広島工業大学紀要研究編
第 43 巻（2009）pp.391-413

論文

On Reporting Expressions of Charles Dickens’ Works[Ⅳ]
Tadashi TSUJIYA ＊(Received Oct. 31, 2008)

This paper is the final part of a four-divided thesis; therefore, Abstract andIntroduction are omitted here because they were written in the first one (2005).

Key Words: prose, style, reporting expressions, Charles Dickens, Sketches by Boz,
Oliver Twist, The Life & Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, Dombey and Son, Hard Times.

The instances included in Type 4 (RC, RS, RC, RS) are... ; wherefore he says, ‘Oh, dear, no,’ in a tone, obviously

very few as compared with Tom Jones and Austen’s works.

intended to mean, “You have me there,’ ... (SB, p.525)

Type 4-1. NP-RV1, RS, NP-RV2-PP, RS.

Type 4-4. PP-NP-VP, and ADV-RV-ing, RS, NP-VP, RS.

This type in which RV 1 and RV 2 are address andThis type, where say is used as RV and briefly as ADV,

observe respectively, and PP is with severity occurs only

occurs once in DS. RC introducing RS is noticeably long.

once in HT.

In answer to which message, the Native brought back... , Mr. Gradgrind addressed that maligned old lady: ‘Ia very small note with a very large quantity of scentam surprised, madam,’ he observed with severity, ‘thatabout it, indited by the Honourable Mrs. Skewton toin your old age you have the face to claim Mr. Bounderby

Major Bagstock, and briefly saying, ‘You are shocking

for your son, after your unnatural and inhuman treatment

bear, and I have a great mind not to forgive you, but ifof him.’ (HT, BK.3, Ch.5, p.261)

you are very good indeed,’ which was underlined, ‘you
may come.

Type 4-2. PP-NP-RV1, RS, RV2-NP, V-ing, RS.

Compliments (in which Edith unities) to

Mr. Dombey.’ (DS, Ch.21, p.292)

This type (incidentally the earliest instance of it
occurred once in Austen’s Mansfield Park) is found in DS,
where add and say are used as RV1 and RV2 respectively,
and on recovering as PP.

Type 5 (RS, RC, RS, RC, RS.) has far more subtypes
than Tom Jones and Austen’s works.

Type 5-1. RS, RV1-NP, RS, RV2-NP, RS.

On recovering he added: ‘And now, Dombey, as you

This type which occurred three times in Tom Jones andhave invited Joe ― old Joe, who has no other merit, Sir,never did in Austen’s works has thirteen instances in

but . . . I don’t know Sir,’ said the Major, wagging his

Dickens’s works. RV1 and RV2 used here are pursue anddouble chin with a jocose air, ‘what it is you people see

say respectively.

in Joe to make you hold him in such great request, all of‘And I added,’ pursued Walter, ‘that if she ― Susan, I

you; ... ’ (DS, Ch.20, pp.275-76)

mean ― could ever let you know, either through herself,
or Mrs. Richards, . . . Upon my word, Uncle,’ said

Type 4-3. ADV-NP-RV, RS, PP, RS.

Walter, ‘I scarcely slept all last night through thinking

This type is the first to be found in our researches.
The phrase obviously intended to mean modifies a tone.
* 広島工業大学工学部電気・デジタルシステム工学科―391―

of doing this; ...’ (Ibid., Ch.19, p.260)

Tadashi TSUJIYA

Type 5-2. RS, RV1-NP, RS, RV2-NP-ADV, RS.

both as RV1 and RV2 ; apart as ADV ; to somebody as PP.

This type which has never occurred before is quoted‘Then, if ypou please, Townlinson,’ said Miss Tox, ‘haveonce from NN and twice from DS, where reply and say

the goodness to turn the cushion. Which,’ said Miss Tox(twice) are used as RV1, and say are used three times asapart to Mrs. Chick, ‘is generally damp, my dear.’ (DS,

RV2, and sadly, exultantly, resolutely as ADV.

Ch.5, p.50)‘Brout thee!’ replied John. ‘Why didn’t ’ee punch his

The other instance: Ibid., Ch.60, pp.850-51

head, or lay theeself doon and kick, and squeal out forthe polis? ...,’ said John, sadly, ‘and God forgi’ me forType 5-6. RS, RV1-NP, RS, RV2-NP, V-ing/ed, RS.

bragging ower yan o’ his weakest creerurs!’ (NN, Ch.39,
p.508)

This type which has not been found since Tom Jones
occurs often in Dickens’ works: once in SD; three times
in OT; twelve times in NN; eighteen times in DS; once inType 5-3. RS, RV1-NP, RS, RV2-NP-PP, RS.

HT. The verbs used as RV1 are say (18), reply (5), cry (3),Twenty instances of this type, which has not beenreturn (3), rejoin (2), urge (2), quoth and resume; the ones

observed in our researches as yet, are given in Dickens’

as RV2 are say (25), add (3), continue, cry, mutter, observe,

works: once in SB; twice in OT; twice in NN; fifteen times

pursue, repeat, and resume. The number of parenthesis

in DS. RV1 used are blubber, rejoin, reply (twice), return

indicates the frequency of use.

(five times), say (ten times), whimper, and RV2 are add‘Say nothing; not a word, not a word, my dearest(three times), conclude, cry (twice), exclaim, muse, observe,

madam,’ urged Mr. Pluck. ‘Mrs. Nickleby,’ said thatsay (eleven times), and PPs are after a moment’s silence,excellent gentleman, lowering his voice, ‘there is mostas a quotation, in a lower tone, in a moralising way,

trifling, ... ’ (NN, Ch.27, p.346)

through his set jaws, with a burst of affectionate emotion‘Oh!

(penitence), with a dejected face, with a facetious grin, with‘temporaries always orders permanencies here, didn’t

a touch of poetry in his tone, with composed forbearance,

you know that, ... ’ pursued Sitfire, shaking her headwith energy, with great firmness, with increased confusion

resolutely, ‘and whenever, and however ... ’ (DS, Ch.5,(expression), with one’s coat-cuff at his eye, with peculiar

p.51)

Bless your heart, Mrs Richards,’ cried Susan,

sweetness, with severe philosophy, with some sentiment,with sudden ferocity.

Type 5-7. RS, RV1-NP, RS, RV2-NP, V-ing/ed, PP, RS.

‘I an’t indeed, Sir,’ whimpered Rob. ‘I never did such

This type is the first to be found in our researches:a thing as thieve, Sir, if you’ll believe me. ... I’m sure a

once in OT; once in NN; twice in DS. The verbs used ascove might think,’ said Mr. Toodle Junior, with a burst

RV1 are say (3) and exclaim; the ones as RV2 are all says;of penitence, ‘that singing birds was innocent company,

PPs are about having glanced slyly at somebody, behindbut nobody knows ... ’ (DS, Ch.22, p.305)

the half-opened door, with great slyness and with native
majesty.

Type 5-4. RS, RV1-NP, RS, RV2-NP-ADVC, RS.

‘Why I think it is, my dear,’ said Miss La Creevy. ‘For

The earliest instance of this type occurs in SB, wherea young man, Mr. Frank is not a very great walker;

RV1 and RV2 are say and conclude respectively, and. . . ?’ said the little woman, looking about, after having

ADVC is as S+V.

glanced slyly at Kate. ‘He has not been run away withagain, has he?’ (NN, Ch.49, p.641)‘We must take stimulants,’ said the cunning Wosky ―‘plenty of nourishment, and above all, we must keep ournerves quiet; ...,’ concluded the doctor, as he pocketedType 5-8. RS, RV1-NP, RS, RV2-NP, ADV, ADVC, RS.

his fee, ‘and we must keep quiet.’ (SB, p.302)

Two instances of this type which has not been foundas yet occur in NN and DS, where the verbs used as RV1Type 5-5. RS, RV1-NP, RS, RV2-NP-ADV-PP, RS.
This type which has never been observed in our

are think and say; the ones as RV2 are all says; ADVs arealoud and firmly; ADVCs are as S+V and as if S+V.

researches as yet occurs twice in DS, where say is used

‘If I had not put them in the right track to-day,’ thought―392―

On Reporting Expressions of Charles Dickens’ Works [Ⅳ]Ralph, ‘this foolish woman would have done so. ... Yes,’

sympathy,’ whimpered Mrs. Nickleby, ‘I don’t expect

said Ralph, aloud, as he locked his iron safe. ‘She must

it, that’s one thing.’ (NN, Ch.41, p.535)

take her chance. She must take her chance.’ (Ibid., Ch.26,

Type 5-13. RS, RV1-NP-ADV, RS, RV2-NP-PP, RS.

p.341)The other : DS, Ch.10, p.126

This type which is first given in our researches occurs
in OT and three times in DS. RV1, RV2, ADV and PP used

Type 5-9. RS, RV-NP, RS,V-ing/ed, RS.

here are as follows: return (2), say (2) as RV1; say (3), add

This type which was quoted once from Tom Jones andas RV2; earnestly, quickly, slowly, warmly as ADV; in afour times from Austen’s works occurs nine times in DS

forlorn whisper, in a low voice, in the goodness of one’s

and twice in HT, where RVs are say (7), pursue (2), chuckle

nature, with a struggle which ... as PP.

and retort.

‘Oh no, no,’ returned Oliver quickly; ‘but the eyes look

‘Pray, Sir,’ said the old woman, ‘didn’t I see you comeso sorrowful; and where I sit, they seem fixed upon me.

out of that gentleman’s house?’ pointing back to Mr.

It makes my heart beat,’ added Oliver in a low voice, ‘asBounderby’s. ‘I believe it was you, unless I have had

if it was alive, and wanted to speak to me, but couldn’t.’

the bad luck to mistake the person in following?’ (HT,(OT, p.80)

BK.1, Ch.12, p.77)

Type 5-14. RS, RV1-NP-ADV, RS, R2-NP, V-ing, RS.
Type 5-10. RS, RV-NP, RS, PP, RS.

This type is given once in OT and twice in NN. RV1,

This type which is first given in our researches occurs

RV2, ADV and PP used here are as follows: cry, reply, say

twice only in DS, where RVs are all says, and PPs are to

as RV1; cry, say, whisper as RV2; quite seriously, solemnly,

somebody and with a pleasant sense of the readiness ofsternly as ADV.

this joke.

‘Nothing like it, sir,’ replied Mr. Lillyvick solemnly.

‘Was it? Well! In point of fact it might have been in any‘How do you think,’ whispered the collector, drawing

shire,’ said Cousin Feenix. ‘So my friend being invited

him aside, ‘How do you think she looks to-night?’ (NN,down to this marriage in Anyshire,’ with a pleasant

Ch.30, p.390)

sense of the readiness of this joke, ‘goes. Just as someof us, ...’ (DS, Ch.36, p.514)

Type 5-15. RS, RV1-NP-ADVC, RS, RV2-NP, RS.

The other instance : Ibid., Ch.48, p.671

The earliest instance of this type occurs once in DS,
where say is used as RV1 and RV2 respectively, and as if

Type 5-11. RS, RV-NP, RS, ADV-PP, RS.

S+V as ADVC.

This type occurs once in DS for the first time, where

RV is say; ADV is aside; PP is to somebody.

‘I tell you what, Sir,’ said the Major, as they resumed
their walk again. ‘If Joe Bagstock were a younger man,

‘My dearest love,’ said Cleopatra, ‘do you hear what Mr.

there’s not a woman in the world whom he’d prefer for

Dombey says? Ah, my dear Dombey!’ aside to that

Mrs. Bagstock to that woman. By George, Sir!’ said thegentleman, ‘how her absence, as the time approaches,

Major, ‘she’s superb!’ (DS, Ch.21, p.290)

reminds me of the days, when that most agreeable ofcreatures, her papa, was in your situation!’ (Ibid., Ch.30,

Type 5-16. RS, RV1-NP-ADVC, RS, ADV-RV2-NP-PP, RS.
The earliest instance of this type occurs in HT, where

p.428)

exclaim is used as RV1; say as RV2; as S+V as ADVC; thenType 5-12. RS, RV1-NP-ADV, RS, RV2-NP, RS.

as ADV; to-NP as PP.

This type which has not been found as yet occurs once

‘It’s a coincidence,’ exclaimed Mrs. Sparsit, as she wasin NN and twice in DS, where say (2) , reply are used as

released by the coachman. ‘It’s a Providence! Come

RV1; say (2), whimper as RV2; angrily, gravely, sagely as ADV.

out, ma’am!’ then said Mrs. Sparsit, to some one inside,‘“Pray, mama!” Nonsense, Kate,’ said Mrs. Nickleby,‘come out, or we’ll have you dragged out!’ (HT, BK.3,

angrily, ‘but that’s just the way. . . . !

Ch.5, p.259)

But I have no―393―

Tadashi TSUJIYA

Type 5-17. RS, RV-NP-ADV1, RS, ADV2-PP, RS.

was possible that you could, ... ,’ said Mr. Toots, abruptly,

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where‘this is a digression, and ’s of no consequence at all.’cry is used as RV; gravely as ADV1; aside as ADV2; to-NP(DS, Ch.56, p.781)

as PP.
‘Hear him!’ cried the Captain gravely. ‘’Tis woman as

Type 5-21. RS, RV1-NP-PP, RS, RV2-NP, ADV, and V-

seduces all mankind. For which,’ aside to Mr. Toots,

ing, RS.

‘you’ll overhaul your Adam and Eve, brother.’ (DS,The earliest instance of this type is quoted from DS,
where return is used as RV1; say as RV2; with vengeance

Ch.56, p.796)

in one’s hard grey eye as PP; sharply as ADV.
Type 5-18. RS, RV1-NP-PP, RS, RV2-NP, RS.

‘Well, Sir,’ returned Mrs. Pipchin, with vengeance in her

This type which is first observed in our researches

hard grey eye, ‘I exceedingly deplore it; ...,’ said Mrs.

occurs once in NN and three times in DS. RV1, RV2 andPipchin, sharply, and shaking her head at Susan Nipper.

PP used are as follows: return (2), say, submit as RV1; cry‘For shame, you hussy! Go along with you!’ (Ibid., Ch.44,(2), say (2) as RV2; after short silence and another cough,pp.616-17)

with a facetious gurgling in one’s throat, with feeble
admiration, with honest indignation as PP.

Type 5-22. RS, RV1-NP-PP, RS, RV2-NP, V-ing/ed, RS.

‘Dombey, ma’am,’ returned the Major, with a facetious

This type which has not been observed in ourgurgling in his throat, ‘is as well as a man in his

researches so far occurs ten times in Dickens’ works:

condition can be.

His condition is a desperate one,

twice in OT, five times in NN and three times in DS. The

Ma’am. He is touched, is Dombey! Touched!’ cried

verbs used as RV1 are return (3), say (3), reply (2), interrupt

the Major. ‘He is bayonetted through the body.’ (DS,and submit; the ones as RV2 are say (9) and add; PPs are

Ch.26, p.367)

in a severe manner, in a subdued tone of private discussion,in a tone which ..., in a voice, in resigned despair, with aType 5-19. RS, RV1-NP-PP1, RS, RV2-NP-PP2, RS.
This type which has never been observed as yet occurs

gravity, with a magnificent sense of the allegory ..., with an
obstinate air, with a petulance ..., with some confusion.

once in NN, twice in DS and once in HT. RV1, RV2, PP1‘Because they’re of no use to me, my dear’ replied theand PP2 are as follows: return (3), say as RV1; say (4) as

jew, with some confusion ‘not worth the taking. . . . ,’RV2; with a quiet confidence of absolute certainty, with asaid the Jew, recovering his self-possession, ‘he has us

sharp stress on the first syllable of the Captain’s name,

now if he could only give us leg-bail again; . . . ’ (OT,with laborious politeness, with much solemnity as PP1;

p.141)

after hesitating for a strong expression, with an anxious‘Don’t know about it, Mr. Francis!’ interrupted Tim,

smile, with severe reaction in one’s voice and manner, with

with an obstinate air. ‘Well, but let us know. ...,’ said

such a sudden accession of violence as PP2.

Tim, folding his arms resolutely, ‘where is it?’ (NN,

‘Sir,’ return Stephen, with a quiet confidence of absolute

Ch.43, p.561)

certainty, ‘if yo wast’ tak a hundred Slackbridges ―aw as there is, an aw the number ten times towd ―Type 5-23. RS, RV1-NP-PP, RS, RV2-NP, ADVC, RS.
The earliest instance of this type occurs in NN, where...’ said Stephen, with an anxious smile; ‘when ha’ we
not heern, I am sure, ...’ (HT, BK.2, Ch.5, pp.150-51)

say is used as RV1; continue as RV2; after a pause as PP;
as S+V as ADVC.

Type 5-20. RS, RV1-NP-PP, RS, RV2-NP, ADV, RS.

‘Well;’ said the same gentleman, after a pause, ‘Wot’s

This type which has not been observed in our researches

to be done ― anything? ...?’ continued Mr. Scaley, as

as yet is given twice in DS alone, where say is used both

Madame Mantalini sobbed. ‘A good half of wot’s here

as RV1 and RV2; after abandoning oneself to NP, in an

isn’t paid for, I des-say, and wot a consolation oughtn’t

awful voice as PP; abruptly, piously as ADV.

that to be to her feelings!’ (Ibid., Ch.21, pp.261-62)‘Miss Dombey,’ said Mr. Toots, in an awful voice, ‘if it―394―

On Reporting Expressions of Charles Dickens’ Works [Ⅳ]Type 5-24. RS, RV1-NP-PP, RS, ADV-RV2-NP, V-ing/ed,

in a gruff whisper, and making signals of secrecy. ‘WeRS.

had some words about the swabbing of these here

The earliest instance of this type is given in HT, whereplanks, and she ― in short,’ said the Captain, eyeing

cry is used as RV1; say as RV2; with great energy as PP;

the door, and relieving himself with a long breath, ‘shethen as ADV.

stopped my liberty.’ (DS, Ch.23, p.332)‘Leave her alone, everybody!’ cried Mrs. Sparsit, withgreat energy. ‘Let nobody touch her. She belongs toType 5-29. RS, RV1-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, RV2-NP, V-ing/ed,

me. Come in, ma’am!’ then said Mrs. Sparsit, reversingRS.

her former word of command.

This type which has not been found in our researches‘Come in, ma’am, or

we’ll have you dragged in!’ (HT, BK.3, Ch.5, p.259)

as yet occurs twenty-three times in Dickens’ works: fivetimes in OT; nine times in NN; eight times in DS; once inType 5-25. RS, RV1-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, RV2-NP, RS.

HT. The verbs used as RV1 are say (13), return (4), reply

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

say is used both as RV1 and as RV2.

(3), cry, exclaim, rejoin; the ones as RV2 are say (17), add(2), cry, mutter, simper, whimper. It is characteristic of‘Dombey,’ says the Major, seeing this, ‘I give you joy.

this type that add, exclaim, rejoin, reply, return are not

I congratulate you, Dombey. By the Lord, Sir,’ says

used as RV2, and there are seven quotations in which say

the Major, ‘you are more to be envied, this day, thanis used both as RV1 and as RV2.

any man in England!’ (DS, Ch.31, p.440)‘I don’t know,’ replied Sikes, clenching his teeth andturning white at the mere suggestion.

‘I’d doType 5-26. RS, RV1-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, RV2-NP, ADV, RS.

something in the jail ...’ muttered the robber, poising

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

his brawny arm, ‘that I could smash your head . . . ’say is used both as RV1 and as RV2, and meekly as ADV.

(OT, Ch. 47, P.358)‘I’ve stepped over from Balls Pond at a early hour,’ said

‘Then let him instantly retire,’ said Nicholas, struggling.

Mr. Perch, confidentially looking in at the room door,‘I am not going to lay hands upon him, but ...,’ criedand stopping . . . , ‘agreeable to my instructions last

Nicholas, burning with fury, ‘looking so calmly uponnight. ...,’ said Mr. Perch, meekly, ‘but for the state ofthose who know ... ’ (NN, Ch.45, p.586)

health of Mrs. P., who I thought ...’ (Ibid., Ch.53, p.740)

Type 5-30. RS, RV1-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, RV2-NP, ADV,Type 5-27. RS, RV-NP, PP, V-ing/ed, RS, V-ing/ed, RS.
The earliest instance of this type occurs in HT, where

say is used as RV, and in conclusion as PP.

and V-ing/ed , RS.
The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

say is used both as RV1 and as RV2, and impressively as‘Now, you see, Tom,’ said Mr. Harthouse in conclusion,

ADV.

himself tossing over a rose or two, as a contribution to‘His wery woice,’ said the Captain, looking round with

the island, which . . . : ‘every man is selfish inexultation ... ‘his wery woice as chock full o’ science

everything does, and I am exactly like the rest of myas ever it was! ...’ said the Captain, impressively, andfellow-creatures. I am desperately intent;’ the languor

announcing a quotation with his hook, ‘of the sluggard,of his desperation being quite tropical; ‘on yourI heerd him complain, ...’ (DS, Ch.56, pp.795-96)

softening towards your sister ― which you ought todo; and ... ’ (HT, BK.2, Ch.7, pp.177-78)

Type 5-31. RS, RV1-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, RV2-NP-PP, andV-ing/ed, RS.

Type 5-28. RS, RV1-NP-PP, and V-ing/ed, RS, RV2-NP,

The earliest instance of this type occurs in NN, where

V-ing/ed, RS.

say is used both as RV1 and as RV2, and with sudden

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, whereenergy as PP.

return is used as RV1; say as RV2; in a gruff whisper as PP.

‘It’s forty-forty year,’ said Tim, making a calculation‘The lady of the house, my dear,’ returned the Captain,in the air with his pen, ..., ‘forty-four year, next May,

―395―

Tadashi TSUJIYA

since I first kept the books of Cheeryble, Brothers. ...’

the old woman, hobbling to the cupboard; ‘and there’s

said Tim, with sudden energy, and looking sternly about

little here, and little’― diving down into her pocket,

him. ‘Not one. For business or pleasure, in summer

and jingling a few halfpence on the table ―‘little here.

time or winter ― I don’t care which ― there’s nothing

Have you any money, Alice, deary?’ (DS, Ch.34, p.491)

like it. ... ’ (NN, Ch.35, pp.455-56)

Type 5-36. RS, RV-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, ADVC, RS.
Type 5-32. RS, RV1-NP, ADV-(and) V-ing/ed, RS, RV2NP, V-ing/ed, RS.

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

repeat is used as RV and as if S+V as ADVC.

The two instances of this type are observed in DS for‘Who’ll soon get better, I say,’ repeated the old woman,the first time, where interestingly enough, say is usedmenacing the vacant air with her shrivelled fist, ‘andboth as RV1 and as RV2. ADVs used are not a little andwho’ll shame ’em all with her good looks ― she will. ...’

impressively.

― as if she were in passionate contention with some

‘So; let me see,’ said Polly, not a little flurried between

unseen opponent at the bedside, who . . . ― ‘mythis earnest scrutiny, ... ‘So, when this lady died, ...,’

daughter has been turned away from, and cast out,

said Polly, affecting herself beyond measure; being

but ...’ (Ibid., Ch.58, pp.824-25)

heartily in earnest, ‘to teach her little daughter to be
sure of that in her heart: ...’ (DS, Ch.3, p.24)

Type 5-37. RS, RV-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, PP, RS.

The other: Ibid., Ch.32, p.459

This type is quoted from Dickens’ works for the firsttime: twice from DS, and once from HT. The verbs used

Type 5-33. RS, RV1-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, RV2-NP-PP, ADVC,RS.

as RV are all says, and PPs are (with) great emphasis andto somebody (2).

The earliest instance of this type occurs in NN, where‘Therefore, of course my brother Paul has done whatremark is used as RV1; say as RV2; with a triumphant air

was to be expected of him, and ...,’ said Mrs. Chick,as PP; as S+V as ADVC.

shaking her head with energy, and arranging herself‘Well,’ remarked Squeers, a little disconcerted, ‘I had

in her chair; ‘Edith is at once uncommon, . . . :’ great

him there; but that’s because we breakfasted early thisemphasis again: ‘and that you are delighted with thismorning, and ...,’ said Squeers, with a triumphant air,change in the condition of my brother, ...’ (Ibid., Ch.29,

as Master Wackford wiped his eyes with the cuff ofpp.414-15)

his jacket, ‘there’s oiliness! (NN, Ch.34, p.435)‘Kidderminister,’ said Mr. Childers, raising his voice,‘stow that!― Sir,’ to Mr. Gradgrind, ‘I was addressing

Type 5-34. RS, RV1-NP, PP, RS, RV2-NP, ADVC, RS.

myself to you. ...’ (HT, BK.1, Ch.6, p.30)

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

say is used both as RV 1 and as RV 2 ; after longType 5-38. RS, RV1-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, RV2-NP, PP, RS.

consideration as PP; as S+V as ADVC.

This type which has never been observed as yet‘Oh!’ said Mr. Toots after long consideration. ‘Oh, ah!

occurs four times in DS alone, where the verbs used asYes!

She said that she hoped there was a bare

RV1 are observe, resume, return, say; the ones as RV2 arepossibility that it mightn’t be true; and . . . !’ said Mr.

say (2), blubber, cry; PPs are in another spasm, with a

Toots, as the discovery flashed upon him, ‘you, youreal and genuine earnestness, with a shiver, with sudden

know!’ (DS, Ch.32, p.461)

defiance.
‘It is not for an old soldier of the Bagstock breed,’Type 5-35. RS, RV-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, V-ing/ed, RS.

observed the Major, relapsing into a mild state, ‘toThis type which was first quoted from Austen’sdeliver himself up, a prey to his own emotions; but ―Mansfield Park occurs once in NN and three times in DS,

damme, Sir,’ cried the Major, in another spasm ofwhere RVs are say (3), resume.

ferocity, ‘I condole with you!’ (DS, Ch.20, p.271)‘But you are wet and tired: hungry and thirsty,’ said

The others: Ibid., Ch.61, pp.869-70; Ibid., Ch.46, p.637; Ibid.,―396―

On Reporting Expressions of Charles Dickens’ Works [Ⅳ]

Ch.29, pp.417-18‘I will leave you nowhere,’ answered Nicholas ―‘neveragain, Kate,’ he cried, moved in spite of himself as heType 5-39. RS, RV1-NP, V-ing/ed, ADVC, RS, RV2-NP,
PP, RS.

folded her to his heart. ‘Tell me that I acted for the
best. ...’ (NN, Ch.33, p.421)

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

say is used both as RV1 and as RV2; as if S+V as ADVC;

The others: OT, Ch.35, p.262; DS, Ch.26, p.375; Ibid., Ch.10,
pp.132-33

with a shiver as PP.
‘There is a point,’ said Mrs. Click, rising, not as if she

Type 5-44. RS, RV1-NP, RS, NP-RV2,V-ing/ed, ADVC,

were going to stop at the floor, but as if she were aboutRS.

to soar up, high, into her native skies, ‘beyond which

This type which has not been found in our researches

endurance becomes ridiculous, if not culpable. I can bearoccurs only once in NN, where resume is used as RV1;

much; . . . ,’ said Mrs. chick, with a shiver, ‘that

continue as RV2; as S+V as ADVC.

something was going to happen. . . . ’ ( Ibid ., Ch.29,‘For this reason,’ resume Ralph, ‘I address myself to you,pp.417-18). . . ,’ he continued, bending eagerly forward, andaddressing Nicholas, as he marked the charge of his

Type 5-40. RS, RV1-NP, RS, NP-RV2, RS.

countenance, ‘to restore a parent his child; . . . ’ (NN,The earliest instance of this type occurs in OT, where

Ch.45, p.587)

say is used as RV1, and add is used as RV2.
‘Part of this,’ said the girl, ‘I’ve drawn out from otherType 5-45. RS, RV1-NP, RS, NP-RV2-ADV, ADVC, RS.

people at the house I tell you of, ... ,’ she added. ‘Upon

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

his throat: so high that you can see a part of it below

say is used as RV1; speak as RV2; here, very distinctly as

his neckerchief when he turns his face: there is ―’ADV; as if S+V as ADVC.

(OT, Ch.46, p.353)‘It is no service to me,’ said the brother. ‘It only leads
to such a conversation as the present, . . . ;’ he spoke

Type 5-41. RS, RV1-NP, RS, NP-RV2-ADV, RS.

here very distinctly, as if he would impress it upon

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

say is used as RV1, and add is used as RV2.

Walter: ‘than in forgetting me, and leaving me to go
my way, unquestioned and unnoticed.’ ( DS , Ch.13,‘The pang,’ said Mrs. Skewton, ‘of considering a child,p.177)

even to you, my dear Dombey, is one of the most
excruciating imaginable; . . . !’ she cried archly.
‘Somebody is going, pet.’ (DS, Ch.30, p.432)

Type 5-46. RS, RV1-NP-ADV, RS, NP-RV2-PP, RS.
The earliest instance of this type occurs in NN, where

say is used as RV1; be said as RV2; quietly as ADV; in a low
Type 5-42. RS, RV1-NP, RS, NP-RV2-PP, RS.

voice as PP.

The earliest instance of this type occurs in OT, wherereturn is used as RV1; address as RV2; to oneself as PP.

‘I should imagine not, indeed!’ said Ralph, quietly. ‘Ifshe profits by anybody’s death,’ this was said in a lower‘Listen then! You!’ returned Monks. ‘His father being

tone, ‘let it be by her husband’s. ... ’ (NN, Ch.47, p.621)

taken ill at Rome, . . . ;’ he addressed himself to Mr.
Brownlow; ‘and enclosed in a few short lines to you,...’ (OT, Ch.51, p.395)

Type 5-47. RS, RV1-NP-ADV, RS, NP-RV2, V-ing/ed, RS.
This type which has not been found in our researches
occurs once both in SB and in OT, where say is used notType 5-43. RS, RV1-NP, RS, NP-RV2, V-ing/ed, RS.

only as RV1 but also as RV2, and gently, violently asThis type which has not been observed in our

ADVs.

researches occurs once both in OT and in NN, and twice‘I shall be carried out, if I go!’ said the girl violently;

in DS, where the verbs used as RV1 are answer, reply,‘and I can make that a job that two of you won’t likereturn, say, and the ones as RV2 are add (2), cry, say.

to do. . . . ,’ she said, looking round, ‘that will see a―397―

Tadashi TSUJIYA

simple message carried for a poor wretch like me?’Type 5-52. RS, RV1-NP-PP, RS, ADV1-NP-RV2-ADV2,(OT, Ch.39, p.299)

V-ing, RS.

The other : SB, pp.373-74

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, whereretort and flatter are used as RV1 and RV2 respectively;Type 5-48. RS, RV1-NP-PP, RS, ADV-NP-RV2, RS.
The earliest instance of this type occurs in NN, where

here and again as ADV1 and ADV2 respectively; with an
extraordinary show of animation as PP.

say is used as RV1; simper and hesitate as RV2; with a‘Very true, my dear Paul,’ retorted Mrs. Chick, withprefatory cough as PP; here as ADV.

an extraordinary show of animation, to cover the‘I am sure,’ said the worthy lady, with a prefatory cough,suddenness of her conversion; ‘and spoken like yourself.

‘that it’s a great relief, . . . ’ here Mrs. Nickleby. . . ;’ here Mrs. Chick flattered again, as not quite

simpered and hesitated, ‘for my sake.’ ( NN , Ch.49,

comfortably feeling her way; ‘perhaps that is a reason

p.649)

why you might have the less objection to allowing MissTox to be godmother to the dear thing, ...’ (Ibid., Ch.5,

Type 5-49. RS, RV1-NP-PP1, RS, NP-RV2, -PP2, RS.

p.45)

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

cry is used as RV1; say as RV2; with a burning brow as

Type 5-53. RS, RV1-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, NP-RV2, RS.

PP1; with flashing eyes as PP2.
‘There is no slave in a market; ... ,’ cried Edith, with a

The earliest instance of this type occurs in NN, where

say and add are used as RV1 and RV2 respectively.

burning brow, and the same bitter emphasis on the one‘That’s right,’ said Miss La Creevy, rubbing her hands.

word. ‘Is it not so? ... ,’ she said, with flashing eyes,‘And yet, I don’t know,’ she added, ‘there is much to be‘have I submitted to it, in half the places of resort uponthought of ― others to be considered.’ (NN, Ch.20, p.248)

the map of England. ... ’ (DS, Ch.27, pp.394-95)

Type 5-54. RS, RV1-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, NP-RV2, V-ing/ed,
Type 5-50. RS, RV1-NP-PP, RS, NP-RV2, V-ing/ed, RS.

RS.

The earliest instance of this type occurs in SB, where

This type which has never been observed in our

reply and continue are used as RV1 and RV2 respectively;

researches occurs once in OT, three times in NN and twicewith a flaunting laugh as PP.

in DS, where the verbs used as RV1 are say (3), cry,‘Six weeks and labour,’ replied the elder girl with amurmur, scream, and the ones as RV2 are add (4), cry, say.

flaunting laugh; ‘and that’s better than the stone jug‘Ay,’ murmured the sick woman, relapsing into heranyhow; . . . ,’ she continued, boisterously tearing theformer drowsy state, ‘what about her? ― what aboutother girl’s handkerchief away; ‘Hold up your head, and― I know!’ she cried, jumping fiercely up: her faceshow ‘em your face. I an’t jealous but I’m blessed if I

flushed, and her eyes starting from her head ―‘I robbed

an’t game!’ (SB, p.273)

her, so I did! She wasn’t cold ― I tell you she wasn’t
cold, when I stole it!’ (OT, Ch.24, p.175)

Type 5-51. RS, RV1-NP-PP, RS, NP-RV2, ADV, V-ing/ed,‘You give me something then, or I’ll call it after her!’RS.

screamed the old woman, throwing up her arms, andThe earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, wherepressing ... ‘Or come,’ she added, dropping her voiceassent and add are used as RV1 and RV2 respectively; insuddenly, . . . ,‘give me something, or I’ll call it afterthat voiceless manner of ... as PP; aloud as ADV.

you’ (DS, Ch.27, p.381)‘She is safe, I trust in Heaven!’ assented Mr. Carker inthat voiceless manner of his: which made the observant

Type 5-55. RS, RV1-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, NP-RV2, PP, RS.

young Toodle tremble again. ‘Mr. Gills,’ he added aloud,The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

throwing himself back in his chair, ‘you must miss yoursay is used as RV1; and add as RV2; in ... way as PP.

nephew very much?’ (Ibid., Ch.22, p.306)‘Aye,’ replied Walter, laughing, ‘and turn a great manytimes, too, Captain Cuttle, ... Not that I complain,’ he―398―

On Reporting Expressions of Charles Dickens’ Works [Ⅳ]added, in his lively, animated, energetic way. ‘I havenothing to complain of. ... ’ (Ibid., Ch,15, p.211)

Type 5-59. RS, RV-NP-PP, and V-ing, RS, NP-VP, RS.
The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

RV is rejoin, and PP is with one’s handkerchief to one’s face.
Type 5-56. RS, RV1-NP, PP1, and V-ing/ed, RS, NP- RV2-

‘My dear Paul,’ rejoins his sister, with her handkerchief

ADV, PP2, RS.

to her face, and shaking her head, ‘I know your great

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

spirit, and will say no more upon a theme so painful andsay and add are used as RV1 and RV2 respectively; with-revolting;’ on the heads of which two adjectives, Mrs.

NP, in anticipation of ... as PP1 and PP2 respectively;

Chick visits scathing indignation; ‘but pray let me ask

quickly as ADV.

you ― ... ―’ (DS, Ch.51, p.715)‘Mr. Gills,’ said Carker, with his soft hand playing roundhis mouth, and looking up into the Instrument-maker’sType 5-60. RS, RV-NP-PP1, RS, PP2, RS.

face, ‘it would be company to you to have a young

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

fellow in your shop just now, and . . . ,’ he added

say is used as RV; in one’s manner as PP1; with a nod ofquickly, in anticipation of what the old man was going

dismissal as PP2.

to say, ‘there’s not much business doing there, I know;‘I have pointed out to Mrs. Dombey,’ said Mr. Dombey,

but you can make him clean the place out, polish up

in his most stately manner, ‘that in her conduct thus

the instruments; drudge, Mr. Gills.

early in our married life, ...,’ with a nod of dismissal,

That’s the lad!’(Ibid., Ch.22, p.306)‘good night to you!’ (Ibid., Ch.36, p.520)

Type 5-57. RS, RV-NP, RS, (ADV/PP) NP-VP, RS.

Type 5-61. RS, RV-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, NP-VP, RS.

This type which has never observed in our researches

This type which has never been observed in our

occurs twice both in OT and NN, and sixteen times in DS,

researches occurs five times in DS alone, where the verbs

where the verbs used as RV are say (10), cry (4), reply (2),used as RV are say (4) and drawl.

answer, pursue, reply, resume.

‘What I want,’ drawled Mrs. Skewton, pinching her‘If he’― heshrivelled throat, ‘is heart.’ It was frightfully true inpointed with his skinny fore-finger up the stairs?‘is so

one sense, if not in that in which she used the phrase.

hard with you ... ―’ (OT, Ch.44, p.341)‘What I want, is frankness, ...’ (Ibid., Ch.21, p.289)‘The reason of all this,’ replied Fagin.

‘Shake honds!’ cried the good-humoured Yorkshireman;

The others: Ibid., Ch.6, pp.79-80; Ch.26, p.368; Ch.44, p.617;‘ah! That I weel;’ at the same time, he bent down from

Ch.50, pp.698-99.

the saddle, and gave Nicholas’s fist a huge wrench: ‘but
wa’at be the matther wi’ thy feace, mun?

it be allbrokken loike.’ (NN, Ch.13, p.157)

Type 5-62. RS, NP-RV1, RS, RV2-NP, RS.
This type which has never been observed in our
researches occurs twice in DS alone, where the verbs used

Type 5-58. RS, RV-NP-PP, RS, (ADV/PP) NP-VP, RS.

as RV are say, proceed, and the ones as RV2 are say (2).

This type which has never observed in our researches‘I say,’ he proceeded, ‘Miss Dombey! I could have had

occurs once in SB and three times in DS, where the verbs

him stolen for ten shillings, if they hadn’t given him

used as RV are resume, retort, return, say, and PPs are

up: ..., you know,’ said Mr. Toots, “but you won’t mind

after considering, with a theatrical air, with great severity,

that, will you?’ (Ibid., Ch.18, p.251)

with majesty.

The other: Ibid., Ch.57, p.804.

‘But enough ― enough!’ resumed the elegant Sparkins,
with a theatrical air. ‘What have I said? ... ’― here hestopped short ―‘may I hope to be permitted ... ’ (BS,Type 5-63. RS, NP-RV1, RS, RV2-NP, PP, RS.
The earliest instance of this type occurs in HT, where

say is used both as RV1 and as RV2, and in conclusion as

Ch.5, p.359)

PP.
‘I am not a moral sort of fellow,’ he said, ‘and I never―399―

Tadashi TSUJIYA

make any pretensions to the character of a moral sort

Type 5-68. RS, NP-RV1, V-ing/ed, RS, RV2-NP, V-ing/ed,of fellow. ... Whereas I find,’ said Mr. James Harthouse,RS.

in conclusion, ‘that it is really in several volumes.’ (HT,The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

BK.3, Ch.2, p.232)

croak and say are used as RV1 and as RV2 respectively.
‘Patience,’ she croaked, laying her hand, like a claw,

Type 5-64. RS, NP-RV1, RS, RV2-NP, V-ing/ed, RS.

upon his arm. ‘Patience. I’ll get at it. I know I can!

The earliest instance of this type occurs in NN, where

If he was to hold it back from me,’ said Good Mrs.

say is used both as RV1 and as RV2.

Brown, crooking her ten fingers, ‘I’d tear it out of him!’(Ibid., Ch.52, p.726)‘The unities, sir,’ he said, ‘are a completeness ― . . . ,’said Mr. Curdle, turning to the phenomenon,’ a unityof feeling, a breadth, a light and shade, ... ’ (NN, Ch.24,

Type 5-69. RS, NP-RV1, V-ing/ed, RS, NP-RV2, PP, RS.
The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

pp.311-12)

answer and continue are used as RV 1 and as RV 2
Type 5-65. RS, NP-RV1-PP1, RS, RV2-NP-PP2, ADVC, RS.

respectively; with one’s eyes on one’s mother as PP.

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where‘And you thought I loved him, did you not?’ sheremonstrate is used as RV1; add as RV2; with tearful dignity

answered, stopping on her way across the room, andand with increased dignity as PP1 and PP2 respectively (thelooking round. ‘Shall I tell you,’ she continued, withsame expression is rarely repeated); as if S+V as ADVC.

her eyes fixed on her mother, ‘who already knows us
thoroughly, ... ’ (Ibid., Ch.27, p.395)‘No, my dear Paul,’ she remonstrated with tearful
dignity, ‘I must really be allowed to speak. . . . ,’added
Mrs. Chick with increased dignity, as if she had

Type 5-70. RS, NP-RV1, PP, ADVC, RS, RV2-NP, RS.

withheld her crushing argument until now, ‘I never did
think it was.’ (DS, Ch.5, p.46)

The earliest instance of this type occurs in HT, whereobserve is used as RV1; say as RV2; with a lofty grace as
PP; when S+V as ADVC.

Type 5-66. RS, NP-RV1-PP, RS, RV2-NP, V-ing/ed, RS.

..., ‘but it is my duty to remember,’ Mrs. Sparsit was

The earliest instance of this type occurs in HT, wherefond of observing with a lofty grace: particularly whenproceed is used as RV1; say as RV2; in ... manner as PP.

any of the domestics were present, ‘that what I was, I‘In the course of a few hours, my dear Bounderby,’ Mr.

am no longer. Indeed,’ said she, ‘if I could altogether

Gradgrind proceeded, in the same depressed andcancel the remembrance that Mr. Sparsit was a Powler,

propitiatory manner, ‘I appear to myself to have become...’ (HT, BK.2, Ch.8, p.186)

better informed as to Louisa’s character, ... ,’ said Mr.
Gradgrind, shading his face with his hand, ‘has always

Type 5-71. RS, NP-RV, RS, NP-VP, RS.

been my favourite child.’ (HT, BK.3, Ch.3, p.241)

This type which has never been observed in our
researches occurs twice in DS alone, where the verbs

Type 5-67. RS, NP-RV1, V-ing/ed, RS, RV2-NP-PP, RS.

used as RV are begin and pursue.

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where‘It may be natural enough, Mrs. Dombey,’ he pursued,

say is used as RV1; add as RV2; after a moment’s pause as‘that you should be uneasy in the presence of any

PP.

auditors of these disagreeable truths; though why’―‘Mr. Carker,’ he said, addressing himself to the Manager.

he could not hide his real feelings here, or keep his‘Indeed, indeed, this is my fault solely. . . . ,’ addedeyes from glancing gloomily at Florence ―‘why any

Walter, after a moment’s pause, ‘all heedlessness on

one can give them greater force and . . . ’ (DS, Ch.47,

my part, Sir; for I have felt an interest in Mr. Carker

pp.656-57)

ever since I have been here, and have hardly been

The other: Ibid., Ch.37, p.524.

able to help speaking of him sometimes, when I havethought of him so much!’ (DS, Ch.13, pp.176-77)―400―

On Reporting Expressions of Charles Dickens’ Works [Ⅳ]Type 5-72. RS, NP-RV-ADV, RS, NP-VP, RS.

putting his hands firmly in his pockets, ‘you may tell

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

say is used as RV, and good-humorously as ADV.

her that I go as cheerfully on mine. ...;’ he smiled very
sweetly here; ‘than marble.’ (Ibid.,Ch.22, pp.300-01)‘But go you first, John,’ he said good-humouredly, ‘witha light, ...;’ John Carker’s heart was full, and he would
have relieved it in speech, if he could; ‘and let me havea word with your sister. ...’ (Ibid., Ch.53, p.748)

Type 5-77. RS, NP-RV, ADV, RS, V-ing/ed, RS.
The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

say is used as RV, and placidly as ADV.
‘Ah yes,’ he said placidly, ‘good-bye! Walter dear, good-Type 5-73. RS, NP-RV-PP, RS, NP-VP, RS.

bye!’― turning his head to where he stood, and putting

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

out his hand again. ‘Where is Papa?’ (Ibid., Ch.16, p.225)

answer is used as RV, and with one’s voice and manner as
PP.

Type 5-78. RS, NP-RV, PP, RS, V-ing/ed, RS.

‘The worse for you!’ she answered, with her voice and

The earliest instance of this type occurs in HT, where

manner still unchanged. ‘Aye!’ for he turned sharply

reply is used as RV , and with great earnestness andwhen she said so, ‘what is the worse for me, is twenty

interest of manner as PP.

million times the worse for you. Heed that, if you need‘That’s enough for me,’ she replied, with great

nothing else.’ (Ibid., Ch.47, pp.657-58)

earnestness and interest of manner. ‘I ask no more! ...’
turning her head back towards Mr. Bounderby’s again,

Type 5-74. RS, NP-RV-PP, V-ing/ed, RS, NP-VP, RS.

‘come out. But, he’s late this year, and ...’ (HT, BK.1,

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

Ch.12, pp.78-79)

observe is used as RV, and in apology as PP.
‘But I’m behind the time, you understand,’ he observed
in apology, passing his hand nervously down the whole
row of bright buttons on his coat, and ... : ‘and I would

Type 5-79. RS, NP-VP, RS, NP-VP, RS.
This type which does not have any RV occurs in HT.
It is worth researching in writing styles.

rather have my dear boy here. ... He was always fond‘Louisa,’ and his hand rested on her again, ‘I have beenof the sea. He’s’― and he looked wistfully at Walter

absent from here, my dear, ... ,’ he appeared to come to―‘he’s glad to go.’ (Ibid., Ch.17, p.229)

that word with great reluctance always, ‘it has
necessarily been modified by daily associations begun,

Type 5-75. RS, NP-RV, V-ing/ed, RS, NP-VP, RS.

...?’ (Ibid., BK.3, Ch.1, p.223)

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, whereanswer is used as RV.

Type 5-80. RS, be-NP, RS, RV-NP, RS.

‘I’ll dispose of him so, then, Mr. Gills,’ he answered,rising, and shaking the old man by the hand, ‘until I

The earliest instance of this type occurs in SB, where

NP is reply, and RV is continue.

make up my mind what to do with him, and what he‘I am,’ was the reply ―‘very ill; not bodily, but

deserves. ...,’ here he smiled a wide smile at Rob, who

mentally. It is not for myself, or on my own behalf,’

shook before it: ‘I shall be glad if you’ll look sharply

continued the stranger, ‘that I come to you. ...’ (SB, p.373)

after him, and ... !’ (Ibid., Ch.22, p.307)

Type 5-81. RS, be-NP, RS, RV-NP,V-ing/ed, RS.
Type 5-76. RS, NP-RV, V-ing/ed, RS, NP-VP-ADV1-ADV2,RS.

The earliest instance of this type occurs in NN, where

NP is reply, and RV is say.

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where‘One blow has,’ was the panting reply. ‘I struck him.

say is used as RV, and very sweetly and here as ADV1

I proclaim it to all here! . . . ’ said the young lord,and ADV2 respectively.

looking hurriedly about him, and addressing one of‘If she has gone, and goes, her own way cheerfully,’ hethose who had interposed, ‘let me speak with you, I

said, throwing the still unfolded letter on his desk, andbeg.’ (NN, Ch.50, pp.662-63)―401―

Tadashi TSUJIYA

Type 6-1. RS, RV1-NP, RS, RV2-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, RV3-

Type 6-5. RS, RV1-NP-PP, RS, NP-V-ing/ed, RS, RV2-NP,

NP, PP.

V-ing/ed.

The earliest instance of this type occurs in NN, where

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

say, say and add are used as RV 1 , RV 2 and RV 3

whisper is used as RV1; cry as RV2; to somebody as PP.

respectively, and by an afterthought, with far less

‘Devilish queer, Sir,’ whispered the Major to Mr.

emphasis are used as PP.

Dombey. ‘Bad case. Never did wrap up enough;’ the‘It would be my duty, if he came in my way, to deliver

Major being buttoned to the chin. ‘Why who should J.B.

him up to justice,’ said Ralph, ‘my bounden duty; . . .

mean by Joe, but ...!’ cried the Major, striking himself

And yet,’ said Ralph, speaking in a very marked

a sounding blow on the chest. (Ibid., Ch.40, p.570)

manner, and looking furtively, but fixedly, at Kate,‘and yet I would not. . . . And his mother of course,’

Type 6-6. RS, RV1-NP, RS, V-ing/ed, RS, RV2, V-ing/ed.

added Ralph, as though by an afterthought, and with

The earliest instance of this type occurs in OT, where

far less emphasis. (Ibid., Ch.20, pp.249-50)

say is used both as RV1 and RV2.
‘Yes,’ said the Jew; ‘that is, ...,’ tapping the fire-shovel

Type 6-2. RS, RV1-NP, RS, RV2-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, RV3-

on the hearth to add force to his words; ‘do everything

NP, V-ing/ed.

they bid you, . . . ?’ said the Jew, stopping short. (OT,The earliest instance of this type occurs in NN, where

Ch.9, p.63)

reply, say and ask are used as RV 1 , RV 2 and RV 3
respectively.

Type 7-1. RS, RV1-NP, RS, RV2-NP, RS, NP-RV3, PP, RS.

‘I’ve only just done it, if I’ve done it now,’ replied

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

Squeers. ‘I was one blessed bruise, sir,’ said Squeers,

say, say and continue are used as RV1, RV2 and RV3touching first the roots of his hair, and then the toes ofrespectively, and after a few moments as PP.

his boots, ‘from here to there. ...?’ asked Mr. Squeers,‘I observed,’ said Mr. Dombey ―‘and this concludes

appealing to his son. (Ibid., Ch.34, p.435)

what I deem it necessary to say to you at present, Mrs.
Dombey ― ...,’ said Mr. Dombey, who ..., ‘Mr. Carker

Type 6-3. RS, RV1-NP, RS, PP1, RS, RV2-NP-PP2.

being in my confidence, Mrs. Dombey, may very well be

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

in yours to such an extent. I hope, Mrs. Dombey,’ hesay is used as RV1 and RV2 respectively; to somebody as

continued, after a few moments, during which, in his

PP1; with an emphasis on the permission as PP2.

increasing haughtiness, he had improved on his idea, ‘I‘That is my brave boy,’ said Sir Barnet Skettles.

may not find it necessary ever to intrust Mr. Carker‘Barnet’ to Master Skettles, who was revenging

with any message of objection or remonstrance to you;himself for the studies to come, on the plum-cake, ‘this... ’ (DS, Ch.40, pp.565-66)

is a young gentleman you ought to know. ... ,’ said Sir
Barnet Skettles, with an emphasis on the permission.

Type 7-2. RS, RV1-NP, RS, RV2-NP-ADV and V-ing/ed,(DS, Ch.14, p.198)

RS, RV3-NP, V-ing/ed, RS.
The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

Type 6-4. RS, RV1-NP, RS, PP, RS, RV2-NP, V-ing/ed.
The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

say, say and cry are used as RV 1 , RV 2 and RV 3
respectively, and very gently as ADV.

urge is used as RV1; say as RV2; with a wretched face as PP.

‘I will!’ said Florence. ‘I will bring it you, if you will let‘Misses Brown,’ urged the tormented Grinder, ‘I didn’tme; . . . I have not,’ said Florence very gently, andmean to ― Oh, what a thing it is for a cove to get intodrawing nearer to her, ‘I have not shrunk back fromsuch a line as this!― . . . ,’ with a wretched face, ‘foryou, ...’ cried Florence, falling on her bosom, ‘pray to

any little bit of gossip, Misses Brown. . . . ?’ said the

Heaven, mama, to forgive you all this sin and shame,

Grinder, appealing in desperation to the daughter.

...!’ (Ibid., Ch.61, p.867)(Ibid., Ch.52, pp.731-32)―402―

On Reporting Expressions of Charles Dickens’ Works [Ⅳ]Type 7-3 RS, RV1-NP, RS, RV2-NP-ADV, RS, NP-RV3,“said the Major,” and all the credit that belongs to her,V-ing/ed, RS.

J.B. is willing to give her, Sir. Notwithstanding which,

The earliest instance of this type occurs in OT, where

Ma’am,’ he added, raising his eyes from his plate, andreply, say and say are used as RV 1 , RV 2 and RV 3

casting them ..., ‘you’re a scheming jade, Ma’am, andrespectively, and reflectively as ADV.

your ambition is a piece of monstrous impudence. ...,’‘Never mind wot it is!’ replied Sikes. ‘I want a boy,said the Major, rolling his head at the unconscious Missand he mustn’t be a big un.

Lord!’ said Mr. Sikes,

Tox, while his starting eyes appeared to make a leap

reflectively, ‘if I’d only got that young boy of Ned, thetowards her, ‘you might do that to your heart’s content,

chimbley-sweeper’s! . . . And so they go on,’ said Mr.

Ma’am, ... ’ (DS, Ch.20, p.275)

Sikes, his wrath rising with the recollection of his
wrongs, ‘so they go on; and, ... ’ (OT, Ch.19, p.139)

Type 7-7. RS, RV1-NP, RS, NP-VP, RS, RV2-NP, RS.
The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

Type 7-4. RS, RV1-NP, RS, RV2-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, RV3-

return and say are used as RV1 and RV2 respectively.

NP, RS.

‘This morning, Ma’am,’ returned the Major.

This type which does not have any RV occurs twice in

Dombey’s anxiety for his arrival, ma’am, is to be

DS alone, where say and assent are used as RV1, andreferred ― take J.B.’s word for this; for Joe is de-interestingly enough say is all used as RV2 and RV3.

vivilish sly’― the Major tapped his nose, and screwed‘And‘Wal’r, my dear lad,’ said the Captain, ‘farewell! Wal’r

up one of his eyes tight: ...―‘to his desire that what is

my child, my boy, and man, I loved you! He warn’t myin the wind should become known to him, ...,’ said theflesh and blood,’ said the Captain, looking at the fire ―Major, ‘as Lucifer.’ (Ibid., Ch.26, p.372)‘I an’t got none ― but something of what a father feels
when he loses a son, I feel in losing Wal’r. For why?’Type 7-8. RS, RV1-NP, RS, NP-RV2, RS, RV3-NP, V-

said the Captain. ‘Because it an’t one loss, but a rounding/ed, RS.

dozen. ... ’ (DS, Ch.32, pp.462-63)

The earliest instance of this type occurs in HT, where

The other: Ibid., Ch.56, p.796.

rejoin, say and say are used as RV 1 , RV 2 and RV 3
respectively.

Type 7-5. RS, RV1-NP, RS, RV2-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, RV3-

‘Sir,’ rejoined Mrs. Sparsit, ‘say no more. . . . :’ she

NP,V-ing/ed, RS.

might have said the sweetbread, ... : ‘and I would rather

This type which has not been observed as yet occurs

receive it from your hand, . . . ,’ said Mrs. Sparsit,

twice in NN alone, where the verbs used as RV1 are reply

concluding in an impressively compassionate manner,and say; say is all used as RV2; cry, continue as RV3.

‘I fondly hope that Miss Gradgrind may be all you‘Ah!’ replied that worthy, ‘and you’d have know’d it

desire, and deserve!’ (HT, BK.1, Ch.16, pp.106-07)

better, sir, if it hadn’t been for all that I’ve been a-going
through. . . . ?’ said Squeers, addressing himself to

Type 7-9. RS, RV-NP, RS, NP-PP1, RS, PP2, RS.

Newman. ‘Oh, he’s lifted his-self off! ...!’ cried Squeers,

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, whereturning the boy about, and indenting . . . ‘Here’s

say is used as RV; to somebody as PP1; with a strange

firmness, here’s solidness! ...’ (NN, Ch.34, pp.434-35)

glance at one’s patron as PP2.

The other: Ibid., Ch.27, p.353‘I am rejoiced, I am sure,’ says Mr. Carker.

‘I wasafraid I might be a few seconds after the appointed

Type 7-6. RS, RV1-NP, RS, NP-RV2, V-ing/ed, RS, RV3-

time, ... ’― this to Mr. Dombey ―‘to leave a few poor

NP,V-ing/ed, ADVC, RS.

rarities of flowers for Mrs. Dombey. ...;’ with a strange

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

glance at his patron; ‘I hope the very poverty of mysay, add and say are used as RV1, RV2 and RV3 respectively,
and while S+V as ADV.
‘Our friend had a remote connexion with that event,―403―

offering, may find favour for it.’ (DS, Ch.31, p.441)

Tadashi TSUJIYA

Type 7-10. RS, RV1-NP-PP1, RS, RV2-NP, PP2, RS, RV3-

Type 7-13. RS, RV1-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, RV2-NP, RS, RV3-

NP, PP3, RS.

NP, RS.

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, wherereply, say and add are used as RV 1 , RV 2 and RV 3

say is all used both as RV1, RV2, and RV3.

respectively; with great stateliness as PP1; in the tone of‘My dear Miss Dombey,’ said Mr.Toots, stepping... as PP2; with a slight wave of his hand as PP3.

forward, ‘I’ll explain.

She’s the most extraordinary‘Yes,’ replied Mr. Dombey with great stateliness, ‘Miss

woman. ...,’ said Mr. Toots, ‘of all things. I adore her

Tox was originally received there, ... I have,’ said Mr.

in it! . . . ,’ said Mr. Toots, who had spoken with great

Dombey, in the tone of a man who was making a great

feeling and high admiration, ‘all I ask is, that you’ll

and valuable concession, ‘I have a respect for Miss Tox.

remember the medical man, and not exert yourself too...,’ added Mr. Dombey, with a slight wave of his hand,much.’ (Ibid., Ch.60, p.859)‘for the pleasure of your acquaintance.’ (Ibid., Ch.20, p.274)

Type 7-14. RS, RV1-NP,V-ing/ed, RS, RV2-NP,V-ing/ed,
Type 7-11. RS, RV-NP-PP, RS, NP-VP, RS, NP-VP, RS.

RS, RV3-NP, RS

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

say is used as RV, and with cumbrous gallantry as PP.

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

say is all used as RV1, RV2, and RV3.

‘It gives me great pleasure,’ said Mr. Dombey, with

‘Then I shall wish you good morning, Miss,’ said Perch,

cumbrous gallantry, ‘that a gentleman so nearlytaking a step toward the door, ‘and hoping, I’m sure,connected with myself as Carker is, ...’ Mr. Dombeythat you’ll not permit yourself to be more reduce inbowed to her.

‘But it gives me some pain, and it

mind than you can help, by the late painful rewelation.

occasions me to be really envious of Carker;’ he

The Paper’s’ said Mr. Perch, taking two steps backunconsciously laid stress on these words, ... ; ‘envious

again, and comprehensively addressing both the brotherof Carker, that I had not that honour and thatand sister in a whisper of increased mystery, ‘is more

happiness myself.’ (Ibid., Ch.27, p.383)

eager for news of it than you’d suppose possible. . . .
Another one,’ said Mr. Perch, ‘with military frogs, is in

Type 7-12. RS, RV1-NP, PP1, RS, (P)P2-ADV, RS, RV2-

the parlour of the King’s Arms all the blessed day. ...’

NP-PP3, RS.

(Ibid., Ch.53, p.741)

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

cry and say are used as RV1 and RV2, respectively; with aType 7-15. RS, RV1-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, RV2-NP, V-ing/ed,

lengthening out of the last syllable ... as PP1; (with) long

RS, RV3-NP, PP, RS.

syllable as PP2; with sudden rapidity as PP3; again as ADV.

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where‘And he runs awa-a-a-y!’ cried Mrs. MacStinger, withsay , say and cry are used as RV 1 , RV 2 and RV 3

a lengthening out of the last syllable that made therespectively, and in a final burst as PP.

unfortunate Captain regard himself as the meanest of‘I left my dear young lady out of bed late last night,’

men; ‘and keeps away a twelvemonth! From a woman!

said Susan, nothing checked, ‘and I knew why, . . . ,’Sitch is his conscience! He hasn’t the courage to meet

said Susan Nipper, wiping her black eyes, and fixing

her hi-i-i-igh;’ long syllable again; ‘but steals away, likethem undauntingly on Mr. Dombey’s infuriated face.

a felion. . . . ,’ said Mrs. MacStinger, with sudden‘It’s not the first time I have heard it, ...,’ cried Susan

rapidity, ‘was to offer to go and steal away, I’d do my

Nipper, in a final burst, ‘that it’s a sinful shame!’ (Ibid.,

duty as a mother by him, till he was covered with

Ch.44, p.616)

wales!’ (Ibid., Ch.39, pp.555-56)
Note that the preposition with is omitted before longType 7-16. RS, RV1-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, RV2-NP, V-ing/ed,

syllable.

RS, RV3-NP, V-ing/ed, RS.
The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

say is all used as RV1, RV2, and RV3.
―404―

On Reporting Expressions of Charles Dickens’ Works [Ⅳ]‘Ned,’ said the old man, drawing Walter to his side, andconfidence engendered by his having been a witness

taking his arm tenderly through his, ‘I know. I know.

of the Captain’s tenderness.

. . . ?’ said the old man, looking anxiously from one towith me, ...’ (Ibid., Ch.32, p.464)‘It’s the sort of thing

the other. ‘Really and truly? Is it? ... !’ said the oldman, fastening on the Captain, to the manifest

Type 7-20. RS, RV-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, NP-VP, RS, NP-

confusion of that diplomatist; ‘are you dealing plainly

VP, RS.

by your old friend? Speak out, Ned Cuttle. ...’ (Ibid.,

The earliest instance of this type occurs in HT, where

say is used as RV.

Ch.17, p.230)‘Well,’ said Bounderby, stopping and facing about toType 7-17. RS, RV1-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, RV2-NP, V-ing/ed,

confront them all, ‘I’ll tell you. It’s not to be mentioned

ADVC, RS, RV3-NP, RS.

everywhere: ... ’ Mr. Bounderby wiped his head again.

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where‘What should you say to;’ here he violently exploded: ‘tosay is all used as RV1, RV2, and RV3, and while S+V asa Hand begin in it?’ (HT, BK.2, Ch.8, p.183)

ADVC.
‘Fill this to the brim, you scoundrel,’ said the Major,

Type 7-21. RS, NP-RV1, RS, NP-RV2-ADV-PP, RS, NP-

holding up his glass. ‘Fill Mr. Carker’s to the brim too.

VP, RS.

And Mr. Dombey’s too. By Gad, gentlemen,’ said the

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

Major, winking at his new friend, while Mr. Dombey

resume and repeat are used as RV1 and RV2 respectively;

looked into his plate a conscious air, ‘ we’ll consecrate

slowly as ADV; with great emphasis as PP.

this glass of wine to a Divinity whom . . . ,’ said the‘Madam,’ he resumed, ‘I have done with this. ...’ he

Major, ‘is her name; angelic Edith!’ (Ibid., Ch.26, p.377)

repeated those words slowly and with great emphasis,‘that I am almost afraid to incur your displeasure anew,

Type 7-18. RS, RV1-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, RV2-NP, V-ing/ed,

when I say that. . . ’― oh how distinct and plain and

RS, V-ing/ed, RS.

emphasized this was!―‘but to give you an assurance

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, whereof the zeal with which, ...’ (DS, Ch.45, p.629)

say is used both as RV1 and RV2.
‘The man has no sensitiveness,’ said Mrs. Skewton,

Type 7-22. RS, NP-RV1, PP, RS, V-ing/ed, RS, NP-RV2-

cruelly holding up the hand-screen so as to shut thePP, RS.

Major out. ‘No sympathy. And what do we live for but

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

sympathy! ...,’ said Mrs. Skewton, arranging her lacesay is used both as RV1 and RV2, and with a slight oftucker, . . . , ‘how could we possibly bear it? . . . !’somebody as PP.

glancing at the Major, round the screen, ‘I would have

‘If there is anything unusual here,’ she said, with a slight

my world all heart; ... ?’ (Ibid., Ch.21, p.294)

motion of her hand before her brow, which . . . , ‘as I
know there are unusual feelings here,’ raising theType 7-19. RS, RV1-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, NP-VP, RS, RV2-

hand upon her bosom, heavily returning it, ‘consider

NP-PP, RS.

that there is no common meaning in the appeal . . . ;’The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

she said it as in prompt reply to something in his face;’

cry and say are used as RV1 and RV2 respectively, and in

to appeal to you.’ (Ibid., Ch.40, p.567)

the confidence ... as PP.
‘Upon my word and honour,’ cried Mr. Toots, blurting

Type 7-23. RS, NP-VP, RS, NP-VP, RS, V-ing/ed, RS.

out ..., ‘I’m even more sorry than I was before. ...;’ the

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS.

burst with which this confession forced itself out of the‘John!’ she laid her hand hastily upon his lips, ‘for myunhappy Mr. Toots, bespoke the vehemence of his

sake!...!’ He was silent. ‘Now let me tell you, dear,’feelings; ‘but what would be the good of my regarding

quietly sitting by his side, ‘I have, as you have, expected

her in his manner, . . . ,’ said Mr. Toots, in thethis; ... ’ (Ibid., Ch.53, p.743)―405―

Tadashi TSUJIYA

Note that the first subject is different from the second one.

Type 8-4. RS, NP-RV1-PP1, RS, NP-RV2-PP2, RS, NPVP, RS, RV3-NP, V-ing/ed, RS.

Type 8-1. RS, RV1-NP, RS, RV2-NP-PP1, RS, NP-VP, RS,

The earliest instance of this type occurs in HT, where

RV3-NP-PP2, RS.

resume, repeat and cry are used as RV1, RV2 and RV3

The earliest instance of this type which has five RSs

respectively; and as a valedictory as PP1; with a relish as

occurs in DS, where pursue, say and say are used as RV1,

PP2.

RV 2 and RV 3 respectively; with disdain as PP 1 ; with

‘Now, I’ll tell you what!’ Mr. Bounderby resumed, as a

resignation as PP2.

valedictory address.

‘With what I shall call your‘I should have adopted this course of argument,’ pursued

unhallowed opinions, . . . ;’ (he repeated it with great

the discreet lady, ‘because I trust I am not a fool. ...,’

relish). ‘Now, you have always been a steady Hand

said Mrs. Chick with ineffable disdain, ‘that my brotherhitherto; . . . ;’ here his countenance expressed

Paul Dombey could ever contemplate the possibility of

marvellous acuteness; ‘I can see as far a grindstone as

uniting himself to anybody ― I don’t care who’― sheanother man; . . . !’ cried Mr. Bounderby, shaking his

was more sharp and emphatic in that short clause thanhead with obstinate cunning. ‘By the lord Harry, I do!’in any other part of her discourse ―‘not possessing(HT, BK.1, Ch.11, pp.75-76)

these requisites, would be to insult . . . ,’ said Mrs.
Chick, with resignation. ‘It wouldn’t surprise me at

Type 9-1. P-RS.

all. I expect it.’ (Ibid., Ch.29, p.414)

This type which was already found in Austen’s works
occasionally occurs Dickens’ works: it does 42 times, 5Type 8-2. RS, RV1-NP, RS, RV2-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, ADV1-

times, 4 times, 6 times, 4 times in SB, OT, NN, DS and

NP-RV3-ADV2, RS, NP-VP, RS.

HT respectively.

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

as-RS: ... , he applied himself to a process which Mr.

say, say and sob are used as RV 1 , RV 2 and RV 3

Dawkins designated as ‘japanning his trotter-

respectively; here as ADV1; aloud as AVD2.

cases.’ (OT, p.129)‘Louisa!’ said Mr. Dombey.

‘It is not necessary to

at-RS: This the Captain said, reference and all, in one

prolong these observations. . . . ,’ said Mr. Dombey,

breath, and with much solemnity;emphatically repeating these two words, ‘into haunts

hat at ‘yes verily,’ and putting it on again, whenand into society which are not to be thought of without

he had quite concluded. (DS, Ch.48, p.670)

a shudder. ... ’ here Miss Nipper sobbed aloud, ‘being

of-RS: ...but the observation was drowned in loud criesof ‘Order!’ (SB, Ch.4, p.22)

so much younger, . . . ’ ― Mr. Dombey stopped andwinced ― ‘to Staggs’s Gardens.’ (Ibid., Ch.6, p.82)

taking off his

to-RS: . . . ; indeed, the young gentleman was heard to
murmur some general references to ‘impertinence,’

Type 8-3. RS, RV1-NP, V-ing/ed, RS, NP-VP, RS, RV2NP-ADV1, RS, RV3-NP-ADV2, RS.

and a ‘rascal,’ ... (SB, p.528)

with-RS: He had scarcely left, when Martha put her head

The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

into the room, with ―‘Please, ma’am, you’rereturn, say and say are used as RV 1 , RV 2 and RV 3

wanted.’ (SB, Ch.10, p.459)

respectively; parenthetically as ADV1; vauntingly as AVD2.

..., but he rounded the sentence with ‘apartments.’(NN, Ch.14, p.165)‘Not a bit,’ returned the Captain, kissing his iron hand;‘and afore I begin to be, ... And with regard to old Sol
Gills,’ here the Captain became solemn, ‘who I’ll standType 9-2. P-a/the RS.

by, and ...,’ said the Captain parenthetically, ‘and there

This type in which a preposition is followed by RS

you’ll find them expressions ―. . . Ah!’ said Captainpreceded by an article, which was first appeared in

Cuttle, vauntingly, ‘as much as if he’d gone andDickens’ works, occurs 7 times and twice in SB and DS

knocked his head again a door!’ (Ibid., Ch.23, pp.331-32)

respectively.

as a RS: But Mr. Thomas Potter, whose great aim it was―406―

On Reporting Expressions of Charles Dickens’ Works [Ⅳ]to be considered as a ‘knowing card,’ a ‘fast-goer,’ andso far occurs once and 3 times in BS and in DS

so forth, conducted himself in a very different manner,respectively, where say (3) and growl are used as RV, and... (SB, p.269)

in a very low and cautious tone, in the bridegroom’s ear,of the RS: ...the voice of the ‘old swell’ is heard, vainly
protesting against this unlawful detention. (Ibid., p.141)

with enthusiasm, with subdued authority, and in an easy
way ... as PP.

with a RS: ..., when the vinegary Mrs. Pipchin, suddenly. . . ; and Joseph Overton, placing the broad-brimmed

stirring him up with a ‘What are you doing? Why don’t

hat ..., and bending his body gently forward, opened

you show the lady to the door’ he ushers Miss Tox forth.

the business by saying in a very low and cautious(DS, Ch.51, p.720)

tone, ‘My lord ―’ (SB, p.413)..., the Captain found an opportunity of growling in theType 9-3. P-(one’s) RV-ing RS.

bridegroom’s ear: ‘What cheer, my lad, what cheer?’This type in which a preposition takes RV-ing(DS, Ch.60, p.856)

immediately after itself occurs in Dickens’ works for the..., who was apt to assert his chieftainship by saying,first time: it does 6 times, 4 times, 11 times and twice inwith subdued authority, and in an easy way ― for him

BS, NN, DS and HT respectively.

― ‘Here, Carker, have the goodness to assist me, willafter RV-ing RS: ... ― and after inquiring ‘What’s in theyou?’ (Ibid., Ch.27, p.389)

best cut?’ and’ ‘What was up last?’ he orders a small
plate of roast beef, with greens, and half-a-pint of porter.
(SB, p.216)

Type 9-6. P-RV-ing, ADVC, RS.
The earliest instance of this type occurs in SB, where

by RV-ing RS: Mr. Jennings Rodolph frequently interrupted

say is used as RV, and as S+VR as ADVC.

the progress of the song, by ejaculating ‘Beautiful!’―

He was standing with his arms folded . . . and every‘Charming!’―‘Brilliant!’―‘Oh! splendid,’ &c.; ... (Ibid.,

now and then vented his feelings of reverence for thep.253)

aëronaut, by saying, as he looked round to catchfrom RV-ing RS: ... , Miss Tox was so transported beyond

somebody’s eye, ‘He’s a rum’ un is Green; ...’ (SB, p.129)

the ignorant present as to be unable to refrain fromcrying out, ‘Is he not beautiful Mr. Dombey! Is he nota Cupid, Sir!’ (DS, Ch.5, p.44)

Type 9-7. a/an/the/one’s/- RS.
The type in which RS takes an article or possessive

in RV-ing RS: ..., they have never since been detected in‘making a night of it.’ (SB, p.271)

pronoun occurs 7 times and once in SB and OT
respectively.

of RV-ing RS: Moreover, Mr. Chirrup has a particularly
mild and bird-like manner of calling Mrs. Chirrup ‘mydear;’ (Ibid., p.585)

This type has never been found in our

researches as yet.
1) a-RS:
When we say a ‘shed,’ we do not mean the

on RV-ing RS: ...; and on Paul saying ‘yes,’ all the young
gentlemen (Briggs excepted) gave a low groan. (DS,Ch.12, p.155)

conservatory sort of building ... (Ibid., p.174)
2) an-RS:
There was a serenity in the open countenance of Bung
― a kind of moral dignity in his confident air ― an ‘I

Type 9-4. P-RV-ing-ADV, RS.

wish you may get it’ sort of expression in his eye ―...

The earliest instance of this type is observed in NN,
where exclaim is used as RV, and as before as ADV.

(Ibid., p.22)
3) the-RS:

But he gave vent to no demonstration of anger,

The ‘here, here,’ which occasioned that laugh,

contenting himself with exclaiming as before, ‘What aproceeded from our warlike friend with the moustache;

man it is!’ (NN, Ch.47, p.615)... (Ibid., p.157)
4) one’s-RS:

Type 9-5. P-RV-ing-PP, RS.

. . . , when it appears from the voluntary statement of

The type which has never been found in our researches―407―

Mrs. Walker, that her ‘kittle’s jist a-biling, and theTadashi TSUJIYA

cups and sarsers ready laid,’ ... (Ibid., p.53)

Type 11-3. that RS.
This type which was first quoted from Emma occurs 12

Type 9-8. Adj.-RS.

times, once and once in SB, OT and DS respectively,

This type which has never occurred as yet is citedonce, 3 times and once from SB, NN and DS respectively.

where the whole subordinate statement or part of it isconverted into a direct speech.

. . . , and his self-satisfied ‘He-ar-He-ar,’ is not

We ..., propounded a few moments before his ascent tounfrequently the signal for a general titter. (Ibid., SB,

the summit of the kitchen chimney, ‘that he believed

p.154)

he’d been born in the vurkis, but he’d never know’d

The others:a loud ‘Hem!’ (NN, Ch.41, pp.531-32), one

loud sonorous ‘Ha!

his father.’ (SB, p.171)

ha!’ ( Ibid ., Ch.39, p.512), theUnto this Mr. Sliverstone replies firmly, that ‘It mustmonosyllable ‘Noggs’ (Ibid., Ch.31, p.402), an occasionalbe done;’ (Ibid., p.591)‘Very true, Carker’ or ‘indeed, Carker’ (DS, Ch.27,... remark, either that she was a ‘fine woman ― very

p.389)

fine woman, indeed,’ or that ‘there might be a little
more of her, ― eh, Jones?’ (Ibid., p.246)

Type 10. NP-ADV-RV-ing, RS, NP-VP, RS.
The earliest instance of this type occurs in DS, where

The others: SB, pp.105-6, Ibid., p.88, Ibid., p.105, Ibid.,
p.162, Ibid., pp.185-86 , Ibid., p.186, Ibid., p.338, Ibid., p.276,

the subject of RV-ing (=saying) is a very small note, andOT, BK.1, Ch.6, p.31, DS, Ch.18.p.241.

ADV is briefly.

Interestingly enough, there is an instance in which RS is

In answer to which message, the Native brought backfollowed by PP as follows:a very small note with a very large quantity of scent

THAT a case has occurred in Camberwell, in which aabout it, indited by the Honourable Mrs. Skewton toyoung lady informed her Papa that ‘she intended to

Major Bagstock, and briefly saying, ‘You are shocking

ally herself in marriage’ with Mr. Smith of Stepney;bear, and I have a great mind not to forgive you, but if(SB, pp.551-52)

you are very good indeed,’ which was underlined, ‘you
may come.

Compliments (in which Edith unities) toType 11-4. that NP-RS (VP).

Mr. Dombey.’ (Ibid., Ch.21, p.292)

This type which has never been found in our
researches occurs four times in SB alone, where theType 11-1. NP-VP, (without RV-ing) RS.
The earliest instance of this type in which RV is omitted

predicate of a subordinate clause (=that-clause) or part of
it is RS.

before RS occurs in BS. Here it should be rewritten: ...,

. . . ; and they all agreed that it ‘ud serve ’em quite

saying ‘as he appeared in the character of ... ’right, and it was very proper that such people should be. . . : they . . . and will stand before a shop-window formade an example of.’ (SB, p.253)

hours, contemplating a great staring portrait of Mr.

The Morning Herald informed its readers that an oldSomebody or other, of the Royal Coburg Theatre, ‘aswoman in Camden Town had been heard to say that

he appeared in the character of Tongo thethe fineness of the season was ‘unprecedented in the

Denounced.’ (SB, p.179)

memory of the oldest inhabitant;’ (SB, p.471)
The others: Ibid., p.249, Ibid., p.575

Type 11-2. NP, ADVC, RS(VP).
This type is the first to be observed in our researches,Type 12. RS without RC.

where RS is used both as part of VP.

The frequency of this type and the ratio of it to the... ; and she was, as she expressed it, ‘deeply hurt bywhole ones of all types of each work are shown in the list

the unmerited contumely she had met with frombelow. The average ratio of five woks is 13.5%, though 48%

Louisa.’ (DS, Ch.38, p.532)

in Austen’s works and 0.1% in Tom Jones. This type ischaracteristic of a short RS in general.

―408―

On Reporting Expressions of Charles Dickens’ Works [Ⅳ]Table 31. Frequency of Type 12

Table 32. Frequency of Type 13-2

‘What’s the matter here, can you tell me?’ (SB, p.144)‘Make room there for the gentleman!’ (OT, Ch.10, p.67)‘Goodness, John! I shouldn’t have thought it could havebeen half the size. What a monster!’ (NN, Ch.39, p.501)‘I hardly know. I was, a minute ago. Now, I think, I amnot.’ (DS, Ch.58, p.819)‘Allow me to open the door, ma’am.’ (HT, BK.3, Ch.9,
p.295)

Type 13-1. NP (Name), RS.
This type, which was often observed in John Bunyan’s

The Pilgrim’s Progress, indicates a proper name alone
before RS, but not RV. It occurs only once in DS as follows:... ; but as Briggs merely said ‘Bother!’ and Tozer, ‘Oh
yes!’ he went down when he was otherwise ready, tothe next story, where he saw a pretty young woman
in leather gloves, cleaning a stove. (DS, Ch.12, p.160)

Type 13-2-1. NP, RS.
This type, which has sometimes quoted since The

Pilgrim’s Progress, occurs in Dickens’ works as follows:

NP= exclamation:
The latter gentleman at once burst into the exclamation:‘A beadle! A parish beadle, or I’ll eat my head.’ (OT,Ch.17, p.124)

NP= question:
He would repeat that childish question, ‘What is money?’(DS, Ch.61, p.860)

NP= this. . . ; but what they said was this: ‘You recollect theman, Mr. Harthouse?’ (HT, BK.2, Ch.10, p.203)

NP=toast:... , we come to the most important toast of the evening―‘Prosperity to the charity.’ (SB, Ch.19, p.167)

NP= word:
The repetition of the word, ‘gone,’ seemed to afford
Newman Noggs inexpressible delight, in proportion as
it annoyed Ralph Nickleby. (NN, Ch.44, p.568)

Type 13-2-2. NP, RS.
This type which has never been cited as yet occurs four―409―

Tadashi TSUJIYA

times, once and once in SB, DS and HT respectively,‘dastardly,’ ‘oppressive,’ ‘violent,’ and ‘sanguinary,’

where RS forms only part of a sentence which makes aformed the most conspicuous words, knocked his hat

statement about the subject, that is, the predicate.

indignantly over his eyes, left the room, and slammed
the door after him. (SB, Ch.5, p.239)

There are two points ... ; one is, that she ‘never see inall her life such a ― of such a angel of a gentleman as

NP= terms:

Mr. Harvey’― and the other, that she ‘can’t tell how itThis the urchin resolutely denies in some such terms as

is, ... ’ (SB, p.559)―‘S’elp me, gen’lm’n, I never bos in trouble afore ―Mr. Gradgrind observed, shaking his head, that all this...’ (SB, Ch.24, p.200)

was very bad; that it showed ... ; that that Jupe ‘must

The instance below seems to be a redundant sentence:

be kept to it.’ (HT, BK.1, Ch.9, p.56)

that is, “the following” is unnecessary.
At length he burst into a violent paroxysm of coughing,Type 13-2-3. NP, RS (= part of the predicate)

and when that was a little better burst into such

Five instances of this type which has never been foundejaculations as the following: ‘Would you, Ma’am, would

so far occur in SB alone, where RS forms part of theyou? Mrs. Dombey, eh, Ma’am? ... ’ (DS, Ch.10, p.128)

predicate as follows:
Like those paragons of perfection, advertising footmen

Type 14-2. NP, such as RS.

out of place, he was always ‘willing to make himself
generally useful.’ (SB, p.382)
The others: Ibid., p.267, Ibid., p.267, Ibid, p.269, Ibid., p.337.

This type which has never been found in our researches
so far occurs twice and once in SB and in NN respectively.

NPs used are allusions, hints and passages.
NP=allusions:Type 13-2-4. NP-RS (to-Infinitive).

Besides this effusion, there were innumerable

This type where RS is the to-infinitive used as ancomplimentary allusions, also extracted fromadjective element modifying a noun occurs twice in SB

newspapers, such as ― ‘We observe from an

for the first time.

advertisement in another part of our paper of to-day,

He was a young gentleman ‘about to be called.’ (SB,P.367)... ’ (NN, Ch.24, p.308)

NP=passage:

The other: Ibid., p.504.

. . . , which having been expressed in a great many
ejaculatory passages, such as ‘well, did I ever!’ (SB, p.525)

Type 13-2-5. NP-RS (Adjective).
This type where RS is the present participle used as

Type 15. There be RS.

an adjective occurs once in SB for the first time.
. . . ― there is Miss Emma ‘looking like the sweetest

This type which was first found in Austen’s Mansfield

Park occurs once in NN as follows:

picter,’ in a which chip bonnet and orange flower, ...

...; a fifth line said that there were ‘Cheers, Tears, and(Ibid., p.556)

Laughter!’ every night; ... (NN, Ch.48, pp.626-27)

Type 14-1. Such NP as RS.

Type 16-1. NP-be RS.

This type, which occurs in Dickens’ works for the first

This type which has never been cited from ourtime, is cited four times, three times, three times and once

researches before occurs in SB, NN and HT as shown infrom SB, NN, DS and HT respectively. NPs used are :Table 33.

encouragements (2), address, adjectives, condolences,contradiction, ejaculations, inscription, phrases,
recognition, and terms.
NP= adjectives:
And the red-faced man, gradually bursting into aradiating sentence, in which such adjectives as―410―

On Reporting Expressions of Charles Dickens’ Works [Ⅳ]Table 33 Frequency of Type 16

The clerk directs one of the officers of the Court to‘take the woman out,’ and fresh business is proceeded
with, as if nothing had occurred. (SB, p.199)

Type 19. NP-VP-to-VP-RS.
This type where RS is placed after to-infinitive occurs
twice and once in SB and HT respectively. It has neverbeen quoted in our researches as yet.
He was also to exhibit ‘his astounding feat of throwing
seventy-five hundred-weight ... ’ (HT, BK.1, Ch.3, p.11)
The others: SB, pp.421-22, Ibid., p.119.

Type 20. NP-VP-NP-RS.
This type which has never been found in our researches

NP=admonition:as yet occurs several times in SB alone, where almost all

The only scriptural admonition that Ralph Nickleby

RSs are used as objective complement and VPs used areheeded, in the letter, was ‘know thyself.’ (Ibid., Ch.44,

call (5), consider (6), order (2) and pronounce.
She always called her husband ‘my dear’ before

p.567)

NP=pronoun “it”:

company. (SB, P.281)

Mrs. Taunton whispered to a neighbour that it wasSome young ladies consider him ‘a nice young man,’‘quite sickening!’ (SB, Ch.7, p.397)

others ‘a fine young man,’ others ‘quite a lady’s man,’

NP=proper name:others ‘a handsome man,’ others ‘a remarkably good-

If it be Mr. and Mrs. Bobtail Widger, Mrs. Widger islooking young man.’ (Ibid., p.542)‘Lavinia, darling,’ and Mr. Widger is ‘Bobtail, dearest.’

Conclusion(Ibid., p.581)

By the detailed survey of reporting expressions ofType 16-2. NP-be Adjective-RS.

Charles Dickens’ works, Sketches by Boz (1836-37), Oliver

The earliest instance of this type in which RS is modified
by an adjective occurs in HT in the following:

Twist (1837), Nicholas Nickelby (1838), Dombey and Son(1846-48) and Hard Times (1854) it is shown definitely that

The only parting salutation of which he delivered himself

Dickens produced reporting expressions of very different

was a sulky ‘Good night, father!’ (HT, BK.3, Ch.4, p.253)

kinds and used them effectively and appropriately for eachoccasion. In this regard he excels all other novelists in

Type 17. NP-VP-thus: RS.

the day. Here follows several characteristic features ofThis type which has never been found as yet occurs

his reporting expressions.

twice in DS, where RS is introduced by an adverb thus

1. As to Type 1 (RC, RS):
1) Type 1-a (NP-RV, RS.) has 125 patterns in kind but(means “in this way”).
On one of these occasions, ... , little Paul broke silence

has been decreasing in frequency of use: Robinson

thus: ‘Papa! what’s money?’ (DS, Ch.8, p.92)

Crusoe shows 28.5%, Tom Jones 17.2%, Austin’s

The other: Ibid., Ch.37, pp.528-29)

works 12% and Dickens’ works 4%.
2) Type 1-a has 72 RVs, while that of Austin’s works

Type 18. NP-VP-RS (to-infinitive).

has 56 RVs.

RVs which are not used in Dickens’

This type which has not been observed in ourworks but in Austen’s are: blunder out, burst forthresearches occurs in three times, once and once in SB, DS(through), accost, be heard, carry on, compliment,

and HT respectively, where RS is part of the predicate,console, declare, demure, feel, hesitate, hint, hurrythat is, to-infinitive.

on, implore, imply, interrupt, mean, moralize, open,―411―

Tadashi TSUJIYA

oppose, reflect, salute, scold, speak, utter, vociferate.

6. As to Type 6 (RS, RC, RS, RC, RS, RC.):

3) Type 1-b (NP-VP, RV-ing, RS.) has been decreasing
since Henry Fielding’s The History of Tom Jones,

It has 6 patterns and first occurs in Dickens’ works.
7. As to Type 7 (RS, RC, RS, RC, RS, RC, RS.)

Foundling (1747), where this type occurs 157 times.
To be concrete, it is used 20 times in Austen’s three

It is first found in Dickens’ works and has 22 patterns.
8. As to Type 8 (RS, RC, RS, RC, RS, RC, RS, RC, RS.)
It is first found in Dickens’ works and has 4 patterns.

works and 27 times in Dickens’ five ones respectively.
The former has 27 patters, in which add, address,

9. As to Type 12 (RS without RC)

answer, observe, call out, conclude, exclaim are used

It is frequently used especially in Hard Times: it amounts

as RV, and the latter has 15 ones, in which add,

to 33.5% of all the types.

address, answer, call, cry, exclaim, laugh, observe,

Textremark, repeat, say, scream, stammer.
2. As to Type 2 (RS, RC.):Charles Dickens, Sketches by Boz, The New Oxford

1) Type 2 (RS, RV-NP/RS, NP-RV) noticeably increases
in Dickens’ works as compared with TJ and Austen’s.

Illustrated Dickens, Oxford U.P., 1957.
―――――――, Oliver Twist, The New Oxford Illustrated

83 RVs are used in it, while 5 RVs and 12 RVs are used

Dickens, Oxford U.P., 1949.

in TJ and Austen’s works respectively. Interesting―――――――, The Life & Adventures of Nicholas

enough, RS, NP-RV (Type 2-22 to Type 2-37) rarely

Nickleby, The New Oxford Illustrated

occurs in both of them.

Dickens, Oxford U.P., 1950.

2) RS, be-NP. (Type-2-42 to Type 2-47) occurs 60 times―――――――, Dombey and Son, The New Oxford

in Dickens’ works, where 19 NP s (for example,

answer, question, reply) are used.

Illustrated Dickens, Oxford U.P., 1950.
―――――――, Hard Times, The New Oxford Illustrated

3. As to Type 3 (RS, RC, RS.):

Dickens, Oxford U.P., 1955.

1) Type 3 (except RS, NP-RV, RS.) amounted to 70% ofReferences

the whole of reporting expressions of TJ, but it has
been decreasing to 30% and 26% in Austen’s works

Banfield, Ann.(1973), “Narrative Style and the Grammar ofand Dickens’ respectively. The number of RVs used,

Direct and Indirect.” Foundation of Language 10:1-39.

however, has been gradually increasing to 10 in TJ and

Gordon, Ian A. (1973), The Movement of English Prose.

13 in Austen’s works, but rapidly to 86 in Dickens’.
2) It is characteristic of this type that almost all NPs are

Longman.
Page, Norman, (1973), Speech in the English Novel.
Longman.

not pronouns but common nouns and personal ones.
3) RS, NP-RV, RS. (Type 3-53 to Type 3-78) shows only―――― (ed.) (1974), The Language of Literature.

3.2% of all in frequency of use, which is similar to thatof Austen’s works.

Macmilan Press.
Zwicky, Arnold M. (1971), “On Reported Speech” to4) RS, be-NP, RS. (Type 3-80 to Type 3-83) occurs 22

appear in Fillmore and Langedoen (eds.) Studies intimes, where 6 NPs (answer, demand, rejoinder, reply,

Linguistic Semantics. 72-77.

salutation and word) are used. Note that this type

Tadashi Tsujiya. (1979), “On Reporting Clauses andin Austen’s works has 11 NPs: all that ..., answer,

Verbs of The Pilgrim’s Progress (Part I).” Research

assurance, conclusion, declaration, exclamation,

Bulletin of the Hiroshima Institute of Technology 13

observation, reflection, remark, reply and words.

(No.17):33-46. (In Japanese)

4. As to Type 4 (RC, RS, RC, RS.)――――. (1981), “On Reporting Expressions of The

Authorized Version [Ⅰ].” ibid. 15 (No.19):19-40.

This type, which occurred in Austen’s works for the
first time, is found only four times in Dickens’.

――――. (1982), “On Reporting Expressions of The

5. As to Type 5 (RS, RC, RS, RC, RS.)It has been increasing in pattern: to 6, 18 and 81 patterns

Authorized Version [Ⅱ].” ibid. 16 (No.20):23-49.
――――. (1985), “On Reporting Expressions of The

in TJ, Austen’s works and Dickens’ respectively.

Authorized Version [Ⅲ].” ibid. 19 (No.23):27-50.
―412―

On Reporting Expressions of Charles Dickens’ Works [Ⅳ]――――. (1986), “On Reporting Expressions of The

Authorized Version [Ⅳ].” ibid. 20 (No.24):27-50.

Austen’s Works [I].” ibid. 31:15-38.
――――. (1998), “On Reporting Expressions of Jane――――. (1988), “On Reporting Expressions of Oroonoko.”ibid. 22 (No.26):49-55.

Austen’s Works [Ⅱ].” ibid. 32: 253-266――――. (1999), “On Reporting Expressions of Jane――――. (1989), “On Reporting Expressions of Robinson

Crusoe.” ibid. 23 (No.27):13-23.

Austen’s Works [Ⅲ].” ibid. 33:269-279.
――――. (2005), “On Reporting Expressions of Charles――――. (1993), “On Reporting Expressions of The

History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [I].” ibid. 27:31-51.

Dickens’ Works [I].” ibid. 39: 385-406.
――――. (2006), “On Reporting Expressions of Charles――――. (1994), “On Reporting Expressions of The

History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [Ⅱ].” Ibid. 28:23-35.
――――. (1997), “On Reporting Expressions of Jane

―413―

Dickens’ Works [II].” ibid. 40: 345-355.
――――. (2007), “On Reporting Expressions of Charles

Dickens’ Works [III].” ibid. 41: 287-303.