dlt.MOBI

Building the
New Economy of Movement

VALUE CHAIN MAP
ELECTRIC VEHICLE RECHARGEABLEBATTERY STATE OF HEALTH DATAMOBI SOH0002/VM/2023 Version 1.2

Mobi

February 2023
© 2023 Mobi. All rights reserved.

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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONSINTRODUCTION

MOBI is a nonprofit alliance of many of the world’s largest vehicle
manufacturers, startups, governments/transit agencies, NGOs, financial
institutions, e-mobility providers, consultancies, suppliers, logistics
providers, and blockchain protocols working to create standards andbuild the Web3 digital infrastructure for connected vehicles and IoT
commerce.
MOBI is creating simple blockchain-based standards to identify
vehicles, people, businesses, and the Trusted Trip in order to securely
exchange and share data, and pay for mobility services, with the goal

Peopleof making transportation more efficient, equitable, decentralized, andsustainable, all while preserving the data privacy of users and providers
alike. MOBI itself is technology and ledger agnostic.
This standard is a foundational component of the MOBI Battery
Initiative. The MOBI Battery Initiative leverages standards from MOBI,

Organizations

W3C, and others; the ITN decentralized trust network; and Citopia’s
privacy-preserving track & trace capabilities to propel the creation of
a comprehensive framework to impro ve sustainability and visibility inthe global battery value chain. The MOBI Battery Initiative emphasizes
collaboration between stakeholders in the mobility, energy, andVehiclesblockchain/IoT industries.
This standard is the result of continuous workshops, discussions, andresearch efforts carried out by members of the DRIVES Program. Sincere
thanks are extended to those who contributed their unique insights tothis value chain map.

Trusted Trip

AUTHORS• Rajat Rajbhandari, PhD, MOBI
• Betul Kahya, MOBI
• Matt Shi, MOBIREVIEWERS
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Roger Berg, DENSO
Garrett Graham, Accenture
Toru Kimura, Honda
Christian Koebel, Honda
Pramita Mitra, Ford
Xiaoliang Zhu, Hitachi

CONTRIBUTORS
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Praveen Abbaraju, Hitachi
Loren Adams, Accenture
Steve Amancha, Statefarm
Jun Amano, Aucnet
Alessandro Arciero, Henshin Group
Daniel Bachenheimer, Accenture
Patrick Bartsch, AWS
Massimo Belluz, Henshin Group
Roger Berg, DENSO

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Majiri Birajdar, Arxum
Manuel Bolsinger, BMW
Emmanuel Bulti, Accenture
Elena Carrasco, USAA
Joshua Cartellone, Accenture
Mike Casey, GM
Lucie Chabert, Stellantis
Raullen Chai, IoTeX
Alex Choo, ASJade
Nicola Cianci, Stellantis
Etienne Costet, Stellantis
Kerry Cote, State Farm
Claudia Damari, Henshin Group
Pierre Delaunay, Stellantis

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Kim Doak-Wigginton, State Farm
Leonard Dorloechter, Peaq
Steven Douglas, DENSO
Olivier Emsalem, Stellantis
Xin Xin Fan, IoTex
Aaron Fong, Honda
Sanshiro Fukao, ITOCHU
Matteo Gandolfi, Henshin Group
Fabrizio Garetto, Stellantis
Kamil Gaweda, Arxum
Alan Gordon, Ford
Garrett Graham, Accenture
Ivan Gutierrez, Statefarm
Kumara Guru, Blockedge
Kawanishi Hiromi, Mazda
Jan ten Hove, TICO
Felix Huang, DENSO
Mikael Johansson, TICO
Yoji Kawanishi, ITOCHU
Toru Kimura, Honda
Yusuke Kitaoka, TICO
Kim Kloeppel, State Farm
Christian Koebel, Honda
Jonathan Koester, Peaq
Karthik Krishnamurthy, AWS
Subrata Kundu, Hitachi
Frederic Legrand, Stellantis
Phebe Lu, ASJade
Ishii Makoto, Mazda
Will Maney, USAA
Domenico Mangiacapra, Henshin

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Group
Piyush Manocha, Accenture
Hisahi Matsumoto, Anritsu
Eiji Matsumura, Anritsu
Hideki Matsuoka, TICO
Lauren Mitchell, State Farm
Emmanuel Monzies, Stellantis
Hiroaki Murase, ITOCHU
Yasuhiro Nakamaya, AUCNET
Taro Nakata, Kaula Lab
Alberto Nasi, Stellantis
Andrea Neri, Stellantis
Keisuke Nisugi, TICO
Rodolfo Occari, TICO
Yasuhiko Ogushi, Kaula Lab
Kenji Ohashi, TICO
Shuichi Ohki, Kaula Lab
Harunobu Ohmae, ITOCHU
Katsuji Okamoto, Kaula Lab
Shinji Omuro, TICO
Tatsuro Otsu, TICO
Larry Pang, IoTeX
Chrisitan Poulain, Stellantis
Jonas Rahm, TICO
Mathias Reinhartz, Stellantis
Futoki Saito, ITOCHU

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Yoshihide Sakai, ITOCHUDavide Salerno, Henshin Group
Shoki Sato, Orico
Otto Schell, Stellantis
Paras Sethi, ParkMyFleet
Kenji Shibata, TICOMark Shih, ASJade
Kikuchi Shinichi, Mazda
Erik Skyten, State Farm
Raj Srinivas, Blockedge
Sudha Sriram, Ford
Suresh Sundararaj, Ford
Yuhei Takai, ITOCHU

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Kimihito Tanaka, TICO
Leonardo Tapanelli, Stellantis
Sam Teng, ASJadeLong Tran, AWS
Nonoyama Tsuyoshi, TICO
Takashi Watanabe, Anritsu
Tony Welcome, State Farm
Ross Wheeler, State Farm
Huub van der Wouden, TICO
Hu Xu, TICO
Kubota Yasuyuki, Mazda
Xiaoliang Zhu, Hitachi
Tom Ziebro, Vitesco

MOBI TEAM
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Tram Vo, CEO + Founder
Chris Ballinger, Advisor + Founder
Rajat Rajbhandari, Working Groups Lead
Parth Bhatt, Technical Product Manager
Betul Kahya, Mobility Lead

CONTACT
info@dlt.mobi• Matt Shi, Supply Chain Lead
• Griffin Haskins, Mobility Finance Lead
• Grace Pulliam, Communications
Manager• Kierra Maggs, Digital Media Associate

Table Of
Contents
01 Executive Summary
03 Objective of the SOH Data Value Chain Mapping
04 Stakeholders of the SOH Data
05 Activities in the SOH Data Value Chain• Collection• Publication• Uptake• Impact

08 Stakeholder Interfaces• Data Exchange Contracts• Legal Consent of Use• Transmission Methods• Usage Restrictions

MOBI SOH0003/VM/2023 Version 1.2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

MOBI SOH0003/VM/2023 Version 1.2

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

According to Open Data Watch,Battery

Any source of electrical energy generated by direct conversion ofchemical energy and consisting of one or more non-rechargeable
or rechargeable battery cells or groups of them.

Battery State of Health

Ratio of total maximum capacity (in kWh) at any given timeover beginning of life capacity (or rated capacity). The SOH
deteriorates over long periods of usage impacting the battery’s
overall performance.

“Data value chain provides a framework through which to visualize the life cycle ofdata, from defining a need to using them for impact… Finding high-value uses andcreating a process to transform raw data into actionable information is the essenceof the data value chain.”(SOH)

Electric Vehicle Battery State of Health (SOH) data is of interest to many different stakeholders
in the value chain. This analysis maps various stakeholders engaged in collection, publication,
uptake, and other activities related to the SOH information. It describes those activities alongwith interfaces by which stakeholders share data. Interfaces include contracts and otherlegal mechanisms, consents provided by SOH data providers, usage restrictions, and privacy
requirements.

01© 2023 Mobi. All rights reserved.

Battery Management System(BMS)

A battery management system manages a battery pack andmonitors the operating state of modules and cells, calculates andreports various performance data, and balances the performanceof individual cells and modules.

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OBJECTIVE OF THE SOH DATA VALUECHAIN MAPPINGSTAKEHOLDERS OF THE SOH DATA
Stakeholders of SOH data include individuals and entities that

A decentralized mechanism has
the potential to instill trust without
sacrificing the accuracy or timelinessof the SOH data, thereby directly
adding value to the data moving
through the value chain.

Electric Vehicle Battery State of Health (SOH) data is of interest
to different stakeholders in the electric vehicle value chain.
This analysis mapped stakeholders engaged in the collection,
publication, and uptake, and hence the impact of the battery
SOH data on the stakeholders in the value chain. The mapping
describes the impact on the value of SOH information due toreporting attributes, accuracy, and timeliness.
Trust must be maintained in order for the data value chain tofunction. Therefore, the stakeholders must verify data accuracy
and ensure timeliness. This presents a strong incentive for the
stakeholders to coordinate. A decentralized mechanism has thepotential to instill that trust without sacrificing the accuracy ortimeliness of the SOH data. By providing all the guarantees ofdata security, accuracy, and timeliness at a reduced cost, sucha decentralized mechanism can directly add value to the data
moving through the overall value chain.

• Produce algorithms to estimate SOH,
• Perform laboratory tests to determine or verify SOH, and• Consume SOH data for various commercial and non-commercial purposes.
This analysis mapped the following stakeholders:• Electric Vehicle (EV) Manufacturers• Tier N Battery Manufacturers• EV Owners/Fleets• Governments, Regulators, and Policymakers• Insurers of EV Owners• Lenders to EV Owners and Dealers• EV Dealers and Repair Shops• Battery Recycling and Repurposing Companies• Battery Swapping Companies• Battery Analytics Platforms• Battery Testing Companies

03© 2023 Mobi. All rights reserved.

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Publication
Once data has been collected bya stakeholder, the data and allaccompanying metadata mustbe published in such a way that

ACTIVITIES IN THE SOH DATAVALUE CHAIN

intended users can access them.

Publication is the second stage of the value chain. Once data has
been collected by a stakeholder, the data and the accompanying
metadata must be published in such a way that the intended
users can access them. The publication stage involves three
activities:••

Collection
In this stage, stakeholders establish
the process for collecting SOH datafrom other stakeholders. This involves
processing data to ensure they arecorrectly recorded, classified, and stored
in formats that allow further use.

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© 2023 Mobi. All rights reserved.

Stakeholders may publish the data for internal or external use.
Stakeholders such as vehicle owners, insurers, and lenders
typically will not publish the data externally and instead consume
it for internal business purposes. For example, insurers may
aggregate the SOH data they receive from different EV models
and evaluate this data to influence underwriting decisions.
Government regulators may, on the other hand, publish SOH
information about particular vehicle makes/models and how
SOH deteriorates over time for those vehicles based on empirical
data collected over time.

Collection of SOH data is the first stage in the value chain. In
this stage, stakeholders establish the process for collecting SOH
data from other stakeholders. This involves processing data
to ensure they are correctly recorded, classified, and stored
in formats that allow further use. For the purposes of thisanalysis, assume that the SOH data are either directly stored
in the battery management system (BMS) or stored in such a
way that the stakeholders can derive SOH by using analyticalmodels over attributes stored in the BMS. SOH data can then betransmitted to stakeholders via wireless communication (e.g.,cellular connection, Bluetooth) and/or wired connections.
This analysis assumes that once an EV is sold to an individual or
a company, then the SOH data associated with the EV battery
are only accessible by the buyer, who may then also consent togive access to third parties. This analysis also assumes hereon
that there are no prevalent standards, specifications, and bestpractices on how the SOH data should be shared between thestakeholders.

Providing the SOH data to the user with appropriate
documentation in online and offline formats; andAnalyzing data to extract useful information.

UptakeIn this stage, the stakeholders utilize
the SOH data without the need forcleaning or alterations and instead
focus on generating immediate value

In this stage, the stakeholders utilize the SOH data without theneed for cleaning or alterations and instead focus on generating
immediate value from the data. This stage involves three
activities:

from the data.

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Connecting the SOH data to users;© 2023 Mobi. All rights reserved.

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Vehicle manufacturers may use

MOBI SOH0003/VM/2023 Version 1.2•

aggregated SOH data to assess•

defects in battery design.

Incentivizing users to incorporate SOH data into the decisionmaking process; andInfluencing them to value data.

STAKEHOLDER INTERFACES
This section describes interfaces
between the stakeholders used to

For example, vehicle manufacturers may connect and engage
with vehicle owners by providing the battery SOH, indicating
upcoming battery maintenance needs, and incentivizing bettercharging and discharging activities to prolong the battery SOH.
Vehicle manufacturers may also use the SOH data gathered frommultiple vehicles to assess defects in the current battery design.

Impactexchange the SOH data. Interfaces areactions stakeholders must perform
before, during, and after sending andreceiving data.

Data Exchange Contracts
There must exist contractual relations
related to the exchange of SOH data
between two legal entities.

In the impact stage, stakeholders
use the SOH data to advance theirbottom-line goals and objectives.

07© 2023 Mobi. All rights reserved.

In the impact stage, stakeholders use the SOH data to advancetheir bottom-line goals and objectives. This is the final stage inthe value chain and offers the largest value-add for stakeholders.
Manufacturers may assess SOH data to influence decisions
regarding battery design, engineering, and manufacturing
processes, which may have a substantial effect on future
revenue and brand impact.

This section describes interfaces between the stakeholders used
to exchange the SOH data. Interfaces are actions stakeholders
must perform before, during, and after sending and receiving
data. Interfaces form a basis for the exchange of SOH data andcan be contractual in nature.

Because SOH data is exchanged between two legal entities,
there must exist contractual relations between the entities on
the basis of which the data exchange occurs. For example, avehicle manufacturer may enter into a contract with a vehicle
owner to provide value-added services for a fee to provide
timely notification of changes in battery SOH. Such a contract
must stipulate terms and conditions regarding the usage of SOH
data by vehicle manufacturers when this data is provided by
vehicle owners. Figure 1 shows a potential model for SOH dataflow.

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Figure 1: Downstream flow of battery SOH data.

09© 2023 Mobi. All rights reserved.

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Legal Consent of Use
Legal consent of use outlines terms
and conditions by which stakeholders
must share/use/consume battery
state of health data.

Legal consent of use outlines terms and conditions by whichstakeholders must share/use/consume battery state of healthdata. It defines usage restrictions and limitations imposed by astakeholder to another before sharing the SOH data. For example,
the vehicle manufacturer of the EVs may put restrictions on how
the vehicle owners can use the SOH data and attach liability andlimits for such use. Each stakeholder relationship may have varying
levels of data consent.

Transmission Methods
The intent of this section is todefine potential mediums of datatransmission between stakeholders.

This section describes methods of data transmission between
stakeholders. The intent of this section is not to prescribe any
specific transmission technologies such as HTTP, FTP, etc., as thosewill be determined by the stakeholders themselves. Rather, theintent is to define potential mediums of data transmission between
the stakeholders. For example, SOH data can be transferred fromthe vehicle manufacturer to the EV owner using various wirelessmediums such as cellular connection.

Usage Restrictions
Usage restrictions define what
data can be utilized between two
stakeholders that have established acontractual agreement to share SOH
data.

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Usage restrictions define what data can be utilized between
two stakeholders that have established a contractual agreement
to share SOH data. This means certain variables or information
may only be allowed use for analysis, inspection, maintenance,or financial purposes. For example, vehicle owners may restrict
insurers from reselling or sharing their SOH data with a third party.
Alternatively, data owners may allow insurers to share the datawith a third party in order to correctly assess insurance premiums.

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