タイトル

Ｗ.Ｂ.イェイツとアイルランド・ナショナリズム

著者

川上, 武志; KAWAKAMI, Takeshi

引用

年報新人文学(8): 172(80)‑251(1)発行日

2011‑12‑22

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à ¦  Æ Ó,
'An Introduction to the Study of the History and Antiquities of
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*;M§MÒÐ5ÖEH6BÍ]!
Õ×åKuzljLWEH¨ÔØ>ZBT+(for the reconstruction by(.)
imaginative processes of the life led by our ancestors in this country)M¥ðK¬*]!-®Lä>Z;J5I6Z¿òNLÌEH1Z"²SX[BºüN!¹YÆ:X[Z%µÜM-®L½åK)Ó]
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But he, Cuculain, the son of Sualtam, stood afar upon the rampartof the Clanna Rury, a portent of war clear seen like flame against thedark western clouds, terrible in his beauty, and his voice rang acrossthe battle like the shout of a battalion, or the sound of some mighty
trumpet explored by the blasting of the breath of a giant. As whenmariners in the western main plying southwards past Dûn−na−m−arc
and the House of Donn, whose ship the tempest shakes, and the wildbillows buffet; and they, in the darkness and the storm, hear aroundthem the thunder of the waves upon iron coasts, who, being impotent,
anticipate certain death; and as when, to them rounding suddenly and

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unawares some concealing promontory, there shines far away the ship−protecting light which crowns that black rock that was the grave ofIar, and afar over the tossing waters there streams the glorious ray.$*%5GO.E^µGº0Pd8PSRGH!XY[WZVGg1!»{
DªcDGk7F,T.D»{UªcF­z6;R5DF,T.D!
-:SF7BM¤G}1»{aOQM|D7B¢h6SB-RD.5DC,R"¶

F£6SR(¥¨CcE»{)$Critical andPhilosophical History%CH!5SJCG}¸¬xG®¯Fr9R
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The legends represent the imagination of the country; they are thatkind of history which a nation desires possess. They betray the
ambition and ideals of the people and, in this respect, have a value far
beyond the tale of actual events and duly recorded deeds, which areno more history than a skeleton is a man. Nay, too, they have theirown reality. They fill the mind with an adequate and satisfying
pleasure. They present a rhythmic completeness and a beauty not to
be found in the fragmentary and ragged succession of events in time.

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Achilles and Troy appear somehow more real than Histiaeus andMiletus, Cuculain and Emain Macha than Brian Boru and Kincora.(/)òH7Zfi~cpbLP!g%{c}&Thomas Carlyle'8*ñJñÄâ+&Heroes and Hero−Worship,,0-,'L63H¹Þ?Dv
ØKñ!GT[¶?DÅ_¬GÂO¨ÉW¢

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O²Ý_³[ð?H!ÐOñOY4L=O£O©ÝLÛZK;]QKZK3J34¾8Ü;HU5\"*q%|%²Jq%|%í²²+&Toryism and Tory Democrasy,,00.'IP!M\TÚLG7FDY
4Kai#ac|kxOK77Z!£ØÔÈ½Lè`EñOY4K±°8¶A\=JROÍ8!37LVäZ?3Á÷K×§IZ]H3\&0'"C4I2\KZQ!
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(Æ­L63HPytftlqI2[!ac}{rI¤Vë´ØKpc|b#ehlu~l«&Daily Express'O²åI2[!2ZX\ÎOí²²_FD)ÌêL»àØI9KÂé
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X"`bq^h]HL)å9RÍÂJ>F5XRKÅFJE5F!AKÚW9%âÔK{&HIX*¹G4DB"A>F)O=>;AKû
÷8V!4VTX\^pnrjKÇÊ×IzL!AKKuì[`bq ^ h ] ë D F 5 X K C*'for that very reason every Irish imaginative
writer owed a portion of his soul(H56Á>PI5¨[^_^gLÉ
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Kñ ",'Wanderings of Oisin,.223(S+h \ j n,'Deirdre,.3-1(S+am$orì,'Cuchulain cycle(HIDF©>F5;"ðíwÜKê²HIDBK9!C. S. l$kp'Charles Stewart
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ÙÒò'Îß¤!.22.á(JUDFuÕKôØ9E5BHäÑ>Bl$kpL!¤IX¾¥ôç[)§¥õÏ*'home rule(JÕQB".22/á
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pgN²­OtMÓy?I?Q5"¾N²z[GIé¶?E\]ompgO!3X¢NÃM¥ZYEK4GIU4"j%ioN\]ompgO!
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,üûNÇÂ(The Cutting of an Agate)ªNãú,{KÍÑ(Poetry andTradition,/2.0)NL7J!NU5MâÞ?I4X"### Power passed to small shopkeepers, to clerks, to that very class
who had seemed to John O’Leary so ready to bend to the power ofothers, to men who had risen above the traditions of the countryman,
without learning those of cultivated life or even educating themselves,
and who because of their poverty, their ignorance, their superstitious
piety, are much subject to all kinds of fear. Immediate victory,(/.)
immediate utility, became everything,###

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KC7HV£å9<HâV°9B3=!ÀHäJEHXz_
y#XZvarHoyhbdzjÈ2!EHO/F»¸CØLB.=1
VÉÊ;RHI8JEãCI7DCIF."8PG!Xz_y#XZ
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+v$e$,'The Leader(¤H¬®ñ³­H D. P. quz'David P. Moran(2.="èH¢ÉH
ÒôI!%shoneen&'HìÌN²V½¥RXZwuzkÀ(N%West−Briton&'GáÙÜFXZwuzkÀ(D.@=ëðÜFÔ
G¶×8 S R O / G!)` $ w á ÷*'Gaelic League(H D. n Z k'Douglas Hyde(H<SVý1Gÿ5ÝÚÜFXZwuzkH)ÓZ]vb*'de−Anglicizing(V¿LR7DG-@="7SPHÔVü.
F2P!è2¨¤N+ms$#XZuzk#x{Ys$,'New Ireland
Review(H¤øGO@BÄWGµ0=7DI!XZwuzkïHX
ZizhYhYI!`$wÜC1A\jvf^ÜFMHC-Q!Xz_
y#XZvarHoyhbdzjGIFWPURMHCIF.D./
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H¯Cç;R7DC!Â¦Ü#±ÜFÏþHF.úÜC¨ÃÜFÑÁV!ÑHXZwuzk¬

GÛ§;R7DC-@="1

AB7HHÆÅHÁI!¾éÜC}ÜFõ!GS!91MùÜà2«9B.R¬

C-@=H>D".KNþ·2Þ9=`$w#\jvf^ÈGD@BM!7HO/FÑÁI!û9AA-RÂ¦Ü¨ºHæÎD9B!K=7SKC°6B3=»Ü´NÍªVö

239'013(W.B.Z[ZgDXZwuzk#latlvcp

ª=AZUMJ>Hð!J=[ZI1\3J"*ÆL1Z^zdy#^`wgtN!<MW3L>Hf$x#bmwicMÈ²ÜoguowhrM-%]XB3J>CMI1Z"

]¬ÿ@Z÷óëMÙ©

N!f$xMUM6XN¶I1YÑìÜKUMI1ZJ23svzM
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J7I8Z"GRY!îâ7«MíÞLWFHÔ&LÉS»=[C+
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WFH!¹ÊNJ>H2CÁMáÓ7¥ú6Xþ=PX[!Ç
Mçè#($7UNVÛÿ>K9KFH!³XM^`lzk_k_]µ
26:H2C"<MW3K±ÒM%û×½&]£ô@ZCTL°E»=[CM7÷

'culture(I1FC"<<L!)<MÅL52H¢4X[!ÖX[3ZYM¦ËUM*]Ö\3J@Zà'JN!ÄÇQM"'culture(LÏKXK2J@Z­Í];C!qgt$#^$p
xn'Matthew Arnold(MßÀ]SZ<JLKZ"/. qgt$#^$pxnMexmJ`a`jñ,+Ë|Mê,'Ideas of Good and Evil (¼¨M)÷LSZe
xmÜ!Ì*'The Celtic Element of Literature,.0-/(MK6I!`a`

'014(
238

ePbsfçÄOÒ¬JL=[ZUO]!E. sht(Ernest Renan)O,bsfçÄO§(The Poetry of the Celtic Races)Vlco%#^%isgO,bsfàO(On the Study of Celtic Literature)OL6OÊèLàµ]î2H¢´?H2Z"bsfçÄMP*ªÁCOUO
MD2AZuVªÁOä³MD2AZ·ÀL71FD7!<[XMPº7ªÁJ62¡FH!ªßOJwé]Z¾7ªÁOL6
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Z+I1ZJ6!
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UG&Ú'J23WYU&¹Ù'6X½@Z7!CO¶Ô7ªÁM&æñJäñ']G;~4ZOI1Z+J2FDI1Z(./)"=XM!
<OW3Làµ7º$M±É=[H2Z¨¶]?L7XU!xà
MTX[ZJ=[Z<[XOÒ¼7!ARHbsfMCO]×?H2
ZJ23¿P!°J?H^%isg7ðÝ=BDJ23<JUÓ?

H2Z"?6?L7X!<[XOM1SYó¯AZ<JL91F=
YíÓAZ_`_eOÆÐM!2==6Oò2]@>Z]4L2O
I1Z"^%isg7&bsfÎLÒ¬'LZUOMÒMÌ?«AZïìMG2HO_`_eOÜ}7PF8Y?L26XI1Z"DE<OA:I!^%isgOvOKOÏ7ëyIKOÏ7ë6¤B

NQLXL2J?!_`_eP*=UL;[QÍ7¦ÈOjqz]Y
â?H!Ç\YMankeÕ]£Z<JMULY6NL2(the enemy(.0)
root up our rose−garden and plant a cabbage−garden instead)+
J2F

DW3Lvå¸ËL2?]?H2ZOIP1Z7"

6M!²Ö»

O¡ï°J²»OÞ¬°OØÑ7@Y¡FD©»M52
H!bsfçÄOÂÃ¼JêôMP!
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Yâ=[Zà]®YHÛA[Q!
&¨­O{ãMÅAZ¶ÔÎI237(015)W.B._`_eJ^_sqtg#hcphrdm

A 5 " ¤ O ý ó'(a passionate, turbulent, indomitable reaction against(.0)
the despotism of fact)
L5HFè2¼-:á@XWOK4Y6"L?Y:!·SÔ$NBH9VíçAF?Oh~rîMôÅLP!]%u~s:!VNÏ7W^gr}]éO*Ý#Ç+(philistinism)[ë¶BWFQNç@XFROK4HJ!ß$N3îNÙVÐ>UX
F­ØKR4HFOK4W"ðÀèÒO#ÅîM¾¡Æ[¦7FÊ£Õ¯üO_f}lN85J!EXNû6§MæO&NTHJ
0ùAFÔ$P!EOT6MÆOà4N89XW(ÄU:øAJ;F)uln~kogMïòîÆ[!ÄU:ÚÜAF*h~r+%M
WRONâ³@DT6LAF"ipelr[&7JêQWL!f}jz#%y×Ó[AJìAJ;F{%ovÆ:!/Ö[Î

LBW?LN³;HF¨!EO?L[ÛàBWÈåLAJðµT<&ú¬'AFRO:!{%ov*®++K4VA9R*ñç+O*h~r+%K4HF",h~r%O«-P!]%u~s:coglxb%sÁÉÑ

N4HFº¯OÃO.310ö)9U.öOÌN9=J³MHF´:
NMHJ5W"ÿ:h~rNÒ[±=W?LNMWP!h~rO©[<~tO1%,h~r*ÞOÁ-[õ\G?LN4HF:!
.31/öON`a%~mO|q^su(Llandudno)K¹@XF*]_lpmb%s+(Eisteddfod,*¢,ÁÔã+)['XF?LR!EO5óLMHF"¿NZFW´PÍQ½Â,i%w~#ydk(Cornhill Magazine)N¥»@X!.12öNä³(LAJ!

!

!

Ëþ@XW?LNMW"L?YK]%u~sPh~r°[¸9R/B
W?L:M9HFOK!h~r%NI5J´BWL56?LNI5
JPß$N65BWL?Y:4HFPCK4W"²5M?LNEOª÷

(016)
236

K!E. _c$x[&Eugene O’Curry'6,0--−.#I`mxkbèF®HCB(Z\yw{n¥ç¸Á7»FID2EJ¯)&Lectures on
the Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish History'I T C E  Ë < X W
6!;J¯K,0.,#I J. H. pu$s{&John Henry Newman'JÄ
ITCEIÇ'<XE2BJF1W"Z$qynK!°í¶6
CE2B(ä.Ã)%+GÅ:J÷5UPEòäF1V!ûüGÓJ÷5UPEáµF1V!ÏÓG×ÐJ÷5UPE<ëF1W;
G&,.'%YÕ?WÄêG>E!cym;å6½Dý¿Ià2YóQB
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h$fi#ezkhIcym0¯²6ÜE<XW;GIHW"*cym0J

+I42E!Z$qynK\axiJ°;ÓI±´>E2WG23dys{õCâGcymõCâGY*#/Ù>E2
W"dys{õCâK!
(Àð õ H  À <)&steadiness with honesty'
G23£BF,<XW6!;JCâIK(¬(Hz|]yI49Wéî
Hñä<G8A<61WGI!¹ID2EJ1USW+G¾1I49Wÿ)61WG23">5>dys{õCâIK!
(2!ß®!
.¼Y 98ìÀ#×«I·Í:W%G!ÑùJ1USW/?Yø?Wõ$)G2CBïÈ61W;GR5X@Iºô>E2
W&,/'"~4!cymõÓ¿Y~§F,?G(Êõ)&sentimental'G
23§6³RöÛF1WG>!
(<O=OHÌYâã85D838­ÔG!LG)>PI8&?WÖ7Ö7G>B¤Ó)6ÈF1
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Î"õFÏIÞPþW@ÆJH5IR¡W;G6F7T3">5>!A
J7¿KÖ=G¨GÎÉNJ"HHúXF1V!Ï¬86¢ª7FD

235&017'W.B.\]\lGZ\yw{n#ogvoxjt

BH56=HK4V+H?!>TK### and the impressionable Celt, soon up and soon down, is themore because it is so his nature to be up%to be sociable, hospitable,
eloquent, admired, figuring away brilliantly. He loves bright colours,
he easily becomes audacious, overcrowing, full of fanfaronade.(/2)

H5DAS6JÝ¼Yà@V"Z$ovmM!cvl±LÏ´½J¸°H5DAQLHdvqw±L´½ÇJ§J§µHY¾Î@V=H
KSDF!x[bluZÄL¿;XOUJ5Ô¦¨

9T

M!
*¥ºLÙ«+(natural magic)YÉÅH@Vcvl¢}LS6JQ
LM!?F·OWJ5H56=HYÆ?F5V"OAÍM!
*½Ô
¨+H*ÂØ×+(provinciality)YË?F»±Ç±¶LAPKÐ@N;QLM!
*=L´~K85F7TW!ÁTWV£L6CG
Q²JQL+(sweetness and light)!@JXC*Þ+(culture)G
4VHß¹@VLG4V:!=Lk$qM,ÞHÛÃ­-(Culture andAnarchy,/213)K85Fy;:WF5<"
Z$ovmM*iue_w(À]^$vgLÜ¢±)R`eZwLÚãKE5F<BTJ5âY@Vhwjswiufl+H56L:!
,i\rg¡-K>WA,cvlÖL-L¬ÑG4DA(/3)"=LS6JÑRÓ®?Ê5*cvl5+(Celt−hater)K¾?FZ$
ovmM!
,cvlÖL-L*­Ö+G*S!\auf:Z\
vtwm

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&Behold England’s difficulty in(0.)
governing Ireland ! ')H{ª?F5V"áLÒÕGQ!*¤L=H

Y!³4VLJ9Gp[nZwzÈL¯5|©±G4V½ÔIQK

(018)
234

­9C!YNí·MVºCûÄNGM=X1IOL04!eogl
zd%tMis¬N°´^ÙÖ=!NW4LÆ5^é=H_a&-,'
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MO!¼NX1L%5<\H0C"(_atÅ&^T:N
ïN?QHNÅ&^!ô>¬^8?àNVNJ=H¡Ã?[:JM
XFH!BN^µ8.$LÌ^ÂZü0!RCB\MXFHª#N
ç$ë&ÝÓ^!÷?[NO!;7¾ØNÔZ¯6I/Z###bc%m¬LKVB\5Ú7Ê)?\P?[D9!ahtMVbc%
&--'mMJFHVX0:JLNI/[)":NX1L©$^=H0CN

I!_atMG0HVafl5ß7N¾+^,2[Q6I/[J01VNIOL7!@0A0ùY^VFJ®ëM1Q6I/[J015!ÀO_%wtN%ÎI/FC&-.'"_%wtN*isÿN¨¢+NÁèO!BN(Çÿ)MOF6
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SY\[X1M!ð»N«Ï6¤N³J=Hãò=GG/FC{nNÞ¶^!õM¿=H0[.¸52[NI/["{aan

M30H!tapñN·'^»N³b`|~,Ò4Yå<\Cyl}g5!
(ì§×)^¯LFCNO_%wtN*isÿ233&019'W.B.acapJ_at#ujum~

{H-G°ÜBÃ²H9ED0A?"¢£uÀ¼RHk
qXcrH^olr¿¢HØG·;C!y6X[nbªHÒ¬G
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SÄG½8C1Sholr¿¢LDVOÈ;C1SE1A?



D0S"9HP2F¨V|s;CMSE!Zd\bjY%gHa%`b#_pdaG´$E]ofÌ{6©®:TS9EGFA?×6
Ûz:TS"gXeH^olrÒµt¡HÞG·<S?NGI!
&WXomrgÔº'E12X[nbHG½ÃGÁACÂ7:A?
V´G¤R§7!X[nbÒ6uÐ~GFQF8TJFQF1">9D,]ofÌ{H-H*¦Ì+HD!W%hogI

Let the Celtic members of this empire consider that they have totransform themselves; and though the summons to transformthemselves to be often conveyed harshly and brutally, ###Let themconsider that they are inextricably bound up with us, and that, if thesuggestions in the following pages have any truth, we English, alienand uncongenial to our Celtic partners as we may have hitherto
shown ourselves, have notwithstanding, beyond perhaps any othernation, a thousand latent springs of possible sympathy with them.(./)

E³3S"ÕÆ«GÁSxFWXomrgÅEÚK=¶8?ÊÍ
HD!W%hogI9HP2G*¹v¾H]ofHª$+V¯7
Ö<HD0S"ÃGFAC!E. i%\(Edmund Burke)H»HÎGPACW%hogI!WXomrgHÇEÉÑIWXomrgª

(020)
232

MºH34SU![]laM¨H¿©K2V;HYyQF£?
V;HKJV"=7=J8TÌµU@Mª½N+[]laM°Á,K2
VMBH34;HY=F3V;H7T!^kcfae%nM:VÉpJINZ%hmfKHCFË²|G2U!
+Z[mknfË
²,MxK:FM»N!Z[mknfYSUÄKo4;HKS
CF!Z[mknfM¯7T[]laHMÑY¥7T4S4KU
T4;HK2CA)/0*"´¹K3CF!Z%hmfM-_meÃ~M.MË²N!Z[mknf§¦KHCFR·7JTL'_me¹(JVRMY¬¸H=A45G!³¡#Ðv<WAÊ±YuÍ=F!tK6:V_
meMsKD3FMS4KÒ>F39;HK2V"

If I were asked where English poetry got these three things, its turnfor the style, its turn for melancholy, and its turn for natural magic, forcatching and rendering the charm of nature in a wonderfully near andvivid way, &I should answer, with some doubt, that it got much of isturn for style from a Celtic source; with less doubt, that it got much ofits melancholy from a Celtic source; with no doubt at all, that from a
Celtic source it got nearly all its natural magic.)/1*[\[dR+Ã~KPV_me¹Î­,K63F!
+Z[mknfKD
3F¢9w$Mz8;WTM_me¹¼KRHE3FÒY®PÏFF3VHNXJ38,H

OJ8TR!}ÅKZ%hmfMqK¾YÇ9;HRJ9!¤MrÍ=AÀÂY@C9UUÆ=A2H
G!MS4K«Y{¶?VMG2V"+;M;HYNÅM3È

231)021*W.B.[\[dHZ[mknf#g`jglbi

Z=FOA1KB6!Q=ÊK·ÖR¹×JÂ3?ãCWF1I9
WM!ßLËIV¸Kí!·ÖJ9AÅ!·ÖK1AðÅ
(,.)
JèCF=N2KB"+<TJÉ9F!dxr!q\|x|l!

d_|cmp[H`zkK§EKQKZ!w%{hoJ49VÊ
K·ÖR¹×KÃH=F:F1V(,/)";WTKÃKI5GL!
ÕJ`zkKQK6½JÑDFw%{hoßKâìK8J0DAHÁæ<WV6!;KéÚH=F¬C²<WVK6!NA=FQz
m|KG0U[%nzlK~IKG0V"@=F!
*`zkÓH
Lw%{hoK15IVÃJQÇ=FáÛIÃG0V(H]^]i
6¡3V)
a%zÐÁZà>V;HJ0V+(&The Celtic Movement',(,/)
as I understand it, is principally the opening of this fountain)!ENU­ÞAC6ÀJ£Ï=S2H=F1V*ßÜ+JSDF!a%zÐÁH12¼69TWS2H=F1VHKîZÔ²>VKG0V"]^]iKçÎJQ!`zk»ïZug%qH=A¥ÙZQDF
*ßÜ+ÓZÏ>VI5G![]zx|lK¢ä¿Z&À'>V;H60DA";KS2I]^]iK©¾L!¢5TKÞê¯Kë¶Z°DF1A;HZ´9M![%nzlKQKH<=FÆ6I
1S2JQªYWV";;KH;XJ![]zx|l«ØJÌ=F7
As{jdf|kºKÝ¦Ië¶!@KJÈ>V®H=FK]^]ië¶Z$L1ÍV;H6G7VKG0V"-. mbvmyetK³ÆH[]zx|l#mbvmyet
mbvmyetHLÊÎIµG0U!±½KÄ
|då}

!ÕJqx

J¨PFw%{hoJÒ¶=AQKG0V;HL!¤!

(022)
230

PQ¸ÜJ¢y:àX[F6Z&.4'"*bgcela%i}­Ý+&O. E. D. 'KWZH!
(jdrjufq)&nationalism'L¹·M-3/2ä
G5Y!(áÛL£ñ:ÁLÉOLÐ½G5ZHAZ)!ERYÉñy®H67yð]UEHJDF6Z"jdrjufqL¥UÌ6yðKÁÜJ]·ALM!>LLUEï°K¾[ZW7GTFðÀ6>HG5Z:!$:¤¨õ@F6ZyðGLjdrjuf
q!(BLÃL£KC6AZÂ!£ÜJãî!£H@Fâø]àZÅ§)&devotion to one’s nation; national aspiration; a policy ofnational independence'H67L·U!BLÙL-300äHJDF
6Z"BUBU(k_drw)&nacion'H67U!en_wL­Ý]¼¯@C E. J. omfp%qKWZH!
(ÚJÅéH67©¡L×¿]³ôAZ{£RCMÅ«Ï)!RCM(BLW7J£OBL
$LµñKWDFÄ?[ZNHELËÏH@FLùz)H67yð
]¦GMÔ\?[F6Z:!>LöM-330äRGMxÊH@F(5ZÖì!£!~£LµñL´¢)]yð@F6CLG5Y!RC(£Ã)Lyð]ªDF6CLG5Z"¶DF!k_drwH67LÒ{LyðM!
(ÆR[!RCMÞ)]è@F8Y!i_hK²õ?[CU>LM!
&ÎLÕÏ9Xë?[Zç÷9X'
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(á]³AZ£»ÃL±Lk_drw)!(ÑLÆÓLßLk_drw)JIH@F¨\[F6C&/,'"|SK!O. E. D. K8=Z nation LóKM!
(¹LõúKMñÍÜå:Å«ÜJB[WYUêÚ<5DF!¥LõíGMÅ«ÜJÞ{VâøH6DCå:ØG5Z)HLÇò:J?[F6Z">LW7J>H9X!
(jdrjufq)V(k_drw)H67åM!>L-1,äPILKs

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z?:C²:C0?I3E01ÓWL7;"7IÑ¶HA0C

J!µs®HO)dY\lru*'national consciousness(E0@?OI4:K:K²:?!E017EJº§vÓIG0OIE8UC
0T">7D¯½EGTIJ!dY\lru4­:C²:C0T
7EHQ@C!µc\lco^jJ>IÇ¬4xÃEG@?I3!/
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The success of these undertakings hinged on a return by theintelligentsia to a living past, a past that was no mere quarry for
antiquarian research but that could be derived from the sentiments
and tradition of the people. This meant a twofold strategy forfurnishing ‘map’of the community, its history, its destiny and its place
among the nations, and of providing ‘moralities’ for the regenerated
community, ones that could inspire present generations to emulate thepublic virtues deemed to express the national character.'-.(

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216

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T3J½DC"B:G!õMáq{j~HZ[|z~l7ì¬=F

E

L0¬­YÑ?W(¬î")Y+/**óJÑ,;A!BL)óL·«YÞE:HJ=C"=6=I7U!¬î"Máq{j~LCRJÐæ;XCSLG1V!5TBáq{j~L+J¸?WSLG1DCLG!
!-­YÍJ'¬;AW:HJM7UI6DC"¬î§=NU8
Z[|z~lMÒ»çJåß=F2CLG1W7!B:J¥XCL7§
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þùJC2=F!°ÃçJÒOÏÇ?W=6I2H=F2C^c~o|M!Ô@(_k{haéÿ)&Catholic emancipation'LíJBLÎYë>W:HJ?W"+/,-óJ(_k{ha)&Catholic
Association'YÓ,?W7!LíY¶4W¡

rn%Lö(_k{haãà)&Catholic rent'LäÁH23!²7©Y×=F!íMJPWáÄÒ»íOHú#=F28:HJIDC"^c~o|LíL.JÜ=F!°ÈBL(YðD1KF2C\]{~k~S!
¼Ò£&k%{%ê'Løæ;YÆ³?WH!E2JÌýA<WYïI8IV+/,0óJ(_k{haéÿ/)&Catholic Relief Act'LÑ,Yâ?W":XJTDF!­M_k{haéJS6XW:HJIV!)óò¡LÈÖG^c~o|M!ÛL_k{haàµ´Å$HJ\]eku~eg%JËV¯Q:HJIDC"º2G!^
c~o|L%÷M¢L(¬îèô)Jª9UX!+/.*óJ(¬îèô215&037'W.B.[][iHZ[|z~l#mdym{fv(%Repeal Association&UÂ$;S"°/«òksw_úG~
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A!
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9TS3!ÊU´Ü9<>ÛG/Òªú'EP?Aá¡:A:
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D5:>GH!=GóøD±E.SCëè;S¯Î3´§M
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ùÖ#¾¬ÖDâÏU/@NÞQTS8CGD2?>®Ö#¤ÖDé!GNGCEò#:A/S8CE.?>%,*&"Zetb[ÙõCÝ×æU7>Y]whuGzÜN!ÌÉ¼GåùEC?A»G®Ö#¤ÖÿÈPRN!¾¬ÖD=TE&Ø3Ñ2TA1R!
=G}C:AåùÎ3"{UÞS8CHD2?>GB.S"
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%038&
214

(J. B. Dillon)E45¹¤J¨ºÁ94A"¾¶K.20/ºH¸º­
J_m$gp`eD3BA G. D. bjV(G. D. Duffy)Ey4!¸
D{,hW^nr(The Nation)T½{?R;EH¸t?R"
JK!;JJNÅSAs¤D3R J. C. kr[r(James
C. Mangan)J&The Nation’ s First Number'E 4 5  ¿ J©D3R

9!@J¯ÃF7Q,hW^nr-J®uJ½{T»=C<

SANJD3R"‘Tis a great day, and glorious, O Public ! for you%This October Fifteenth, Eighteen Forty and Two !
For on this day of days, lo ! THE NATION comes forth,
To commence its career of Wit, Wisdom, and Worth%
To give Genius its due%to do battle with wrong%
And achieve things undreamed of as yet, save in song.
Then arise ! fling aside your dark mantle of slumber,
And welcome in chorus THE NATION’S FIRST NUMBER.(10),hW^nr-T~x=A;J¤9!Y]rhqT¬=G9P
N!¾JZepc\§¢(clericalism)T£Â=3:MDNy  T } :  ¥ L J Ê Q 8 P!
*¨ º U W q o r f ´+(Young
Irelanders)T¦?RJN¸>ºJ;ED3R",hW^nr-{JÄ±K!µªJ;EG9P*¸²¼+H3BA9!¨ºUWqor
f´KY]rhqJÇTIR4E|>G9PN!¾Jpi$qv·T6C4:G8D!¡HOBCKÀÈH«6CDN!w8P
UWqorfJÆT°?REJÉT³z=C4:";;H!Y]

213(039)W.B.WXWdEUWqorf#g^ngpal

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åuh~ujsOù

L!J. |poeY J. F. %%NÞø?^]Õðbd
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tèO­

ê&Fenianism$úÛ"

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L>_K*wdh~+ôNØ/I´ðÚNrdcjP!nz

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]OK3]"16Q!Z;¹±`@J4FrdcjO¯0OXOL@

&040'
212

K4B]`_(Lament for the Death of Owen Roe O’Neill)L7_=!C
R¾$RO<L*HRÃ=*¹D`_+ÊÛ´Rjfi#gS!cezRÆ2RIXPº®Mâ9ºR3MEKË^a`K
8_*Had he lived'had he lived, our dear country had been free;/ But

he’s dead'but he’s dead, and ’twas slaves we’ll ever be.+"E < E,c ezú/âå*Irish Confederate War,1531−42+URjfi#gRÀRÙS!º*÷ÿ!¥ÿ+Mrouyzñ>ÿM
R¶å!:Kn&éñìRçÖ=@O<L!7a\@T1506þ
P¡CJIÑ,!ÉRù+-P\JKÇa`I!%L7_ëýêwd
&!~&#j|&*Hugh O’Neill, 2nd earl of Tyrone+R;ðb

'G_CMP7JI"VI!í&M£1&P`_CRÅP7J
K!jfi#gSelrÛP\JKû¿D`IM89CMPOJ
K8_=!C`YcezL²@<]³^°=`K>IèôP?
O8"xedrbXIàþcezÿS!æFK!{p{

O±9b7¦G_¼©MEK!Ê¤òO(ÈZ=ÂRÓ<b
96G_RL7_=!C`]b*NRºP;8KYÕøÌïL7_=+
¨<]ó¢"­EK@_RL7_".}ep/ÄRë¸P¯½D`I,ÍÒ-LS!»ZØ)RÁ-S!,ÏR×M7][_÷ÿR«bÎAIÛ%Rªb!ºRü:M89§¬R0òPµA_CMP7_M8JIß.=OD`K8_"D]P!{ewuz#ceupç8RM>Ry&Mú

5P!cezR(º,Ý)SwrtyMkyumM#º«õRãKRÐî!:K&qc*Milesian$re<]öJ
K>KcezÛRäáMOJIÚ?ÔRÛ%+Zmghÿb

W!7][_ÜêRcezÛP\JK·ÞD`QTO]O8

211*041+W.B.ehevMcez#{p{s

?-.6?1KJ=-I":BtAC[OgNYB}{!COS
cY>,I1!CU$dBRVc^f#_Mj(O’Sullivan Beare)?shklLy<Te`PQdBjoBpLi-=-I?-.6?1,
I0F8J@-":JC?F,J!zA5I*]OXaf+wAnu
7J;[OgNYBx&Celts and Saxons'C!:.8;Bq/L
8;FB>,I"

BC!zBG.A

We hate the Saxon and the Dane,
We hate the Norman men%
We curs’d their greed for blood and gain,
We curse them now again.
Yet start not, Irish born man,
If you’re to Ireland true,
We heed not blood, nor creed, nor clan%
We have no curse for you.

~2vEHJ=-I"8-MOdbf\rLm9I;EAC!M
Odbf\C Celtic >C@3= Irish >@4JD@H@-"6B6?C
nBYZfWL|4=!

As Nubian rocks, and Ethiop sandLong drifting down the Nile,
Built up old Egypt’s fertile land
For many a hundred mile;
So Pagan clans to Ireland came,

(042)
210

And clans of Christendom,
Yet joined their wisdom and their fameTo build a nation from.

Here came the brown Phoenician,
The man of trade and toil%
Here came the proud Milesian,
A hungering for spoil;
And the Firbolg and the Cymry,
And the hard, enduring Dane,
And the iron Lords of Normandy,
With the Saxons in their train.&*+'>ÃNLK"«@0.<G_RmQZC!5B(V$i<.K2³¥tBx!WU\l

B?Ä!cidl

BÆÂ>7
B§²

&*+'

·) B>./¹ªO!n¨@D9P$cia²v6?2IBOÅA<D<.K"5/795>1I½KH/@!_RmQZ
OF>8K¤¸PRiglaµC}@z7<G00EAyÁ=¬
{²=-;9"(UR$l[#Tj]Y)B©¦B@ILKH/@!»¶Cw´B¢}qG7<0J!9:~²?T`h]U{@¯>7<º­79B=-;<!£²?°1IG»¶
2>JN4g_QTi=-K>./5>=C?1;9&*,'"5BH/@!_RmQZ¼Bkdl²bXfbh[eC!PRigla@-;<Cp?;9o¿!¾s²!

²¡6O±8KHJ!u|BÀ°B®1IB¢J3=-K¾sBOºr8KGB>?K">5M

209&043'W.B.RSR^>PRigla#bXfbh[e5!ñ5ß¿=V^l{iaFs}jfg~lJ±ÿ#ØäJßK!
¡ÖISCDÈB;7õ,;AÌ°àÝ¾J[]|z~mEK!MFZG´ÊJH0QJE/CA"[~b}#[]{exJs}jfg~l
K@J[]k~j\j\Y³X>I!HVáåJ[]|z~mÇFæE6VÃYº:H8WLHTH4CA5!@JþJU¼5[]|z~mJ+«!ô!öJE/CAJE/V"-¤ÑIKÓ7@1K<H4CAJE/V5![]|z~m¥JÁû5QAT:W
AI¬PD![~b}#[]{exKneyn|HÐìIýPA
F02V"@;D!+«#µ#±¥JóJH4I!Ì°à$EK;DòE6H0 Irish E/VF01²Y!öàj$uI30DÚ;¬PAJE/V"öY¥ùJÌ°²Y£#:?Vs}q_~
hF;D'$=VF01X8E/V5!k]\fIFCDJöK!
Ì°à¯´I»ÒAVêY!2VQJFHU!@J9FISCDÌ°à¢çKSUÆHQJIHCD0CA"9JøI30D!öK(
îFÌ°FJï¶FHCD07JE/V5!èIc$|ö
0Í6ªUE/Vpzim5Þý:WA"ãüJËJÉÀHJç*FHVJ

5!
'o]ey~(­ÂJ×7Jdzv&YÄCApzimR%E/
U!neyn{j\J(Yù¸I2¦O·ÜF;D@WTYÙÛI
'$=V9FYÞÕ;AJ5!k]\fF`wp~#hir\J)ú
E/CA%-)&"*.,+íJ©I9WNEI'o]ey~(­I§:WA®Rpz
imY¹PA'¥ùJÎÅ(%The Spirit of the Nation&F01®¹5º
ð:WV"[]|z~mJ+«Yé"F=V%Ïí[]|z~mâY²;A&'[]|z~mÔ½(%The Library of Ireland &YëI¢=
V J. hr\%James Duffy&Y@J÷¶F;D%-*&!¨.t~fF01

%044&
208

}EÍÌ>VB"âÊJ¥I½ÉÑ:¨>VUJE5U:!AJÊJ
©IK,ÝJµ°-K!Ç~Z\yw{mE¨Î>VB69HU
ÚRTPAJÍÑ²YI¬
K!=J,

CD6B"*.412ÊÅÎJ«Ó+I¦-J´K*Ò§F¹|FÖ³I¼XU!¿S?>

F!ã»Fncvnxk[F67¯?6¶JÙ+F?DZ\yw{
mJàI8SV!
*ncvnyHÆËJ¾F£®+YÂI¢?BF
5U(3/)"==EÄÃH,ÝJµ°-JÀY·EUÐY!.412
ÊÅÎJH9IÕ?DNR7"&Hope no more for Fatherland,
All its ranks are thinned or broken; 'Long a base and coward band
Recreant words like these have spoken,
But WE preach a land awoken;
Fatherland is true and tried
As your fears are false and hollow:
Slaves and Dastards stand aside%
Knaves and Traitors, FÁG AN BEALACH !(30)=VK C. G. hr[JÐJªãE5U:!g\lyFPHCD6U=
J

JãJÛÏET×>VUa$y FÁG AN BEALACH ! K!

*ÈY<W+F67ÜE5T!bpqlQs{eg$JÑºJ¤:!­HGE¸YOUF;JåäE5UF67"FPßM?6
á:!ÔIMB}ÁF6CD66LGÞI@SVD6U"¡
I!lxok[#`zid¨±JØ E. ]_ycu(Edward Walsh)

207(045)W.B.\^\jFZ\yw{m#ncvnxft

J&The Songs of the Nation'F34³JJ´¶K!

YE songs that resound in the homes of our island%
That wake the wild echoes by valley and highland%
That kindle the cold with their forefather’s story%That point to the ardent the pathway of glory ! %Ye send to the banish’d,
O’er ocean’s far wave,
The hope that had vanish’d,
The vow of the brave;
And teach each proud despot of loftiest station,
To pale at your spell−word, sweet Songs of THE NATION (2! 0)

F34T4IHCD3D!C. G. bf]JF­¾I!ÁOE­?
T4Hª7¤3D39"w#¡M>A¯¿6URY6WT4I!
bcf]K,~»J-J®©Z@AQI!¨U>9m7T9
°«Ht¹ZV[BµZn«I¡M>!\^ihkeJÀ
JquI5:W±S²yTVR!RCLU|«H}½rSÀ«o{ZÂ3;W³ZRCD¸I¬ACD3W"<XK T. g\(Thomas Moore)J,\^ihkepv-(Irish Melodies)7£EW&YXARJNJ§8'JªF|¥ZH>D3W">6>!,~»
J-I=XA(

¼JITW)/1.·I¦>T4F@

WxK!z¸OXD3W*\^ihkeJp+J\kaj_$H
GIK!¢IXA&Lament for the Death of Owen Roe O’Neill'Zs
Pd^l]`J¸Z3DK!º[G;UXW<FKH3"

(046)
206

)mXdx}*°F¨8Q=E3B§LÊ¡Fñð8QA1P±G@F!t}]}G%Dark Rosaleen&40P"7G~¤ÒE±GÌ©
F0=?At}]}H!J. n$iWt}'James Hardiman(4Þº9=)VX{y}kê±º*'Irish Minstrelsy,+/,+(GE3G%Róisín
Dubh&'Little Black Rose(S«¢F9=C8QA1P"

ÝÀFå

9A1=n$iWt}H!¦FÔPa${G±'µáC¡Ä(S¸º9!<QSËæGÁ·Fâé8;A)VX{y}kê±º*ÙSÅ9A1="<GÞ®GèÒFH!VX{y}kG±H^zdv#|$tGÓFíNE1IDGÐ40O!7GM2E¼E¬S£ÛFÑ1¥T>GH¤GVX{y}kÍªG¿F0P!C12ldxl{EK40?="n$iWt}³ÉGÚ×FH![b}m{G\jzg_ßØS9:PÈ­40?=GB0P")ê±º*
BH%Róisín Dubh&H!T. qU$|}`'Thomas Furlong(FM?A
â8QPGB0P4'.-(!n$iWt}F»2C!¦BHK=C7
RÜ96Eî~%Róisín Dubh&H!´H1Í²ÒÆ4ÇO¥J
Q=ÒEoygkCEP"ZzcreÂÖ²ãF©NQ=7G
Ã  H!V X { y } k G  ë p w $#[ k } m {'Red HughO’Donnell(4àç9A1PesX}3NVX{y}kS½9A5Q
P7CSÏ@ÂG¯S2LGB0O!»?A7GîÊB0PÂHÕÎVX{y}kSä:PLGC¶8QP"77B!t}]}G%Dark Rosaleen&G¾ïC§¹ïSì:P4!

O my Dark Rosaleen,
Do not sigh, do not weep !
The priests are on the ocean green,

205'047(W.B.XYXhCVX{y}k#ldxlzfu

They march along the Deep.
There’s wine …from the royal Pope
Upon the ocean green;
And Spanish ale shall give you hope,
My Dark Rosaleen !
My own Rosaleen !
Shall glad your heart, shall give you hope,
Shall give you health, and help, and hope,
My Dark Rosaleen,

O ! the Erne shall run red
With redundance of blood,
The earth shall rock beneath our tread,And flames wrap hill and wood,
And gun−peal, and slogan cry,Wake many a glen serene,
Ere you shall fade, ere you shall die,
My Dark Rosaleen !
My own Rosaleen !
The Judgement Hour must first be nigh,Ere you can fade, ere you can die,
My Dark Rosaleen $&! &%97#:;8141.G>,-35.!25(0 =EF 0<@F/DA)B+6-'5*.)?-C65"

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+jv}Øº,'Dublin University
Magazine(G¶G#AB"³9V!=H²ÄI¥óXÙ¿GÀ:>uZ$aiH½ÌHùCÜOSV>"b[ÃHegmD01ËïGRABÆ¾ÐG´SV>D9VU%Róisín Dubh&I!uZ$aiGRUD!

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5!±C<D¤²Ã»5!

Curl’d he is and ringletted, and plaited to the knee,
Uileacan dubh O !
Each captain who comes sailing across the Irish sea;
Uileacan dubh O !
And I will make my journey, if life and health stand,
Unto that pleasant country, that fresh and fragrant strand,
And leave your boasted braveries, your wealth and high command,
On the fair hills of holy Ireland.(,-)

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When I saw John O’Leary first, every young Catholic man who had
intellectual ambition fed his imagination with the poetry of Young
Ireland; and the verse of the least known of its poets were expoundedwith a devour ardour at Young Ireland Societies and the like, and theirbirthdays celebrated. The school of writers I belonged to tried tofound itself on much of the subject−matter of this poetry, and, what
was almost more in our thoughts, to begin a more imaginative
tradition in Irish literature, by a criticism at once remorseless andenthusiastic. It was our criticism, I think, that set Clarence Mangan at

$060%
192

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190

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wk)Lennox Robinson*9!A

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-a|e&#s#x&v.9 M. d\»îMáÕ?IÂ>ZY=KMLY"-a|e&#s#x&v.O!CN·ÍÈÔ9/021ÚN~r_omq#^_f}yNâð·M!ÃÁOâð\²AYxhÌ9ÂñAYaúKLGI4Y"é9Â9YK!äÎOÓÐN®
õ\êÙM©6QMå;NÃëJ3Y"C=M^_qN
ÅJ3YTARW?4ùÝ9£ZY"+NÒMVCº9Ê6A:DN
J,)'Too many strangers in the house($ ­N²Þ*ó÷>BWZ!
^_qN°¾)^hl&!hl&!cuvp!yhl&*\ãA+°HNôNà,)'My beautiful green field(*N+×Ñ\¼
WZD,N9)'My land that was taken from me(*!ÓÚNÛN½J
3YK§Y">WM+Ë;NÐDF9´\?I³]E,)'many a man
has died for love of me(*K¬ßAY"=NNÄZD8M¢6YùÝ
N¤K?8±[ZL4ÎµO!¹O!ÐÏ\âðMXòIY¡L{mj&gKLGI7X!^_qÆNMKGIUØïN¨
9ÖÜAYV5MÇ>ZI4Y"N¥J+Æ%9ÀIªGI!¿\F«6K45¦9L<ZP!=NV5L\@IV4UN8K¸ì?L9WöMH4D,K45É\øW?DNO!^_qæN¶J3GD S. b_)Stephen Gwynn*J3Y)12*"ùÝ
O!

They shall be remember for ever,
They shall be alive for ever,189)063*W.B._`_nK^_q#rfriz

They shall be speaking for ever,
The people shall hear them for ever.)1/*

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going down the path ?(*J34ÞµNèM!
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the walk of a queen.(*JÑ5[J;]IãJL["Róisín Dubh VBNGI2[8!
+gyk|&~#t#w&|v~,) Caitlín Ní Uallacháin * MO! Síle Ní Ghadhra, Cait Ní Dhuibhir, Móirín
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+alz|~h,)aishling$+¾,SCO+å,N*J34i&}àNmy~}M×Î@[¼ÍL¡ÜI2Z!­NVNO;NïM2[X4M!JîNÝ
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LîAH7="DM×\ÕÄBYqm$j\P¿È|nvN)k|^$]*'spéirbhean+sky−woman(JUªOZY<!DMÅ< L. D. b{z]$v'Liam Dall ÓhIfearnáin,c.-3.,−-4,/(MÑ±AE Caitlín Ní Uallacháin'dh$#w#z$x(I6FE"^ifN!½äÆL»L}ko$M´ÅÚLWFHÉ¶ßK»Ù\ë°@CE±êIÐÌ\¤9Y"DAH!?ZRIM»Ù\S
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A7ûÍM¿L¾8<!DMõ\í7HSYJ®øºL¹HXZE^`uI6YJ78?J<æöBY"DAH!¿NËáK¦ü\µG®øºI6Y<ìBYJ78?J\ù©AHÀ9H7=J7FE£·JKY'5.("?MW8Ks$}N!¸¯L­K¡åñLÿ>ctqe<!ÝLï7Eó\è[AEUMI!-354ãMv`squ#^`i}MòLÒÔßK²¥\ú9YUMJKFH7="?
MW8Ljgy`t´ÅÚ'Jacobite poets(M±éLN!K7
è÷M¼«JNKFH!DMýLkp^$tMJì\ù¬BYs$}\ÏRCYJ78âÜ<6Y"þ9O!E. b`_ ' Aogán Ó Rathaille, c.-231−-3.5 ( M %Mac an Cheannaí &' The
Merchant’s Son(N!à¢ßK^ifLÖFHôMÛL§Y¿ÈMÂ÷;X³TXZ!

Her mouth so sweet, her voice so mild,

187'065(W.B.`a`rJ^` u#vivl~

I love the maiden dearly,
wife to Brian, acclaimed of heroes%her troubles are my ruin !
Crushed cruelly under alien flails
my fair−haired slim kinswoman:
she’s a dried branch, that pleasant queen,
till he come, her Mac an Cheannaí.(/-)

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Pretender)E¦;TSaZYmc#F#bdoX$fI9EW=N
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5W°TC7?É¡WÀ5H±2ÂH¼=S9EW=SEGS

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squg#h`phrcmIwWÃÇHªV;TC189EHGS"
l u [ u I *\ n _ r $ u#i#k $ q j u+(Kathaleen Ny−
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I¹6ÆAC«<1XYsqugDJ!>T6»~­GwWNJ

(066)
186

N¢1RMEAC>?/R"WXmknc@E6E°E

M/ME

3!}zEA7SR(fWE±)$Caillech Bérri: The Old Woman
of Beare%@.R"F:±/7PG1?¥DT²8<3!
t{A­U=2Q8Tx28KME@!E¬Tv><¨@.R"NFQ&©8/±§'Tp«8!WXmkncEªu@.R&\in#oVn#oZg'$Shan Van Vocht%F!s@2S<IA
UBED°yC5£p«T>?¤8!8/~3|6R<

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Oh ! The French are on the sea,
Says the Shan Van vocht,
The French are on the sea,
Says the Shan Van vocht;
Oh ! The French are in the bay,
They’ ll be here without delay,
And the Orange will decay,
Says the Shan Van vocht.
Chorus
Oh ! The French are in the bay,
They’ ll be here by break of day,And the Orange will decay,
Says the Shan Van vocht.$-+%

6EO0DLPS?/R"6E3a[]bA8?q7S<EF!

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8Mscqor#bcl{Nê"NK<M

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¹ N + , · : Z ¼ ÿ A ] E V N J 6 [!B. }  { (Bryan
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GEVNJ6GE(52)"@NY8M*l~#a#ez+O¦$ÌºàL¡^[;L:GEVN;!¹Öè£MYGI&'Ä'MÜÄA]!bcrNÃÞKBIN?Z]E*TCRZB7*ç+KB

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åÖÐMObclKbi#bcl$NñMODNY
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cpKij%N¬²¤,h~k%#t#x%v-V!âÑ
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184

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Z[usviK(¾½%)yY!¾ÑKª¢K³ºG5VH@F
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KL!=WJØ5E°úÛJL!Ê*}G°ïä?Fë?C%
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>WV=HJIDC"=KS7IKI9G!-4-2úKµK#«K3÷J!mhte^#nZb&Patrick Pearse'Y·HAV(Z[usvi0)&Irish National Volunteers'K{!Kjarjtbhü&I. R. B.':!+'I^%gd%YF!
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'PG2)c,]@F5(%#A terrible
beauty is born.$&;O*IJIK>UA!0>ZeNH^[25A>;
3E0;,:-B*"2+20>VR=8)9!IJIK?a`>U'\;f(%#Man and the Echo$&:!

MAN
In a cleft that’s christened Alt
Under broken stone I halt
At the bottom of a pit
That broad noon has never lit,
And shout a secret to the stone.
All that I have said and done,
Now that I am old and ill,
Turns into a question till
I lie awake night after night
And never get the answers right.
Did that play of mine send out
Certain men the English shot ?
Did words of mine put too great strain
On that woman’s reeling brain ?
Could my spoken words have checked
That whereby a house lay wrecked ?
And all seems evil until I
Sleepless would lie down and die.

%070&
182

ECHO
Lie down and die.'.-(

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Õâ=T")æ*JÝ²GO)ÊU£H*ESÚ=A8D/T"Z[ZeIÂ7I¥Jä0­ÆD¡LTI5G©á©ÌD®VT9E
5/T"9IÞ°5Z[ZeI%ÔKVU@¦Ù&E01|¨¸WºM¯=ID/T5'..(!9I¥G30COÏ«J?IÌW³I¥GNT9E5D6>G!©¶D2¯:F8UKFRF0E019EGFT"®SG
Z[ZeIÓÅJ!m$kwIªI¹§Ò5!YZwuzhI
i_tivar5¹§ÇFOI4RØÇFOIG?I±Wß8É=
EFTE01OID/B@"9IQ1G¡NRU@Ø×D/B@
ID!ÍIàÇJ4Gi_tiwFOIDJ/B@5!Z[ZeW
J<NE=Toyf`czg#Ybzdz_$I¯©IØ×Ñ5!
;C´Ii_tiv`gGFT9EJF4B@"yqz­JYZw
uzhDJ}¿E;C

À;C0@5!µåPÈ¼WÃG½XAÖË

I¥PJ!J. M. _z]'John Millington Synge(I)oxZ#p$Z

181'071(W.B.Z[ZeEYZwuzh#i_tivar

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Ê$IÃ·ÇZ,9B.F2@>7DIÐ&DFV2Q9WF."¯¢;V7DGFV3!ÀÍI¥òpfupxFÎ¹|3ªNVF
2!!9AA-Vanwkb#pfupwgnJ!ºTZÏå~9B5WV/´àfzqxZõ+D9B.>"7WZóæG;V7
D3!\zcy#\^wftI\izjzf%I)DF@>"û>5¢0K!óæJ<@<DºTIþZ@B.>7DGFV"R. _]w\shGSWK!¶ðàÕÌîD2Zü@>Å-I{øI©éD
9B!.ÉI(ÚD9B}ÔD¾ZL7D3-V3!£ÊàF$Zÿ.B¾Z®9ÈMV?6C-@B!0Ö;V7DCQF50
;VY6CQF.D.@>7D3-V',++("úùZ¶0V\zcy#\^wftIï¥GQ7I×â3Ñ[C.>IC-V2T!ººêD¢@B9N0KÄ$­F¢*DFX/2"D. e%aw]%J!^`^lZO\izjzf%I±ÛJ!\^xvzoIanwkbI
G16V²AIÙ4F+Ó&¿!pfupwhs!ãÝ&G%
C-@>DÂMB.V',+,("Á@B!
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ZDV¤4\^xvzo*3³V\vzäZËHVS/GP>IC-V3!=W3=Q=QI§UC@>Dµß9B.V"7I7DJ¡°I^`^lôöGUý8WVm%r!ANU^`^lJ\^xvzo/´!ÀñÍ!d%xIáçZ

'072(
180

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Oe|j'Henry Grattan,.320−.4/-(O·ÒNWGJ×:[ED[K5Y!5Z6P!wml$s'Giuseppe Mazzini,.4-1−.43/(V¾¢ÆO{$luOòÔOùÌº^6Eoa`gOÆÒ;×6EÅÈVrfzr}hxOD[K5ZL©GJ6ZOK5Z'.-/("A:AM;X!ý8Q)e|j*'Grattan’s parliament,.34/−.4--(OâïºO·Ò^!üºLâñL;ôÜM£;¶@[ZùÌÜ
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AG «­ @XBW?IKJED"%8Y8Q D=A#Ì{|x²|~&!#"%*&ci^$r$, E.'³¼Â jdpjrfm(

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+)),¾&,/1.
%+&O’Grady, Standish James, History of Ireland: The Heroic Period, Vol. 1, v. Nabu Public Domain Reprints%London,*101&%,&Ibid., x.
%-&O’Grady, Standish James, History of Ireland: The Heroic Period, Vol. 2,, *0. Nabu Public Domain Reprints *11)¾KÁÆ@XD Early%London, *11)&
Bardic Literature M·<K?LÍL}»K@XD"%.&O’Grady, History of Ireland: The Heroic Period , Vol. 2,+/*−+.
%/&Deane, Seamus. ed., The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing Vol. II%Derry,,,.+..
Field Day Publications,*22+&%0&Ibid.,+.+.
%1&Ibid.,.+/.
,+*2−+*.
%2&Yeats, William Butler, Autobiographies,%London: Macmillan,*20)&

%074&
178

&+*'Yeats, William Butler, Essays and Introductions,&London: Macmillan, +30+',,0*.
&++'Alspach, R. K. ed., The Variorum Edition of the Plays of W. B. Yeats,&London:,3/1.
Macmillan,+300'&+,'Q$Un_q, T.(wD¬ +3~PQnlq`)¡·s%y,//.
´&ª!,**2'&+-'Yeats, Essays and Introductions,+1-.
&+.'Ibid.,+1..
&+/'Arnold, Matthew, On the Study of Celtic Literature and on Translating Homer,&New York : Macmillan,+3*1'Kessinger Publishing’s Reprints&+0'Ibid., xi.
&+1'Ibid.,1.−/.
&+2'Ibid.,10−1.
&+3'Ibid., xiv.
&,*'Ibid.,&,+'Ibid.,+-1.
&,,'Ibid.,3−+*.
,-*1.
&,-'go$, N.(gWj$#P$bn`¥) »s´&t°!,**1¨'&,.'Arnold, On the Study of Celtic Literature and on Translating Homer, xix.
,-*2.
&,/'go$, N.(gWj$#P$bn`¥)&,0'Arnold, On the Study of Celtic Literature and on Translating Homer,+*,−-.
&,1'Yeats, Essays and Introductions,+2/.
&,2'Ibid., +20−1. :F4DC!QRQ^8 R. p$Ua$EA5B§E<B
5LF8²5"~¢}EOE«­;MB5?YTqXacP&±uº'F(S][)&Edda'Ni\$dD<?>FxG!<9Vngq³rFD¶E|µ=LJFC4@?"&,3'Kohn, Hans, The Idea of Nationalism A Study in Its Origins and Background, /. 6KH/13. F£&New Brunswick & London : Transaction Publishers, ,**2'N"&-*'feZf$h, E. J.(aWkamZhF¹D)®¸¯I7´&¡,+1−2.
¤!,**.¨',**1¨',+.
&-+'Vna$, E.(³DaWkamZh)v¦ z´&{©¤!

177&075'W.B.QRQ^DPQnlq`#aWkamZh'10(\qf$, E.+ÃªGf]nfp`l,,0.5−7.
+ÃGK{;,x´ÅÆ'Wt_Zpi'11(qft, E.)ÃGK{;*, "25.
d!/775»(,0/0.
'12(\qf$, E.+ÃªGf]nfp`l,'13([eX$p$, E. +¯º½ f]nfp`l,È£¼ ¬Æ'}Â!
0..1»()¯º,
*TJ?G",6..
'14([eX$p$, E.+¯º½ f]nfp`l,'15(Utb$atKf]nfpcV'nationality(J®SOIgW]ntg_'nationness(G9:¡TÇ9E9P"'16(Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Community : Reflection on the Origin and,3−4.
Spread on Nationalism, Revised Edition,'London : Verso,0..4('17(Ibid.,02−03.
'2.(?J?GK[eX$p$J+¯º½ f]nfp`l,IMDEL²@
QE9PG?RF8P"'2/(Anderson, B., Imagined Community ,/21−3.
'20(jh`jYl, E. J. -rt^m$, T.+©NQC¶¸,§¦ ¬Æ'

,/5.
vyµ!0..5»(,/2−3. jh`j$lK'21(jh`j$l, E. J.+f]nfp`lJÉG,§®Jis#f]nfp`lG®f]nfp`lJ¹³HÊ«¢IK
ÄT·>~=E9P"

IL¾K?JTÊ«¢MOL¥«¢G9:

±;NÁ¤AE9P",51.
'22(Smith, A. D., National Identity,'Las Vegas: Nevada U. P.,/77/(,'23(Smith, A. D., The Ethnic Origins of Nations,'Oxford: Basil Blackwell, /777(03.
)§®³gW]ntw*(G9:
'24(jh`j$lJ proto−nationalism'
IC9AE!Utb$atK ethnicity G9:TÇAE9P"'25(uzJ_k_Jf]nfp`lËK!I National Identity J¯1%The
Rise of Nations&IÀDE9P"'26(Smith, A. D., National Identity, 43.
'27(A;AH<NK!Eagleton L Heathciff and the Great Hunger,'London& New York: Verso, /773(JH;F²AE9PM:I!UWqoteFK¨KAE¿³°|J­G@QP?GKH;DCJF8P"B?FK!

'076(
176

ÀY<\bW^ªÑ!ç©ÑVÅ·&ÌÇ!ÔÌXÒÆIZ=RYÝõ²
X®&VXS<b!ÐXòAaÍ]R¬ÉJcGTXSCV=^X
S<PM"+72,Kohn, Hans, The Idea of Nationalism A Study in Its Origins and BackgroundS×HdR=cims_

sX'civic(V Western nationalism T!

LdWÅJcziwfÇåTJc'ethnic(V Eastern nationalism S<cB!
ÚWÈ9µX'Stirrings in the Old World(f¥´"V@¦ñIM!Transaction
âWY C. l%W`c/³é0B±¤HdR=cB!p%X{q{töfLXqk|tØXÓAaX¿#¶IM^XT^VPR=c"+73,GXè½WQ=RY!ssX National Identity XÈ8µ'Separatism andMulti−nationalism(W`c",82.
+74,Beckett, J. C., The Anglo−Irish Tradition,+London: Faber & Faber,3;98,+75,Eagleton, Terry, Heathcliff and the Great Hunger,;4−5.
+76,Duffy, J., ed., The Spirit of the Nation, Ballads and Songs by The Writers of, Kessinger Publishing’s Reprints5;.
)Nation*+Dublin:,
J. Duffy,3:67,+77,¼ Ü g i 

 z Õ B! %  º æ W ` c-n i %  t#l  v r.

+Queen’s College,XÂ¾f]EPRkp}TÅóI!£¯ÑW-%.fòdcXB3:68ÜS<c"/}iq0§WQ=RYÖXôW`PR3:6:ÜWÞWÏ=¡\+78,
dMW!The United Irishman, The Irish Tribune, The Irish Felon, The Irishman
T=PM^XB¨$TßHdcB!=Kd^ÊîW¯ec"3:6;ÜAa¢Hdc/}iq0ÈÛq%tYAVbVöÎTVc"+79,Deane, S., The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing Vol. II ,75−6.
+7:,Porter, R. 1Teich, M., ed., Romanticism in National Context,+Cambridge U.
, Dunne, T.,'Haunted by History(9:.
P.,3;::,+7;,gi zXÃX xhlV°ËTÙðW!¼ÜgzÕ^ÁãWRAVbì­ÑNPMT=>¿ïB`DHdc"Cronin, S., Irish Nationalism,, Zimmerman, G. D., Songs of Irish Rebellion,+New York : Contiuum, 3;:3,, i%oy, T./«Tá«0VU"+Dublin : Four Court Press,4224,/ íX»¸0X3:67ÜâW¤HdM~+82,

vz369ëX>O!xhsX^XB66êTä[àFRÄD!uvhX^X^32êf¹?c"

175+077,W.B.ijiwTgi z#{q{t

'2-()^jIca*Ii`I D. Duffy J C. G. Duffy FBIb:f@E6L:!
\WZ[JG7>FNh=X8D9;"'2.(Duffy, J., ed., The Spirit of the Nation, v.
'2/(Ibid .,/.
'20(Ibid .,-15−2,.
'21(>IA<]EVl?MLSUPUI%Dark Rosaleen&FgYALCKH!
RO$TUQkI%Róisín Dubh&EIdemN_A"
Oh ! My sweet rose, cease to pine for the past,
For the friends that came eastward shall see thee at last;
They bring blessings and favours the past never knew
To pour forth in gladness on my Róisín Dubh.
The mountains, high and misty, through the moors must go,
The rivers shall run backward, the lakes overflow,
And the wild waves of old ocean wear a crimson hue,
Ere the world sees the ruin of my Róisín Dubh.
,-05.
'22(Kennelly, B., The Penguin Book of Irish Verse,'Penguin Books,-54-('23(Zimmerman, G. D., Songs of Irish Rebellion Irish Political Street Ballads and,42.
Rebel Songs, 1780−1900,'Dublin: Four Court Press,.,,.('24(Kennelly, B., The Penguin Book of Irish Verse,-52.
'25(Porter, R. +Teich, M., ed., Romanticism in National Context, Dunne, T.,%Haunted by History&,4/−0.
Robert, W., ed., The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature,'Oxford : Clarendon
'3,(
,./.
Press,-552('3-(Nairn, Tom, Faces of Nationalism : Yanus Revisited, 'London#New York :,--,.
Verso,-553('3.(Robert, W., The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature,.01−2.
'3/(Beckett, J. C., The Anglo−Irish Tradition,-05.
'30(Eagleton, T., Heathcliff and the Great Hunger,.1,−-.
'31(Ibid.,.05.

'078(
174

'43(Yeats, Essays and Introductions,/13.
'44(Yeats , Autobiographies,.6−/-.
'45(Ibid.,/-.
'46(Ibid.,61.
'5-(UVU]I+,EIsEJ!WfSf$J{I¤xRwL!A
I|{I ¢qRCBFGCD8O"'5.(Brown, Malcolm, The Politics of Irish Literature from Thomas Davis to W. B.
,5.
Yeats,'London: George Allen & Unwin,.64/('5/(Autobiographies I)^UiTZFSUgeh_jIHGO*<WfSf$;NUVU]H?PBF89pE7O<!uN=+}¡I,FQPO"'50(Zimmerman G. D., Songs of Irish Rebellion,15.
'51(Yeats, Essays and Introductions,/24.
'52(Zimmerman G. D., Songs of Irish Rebellion,5/−0.
'53(Yeats, Essays and Introductions,/23.
'54(Yeats, Autobiographies,/-1−2.
'55(Alspach, R. K. ed., The Variorum Edition of the Plays of W. B. Yeats,/01−2.
'z'56(+SaU#YS\$ .6-1−/--1 SUgeh_oyl,,41.
t !/--1(,53.
'6-(Yeats, W. B., Collected Plays of W. B. Yeats,'London: Macmillan,.644('6.(UVU]IrII~%The Song of Wandering Aengus&J>I~Imv<7O"'6/(Robert, W., The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature,/4/−0.
'60(Deane, Seamus., The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing Vol. I ,/6/. G:>In¥J Thomas Kinsella IMIE7O"'61(bhXhI%Kathaleen Ny−Houlahan&I§£R Kinsella, Thomas, ed.,& Trans., The New Oxford Book of Irish Verse,'Oxford U. P., /--.(;Nk¦@D
KO"
Think her not a ghastly hag, too hideous to be seen,
Call her not unseemly names, our matchless Kathaleen;
Young she is, and fair she is, and would be crowned a queen,173'079(W.B.UVU]FSUgeh_#`Yd`f[cWere the king’s son at home here with Kathaleen Ny−Houlahan !
%0,&Kinsella, Thomas, ed., & Trans., The New Oxford Book of Irish Verse,),).
%0-&Zimmerman, Songs of Irish Rebellion,,-.
%0.&Hunt, Hugh., The Theatre and Nationalism in Ireland%Swansea: Wales U. P.,
(0.,&
, 0.
,*0*−+.
%0/&Yeats, W. B., Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats,%London: Macmillan,(0-0&, +.. =
%00&MacNeice, Louis, Poetry of W. B. Yeats,%London: Faber & Faber, (0+.&> = ? 6 @ 6 3 6 D C 7!Kiberd, D., Inventing

Ireland,%London: Vintage

Book,(00-&6 chapter.#The National Longing for Form$58A:B29<
41;"%(''&Raymond, William, Problems in Materialism and Culture,%London & New,(+0.
York :Verso,(00-&,%('(&Allison, Jonathan. ed., Yeats’ s Political Identities, %Michigan U. P.,(00-&#Introduction Fascism, Nationalism, Reception$,(*.
%(')&Yeats, Essays and Introductions,)-+.

%080&
172