BulletinofGlaciologicalResearch22（2005）9−17◎JapaneseSocietyofSnowandIce

ArticleAssessmentol＝glaciershrinkagefromthemaximuminthe LittlelceAge
intheSuntar−Khayata Range．North−EastSiberia

MariaD，ANANICHEVAl，MichaelM．KOREISHA2andShuheiTAKAHASHI3

1InstituteofGeography，Russian AccademyofSciences，Staromonetony29，Moscow109017，Russia
2ResearchInstituteonEngineeringInvestigationsinBuildingIndustry（PNIIIS），OkruzhnoyProezd18，MoscowlO5187，Russia
3KitamiInstituteofTechnology，Koen−Cho165，Kitami，090−8705Japan（ReceivedSeptemberl，2004；Revised manuscriptreceivedNovember22，2004）

Abstract

Thispaperpresentsnewestimatesandapreliminaryanalysisofsomekeyglaciers shrinkagein

theNorthernandSouthernmassifsoftheSuntar−KhayataRange，North−EastSiberia，Onthebasisof
expeditiondata，arChivedair−photoimagesofthe1940−Sand1970−S，andevidenceofglacialchangesin
theCherskyRangefromliterarysources（Koreisha，1991，Sheiknman，1987）．ForGlaciers29−31，locatedWithin theNorthern Massif，Values oflinearregression forthefollowingtimeslices：1957−1970u2001
Weredefined．Thesevaluesfor，inparticular，Glacier31werecomparedwithmasslossesinthesame
periods：the ratio was quite stable（equalsl．1／10years）．This argues for rather highinertia of
Suntar−Khayataglaciers．Glaciers29−3lofthesamemassifshrankfromtheLittleIceAge（LIA）until
1973asmuchas50−150m；thoseintheSouthernMassif（No．14卜154）showedbiggershrinkage−100−
200m．Thereasonliesindifferenceofclimaticconditions，Whichinfluenced theseglaciergroups．The
latterarepartlyunderPacificcyclonicactivity：Wintertemperaturesaremuchhigher，andpreclpita−
tionisheavier，makingtheSouthernMassifglacierswarmer（andeasiertoshrink）thanthoseoftheNorthern Massif．

Theshrinkage ofglaciersin the Cherskiy Rangefrom the LIA until1972reached300m forthe

Obruchev Glacier（OneOfthe biggest within the range）and250m fortheSumgin Glacier，WhichareCOmparable withtheshrinkageoftheSuntar−KhayataNorthern Massifglaciers．

1．lntroduction
One of the objectives of thelargeinternational

PrOgram GlobalLandIce Measurement from Space（GLIMS） ，Of which Russian regionalcenteris theInstituteofGeographyRAS，isacomparisonofdigital
dataaboutglacierextentobtainedfromspaceimages
Withdataon glacialextentinthepast．Itaimsatthe
assessmentofspatialglacierchangeduringtheperiod
since modern instruments have become available for

glaciermeasurement．Thishasspecialimportancefor
Northern Eurasiaglacierchangeduetoobservedcli−
mate warming．
Asanintermediate stageofevaluationofglacier

Changein North−East Siberia，eXpedition observaLtions，arChivedair−Photoimagesofthe1940−Sand1970−S，

andspaceimageshavebeenanalyzedforevidenceof

glacialshrinkagefortheNorthernandSouthernmas−

SifsoftheSuntar−KhayataRange．Koreisha（1991）and
Sheiknman（1987）alsogaveevidenceofglacialchange
in theCherskyRange（Fig．1）．
2．GIaciershrinkageintheSuntar−KhayataRange

Study of climate andglaciersin this reglOn WaSStarted during theIGY（InternationalGeophysicalYear：1957／58）．Field work wasconductedonglaciers
intheCentralMassifin19571959（Fig．2）．TheCentral
Massifiscloseto the Northern Massifin distance andin climate，and sometimes classified as part of theNorthern Massif．The most extensive observations

WerePerformedonGlacier31，COnSideredasrepresen−tative of the region（Fig．3）．Later，in1970，Within the
project Compilation of the Catalogue of the USSR
glaciers ，aneXpeditionoftheInstituteofGeography，ノ肋ssZd乃♪eγわdfcノ0〟γ乃αJo乃gJαCわわgγ．撤♪e門α柁♪〟わJg5カedf乃月㍑SSgα乃α乃dE乃gJよs力祝♪0乃α〟〃zorゝ柁す〟eSJ．』JJざ〟∽∽αγねぎα乃dカg〟柁C（ゆfZo乃Sα柁g乃E乃gJよsh P〟わJiざんgd g乃fわeJ乃Sf血′βq／Ceogγ℃♪ゐγ，月A5〟乃deγ班e〟肌∂γeJ′βq／fわβ月〟SSgα乃CJαCgOJoggcαJ
Asossね烏0れ．Ed存0γ一血C九ie／fsαCαdemiciα乃佑肱go勅虎0仇Bulletin ofGlaciologicalResearchFig，1．Location of the Suntar−Khayata Range．lT4are meteorologicalstations；1：Agayakan（777m a．s．1．），2：Nizhnya
Basa（1350m），3：Vherkhne−Okhotskaya（1280m），4：Uega（400m），5：Darpir（840m）．

（LIA），Glacier31shrank as much as200m from the
RAS（in1970the USSR Academy ofSciences），WaS
SenttOthereglOn．Asaresult，neWdataaboutGlacier LIA to1947from historicalair−photoimages（theaer−
ialsurvey of1947）．Consequently，the shrinkage dur−
31 s accumulation and ablationin1970 as wellas
ing1947−57was30m（350m−200m−120m）．The time−
during1960L1969were published（Vinogradov etal．，
1972）．Inthispapershrinkageandchangesinmorphol− SequenCeOfthisshrinkageisshowninFig．4．Accord−
Ogy Of Glaciers31，29and32were determined，and
ingtotheviewthattheLIAinthisarealastedaboutother glaciers of various morphological types were

300years having a peak development around1800

andKitamiInstituteofTechnology）todeterminethe
POSition，maSSbalanceandmeteorologicalparameters

past50years wasmorerapid than thatfrom theLIA

evaluated．In200l，Observations on Glacier31were （Grove，1988），COnSidering that the maximum of gla−
made by agroupofRussian（InstituteofGeography， cier advance was estimated to bein the mid19thRAS）andJapanese scientists（Hokkaido University
Century（Koreisha，1963），theglaciershrinkagein the

OfGlacier31（Yamadaetal．，2002）．

Tablelpresentsshrinkagevaluesforglaciers29，

32and31．For glaciers29and32，the shrinkage wasdetermined by visualassessment with takinginto
account the terminalmorainelength（the distance
between the glacier forefront and modern terminal

moraine）．The contemporary position of Glacier31

WaS determined by topographicsurvey performedin

Summer2001．In the paper（Yamada etal．，2002）one

Can See a map Of the Glacier31terminusin 2001
Superimposed on thatof the1957survey spatialpat−
tern．

The glacier shrank aslittle as15min19571970

along the centralaxis and as120min1957−2001．The

extentofmorainedepositsin2001was350minlength．
Assuming that the terminal moraine position shows
the maximum glacier extentin the LittleIce Ageto the1950 s．

The Glacier 31 mass balance Bn calculation（AnanichevaetaL，2003a）makesitpossibletocompareits

Shrinkage with masslossesin different time periods（Table2）．To evaluate mass balance the authorsused

therelationshipbetweenablationandBnforthewarTming period，Which startedin this reglOnin1958（Ananichevaetal．，2003b）based upon directmeasure−mentsofBnduringtheIGY．Theablationwasrecon−

StruCted byits relationship to summer air tempera−ture（the empiricalequation of this relationshipis

givenin section5）on the glacier ELA，defined by

Suntar−Khayata weatherstation recordslocated near

the glacier（2068m a．s．l．）and Agayakan weather sta−tion（777m）locatedin the Glacier31va11eyin thefoothills．AdetaileddescriptionoftheBnreconstruc−tion methodis givenin（Ananicheva and Koreisha，

2004）together with validation of the estimates by〃Ananichevaetal．

Fig．2．GlacierlocationsintheSuntar，KhayataRange．

COmparison withdifferentdata．

delay of glacier dynamics change．The ratio Bn／L，TheratioBn／L，WaSratherstable，0．12−0．14，in1947
remained equalto around O．lon average for eachlO−1969．This means that proportionality of the mass−
years within this period，Whichis evidence of thelossprocessandglaciershrinkagehasbeenpreserved

for the former twenty years，and con負rms the massbalance calculationin Vinogradovetal．（1972）．In thelast30years（1970−2001），themassbalancewaslargely

negative compared with the previous20years，but

glacier shrinkage did not change so much，Which re−Sultedin alarge ratio ofBnP．This means that therathersharp warmingresultsinlargenegativemassbalance on glaciersin the Suntar−Khayata Range（AnanichevaetaL，2003b）buttheshrinkageofaglacierin

theglacierterminuscannotrespondsorapidlybythe

Significantinertiaoftheseglaciers．Thisismainlydue

totheSuntar−Khayataglaciersbeingofthecoldtype：the glacier temperature at the depthoflOm remains

minus9．80cthroughouttheyear；thebottomtempera−
tureisestimated asaboutminus40c（Koreisha，1991）．

The shrinkage of other glaciers in the Northern
Massifhasbeenroughlyevaluatedbycomparisonof

their positionsin1944and1947（air−photo surveys），
andin1973（Russian sate11ite spaceimages）．The re−SultsaregiveninTable3．IntheTableMorainelengthmeansthedistancebetween theglacierterminusand

J2

BulletinofGlaciologlCalResearch
Tablel．Shrinkage of some CentralMassif glaciers ofSuntar−Khayata：1957−1970−2001．
Glacier name

Shrinkagein Shrinkagein
19571970 19572001（m）

No．31：alongthecentralaxis

No．29
No．32

at theleft side
atrightside

（m）

5

＞120m

5
5
4
8
1

2
3
2

1947■57−70
Year

2001

Fig．4．ShrinkageofGlaciers29，31，32．

Table2．Massbalance andshrinkageofGlacier31．
Meanmassbalance［Bn］

Ye。rS 芯iI；iS㌃t岩芸⊥；昌芸上・丁▲LJMeaヅ聖無e［L］（myear1）⊥Y▲［mmw．e．yearl］

194757

19586919702001

LBn／い

0．28［88］−0．14［44］−1．1［343］

where Glacier31in the CentralMassifis classified aspart of the Northern Massif．In Fig．5，1arger glaciers

are more in the Southern Massif and the ratios ofShrinkage to glacierlength are rather morein theFig．3．Glacier 29，30，3l，32in the Suntar−Khayata
Range．
（a）TerminusofGlacier31．
（b）Glacier29，30，31．
（c）Glacier32．CentralpeakisMus−Khaya：thehigh−est Mountainin the Suntar−Khayata Range．

the end of terminalmoraine at LIA．
Table4presentsestimatesofthescopeofglacier

Shrinkagein the Southern Massif（Suntar−Khayata

Range）intheperiodofapproximately30yearsbefore

1973，Obtainedin the same way．From these data ofglacierlengthand morainelength，theglacierlength

inthe1970 s，theshrinkageinthe1940 s−1970 sandin
the shrinkagein the LIA−1940 s are shownin Fig．5，

Southern Massifthan theNorthernin Fig．6．

3．Climate differencein the Suntar−Khayata

Range

The difference in climatic conditions between

northandsouthoftheSuntar−KhayataRangecan beillustrated by mean multi−annualcharacteristics ofWeatherstations，locatedontheNorthernand South，
ern macro−Slopes of the Range respectively．The cli−mate data presented are averaged over1940−1993（Table5）．Thesouthernregioniscomparativelywarmerand hasmorepreclpitation．

ComparingdataofTables3and4，glaciershrink−

age was significantlylargerin the Southern Massif
thanin the Northern Massif（on averagelOOr150m

Ananichevaetal．

／．■J

Table3．ShrinkageofglaciersintheNorthern MassifoftheSuntarKhayata
Rangein1944／47−1973．
GlacierMorainelength（m）

Years

Shrinkage Glacierlength

1944／47 1973

No．1 1944−1973
No．2 19441973

450

500

No．6 19441973

240

390

No．14

19441973

No．19

19441973

No．20

1944−1973

No．8

1947−1973

No．9

1947−1973

2
1

5

0

3

5

2

0

5

5

inslgnificant

l．8

50

2．2

150

2．8

insignificant

l．8

100

4．4

300

1

（km）

（m）

185

50

1．5

70

50

2．2

205

No．39＊，40＊ 1947−1973

50

1．3

inslgnificant

3．6−3．4㌧枇嘲加gね卵班〝

Table4，ShrinkageofglaciersintheSouthernMassifoftheSuntar−KhayataRangein19451973．
1945

Glacier

1973

Glacier
Shrinkage

Glacierlength Morainelength Morainelength Morainelength（m）No．147

7

No．148

4

No．1432

2
4
1

No．144

1

（m）

0 0 0

8

4 0 0

6

8 0 0
0 0 0

6

0

．
4

7

0

2

0

1

5

4

1

9 5 0

0
0

5

0

No．14110No．153

2

1

2

7 0 0

8

5

4
1

3 0 0

6

（m）

0

5
0
0
5
5

0
0

0

0

8

0
0

4

0

8

0

2
6
2

6 5
0 0
7 0
0 0

0

0

2

0

0

5

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

5

0

8 0
5 0

1

3 5

1
1

2
8
6

8

0

0

9

5

1

0

n
八
U

史
U

No．154

（m）

（m）

0

0

︻

N

り

の

の

寸
▼

の
﹁

O
N

の
N

▼
C

Glacier

N
C

の
C

こ

C
寸
︻

寸
寸
︻

ト
寸
︻

の
寸
▼

C
の
︻

寸
の
︻

Fig・5・GlaciershrinkageintheNorthernandSouthern MassifsintheSuntar−KhayataRange．Theupperpartofabaris
glacierlengtharound1973，themiddlepartisglaciershrinkagefrom1945−1973andthelowerisshrinkagefromLittle
IceAgeto1973estimatedbymoraine．

BulletinofGlaciologlCalResearch

J4▼− N くD の 00 寸 の ⊂〉 の r N の r の 勺■ 卜■ の の 寸
t− ▼− N N の の の 寸 寸 寸 寸 寸 の の▼￣ ▼￣ ▼￣ ▼￣ ▼￣ ▼￣ ▼￣GlacierFig．6．Ratio ofglacier shrinkage to a totalofglacier and morainelengthsin the Suntar−Khayata Range．The basisdata
are thesameasthatin Fig．5．

Table5．Main climatic parametersin the Northern and the Southern Massifs of the SuntarL
KhayataRange．
．＼■りJ減り7J〃いハソり1／（）♪（−Weather station

Agayakan

NizhnyaBaza

Altitude
川Il

Airtemperature
January

July

（Oc）

（Oc）

770

1350

Annualmean
（Oc）

14．0

−15．9

29．2

14．1

− 7．2

29

13．4

49．0
−34．4

11．3

13．8

Annualpreclpitation
（mm）

227
no dataSo〟fねβγ乃∽αCγ0−Sわ♪e

Uega

400

Verkhne−Okhotskaya 1280

9．4

450
no datagreater）mainly due to different climatic conditions．
From Table5，Summer temperatureS On the macro−and precipitation trendsin North−East Siberia andtheirspatialdistribution．The SuntarTKhayataregion
appearstobeatanintersectionofregionsofopposite−80c，Whereaswintertemperaturesvarygreatly，aS

Summer trends（winter warmingis enhanced fromSlopesareclosetoeachother（thedifferenceisonly2
T3Oc）andthemeanannualtemperaturedifferenceis5muchas5200c（stationsatloweraltitudesreflecttheregionalcharacteristicsoftemperatureinversions）．

AnnualprecIPitation on the Southern macro−
SlopeisdoublethatontheNorthernduetothemoder−ate−mOnSOOnClimateinfluenceofthePacific（OkhotskSea）．So，despite thesmalldifferencein summertem，

peratures，glaciershrinkageintheSouthernMassifis
bigger than in the Northern because of significant

radiation meltingandlesser reservesofcold ingla−

Ciers（higher winter temperatures and greater snow
COVer，Which has a warming effect on the glacierdirections

ofwarminggrowthbased on winterandCentralAsia toward the NE，Summer WarminglSen−
hanced from the Okhotsk Sea toward the NW）．Bothhighsummertemperaturesandveryhighwintertem−
Perature trends are characteristic of the Suntar−
KhayataRange．Thistendencyismorepronouncedin
theSouthernMassif，thereforeitispossibletoexpect
moreintensivemeltingandshrinkageofglaciershere（thanin the Northern Massif）0Ver thelast several

decades．
We fai1ed to estimate the shrinkage rate of gla−

Ciers of the CentralMassif by air−Photoimages be−
Surface）．Thelatterfactorencouragesmoreintensive CauSeOfcloudcoveroverthisarea；however，itwould

melting under otherwise equalconditions（such astemperaturein theablation period）．
Ananicheva etal．（2003b）presents temperature

be intermediate between those of the Southern andNorthern massifs．

Ananicheva etal．

ノ5

Fig．7．The Obruchev and Sumgin glaciers（Chersky Range）．1−border of the trough，related to Upper Weichsel（Upper
Wisconsin）time，2−terminalmoraine of the LIA，3T CreVaSSeS Onice falls，4−COmpaCt mOraine cover，5−longitudinal
CreVaSSeS（SCOurS）．

Table6．MainclimaticparametersoftheCherskiy Range．
Air temperature

Weatherstation Alde

Jary

Annean preOn

AnnualUst LNera

521

−48．9

15．3

15．6

224

Darplr

840

−38．4

12，6

13．5

264

4．Evidence of glacier changein the Cherskiy
Range
The mountain system of Cherskiy consists ofmanyridgesandmassifssituatedalongtheIndigirka
Riverbanks．Theelevationoftheridgesreaches2500

AccordingtoKoreisha（1991），themorainelengths
from the LIAofObruchevGlacier（65，170N，145，850E，

One Of thelargest of the Range）and Sumgin Glacier（65，180N，145，980E，neXttOObruchevGlacier），Werel．3
km and O．75km respectively（Fig．7，mOdified from
Sheiknman（1987）．In1972 these terminalmoraines
WerelOOOmand500minlength，i．e．theshrinkagefor−3000m．Mt．Pobeda（3147m a．s．1．）isthe highestpeak
Of the Verkhoyansk−Kolyma Region（Koreisha，1991）． thisperiodwas300mforObruchevGlacierand250m

The Cherskiy Range hosts more than300glaciers，
whichcover152km2，and70permanentsnowpatches
3km2in totalarea．

forSumginglacier．ThisiscomparablewiththeshrinT

kageofglaciersoftheSuntar−KhayataNorthernMassif；
however，thelatter have shrunk notablyless．The

Bulletin ofGlaciologlCalResearch

ノ6

Table7．Estimatedablation rateatequilibriumlineandglaciertongue．
Glacier region
Suntar−Khayata
Cherskiy

A

う

）lゝ

l

1

2360
2180

reason is partly the greater size of these glaciers as
COmpared with those ofthe Northern MassifofSun−

tar−Khayata，and partly theintensive moraine coverabundantontheglaciersurface．Climaticparametersfrom weather stationsin areas adjacent to Suntar−
Khayata and Cherskiy（compare data from Tables5

and6，takinginto account the differencein the sta−tions altitudes）point to a more severe temperature

regimein theNorthern MassifthaninCherskiy．The
SouthernMassifischaracterizedbyhigherwinterandannual mean temperatures than the Northern Massif
and Cherskiy．Thelatter receivesless precipitation

than Suntar−Khayata．The differencein climate pa−

rameters is consistent with the different shrinkage
rateoftheseglaciers．
5．Discussion

2000

145

2．3

1850

143

2．2

differenceinscaleofcurrentclimatewarming，Whichisbiggerin the Suntar−KhayatareglOn thaninCher−
Skiy（Ananichevaetal．，2003b）．Allthisrequiresconfi，rmation by recent data on the glacier dynamics of

those regions，Which，the authors hope，Wi11become

easiertoaccessastheGLIMSprogramdevelops．
6．Concluding remarks

Glacialshrinkagein the Northern and Southern

massifs of the Suntar−Khayata Range，NorthTEast

Siberia，On the basisofexpedition dataandarchived

air−photoimages of the1940−S and1970−S has been
investigated．ForGlaciers29−31intheNorthernMassif，

the shrinkage was almostlinear shrinkagein1957

1970−2001；this shrinkage rate waslarger than that
fromtheLittleIceAgemaximumadvancetothe1950 s．

Fromanalysisofdataonglacierlengthandtermi−
nalmoraine extentin the Northern and Southern

What has happened to glaciers in the Suntar‑
Khayata and Cherskiy rangesin thelast3decades？

massifs of the Suntar−Khayata Mountains we con−Cherskiy ranges as a whole were calculated by the

CludethatglaciersshrankmoreintheSouthernMassif
due to the differencein climatic conditions．As theSouthern Massifis under Pacific cyclonic activity，
Winter temperatures are much higher and precipita−
tionis heavier，Which makes the Southern Massif

line altitude）：

the LIA until 1972 reached 300m for the Obruchev

Some observations of the Northern Massif are de−SCribed above．In Koreisha（1991）the totalablation at
the averaged altitudes of the equilibriumline（HELA）
andglaciertongues（Hgt）forthe Suntar−Khayataand

regionalformula，Obtainedwiththehelpofanempiri− glaciers warmer（and easier to shrink）thanin the
Calrelationship between ablation rate（A）and mean
Northern Massif．
Summer temperature（Ts。m）at the ELA（equilibrium
TheshrinkageofglaciersintheCherskiyRangefrom』＝0．1（Tsu。、十7．0）3．

（1）

Theresultsofthecalculation，referredtotheearly

1990−S，arepreSentedinTable7．Thoughthe HELA and

Hgt of the Suntar−Khayata glaciersis higher thanthose of the Chersky glaciers，the ablation rate atthesealtitudesisgreaterthanontheCherskiyRange
to the north．From this difference one can suppose

thatrecentglaciermelting（andshrinkage）ofSuntar−

Khayata should be moreintense than thatin theCherskiy Range，Whereas the estimated valuesin
Table7areaveragedvaluesforglaciersystemsofboth
rangesusingallofdataavailableuptothattimeandthe empiricalequation Eq．（1）．Despite the fact that

bothCherskiysystemandSuntar−KhayataMountains

belong to the Pacific−influence province（Krenke andChernova，1980）and glaciers are fed from moisture

fromtheEast，thethermalreglmeSeemStObeamaJOr
factoringlaciervariationinthe20thcenturydecline．
Thereforeitisimportant to takeinto account the

Glacier（oneofthebiggestwithintherange）and250m
for the Sumgin Glacier，COmparable with the shrink−
ageoftheSuntar−KhayataNorthernMassifglaciers．

Acknowledgment
Wewouldliketoexpressoursinceregratitudeto
theothermembersoftheexpedition toGlacier31in

theSuntar−KhayataRangein2001：Dr．T．Yamadaand
Dr．T．Shiraiwa（HokkaidoUniversity，Sapporo），Dr．Y．
Kononov（InstituteofGeography，RAS，Moscow），Dr．
Y．Muraviev（InstituteofVoIcanology，Petropavlovsk−
Kamchatsky）and Dr．T．Samborsky（Moscow Sate
University）．

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