The 9thInternational Symposiumon Primatology and Wildlife Science

Date
3rd (SAT) - 5th (MON)March, 2018
Venue
Symposium Hall(5F) of International Science Innovation
Building, Kyoto University, Kyoto
京都大学吉田キャンパス国際科学イノベーション棟 5F シンポジウムホールⓒNachiketha Sharma

ACCESS

Directions to Campus
Railway station

Transportation from the station

Arrival bus stop

Keihan Railway
Demachiyanagi Station

Walking

JR/Kintetsu Railway
Kyoto Station

Kyoto City Bus 206
route name: Gion via Kiyomizu‐dera Temple

Kyodai Seimon‐mae

Kyoto City Bus 17
route name: Ginkakuji Temple

Hyakumanben

Travel time
About 20
minutes
About 35
minutes

Main Campus

Lunch Spot③
Symposium Venue (5F)①②

①Clock Tower CO‐OP Shop
Weekday 10：00‐20：00
Saturday 11：00‐15：00
Sunday closed※You can only buy food to go.
(This is not restaurant)②Café Restaurant Camphora
Weekday 11：00‐21：30
Saturday 11：00‐15：00
Sunday 11：00‐15：00③Cafeteria Renais
Weekday 11：00‐22：00
Saturday 11：00‐19：30
Sunday 11：00‐14：00

5F of International Science Innovation BuildingWest Building①③
Conference
room

⑤
Foyer

East Building

EV

Symposium Hall②④

①Reception ②Oral presentation ③Buddha Seminar⑤Resting Area (Coffee Break)④Poster session

Precaution*Do not eat or drink in Symposium Hall.
All food and drinks must be consumed outside in the Foyer area.
*There is a vending machine on the 4th Floor of this Building.
Please be quiet on this floor, as it is shared by others.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science***As of Feb 23th, 2018

3rd March (Sat)9:00-

4th March (Sun)Special session: Elephant welfare (Kohshima, Nachi andDuncan)(Chair: Shiro Kohshima)
Raman Sukumar [20min]
Keith Lindsay [20min]
Yumi Yamanashi [20min]
Panel discussion and Q & A [60min]
Panelist: Drs. Lindsay, Sukumar, Kohshima, Matsuzawa andYamanashi

9:30- 9:30-11:30

Conserv' session
10:00- "Gods in Shackles"@Symposium Hall
10:3011:00-

Coffee Break

11:3012:00- [Registration Open]
12:30-

11:30-13:00
ランチセミナー 「環境省」 田和優子
「インターンシップ報告」 楊木萌[Japanese] Lunch Seminar " Ministry ofEnvironment" by Yuko Tawa
"Internship Report" by Moe Yanagi@Conference Room

13:00- Opening Remarks by Tetsuro Matsuzawa [10min]
Progress report by PWS students Ⅰ
13:30- [15min] x 7 (Chair: Yuko Hattori)
Yuri Kawaguchi(L2); Josue Pastrana(L4);
14:00- Yutaro Sato(L1); Gao Jie(L3);
Akito Toge(L2); Shintaro Ishizuka(L3)
14:30- Nelson Broche(L1)Progress report by PWS students Ⅲ[15min] x 5 students (Chair: Andrew MacIntosh)
Momoko Oka(L1);Mayuko Nomoto(L2);
Anna Kawakita(L2);Miho Tanaka(L2);
Ryoma Otsuka(L2)Lunch Break

Progress report by PWS students Ⅳ[15min] x 6 students (Chair: Ikuma Adachi)
Hiroya Takiyama(L1)
Kei Matsushima(L4);
Yan Xiaochan(L1); Yugo Kawamoto(L2)Miyeon Kim(L3); Liu Jie(L4)15:00- Coffee BreakCoffee Break

Progress report by PWS students Ⅱ
15:30- [15min] x 7 students (Chair:Takushi Kishida)
Himani Nautiyal(L4); Nachiketha Sharma(L4);
16:00- Moe Yanagi(L1); Miho Saito(L5);Special session: Equine research
Satoshi Hirata [10min] (Chair: Satoshi Hirata)
Helena Freitas [30min]
Sota Inoue(L2) [15min]

Maegan Fitzgerald(L3); Makiko Take(L3)16:30- Liesbeth Frias(L5)Monamie Ringhofer [15min]
Renata Mendonca [20min]
Yusuke Hori [20min]

17:00- Group photo [15 min]

Poster session/PWS exam

Poster session/PWS exam
17:3018:00- Welcoming party

Get-together party

5th March (Mon)
Poster Award[10min] x 3 (Chair: Seiko Fukushima)
Invited talks by PWS collaborators(Chair: Lira Yu and Seiko Fukushima)
Masahiko Horie [30min]
Koustubh Sharma [15min]
Kubanychbek Jumabai uulu [15min]
Tomoko Kanamori[15min]
Shinya Yamamoto [15min]
Dan Schofield [15min]; Lira Yu [15min]
Closing Remarks (Tetsuro Matsuzawa) [10min]

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Scienceat Symposium Hall(5F) of International Science Innovation Building, Kyoto University
PROGRAMDay 1 March 3rd (Sat)Time(min) Title

Speaker

Affiliation

TetsuroMatsuzawa

PWS Program Coordinator

9:30-11:30 Conserv' session "Gods in Shackles" @Symposium Hall

Buddha Seminar "Ministry of the Environment" @Conference room
11:30-13:00
Registration

13:00-13:10(10) Opening Remarks
Progress report by PWS students Ⅰ

O-01 (15) Visual attention for adult and infant faces in apes

13:10
|
15:00

15:00-15:15

Chair: Yuko Hattori
Yuri Kawaguchi(L2)

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University

O-02 (15)

Effects of Enriched Social Housing on Female Pygmy
Slow Loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus)

Josue Pastrana(L4)

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University

O-03 (15)Chimpanzees’ attention to injured individuals: an eye
tracking experiment

Yutaro Sato (L1)

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

O-04 (15)The body inversion effect in chimpanzees (Pantroglodytes)

Gao Jie (L3)Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University

O-05 (15)Discrimination of forest guenons’ dietary insect andniche overlap using DNA metabarcoding of feces

Akito Toge (L2)Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University

O-06 (15) Are larger monkey rest clusters (猿団子) warmer?

Shintaro Ishizuka(L3)

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University

Progress Report: Salivary alpha-amylase enzyme as a
O-07 (15) non-invasive biomarker of acute stress in Japanesemacaques (Macaca fuscata)Nelson Broche (L1)

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University(15)<Coffee Break>Progress report by PWS students Ⅱ

Chair: Takushi Kishida

Livestock-Central Himalayan Langur interactions in the
Himani Nautiyal
High-Altitude Meadows of the Garhwal Himalayas,
O-08 (15)
Uttarakhand, India - An Assessment to Evaluate(L4)Resource Competition and Parasite Infections

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University

O-09 (15)Immediate behavioural responses of Asian elephants
to human disturbance in relatively undisturbed habitat

Nachiketha
Sharma (L4)Monitoring the lifestyle of African elephants in the
O-10 (15) hybrid zone between Loxodonta africana and L. cyclotis Moe Yanagi (L1)in the Kibale National Park, Uganda
15:15
|
17:00

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

O-11 (15)Allosuckling and male interference with nursing in wild
giraffe

Miho Saito (L5)

O-12 (15)To Drum or Not to Drum? - Selectivity in Chimpanzee
Buttress Drumming

Maegan Fitzgerald Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto(L3)
University

O-13 (15) Activity report of my D1/L3 year

O-14 (15)

Parasites in Fragments: Parasite Diversity andDistribution in Red-Listed Primates

17:00-18:00

Group photo &Poster session/ PWS exam

18:00–

Welcoming party

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

Makiko Take (L3)Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University

Liesbeth Frias (L5)

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University

Day 2

March 4th (Sun)Time(min) Title

Speaker

Special session: Elephant welfare

Affiliation
Chair: Shiro Koshima

O-15 (20) The four pillars of captive elephant welfare in Asia

Raman Sukumar

Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto
University

O-16 (20) The lives of elephants in the wild and in captivity

Keith Lindsay

Amboseli Trust for Elephants,
Kenya

Yumi Yamanashi

Center for Research and Educationof Wildlife, Kyoto City Zoo

9:00
|
11:00
O-17 (20)Current practice and future direction of elephantprojects at Kyoto City Zoo

Panel discussion and Q & A(60) Panelist: Drs. Lindsay, Sukumar, Koshima, Matsuzawa
and Yamanashi
11:00-11:15(15)<Coffee Break>

Progress report by PWS students Ⅲ
Effect of Environmental Enrichment on the Behavior of
O-18 (15) Amur Tigers and the Interaction between Tigers andZoo Visitors

Momoko Oka (L1)

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

Mayuko Nomoto(L2)

Human Evolution Studies,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto
University

O-20 (15) How do giraffes use shady/sunny places?

Anna Kawakita(L2)

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

Tooth rakes on wild Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphinsO-21 (15) (Tursiops aduncus): a possible marker of their social
behavior

Miho Tanaka (L2)

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

O-19 (15)

11:15
|
12:30

Chair: Andrew MacIntosh

Habitat use of forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) inand around Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon

How Can Community People Actively Participate in
Graduate School of Asian andCommunity Conservation ?: The Case of “HumanRyoma Otsuka (L2) African Area Studies, Kyoto
O-22 (15)Gorilla Conflict Resolution Program (HUGO)” in Bwindi
University
Impenetrable National Park, Uganda
12:30–13:30(60)<Lunch Break>

Progress report by PWS students Ⅳ

Chair: Ikuma Adachi

O-23 (15)

How do chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) recognize andreply to the voice of other individuals?

Hiroya Takiyama(L1)

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University

O-24 (15)Detecting terrestrial mammals living around saltlick in
Malaysia using environmental DNA

Kei Matsushima(L4)

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

O-25 (15)Characterization of bitter taste sensitivity of the two
species of Sulawesi Macaques

Yan Xiaochan (L1)

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University

O-26 (15)Genetic and functional analysis of PKD1L3/PKD2L1
putative sour taste receptor in Sumatran orangutan

Yugo Kawamoto(L2)

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University

O-27 (15)Vocalization and associated behavior of free-ranging
Indo-Pacific Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in
Jeju Island, Republic of Korea: A preliminary
description

Miyeon Kim (L3)

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

13:30
|
15:00

Home Range Changes of Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkey
O-28 (15) (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Laojun Mountain National
Liu Jie (L4)Nature Reserve
15:00-15:15(15)<Coffee Break>Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

Special session: Equine research

Chair: Satoshi Hirata

O-29 (10) Introduction to Serra D’Arga horse project

Satoshi Hirata

Framing Cooperation and Biodiversity Knowledge with
O-30 (30) Africa: the UNESCO Chair in Biodiversity Safeguard for Helena Freitas
Sustainable Development

O-31 (15)
15:15
|
17:00

Differences in spatial positioning of individuals among
horse groups

Social behavior of the stallion and the maintenance of
O-32 (15) the harem group: a study on feral horses in Serra D’
Arga, northern Portugal

O-33 (20)Investigating the causes of adult and foal
disappearance and mortality in feral horses in North of
Portugal: A preliminary approach on prey-predator
interactions

18:00–

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

Monamie
Ringhofer

Institute of Advanced Study, Kyoto
University

Renata Mendonca

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University

Poster session/ PWS exam

Get-together Party

University of Coimbra & UNESCO
Chair Holder in Biodiversity Safeguardfor Sustainable Development

Sota Inoue (L2)

O-34 (20) Genetic polymorphisms and personality traits in horses: Yusuke Hori

17:00-18:00

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto
University

Day 3

March 5th (Mon)Time(min) Title

SpeakerPoster award
9:00
|
9:30

Chair: Seiko Fukushima(10) Presentation 1

Award Winner 1(10) Presentation 2

Award Winner 2(10) Presentation 3

Award Winner 3

Invited talks by PWS collaborators

09:30
|
11:30

Chair: Lira Yu, Seiko Fukushima

O-35 (30)“Living in Harmony with Nature”~ For the Survival ofthis Planet ~Masahiko Horie

Foreign Ministry of Japan

O-36 (15)Snow leopard conservation: from local action to global
policy and governance

Koustubh Sharma

Snow Leopard Trust

O-37 (15)Snow leopard research and conservation programs in
the Kyrgyz Republic

Kubanychbek
Jumabai uulu

Snow Leopard Foundation in
Kyrgyzstan

O-38 (15)Middle to large mammalian fauna in Danum Valley withPrimate Research Institute, Kyoto
Tomoko Kanamori
camera trap
University

Bonobos in forest-savanna mosaic environment:
O-39 (15) development and perspectives of our newly launchedwild bonobo research site

11:30-11:40

Affiliation

Shinya Yamamoto

Institute of Advanced Study, Kyoto
University

O-40 (15)The Bossou archive project: progress and future
directions

Dan Schofield

Institute of Cognitive andEvolutionary Anthropology, Oxford
University

O-41 (15)Comparative and developmental studies on rhythmic
coordination

Lira Yu

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

TetsuroMatsuzawa

PWS Program Coordinator(10) Closing remarks

Poster Session
Title

Presenter

P-01 Development of combinatory manipulation and tool-use repertoire in great apes and humans

Misato Hayashi

P-02 What is the unity of rider and horse? : Subjective and objective evaluation during trotting.

Sakiho Ochi

P-03 Evidence for self-domestication in wild coyotes?

James Brooks

P-04

Pet food sustains feral cats, which may indirectly affect endangered species on TokunoshimaIslandTamao Maeda

P-05 Motivation and satisfaction of foreign tourists visiting Arashiyama Monkey Park Iwatayama

Tamaki Shimegi

P-06 Facial discrimination and attentional bias towards faces in chimpanzees

Duncan Wilson

P-07 Female choice criterion for sexual and/or social partner in bonobos

Takumasa Yokoyama

P-08

Triadic awareness predicts partner choice in male-infant-male interactions in Barbary
macaques

P-09

Do non-human primates possess a concept of death? Measuring biological expectations among
André Gonçalvescaptive chimpanzees and macaques with regards to living versus dead states

P-10

To carry or not to carry: changes in stress hormones in a case of dead infant carrying inJapanese macaques

P-11 Behavioral and cognitive aging in captive and wild chimpanzees

Barbora Kuběnová

Sayuri Takeshita
Kristin Havercamp

P-12

Behavioral coordination of mother-infant pairs and mother-infant-sibling triads at the onset of
travel in wild chimpanzees

Hiroko Sakuragi

P-13

Allogrooming Body Site Preferences: a comparison between Wild and Captive Chimpanzees
and Bonobos.

Morgane Allanic

P-14

Stable nocturnal activity and seasonal changing diurnal activity of brown lemur (Eulemur
fulvus): implication for the advantage of cathemerality from nocturnal to diurnal life

Tojotanjona Patrick
Razanaparany

P-15 Experiments beyond the laboratory

Xu Shenwen

P-16 LIPS COLORATION AS A FERTILITY TRAIT IN WOMEN

Lucie Rigaill

P-17 Both of morphological and behavioral views are important to know the animal

Misa Hayashi

P-18

Swimming order in the group of wild dolphins approaching underwater swimmer: difference by
sex and age class

Kasumi Sakakibara

P-19 Study of the ecology of leopard

Sosuke Minami

P-20 The diet of the leopard (Panthera pardus) in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania.

Nobuko Nakazawa

P-21 Behavioral characteristics of scent marking and its social role in cheetahs

Misa Suzuki

P-22

Expression analysis of cells with induced transcription factors using the next-generation
sequencer

P-23

Development of simple non-invasive methods for estimating population density of the Japanese
Yuto Takisquirrel and my future research plan: genetic diversity analysis of the Ryukyu flying fox

Masahiro Kaneko

Poster session Venue

Foyer

P‐18

P‐12

P‐06

P‐19

P‐13

P‐07

P‐01

P‐20

P‐14

P‐08

P‐02

P‐21

P‐15

P‐09

P‐03

P‐22

P‐16

P‐10

P‐04

P‐23

P‐17

P‐11

P‐05

Symposium Hall

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-01

Visual attention for adult and infant faces in apes
Yuri Kawaguchi1*, Fumihiro Kano2 and Masaki Tomonaga1,21Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto

2* kawaguchi.yuri.57r@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

In human and nonhuman primates, infants are the special members in a society because
they require extensive caretaking from adults, and, in certain societies and species, they
are at a risk of infanticide. Intriguingly, in a species like chimpanzees, the appearance ofan infant is clearly distinguished from that of an adult (e.g. white face) but in otherspecies like bonobos, the appearance is similar between an infant and an adult. It
remains unclear how adults of these species perceive infants. In humans, there is a study
showing that females looked at infant faces longer than adult faces. No study examinedsuch attentional bias in non-human animals. This study examined viewing patterns for
adult and infant individuals in chimpanzees and bonobos using a non-invasive eyetracker. Fifteen chimpanzees and 6 bonobos living at Primate Research Institute (PRI)
and Kumamoto Sanctuary (KS) participated in this study. We presented to them thepictures of mother-infant dyad of these species (both chimpanzees and bonobos) and an
outgroup species (Japanese macaque). Areas of Interest (AOIs) were defined for thefaces of adults and infants for each stimulus, and the total looking time for the faces
were analyzed. Chimpanzee participants showed significant looking bias to thechimpanzee infants and marginally significant looking bias to the macaque infant.
Conversely, bonobo participants showed significant looking bias to the adultchimpanzees and adult macaques. Neither chimpanzee nor bonobo participants showedlooking bias to the bonobo infants/adults. Such different attentional bias to infants may
reflect both species specific interest to infants and appearance of infant in theseparticipants.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-02

Effects of Enriched Social Housing on Female Pygmy Slow Loris(Nycticebus pygmaeus)
Josué Alejandro Pastrana1*, Michael Huffman1, 根本慧 ２, 土性亮賀 ２, 山梨裕美 ３,4
１

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University
２
Japan Monkey Centre
３
Kyoto City Zoo
4
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University* josue.pastrana.64s@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pymaeus) are targets of various types ofanthropogenic activities such as hunting, pet trade, habitat loss, and are listed as a
Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Their small size andinfrequent vocalizations make them an easier target for international pet smuggling
compared to other primate species. The objective of our work was to study the
behavioral and postural changes, as well as their social behavior by measuring theproximity of the rescued female pygmy lorises from individual cages to more enriched,larger, social housing. Postural movement is very important for this nocturnal arboreal
species, and more enriched housing should provide a wider range of postures. Although
they are generally reported as being a solitary species in the wild and have low successrates on same-sex female pairs (Fitch-Snyder 2004), they can be socially housed
successfully and having the choice of social interactions may ameliorate stress related tocaptive housing.
We observed 6 female pygmy slow lorises housed at the Japan Monkey Centre
between June 2017 through February 2018. The 6 females were first transferredindividually to an enriched enclosure on 8/25/2017 (first group) and 12/19/2017 (second
group), respectively. After the move, we formed two social groups with the females;
one with two females and another with four females. Weekly 10-minute focal recording
sessions for each female were made with a night vision camera between 13:00-16:00
from August 2017-February 2018 before and after the group formation. For positionaland behavioral observations, we used continuous focal sampling (Altmann 1974) and,for proximity we divided the enclosure into quadrants: far (opposite side of enclosure),close (within 2 meters), social (arms-reach), and nesting (sharing nest).
We found that all individuals had an increase in social behaviors, a more varied
repertoire of postures, and their activity budgets differed from their previous housing
conditions. We believe that our findings might contribute to captive management andimprovements on animal welfare concerns by documenting the success of female
isosexual groups within the species. In the future, we will combine the data ofphysiological indicators of stress to understand the detailed effects.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-03

Chimpanzees’ attention to injured individuals: an eye tracking
experiment
Yutaro Sato1*, Fumihiro Kano1 and Satoshi Hirata1
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University* sato.yutaro.76w@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Nonhuman primates sometimes inspect, groom, or lick a wound of their groupmates.
Although there are some field observations reporting such behaviors, the underlying
motivation remains unclear. Like humans, do others’ wounds attract attention and evoke
negative emotional reactions in nonhuman primates? In our first experiment, wemeasured spontaneous gazing of six captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) by an eye
tracker while they were viewing eight photos of a wounded chimpanzee paired with thatof a chimpanzee without wounds. Chimpanzees viewed the wounded conspecifics
significantly longer than non-wounded conspecifics. When the part of wounds was
scrambled in the images so that the wounds were masked while maintaining its lowlevel visual property (e.g. redness) at the pixel level, no significant difference was foundin their viewing durations. Moreover, when we analyzed their viewing times for theparts of wounds in the images, chimpanzees viewed the wounds significantly longer
than the corresponding parts of the non-wounded conspecifics, whereas no suchdifference was found in the scrambled image pairs. These results suggest thatchimpanzees attend spontaneously to others’ injuries. In the next experiment, werecorded their nasal temperature, one of the psychophysiological indexes, while they
were viewing visual stimuli featuring injured conspecifics. We would like to show the
preliminary results. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental study
that examined chimpanzees’ reaction to injured animals.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-04

The Body Inversion Effect in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Jie Gao1*, Masaki Tomonaga1
1Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi* gao.jie.87c@kyoto-u.jp

Bodies are very important for animals. Animals use bodies to explore and to interact
with the world. Humans’ body recognition is deteriorated by inversion. This inversion
effect suggests a configural way to process bodies. However, little is known about bodyperception in non-human primates. We tested seven chimpanzees using upright andinverted stimuli in matching-to-sample tasks to examine the body inversion effect.
Experiment 1 used chimpanzee bodies and houses. Experiment 2 used intact bodies,bodies with blurred faces, and faces with blurred bodies. Experiment 3 used intact
bodies, bodies without faces, only faces, and body silhouettes. Experiment 4 used intact
bodies and scrambled bodies. Chimpanzees showed the inversion effect to all intact
body conditions, and this suggests that they use the configural way to process bodies.
They also showed the inversion effect to faces with blurred bodies in Exp. 2 and tosilhouettes in Exp. 3 but no inversion effect in other conditions, suggesting that thefaces and body contours are salient for the inversion effect and for the configuralprocessing. No inversion effect was found in scrambled bodies, suggesting that they
have the knowledge about typical body structures.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-05

Discrimination of forest guenons’ dietary insect andniche overlap using DNA metabarcoding of feces
Akito Toge1*, Takashi Hayakawa1,2, Munehiro Okamoto1 , Chie Hashimoto1,
and Takakazu Yumoto1
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi
2
Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Aichi* toge.akito.28x@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

There are records of primates eating most of the 30 orders of the Class Insecta.
However, little is known about what particular species they eat because of difficulty toidentify the prey insects by observation. We detected some of dietary insects of blue
monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis), red-tailed monkeys (C. ascanius) and L’Hoest’smonkeys (C. lhoesti) by DNA metabarcoding of fecal samples, and evaluated dietary
overlaps among them at OTU (Operational Taxonomical Unit) level. We collected theirfresh feces in the Kalinzu Forest from July to September (the end of dry season) in 2016
and 2017, and finally analyzed 73, 52 and 63 samples, respectively. DNA sequenceswere clustered into OTUs at 97% similarity. As a result, about 50% of Arthropoda
OTUs belonged to the Order Lepidoptera. Averaging OTU occurrence(presence/absence) across all samples showed that many Lepidopteran OTUs were often
consumed by three monkey species. Calculating Morisita’s measure of niche overlap,
we found considerable overlaps among them. The highest was seen between blue andred-tailed (0.699), while the lowest was seen between blue and L’Hoest’s (0.401).
Comparing diet composition among species using PERMANOVA of Jaccard
dissimilarity, we found that three species were significantly different in the prey OTU
composition ( pseudo F = 3.42, ω 2 = 0.025, p < 0.001), but the effect size ( ω 2) was
relatively small. The abundance of Lepidopteran insects may be so high in the end of
dry season, when these monkeys spend long time on feeding insects, that they canhighly overlap dietary insects. On the other hand, the difference in prey composition
may reflect their physiological, ecological and behavioral characteristics. Collecting
fecal samples in the other seasons and more detail identification by constructing local
insect DNA libraries will be needed in the near future.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-06

Are larger monkey rest clusters (猿団子) warmer?
Shintaro Ishizuka1*
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan* ishizuka.shintaro.37x@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Although Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) form rest clusters, which are huddled
by some animals each other, huge clusters (over 50 animals) are observed only in the
population of Shodoshima Island. A previous study suggested that those huge clusters
are formed only in winter, functioning as protection against the cold. However,
Shodoshima Island is not the coldest area in Japan, suggesting that formation of hugeclusters cannot be explained only by protection against cold. I investigated therelationship between rest cluster size and its temperature. I also analyzed centrality inrest clusters, and joining cluster size of individuals to estimate the difference in warmth
between dominance ranks. By picking one rest cluster with 5-min intervals, I recorded
the number of participants, and the average temperature by using a thermo camera. I
also took photos of rest clusters from above, and analyzed centrality of individuals.
Temperature of rest clusters did not increase as rest clusters became larger. Thissuggests that huge rest clusters might not function as protection against the cold. An
alternative explanation for the formation of huge rest clusters in Shodoshima Island may
be that the tolerance towards other individuals may allow monkeys to huddle each otheroutside of kinship. The centrality in rest clusters and joining rest cluster size weregreater in the highest ranking male than in other males, whereas this tendency was notobserved among females. This suggests that rest clusters may have a social function inmales only.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-07

Progress Report: Salivary alpha-amylase enzyme as a non-invasive
biomarker of acute stress in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)Nelson Broche
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi
broche.nelson.63a@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Human studies have revealed salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) enzyme levels are directly
associated with the release of the hormone norepinephrine, allowing sAA to act as abiomarker for sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. The SNS is associated withthe fight-or-flight response and is a separate but parallel stress response system to the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Recent non-human primate studies havemade progress in using sAA as an additional physiological stress marker. However,there are currently no published reports of sAA validation as an acute stress response
marker in Japanese macaques. Furthermore, saliva collection could prove itself to be
stressful for the monkey. Consequently, developing a non-invasive method forcooperative saliva collection between the researcher and monkey is not only necessary
for accurate data collection but also ethically sound. Therefore, this study has a twofold aim: [1] non-invasively collect saliva with the monkey’s cooperation and [2]validate sAA as a biomarker of acute stress in M. fuscata. Validation of sAA enzyme asan acute biomarker in Japanese macaques could provide a useful tool for future researchquestions as well as practical uses in animal welfare. I discuss developing amethodology for saliva collection, current findings, and other recent research activities.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-08

Livestock - Central Himalayan Langur interactions in the HighAltitude Meadows of the Garhwal Himalayas , Uttarakhand, India An Assessment to Evaluate Resource Competition and Parasite
Infections
Himani Nautiyal1 and Michael A Huffman1
1

Kyoto University, Primate Research Institute Japan.

Keyword: Alpine meadows, transmission, grazing, vegetation loss, exclusion
experiments
The alpine meadows in Garhwal Himalayas supports various wildlife ranging fromlarge herbivores like ungulates to carnivores like leopards. But the grazing bylivestock’s in these meadows have led to drastic changes in its vegetation composition
and also resulted in depletion of plant species from past ten to twenty years. The Central
Himalayan Langurs (Semnopithecus schistaceus) living in these alpine meadows haveto address competition for resources by Livestock’s; probable source for parasite
infections. With this motivation, the impact of vegetation loss by grazing, quantificationof dietary overlap, evaluation of resource competition and risks of zoonotic parasitetransmission are investigated under current study. An evaluation for resourcecompetition between livestock and langurs was carried out by behavioral observation of
langurs and exclusion experiments in the alpine meadows. It is observed that herbs
constitute an important part of the langur diet. But 67% of the herbs consumed by thelangurs were damaged by livestock impacting negatively towards plant growth and theiravailability in these alpine meadows. These results show the potential directcompetition for resources between langur and livestock for feeding. It will be critical toquantify these interactions pinpointing directions towards future research and for
preparation of conservation plan considering all stakeholders. To identify possible
sources for parasite infection, a comparative analysis between langurs and livestock iscarried out. Three major groups (nematode, protozoa, and trematodes) ofgastrointestinal parasites is found in livestock and langur population. Though resultshows differences in intensity and prevalence of infections between livestock’s andlangurs, but there is significant overlap (75%) in likely species infections. The most
likely source of these infections is the meadows, itself. The high number of infected
livestock foraging and defecating in the meadows could be responsible for the spilloverof infections into langurs sharing the same region. This baseline information suggests
the need for more detailed studies to verify zoonosis and to confirm parasitetransmission from livestock to langurs.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-09

Immediate behavioural responses of Asian elephants to humandisturbance in relatively undisturbed habitat
Nachiketha Sharma1*, Shiro Kohshima1, and Raman Sukumar2, 3
1

Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University, Japan
Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
３
Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Indian2* nachi@wrc.kyoto-u.ac.jp

The escalating human-elephant conflicts are one of the major conservation concerns
among elephant-ranging countries. In such scenarios, along with assessing the influenceof man-made perturbations, addressing the behavioural plasticity of elephants will beessential for their welfare and management. Many studies have documented the
behavioural responses of Asian elephants when they are in human-modified landscapes.
However, there is less understanding of how Asian elephants perceive human-induced
threats when they are in the undisturbed habitats. Hence, to address this aspect, we
conducted a study on free-ranging Asian elephants in Mudumalai and Bandipur Tiger
Reserves where there is relatively less human-induced threat or disturbances than otherhuman-dominated landscapes. We used two different modes of disturbances i.e.,
vehicular sounds and humans on foot, to assess how elephants use them to detect humanpresence and how they respond towards them. We measured the total time theyremained vigilant, the total distance they moved after the disturbance and the vocal
responses at a group level. Our preliminary findings, based on 100 events, showed that
Asian elephants spent more time in vigilance in response to humans on foot comparedto vehicular disturbance and moved further away when they find humans on footcompared to vehicular sound. The immediate vocal responses are mainly trumpets andchirps. However, ‘rumbles’ were used when elephants detected human on foot thanvehicular sounds. Initial distance of disturbance and group size influenced theimmediate vocal responses of Asian elephants. These results indicate that among theinvestigated parameters, free-ranging Asian elephants are highly responsive to humans
on foot and usually avoid humans in their natural habitat. However, these results may
entirely depend on the population and the degree of exposure to humans in their natural
habitats. The information from the study can be useful in developing site-specificconservation strategies.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-10

Monitoring the lifestyle of African elephants in the hybrid zone
between Loxodonta africana and L. cyclotis in the Kibale National
Park, Uganda
Moe YANAGI1*, Gen'ichi Idani1
1

Wildlife Research Centert, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japa)* yanagi.moe.25n@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

The density of elephants in the Kibale National Park (KNP) has become increased
recently because of their migrating from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)to Uganda (Keigwin et al., 2016; Omeja et al., 2014, 2016), and this causes anincrease of human-elephants conflict. Although elephants in Africa have become
locally overabundant, populations of forest elephants are declined by 62 %between 2002 and 2011, and 30 % of their geographical range were lost becauseof human pressure such as poaching (Maisels et al., 2013). As a result,conservation of elephants in Africa is crucial issue today. Moreover, recent genetic
research documented hybridization between savanna elephant Loxodonta africanaand forest elephant L. cyclotis in some areas, especially the border between Uganda
and the DRC including KNP (Mondol, S. et al., 2015). From these points of view, wehave to carefully monitor their current lifestyle in this area for their practicalmanagement and conservation. Thus, my research focuses on the behavior andgenetics of the population of elephants in KNP which is suspected to be hybrids
between Loxodonta africana and L. cyclotis for characterization of their current
lifestyle. Through my two surveys in dry and rainy season, I conducted linetransect censuses in various vegetation types to quantify their preference forcurrent habitats. Distance sampling of dung counts was used for censuses, andanalysis has been done using DISTANCE software. In addition, I collected thesedungs and extracted their DNA. A skeletal specimen for morphological analyses
and pictures from camera traps were also obtained. I will analyze these data andcompare the results with the population in other area.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-11

Allosuckling and male interference with nursing in wild giraffe
Miho Saito
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto* saito.miho.48u@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Allosuckling has been reported in many species. Giraffe allosuckle in captivity but
reports from the wild are sparse to non-existent. Although female giraffe become
pregnant while lactating, the suckling stimulus generally prevents normal follicularmaturation. I studied three nursing giraffe and their offspring in Katavi National Park,
Tanzania. I found that allsuckling in wild giraffe was rare and “milk theft” hypothesis
was supported. I also recorded a male that was mate guarding a female consistently
interfered with nursing. I propose that this behavior could be a male reproductive
strategy aimed at increasing the chances of resumption of estrus.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-12

To Drum or Not to Drum? - Selectivity in Chimpanzee Buttress
Drumming
Maegan Fitzgerald1*
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan* maeg2nimba@gmail.com

Wild chimpanzees have a fission-fusion social organization. Group size, compositionand spatial distribution are constantly in flux. A vast repertoire of vocal and non-vocal
forms of communication, including pant-hoots, screams, drumming, and body gestures,
allows chimpanzees to effectively convey information in a socially and spatiallydynamic setting. Chimpanzees drum on tree buttresses to produce acoustic signals heard
over one-kilometer away. This behavior occurs frequently during travel and plays asignificant role in long distance communication between separated individuals. To date,no studies have taken a landscape ecological perspective to examine the spatial andecological factors influencing drumming behavior that may be critical for successfully
conveying movement patterns. The factors influencing this behavior can be divided into
three categories: location characteristics, tree characteristics, and buttress characteristics.
This study focuses on the Seringbara community of unhabituated chimpanzees in theMont Nimba Strict Nature Reserve, Guinea, Africa. Trees used to drum on bychimpanzees (drum trees hereafter; n = 24) were identified and the following data werecollected: tree species name, circumference, diameter at breast height (DBH), numberof buttresses, and buttress surface area. Tree availability plots (n = 20) were placedaround each drumming tree to assess the availability of potential drum trees. Withinthese plots (20 x 20 m), all trees with a DBH ≥ 10cm were measured. If trees had
buttresses but no evidence of being used for drumming (control trees), they were
measured as potential drum trees. Preliminary results indicate that chimpanzees selectfor certain tree and buttress characteristics. Chimpanzees prefer to drum on trees withgreater circumference, greater DBH, more buttresses, and on buttresses with greater
surface area. More data collection and analyses are needed to address location
characteristics and to further assess tree and buttress characteristics. These preliminary
findings provide a framework for addressing how chimpanzees perceive and utilize theirlandscape for long-distance communication. Approaching chimpanzee behavior from alandscape ecology perspective will contribute new insights into the behavior ofchimpanzees during long distance communication and travel and thereby help inform
landscape management and conservation practices.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-13

Activity report of my D1/L3 year
Makiko Take1*, Takakazu Yumoto1
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan* take.makiko.77a@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

I will report my activities in this academic year 2017-2018. My objective of thisyear was to get a research permission to conduct field-based studies in Brazil. For thispurpose, I needed to submit a research proposal to National Institute of Amazon
Researches (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, INPA) in Manaus, Brazil,
and needed to get an approval from this institute.
I visited Brazil twice in 2017 in order to proceed this process. In August, I joined
17th Brazilian Congress of Primatology held in Pirenópolis, state of Goiás. I discussed
my research plan with my Brazilian supervisors (Prof. Wilson Spironello and Prof.
Adrian Barnett, INPA) and the other researchers who have been engaged in primatology
in South America for years. Based on those discussions, I wrote the draft of the research
proposal. In October, I returned to Brazil and corrected the draft talking directly withmy supervisors again. I submitted it to INPA in the middle of December 2017, and now
it is under the review process by a Brazilian reviewer.
In my research proposal, I wrote a study plan aimed to clarify the developmental
process of the specific feeding behavior of golden-fased saki monkey (Pithecia
chrysocephara). While many of primates eat ripe pulp as the main food, Pithecia andthe relative taxa harvest immature fruits, and eat the immature seeds inside the fruits as
discarding the pulp. Although it is known that adult individuals are morphologically andbehaviorally well adapted to seed eating, this feeding habit should be still “difficult” forimmature individuals, because seeds seem relatively much hard-to-process foodcompared to mother’s milk or fruit pulp. How do they shift from mother’s milk to trees’
seeds? To answer this question, the study will focus on the following four points, (1)The factors influencing dietary differences between ages in P. chrysocephala, (2)Energy intake and expenditure balance, (3) Foraging synchronicity and co-feeding
behavior, and (4) Food transfer from the mother.
I am going to conduct some preliminary experiments in Japan Monkey Center inMarch 2018, and hopefully I am going to Brazil by the end of April 2018 to start mydata collection.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-14

Parasites in Fragments
Parasite Diversity and Distribution in Red-Listed Primates
Liesbeth Frias1*, Andrew MacIntosh2
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi* frias.liesbeth.48w@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss is a hallmark of the Anthropocene, anepoch characterized by rapid global changes and declines in local species abundance.
Parasites are a big part of biodiversity, and although remarkably adapted to exploit
small discontinuous habitats (a.k.a. hosts), they are equally threatened by habitat loss
and fragmentation. Here, we replicate an earlier study looking at the relationshipbetween parasite host range (generalist vs. specialist parasite species), host threat status,
number of infected individuals (parasite prevalence) and number of parasite species
infecting a given host (parasite richness), considering two types of parasites (helminths
and protists) infecting primates. Taking threatened hosts as a proxy for shrinking
habitats, we expect that isolation of habitat fragments results in decreased numbers ofparasite species, with specific parasites being more endangered by fragmentation
processes. Using an extensive dataset on primate parasites, we found that similar to theprevious study, parasite richness was lower in fragmented habitats. In contrast to theprevious study however, we observed a significant relationship between parasite
prevalence and habitat fragmentation, mediated by parasite host range, i.e. fragmented
habitats harbor a higher proportion of generalist parasites. These differences inprevalence of specialist versus generalist parasites in continuous versus fragmented
habitats (here threatened versus non-threatened hosts) likely reflect changes in resource
distribution and heterogeneity, resulting in disturbances in parasite communities. On the
one hand, generalists might contribute to habitat degradation, a form of parasite
pollution that disrupts parasite infracommunities, and on the other hand, they may beespecially effective colonizers in the absence of specialists that could outcompete them.
Changes in host-parasite associations are to be expected in the context of the
Anthropocene, how they will drive the persistence and diversification of host-parasite
systems, and impact host health and fitness, remains to be addressed.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-15

The four pillars of captive elephant welfare in Asia

１

Raman Sukumar1, 2Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India

２* rsuku@iisc.ac.in

The elephant is believed to have been tamed in Asia at least 4600 years ago by the
Harappan culture. Captive elephants played a pivotal role in the rise and fall of Asian
civilizations. Perhaps over a million elephants have been captured and used by humans
over the centuries. With our contemporary understanding of the sentient nature of thisanimal, the need to ensure the welfare of the 15,000 or more captive elephants has
become imperative. On the one hand, there is widespread support for complete
cessation of capture of elephants from the wild. However, elephant-human conflicts
continue to perpetuate and even escalate in many regions of Asia to the detriment ofconservation. With wild elephants increasingly moving into human settlements andproduction areas, one option to mitigate conflicts is to capture a limited number of suchelephants. This option must obviously be exercised with great caution but is alreadybecoming inevitable in many parts of India. This management imperative is bringing
into sharp public focus the need to considerably improve the welfare standards forelephants in captivity. In this talk I would argue that the four pillars on which we haveto develop the framework for elephant welfare are setting standards for (i) the capture ofelephants from the wild, (ii) humane training of elephants, (iii) elephant husbandry
including nutrition and health care, and (iv) acceptable use of captive elephants.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-16

The lives of elephants in the wild and in captivity
W. K. Lindsay1*
1

Amboseli Elephant Research Project, Nairobi, Kenya* wklindsay@gmail.com

The biology of wild elephants in Africa and Asia is shaped by their evolution and theirlife in natural ecosystems; their life in captivity should be based on knowledge of that
biology. A key source of information on elephant biology is the Amboseli ElephantResearch Project (AERP), based in southern Kenya. The 40-year study has provided
considerable knowledge about African savanna elephants, and this information is also
indicative of the biology of African forest elephants and of Asian elephants, with which
they share many important similarities. In this presentation, I communicate some of thisunderstanding, based on my experiences with the AERP and with research andconservation of elephants in other parts of Africa and in captive situations around theworld.
Key findings about the lives of wild elephants show that they:• need a lot of space: Home ranges are 100 – 1,000km2 in area and they walk an
average of 10km per day in search of food and other resources.
• are occupied with continual foraging challenges, as they search for and process plantmaterial for up to 18 hours every day.
• have a complex social environment, maintaining close bonds with relatives and"friends" of their own choosing, in family and bull groups and mixed herds• are intelligent and emotional. They have a deep, learned knowledge of social
relationships and food and water sources, and will play with and care for young,show joy at social reunions and grieve for lost companions.
• are adapted to hot tropical climates, not cold temperate winters.
Captive conditions should acknowledge and attempt to accommodate as far as possible
these basic needs. Elephants suffer physical and psychological health problems if theirneeds are not met.
The best practice guidelines developed by sanctuaries and zoos provide someapproximation of elephants' needs. The better sanctuaries and zoos in Australia, Europe,
North America and Asia may offer a reasonable life for some captive elephants, butthere are many substandard examples in all parts of the world, with much room for
improvement.
A survey of 14 zoos in Japan which have held solitary elephants was undertaken inearly 2017. As elsewhere, Japan has zoos across the range of design and husbandry
practice, from old, substandard facilities through "standard" but outmoded exhibits toimproved and fairly progressive zoos. Recommendations are made for approaches thatcan be taken in the short, medium and long term to improve the lives of elephants inJapan's zoos.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-17

Current practice and future direction of elephant projects
at Kyoto City Zoo
Yumi Yamanashi1, 2
1Center for Research and Education of Wildlife, Kyoto City Zoo2
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University* yamanashi@wrc.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Since 1907, Kyoto City Zoo has cared for elephants. Currently, we have five Asianelephants, including a female elephant who has been living in the zoo since 1979 andfour immature elephants provided by the government of Lao People's Democratic
Republic (PDR) in 2013, as part of a collaborative “elephant breeding project” between
Japan and Lao PDR. The four elephants were born in a captive environment and raisedby their biological mother until weaning in Lao PDR. The elephant breeding project
aims at breeding elephants and contributing to conservation of wild elephants, byapplying the knowledge and techniques obtained from our activities to protect elephants
and their wild habitat in Lao PDR. In this presentation, I will introduce the current
practice and future direction of care and management of the elephants, in addition toother related activities at our zoo, such as research, breeding and welfare assessment
projects.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-18

Effect of Environmental Enrichment on the Behavior of Amur Tigers
and the Interaction between Tigers and Zoo Visitors
Momoko Oka1*, Yumi Yamanashi2, Kouta Okabe2, Masayuki Matunaga2 and Satoshi Hirata1
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
2
Kyoto city Zoo, Kyoto, Japan* momo950322@yahoo.co.jp

Zoo animals are often bred in environments that are significantly different from their
original habitats. As a result, abnormal behaviors such as pacing around in the exhibit,
shaking the body in front and back, left and right, coprophagy and regurgitation may
occur. Among them, pacing is common in large felid species such as tigers.
Environmental enrichment is a variety of devices for improving the welfare of zoo
animals and is considered important for decreasing pacing. Several factors such as thepresence or absence of enrichment and the influence of visitors are involved in thepacing, but such factors were rarely investigated simultaneously. In this study, weinvestigated the effectiveness of enrichment and the factors influencing the behavior of
captive Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica).
We observed the behavior of 3 amur tigers in the Kyoto city Zoo and examined theeffect of types of enrichment, temperature and number of visitors on behavior. The
result indicates that there are individual differences in the preference of enrichment.
Moreover, as the maximum temperature gets higher, the pacing frequency decreases andthe resting frequency tends to increase. The influence of the visitor effect is not clearlyseen as much as that of the temperature. It can be said that temperature is more
important as a factor influencing the behavior of the tiger. Since there are individual
differences in the preference of enrichment, it is considered that performing multiple
enrichment is useful for tigers, and is helpful in grasping individual preferences.
Furthermore, we plan to conduct a survey of visitors to investigate what kind ofimpression they have with animals and zoos. The staff will talk about the tiger in frontof the exhibition and then we will ask them to answer the questionnaire. The talk will bedone in 2 conditions: when the tigers are using enrichment devices and when they are
resting or pacing. We want to find out what kind of difference will appear in thequestionnaire among the 2 conditions.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-19

Habitat use of forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis)
in and around Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon
Mayuko Nomoto
Human Evolution Studies, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto
E-mail: nomoto.mayuko.27r@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Nowadays, the conflicts between elephants and humans have become serious. The
elephant population has declined because of poaching in Africa. On the other hand,
farmers are suffering from crop raiding by elephants. The objective of this study is to
examine how elephants use human area.
I conducted trail survey in and around Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon,from August to October 2017. Fifty five quadrats (100 m x 100 m) were established toquantify elephant trails, and all the trails in the quadrats were followed and locatedusing GPS. Path width was measured at 20 m intervals, and trail type was classified
based on plant appearance on the trails. The location of elephant signs such as dungs,
food marks, footprints was recorded. I analysed the trails with the elephant signs.
The density of elephant path was higher in secondary forests than in savanna. The
path width was wider in secondary forest than in riverine forest and savanna. The
elephants probably use secondary forests more often than other environment for feeding.
Around the plantation, trails were less maintained than around village and in the park.
Elephants may follow the well-used trails to reach the village, and then wonder aroundto seek access to the plantations.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-20

How do giraffes use shady/sunny places?
Anna Kawakita*, Fred B. Berchovitch, and Gen’ichi Idani
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University* kawakita.anna.32x@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Better understanding of habitat use in giraffes helps their protection and conservation,
but there are insufficient observations on shade use of giraffes. This study examinedpossible sex difference in how giraffes use shady and sunny places. I collected 89 hoursof focal animal samples among 78 identified giraffes. I analyzed where feeding andruminating behavior occurred relative to the ambient temperature. I found that males fed
at both shady and sunny places. Males remained for longer periods of time in the shadethan females, but did not show a preference for ruminating in shady or sunny areas.
Females mainly fed in sunny places. When the ambient temperature in a sunny place
was over 40℃, females often ruminated in the shade, probably to avoid overheating. In
conclusion, my data revealed that sex differences exist in shade use among giraffes thatmight relate to their body size and feeding behavior.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-21

Tooth rakes on wild Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops
aduncus): a possible marker of their social behavior.
Miho Tanaka1*, Tadamichi Morisaka2, Mai Sakai3, Kazunobu Kogi4 and Shiro Koshima1
1

Wildlife Research center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Graduate school of Bioresources, Mie University, Mie, Japan
3
Marine Mammal Research Laboratory, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
4
Mikura Island Tourist information Center, Mikura, Japan2* denden9284mi@gmail.com

Wild dolphins have many and various types of wounds and scars on their body.
These wounds and scars could tell us information about their behavior and ecology,
indirectly. In this study, we analyzed tooth rakes on wild Indo-Pacific bottlenose
dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) around Mikura Island, Tokyo, Japan, where long-term
identification surveys of wild dolphins have been conducted using underwater video
records. Although tooth rakes have been supposed to be formed by conspecifics andused as an indicator of aggressive behavior in previous studies, what kind of social
behavior formed tooth rakes was not known. To identify the behavior related to thetooth rakes, we examined the amount and quality of tooth rakes and biting behavior.
The observed tooth rakes could be classified into parallel type and single type, andlinear type and curved type. Though no significant sex difference was observed in theamount of tooth rakes, males had more parallel tooth rakes than female. Distribution
and type of tooth rakes also differed by sex and/or age classes. Adult males andsubadult females tended to have more tooth rakes than other sex/age classes. Adult
males tended to have much more tooth rakes in head and flukes than other part and theytended to have more curved tooth rakes. In contrast, subadult females tended to havemuch more tooth rakes in chest and peduncle than other parts and they tended to havemore single and straight tooth rakes. The results suggested that the tooth rakes observedon adult males and subadult females were formed by different social behavior. The
curved tooth rakes often observed on adult males suggest that these were formed bymore aggressive biting behavior than those suggested by single and straight tooth rakes
often observed on subadult females. We could observe two types of biting behavior,gentle rubbing by tooth and aggressive biting, though both of them were very rare.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-22

How Can Community People Actively Participate in Community
Conservation? : The Case of “Human-Gorilla Conflict Resolution
Program (HUGO)” in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda

Ryoma OTSUKA1*
1

Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto,
Japan ryoma.otsuka@jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp

In Africa, community conservation (CC) has attracted a great deal of attention;
however, the success of CC approaches still remains contested. In Bwindi Impenetrable
National Park, Uganda, home to the mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei), the
Human-Gorilla Conflict Resolution program (HUGO) began in 1998. HUGO members
are local volunteers that gently push gorillas back to the forest from the community
lands in order to mitigate conflicts between humans and gorillas. This study considers
the possibilities and challenges of CC through analyzing the position and role of HUGO
in mountain gorilla conservation in which various actors have involved. During 7
months of field work in 2016 and 2017, data were collected through participant
observation, with 4 focus groups and semi-structured interviews with 43 HUGO
members, 100 community people, and 6 park staff. Although some people complained
about HUGO, the members were widely recognized for their contributions in crop
damage reduction. The members had a variety of relationships with community people
and park staff. When community people and the park staff were in opposition, HUGO
often played a buffering role in the conflict. HUGO members were not seemingly
motivated by economic or material benefits alone judging from the discourses withsome members, which suggested their active participation and internalization ofconservation ideas.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-23

How do chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) recognize and reply to the voiceof other individuals?
Hiroya Takiyama*, Yuko Hattori, and Masaki Tomonaga
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi* takiyama.hiroya.23u@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Primates use vocalization in their habitat. However, there are little studies of
their auditory cognitive ability. I conducted two experiments with chimpanzees
using sound stimuli. To communicate with others using vocalization, it is very
important to distinguish voice of others from non-vocal sounds and understandtheir meanings and reply to them. I examined which acoustic features they use
when they recognize voice of the other individuals in the first experiment. I firsttrained chimpanzees to distinguish between “chimpanzee’s voice” and “pure tone”.
The chimpanzees were required to push the button on the same side of the
speaker which played chimpanzees’ voice, ignoring pure tone played
simultaneously from the other speaker. Although the chimpanzees are undertraining, accuracy of one of four chimpanzees already reached nearly 90% in
fourteen sessions. In the second experiment, I focused on the effect of vocalization
on behavioral response. I conducted a playback experiment using three types ofchimpanzee vocalizations (pant-hoot, pant-grant and scream) and white noise.
Although still collecting data, so far, chimpanzees responded differently to eachsound stimulus, such as making pant-hoot more frequently when hearing panthoot sound than the other sounds. These experiments will help to understand
chimpanzee’s auditory cognitive ability.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-24

Detecting terrestrial mammals living around saltlick in Malaysia using
environmental DNA
Kei Matsushima1*, Shahrul Anuar2, Abdul Rashid3, Takushi Kishida1
1

Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto university, Kyoto, Japan
2
University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
3
Pulau Banding Foundation, Selangor, Malaysia* kmatsu@wrc.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Wildlife monitoring is important for conservation of endangered animals.
Traditionally, physical identification methods such as camera trapping or direct
observation are used for this purpose. However, tt is difficult to identify some species
because of their small body size and/or other reasons. Environmental DNA (eDNA)
analysis is high sensitivity and cost-effective method to detect wild animals. Thismethod has mainly been developed to detect aquatic animals, especially endangered orinvasive species. Moreover, there are some reports that eDNA analysis can be used for
terrestrial mammals monitoring.
Here, we applied this newly-developed technique to detect terrestrial mammals living
around saltlicks in Temengor forest reserve, Perah, Malaysia. Our results werecompared with the monitoring data at those saltlicks obtained using camera traps. Basedon these results, we will discuss about the pros and cons of the eDNA technique.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-25

Characterization of bitter taste sensitivity of the two species of
Sulawesi Macaques
Xiaochan YAN 1, Kanthi Arum Widayati 2, Nami Suzuki-Hashido1, Laurentia Henrieta Permita
Sari Purba2, Bambang Suryobroto2, Yohey Terai3, Hiroo Imai1
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan; 2 Department of Biology, Bogor Agricultural
University, Indonesia; 3Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University for
Advanced Studies, Japan* yanxch3@outlook.com

Sulawesi macaques are divergently evolved into 7 species within a relatively shortperiod and live allopatrically on Sulawesi Island, which is isolated for million years
long. Thus, it will be interesting to study functional genes which might reveal their
specific-species difference. Bitter taste plays an important role in avoiding ingestion of
toxins and induces innate avoidance behaviors, which might evolve to reflect speciesspecific diets during mammalian evolution. In addition, it was recently reported that thereceptors are involved in the immuno-system against bacteria and parasites. One of thegenes is TAS2R38, receptor for bitter compound Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and somebacterial secreting compounds. We conducted PTC avoidant behavior of individuals ofM. hecki (N: 13), M. tonkeana (N: 12). 4 individuals of M. tonkeana show low or nosensitivity in behavioral test. So far, conducting genetic characteristics of TAS2R38, it
was found that amino acid change at position 117, 130, 134 were specific in 4 PTC nontaster of M. tonkeana individuals. We predict those sites are responsible for non-tasterphenotypes. Functional analysis is conducted to confirm phenotype of low or nosensitivity in protein level. More genetic and functional experiments will be conducted
to clarify non-taster phonotype and to understand feeding ecology and environmental
adaptation.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-26

Genetic and functional analysis of PKD1L3/PKD2L1 putative sour
taste receptor in Sumatran orangutan
Yugo Kawamoto
Molecular Biology Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University

Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) eats unripe fruits compared to sympatrically living
primates (Ungar 1995), which are sourer than ripe one (Rekha et al., 2012). In fact,
when I ate fruits which are food items of wild eaten by orangutans in Sumatra, somewere sour for me. Therefore, I hypothesized that sour taste of orangutan is different
from human at the molecular level.
Sour taste is recognized by sour taste receptor on the tongue and the
PKD1L3/PKD2L1 complex is suggested as a candidate protein of the sour taste receptor
in mouse (Ishimaru et al., 2006). This receptor is studied well in mouse but it isunknown in other species, including human. Study about PKD1L3/PKD2L1 in otherspecies is important to clarify mechanism of their sour taste detection. In this study, I
performed genetic and functional analysis of PKD1L3/PKD2L1 in orangutan, humanand compared them with mouse.
Complementary DNA of PKD1L3 and PKD2L1 was amplified from the total RNA
extracted from orangutan tongue. Genetic analysis showed differences of exon structure
in both PKD1L3 and PKD2L1 among these species.
Functional analysis was performed by calcium imaging. Mouse PKD1L3/PKD2L1
responded to sour compound (4.0 mM citric acid). However, PKD1L3/PKD2L1 oforangutan and human did not respond. To evaluate the function of PKD1L3 and
PKD2L1 in orangutan and human, I analyzed interspecific combination of PKD1L3 and
PKD2L1 among these three species. As a result, it was shown that orangutan andhuman PKD2L1 had function as a sour taste receptor with mouse PKD1L3 but not with
their own PKD1L3.
This in vitro study revealed that orangutan and human PKD1L3/PKD2L1 did not
respond to citric acid. This suggests that PKD1L3/PKD2L1 do not work as a sour taste
receptor in orangutan and human. There are possibly unknown sour taste receptors inorangutan and human.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-27

Vocalization and associated behavior of free-ranging Indo-PacificBottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Jeju Island, Republic ofKorea: A preliminary description
Mi Yeon Kim1, Byung-Yeob Kim2, Shiro Kohshima1
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University
Department of Marine Industry and Maritime Police, Jeju National University

2

Dolphin vocalization mediates complex social behavior and navigation while obtaining
information on the environment. Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops aduncus,
produce numerous type of acoustic emission including clicks, pulsed vocalizations, andtonal calls that includes the diverse repertoire of whistles for communication.
Vocalization and associated behavior of a geographically separated population of T.
aduncus exhibit variation, therefore the baseline study is a necessity when investigating
a novel population. A relatively unknown and unhabituated population of T. aduncus isfound in the largest island of the Korean peninsula, Jeju Island. This population utilizes
inshore habitat around the island and exhibit geographic isolation. A baseline study of
vocalization and associated behavior was conducted to collect various behavior-specificvocalization. A land survey performed with a DSLR with a 400mm USM lens, and an
aerial survey using UAV were undertaken to obtain both surface and underwater
behavior of the monitored population. Simultaneously, an acoustic survey was
conducted with multiple automatic underwater sound recorders (A-tag and AUSOMs).
For the first time, a preliminary description of undisturbed vocalization and associatedbehavior of Jeju dolphin population is made. Using this baseline data, fine-scale
investigation of vocalization and behavior will be conducted in the future. Furthermore,
the effect of a suddenly increased inshore anthropogenic activities on the vocalization
and behavior of Jeju dolphin population will be monitored as part of the long-term
conservation plan.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-28

Home Range Changes of Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus
bieti) in Laojun Mountain National Nature Reserve
J. Liu, S. Hirata
Kyoto University, Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto, Japan

In this study, we assessed seasonal and annual changes in the home range of Yunnansnub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Laojun mountain, China. The study was
carried out in three ways for data collection: 1) 72 trap cameras, 2) drone observationand 3) tracking on foot for 13 months. Spatial analysis combining the GPS data on gridcell (with the quadrat sizes of 500m by 500m) was conducted to investigate home rangechange of this monkey group. We also compared our result with the data for past 11
years of tracking record (Data from The Natural Conservancy Lijiang Office) in Laojun
mountain. In general, their entire home range moved northwards year by year. Hiking
trail and grazing in the south part, seasonal forest products collection, road construction
outside the north boundary were the main influence factors. The area of the home range
was closely correlated with the distribution and abundance of food resources in thewhole raining season. This group was recorded staying in the high altitude north area inalmost 3/4 of the dry season. Compare with extended loud noise of road construction
from north the occasionally encounter with human in the south was more threatening to
Yunnan snub nosed monkey. They will suffer from increasing influence by thedevelopment of local ecotourism.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-29

Introduction to Serra D’Arga horse project
Satoshi Hirata1*
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan* hirata.satoshi.8z@kyoto-u.ac.jp

In 2015, we have established a new research site for the study of wild horses in Serra
D’Arga mountain, a community forest in Viana do Castelo, northern Portugal. This new
project is a collaborative work among Kyoto University, Portuguese Universities andlocal organizations, and Sorbonne University of Paris. There are feral horses acrossPortugal, living and reproducing in the wild environment. The breed of these horses iscalled garrano, and the number of garrano individuals is estimated to be around 2000.
Although there have been numerous studies on horses from veterinary or agricultural
perspectives, these studies are mainly on domestic captive individuals; there have beenmuch fewer studies on behaviors of free-ranging, wild individuals. Horses areinteresting species as once they are in the wild they tend to form a stable social groupwith typically one stallion surrounded by multiple males. The long-lasting stable social
structure is unique among ungulates, and this is similar to the society of primates
including humans. Therefore, studies on behavior and social structure of horses willshed a new light on the evolution of social behavior. Another feature of the situation ofSerra D’Arga is the presence of wild wolves, which are the predators of the horses. We
will be able to reveal the pray-predator relationship and its influence on their ecology
and social behaviors. My talk will illustrate the general sketch of our project which
includes the investigations of social relationships, collective movements, anddevelopmental change, as well as public education for the local community.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-30

Framing Cooperation and Biodiversity Knowledge with Africa: the
UNESCO Chair in Biodiversity Safeguard for Sustainable
Development
Helena Freitas

Centre for Functional Ecology, Department Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
UNESCO Chair Holder in Biodiversity Safeguard for Sustainable Development

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
mission is to contribute to the building of peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable
development and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture,communication and information. Launched in 1992, the UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs
Programme promotes international cooperation by building inter-university networks
and encouraging the transfer of knowledge across borders. In 2014 an agreement was
signed amongst the University Coimbra and UNESCO for creating the UNESCO Chair
in Biodiversity Safeguard for Sustainable Development. This Chair seeks to:- Implement and support a network of researchers, higher education and R&D
institutions, in the fields of biodiversity, ecology, conservation and sustainable
development;- Provide training and resources for students and researchers by promoting short-term
internships, workshops, and human resources exchange among partner institutions;- Create and improve digital platforms for knowledge sharing;- Foster science communication and outreach activities - Building bridges between
academia and society;- Increment inter-university cooperation and strengthening of scientific networks within
C.P.L.P. (Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries).
I will present some of the on going projects in cooperation with the C.P.L.P. countries
in the scope of our UNESCO Chair, namely: the creation and setup of the Botanic
Garden of the Faculty of Natural Sciences of Lúrio University, in Pemba, Mozambique;the Master in “Ecology and Natural Resources Management”, the first master course inecological sciences and the first inter-university master course in Angola; the training
activities in São Tomé e Príncipe within the project “Herbário Nacional: Referência
para o Conhecimento e Conservação da Diversidade das Plantas de São Tomé ePríncipe” financed by the Small Grant to the Guinean Forests of West Africa
Biodiversity Hotspot, from the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund; the multi-project
collaboration with Gorongosa National Park – ecological field studies, paleontologicalprospections, historical genesis of the Park , and sustainability.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-31

Differences in spatial positioning of individuals among horse groups
Sota Inoue1
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University
sota.inoe@gmail.com

Animal behavior studies have revealed that individual health, social relationships, andspatial positioning interact to influence group dynamics. However, there are no studies
assessing whether the spatial positioning of individuals is consistent across group of thesame species and in similar environments. For this study, I assessed whether the spatial
positioning of individual horses (Equus caballus) differed among groups with the same
number of horses in similar environmental conditions. Three feral, horse groups were
followed in Serra D’Arga, Portugal. For each group, approximately 65 drone images
were analyzed to examine the nearest neighbor distance between individuals and levelof dispersion. Results show that the nearest neighbor distance between individuals was
similar for all three groups (2-3 body lengths). Additionally, the level of dispersion was
different between the groups. In conclusion, horses may have an innate behavior tomaintain a certain distance from nearest neighbors, i.e. personal space, while thevariation in levels of dispersion between all individuals indicates that groupassemblages are influenced by individual characteristics.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-32

Social behavior of the stallion and the maintenance of the haremgroup: a study on feral horses in Serra D’Arga, northern Portugal
Monamie Ringhofer
Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
monamie.ringhofer@gmail.com

Feral horses (Equus caballus) form a stable harem group, which is not observed inmany other ungulates, and maintain long-term social relationships with groupmembers. However, we still do not know the mechanism how the stallions
maintain their harem groups. As horses are prey animals and forms harem groups,
it is important to prevent the threats such as the predators’ attack and the otherstallions’ approach. Quick detection and escape from these threats might be aneffective way for stallions to maintain their harem groups. Thus, I have studied two
types of social behavior of the stallions: vigilance, behavior to alert the threat, andherding, behavior to gather the females. There are about 34 groups of feral horses in
the mountain, Serra D’Arga, in northern Portugal. The behavior of horses was observedby direct observation and by video-recording using a camera and a drone, in 2016 and2017 for about two months each. The change of group members was also recorded in all
observed harem groups. In this presentation, I will talk about the vigilance and herdingof the stallions, and will discuss about the relationships between these behaviors and thegroup maintenance, based on the latest results.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-33

Investigating the causes of adult and foal disappearance and mortality
in feral horses in North of Portugal: A preliminary approach on preypredator interactions
Renata S. Mendonça
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University

The equine social systems are characterized by harem groups which consists of one
or a few males with multiple females, and bachelor groups. Equids are unique among
ungulates because of their stable bisexual groups, including their female-female bond.
Garranos, a breed of ponies co-existing with wolves in the North of Portugal follows asimilar pattern. Feral horses constitute about 70-80% of the wolves’ diet in this area,
however this population is also threatened by human activities. These activities may beinterfering with the group stability and, therefore, exposing the individuals to predationand other threats. This study aims to combine demographic, genetic and behavioral data
to examine: a) the group size and composition effects on female reproductive success,maternal care and foal survival b) the factors determining wolf predation in horse herds
in relation to horses’ behavioral traits (e.g. band size, composition, paternity) and risk ofwolf predation (e.g. distance of grazing pastures to wolf core-areas), and c) the humaninterference and management politics effects on the dynamics and survival of theindividuals. Data collection is still ongoing in the mountain of Serra D’Arga, Northern
Portugal. However, as the behavioral data is under analysis, I present basic demographic
data collected in the breeding seasons of 2016 and 2017. In 2016, 27 groups (including
harem and bachelor groups) were identified, 45 foals were born and 35 of themdisappeared or died. In the year of 2017, 36 groups were observed, 38 foals were born,
but none of them survived. From the breeding season of 2016 to 2017, about 11% offemales transferred between groups, however the rate transfer and changes in groupcomposition increased drastically after human interference. Finally, I present themethodology that we are developing to study the interactions between horses andwolves, in collaboration with the Portuguese wolves’ researchers.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-34

Genetic polymorphisms and personality traits in horses:
Yusuke Hori1,2*
1

Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan2
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan* hori.yusuke.8z@kyoto-u.ac.jp

Polymorphisms in genes related to neurotransmitters or hormones have been associatedwith individual differences in behavioral traits in many animal species. In horses,
polymorphisms were found in several candidate genes coding receptors for dopamine,
serotonin, oxytocin and so on. Several researches show significant correlations between
these polymorphisms and horse personality traits evaluated by questionnaire surveys.
For example, a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in theserotonin receptor 1A gene (HTR1A) was associated with tractability in one-year-old
Thoroughbred horses reared at a training center for racehorses. However, it is still
unclear whether the SNP affects the function of receptors. In future studies, approaches
using cultured cells may be useful to clarify the function of polymorphisms.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-35“Living in Harmony with Nature”~ For the Survival of this Planet ~Masahiko HORIE
Foreign Ministry of Japan
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Our planet is at a crossroads and human survival is at stake.
The planet holds a population of over 7 billion with over 1 billion people under thepoverty line. We need to eradicate poverty by supporting economic development effortsof the developing countries.
However, it often happens that the development effort takes place to the detriment of
natural environment and increases biodiversity loss on this planet.
This struggle between environment and development is aggravated by the global
warming generated by the anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases.
We need to protect the climate system and the biodiversity for the benefit of present
and future generations of humankind.
To cope with this situation, Paris Agreement on Climate Change and SDGs
(Sustainable Development Goals) were respectively adopted in 2015. Some of the key
words are mitigation, adaptation and sustainability.
Ambassador Horie who participated a series of COPs on Climate Change and has
been working as Councillor of IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)
will lecture on the efforts by all the peoples of the world to overcome these
unprecedented challenges to our human kind.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-36

Snow leopard conservation: from local action to global policy andgovernance
Koustubh Sharma
Snow Leopard Trust

Snow leopard is the apex predator of Asia’s high mountains and an indicator of ahealthy and resilient ecosystem. Found in 2 million km2 spread across 12 countries, its
habitat, the mountains are a powerful thread that bind and integrate these countries interms of culture, spirituality and lifestyle. Research shows that its large home-ranges
often extend beyond international borders. Threats to the species are dynamic and range
from retribution killing and illegal trade to poorly planned infrastructure and climatechange. Only a handful of Protected Areas across its range are big enough to support
viable snow leopard populations, thus requiring landscape level multidisciplinary
approach. Working with local communities that live in our last remaining natural areas,
are dependent on these ecosystems, and are most affected by policies and actions
designed to protect biodiversity are at the center of most successful snow leopard
conservation programs. For long the snow leopard had been one of the least studied
felids. However technological innovation and statistical development is gradually
improving our understanding of the elusive species and its ecology in recent times.
In 2013, governments of 12 snow leopard range countries came together andendorsed the Bishkek Declaration to form a unique alliance in partnership withinternational and national organizations for conservation of snow leopards and theirmountain ecosystem. The Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Protection Program
was launched with its Secretariat in Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic to coordinate its
implementation. The program’s goal is to protect snow leopards in at least 20 multi-use
landscapes through climate smart management plans using integrative approach of
securing livelihoods and facilitating green development. Many of these landscapes shareboundaries with neighbouring countries, thus opening the opportunity for transboundary dialogue, information sharing and coordinated management of snow leopard
landscapes. The GSLEP program facilitates systematic cross-sectoral planning,
implementation and funding to conserve snow leopards and ensure the cultural, socialand economic well-being of the mountain communities. The program draws its strengthfrom localized action through successful research and conservation programs, andglobal thinking through information sharing and policy development.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-37

Snow leopard research and conservation programs in the Kyrgyz
Republic
Kubanychbek Zhumabai uulu
Snow Leopard Foundation in Kyrgyzstan

Despite being the apex predator being the focus of many scientists andconservationists, snow leopard has long been one of the least studied felids. Only
recently technology has enabled it to be studied better with its needs and threats
understood more clearly. The Snow Leopard Foundation in Kyrgyzstan is a partner of
the Snow Leopard Trust which is one of the world’s oldest and largest organizations
working on snow leopard conservation and research.
The Kyrgyz snow leopard conservation program can be broadly classified into four
categories, viz. community-based conservation, conservation oriented research,
conservation education and conservation policy and governance. Understanding theneed for snow leopard conservation programs to focus on building partnerships withlocal communities, a livelihood based, women centric conservation program, the Snow
Leopard Enterprise is being implemented for more than 14 years in the heart of theCentral Tien Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan, also considered to be the finest snow
leopard habitat in Kyrgyzstan. The program has recently been complemented byexpanding the partnership to build predator proof corrals to prevent livestock
depredation. Nearly 1,000 sq km of these mountains are also being monitored by morethan 40 motion detecting, infrared, digital cameras for the past three years. Systematic
analysis of images using spatial capture-recapture analyses reveals not only snow
leopard density, but also its spatial variability at a fine scale. Co-management of aconservancy in partnership with the Government is being implemented in a snow
leopard habitat to experiment conservation through sustainable land-use other thanhunting. Lack of education and awareness across different target groups has been
identified a key threat to snow leopards. To build capacity of frontline staff to tackle
illegal wildlife trade and poaching, an institutionalized training program is being
implemented with help from INTERPOL and Kyrgyz Government agencies. Periodic
awareness and education campaigns are implemented in the country throughengagement with schools, colleges and universities, as well as mass media. The Kyrgyz
Republic is home to the Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Protection Program’s
secretariat, where our teams provide regular technical and logistical support to help
convert research findings into policy by implementation of best practices forconservation.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-38

Middle to large mammalian fauna in Danum Valley with camera trap
and influence by fruit availability
T.Kanamori1, N.kuze2, T.P.Malim3, H.Bernard4, G. Hanya1, S.Kohshima5.
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
Department of Anthropology, The National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki,Japan
3
Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
4
Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah,
Malaysia
5
Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
2

SNA44616@nifty.com

The Danum Valley in Sabah has remain valuable primary lowland dipterocarp forest.
Various mammals are confirmed by the eco-tour around a sightseeing hotel called
Borneo Rainforest lodge in this area. However, no full-scale fauna research has been
conducted so far. Therefore, in order to clarify the mammalian fauna and its distribution,
we conducted a wild life survey by using camera traps. According to a previous
research by our long-term fallen fruit census, we found that fruit availability in Danum
Valley was usually low for a long period while a large peak fruiting occurred irregularly.
We also focused on which mammals changed with fruit availability and on how theychanged as well.
Regarding the method, we set up 15 automatic cameras at equal intervals on a trail(11km in total) in the survey area, and replaced batteries and SD cards every month. By
using the same trail, we also conducted a fallen fruit census to examine fruit availability
every month. We did the survey in two periods, July 2010 - August 2011 and July 2014
- March 2016, which included the time when peak fruiting occurred. As a result, at least
32 species of mammals were confirmed. The species of the highest relative abundanceindex (RAI) were found to be mouse deer, bearded pig and sambar deer, which was in
the descending order. In addition, although RAI was low, mammals like borneo
elephant, sun bear, binturong, clouded leopard, pangolin, which had rarely directly been
observed so far, were confirmed. Out of 32 species confirmed, there were 2 species ofbearded pig and sambar deer that showed positive correlation with fruit availability.
Adult bearded pig especially tended to have a high RAI with many infants during peakfruiting periods.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-39

Bonobos in forest-savanna mosaic environment: development andperspectives of our newly launched wild bonobo research site
Shinya Yamamoto1*, Yuta Shintaku2, Gen’ichi Idani3
1

Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kyoto,2
Japan Monkey Center, Inuyama, Aichi,
3
Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto Unviersity, Kyoto,* shinyayamamoto1981@gmail.com

We have launched a research project developing a new wild bonobo research site in
Mbali/Malebo area in Democratic Republic of the Congo. The bonobo, as well as the
chimpanzee, is one of our evolutionary closest relatives, and gives us good insights onhuman evolution and how we evolved from the separation from the Pan species.
Interestingly previous studies suggested that bonobos are considerably different from
chimpanzees in their cognition, behavior, and societies. These differences have often
been explained by their dwelling environment; i.e. the bonobo evolved in and adapted tocomparatively rich and stable tropical rain forests. Actually most of the previous studies
on wild bonobos have been conducted deep in rain forests. Recently, however, surveys
showed that a considerable number of bonobos inhabit in forest-savanna mosaic area,
more climatic fluctuated and drier environment than the other wild bonobo researchsites. In order to investigate the bonobos’ behavior and societies in this environment, in
collaboration with local NPO and villagers we have habituated and identified thebonobos in two groups. So far we have established a data collection system on a daily
basis, and succeeded in filming bonobos utilizing savanna environment. In parallel
efforts with direct observation, we have set trap cameras in the forests, which would be
a powerful tool to know not only bonobo behavior but also the fauna in this newly
established site. In this presentation, we will introduce the current situation and also our
future perspectives.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-40

The Bossou archive project: progress and future directions
D.P. Schofield1*, M. Hayashi2, S. Hirata3, T. Matsuzawa2, D. Biro4, S. Carvalho11Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford
2
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University
3
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University
4
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford* daniel.schofield@anthro.ox.ac.uk

Video footage of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) from Bossou, Guinea, hasbeen systematically collected for over 30 years and stored at the Primate ResearchInstitute, Kyoto University. The Bossou archive project aims to digitise, secure andorganise this data, preserving the archive for future generations and improving accessfor collaborative research. I update current progress of the archive work and present
preliminary results from the first unified and fully automated pipeline for image-based
face detection and identification of chimpanzees in the wild, using raw unedited video
data from Bossou. This tool will have numerous applications, including the censusing
and monitoring of wild chimpanzee populations from camera traps, and automatedprocessing of large video datasets.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
O-41

Comparative and developmental studies on rhythmic coordination
Lira Yu1*
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan* lirayu@gmail.com

My research aims to understand the evolutionary and developmental origins of theability for rhythmic coordination in humans. In a comparative study, which was
conducted in Kyoto University Primate Research Institute, I examined chimpanzees andhumans producing rhythmic tapping movements with a conspecific partner in close
proximity. The results show that chimpanzees and humans share the ability to adapt thetempo of rhythmic movements in response to a partner, whereas the ability for quick
and accurate adjustment was observed in humans but not in chimpanzees. In adevelopmental study, which is ongoing study in Myowa Lab from Graduate School of
Education, Kyoto University, I am examining human children aged 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5
years. During the task, the children performed spontaneous drumming behavior with
their mothers. Preliminary results show that the ability to adapt the tempo of drumming
movements in response to their mothers develops between 1.5 and 2.5 years old. Basedon these findings from both comparative and developmental studies, I will discuss how
the uniquely human ability for rhythmic coordination emerged.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
P-01

Development of combinatory manipulation and tool-use repertoire in
great apes and humans
Misato Hayashi1*and Hideko Takeshita212Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi
Graduate School of Psychology, Otemon Gakuin University, Ibaraki, Osaka*

hayashi.misato.4e@kyoto-u.ac.jp

Object manipulation can be used as a comparative scale of cognitive development
among primates including humans. Some previous studies focused on object
manipulation and/or tool-using behavior as an indicator of cognitive abilities inchimpanzees and human children. Particularly, combinatory manipulation is a precursorof tool-using behavior and starts at around 10 months of age in humans. Mother-reared
chimpanzees started combinatory manipulation at 8-11 months of age which wascomparable to humans. Inserting action was commonly observed in chimpanzees froman early age. However, stacking action appeared later in chimpanzees’ development.
This pattern may reflect the tool-use repertoire of wild chimpanzees where tool-use
behaviors involving the inserting action are wide spread among most of the wild
chimpanzee populations. Stacking-block behavior started at around one year of age inhumans and at two years and seven months in one out of three chimpanzees. All three
chimpanzees started to stack up blocks at three years and one month following trainings
by humans. After the acquisition of stacking action, both chimpanzees and humanchildren showed similar performances in tasks using blocks of various shapes whichwere designed to test their physical understanding. Similarly, both chimpanzees andhuman children showed trial-and-error strategies in combining cups into a nesting
structure. Direct comparison between humans and chimpanzees revealed fundamental
similarities in the domain of physical intelligence. Apart from chimpanzees,
developmental data from other species of great apes remains limited. Through ourpreliminary investigation, all species of great apes showed combinatory manipulation in
captive settings with some variation in the timing and order of development. Although
all four species of great apes possess the fundamental cognitive ability of performing
combinatory manipulation in captivity, socio/environmental factors may contribute to
the tool-use repertoire and frequency in the wild.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
P-03

Evidence for self-domestication in wild coyotes?
James Brooks1*
1

Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina*

james.g.brooks@duke.edu

Abstract:
While the evolution of cognition is still poorly understood, the self-domestication
hypothesis proposes that psychology can evolve due to natural selection ontemperament that leads to expanded developmental windows and cascading phenotypic
effects. This hypothesis has been proposed to apply to dogs, bonobos, and even humans
based on evidence for increased prosociality and a host of phenotypic traits resemblingby-products of experimental domestication. To date all evidence in support of the selfdomestication hypothesis has comes from experiments and inferred past selection
pressure in wild animals. No study has tested for natural selection favouring increased
prosociality in current populations of wild animals. In the past decades many animals
have been rapidly recolonizing environments densely populated by humans.
Urbanization is predicted to select for nonhumans that are non-aggressive, less fearful,and even attracted to densely populated areas and humans more generally. Coyotes
represent an ideal candidate species to test this hypothesis as they have increasingly
expanded into new urban habitats in recent years. Coyote behaviour is likely influenced
by human activity, they are displaying highly plastic behaviour in feeding and sleep
patterns, hybridizinghybridizing with other canids, and are undergoing thesebehavioural changes very rapidly relative to evolutionary time. As an exploratory test
for signals of coyote self-domestication in areas of varying human influence, we useddata from camera traps deployed across North Carolina. We coded coyote behaviour
toward the camera (notice/approach) to test for changes in temperament associated withlevel of human density. Initial results suggest wild coyotes have a tendency to approach
trap cameras less often in the most remote habitats than coyotes in exurban areas.
Although the findings are not conclusive, they provide reason to further test for a link
between differential coyote temperament and degree of urbanization. It also suggests
the feasibility of using behaviour recorded by camera traps to test predictions generated
by cognitive evolutionary theory. This initial research provides the first results
consistent with self-domestication in modern species undergoing rapid evolution due tonatural selection.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
P-06

Facial discrimination and attentional bias towards faces
in chimpanzees
Duncan Wilson* and Masaki Tomonaga
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University*duncan.wilson.76x@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Faces are one of the most important and salient stimuli for primates. They provide
information about identity, age, gender and emotion. The ability to attend to informationin faces and respond to it discriminatively is essential for survival. I will present theresults of two studies on face processing in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) conducted at
the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, and discuss future research directions.
The first study systematically examined the factors important for visual discrimination
between primate species faces including: colour, familiarity, and perceptual similarity.
Five adult chimpanzees were tested on their ability to discriminate identical andcategorical (non-identical) images of different primate species faces in a series oftouchscreen matching-to-sample experiments. After excluding effects of colour andfamiliarity, difficulty in discriminating between different species faces was best
explained by their perceptual similarity to each other. Categorical discrimination
performance for unfamiliar, perceptually similar faces (gorilla and orangutan) was
significantly worse than unfamiliar, perceptually different faces (baboon and capuchinmonkey). We conclude our chimpanzees appear to perceive similarity in primate faces
in a similar way to humans. Information about perceptual similarity is likely prioritisedover previous experience or a conceptual representation of species for categorical
discrimination between species faces.
The second study investigated attentional bias towards emotional faces using the dotprobe task. In this task, two images appear simultaneously on a screen for a brief period.
Typically, one of the images is threatening, whilst the other is neutral. After the stimuli
disappear, a dot (probe) appears in place of one of the stimuli. Allocation of attention ismeasured by the time taken to touch the dot. If the dot appears where attention isallocated, faster response times are recorded. Eight adult chimpanzees participated in aseries of touchscreen dot-probe tasks. In the emotional condition, images of emotional
chimpanzee faces were paired with neutral faces, whilst in the control conditions objects
and colours were presented. The task was successful in measuring broad attentionalbiases towards faces, objects and colours, but may not be sensitive to emotional content
in faces.
Finally, I will discuss future research directions. The dot-probe task uses reaction times
as the primary measure to detect attentional biases. This assumes gaze location directly
corresponds to manual responses. However, more direct measures of visual attention areavailable, such as eye-tracking technologies, which can track real-time eye movements
during attentional tasks. I propose to use eye tracking to gain more accurate measures ofattentional bias during the dot-probe task and compare these with manual responses.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
P-08

Triadic awarenesspredicts partner choicein male-infant-male interactions in Barbary macaques
Barbora Kuběnová1,2,3*, Martina Konečná1, Oliver Schülke2 and Julia Ostner2
1

2

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Czechia
Department of Behavioral Ecology, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany
3
Kyoto University Primate Research Institute, Inuyama, Japan* kubenova.barbora.22r@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Social primates benefit by having information about their relationships with other groupmembers. Experiments show, that they may also understand the relationships among
other individuals. However, evidence of use of this capacity in natural context is limited
to few types of interactions (e.g. coalition formation and redirected aggression).
The aim of the study was to find out, whether male Barbary macaques use triadic
awareness in context of infant handling. Barbary macaques are known for intensive
male-infant interactions and also triadic handling – ritualistic interactions during which
two males approach each other in order to manipulate one infant together. We
hypothesized, that male holding the infant reflects bonds between the infant and othermales, when choosing a male as a partner for these interactions.
We based the analyses on ~1200 hours of focal observation of 12 infants of one groupcollected between April 2013 and September 2014 in Ifrane National Park, Morocco,that included ~ 600 triadic interactions.
The results of GLMM confirmed, that males used triadic awareness: 1/ Numbers ofinteractions among initiator-infant-receiver triads were predicted by strength of theinfant-receiver bond and 2/ when two males were available as bridging partners, a male
was more likely to be chosen as a receiver the stronger his social relationship with theinfant relative to the other available male.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife ScienceP-10

To carry or not to carry: changes in stress hormones in a case of deadinfant carrying in Japanese macaques
Rafaela S. C. Takeshita1*, Michael A. Huffman1, Kodzue Kinoshita2 and Fred B. Bercovitch2
1

Department of Ecology and Social Behavior, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama
2
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University*rafaela.takeshita.32c@kyoto-u.jp

Dead infant carrying has been reported in several species, but the physiologicalmechanisms underlying this behavior are unknown. Glucocorticoids (GC) arecommonly used indicators of stress and energy costs, making them possible candidates
for factors involved in carrying dead infants. We reported fecal GC (fGC) changes
during pregnancy and postpartum in a Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) that carried
her infant following its death on the 2nd day post-parturition for 20 days at Jigokudani
Monkey Park (JMP), Japan. We used enzyme immunoassay to determine fGC
concentrations. The monthly pattern of fGC levels in this female (N = 18 samples) was
compared with five successful pregnancies (N = 58 samples) from females living at
JMP and with two stillbirth cases (N = 18 samples) from the Primate Research Institute(PRI) at Kyoto University, Japan, in which the dead infants were removed from themother at parturition. We sampled four cycling adult females from PRI (N = 7 samples)and five from JMP (N = 43 samples) to determine the baseline fGC concentrations ineach study site. The results showed that in the case of dead infant carrying, fGC levels
returned to baseline levels in the first month post-parturition, whereas in successful
pregnancies, fGC levels peaked in the first month, possibly due to the suckling stimulus
from the infant or increased energetic expenditures by the mother. In stillbirth cases,
fGC concentrations ranged above baseline levels in the first and second months postparturition. The high levels of fGC following parturition in stillbirth cases may berelated to stress of the separation from their infant, in contrast with the dead infant
carrying case, in which fGC levels remained low. Moreover, in comparison to
successful females, pre-parturition levels were much higher than baseline levels, whichmight be an indicator of fetal death. Our findings highlight the potential adverse
consequences of forced removal of a dead infant to the psychological stress of themother.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
P-12

Behavioral coordination of mother-infant pairs andmother-infant-sibling triads at the onset of travel in wild chimpanzees
Hiroko Sakuragi
Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University

Chimpanzee mother-infant pairs always travel together. In addition, if the infant has
an older sibling, the sibling frequently accompanies the pair. In chimpanzees, siblings
are known to occasionally look after infants (Nishida, 1983). Here I compare thebehaviors of mother-infant dyads and mother-infant-sibling triads in the attempt toshow how siblings would affect mothers’ and infants’ behavior patterns at the onset of
joint travel.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
P-13

Allogrooming Body Site Preferences:
A comparison between Wild and Captive Chimpanzees and Bonobos.
Morgane Allanic1*, Misato Hayashi1, and Tetsuro Matsuzawa,21Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan2* morganeallanic90@gmail.com

Bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) frequently interact throughsocial grooming, yet they show strong differences in overall sociality. For example,
bonobos are more tolerant and show more face-to-face communication thanchimpanzees. Moreover, wild and captive individuals of both species are expected tohave differences in hygiene, particularly captive individuals are expected to have alower parasite load than wild ones. Thus, we predicted that bonobos are more likely
than chimpanzees to groom vulnerable body sites and in face-to-face positions and wild
individuals are more likely to groom inaccessible body sites than captive individuals.
Subjects were twelve captive chimpanzees and six captive bonobos from Kumamoto
Sanctuary, Japan, seven wild chimpanzees from Bossou, Guinea, and fifteen wildbonobos from Wamba, DRC. We recorded body site and orientation for 122, 153, 132,
and 166 grooming interactions, respectively. Preliminary results indicate that (1)bonobos groomed the head and face-to-face more than chimpanzees, (2) wild
individuals of both species groomed inaccessible back regions more than captive
individuals, and (3) the groomed body site was selected by the groomer not the groomee.
This study showed that Pan species have different body site preferences reflecting thedifferences in their sociality and highlighting the importance of facial communication inbonobos. Additionally, the hygienic function of allogrooming may play a greater role inwild Pan species than captive species.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
P-16

LIPS COLORATION AS A FERTILITY TRAIT IN WOMEN
DR. LUCIE RIGAILL1, DR. KODZUE KINOSHITA2, PROF. TAKESHI FURUICHI1
1

Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University (KUPRI)
2
Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University (WRC)Several primate species exhibit red skin coloration, an estrogen-modulated visual trait
that can communicated emotional state, dominance status, health condition, and fertility.
When we are asked to picture colorful traits of female fertility in primates, we caneasily think of the shiny sexual swelling of baboons, the geladas’ “bleeding heart” or theJapanese macaques’ red mask. We usually don’t picture any woman colorful traits.
Unlike non-human primates, women seem to lack obvious and/or exaggerated traits of
their fertility. However, several studies have suggested that men may be able to pick upsome facial indices of women fertility, such as variation in skin smoothness andbrightness around ovulation vs. other non-fertile phases. But none have investigated thepossible role of the most colorful and appealing visual traits of the women face, i.e.,
women lips. Women lips are subconsciously connected to fertility and beauty. Men are
drawn to a woman's lips more than any other facial feature and women seems tocompete with each other according to women and men’s psychological standard ofbeauty. This study is the first attempt to investigate the relationship beauty women
fertility and lips coloration, i.e., whether lips have a darker and redder coloration aroundthe ovulation timing. This is also the first study targeting Asian women, as most study
still focus on “white” population. By its originality and its state-of-the art methodology(digital photography and salivary hormonal sampling) this innovative study should
enhance our understanding of how “discrete” sexual signals have evolved in humans.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
P-18

Swimming order in the group of wild dolphins approachingunderwater swimmer: difference by sex and age class
Kasumi Sakakibara
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University
sakakibara@wrc.kyoto-u.acjp

In various animals, the spatial position in the group has been reported to reflect theirsocial structure (Yellow baboons, Rhine, 1975; Chimpanzees, Hockings et al., 2006;
Hawaiian spinner dolphins, Benoit et al.; 2008). However, we still have very limited
information about the structure of swimming group of cetaceans, especially differenceof the spatial position in the group by sex and age class, because identification of theirposition in the group is difficult in underwater observation. In this study, we analyzed
the swimming order in the dolphin groups that approach and pass the underwaterobserver to examine the difference in swimming position in the group by sex and age
class. We investigated about 120 individuals of the wild Indo-Pacific bottlenose
dolphins around Mikura island in Jun and July in 2014, Jun to September in 2015, April,Jun, July and August in 2016. Females tended to swim in more frontal position of thegroup than males. Especially, subadult females tended to swim in more frontal position
than adult females and other sex/age class. In contrast, adult and subadult males tended
to swim in more rear position of the group. Mothers with 0yrs calf tended to swim in
most frontal position while mothers with over-1yrs calf tended to swim in the middle
position and adult females without calves tended to swim in the more rear position. We
will discuss relationship between the swimming order and their social interaction.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
P-20

The diet of the leopard (Panthera pardus) in Mahale Mountains
National Park, Tanzania.
Nobuko Nakazawa1*
1

Graduate school of science, Kyoto University, Kyoto*nakazawa.nobuko.62u@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

The leopard Panthera pardus have lost 63 - 75 % of its historic range (Jacobson et al.,2016). In four long-term eastern chimpanzee study sites, there has been no evidence ofthe presence of leopards for a decade or more. The only exception is Mahale Mountains
National Park in Western Tanzania where leopards are coexist with primates.
In general, leopards prefer prey weight ranges between 10-40kg, with a preferredmean prey weight of 23 kg (Hayward et al., 2006). However, prey within this bodymass range are scarce in Mahale (Uehara & Ihobe, 1998). Therefore, they probably preyupon small species (<20kg) with high density.
I collected 167 leopard scats along trails from 2014 to 2017, and extracted bones andhairs were then identified macroscopically and microscopically. The analysis revealed
that the blue duiker Philantomba monticola and arboreal primates, especially red
colobus Procolobus rufomitratus accounted for a large proportion of the leopard’s diet,and the proportion of arboreal primates increased in the rain season.
I will discuss the diet and the primate consumption of leopards.

The 9th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
P-22

Expression analysis of cells with induced transcription factors using
the next-generation sequencer
Masahiro Kaneko1*, Shunichi Wakabayasi1, Yuki Nakatake 2 and Minoru Ko1,2
12

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
Medical school, Keio University, Shinanomachi, JapanWe let approximately 140 transcription factors develop in mouse ES cells forcibly, anddirectionality of the differentiation of mouse ES cells was clarified from the change of
all caused genes expression. We let transcription factors develop in human ES cells
forcibly, and the method to predict directionality of the differentiation of human ES
cells by measuring the change of all caused genes expression is tried.
In this study, I let 20 transcription factors develop in human ES cells forcibly andanalyzed all caused genes expression using the RNA-seq method.
I used the SEES3 human ES cell lines. RNA-seq uses next-generation sequencing(NGS) methods to sequence cDNA that has been derived from an RNA sample, andhence produces millions of short reads. These reads are then typically mapped to areference genome. It is theoretically possible to understand perspective of thetranscriptome including the unknown genes. We do not need base sequence information
for the analysis. The width that we can measure is wide. I used FPKM(Fragments Per
Kilobase per Million mapped reads). The number of the total reads sequenced fromeach sample is set of 1 million. Each genetic sequence length is set of 1000 bases.
I gained 5 million short reads. Each short read consists of 50 bases. The short reads oflow quality score were less than 5% of the whole. The short reads of high quality score
were majority. I made these short reads typically mapped to a reference genome. I
calculated expression (FPKM) every gene. I considered the problem in analyzing gene
expression using the RNA-seq. And I considered the solution to problems and plan to
calculate expression appropriately.

プログラム紹介
霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院（PWS）
霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院（PWS）では、京都大学の基本目標である地球社会の調和ある発展に向け、現場力、世界を相手に地球社会の未来をデザインする能力、ならびに我が国の海外展開に欠かせない俯瞰力と国際性に富むリーダーを養成します。
霊長類学は日本発の、そして日本が世界を牽引する稀有な学問であり、近年、霊長類学を基盤にし、大型の絶滅危惧種を対象にした「ワイルドラ
イフサイエンス」という新興の学問分野が確立されつつあります。そこで必要とされているのは、フィールドワークを基盤として、人間のこころ・からだ・くらし・ゲノムを包括的に理解しつつ、「地球社会の調和ある共存」を目指す実践活動です。
学問としては最先端を担っていながら、欧米にあって日本に明確に欠けているものが３つあります。(1)生物保全の専門家として国連や国際機関・
国際NGO 等で働く若手人材、(2)博物館・動物園・水族館等におけるキュレーター、および、生息地で展開する博物館動物園としての「フィールド
ミュージアム」構想の具現者、 (3)長い歳月をかけて一国を対象としたアウトリーチ活動を担う実践者。これら日本が抱える３つの欠陥を逆に伸びしろと考えます。研究・教育・実践の新たな展開の場と捉え、学問と実践をつなぐグローバルリーダーの育成を目指します。
プログラムの詳細はHP（http://www.wildlife‐science.org/）を参照してください。

1

2

3

絶滅危惧種保全の専門家として国連や国際機関・国際NGO等で働く若手人材

博物館・動物園・水族館等のキュレーター
（博士学芸員）長い歳月をかけて一国を対象としたアウトリー
チ活動を担う実践者

目に見える国際貢献：専門性・語学力・
フィールドワーク経験を持つ人材を輩出

専門的知識・経験を発揮し、社会に貢献するキャリアパス

京都大学のフィールドワークの伝統と蓄積：
現地目線でニーズを発信、日本の具体的貢献を提言できるリーダー

同窓運営組織を作って相互交流・連携と次世代育成を図る

国際性を身につけた実践者の育成カリキュラム
プログラム運営委員
担当教員◆フィールドワーク実習
国内フィールドワーク実習
海外フィールドワーク実習◆国際連携機関との交流

外部評価委員会◆国内実験施設での研修

国際連携機関

◆野外研究の基礎となる学問の習得◆語学

グローバル30プログラムでの実績がある英語での入試・教育・学位授与◆理学研究科生物科学専攻の8月試験（4月入学）の通常入試◆平成21年から実施済の春秋入学の国際入試：外国籍の者だけ受験

海外フィールドワーク拠点と連携協定の締結先

フィールド実習のための国内拠点
妙高高原笹ヶ峰ヒュッテ

アマゾン・コンゴ・ボルネオの世界３大熱帯林(大きな赤丸)に研究教育拠点をもつ

熊本サンクチュアリ
野生動物研究センター
d
f
g

e
b

公益財団法人
日本モンキーセンター

a
c
h
１０

１１

９
３

１２

PWSハウス屋久島

７
１

２

５
１３

１４

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８

幸島観察所
霊長類研究所霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院を履修するには霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院（PWS）は、5年一貫教育プログラムです。大学院修士1年生 (M1) から履修を認められた者をL1とし、L2、L3、L4、L5と進級し、5年間で修了します。PWSは、従来の大学院課程と並行して進むプログラムであり、履修することによって現在の所属先を変更する必要はありません。本プログラムを履修するためには、次の条件がどちらも必須です。
１. 京都大学の大学院生であること：
理学研究科生物科学専攻の大学院生になる必要があります。なお、他の研究科の大学院生はお問い合わせください。
２. 本プログラムの履修を申請し認められること：
日本人も外国人も同じ手続きです。なお履修対象者は、その時点での修士1年生（L1生と呼びます）か、いわゆる博士課程からの編入生（L3生と呼びます）を対象にします。例年1月中旬に次年度の履修生の募集要項を公開し、3月上旬に試験を実施します。秋入学者は日程が異なります。

カリキュラム
霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院（PWS）
霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院（PWS）が、生物科学専攻・霊長類研究所・野生動物研究センターとも協同して提供するカリ
キュラムの内容と日程を紹介します。必修科目の実習は、理学研究科の正式科目として登録されています。なお、実施日時は変更する場合があります。詳細はhttp://www.wildlife‐science.org/ja/curriculum/を参照してください。
PWSの履修やカリキュラムの内容に関する問い合わせはinfo@wildlife‐science.orgまでどうぞ。

▼ 必修科目 最初の2年間で必ず履修する「修士課程相当分」◎インターラボ◎幸島実習◎屋久島実習◎ゲノム実習◎動物園/博物館実習

京都市動物園・生態学研究
センター・原子炉実験所・瀬戸臨海実験所・霊長類研究
所・日本モンキーセンター
を回り、生物科学専攻における広範囲な研究領域の概略を学びます。

日本の霊長類学の発祥の地である宮崎県幸島において、天然記念物である幸
島の野生ニホンザルを観察して、糞の採集から食物となった植物を同定するな
ど、各自がくふうしたテーマ
で研究を行い、野外研究の基礎を学びます。

世界遺産の島・屋久島
で、海外の学生との研究交流も兼ねて、タンザ
ニア、インド、マレーシアの大学院生とともに英語を公用語としたフィール
ドワークを行います。採取した試料は、続いて行
われるゲノム実習で使用します。

屋久島で採取した試料を使って、実験と解析を行います（初心者コース／次世代シーケンサーを駆使した高度なコース）。屋久島
実習に引き続き参加する海外の大学院生を交えて、実習の公用語は英語です。フィールドでのサンプリングと、それに続くゲノム分析を通して経験することで、フィールドワークもラボワークも行える研究者を養成します。得られた成果をもとに、最終日には国際シンポジウムでポスター発表（英語）を行います。

PWSの学外連携施設日本
モンキーセンターにおいて、キュレーター・飼育技術員
を講師としたレクチャーを受け、現場で飼育実習を行い、教育普及活動にも参加します。PWSの３つの出口のうちのひとつである「博士学芸員」の仕事について学
ぶとともに、霊長類及びワイルドライフサイエンスの環
境教育の実践に触れます。

2018/04/03-08

霊長類研究所：2018/04/22-28
野生動物研究センター：
2018/05/06-12

前期：2018/05/19-26
後期：2018/11（予定）

前期：TBD (2017/07/08-10)
後期：TBD（2018/02/08-10）

前期：2018/05/28-06/01
後期：2018/11（予定）2017年度実施例：◎比較認知科学実習／
動物福祉実習◎笹ヶ峰実習（無雪期/積雪期）

比較認知科学研究の基礎を学ぶために、チンパンジー（霊長類研究所＝PRI：比較認知科学実習）とボノボ（熊本サンクチュアリ＝KS：動物福祉実習）を対象とした認知実験や行動観察の手技を習得します。
PRIでは、霊長類とは異なる環境に適応してきた有蹄類であるウマについてもその行動観
察を行います。

京都大学笹ヶ峰ヒュッテ（新潟県妙高市：標高1300mの高原）において、生物観察や火打山（標高2462ｍ）登山や夜間のビバーク体験（戸外での緊急露営）を通して、フィールドワー
クの基礎となるサバイバル技術を学びます。

◎自主フィールドワーク実習

無雪期：TBD（2017/07/18-21・
2017/09/29-10/02）
積雪期：TBD（2018/03/22-26）

PRI：TBD（2017/09/04-06)
KS：2017/11/14-17

自主企画の海外研修を行うことで、履修生の自発的なプランニング能力の向上を図り、出口となる保全の専門家や、キュレーターや、アウトリーチ活動の実践者の育成につなげます。
各自で企画

2017/08/01‐10/01（L1＠ウガンダ）：野生アフリカゾウの生息地利用および食性調査
2017/05/11‐08/06（L2＠ポルトガル）：
ポルトガルにおける半野生ウマの行動研究
2017/02/01‐07/21（L4＠コンゴ）：
野生ボノボのメスの移籍に関する発達的要因および社会・生態学的要因の研究
2017/02/16‐06/21（L4＠インド）：
Vocal communication in Asian elephants
2017/05/08‐09/11（L4＠タンザニア）：
タンザニアのカタビ国立公園におけるキリンの調査

学生の自主企画の集団実習も多数実施しています‐ 地獄谷・高崎山実習‐ キッズジャンボリー＠東京フォーラム‐ 小豆島実習‐ 知床シャチ実習‐ サンフランシスコ実習▼ 選択科目 最後の3年間で必ずこのうちの１つを履修する「博士課程相当分」▼ 教養科目◎保全生物学研修◎動物福祉学研修◎アウトリーチ活動研修◎ブッダ・セミナー◎アシュラ・セミナー

国連・国際機関・NGO等での研修

博物館・動物園・水族館等での研修

一国を対象としたアウトリーチ
活動の研修

ＷＷＦ職員・大使・知事などの多様な講師陣によるセミ
ナーを随時開催しています。
公用語は定めていません。

英国・コンゴ・ブラジル・ブータンなどからの研究者・政府関係者を講師として、公用語が英語のセミナーを随時開催しています。

▼ 語学 「自学自習」「現地習得」を支援- 母語以外の多言語学習を推奨します。なお、英語は必修で英語が母語のばあいは最低ひとつの他言語が必修です。その他の言語習得についても強く推奨します。

▼ 国際シンポジウム

霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・国際シンポジウム
The International Symposiums on Primatology and Wildlife Science- 第1回：2014/03/06-09- 第2回：2014/08/29-30- 第3回：2015/03/05-08- 第4回：2015/07/21-22- 第5回：2016/03/03-06- 第6回：2016/09/12-15- 第7回：2017/03/02-05- 第8回：2017/09/26-28- 第9回：2018/03/03-05- 第10回：2018/09（予定）Introduction to the Program
Leading Graduate Program in Primatology and Wildlife Science (PWS)
While working towards Kyoto University’s mission statement of the well‐being of the world, the Leading Graduate Program in Primatology andWildlife Science (PWS) strives for many other goals. This program also aims to foster the type of individual that will have the ability to make quick
judgement of one’s environment, the ability to design the future of global society, while all at the same time nurture a leader‐type of individual who
will be indispensable for oversea expansion.
(Japanese) primatology originated from Japan, and plays a big role in leading this unique academic study to the world. During the recent years, anemerging field of academic study called “Wildlife Science” that targets endangered species has been on the verge of establishment. With fieldworkas its foundation, a comprehensive understanding of the human mind, body, life and genome, as well as engaging in hands‐on activities that aims
for a “the well‐being of the world” are all vital to this establishment.
While being the front line of an academic field, in Japan this field has a shortage of three important careers that is not lacking in the West.
(1) Conservation specialists of international organization(s) such as the United nations and NGO; (2) Curators of museums, zoos, aquariums, andthe like, as well as one that can develop and/or expand a museum or zoo as a “field museum” in a specific habitat; and (3) Outreach workers thatinvests a great length of time in outreach activities in a specific countries and societies. While providing a foundation for new research, educationand hands‐on experience, this program aims to nurture a global leader that interconnects this academic field and one’s accomplishments.
For further details on the program, please refer to our HP（http://www.wildlife‐science.org/）

1

2

3

Conservation specialists of internationalorganization(s) such as the United Nations andNGO
Significant international contributions:
Produce an individual that acquires
expertise, high linguistic skills, andexperience in fieldwork

Curator (Zoo, Museum, Aquarium, and the like)（Ph.D. level curator)
A career path in specialized knowledge,
demonstrating one’s experiences, andcontributing to society

Outreach workers investing a great length oftime in outreach activities in a specificcountries and societies
Expanding Kyoto University’s tradition:
Identifying the needs through on-site field ofview; a leader who can propose significant
contributions to JapanTo enhance a connection with the next generation by creating an organization that facilitates a mutual relationshipThe curriculum of a practitioner that acquired “internationality”

PWS Core Staff Members /Collaborators◆Hands-on fieldwork
Domestic fieldwork
International fieldwork
Supervisors / Mentors◆Acquiring the skills / Knowledge that
becomes the foundation for fieldwork◆Relationship with International
Organizations

External Evaluation Committee
International Organizations◆Training at domestic facilities◆Language Learning

English achievements received by entrance exam, education, and degree through the “Global 30” Project◆General admission to the Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University (Entrance exam in August, Enrollment in April)◆International enrollment from Spring and Fall of 2009: entrance exam for foreign students only

Facilities for International Collaborations

Domestic Facilities for Fieldwork Courses
Sasagamine Hütte (cabin)in Myoko‐kogen

We have field stations in 3 of thelargest tropical rain forest(Amazon, Congo, Borneo)

KUMAMOTO Sanctuary
Wildlife Research Center
d
f
g

e
b
a

Japan Monkey Centre

c
h
１０

１１

９
３

YAKUSHIMA Field Station“PWS House YAKUSHIMA”

１２

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１

２

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１３

１４

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KOSHIMA Field Station

Primate ResearchInstituteThe enrollment process of the Leading Graduate Programin Primatology and Wildlife Science
The Leading Graduate Program in Primatology and Wildlife Science (PWS) is a 5‐year program. Students approved to join the PWS program from theirfirst year of Master’s program will progress from L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, and will complete the program in 5 years.
The PWS program is completed by students parallel to their existing Kyoto University master’s and doctoral programs. Therefore, students do notneed to change their supervisor or section/laboratory to join PWS. However, there are two necessary conditions for eligibility:
1. A graduate student of Kyoto University:
It is required to become a graduate student of the Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science (Kyoto University). However, we are in theprocess of adjustment for students of other graduate departments to enroll in our program, so please do not hesitate to inquire.
2. To apply and receive approval to enroll into our program:
The process is the same for both Japanese natives and foreign students. Eligible students: 1st year Master’s students (will be called L1 student), or adoctoral students (will be called L3 student). Annually, we will disclose the guidelines for applicants in mid‐January, and administer the entrance examin the beginning of March. The schedule for October‐enrolled students is different. (http://www.wildlife‐science.org/index‐en.html)

Curriculum
Leading Graduate Program in Primatology and Wildlife Science (PWS)
The following contents show the curriculum and schedule that the Leading Graduate Program in Primatology and Wildlife Science offer. Credits
obtained through the mandatory courses can also be used as credit for Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University.
NOTE: Course schedules are subject to change. For more information, refer to the following site: http://www.wildlife‐science.org/en/curriculum/
Please contact the following e‐mail address for any questions about the curriculum of PWS: info@wildlife‐science.org▼ MANDATORY COURSES (corresponds to Master course)◎Interdepartmental
Exchange “Inter-lab”◎KOSHIMA Field
Science Course◎YAKUSHIMA Field
Science Course◎Genome Science
CourseTo obtain a general idea of thediverse areas of study in the
Division of Biological Science,
Kyoto University. Visit thefollowing facilities in succession:
Kyoto City Zoo, Center for
Ecological Research (KU),
Research Reactor Institute (KU),
Seto Marine Biological Laboratory(KU), Primate Research Institute(KU), Japan Monkey Centre

To learn the basis of wildlife
research. Conduct observation on
wild Japanese macaques(protected species) in Koshima,
the birthplace of Japanese
primatology. Required to develop
independent research topic (e.g.,
Identification of food items infeces)To learn the basis of wildlife
research. Conduct fieldwork on
animals/plants in Yakushima, a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
English is the official language in thiscourse to facilitate exchange ofideas with international participants,
e.g. from Tanzania, India, Malaysia
and elsewhere. Samples collectedduring the course will be used in thefollowing Genome Science Course.

Complementary to the Yakushima
Field Science Course. Designed forparticipants who expect to engage inboth laboratory work and fieldwork.
Beginner (direct sequencing) andadvanced (next generation
sequencing) courses are available.
English is the official language as in
the previous course. The samples
from Yakushima will be used toperform various experiments andanalyses. Students give a poster
presentation at the international
symposium scheduled on the last dayof this course.

PRI: Apr. 22th-28th, 2018
WRC: May 6th 12th, 2018

Apr. 3rd–8th, 2018

Spring: May 19th-26th, 2018
Fall: TBD(Nov. 5th-11th, 2017)◎Zoo/Museum Course
To obtain practical experiencein environmental education in
the field of primatology/wildlife
science as well as to learn towork as a curator, one of thethree exit points of the PWS
program. This course provides
lectures by zoo technicians
and practical training as
zookeepers.
Place: Japan Monkey Centre
Spring: TBD(Jul. 8th-10th, 2017)
Fall: TBD(Feb. 8th-10th, 2018)

Spring: May 28th-June 1st, 2018
Fall: TBD(Nov. 13th-17th, 2017)

EXAMPLES (Academic Year 2017):◎Comparative Cognitive
Science Course /Animal Welfare Course
To learn the basis of comparative
cognitive science. Understand theprocedures in cognitive
experimentation and behavioral
observation. Work with:- Chimpanzees & Horses (Primate
Research Institute): Comparative
Cognitive Science Course- Bonobos (Kumamoto Sanctuary):
Animal Welfare Course
Comparative Cognitive Course：
TBD(Sep. 4th-6th, 2017)
Animal Welfare Course:
TBD(Nov. 14th-17th , 2017)◎ SASAGAMINE Field
Science Course◎Fieldwork(designed by each PWS student)(Non-snow season / Snow Season)

Aug. 1st‐Oct. 1st, 2017 (L1@UGANDA)：
Monitoring the lifestyle of African elephants in the Kibale
National Park, Uganda
Feb. 1st– Jul. 21st, 2017 (L4@DRCONGO):
A sex difference of mother offspring relationships inbonobo patrilineal societies
Feb. 16th– June 21st, 2017 (L4@INDIA):
Vocal communication in Asian elephants
May 8th– Sep. 11th, 2017 (L5@Tanzania):
Social structure and behavior of giraffe (giraffecamelopardalis) in Katavi National ParkTo develop skills in planning projects
To learn survival skills as the basis
aimed at one or more of the three exit
for future fieldwork. Activities include:
points (goals) of the PWS program (i.e.,- Wildlife observationconservation specialization, curation,- Climbing Hiuchi Mountain (2,420m)
outreach). Required to design/conduct- Night-time bivouac practicum
individual overseas training projects.
(improvised encampment)
Place: Kyoto University Sasagamine
Hütte (cabin) in Myoko-kogen(plateau at 1,300m elevation), Nigata
Many group fieldworks are designed by Students.
Prefecture‐ JIGOKUDANI/TAKASAKIYAMA
Non-snow Season:‐ Kids Jamboree@ TOKYOTBD(Jul. 18th-21st, 2017
‐ SHODOSHIMA
Sep. 29th-Oct. 2nd, 2017)‐ SHIRETOKO (Killer Whale)
Snow Season:‐ San Francisco
TBD(Mar. 22nd-26th, 2018)▼ LONG-TERM INTERNSHIP TRAININGS (corresponds to Doctoral course)▼ LIBERAL ARTS SUBJECTS◎Conservation Biology
Internship Training◎Animal Welfare
Internship Training◎Social OutreachInternship Training◎Buddha Seminar

UN-related organizations and NGOs

Museums, Zoos and Aquariums

Outreach activities in specificcountries and societies▼ LANGUAGE LEARNING“Self-Study Paradigm”“Hands-on Experience through Fieldwork”
Students are required to become proficient in atleast one foreign language in addition to their native
language. English is required for all students whose
native language is not English. International
students whose native language is English arerequired to master another language of their choice.
Students are also strongly recommended to learn asecond foreign language.

- Lectures from WWF officers,
ambassadors, governors, etc.
- Official language: not specified◎Asura International
Seminar- Lectures from researchers,
government officials from theUnited Kingdom, Congo, Brazil,
Bhutan, etc.
- Official language: English▼ The International Symposiums
on Primatology and Wildlife Science- The 1st: Mar. 06-08, 2014
- The 2nd: Aug. 29-30, 2014
- The 3rd: Mar. 05-08, 2015
- The 4th: Jul. 21-22, 2015
- The 5th: Mar. 03-06, 2016
- The 6th: Sep. 12-15, 2016
- The 7th: Mar. 02-05, 2017
- The 8th: Sep. 26-28, 2017
- The 9th: Mar. 03-05, 2018
- The 10th September, 2018 (tentative)