Volume 1, Special Edition | Current Kampo Medicine 2005

Herbs Covered by Health Insurancein Japan
Yoshiro Sahashi
Herbal medicines have been used for more than
1500 years in Japan. Despite the decision of the new
government in the Meiji era to adopt Western
medicine, the sale of herbal medicines at drug storesthroughout Japan has continued, and these drugs arein popular use. Pharmacologists have studied theseherbs and achieved noteworthy results, including
identification of the medicinal properties and theactive ingredients. For example, Chokichi Nagai
isolated ephedrine from the herb called Mao (Ephedra).
Japanese investigators have also been playing aleading role in research in this field. Many researchfindings have been reported in various journals, suchas the Journal of Traditional Medicines and Natural
Medicines.
When the National Health Insurance (NHI)
system was started in Japan, some medicinal herbs
were listed on NHI drug price tariff, besides a numberof Western medicines, so that they could be used for“prescriptions based on Kampo (Traditional Chinese
Medicine: TCM) theories”. In 1965, 43 herbal
medicines were covered by insurance. This was very
favorable for the subsequent progress of TCM in Japan,
and served as a base for later authorization of some ofthe herb preparations for overall medical use under
the NHI system. At present, about 200 herbal
medicinal preparations are covered by the NHI in
Japan.

Types and trend of use of herbal medicines
covered by insurance
At present, about 200 herbal medicines are coveredby the NHI in Japan. Some tendencies related to
traditions of Japan can be recognized in the types ofherbs that were covered by insurance. As described in
the section on History, the prescriptions recommended
in the classical monographs “Shang han lun” and“Jingui Yaolue” began to be used frequently in TCM in
Japan, as early as in the 18th century. As a result, theherbs needed for these prescriptions began to be usedwidely in Japan and they started to become freely
available in the market. This tendency to attach
importance to classical monographs continued eventhrough the 1930s, when use of TCM was revived inJapan. Adoption of herbs listed on the NHI drug pricetariff was also affected by this tendency. At present, allherbs used for TCM preparations for medical use,
except for Shinkiku (Medicated leaven), are covered by
the NHI. Of course, a large number of herbs notcovered by insurance, are also available in the market
for clinical use, even if the cost needs to be borne
completely by the patient. Most of the prescriptions
used in China at present can also be administered inJapan. Thus, there are no problems relating to theclinical use of such prescriptions in Japan.

Herbal medicines unique to Japan
More than 90% of the herbs consumed in Japan
are imported from foreign countries. Such dependence
on imported herbs has continued ever since TCM was
first introduced in Japan from the Korean Peninsula
and China. During this period, Japanese investigatorssought similar herbs in Japan, and in fact, discovered
several that can be used in place of the imported herbs.
About 300 years ago, during the Tokugawa Shogunate
era, cultivation and collection of Japanese herbs wererecommended within the framework of the economic
policy. As a result, some herbs unique to Japan began
to be marketed, including Boi (Orientive Stem), Toki
(Japanese Angelica Root), Oren (Coptis Rhizoma),
Saiko (Bupleurum Root) and Byakujutsu (Atractylodes
Rhizoma). Ninjin (Ginseng) had been entirely
imported until that time, and was, therefore, very
expensive (various anecdotes have been documented
relating to this herb).
Through the efforts of government officials,
cultivation of several herbs was conducted successfullyin Fukushima, Nagano and Shimane prefectures.
Early in the 18th century, these herbs began to beexported to foreign countries. (The current situation onthese herbs is slightly complex, since large amounts ofthese herbs are now imported, and some amounts areexported.)
For the reasons mentioned above, several herbs
with different origins from those used in China are
now used in Japan. These herbs are also included in theofficial compendium (e.g., Japanese Pharmacopoeia)
prepared by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
Examples are cited in the next page.

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Volume 1, Special Edition | Current Kampo Medicine 2005

Boi: In China, this is referred to as Stephania
tetrandra. In the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, it isdescribed as Sinomenium acutum (in China,
Sinomenium acutum refers to another herb called
Seihuto). However, it has been shown through datafrom many clinical cases, that Japanese Boi can beused as Chinese Hun-boi.
Toki (Japanese angelica root): In China, this isreferred to as Angelica sinensis. In Japan, it is more
often referred to as Angelica acutiloba or var.
sugiyama. It is grown in diverse areas, including
Hokkaido and the Honshu region (the main island ofJapan).
Oren (Coptis rhizoma): In China, this is referred toas Coptis chinensis. In Japan, it is generally referred
to as C. japonica. Oren grown in Japan is a vivid
yellow and was exported to China for some time as
high-quality Oren.
Senkyu (Cnidium rhizoma): In China, this isreferred to as Ligusticum chuanxiong. In Japan, it isreferred to as Cnidium officinale, belonging to theumbelliferous family. It is widely grown in Hokkaido
and some other districts.
Byakujutsu (Atractylodes rhizoma): In China, thisis referred to as Atractylodes ovata; in Japan, it isgenerally referred to as A. japonica. A. japonica
contains large amounts of essential oil. A. japonica issuperior to A. ovata in terms of its composition.

58

For some herbal medicinal plants, the part of theplant used as medicine is unique in Japan. For
example, “Keishi“ makes used of the bark of
Cinnamomum Cassia, but doesn’t use the fresh
branches. The bark of Cinnamomum Cassia is called“Keihi“. The term Saishin (Asiasarum Root) is used
when only the root, after the parts above the groundare discarded. The part of Saishin above the groundcontains aristolochic acid, which has strong
nephrotoxicity. In Japan, not only the parts of Saishin
above the ground, but also other herbs containing
aristolochic
acid (Koboi:
Aristolochia fangchi,
Kanmokutsu: Stem of Aristolochia manshuriensis, etc.)
are banned from the market.

Herb testing standards
The Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) stipulates
standards for herbs, including identification, purity,
ash content, loss on drying, composition, etc.
Standards on contamination by agrochemicals, heavy
metals, bacteria, etc. are stipulated for some herbs in
the JP. However, herb manufacturers in Japan conduct
tests on their herb preparations for thesecontaminants, even when no standards are stipulated
in the JP. In Japan although a large proportion is still
imported from foreign countries, only herb productsthat have passed stringent tests of quality, aredistributed in the market.

The herbal medicines covered by the NHI in Japanare listed in the table on the next page.

The Journal of Kampo, Acupuncture and Integrative Medicine (KAIM)

Volume 1, Special Edition | Current Kampo Medicine 2005

Chinese Herbs Covered by Medical Insurance
ENGLISH NAME
Akebia Stem
Aloes
Amomum Seed
Amomum Seed powder
Anemarrhena Rhizoma
Angelica Dahurica Root
Apricot Seed
Areca Seed
Areca Seed powder
Arece Peel
Argy Wommood Leaf
Arisma Rhizoma
Arisma Rhizoma powder
Artemisia Capillaris Flower
Asiasarum Root
Asiatic Cornelian Cherry Fruit
Ass Hide Glue
Astragalus Root
Astragalus Root powder
Atractylodes Lancea Rhizoma
Atractylodes Lancea Rhizoma powder
Atractylodes Ovatae Rhizoma
Atractylodes Ovatae Rhizoma powder
Atractylodes Rhizoma
Atractylodes Rhizoma powder
Balloonflower RootBalloonflower Root powder
Bambusae caulis in taeniis
Barbary Wolfberry Fruit
Bark of Mulberry Root
Biond Magnolia Flower-bud
Black Seasame
Bunge Pricklyash
Bupleurum Root
Cape Jasmine Fruit
Cape Jasmine Fruit powder
Cardamon
Cardamon powder
Cassia Bark (Cinnamon Bark)
Cassia Bark (Cinnamon Twig)
Cassia Bark powder
Cassia Seed
Chinese Clematis RootChinese Gentian
Chinese Gentian powder
Chinese Ligusticum Rhizoma
Chinese Waxgourd Seed
Chrysanthemum Flower
Cicada Slough
Cimicifuga Rhizoma
Clove
Clove powder
Cnidium Rhizoma
Cnidium Rhizoma powder
Coastal Glehnia Root
Cochinchinese Asparagus RootCoix Seed
Coix Seed powder
Combined Spicebush RootCommon Cnidium Fruit
Common Floweringquince Fruit
Common Selfheal Fruit-spike
Coptis Rhizoma
Coptis Rhizoma powder
Crataegus
Dioscorea Rhizoma
Divaricate saposhnikovia Root
Double-teeth Pulbescent Angelica RootDragon's bone
Dried Bitter-Orange Peel
Dried Ginger
Dried Ginger powder
Dried Rehmannia Root
Ephedra

BOTANICAL NAMECHINESE NAME

Akebia quinata or A. trifoliata
Aloe ferox
Amomum xanthioides
Amomum xanthioides
Anemarrhena ashodeloides
Angelica dahurika
Prunus armeniaca or P. armeniaca var. ansu
Areca catechu
Areca catechu
Areca catechu etc
Artemisia princeps 、A. montana
Alisma orientale
Alisma orientale
Artemisia capillaris
Asiasarum heterotropoides var. mandshuricum
Cornus officinalis
Ass
Astragalus mongholicus
Astragalus mongholicus
Atractylodes lancea
Atractylodes lancea
Atractylodes ovata
Atractylodes ovata
Atractylodes japonica or Atractylodes ovata
Atractylodes japonica
Platycodon grandiflorum
Platycodon grandiflorum
Bambusa tuldoides
Lycium barbarum
Morus alba
Magnolia biondii etc
Sesamum indicum
Zanthoxylum bundeanum
Bupleurum falcatum
Gardenia jasminoides
Gardenia jasminoides
Amomum cardamomum
Amomum cardamomum
Cinnamomum Cassia
Cinnamomum Cassia
Cinnamomum Cassia
Cassia obutusifolia or C. tora
Clematis chinensis
Gentiana scabra
Gentiana scabra
Ligusticum sinense etc
Benincasa cerifera or B.cerifera forma emarginta
Chrysanthemum morifolium
Cryototympana atrata(pustulata) etc
Cimicifuga dahurica and C.heracleifolia
Syzgium aromaticum
Syzgium aromaticum
Cnidium officinale
Cnidium officinale
Glehnia littoralis
Asparagus cochinchinensis
Coix lachryma-jobi var.mayuen
Coix lachryma-jobi var.mayuen
Lindera strychnifolia
Cnidium monnieri
Chaenomeles lagenaria
Prunella vulgaris
Coptis chinensis
Coptis chinensis
Crataegus cuneata
Dioscorea batatas
Aposhnikovia divaricate
Angelica pubeacens or A. pubeacens Form biserrata etc
Big fossil animal bone
Citrus aurantium
Zingiber officinale
Zingiber officinale
Rehmannnia glutinosa var hueichingensis
Ephedra sinica

Bai Mu tong（白木通）
Lu hai（芦薈）Sha ren（砂仁）
Sha ren fen（砂仁粉）
Zhi mu（知母）Bai zhi（白芷）Xing ren（杏仁）Bing lang（檳榔）Bing lang fen（檳榔粉）
Da fu pi（大腹皮）
Ai ye（艾葉）
Ze xie（沢瀉）Ze xie fen（沢瀉粉）
Yin chen hao（茵蔯蒿）Xi xin（細辛）Shan zhu yu（山茱萸）E jiao（阿膠）Huang qi（黄耆）huang qi fen（黄耆粉）Cang zhu（蒼朮）Cang zhu fen（蒼朮粉）
Bai zhu（白朮）Bai zhu fen（白朮粉）
Bai zhu（白朮）Bai zhu fen（白朮粉）
Jie geng（桔梗）Jie geng fen（桔梗粉）
Zhu ru（竹茹）Gou qi zi（枸杞子）
Sang bai pi（桑白皮）
Xin yi（辛夷）Hei zhi ma（黒芝麻）
Hua jiao（花椒）Chai hu（柴胡）Zhi zi（梔子）
Zhi zi fen（梔子粉）
Xiao dou cou（小豆蔲）Xiao dou cou fen（小豆蔲粉）
Rou gui（肉桂）Gui zhi （桂枝）Rou gui fen（肉桂粉）
Jue ming zi（決明子）
Wei ling xian（威霊仙）Long dan cao（竜胆草）Long dan cao fen（竜胆草粉）
Gao ben（藁本）Dong gua zi（冬瓜子）
Ju hua（菊花）Chan tui（蝉蛻）Sheng ma（升麻）Ding xiang（丁香）
Ding xiang fen（丁香粉）
Chuan xiong（川芎）Chuan xiong fen（川芎粉）※2Tian men dong（天門冬）Yi yi ren（薏苡仁）Yi yi ren fen（薏苡仁粉）
Wu yao（烏薬）
She chuang zi（蛇床子）
Mu gua（木瓜）Xia ku cao（夏枯草）
Huang lian（黄連）Huang lian fen（黄連粉）
Shan zha zj（山査子）
Shan yao（山薬）
Fang feng（防風）Du huo（独活）Long gu（竜骨）Chen pi（橙皮）
Gan jiang（干姜）Gan jiang fen（干姜粉）Shen di huang（生地黄）Ma huang（麻黄）JAPANESE NAMETASTECHARACTER

MokutsuAroe matsu
Syukusya
Syukusya matsu
Chimo
Byakushi
KyoninBinroji
Binroji matsu
Daihukuhi
Gaiyo
Takusya
Takusya matsu
Intinko
Saishin
Sansyuyu
Akyo
Ogi
Ogi matsu
Sojutsu
Sojutsu matsu
Byakujutsu
Byakujutu matsu
Byakujutsu
Byakujutu matsu
Kikyo
Kikyo matsu
Chikujo
Kukosi
Sohakuhi
Shin'i
Goma
Kasyo
Saiko
Sanshishi
Sanshishi matsu
Shozuku
Shozuku matsu
Keihi
Keishi
Keihi matsu
Ketsumeishi
IreisenRyutanRyutan matsu
Kohon
Togashi
KikukaSentai
Shoma
Cyoji
Choji matsu
SenkyuSenkyu matsu
Hamabohu
Tenmondo
Yokuinin
Yokuinin matsu
Uyaku
Jyasyoushi
Syuhimokka
KagosoOren
Oren matsu
SanzashiSanyaku
Bohu
Todokukatsu
Ryukotsu
Tohi
SyokyoShokyo matsu
Jio
Mao

BitterCold
Bitter
Cold
Sour
Warm
Sour
Warm
Bitter,sweet
Cold
Pungent
Warm
BitterSlightly warm, slightly poisonous
Pungent, bitter
Warm
Pungent, bitter
Warm
BitterSlightly warm
Bitter, pungent
Warm
Sweet, tastelessCold
Sweet, tastelessCold
BitterSlightly cold
Pungent
Warm
Sour
Slightly warm
Sweet
Mild (Natural)
Sweet
Slightly warm
Sweet
Slightly warm
Sour, bitter
Warm
Sour, bitter
Warm
Bitter, sweetWarm
Bitter, sweetWarm
Bitter, sweetWarm
Bitter, sweetWarm
Bitter, sour
Mild (Natural)
Bitter, sour
Mild (Natural)
Sweet
Slightly cold
Sweet
Mild (Natural)
Sweet
Cold
Pungent
Warm
Sweet
Mild (Natural)
Pungent
Hot, slightly poisonous
Pungent, bitter
Slightly cold
BitterCold
BitterCold
Pungent
Warm
Pungent
Warm
Pungent, sweetHot
Pungent, sweetWarm
Pungent, sweetHot
Sweet, bitter, salty Slightly cold
Sour, salty
Warm
BitterCold
BitterCold
Pungent
Warm
Sweet
Cold
Sweet, slightly bitter Slightly cold
Sweet
Cold
Pungent, sweet
Slightly cold
Pungent
Warm
Pungent
Warm
Pungent
Warm
Pungent
Warm
Slightly sweet
Slightly cold
Sweet, bitter
Extremely cold
Sweet, tastelessSlightly cold
Sweet, tastelessSlightly cold
Pungent
Warm
Pungent, bitter
Warm
Sour
Warm
Bitter, pungent
Cold
BitterCold
BitterCold
Sour, sweet
Slightly warm
Sweet
Mild (Natural)
Pungent, sweet
Cold
Sour, bitter
Warm
Sweet, astringent
Slightly cold
Pungent, slightly bitter Warm
Pungent
Hot
Pungent
Hot
Sweet, bitter
Cold
Pungent, slightly bitter Warm

The Journal of Kampo, Acupuncture and Integrative Medicine (KAIM)

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Volume 1, Special Edition | Current Kampo Medicine 2005

ENGLISH NAMEBOTANICAL NAMECHINESE NAME

Eucommia Bark
Eucommia ulmoides
Du zhong（杜仲）Evodia Fruit
Evodia rutaecarpa or E..officinalis
Wu zhu yu（呉茱萸）FennelFoeniculum vulgare
Xiao hui xiang（小茴香）Figwort Root
Scrophularia ningpoensis or S. buergeriana
Xuan shen（玄参）Fineleaf Schizomepeta herb
Schizonepeta tenuifolia
Jing jie（荊芥）Forsythia Capsule
Forsythia suspensa
Lian qiao（連翹）Fourleaf Ladybell Root
Adenophora tetraphylla or A. axilliflora
Nan sha shen（南沙参）Fourstamen Stephania Root
Stehania tetorandora
Fang ji（防已）Fresh Ginger
Zingiber officinale
Sheng jiang（生姜）Fresh Rehmannia Root
Rehmannnia glutinosa var hueichingensis
Xian di huang（鮮地黄）Galangal Rhizoma
Alpinia officinarum
Gao liang jiang（高良姜）
Gambir powder
Acacia catechu
Hai er cha（孩儿茶）Gambirplant Hooked Stem and Branch
Uncaria rhynchophylla or U. sinensis
Gou teng（鈎藤）Gentian Root
Gentiana lutae
Europian herb. No Chinese
Geranium Herb
Geranium thunbergii
Lao guan cao（老鸛草）
Geranium Herb powder
Geranium thunbergii
Lao guan cao fen（老鸛草粉）
Ginseng
Panax ginseng
Ren shen（人參）Great Burdock Achene
Arctium lappa
Niu ban zi（牛蒡子）
Gypsum (Calcium Sulphate Dihydrate)
CaSO4･2H2O
Shi gao（石膏）
Hawthorn Fruit
Crataegus pinnatifida var. major
Shan zha rou（山査肉）Hemp Seed
Cannabis sativa
Huo ma ren（火麻仁）
Honey
Feng mi（蜂蜜）Honeysuckle Stem
Lonicera japonica
Ren dong teng（忍冬藤）
Houttuynia Herb
Houttuynia cordata
Yu xing cao（魚腥草）
Immature Bitter Orange
Citrus aurantium
Zhi qiao（枳殻）Indian Bread Exodermis
Poria cocos
Fu shen（茯神）Jackinthepulpit Tuber
Arisaema consanguineum etc
Tian nan xing（天南星）Japanese Angelica RootAngelica acutiloba or var.sugiyamae
Dang gui（当帰）Japanese Angelica Root powder
Angelica acutiloba or var.sugiyamae
Dang gui fen（当帰粉）
Japanese Dwarf Quince
Chaenomeles sinensis
Ming zha（榠楂）Japanese Pagodatree Flower-bud
Sophora japonica
Huai mi（槐米）
Jujube (Chinese Date)
Zizyphus jujuba var.inermis
Da zao（大棗）Kaolinum
Hydrated halloysite（Al203・2Si02・2H20・4H20）
Hua shi（軟滑石）
Lalang Grass Rhizoma
Imperata cylindrica
Mao gen（茅根）Licorice Root
Glycyrrhiza uralensis
Gan cao(甘草)Licorice Root powder
Glycyrrhiza uralensis
Gan cao fen（甘草粉）
Lightyellow Shora Root
Sophora flavescens
Ku shen（苦参）Lightyellow Shora Root powder
Sophora flavescens
KU shen fen（苦参粉）
Lily Bulb
Lilium lancifolium, L..brownii var. colchesteri etc
Bai he（百合）
Lithospermun Root
Lithospermum erythrorhizon
Zi cao（紫草）Lobed Kudzuvine Root
Pueraria lobata
Ge gen（葛根）Longan Aril（Longan Fruit）
Euphoria longana
Long yan rou（竜眼肉）Lonicerae Fros
Lonicera japonica
Jin yin hua（金銀花）Loquat Leaf
Eriobotrya japonica
Pi pa ye（枇杷葉）Lotus Seed
Nelumbo nucifera
Lian zi（蓮子）
Lycium Bark
Lycium chinense
Di gu pi（地骨皮）
Magnesium sulfate
MgSO4・7H2O※2
Magnolia Bark
Magnolia obovata, M. officinalis or M. officinalis var.biloba Hou po（厚朴）Magnolia Bark powder
Magnolia obovata, M. officinalis or M. officinalis var.biloba Hou po fen（厚朴粉）
Malt
Hordeum vulgare
Mai ya（麦芽）Malt Sugar
Rice & Malt
Yi tang（飴糖）
Mandarin Orange Peel
Citrus reticulata
Chen pi（陳皮）Mandarine Orange Peel
Citrus reticulata
Chen pi（陳皮）Mirabilite
Nature Na2SO4・10H2O
Mang xiao（芒硝）
Mud Tortoise Carapace
Amyda japonica or A. sinensis
Bie jia（鼈甲）MyrobalanTerminalia chebula
He zi（訶子）Nandinae Fructus
Nandina domestica and forma leucocarpa
Nan tian zhu zi（南天竹子）
Nature Chrysanthemum Flower
Chrysanthemum indicum
Ye ju hua（野菊花）Non-prepared Aconiti tuber
Aconitum carmichaeli
Wu tou（烏頭）Nuphar Rhizoma
Nuphar japonicum
None in China
Nutgrass Galingale Rhizoma
Cyperus rotundus
Xiang fu（香附）Nutgrass Galingale Rhizoma powder
Cyperus rotundus
Xiang fu fen（香附粉）
Nutmeg Seed
Myristica fragrans
Rou dou kou（肉豆蔲）Ophiopogon Tuber（Dwarf Lilyturf Root）
Ophiopogon japonicus
Mai dong（麦冬）Orientive Stem
Sinomenium acutum
Qing feng teng（青風藤）Oyster Shell
Oatrea gigas
Mu li（牡蛎）Oyster Shell powder
Oatrea gigas
Mu li fen（牡蛎粉）
Panax Japonicum Rhizoma
Panax japonica
Zhu jie shen（竹節参）Peach Seed （Peach Kamel）
Purunus persica or var.davidiana
Tao ren（桃仁）
Perilla Herb（Perilla Leaf）
Perilla frutescens etc
Zi su cao（紫蘇葉）Perlla Fructus
Perilla frutescens etc
Su zi（蘇子）Persimmon Calyx
Diospyos kaki
Shi di（柿蒂）Peucedanum praeruptorum (Peucedanum decurisivum) Peucedanum praeruptorum
Qien hu（前胡）Pharbitis Seed
Pharbitis nil or P. purpurea
Qian niu zi（牽牛子）
Phellodendron Bark
Phellodendron amurense
Huang bai（黄柏）60JAPANESE NAME
Totyu
Gosyuyu
Uikyo
GenjinKeigaiRengyoSyajinHun boi
Sensyokyo
Jio
RyokyoAsen'yaku matsu
Chotoko
Gentiana
Gennosyouko
Gennosyouko matsu
NinjinGoboshi
Sekko
Sanzashi
Mashinin
Hatimitsu
Nindo
JuyakuＫｉｊｉｔsｕ（Kikoku）
BukuryoTennannsyo
Toki
Toki matsu
Mokka
Kaika
Taiso
Kasseki
Bokon
Kanzo
Kanzo matsu
Kujin
Kujin matsu
ByakugoShikon
KakkonRyuganniku
Kinginka
BiwayoRenniku
Jikoppi
MgSO4・7H20
Koboku
Koboku matsu
BakugaAme（Koi）
ChinpiKippi
Na2SO4・10H2O
DobekkoKasi
Nantenjisu
KikukaUzu
Senkotsu
Kobushi
Kobushi matsu
Nikuzuku
Bakumondo
Boi
Borei
Borei matsu
Chikusetsuninjin
Tonin
Soyo
ShisoshiShｉｔｅｉ
Zenko
Kengoshi
Obaku

The Journal of Kampo, Acupuncture and Integrative Medicine (KAIM)TASTECHARACTER

Sweet
Warm
Pungent
Hot, bitter, poisonous
Pungent
Warm
Bitter, sweet, salty Cold
Pungent
Slightly warm
BitterSlightly cold
Sweet
Slightly cold
Bitter,sour
Cold
Pungent
Slightly warm
Sweet, bitter
Cold
Pungent
Hot
Bitter, astringent
Mild (Natural)
Sweet
Slightly cold
Sweet, bitter
Bitter, slightly pungent Mild (Natural)
Bitter, slightly pungent Mild (Natural)
Sweet, slightly bitter Mild (Natural)
Pungent, bitter
Cold
Pungent, sweet
Extremely cold
Sour, sweet
Slightly warm
Sweet
Mild (Natural)
Sweet
Mild (Natural)
Sweet
Cold
Pungent
Slightly cold
Bitter, pungent
Slightly cold
Sweet tastelessMild (Natural)
Bitter, sour
Warm, poisonous
Sweet, pungent
Warm
Sweet, pungent
Warm
Sour
Warm
Slightly cold
Slightly cold
Sweet
Warm
Sweet, tasteless
Cold
Sweet
Cold
Sweet
Mild (Natural)
Sweet
Mild (Natural)
BitterCold
BitterCold
Sweet, slightly bitter Mild (Natural)
Sweet
Cold
Sweet, pungent
Cool
Sweet
Slightly warm
Sweet
Cold
BitterCold
Sweet, astingent
Mild (Natural)
Sweet, tastelessSlightly warm
Salty, bitter
Extremely Cold
Bitter, sour
Warm
Bitter, sour
Warm
Sweet
Mild (Natural)
Sweet
Warm
Bitter, sour
Warm
Bitter, sour
Warm
Salty, bitter
Extremely Cold
Salty
Cold
Bitter, sour, astringent Mild (Natural)
Sour, sweet
Mild (Natural)
Bitter, pungent
Slightly cold
Pungent, bitter
Extremely hot, great poisonous
Slightly bitter
Slightly cold
Pungent
Slightly bitter
Pungent
Slightlly bitter
Pungent
Warm
Sweet, slightly bitter Slightly cold
BitterMild (Natural)
Salty,astringent
Slightly cold
Salty,astringent
Slightly cold
Sweet,slightly bitter Slightly warm
BitterMild (Natural)
Pungent
Warm
Sour
Warm
Bitter astringent
Mild (Natural)
Bitter,sour
Slightly cold
BitterCold,poisonous
BitterCold

Volume 1, Special Edition | Current Kampo Medicine 2005

ENGLISH NAME
Phellodendron Bark powder
Pinellia Tuber
Plantago Herb
Plantago Seed
Polyporus Sclerotium
Prepared Aconiti Daughter Tuber
Prepared Aconiti Tuber
Prepared Coastal Glehnia Root
Prepared Dried Ginger
Prepared Rehmannia RootPruni Cortex
Puncturevine Cltrop Fruit
Quercus Bark
Red Ginseng
Red Ginseng powder
Red Peony Root
Rhizoma and Root Forbes Notopterygium
Rhubarb
Rhubarb powder
Rice（Oryza Seed）
Rose fruit
Rose fruit powder
Safflower
Saffron
Sappan Wood
Saussurea Root powder
Saussurea Root（Aucklandia Root）
Schisandra Fruit （Chinese Monkshood）
Scutellaria Root
Scutellaria Root powder
Senega Root
Senega Root powder
Senna Leaf
Senna Leaf powder
Sharpleaf Galangal Fruit（Bitter Cardamon）
Shurb Chastetree Fruit
Siberian Motherwort Herb
Smilax Rhizoma
Smilax Rhizoma powder
Smoked Plum
Tall Gastrodia Rhizoma
Tall Gastrodia Rhizoma powder
Tatarian Aster Root
Tea Leaf
Thinleaf Milkwort Root
Thinleaf Milkwort Root powder
Tonkin Sophora RootTortoise Plastron Glue
Trapae Fructus
Tree Peony Bark
Tree Peony Bark powder
Trichosanthes Root
Trichosanthes Semen
Tuber Fleeceflower Root
Tuckahoe（Poria Sclerotium）
Tuckahoe（Poria Sclerotium）powder
Turmeric Rhizoma
Turmeric Root-tuber
Twotooth Achyranthes Rootuva-urusi leaves
Valerian Root
Valerian Root powder
Wheat Fruit
White Peony RootWhite Peony Root powder
Wild Mint
Wrinkled Gianthyssop Herb
Yanhusuo
Younger Immature Bitter Orange
Zanthoxylum Fruit
Zanthoxylum Fruit powder
Zedoary
Zedoarypowder
Zhejiang Tendrilleaf Fritillary Bulb
Zizyphus Seed
References: Chinese Herbal Medicine
Japanese Pharmacopoeia Ⅹ, Ⅳ

BOTANICAL NAME
Phellodendron amurense
Pinellia ternata
Plantago asiatica
Plantago asiatica
Polyporus umbellatus
Aconitum carmichaeli
Aconitum carmichaeli
Glehnia littoralis
Zingiber officinale
Rehmannnia glutinosa var hueichingensis
Purunus jamasakura
Triburus terrestris
Quercus acutissima etc
Panax ginseng
Panax ginseng
Peonia lactiflora
Notopterygium incisum or N. forbesii
Rheum palmatum and R.tanguticum
Rheum palmatum and R.tanguticum
Oryza sativa
Rosa multiflora
Rosa multiflora
Carthamus tinctorius
Crocus sativus
Caesalpinia sappan
Saussurea lappa
Saussurea lappa
Schisandra chinensis
Scutellaria baicalensis
Scutellaria baicalensis
Polygala senega or var. latifolia
Polygala senega or var. latifolia
Cassia acutifolia and C. anngustifolia
Cassia acutifolia and C. anngustifolia
Alpinia oxyphylla
Vitex rotundifolia or V. trifolia
Leonurus sibiricus
Smilax glabra
Smilax glabra
Prunus mume Siebold
Gastrodia elata
Gastrodia elata
Aster tataricus
Cammelia sinensis
Polygala tenuifolia
Polygala tenuifolia powder
Sophora subprostrata
TortoiseTrapa japonica
Paeonia suffruticosa
Paeonia suffruticosa
Trichosanthes kirilowii
Trichosanthes kirilowii
Polygonum multiflorum
Poria cocos
Poria cocos
Curcuma longa
Curcuma longa
Achyranthes bidentata
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Valeriana fauriei
Valeriana fauriei
Triticum aestivum
Peonia lactiflora
Peonia lactiflora
Mentha arvensis var. piperascens
Pogostemon cablin
Corydalis turtschaninovii Besser forma yanhusuo
Citrus aurantium
Zanthoxylum piperitum
Zanthoxylum piperitum
Curcuma kwangsiensis
Curcuma kwangsiensis
Fritillaria verticillata var. thubergii
Zizyphus jujuba

CHINESE
Huang bai fen（黄柏粉）
Bab xia（半夏）Che qian （車前）NAME
Che qian zi（車前子）Zhu ling（猪苓）Fuzi（附子）
Fuzi（附子）
Sha shen(沙参:北沙参）
Chi gan jiang（赤干姜）
Shou di huang（熟地黄）Japanese herb.(桜皮）※2
Ji li（蒺藜）Hu pi（槲皮）
Hong shen（紅参）Hong shen fen（紅参粉）
Chi shao（赤芍）Qiang huo(羌活）Da huang（大黄）Da huang fen（大黄粉）
Jing mi（粳米）Ying shi（営実）Ying shi fen（営実粉）
Hohg hua（紅花）Xi hong huo（西紅花）
Su mu（蘇木）Mu xiang fen（木香粉）
Mu xiang（木香）Wu mei zi（五味子）
Huang qin（黄芩）Huang qin fen（黄芩粉）※2None in China
Fan xie ye（番瀉葉）Fan xie ye fen（番瀉葉粉）Yi zhi ren（益知仁）
Man jing zi（万荊子）
Yi mu cao（益母草）Tu Fu ling （土茯苓）Tu Fu ling fen（土茯苓粉）
Mu mei（烏梅）Tian ma（天麻）Tian ma fen（天麻粉）
Zi yuan（紫苑）Cha ye（茶葉）Yuan zhi（遠志）Yuan zhi fen（遠志粉）
Shan dou gen（山豆根）
Gui ban jiao（亀板膠）Ling（菱）Mu dan pi（牡丹皮）
Mu dan pi fen（牡丹皮粉）
Tian hua fen（天花粉）
Gua lou ren（栝楼仁）He shou wu（何首烏）Fu ling（茯苓）Fu ling fen（茯苓粉）Jiang huang（姜黄）Yu jin（鬱金）Niu xi （牛膝:川牛膝）Europian herb. No Chinese
Xie cao（纈草）※1
Xia cao fen（纈草粉）Xiao mai（小麦）Bai shao（白芍）Bai shao fen（白芍粉）Bo he（薄荷）Hou xiang（藿香）Yan hu suo（延胡索）
Zhi shi（枳実）Shan jiao（山椒）Shan jiao fen（山椒粉）
E zhu（莪朮）E zhu fen（莪朮粉）Zhe bei mu（浙貝母）Suan zao ren（酸棗仁）

JAPANESE NAME
Obaku matsu
Hange
Syazenso
Syazenshi
Chorei
Busi
Hobushi
Hokusyajin※
KankyoJio（juku）
Ohi
Shiturishi
Bokusoku
Kojin
Kojin matsu
Sekisyaku※
Kyokatsu
Daio
Daio matsu
Kobei
EijituEijitu matsu
Koka
Sahuran
SobokuMokko matsu
Mokko
Gomishi
Ogon
Ogon matsu
SenegaSenega matsu
Senna
Senna matsu
YakuchiMankeishi
Yakumoso
Sankirai
Sankirai matsu
Ubai
Tenma
Tenma matsu
Shion
Cyayo
Onji
Onji mastu
SanzukonAkyo（Kibankyo）
Hisinomi
Botanpi
Botanpi matsu
KarokonKaroninKasyuuBukuryo
Bukuryo matsu
Ukon
Senngyokukin※3
Goshitsu
Uwaurusi
Kanokoso
Kanokoso matsu
Shobaku
Shakuyaku
Shakuyaku matsu
Hakka
KakkouEngosaku
Ｋｉｊｉｔsｕ
SansyoSansyo matsu
Gajutsu
Gajutsu matsu
Baimo
Sansonin※1 Xie cao (纈草): V.officinalis

TASTE

BitterCold
Sour
Warm,poisonous
Sweet
Cold
Sweet
Cold
Sweet, tastelessMild (Natural)
Pungent
Hot, poisonous
Pungent
Hot, poisonous
Sweet
Slightly cold
Pungent
Hot
Sweet
Slightly warm
Slightly
Mild (Natural)
Bitter, pungent
Mild (Natural)
ＢｉｔｔｅｒMild (Natural)
bitter,astringent
Sweet, slightly bitter Warm
Sweet, slightly bitter Warm
BitterSlightly cold
Pungent, bitter
Warm
BitterCold
BitterCold
Sweet
Mild (Natural)
Sour
Slightly cool
Sour
Slightly cold
Pungent
Warm
Sweet
Cold
Sweet, salty, pungent
Mild (Natural)
Pungent, bitter
Warm
Pungent, bitter
Warm
Sour
Warm
BitterCold
BitterCold
Sweet, slightly bitter
Sweet, slightly bitter
Sweet, bitter
Extremely cold
Sweet, bitter
Extremely cold
Pungent
Warm
Pungent, bitter
Cool
Pungent, bitter
Slightly cold
Sweet, tastelessMild (Natural)
Sweet, tastelessMild (Natural)
Sour
Mild (Natural)
Sweet
Mild (Natural)
Sweet
Mild (Natural)
Bitter, sweet
Slightly warm
Bitter, sweet
Slightly cold
Bitter, sour
Slightly warm
Bitter, sour
Slightly warm
BitterCold
Sweet, slightly sour Mild (Natural) slightly cold
Sweet
Slightly cold
Bitter, pungent
Slightly cold
Bitter, pungent
Slightly cold
Bitter, slightly sweet, sour Cold
Sweet
Cold
Bitter, sweet, astringent Slightly warm
Sweet
Mild (Natural)
Sweet
Mild (Natural)
Pungent, bitter
Warm
Pungent, bitter
Cold
Bitter, sour
Mild (Natural)
Slightly
Pungent, bitter
Warm
Pungent, bitter
Warm
bitter,astringent
Sweet
Slightly cold
Sour, bitter
Slightly cold
Sour, bitter
Slightly cold
Pungent
Cool
Sour
Slightly warm
Pungent, bitter
Warm
Bitter, pungent
Slightly cold
Pungent
Hot,Slightly poisonous
Pungent
Hot,Slightly poisonous
Pungent, bitter
Warm
Pungent, bitter
Warm
Bitter, sweet
Slightly cold
Sweet, sour
Mild (Natural)※2 not use in China

The Journal of Kampo, Acupuncture and Integrative Medicine (KAIM)

CHARACTER※3 not in Medical Insurance61