and August 2022 wereconducted to collect the data through house measurement
and interviews.
(3) Comparative analysis using points of pikukuh as
the variable, comparative analysis to compare thesettlement condition in Inner and Outer Baduy hamlets
will be done.
2. Baduy Settlement and Traditional Architecture
2.1 Baduy Settlement
Kanekes Village is divided by legal regulation which
includes areas for settlement, utilization forest, andprotected forest. The village is also divided by Baduy
tribe's customary law into tangtu (inner hamlets),
panamping (outer hamlets), and dangka (neighboringhamlets). The three tangtu hamlets are located in thesouthern part of the village, while panamping hamlets arescattered in the north, west, and eastern part of Kanekes
Village boundary. Inside the sacred forest of tangtu areas,lies sacred places believed to be the place where creation
began and spirits are gathering, respectively called Arca
Domas and Sasaka Domas. This research will take Cibeo
Hamlet as the example for Inner Baduy hamlet andMarenggo Hamlet as the example for Outer Baduy
hamlet.

fig.2 Location of Inner and Outer Baduy hamlets

2.1 Baduy Traditional Architecture
The outward appearance of Baduy houses both inOuter and Inner Baduy are quite similar. Outer Baduy
houses are generally bigger in size compared to the InnerBaduy, but both houses following a rectangular plan. Thematerial used are local materials found in the nearby
forest, such as durian wood, bamboo, and palm fibers.

fig.3 Outer Baduy house, present time

3. Research Outcome
The pikukuh rules related to the settlement andconstruction consists of ten points, which are grouped
into three categories: place, material, and know-how.
Each of the categories overlap with each othersummarized as follows:
1. Rules regarding place: orientation and position offacilities,
2. Rules regarding place – know how: ritual

processions related to Puun (spiritual leader),3. Rules regarding place – material: location ofmaterial collecting,
4. Rules regarding material: choosing of materials,
5. Rules regarding material – know how: choosing ofconstruction tools,
6. Rules regarding know-how: shape of the house andcooperation within villagers.
In the implementation, it is clear that there are somepikukuh rules that are practiced differently in Cibeo
Hamlet and Marenggo Hamlet. All rules related toknow-how are absolute to be followed by all Baduy
people, rules related to material are absolute in terms ofusing the sustainable materials, and rules related to place
are subject to change depending to the area/groundcondition. The reasons why pikukuh is negotiated are theavailability of land, consideration on growth of trees, theground condition, therefore there are negotiations byOuter Baduy when making new settlements, in order toadapt to the micro-environment.
4. Conclusion
Adaptation is the keyword for authenticity for Baduy
Tribe. The Inner Baduy can adapt to the village
environment and keep the circumstances. Outer Baduy,
due to the reasons stated before, need to negotiate somerules and intentionally change some parts of theirarchitecture, such as position, direction, etc., in order toadapt to their environment. Even in the present time, they
try to keep their identity, finding the balance between
modernity and traditional through adaptation.
Reference
Niwa, D, et al. (1995), Study on the Settlement in Baduy
area: Settlement Composition in Desa Kadujangkung.
Architectural Institute of Japan.
Permana, R. (2006). Tata Ruang Masyarakat Baduy.
Jakarta: Wedatama Widya Sastra.
Wessing, R., & Barendregt, B. (2008, January). Centredon the source Hamlets and houses of Kanekes(Baduy).

Abstract:
In preserving vernacular settlements, it is important to understand the identity of these ethnic communities, parallel withthe understanding of the tangible architectural values. Baduy Tribe in Kanekes Village, Banten Province, Indonesia, is
one of the ethnic communities that strictly maintain their identity by following the customary law called pikukuh.
However, the pikukuh in the present time are often negotiated to fulfill the modern needs of the villagers, influencing theway they build the hamlets and houses. This research tries to identify the role of pikukuh concerning settlement andconstruction in Baduy Tribe. Specific pikukuh rules are listed, then the implementation of pikukuh is analyzed bycomparing hamlet examples from Inner Baduy and Outer Baduy.

Summaries of Academic Theses 2022