ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS

Applying Cognitive Work Analysis to Study
Airport-Collaborative Decision Making
PhD Research Project

Matthias Groppe
CRANFIELD University
m.groppe@cranfield.ac.uk

ENRI International
Workshop5onATM/ CNS
Matthias Groppe
ENRI Tokyo,JAPANMarch2009

Sponsored by
5 March 2009
EUROCONTROL& FRAPORTOutline
Introduction to Airport Collaborative
Decision Making (A-CDM)
The A-CDM Environment
Objectives of the Research Project
Method of Applied Cognitive Work Analysis
Data Collection & Initial Results
Conclusion

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

The Challenge

One Process
Arrival – Turn-round – Departure
Link airports to the Air Traffic Management NetworkRequirements
Create transparent overview by Sharing Information
All Airport partners needed for CDM successMutual Understanding of operations
Culture change and process improvement

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

The Airport CDM Concept Elements

Collaborative Management of Flight Updates

CDM in Adverse Conditions
Collaborative Predeparture Sequence
Variable Taxi Time Calculation

The Milestones Approach
Airport CDM Information Sharing

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

Information Sharing & Milestone Approach
Principle
Foundation for CDM
Right info  Right Time Right People
Requirement
One Common Information Platform is required
Develop procedures and actions for each milestone
Benefits
Brings partners together  Promotes trust
Common situational awareness  efficient use ofresources
Improved predictability  maximises operational
efficiency

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

Airport CDM Key Milestones – TOBT & TSATINBOUND

Data
coherency

FIR Entry/Local Radar Data

check

Taxi In(EXIT)
ALDT

ATOT
12435TURN-ROUND

6ARDT11Boarding

FinalApproach

ASRT

OUTBOUND
Take Off from
Outstation-2hrs CFMU Slot
allocation

7/8
AIBTAGHT

9Final update

10ATC issues

12 13

14 ASAT
Taxi Out(EXOT)

TSAT

TOBT
-3hrs Flight Plan
Submission (FPL)
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

15
AOBT
5 March 2009

16
ATOT

Airport CDM Key Milestones – TOBT & TSATINBOUND

Data
coherency

FIR Entry/Local Radar Datacheck

TURN-ROUND

ATOT
12435Final
Approach

6ARDT
11Boarding

Taxi In(EXIT)
ALDT

Take Off fromOutstation-2hrs CFMU Slot
allocation

ASRT

OUTBOUND

7/8AIBTAGHT

9Final update10ATC issues

12 13 14 ASAT
Taxi Out(EXOT)TSATTOBT-3hrs Flight Plan
Submission (FPL)
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

15
AOBT
5 March 200916ATOTAirport CDM Key Milestones – TOBT & TSATTOBT (Target Of Block Time)The time that an aircraft operator / handling agent
estimates that an aircraft will be ready, all doors closed,
boarding bridge removed, push back vehicle available,
ready to start up / push back immediately upon receptionof clearance from the TWR.

TSAT (Target Start Approval Time)The time provided by ATC taking into account TOBT,CTOT and / or the traffic situation that an aircraft can
expect to receive start-up / pushback approval (whenstart-up and pushback are issued together)

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

Barcelona Airport CDM Platform

Red EOBT/TOBT
notifies AOsof late flight
Alarms indicate
Airport slotand type errors
CTOT discrepancies
are also highlighted

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

Sequence Display Examples: Munich

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

Benefits for Airport Partners
Improved infrastructure usage
Reduced ATCO workload withenhanced planning
Reduced Apron and Taxiway
congestion
Improved airport image(passengers perception of smoothoperations)
Better situational awarenessduring times of disruption and delay

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

Airport CDM Implementation   

  


Over 21 ECAC
Airports
Implementing
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias
Groppe5 March 2009The A-CDM Turn-Round: Critical Path
Demin. WaterAir StarterDe-icing

Nonroutine Maintenance/ On-demand Check
Routine Maintenance/ Flight Check
Colling & Heating

Wheel and Tire Check
Portable Fresh Water
Waste Water Handling (Sanitary)
Exterior Aircraft Cleaning

EI
Position OpenUnload
PAX PAX door
DAA
B stairs
TTO
Final
Board CrewCrew CheckBoard PAX Close PAX Remove
Door
PAX Stairs B
Cleaning
T
Fueling

Disembark
PAX

Disembark
Crew

Cabin &Cockpit
Catering

Duty Free Stocks
In-flight Entertainment

Positionwheel
chocksPosition
Cargo

Open
Cargo

UnloadBags

Unload
Cargo

Load
Cargo

Load
Bags

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

CloseRemovecargo
cargodoor 5 March loader
2009Remove
weelchocks

The A-CDM Turn-Round: Critical Path
Demin. Water
Air StarterDe-icing

Nonroutine Maintenance/ On-demand CheckRoutine Maintenance/ Flight Check
Colling & Heating

Wheel and Tire Check
Portable Fresh Water
Waste Water Handling (Sanitary)
Exterior Aircraft Cleaning

EI
Position OpenUnload
PAX PAX door
B stairs
DAAT

Estimated
Additional/
Reduced GHTime

Fueling

Disembark
PAX

DisCabin &embark Cockpit
Crew
Catering

Final
Cleaning

Board CrewCrew CheckBoard PAX

Close PAX Remove
Door
PAX Stairs

TO
BT

Duty Free Stocks
In-flight EntertainmentPosition
wheelchocks

Position
Cargo

OpenCargo

UnloadBags

UnloadCargoLoad
CargoLoadBags

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

Close
Removecargo
cargo
door5 March loader
2009

Removeweelchocks

Airport CDM Environment I

Operational decision making
is based on insufficient quality &flow of information (observation& own experience)
Not all airport partners haverequired Situational Awarenessfor operational decision making

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

Airport CDM Environment II
Strategic Planning

StrategicTacticalDi
De stanctaeiltoofAc
Inform tion
ation

Pre-tacticalMeta
Cooperation

ATC, Aircraft Operator,
Airport, Ground Handler,
ATFCM, Supervisor

ATCLANDSIDEOPERATION

Cooperationin Planning

APOCs
ATC - Aircraft Operators
Ground Handler - Airport

Ramp
AgentPilots

Dispatch

COMMONSITUATIONAL
Interactions across
AWARENESS?
AWARENESS
different layers….

Cooperationin Action

Ad hocactors

AIRSIDE
DISTRIBUTED SITUATIONAL
AWARENESSOPERATIONENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

Source: Own Model analogous EUROCONTROL (2005) and Hoc (2003)

Airport CDM Environment III
Cockpit: Action Level
INFORMATION SHARING
APOC:
APOC: Planning
Level- Intermediaries- Distributed Location

INFORMATIONSYNCHRONISATION
Distance to Planning/ Action

Safety related Decision
Making with OperationalConsequences
Operational Decision
MakingATC Tower: Action Level

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

Project Objective: Improve TOBT Predictability

Context I: Constraints throughMulti-Party Decision Making
Identify individual (singleoperator) goal setting to increasecooperation towards a common(global) goal
Understand HHIs and HCIs
among operators to increasecooperation building factors

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

AirportOperation
CenterPilot/
Crew

ATC5 March 2009

Project Objective: Improve TOBT Predictability

Context II: Heterogeneous &Asynchronous Information Sharing

Identification of data/information/knowledge components whichshould be employed to provide
situational awarenessAirportOperation
CenterPilot/
Crew

ATCSynchronization of information
sharing for time critical decisions

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

Project Objective: Improve TOBT Predictability

Context III: Irregularities through
Unanticipated Events

Identify decisions necessaryduring unanticipated situations
Understand which information isrequired for decision making andcooperation among partners during
these situations

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

AirportOperation
CenterPilot/CrewATC

5 March 2009

Applying Cognitive Work Analysis I

Analysis, design, andevaluation of complex
sociotechnical systems
Contrast to other task
analysis: Formative approach
Designed to provide decision
support in an environment withdifferent policies, skill sets andcapabilities

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

Applying Cognitive Work Analysis II(5) Actor Competencies Analysis(1)-(5): Phases of CWA according
to Vicente (1999)

SRK Behaviour
SBB(4) Organizational & Cooperation Analysis

KBB

Role definition
Cooperation: during critical situations
Predefined(3) Strategies Analysis
Information Requirements
IFM(2) Control Task Analysis

Cognition
Decision Model
Constraints
through...

WHAT
HOW
WHO

Work Domain

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe(1) Work Domain Analysis
CriticalSituations
for TOBT
Adherence
Traffic
limitations

Availableinformation
Technology
Human

5 March 2009

Applying Cognitive Work Analysis II
Physical WorkspaceVirtual Workspace

ANALYSISCWAFunctional
Functional
Abstraction
Abstraction
NetworkNetwork

DESIGN
Information
Information//
Relationship
Relationship
Requirements
Requirements

Cognitive
Cognitive
Work
Work
Requirements
Requirements

Representation
Representation
DesignDesignRequirements
Requirements

Storyboard
Storyboard//
Prototype
Prototype

Presentation
Presentation
DesignDesignConcepts
Concepts
Functional
Functional
Requirements
Requirements

Processing
Processing//
Transformation
Transformation
Requirements
Requirements

Knowledge Elicitation
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

Decision Centered Testing
5 March 2009

Building the Abstraction-Decomposition Space

Functional
PurposeTotal SystemSubsystem

Components

Airport Collaborative
Decision Making

CDM Turn-Round
Process Element

Milestones, ACISP, CDM
Partners

Purposes
Purposes* Improve work together at an operational level
Provide the A-CDM partners with a common situational* Efficient and safe daily flight operation with reliable information awarenessprovision & Common Situational AwarenessAnticipation of disruptions & expeditious recovery throughExternal Constraints
information sharing among all partners including passengers* Laws & Regulations by airport, national governement,
External constraints
Europe, IATA, EUROCONTROL, ICAODistributed location between CDM partners and actors* Local Standard Operationg Procedures (e.g. due toLaws & Regulations by airport, national governement,environmental, airline, airport..)Europe, IATA, EUROCONTROL, ICAO

PurposesMilestones: To provide decision makers withinformation about flight progress and trigger
decision making
ACISP: To provide information sharing between
the Airport CDM Partners
A-CDM Partner Goals
External Constraints
No & design of Milestones, Alert Messages,
participating partners

Abstract
Function

Criteria*ATTT*Turn-round compliance (STTT vs ATTT)*TOBT/TSAT Predictability*EIBT Predictability: EIBT vs time
*Ready Reaction Time: AOBT - ARDTCriteria
ATTT
Turn-round compliance (STTT vs ATTT)TOBT/TSAT Predictability
EIBT Predictability: EIBT vs timeReady Reaction Time: AOBT – ARDT

Milestones
CDM Procedure Group Meetings
Performance Assessments
ACISP & A-CDM Partners
User feedback & Performance Assessment

GeneralisedFunctionSafe & efficient usage of available resourcesEffective law, regualation, procedure, and policy enforcement
Redesign of airport operational procedures
Implementation of CDM functions

Safe & efficient turn-round & flightAdherence to CDM procedures
Efficient implementation of collaborative decisions ataction levelEnforcement of laws, regulations, procedures, policies

Milestones
Data/ Information availability & Practicability ofInformation
ACISP & A-CDM Partners
Physical dynamics of user behaviour

PhysicalFunction

Provision of reliable information for all CDM partners
Collaborative operational decision making
Increasing Situational AwarenessA-CDM Information Sharing Platform (ACISP)

Efficient information provision & cooperation between
operators & actors
Distributed Situational Awareness at action level
Efficient comand & control structure between pretactical &action level of operationMilestones
Functionalability/capability/limitations & status
Inform all partners
ACISP & A-CDM Partners
Functionalability/capability/limitation
Establish Situational AwarenessPhysicalForm

Electronic Data/ Information
Printed Information/ Data about TOBT/TSATSoftware Applications
IT platforms with operational information sources, eg TOBT/TSAT Information Screens for passengers
HMIs, e.g. ACARS, Telefon, Computer
AMAN/DMAN
Airport Infrastructure & Airspace StructureComputer Network
Airport Operation Centre (APOC)
Alert Messages to all CDM partners via the ACISPOperation Room
Representative Decision Makers of all partners
Flight Update Messages (FUMs)
System Operators
Meteorlogicalfeatures,e.g.
adverseweather
condition
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe
5 March Passengers
2009Actors

The A-CDM Abstraction-Decomposition Space

Functional
Purpose
Abstract
Function

Total System

Subsystem

Components

Airport Collaborative
Decision Making

CDM Turn-Round
Process Element

Milestones, ACISP, CDM
Partners

Safe & efficient
Flight Operation

Increased
Punctuality(Reliability)

Generalised
Function

ShorterTravelTime

WHY

Increased
Passenger
Satisfaction

Safe & efficient
Usage of available
Information

WHAT

CompliantOperator
Behavior

Effective
Turn-Round
Procedures

HOW

Operators
Capabilites &Limitations

Physical
Function

Milestones
Functionability& Limitations

ACISP &Airport
Infrastructure

PhysicalForm
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

(1) Work Domain Analysis: Mapping Information Requirements I

E

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

Cockpits’ Survey: Information Requirements I
Information Requirement

Information Provided to Pilots
YES

Information from ACISPNOPARTIALLY

Ground Handling Start Delay
Runway in Usexxx
EOBT/TOBT/CTOT Compliance alarms

TOBT/ TSATxx
EXOTETTTxx
Pilots`Goals

Turn-Round Compliance of other actors
CTOTx
x

TTOTx

Apron Rules & Regulationsx

Behavioral Recommendations

Safety Levelx

Airport Performancex

Aircraft Technical Statusx

Infrastructure related warningsx

Operational Information
CDM Operating Procedures

xx

A-CDM Partner Goals

x

Economic Cost of planned/ alternative Turn-Roundxx

Performance & Status of all participating actors

xx
Aircraft Requirements & Status

Information Sharing among participating actorsxx
Physical turn-round control task support

Passenger Boarding TimeEnvironmental Condition Informationx

Turn-Round Disruptionsx

Time related Data
Not time related Data
Aircraft Operational Statusx

Cognitive turn-round control task supportxTurn-Round Compliance control task supportx

Capability/ Knowledge Level of all participatingactorsx

Available Resourcesx

Current task status in relation to goalsxCurrent component performance & statusxxx

Variable Taxi Time Calculationx

CDM Compliance Alertsx

Target In Block Time
Stand Information

xx

x
x

Current airport & aircraft condition
Other A-CDM users location & future movementsxx

Source: On-line Cockpits’ Survey (2008)

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

Airport CDM Turn-Round
Security

Crew
Transport

Ramp
Transport

Load
Sheet
Boarding

Catering
APOCParking
Position
Fuel

WCH
CFMU
ATC
RepairFlightDocuments

DeBoarding

Ramp
Agent

Transportation
Crew

Aircraft
Cleaning

AirlinePushBack

De-icing
GroundHandler
Fresh
Water

CheckIn

AirportInfrastructure
Passenger
Transport

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

Loading

5 March 2009

Airport CDM Turn-Round
Security

Crew
Transport

Ramp
Transport

Load
Sheet
Boarding

Catering
APOC

Parking
Position
Fuel

WCH
CFMU
ATC
RepairFlightDocuments

DeBoarding

Ramp
Agent

Transportation
Crew

Aircraft
Cleaning

AirlinePushBack

De-icing
GroundHandler
Fresh
Water

CheckIn

AirportInfrastructure
Passenger
Transport

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

Loading

5 March 2009

Airport CDM Turn-Round
Security

Crew
Transport

Ramp
Transport

Load
Sheet
Boarding

Catering
APOC

Parking
Position
Fuel

WCH
CFMU
ATC
RepairFlightDocuments

DeDeBoarding

Ramp
Agent

Transportation
Crew

Aircraft
Cleaning

Airline
PushPushBack

DeDe-icing
GroundHandler
Fresh
Water

CheckCheckIn

AirportInfrastructure
Passenger
Transport

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

Loading

5 March 2009

(2) Control Task Analysis – The Decision Ladder
Goal cannot
be reached(Task istemporarilydeactivated)

PG - Model

New goal identified
Task finished

Evaluation
Evaluation
Delay/
Cancellation
SitEvalStrategy
Ambiguity
SystemState

Legend:Meet
SCHEDULE

Analysis

MEET
Schedule

Interpretation
Interpretation

Planning

Consequence forcurrent
flight 
GoalSelec

Interpretation
changedsystem state

Not implemented

Goal stack
System State: Alert

ActiveTOBTtargetSystemState

Identification
Present State of, System: AOG

SET ofActIn

Observations

Observation

ObsArea Information & Data of A/CActionCondition

Conditions for
TaskCoord

Conditionsfor
forCondition
task
finalization
task finalization

Task definition
Task definition
Equipment
ChangeTaskTrig
, TaskCoord

Re - activation
Reof goalDeliverAction
clearance

ActiveActivetask
task

Planning

Need of visual
Need of more
information
information

Formulate
Procedure
ActTrig
Procedure
ActOutPilotsreport orrequest

ALERT
Stations

Legend:States of Knowledge
AP-State
State
AP-- Model
APAP
resulting from data
ProcessInfo
ProcessInfo

PItoPG

processing

Coordinate
PGtoPI 
Manipulations

Activation
Technical Problem withA/C-Execution
Execution

Data-processing Activities

OutAP1

AP-Process
Process
AP-ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

InAP15 March 2009

(3) Strategy Analysis – Goal Complexity IDomain 2Domain 1(e.g. Ground Handler)(e.g. Airline Cockpit)
FlightIndividual
Goals
Goal
SafetyC2
C1Routine
Tasks
ChecksB1
A1

B2

Aircraft
Resources
A5
A2 A3Systems
A4

Punctual
Goals
Dispatch

Ultimate
Goal(TOBT)

SubgoalsService

Tasks
Delivery

B3

Cooperative Planning
A6

A7

GHD
Resources

Structure/ Process
Group
Tasks

Roles

APOC Decision Making Domain[2] Own Model analogous Nezamirad (2004)

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

(4) Organizational & Cooperation Analysis

Classification of Interaction Situations (Ferber,1995)
Aims/ Interests

Ressources

Abilities

Type of Situation

Category

compatible

sufficientsufficient

Independence

Indifferencecompatible

sufficientinsufficient

Simple working together

Indifferencecompatible

insufficientsufficient

Blockade

Cooperationcompatible

insufficientinsufficient

Coordinated collaboration

Cooperation

incompatible

sufficientsufficient

Pure individual competition

Cooperation

incompatible

sufficientinsufficient

Pure individual competition

Antagonism

incompatibleinsufficientsufficient

Individual resource conflict

Antagonism

incompatible

insufficientinsufficientCollective resource conflict

Antagonism

J. Ferber (1995) MultiMulti-Agent Systems,Systems, AddisonAddison-Wesley, Munich

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

Conclusion
Using Turn-Round Scenarios allows todemonstrate the Applicability of CWA in the ACDM System Domain
CWA identifies Information Sharing‘Bottlenecks’ and reveals areas for possible
Improvements
CWA allows to draw focus on decision
making or conflicting interests
Can be used to develop a future A-CDMDecision Support System
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009

THANK YOU
THANK YOU!

Q & A?

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe

5 March 2009