Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 58 No. 1 (March 2021)
1Development of Concrete Building Cutting TechnologyUsing High-Power Laser

SANEYUKI GOYA*1

HIROKI MORI*2

TAKEHISA OKUDA*2YASUYUKI FUJIYA*3NORIAKI SHIMONABE*4 TAKASHI AKABA*5

With the increasing power and better quality of laser oscillators, laser processing, which
has not been applied to thick concrete, has been increasingly used in recent years. In this report,
we describe laser cutting of thick concrete columns (with a maximum thickness of 1200 mm) byusing high-power fiber laser of over 20 kW and an ultra-long focus optical system, aiming atestablishing a remote demolition technology for nuclear plant buildings that are high radiation
areas. This report also describes a new beam laser damper system using water that was developed
as a technology for receiving the high-power laser beam passing through a cutting object, which
has been an issue in high-power laser processing.

|1. Introduction
The buildings of Fukushima Nuclear Power Station of Tokyo Electric Power Company
Holdings, Incorporated. are high radiation areas, where it is difficult for workers to be engaged inlong hours of demolition work at the site. Therefore, the development of remote demolition
technology has been demanded. If machines such as wire saws, which are used in generaldemolition, are used for the cutting of reinforced concrete in buildings, the wire saws may becomecaught. As such, it is desirable to use noncontact cutting technology such as laser processing.
The processing ability of laser cutting technology has increased remarkably with the increasein power of laser oscillators. Various concrete cutting methods using lasers have been developed,but there are few reports about laser cutting of thick concrete of over one meter(1),(2). We worked on
the development of thick concrete cutting technology by combining high-power laser oscillatorsand our proprietary optical system (ultra-long focus optical system) and verified the cutting ofconcrete of 1200 mm in thickness.
On the other hand, in terms of safety, laser cutting needs a beam damper in order to receive
the laser beam passing through the cutting object, but there are few reports on the development ofbeam dampers that can be used for high-power laser beams. Conventional beam dampers usually
use a metal plate equipped with a water-cooling system and the metal plate heated with the laser isslowly cooled with cooling water. The metal plate, however, melts from exposure to thehigh-power and high-density laser before it is cooled, and it is difficult to use them for a long time.
To address this issue, we studied a new concept beam damper that uses water so that the laser
power can be reduced before the laser beam is received by the metal plate after cutting theconcrete, and manufactured a prototype. Water absorbs infrared light and water mist can scatter it.
We confirmed that compared with the conventional beam damper, the new beam damper using*1

Research Manager, Manufacturing Technology Research Department, Research & Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Heavy*2

Manufacturing Technology Research Department, Research & Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.

*3

Senior Manager, Manufacturing Technology Research Department, Research & Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Heavy*4

Chief Staff Manager, Nuclear Plant Component Designing Department, Nuclear Energy Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy*5Manager, Research & Development Department, Nuclear Plant Service Engineering Co., Ltd.

Industries, Ltd.

Industries, Ltd.
Industries, Ltd.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 58 No. 1 (March 2021)
2water could significantly reduce laser power and power density on the metal surface receiving thebeam (by about 2%).
This report describes the thick concrete laser cutting technology using a high-power andhigh-power density laser beam and the new concept of beam damper system using water intended
to be used for the demolition of concrete buildings (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Concrete cutting system using high-power laser|2. Development of thick concrete cutting technology
Laser cutting is a cutting method that melts objects with the heat of a laser beam. Different
from plasma cutting and gas cutting, which use the same thermal process, laser cutting has nolimitations on the objects it can cut and it can cut metal, ceramics and resin. In addition, thehigh-density energy of laser cutting also facilitates high-speed cutting.
The principle of the laser cutting of concrete is shown in Figure 2. Laser cutting is realized
by applying a focused and high-power density laser beam to melt concrete and blowing off themolten concrete (hereinafter referred to as dross) by using assist gas. The two main issues in thecutting of thick concrete are as follows:(1) Securing laser energy required for melting 1200 mm thick concrete through the direction ofthickness(2) Remove drossFigure 2 Principle of laser cutting of concrete

Using a condensing optical system with a focal distance of 500 mm, we conducted concrete
cutting tests while increasing laser power at constant cutting speeds (6, 12 mm/min) (Figure 3(a)).
When the laser power was increased from 20 kW to 25 kW, the cutting speed was almost saturated
and the cutting thickness of the plate remained about 900 mm. It is supposed that with theconventional laser optical system (Figure 3 (b)), the beam diameter is substantially expanded on theback side of thick concrete, the power density is reduced and the energy required for melting theMitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 58 No. 1 (March 2021)
3concrete cannot be maintained. Therefore, we used an ultra-long focus optical system to form acollimated beam (Figure 3 (c)) so that a sufficient energy density can be obtained even on the backside of thick concrete, and conducted concrete cutting tests. As the laser power increased, thecutting thickness of the concrete increased, and a concrete thickness of 1100 mm could be cut at alaser power of 25 kW (Figure 4).

Figure 3

Development of ultra-long focus optical system

Figure 4 Relationship between laser power and cutting thickness ofconcrete

Next, to efficiently remove dross, we changed the gas nozzle. With the conventional gasnozzle, as the gas flow rate increased, the cutting thickness of the concrete increased until the flowrate reached 3000 L/min. After the gas flow rate exceeded 3000 L/min, the cutting thickness started
decreasing and continued decreasing with the increase in the flow rate to 4000 L/min (Figure 5(a)). This is supposed to be because with the conventional gas nozzle (Figure 5 (b)), a gas flow rate
exceeding 3000 L/min is the sound speed and the flow speed is saturated, resulting in the molten
concrete removing effect reaching its limit, while the temperature of the dross decreased due to thegas cooling and the viscosity increased, resulting in a reduction of the fluidity. We adopted a Lavalnozzle (Figure 5 (c)) so that the flow speed could increase over the sound speed with an increasing
flow rate. As a result of conducting the cutting tests of thick concrete using the Laval nozzle, weconfirmed that concrete of 1200 mm in concrete thickness could be cut at a gas flow rate of 4000
L/min (Figure 6). Figure 7 shows the state of thick concrete (concrete thickness of 1200 mm)
being cut at a laser power of 25 kW.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 58 No. 1 (March 2021)
4

Figure 5

Improvement of gas nozzle

Figure 6

Relationship between gas flow rate and cutting thickness of concrete

Figure 7

State of laser cutting of thick concrete|3. Development of new concept beam damper technology usingwater
As shown by the schematic image of a concrete demolition system using a high-power laser
in Figure 1, when concrete is cut, the laser beam passes through the concrete. For safety at work, abeam damper needs to be installed to receive the laser beam passing through the concrete. Figure 8shows the specification (receivable laser power and power density) map of a commercial beam

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 58 No. 1 (March 2021)
5damper. A laser power meter can receive a laser power of 30 kW. In that case, however, the power
density must be reduced to several kilowatts/cm2 or less to prevent the laser receiving surface frommelting or burning. On the other hand, the ultra-long focus optical system which is used for thickconcrete cutting emits a small-diameter beam and the beam diameter at the position of the beam
damper is reduced to about φ10 mm. It is expected that the laser beam passing through the concrete
has a power of 25 kW at maximum at the beam diameter of φ10 mm and a high-power density of
32 kW/cm2. Therefore, it is difficult for current damper products to receive such high-power andhigh-density laser beams. We studied a new concept beam damper using water as a beam damper
applicable to high-power laser cutting such as thick concrete cutting (Figure 9).

Figure 8 Specification required for beam damper(Power and power density)

Figure 9

Concept of new damper system using water

In order for metal to receive the laser beam, it is necessary to reduce the power density to
several kilowatts/cm2 or less. One conceivable method for reducing the power density is to expand
the beam diameter by using a lens (Figure 9 (a)). However, if dross or dust that was generated inconcrete cutting adheres to the lens, it may absorb the laser and damage the lens. Therefore, we
studied a method for scattering the laser beam by turning water into mist and forming a mist
curtain. With the mist curtain, dross and dust that enter the system can be washed away by waterand the system can be used continuously. Infrared light is absorbed by water. We also studied theuse of a water curtain that absorbs laser beams to further reduce the power (Figure 9 (b)).
In this study, we conducted the development of the new damper system using a water mist
curtain and water curtain in combination (Figure 9 (c)) so that a laser beam with a power of 25 kW
and a power density of 30 kW/cm2 could be received steadily by a metal plate, aiming at reducing
the power density to 1 kW/cm2 or less.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 58 No. 1 (March 2021)
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3.1

Absorption of laser beam by water curtain

First, we formed a water curtain and evaluated the absorption rate of the laser beam. A fiber
laser was used and the wavelength of the laser beam was about 1 μm. When the water curtain isirradiated with the laser beam, the laser beam is reflected on the water surface, passes through thewater curtain or is absorbed by the water (Figure 10(a)). The absorption of the laser beam by water
is given by the expression (1)(3). The ratio of the reflections on the water surface is about 1% andthe absorption by water depends on the thickness of the water curtain (Figure 10(b)). This showsthat when the thickness of the water curtain is 11 to 12 mm, the laser power is reduced to 10% of
the incoming beam. In this evaluation, a 100W-class low-power laser beam was used.
I/I0 = (1-IA)e-αz
I : Transmitted light
I0 : Incident lightIA : Reflected light (up to 1%)
Z : Thickness
α : Absorption coefficient(1)

For the miniaturization of the laser beam damping system, we examined whether thethickness of the water curtain can be reduced by coloring the water to increase the absorption rate.
As shown with the dotted line in Figure 10(b), the use of a colored water curtain increased the laser
beam damping ability compared with the use of an uncolored water curtain, and it was confirmedthat the colored water curtain with a thickness of about 4 mm, which is one-third of that of theuncolored water curtain, could reduce the power to 10%. The absorption rate of the laser beam by
the water curtain can be controlled by the thickness of the water curtain and can be increased by theuse of colored water. The coloring material should be selected in consideration of its resistance tolaser beams.

Figure 10

3.2

Absorption of laser beam using water

Reduction of power density of laser beam by mist curtain

Next, we evaluated the laser beam scattering effect of a mist curtain using water mist.
Figure 11 shows the concept of a new damper system using water. Mist consists of minute waterparticles and air and has a different refractive index profile from that of air. Therefore, when thelaser beam passes through the mist, it scatters (Figure 11(a)). It is known that laser beams arescattered more easily by certain particle sizes depending on the wavelength of light, and we
examined the relationship between particle size and the reduction rate of power density. Here, weregarded a reduction of power density as the expansion of the beam diameter and calculated thereduction rate of the power density from the measured beam diameter (power density =power/beam area), where a 100W-class laser beam was used.
We controlled the particle size of the mist by changing the nozzle for forming the mist
curtain (particle size of mist: 5 to 200 μm). The result showed that as the particle size of the mist
became smaller, the power was reduced, and it was confirmed that the power was reduced to 20%
with a particle size of 5 μm. The relationship between the thickness of the mist curtain with aMitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 58 No. 1 (March 2021)
7particle size of 5 μm and the power reduction rate showed that as the thickness of the mist curtain
increased, the power reduction rate increased. From these results, we confirmed that scattering of
the laser beam by mist curtain could be controlled by the particle size of the water and the thicknessof the mist curtain.

Figure 11

3.3

Power density reduction effect of laser beam scattering by mist

Laser beam damper system with water curtain and mist curtain

As described above, the respective effects of the water curtain and mist curtain were verified.
We manufactured a water damper system with a water curtain and mist curtain in combination andexamined the power reduction effect of the damper system (Figure 12(a)). The mist curtain was set
in the forward stage and the water curtain was set in the rearward stage. Laser power of 25 kW wasapplied and the power and beam diameter were measured to evaluate the reduction rate of power
density (Figure 12(b)). As a result, with the mist curtain, the power density was reduced by 70% by
the effect of the expansion of beam diameter and with the water curtain, the power density wasreduced by 94%. With the combination of the mist curtain and water curtain, the power density wasreduced by 98% and the power density of the incident beam of 32 kW/cm2 (25 kW @ beam
diameter of φ10) could be reduced to 1 kW/cm2 (target value).
Through this development, we anticipate establishing a system that can receive high-powerand high-density lasers stably for a long time.

Figure 12

Power density reduction effect by new damper system using waterMitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 58 No. 1 (March 2021)8|4. Conclusion
In this study, we developed cutting technology for thick concrete (thickness of 1200 mm)
using a high-power laser intended to be used for the demolition of concrete buildings. In addition,
as a technology for completing the demolition system, we reported a new laser damper systemusing water that can receive high-power and high-power density laser beams. In the development ofconcrete cutting technology, a high-power laser oscillator and an ultra-long focus optical systemwere combined to form collimated light as an elongated high-density laser that can melt concrete of1200 mm in thickness. Furthermore, we verified that the adoption of a Laval nozzle allowed for theefficient removal of molten concrete and the cutting of thick concrete of 1200 mm in thickness.
In the development of a beam damper that can receive a high-power and high-density laser
beam, we studied a new concept beam damper using water and manufactured a prototype of beam
damper with a mist curtain for scattering the laser beam and a water curtain for absorbing the laser
beam in combination. The mist curtain scattered the laser beam and expanded the beam diameter,
thereby reducing the power density by 70%. In addition, the water curtain absorbed the laser beam,and reduced the power density by 94%. Thus, we verified that the target power density of 1
kW/cm2 or less could be achieved, and anticipate the benefit of the new beam damper being able toreceive the penetrated laser beam stably for a long time.
This technology is applicable to not only the demolition of nuclear plant buildings, but also
remote demolition of general buildings and concrete replacement for bridges. Going forward, wewill study the application of this technology and make efforts to contribute to our business throughthe acceptance of orders for demolition work, etc.

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Research on Cutting Concrete Using High-Power Laser No.2, Technical Papers of Annual Meeting, 1989,
Architectural Institute of Japan
Research on Laser Cutting of Concrete, Nishimatsu Construction Co., Ltd., (1984）
P. G. Felton et al, Proc.3 ICLASS (1982)