May 2024
Medical Country of Origin Information

Bangladesh

Hepatitis

Bangladesh
Hepatitis
MedCOIMay 2024

Manuscript completed in May 2024
Neither the European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA) nor any person acting on behalf of the
EUAA is responsible for the use that might be made of the information contained within thispublication.
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2024
PDF

ISBN 978-92-9410-110-5

doi: 10.2847/517145

BZ-09-24-270-EN-N© European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA), 2024
Cover photo/illustration: Goncharuk film, Prevention viral hepatitis concept. Top view of
clipboard, liver, awareness ribbon, stethoscope, medical mask, syringe, pills, blood samples
on pastel blue background with space for message, © Adobe Stock, n.d.,
https://stock.adobe.com/images/prevention-viral-hepatitis-concept-top-view-of-clipboard-liverawareness-ribbon-stethoscope-medical-mask-syringe-pills-blood-samples-on-pastel-bluebackground-with-space-for-message/622433931
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BANGLADESH TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HEPATITIS

Acknowledgements
The EUAA acknowledges International SOS as the drafters of this report.
The report has been reviewed by International SOS and EUAA.

3

EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUMContents
Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................ 3
Disclaimer ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Glossary and abbreviations ........................................................................................................... 6
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 8
Terms of reference .......................................................................................................... 8
Collecting information ..................................................................................................... 8
Quality control ................................................................................................................... 8
Sources ................................................................................................................................................... 91.

Prevalence of hepatitis .................................................................................................... 10

2.

Access to treatment ......................................................................................................... 10

3.

Cost of treatment .............................................................................................................. 11

4.

Cost of medication ............................................................................................................15

Annex 1: Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 17
Annex 2: Terms of Reference (ToR) .............................................................................................194

BANGLADESH TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HEPATITIS

Disclaimer
This report was written according to the EUAA COI Report Methodology (2023). The report isbased on carefully selected sources of information. All sources used are referenced.
The information contained in this report has been researched, evaluated and analysed withutmost care. However, this document does not claim to be exhaustive. If a particular event,person or organisation is not mentioned in the report, this does not mean that the event has
not taken place or that the person or organisation does not exist.
Furthermore, this report is not conclusive as to the determination or merit of any particularapplication for international protection. Terminology used should not be regarded asindicative of a particular legal position.
‘Refugee’, ‘risk’ and similar terminology are used as generic terminology and not in the legal
sense as applied in the EU Asylum Acquis, the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967
Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees.
Neither the EUAA, nor any person acting on its behalf, may be held responsible for the use
which may be made of the information contained in this report.
The drafting of this report was finalised on 25 March 2024. Any event taking place after thisdate is not included in this report.

5

EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUMGlossary and abbreviations
Term

Definition

ALAT

Alanine Aminotransferase

AFP

Alpha-Fetoprotein

ASAT

Aspartate Aminotransferase

BDT

Bangladeshi Taka

BSMMU

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University

CT

Computed Tomography

ERCP

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

GT

Glutamyl Transferase

HBcAb

Hepatitis B Core Antibody

HBeAb

Hepatitis B e-Antibody

HBeAg

Hepatitis B e-Antigen

HBsAb

Hepatitis B Surface Antibody

HBsAg

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen

HCB

Hepatitis B Virus

HCV

Hepatitis C Virus

IPD

Inpatient Department

MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

PET

Positron-Emission Tomography

PT

Prothrombin Time

PTHC

Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography

6

BANGLADESH TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HEPATITIS

TermDefinition

SGOT

Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase

SGPT

Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase

TIPS

Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt

OPD

Outpatient Department

7

EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUM

Introduction
Methodology
The purpose of the report is to provide information on access to hepatitis treatment in
Bangladesh. This information is relevant to the application of international protection statusdetermination (refugee status and subsidiary protection) and migration legislation in EU+
countries.

Terms of reference
The terms of reference for this Medical Country of Origin Information Report can be found in
Annex 2: Terms of Reference (ToR). The initial drafting period finished on 09 November 2023,
peer review occurred between 09-30 November 2023, and additional information was added
to the report as a result of the quality review process during the review implementation up
until 25 March 2024. The report was internally reviewed subsequently.

Collecting information
EUAA contracted International SOS (Intl.SOS) to manage the report delivery including datacollection. Intl.SOS recruited and managed a local consultant to write the report and a publichealth expert to edit the report. These were selected from Intl.SOS’ existing pool ofconsultants. The consultant was selected based on their experience in leading comparable
projects and their experience of working on public health issues in Bangladesh.
This report is based on publicly available information in electronic and paper-based sources
gathered through desk-based research. This report also contains information from oral
sources with ground-level knowledge of the healthcare situation in Bangladesh who wereinterviewed specifically for this report. For security reasons, all oral sources are anonymised.

Quality control
This report was written by Intl.SOS in line with the European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA)
COI Report Methodology (2023), 1 the EUAA Country of Origin Information (COI) Reports
Writing and Referencing Guide (2023) 2 and the EUAA Writing Guide (2022). 3 Quality control of
the report was carried out both on content and form. Form and content were reviewed by
Intl.SOS and EUAA.
The accuracy of information included in the report was reviewed, to the extent possible,
based on the quality of the sources and citations provided by the consultants. All the

EUAA, Country of Origin Information (COI) Report Methodology, February 2023, url
EUAA, Country of Origin Information (COI) Reports Writing and Referencing Guide, February 2023, url
3
EUAA, The EUAA Writing Guide, April 2022, url
12

8

BANGLADESH TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HEPATITIS

comments from reviewers were reviewed and were implemented to the extent possible, undertime constraints.

Sources
In accordance with EUAA COI methodology, a range of different published sources have been
consulted on relevant topics for this report. These include governmental publications andacademic publications.
In addition to using publicly available sources, one oral source was contacted for this report.
The oral source is a professor and is anonymised in this report for security reasons. The oral
source was assessed for its background and ground-level knowledge and is described in the
Annex 1: Bibliography. Key informant interviews were carried out in September 2023.

9

EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUM

1.

Prevalence of hepatitis

A nationwide hospital-based study of hepatitis A and hepatitis E conducted at 10 surveillance
hospitals in the country from 2014 to 2015 found the overall seroprevalence of hepatitis A andhepatitis E to be 19 % and 10 %, respectively. The median age of hepatitis A patients was 12
years and that of hepatitis E patients was 25 years. 4
The study further reported that hepatitis A was more prevalent among females (24.9 %), while
hepatitis E was seen more in males (11.2 %). Among children aged 0 to 14 years, hepatitis A
prevalence was 60.7 %; and for adolescents and adults between the ages of 15 and 60 years,
hepatitis E prevalence was 12.4 %. The study results showed that 63.2 % of the cases ofhepatitis A were from Chittagong and majority of hepatitis E cases, 35.6 %, were from Dhaka
district.5
The Bangladesh Health Bulletin 2020 reported that the prevalence (total burden) of chronic
hepatitis B virus (HBV) was 5.5% and the prevalence of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) was
0.6 %. 6 Banik S. et al. conducted a systematic review of hepatitis in Bangladesh, which
reported pooled prevalence of hepatitis B, from 1995 to 2017, as 4 % and showed that theprevalence of hepatitis B was higher among females than males. 7
A case control study aiming to identify hepatitis E risk factors in rural Bangladesh found theonly conclusive risk factors to be enteric routes. 8 Research findings from another study
conducted in a tertiary hospital concluded that hepatitis E was an important cause of severe
acute viral hepatitis, fulminant hepatitis and decompensation of liver in cirrhosis. 9

2.

Access to treatment

An experienced medical specialist in liver diseases states that patients with hepatitis go from
Upazila health complexes to tertiary and specialised hospitals for liver diseases. Patients visit
Upazila hospital complexes or lower facilities with symptoms and signs of general weakness
and other complaints that mimic several other diseases. Those patients are then subjected tosimple investigations, such as liver function tests for bilirubin, albumin and total protein
estimation. If these levels are elevated, patients are advised to take treatment and rest or are
4
Khan, A. I., et al., Nationwide Hospital-Based Seroprevalence of Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E Virus in Bangladesh,
March 2020, url, pp. 1, 2
5
Khan, A. I., et al., Nationwide Hospital-Based Seroprevalence of Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E Virus in Bangladesh,
March 2020, url, p. 2
6Bangladesh, MOHFW, Health Bulletin 2020, 2022, url, p.117
7
Banik, S., et.al., The Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in Bangladesh: a systematic review and metaanalysis, 2022, url, p. 1
8
Labrique, A. B., et al., An Exploratory Case Control Study of Risk Factors for Hepatitis E in Rural Bangladesh, May
2013, url, p. 1
9Mahtab, M.-A.-M., et al., HEV Infection as an Aetiologic Factor for Acute Hepatitis: Experience from a Tertiary
Hospital in Bangladesh, 2009, url, p. 18

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BANGLADESH TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HEPATITIS

referred to higher level hospitals, including district and medical college hospitals, for better
management and treatment of hepatitis. If found necessary, patients can be transferred to
specialised public hospitals, including the Sheikh Russel National Gastroliver Institute &Hospital 10 and the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). 11 Both of these
hospitals are specialised and offer services for liver diseases. 12
Usually, there is no bar for access to treatment for liver diseases; however, costs relating totreatment, including cost of transportation, patient consultations and admittance, are alimitation. 13

3.

Cost of treatment

All consultation fees of patient with hepatitis in the outpatient departments (OPDs) or inpatient
departments (IPDs) must be paid by the patient. Other associated costs for diagnostic services
and admittance fees to hospital, including hospital bed fees, must also be paid by the patient.
This applies to both public and private health facilities. The Social Welfare Department of apublic facility can grant a discounted payment. This is dependent on the economic status of
the patient and can be applied to OPD or IPD, including hospital charges for admittance andlaboratory charges. Private facilities have no provision to exempt patients from payment for
any hospital service charge. For hepatitis patients, additional costs are incurred due to cost offood, transportation and accommodation. 14
Official prices are set for laboratory investigations, fees for consultations, rents for patients’
bed and operation charges in public facilities; these are strictly implemented. Health insurance
coverage for hepatitis is not available in Bangladesh. 15
For the treatments listed below, there is usually no exemption, but in public health facilities theSocial Welfare Department can recommend a partial or full discount to the fee. 16

Facility webpage: https://srngih.gov.bd/
Facility webpage: https://bsmmu.ac.bd/
12
Source A, telephone interview, Dhaka, 28 September 2023. Source A is a Professor of Medicine and Liver
Disease at Mymensingh Medical College. The person wishes to remain anonymous.
13
Source A, telephone interview, Dhaka, 28 September 2023. Source A is a Professor of Medicine and Liver
Disease at Mymensingh Medical College. The person wishes to remain anonymous.
14
Source A, telephone interview, Dhaka, 28 September 2023. Source A is a Professor of Medicine and Liver
Disease at Mymensingh Medical College. The person wishes to remain anonymous.
15
Source A, telephone interview, Dhaka, 28 September 2023. Source A is a Professor of Medicine and Liver
Disease at Mymensingh Medical College. The person wishes to remain anonymous.
16
Source A, telephone interview, Dhaka, 28 September 2023. Source A is a Professor of Medicine and Liver
Disease at Mymensingh Medical College. The person wishes to remain anonymous.
10
11

11

EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUMTable 1. Prices for consultation 17
Specialist

Public outpatient
treatment price in
BDT

Public inpatient
treatment price in
BDTPrivate outpatient
treatment price in
BDTPrivateinpatienttreatment pricein BDTInternist

100

200

1 500

1 800

1 500

2 000

1 200

1 800

1 200

1 500

(Consultation fee,
medications andhospital stay notincluded)
Gastroenterologist

100

200
(Consultation fee,
medications andhospital stay notincluded)

Hepatologist

200

200
(Consultation fee,
medications andhospital stay notincluded)

Infectiologist

200

200
(Consultation fee,
medications andhospital stay notincluded)

Table 2. Prices for treatments and diagnostic tests 18
Public treatment price in BDT

Private treatment price in BDTLaboratory tests for hepatitis
Laboratory test: Hepatitis
B antibodies: HBsAb,
HBeAb, HBcAb

HBsAb, HBeAb, HBcAb – 650
each

HBsAb, HBeAb, HBCAB – 1 500
each

Laboratory test: Hepatitis
B antigens: HBsAg,
HBeAg

HBsAg, HBeAg – 750 each

HBsAg, HBeAg – 1 800 each17
Source A, telephone interview, Dhaka, 28 September 2023. Source A is a Professor of Medicine and Liver
Disease at Mymensingh Medical College. The person wishes to remain anonymous.
18
Source A, telephone interview, Dhaka, 28 September 2023. Source A is a Professor of Medicine and Liver
Disease at Mymensingh Medical College. The person wishes to remain anonymous.

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BANGLADESH TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HEPATITIS

Public treatment price in BDT

Private treatment price in BDT

PT – 500

PT – 600

Albumin – 300

Albumin – 600

Bilirubin – 300

Bilirubin – 500

SGOT – 400

SGOT – 900

SGPT – 400

SGPT – 900

Alpha-2-macroglobulin – 1 500

Alpha-2-macroglobulin – 2 500

Haptoglobin – 500

Haptoglobin – 1 000

Apolipoproteine A1 – 3 000

Apolipoproteine A1 – 5 500

Gamma GT – 600

Gamma GT – 1 000

Total bilirubin – 300

Total bilirubin – 500

ALAT – 300

ALAT – 500

Laboratory test: HCV
antibody in case of
Hepatitis C

4 000

2 500

Laboratory test: HCV
genotype (hepatitis C)

4 000

6 000

Laboratory test: viremiaof hepatitis D + HBsAg

900

2 000

Laboratory test: alkaline
phosphatase

400

400

Laboratory test: alphafetoprotein (AFP)

1 300

3 000

Diagnostic imaging bymeans of ultrasound (ofthe liver)

1 200

2 500

Diagnostic test: liverbiopsy750

2 000

Diagnostic research:transient elastography;
test for liver fibrosis (e.g.
fibro scan)

4 000

10 000Diagnostic imaging: MRI
scan

9 000

15 000Laboratory test: liverfunction (PT, albumin,bilirubin, transaminases:
ASAT(=SGOT),
ALAT(=SGPT) etc.)

Laboratory test: Fibrotest;incl. 6 serum markers:alpha-2-macroglobulin,
haptoglobin,
apolipoproteine A1,
gamma GT, total bilirubin,
ALAT

Diagnostics for hepatitis

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EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUM

Public treatment price in BDT

Private treatment price in BDT

Diagnostic imaging:computed tomography(CT scan)

6 000

10 000Diagnostic imaging:computed tomography(CT scan) with contrast

10 00018 000Diagnostic imaging:
PET/CT scan

25 00050 000Diagnostic imaging:percutaneoustranshepaticcholangiography (PTHC
or PTC)

PTHC-ERCP – 145 000

PTHC-ERCP – 145 000

Clinical admittance oninternal/ infectious
disease department (dailyrate)

Bed charges – 2 000/day

Bed charges – 2 000

Transplantation of liver
including all pre- andaftercare

Transplant of liver – 2 000 000

Transplant of liver – 6 000 000

Treatment

14

BANGLADESH TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HEPATITIS

4.

Cost of medication

Prices from online medicine shops are provided in Table 4. Cost of medications. These aretaken from the following websites:
Table 3. Online medicine websites
Website nameWeb address

Lazz Pharma Limited

https://www.lazzpharma.com

MedEx

https://medex.com.bd
https://epharma.com.bd

ePharma

https://www.arogga.com

AroggaRelating to all medicines in the table below; medication prices are usually not reimbursed byany public health insurance mechanisms, but the Social Welfare Department can recommend
free or partial payment for the public facilities. 19
Table 4. Cost of medications
Generic Name

Brand nameStrength of
unit

Form

Numberof units inthecontainer

Price perbox in
BDT

Place(pharmacy,
hospital)

Hepatitis B medication
Adefovir

Infovir®

10 mg

tablet20

750

Pharmacy

Entecavir

Replivir®

1 mgtablet10900

Pharmacy

Telbivudine

Sebivo®

600 mgtablet28

8 750

Pharmacy

Tenofovir
disoproxil

Foviral®

300 mgtablet8682

Pharmacy

Source A, telephone interview, Dhaka, 28 September 2023. Source A is a Professor of Medicine and Liver
Disease at Mymensingh Medical College. The person wishes to remain anonymous.
19

15

EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUMGeneric Name

Brand nameStrength of
unit

Form

Numberof units inthecontainer

Price perbox in
BDT

Place(pharmacy,
hospital)

Tenofovir
alafenamide

Alenvir®

25 mgtablet10900

Pharmacy

Lamivudine

Hepavir®

100 mgtablet20503

Pharmacy

Hepatitis C medication
Daclatasvir

Dakovir-C®

60 mg

tablet14

5 600

Pharmacy

Glecaprevir +pibrentasvir(combination)

Mavixen®

100 mgglecaprevir,
40 mg
pibrentasvir

tablet21

84 000

Pharmacy

Ledipasvir +sofosbuvir(combination)

Dualvir®

90 mg
ledipasvir,
400 mgsofosbuvir

tablet28

28 000

Pharmacy

Ribavirin

Rivarin®

200 mgcapsule60

18 000

Pharmacy

Sofosbuvir

Buviren

400 mgtablet6

3 600

Pharmacy

Both hepatitis B and C (classic medication)
Interferon
alfa-2aInteron®

4.5 MIU/
0.5 mlinjection

1

1 200

Pharmacy

Peg interferon
alfa-2aPegin®

180 mcg/
0.5 mlinjection

1

9 800

Pharmacy

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BANGLADESH TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HEPATITIS

Annex 1: Bibliography
Oral sources, including anonymous sources
Source A, telephone interview, Dhaka, 28 September 2023. Source A is a Professor of
Medicine and Liver Disease at Mymensingh Medical College. The person wishes to remain
anonymous.

Public sources
Arogga Limited, 2024, http://www.arogga.com/, accessed 29 March 2024
Banik, S., Datta, A., Ghosh, A., Ghosh, K. Y. and Debi, H., The prevalence of hepatitis B virus
infection in Bangladesh: a systematic review and meta-analysis, in: Epidemiology & Infection,
Volume 150, e47, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268822000061, pp. 1-8, accessed 10
October 2023
Bangladesh, MOHFW (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare), Directorate General of HealthServices (DGHS), Health Bulletin 2020, 2022,
https://old.dghs.gov.bd/images/docs/vpr/lhb_2020.pdf, accessed 10 March 2024
BSMMU (Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University), 2023, https://bsmmu.ac.bd/,
accessed 10 October 2023
Epharma, 2024, https://epharma.com.bd/, accessed 29 March 2024
Khan, A. I., Salimuzzaman, M., Islam, T., Afrad, M. H., Shirin, T., Jony, M. H. K., Alam, A.,
Rahman, M., Flora, M. S. and Qadri, F., Nationwide Hospital-Based Seroprevalence of Hepatitis
A and Hepatitis E Virus in Bangladesh, in: Annals of Global Health, Vol. 86, Issue 1, March
2020, https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2574, pp. 1-6, accessed 10 October 2023
Labrique, A. B., Zaman, K., Hossain, Z., Saha, P., Yunus, M., Hossain, A., Ticehurst, J., Kmush, B.
and Nelson, K. E., An Exploratory Case Control Study of Risk Factors for Hepatitis E in Rural
Bangladesh, in: PLoS ONE , Vol. 8, Issue 5, article no. e61351, May 2013,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061351, accessed 10 October 2023
Lazz Pharma Limited, https://www.lazzpharma.com/, accessed 29 March 2024
Mahtab, M.-A.-M., Rahman, S., Khan, M. and Karim, F., HEV Infection as an Aetiologic Factor for
Acute Hepatitis: Experience from a Tertiary Hospital in Bangladesh, in: Journal of Health
Population and Nutrition, Vol. 27, Issue 1, 2009,https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/50255/1/hn09003.pdf, pp. 14-19, accessed 10
October 2023
MedEx, n.d., https://medex.com.bd, accessed 29 March 2024

17

EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUMSheikh Russel Gastroliver Institute & Hospital, 2023, https://srngih.gov.bd/, accessed 10
October 2023. The original source website, Sheikh Russel Gastroliver Institute & Hospital, is
no longer accessible.

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BANGLADESH TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HEPATITIS

Annex 2: Terms of Reference (ToR)
Hepatitis
Note for drafters: These are guidelines on the information to be included. If one aspect is
not relevant, e.g., there is no national institute to treat this disease or no international
donor programme, there is no need to mention it. Keep the focus on treating medicine –preventive care can be mentioned but is of less interest to the target group.

General information
•
•
•
•

•
•
•
•

Briefly describe prevalence and incidence of hepatitis / types of this disease(epidemiologic data).
How is the health care organized for hepatitis?
How is hepatitis treated – at specific centres, in primary health care centres, secondary
care / hospitals, tertiary care etc.?
Which kinds of facilities can treat hepatitis [public, private not for profit (e.g., hospitals
run by the church), private for-profit sector]? Include links to facilities’ websites if
possible.
How are the resources organized in general to treat patients with hepatitis? Are there
sufficient resources available to treat all patients?
Is there a particular type of hepatitis for which no (or only partial) treatment exists in the
country?
Is there a (national) institute specialised in treating hepatitis?
Are there any national or international plans or (donor) programmes for hepatitis; if yes,
could you elaborate on such programme(s) and what it entails?

Access to treatment
•
•
•

•
•

Are there specific treatment programmes for hepatitis? If so, what are the eligibility
criteria to gain access to it and what they contain?
Are there specific government (e.g., insurance or tax) covered programmes forhepatitis? If so, what are the eligibility criteria to gain access to it?
Are there any factors limiting the access to healthcare for patients? If so, are theyeconomic, cultural, geographical, etc.? Are there any policies to improve access tohealthcare and/or to reduce the cost of treatments and/or medication? What is thenumber of people having access to treatment? Keep focus on e.g., waiting times rather
than the exact number of specialists in the field.
If different from information provided in the general section; is the treatment
geographically accessible in all regions?
What is the ‘typical route’ for a patient with this disease (after being diagnosed with thedisease)? In other words: for any necessary treatment, where can the patient find help
and/or specific information? Where can s/he receive follow-up treatment? Are there

19EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUM

•
•
•

•

waiting times for treatments (e.g., liver transplantation, consultation by a specialist,
etc)?
What must the patient pay and when?
Is it the same scenario for a citizen returning to the country after having spent a
number of years abroad?
What financial support can a patient expect from the government, social security or apublic or private institution? Is treatment covered by social protection or an additional /communal health insurance? If not, how can the patient gain access to a treatment?
Any occurrences of healthcare discrimination for people with this disease?

Insurance and national programmes•••

National coverage (state insurance).
Programmes funded by international donor programmes, e.g., Gates foundation,
Clinton foundation etc.
Include any insurance information that is specific for patients with hepatitis.

Cost of treatment
Guidance / methodology on how to complete the tables related to treatments:
•
•
•

•
•
•
•

Do not delete any treatments from the tables. Instead state that they are not available
or information could not be found if that is the case.
In the table, indicate the price for inpatient and outpatient treatments in public andprivate facilities and if the treatments are covered by any insurance or by the state.
For inpatient, indicate what is included in the cost (bed / daily rate for admittance,
investigations, consultations…). For outpatient treatment, indicate follow up or
consultation cost.
Is there a difference in respect to prices between the private and public facilities?
Are there any geographical disparities?
Are the official prices adhered to in practice?
Include links to online resources used, if applicable (e.g., hospital websites).

Note: a standardised list of treatments was also included in the original ToR, as can beviewed in the report. Any treatment without a found price was removed at the editorial
stage.

Cost of medication
Guidance / methodology on how to complete the tables related to medications:••

Do not delete any medicines from the tables. Instead, state that they are not available
or information could not be found if that is the case.
Are the available medicines in general accessible in the whole country or are there
limitations?

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BANGLADESH TOPICAL MEDCOI REPORT: HEPATITIS

•
•
•

•
•

Are the medicines registered in the country? If yes, what are the implications of it
being registered?
Indicate in the tables: generic name, brand name, strength of unit, form, pills per
package, official prices, source, insurance coverage.
Are (some of the) medicines mentioned on any drug lists like national lists, insurance
lists, essential drug lists, hospital lists, pharmacy lists etc.? If so, what does such a list
mean specifically in relation to coverage?
Are there other kinds of coverage, e.g., from national donor programmes or otheractors?
Include links to online resources used, if applicable (e.g., online pharmacies).

Note: a standardised list of medication was also included in the original ToR, as can beviewed in the report. Any medication without a found price was removed at the editorial
stage.

NGOs••

Are any NGOs or international organisations active for patients with hepatitis? What
are the conditions to obtain help from these organisations? What help or support canthey offer?
Which services are free of charge and which ones are at a cost? Is access provided to
all patients or access is restricted for some (e.g., in case of faith-based institutions or incase of NGOs providing care only to children for instance).

21

BZ-09-24-270-EN-N

EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR ASYLUMISBN 978-92-9410-110-522