(Provisional Translation)

NATIONAL DEFENSE PROGRAM GUIDELINES
for FY 2019 and beyond
December 18, 2018

I. NDPG’s Objective
Japan since the end of World War II has consistently treaded the path of a peaceloving nation. This has been accomplished by the persistent efforts of our forerunners
under the principle of maintaining peace.
The most consequential responsibility of the Government of Japan is to maintainJapan’s peace and security, to ensure its survival and to defend to the end Japanesenationals’ life, person and property of its nationals and territorial land, waters and airspace.
This is the foremost responsibility that Japan must fulfill as a sovereign nation. Carryingout this responsibility by exerting efforts on its own accord and initiative is at the very
heart of Japan’s national security. Japan’s defense capability is the ultimate guarantor ofits security and the clear representation of the unwavering will and ability of Japan as apeace-loving nation. And maintaining Japan’s peace and security is an essential premisefor its prosperity.
At present, security environment surrounding Japan is changing at extremely highspeeds. Changes in the balance of power in the international arena are accelerating andbecoming more complex, and uncertainty over the existing order is increasing. In addition,
rapid expansion in the use of new domains, which are space, cyberspace andelectromagnetic spectrum is poised to fundamentally change the existing paradigm ofnational security, which has prioritized responses in traditional, physical domains, which
are land, sea and air.
Even under these circumstances, Japan will vigorously march forward as a peaceloving nation. To do so, Japan, amid the dramatically changing security environment,1needs to fundamentally strengthen its national defense architecture with which to protect,by exerting efforts on its own accord and initiative, life, person and property of its
nationals, territorial land, waters and airspace, and its sovereignty and independence,
thereby expanding roles Japan can fulfill. Today, no country can preserve its security byitself alone. Strengthening the Japan-U.S. Alliance as well as security cooperation withother countries are critical to Japan’s national security, and this cannot be achieved
without Japan's own efforts. The international community also expects Japan to play roles
that are commensurate with its national power.
In strengthening its defense capability, Japan must squarely face theaforementioned realities of national security and ensure necessary and sufficient quality
and quantity so as to build a truly effective defense capability that does not lie on a linear
extension of the past. In particular, it has become essential that Japan achieve superiority
in new domains, which are space, cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum. To build a
new defense capability that combines strengths across all domains, Japan needs to engage
in a transformation at a pace that is fundamentally different from the past, completely
shedding the thinking that relies on traditional division among land, sea, and air. On theother hand, given the rapidly aging population with declining birthrates and severe fiscal
situation, Japan cannot strengthen its defense capability without thorough rationalizationthat does not dwell on the past.
The Japan-U.S. Alliance, together with Japan's own defense architecture, continues
to be the cornerstone of Japan’s national security. As stated above, Japan's fulfillment of
its foremost responsibility as a sovereign nation is the very way to fulfill its roles under
the Japan-U.S. Alliance and further enhance the Alliance’s ability to deter and counterthreats, and is a foundation upon which to strategically promote security cooperation inline with the vision of free and open Indo-Pacific.
Based on the foregoing thoughts, the Government, in line with “On National
Security Strategy” (approved by the National Security Council and the Cabinet on
December 17, 2013, and hereinafter referred to as “National Security Strategy”), hereby
sets forth the “National Defense Program Guidelines for FY 2019 and beyond” as the new
guidelines regarding how Japan’s national defense ought to be to form the foundation ofJapan’s future.

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II. Security Environment Surrounding Japan
1. Characteristics of current security environment
In the international community, interdependency among countries further expands
and deepens. On the other hand, thanks to further growth of national power of suchcountries as China, changes in the balance of power are accelerating and becoming more
complex, thereby increasing uncertainty over the existing order. Against such a backdrop,
prominently emerging are inter-state competitions across the political, economic andmilitary realms, in which states seek to shape global and regional order to their advantage
as well as to increase their influence.
These inter-state competitions occur on a continuous basis: In conducting interstate competitions, states leverage various means such as undermining other country’s
sovereignty using military and law-enforcement entities, and manipulating foreigncountry’s public opinion by exploiting social media. Also, the so-called gray-zone
situations are becoming persistent over a long period of time, playing out as part of interstate competitions. They may possibly further increase and expand.
Such gray-zone situations harbor the risk of rapidly developing into graver
situations without showing clear indications. In addition, methods employed to alter the
status quo, such as “hybrid warfare,” that intentionally blur the boundaries between the
military and non-military realms are forcing affected actors to take complex measures not
limited to military ones.
Driven by rapid technological innovation in information & communications andother fields, military technologies are showing remarkable advances. Against the
backdrop of such technological advances, contemporary warfare increasingly features
capabilities combined across all domains: not only land, sea and air but also new domains,which are space, cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum. Aiming to improve overall
military capability, states are seeking to gain superiority in technologies that undergird
capabilities in new domains. Since space and cyber domains are widely used for civilian
purposes, if stable use of these domains is impeded, it may entail serious consequences
for the safety of state and its citizens.
Due to advances in military technologies, a variety of threats can now easily
penetrate national borders. States endeavor to develop weapons that leverage cutting-edge,
potentially game-changing technologies. They also engage in research of autonomous
3unmanned weapon systems equipped with artificial intelligence (AI). Further
technological innovations hereafter are expected to make it difficult still to foresee future
warfare.
In the international community, there is a broadening and diversifying array of
security challenges that cannot be dealt with by a single country alone. With respect tospace and cyber domains, establishing international rules and norms has been a security
agenda. In maritime domain, there have been cases where country unilaterally claims its
entitlements or take actions based on its own assertions that are incompatible with existing
international order. These have generated undue infringement upon freedom in high seas.
In addition, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction including nuclear, biologicaland chemical weapons, and ballistic missiles as well as worsening international terrorism
remain grave challenges for the international community.
Against such background, qualitatively and quantitatively superior military powers
concentrate in Japan’s surroundings where clear trends are observed in further militarybuild-up and increase in military activities.

2. Situations by country and region
While remaining to possess the world’s largest comprehensive national power, theUnited States, with inter-state competitions in a range of areas prominently emerging, has
acknowledged that particularly important challenge is strategic competition with China
and Russia who attempt to alter global and regional order.
To rebuild its military power, the United States is engaged in such efforts as
maintaining military advantage in all domains through technological innovations,enhancing nuclear deterrent, and advancing missile defense capabilities. The UnitedStates upholds defense commitments to allies and partners and maintains forward force
presence, while calling on them to share greater responsibility. The United States frames
the Indo-Pacific as a priority region where it adopts a policy of strengthening alliancesand partnerships.
Member states of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) including theUnited States are reviewing their strategies to deal with coercive attempts to alter the
status-quo as well as “hybrid warfare.” In view of changes in the security environment,
NATO member states have been increasing their defense expenditures.
4With an aim to build “world-class forces” by the mid-21st century, China hassustained high-level growth of defense expenditures with continued lack of transparency.
China has engaged in broad, rapid improvement of its military power in qualitative andquantitative terms with focus on nuclear, missile, naval and air forces. In so doing, China
attaches importance to ensuring superiority in new domains: it is rapidly advancing
capabilities in cyber and electromagnetic domains with which to disrupt opponent’s
command and control; and continues to enhance space domain capabilities throughdeveloping and experimenting anti-satellite weapons. China is also improving missile
defense penetration capabilities and amphibious landing capabilities. Such capability
enhancement serves to improve the so-called Anti-Access/Area Denial (“A2/AD”)
capabilities—capabilities to deny access and deployment of foreign militaries to one’s
surrounding areas and to disrupt their military operations therein—as well as to build
capabilities with which to conduct military operations over greater distances. In addition,
China is promoting civil-military integration policy in areas of national defense, science& technology and industry, and actively developing and acquiring cutting-edge
technologies of potential military utility. Also, maritime law enforcement agencies andthe military are improving their collaboration.
China engages in unilateral, coercive attempts to alter the status quo based on its
own assertions that are incompatible with existing international order. In the East China
Sea and other waters, China is expanding and intensifying its military activities at sea andin the air. Around the Senkaku Islands, an inherent part of Japanese territory, Chinese
government vessels continually violate Japanese territorial waters despite Japan’s strong
protests while Chinese naval ships continuously operate in waters around the Islands.
China is also expanding its military activities in the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan.
In particular, the Chinese military in recent years has frequently advanced to the Pacific,
with its navigation routes and unit composition becoming more diverse. In the South
China Sea, China has forcibly conducted large-scale, rapid reclamation of maritime
features, which are being converted into military foothold. China in the South China Sea
is also expanding and intensifying its maritime and air activities.
Such Chinese military and other developments, coupled with the lack oftransparency surrounding its defense policy and military power, represent a serious
security concern for the region including Japan and for the international community.
Japan needs to continue to pay utmost attention to these developments. China is eagerly
5expected to play active roles in a more cooperative manner in the region and theinternational community.
North Korea in recent years has launched ballistic missiles at unprecedented
frequency, rapidly improving its operational capabilities such as simultaneous launch andsurprise attack. Given technological maturity obtained through a series of nuclear tests,
North Korea is assessed to have already successfully miniaturized nuclear weapons to fit
ballistic missile warheads. Although North Korea expressed its intention for complete
denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and blew up in public its nuclear test site, it has
not carried out the dismantlement of all weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missilesof all ranges in a complete, verifiable and irreversible manner: There has been no essentialchange in North Korea’s nuclear and missile capabilities.
North Korea is assessed to possess large-scale cyber units as part of its asymmetricmilitary capabilities, engaging in theft of military secrets and developing capabilities toattack critical infrastructure of foreign countries. North Korea also retains large-scalespecial operation forces.
Such military developments of North Korea pose grave and imminent threats toJapan’s security and significantly undermine peace and security of the region and theinternational community. Through United Nations Security Council resolutions, theinternational community also has made it clear that North Korea’s nuclear- and ballistic
missile-related activities constitute a clear threat to international peace and security.
Russia is enhancing its military posture by continuing force modernization efforts
with a focus on nuclear forces. Russia is in sharp confrontation with Europe and theUnited States over issues including situation in Ukraine. Russia’s military activities aretrending upward in the Arctic Circle, Europe, areas around the United States and the
Middle East, as well as in the Far East including Japan’s Northern Territories. Close
attention therefore needs to be paid to its developments.

3. Characteristics of Japan
Surrounded by sea on all sides and with long coastlines, Japan possesses numerous
islands remote from the mainland and is blessed with vast Exclusive Economic Zones:
spread widely therein are life, person and property of its nationals, territorial land, waters
and airspace, as well as various resources, all of which Japan must defend to the end. For
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Japan, a maritime nation dependent on overseas trade for the bulk of energy resources
and food supplies, fundamental to its peace and prosperity is to ensure the safety ofmaritime and air traffic by strengthening the order of “Open and Stable Oceans,” an order
based on fundamental norms such as rule of law and freedom of navigation.
Japan is prone to natural disasters that exact heavy damage. Industry, populationand information infrastructure concentrate in Japan’s urban areas, and a large number ofcritical facilities such as nuclear power plants are located in coastal areas.
In addition, Japan is undergoing population decline and ageing with dwindlingbirthrate at unprecedented pace. Severe fiscal conditions continue as well.

4. Summary
In light of the foregoing, while the probability of a large-scale military conflict
between major countries, which was of concern during the Cold War era, remains low,
Japan’s security environment is becoming more testing and uncertain at a remarkably
faster speed than expected when the “National Defense Program Guidelines for FY 2014
and beyond” (approved by the National Security Council and the Cabinet on December
17, 2013 and hereinafter referred to as the “former Guidelines”) was formulated.
To prevent threats to Japan from materializing to menace life and peaceful
livelihood of its nationals, it behooves Japan to take measures that are in line with these
realities.

III. Japan’s Basic Defense Policy
In line with the National Security Strategy and from the perspective of “Proactive
Contribution to Peace,” Japan has enhanced its diplomatic strength and defense capability.
Japan has also expanded and deepened cooperative relationships with other countries,
with the Japan-U.S. Alliance being a cornerstone. In so doing, Japan under theConstitution has adhered to the basic precept of maintaining the exclusively defenseoriented policy and not becoming a military power that poses threat to other countries,
ensured civilian control of the military, and observed the Three Non-Nuclear Principles.
Japan under these precepts will ever not change the course it has taken as a peaceloving nation. Based on this premise, Japan, even amid the realities of security
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environment it has hitherto never faced, must strive to preserve national interests
identified in the National Security Strategy—defend to the end Japanese nationals’ life,
person and property, territorial land, waters and airspace, and its sovereignty andindependence. To that end, the Government will identify national defense objectives andthe means to achieve them, and proactively and strategically promote measures withadded variety.
National defense objectives are: first, to create, on a steady-state basis, security
environment desirable for Japan by integrating and drawing on the strengths at thenation’s disposal; second, to deter threat from reaching Japan by making opponent realizethat doing harm to Japan would be difficult and consequential; and finally, should threatreach Japan, to squarely counter the threat and minimize damage.
Japan will strengthen each of the means by which to successfully achieve thesenational defense objectives: Japan’s own architecture for national defense; the Japan-U.S.
Alliance; and international security cooperation. These efforts, including achieving
superiority in new domains, which are space, cyberspace, and electromagnetic spectrum,
must be carried out swiftly and flexibly in order to deal with increasingly complex
security environment that is changing at accelerating speeds.
In dealing with the threat of nuclear weapons, U.S. extended deterrence, with
nuclear deterrence at its core, is essential: Japan will closely cooperate with the UnitedStates to maintain and enhance its credibility. To deal with the threat, Japan will also
increase its own efforts including comprehensive air and missile defense as well as civil
protection. At the same time, towards the long-term goal of bringing about a world freeof nuclear weapons, Japan will play an active and positive role in nuclear disarmamentand non-proliferation.

1. Strengthening Japan’s own architecture for national defense(1) Building comprehensive architecture for national defense
In order to squarely address the realities of security environment that it has hitherto
never faced and to securely achieve national defense objectives, Japan will build national
defense architecture that in all phases integrates the strengths at the nation’s disposal: thisstructure enables not only Ministry of Defense (MOD) and Self-Defense Forces (SDF)
efforts but also coherent, whole-of-government efforts; and enables cooperation withlocal governments and private entities. In particular, Japan will accelerate its efforts and8cooperation in such fields as space, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum, ocean, andscience & technology, and also promote measures concerning the formulation ofinternational norms in fields such as space and cyberspace.
Japan will further advance steady-state efforts such as strategic communications bysystematically combining all available policy tools.
In order to address a range of situations including armed contingencies and “grayzone” situations, Japan has been strengthening its posture under the principle of civilian
control of the military. Japan further needs to seamlessly deal with various situations in a
coherent, whole-of-government manner by way of swift and pertinent decision-making
under even stronger political leadership, which will be assisted by enhanced support
mechanism. In view of protecting the life, person and property of its nationals, Japan will
also continue to strengthen organization for disaster response and civil protection, and, incooperation with local governments, work to secure evacuation facilities. Japan will build
a posture fully prepared to evacuate Japanese nationals overseas during emergencies andensure their safety. Japan will promote measures to protect infrastructure critical topeople’s daily lives such as electricity and communication as well as to protect cyberspace.
In addition to making aforementioned efforts, in order to ensure the effectivenessof various policies and measures, Japan will, on a steady-state basis, devise and review
relevant plans while systematizing them; also, expand the use of simulations andcomprehensive training and exercises to improve the effectiveness of emergency response
posture.
(2) Strengthening Japan’s defense capability
a. Significance and necessity of defense capability
Defense capability is the ultimate guarantor of Japan’s national security. Defense
capability represents Japan’s will and ability to: deter threat from reaching Japan; andshould threat reach Japan, eliminate the threat and, as a sovereign nation, by exerting
efforts on its own accord and initiative, defend to the end Japanese nationals’ life, person
and property as well as territorial land, waters and airspace.
At the same time, defense capability is essential for Japan to play on its initiative
its roles in the Japan-U.S. Alliance at all phases from peacetime to armed contingencies.
Strengthening Japan’s defense capability to provide for national security is none other9than strengthening the Japan-U.S. Alliance. Defense capability is essential also foradvancing Japan’s efforts in security cooperation with other countries.
Defense capability is the most important strength for Japan in retaining selfsustained existence as a sovereign nation amid security environment it has never faced
before. Japan must strengthen this capability on its own accord and initiative.
b. Truly effective defense capability – Multi-domain Defense ForceTo be able to deter and counter qualitatively and quantitatively superior military
threats in increasingly testing security environment, it has become vitally important toadapt to warfare that combines capabilities in new domains—space, cyberspace andelectromagnetic spectrum—and traditional domains—land, sea and air.
Japan needs to develop, while qualitatively and quantitatively enhancing
capabilities in individual domains, a defense capability that can execute cross-domain
operations, which organically fuse capabilities in all domains to generate synergy andamplify the overall strength, so that even when inferiority exists in individual domains
such inferiority will be overcome and national defense accomplished.
In order to ensure national defense in increasingly uncertain security environment,
it is also important for Japan to be able to seamlessly conduct activities at all stages frompeacetime to armed contingencies. To date, Japan has endeavored to develop a defense
capability that allows to engage in diverse activities in a swift and sustainable manner. In
recent years, however, SDF has had to increase the scope and frequency of its steadystate activities such as maintaining presence, as well as intelligence, surveillance andreconnaissance (ISR) activities: This is exacting a chronic burden on its personnel andequipment, generating a concern that SDF may not be able to maintain proficiency andthe volume of its activities.
Japan needs to: improve quality and quantity of capabilities that support
sustainability and resiliency of various activities; and develop a defense capability thatenables sustained conduct of flexible and strategic activities commensurate with thecharacter of given situations.
Further, Japan’s defense capability needs to be capable of strengthening the abilityof the Japan-U.S. Alliance to deter and counter threats as well as promoting multi-faceted
10and multi-layered security cooperation.
In light of the foregoing, Japan will henceforth build a truly effective defense
capability, “Multi-Domain Defense Force,” which: organically fuses capabilities in all
domains including space, cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum; and is capable ofsustained conduct of flexible and strategic activities during all phases from peacetime toarmed contingencies. The development of “Multi-Domain Defense Force” will be done
while honing the attributes of “Dynamic Joint Defense Force” under the former
Guidelines.
(3) Roles that defense capability should play
In order to create a security environment desirable for Japan and to deter andcounter threats, Japan’s defense capability must be able to serve the roles specified below
in a seamless and combined manner. In particular, in view of protecting the life andpeaceful livelihood of Japanese nationals, it is all the more important for Japan’s defense
capability to fulfill diverse roles on a steady-state basis.
a. From peacetime to “gray-zone” situations
SDF will enhance its presence on a steady-state basis by actively engaging in,among others, joint training and exercises and overseas port visits, thereby demonstrating
Japan’s will and capability. SDF will, in close integration with diplomacy, promotestrategic communications including aforementioned activities by SDF units. SDF willleverage its capabilities in all domains to conduct wide-area, persistent intelligence,
surveillance and reconnaissance (hereinafter referred to as “persistent ISR”) activities
around Japan. SDF will prevent occurrence or escalation of emergencies by employing
flexible deterrent options and other measures. Leveraging posture in place for these
activities, SDF will, in coordination with the police and other agencies, immediately takeappropriate measures in response to actions that violate Japan’s sovereignty including
incursions into its territorial airspace and waters.
SDF will provide persistent protection against incoming ballistic missiles and otherthreats, and minimize damage should it occur.
b. Attack against Japan including its remote islands
In response to attack on Japan including its remote islands, SDF will quickly
maneuver and deploy requisite units to block access and landing of invading forces while11ensuring maritime and air superiority. Even when maintaining maritime and air
superiority becomes untenable, SDF will block invading forces’ access and landing fromoutside their threat envelopes. Should any part of the territory be occupied, SDF willretake it by employing all necessary measures.
Against airborne attack by missiles and aircraft, SDF will respond in a swift andsustained manner by applying optimal means and minimize damage to maintain SDF’s
capabilities as well as the infrastructure upon which such capabilities are employed.
In response to attack by guerrillas or special operations forces, SDF will protect
critical facilities including nuclear power plants and search and destroy infiltrating forces.
c. Space, cyber and electromagnetic domains during all phases
In space, cyber and electromagnetic domains, to prevent any actions that impede
its activities, SDF will conduct on a steady-state basis persistent monitoring as well as
collection and analysis of relevant information. In case of such event, SDF will promptly
identify incidents and take such measures as damage limitation and recovery.
In case of armed attack against Japan, SDF will, on top of taking these actions,block and eliminate the attack by leveraging capabilities in space, cyber andelectromagnetic domains.
In addition, in light of the society’s growing dependence on space and cyberspace,
SDF will contribute to comprehensive, whole-of-government efforts concerning these
domains under appropriate partnership and shared responsibility with relevantorganizations.
d. Large-scale disasters
In case of large-scale disasters, to protect the life, person, and property of Japanesenationals, SDF will swiftly transport and deploy requisite units to take all necessary
measures for initial response, and, as required, maintain its posture for disaster response
for a longer term. SDF will carefully address the needs of affected citizens and local
governments, and engage in life saving, temporary repair and livelihood support inappropriate partnership and cooperation with relevant organizations, local governments
and the private sector.

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e. Collaboration with the United States based on the Japan-U.S. Alliance
In all stages from peacetime to armed contingencies, in line with the “Guidelines
for Japan-U.S. Defense Cooperation,” Japan will effectively conduct activities describedin 2. by playing on its initiative its own roles in the Japan-U.S. Alliance.
f. Promotion of security cooperation
SDF will actively engage in efforts for enhanced security cooperation as stated in
3.: In accordance with policies that are tailored to individual regions and countries, SDF
will strategically promote defense cooperation and exchanges such as: joint training andexercises, cooperation in defense equipment and technologies, capacity building
assistance, and service-to-service exchange.

2. Strengthening the Japan-U.S. Alliance
The Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements based on the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty,
together with Japan’s own national defense architecture, constitute a cornerstone forJapan’s national security. The Japan-U.S. Alliance, with the Japan-U.S. Security
Arrangements as its core, plays a significant role for peace, stability and prosperity of not
only Japan but also the Indo-Pacific region and the international community.
As inter-sate competitions prominently emerge, it has become all the more
important for Japan’s national security to further strengthen relationship with the UnitedStates, with whom Japan shares universal values and strategic interests. The United States
also views that cooperation with its allies has become more important.
While the Japan-U.S. Alliance has been reinforced through activities including
those that were made possible by the Legislation for Peace and Security, Japan needs tofurther enhance the Alliance through efforts under the “Guidelines for Japan-US Defense
Cooperation” in order to achieve its national defense objective as security environment
surrounding Japan becomes more testing and uncertain at remarkably fast speeds.
In further strengthening the Japan-U.S. Alliance, it is an essential premise thatJapan strengthen its own defense capability on its own accord and initiative. Fulfilling
this premise, Japan needs to press ahead with efforts such as: bolstering the ability of the
Alliance to deter and counter threats; enhancing and expanding cooperation in a wide
range of areas; and steadily implementing measures concerning the stationing of U.S.
Forces in Japan.
13(1) Strengthening ability of Japan-U.S. Alliance to deter and counter threats
In all stages from peacetime to armed contingencies as well as during disasters,
Japan will enhance information sharing with the United States, conduct effective andsmooth bilateral coordination involving all relevant organizations and take all necessary
measures to ensure Japan’s peace and security.
For these purposes, Japan will further deepen various operational cooperation andpolicy coordination with the United States. In particular, Japan will expand and deepen
cooperation in: space and cyber domains; comprehensive air and missile defense; bilateraltraining and exercises; bilateral ISR operations; and bilateral flexible deterrent options.
Japan will also promote formulation and renewal of bilateral plans and deepen the
Extended Deterrence Dialogue. In addition, Japan will even more actively conduct
activities such as logistic support for U.S. force activities and protection of U.S. ships andaircraft.
(2) Strengthening and expanding cooperation in a wide range of areas
In order to create a desirable security environment including maintaining andenhancing free and open maritime order, and with an eye on increasing Japanese and U.S.
presence in the Indo-Pacific region, Japan will conduct bilateral activities such as capacity
building assistance, humanitarian assistance/disaster relief (HA/DR) and counter-piracy.
In order for Japan and the United States to be able to fully leverage their capabilities
during bilateral activities, Japan will enhance and expand cooperation with the UnitedStates in such areas as equipment, technology, facility, and intelligence as well as
information security.
In particular, Japan will promote standardization of defense equipment that
contributes to Japan-U.S. bilateral activities, and sharing of various networks. In order tosupport sustainable U.S. force activities around Japan as well as to ensure high operational
availability of SDF equipment, Japan will build capacity for in-country maintenance of
U.S.-made equipment.
To efficiently improve Japanese and U.S. capabilities, while facilitating common
understanding of respective priorities in defense capability enhancement, promotemeasures such as effective acquisition of advanced U.S equipment through optimized
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Foreign Military Sales (FMS) and Japan-U.S. joint research and development.
With respect to SDF facilities and U.S force facilities and areas including training
facilities and areas, Japan will promote cooperation on joint/shared use and efforts for
improved resiliency.
(3) Steady implementation of measures concerning stationing of U.S. Forces inJapanJapan will provide stable support for smooth and effective stationing of U.S. forces
in Japan through various measures including Host Nation Support (HNS). Japan will alsosteadily implement the realignment of U.S. forces in Japan to mitigate impact on local
communities while maintaining deterrence provided by U.S. forces.
Okinawa is located in areas critically important to Japan’s national security andU.S. force stationing in Okinawa greatly contributes to deterrent the Japan-U.S. allianceprovides: At the same time, facilities and areas of U.S. forces in Japan are highly
concentrated in Okinawa. In light of this, Japan in recent years has been furthering its
efforts to mitigate impact on Okinawa including returns of U.S. facilities and areas. Japan
will continue to work to mitigate impact on Okinawa by steadily implementing suchmeasures as realignment, consolidation and reduction of facilities and areas of U.S. forces
in Okinawa including the relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma as well as thedispersion of impact on Okinawa.

3. Strengthening security cooperation
In line with the vision of free and open Indo-Pacific, Japan will strategicallypromote multifaceted and multilayered security cooperation, taking into accountcharacteristics and situation specific to each region and country. As part of such efforts,
Japan will actively leverage its defense capability to work on defense cooperation andexchanges which include joint training and exercises, defense equipment and technology
cooperation, capacity building assistance, and interchanges among military branches.
Furthermore, Japan will also contribute to address global security challenges. In
implementing these initiatives, Japan will position the Japan-U.S. Alliance as its
cornerstone and will work closely with the countries that share universal values andsecurity interests, through full coordination with its diplomatic policy.
(1) Promoting defense cooperation and exchanges
15With Australia, to further improve interoperability and by utilizing frameworks
such as Foreign and Defense Ministerial Consultations (“2+2”), Japan will further
promote joint training and exercises and defense equipment and technology cooperation,
and advance cooperative activities such as bilaterally-aligned capacity building assistanceto third parties. Japan will also strengthen cooperative relations under trilateral framework
among Japan, Australia and the United States, which share universal values and strategicinterests.
With India, in view of enhancing strategic partnership and by utilizing frameworks
such as “2+2,” Japan will promote joint training and exercises and defense equipment andtechnology cooperation in a broad range of areas including maritime security. Japan will
also strengthen cooperation among Japan, India and the United States.
With Southeast Asian countries, Japan will continue to support efforts forstrengthening the centrality and unity of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN), which is the key to regional cooperation, and promote practical bilateral andmultilateral cooperation, including joint training and exercises, defense equipment andtechnology cooperation, and capacity building assistance.
With the Republic of Korea (ROK), Japan will promote defense cooperation in a
broad range of fields and strive to establish the foundation for collaboration. Japan will
also continue to strengthen trilateral cooperation among Japan, the ROK and the UnitedStates to maintain peace and stability in the region.
With the United Kingdom and France, to contribute to the stability of maritime
order in the Indo-Pacific region, Japan will, while leveraging such frameworks as the“2+2,” promote efforts including more practical joint training and exercises, defense
equipment and technology cooperation and bilateral collaboration on third-party
engagement. Japan will strengthen cooperation with European countries as well as NATOand the European Union (EU).
With Canada and New Zealand, Japan will promote efforts including joint training
and exercises as well as bilateral collaboration on third-party engagement.
With China, in order to enhance mutual understanding and trust, Japan will promote
multi-layered dialogues and exchange. In so doing, Japan will continue to encourage
16

China to play responsible and constructive roles for peace and stability in the Indo-Pacificregion, comply with international norms of conduct, and improve transparency regarding
military capability enhancement. In order to avoid unexpected situations between the twocountries, Japan will utilize the “Maritime and Aerial Communication Mechanism
between the defense authorities of Japan and China” in a manner that contributes tobuilding a trusting relationship between the two countries. Japan will calmly and firmly
deal with Chinese activities at sea and in the air around Japan.
With Russia, in order to enhance mutual understanding and trust, Japan will
promote security dialogues with Russia including the “2+2,” high-level interactions andbroad unit-to-unit exchanges, and deepen joint training and exercises.
With island nations of the Pacific Ocean, Japan will promote port and airport visits
by SDF as well as exchanges and cooperation that utilize capabilities and characteristics
of each service of SDF.
With countries in Central Asia, the Middle East and Africa, in order to build andstrengthen cooperative relations Japan will promote exchanges at all levels, including
high level, and cooperation in such fields as capacity building assistance related to theUnited Nations Peacekeeping Operations.
Regarding multilateral frameworks, Japan attaches importance to the East Asia
Summit (EAS), the ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus) and theASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) that provide significant foundations for discussions,cooperation and exchanges related to security field in the Indo-Pacific region. In addition,
Japan will contribute to strengthening cooperation and mutual trust among the countries
in the region.
(2) Responding to global issues
From the viewpoint of securing the freedom and security of navigation and flight,
Japan will promote cooperation to contribute to the improvement of capabilities
pertaining to the maritime security of coastal states in the Indo-Pacific region, which
include South Asian countries such as India and Sri Lanka, as well as Southeast Asian
countries. Moreover, Japan will promote such activities as joint training and exercises,
unit-to-unit exchanges and active port visits at these occasions. Japan will also conduct
activities such as anti-piracy efforts in cooperation with relevant countries and17cooperation for strengthening capabilities of the Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA).
Regarding the use of space domain, Japan will promote partnership and cooperationin various fields including the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) and mission assuranceof the entire space system, through consultations and information sharing with relevant
countries and active participation in multilateral exercises among others. Regarding theuse of cyber domain, Japan will enhance its partnership and cooperation with relevant
countries through measures such as sharing views on threat awareness, exchanging views
on response to cyber attacks, and participating in multilateral exercises.
In cooperation with relevant countries and international organizations, Japan will
promote non-proliferation efforts regarding: weapons of mass destruction and missiles
which can serve as their delivery means; and goods and sensitive technologies of potential
military use. Leveraging SDF’s knowledge and human resources, Japan will engage invarious activities related to arms control and disarmament undertaken by the United
Nations and other bodies, including the discussion on Lethal Autonomous Weapons
Systems (LAWS).
In line with the Legislation for Peace and Security, Japan will actively promoteinternational peace cooperation activities, while giving comprehensive consideration tosuch factors as purposes of mission, situation in host country, and political and economic
relations between Japan and host country. While making good use of past experiences
to develop human resources, Japan will actively contribute through such efforts assending embedded personnel to mission headquarters and capacity building assistance inareas that Japan excels. Regarding SDF operation facility in the Republic of Djibouti,
which is used for anti-piracy efforts, Japan will work towards stable, long-term use of the
facility for regional security cooperation and other activities.

IV. Priorities in Strengthening Defense Capability
1. Guiding thoughts
In order to adapt to increasingly rapid changes in security environment, Japan muststrengthen its defense capability at speeds that are fundamentally different from the past.
In view of aging population with declining birth rate and severe fiscal situation, it isessential that Japan use budget and personnel even more effectively.

18

In strengthening defense capability, Japan will enhance priority capability areas as
early as possible, allocating resources flexibly and intensively without adhering toexisting budget and human resource allocation, and undertake necessary fundamental
reforms.
In taking these measures, SDF will further promote joint-ness of the Ground,
Maritime and Air Self-Defense Forces in all areas and, avoiding stove-piped approach,
optimize their organizations and equipment. In particular, SDF will further promote jointness in a wide range of areas such as capabilities in new domains, which are space,cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum, comprehensive air and missile defense,
damage recovery, transportation, maintenance, supply, security, education, medical
service and research.
With respect to hedging against invasion scenarios such as amphibious landing
employing large-scale ground forces, which were assumed primarily during the Cold War
period, SDF will retain forces only enough to maintain and carry on the minimum
necessary expertise and skills with which to adapt to changes in situation in the future,
and work further to achieve even greater efficiency and rationalization.

2. Priorities in strengthening capabilities necessary for cross-domain
operations(1) Acquiring and strengthening capabilities in space, cyber and electromagnetic
domains
In order to realize cross-domain operations, SDF will acquire and strengthen
capabilities in new domains, which are space, cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum
by focusing resources and leveraging Japan’s superb science and technology. In doing so,
SDF will strengthen and protect command, control, communications and information
capabilities that effectively connect capabilities in all domains including the new ones.
a. Capabilities in space domain
Effective use of satellites for such purposes as information-gathering,
communication and positioning is essential for realizing cross-domain operations. On theother hand, threats to the stable use of space are increasing.
SDF therefore will further improve various capabilities that leverage space domain
including information-gathering, communication and positioning capabilities. SDF will19

also build a structure to conduct persistent ground- and space-based space situation
monitoring. To ensure superiority in use of space at all stages from peacetime to armed
contingencies, SDF will also work to strengthen capabilities including mission assurance
capability and capability to disrupt opponent’s command, control, communications andinformation.
In so doing, SDF will actively leverage civilian technologies and work to enhancecooperation with relevant agencies including the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA) and with the United States and other relevant countries. SDF will also engage inorganization building such as the creation of units specializing in space and dedicatedcareer field, and develop human resources and accumulate knowledge and expertise in
the space field.
b. Capabilities in cyber domain
Information and communications networks that leverage cyberspace are afoundation for SDF’s activities in various domains, and attack against them seriously
disrupts organized activities of SDF. In order to prevent such attack, SDF will continue
to strengthen capabilities for persistent monitoring of command and communications
systems and networks as well as for damage limitation and recovery. In addition, SDF
will fundamentally strengthen its cyber defense capability, including capability to disrupt,
during attack against Japan, opponent’s use of cyberspace for the attack.
In so doing, SDF will significantly expand its human resources with specialized
expertise and skills, and take into consideration its contributions to whole-of-government
efforts.
c. Capabilities in electromagnetic domain
Since the use of electromagnetic spectrum has expanded in range and purpose, it is
now recognized as a major operational domain situated on the frontline of offense-defense
dynamic in today’s warfare. Ensuring superiority in electromagnetic domain is also
critical to realizing cross-domain operations.
SDF will work to enhance information and communications capabilities as well as
information collection and analysis capabilities related to electromagnetics, and develop
an information sharing posture. SDF will improve capabilities to minimize the effect of
opponent’s electronic jamming. In addition, SDF will strengthen capabilities to neutralize
20radar and communications of opponent who intends to invade Japan. In order to smoothly
perform these activities, SDF will enhance its ability to appropriately manage andcoordinate the use of electromagnetic spectrum.
(2) Enhancing capabilities in traditional domains
SDF will enhance capabilities to effectively counter attacks by aircraft, ships andmissiles during cross-domain operations in close combination with capabilities in space,cyber and electromagnetic domains.
a. Capabilities in maritime and air domains
In order to effectively deal with armed attack against Japan, it is extremely
important for Japan to establish and maintain maritime and air superiority.
SDF will reinforce its posture for conducting persistent ISR at sea and in the airaround Japan.
SDF will also strengthen surface and underwater operational capabilities including
Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV).
By taking measures such as developing a fighter force structure that features Short
Take-Off and Vertical Landing (STOVL) fighter aircraft which bring operational
flexibility, SDF will improve air operation capability particularly on the Pacific side ofJapan, where number of air bases is limited despite its vast airspace. In so doing, as
number of air bases that allow for take-off and landing of fighters is limited, Japan willtake necessary measures to enable STOVL fighter aircraft to operate from existing SDF
ships as required, in order to further improve flexibility in fighter operations while
ensuring safety of SDF personnel.
b. Stand-off defense capability
As other countries make remarkable advances in early warning and control
capabilities and the performance of various missiles, SDF needs to effectively intercept
attack against Japan, while ensuring safety of its personnel.
SDF will acquire stand-off firepower and other requisite capabilities to deal withships and landing forces attempting to invade Japan including remote islands from theoutside of their threat envelopes. In addition, in order to appropriately leverage advances21

in military technologies, Japan will swiftly and flexibly strengthen stand-off defense
capability through measures such as comprehensive research and development of related
technologies.
c. Comprehensive air and missile defense capability
Japan needs to effectively and efficiently counter increasingly diverse and complex
airborne threats of ballistic and cruise missiles and aircraft by optimum means andminimize damage.
SDF will establish a structure with which to conduct integrated operation of various
equipment pieces, those for missile defense as well as air defense equipment that each
SDF service has separately used, thereby providing persistent nation-wide protection andalso enhancing capability to simultaneously deal with multiple, complex airborne threats.
SDF will also study ways to counter future airborne threats.
Based on basic role and mission sharing between Japan and the United States, inorder to strengthen the deterrent of the Japan-U.S. Alliance as a whole, Japan willcontinue to study a potential form of response capability to address the means for missile
launch and related facilities and will take necessary measures.
d. Maneuver and deployment capability
In order to effectively deal with various situations such as attack on remote islands,
requisite SDF units need to conduct sustained, persistent activities in appropriate areas ona steady-state basis and to maneuver and deploy according to situation.
SDF will strengthen amphibious operation and other capabilities. In addition, toenable swift and large-scale transport, SDF will strengthen joint transport capability
including inter- and intra-theater transport capabilities tailored to the characteristics ofremote island areas. SDF will also work to collaborate with commercial transport on asteady-state basis.
(3) Strengthening sustainability and resiliency
To be able to sustain a range of requisite activities at all stages from peacetime toarmed contingencies, sustainability and resiliency of defense capability including
logistics support needs to be enhanced.

22

SDF will take necessary measures for securing ammunition and fuel, ensuring
maritime shipping lanes, and protecting important infrastructure. In particular, while
cooperating with relevant ministries and agencies, SDF will improve sustainability
through safe and steady acquisition and stockpiling of ammunition and fuel. SDF will
also improve resiliency in a multi-layered way through efforts including dispersion,
recovery, and substitution of infrastructure and other foundations for SDF operations.
Further, SDF will work toward more effective and efficient equipment maintenance byreviewing existing maintenance methods, thereby ensuring high operational availability.

3. Priorities in strengthening core elements of defense capability(1) Reinforcing human resource base
The core element of defense capability is SDF personnel. Securing humanresources for SDF personnel and improving their ability and morale are essential tostrengthening defense capability. This has become an imminent challenge in the face ofshrinking and aging population with declining birth rates. Also in light of sustainability
and resilience of defense capability, SDF needs to work even further to reinforce humanresource base that sustains SDF personnel.
MOD/SDF will promote efforts, including those address institutional aspects, inorder to secure diverse, high-quality talents from a wider range of people. These efforts
include: various recruitment measures such as cooperation with local governments andother entities; diversifying applicant pool including college graduates; expanding
women’s participation; appropriate extension of SDF personnel’s mandatory retirement
ages; leveraging retired SDF personnel as well as reserve personnel; and measures forraising fulfillment rates. MOD/SDF will also promote manpower saving and automationby leveraging technological innovations such as artificial intelligence.
To enable all SDF personnel to maintain high morale and continue to fully exercise
their ability, MOD/SDF will improve living and work environment and promote work
style reforms at MOD/SDF to ensure proper work-life balance.
Through such efforts as enhancing joint education and research, MOD/SDF will
enrich education and research to improve SDF’s capabilities and foster its unity.
MOD/SDF will enhance education for organization management skills. In addition,
MOD/SDF will improve treatment through measures concerning honors and privileges,
and allowance increase that reflects the special nature of SDF’s missions. MOD/SDF will23

also further improve re-employment support for SDF personnel in view of the fact that itis the responsibility of the Government to secure the livelihood of SDF personnel underthe mandatory early retirement system.
(2) Reviewing equipment structure
MOD/SDF will examine the existing equipment structure from joint operation
perspective and build an optimized equipment structure. In so doing, while giving due
considerations to capabilities each SDF service requires for its operations, MOD/SDF
will: develop equipment with multiple functional variants; optimize and standardize
specifications of equipment; and jointly procure equipment commonly used across SDF
services; reduce types of aircraft; suspend the use of equipment whose importance has
decreased; and review or discontinue projects of low cost-effectiveness.
(3) Reinforcing technology base
As character of warfare changes dramatically due to advances in militarytechnologies, it is becoming all the more important to reinforce technological base thathas bearing on defense equipment through whole-of-government approach by leveraging
Japan’s superb science and technology.
MOD/SDF will make focused investments through selection and concentration in
important technologies including artificial intelligence and other potentially gamechanging technologies. MOD/SDF will also dramatically shorten research anddevelopment timelines by streamlining R&D processes and procedures. In doing so,
MOD/SDF will encourage company’s prior investments and leverage its strength to fullpotential by actively using design proposal-based competition scheme and improving
foreseeability through the formulation of R&D visions on capabilities required forJapan’s future national defense.
In addition, MOD/SDF will work to actively leverage potentially dual-use,
advanced commercial technologies through such efforts as: technology exchange with
relevant domestic and overseas entities; enhanced collaboration with relevant ministries
and agencies; and use of the “Innovative Science & Technology Initiative for Security”
program.
MOD/SDF will reinforce its structure aimed at early discovery of innovative,
emerging technologies and fostering thereof by utilizing and creating think tanks that24

survey and analyze latest foreign and domestic technological trends.
(4) Optimizing equipment procurement
In order to secure necessary and sufficient quality and quantity of SDF equipment,
MOD/SDF needs to acquire high-performance equipment at the most affordable prices
possible. MOD/SDF also needs to do thorough cost management and reduction not only
during budget development but also during budget implementation.
MOD/SDF will actively use systematic acquisition methods including long-term
contracts which facilitate efficient procurement, and streamline equipment maintenance.
MOD/SDF will facilitate competition among domestic and foreign companies, andpromote defense equipment development that eyes towards international joint
development and production as well as overseas transfer. In order to efficiently procure
U.S.-made high-performance equipment, MOD/SDF will promote rationalization of FMS
procurement and work to align procurement timings and specifications with U.S. forces
and other parties. In taking these steps, MOD/SDF will further strengthen efforts on
project management throughout the entire life cycle of defense equipment.

(5) Strengthening defense industrial base
Japan’s defense industry is an essential foundation for the production, operation,and maintenance of defense equipment. For the production of high-performanceequipment and to ensure their high operational availability, it is necessary to make defense
industrial base more resilient by overcoming challenges such as high costs due to lowvolume, high-mix production and lack of international competitiveness, thereby enabling
it to effectively adapt to changing security environment.
In addition to taking various measures concerning equipment structure,technological base, and equipment procurement, to create a competitive environment forcompanies, MOD/SDF will reform the existing contract system including affording
incentives to companies. MOD/SDF will enhance supply-chain risk management andwork to further expand Japanese defense industry’s participation in maintenance work ofimported equipment. For whole-of-government efforts to promote appropriate overseas
transfer of defense equipment under the Three Principles on Transfer of Defense
Equipment and Technology, which permits transfer of defense equipment in cases where
the transfer contributes to Japan’s security, MOD/SDF will work to make necessary25improvements in the Principles’ implementation. At the same time, MOD/SDF will
strengthen intellectual property management, technology management and information
security in order to prevent drain of important defense equipment-related technologies.
Through above-mentioned measures, MOD/SDF will work to reduce equipment costs andimprove industrial competitiveness, thereby striving to build resilient defense industrialbase. MOD/SDF will also examine further measures to that end.
(6) Enhancing intelligence capabilities
MOD/SDF will enhance intelligence capabilities to provide timely, effective
intelligence support to policy decision and SDF operations. MOD/SDF will strengthen
capabilities for each stage of collection, processing, analysis, sharing, and protection sothat SDF can promptly detect and swiftly respond to indications of various situations andalso take requisite measures based on medium- to long-term military trends.
In so doing, while giving due considerations to technological trends in information
processing, MOD/SDF will strengthen capability and posture, including those related to
new domains, for the collection of SIGINT, IMINT, HUMINT, OSINT and others.
MOD/SDF will enhance collaboration with relevant domestic agencies including the
Cabinet Satellite Intelligence Center which operates Information Gathering Satellites andwith the ally as well as with other parties. MOD/SDF will work to hire, retain and train
personnel for information collection and analysis and to acquire and connect informationsharing systems. MOD/SDF also will establish more robust information security regime
and strengthen counter-intelligence capability.

V. Organization of Self-Defense Forces
In order to realize cross-domain operations, SDF will strengthen joint operations
as described in 1 and develop organization of each SDF service as described in sections
from 2 to 4. Organic structure of major units and specific quantities of major equipmentin the future are as shown in the Annex table.

1. Joint operation to realize cross-domain operations(1) In order to further promote joint-ness of GSDF, MSDF and ASDF in all areas, SDF
will strengthen the Joint Staff Office’s posture designed for effective SDF operations
and for new domains, thereby enabling swift exercise of SDF’s capabilities. SDF will
examine future framework for joint operation. SDF will also work to flexibly leverage
26personnel of each SDF service through such efforts as building posture for force
protection and damage recovery with an eye on mutual cooperation among SDF
services.
(2) SDF will maintain an ASDF unit that specializes in space domain missions, andstrengthen its posture for joint operations in order to conduct persistent monitoring ofsituations in space, and to ensure superiority in use of space at all stages frompeacetime to armed contingencies through such means as mission assurance anddisruption of opponent’s command, control, communications and information.
(3) SDF will maintain a cyberspace defense unit as an integrated unit in order to conduct
persistent monitoring of SDF’s information and communications networks as well as
to fundamentally strengthen cyber defense capability, including capability to disrupt,
during attack against Japan, opponent’s use of cyberspace for the attack.
(4) SDF will strengthen the Joint Staff Office’s posture in order to appropriately manage
and coordinate, from joint operation perspective, the use of electromagnetic spectrum.
SDF will strengthen each SDF service’s posture to enable SDF to collect and analyze
information concerning electromagnetic domain and to neutralize radar,
communications and others operated by opponent that intends to invade Japan.
(5) In order to provide persistent nation-wide protection on a steady-state basis and to beable to simultaneously deal with multiple, complex airborne threats: GSDF will
maintain surface-to-air guided missile units and ballistic missile defense units; MSDF
will maintain Aegis-equipped destroyers; ASDF will maintain surface-to-air guided
missile units; and SDF will build comprehensive air and missile defense capability
comprising these assets.
(6) At all stages from peacetime to armed contingencies, SDF will maintain a maritime
transport unit as an integrated unit that allows SDF units to swiftly maneuver anddeploy in joint operations.

2. Organization of GSDF
(1) In order to be able to swiftly respond to various situations, GSDF will maintain rapidly
deployable basic operational units (rapid deployment divisions, rapid deployment
brigades and an armored division) furnished with advanced mobility and ISR
27

capabilities. GSDF will also maintain mobile operating units equipped withspecialized functions, in order to effectively perform operations such as: various
missions in cyber and electromagnetic domains; airborne operations; amphibious
operations; special operations; air transportation; defense against NBC (nuclear,biological and chemical) weapons; and security cooperation with foreign countries.
In view of the excellent training environment it offers, GSDF will maintain halfof rapidly deployable basic operational units in Hokkaido, on the premise that theseunits will deploy and move via joint transport capability.
GSDF will strengthen its ability to deter and counter threats by taking measures
including: persistent steady-state maneuver such as coordinated activities between
ships and Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade and other mobile operating units aswell as their various training and exercises; stationing of units in remote islands
hitherto without SDF presence; and establishing networks with MSDF and ASDF.
(2) To be able to counter invasion of remote islands, GSDF will maintain surface-to-ship
guided missile units and hyper-velocity gliding projectile units for remote island
defense.
(3) With respect to basic operational units (divisions and brigades) other than the rapidly
deployable ones referred to in (1), GSDF will review their organization and equipmentwith focus on tanks, howitzers and rockets. With respect to units under the directcommand of regional armies, GSDF will also review their organization and equipment
related to aerial firepower. GSDF will thoroughly implement rationalization andstreamlining of these units and appropriately position them to meet conditions andcharacteristics of each region.

3. Organization of MSDF
(1) In order to provide for defense in the waters around Japan and security of maritime
traffic through effective prosecution of persistent ISR, antisubmarine operations andmine countermeasure operations, and to be able to effectively engage in security
cooperation with other countries, MSDF will maintain reinforced destroyer units
including destroyers with improved multi-mission capabilities, minesweeper units andembarked patrol helicopter units. MSDF will organize surface units composed of thesedestroyer units and minesweeper units. In addition, MSDF will maintain patrol ship28

units to enable enhanced steady-state ISR in the waters around Japan.
With respect to the destroyers equipped with improved multi-mission
capabilities, MSDF will introduce multi-crew shiftwork and promote collaboration
with patrol ships equipped with high ISR capability, thereby enhancing persistent ISR
posture.
(2) In order to effectively conduct steady-state, wide-area underwater ISR, and toeffectively engage in patrols and defense in the waters around Japan, MSDF will
maintain reinforced submarine units.
By introducing a test-bed submarine, MSDF will work to achieve greater
efficiency in submarine operations and accelerate capability improvement, thereby
enhancing persistent ISR posture.
(3) In order to effectively conduct steady-state, wide-area airborne ISR, and to effectively
engage in patrols and defense in the waters around Japan, MSDF will maintain fixedwing patrol aircraft units.

4. Organization of ASDF
(1) ASDF will maintain air warning and control units consisting of ground-based warningand control units and reinforced airborne warning units: ground-based warning andcontrol units are capable of conducting persistent surveillance in airspace around Japan
including vast airspace on the Pacific side; and airborne warning units are capable ofconducting effective, sustained airborne warning, surveillance and control during“gray zone” and other situations with heightened tensions.
(2) In order to be able to provide for air defense in airspace around Japan including vast
airspace on the Pacific side with a comprehensive posture that brings together fighter
aircraft and supporting functions, ASDF will maintain fighter aircraft units reinforcedby high-performance fighter aircraft. In order to enable fighter aircraft units andairborne warning units to sustainably conduct various operations in wide areas, ASDF
will maintain reinforced aerial refueling and transport units.
(3) In order to be able to effectively carry out activities such as maneuver and deploymentof ground forces and security cooperation with foreign countries, ASDF will maintain29

air transport units.
(4) In order to be able to conduct information collection in areas relatively remote fromJapan and persistent airborne monitoring during situations with heightened tensions,
ASDF will maintain unmanned aerial vehicle units.

VI. Elements Supporting Defense Capability
For Japan’s defense capability to demonstrate its true value, SDF needs toconstantly maintain and improve its capabilities and foster broad understanding by
Japanese nationals.

1. Training and exercises
In order to maintain and improve its tactical skills, SDF will conduct more practical,
effective and systematic training and exercises while, as necessary, work in partnershipwith relevant organizations, local governments and the private sector. In so doing, in order
to conduct more practical training, SDF will: develop and utilize domestic training ranges
such as those in Hokkaido as well as fine training environment overseas; facilitate
joint/shared use of U.S. Forces facilities and areas; facilitate use of places other than SDF
facilities or U.S. Forces facilities and areas; and more actively introduce training
simulators and others. SDF will also actively utilize training and exercises to constantly
examine and review various plans for emergencies.

2. Medical CareSDF needs to enhance its medical functions to keep SDF personnel’s vitality andenhance their ability to deal with various situations and engage in a diverse range of
missions at home and abroad. In order to protect the lives of SDF personnel to the maxim
extent possible, MOD/SDF will strengthen its posture for medical care and onward
transfer of patients, seamlessly covering the entire stretch between the frontline and final
medical evacuation destinations. Taking into account conditions and characteristics ofeach region, SDF will focus on strengthening medical functions of SDF in Japan’s
southwestern region. SDF will establish an efficient and high-quality medical care regime
through endeavors including upgrading of SDF hospitals into medical hubs withenhanced functions. In order to secure medical personnel in operation units, SDF will:
improve the management of the National Defense Medical College; enrich and enhance
education and research such as improving medical care capabilities for war injury. In
30addition, SDF will improve requisite posture for various international cooperation
including capacity building assistance.

3. Collaboration with local communities
Amid increasingly testing and uncertain security environment, activities, training
and exercises of SDF and U.S. forces in Japan are becoming more diverse and defense
equipment more sophisticated. As a result, it is becoming all the more important to gain
understanding among and secure cooperation from local governments and residents
around defense facilities.
MOD/SDF will constantly and actively engage in public relations activities
regarding defense policies and activities. Upon fielding units and equipment of SDF or
U.S. Forces in Japan and conducting training and exercises, MOD/SDF will make careful,detailed coordination to meet desires and conditions of local communities, whilesufficiently fulfilling accountability. At the same time, MOD/SDF will continue topromote various impact alleviation measures include noise mitigation.
MOD/SDF will further strengthen collaboration with relevant organizations
including local governments, police and fire departments in order to enable SDF to swiftlyand securely conduct its activities in response to various situations.
In certain regions, presence of SDF units makes substantial contributions tomaintenance and revitalization of local communities. There are also cases where SDF’s
emergency patient transport is supporting community medicine. In light of this,
MOD/SDF will give due considerations to local conditions and characteristics uponreorganization of operation units as well as placement of SDF garrisons and bases. At thesame time, in administering garrisons and bases, MOD/SDF will give due considerations
to their contributions to local economies.

4. Intellectual BaseIn order to facilitate understanding of security and crisis management among the
populace, MOD/SDF will work to promote security-related education at educational
institutions. Within MOD/SDF, in order to achieve at high levels both academic researchand policy-support by the National Institute for Defense Studies (NIDS),
MOD/SDF
will facilitate NIDS’ collaboration with the policy-making sector. MOD/SDF will further
enhance its defense research regime with NIDS playing central roles.
31

In so doing,MOD/SDF will promote systematic collaboration on education and research with otherresearch and educational institutions within the Government, as well as with universities
and think-tanks of excellence both at home and abroad.

VII. Points of Attention
1. Japan’s defense capability these Guidelines set forth envisions approximately 10 years.
The National Security Council will conduct periodic, systematic evaluations
throughout the course of implementation of various measures and programs. In orderto build truly effective defense capability while firmly grasping changes in security
environment, MOD/SDF will conduct verifications regarding capabilities required forJapan's defense in the future.
2. When major changes in situation are anticipated during evaluation and verification
processes, these Guidelines will be amended as necessary after examining current
security environment and others.
3. Considering increasingly severe fiscal conditions and importance of other budgets
related to people’s daily life, MOD/SDF will work to achieve greater efficiency andstreamlining in defense force development to curb costs. MOD/SDF will work toensure that defense capability can smoothly and fully perform its functions whileharmonizing with other policies and measures of the Government.

32

（Annex Table）
Joint Units

Cyber Defense Units

1 squadron

Maritime Transport Units

1 group

Authorized Number of Personnel

159,000

Active-Duty Personnel

151,000

Reserve-Ready Personnel

8,000
3 rapid deployment divisions
4 rapid deployment brigades
1 armored division

Rapid Deployment Units

1 airborne brigade
1 amphibious rapid deployment brigade
1 helicopter brigade

Ground SelfDefense Force

Major
Units

5 divisions

Regional Deployment Units

2 brigades

Surface-to-Ship Guided Missile Units

5 surface-to-ship guided missile
regiments

Hyper

Velocity

Gliding

Projectile

Intended for the Defense of RemoteIslands

2 battalions

Units

Surface-to-Air Guided Missile Units

7 anti-aircraft artillerygroups/regiments

Ballistic Missile Defense Units

2 squadrons

Surface Vessel Units
Major
Units
Maritime
Self-Defense
Force
Major
Equipment

Destroyers

4 groups (8 divisions)

Destroyer and minesweeper vessels

2 groups (13 divisions)

Submarine Units

6 divisions

Patrol aircraft Units

9 squadrons

Destroyers

54（Aegis-Equipped Destroyers）(8)

Submarines

22

Patrol Vessels

12

Combat Aircraft

Approx. 190

Air Warning & Control Units

28 warning squadrons
1 AEW wing (3 squadrons)

Air Self-

Fighter Aircraft Units

13 squadrons

Major

Aerial Refueling/Transport Units

2 squadrons

Units

Air Transport Units

3 squadrons

Surface-to-Air Guided Missile Units

Defense Force

Major

4 groups(24 fire squadrons)

Space Domain Mission Units

1 squadron

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Units

1 squadron

Combat Aircraft

Approx. 370

Equipment
Fighters
Approx. 290
Note1: The current numbers of tanks and howitzers/rockets (authorized number as of the end of FY 2018) arerespectively approx. 600 and approx. 500, which will be reduced respectively to approx. 300 and approx.
300 in the future.
Note2: Fighter Aircraft Units (13 squadrons) includes STOVL Units.

33