Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2022

CHAPTER 5:

AI Policy andGovernanceArtificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2022

CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE

CHAPTER 5:

Chapter Preview
Overview

3

Chapter Highlights

4

5.1 AI AND POLICYMAKING

5

5.2 U.S. PUBLIC INVESTMENT IN AI

17

Global Legislation Records on AI

5

Federal Budget for Nondefense AI R&D

17

6

U.S. Department of Defense
Budget Request

18

Highlight: DOD Top Five
Highest-Funded Programs

19

By Geographic Area
Federal AI Legislation in the
United States
Highlight: A Closer Lookat the Legislation
State-Level AI Legislationin the United States

7
8

U.S. AI Policy Papers
By Topic

15
16

DOD AI R&D Spending by Department 20

9U.S. Government AI-Related
Contract Spending

21

By State

10

Total Contract Spending

21

Sponsorship by Political Party

11

Mentions of AI in Legislative Records

12

Contract Spending by Department
and Agency

22

AI Mentions in U.S. Congressional
Records

12

Highlight: Largest Contract for Five
Top-Spending Departments in 2021

24

AI Mentions in Global Legislative
Proceedings

13

By Geographic Area

14

APPENDIX

25

ACCESS THE PUBLIC DATA

2

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2022

CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE

Overview
As AI has become an increasingly ubiquitous topic in the last decade,intergovernmental, national, and regional organizations have worked todevelop policies and strategies around AI governance. These actors are
driven by the understanding that it is imperative to find ways to address
the ethical and societal concerns surrounding AI, while maximizing
its benefits. Active and informed governance of AI technologies has
become a priority for many governments around the world.
This chapter examines the intersection of AI and governance, and takes
a closer look at how governments in different countries, regions, andU.S. states are working to manage AI technologies. It begins by looking
at AI policymaking across the globe and within the United States,
exploring which countries and political actors are most keen to advance
AI legislation, and what kind of AI subtopics, from privacy to ethics, arethe focus of most legislative attention. Then the chapter takes a deep
dive into one of the world’s top public sector investors in AI, the UnitedStates, and studies how much its various government departments havespent on AI in the past five years.

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE

CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS• An AI Index analysis of legislative records on AI in 25 countries shows that the number of bills
containing “artificial intelligence” that were passed into law grew from just 1 in 2016 to 18 in
2021. Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States passed the highest number of AI-related
bills in 2021, with each adopting three.
• The federal legislative record in the United States shows a sharp increase in the total number of
proposed bills that relate to AI from 2015 to 2021, while the number of bills passed remains low,with only 2% ultimately becoming law.
• State legislators in the United States passed 1 out of every 50 proposed bills that contain AI
provisions in 2021, while the number of such bills proposed grew from 2 in 2012 to 131 in 2021.
• In the United States, the current congressional session (the 117th) is on track to record the greatest
number of AI-related mentions since 2001, with 295 mentions by the end of 2021, half way
through the session, compared to 506 in the previous (116th) session.

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.1 AI and Policymaking

Discussions around AI governance regulation have accelerated over the past decade, resulting in policy proposals across various
legislative bodies. This section first examines AI-related legislation that has either been proposed or passed into law across different
countries and regions, followed by a focused analysis of state-level legislation in the United States. It then takes a closer look atcongressional and parliamentary records on AI across the world and concludes with data on the number of policy papers publishedin the United States.

5.1 AI AND POLICYMAKING
G LO BA L L E G I S L AT I O NRECORDS ON AI

their legislative bodies that contain the words “artificial
intelligence” from 2016 to 2021.

​​
Governments
and legislative bodies across the globe are
increasingly seeking to pass laws to provide funding for
AI development and innovation, while also promoting the
integration of human-centered values. The AI Index has
conducted an analysis of laws passed in 25 countries by

Taken together, the 25 countries analyzed have passed a
total of 55 AI-related bills. Figure 5.2.1 demonstrates that in
the past six years, there has been a sharp increase in termsof the total number of AI-related bills passed into law.1

NUMBER of AI-RELATED BILLS PASSED into LAW in 25 SELECT COUNTRIES, 2016–21
Source: AI Index, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

18

Number of AI-Related Bills

15

10

5

0
2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021
Figure 5.1.1

1 Note that the analysis only includes laws passed by national legislative bodies (e.g. congress, parliament) with the keyword “artificial intelligence” in various languages in the title or body of the billtext. See the appendix for the methodology. Countries included: Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.1 AI and Policymaking

By Geographic Area
Figure 5.1.2a shows the number of laws containing
mentions of AI that were enacted in 2021. Spain, theUnited Kingdom, and the United States led, each passing
three. Figure 5.1.2b shows the total number of legislation
passed in the past six years. The United States dominatedthe list with 13 bills, starting in 2017 with 3 new laws
passed each subsequent year, followed by Russia,
Belgium, Spain, and the United Kingdom.

The United States
dominated the list with 13
bills, starting in 2017 with
3 new laws passed eachsubsequent year, followedby Russia, Belgium, Spain,
and the United Kingdom.

NUMBER of AI-RELATED BILLS PASSED into LAW in SELECT COUNTRIES, 2021
Source: AI Index, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

Spain

3

United Kingdom

3

United States

3

Belgium

2

Russia2

France1Germany

1

Italy

1

Japan

1

South Korea

1

0

1

2

3

4

Number of AI-Related Bills
Figure 5.1.2a

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.1 AI and Policymaking

NUMBER of AI-RELATED BILLS PASSED into LAW in SELECT COUNTRIES, 2016–21 (SUM)
Source: AI Index, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

13

United States
Russia6

Belgium

5

Spain

5
5

United Kingdom
France

4

Italy

4

South Korea

4
3

Japan
2

China
Brazil1

Canada1Germany

1

India

1
0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Number of AI-Related Bills
Figure 5.1.2b

Federal AI Legislation in the United States
A closer look at the federal legislative record in the
United States shows a sharp increase in the total numberof proposed bills that relate to AI (Figure 5.1.3). In 2015,
just one federal bill was proposed, while in 2021, there

were 130. Although this jump is significant, the numberof bills related to AI being passed has not kept pace withthe growing volume of proposed AI-related bills. This gap
was most evident in 2021, when only 2% of all federallevel AI-related bills were ultimately passed into law.

NUMBER of AI-RELATED BILLS in the UNITED STATES, 2015–21 (PROPOSED vs. PASSED)
Source: AI Index, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

130, Proposed120

Number of AI-Related Bills

100

80

60

40

20
3, Passed

0
2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021
Figure 5.1.3

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.1 AI and Policymaking

A Closer Look at the Legislation
The following subsection delves into some of the AI-related legislation passed into law since 2016.
Table 5.1.1 demonstrates the wide range of AI-related issues that have piqued policymakers’ interest.
Country

Year Passed

Bill Name

Description

Canada2017

Budget Implementation Act 2017, No. 1

A provision of this act authorized the Canadiangovernment to make a payment of $125 million
to the Canadian Institute for Advanced Researchto support the development of a pan-Canadian
artificial intelligence strategy.

China

2019

Law of the People’s Republic of China
on Basic Medical and Health Care and
the Promotion of Health

A provision of this law aimed to promote theapplication and development of big data andartificial intelligence in the health and medical field
while accelerating the construction of medical andhealthcare information infrastructure, developing
technical standards on the collection, storage,
analysis, and application of medical and health data.

Russia2020

Federal Law of 24 April 2020 No.
123-FZ on the Experiment to Establish
Special Regulation in order to Create
the Necessary Conditions for theDevelopment and Implementation of
Artificial Intelligence Technologies in
the Region of the Russian Federation– Federal City of Moscow andAmending the Articles 6 and 10 of theFederal Law on Personal Data

This law established an experimental framework
for the development and implementation of AI asa five-year experiment to start in Moscow in July
1, 2020, including allowing AI systems to process
anonymized personal data for governmental andcertain commercial business activities.

United Kingdom

2020

Supply and Appropriation (Main
Estimates) Act 2020, c.13

A provision of this act authorized the Office of
Qualifications and Examination Regulation to
explore opportunities for using artificial intelligenceto improve the marking and administration of highstakes qualifications.

United States

2020

IOGAN ACT: Identifying Outputs ofGenerative Adversarial Networks Act

This act directed the National Science Foundation
to support research dedicated to studying theoutputs of generative adversarial networks(deepfakes) and other comparable technologies.

Belgium

2021

Decree on coaching and solutionoriented support for job seekers, N.
327

A provision of this act directs the government
to create an advisory group called the Ethics
Committee, which is responsible for submitting
advice if artificial intelligence tools are to be used
for digitization activities.

France2021

Law N:2021-1485 of November
15, 2021, aimed at reducing theenvironmental footprint of digitaltechnology in FranceThis act sets up a monitoring system to evaluate
environmental impacts of newly emerging digitaltechnologies, in particular, artificial intelligence.

Table 5.1.1

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.1 AI and Policymaking

S TAT E - L E V E L A I L E G I S L AT I O N I N
T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S

a greater proportion of proposed state-level AI bills haveactually passed. In 2021, of the 131 proposed state bills,
26 were passed into law (20%), or 1 out of 5 proposedbills became law. This ratio is significantly higher whencompared to the federal level, where 1 out of every 50
proposed bills became law in 2021.

Growing policy interest in AI can also be seen in thelarge number of AI-related bills recently proposedat the state level in the United States, based on data
provided by Bloomberg Government since 2012.
Bloomberg Government classified a bill as relating to
AI if it contained AI-related keywords such as artificial
intelligence, machine learning, or algorithmic bias.
As is the case on the federal level, there has been asignificant increase in the number of AI bills proposedat the state level in the last decade (Figure 5.1.4).
In 2012, the first two pieces of AI-related legislation
were proposed when New Jersey assembly member
Annette Quijano directed the New Jersey Motor Vehicle
Commission to establish driver’s license endorsements
for autonomous vehicles. In the past 10 years, theincrease has been substantial, from 2 bills in 2012 to 131
in 2021.

A notable difference between
AI-related lawmaking in the
United States on the federal
versus the state level isthat a greater proportion of
proposed state-level AI bills
have actually passed.

A notable difference between AI-related lawmaking in the
United States on the federal versus the state level is that

NUMBER of STATE-LEVEL AI-RELATED BILLS in the UNITED STATES, 2012–21
Source: Bloomberg Government, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report140
131
PassedProposed
VetoedNumber of AI-Related Bills

120

26

100
87
13

80

77
10

60
103
40
29
20
10
0

14

2

8

12

2012

2013

2014

74
26

66

9
9

9

25

2015

2016

2017

17
2018

2019

2020

2021
Figure 5.1.4

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9Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2022

By State
In the United States, AI
lawmaking has been relatively
widespread across all states. Asof 2021, 41 out of 50 states haveproposed at least one AI-relatedbill, but certain states have been
particularly active in generating
AI legislation. Figure 5.1.5 showsthat Massachusetts has proposed
the most AI bills, with 40 since2012, followed by Hawaii (35)and New Jersey (32). Focusing
on just 2021 in Figure 5.1.6,
Massachusetts was the state that
proposed the most AI-related
bills, with 20, followed by Illinois(15) and Alabama (12).

CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.1 AI and Policymaking

NUMBER of STATE-LEVEL PROPOSED AI-RELATED BILLS in the UNITEDSTATES by STATE, 2012–21 (SUM)
Source: Bloomberg Government, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

AK
0

ME
0
VT
8

NH
0
MA
40

WA
14

ID
0

MT
0

ND
0

MN
2

IL
28

WI
0

MI
3

NY
31

RI
5

OR
1

NV
10

WY
0

SD
0

IA
1

IN
1

OH
3

PA
7

NJ
32

CT
2

CA
29

UT
3

CO
2

NE
2

MO
4

KY
1

WV
9

VA
8

MD
8

DE
1

AZ
7

NM
1

KS
1

AR
1

TN
7

NC
6

SC
1

DC
8

OK
2

LA
0

MS
7

AL
21

GA
3

HI
35

TX
17

FL
22

Figure 5.1.5

NUMBER of STATE-LEVEL PROPOSED AI-RELATED BILLS in the UNITEDSTATES by STATE, 2021
Source: Bloomberg Government, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

AK
0

HI
7

ME
0
VT
3

NH
0
MA
20

WA
6

ID
0

MT
0

ND
0

MN
0

IL
15

WI
0

MI
0

NY
8

RI
3

OR
1

NV
1

WY
0

SD
0

IA
1

IN
0

OH
1

PA
3

NJ
4

CT
0

CA
4

UT
2

CO
2

NE
0

MO
1

KY
0

WV
3

VA
1

MD
4

DE
0

AZ
0

NM
0

KS
0

AR
0

TN
2

NC
3

SC
1

DC
6

OK
1

LA
0

MS
3

AL
12

GA
0

TX
6

FL
7

Figure 5.1.6

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.1 AI and Policymaking

Sponsorship by Political Party
State-level AI legislation data reveals that there is apartisan dynamic to AI lawmaking. Figure 5.1.7 plots thenumber of AI-related bills sponsored at the state level by
Democratic and Republican lawmakers. Although there
has been an increase in AI bills proposed by membersof both parties since 2012, in the past four years, thedata suggests Democrats were more likely to sponsor
AI-related legislation. Whereas Democrats sponsoredonly two more AI bills than Republicans in 2018, theysponsored 39 more in 2021.

NUMBER of STATE-LEVEL PROPOSED AI-RELATED BILLS in the UNITED STATES by SPONSOR PARTY, 2012–21
Source: Bloomberg Government, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

79, Democratic

80

Number of AI-Related Bills

70
60
50
40, Republican

40
30
20
10
0
2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021
Figure 5.1.7

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.1 AI and Policymaking

M E N T I O N S O F A I I N L E G I S L AT I V ERECORDS
Another barometer of legislative interest in AI is thenumber of mentions of “artificial intelligence” ingovernmental and parliamentary proceedings. This
subsection considers data on mentions of AI bothin U.S. congressional records and the parliamentary
proceedings of other countries based on AI Index andBloomberg Government data.

AI Mentions in U.S. Congressional Records
In the last five years, and especially in 2021, U.S.
congressional sessions have devoted increasing amountsof time to discussions of AI. This section presents datafrom Bloomberg Government concerning mentions of AIrelated keywords in congressional proceedings, broken
down by legislation, congressional committee reports,
and congressional research service reports.
According to Figure 5.1.8, the current congressionalsession (the 117th) is on track (as of the end of 2021)
to record the greatest number of AI-related mentions
since 2001. The most recently completed congressionalsession, the 116th (2019-2020), saw 506 AI mentions,nearly 3.4 times as many mentions as there were during
the 115th session (2017–2018), and 30 times as many as
the 114th session (2015–2016).

MENTIONS of AI in the U.S. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD by LEGISLATIVE SESSION, 2001–21
Source: Bloomberg Government, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

Legislation
Congressional Research Service Reports
Committee Reports

500

506

178

Number of Mentions

400

295

300

245

200

139

149
44

100

129

66

0

4

7

107th
(2001–02)

108th(2003–04)

83

25

17

18

17

12

17

39

109th
(2005–06)

110th(2007–08)

111th(2009–10)112th(2011–12)113th(2013–14)

114th(2015–16)

115th(2017–18)

27

116th
(2019–20)

117th(2021–)
Figure 5.1.8

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.1 AI and Policymaking

AI Mentions in Global Legislative Proceedings
AI mentions in governmental proceedings are on therise not only in the United States but also in many othercountries across the world. The AI Index conducted ananalysis on the minutes or proceedings of legislative

sessions in 25 countries that contain the keyword“artificial intelligence” from 2016 to 2021. Figure 5.1.9
shows that the mentions of AI in legislative proceedingsin 25 select countries grew 7.7 times in the past six years.2

NUMBER of MENTIONS of AI in LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS in 25 SELECT COUNTRIES, 2016–21
Source: AI Index, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

1,323

1,200

Number of Mentions

1,000

800

600

400

200

0
2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021
Figure 5.1.9

2 See the appendix for the methodology. Countries included: Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.1 AI and Policymaking

By Geographic Area
Figure 5.1.10a shows the number of legislative
proceedings containing mentions of AI that wereenacted in 2021. Similar to the trend in the number of
AI mentions in bills passed into laws, Spain, the United

Kingdom, and the United States topped the list. Figure
5.1.2b shows the total number of AI mentions in the past
six years. The United Kingdom dominated the list with
939 mentions, followed by Spain, Japan, the UnitedStates, and Australia.

NUMBER of MENTIONS of AI in LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS in
SELECT COUNTRIES, 2021

NUMBER of MENTIONS of AI in LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS in
SELECT COUNTRIES, 2016–2021 (SUM)

Source: AI Index, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

Source: AI Index, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

Spain

269

United Kingdom

185

United States
Japan

466

Japan

122

422

United States

95

Ireland

559

Spain

132

Australia

939

United Kingdom

410

Australia

76

Singapore

Brazil72

Ireland

Italy

64

Italy

60

Germany

158

France155

Singapore
Belgium

47

Germany

46

282
222
164

Brazil123

25

Belgium

120

Canada22

CanadaNorway20

FinlandFrance111
78

Sweden16

Sweden71

Finland12

Netherlands

67

Russia12

Russia58

South Africa

11

Norway

52

India

34

10

Netherlands
India

7

South Africa

33

New Zealand

6

Denmark

27

South Korea

6

New Zealand

27

Denmark 5

South Korea

21

Switzerland 3
0

Switzerland 15
50

100

150

200

250

300

Figure 5.1.10a

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0

200

400

600

800

1000

Number of Mentions

Number of Mentions

Figure 5.1.10b

14

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2022

CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.1 AI and Policymaking

U.S. A I P O L I CY PA P E R S
To estimate activities outside national governmentsthat are also informing AI-related rulemaking, theAI Index tracks 55 U.S.-based organizations thatpublished policy papers in the past four years. Thoseorganizations include: think tanks and policy institutes(19); university institutes and research programs (14);civil society organizations, associations, and consortiums(9); industry and consultancy organizations (9); andgovernment agencies (4).3 A policy paper in this section
is defined as a research paper, research report, brief, or
blog post that addresses issues related to AI and makes

specific recommendations to policymakers. Topics of
those papers are divided into primary and secondary
categories: A primary topic is the main focus of the paper,
while a secondary topic is a subtopic of the paper or anissue that was briefly explored.
Figure 5.1.11 plots the total number of U.S.-based AIrelated policy papers that have been published from2018 to 2021, which can proxy the general interest in AI
within the U.S. policymaking space. The total number ofpolicy papers has tripled since 2018, peaking in 2020 with
273, and decreasing slightly in 2021, with 210.

NUMBER of AI-RELATED POLICY PAPERS by U.S.-BASED ORGANIZATIONS, 2018–21
Source: AI Index, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

Number of Policy Papers

250

210

200

150

100

50

0
2018

2019

2020

2021
Figure 5.1.11

3 The complete list of organizations the Index followed can be found in the Appendix.

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.1 AI and Policymaking

By Topic

topics, but they were reported on more frequently
as secondary topics. Among the AI topics to receive
comparatively little attention from tracked organizations
are those that relate to energy and the environment,
humanities, physical sciences, and social and behavioral
sciences.

In 2021, the leading primary topics were Privacy, Safety,
and Security; Innovation and Technology; and Ethics(Figure 5.1.12). Certain topics, such as government andpublic administration, education and skills, as well as
democracy, did not feature prominently as primary

NUMBER of AI-RELATED POLICY PAPERS by U.S.-BASED ORGANIZATIONS by TOPIC, 2021
Source: AI Index, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

Primary Topic

Secondary Topic

Privacy, Safety, and Security

62

Innovation and Technology

62

45
63

59

EthicsInt'l A"airs and Int'l Security

51

Industry and Regulation

51

57
45
58

36

Equity and Inclusion
Workforce and Labor

34

Gov't and Public Administration

33

Justice and Law Enforcement

51
30
58

29

17

23

Education and Skills

36

15

Communications and Media

17

7

Health and Biological Sciences

13

4

Social and Behavioral Sciences

1

Democracy 2
Physical Sciences 129
3Energy and Environment 1

3

Humanities 0
0

1

20

40

60

0

20

40

60

Number of Policy Papers
Figure 5.1.12

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.2 U.S. Public Investment in AI

This section examines the public AI investment in the United States, based on data from the U.S. government and Bloomberg Government.

5.2 U.S. PUBLIC INVESTMENT IN AI
FEDERAL BUDGET FOR NONDEFENSEA I R& D
In December 2021, the National Science and Technology Council
published a report on the public-sector AI R&D budget acrossdepartments and agencies participating in the Networking andInformation Technology Research and Development (NITRD)
program and the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative. The report
does not include information on classified AI R&D investment by the
defense and intelligence agencies.
In fiscal year (FY) 2021, nondefense U.S. government agencies
allocated a total of $1.53 billion to AI R&D spending, approximately
2.7 times what was spent in FY 2018 (Figure 5.2.1). This figure
is projected to rise 8.8% for FY 2022, with a total of $1.67 billion
requested.4 The increasing amount spent on AI R&D by nondefense
departments indicates the U.S. government’s continued strong
interest in public sector funding for AI research and development
spanning a wide range of federal agencies.

The increasing amountspent on AI R&D by
nondefense departments
indicates the U.S.
government’s continued
strong interest in
public sector funding
for AI research anddevelopment spanninga wide range of federal
agencies.

U.S. FEDERAL BUDGET for NONDEFENSE AI R&D, FY 2018–22
Source: U.S. NITRD Program, 2022 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

1.67
1.53

Budget (in billions of U.S. Dollars)

1.50

1.43

1.11

1.00

0.56

0.50

0.00
FY18 (ENACTED)FY19 (ENACTED)

FY20 (ENACTED)FY21 (ENACTED)FY22 (REQUESTED)
Figure 5.2.1

4 See NITRD website for details on AI R&D investment FY 2018-22 with the breakdown of core AI vs AI crosscut. Note that AI crosscutting budget data is not available for FY 2018.

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.2 U.S. Public Investment in AI

U.S. D E PA R T M E N T O F D E F E N S E
BUDGET REQUEST
Spending on AI by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD)
can be proxied by looking at the publicly available
requests made by the DOD for research, development,
test, and evaluation (RDT&E) relating to AI. In FY 2021,

DOD allocated $9.26 billion across 500 AI R&D programs(Figure 5.2.2), a 6.68% increase from the $8.68 billion
spent in 2020. For FY 2022, the department has requested$10 billion so far, which is likely to grow once additionalrequests and congressional appropriations are taken into
account.

U.S. DOD BUDGET for AI-SPECIFIC RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, TEST and EVALUATION (RDT&E), FY 2020–22
Source: Bloomberg Government and U.S. Department of Defense, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

10.00

10
9.26

Budget (in billions of U.S. Dollars)

8.68

8

6

4

2
0.93: DOD Reported Budget on AI R&D

0.84: DOD Reported Budget on AI R&D

0.87: DOD Reported Budget on AI R&D

Sum of FY20 Funding

Sum of FY21 Funding

Sum of FY22 Funding

0
Figure 5.2.2

Important data caveat: This chart is indicative of oneof the challenges of quantifying public AI spending.
Bloomberg Government’s analysis that searches AIrelevant keywords in DOD budgets shows that the
department is requesting $10.0 billion for AI-specific R&D
in FY 2022. However, DOD’s own measurement producesa smaller number of $874 million. The discrepancy

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may result from the difference in defining AI-related
budget items. For example, a research project that uses
AI for cyber defense may count human, hardware, andoperations-related expenditures within the AI-related
budget request, though the AI software component will
be much smaller.

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.2 U.S. Public Investment in AI

DOD Top Five Highest-Funded Programs
This section highlight offers a more qualitative look at some of the AI-related research projects the
DOD prioritizes. Table 5.2.1 presents the five DOD-related AI programs that received the greatest
funding in 2021. In the past year, the DOD was interested in deploying AI for a number of purposes,
from geospatial monitoring to reducing the threat posed by weapons of mass destruction.

Program Name

Department

Funds Received(in millions)

1 Rapid Capability
Development and Maturation

Army

257

Fund the development, engineering, acquisition,and operation of various AI-related technologicalprototypes that could be used for military purposes.

2 Counter Weapons ofMass Destruction Advanced
Technology Development

Defense Threat
Reduction
Agency254

Develop technologies that could “deny, defeat anddisrupt” weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

3 Algorithmic Warfare
Cross-Functional Teams –Software Pilot Program

Office of theSecretary of
Defense230

Accelerate the integration of AI technologies in DOD
systems to “improve warfighting speed and lethality.”

4 Joint Artificial Intelligence
CenterDefenseInformation
Systems
Agency137

Develop, test, prototype, and demonstrate various AI
and machine learning capabilities with the intentionof integrating these capabilities across numerous
domains which include “supply chain, personal
recovery, infrastructure assessment, geospatial
monitoring during disaster and cyber sense making.”

5 High Performance
Computing Modernization
ProgramArmy

96

Investigate, demonstrate, and mature both generaland special-purpose supercomputing environmentsthat are used to satisfy wide-ranging DOD priorities.

PurposeTable 5.2.1

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.2 U.S. Public Investment in AI

DOD AI R&D Spending by Department
DOD spending on AI R&D can also be broken down on
a subdepartmental level, which reveals how individual
defense agencies—the Army and the Navy, for instance—compare in their AI spending (Figure 5.2.3). The U.S.
Navy was the top-spending DOD agency in FY 2021 andis poised to maintain that position in 2022. They haverequested a total of $1.86 billion in FY 2022 for AI-related
projects, followed by the Army ($1.77 billion), the Officeof the Secretary of Defense ($1.1 billion) and the Air Force($883 million).

U.S. DOD BUDGET for AI-SPECIFIC RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, TEST and EVALUATION (RDT&E) by
DEPARTMENT, FY 2020–22
Source: Bloomberg Government, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

Air Force

Army

DARPA

DISA

Navy

OSD

Other

10

Budget (in billions of U.S. Dollars)

1.75
1.18

8

1.64
1.77

1.52

1.63

1.12

1.19

4

1.72

1.93

2

1.92

1.54

1.00

1.16

FY20 (ENACTED)FY21 (ENACTED)

6

1.13

1.86

1.71

0

1.57

FY22 (REQUESTED)
Figure 5.2.3

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.2 U.S. Public Investment in AI

U.S. G OV E R N M E N T A I - R E L AT E D
C O N T R ACT S P E N D I N G

of more than 100 AI-specific keywords in their titles or
descriptions.5

Public investment in AI can also be measured by federal
government spending on AI-related contracts. U.S.
government agencies often award contracts to privatecompanies for the supply of various goods and services
that typically occupy the largest share of an agency’s
budget. Bloomberg Government built a model to classify
whether a U.S. government contract was AI-related byadding up all contracting transactions that contain a set

Total Contract Spending
In 2021, federal departments and agencies spent a total of$1.79 billion on AI-related contracts. Although this amountis nearly double what was spent on AI-related contracts in2018 (roughly $920 million), it represents a slight decrease
from the amount spent on AI-related contracts in 2020,
which peaked at $1.97 billion (Figure 5.2.4).

U.S. GOVERNMENT TOTAL CONTRACT SPENDING on AI, FY 2000–21
Source: Bloomberg Government, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

Contract Spending (in billions of U.S. Dollars)

2.0

1.79

1.5

1.0

0.5

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

0.0

Figure 5.2.4

5 Note that contractors may add a number of keywords into their applications during the procurement process, so some of the projects included may have a relatively small AI component relative toother parts of technology.

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.2 U.S. Public Investment in AI

Contract Spending by Department and Agency

Aggregate spending on AI contracts in the last four years
tells a similar story. Since 2018, the DOD has spent $5.20
billion on AI contracts, approximately seven times the next
highest spender, NASA ($1.41 billion). In fact, since 2018,the DOD has spent twice as much on AI-related contracts
as all other government agencies combined. Following the
DOD and NASA are the Department of Health and Human
Services ($700 million), the Department of Homeland
Security ($362 million), and Department of the Treasury($156 million).

Figures 5.2.5 and 5.2.6 report AI-related contract spendingby the top 10 federal agencies in 2021 and from 2000 to
2021, respectively. The DOD outspent the rest of the U.S.
government on both charts by a significant margin. In
2021, it spent $1.14 billion on AI-related contracts, roughly
five times what was spent by the next highest department,
the Department of Health and Human Services ($234
million).

TOP CONTRACT SPENDING on AI by U.S. GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT and AGENCY, 2021
Source: Bloomberg Government, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

1,138

Department of Defense (DOD)
234

Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
159

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)81

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
Department of Commerce (DOC)

49

Department of the Treasury (TREAS)

38

Department of Veterans A"airs (VA)

25

Department of Transportation (DOT) 12
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 12
Department of Agriculture (USDA) 12
Department of Energy (DOE) 8
Agency for International Development (USAID) 6
Department of Justice (DOJ) 4
Department of State (DOS) 3
National Science Foundation (NSF) 2
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Contract Spending (in millions of U.S. Dollars)
Figure 5.2.5

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.2 U.S. Public Investment in AI

TOP CONTRACT SPENDING on AI by U.S. GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT and AGENCY, 2000–21 (SUM)
Source: Bloomberg Government, 2021 | Chart: 2022 AI Index Report

5.20

Department of Defense (DOD)
1.41

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
0.70

Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)

0.45

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

0.32

Department of the Treasury (TREAS)
Department of Veterans A!airs (VA)

0.15

Department of Commerce (DOC)

0.15

Department of Agriculture (USDA) 0.07
Department of Energy (DOE) 0.06
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 0.06
General Services Administration (GSA) 0.06
Department of State (DOS) 0.06
Social Security Administration (SSA) 0.05
Department of Transportation (DOT) 0.05
0

1

2

3

4

5

Contract Spending (in billions of U.S. Dollars)
Figure 5.2.6

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CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE
5.2 U.S. Public Investment in AI

Largest Contract for Five Top-Spending
Departments in 2021
To paint a better picture of how different U.S. government departments use AI, Table 5.2.2 shows themost expensive AI-related contract that the five highest AI-related-spending departments signed in
2021. Last year, the U.S. government invested in AI to build autonomous vehicle prototypes, develop an
AI imaging system that could assist with burn classification, and create robots capable of higher-level
lunar navigation.

Contract Name

Department

Amount(in millions)Prototype Services in the Objective
Areas of Automotive Cybersecurity,
Vehicle Safety Technologies, Vehicle
Light Weighting, Autonomous Vehicles
and Intelligent Systems, Connected
Vehicles, and Advanced Energy Storage
Technologies

DOD

70

To acquire prototypes in the domain of
automotive cybersecurity, vehicle safety
technologies, and autonomous vehicles andintelligent systems.

Biomedical Advanced Research andDevelopment Authority (BARDA)

HHS

20

To develop optical imaging devices andmachine learning algorithms to assist
in classifying and healing wounds andconventional burns.

Commercial Lunar Payload Services

NASA

14

To develop lunar robots capable of navigating
the moon’s south pole to acquire lunar
resources and engage in lunar-based scientificactivities.

SBIR-Autonomous Surveillance
Towers-Delivery Order

DHS

37

To construct towers capable of autonomous
surveillance.

Schedule 70: Information Technology

DOC

13

To develop a prototype using AI technologythat can improve patent search.

PurposeTable 5.2.2

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APPENDIX
Chapter 5: AI Policy and Governance

APPENDIXB LO O M B E R G G OV E R N M E N T
Prepared by Amanda Allen
Bloomberg Government is a premium, subscriptionbased service that provides comprehensive information
and analytics for professionals who interact with—orare affected by—the government. Delivering news,
analytics, and data-driven decision tools, Bloomberg
Government’s digital workspace gives an intelligent edge
to government affairs and contracting professionals. For
more information or a demo, visit about.bgov.com.

Legislative Documents: Bloomberg Government
maintains a repository of congressional documents,
including bills, Congressional Budget Office assessments,
and reports published by congressional committees,
the Congressional Research Service, and other offices.
Bloomberg Government also ingests state legislative
bills. For the section “AI Policy and Governance,”
Bloomberg Government analysts identified all legislation,
congressional committee reports, and CRS reports thatreferenced one or more AI-specific keywords.

Methodology
Contract Spending: Bloomberg Government’s Contracts
Intelligence Tool structures all contracts data fromwww.fpds.gov. The CIT includes a model of government
spending on artificial intelligence-related contracts that isbased on a combination of government-defined productservice codes and more than 100 AI-related keywords.
For the section “U.S. Government Contract Spending,”
Bloomberg Government analysts used contract spending
data from fiscal year 2000 through fiscal year 2021.
Defense RDT&E Budget: Bloomberg Governmentorganized all the RDT&E budget request line items
available from the Defense Department Comptroller. For
the section “U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) Budget,”Bloomberg Government used a set of AI-specific keywords
to identify 500 unique budget activities related to artificial
intelligence and machine learning worth a combined $5.9
billion in FY 2021.

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APPENDIX
Chapter 5: AI Policy and Governance

G LO BA L L E G I S L AT I O N R E C O R D S O N A I
For AI-related bills passed into laws, the AI Index performed searches of the keyword “artificial intelligence,” in respective
languages, on the websites of 25 countries’ congresses or parliaments, in full-text of bills. Note that only laws passed
by state-level legislative bodies and signed into law (i.e., by presidents or received royal assent) from 2015 to 2021 areincluded. Future AI Index reports hope to include analysis on other types of legal documents, such as regulations andstandards, adopted by state- or supranational-level legislative bodies, government agencies, etc.

Australia

Denmark

Website: www.legislation.gov.au
Keyword: artificial Intelligence
Filters:• Legislation types: Acts
• Portfolios: Department of House of Representatives,
Department of Senate
Note: Texts in explanatory memorandum are not counted.

Website: https://www.retsinformation.dk/
Keyword: kunstig intelligen
Filter:• Document Type: Laws

Finland

Belgium

Website: https://www.finlex.fi/
Keyword: tekoäly
Noting under the Current Legislation section

Website: http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/loi/loi.htm
Keyword: intelligence artificielle

FranceBrazilWebsite: https://www.camara.leg.br/legislacao
Keyword: inteligência artificial
Filter:• Federal legislation• Type: Law

Website: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/
Keyword: intelligence artificielle
Filter:• texte consolidé• Document Type: Law

Germany

Website: https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/
Keyword: artificial Intelligence
Note: Results were investigated to determine how many ofthe bills introduced were eventually passed (i.e., received
royal assent) and bill status was recorded.

Website: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/index.html
Keyword: künstliche Intelligenz
Filter:• All federal codes, statutes, and ordinances that are
currently in force• Volltextsuche (full text)• Und-Verknüpfung der Wörter (entire word)

China

India

Website: https://flk.npc.gov.cn/
Keyword: 人工智能
Filters:• Legislative body: Standing Committee of the
National People’s Congress

Website: https://www.indiacode.nic.in
Keyword: artificial intelligence
Note: The website used allows for a search of keywords
in legalization title but not in the full text, as such it is notuseful for this particular research. Therefore, a Google
search using the “site” function to search the site with the
keyword of “artificial intelligence” is conducted.

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Chapter 5: AI Policy and Governance

IrelandSingapore

Website: www.irishstatutebook.ie
Keyword: artificial intelligence

Website: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/
Keyword: artificial intelligence
Filter:• Document Type: Current acts and subsidiarylegislation

Italy
Website: https://www.normattiva.it/
Keyword: intelligenza artificiale
Filter:• Document Type: law

Japan
Website: https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/
Keyword: 人工知能
Filter:• Full text
• Law

Netherlands
Website: https://www.overheid.nl/
Keyword: kunstmatige intelligentie
Filter:• Document Type: Wetten

New ZealandWebsite: www.legislation.govt.nz
Keyword: Artificial intelligence
Filter:• Document type: acts
• Status option: For the status option (example: acts inforce, current bills, etc.)

South Africa
Website: www.gov.za
Keyword: artificial intelligence
Filter:• Document: acts
Note: This search function seemingly does not searchwithin the context of the full text and so no results werereturned. Therefore, a Google search using the “site”
function to search the site with the keyword of “artificial
intelligence” is conducted.

South Korea
Website: https://law.go.kr/eng/; https://elaw.klri.re.kr/
Keyword: artificial Intelligence or 인공 지능
Filter:• Type: Act
Note: Cannot search combined words, so individual
analysis is conducted.

Spain

NorwayWebsite: https://www.boe.es/
Keyword: inteligencia artificial
Filter:• Type: law• Head of state (for passed laws)

Website: https://lovdata.no/
Keyword: kunstig intelligens

SwedenRussiaWebsite: http://graph.garant.ru:8080/SESSION/PILOT/
main.htm (Database “The Federal Laws” in the official
website of the Federation Council of the Federal Assemblyof the Russian Federation.)
Keyword: искусственный интеллект
Filter:• Words in text
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Website: https://www.riksdagen.se/
Keyword: artificiell intelligens
Filter: Swedish Code of Statutes

27

Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2022

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Chapter 5: AI Policy and Governance

Switzerland
Website: https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/
Keyword: intelligence artificielle
Filter:• Text category: federal constitution, federal acts, andfederal decrees, miscellaneous texts, orders, andother forms of legislation.
• Publication period for legislation was limited to
2015-2021.

United Kingdom
Website: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/
Keyword: artificial intelligence
Filter:• Legislation Type: U.K. Public General Acts & U.K.
Statutory Instruments

United States
Website: https://www.congress.gov/
Keyword: artificial intelligence
Filter:• Source: Legislation
Status of legislation: Became law

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APPENDIX
Chapter 5: AI Policy and Governance

M E N T I O N S O F A I I N A I - R E L AT E D L E G I S L AT I O N P R O C E E D I N G S
For mentions of AI in AI-related legislative proceedings around the world, the AI Index performed searches of the keyword“artificial intelligence,” in respective languages, on the websites of 25 countries’ congresses or parliaments, usually under
sections named “minutes,” “hansard,” etc.

Australia

Denmark

Website: https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/
Hansard
Keyword: artificial intelligence

Website: https://www.retsinformation.dk/
Keyword: kunstig intelligens
Filter:• Minutes

Belgium
Website: http://www.parlement.brussels/search_form_fr/
Keyword: intelligence artificielle
Filter• Document Type: all

BrazilWebsite: https://www2.camara.leg.br/atividade-legislativa/
discursos-e-notas-taquigraficas
Keyword: inteligência artificial
Filter:• Federal legislation• Type: Law

CanadaWebsite: https://www.ourcommons.ca/PublicationSearch/en/?PubType=37
Keyword: artificial Intelligence

China
Website: Various reports on the work of the government
Keyword: 人工智能
Note: The National People’s Congress is held once per
year and does not provide full legislative proceedings.
Hence, the counts included in the analysis only searched
the mentions of artificial intelligence in the only public
document released from the Congress meetings, theReport on the Work of the Government, delivered by the
Premier.

Finland
Website: https://www.eduskunta.fi/
Keyword: tiedot
Filter:• Parliamentary Affairs and Documents• Public document: Minutes• Actor: Plenary sessions

FranceWebsite: https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/
Keyword: intelligence artificielle
Filter:• Reports of the debates in session
Note: Such documents were only prepared starting in2017.

Germany
Website: https://dip.bundestag.de/
Keyword: künstliche Intelligenz
Filter:• Speeches, requests to speak in the plenum

India
Website: http://loksabhaph.nic.in/
Keyword: artificial intelligence
Filter:• Exact word/phrase

Ireland
Website: https://www.oireachtas.ie/
Keyword: artificial intelligence
Filter: Content of parliamentary debates

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Chapter 5: AI Policy and Governance

Italy

Singapore

Website: https://aic.camera.it/aic/search.html
Keyword: intelligenza artificiale
Filter:• Type: All• Search by exact phrase

Website: https://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/home
Keyword: artificial intelligence

South Africa

Website: https://kokkai.ndl.go.jp/#/
Keyword: 人工知能
Filter:• Full text
• Law

Website: https://www.parliament.gov.za/hansard
Keyword: artificial intelligence
Note: This search function does not search within thecontext of the full text and so no results were returned.
Therefore, a Google search using the “site” function
to search https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/
app/media/Docs/hansard/ with the keyword “artificial
intelligence” is conducted.

Netherlands

South Korea

Website: https://www.tweedekamer.nl/kamerstukken?pk_
campaign=breadcrumb
Keyword: kunstmatige intelligentie
Filter:• Parliamentary papers - Plenary reports

Website: http://likms.assembly.go.kr/
Keyword: 인공 지능
Filter:• Meeting Type: All

New ZealandWebsite: https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/hansarddebates/
Keyword: artificial intelligence

Website: https://www.congreso.es/
Keyword: inteligencia artificial
Filter:• Official publications of parliamentary proceedings

NorwaySwitzerland

Website: https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-ogpublikasjoner/Publikasjoner/Referater/
Keyword: kunstig intelligens
Note: This search function does not directly allow the
keyword within minutes. Therefore, a Google search using
the “site” function to search the site with the keyword of“artificial intelligence” is conducted.

Website: https://www.parlament.ch/
Keyword: intelligence artificielle
Filter:• Parliamentary proceedings

Japan

RussiaWebsite: http://transcript.duma.gov.ru/
Keyword: искусственный интеллект
Filter:• Words in text

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Spain

SwedenWebsite: https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/global/
sok/?q=&doktyp=prot
Keyword: artificiell intelligens
Filter:• Minutes

30Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2022

United Kingdom
https://hansard.parliament.uk/
Keyword: artificial intelligence
Filter• References

United States
Website: https://www.congress.gov/
Keyword: artificial intelligence
Filter:• Source: Congressional record• Congressional record section: Senate, House ofRepresentatives, and Extensions of Remarks

U.S. A I P O L I CY PA P E R S

Organizations

To develop a more nuanced understanding of the thought
leadership that motivates AI policy, we tracked policy
papers published by 55 organizations in the United States
or with a strong presence in the United States (expandedfrom the list of 36 organizations last year) across four
broad categories:• Civil Society, Associations & Consortiums:
Algorithmic Justice League, Alliance for Artificial
Intelligence in Healthcare, Amnesty International,
EFF, Future of Privacy Forum, Human Rights Watch,
IJIS Institute, Institute for Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Partnership on AI• Consultancy: Accenture, Bain & Company, Boston
Consulting Group, Deloitte, McKinsey & Company• Government Agencies: Congressional ResearchService, Library of Congress, Defense Technical
Information Center, Government Accountability
Office, Pentagon Library• Private Sector Companies: Google AI, Microsoft AI,
Nvidia, OpenAI• Think Tanks & Policy Institutes: American EnterpriseInstitute, Aspen Institute, Atlantic Council, Brookings
Institute, Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, Cato Institute, Center for a New American
Security, Center for Strategic and International

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APPENDIX
Chapter 5: AI Policy and GovernanceStudies, Council on Foreign Relations, Heritage
Foundation, Hudson Institute, MacroPolo, National
Security Institute, New America Foundation, RAND
Corporation, Rockefeller Foundation, Stimson
Center, Urban Institute, Wilson Center• University Institutes & Research Programs: AI and
Humanity Cornell University; AI Now Institute,
New York University; AI Pulse, UCLA Law; Belfer
Center for Science and International Affairs,
Harvard University; Berkman Klein Center, Harvard
University; Center for Information Technology
Policy, Princeton University; Center for Long-Term
Cybersecurity, UC Berkeley; Center for Security
and Emerging Technology, Georgetown University;
CITRUS Policy Lab, UC Berkeley; Hoover Institution;
Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence,
Stanford University; Internet Policy Research
Initiative, Massachusetts Institute of Technology;
MIT Lincoln Laboratory; Princeton School of Public
and International Affairs

Methodology
Each broad topic area is based on a collection ofunderlying keywords that describe the content of thespecific paper. We included 17 topics that represented the
majority of discourse related to AI between 2018-2021.
These topic areas and the associated keywords are listed
below:• Health & Biological Sciences: medicine, healthcare
systems, drug discovery, care, biomedical research,
insurance, health behaviors, COVID-19, global health• Physical Sciences: chemistry, physics, astronomy,
earth science• Energy & Environment: energy costs, climatechange, energy markets, pollution, conservation, oiland gas, alternative energy• International Affairs & International Security:international relations, international trade,developing countries, humanitarian assistance,
warfare, regional security, national security,
autonomous weapons• Justice & Law Enforcement: civil justice, criminal
justice, social justice, police, public safety, courts
31Artificial IntelligenceIndex Report 2022

APPENDIX
Chapter 5: AI Policy and Governance• Communications & Media: social media,
disinformation, media markets, deepfakes• Government & Public Administration: federal
government, state government, local government,
public sector efficiency, public sector effectiveness,government services, government benefits,
government programs, public works, public
transportation• Democracy: elections, rights, freedoms, liberties,
personal freedoms• Industry & Regulation: economy, antitrust, M&A,
competition, finance, management, supply chain,telecom, economic regulation, technical standards,
autonomous vehicle industry and regulation• Innovation & Technology: advancements andimprovements in AI technology, R&D, intellectual
property, patents, entrepreneurship, innovation
ecosystems, startups, computer science, engineering• Education & Skills: early childhood, K-12, higher
education, STEM, schools, classrooms, reskilling• Workforce & Labor: labor supply and demand, talent,
immigration, migration, personnel economics, futureof work• Social & Behavioral Sciences: sociology, linguistics,
anthropology, ethnic studies, demography,
geography, psychology, cognitive science• Humanities: arts, music, literature, language,
performance, theater, classics, history, philosophy,
religion, cultural studies• Equity & Inclusion: biases, discrimination, gender,
race, socioeconomic inequality, disabilities,
vulnerable populations• Privacy, Safety & Security: anonymity, GDPR,
consumer protection, physical safety, human control,cybersecurity, encryption, hacking• Ethics: transparency, accountability, humanvalues, human rights, sustainability, explainability,interpretability, decision-making norms

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