Volume 3, Issue 1 March 2018

Serial Report
History of Cambridge – GIKEN collaboration research (Part2)
Yukihiro Ishihara, Giken, Ltd.
Stuart Haigh, University of Cambridge
The Cambridge – Giken collaboration research started in 1994, based on the strong awareness of Mr. Akio Kitamura,President of Giken, Ltd., of issues relating to construction. Every summer two students visit Kochi, Japan, to carry out field
and model tests using the press-in machines and other facilities of Giken, in order to learn this technology by experience.
In some cases, they also conduct model tests or numerical analyses in their own laboratories on their return to Cambridge.
In this report, research related to the tests carried out in Kochi from 2004 to 2010 are presented.
[2004-2006]
Project title
Outline of tests in Kochi::

Main students:

Related publications:[2006-2007]
Project title
Outline of tests in Kochi::

Main students:

Penetration resistance / Soil plug and bearing capacity
Cone Penetration Tests (CPTs) and load tests on pressed-in closed-ended tubular piles
were conducted at two different sites in Kochi. The closed ended-pile had an outside
diameter of 318.5mm and was equipped with a load cell on its base to measure the baseresistance. It was found that the load-displacement curves for base resistance and shaft
resistance during the load test was well modelled by a parabola considering G0/qc, where
G0 is the small strain shear modulus and qc is the cone resistance in CPT. The load test
results, together with this parabolic model, as shown in Fig. 1, suggested a higher stiffnessof the pressed-in piles
compared to conventional
piling technologies.
Melvin Hibberd, Helen Dingle,
Andrew JacksonDingle, H., 2006. The testing
and analysis of jacked
foundation piles. M.Eng.
Project Report, Cambridge
University Department ofEngineering, 50p.
White, D. J. and Deeks, A. D.,
2007. Recent research into
the behavior of jacked
Fig. 1 (from White & Deeks, 2007)
foundation piles. Advances in
Deep Foundations, pp. 3-26.

Mechanism of increase in pull-out resistanceThree types of piles were used in this project: a U-shaped sheet pile with a width of
400mm (SP-III), a hat-shaped sheet pile with a width of 900mm (25H) and a closed-ended
tubular pile with an outside diameter of 318.5mm. The closed-ended pile was equippedwith a load cell on its base and several pore water pressure transducers on its shaft.
Extraction resistance was investigated with different lengths of curing period. Although
set-up was confirmed, the extent of set-up was not clearly linked with the dissipation ofexcess pore water pressure. In some tests, the peak value of extraction resistanceappeared not at the commencement of extraction but when the pile was extracted by a
substantial distance (more than 1m), as shown in Fig. 2. It was suggested, on the otherhand, that the penetration resistance could be well expressed by modifying the UWA-05
pile capacity prediction method.
Andrew Jackson, Marcus Gillard

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Volume 3, Issue 1 March 2018

Main students
Related publications::::[2008-2009]
Project title
Outline of tests in Kochi::

Main students
Related publications::

Jackson, A., 2007. The setup of jacked piles.
M.Eng. Project Report, Cambridge University
Department of Engineering, 49p.
Jackson, A., M., White, D. J., Bloton, M. D. andNagayama, T., 2008. Pore pressure effects insand and silt during pile jacking. Proceedingsof the 2nd BGA International Conference onFoundations, CD, pp. 575-586.

Penetration resistance and set-up
A closed-ended tubular pile with an outside
diameter of 318.5mm, instrumented with aload cell on its base and several pore waterpressure transducers on its shaft, waspressed-in at 3 different penetration rates (2,12 and 30 mm/s). After 3 different curing
periods (0, 15 and 60 min.), the pile wasextracted to confirm the extent of set-up inextraction resistance. The base resistance
was reduced at higher penetration rates,
while the shaft resistance showed theopposite trend. Set-up in extraction
resistance was confirmed. In some tests, peakvalues in extraction resistance were found
not at the commencement of extraction but
when the pile was extracted by more than 1m. This tendency was more apparent for tests
with shorter curing periods.
Marcus Gillard, Paul Shepley
Ishihara, Y., Ogawa, N., Horikawa, Y.,
Kinoshita, S., Nagayama, T., Kitamura, A. andTagaya, K., 2009. Utilization of pilepenetration test data for ground information.
Proceedings of the 2nd IPA InternationalWorkshop in New Orleans, Press-in
Engineering 2009, pp. 105-120.

Penetration resistance [kN]00100200300― penetration― extraction

Depth [m][2007-2008]
Project title
Outline of tests in Kochi:10(a) U-shaped sheet pilewith zero curing period

Penetration resistance [kN]00100 200 300 400― penetration― extraction

Depth [m]Related publications

10(b) Closed-ended tubular pilewith zero curing period

Fig. 2Plugging during press-in
A double walled open-ended tubular pilewith outside and inside diameters of 318.5 mm and 199.9 mm, as shown in Fig. 3, wasused in this project. The pile was equipped with 3 earth pressure transducers on its baseto measure the base resistance. Four earth pressure transducers and pore water pressuretransducers were placed inside the pile. The pile was pressed-in at two different
penetration rates (2 and 10 mm/s), followed by load tests with different curing periods(85 minutes, 1 day and 10 days). It was confirmed that the strength of the soil plug was
greater if the penetration rate was low. The set-up ratios at 10 days were confirmed to bearound 1.5 and 2.5 for base and shaft resistance respectively.
Paul Shepley, Olusomi DelanoShepley, P., 2009. An investigation into the plugging of open-ended jacked-in tubular piles.
M.Eng. Project Report, Cambridge University Department of Engineering, 47p.

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Volume 3, Issue 1 March 2018[2009-2010]
Project title
Outline of tests in Kochi::

Main students
Related publications::

Effect of repeated penetration and extraction
Two types of piles were used in this project: a U-shaped sheet pile with a width of 400 mm(SP-III) and a closed-ended tubular pile with an outside diameter of 318.5 mm. The
closed-ended pile was equipped with a load cell on its base and several pore waterpressure transducers on its shaft. The pile was pressed-in monotonically or with repeatedpenetration and extraction, at different sets of combination of rates and displacementsof penetration and extraction. The results showed that shaft resistance was reduced byrepeated penetration and extraction, regardless of the ground condition (penetration
depth). On the other hand, base resistance was reduced in layers where cohesive soils
were dominant. No clear trend was found between the pore water pressure and thepenetration resistance in repeated penetration and extraction.
Olusomi Delano, Thomas BondDelano, O., 2010. The application of surging on jacked-in piles. M.Eng. Project Report,
Cambridge University Department of Engineering, 49p.

Earth pressure transducers(a) Specification of pile(b) View from the baseFig. 325