Sanitation Scenario and On-site Wastewater
Treatments Systems in India
Ramakant, Ph.D.
Deputy Adviser (PHE)
CPHEEO
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
Government of India
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Contents
1 Overview
2 Current situation of urban population wastewater treatment system
3 Government of India initiatives on sanitation
4 Infrastructure Investment Required
5 Inefficiency in Infrastructure
6 Cooperation with Government of Japan
7 Conclusion

2Sector Responsibility

Overview

1• As per Indian Constitution: 3 tier Government

2• WATSAN is a State subject

3• States have the responsibility to plan, design and implement WATSAN
projects including the O&M and cost recovery

4• At the Central level, MoHUA is the Nodal Ministry for urban WATSAN
Sector to formulate policy guidelines & programs and provide
technical assistance to the State Governments.
3

Overview

Urban Population
As per Population Census of India 2011:
377 million i.e. 31.2% of the total population live
in towns
No. of cities/towns: 5161 in 2001; 7935 in 2011(4041 statutory towns
42.62% lives in 53 metros having million pluspopulation

The growing urban footprint
Urbanization share (%)
6050504030
2017.29 17.97

19.91

23.34

25.71

27.81

31.16

10

Net decadal growth of urban population > ruralgrowth0
1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

2050

Source: Census of India 20114

Current situation ofurban population
wastewater treatment
systemIndia’s Urban Sanitation Scenario
On site sanitation and sewerage

No Household
Toilets(18.6%)

HouseholdToilets(81.4%)

Septic Tanks(38%)

Sewerage
Connection(32.7%)

Pit & Other
Latrines(10.7%)

Community
Toilets (6%)

OpenDefecation(12.6%)

Safe Disposal 30%(out of 87.4%)• 70 % wastewater discharged without treatment• 80 % of surface water pollution due to municipal sewage
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Source: Census of India 2011

Current situation ofurban population
wastewater treatment
systemWaste Water Collection

Siltation leading to clogging

Broken gully pit

SW finding its way into sewers

Local sewerage network ending here

Clogged nalaIndirect access to sewers

6Sewage Generation and Treatment Capacity

Current situation ofurban population
wastewater treatment
system

According to CPCB (2014 -15) study in 28 States/UTs of India, the sewage generation isabout 38,254 MLD.
No of STP (816)

Capacity (23,277 MLD)

702528145

79

Operational

522

629

1237

Operational

Non-Operational

Non-Operational

Under Construction

Under Construction

Proposed

Proposed

18883

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Septage management: present scenario

Disposal of Septage by vacuum
truck

Unaesthetic & Hazardous
conditions

Current situation ofurban population
wastewater treatment
systemOpen dumping of Septage in low
lying area
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Current situation ofurban population
wastewater treatment
systemService Level Gaps
National Benchmark

India Current
status135 lpcd

69 lpcd

Extent of metering of water connections

100%

13%

Extent of non revenue water (NRW)

20%

32%

Cost recovery in water supply services

100%

39%

100%

70%

100%

35%

100%

51%

100%

24%

Service Indicators

Water Supply

Per Capita supply of water

Sewerage

Coverage of toilets
Collection efficiency of the sewage network
Household level coverage

Solid Waste Management

Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid waste

9Government of India
initiatives on sanitation

Initiatives by Government of India

Policies andAdvisories

Swachh Bharat
MissionNational Urban
Sanitation
PolicyAtal Mission forRejuvenationand Urban
Transformation(AMRUT)National policy
on faecalsludge andseptage
management

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Government of India
initiatives on sanitation

Vision: “All Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthy ….., ensure ……
public health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens.”

Goals

Target behavior change
Achieve open defecation freecities
Total Sanitation: Safe disposal of
100% human and liquid waste
State sanitation strategies and city
sanitation plans for every state/city11

Government of India
initiatives on sanitation

Swachh bharat mission-urban

Implementation Components
Individual household toilets
Major Objectives
Eradication of open
defecation in all 4041
statutory towns
100% Scientific solid
waste management in4041 statutory towns

Community toilets/Publictoilets/Urinals

66 lakh IHHL
5 lakh CT/PTseats

Solid waste management

Information, Education andCommunication (IEC)
Capacity Building (CB)

Awareness
Outreach
Advocacy
12Government of India
initiatives on sanitation

Achievements under the mission
1338 cities have beencertified as Open Defecation
Free

Accessible Sanitation
Nearly 0.24 million
CT/PT seats built/ underconstruction
Waste to Energy
Current Production of62 MWSafe Sanitation
Nearly 5 million
IHHL constructed
Safe collection of MSW
Over 50% urban wards have
100% Door to DoorCollection
Waste to CompostProduction
1 million MT/Y

Waste Processing
Over 23% waste processed13

IEC & Behavior Change Initiatives
Under The Mission

Partnership with comics bookpublishers

Asli Tarakki Campaign

Swachh Bharat Idea
Book

Developing creatives fornational dissemination

Celebrities for national campaigns

Government of India
initiatives on sanitation

Engaging SHGs

Regular triggering exercises
for swachhagrahi selection

14National StudentEngagement campaign

Atal mission for rejuvenation and urban
transformation (AMRUT)

Government of India
initiatives on sanitation

AMRUT : Five years(2015-16 to 2019-20) forInfrastructuredevelopment in 500
selected cities.

Fund Allocation : USD 77
Billion as Centrally
sponsored Scheme.
15Policies and advisories

Government of India
initiatives on sanitation

1. Advisory note on septage management
2. National policy on faecal sludge and septage management (FSSM) policy• More than 30 million households
depend on septic tanks (Census2011)• Five states in the process ofdeveloping septage management
strategy.
• Septage management plans being
developed and to be piloted in 5cities.
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Manual on sewerage & sewage treatmentintroduction and design features ofadvanced on-site systems

Government of India
initiatives on sanitation17

Urban infrastructure investment
requirement (2012-31)

Infrastructure
Investment Required•₹39,200 billion (USD 608 billion) over
20 years•₹480 billion (USD 7.45 billion) for Solid
Waste Management•₹2,420 billion (USD 37.5 billion) for
Sewerage•₹3,200 billion (USD 49 billion) for
Water Supply

The cost does not include :• Primary Education, Primary
Health, Electricity Distribution;
Land cost.
• Additional ₹20,000 billion (USD310 billion) for operation andmaintenance of assets - old andnew.
18Inefficiency inInfrastructure

Wastewater treatment & challenges
Treatment Technologies

Challenges• Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket• Increased attention, investments• Extended Aeration• Under utilisation (less sewage received at the• Activated Sludge ProcessSTP)• Fluidised Activated Bed• Secondary treatment- generally adopted• Sequencing batch reactors• Privatisation - rare (recent initiative)• Membrane bioreactors• Waste Stabilisation Ponds

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Inefficiency inInfrastructure

Reasons for Inefficiency in Collection &Treatment
Partial Coverage through formal
sewerage
Low level of Household
Connections to sewers
Storm water finding its way
into the sewers
Limited treatment capacity (stilllesser WW transfer to STPs)

Siltation due to non maintenance ofsewers or low flow
STP effluent disposal both onland and water

Minimal Recycling andReuse of Water

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On-going Co-operation between MoHUAand JICA

Cooperation withGovernment of Japan

1. JICA has deputed a Technical Expert to CPHEEO, MoHUA
2.

Extending long term Soft Loans to Govt. of India for Metro Rail, High Speed
Rail, Water Supply and Sanitation Services, etc.

3. JICA assistance for 16 Projects in WATSAN costing JPY 509 Billion

Technical Support by JICA
Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Systems (Part-A; Engineering, PartB: Operation & maintenance, and Part-C: Management), 2013
 Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management under Swachh Bharat Mission,
2016
21

Inefficiency inInfrastructure

Conclusion

Decentralized
technologies
adopt thescience fromtime tested
practices andimprove thetreatment
process.

Thesetechnologies
are devised
afterunderstandingthe nature ofwastewaterand are put
together indifferent
combinations
as per need.

They aredesigned toenhance thenatural aerobic
and anaerobic
processes

Createconditions in
which
wastewater
can be treatedwith the leastuse of energy
or mechanicalequipment.

Wastewater
could beeffectively
recycled andreused at
institutional orcommunitylevels.

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Thank You
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