インドネシアにおけるバイオマスのエネ
ルギー利活用の可能性調査

Study of Biomass Potential for Energy
Use in Indonesia

1. Background2

1. Background1 – 1. Overview of Biomass
 Biomass is any organic matter produced through photosynthetic processes, both in the form of products and waste of recently living
plant or animal origin. It is available in many forms such as agricultural products, forestry products, municipal and other waste.
 Bioenergy is derived from biomass to generate electricity and heat, or to produce liquid fuels for transport. It can be used indirectly
by converting it into fuels or directly through combustion to generate heat, or it can be converted to methane gas or transportation
fuels like ethanol and biodiesel.
 The carbon dioxide (CO2) released from biomass during production of
Renewable Power Tariff in Indonesia (2017)*
bioenergy is from carbon that circulates the atmosphere in a loop throughthe process of photosynthesis and decomposition  production of bioenergy
does not contribute extra CO2 to the atmosphere like fossil fuels.
 Another advantages:
 Reducing greenhouse gas emission
 Unlike most other renewable source, it generating heat and electricity
 Biodegradable and provide better air quality
 Regional and rural economic development and employment
Source: Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 12 of 2017
 Supporting agricultural and food- processing industries*) Tariff depends on capacity, power plant area and Commercial Operating
Date Less landfill & alternatives to prescribed forest burning
 Indonesia has a huge abundant of biomass in the form of standing vegetation/crops, agricultural residues, municipal waste, etc.
バイオマスは、バイオエネルギーを生み出す資源となり得るが、巨大なバイオマスを擁するインドネシアにとって、利用価値が高く、しかも大部分が未利用の資源である。
本調査では、バイオマス由来の、特に廃棄物由来のバイオエネルギーに焦点を当てる。

3

2. Policy of Energy andBiomass4

2. Policy of Energy and Biomass
2 – 1. Biomass Policy History
World’s oil shock
1970s

In 2000:

インドネシアにおけるエネルギー関連政策の歴史①：増加するエネルギー需要への対応

Indonesia took initiative to resolve the problems
and to answer future energy supply challenges

Ministry of Mines and Energy

ReformedPresidential Instruction No. 9/1982: First policy that
focus on energy conservation  Directing all ministries& state-owned agencies-enterprises for energy conservation.

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource (ESDM)
Four dominant policy objectives in energy sector: (1) Energy diversification;(2) rational energy pricing; (3) energy sector reform and (4) rural electrification--------------- As energy demand (electricity) continue to increase, PT PLN (national electricity company) currently cannot provide enough supply ---------------- To supports Law No. 15/1985 on electricity, that was reenacted in 2005;
In 2005: Government Rule No. 3 on Supply of To regulate partnership between independent power producers (IPPs) partnered
Electricity
with PLN to develop electricity projects;
exception is given to companies that generate power to be use by their own or those who areusing renewable energy  they can set up plants independently without PLN.

Blueprint of National Energy
Implementation Program 2005–2025 issued
by Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources

In 2006: Presidential Regulation No. 5 on National
Energy Policy

 To enhance security of energy supply; To provide road-maps that cover renewable & non-renewable energy sectors;
 To design programs to phase out subsidies and improve energy efficiency.
 To set energy diversification targets for 2025; where renewables contribute morethan 15% of the total energy mix; including 5-10% from biomass energy;
 To set an energy conservation target of reducing energy intensity by 1% per year.

52. Policy of Energy and Biomass
2 – 1. Biomass Policy History

インドネシアにおけるエネルギー関連政策の歴史②：再生可能エネルギーへの転換

Biofuel To set targets for biofuel utilization;
 To set guidance for multi-sector coordination in biofuel development.

Ministerial Regulation No. 2 on Medium Scale Power
Generation from Renewable Energy Sources

 To extend similar price guidelines as Ministerial Decree No. 1122/2002 forprojects from 1 MW to 10 MW.

In 2006: Presidential Decree no. 1 on Supply and Use of

In 2007: Energy Law (Law No. 30/2007)

 To regulate renewable energy development and energy efficiency policy,
particularly by increasing utilization of renewable energy and provide
incentives for renewable energy developers within a certain time period.

In 2010: Electricity Law (Law No. 30/2010)

 To invite more private sectors to be involve in electricity supply; To provide higher priority for the use of renewable energy and clean
technology in electricity supply; To boost increase of utilization of small-scale power generation fromrenewable sources such as from biomass energy

62. Policy of Energy and Biomass
2 – 2. Current Policy of Bioenergy
ESDM

Formed

現在のバイオエネルギー関連政策①：エネルギー鉱物資源省による再生可能エネルギー振興策

4 Directorates:
1, 2, 3,…

Directorates of New and Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation (EBTKE)
to formulate and implement new and renewable energy policies and regulations
 biomass energy sector (& other renewable sectors) is expected to have institutional & policy support.

In 2012: Ministerial Regulation No. 4/2012

 To set the Feed in Tariff for electricity generated from biomass

In 2014: Ministerial Regulation No. 27/2014







In 2015: Ministerial Regulation No. 44/2015

 The process of generating municipal solid waste based on sanitary landfill,anaerobic digestion, and thermochemical technologies; Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) is valid for a period of 20 (twenty) years
starting from COD.;
 The purchase price of electric power with high voltage, medium voltage andlow voltage respectively 16.55, 16.55 and 20.16 (cent USD / kWh).

Increase portion of renewable energy to 23% by 2025 & 31% by 2050;
Utilization of biomass is focused for electricity & transportation;
Using feed-in-tariff for renewable energy;
To boost government & private sectors using biomass as fuel for power plant;
To increase electricity tariff from biomass fueled power plant.

7

2. Policy of Energy and Biomass
2 – 2. Current Policy of Bioenergy

現在のバイオエネルギー関連政策②：固定価格買取制度等

In 2016: Ministerial regulation No. 21/2016

 The purchase price of electricity from the biomass and biogas power plant byconsidering: the capacity, the voltage and the area of the power plant; Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) is valid for a period of 20 (twenty) years
starting from COD and can be extended; The results of verification of the feasibility study document to the Business
Entity within a maximum period of 30 (thirty) working days from thesubmission of the request for verification; The purchase price of electricity from the biomass and biogas power plant byconsidering the capacity, voltage and the area of the power plant;
 The power plant capacity is divided into up to 20 MW, 20 MW to 50 MW andabove 50 MW.

In 2017: Ministerial regulation No. 12/2017

 PT PLN is obliged to buy electricity from power plants that utilize renewableenergy sources; The purchase of electricity from biogas and biomass by PT PLN with a capacityof up to 10 MW is carried out using a benchmark price, while the capacity ofmore than 10 MW is done through a direct selection mechanism; The benchmark price of purchasing electricity from biogas and biomass power
plants is the highest at 85% of the Basic Cost of Generating Power in the local
electricity system;

8

2. Policy of Energy and Biomass
2 – 2. Current Policy of Bioenergy
2014年、インドネシア国会は国家エネルギー政策を改訂し（NEP14）、2006年の同計画を刷新し、政令2014年第79号として公布した。
これによってバイオマス由来エネルギーの基礎が改訂された。
Government Regulation No. 79/2014 (National
Energy Policy /NEP14)
Priority of National Energy Development- Maximizing renewable energy utilization;- Minimizing fossil oil utilization;- Optimizing natural gas & new energy utilization;- Utilizing coal as a reliable national energy supply;- Utilizing nuclear as the last option.
GAS,
21.20%

COAL,
30.10
%

NRE,
7.30%

400
MTOE

OIL,
41.40%

Primary Energy Mix 2017

NRE,
23%

GAS,
22%

COAL,
30%

OIL,
25%

Target 2025

 Increase portion of renewable energy to 23% by 2025 & 31% by 2050; witharound 10% from biomass energy
 Utilization of biomass is focused for electricity & transportation;
 Using feed-in-tariff for renewable energy;
 To boost government & private sectors using biomass as fuel for power plant;
 To increase electricity tariff from biomass fueled power plant.
92.2 MTOE

NON-ELECTRICITY

23.0 MTOE
BIOFUEL

BIOMASS

Target: 13.8 M KL
Cap: 3.41 M KL

Target: 8.4 M Tons
Utilization: N/A

BIOGAS

CBM

Target: 489.8 M M3
Utilization: 25.96 M M3

Target: 46.0 MMSCFD
Utilization: N/A

Notes:
PP : Power Plant; PV: Photovoltaic; CBM: Coalbed methane

ELECTRICITY

45.2 GW

69.2 MTOE

GEOTHERMAL PP

HYDRO PP
Target: 17.9 GW
Cap: 5.12 GW

Target: 7.2 GW
Cap: 1.81 GW

MINIHYDRO PP
Target: 3 GW
Cap: 0.21 GW
SOLAR PV
Target: 6.5 GW
Cap: 0.09 GW

BIOENERGY PP

Target: 5.5 GW
Cap: 1.84 GW
WIND POWER

Target: 1.8 GW
Cap: 0.08 GW

9

2. Policy of Energy and Biomass
2 – 3. Existing Biomass Projects
バイオマスを原料とする発電所の実例を紹介する。カリマンタン島とスマトラ島にある発電所は、両方とも民間企業によって所有・運営されており、それぞれ2017年、2018年に操業を開始した。

Biomass Power Plant Siantan

Biomass Power Plant Bambu Siberut• Location: Desa Wajok Hulu, West Kalimantan• Commercial Operating Date: April 23rd, 2018
• Production Company: PT. Rezeki Perkasa Sejahtera Lestari• Capacity: 10 – 15 MW (IPP: 10 MW)• Feedstocks: Palm and wood shells, rice husks, corncobs, bagasse• Capital: Rp 290,000,000,000,-• Location: Saliguma, Madobag, West Sumatera• Commercial Operating Date: March 20th, 2017
• Production Company: PT. Charta Putra Indonesia• Capacity: 700 – 1,300 KW• Feedstocks: Bamboo• Capital: US$ 12.4 million

Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, http://ebtke.esdm.go.id/ (2018).

Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, http://ebtke.esdm.go.id/ (2018).

10

2. Policy of Energy and Biomass
2 – 3. Existing Biomass Projects
その他の発電所で、バイオマスを原料とするものとしては、発電量10MWのものが北Malukuに、Belitung島にはPOMEを原料とする発電所が2016年以来稼働している。

Biomass Power Plant Sofifi

Biogas Powerplant Jangkang• Location: Tidore City, North Maluku• Commercial Operating Date: April 2nd, 2019
• Production Company: PT. Bersih Halmahera• Capacity: 10 MW• Feedstocks: Gamal plant• Capital: No data

• Location: Jangkang Village, Dendang, East Belitung• Commercial Operating Date: January 2016
• Production Company: PT. Austindo Aufwind New Energy• Capacity: 1.8 MW• Feedstocks: Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)• Capital: Rp. 43.82 Trillion

Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, http://ebtke.esdm.go.id/ (2018).

Source: Austindo Nusantara Jaya Group, https://anj-group.com/ .

11

2. Policy of Energy and Biomass
2 – 3. Existing Biomass Projects
PTPN VとBPPTによって設立された発電所がリアウ州にあり、 POMEを原料とし、発電量は700KWである。北スマトラ州には、Pertamina（国営石油公社）とPTPN IIIによって建設されつつある発電所があり、その発電量は2.4MW、原料はパーム由来のバイオマスである。

Biogas Power Plant Terantam

Biogas Power Plant Sei Mangkei• Location: Terantam, Tapung Hulu, Riau
• Commercial Operating Date: March 4th, 2019
• Production Company: PT. Perkebunan Nusantara V and BPPT• Capacity: 700 KW• Feedstocks: Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)• Capital: Rp. 27,000,000,000,-• Location: Sei Mangkei, North Sumatera• Commercial Operating Date: December 2019 (Plan)• Production Company: PT. Pertamina Power Indonesia and PTPN III• Capacity: 2.4 MW• Feedstocks: Palm
• Capital: No data

Source: http://www.aprobi.or.id .

Source: https://pertaminapower.com/pltbg-sei-mangkei-24-mw

12

2. Policy of Energy and Biomass
2 – 4. Collaboration Scheme
国家のエネルギー安全保障に関して、民間セクターは重要な貢献をなし得るが、政府機関との直接的パートナーシップを組む場合とそうでない場合が考えられる。究極の目的は、地域の経済成長に貢献することである。

Project Partner
Model

Public Private Partnership(PPP)

Service
Contract

Management
Contract

Leasing

Private Sector
Participation (PSP)

Build, Operate,
Transfer (BOT)

Independent
Power Plant(IPP)

Excess Power

Public Private
Community
Partnership (PPCP)

Lease Scheme

Source: Bioenergy Investment Guidelines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2016)13

2. Policy of Energy and Biomass
2 – 4. Collaboration Scheme
PPP（Public Private Partnership）のプログラムは、 事業スキームとしてBOT（Build-Operate-Transfer）を奨励している。BOT以外にも、IPPとしての事
業参加とPPCP（Public Private Community Partnership）という事業スキームがある。

Public Private Partnership (PPP) is a contractual
agreement between the private and the government,
both of which are joined in a partnership to use theexpertise and ability of each to improve services to the
public.
Independent Power Producer (IPP) is a cooperation
scheme in which the private sector to generate electricity
at the power plant that had to be sold to PLN.
Public Private Community Partnership (PPCP) is a form ofcooperation between government, private sector andcommunities together to cooperate in the development
and/or management of infrastructure and facilities.

BOT “Build-Operate-Transfer” is a term for a pattern or
structure that uses private investment for infrastructure
construction work or public sector. There are several
advantages in BOT projects, namely:
a. Obtain new source of capital from the private sector, inorder to reduce government loan and direct spending.
b. Accelerates the project construction without waiting
to have a sizeable fund.
c. The involvement of private sponsors and experienced
commercial lenders.
d. The government does not need to control the project
unnecessarily, because it has been handed over to theprivate sector until the end of the concession period.
e. Technology transfer and training of local personnel.

Source: Bioenergy Investment Guidelines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2016)14

2. Policy of Energy and Biomass
2 – 4. Collaboration Scheme
バイオ燃料分野への投資を行うためには、企業はバイオ燃料分野のビジネスライセンスを保有する必要がある。当該ライセンスの取得手続きには、標準的手続きとして以下のものが含まれる。

REQUIREMENTS
1. Administrative requirements- Documents relating to thelegality of the companies
2. Technical requirements- technical documents on
the production process,technical specifications, andfeasibility

PRESENTATIONAND
CLARIFICATIONSEnterprises held apresentation for dataclarification and explain
the business plan.

FIELD VISITTeam of Directorate
General of New Renewable
Energy and Conservation
Energy conduct a review ofthe plant site forverification of data andtechnical. Also checks the
production facilities at theplant site.

ISSUANCE OF THE
LICENSE
Issuance of permits by
Directorate General of New
Renewable Energy andConservation Energy.

Source: Bioenergy Investment Guidelines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2016)15

2. Policy of Energy and Biomass
2 – 4. Collaboration Scheme
エネルギー鉱物資源省・省令No. 27/2014により、バイオマス利用、又はバイオガス利用の発電所の建設のための投資手順は以下のように定められている。

Biomass and biogas-based power plantaccording to the Minister of Energy andMineral Resources Regulation No. 27
Year 2014: Submission of development
biomass/biogas power plant scheme.
Furthermore, as the guidelines can bedivided into three (3) parts, namely:• Location Selection• Administration of Authority• Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)

Source: Bioenergy Investment Guidelines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2016)16

2. Policy of Energy and Biomass
2 – 4. Collaboration Scheme
電力購入契約（Power Purchase Agreement、PPA）は、民間の電力事業者とPLN（電力公社）との間で締結される法律文書である。電力
供給のパターンには、独立電力事業者（Independent Power Producer）、余剰電力販売（Excess Power）、オフグリッドの三種類がある。

Production Pattern

Independent Power
Producer (IPP)

Selling Price

Funding

Ministerial Regulation of
MEMR No. 27 of 2014

Enterprises shall reach financial close
maximum of 12 months from PPA

Ministerial Regulation of
MEMR No. 44 of 2015-

Enterprises shall reach financial close
maximum of 15 months from PPA
Manufacture certificate deposit of 5% of
the total investment of 20-year since
the COD

Developer

Excess Power

Ministerial Regulation of
MEMR No. 27 of 2014 andNo. 44 of 2015

Off Grid

Arranged by the Regional
Planning Board

Developer Government

Power Purchase
Agreement (PPA)

Consumer

20 Year After the
COD

PLN

1 Year andExtendable

PLN-

Community

Source: Bioenergy Investment Guidelines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2016)17

3. Mapping of Potential
Biomass18

3. Mapping of Potential Biomass
3 – 1. Biomass Production
バイオマスは、主産物として生産される場合と副産物として生産される場合がある。エネルギー目的に最も広く利用されているバイオマスは、パー
ム油生産過程から出る副産物である。
List of Biomass that have huge
potential and been used to
produce energy in Indonesia, are:Estate Crops
Sub-sector
Tea
TobaccoSugar Cane
Cocoa
Clove
PepperCoffeeRubberPalm Oil
Coconut
Cashew-nut
CottonSago

Calculation of raw material for biomass from plantation products can be done using the Mass
Balance approach, of course the mass balance is different for each raw material.

Food Crops
Sub-sector
Paddy
Maize
SoybeanPeanutCassava
SweetPotatoes

Source : http://balitkabi.litbang.pertanian.go.id/

Side Products

Remaining
Yield of FRONDs
Yield 8.4 tons/ha/yr

COCONUTCOCONUT SHELLS

100%

Remaining TRUNKYield 65 tons/ha

12%

COCONUTCOCONUT
FRUIT
25%
28%

COCONUT FIBER

COCONUT OIL

35%

8,5%

PALM OILFRUIT BUNCH

100%
PALM OLIS (CPO)
21 – 23 %

FIBER
FIBER

11 11%– 12%
PALM
PALMSHELLSSHELLS

5 –5%
7%
EMPTY
EMPTY FLAG
FLAG

20 18%– 23%
LIQUID
WASTE
POME(POME)

19,5%

PALM OIL SEEDS(PKO)

50 45%– 60%

Main Products

Main Products

SideProducts
Products
Side

COCONUT PULP

Side Products
SUGAR CANE

RICE
60%
GRAINS
10%Main Products

100%

HUSKS
20%

Yield 78 tons/ha/season

BAGASSEBAGASSE

PADDY

100%

Side Products

BRANS
10%

Remaining
SUGARE CANE PLANTATION

10%Remaining
SUGARE SHOOTS

18%

SUGAR CANE
12%

30%
40%
BLOTONG
BLONTONG

MOLASSES
10%

4%
10%

Main Products

193. Mapping of Potential Biomass
3 – 1. Biomass Production
バイオマスとしてのコーヒーの利用は、生産工程で産出される副産物によって大きく異なる。キャッサバも炭の形態で発電に利用される。
List of Biomass that have huge
potential and been used to
produce energy in Indonesia, are:Estate Crops
Sub-sector
Tea
TobaccoSugar Cane
Cocoa
Clove
PepperCoffeeRubberPalm Oil
Coconut
Cashewnut
CottonSago

Food Crops
Sub-sector
Paddy
Maize
SoybeanPeanutCassava
Sweet
Potatoes

Calculation of raw material for biomass from plantation products can be done using the Mass
Balance approach, of course the mass balance is different for each raw material.
CASSAVA
100%

Side Products

CASSAVA PEEL 8%CASSAVA67%

CASSAVA
500-700 tons/weekCASSAVA BRIQUETTE 25%

COBS
12%
MAIZE STALKS30%

CORNCOBS
100%

Side Products

HUSKS
6%

DAUN
12%
SELECTED MAIZES40%CASSAVA BRIQUETTE

170 tons/month

Main Products

Main Products
Side Products

Side Products

DRY
PEELS
DRYCOFFEE
COFFEE PEELSCOFFEE
Main Products

100%

COFEE BEANS
COFFEE
BEANS
45%
55%

Source : http://balitkabi.litbang.pertanian.go.id/ and https://repository.ipb.ac.id/jspui/bitstream/123456789/62977/9/F12pwi1.pdf

45%
23%

Sweet Potatoes

COFFEE SHELLSCOFFEESHELLS

11,9%
12%

100%

Sweet Potato
Liquid Waste

68%

COFFEE MUCUS
COFFEE
MUCUS

4,9%
5%

DRIED SWEETPOTATOES
32%

COFFEE RINDS

COFFEE RINDS

28,7%
15%

Main Products20

3. Mapping of Potential Biomass
3 – 1. Biomass Production
サゴヤシ、カカオ、天然ゴムの生産過程で産出される副産物も広く利用されている。
List of Biomass that have huge
potential and been used to
produce energy in Indonesia, are:Estate Crops
Sub-sector
Tea
TobaccoSugar Cane
Cocoa
Clove
PepperCoffeeRubberPalm Oil
Coconut
Cashewnut
CottonSago

Food Crops
Sub-sector
Paddy
Maize
SoybeanPeanutCassava
Sweet
Potatoes

Calculation of raw material for biomass from plantation products can be done using the Mass
Balance approach, of course the mass balance is different for each raw material.
COCOA RINDS
COCOA
RINDS
7-75%
75%

PEANUT
100%

COCOA
BEANS
SHELLS
COCOA
BEANS

2%

SHELLS

COCOA

COCOA
100%

2%

COCOA PLACENTACOCOA PLACENTA

21,98%
20%

PEANUT BEANS

90%

PEANUT PEELADSORPSI
10%

COCOA PODSCOCOA PODS

2,42%
3%

NATURAL RUBBER
2,44 million tons

100%

RIBBED
RIBBEDSMOKEDSHEETSMOKED

SAGO(100%)
SAGO
400,000
tons/yr
400,000 tons/yr

5%
SHEET

RIBBEDLATEXRUBBERSAGO PULP
PULP
SAGO
14%
14%

2%
LATTEXRUBBER
RUBBER
MATERIALS
MATERIALS
93%

CRUMB RUBBER

93,4%

PATI
SAGO
PATI SAGO
57%

SAGO FLOUR
SAGO
12,000 tons/yr

FLOUR
12,000 tons/yr
3%

SAGO STEMSAGOSTEMBARK
BARK
26%
26%

Source : https://repository.ipb.ac.id/jspui/bitstream/123456789/40875/11/2008tpu.pdf and ejournal.puslitkaret.co.id21

3. Mapping of Potential Biomass
3 – 1. Biomass Production
2018～19年の生産状況について、プランテーション・セクターに関しては、パーム油が、食用作物セクターに関しては、米の生産が突出している。2017年のパーム油の生産は、前年比19.17％の増加であった。
Biomass in Indonesia is fromagriculture sector including crops
plantation. According to the datafrom Ministry of Agriculture, here
are the crops production inIndonesia:••

Weight (Ton)

Palm oil production is still very
dominant in estate crops subsector follow by rubber andcoconut (Graph separated).
The palm oil growth significantly
in 2017 over 2016 is 19,17%.
This means the demand of palm
oil every year is increasing.
Paddy, Maize and Cassava as thefood crops shows as the highest
production in last four years.
Their growth were increasing,
paddy growth in 2017 over2016 is 2,26%, follow by Maize
is 3,91% and Cassava is 1,51%.

75397841 79354767 81148594

83037150-

Maize

19612435 23578413 28924015

30055623-

963183859653538728982598-60

Peanut605449570477495447512198-40

Cassava

21801415 20260675 19053748

19341233-

20

Sweet Potatoes

22976342029353-0PeanutSoybeanSweet Potatoes

2015

2016

Cassava

2017

Maize

Paddy

2018

Estate Crops Production 2015-2019
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5

0

Source: BPS – Statistics Indonesia and Ministry of Agriculture (2019)

Paddy
Soybean

80

百万

•

100

Weight (Ton)•

Food Crops Sub-sector 2015 (Ton) 2016 (Ton) 2017 (Ton) 2018* (Ton) 2019** (Ton)

Food Crops Production 2015-2018

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Palm Oil

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2169386

1914244

Estate Crops Sub-sector 2015 (Ton) 2016 (Ton) 2017 (Ton) 2018* (Ton) 2019** (Ton)Tea132615138935146251141341141252

Tobacco193790126728181142181308183360

Sugar Cane

2497997220461921216712174400

2450000

Cocoa

593331658399590684593833596477

Clove139641139611113178123399123766Pepper

81501

86334

87991

88715

89671

Coffee639412663871717962722461729074

Rubber31453983357951

368042836302683543171

Palm Oil

31070015 31730961 37965224

40567230

42869429

Coconut

292066529041702854300

2899725

2922190

Cashewnut

137580137094135575136402139968

759

932

332

417

170

423946383613432913470883478361

CottonSago

22

3. Mapping of Potential Biomass
3 – 2. Biomass for Energy Utilization
バイオディーゼルの生産事業者が比較的多く所在している州は、リアウ州の6社、東ジャワ州の5社である。スマトラ島とジャワ島以外には、カリマンタン島とスラウェシ島に事業者が立地している。

From the previous slide, here is
the distribution of biodiesel
business entities per province inIndonesia.
• Please note that this map only
represent capacity perprovince, not the area coveredor dominate by business
entities.
•

Majority of biodiesel business
entities with large capacity
placed in Riau (48,90%) andEast Java (18,40%).

Source: Bioenergy Investment Guidelines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2016)23

3. Mapping of Potential Biomass
3 – 2. Biomass for Energy Utilization
バイオ燃料を利用した発電に関しては、オフグリッドの発電量がオングリッドのそれを上回っており、発電所の多くはスマトラ島に位置している。オフグリッド、オングリッド共に北スマトラ州が、最大の発電量を誇っている。
Biomass On Grid Capacity
For the power plant capacity is divided into two pattern: On Grid and Off Grid.
Province
Feedstocks• On grid consumer is PLN, means the owner must sell power to PLN. While off grid consumer is regional Bali
MSW
community and do not have to sell power to PLN.
Bangka Belitung Island
Palm Waste•

Majority of power plant placed in Sumatera, and off grid power plant dominate the power supply
across Indonesia.

Biomass Off Grid Capacity
Province

Source: Bioenergy Investment Guidelines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2016)

Feedstocks

Capacity (MW)East Java

Palm Waste

2

East Java

Sugar Cane

142

South Kalimantan Palm Waste

91

North Sumatera

Palm Waste

335

North Sumatera

POME

9

North Sumatera

Sugar Cane

66

North Sumatera

Paper

955

North Sulawesi

Palm Waste

11

North Sulawesi

Sugar Cane

11

Papua

Palm Waste

4
1626

TOTAL

Bangka Belitung Island
Gorontalo
JambiWest JavaWest Java
East JavaSouth Kalimantan
South Kalimantan
South Kalimantan
Bangka Belitung Island
Riau
Riau
Riau
North Sumatera
North Sumatera
North Sumatera
North Sumatera
North Sumatera
North Sumatera
TOTAL

POME
Corncob
Palm Waste
MSW
MSW
MSW
POME
POME
Palm Waste
Palm Waste
Palm Waste
Palm Waste
Palm Waste
Palm Waste
Palm Waste
Palm Waste
Palm Waste
Palm Waste
Palm Waste

Capacity (MW)
2
5
1,2
0,4
10
12
2
1,6
1
2,4
0
7
10
3
10
9
10
10
10
3
10
119,6

24

3. Mapping of Potential Biomass
3 – 2. Biomass for Energy Utilization
インドネシア全体の電化率は、95.35％であるが、国の西側が電化率が高く、東南部と東部で電化率が低い。国家の標準電化率（95.35％）を下回る州は19州ある。
Electricity access refers to the percentage of people in each area that have relatively
stable access to electricity. It can also be referred to as the electrification.
•

The electrification rate reaches almost 100% (colored with green) in the westernpart of the country (i.e. DKI Jakarta, Banten and West Java), and the lowest at
59.85% (colored with red) in the southeastern part (i.e. NTT) of the country.

•

The average electrification rate in Indonesia is currently 95.35%. With thesestandards, there are still around 19 provinces that are still below the national
electrification standard.
Mapping of Electrification in Indonesia

Source: 2017 Performance Report of Directorate General of Electricity, and BPS – Statistics Indonesia (2018)

Province
Aceh
North Sumatera
West Sumatera
Riau
Jambi
South Sumatera
Bengkulu
Lampung
Bangka Belitung Island
Riau Island
DKI Jakarta
West Java
Central JavaDI Yogyakarta
East Java
BantenBali
West Nusa Tenggara
East Nusa Tenggara
West Kalimantan
Central Kalimantan
South Kalimantan
East Kalimantan
North Kalimantan
North Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
Southeast Sulawesi
GorontaloWest Sulawesi
MalukuNorth Maluku
West Papua
Papua

Electrification (in percentages) Electricity Generated (GWh), 2017 Demand Electricity (GWh)
97,68
568,2013,50
99,90
18544,99
18,56
89,15
89,28
10,87
92,25
1032,83
86,77
93,68
124,198,3883,3816955,883379,79
96,49
80,73
2,94
91,96
40,60
3,55
99,99
974,120,1076,972275,74
680,9299,99
16070,82
1,61
99,9937801,93
3,78
96,30
39579,73
1520,72
99,99
No data
No data
92,03
53868,24
4665,1199,9946111,50
4,6197,123564,45
105,7084,111563,41
295,3659,85
600,32402,72
89,93
1609,28
180,2080,82
369,1187,60
92,123933,49
336,4799,993769,59
0,38
84,78
184,5833,1494,56
1937,36
111,4679,31
1720,51448,8499,125878,5152,19
81,54
873,80197,82
86,56
115,76
17,97
95,28
44,25
2,19
87,39
620,7789,57
96,09
238,21
9,69
95,70
713,8832,0861,42805,28505,8225

3. Mapping of Potential Biomass
3 – 3. Potential Waste Mapping
バイオ燃料の原材料として、量的に最も多く利用可能なのは、パーム油生産過程の副産物であり、地理的にはスマトラ島とカリマンタン島に集中している。量的にこれに続くのは、稲の残渣である。それぞれ、プランテーション・セクターと食用作物セクターの代表的作物である。

• Sumatera has the biggest
potential feedstocks inIndonesia, followed byJava and Kalimantan;

SUMATERA (201.306.379 tons)• Palm oil waste is thelargest feedstocks inIndonesia, and mostly
placed in Sumatera andKalimantan;• Even though every island
have potential waste, but
only a few of them utilize
the waste.

KALIMANTAN (67.009.185 tons)

SULAWESI (33.314.940 tons)
JAVA (182.531.689 tons)

MALUKU (2.276.004 tons)
PAPUA (10.550.073 tons)

NUSA TENGGARA (21.869.319 tons)

Source: Bioenergy Investment Guidelines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2016)26

3. Mapping of Potential Biomas
3 – 4. Potential Energy Conversion Mapping
インドネシアの幾つかの地域で、未利用残渣の活用は可能なエネルギー源であり、量的には油ヤシが最も多く、それに稲が続く。

• Sumatera has the biggest
potential electricity inIndonesia, followed byJava and Kalimantan.

SUMATERA (15.263 MWe)• For the potential energy,
palm waste still the top
feedstocks and currently
use for now.

KALIMANTAN (4.995 MWe)

SULAWESI (1.863 MWe)MALUKU (56 MWe)PAPUA (136 MWe)

JAVA (7.688 MWe)

NUSA TENGGARA (587 MWe)• From the previous slide ofpower plant distribution
compare to this data, we
can say only a few
resources already used togenerate electricity.
Source: Bioenergy Investment Guidelines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2016)27

4. Biomass Energy
Utilization28

4. Biomass Energy Utilization4 – 1. Biomass Power Plant Process
インドネシアにおける現在のバイオエネルギーの利用形態は、以下の3種類に分類できる：①バイオエネルギーによる発電、②バイオ燃料プログラ
ム、③植物由来の廃棄バイオマスのエネルギー利用

INDONESIA BIOENERGY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FROM BIOMASS(Which is currently spearheaded by waste/residue from palm oil)

01

02

03

BIOENERGY FOR
ELECTRICTY

BIOFUELPROGRAMENERGY FROM PLANTBASED WASTE-BI0MASSPower Plants from biomass, biogas,
municipal sewage and waste, andCPO

Mandatory of B20, B30, E2,
biodiesel for aviation and green
fuel

Utilize residue or waste from various plants
in agricultural, plantation and forest lands
as well as degraded land

After establishing power plant from biomass, biofuel program of B20 had been started since 2016, then with B30 program had been started since 2019;
then next target is B40 program that is plan to be started in early 2021 plus increase optimization of biomass in form of waste and residues in the form ofplant-based waste from agriculture and plantation activities. According to MEMR (2018) that in line with our findings, the most significant amount of plantbased waste are from palm oil then follow by rice-paddy and sugarcane. Another significant waste are from corn, rubber & cassava.
Source: Bioenergy Investment Guidelines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2016)29

4. Biomass Energy Utilization4 – 1. Biomass Power Plant Process
バイオマスは、様々なテクノロジーを利用することで、様々な種類のバイオエネルギーに変換できる。バイオ燃料の生成にはエステル交換、バイオガスの生成には嫌気性
消化処理、バイオマス統合型の発電には石炭との混焼が利用される。

LiquidLIQUID BIOFUEL
1. Biodiesel
2. Bioethanol
3. Pure Plant Oil

Gas

GASEOUS BIOFUEL /BIOGAS

2

BIOFUEL CROPS•BIOENERGYFEEDSTOCK
Notes:
1

2

3

Showing numbers related toprevious slide about 3 main
bioenergy programs inIndonesia•

3

Bioethanol: Cassava,
Sorghum, Sugarcane
Biodiesel: Palm oil, Sunan
pecan, etc.

BIOMASS/MUNICIPAL
SOLID WASTE••••

Forest & Agriculture waste
Farm waste
Industrial waste
Municipal solid waste

PROCESS /TECHNOLOGY••Transesterification
Pyrolysis

PROCESS /TECHNOLOGY••

Anaerobic digestion
Gasification
1•

Coal Co-firing

INTERGRATED POWER PLANTS

Source: Bioenergy Investment Guidelines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2016)30

4. Biomass Energy Utilization4 – 1. Biomass Power Plant Process: Mixed Feedstocks
バイオマスは、既存の石炭火力発電所において混焼される場合があるが、この形態は、発電所を新しく建設する必要が無い点、エネルギー含有量の低い石炭の場
合に含有量を向上させる可能性がある点が利点である。ただし、大量のバイオマスと大規模な発電所が共に必要とされる。
Co-firing is the combustion of two (or more) different types of materials at the sametime. Biomass is sometimes co-fired in existing coal plants instead of new biomass
plants. The advantages of coal co-firing is:• Existing coal plants can be used to burn a new fuel, which may be cheaper or moreenvironmentally friendly (cut emissions from coal-fueled generation).
• Used to improve the combustion of fuels with low energy content.
• However, co-firing requires large amounts of biomass and typically works best atlarge coal-fueled plants.

Biomass Power Plant Siantan
•
•
•
•
•

Location: Desa Wajok Hulu, Kecamatan Siantan, Kabupaten
Mempawah, West Kalimantan.
Commercial Operating Date: April 23rd, 2018
Production Company: PT. Rezeki Perkasa Sejahtera Lestari
Capacity: 10 – 15 MW
Feedstocks: Palm waste and wood shells, rice husks, corncobs,
bagasse, sawdust and other agriculture waste.

Coal Co-firing
Coal

Biomass

Grinding

Physical pre-treatment• Pulverising• Drying• Pelletising• Mixing

Burners

BoilerSteam
TurbineGas
treatment

Emission

Generator& Power
Grid

Flowchart of the Coal Co-firing process

Source: Bioenergy Investment Guidelines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2018)31

4. Biomass Energy Utilization4 – 1. Biomass Power Plant Process: Biogas Productバイオガスは、嫌気状態での有機物分解から生成するが、大気を汚染せず、堆肥を生み出すという利点を持つと同時に、現状のバイオガスプラントは非効率で、金属を腐食させる不純物をプロセスから排除できていない、という技術的課題を抱えている。
Biogas is the mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence ofoxygen. Biogas can be produced from agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste or food waste.
The advantages of biogas are:• Gas generated through bio-digestion is non-polluting; no combustion takes place in the process(except incineration as an old process).
• The by-product of the biogas is enriched organic (digestate), which is a substitute for chemicalfertilizers.
• An unfortunate disadvantage of biogas today is that the systems used in the production of
biogas are not efficient; biogas still contains impurities that can corrode the metal parts of theengine; need optimal temperature around 37℃, and less suitable for dense metropolitan areas.

Biogas Production Process
Technology:• Landfill (biological conversion)• Pyrolysis/gasification• Mass burn (incineration)

Storage
Tank

Biogas Power Plant Austindo Nusantara Jaya
•
•
•
•
•

Location: Desa Jangkang, Belitung Timur.
Commercial Operating Date: January 2016
Production Company: PT. Austindo Aufwind New Energy (AANE)
Capacity: 1,8 MW
Feedstocks: Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), Methane gas waste

Gas
Cleaning

Power Plant
TurbineGenerator& ElectricalPower Grid

Gas
BoilerHot SteamFlowchart of the Biogas Production Process

Source: Bioenergy Investment Guidelines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2016)32

4. Biomass Energy Utilization4 – 2. Biofuel Process: Overview

CURRENTTECHNOLOGY

バイオ燃料は、活用する技術とその原料に基づいて、以下のような「世代」に分類されている。現時点のインドネシアで活用されている技術は、基本的に「第2世代」に属するものである。

1st
2nd

•
•
•
•

First-generation biofuels are directly related to a biomass that is generally edible
Feedstocks: waste oil, animal fats, vegetable oil, sugar (sugar beet, sugarcane), and starch (corn, wheat)
Products: Biodiesel and Bioethanol
Process: Transesterification•

Second-generation biofuels are defined as a fuels produced from a wide array of different feedstock,raging from lignocellulosic feedstocks to municipal solid wastes
Feedstocks: wood, organic waste, food waste and specific biomass crops
Products: Biomethane and Bio-syngas
Process: Anaerobic digestion, Gasification and Pyrolysis

•
•
•
•

3rd

•
•
•

Third-generation biofuels are, at this point, related to algal biomass but could to a certain extent belinked to utilization of CO2 as feedstock
Feedstocks: algae, agricultural residues (stalks, leaves, husk)
Products: Biodiesel
Process: Hydro-Thermal Liquefaction (HTL), Cellulosic Bioethanol

Source: Research Gate – Chapter 20 Biofuel Production (March 13th, 2018)33

4. Biomass Energy Utilization4 – 2. Biofuel Process: Transesterification
エステル交換プロセスは、バイオマス由来の油脂とアルコールからバイオディーゼルを生成する。この技術には、反応時間が短いという利点があり、現在既に使われている技術である。
Biodiesel can be produced through transesterification process between oil or fat
and alcohol. The process can be carried out with or without a catalyst. The
advantages and disadvantages of the process depends on type of chemical
reaction and catalyst:• Short reaction time, mild reaction temperatures and atmospheric pressure.
• Some catalyst are reusable.
• Produce high yield of biodiesel.
• However, some method need high energy consumption and requires pretreatment, such as the to remove water content from feedstocks or hightemperature.

Methanol••••Source: Field Study Report, 2018, Atmajaya Yogyakarta University Journal

Location: Kw. Industri Dumai, Pelintung, Medang Kampai, Kota
Dumai, Riau.
Commercial Operating Date: January 30th, 2007
Total Plant: 5 biodiesel plants
Capacity: 1.050.000 MT/year
Feedstocks: Palm Oil

Catalyst

Pretreatment(Optional)

Transesterification

Methanol
Recovery

Purification

PT. Wilmar Bioenergi Indonesia•

Oils & Fats(Multi-feedstock)

MethylEsters(Biodiesel)

Glycerin

Fatty
Acids

Flowchart of the esterification process34

4. Biomass Energy Utilization4 – 2. Biofuel Process: Anaerobic Digestion
嫌気性消化法は、液化とガス化の二段階プロセスでバイオガスを生成する。生成過程で、副産物として繊維質の肥料を産出するが、肥料の悪臭は処理されていな
い廃棄物の悪臭を下回る。大規模農場であれば利用可能な技術である。
Anaerobic digestion is a series of biological processes in which microorganisms' breakdown
biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen. The advantages of anaerobic digestion process is:• It produces renewable energy in the form of biogas and a fibrous fertilizer.
• Reduces odor below unprocessed waste odor levels.
• Help to remove phosphorous and other metals from the waste products.
• Unfortunately, the installation costs of the process can be prohibitive since it requires somemassive financing to set it up. Also the maintenance cost are costly.
• It is economically feasible for large farm and must have a constant source of the raw materials.

Animalmanure,agriculturalresidue,wastewater

•
•
•
•

Location: Jl. Sumber Waras 255, Lawang, Malang, East Java
Commercial Operating Date: 2012
Production Company: PT. Rezeki Perkasa Sejahtera Lestari
Capacity: 7800 MT/year

Gaseousemissions

Bacterial
digestion

Liquid andsolid wastes

FilteringanddryingCombustion

Heat

Particulatematter, odor,
liquid waste

BiogasAir

PT Molindo Raya Industrial

Fuel collection,
storage, andpretreatment

Engine or gas
turbine andgenerator

Mechanical energy,
heat, electricity

Gaseousemissions,liquid andsolid wastes

Flowchart of biogas production via the anaerobic digestion process
Source: www.molindo.co.id35

4. Biomass Energy Utilization4 – 2. Biofuel Process: Pyrolysis
熱分解は、材料を高温で、石油留分とバイオエタノールに分解するプロセスである。この技術は様々な原材料に適用できる。

•
•
•
•
•

Location: Jl. Suko Sewu, Gempolkrep, Mojokerto, East Java
Commercial Operating Date: June 3rd, 2013
Production Company: PT. Energi Agro Nusantara
Capacity: 23.400 MT/year
Feedstocks: Molasses

Pyrolysis
Reactor

Oil
FractionWater
addition

Non condensablegassesWater, minerals, acetic
acid, etc.
Pyrolytic sugar
fraction

Ionic liquid
extraction

Bioethanol

Source: www.ptpn10.co.id and www.enero.co..id

Biomass

Condenser 2

GempolKerep Bioethanol Plant

Pretreatment(washing +drying)Condenser 1

Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures in an
inert atmosphere. The advantages of pyrolysis process is:• Toxic components and pathogens are degraded using high temperatures. Also
reduce water volume.
• This technology for processing a wide variety of feedstocks.
• However, the process is complex, need high temperature and high operating costs.

Fermentation

Solvent
recoveryAromatics

Hydrolysis andNeutralization

Flowchart of bioethanol production via the pyrolysis process36

4. Biomass Energy Utilization4 – 2. Biofuel Process: Gasification
ガス化はバイオマス原料から電気とバイオ燃料を生産するための技術で、現在既に利用されている。しかしながら、プロセスの中で有害なタールとチャー（未燃炭素と灰分からなる微小粒子）が相当程度発生するので、その対策が必要になる。

Gasification is a technology that converts carbon-containing
materials, including coal, waste and biomass, into synthetic gas
which in turn can be used to produce electricity and biofuel.
The advantages of gasification process is:• Simple and inexpensive process, high carbon conversion
efficiency, and high thermal efficiency.
• However, the process produce high tar and char, andunsuitable for coarse particles (need pre-treatment).
Biomass Powerplant Pulubala Gorontalo
•
•
•
•
•

Location: Dusun Tumba Km 40, Pulubala, Gorontalo
Commercial Operating Date: 2014
Production Company: PT. PLN
Capacity: 500 kW
Feedstocks: Corncobs

Producer Gas
Wet
Biomass

Biomass

HEAT

DryingPyrolysis

Tar &
CH4

CO2 &
H2O

Combustion

Reduction

Source: Analysis of Power Plant Biomass Based Corn Cobs, Ichsan Gorontalo University, August 2018

H2O

CO & H2

Schematic representation of biomass gasification37

4. Biomass Energy Utilization4 – 2. Biofuel Process: Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL)
水熱液化は、バイオマスを高温高圧の熱水で改質することにより、直接液状オイルを得る方法であり、乾燥の前処理を必要としないので、水分含有量の大きなバイ
オマスに適用できる技術である。

Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) is a direct liquefaction process
where biomass is converted into liquid oil with the presence of asolvent at moderate temperatures of 200-350℃ and high pressuresof 100-250 bar. The advantages of this process is:• For wet biomasses HTL is a promising method, because there is no
drying of wet biomasses required (such as algae).
•

HTL delivers a high energy bio-crude that is lower in oxygen andmoisture content compared to pyrolysis.

•

Corrosion in the subcritical water environment is a critical issue.
Also salt deposition in the reactor if the amount of minerals in thefeedstocks is very high, can lead to reactor clogging.

•

There are no factories that use this technology in Indonesia. This
technology is only at the research stage and has not yet been
implemented.

Microalgae cultivation
and biodiesel production
Anaerobic
Digestion{

Lipidextracted
waste

Aqueousfraction
BiogasBio-oilHydrothermalliquefaction{

Solid waste

Gas fraction
Aqueousfraction

Nutrient source replacement
Source: www. sciencedirect.com, Yusuf Chisti, in Biofuels from Algae (Second Edition) (2019)

Schematic representation of production of bio-oil from HTL

38

4. Biomass Energy Utilization4 – 2. Biofuel Process: Cellulosic Bioethanol
セルロース系エタノール、つまりセルロースから生成されるエタノールは、将来有望なエネルギー源である。この技術には、草木、藻類、及び他の木質バイオマスが利用でき、温室効果ガスの削減率を現行技術の85％から94％に高めることが可能である。

Cellulosic ethanol is ethanol produced from cellulose (the stringy fiber of a plant) rather than from the plant’s seeds or
fruit. It is a biofuel produced from grasses, wood, algae, or other plants. Cellulose ethanol is a viable alternative to fossil
fuels, here is the advantages:•

Enhances greenhouse gas
reduction by 85% to 94%.

•

Has an estimated positive net
energy balance of 2 to 12 times.

•

However, a fuel that is generated
is expected to have a reduced fuelefficiency compared to gasoline.

•

There are no factories that use thistechnology in Indonesia. This
technology is only at the research
stage and has not yet been
implemented.

Biomass

Source: https://web.extension.illinois.edu/ethanol/cellulosic.cfm, The Future of Ethanol: Cellulosic (March 2019)

Pretreatment

Cellulose &Hemicellulose

Hydrolysis

SugarsSeparator

Fermentation& Distillation

Lignin and otherby-products

Bioethanol

Schematic representation of production of bioethanol from cellulosic biomass

395. Expert Comments40

5. Expert Comments
5 – 1. Expert Profile
2019年11～12月に専門家インタビューを実施し、バイオエンジニアリング及びバイオテクノロジー関連分野専攻の有識者（大学、政府機関）からヒアリングを行いました。

Dr. Ahmad Agus Setiawan
Head of Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Gadjah Mada
University

Ir. Widi Pancono
Head of KOPETINDO(Indonesia Renewable
Energy Coop)

Dr. Robert Manurung
Associate Professor of
Bioengineering, Bandung
Institute of Technology

Duncan Kuncara, MSc.

Renna Eliana Warjoto, SSi,
MSc.
Head of Biotechnology
Faculty, Atma Jaya Catholic
University

Dr. Indri Badria Adilina
Dr. Euis Hermiati
Researcher for Chemistry,
LIPI (Indonesia Institute of
Science)

President Director of PT.
Rezeki Perkasa Sejahtera
Lestari (Biomass Power Plant
Company)41

5. Expert Comments
5 – 1. Expert Profile: Dr. Ahmad Agus Setiawan (Gadjah Mada University)
我々が今までに試したバイオマスは、パーム糖と炭化したココナツヤシ殻である。インドネシア国全体で、再生エネルギーの比率を10％に高めるには、太陽光発電施設
を大量に増設する必要がある。

Questions

Answer• Can you explain your current expertise and research activities?

• Now I am the head of a renewable energy laboratory. Generally this laboratory is used for final
project research.
• My expertise is in the field of renewable energy in general. Now it is developing hybrid, mini
grid and microgrid power plants.

• Is there any biomass research and technology trend that you see growing in
the past two year in Indonesia?

• A few months ago we held a training for teachers on pyrolysis technology which is currently
being used and developed.

• Is there any global research and technology trend happen right now?

• In Germany there is a biomass power plant using raw materials of wood pellets with a combine
cycle system.
• In Denmark it uses coal-fired generation technology, where charcoal is made from biomass raw
materials.

• Is there any other biofuel crops that potential for bioenergy?

• We conducted a study in Klaten to produce biomass products from unused sugar palm fibers
using pyrolysis.
• We have also tried using coconut shells to make biomass charcoal.

• Can you tell us about other renewable energy trend in Indonesia?

• The achievement of renewable energy in Indonesia has not reached 10% until early 2020.
Currently, solar power plants are being intensified.

42

5. Expert Comments
5 – 1. Expert Profile: Dr. Robert Manurung (Bandung Institute of Technology)
バイオエタノールは、ジャワ島以外の島でキャッサバ及びサゴヤシなど種々の異なる原料を利用して生産可能なので、非常に可能性のある分野である。将来有望なバイオマスとしては藻類がある。何故なら、藻類は粗パーム油の10倍の脂質レベルを有するからである。

Questions

Answer• Can you explain your current expertise and research activities?

• My expertise is in bioengineering. Has facilitated Japanese companies, such as Mitsubishi. I havealso developed biomass products in rural areas in Indonesia.

• Is there any biomass research and technology trend that you see growing in
the past two year in Indonesia?

• In my opinion bioethanol must be produced outside of Java, and it is very possible. The cost oftransportation of fuel such as to Papua is too expensive. Bioethanol can be produced from avariety of raw materials.

• Is there any global research and technology trend happen right now?

• Currently in Europe, precisely in Germany is developing algae as a biomass feedstock to become
bioethanol. This research was initiated by prof. dr. ir. RH (Rene) Wijffels.
• Algae is very potential if it can be developed properly because of the 10x lipid level of CPO.

• Is there any priority scale in developing renewable energy technology?

• All regions in Indonesia have the potential to utilize biomass, not only as biofuels or electricity
but can be a by-product.

• Is there any other biofuel crops that potential for bioenergy?

• Sago in Papua is very abundant.
• I used cassava to produce bioethanol. The level of sugar in cassava is 30%, so that for 100 tonsof cassava can produce 30 tons of sugar. My research has been tried in Sudan.
• When compared with Brazil which uses sugar cane with only 10% sugar content, cassava
produces bioethanol 3 times that of sugar cane.
• Rice also has potential because it is seen from the size of the land. But it is still a foodingredient.

• Is there any other biofuel processing technology trend right now?

• Pyrolysis and gasification have started to be used.
• Now it is developing into solar power plants.
43

5. Expert Comments
5 – 1. Expert Profile: Renna Eliana Warjoto, SSi, MSc. (Atma Jaya University)
微生物燃料電池（MFC）と呼ばれる技術は、微生物を分解して発電することが可能である。パーム油は、バイオディーゼルの原料となる可能性を持っている。

Questions

Answer• Can you explain your current expertise and research activities?

• I am the head of student affairs at the biotechnology faculty. I teach bioreactors and otherbiotechnology courses.

• Is there any biomass research and technology trend that you see growing in
the past two year in Indonesia?

• The research that I have done is Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) which already exists in Indonesia but
is not as popular as abroad.
• MFC is a bio-electrochemical system where we utilize the ability of microorganisms to degrade
complex organic compounds. Then it produces electrons so that it can produce electricalenergy.
• Technology trends that have begun to be seen in Indonesia: fermentation, feedstock, castor oil,palm oil, pyrolysis, microalgae• Is there any priority scale in developing renewable energy technology?

• Biodiesel in Sumatera has the potential for investment because oil palm is still abundant.

• Is there any other biofuel crops that potential for bioenergy?

• Palm oil is still potential in Indonesia.

• Is the price of biofuel affordable?

• Expensive because there are chemical reagents that are used up and are still exported. Need tothink about processing biodiesel byproducts.

• How is the development of bioenergy from Jatropha?

• Research on Jatropha is quite a lot but lack of implementation.

• What is the procedure for cooperation with surrounding communities in
the field of renewable energy?

• Lecturers can submit proposals to DIKTI or LIPI.
• As for students through the Program name Kreativitas Mahasiswa (University Students
Creativity).

44

5. Expert Comments
5 – 1. Expert Profile: Ir. Widi Pancono (KOPETINDO)
再生可能エネルギーのための協同組合は、インドネシアの誇りである。ガス化技術は実践されてはいるものの、オペレーション・コストが高すぎるのが実情である。

Questions

Answer• Is there any biomass research and technology trend that you see growing in
the past two year in Indonesia?

• Co-firing technology by mixing coal with wood. Being tried to replace coal by 5%.
• Producing low grade oil from rotten fruit in Sumatera and Bangka.

• Is there any global research and technology trend happen right now?

Algae is also potential but is more economical to be a protein material compared to biofuel.

• Is there any priority scale in developing renewable energy technology?

In general, bioenergy, solar power plants, hydroelectric power plants are the backbone ofrenewable energy in Indonesia. Biomass is being promoted by the government, such as theconstruction of biomass plants.

• Is there any other biofuel crops that potential for bioenergy?

Palm oil still has the potential to become a biodiesel feedstock but requires a large investment.

• Is there any other biofuel processing technology trend right now?

Gasification technology is trending, but operational costs are still relatively expensive.

• Is the price of biofuel affordable?

The price of bioethanol set by the government is still low, it should be exported directly. Process
costs are still too high because of the raw material from sugar.

• How is the development of bioenergy from Jatropha?

Jatropha does not develop in Indonesia. Production costs are expensive because the harvest
method is still manual.

45

5. Expert Comments
5 – 1. Expert Profile: Dr. Indri Badria Adilina (LIPI)
インドネシア科学院（LIPI)は、科学的研究を統括するインドネシアの政府機関である。その傘下には、47の研究センターがあり、社会科学から自然科学に至る様々な分野の研究を主導している。バイオエタノールについてはコストの高さが問題である。

Questions

Answer• Is there any biomass research and technology trend that you see growing in
the past two year in Indonesia?

Palm oil and sugar cane can be the raw material for bioethanol currently in Indonesia.

• Is there any priority scale in developing renewable energy technology?

Development priorities at LIPI are based on requests from the community and local government.

• Is there any other biofuel crops that potential for bioenergy?

There are various variants of algae. In my opinion, algae which have high lipid content can be a raw
material for biofuels.

• Is there any other biofuel processing technology trend right now?

Pyrolysis and gasification have begun to be implemented.

• How is the development of bioenergy from Jatropha?

Previously there was a Jatropha study, but it did not develop because operational costs were still
expensive.

• Is the price of biofuel affordable?

Bioethanol production costs are still expensive because of the many chemical reagents as catalysts
that can be completely reacted.

46

6. Matrix Feedstocks
and Technology
47

6. Matrix Feedstocks and Technology
Composition based on preference
考慮すべき要因：廃棄バイオマスの利用可能量、現行のあるいは将来可能な技術、施設の立地・場所

No.

Type of Unused
Plant basedbiomass

Distribution

Total
Quantity(ton/year)

Potential energy
conversion(Joule/Year)12.752.453

1.231

6.136.541

758

23.841.538

828

47.876.339

431

75.517.083

330

8.412.853

977

9.559.394

582

Currenttechnology
usedLocation ofcurrent usedtechnology

Country originof current
Technology

Potential
technologythat can be
usedCountry
origin ofpotential
technology

Transesterification

Sumatera,
Kalimantan,
Java

Belgium

Pyrolysis

Many
Europeancountries

Fermentation

East Java

BrazilPyrolysis andCellulosic
Bioethanol

Many
Europeancountries

PALM OIL Residues
Fiber

Shell
1.

EFB
POME
Stem

Sumatera,
Kalimantan,
Java, Sulawesi,
Papua

Re-planting
SUGAR CANE Residues
2.

BogasseSugar Cane Leaves
and ShootSumatera,Java, Sulawesi

7.154.404

713

Source: Bioenergy Investment Guidelines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2016)48

6. Matrix Feedstocks and Technology
Composition based on preferenceNo.

Type of Unused
Plant basedbiomass

Distribution

Potential energy
conversion(Joule/Year)

Currenttechnology
usedLocation ofcurrent usedtechnology

Country originof current
Technology

Potential
technologythat can be
usedCountry
origin ofpotential
technology

19.039.680

864Transesterific
ation

-

Belgium

Pyrolysis

Many
Europeancountries

2.271.600

118

Total
Quantity(ton/year)

RUBBER Residue
3.

Re-planting

Sumatera,
Kalimantan

COCONUT Residues
Coconut Fiber
4.
Coconut Shell

Sumatera,
Kalimantan,
Java, NT,
Sulawesi,
Maluku,Papua

7.261.864

58

12.987.573

1.431

Transesterific
ation

-

Belgium

Pyrolysis

Many
Europeancountries

Transesterific
ation

-

Belgium

Cellulosic
Bioethanol

United States

RICE-PADDY Residues
Husk
5.
Straw

Sumatera,
Kalimantan,
Java, NT,
Sulawesi,
Maluku,Papua

90.166.385

1.885

Source: Bioenergy Investment Guidelines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2016)49

6. Matrix Feedstocks and Technology
Composition based on preferenceNo.

Type of Unused
Plant basedbiomass

Distribution

Total
Quantity(ton/year)

Potential energy
conversion(Joule/Year)4.263.117

496

Country originof current
Technology

Potential
technologythat can be
usedCountry
origin ofpotential
technology

Fermentation

Sumatera,Java

BrazilPyrolysis andCellulosic
Bioethanol

Many
Europeancountries

Fermentation-

BrazilPyrolysis andCellulosic
Bioethanol

Many
Europeancountries

Currenttechnology
usedLocation ofcurrent usedtechnology

CORN Residues
Corncob
6.
Stems and leaves ofcorn

Sumatera,
Kalimantan,
Java, NT,
Sulawesi,
Maluku,Papua

14.920.906

1.239

111.796.967

270

CASSAVA Residue

7.

Liquid waste

Sumatera,
Kalimantan,
Java, NT,
Sulawesi,
Maluku,Papua

Source: Bioenergy Investment Guidelines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2016)50

6. Matrix Feedstocks and Technology
Composition based on preferenceNo.

Type of Unused
Plant basedbiomass

Distribution

Total
Quantity(ton/year)

Potential energy
conversion(Joule/Year)

Currenttechnology
usedLocation ofcurrent usedtechnology

Country originof current
Technology

Black Liquor

Sumatera

7.967.045

955

-

-

-

Wood Waste

Sumatera,
Kalimantan,
Java, NT,
Sulawesi,
Maluku,Papua

Potential
technologythat can be
usedCountry
origin ofpotential
technology

Pyrolysis, Cofiring

Many
Europeancountries

Anaerobic
Digestion

Germany

WOOD Residues

8.

2.678.781

381

-

-

-

53.782.761

535

-

-

-

COWS AND BUFFALO Manure

9.

ManureSumatera,
Kalimantan,
Java, NT,
Sulawesi,
Maluku,Papua

Source: Bioenergy Investment Guidelines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2016)

51

7. Conclusion: A
Recommendation
Scheme52

7. Conclusion
Recommendable Schemes
可能な事業スキームについては次ページに示したが、最善のビジネスモデルをただ一つ特定することは困難である。NEDOが出版した「戦略的次世代バイオマスエネルギー利用技術開発」とインドネシアの技術の現状に基づき、最も有望なR＆D分野として以下のようなものが考えらえる：

Currently have been developed inIndonesia

Product

R&D fields NEDO has recently committed

Biomass Power Plant Process: Mixed Feed stock(Example: Biomass Powerplant Siantan)

Electricity

Combination of Rice Husk Power Plant in combination with Poultry andother agricultural sectors

Biomass Power Plant Process: Biogas
Product (Example: Biogas Powerplant
Austindo Nusantara Jaya)

Electricity

Development of High-performance and Clean-Gasification System and Low
temperature and Low-Pressure FT Synthesis for Total BTL System
Construction

Gasification (Example: Biomass Powerplant
Pulubala Gorontalo)

Electricity andBiofuelAdvanced Biomass Co-gasification Next-generation Biomass Liquid Fuel
Technology

Transesterification (Example: PT Wilmar BI),
Anaerobic Digestion (Example: PT Molindo
RI), Pyrolisis (Example: GempolKerep BP),
Hydro-Thermal Liquefaction (HTL-underdevelopment)

BiofuelDevelopment of Biomass Conversion Process for Producing High-quality
Biofuel Using Hydrothermal Pretreatment and catalytic Reforming with
Zeolite; Development of Hydrogenation Hybrid Process for High-grade Fuel
Production from Biomass

Cellulosic Bioethanol (Under development)

BiofuelDevelopment of Innovative Technology for Direct Liquefaction of Cellulosic
Biomass53

7. Conclusion
Recommendable Schemes
前頁では有望なR&D分野を提示したが、以下ではNEDOプロジェクトによって商業化フェーズまで開発された技術でインドネシアに適用可能なものを、可能な事業ス
キームと共に示す。

Commercialization Technology Development (developed by NEDO) that we can adopt:- Mixed Feedstock: Development of valuable Energy Recovery Technology and a Suitable Utilization System from Feedstock- Re-use Coal Powerplant: Development of a New Solid Biomass Fuel for Co-firing at Coal Power Station- Gas Commercialization: R & D on Cost Reduction of Primary Equipment for dry Anaerobic Digestion technology and effective
Purification of Biogas and Practical Use of Gas Utilization
Then using these three different scheme that demonstrates a balanced composition between affordability and preference.

Public Private
Partnership

Build, Operate,
Transfer (BOT)Private Sector
Participation

Independent
Power Producer(IPP)

Public Private
Community
Partnership

Arranged by
Regional Planning
Board

Palm Oil- Palm oil growth in 2017 over 2016 is 19,17%- Accelerates the project construction without waiting to have a
sizeable fundBiogas Power Plant- The capacity of palm oil is 30 tons/hour that can generate 1 MW
electricity through gasification process.
- Own a power plant, however, still need to sell power to PLN- KOPETINDO support can be expected.
This scheme is open for any feedstocks and technology. However,the scheme usually by request from regional government, andcollaboration with LIPI can be expected. This scheme is an off-gridpattern and doesn’t need to sell power to PLN.
54

8. Appendix

55

8. Appendix
8 – 1. Renewable Energy Regulation: 再生エネルギー関連の規制は、エネルギー鉱物資源省の新・再生エネルギー及び省エネ総局が管轄している。

ESDM have 4 (four) categories instructural organization and 5(five) subcategories for EBTKE.

Sub-directorates
Directorates

Oil and Gas

Solar energy saving lamp
(LTSHE)
Bioenergy

Ministry of Energy
and Mineral
Resources (ESDM)Electricity

Geothermal Energy
Mineral and Coal
New Renewable Energy
and Energy
Conservation (EBTKE)

Electricity Generationfrom Renewable Energy
Energy Conservation

56

8. Appendix
8 – 2. Renewable Energy Regulation: 地熱エネルギー関連の規制
Year

Regulation

2012

Regulation Of The Minister Of Energy And Mineral Resources
Number 18 Of 2012 Concerning Guidelines For Conducting
Geothermal Business Activities

2013

Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 14
of 2013 concerning the Status of Ownership of Geothermal Assets
Derived from Joint Operation Contracts (Joint Operation Contract)

2014

Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number
17 of 2014 concerning Purchasing Electricity from Geothermal
Power Plants and Geothermal Steam for Geothermal Power Plants
by PT. State Electric Company (Persero)

Year

Government Regulation Number 7 of 2017 concerning Geothermal
for Indirect Use
Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 21
of 2017 concerning Management of Mud Waste and Drill Cutting inGeothermal Drilling

2017

Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number
14 of 2015 concerning Procedures for Imposing, Collecting, andDepositing Non-Tax State Revenues Derived from Geothermal
Activities at the Directorate General of New, Renewable Energy andEnergy Conservation
Government Regulation Number 28 Year 2016 concerning theAmount and Procedure for Giving Geothermal Production Bonuses

2016

Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 44 of2016 concerning Procedures for Placement and Disbursement ofGeothermal Exploration Commitments

Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number
23 Year 2017 concerning Reconciliation, Depositing, Imposition andProcedure for Determining the Percentage of Producing Areas for
the Amount of Geothermal Production Bonuses
Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation Number 36
Year 2017 concerning Preliminary Survey Assignment andPreliminary and Exploration Survey Assignment

Law Number 21 of 2014 concerning Geothermal Energy

2015

Regulation

Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 37 of2017 concerning Geothermal Working Areas for Indirect Utilization

2018

Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 33 of2018 concerning Management and Utilization of Geothermal Dataand Information for Indirect Utilization
Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 37 of2018 concerning Geothermal Working Areas, Geothermal Business
Assignment and Geothermal Permit Issuance.

57

8. Appendix
8 – 2. Renewable Energy Regulation: 再生可能エネルギーの電力利用に関する規制

Year

Regulation

2012

Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 6 of 2012
concerning Assignments to PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero)
to Carry out Construction of the Upper Cisokan 4x260 MW Water
Pump Power Plant

2014

Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 35
of 2014 concerning Delegation of the Authority to Provide
Electricity Business Licenses in the Context of Implementing OneStop Integrated Services to the Head of the Investment
Coordinating Board

2015

Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 44
of 2015 concerning Purchases of Electric Power by PT. Perusahaan
Listrik Negara (Persero) from Municipal Waste Based Power Plant

Year

Regulation
Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 10 of2017 concerning Principles in Electricity Purchase Agreement

2017

Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 14 of2017 concerning Delegation of the Authority for Electricity Business
Licensing in the Framework of Implementing One-Stop Integrated Services
to the Head of the Investment Coordinating Board
Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 49
Year 2017 concerning Principles in Electricity Sale and Purchase
Agreements
Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation Number 50 Year2017 concerning Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources for ElectricPower Supply
Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 49 of2018 concerning Use of Roof Solar Power Generation Systems by StateElectricity Company (PLN) Consumers

2018

Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 53 of2018 concerning Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources for ElectricPower Supply
Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 30 of2018 concerning Delegation of the Authority to Provide Electricity
Business Licenses in the Framework of Implementing One-Stop Integrated
Services to the Head of the Investment Coordinating Board58

8. Appendix
8 – 2. Renewable Energy Regulation: 太陽光発電照明とバイオエネルギーに関する規制

Year

2017

2018

Regulation

Year

Regulation

Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number
33 of 2017 concerning Procedures for Providing Energy-Saving Solar
Lights for Communities that Have Not Gained Electricity Access2013

Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number
25 of 2013 concerning Provision, Utilization, and Commerce of
Biofuel as Other Fuels

Presidential Regulation Number 47 Year 2017 concerning Provision
of Energy-Saving Solar Lights for Communities that Have Not GainedElectricity Access2014

Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number
20 of 2014 concerning Provision, Utilization, and Commerce of
Biofuel as Other Fuels

Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 5 of 2018
concerning Procedures for Providing Energy-Saving Solar Lights forCommunities that Have Not Got Electricity

2015

Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 12
of 2015 concerning Provision, Utilization and Business
Administration of Biofuel as Other Fuels

2018

Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number
41 of 2018 concerning Provision and Utilization of Biodiesel-Type
Biofuel in the Framework of Financing by the Palm Oil Plantation
Fund Management Agency

59

8. Appendix
8 – 2. Renewable Energy Regulation: 省エネルギー、その他に関する規制

Year

Regulation

2011

Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 4 of 2011
concerning Energy Awards

2012

Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number
14 of 2012 concerning Energy Management

2014

Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 18
of 2014 concerning Affixing Energy Saving Sign Labels for Swablast
Lights2017

Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation Number 57
Year 2017 concerning Application of Minimum PerformanceStandards and Inclusion of Energy Saving Sign Labels for Air
Conditioning Devices

Year

Regulation
Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 3 of 2017
concerning Operational Instructions for the Implementation ofSpecial Allocation Funds for the Assignment of Small Scale Energy
Fields

2017

Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 39
of 2017 concerning the Implementation of Physical Activities in the
Utilization of New and Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation

Ministerial Regulation Number 48 Year 2017 concerning Supervisionof Businesses in the Energy and Mineral Resources Sector
Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 9 of2018 concerning Revocation of the Regulation of the Minister ofEnergy and Mineral Resources Related to Activities in the Field ofNew, Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation
2018

Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 12 of2018 concerning the Implementation of Physical Activities for theUtilization of New and Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation
Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number
36 of 2018 concerning Operational Instructions for the
Implementation of Special Physical Allocation Funds for Small Scale
Energy Sector60

8. Appendix
8 – 3. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP): バイオ燃料に関連する営業ライセンス61

8. Appendix
8 – 3. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP): バイオマス／バイオガスを利用した発電所

62

8. Appendix
8 – 3. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP): BOT事業スキームの組織図

63