Toward Sanitation Challenges in Thailand

Prof. Thammarat Koottatep
Environmental Engineering & Management
Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand

Sanitation Situation

6 L per time (35 Lcpd)

2 L per time (23 Lcpd)
99.5%

0.7%
In 1960

In 2009

Domestic Wastewater Management
Operated 97 plants(2.6 million cu.m./day)46%
Stabilization pond

Total Wastewater
generated

105 plants

9.9 million cu.m./day
7,852

handle ~ 26%

1.8 billion
USD

16%
Aerated lagoons

Local Administrative
Organizations

38%

2 plants
In 1985

In 2018

Investment
costActivated sludge~ 74% or 7.3 million

Conventional Practices of Faecal Sludge Management (FSM)

Houseof wastewater generated

cu.m./dayare partially treated by the onsite
sanitation units

Buildings
Combined Sewer
Water bodies

Land application

Onsite treatment system

Emptying

Transportation

FS treatment plant

Soil conditioner

Unveiled Sanitation Issues in Thailand
Daily production
Domestic wastewater
management

Faecal sludge management

X 2,100 mg/L
73.5 tons

Reinvented Toilet Technology

The Reinvented Toilet is a modular, transformative technology that offers a non-sewered sanitation solution,
eliminating the need for a piped collection system. The aim of the Reinvented Toilet is to: destroy all pathogens
onsite and recover valuable resources, operate without sewer, water or electricity connections and cost less than
$0.05/user/day in a sustainable business model.

ELIMINATE
PATHOGENSCONVEY LOW LIFE-CYCLE
COSTS

 Eliminate safety concerns via handling Reduce disease burden Improve environmental safety

 Reduce need for pit emptying
 Ensure a sustainable business model,
including maintenance via service
providers

OPERATE OFFGRIDPRESENT MODULAR,ATTRACTIVE INTERFACE Eliminate need for external inputssuch as water and energy Reduce / eliminate construction costs

 Make portable and easy to install Eliminate odors and waste

Household scale Provide clean and dignified productMulti-unit scale

Pumping and processing© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|7

Transformative Technologies Commercialization (TTC)
core processing technologies
 ELECTROCHEMICAL WET OXIDATION DRY COMBUSTION BIOLOGICAL

Credits: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

TÜV SÜD PSB | ISO Standards for Water and Sanitation

18-09-04
18-08-01

AIT TESTING CENTRE

• Assures that house owners purchase quality
wastewater treatment products,• Jointly develop a standard procedure to test
performance efficiency of a wastewater
treatment product,• Certify and promote certified products onlyin the region.

AIT TESTING CENTRE

Testing Protocols• Material test
• EN 12566-1 (European Standard)• TIS: Packaged Wastewater Treatment Tanks For Residential Building• Performance test
• EN 12566-3 (European Standard)• NSF/ANSI 40 (US. Standard)• TIS: Packaged Wastewater Treatment Tanks For Residential Building• Development of AIT-BORDA testing protocol for Prefabricated orSite-assembled Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plants13Performance Test
• EN 12566-3 (European Standard)• NSF/ANSI 40 (US. Standard)• AIT-BORDA protocol for Prefabricated or Siteassembled Domestic Wastewater TreatmentPlants• Testing Center

14

Comparison of Current Standards and AIT-BORDA Protocol
Item
Scope

Materials

Monitoring parameters

Influent characteristics

EN 12566-3 (2005)

NSF/ANSI 40 (2013)

AIT-BORDA

For packaged and/or site
assembled domestic
wastewater treatment plants
used for populations up to 50
inhabitants
Concrete, steel, PVC-U,
Polyethylene (PE),Polypropylene (PP) and Glass
Reinforced Polyester (GRPUP)
BOD, TSS, Temperature,
Power consumption, daily
hydraulic flow

For residential wastewater
treatment systems having
capacities 1,514 – 5,678 L/day(400 - 1,500 gal/day)

Up to 6,000 L/day (6 m3/day)Materials shall be durable
and capable of withstanding
stresses and wear during
shipping, assembly,installation, and operation.
- pH, SS, BOD, CBOD (regularmonitor)- color, odor, oily film andfoam (3 samples over testingperiod)- BOD = 100-300 mg/L
- TSS = 100-350 mg/L
- Alkalinity > 175 mg/L asCaCO3
Note: Values are averaged for30 days

Concrete, steel, PVC-U,Polyethylene (PE),Polypropylene (PP) and Glass
Reinforced Polyester (GRPUP)- BOD = 150-500 mg/L
(or COD = 300-1000 mg/L)- TSS = 200-700 mg/L
- TKN = 25-100 mg/L
(or NH3-N = 22-80 mg/L)- TP = 5-20 mg/L

- pH, BOD, TSS, Powerconsumption, daily hydraulicflow (Compulsory)- TDS, TKN, TP (Optional)- BOD = 150-500 mg/L
- TSS = 200-700 mg/L

50 inhabitants x (0.8 x 200 L/capita-day) = 8,000 L/day (8 m3); (Source: ONEP, 2007)15

Comparison of Current Standards and AIT-BORDA Protocol
Item
Hydraulic daily flow

EN 12566-3 (2005)

NSF/ANSI 40 (2013)

AIT-BORDA

Based on volume of the daily
hydraulic capacity of thesystem

Based on volume of the daily
hydraulic capacity of thesystem

Based on volume of thedaily hydraulic capacity ofthe system

Flow pattern
Time of day
6:00 – 9:00
9:00 – 12:00
12:00 – 18:00
18:00 – 20:00
20:00 – 23:00
23:00 – 6:00

% of daily flow30
15040
150Time of day% of daily flow

6:00 – 9:00

35

11:00 – 14:00

25

17:00 – 20:00

40Time of day
6:00 – 9:00
9:00 – 12:00
12:00 – 18:00
18:00 – 20:00
20:00 – 23:00
23:00 – 6:00

% of daily flow
30
15040
150Tested period

Consecutive 38 + X * weeks

Consecutive 26 weeks

Consecutive 16 + X * weeks
I.e. - Normal load 6 week
- Overload 2 weeks- Normal load 2 weeks- Underload 2 weeks- Normal load 2 weeks-No load 2 weeks

Number of sample data

26 data

96 data

32 data (twice a week)

Method of sample
collection

24-hr composite sampling

24-hr composite sampling

24-hr composite sampling

Remark: * X is a period of system start up

16

TESTING CENTRE

17

1. FS tank (10 m3)
3. Influent stock tank(15m3)
Influent pump No.1

Receiving tankTransfer pump No. 1

Influent pump No.2
Transfer pump No.2

Checklist:- Transfer pump No. 1 and 2- LS 1 and 2- Control box panel- Mixing area (clogging)- Influent pump No. 1 and 2- Flushing 4” pipeline

LS 1

Control panel box

2. Mixing tank
(AIT domestic WW + FS)

LS 2

Flow meter

Influent stock tank (15m3)

Flange 4”

Influenttank AInfluent pump No.1

Influent
tank C

Influent
tank D

Influent
tank E

Influent
tank F

Influent pump No.2

Testedtank AAir Comp.

Influent
tank B

Testedtank B

Testedtank C

Testedtank D

Testedtank E

Testedtank FPre-testing
preparation

Acquisition••

Contract
Delivery•••Check dimensions
Check manual and plantconformity
Mount and installation intesting field

Performance test and evaluation

••
•
•
•
•

Start up procedure
Connect plant to wastewater influent
Start ‘performance test’Measurement and Analytics
Evaluation
Test report and certificate

Post preparation••

Dismount plant
Return tomanufacturer

HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY TESTPERFORMANCE EFFICIENCY TESTAIT TESTING CENTREVISIONS• To be a recognized testing centre fordecentralized wastewater treatment
products in Asia

VISIONS• Establish AIT as a knowledge hub fordevelopment of standards for decentralized
wastewater treatment products,• Establish AIT as a network hub for
manufacturers, policy makers, users,
and academicians.

PC 305 and 318 – Forward Looking Standard
PC 305: Sustainable non-sewered
sanitation systems (disbanded)

Userinterface

Containment

Collection andTransport

Note: PC is Project Committee, disbanded after standard developedTÜV SÜD PSB | ISO Standards for Water and Sanitation

PC 318: Community scale
resource oriented sanitation
treatment systems
Treatment

Use or Disposal

Credits: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

18-09-04

27

Thank You
Bridging Sanitation Innovations to Practice