China's Military Strategy

The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China
May 2015, Beijing

PrefaceI.

National Security Situation

II. Missions and Strategic Tasks of China's Armed Forces
III. Strategic Guideline of Active Defense
IV. Building and Development of China's Armed Forces
V.

Preparation for Military Struggle

VI. Military and Security Cooperation

I. National Security Situation

In today's world, the global trends toward multi.polarity and economic globalization are intensifying, and an
information society is rapidly coming into being. Countries are increasingly bound together in a community of shareddestiny. Peace, development, cooperation and mutual benefit have become an irresistible tide of the times.
Profound changes are taking place in the international situation, as manifested in the historic changes in the balanceof power, global governance structure, Asia.Pacific geostrategic landscape, and international competition in the economic,
scientific and technological, and military fields. The forces for world peace are on the rise, so are the factors against war.
In the foreseeable future, a world war is unlikely, and the international situation is expected to remain generally peaceful.
There are, however, new threats from hegemonism, power politics and neo.interventionism. International competition for
the redistribution of power, rights and interests is tending to intensify. Terrorist activities are growing increasingly
worrisome. Hotspot issues, such as ethnic, religious, border and territorial disputes, are complex and volatile. Small.scalewars, conflicts and crises are recurrent in some regions. Therefore, the world still faces both immediate and potential
threats of local wars.
With a generally favorable external environment, China will remain in an important period of strategic opportunities
for its development, a period in which much can be achieved. China's comprehensive national strength, corecompetitiveness and risk.resistance capacity are notably increasing, and China enjoys growing international standing andinfluence. Domestically, the Chinese people's standard of living has remarkably improved, and Chinese society remains
stable. China, as a large developing country, still faces multiple and complex security threats, as well as increasing
external impediments and challenges. Subsistence and development security concerns, as well as traditional andnon.traditional security threats are interwoven. Therefore, China has an arduous task to safeguard its national unification,
territorial integrity and development interests.
As the world economic and strategic center of gravity is shifting ever more rapidly to the Asia.Pacific region, the US
carries on its "rebalancing" strategy and enhances its military presence and its military alliances in this region. Japan issparing no effort to dodge the post.war mechanism, overhauling its military and security policies. Such development hascaused grave concerns among other countries in the region. On the issues concerning China's territorial sovereignty andmaritime rights and interests, some of its offshore neighbors take provocative actions and reinforce their military presenceon China's reefs and islands that they have illegally occupied. Some external countries are also busy meddling in South
China Sea affairs; a tiny few maintain constant close.in air and sea surveillance and reconnaissance against China. It isthus a long.standing task for China to safeguard its maritime rights and interests. Certain disputes over land territory arestill smoldering. The Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia are shrouded in instability and uncertainty. Regional terrorism,
separatism and extremism are rampant. All these have a negative impact on the security and stability along China's
periphery.
The Taiwan issue bears on China's reunification and long.term development, and reunification is an inevitable trend

in the course of national rejuvenation. In recent years, cross.Taiwan Straits relations have sustained a sound momentumof peaceful development, but the root cause of instability has not yet been removed, and the "Taiwan independence"
separatist forces and their activities are still the biggest threat to the peaceful development of cross.Straits relations.
Further, China faces a formidable task to maintain political security and social stability. Separatist forces for "East
Turkistan independence" and "Tibet independence" have inflicted serious damage, particularly with escalating violent
terrorist activities by "East Turkistan independence" forces. Besides, anti.China forces have never given up their attempt toinstigate a "color revolution" in this country. Consequently, China faces more challenges in terms of national security andsocial stability. With the growth of China's national interests, its national security is more vulnerable to international andregional turmoil, terrorism, piracy, serious natural disasters and epidemics, and the security of overseas interests
concerning energy and resources, strategic sea lines of communication (SLOCs), as well as institutions, personnel andassets abroad, has become an imminent issue.
The world revolution in military affairs (RMA) is proceeding to a new stage. Long.range, precise, smart, stealthy andunmanned weapons and equipment are becoming increasingly sophisticated. Outer space and cyber space have become
new commanding heights in strategic competition among all parties. The form of war is accelerating its evolution to
informationization. World major powers are actively adjusting their national security strategies and defense policies, andspeeding up their military transformation and force restructuring. The aforementioned revolutionary changes in militarytechnologies and the form of war have not only had a significant impact on the international political and militarylandscapes, but also posed new and severe challenges to China's military security.

II. Missions and Strategic Tasks of China's Armed Forces

China's national strategic goal is to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2021
when the CPC celebrates its centenary; and the building of a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong,democratic, culturally advanced and harmonious by 2049 when the People's Republic of China (PRC) marks its centenary.
It is a Chinese Dream of achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The Chinese Dream is to make thecountry strong. China's armed forces take their dream of making the military strong as part of the Chinese Dream.
Without a strong military, a country can be neither safe nor strong. In the new historical period, aiming at the CPC's goalof building a strong military in the new situation, China's armed forces will unswervingly adhere to the principle of the
CPC's absolute leadership, uphold combat effectiveness as the sole and fundamental standard, carry on their glorious
traditions, and work to build themselves into a people's military that follows the CPC's commands, can fight and win, andboasts a fine style of work.
In the new circumstances, the national security issues facing China encompass far more subjects, extend over agreater range, and cover a longer time span than at any time in the country's history. Internally and externally, the factors
at play are more complex than ever before. Therefore, it is necessary to uphold a holistic view of national security,balance internal and external security, homeland and citizen security, traditional and non.traditional security, subsistence
and development security, and China's own security and the common security of the world.
To realize China's national strategic goal and implement the holistic view of national security, new requirements havebeen raised for innovative development of China's military strategy and the accomplishment of military missions and tasks.
In response to the new requirement of safeguarding national security and development interests, China's armed forces will
work harder to create a favorable strategic posture with more emphasis on the employment of military forces and means,and provide a solid security guarantee for the country's peaceful development. In response to the new requirement arisingfrom the changing security situation, the armed forces will constantly innovate strategic guidance and operational
thoughts so as to ensure the capabilities of fighting and winning. In response to the new requirement arising from theworldwide RMA, the armed forces will pay close attention to the challenges in new security domains, and work hard toseize the strategic initiative in military competition. In response to the new requirement coming from the country's
growing strategic interests, the armed forces will actively participate in both regional and international security
cooperation and effectively secure China's overseas interests. And in response to the new requirement arising from China's
all.round and deepening reform, the armed forces will continue to follow the path of civil.military integration (CMI),
actively participate in the country's economic and social construction, and firmly maintain social stability, so as to remain
a staunch force for upholding the CPC's ruling position and a reliable force for developing socialism with Chinesecharacteristics.
China's armed forces will effectively perform their missions in the new historical period, resolutely uphold theleadership of the CPC and the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, safeguard China's sovereignty, security anddevelopment interests, safeguard the important period of strategic opportunities for China's development, maintainregional and world peace, and strive to provide a strong guarantee for completing the building of a moderately
prosperous society in all respects and achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
China's armed forces mainly shoulder the following strategic tasks:.. To deal with a wide range of emergencies and military threats, and effectively safeguard the sovereignty andsecurity of China's territorial land, air and sea;.. To resolutely safeguard the unification of the motherland;.. To safeguard China's security and interests in new domains;.. To safeguard the security of China's overseas interests;.. To maintain strategic deterrence and carry out nuclear counterattack;.. To participate in regional and international security cooperation and maintain regional and world peace;.. To strengthen efforts in operations against infiltration, separatism and terrorism so as to maintain China's politicalsecurity and social stability; and.. To perform such tasks as emergency rescue and disaster relief, rights and interests protection, guard duties, andsupport for national economic and social development.

III. Strategic Guideline of Active Defense

The strategic concept of active defense is the essence of the CPC's military strategic thought. From the long.term
practice of revolutionary wars, the people's armed forces have developed a complete set of strategic concepts of active
defense, which boils down to: adherence to the unity of strategic defense and operational and tactical offense; adherence
to the principles of defense, self.defense and post.emptive strike; and adherence to the stance that "We will not attack
unless we are attacked, but we will surely counterattack if attacked."
Shortly after the founding of the PRC in 1949, the Central Military Commission (CMC) established the military
strategic guideline of active defense, and later, in line with the developments and changes in the national security
situation, had made a number of major revisions of it. In 1993 the military strategic guideline of the new era wasformulated, which took winning local wars in conditions of modern technology, particularly high technology, as the basic
point in making preparation for military struggle (PMS). In 2004, the guideline was further substantiated, and the basic
point for PMS was modified to winning local wars under conditions of informationization.
China's socialist nature, fundamental national interests and the objective requirement of taking the path of peacefuldevelopment all demand that China unswervingly adhere to and enrich the strategic concept of active defense. Guided bynational security and development strategies, and required by the situation and their tasks in the new historical period,
China's armed forces will continue to implement the military strategic guideline of active defense and enhance military
strategic guidance as the times so require. They will further broaden strategic vision, update strategic thinking and makestrategic guidance more forward.looking. A holistic approach will be taken to balance war preparation and war
prevention, rights protection and stability maintenance, deterrence and warfighting, and operations in wartime andemployment of military forces in peacetime. They will lay stress on farsighted planning and management to create afavorable posture, comprehensively manage crises, and resolutely deter and win wars.
To implement the military strategic guideline of active defense in the new situation, China's armed forces will adjust
the basic point for PMS. In line with the evolving form of war and national security situation, the basic point for PMS will
be placed on winning informationized local wars, highlighting maritime military struggle and maritime PMS. The armed
forces will work to effectively control major crises, properly handle possible chain reactions, and firmly safeguard thecountry's territorial sovereignty, integrity and security.
To implement the military strategic guideline of active defense in the new situation, China's armed forces will
innovate basic operational doctrines. In response to security threats from different directions and in line with their current
capabilities, the armed forces will adhere to the principles of flexibility, mobility and self.dependence so that "you fightyour way and I fight my way." Integrated combat forces will be employed to prevail in system.vs.system operations
featuring information dominance, precision strikes and joint operations.
To implement the military strategic guideline of active defense in the new situation, China's armed forces will
optimize the military strategic layout. In view of China's geostrategic environment, the security threats it faces and thestrategic tasks they shoulder, the armed forces will make overall planning for strategic deployment and military
disposition, in order to clearly divide areas of responsibility for their troops, and enable them to support each other andact as an organic whole. Threats from such new security domains as outer space and cyber space will be dealt with tomaintain the common security of the world community. China's armed forces will strengthen international security
cooperation in areas crucially related to China's overseas interests, to ensure the security of such interests.
To implement the military strategic guideline of active defense in the new situation, China's armed forces will upholdthe following principles:.. To be subordinate to and in the service of the national strategic goal, implement the holistic view of national
security, strengthen PMS, prevent crises, deter and win wars;.. To foster a strategic posture favorable to China's peaceful development, adhere to the national defense policy thatis defensive in nature, persevere in close coordination of political, military, economic and diplomatic work, and positively
cope with comprehensive security threats the country possibly encounters;.. To strike a balance between rights protection and stability maintenance, and make overall planning for both,safeguard national territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests, and maintain security and stability along
China's periphery;.. To endeavor to seize the strategic initiative in military struggle, proactively plan for military struggle in all
directions and domains, and grasp the opportunities to accelerate military building, reform and development;.. To employ strategies and tactics featuring flexibility and mobility, give full play to the overall effectiveness of joint
operations, concentrate superior forces, and make integrated use of all operational means and methods;.. To make serious preparations to cope with the most complex and difficult scenarios, uphold bottom.line thinking,and do a solid job in all aspects so as to ensure proper responses to such scenarios with ease at any time and in any
circumstances;.. To bring into full play the unique political advantages of the people's armed forces, uphold the CPC's absoluteleadership over the military, accentuate the cultivation of fighting spirit, enforce strict discipline, improve theprofessionalism and strength of the troops, build closer relations between the government and the military as well as
between the people and the military, and boost the morale of officers and men;.. To give full play to the overall power of the concept of people's war, persist in employing it as an ace weapon totriumph over the enemy, enrich the contents, ways and means of the concept of people's war, and press forward with theshift of the focus of war mobilization from human resources to science and technology; and.. To actively expand military and security cooperation, deepen military relations with major powers, neighboring
countries and other developing countries, and promote the establishment of a regional framework for security andcooperation.

IV. Building and Development of China's Armed Forces

In the implementation of the military strategic guideline in the new situation, China's armed forces must closely
center around the CPC's goal of building a strong military, respond to the state's core security needs, aim at building an
informationized military and winning informationized wars, deepen the reform of national defense and the armed forcesin an all.round way, build a modern system of military forces with Chinese characteristics, and constantly enhance theircapabilities for addressing various security threats and accomplishing diversified military tasks.
Development of the Services and Arms of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and the People's Armed Police Force(PAPF)
In line with the strategic requirement of mobile operations and multi.dimensional offense and defense, the PLA Army
(PLAA) will continue to reorient from theater defense to trans.theater mobility. In the process of building small,multi.functional and modular units, the PLAA will adapt itself to tasks in different regions, develop the capacity of its
combat forces for different purposes, and construct a combat force structure for joint operations. The PLAA will elevate its
capabilities for precise, multi.dimensional, trans.theater, multi.functional and sustainable operations.
In line with the strategic requirement of offshore waters defense and open seas protection, the PLA Navy (PLAN) will
gradually shift its focus from "offshore waters defense" to the combination of "offshore waters defense" with "open seas
protection," and build a combined, multi.functional and efficient marine combat force structure. The PLAN will enhance
its capabilities for strategic deterrence and counterattack, maritime maneuvers, joint operations at sea, comprehensive
defense and comprehensive support.
In line with the strategic requirement of building air.space capabilities and conducting offensive and defensive
operations, the PLA Air Force (PLAAF) will endeavor to shift its focus from territorial air defense to both defense andoffense, and build an air.space defense force structure that can meet the requirements of informationized operations. The
PLAAF will boost its capabilities for strategic early warning, air strike, air and missile defense, information
countermeasures, airborne operations, strategic projection and comprehensive support.
In line with the strategic requirement of being lean and effective and possessing both nuclear and conventional
missiles, the PLA Second Artillery Force (PLASAF) will strive to transform itself in the direction of informationization, press
forward with independent innovations in weaponry and equipment by reliance on science and technology, enhance thesafety, reliability and effectiveness of missile systems, and improve the force structure featuring a combination of both
nuclear and conventional capabilities. The PLASAF will strengthen its capabilities for strategic deterrence and nuclear
counterattack, and medium. and long.range precision strikes.

In line with the strategic requirement of performing multiple functions and effectively maintaining social stability,
the PAPF will continue to develop its forces for guard and security, contingency response, stability maintenance,
counter.terrorism operations, emergency rescue and disaster relief, emergency support and air support, and work to
improve a force structure which highlights guard duty, contingency response, counter.terrorism and stability
maintenance. The PAPF will enhance its capabilities for performing diversified tasks centering on guard duty andcontingency response in informationized conditions.

Force Development in Critical Security Domains
The seas and oceans bear on the enduring peace, lasting stability and sustainable development of China. The
traditional mentality that land outweighs sea must be abandoned, and great importance has to be attached to managing
the seas and oceans and protecting maritime rights and interests. It is necessary for China to develop a modern maritime
military force structure commensurate with its national security and development interests, safeguard its nationalsovereignty and maritime rights and interests, protect the security of strategic SLOCs and overseas interests, andparticipate in international maritime cooperation, so as to provide strategic support for building itself into a maritime
power.
Outer space has become a commanding height in international strategic competition. Countries concerned aredeveloping their space forces and instruments, and the first signs of weaponization of outer space have appeared. China
has all along advocated the peaceful use of outer space, opposed the weaponization of and arms race in outer space, andtaken an active part in international space cooperation. China will keep abreast of the dynamics of outer space, deal withsecurity threats and challenges in that domain, and secure its space assets to serve its national economic and social
development, and maintain outer space security.
Cyberspace has become a new pillar of economic and social development, and a new domain of national security. Asinternational strategic competition in cyberspace has been turning increasingly fiercer, quite a few countries aredeveloping their cyber military forces. Being one of the major victims of hacker attacks, China is confronted with grave
security threats to its cyber infrastructure. As cyberspace weighs more in military security, China will expedite thedevelopment of a cyber force, and enhance its capabilities of cyberspace situation awareness, cyber defense, support forthe country's endeavors in cyberspace and participation in international cyber cooperation, so as to stem major cybercrises, ensure national network and information security, and maintain national security and social stability.
The nuclear force is a strategic cornerstone for safeguarding national sovereignty and security. China has always
pursued the policy of no first use of nuclear weapons and adhered to a self.defensive nuclear strategy that is defensive innature. China will unconditionally not use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non.nuclear.weapon states or in
nuclear.weapon.free zones, and will never enter into a nuclear arms race with any other country. China has always kept
its nuclear capabilities at the minimum level required for maintaining its national security. China will optimize its nuclear
force structure, improve strategic early warning, command and control, missile penetration, rapid reaction, andsurvivability and protection, and deter other countries from using or threatening to use nuclear weapons against China.

Military Force Building Measures
Strengthening ideological and political work. China's armed forces always treat ideological and political building as
the first priority, and have endeavored to reinforce and improve their political work in the new situation. They willcontinue to practice and carry forward the Core Socialist Values, cultivate the Core Values of Contemporary Revolutionary
Service Personnel, and carry forward their glorious traditions and fine styles. Moreover, the armed forces will uphold aseries of fundamental principles for and institutions of the CPC's absolute leadership over the military, enhance thecreativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness of their CPC organizations at all levels, make great efforts to cultivate a newgeneration of revolutionary service personnel of noble soul, competence, courage, uprightness and virtue, and ensure thatthe armed forces will resolutely follow the commands of the CPC Central Committee and the CMC at all times and under
all conditions, and consistently retain the nature and purpose of the people's armed forces.
Pushing ahead with logistics modernization. China's armed forces will deepen logistics reform in relevant policies,
institutions and support forces, and optimize strategic logistics deployment. They will innovate the modes of support,
develop new support means, augment war reserves, integrate logistics information systems, improve rules and standards,
and meticulously organize supply and support, so as to build a logistics system that can provide support for fighting andwinning modern wars, serve the modernization of the armed forces, and transform towards informationization.
Developing advanced weaponry and equipment. Persevering in information dominance, systems building,
independent innovation, sustainable development, overall planning, and emphasis on priorities, China's armed forces will
speed up to upgrade weaponry and equipment, and work to develop a weaponry and equipment system which caneffectively respond to informationized warfare and help fulfill the missions and tasks.
Cultivating new.type military personnel. China's armed forces will continue with the strategic project for personnel
training and perfect the system for military human resources. They will deepen the reform of military educational
institutions and improve the triad training system for new.type military personnel . institutional education, unit training
and military professional education, so as to pool more talented people and cultivate more personnel who can meet thedemands of informationized warfare.
Intensifying efforts in running the armed forces with strict discipline and in accordance with the law. Aiming atstrengthening the revolutionization, modernization and regularization of the armed forces in all respects, China will
innovate and develop theories and practice in relation to running the armed forces in accordance with the law, establish awell.knit military law system with Chinese characteristics, so as to elevate the level of rule by law of national defense andarmed forces building.
Innovating military theories. Under the guidance of the CPC's innovative theories, China's armed forces will intensify
their studies of military operations, probe into the mechanisms of winning modern wars, innovate strategies and tactics
featuring mobility and flexibility, and develop theories on military building in the new situation, so as to bring into placea system of advanced military theories commensurate with the requirement of winning future wars.
Improving strategic management. It is necessary to optimize the functions and institutions of the CMC and thegeneral headquarters/departments, improve the leadership and management system of the services and arms, and adhere
to demand.based planning and plan.based resource allocation. China's armed forces will set up a system and a working
mechanism for overall and coordinated programming and planning. They will also intensify overall supervision andmanagement of strategic resources, strengthen the in.process supervision and risk control of major projects, improvemechanisms for strategic assessment, and set up and improve relevant assessment systems and complementary standards
and codes.

In.depth Development of Civil.Military Integration (CMI)
Following the guiding principle of integrating military with civilian purposes and combining military efforts withcivilian support, China will forge further ahead with CMI by constantly bettering the mechanisms, diversifying the forms,
expanding the scope and elevating the level of the integration, so as to endeavor to bring into place an all.element,
multi.domain and cost.efficient pattern of CMI.
Accelerating CMI in key sectors. With stronger policy support, China will work to establish uniform military andcivilian standards for infrastructure, key technological areas and major industries, explore the ways and means fortraining military personnel in civilian educational institutions, developing weaponry and equipment by national defense
industries, and outsourcing logistics support to civilian support systems. China encourages joint building and utilization of
military and civilian infrastructure, joint exploration of the sea, outer space and air, and shared use of such resources assurveying and mapping, navigation, meteorology and frequency spectra. Accordingly, military and civilian resources canbe more compatible, complementary and mutually accessible.
Building a mechanism for operating CMI. At the state level, it is necessary to establish a mechanism for CMI
development, featuring unified leadership, military.civilian coordination, abutment of military and civilian needs, andresource sharing. Furthermore, it is necessary to improve the management responsibilities of relevant military and civilian
institutions, improve the general standards for both the military and the civilian sectors, make studies on the establishmentof a policy system in which the government makes the investment, offers tax incentives and financial support, andexpedites legislation promoting military.civilian coordinated development, so as to form a pattern featuring overall
military.civilian planning and coordinated development. It is also necessary to push forward with the shared utilization of
military capabilities and those of other sectors, and establish a mechanism for joint civil.military response to major crises
and emergencies.
Improving the systems and mechanisms of national defense mobilization. China will enhance education in national
defense and boost the awareness of the general public in relation to national defense. It will continue to strengthen thebuilding of the reserve force, optimize its structure, and increase its proportion in the PLAN, PLAAF and PLASAF as well as
in combat support forces. The ways to organize and employ reserve forces will be more diversified. China will devote
more efforts to science and technology in national defense mobilization, be more readily prepared for the requisition of
information resources, and build specialized support forces. China aims to build a national defense mobilization systemthat can meet the requirements of winning informationized wars and responding to both emergencies and wars.

V. Preparation for Military Struggle

Preparation for military struggle (PMS) is a basic military practice and an important guarantee for safeguarding
peace, containing crises and winning wars. To expand and intensify PMS, China's armed forces must meet therequirement of being capable of fighting and winning, focus on solving major problems and difficulties, and do solid
work and make relentless efforts in practical preparations, in order to enhance their overall capabilities for deterrence
and warfighting.
Enhancing capabilities for system.vs.system operations based on information systems. China's armed forces willquicken their steps to transform the generating mode of combat effectiveness, work to use information systems tointegrate a wide range of operational forces, modules and elements into overall operational capacity, and gradually
establish an integrated joint operational system in which all elements are seamlessly linked and various operational
platforms perform independently and in coordination. China's armed forces will endeavor to address the pressing
problems constraining the capabilities for system.vs.system operations. They will make further exploration and more
efficient utilization of information resources, strengthen the building of the systems of reconnaissance, early.warning andcommand and control, develop medium. and long.range precision strike capabilities, and improve the comprehensive
support systems. In accordance with the requirement of being authoritative, streamlined, agile and efficient, they will
strive to establish and improve the CMC command organ and theater.level command systems for joint operations.
Pushing ahead with PMS in all directions and domains. Due to its complex geostrategic environment, China faces
various threats and challenges in all its strategic directions and security domains. Therefore, PMS must be carried out in awell.planned, prioritized, comprehensive and coordinated way, so as to maintain the balance and stability of the overall
strategic situation. China's armed forces will make overall planning for PMS in both traditional and new security domains,and get ready to safeguard national sovereignty and security, protect the country's maritime rights and interests, and deal
with armed conflicts and emergencies. To adapt to the upgrading of weaponry and equipment as well as changes ofoperational patterns, China's armed forces will further optimize battlefield disposition and strengthen strategic
prepositioning.
Maintaining constant combat readiness. China's armed forces will continue to improve its routine combat readiness,maintain a posture of high alertness, and conscientiously organize border, coastal and air defense patrols and guard
duties. The PLAA will improve its combat readiness system with inter.connected strategic directions, combined arms andsystematized operational support, so as to ensure agile maneuvers and effective response. The PLAN will continue toorganize and perform regular combat readiness patrols and maintain a military presence in relevant sea areas. The PLAAF
will continue to observe the principles of applicability in peacetime and wartime, all.dimensional response and full

territorial reach, and maintain vigilant and efficient combat readiness. The PLASAF will continue to keep an appropriate
level of vigilance in peacetime. By observing the principles of combining peacetime and wartime demands, maintaining alltime vigilance and being action.ready, it will prefect the integrated, functional, agile and efficient operational duty system.
Enhancing realistic military training. The PLA will continue to attach strategic importance to combat training inrealistic conditions, and strictly temper the troops according to the Outline of Military Training and Evaluation (OMTE). It
will constantly innovate operational and training methods, improve military training criteria and regulations, and work tobuild large.scale comprehensive training bases in an effort to provide real.combat environments for training. The PLA
will continue to conduct live.setting training, IT.based simulated training, and face.on.face confrontation training in linewith real.combat criteria, and strengthen command post training and joint and combined training. It will intensify
training in complex electro.magnetic environments, complex and unfamiliar terrains, and complex weather conditions. It
will also set up a training supervision and inspection system, so as to incorporate real.combat requirements into training.
Preparing for military operations other than war (MOOTWs). As a necessary requirement for China's armed forces tofulfill their responsibilities and missions in the new period as well as an important approach to enhancing theiroperational capabilities, the armed forces will continue to conduct such MOOTWs as emergency rescue and disaster relief,counter.terrorism and stability maintenance, rights and interests protection, guard duty, international peacekeeping, andinternational humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR). They will work to incorporate MOOTW capacity
building into military modernization and PMS, and pay special attention to establishing emergency command mechanisms,
building emergency forces, training professionals, supporting task.specific equipment, and formulating relevant policies
and regulations. Military emergency.response command systems will be tuned into state emergency management
mechanisms. China's armed forces will persist in unified organization and command, scientific employment of forces,
rapid and efficient actions, and strict observation of related policies and regulations.

VI. Military and Security Cooperation

Pursuing a security concept featuring common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security, China's armed
forces will continue to develop military.to.military relations that are non.aligned, non.confrontational and not directedagainst any third party. They will strive to establish fair and effective collective security mechanisms and militaryconfidence.building measures (CBMs), expand military and security cooperation, and create a security environment
favorable to China's peaceful development.
Developing all.round military.to.military relations. China's armed forces will further their exchanges andcooperation with the Russian military within the framework of the comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination
between China and Russia, and foster a comprehensive, diverse and sustainable framework to promote military relations

in more fields and at more levels. China's armed forces will continue to foster a new model of military relationship with
the US armed forces that conforms to the new model of major.country relations between the two countries, strengthen
defense dialogues, exchanges and cooperation, and improve the CBM mechanism for the notification of major militaryactivities as well as the rules of behavior for safety of air and maritime encounters, so as to strengthen mutual trust,prevent risks and manage crises. In the spirit of neighborhood diplomacy of friendship, sincerity, reciprocity andinclusiveness, China's armed forces will further develop relations with their counterparts in neighboring countries. Also,
they will work to raise the level of military relations with European counterparts, continue the traditional friendly militaryties with their African, Latin American and Southern Pacific counterparts. China's armed forces will work to further
defense and security cooperation in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), and continue to participate inmultilateral dialogues and cooperation mechanisms such as the ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting Plus (ADMM+), ASEAN
Regional Forum (ARF), Shangri.La Dialogue (SLD), Jakarta International Defence Dialogue (JIDD) and Western PacificNaval Symposium (WPNS). The Chinese military will continue to host multilateral events like the Xiangshan Forum,
striving to establish a new framework for security and cooperation conducive to peace, stability and prosperity in theAsia.Pacific region.
Pushing ahead with pragmatic military cooperation. On the basis of mutual respect, equality, mutual benefit andall.win cooperation, China's armed forces will continue to carry out pragmatic cooperation with their counterparts invarious countries of the world. In response to the changing situation, China's armed forces will constantly explore new
fields, new contents and new models of cooperation with other militaries, so as to jointly deal with a diverse range of
security threats and challenges. Extensive dialogues and exchanges will be conducted with foreign militaries on defense
policy, services and arms building, institutional education, logistics and other subjects to promote mutual understanding,mutual trust and mutual learning. The Chinese military will also strengthen cooperation with related countries inpersonnel training, material assistance, equipment and technology, so as to strengthen mutual support and enhance
respective defensive capabilities. Bilateral and multilateral joint exercises and training, involving various services andarms, will be conducted at multiple levels and in various domains to enhance joint operational capabilities. The Chinese
military will work to extend the subjects of such training and exercises from non.traditional to traditional security areas.
It will actively participate in international maritime security dialogues and cooperation, and jointly deal with traditionaland non.traditional maritime security threats.
Fulfilling international responsibilities and obligations. China's armed forces will continue to participate in UN
peacekeeping missions, strictly observe the mandates of the UN Security Council, maintain its commitment to the peacefulsettlement of conflicts, promote development and reconstruction, and safeguard regional peace and security. China's
armed forces will continue to take an active part in international disaster rescue and humanitarian assistance, dispatch
professional rescue teams to disaster.stricken areas for relief and disaster reduction, provide relief materials and medical
aid, and strengthen international exchanges in the fields of rescue and disaster reduction. Through the aforementioned
operations, the armed forces can also enhance their own capabilities and expertise. Faithfully fulfilling China's
international obligations, the country's armed forces will continue to carry out escort missions in the Gulf of Aden andother sea areas as required, enhance exchanges and cooperation with naval task forces of other countries, and jointly
secure international SLOCs. China's armed forces will engage in extensive regional and international security affairs, andpromote the establishment of the mechanisms of emergency notification, military risk precaution, crisis management andconflict control. With the growth of national strength, China's armed forces will gradually intensify their participation insuch operations as international peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance, and do their utmost to shoulder moreinternational responsibilities and obligations, provide more public security goods, and contribute more to world peace andcommon development.