THE VOYAGE OF THE KONAN MARU NO. 16 TO
THE ANTARCTIC WHALING GROUNDSSABURO MACHIDA
Whales Research Institute, Tokyo

ABSTRACT

Three major Japanese whaling companies, the Kyokuyo, the Nippon
Suisan and the Taiyo Gyogyo Co. Ltds., made the joint observation on the
distribution and abundance of whales by the whale catcher Konan Maru No.
16 in the Australian and New Zealand sector of the Antarctic Ocean fromJanuary 10 to March 8, 1973.
The number of whales sighted in about eight weeks and on the passageof 9,377 nautical miles was not great. We saw only 20 fin, 16 sei and 7
humpback whales. The blue and right whales was not encountered at all.
The minke and sperm whales sighted are rather great; the former is 251 andthe latter 108. 5 fin, 2 sei, 2 humpback and 8 sperm whales were effectively
marked.
Oceanic observations at the surface were also worked during the voyage.
The locations of the Subtropical and Antarctic Convergences and the Australasian Subantarctic Front on four traverse courses across the Antarctic
Ocean are determined by the steep meridional gradient in the surface temperature and salinity. The distibution of the pack-ice, icebergs and patchof the krill at the surface are also shown.
INTRODUCTION

In order to contribute to the stock assessment of whales in the Antarctic Ocean, themajor whaling companies, the Kyokuyo, the Nippon Suisan and the Taiyo Gyogyo
Co. Ltds., made the joint observation on the distribution and abundance of whales
by the whale catcher Kanan Maru No. 16 in the Australian and New Zealand sector of the Antarctic Ocean from January 10 to March 8, 1973. The principal purpose of the voyage was: 1) to obtain the latest information on the distribution andabundance of whales in that area; 2) to mark as many whales as possible; 3) to observe some oceanic conditions at the surface. In those days Japanese whaling fleets
were not operating in high latitudes south of Australia and New Zealand. We,
therefore, have little information on the distribution and abundance of whales andon some oceanic conditions <1;t the surface in the region, in which a great number ofthe blue, humpaback and fin whales had been taken in the early Antarctic whalingage.
The Kanan Maru No. 16, belonging to the Nippon Suisan Co. Ltd., has a gross
tonnage of 739.82, a disel engine of 3,280 HP, a cruising speed of 13. 75 knots.
The watcher for whales on the whale cathcer consited ofT., Yamada, Captain
Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.,
No. 26, 1974, 289-302

MACHIDA

290

150

170

160

180

'· '>v~£,.,,,oo""'X~'"''

~~~~~

10.l

11.l

.II

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12J

BALLE NYISLANDS '

150

160

170

180

Fig. 1. VoyageoftheKonanMaruNo.16
the first period from January 10 to Febmajor species sighted, observed edge ofencountered on the traverse courses,

Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.,
No. 26, 1974

VOYAGE OF THE KONAN MARU NO. 16

Observed edge of the pack-ice
Northen limit of the observed iceberg
Range of the krill patch observed at the surface.I!

- 3.1!

2.Il

in the Antarctic whaling grounds during
ruary 6, 1973. Ship's track, whales ofthe pack-ice, northern limit of icebergs
and range of the krill patch observed.

Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.,
No. 26, 1974

. 291

292

MACHIDA

4.lll

3.fil

2.Ill

110E

120

130

140

150

Fig. 2. VoyageoftheKonanMaruNo.16
the second period from February 8 tomajor species sighted, northern limit ofcourses and range of the krill patch

Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.,
No. 26, 1974

VOYAGE OF THE KONAN MARU NO. 16

VT

ASMAN JA

'

10ll

11.11

@-12.11in the Antarctic whaling grounds during
March 8, 1973. Ship's track, whales oficebergs encountered on the traverse
observed.
Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.,
No. 26, 1974

293

294

MACHIDAand Leader of the sighting observation; H., Kano (Captain of a whale catcher ofthe Kyokuyo Co. Ltd.); S., Isobe (Chief Officer of a whale catcher of the Taiyo
Gyogyo Co. Ltd.); the officers and crew of the ship. They have excellent experiencein whaling more than twenty years. I get on board the ship in order to make someoceanic observations at the surface in the Australian and New Zealand sector of the
Antarctic Ocean.
A continuous sighting for whales was usually maintained on the cross net (twowatchers) and on the upper bridge (three ones) from dawn untill dusk every day,except on when visibility is poor and heavy seas greatly disturb our sighting observation. We, therefore, can look out over the horizon as far as 6 to 7 nautical miles
from the cross net in good visibility. On all nights in higher latitudes than about
60° S except on when the weather or schedule gave us reason to steam, we lay stopped to avoid missing whales in the hours of darkness. For the same reason we
steamed slow speed in heavy rain, fog and snow; when the weather was very thick
we would stop untill it cleared.
WHALES SIGHTED AND MARKED

The voyage of seeking after whales by the Kanan Maru No. 16 consisted of two periods in the Australian and New Zealand sector of the Antarctic Ocean from January
to March, 1973. The first period was occupied on the passage from Hobart to Wellington between January 9 and February 6 (Fig. 1). In the second period the whalesighting was occupied on the course from Wellington to Freemantle during February
8 and March 8 (Fig. 2). There is no need to describe in detail the whole of about
eight weeks occupied in sighting for whales, but reference should be made to the
ship's track, location of major whales encountered, distribution of observed edge ofthe pack-ice and some oceanic conditions at the surface in Figs. 1-6, and in Tables 1
and 2. In general it may be said that the Kanan Maru No. 16 steered easterly
courses in the first period and westerly ones in the second period by passing throughthe grounds in which favorite haunts and dense local concentrations of the blue,
fin and humpback whales had been located in the early Antarctic whaling age.
As is given in Tables 1 and 2, and Figs. 1 and 2, major whales sighted in the two
periods are not as great as we had hoped, except the minke and sperm whales. We
could not saw the blue and right whale at all, and fin whales encountered was 20 inabout two months. I wonder whether the very few numbers of the fin sighted arereflected in the size of their stocks in the Australian and New Zealand sector of the
Antarctic Ocean? 19 among 20 fins were distributed in the South Pacific Antarctic Ridge region.
Although we observed on the grounds in which most humpback whales had
been taken by early pelagic expeditions, only 7 individuals were encountered there.
Two humpabacks sighted in 60°53'S, l l6°30'E on February 28 were adult and calf.
It may be said the stock of the southern humpback groups IV and V does not recovered yet well.
We observed 16 sei whales, 8 of which were distributed in the Subtropical
Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.,
No. 26, 1974

VOYAGE OF THE KONAN MARU NO. 16

295

TABLE I. VOYAGE OF THE KONAN MARN NO 16 TO THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEWZEALAND SECTOR OF THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN. WHALES SIGHTED
AND WHALES MARKED EACH DAY.
Sighted
~

Date

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2s
29
30
31

I

Noon

46°29 1 S
50°35 1 S
55°31 1 S
6l 0 0l'S
64°05 1 S
63°401 S
6l 0 42 1 S
60°42 1 S
62°5l'S
65°58 1S
63°53'S
64°49 1 S
65°20 1 s
66°46 1S
66°ll'S64°18 1 S

66°00 1S

5
6

64°391 S
63°481862°27 1S
60°43 1S
58°181S
55°57 1S
53°571 S
52°261 S
50°38'8
47°21 1 S
43°341 S

27

working days

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

4l 0 361 S
46°16'S50°44 1 S
53°47 1 S
57°261 S
62°16'S66°36 1 S
67°46 1 S
66°101 S
65°42 1S
64°53 1S
63°31 1S
62°42 1 S

II

2
3
4

Position

147°47 1 E
147°541 E
147°561 E
149°25 1 E
149°25 1 E
152°41 1 E
154°43 1 E
158°11 1 E
162°52 1 E
164°38' E
170'26 1 E
176°401 E
1n°54 1l 75°12 1 W
171°23'W
164°401 W
158°24 1 W
157°261 W
155°351 w
158°47 1 W
163°27 1 W
167°l81 W
l 70°43 1 W
l73°32 1 W
176°11 1 W
179°20' E
176°13 1 E
175°27 1 E

w

Distances Hours(naut. (h.m.)mile)
143 15 30
188 16 00
207 , 16 40
238 16 20
160 16 00
168 17 20
180 16 35
207 16 55
203 17 30
205 16 50
195 16 30
211 17 05
183 15 20
183 16 50
207 15 40
228 15 55
205 17 15121 10221 17 00
211 16 55
201 16 15
196 16 45
205 16 40
116 15 50
no sighting
160 12 50
197 14 40
183 14 35

Sea
condition (1)Visibility(2)

112 800
148 14 20
154 14 15
no sighting
159 15 10
201 15 10
182 15 40
194 15 40
195 16 00
155 11 20
93 14 00
163 15 30
174 14 35

Whales marked~--~---~

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Bad
Good
Bad
Moderate
Good
Moderate
Moderate Bad
Bad
Bad
Moderate Bad
Moderate Good
Bad
Good
Bad
Good
Moderate Moderate
Bad
Good
Moderate Good
Moderate Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Moderate Good
Moderate GoodGood
Bad
Moderate Good
Moderate Good
Moderate Good
Moderate Moderate
Bad
Bad
Bad
Good

rn

~

§
& c

ci.

Good
Good
Good
Good
Moderate
Good
Moderate
Good
Good

2

3
8
5

5
3

3

5

2

2

2

9
11

6

3

7
8
5
7
5

5
2

5
3
3

I

4

7

2

2

3

4*
17

3 12+4* 84

2

4
7
5
1

26

5

2

l

4

24
Continued ...

Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.,
No. 26, 1974&,,;rn~~JSrn

Moderate Good
Moderate Good
Bad
Bad
Bad
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Bad
Moderate
Bad
Bad
Moderate

8

§ ·-

4

Moderate Bad
Moderate Good
Moderate Good

Total 5,013 422 55
174°44'E
172°121 E
171°36' E
169°29 1 E
168°52 1 E
169°541 E
172°21 1 E
167°221 E
163°15 1 E
157°33 1 E
155°33 1 E
151°00 1 E
147°2 l' E

Major species of whales
sighted

2

2

296

MACHIDATABLE I.

Continued.

Sighted
~

Date

Noon

7
8

64°24 1 S
64°17 1 S
64°20 1S
64°34 1 S
63°56 1S
63°57 1S
63°55 1S
6l 0 45 1S
58°581 S
55°00 1S
52°l 71S
47°36 1S
43°20'S39°52 1s
36°23 1S
33°23 1S

27

working days

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
1 III
2
3
4
5
6

Position

Distances Hours(naut. (h.m.)mile)

143°07 1 E
139°06 1 E
137°45 1 E
136°36 1 E
133°22 1 E
126°57 1 E
121°21 1 E
116°59 1 E
115°10 1 E
114°51 1 E
l15°14 1 E
114°541 E
114°54 1 E
115°06 1 E
115°02 1 E
114°40 1 E

147 12 15
108 930
no sighting
192 14 30
189 14 35
206 14 35
199 15 05
195 14 00
177 13 45
107 10 15
166 13 00
177 12 30
173 12 20
159 12 50
168 14 3571
600

Major species of whales
sightedSea
condition (1)Visibility
(2)

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if)

Bad
Moderate
Moderate Bad

ci.

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8....

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0.

.s

4.l

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.s

IJ;,,

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::r::

8....
·.i
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4.l

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if)

13
24
67

Maderate Good
Moderate Good
Good
Good
Bad
Good
Bad
Good
Bad
Good
Bad
Good
Bad
Good
Moderate Bad
Moderate Good
Moderate Good
Good
Good
Good
Good

4

2

8 24

2

2
4
3

5
43
167

Total 4,364 359 25

3

4

54 working days Sum Total 9,377 782 20

20

712+4*251 108(1), (2) mean value of 06, 08, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 ships time.
(1) 0-2 Good, 3-5 Moderate, 6- Bad.
-6 Good, 5-3 Moderate, 2- Bad.
(2)
TABLE 2.

Whales marked

6

82

6

5

2

2

8

* Probably Bryde's whale.

WHALES ESTIMATED TO HAVE BEEN EFFECTIVELY MARKED.

Species
Whales sighted
Schools encountered
Whales marked effectively
Marking
Hit
Hit-mark protruding
Possible hit
No verdict
Richochet
Miss
Total

Fin

Hump.

Sei

Minke

Sperm

Total

20

12+4*
6+3*
2

251
158

5

7
3
2

108
76
8

402
252
16

7

4

4

9

24

2
2
1
7
21

2
4
2
18
50

6

2
5
15

1
5

2
6

3
3

* Probably Bryde's whale.
Convergence regions, just south of Tasmania and east waters to New Zealand.
However, at the begining of March not one sei whale were encountered in the convergence region of the South East Indian Ocean, where most sei whales have been
recently taken by Japanese whaling expeditions between December and earlyFebruary. It is conceivable that 4 sei whales encountered in the east water to New
Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.,
No. 26, 1974

VOYAGE OF THE KONAN MARU NO. 16

297

Zealand were Bryde's whales, judging from their swimming behaviours. They werelocated over the Mernoo Bank on the Chatham Rise. 7 among other 8 sei whales
were distributed in the South Pacific Antarctic Ridge region. That more sei whales
were not encountered was likely to due to the possibility that sighting areas was nottheir major feeding grounds or that we may had been early in the season for themmigrating into high latitudes.
The minke whale were encountered in every part of high latitudes south of
the Antarctic Convergence compared to the distribution of other baleen whales,
and we sighted up to 251 after all. It seems that the great number of the minke
whale encountered indicates the large population of the species well.
The number of the sperm whale observed is also rather great. Most of them,
except those encountered south of Cape of Leeuwin in South West Australia, were
solitary bulls. It seemed that sperm whales sighted south of Cape Leeuwin weremain herds, which were distributed on the continental slope. It will be noted that
distinct concentration of solitary bulls (24) were lacated between 126° and 128° E
on about 64° S.
The whale marks and marking guns were provided us by the Far Seas Fisheries
Laboratory, Japanese Fisheries Agency. We used the marks of the International
Whale Marking Programe and some of Japanese Fisheries Agency. Tables 1and2
show the whales marked during the cruise. We intended have marked as many
whales sighted as possible. We were oblidged not to waste much marking time
because the time and distance for whale sighting were to be extended.
OCEANIC OBSERVATIONS AT THE SURFACE

Locations of Some Major Oceanic Fronts
Some conspicuous oceanic features of the Antarctic Ocean are the Subtropical andAntarctic Convergences. There has been proposed another oceanic front, whichis named the Australasian Subantarctic Front, existing south of the East Indian
Ocean, the Australian Continent and the Tasman Sea (Burling, 1961). In thisreport the location of these oceanic fronts are determined from the steep mridional
gradient of the surface salinity and temperature, with refering to some previous
works.
Course I: Oceanic observations were made between 44° and 64° Sin approximate longitude 148° E from January 9 to 14. The sea surface salinity and temperature along this traverse course have been plotted in Fig. 3. Between 45° and
46° S salinity decrease from 35.2 to 34.8°/00 and temperature falls off from 14° to 11°C.
These conditions seem to show evidently the Subtropical Convergence region locating south of Tasmania.
A great increase and decrease in temperature and salinity occurred repeatedly
between 50° and 53° S. In the region salinity fluctuates from 34.6 to 34.l°loo andtemperature varies between 9.5° and 7°C. A character of the Australasian Subantarctic Front is sufficently met with their sharp gradients. As the steep meridional
gradient occurred three times, it seems possible, therefore, that the front meandered
Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.,
No. 26, 1974

MACHIDA

298

in the counter-S shape.
Between 53.5° and 55.5° S the surface temperature decrease sharply from 7° to
l.5°C. There is also sharp change in salinity from 34.1 to 33.80fo 0 in this zone.
These oceanic conditions seem to indicate clearly the Antarctic Convergence.
Course II: Fig. 4 shows a latitudinal change of salinity and temperature at
the surface along the traverse course, observed between 42° and 62° S during January
20

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120E140 160 180 160W
30
40

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°loo

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50
60

E

5
70

~~10
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34

5
0

55

50

45

60

65°5

LatitudeFig. 3. Surface temperature and salinity along the traverse coune I in approximately !48°E (January 10-14, 1973).

~
:J

20

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120E140 160 180

50

35
°loo

L..

<!>

a.

E

160~~

60

5
70

~b10
c
7il
(/) 34

0
45

50

55

60°5

LatitudeFig. 4. Surface temperature and salinity along the traverse course II (January 29February 6, 1973).

29 to February 6. The convergence region in the eastern waters to New Zealand isgenerally shown by about from 35.0 to 34.50fo 0 and by about from 13° to 16°C in summer (Deacon, 1937; Garner, 1954, 1959). These oceanic parameters were clearly
distributed between about 42° and 44.5° S, and the gradient in salinity and temperature are considerably sharp between about 42° and 44.5° S and so it may be conSci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.,
No. 26, 1974

299

VOYAGE OF THE KONAN MARU NO. 16

eluded that the Subtropical Convergence region present between 42° and 44.5° S.
A sudden increase in salinity near 43° 15' S seems to suggest the curvature of theconvergence and the southward tangue-shaped extension of the Subtropical Water.
Temperature fall off from about 4° to 2°C and salinity also decrease from about
33.9 to 33. 7%0 between 60° 45' and 61° 30' S. These conditions met sufficently
with characters of the Antarctic Convergence.
Course III: The observation of the surface salinity and temperature weremade between 43° and 67° S from February 8 to 14. The meridional change of thesurface salinity and temperature along this traverse section are given in Fig. 5.
As already mentioned in the Course II, the Subtropical Convergence region
in the eastern waters to New Zealand is generally defined with salinity 35.0 to 34.5% 0
and temperature 13° to l6°C in summer. These oceanic conditions are sufficiently
presented in the region between 43° and 45° S, where steep meridional gradients insalinity and temperature occur.

20

oc

~
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iii
......
<IJ

n.
E
~ +-'
>.10

c
Cii
l/)

34

0
45

50

55

60

65°5
LatitudeFig. 5. Surface temperature and salinity along the traverse course III in approximately 170°E (February 8-14, 1973).

The sharp salinity increase in the Subtropical Convergence region seems thatits water mass belongs to the Southland Current system. The current, which is abranch of the Tasman Current having characters of the Subtropical Water, passes
through the Fouevaux Channel from the Tasman Sea, flows northward along thecoast of the South Island and extends to off Banks Peninsula in the latitude about
44° S (Brodie, 1960; Garner, 1961).
It seems possible that the steep meridional gradient in salinity and temperature
between 55° and 57.5° S show an oceanic front and a curvature of the West Wind
Drift. The Subantarctic Slope of the Campbell Plateau locates just between 55°
and 56° S on this traverse course. The sounding variation could have influenceon the current.
The surface temperature falls sharply off from 6.5° to 4°C between 59° and
60° S and salinity also decrese sharply in the region. These steep gradient suggest
Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.
No. 26, 1974

MACHIDA

300

evidently the Antarctic Convergence.
Course IV: Fig. 6 shows the meridional variation of the surface salinity andtemperature along this traverse course, observed for the period from February 8 toMarch 8.
It is every difficult to define the Subtropical and Antarctic Convergence regions
on account of irregular temperature and salinity changes. The salinity variation
between about 35° and 40° S, where the location of the Subtropical Convergenceregion is expected, do not give a simple steep gradient but repeats a sharp decrease
and increase. However, a more steep gradient of temperature occurs between
39.5° and 40.5° S, with a sharp salinity gradient. It is quite possible that these steep
gradient in the region indicate the Subtropical Convergence region. As the temperature change from 17.5° to l4°C and salinity fluctuate between 35.6 and 34.9%0
in that region, these conditions support that estimation.
36

(lJ
1-

~

I-

120E140 160 180

·1••

::J

~

160'!~
50

20

60

•c

s

E
~zi 35
c

70

~10
34
0

35

40

45

50

55

6d'S

LatitudeFig. 6. Surface temperature and salinity along the traverse course IV in approximately l 15°E (February 27-March 8, 1973).

Going north from the Antarctic Continent the surface temperature increases
slowly untill the region between 50° and 49° S is reached where the relatively rapid
increase of some 2°C occurs. Although the rapid increase in temperature and salinity suggests the Antarctic Convergence, the temperature 5° to 7°C in the zone seems
to be relatively higher than ones of the convergence defined by previous works(Deacon, 1937; Mackintosh, 1964; Houtman, 1968). The high temperature may
be partly caused by rare heating by the solar radiation. It may be defined herethat the Anarctic Convergence existed between 50° and 49° S on this traverse cource.
The salinity change sharply from 34. 7 to 34.2%0 between about 44.5° and 46° S
south of the Subtropical Convergence. The center of the steep salinity gradient
range is about 34.5% 0 and locates at 45° S. The surface temperature range in thezone, however, is higher than that which is an indication of the Australasian Su banSci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.,
No. 26, 1974

VOYAGE OF THE KONAN MARU NO. 16

301

tarctic Front. The reason may be partly caused by unusual heating of the solar
radiation as well as in the Antarctic Convergence region. The Australasian Subantarctic Front, therefore, is defined here to be located between 44.5° and 46° S.

Distribution of Pack-Ice, Icebergs and Patch of Krill
The information on the distribution of the Antarctic sea ice will be some help to thestudy of oceanic problems in the Antarctic Ocean. Although the available observation in old times are quite inadequete for a detailed account of the distribution
and movements of the pack-ice and icebergs as a whole, there are some publishedworks on the distribution of the pack-ice edge; papers by Hansen (1934) and Mackintosh and Herdman (1940) were vased on whaling factory ships and oceanograraphical research vesseles. Recent ones, however, have been established on photographs from satellites (Prehoehl, 1966; Sissalia et al., 1972).
Records on the observed position of the northern limits of the pack-ice andicebergs at differnt times during the cruise are plotted in Figs. 1 and 2.
The observed pack-ice was the very close one and the melting drift ice. Thevery close pack-ice was encountered only in the vicinity of 64° S, 150° Eon January
14 and 15. The melting drift-ice, on the other hand, were observed at different
places.
As it is wellknown that icebergs are located up to about 60° S south of Australia
and New Zealand, the northern limit of the distribution on icebergs are shown on
only for traverse course across the Antarctic Ocean (Figs. 1 and 2). On the Course
I a typical tabular iceberg was first encountered in 56° 02' S, 148° 13' E on
January 12. The last iceberg observed on the traverse course II was in 62° 30' S,
157° 00' E south of the Antarctic Convergence on January 29. It was very large
and typical tabular iceberg. On the Course III from New Zealand to the Balleny
Islands an iceberg was sighted in 63° 50' S, 171° 00' E fruther south of the Antarctic Convergence on February 13. The northern limit of the distribution of iceberg
on the traverse Course IV was in 60° 30 'S, 116° 20' Eon March 2, further south of
the Antarctic Convergence.
As mentioned above, it seems that icebergs were not distributed across the
Antarctic Convergence in the Australian and New Zeland sector between January
and March, 1973.
The Antarctic krill, mainly Euphausia superba, have been recently regarded as
the latent fishery resources, since its standing crop is vast. Its recources has been
hoped for food ones as the world population has been gradually increasing.
The krill is often found in very dense concentrations at the surface. They
are called patch and swarm. In this report the geographical distribution of the krill
patch at the surface is shown (Figs. 1 and 2), but relationship between it and theoceanic conditions will be discussed in another report.
Patches of the krill were roughly distributed south of 63 ° S between 148° E and155° W. In the region they were distributed in temperatures less than 2°C, which
retains characters of the Anarctic Winter Water, and most of them were encountered in temperatures between -0.5° and l.5°C.
Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.,
No. 26, 1974

302

MACHIDAACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am greatly indebted to Captain and chief investigator Tatsumi Yamada, his crewof the Konan Maru No. 16, Mr. Hayato Kano of the Kyokuyo Co. Ltd. and Mr.
Sadao Isobe of the Taiyo Gyogyo Co. Ltd. for observing on whales and oceanic
conditions.
REFERENCES
BRoDrn,J. vV., 1960. Coastal surface currents around New Zealand. N. -<:,. J. Geol. Geophys., 3(2): 235-252.
BURLING, R. vV., 1961. Hydrology of circumpolar waters south of New Zealand. N. -<:,. Dep. sci. industr.
Res. Bull. 149 (N. -<:,. oceanogr. Ins. Mem. 10), 66pp.
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Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.,

No. 26, 1974