Project for Improvement of Water Environment by Utilizing
Johkasou as An Appropriate Technology

Shigekazu Miyagi
DAIGO SANGYO Co., LtdProfile of DAIGO SANGYO Group
company that create the future with you

Enterprise contents of DAIGO SANGYO Co., Ltd(about 100 staff member)
Overseas businessJohkasou business, restaurant businessJohkasou management business

10 johkasou technicians, O&M, desludging
800 unit johkasou, 8 vacuum truck

Waste disposal business-Sewer maintenance business-Water quality analysis business-

Other Businesses
Building Maintenance Business, Restaurant Business, Recycling BusinessTotal staff member of Daigo Sangyo Group is about 1,0002

Information and Situation of Yangon City
①Area: 598.75 km2,②Population (2010): 4,348,000 people③Center of Myanmar economy

Future tasks・・・population will be 10 million in 2040,
・air pollution and pollution of rivers and lakes,
・unstable electric power supply
・・・・・・・

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Water environment in Yangon City
１）Water quality of river
COD (mg/L)

２）Outline of sewage treatment plant and pipeline facilities
BOD (mg/L)

Range

Avg.

Range

Avg.

River

96 – 2560

888

27 – 900

405

Drainage ditch

96 - 224

171

6 - 6236

River

110 – 985

658

50 – 520

328

Drainage ditch

100 - 322

207

28 - 96

56

Facility
Sewage treatment Plant
site area
completion
planned population
treatment processcapacity
real flow rate
raw wastewater quality
effluent water quality
Sewer network
completion
planned population
service area

Rainy season

Dry-season3)Form of individual wastewater treatment facility
Flush toilet(sewerage)
Number oftoilet
(％)

Pour
flush Unimproved toilet
toilet(ST,VIP)(pit latrine, etc.)

without toilet

NATotal

580

8,278

1,098

58

31

10,045

5.8

82.4

10.9

0.6

0.3100length of sewer pipematerial of sewer pipe
ejector station

Specification
2.25ha (5.56 acre)Jan.2005
300,000
activated sludge process
14,775 m3/d (3.25 MGD)
1,364 m3/d (0.3 MGD)
BOD 600 mg/L, SS 700 mg/L
BOD 60 mg/L, SS 40 mg/L
Mar. 1890
40,000
8 townshipNorthern trunk sewer 5.55 km
Southern trunk sewer 5.03 km
Total 10.58 km
casting iron
40 (34 st. are in operation)

Source: JICA project reportdisposalCondominium
Septic tank

Sewage treatment plant

From septic tank Sludge
treatment plant(dry-bed facility)

4Establishment of water related environmental Law
1990 Yangon City Development Law
2012

Environmental Protection Act was enacted in April 2012

No national regulations/discharge standards
Discharge standard for effluent of sewerage treatment
Item

CriterionPH
6.0 - 8.0Grease
10 mg/L
T-P
10 mg/L
PO45 mg/L
TDS
1,200 mg/L
Temperature
20 – 35℃
TSS
100 mg/L
turbidity
300 UTN
T-N
20 mg/L
COD
100 mg/L
BOD550 mg/L
出所：YCDC下水処理場

Discharge standard for effluent ofindustrial wastewater

Item
BOD5pH
COD
Suspended Solids
Total SolidsCriterion
This survey
2012
20 – 60 mg/l
6 – 9.5200 mg/l
500 mg/l
200 mg/l
1,000 mg/l
500 mg/l

Discharge Standards for buildings
Check and approval ofdocuments

No. ofFloor

Recommended
facility

13F

CQHP and YCDC check andapprove

20 mg/L

Wastewater
treatment plant1)

9-12F

CQHB
gives
comments,
20 mg/LYCDC checks and approves

Wastewater
treatment plant1)

4-8F

YangonCity’sStd.

Effluent BOD(mg/L)

YCDC checks and approves

Septic tank
up-flow filter

No regulation

withNote

Licenseissued byYCDC

Septic tank1-3F

注1) johkasou or treatment plant with activated sludge process
Source：YCDC

Item

Discharge to rain drainage(mg/L)

Discharge to sewerage system(mg/L)

BOD

50(20)

150

CODCr

100200SS50(30)150

Source：CQHP and YCDC
Note) data In parentheses, YCDC's additional standard

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Master plan for domestic wastewater treatment

Yangon City Development Committee（YCDC）
Necessary of johkasou installation ⇒ Promotion of johkasou installation⇒ About 300 unit johkasou are in operation
However, O&M of installed johkasou is not carried out regularly in most cases.
6Outline of the johkasou project in Yangon
Purpose Verification of treatment capacity of Johkasou
 Verification of maintenance effect using existing Johkasou
 Capacity development of installation and maintenance technicfor YCDC

Output of the activities
Output 1: Effluent water quality of existing Johkasou is improved
through the transfer of appropriate O&M skills of Johkasou to YCDC.
Output 2: Through the creation of Johkasou guideline, YCDC’s capacity for
installation supervision and O&M of Johkasou is developed.
Output 3: Understanding of the importance Johkasou O&M among related officials
is promoted.
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Activities for the Outputs
 Activities for Output 1
Act 1: Installation of new Johkasou in Maha Bandula Park and Kan Taw Min Lake ParkAct 2: On-the-Job training for O&M of Johkasou including operating, desludging
and inspection, targeting the staff of YCDC.
Act 3: Water quality monitoring to verify effectiveness of appropriate Johkasou O&M
skills.
 Activities for Output 2
Act 4: Formulation of draft guideline covering capacity calculation, installation,supervision and O&M of Johkasou.
Act 5: Establishment of draft ledger of Johkasou as well as systematic and phased
O&M plan of Johkasou, based on the draft guideline.
 Activities for Output 3
Act 6:Creating materials on environmental education including utility of Johkasou andHolding seminar
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Act 1: Installation of Johkasou
Installation of new Johkasou in Maha Bandula Park and Kan Taw Min
Lake Park for public awarenessJohkasou installed inKan Taw Min Lake Park
(Johkasou capacity: 80 m3/d)

Johkasou installed in
Maha Bandula Park
(Johkasou capacity:1.0 m3/d X 5 unit)
9Act 2: On-the-Job training for O&M of Johkasou OJTPractice training

Act 3 Water analysis

Lecture10

ACT2:O-J-T

CONTENTLECTUREadministration
maintenancewater quality
・・・・・
total

60hours
9hours15hours
150hours

OJT（On-site training›
Structure and function Adjustment
12hours
Inspection and adjustment
21hours
water quality(BOD)
46hours
item and manner of legal inspection 24hours
・・・・・
total
141hours

Contents of Johkasou Maintenance training

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Act4 and Act5：Preparing johkasou guideline
Guideline index

Part of the Guidelines

Johkasou Guideline
Chapter 1. Basic Philosophy
Chapter 2. Definition of Johkasou
Chapter 3 Process from installation to maintenance of Johkasou
3.1. Installation of Johkasou
3.2. Maintenance of Johkasou
Chapter 4. Inspecting of Johkasou
Chapter 5. Frequency of maintenance inspections and desludging of a Johkasou
Chapter 6. Cost of Johkasou Installation and Maintenance
Chapter 7. Promotion of Outsourcing
Chapter 8. Johkasou installed before enactment of this guideline

Outsourcing Guidelines
1. Purpose of establishing these guidelines
2. Scope of Application
3.Installation work
4. Maintenance inspection
5. Desludging

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ACT5: Establishment of draft ledger of Johkasou

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Act 6: Poster for environmental education and holding seminar

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Improvement of johkasou treatment performance through appropriate
maintenance and management (the cases in Japan)
Possible causes

Example of countermeasures

Low pHOver aeration due to large air rate

Reduce the air rate in aeration tank

Low DO

Insufficient aeration due to small air rate

Increase the air rate in aeration tank

Outflow of sludge

Desludging the johkasou

Biofilm separation

Adjust the air rate in aeration tankHigh transparency Mass generation of Sakamaki Shellfish (physaacuta)

Effluent BOD
concentration istoo highStop aeration temporarily and disinfect thewater of each tank with chemical agent

Mass generation of fine suspended solid (SS)Adjust the flow rate of stirring water

Biofilm is not produced

Confirmation of microorganisms

Flow rate of return water is not appropriate

Adjust the flow rate

Note: This is only an example, and the measure also changes depending on the cause.
Because it is maintenance by organisms, cause and measures for that are necessary.
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Actual condition of johkasou maintenance and management
In Daigo Sangyo,
One Johkasou operater manage and conduct O&M for 70 to 80 Johkasou of different size
per year.
One vacuum truck is necessary for desludging 100 Johkasou of different size per year.

In Shiga prefecture, Japan,The penetration rate of sewerage system is very high, and johkasou are getting less.
Johkasou is considered to be complementary system for the sewerage system in Shiga
prefecture. When the service area of sewerage system is expanded, population served byjohkasou tends to decrease steadily.

16Perspectives and issues
1) It is necessary to share the sewage master plan as YCDC.
And it is necessary to have a common understanding as to how to spread theJohkasou.
2) How can the Johkasou contribute to the water environment? It is necessary toset the target.
3) Deepening of understanding that Johkasou is useful for improvement of water
environment in Yangon City
4) Learning knowledge of water environment engineering5) Enrichment of education to learn environmental problems from lower grade.
6) Construction of Johkasou sludge treatment plant,etc.
17Thank you for your attention.

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