ᒣ㝧Ꮫᅬ▷ᮇ኱Ꮫ⣖せ㻌 ➨ 㻠㻟 ᕳ㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕◊✲䝜䞊䝖䜶䝺䞁䞉䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛾ᰤ㣴ᩍ⫱䛾ヨ䜏Ɇ䝅䜹䝂༤“䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁”Ɇ
The Trial of the Nutrition Education by Ellen Richards
ɆThe Rumford Kitchen in the Chicago ExpoɆ㤶ᕝ㻌 ᬕ⨾1
Harumi

Kagawa䜻䞊䝽䞊䝗:䜶䝺䞁䞉䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䚸䝠䝳䞊䝬䞁䞉䜶䝁䝻䝆䞊䚸䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁䚸ᰤ㣴ᩍ⫱Key words : Ellen Richards 䚸 Human Ecology 䚸 Rumford Kitchen 䚸 Nutrition
EducationϨ䠊䛿䛨䜑䛻
Ꮫ఍䝺䝧䝹䛷ᆅ⌫つᶍ䛾ඹ⏕᫬௦䛻䛚䛡䜛ᐙᨻᏛ䛾䛒䜛䜉䛝ጼ䛜ᶍ⣴䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹1908 ᖺ䚸ே㛫䛜௚䛾⏕࿨䛻ཬ䜌䛩ᙳ㡪䛻㓄៖䛩䜛䛸䛔䛖䝠䝳䞊䝬䞁䞉䜶䝁䝻䝆䞊ᛮ᝿䜢䛔䛱᪩䛟ྲྀ䜚ධ䜜䚸ே㛫䛾᭱䜒㌟㏆䛺⎔ቃ䛷䛒䜛⏕ά䜢◊✲䛩䜛Ꮫၥ䛸䛧䛶䚸䜰䝯䝸䜹䞉䝩䞊䝮䜶䝁䝜䝭䜽䝇䛜ㄌ⏕䛧䛯䚹䜟䛜ᅜᐙᨻᏛ఍䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䚸ᐙᨻᏛ䛾※ὶ䛿䚸䝠䝳䞊䝬䞁䞉䜶䝁䝻䝆䞊ᛮ᝿䛻䛒䜛䚸䛸ㄆ㆑䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䜰䝯䝸䜹䞉䝩䞊䝮䜶䝁䝜䝭䜽䝇䛾ᛮ᝿ⓗᇶ♏䜢๰䛳䛯䜶䝺䞁䞉䝇䝽䝻䞊䞉䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈(1842Ң1911)䛾ᴗ⦼䜔ከᵝ䛺άື䜢ᐙᨻᏛⓗどⅬ䛛䜙═䜑䜛䛸㣗≀㛵ಀศ㔝䛻䛭䛾◊✲䛾➃⥴䜢䜏䜛䚹㈨ᩱ 1䚸2䚸
3 䛿䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛾␎ᖺ㆕䛸ⴭస䚸ㄽᩥ䛾୍ぴ䛷䛒䜛䚹ᙼዪ䛿䚸䛚䜘䛭 100 ᖺ๓䚸ே㛫䛜ᚰ㌟䛸䜒䛻೺ᗣ䛻⏕䛝䛶䛔䛟䛯䜑䛻䛿䛂⏕࿨䛾䛤㥅㉮
䠄FEAST䠅䛃䛜ᚲせ䛷䛒䜛䛸⪃䛘䛯䚹ᙼዪ䛾ゝ䛖䛂FEAST䛃䛸䛿䚸䛂㣗≀䠄Food䠅䚸㐠ື䠄Exercise䠅䚸ፗᴦ䠄Amusement䠅䚸╧╀䠄Sleep䠅䚸䛭䛧䛶௙஦䠄Task䠅䛃䜢䝞䝷䞁䝇䜘䛟ྲྀ䜚ධ䜜䜛䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䜜䛻䜘䜚⢭⚄ⓗ䚸㌟యⓗ䛻೺ᗣ䛺⏕ά䛜ྍ⬟䛸ᙼዪ䛿⪃䛘䛯䚹ᙼዪ䛿䚸඘ᐇ䛧䛯೺ᗣⓗ⏕ά䜢㏦䜛䛯䜑䛻䚸䛂⏕࿨䛾䛤㥅㉮䛃䜢⩦័䛸䛧䛶ẖ᪥ᦤྲྀ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ᮃ䜎䛧䛔䚸䛸ㄝ䛔䛯䠄䠍䠅䚹䛂⏕࿨䛾䛤㥅㉮䛃䛿᪥ᖖ⏕ά䛻⏤᮶䛩䜛䛂⏕䛝䜛ຊ䛃䛾⫱ᡂ䛻䛴䛺䛜䜛䚹1892 ᖺ䚸䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛿⢭⚄ⓗ䚸㌟యⓗ䛻೺ᗣ䛻⏕䛝䛶䛔䛟䛣䛸䚸䛩䛺䜟䛱ṇ䛧䛔⏕ά䜢ᑟ䛟᪂䛧䛔▱㆑య⣔䜢䜶䝁䝻䝆䞊䠄Oekology䠅䛸࿨ྡ䛧䚸೺ᗣ䛷ᖾ⚟䛺ᐙᗞ䜢⠏䛟䛯䜑䛾⎔ቃ⛉Ꮫ䜢ᥦၐ䛧䛯䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸ᙜ᫬䛾♫఍䛷䛿ᙼዪ䛾ᥦၐ䛧䛯Ꮫၥྡ⛠䛿ཷ䛡ධ䜜䜙䜜䛪䚸ㄆ▱䛥䜜䜛䛣䛸䛿䛺䛛䛳1ᒣ㝧Ꮫᅬ▷ᮇ኱Ꮫᗂඣᩍ⫱Ꮫ⛉㻌Department of Pre-Elementary Education, Sanyo Gakuen College- 33 -

㤶ᕝ㻌 㻦㻌 䜶䝺䞁䞉䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛾ᰤ㣴ᩍ⫱䛾ヨ䜏㻌䛯䚹䛭䛾ᚋ䚸䝩䞊䝮䜶䝁䝜䝭䜽䝇䛸䛔䛖ྡ⛠䛜⥲⛠䛸䛧䛶᥇ᢥ䛥䜜䜛䚹
1893 ᖺ䚸䝅䜹䝂䛷㛤ദ䛥䜜䛯ୡ⏺୓ᅜ༤ぴ఍䠄䝅䜹䝂୓༤䠅䛷䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛿䝬䝃䝏䝳䞊䝉䝑䝒ᕞ䛾౫㢗䛷䚸ປാ⪅䛻᫨㣗䜢ᥦ౪䛧䚸䜎䛯ㄪ⌮᪉ἲ䜢ᩍ䛘䜛䛯䜑䛾䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䡡䜻䝑䝏䞁䛸䛔䛖ᒎ♧䛻㛵䜟䛳䛯䚹ᙜ᫬䛾䜰䝯䝸䜹䛷䛿䚸⏘ᴗ໬䜢⫼ᬒ䛻㈨ᮏ୺⩏䛾ᛴ㏿䛺Ⓨᒎ䛻క䛖ປാຊ䛾㟂せ䛾ᛴቑ䛻䚸ከ䛟䛾⛣Ẹ䛜ධᅜ䛧䛶䛝䛯䚹ປാ⪅㛫䛾⏕ά᱁ᕪ䛿ᗈ䛜䜚䚸኱㒔ᕷ䛷䛿䝇䝷䝮䛜┠❧䛱ጞ䜑䛯䚹䛭䛾୙⾨⏕䜔୙㐨ᚨ䛾ᗈ䛜䜚䛸≢⨥䛾⶝ᘏ䛜♫఍ၥ㢟໬䛧䛯䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸୙⾨⏕䛺ఫ⎔ቃ䜔ᰤ㣴≧ែ䛾ᝏ䛥䚸䜎䛯Ꮚ⫱䛶䜔ᩍ⫱䜈䛾㛵ᚰ䛿䜋䛸䜣䛹䛺䛔≧ែ䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹䛭䛣䛻⧞䜚ᗈ䛢䜙䜜䛶䛔䛯䛾䛿ᐙ᪘䞉ᐙᗞ⏕ά䛾ᔂቯ䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺ᙜ᫬䛾♫఍≧ἣ䛛䜙䚸ປാ㐠ື䜔䝉䝒䝹䝯䞁䝖㐠ື䛺䛹䛜㉳䛣䜚䚸⏕άᨵၿ䛸⤖䜃䛴䛔䛯♫఍ᨵⰋ㐠ື䛻䛴䛺䛜䛳䛯䛾䛷䛒䜛䠄䠎䠅䠄䠏䠅䚹䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛿⏕άᨵၿ䛾䛯䜑䛾άື䜢㏻䛧䛶ఱ䜢┠ᣦ䛧䛯䛾䛛䚹ᮏ✏䛿䚸䛣䜜䜎䛷Ⓨ⾲䛧䛯䛂ඹ⏕᫬௦䛻䛚䛡䜛ᐙᨻᏛ䛾♫఍ⓗព࿡䛃䝅䝸䞊䝈䛾୍⎔䛾ὶ䜜䛷䚸䝅䜹䝂୓ᅜ༤ぴ఍䛻䛚䛡䜛䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛾ᒎ♧䛾ヨ䜏䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ᰤ㣴ᩍ⫱䜔೺ᗣᩍ⫱䛾ഃ㠃䛛䜙ᩚ⌮䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸ᨵ䜑䛶ඹ⏕᫬௦䛻䜅䛥䜟䛧䛔ᐙᨻᏛ䛾Ꮡᅾព࿡䜢ၥ䛖䛯䜑䛾୍ຓ䛸䛧䛯䛔䚹㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌ϩ䠊䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛿䚸ⴭస Euthenics(1910)䛾䛺䛛䛷䚸㣗䛾ᨵၿ䛸⏕άᨵၿ䛿῝䛔㛵䜟䜚䛜䛒䜛䛸㏙䜉䛶䛔䜛䚹䝙䝳䞊䝶䞊䜽䜔䝪䝇䝖䞁䛷䛿㣗༟䛻ᩍ⫱ⓗព࿡䜢ぢฟ䛧䛶䛔䛯ዪᛶ䛯䛱䛻䜘䛳䛶ㄪ⌮ᩍᐊ䛜㛤タ䛥䜜䛯䚹䛭䜜䛿⏕άᨵၿ䛿ᩍ⫱䛛䜙ጞ䜎䜛䛸䛾⪃䛘䛻䜘䜛䚹♫఍ᨵⰋ㐠ື䛾䜂䛸䛴䛷䛒䜛䝉䝒䝹䝯䞁䝖䜒ㄪ⌮᪉ἲ䜢ᩍ䛘䜛ᤵᴗ䛸䛔䛖ᙧ䛷㣗༟ᨵၿ䛾䛯䜑䛾ㄪ⌮ᩍᐊ䜢㛤䛔䛶䛔䛯䚹䛣䛖䛧䛯⏕άᨵⰋᛮ᝿䜢⫼ᬒ䛻䚸1890 ᖺ䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛿䚸䝪䝇䝖䞁䛷䝙䝳䞊䜲䞁䜾䝷䞁䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁(䝙䝳䞊䜲䞁䜾䝷䞁䝗ㄪ⌮◊✲ᡤ)䜢㛤タ䛧䛯䚹බ⾗䛻㛤䛛䜜䛯䛣䛾◊✲ᡤ䛿䚸೺ᗣⓗ䛺㣗஦䛾ᥦ౪䛸䚸⏕άᅔ❓⪅䛻ᑐ䛩䜛⤥㣗䚸䛭䛧䛶ᰤ㣴䛻䛴䛔䛶◊✲䛩䜛ᶵ⬟䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䛔䛯䚹䛣䛾◊✲ᡤ䜢䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛿䚸ᑡ䛺䛔㈝⏝䛷᭱኱䛾ᰤ㣴౯䜢ᘬ䛝ฟ䛩ㄪ⌮ἲ䜢㈋䛧䛔ே䚻䛻ᩍ䛘䜛ሙ䛻䛧䜘䛖䛸⪃䛘䛶䛔䛯䚹䛧䛛䛧䛣䛾ㄪ⌮◊✲ᡤ䛻᭱ึ䛻⯆࿡䜢䜒䛳䛯䛾䛿䚸⿱⚟䛺䛚㔠ᣢ䛱䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹Ᏻ䛟䛶䛚䛔䛧䛔䛭䛧䛶ᡭ㍍䛺㣗ရ䜢ồ䜑䜛ே䚻䛸䚸Ᏻ౯䛺㣗䜉≀䜢㐲៖䛧䛺䛜䜙ồ䜑䜛ప㈤㔠䛾ປാ⪅䛯䛱䚹䛭䛣䛷䚸᭱ึ䛿ᣢ䛱ᖐ䜚ᑓ⏝䛰䛳䛯䝺䝇䝖䝷䞁䛻㣗ᇽ䜢௜タ䛧䚸Ꮿ㓄䝃䞊䝡䝇䛺䛹䜒⾜䛖䜘䛖䛻䛺䛳䛯䚹䛭䛾ᚋ䚸ྠᵝ䛾ㄪ⌮◊✲ᡤ䛜䝪䝇䝖䞁䜔䝻䞊䝗䜰䜲䝷䞁䝗䛻䜒㛤タ䛥䜜䛯䚹䛥䜙䛻䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛿䚸䝅䜹䝂୓༤䛻䛚䛔䛶䝬䝃䝏䝳䞊䝉䝑䝒ᕞ䛾ᚋ᥼䛻䜘䜚ᰤ㣴䛻䛴䛔䛶◊✲䛩䜛ᐇ㦂ᡤ䜢㞄᥋䛧䛯㣗ᇽ䚸䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䡡䜻䝑䝏䞁䜢௻⏬䞉ᒎ♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹㈨ᩱ 4䚸5 䛿䚸䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䡡䜻䝑䝏䞁䛾ᘓ≀䛾እほ䛸ෆ㒊䜢෗䛧䛯䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹1893 ᖺኟ䚸䜰䝯䝸䜹㻌 䜲䝸䝜䜲ᕞ䝅䜹䝂䛷䚸ୡ⏺୓ᅜ༤ぴ఍䛜㛤䛛䜜䛯䚹䛣䛾༤ぴ఍䛿䚸䝁䝻䞁䝤䝇䛾䜰䝯䝸䜹኱㝣᮶⯟ 400 ᖺ䜢グᛕ䛧䛶㛤䛛䜜䚸䝁䝻䞁䝤䝇ୡ⏺༤ぴ఍䛸䜒䛔䜟䜜䜛(䠐)䚹䝅䜹䝂ୡ⏺
༤ぴ఍䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸ᙜ᫬䛾᪥ᮏ䛷䜒㞧ㄅ䛺䛹䛷䛭䛾ᵝᏊ䛜⤂௓䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䠄䠑䠅䚹䛣䛾ᒎぴ఍䛷䛿䚸ྛศ㔝䛾ዪᛶ䛾ά㌍䛾ᡂᯝ䛜Ⓨ⾲䛥䜜䚸䛣䜜䜢ዎᶵ䛻ᐙᗞ䛸ᐙ᪘䛾ၥ㢟䛻ᑐ䛧䛶ே䜃䛸䛾㛵ᚰ䛜㧗䜎䛳䛯䚸䛸䛔䜟䜜䜛䚹䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸ᙼዪ䛾ఏグ䜔ඛ⾜◊✲䛺䛹䛷⤂௓䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䚸19 ୡ⣖ᚋ༙䛾䜰䝯䝸䜹䛷䚸⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡䛾㐍ᒎ䛸䛭䛾ᐙᗞ⏕ά䜈䛾ᾐ㏱䛸䛔䛖Ṕྐⓗື䛝䜢⫼ᬒ䛻䚸⛉Ꮫⓗ䚸ᩍ⫱ⓗ䛺ㄪ⌮ሙ䛾ᙧ䛸䛭䛣䛷ㄪ⌮䛥䜜䛯ᩱ⌮䛾䝰䝕䝹䜢ከ䛟䛾ே䚻䛻ᥦ♧䛩䜛䜒䛾䛸䛧䛶䚸䜻䝑䝏䞁䛾ᯝ䛯䛧䛯ᩍ⫱ⓗᙺ๭䛜ㄆ㆑䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䠄䠒䠅䚹㻌䝅䜹䝂୓༤䛷䛿䚸ከ䛟䛾ே䛜䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁䜢ゼ䜜䚸೺ᗣⓗ䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛㣗஦䜢ヨ㣗䛩䜛- 34 -

㻌㻌ᒣ㝧Ꮫᅬ▷ᮇ኱Ꮫ⣖せ㻌 ➨ 㻠㻟 ᕳ㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䚸୍⯡኱⾗䛰䛡䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸་⒪㛵ಀ⪅䜔Ꮫᰯ㛵ಀ⪅䛯䛱䛾㛵ᚰ䜒㧗䛛䛳䛯䠄7䠅䚹䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛿䚸༤ぴ఍䛷ከ䛟䛾ᐙᨻᏛ⪅䜔ᩍᖌ䚸䝋䞊䝅䝱䝹䞉䝉䝒䝹䝯䞁䝖䛾⤒Ⴀ⪅䚸䛥䜙䛻୺፬䛛䜙ὀ┠䜢㞟䜑䛯⛉Ꮫ⪅䛾䜂䛸䜚䛷䛒䛳䛯䠄䠔䠅䚹䝅䜹䝂୓༤䛻䛚䛡䜛䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁䜢ゼ䜜䛯ே䚻䛻බ㛤䛥䜜䛯 20 ෉䛾䝸䞊䝣䝺䝑䝖䛿䚸1899 ᖺ䛻ຍ➹䛾䛖䛘䚸᭩≀䛸䛧䛶ฟ∧䛥䜜䛯䚹THE RUMFORD KITCHEN LEAFLETS 䛻䜘䜜䜀䚸䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁䛿䚸䝅䜹䝂୓༤䛷䝬䝃䝏䝳䞊䝉䝑䝒ᕞ䛾ᒎ♧䛸䛧䛶䚸ಖ೺⾨⏕ᒁ䛾༠ຊ䛾䜒䛸䛻ィ⏬䞉ᐇ᪋䛥䜜䛯䚹䛭䛾ሙ䛷స䜙䜜䛯㣗䜉≀䜢኎䜛䛸䛔䛖⤒⦋䛻䛿䚸ᒎ♧䛻䛛䛛䜛㈝⏝䜢ᢚ䛘䜛䛸䛔䛖ពᅗ䜒䛒䜚䚸䜎䛯㈍኎䜢┠ⓗ䛸䛩䜛䜘䜚䜒䚸ㄪ⌮䜢⛉Ꮫⓗ䛺どⅬ䛛䜙ᤊ䛘䚸䛭䜜䜢ከ䛟䛾ே䛻♧䛩䛸䛔䛖⛉Ꮫⓗୟ䛴䚸ᩍ⫱ⓗ䛺ព࿡䛜䛒䛳䛯䠄䠕䠅䚹䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁䛾ィ⏬䛻ඛ❧䛱䚸䛩䛷䛻㐠Ⴀ䛥䜜䛶䛔䛯䝙䝳䞊䜲䞁䜾䝷䞁䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁䛷䛿䚸䛭䛣䛷䛾௙஦䛾⛉Ꮫⓗ䛺ṇ☜䛥䛸䚸䝗䝯䝇䝔䜱䝑䜽䝃䜲䜶䞁䝇 䛾᭷┈ᛶ䜢䚸ᐇ₇䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷ᗈ䜑䜛䚸䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛜ホ౯䛥䜜䛶䛔䛯䛾䛷(䠍䠌)䚸ୡ⏺༤ぴ఍䛸䛔䛖ᶵ఍䜢ᚓ䛶䚸ᨵ䜑䛶䜘䜚ከ䛟䛾ே䚻䛻฼⏝䛧䛶䜒䜙䛖䛯䜑䛻ᐇ㦂ᐊ௜䛝㣗ᇽ䛜㛤䛛䜜䛯䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁ᒎ♧䛾⩣ᖺ䚸䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈⮬㌟䛾᭩䛔䛯ሗ࿌᭩䠄 The Rumford Kitchen ̺Exhibit at World's Columbian Exposition,Chicago,1893-䠅䛻䜘䜜䜀䚸ᒎ♧䛾ពᅗ䛿ḟ䛾୕Ⅼ䛻䛒䜛䚹䠍䠊㣗஦䛾㣗ရ⤌ᡂ䛾ᥦ♧䠎䠊᭱䜒ຠᯝⓗ䛻ᰤ㣴⣲䜢ᘬ䛝ฟ䛩ㄪ⌮ἲ䛾ᥦ♧䠏䠊㐠ື㔞䛻ぢྜ䛖㣗஦㔞䛾ᥦ♧䜎䛯䚸䜻䝑䝏䞁䛾ྡ๓䛾⏤᮶䛿䚸䝅䜹䝂୓༤㛤ദ䛾⣙ 140 ᖺ๓䚸䝬䝃䝏䝳䞊䝉䝑䝒ᕞ䛻⏕䜎䜜䛯䚸䛂ᰤ㣴Ꮫ䛾∗䛃䛸࿧䜀䜜䜛䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗఑∖䠄䝧䞁䝆䝱䝭䞁䞉䝖䞁䝥䝋䞁 :1753Ң1814䠅䛷䛒䜛䛜䚸䛣䛾௻⏬䡡ᒎ♧䛻ᙼ䛾ྡ๓䜢௜䛧䛯䛾䛻䛿䚸ᙼ䛾ຌ⦼䛻䜏䜛ዊ௙䛾⢭⚄䜢⛠䛘䜛Ẽᣢ䛱䛜㎸䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䛯䚹ᙼ䛿䚸ே䛾㣗஦䛻╔┠䛧䚸䡞ᰤ㣴⛉Ꮫ䡟䛸䛔䛖ゝⴥ䜢䛿䛨䜑䛶౑⏝䛧䚸㣗ရ䛾ㄪ⌮䛻⛉Ꮫ䜢ᛂ⏝䛧䛯䚹ᙼ䛿䚸⛉Ꮫⓗㄪ⌮ἲ䛻ᇶ䛵䛟㣗஦䜢ᅔ❓⪅䛯䛱䛻ᥦ౪䛧䛯䚹䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛿䚸䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁䛷㓄ᕸ䛧䛯䝸䞊䝣䝺䝑䝖䛾䛺䛛䛷䚸䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗఑∖䛾ᰤ㣴Ꮫ⪅䛸䛧䛶䛾ຌ⦼䛻䛴䛔䛶⣬㠃䜢๭䛔䛶ヲ䛧䛟⤂௓䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸㈶㎡䛾Ẽᣢ䛱䛜ឤ䛨䜙䜜䜛䚹䜎䛯䚸㣗≀䛸ᰤ㣴䛻㛵䛩䜛⛉Ꮫⓗ㡿ᇦ䛾◊✲⪅䛯䛱䛻䚸䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁䛻౑⏝䛩䜛䝸䞊䝣䝺䝑䝖䜢᭩䛔䛶䜒䜙䛔䚸䛭䜜䜙䜢䜻䝑䝏䞁䛻୪䜉䛯䚹䝟䝤䝸䝑䜽䡡䜻䝑䝏䞁䛻༠ຊ䛧䛶䛟䜜䛯኱Ꮫᩍᤵ䛯䛱䛾ᙺ๭䛿䚸⛉Ꮫⓗ▱㆑䜢୍⯡኱⾗䛜▱䜛䜉䛝ᩍ㣴䛸䛧䛶ᥦ౪䛩䜛䛣䛸䛰䛳䛯䚹䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛿⾨⏕⛉Ꮫ䛾ṇᙜᛶ䜢䚸ᐇ₇䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢㏻䛧䛶♧䛧䛯䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹ϫ䠊䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䡡䜻䝑䝏䞁䛾┠ⓗ䡚ᒎ♧䛸⾨⏕⛉Ꮫⓗ▱㆑䛾ᬑཬ䡚༤ぴ఍㛤ദᮇ㛫୰䚸Ⴀᴗ䛿 12 ᫬䛛䜙 14 ᫬䛸䛔䛖▷䛔᫬㛫䛷䛒䛳䛯䛻䜒䛛䛛䜟䜙䛪䚸䛾䜉 1 ୓ே䜒䛾ே䚻䛜฼⏝䛧䚸䛚䜘䛭 30 䝉䞁䝖䛷 2䚸3 ရ䛾㣗஦䜢ヨ㣗䛧䛯䠄䠍䠍䠅䚹䛣䛣䛷ᥦ౪䛥䜜䛯㣗஦䛿䚸ᖺ㛫䛚䜘䛭 500 䝗䝹䛷⏕ά䛩䜛ປാ⪅䛾ᐙᗞ䜢ᇶ‽䛻⪃䛘䜙䜜䛯䚸Ᏻ౯䛷ᰤ㣴౯䛾㧗䛔䜒䛾䛰䛳䛯䚹ᰤ㣴䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾᝟ሗ䛜᭩䛝㎸䜎䜜䛯䝯䝙䝳䞊䛻ຍ䛘䛶䚸䜻䝑䝏䞁䛷䛿฼⏝⪅䛯䛱䛾┠䛾๓䛷ㄪ⌮ே䛜ാ䛟䛣䛸䛷䚸ㄪ⌮䛾ᐇ₇䜢බ㛤䛧䛯䚹䛥䜙䛻฼⏝⪅䛯䛱䛜䚸㣗≀䜔ᩱ⌮䛻ྵ䜎䜜䜛ᰤ㣴䛻䛴䛔䛶ᑓ㛛ᐙ䛜⛉Ꮫⓗぢᆅ䛷᭩䛔䛯䜒䛾䜢ㄞ䜐䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䛯䛸䛔䛖䛾䛿䚸᪂䛧䛔ヨ䜏䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹䝅䜹䝂୓༤䛷䛾䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䡡䜻䝑䝏䞁䛿䚸༢䛺䜛䝺䝇䝖䝷䞁䛸䛧䛶䛾ᶵ⬟䛰䛡䛷䛺䛟䚸ᑡ䛺䛟䛸䜒䜻䝑䝏- 35 -

㤶ᕝ㻌 㻦㻌 䜶䝺䞁䞉䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛾ᰤ㣴ᩍ⫱䛾ヨ䜏㻌䞁䜢ゼ䜜䛯ே䚻䛻䛿⛉Ꮫⓗ䞉ᩍ⫱ⓗᒎ♧䛻ゐ䜜䛶䜒䜙䛔䚸㣗≀䛸㌟య䛾㛵ಀ䛻䛴䛔䛶⪃䛘䜛䛣䛸䛾䛷䛝䜛ሙ䛸䛺䛳䛯䚹䛣䛣䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸䜘䜚೺ᗣⓗ䛺㣗༟䜈䛾ᨵၿ䛜┠ᣦ䛥䜜䛯䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛿୍⯡኱⾗䛜⏘ᴗ䜔䝔䜽䝜䝻䝆䞊䛾⏕䜏ฟ䛧䛯฼┈䜢ாཷ䛩䜛䜘䜚䚸䜐䛧䜝䛭䛾ᘢᐖ䜢ཷ䛡䛶䛔䛯䛣䛸䛻᪩䛟䛛䜙Ẽ௜䛝䚸䛭䜜䛿⏕ά䛾䛺䛛䛻ᾐ㏱䛧䛴䛴䛒䛳䛯⛉Ꮫ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ே䚻䛜ṇ䛧䛔▱㆑䜢Ꮫ䜆ᶵ఍䛜䛺䛛䛳䛯䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䜢ឤ䛨䛶䛔䛯䠄䠍䠎䠅䚹䜎䛯䚸ಶ䚻䛾ᐙᗞ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸ಶே䛿ᚰ㌟䛸䜒䛻೺ᗣ䛻ᡂ㛗䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜೺඲䛺ᕷẸ♫఍䜢ᙧᡂ䛩䜛ୖ䛷䜒ᮃ䜎䜜䜛䛜䚸䛣䛾䛸䛝⏕ά䛾ᇶ‽䛸䛧䛶䛾ᣦᶆ䛜ᚲせ䛸䛺䜛䚹䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛿䚸Rumford Kitchen Leaflets 䜢ฟ∧䛧䛯
1899 ᖺ The Cost of Living 䜢ⴭ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛜䚸䛣䛾䛺䛛䛷䚸ᗈ䛔ព࿡䛷⫗యⓗ䚸⢭⚄ⓗ೺ᗣ䛻㛵䜟䜛඲䛶䜢ྵ䜣䛷䛔䜛䛾䛜⾨⏕⛉Ꮫⓗ▱㆑䛷䛒䜛䛸㏙䜉䛶䛔䜛䠄䠍䠏䠅䚹䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛿䚸೺ᗣ䛺ᐙᗞ⏕ά䛾ᐇ⌧䛾䛯䜑䛻䛿⛉Ꮫ䜢ᛂ⏝䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ᚲせ䛷䛒䜚䚸⛉Ꮫᩍ⫱䛾㔜せᛶ䜢ឤ䛨䛯䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸⏕άᣦᶆ䛾䜂䛸䛴䛻ᐙ᪘䛾䛂೺ᗣ䛃䜢⨨䛝䚸ᐙᗞ⏕ά䛾ᩍ⫱ⓗᶵ⬟䜢ၥ㢟䛻䛧䛯䚹⤒῭ⓗ䛷䚸ᰤ㣴ⓗ䛻䜏䛶䜒ᶆ‽໬䛥䜜䛯ᩱ⌮䜢ᥦ౪䛩䜛䝟䝤䝸䝑䜽䡡䜻䝑䝏䞁䛿䚸㈋䛧
䛔ே䜃䛸䜔Ꮫᰯ䛷ᩍ⫱䜢ཷ䛡䜛䛣䛸䛾䛷䛝䛺䛛䛳䛯ே䜃䛸䛻ᑐ䛧䛶ᩍ⫱ⓗຠᯝ䛜ᮇᚅ䛥䜜䛯䚹⌧≧䜢♧䛩ᒎ♧䛸䛔䛖᪉ἲ䛿䚸ே䚻䛻ὀព䜢ಁ䛩䜒䛾䚸䛸䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛿⪃䛘䛯䚹↓㛵ᚰ䛣䛭ே䜃䛸䜢䜘䜚䜘䛔≧ែ䠄೺ᗣ䛺䛹䠅䛛䜙㐲䛦䛡䜛(䠍䠐)䚹䜎䛪༴㝤䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䜢▱䜛䛣䛸䛜䚸༴㝤䜢㑊䛡䜛䛯䜑䛻᭷ຠ䛺ᡭẁ䛸䛺䜛䚸䛸䛔䛖䚹ᙼዪ䛻䜘䜜䜀䚸䝅䜹䝂୓༤䛷䛾䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁䛷䛾⛉Ꮫⓗἲ๎䛻ᇶ䛵䛟ᐇ㊶ⓗ䛺౛ド䛿䚸ᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬䛾䛺䛛䛷ㄪ⌮䛾఩⨨௜䛡䛸䛥䜙䛻䛭䛾㔜せᛶ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ㄆ㆑䜢䜒ኚ䛘䛯䠄䠍䠑䠅䚹䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛿䚸1892 ᖺ䛻䚸೺ᗣ䛷ᖾ⚟䛺᪥ᖖ⏕ά䜢ྍ⬟䛻䛩䜛ᛂ⏝⛉Ꮫ䜢᪂䛧䛔⛉Ꮫ䛸䛧䛶䜶䝁䝻䝆䞊䠄Oekology䠅䛸࿨ྡ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛜䚸䛭䛾⪃䛘䛿䛂⏕࿨䛻ཬ䜌䛩ᙳ㡪䛻㓄៖䛧䛶䚸ே㛫䛾⏕ά䜢◊✲䛩䜛⛉Ꮫ䛃䛸䛧䛶䝠䝳䞊䝬䞁䞉䜶䝁䝻䝆䞊䛾⪃䛘᪉䛻䛴䛺䛜䛳䛶䛔䛟䠄䠍䠒䠅䚹䛥䜙䛻䚸1908 ᖺ䚸䝠䝳䞊䝬䞁䞉䜶䝁䝻䝆䞊ᛮ᝿䛻᰿ᕪ䛩ᐙᨻᏛ䛜ㄌ⏕䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䛺䜛䚹䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁䛾ヨ䜏䛿䚸䛯䜣䜁䛟㉁䞉ⅣỈ໬≀䞉䜹䝻䝸䞊䛸䛔䛖௒䛷䛣䛭ከ䛟䛾ே䚻䛜▱䛳䛶䛔䜛ᰤ㣴⏝ㄒ䛾ព࿡䜔䚸ㄪ⌮䛻䛿ᰤ㣴Ꮫ䜢ᇶ♏䛸䛧䛯⛉Ꮫⓗཎ⌮䛜䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䜢䚸⡆༢䛺᪉ἲ䛷୍⯡䛾ே䛻ㄝ᫂䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䛒䛳䛯(䠍䠓)䚹䛭䛧䛶ᰤ㣴ᩍ⫱䛿䛩䜉䛶䛾ே䛜▱䜛䜉䛝ᩍ㣴䛷䛒䜛䚸䛸䜻䝑䝏䞁䜢฼⏝䛧䛯୍⯡䛾ே䚻䛻䜒⌮ゎ䛥䜜䜛䜘䛖䛻䛺䛳䛯䛣䛸䛜ホ౯䛥䜜䛯䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁䛿䚸⛉Ꮫ䛾▱㆑䜢᪥ᖖ⏕ά䛻⏕䛛䛩೺ᗣ⛉Ꮫ䛸䛧䛶䛾䜶䝁䝻䝆䞊䠄Oekology䠅䛾ヨ䜏䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹ϫ䠊䜐䛩䜃䛻䛛䛘䛶䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䡡䜻䝑䝏䞁䛿䚸⛉Ꮫⓗぢᆅ䛛䜙㣗䜉≀䜢ㄪ⌮䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸䜟䛛䜚䜔䛩䛟ே䚻䛻ᥦ♧䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢┠ᣦ䛧䛯䛸䛔䛘䜛䛜䚸䛭䜜䛿䛸䜚䜒䛺䛚䛥䛪䚸୍⯡䛾ே䛯䛱䛜ᩍ⫱䛻䜘䛳䛶⛉Ꮫⓗ▱㆑䜢Ꮫ䜃䚸䛭䜜䜢ᐙᗞ⏕ά䛷ᐇ㊶䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ே䚻䛾೺ᗣ䛻䛺䛻䜘䜚᭷┈䛸⪃䛘䜛䛛䜙䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹
19 ୡ⣖䛾䜰䝯䝸䜹䛷䛿䚸୍㒊䛾ே䚻䛻ᨭᣢ䛥䜜䛶䛔䛯㉁⣲䛺䛜䜙೺ᗣⓗ䛺㣗䜉≀䜒䛒䛳䛯䛜䚸ධ᳜䛧䛯⛣Ẹ䛯䛱䜒ከ䛔䛺䛛䛷䚸ᙼ䜙䛿䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾㣗ᩥ໬䛛䜙⮬ศ䛯䛱䛾㣗䜉䜛䜒䛾䜢㑅ᢥ䛧䚸䜎䛯Ⴔዲ䜢ඃඛ䛧䛜䛱䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹䝎䝘䞉䜺䝞䝑䝏䜰䛻䜘䜜䜀䚸ᙜ᫬⛣Ẹ䛯䛱䛾㣗⏕ά䜢ぢ┤䛩䛣䛸䛿䜰䝯䝸䜹ᅜẸ䛾೺ᗣ䛻䛸䛳䛶୙ྍḞ䛺䛣䛸䛰䛳䛯䛸䛔䛖䠄䠍䠔䠅䚹㻌 ከ䛟䛾ᐙᗞ䛷䚸㣗஦䛾‽ഛ䜢䛧䛶䛔䛯䛾䛿ዪᛶ䛷䛒䛳䛯䛜䚸ᙼዪ䛯䛱䛜㣗䜉≀䛾ᣢ䛴ᰤ㣴ศ䜢᭱኱㝈䛻ᘬ䛝ฟ䛩䜘䛖䛺ㄪ⌮ἲ䛻䛴䛔䛶▱䜙䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛿䚸㈋ᅔ䛛䜙䛟䜛䜒䛾䛸ྠᵝ䛻㣗஦䜢⢒ᮎ䛺䜒䛾䛻䛧䛯䚹㣗䜈䛾㛵ᚰ䛾ⷧ䛥䛿㣗⏕ά䜈䛾୙‶㊊䛻䛴䛺䛜䜚䚸㣗⏕ά䛾⟶⌮䛾䜎䛪䛥䛿䚸- 36 -

ᒣ㝧Ꮫᅬ▷ᮇ኱Ꮫ⣖せ㻌 ➨ 㻠㻟 ᕳ㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕䛴䜎䜚᪥ᖖ⏕ά䛾⟶⌮䜢‶㊊䛻䛷䛝䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛻䛺䜛䛷䛒䜝䛖䚹䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛻䜘䜜䜀䚸▱ᛶ䛻ᇶ䛵䛔䛶ᐇ㊶䛥䜜䜛ᐙ஦䛿䚸ୡ⏺䛾೺ᗣ䛸ᖾ⚟䛻㈉⊩䛩䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䛳䛯䠄䠍䠕䠅䚹䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛿䚸The Cost of Living 䛾䛺䛛䛷䚸㣗⏕ά䜢䛂⏕ά䛾Ꮫᰯ䛃䛸఩⨨䛵䛡䚸ே䚻䛿㣗஦䛻㛵ᚰ䜢ᣢ䛴䜉䛝䛰䛸㏙䜉䛶䛔䜛䚹㣗஦䛿┤᥋ⓗ䛻ே㛫䛾㌟యⓗ䞉⢭⚄ⓗ೺ᗣ䛻䛛䛛䜟䜛䚹䜖䛘䛻䛂೺ᗣ䛃䛸䛔䛖䝖䞊䝍䝹䛺㛵䜟䜚䛷㣗஦䜢⪃䛘䜛䛣䛸䚸䛩䛺䜟䛱ᰤ㣴䜢䜒䛯䜙䛩䜘䛖䛺ᮦᩱ䜢㑅ᢥ䛧䚸ㄪ⌮ἲ䜢⪃䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜䛺䛻䜘䜚䜒኱ษ䛷䛒䜛䚹䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁䛿䚸ṇ䛧䛔⾨⏕⛉Ꮫ䛾▱㆑䛸᪉ἲ䛻ᇶ䛵䛟ྜ⌮ⓗㄪ⌮ἲ䛻䜘䜛ྎᡤᨵၿ䛷䛒䜛䚹ྎᡤᨵၿ䛿䚸㣗䛾ᨵၿ䚸䛭䛧䛶⏕ά䛾ᨵၿ䜈䛸䛴䛺䛜䛳䛶䛔䛟䚹䝅䜹䝂୓༤䛷䛾ヨ䜏䛿䚸⏕άᨵⰋᨭ᥼㐠ື䛸䛧䛶䛾䝩䞊䝮䜶䝁䝜䝭䜽䝇㐠ື䜢⫼ᬒ䛸䛧䛯⛉Ꮫᩍ⫱䛾ၨⵚ䛷䛒䛳䛯䛸䛔䛘䜛䚹䛱䛺䜏䛻䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛿䚸ᙜ᫬䛾♫఍ᨵၿ㐠ື䛾䛺䛛䛷䚸⏕άᅔ❓⪅䛸ධ᳜䛧䛶䛝䛯⛣Ẹ䛯䛱䛾䛯䜑䛾䝉䝒䝹䝯䞁䝖䝝䜴䝇䛸䛧䛶▱䜙䜜䛶䛔䛯䚸䝝䝹䡡䝝䜴䝇䛾ㄪ⌮ሙ䛻䛴䛔䛶䜒䚸ᣦᑟ䜢䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䝅䜹䝂୓༤䛻䛚䛡䜛䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁䛾ヨ䜏䛿䚸ᐙᗞ⏕ά䛾ྜ⌮ⓗ䛺⟶⌮䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸⛉Ꮫⓗ䛻≀஦䜢ᑐฎ䛷䛝䜛೺ᗣ䛺ᕷẸ䜢⫱ᡂ䛩䜛䛸䛔䛖ᐙᗞ䛾ᩍ⫱ⓗព࿡䜢㔜ど䛧䛯ᰤ㣴ᩍ⫱䛾ⴌⱆⓗ䛺ヨ䜏䛷䛒䛳䛯䛸䛔䛘䜛䚹௒᪥䛻䛚䛡䜛ᰤ㣴ᩍ⫱䛾ὶ䜜䜢⪃䛘䜛䛸䚸䠍ୡ⣖๓䛻ᕷẸ䛾᪥ᖖ⏕ά䛻⛉Ꮫⓗ䛺᰿ᣐ䛻ᇶ䛵䛔䛯ᰤ㣴䛾▱㆑䜢䜒䛯䜙䛩᪉ἲ䛾䜂䛸䛴䛸䛧䛶䚸༤ぴ఍䛷䝟䝤䝸䝑䜽䜻䝑䝏䞁䜢௻⏬䛧䛯ព࿡䛿኱䛝䛔䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛䚹䛣䛾ᒎ♧䜢ዎᶵ䛻ᰤ㣴Ꮫ䛿䜰䝯䝸䜹䛾ᅜẸⓗ㐠ື䛻䛺䛳䛶䛔䛳䛯䚹ᰤ㣴Ꮫ䞉㣗≀⛉Ꮫ䛿䛭䛾⏕
ᡂⓎᒎ䛾㐣⛬䛷䚸ᚲ↛ⓗ䛻⏕ά⎔ቃᨵၿ䛻㛵䜟䜛 19 ୡ⣖䜰䝯䝸䜹䞉䝩䞊䝮䜶䝁䝜䝭䜽䝇㐠ື䛸⤖䜃䛴䛝䚸䛭䜜䛜ᙜ᫬䛾♫఍ᨵⰋ㐠ື䛻⤖䜃䛴䛔䛶䛔䛳䛯䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹⮬ᕫ⟶⌮䛻䛴䛺䛜䜛ᰤ㣴ᩍ⫱䛾ⱆ⏕䛘䛿䚸䡞೺ᗣ䛸⬟⋡䡟䛸䛔䛖䝖䞊䝍䝹䛺どⅬ䜢⤌䜏㎸䜣䛰⛉Ꮫᩍ⫱䛾䛿䛨䜎䜚䛷䜒䛒䛳䛯䚹䛭䛣䛻䛿⛉Ꮫᩍ⫱䛸䛧䛶䛾ᐙᨻᏛ䛾኱⾗䜈䛾ၨⵚ䠄ᕷẸᩍ⫱䠅䛸䛔䛖♫఍ⓗព࿡䛜Ꮡᅾ䛧䛶䛔䛯䚹䛩䛺䜟䛱䚸䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛿⛉Ꮫ䜢♫఍ⓗ䚸බඹⓗ䛺䜒䛾䛸䛧䛶ᢕᥱ䚸ᐙᨻᏛ䜢䛭䜜䜙䛾䝅䞁䝪䝹䛾୍䛴䛸䛧䛶⪃䛘䛯䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹- 37 -

㤶ᕝ㻌 㻦㻌 䜶䝺䞁䞉䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛾ᰤ㣴ᩍ⫱䛾ヨ䜏㻌㈨ᩱ䠍㻌 䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛾⏕䛔❧䛱ᖺṓ

12.3㻌 䝬䝃䝏䝳䞊䝉䝑䝒ᕞ䝎䞁䝇䝍䝤䝹䛷ㄌ⏕

1842
1859

17

䜴䜵䝇䝖䝣䜷䞊䝗䜰䜹䝕䝭䞊ධᏛ䠄䡚62䠅䠄∗ぶ䛾ᗑ䜢ᡭఏ䛖䠅䚹

1863

21

䝸䝖䝹䝖䞁䜈⛣ఫ䠄ᗑ䛾㒑౽ᒁ䛷ാ䛟䠅䚹

1864

22

ᩍဨ䛸䛧䛶ാ䛟䚹1865

23䜴䞊䝇䝍䞊䛷ᩍᖌ䛸䛺䜛䚹

1866

24

䝸䝖䝹䝖䞁䛾ᐇᐙ䛻ᡠ䜛䠄ຮᏛ䛾ពḧ䛜‶䛯䛥䜜䛪᝖䚻䛸㐣䛤䛩䠅䚹

1868

26

䝞䝑䝃䞊኱ᏛධᏛ䚹

1871

29

MIT ᭱ึ䛾ዪᏊᏛ⏕䛸䛧䛶ᐇ㦂ⓗ䛻ධᏛ䜢チྍ䛥䜜䜛䚹

1872

30

䝙䝁䝹䝇ᩍᤵ䛸䛸䜒䛻 Mass.ᕞỈ㉁ㄪᰝ䚹

1873

31

MIT ༞ᴗ䠄⌮Ꮫኈ䠅䚸䜰䝯䝸䜹⛉Ꮫ᣺⯆༠఍䠄A's䠅䜈䛾ධ఍⏦ㄳ䚹䝞䝑䝃䞊኱ᏛᩥᏛಟኈྕ䚹

1875

33

䝻䝞䞊䝖䞉䝝䝻䜴䜵䝹䞉䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛸⤖፧䚹䝆䝱䝬䜲䜹䞉䝥䝺䜲䞁䛻᪂ᒃ䚹

1876

34

MIT 䛻ዪᛶ◊✲ᡤ䜢๰タ䚹⮬Ꮿ䛻ᾘ㈝⪅䞉ᐙᗞヨ㦂◊✲ᡤ䛾タ⨨䚹䝞䝑䝃䞊኱Ꮫ༞ᴗ⪅༠఍䛾⤌⧊䚹⛉Ꮫᩍ⫱䛻㛵䛩䜛䝅䞁䝫䝆䜴䝮䛻ᣍᚅ䚹ᐙᗞᏛ⩦ዡບ༠఍⮬↛⛉Ꮫ㒊㛗䚹Ḣᕞゼၥ䚸䜶䝹䞁䝇䝖䞉䝦䝑䜿䝹䛾◊✲ᡤゼၥ䚹

1878

36

A's 䛾䛂ᬑ㏻఍ဨ䛃䛛䜙䛂≉ู఍ဨ䛃䛻᪼᱁䚹MIT ⏕≀Ꮫㅮᗙタ⨨䚹MIT 䛾ຓㅮᖌ䚹

1879

37

䝫䞊䜻䞊䝥䝅䞊ዪᛶ䜽䝷䝤䛷ㅮ₇䚹ዪᛶ䛾⤌⧊໬䛻ື䛟䚹ᾘ㈝⪅䞉⎔ቃ㐠ື㛤ጞ䚹⛉Ꮫ᣺⯆༠఍䜈䜰䝢䞊䝹䚹

1881

39

䝃䝬䞊䝅䞊䝃䜲䝗◊✲ᡤ㛤タ䚹኱Ꮫዪᛶ༞ᴗ⪅༠఍䠄ACA)䛾⤖ᡂ䠄䛾䛱䜰䝯䝸䜹኱Ꮫዪᛶ༠఍䠅䚹

1884

42

䜰䝖䜻䞁䝋䞁䛾䜒䛸䛷⏘ᴗ໬Ꮫ⪅䛸䛧䛶ാ䛟䚹

1885

43

⛉Ꮫ᣺⯆༠఍䜈 2 ᅇ┠䛾䜰䝢䞊䝹䚹ᐙᗞᏛ⩦ዡບ༠఍䛻䛂኱Ꮫ༞ᴗ⪅ྥ䛡ㅮᗙ䛃䜢せㄳ䚹

1886

44

MIT ⾨⏕Ꮫ◊✲ᡤ䛾㛤タ䚹MIT 䛾ᩍဨ䛻ṇᘧ䛻௵࿨䚹බ⾗⾨⏕༠఍䛾ጤဨ఍䝯䞁䝞䞊䠄䛾䛱䜰䝯䝸䜹බ⾗⾨⏕༠఍䠅䚹

1887

45

Mass.ḢᕞୖୗỈ䛾ศᯒㄪᰝ䠄䡚89䠅䛂ṇᖖሷ⣲㔞ᆅᅗ䛃సᡂ䚹

1888

46

䝃䝬䞊䝅䞊䝃䜲䝗◊✲ᡤ䛾䜴䝑䝈䝩䞊䝹䜈䛾⛣㌿䠄䛾䛱ᾏὒ⏕≀Ꮫ◊✲ᡤ䠅䚹

1889

47

MIT 䛷⏕≀Ꮫ㒊䛾᏶ᡂ䚹䠄MIT ᭱ึ䛾⣽⳦Ꮫㅮᗙ䛾タ⨨䠅

1890

48

MIT 䛷⾨⏕ᕤᏛ䛾ᢸᙜ䚹䠄Ỉ㉁ศᯒ䞉⾨⏕⛉Ꮫ䞉኱Ẽศᯒ䠅䝙䝳䞊䜲䞁䜾䝷䞁䝗䜻䝑䝏䞁㛤タ䚹
90 ᖺ௦䜢㏻䛧䛶඲ᅜᩍ⫱༠఍䠄NEA)䛷ᣦᑟⓗᙺ๭䠄䛚䜒䛻⎔ቃᩍ⫱䠅䚹

1892

50

䜶䝁䝻䝆䞊䛾࿨ྡᘧ䠄䝧䞁䝗䞊䝮䝩䝔䝹䛻䛶䠅䚹

1893

51

ୡ⏺༤ぴ఍䛻䛚䛡䜛䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䜻䝑䝏䞁䚹

1894

52

䝞䝑䝃䞊኱Ꮫ䛾⌮஦䚹Ꮫᰯᰤ㣴⤥㣗ィ⏬䛜Ꮫᰯ⾨⏕⎔ቃၥ㢟䜈Ⓨᒎ䚹

1896

54

Ꮫᰯ⾨⏕⎔ቃၥ㢟䛻䛴䛔䛶බ⾗⾨⏕༠఍䛻࿧䜃䛛䛡䜛䚹- 38 -

ᒣ㝧Ꮫᅬ▷ᮇ኱Ꮫ⣖せ㻌 ➨ 㻠㻟 ᕳ㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕ᕷẸጤဨ఍䛾⤌⧊䠄䛾䛱Ꮫᰯᨵ㠉㐠ື䜈䛸Ⓨᒎ䠅䚹

1897

55

䝘䝫䝸ጤဨ఍༠఍䛾⤌⧊䠄䛾䛱ዪᛶ⛉Ꮫ◊✲᣺⯆༠఍䠅䚹

1898

56

ᅗ᭩㤋Ꮫ⪅䚸M.䝕䝳䞊䜲䠄ᅗ᭩㤋༠఍䜢๰❧䚸༑㐍ศ㢮ἲ䜢๰ጞ䠅䛸఍ㄯ䚹
NEA 䛷ㅮ₇䠄䜶䝁䝻䝆䞊䛛䜙䝩䞊䝮䜶䝁䝜䝭䜽䝇䜈ྡ⛠ኚ᭦䠅䚹

1899

57

䝺䜲䜽䞉䝥䝷䝅䝑䝗఍㆟䛾⤌⧊䠄䡚08䠅䚹The Cost of Living ห䚹

1900

58

⎔ቃㄪ࿴ⓗᩥ໬䞉೔⌮䛾㔊ᡂ䚹ඃቃᏛ䛾ᬑཬ䛻ດຊ䠄䡚11䠅䚹

1902

60

䝘䝫䝸ጤဨ఍༠఍䛻䛚䛡䜛ᅜ㝿ዪᛶ⛉Ꮫ㈹䛾๰タ䚹

1903

61

ᐙ஦᥼ຓ఍♫䚸ᆅᇦ┦஫◊✲㐃┕䚹

1904

62

The Art of Right Living ห䚹

1905

63

⎔ቃᩍ⫱䝰䝕䝹䛜➨ 5 ᅇᅜ㝿⤖᰾఍㆟䛷㖟䝯䝎䝹䜢ཷ㈹䚹
኱Ⰴ㝲ᘓ㐀ィ⏬䜈䛾཯ᑐ䝅䞁䝫䝆䜴䝮䛻ཧຍ䚹

1906

64

MIT ๰タ⌮ᛕ䛾᚟ά䛻ດຊ䠄䡚11䠅䚹

1907

65

⛉Ꮫ᣺⯆༠఍䛂䝎䞊䜴䜱䞁グᛕ᪥䛃䛷䝠䝳䞊䝬䞁䞉䜶䝁䝻䝆䞊䛾෌ᾐ㏱䜢ᅗ䜛䚹
ACA 䜈䛾༡㒊኱Ꮫධ఍䛾ᐇ⌧䚹ACA ඃᛶጤဨ఍䛾ඃቃᏛጤဨ఍䜈䛾ᨵ⤌䚹㻌 㻌
䠄R.䜹䞊䝋䞁ㄌ⏕䠅

1909

67

䜰䝯䝸䜹ᐙᨻᏛึ௦఍㛗䚹

1910

68

䝇䝭䝇኱Ꮫ䛛䜙⌮Ꮫ༤ኈྕ䚹Euthenics ห䚹

1911

68

䝣䜷䞊䝗䝩䞊䝹䛷ㅮ₇䛂⏕ά㈝䛾ቑ኱䛿♫఍䛾㐍Ṍ䜢♧䛩䛛䛃䚹
MIT50 ࿘ᖺグᛕㅮ₇ⲡ✏䛂ᡂ㛗䛸ᡂ⇍䜢ΰྠ䛧䛺䛔䜘䛖䛻䛃䚹
3.30 䝆䝱䝬䜲䜹䞉䝥䝺䜲䞁䛾⮬Ꮿ䛷Ṛཤ䠄ாᖺ 68 ṓ䠅䚹
ACA ඃቃᏛጤဨ఍䜢ゎᩓ䚹

1916䝻䝞䞊䝖䞉䜴䜷䝹䝁䝑䝖䚸C.V.䝅䝳䝺䞊䝤䚸䜰䝯䝸䜹䞉䜶䝁䝻䝆䞊Ꮫ఍๰タ䚹

1921䝬䝸䞊䞉䜻䝳䝸䞊䛜䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䜢グᛕ䛧䛶䝞䝑䝃䞊኱Ꮫ䜢ゼၥ䚹䝻䝞䞊䝖䞉䜽䝷䞊䜽ⴭ㻌 ᕤ⸨⚽᫂ヂ䛄䜶䝁䝻䝆䞊䛾ㄌ⏕䛅㻌 ᪂ホㄽ 1994

䠟䠊䠨䠊䝝䞁䝖ⴭ㻌 ᑠᮌ䞉ᐑཎヂ㻌 䛄ᐙᨻᏛ䛾ẕ㻌 䜶䝺䞁㻌 䠤䠊䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛾⏕ᾭ䛅㻌 ᐙᨻᩍ⫱♫ 1980 䜘䜚సᡂ㈨ᩱ䠎㻌 䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛾ⴭస㻌ᖺⴭస1881 "The Chemistry of Cooking and Cleaning ɆA Manual for Housekeepers. "Boston:
Estes & Lauriat.
1882 "First Lessons in Minerals." Boston: Rockwell & Churchill.(2nd edition)
1885 "Food Materials and Their Adulterations.""Home Science Pub. Co. Revised. " Whitcomb & Barrows
1886 (*1885) "Food Materials and Their Adulteration. Guides for Science
Teaching, sponsored by Boston Society of Natural History. "(With Marion Talbot)Home Sanitation.ɆA Manual for Housekeepers.
1890 "Foreword to The Story of the New England Kitchen. "By Mary Hinman Abel,- 39 -

㤶ᕝ㻌 㻦㻌 䜶䝺䞁䞉䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛾ᰤ㣴ᩍ⫱䛾ヨ䜏㻌

Boston.
1899 "The Cost of Living."
1900 "Air, Water and Food in Relation to Health."(With A. G. Woodman)"Air, Water and Food for Colleges.""Good Luncheons for Rural Schools Without a Kitchen." Boston.
1901 "The Cost of Food. "New York: John Wiley & Sons.
1904 "First Lessons in Food and Diet for High Schools." Boston: Whitcomb & Barrows.
"The Art of Right Living." Boston: Whitcomb & Barrows.
(With Alpheus G. Woodman.)"Air, Water and Food from a Sanitary Standpoint."
New York: John & Sons.
1905 "The Cost of Shelter. "New York: John Wiley & Sons.
"Cost of Living."(3rd edition)(*1901)"Cost of Food"1907 (*1904)"Art of Light Living.""Sanitation in Daily Life." Boston: Whitcomb & Barrows.
1908 "Laboratory Notes on Industrial Water Analysis: A Survey Course for Engineers."
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
"The Cost of Cleanness." New York: John Wiley & Sons.
1910"EuthenicsɆThe Science of Controllable Environment." Boston: Whitcomb &Barrows.

1911 "Conservation by Sanitation. " New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Robert Clarke: ELLEN SWALLOW, Follett Publishing Company,1973䚸
The Journal of Home Economics Vol.3 1911 䜘䜚సᡂ㈨ᩱ䠏㻌 䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛾୺䛺ㄽᩥᖺ1872ㄽᩥ䞉ሗ࿌᭩

"Analysis of Samarskite from a New Locality “Reprinted from Proceedingsof the Boston Society of Natural History, vol.17

1873"Estimation of Vanadium in an Iron Ore from Cold Spring. NY"

1875"Analysis of Samarskite""Occurrence of Boracic Acid in Mineral Waters""Chemical Composition of Some Mineral Species from Newburyport, Lead Ore."

1877"(With M. S. Cheney) A New and Ready Method for the Estimation of Nickelin Pyrrhonists and Mattes."

1878"(With Alice W. Palmer) Notes on Antimony Tannate."No.ϩ.American Journalof Science and Arts.vol.16.November"Notes on Some Sulpharsenites and Sulphantimonites from Colorado "Thesis

1879"Naphtha Process for Cleaning Wool."

1880"On the Adulteration of Groceries “Boston"First Lessons in Minerals for Grammar School."- 40 -

ᒣ㝧Ꮫᅬ▷ᮇ኱Ꮫ⣖せ㻌 ➨ 㻠㻟 ᕳ㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕

1882"Notes on Some Reactions of Titanium."

1883"Domestic Economy."

1885"Science in Common Schools""Notes on the Determination of Carbon Monoxide."

1888"Sanitary Science in the Home. “Reprinted from Journalof the Franklin Institute. August"Food Adulteration and its Detection, by J. P. Battershall. A Review."

1889"Domestic Economy in Public Education. “Educational monograph publishedby the New York College for㻌 㻌 㻌 The Training of Teachers, vol.2, no.4, July.
"(With T. M. Drown) The Chemical Examination of Water and Their
Interpretation
and Analysis."

1890"The Right Application of Heat to the Convention of Food Material."(With E. O. Jordan)"Investigations upon Nitrification and the Nitrifying
Organisms."(With Lottie A. Bragg)"The Distribution of Phosphorus and Nitrogen in the
Productsof Modern Mining.""The Relation of College Woman to Progress in Domestic Science. “Paper
presented
to the Association of Collegiate Alumnae.
"University Laboratories in Relation to the Investigation of Public Health
Problems
and to Commercial Work.
"Reprinted from Transactions of the American Public Health Association.
Vol.25.Columbus, Ohio.
(With Edwin Jordan)"Investigations upon Nitrification and the Nitrifying
Organism.
“September.
(With Lottie A. Bragg)"The Distribution of Phosphorus and Nitrogen in the
Productsof Modern Milling. 㻌 "Reprinted from Technology Quarterly, vol.3.no.3.Boston.
(With Mary Hinman Abel)"The Right Application of Heat to the Conversionof Food Material "Paper read at meeting of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science. August

1891"A Delight Test for Alum in Portable Water.""An Apparatus for the Determining the Liability of Oils to Spontaneous
Combustion.
“Technology Quarterly, vol. 4. no. 4 .December.

- 41 -

㤶ᕝ㻌 㻦㻌 䜶䝺䞁䞉䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛾ᰤ㣴ᩍ⫱䛾ヨ䜏㻌(With Edward Atkinson)"The Science of Nutrition."
1892"An Account of the New England Kitchen and Rumford Food Laboratory."

1893"Carbon Dioxide as a Measure of the Efficiency of Ventilation. “Reprinted
from Journal of the American Chemical Society. vol.15.no.10.October.
"Prophylactic and Therapeutic Values of Food.""Dietaries for Wage Earners and Their Families. “From 17th Report (1893)of the State Board of Health of New Jersey.
"The Food of School Children and Young Students.""Science Cooking in the New England Kitchen.""The American Home. Synopsis of a Course of Lectures. Circular."

1894(With Elizabeth Mason)"The Effect of Heat upon the Digestibility of Gluten.
“Reprinted from Technology Quarterly, vol.7.no.1.April.
"Nutritive Value of Common Food Materials(With Suggestions Regarding
the Cooking of Food.by E. Atkinson)"

1895(With J. W. Ellms.)"Coloring Matter of Natural Waters.""Notes on Hospital Dietaries.""Housekeeping from the College Woman's Standpoint.""A Lunch Room for Students"

1896"Water, Air as Food."(Rumford Kitchen Leaflet.No6)"(With George W. Rolfe, A.M.)"Reduction of Nitrites by Bacteria and Consequentloss of Nitrogen. “Reprinted from Technology Quarterly, vol.9, no.1, March.
"The Teaching of Sanitary Chemistry.""Some Points in the Use of Depth of Color as a Measure of Chemical Contents.""Municipal Responsibility for Health School Houses. “Reprinted from Transactionsof the American Public Health Association.
"Hardness of Water and the Methods by which it is Determined.""Hospital Diet.""The True Province of the Public Schools.""Laboratory Notes on Sanitary chemistry."(unpublished; MIT Archives)"Laboratory Notes on Water Analysis."

1897"Domestic Science. What It Is and How to Study It at Home.""FoodsɆComparative Value and Diet.""Manual Training for Girls.""The Place of Science in Woman's Education. (Address at Dedication of Sciencehall,
Lake Erie Seminary, Detroit.)"A New Color Standard for the Use of Water Analysis.""Notes on the Evidence of Dissociation in Dilute Soap Solution.""The Science of Nutrition."(Wall-hanging pamphlet)(With Sarah E. Wentworth)Report to his Honor the Mayor, and to the Institutions- 42 -

ᒣ㝧Ꮫᅬ▷ᮇ኱Ꮫ⣖せ㻌 ➨ 㻠㻟 ᕳ㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕

Commissioner, on the Dietaries of the Nine Institutions of the City of Boston.
1898(With Arthur T. Hopkins)"The Normal Chlorine of the Water Supplies of
Jamaica.""The Urgent Need of the Sanitary Education in the Public Schools. “Reprinted
fromTransactions of the American Public Health Association. Vol. 24. Columbus,
Ohio.
"Count Rumford and His Work for Humanity.""The Composition of Oscillaria prolifica and Its Relation to the Qualityof Water Supplies.""The Ideal College Course for Woman.""Domestic Science as a Synthetic Study for Girls. “Reprinted from the Proceedingsof the National Educational Association.

1899"University Laboratories in Relation to the Investigation of Public Health
Problems
and to Commercial Work.""Waste of Energy in Organization.""Good Food for Little Money.”(Rumford Kitchen Leaflet,No.16)"Public Kitchens in Relation to School Lunches and to Restaurants.
"(Rumford Kitchen Leaflet, No 19)"The Food of Institutions"(Rumford Kitchen Leaflet,No.20)(With S. Maria Elliott)"The Chemistry Cooking and Cleaning.""Food Materials and their Adulteration.""Domestic Science.""Domestic Economy in Public Education."

1900"The Work of College Women for the Home."(*1899)"University Laboratories in Relation to the Investigationof Public Health Problems and to Commercial Work."

1901"The Water Supplies of Southeastern Alaska and Notes on the Water Supplies
in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Vicinity."(With Isabel F. Hyams)"Notes on the Portable Water of Mexico. “Reprinted
from Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. Mexico.
"The Significance of the Presence and Amount of Carbon Di-oxide in Potable
Waters. “Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth Annual Meeting.
Buffalo. N. Y., September.

1902"Alum in Water. A. H. Law's Modification of the Longwood Test." Reprinted
from Technology Quarterly, vol. 15, no. 4, December.
"Source and Significance of Nitrites in Streams."

1903"Thirty Years Progress in Water Analysis.""Dietary Studies."- 43 -

㤶ᕝ㻌 㻦㻌 䜶䝺䞁䞉䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛾ᰤ㣴ᩍ⫱䛾ヨ䜏㻌(*1901)"Notes on the Water Supplies in the Black Hills of South Dakota
and Vicinity."(*1901)"The Water Supplies of Southeastern Alaska."
1903"Report Two Years' Experiments in Social Economics." Household Aid Co.
Woman's Education Asso.(~05)

1904(With Lily Miller Kendall)"Permanent Standards in Water Analysis“Reprinted from Technology Quarterly, vol. 17, no. 3, September.
"Desirable Tendencies in Professional and Technical Education for Women.""Plain Words About Foods.(Rumford Kitchen Leaflets)"

1905"The Place of Vocational Science in the High School Curriculum.""Wanted, A Test for Man Power. “Reprinted from Clarkson Bulletin, vol. 3. no. 3.
(With Charles W. Moulton)"Ten Years' Experience with Broad Irrigation
at Vassar College. “Reprinted from Journal of the Associationof Engineering Societies, vol. 36, no. 4.

1908"Farm Home, as a Center of Social Progress."(With E. M. Wade, R. W. Gilbert, C. E. Hanson, and J. M. Talbot)"Methodsof Testing the Efficiency of Ventilation. "Reprinted from Technology Quarterly,
vol. 21, no. 3, September.
"Home Economics in Elementary and Secondary Schools"

1909"Industrial Arts and Sciences and Silences upon Rural and City Home Life.""Application of the Household Arts and Sciences in the Elementary Schools.""Lost Arts of Housekeeping may be Revived through the School.""Household Labor in the Twentieth Century.”(Address at Dedicationof the Home Economics Building, University of Nebraska.)

1910"The Outlook in Home Economics." (Farewell address as Presidentof American Home Economics Association in Proceedings.
"Instructive Inspection." (Read before Am. Pub. Health Asso., Oct., 1909)"Domestic Waste."(Pub. In Report of Mass. Commission on Cost of Living.)

1911"The Elevation of Applied Science to an Equal Rank
with the So-called Learned Professions.
"The Present Status and Future Development of Domestic Science Courses
in the High School.""The Value of Housework in Teaching Responsibility.""Value of the Exhibits (Home Economics).Home Ideals.""Lessons in Sanitary and Economics Cooking and in the Use of the Aladdin Oven."
Robert Clarke: ELLEN SWALLOW, Follett Publishing Company,1973䚸
The Journal of Home Economics Vol.3 1911 䜘䜚సᡂ- 44 -

ᒣ㝧Ꮫᅬ▷ᮇ኱Ꮫ⣖せ㻌 ➨ 㻠㻟 ᕳ㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕㈨ᩱ 4 䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁እほ

http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/esr/esr-rumford.html 䜘䜚㌿㍕㈨ᩱ 5 䝷䞁䝣䜷䞊䝗䞉䜻䝑䝏䞁ෆ㒊

http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/esr/esr-rumford.html 䜘䜚㌿㍕

- 45 -

㤶ᕝ㻌 㻦㻌 䜶䝺䞁䞉䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛾ᰤ㣴ᩍ⫱䛾ヨ䜏㻌ᘬ⏝ᩥ⊩䞉ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩䠄䠍䠅 䝻䝞䞊䝖䡡䜽䝷䞊䜽ⴭ㻌 ᕤ⸨⚽᫂ヂ䠖䜶䝁䝻䝆䞊䛾ㄌ⏕㻌 ᪂ホㄽ㻌 1994㻌 p.78
䠄2䠅 㤶ᕝ䞉ఫ⏣䠖ඹ⏕᫬௦䛻䛚䛡䜛ᐙᨻᏛ䛾♫఍ⓗព࿡䠄2䠅䜶䝺䞁䞉䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛻䜘䜛䛂䝩䞊䝮䜶䝁䝜䝭䜽䝇㐠ື䛾♫఍ⓗព࿡䛃(ୖ)㻌 ᐙᗞ⛉ᩍ⫱ 75䠄8䠅㻌 ᐙᨻᩍ⫱♫㻌 2001㻌 pp.40䠉44
䠄3䠅 㤶ᕝ䞉ఫ⏣䠖ඹ⏕᫬௦䛻䛚䛡䜛ᐙᨻᏛ䛾♫఍ⓗព࿡䠄2䠅䜶䝺䞁䞉䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛻䜘䜛䛂䝩䞊䝮䜶䝁䝜䝭䜽䝇㐠ື䛾♫఍ⓗព࿡䛃(ୗ)㻌 ᐙᗞ⛉ᩍ⫱ 75䠄9䠅㻌 ᐙᨻᩍ⫱♫㻌 2001㻌 pp.51䠉54
䠄4䠅 䝤䝸䝍䝙䜹ᅜ㝿኱ⓒ⛉஦඾ 8㻌 1995
䠄5䠅 」〇∧ ዪᏛ㞧ㄅ㻌 ⮫ᕝ᭩ᗑ 1967㻌 pp.173䠉178
䠄6䠅 䜶䝺䞁䞉H䞉䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈ⴭ㻌 ఫ⏣࿴Ꮚ䞉ఫ⏣Ⰻோヂ䠖䝴䞊䝉䝙䜽䝇Ɇไᚚྍ⬟䛺⎔ቃ䛾⛉ᏛɆ㻌 䝇䝨䜽䝖䝷䝮ฟ∧♫ 2005㻌 pp.93䠉103
䠄7䠅 䝻䝞䞊䝖䡡䜽䝷䞊䜽ⴭ㻌 ᕤ⸨⚽᫂ヂ:๓ฟ䠄1䠅㻌 p.157
䠄8䠅 䝗䝻䝺䝇䞉䝝䜲䝕䞁ⴭ㻌 㔝ཱྀ䞉⸨ཎ௚ヂ䠖ᐙ஦኱㠉࿨㻌 ວⲡ᭩ᡣ㻌 1985㻌 pp.195䠉235
䠄9䠅 THE RUMFORD KITCHEN LEAFLETS ,Rockwell and Churchill Press 1899 p.11
(10) Ellen H. Richards䠖The Rumford Kitchen Exhibit at World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893,
http://news.unt.edu/news-releases/faculty-member-write-book-female-food-chemist2012.10(2012.11 ⌧ᅾ)䠄11䠅 Ellen H. Richards䠖 ibid.䠄10䠅
䠄12䠅㻌 䝻䝞䞊䝖䡡䜽䝷䞊䜽ⴭ㻌 ᕤ⸨⚽᫂ヂ:๓ฟ䠄1䠅㻌 p.127
䠄13䠅 Ellen㻌 H.㻌 Richards : The Cost of Living , John Wiley & Sons , 1905㻌 p.27
䠄14䠅 Ellen㻌 H.㻌 Richards : EuthenicsɆThe Science of Controllable EnvironmentɆ , Whitcomb &Barrows, 1910 p.118
䠄15䠅 Ellen㻌 H.㻌 Richards : ibid.(14) p.123
䠄16䠅 Ellen㻌 H.㻌 Richards : Sanitation in Daily Life , Whitcomb & Barrows, 1907
䠄17䠅 C.L.䝝䞁䝖ⴭ㻌 ᑠᮌ䞉ᐑཎ┘ヂ䠖ᐙᨻᏛ䛾ẕ㻌 䜶䝺䞁㻌 H䞉㻌 䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈䛾⏕ᾭ㻌 ᐙᨻᩍ⫱♫㻌 1980㻌 p.233
䠄18䠅 䝎䝘䞉R䞉䜺䝞䝑䝏䜰ⴭ㻌 ఀ⸨ⱱヂ䠖䜰䝯䝸䜹㣗ᩥ໬Ɇ࿡ぬ䛾ቃ⏺⥺䜢㉺䛘䛶䠉㻌 㟷ᅵ♫㻌 2003㻌 p.211
䠄19䠅㻌 Ellen㻌 H.㻌 Richards : ibid.䠄13䠅㻌 p.90
䠄20䠅㻌 䜶䝺䞁䞉H䞉䝸䝏䝱䞊䝈ⴭ㻌 ఫ⏣࿴Ꮚ䞉ఫ⏣Ⰻோヂ䠖๓ฟ䠄6䠅㻌 pp.61-73- 46 -