【The 4th IERE Webinar】Chat Box
Thank you for the wonderful presentation. I agree with your opinion of thenecessity for long duration energy storage with lower cost. Surely,
thermochemical of Hydrogen and Ammonia are the promising candidate.
But their energy efficiency is not so high compared to the batteries, so I
consider that chemical energy is not appropriate to convert to electricity

Q again. I think it is useful to apply for another sector, oil refinery, chemical,
and iron manufacture.

How do you think about my opinion?
And I didn’t know about liquid air using storage. If enough time, pleaseshow me what high the increase of power generation efficiency is.

I agree that the round trip efficiency of Hydrogen and Ammonia for energy
storage is quite low. However, thermochemical storage including H2 andcarriers is really the only technology option for seasonal storage since they

have very low standby losses and can be stored in quantities comparable toexisting hydrocarbon storage. In a high renewable scenario, it will be a caseof cost/land use for overbuilding renewable capacity to meet seasonalneeds vs. cost of thermochemical storage.
Also, the round-trip efficiency of Liquid Air Energy storage is expected toA

be ~50-70%.

QThank you for your excellent presentation. For the sCO2 cycle, how much ofefficiency is realized at this moment, and how much is expected as pertechnical improvement and scale ups?
Our target for indirect sCO2 cycle efficiency using indirect heat addition(e.g. through a heater similar to a steam boiler) is >50% thermal efficiency
at a turbine inlet temperature of 715 deg C. Oxy-combustion sCO2 cycles

w/natural gas are targeting ~55-57% thermal efficiency including all carbon
capture loads.

A【The 4th IERE Webinar】Chat Box
I would like to thank both the presenters for excellent and very interestingpresentations. Apart from critical minerals and water, I wonder what you

Q both see as the biggest threats to achieving net zero in the energy andindustrial sectors?

Thanks for your nice comment. Sure, the slides are already available atIERE's website. I think another challenge apart from water and minerals arerelated to social issues... How will we make sure that we continue to giveaccess to more and more people worldwide while making sure at the sameAtime, it is sustainable.

QThank you for both speakers for a very interesting presentation.. myquestion would be how does smart grid related software and hardware
would play in the carbon neutral future... this will be closely related topower system control and planning, and asset management both on thetransmission and distribution levels. thank you.
Thanks. Demand Side Management (DSM) and Energy Management

Systems (EMS) are crucial tools to achieve our carbon neutrality since all
speakers mentioned the challenges related to large scale storage so that
DSM and ERM can help in reducing the need for it.

AThanks for your sharing. One of the hydrogen transport pathway that you
mentioned is using Ammonia. I wonder if Australia has any plan to create
an Ammonia economy domestically to achieve a reasonable economies ofQ scale? Because I think the end use application (direct use of ammonia) is an
important enabler.

Thanks. Ammonia's role is clear when it comes to distribution, and perhaps
storage. There is some capacity already for NH3 production in Australia -both for export, but also domestic fertiliser and explosives production. Thisoffers a great opportunity to gradually convert from gas-fired to lowcarbon hydrogen-fed, taking advantage of existing scale and infrastructure.

A【The 4th IERE Webinar】Chat Box
Thanks for the great presentation and happy to hear we can count on you
to import molecules from :-). Wondering whether one of your DAC

Q technologies that CSIRO works on also allows capturing water from the air?
Good question ... let me take that on notice. Two of our techs are amine
based (one liquid, and one solid) and another on MOFS, so perhaps not.
But don't quote me on that!

AThank you for your nice presentation. I would like to ask about theuse for vehicles. Other than the EV, is there any plan to introduce
Q hydrogenor demonstrate the use of hydrogen for vehicle in Australia?
Yes, very much. In fact, CSIRO has just taken delivery of our own Mirai andare currently building our own refuelling station as part of our hydrogenfacility. While battery EV is always going to be a good option for urban

commuter style transport, we expect a role for hydrogen for larger vehicles
or those needing to travel long distances. What's also interesting for us isA

the direct use of ammonia in large, slower-speed engines, such as in ships
and locomotives.

Thank you for your presentations. In terms of Japan's energy sources, I
remember reading over the last few years that the extraction of under-sea
methane hydrates is one area of research for a domestic fuel supply for theQ country. Is this something that is seen as having a high importance in termsof research for the country?

That's an interesting one. Methane hydrates is one of those topics thatcomes up regularly, and then seems to disappear quietly. I'm not sure what
the state of the art in that area is.

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