India
Ex-Post Monitoring of Japanese ODA Loan Project“Upper Kolab Irrigation Project”
Evaluator: Kenji Momota, IC Net Limited
Field Survey: June 2009
1. Outline of the Project

Site Map

Main Canal developed by the Project

1.1 Project Objective
The objective of this project (hereafter referred to as “the Project”) was to increase
agricultural production and improve productivity in the upstream area of Kolab River, abranch of the Godavari River in the state of Orissa, by constructing irrigation facilities inrain fed agriculture regions of low productivity, thereby contributing to the reduction ofpoverty through improving the earnings of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes(minority tribes) whilst increasing the food self-sufficiency of the state.
1.2 Project Outline (Outline of the Loan Agreement)
Approved Amount/Disbursed

3,769 million yen / 3,114 million yen

AmountLoan Agreement Signing Date /December 1988/July 1998

Final Disbursement Date
Ex-Post Evaluation
Executing Agency

2003
Department of Water Resources, Government ofOrissaMain Contract

None

Only more than 1 billion

3-1

None

Consultant Contract
Only more than 100 million yen
or above
1.3 Background / Reason for Ex-Post Monitoring

According to the ex-post evaluation conducted in 2003, the area irrigated remained at alevel of 21.4%~56.2% of planned level, especially in the dry season, and agricultural
output also did not reach planned level. The background to this is a level of water
consumption higher than projected and issues with water allocation, which arose due toinconsistencies in the farming programme. These were presumably related to such factors
as the delay in the transfer of authority to the irrigation associations, which raised thenecessity of promoting the participation of farmers in the maintenance of the farming
programme and in the irrigation associations. Consequently, the Project became subject to
Ex-Post Monitoring in order to review and verify the maintenance conditions of theirrigated areas from the ex-post evaluation onwards. The Project was reviewed with
distinct evaluation criteria based on the results of the recent field survey etc. and aconclusion was derived.
2. Monitoring Results
2.1 Effectiveness (Impact)
2.1.1 Quantitative Effects
2.1.1.1 Operation and Effect Indicators(1) Irrigated Area
At the time of the ex-post evaluation, the area irrigated did not achieve target levels ineither the rainy or dry seasons. In particular, the level in the dry season remained at a
maximum of 56.4% (1999) of projected levels. However, the current irrigated area in both
the rainy and dry seasons has seen

full-scale improvements from the time of the ex-post

evaluation. In particular, the level in the dry season reached almost 100% of projectedlevel.
Table 1 Area Irrigated Within the Project Area
(Unit: ha)Rainy
SeasonTargetProject
Completion

Year

1998

15,208
Achievement

Until Ex-Post Evaluation

Since Ex-Post Evaluation to
Present

1999

2002

2005

2006

2007

2008

13,384

14,036n.a

17,391

17,391

17,391

17,391

88.0%

92.3%

n.a

114%

114%

114%

114%

3-2

Level12,1164,290
6,835
4,529 12,417 11,655
Achieve
ment
35.4%
56.4
37.4% 102.5%
96.2%
Level
(Source) Department of Water Resources, Government of Orissa

Dry
Season11,936

11,749

98.5%

97.0%

This trend can be attributed to the improvement of the issues raised during ex-post
evaluation.
1)

Improvement of Water Consumption and Allocation Plan
Due to the results of education by the Department of Water Resources and promotion ofawareness-raising relating to water usage by the farmers, the habit of optimum water usage
is spreading among the local people. In the beneficiary survey conducted during fieldsurvey (see Impact section for details), approximately 50% of farmers responded that they
can secure sufficient water quantities at any time, with a little under 70% of the total
responding that they can secure sufficient water quantity for a certain period. The
beneficiaries confirmed that they realized improvement of conditions relating to water
usage is also confirmed by the perception of the beneficiaries. Specifically, the following
two main causes are possible.
1. The knowledge relating to appropriate water management and farmer awareness-raising
is accumulating, through guidance visits to irrigation associations by Department of
Water Resources staff.
2. Experience of using irrigation facilities has been accumulated.
3. Water consumption changed itself through advances in crop diversification such as theincreased cultivation of crops of relatively low water consumption
4. Extension of efficient production technology progressed by farming guidance.
Considering the above, problems relating to water usage has been improving comparedto the time of the ex-post evaluation.
2) Quantity of water of irrigation canalWith precipitation in the Project area that forms the water source for the irrigation andthe average stream flow of the main canal, which are shown as follows, stable water
quantity has been maintained in the last few years. The table below shows the annual
rainfall for Orissa State for the past six years from the ex-post evaluation in 2002 onwards,
precipitation has stabilised and the executing agency confirmed that there has been no3-3

problem with water quantities.
Table 2 Annual Rainfall in Orissa State(Unit: mm)
Year

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Rainfall1007.8 1663.5 1256.7 1497.7 1682.8 1583.2(Source) Status of Agriculture in Orissa
Table 3 Flow of the Main Canal in the Project Area
(Unit: m3/sec)
Year

AverageAnnual Flow

Rainy Season

Dry Season

Maxi

Minim

Maxi

Minim

mum

um

mum

um

2003-04

20.24

35.26

4.79

46.15

7.73

2004-05

22.96

36.02

4.63

39.73

9.34

2005-06

22.20

30.23

4.63

46.27

4.67

2006-07

23.85

35.48

3.50

38.69

4.57

2007-08

21.68

29.16

4.70

37.11

4.84

2008-09

20.33

34.53

2.45

37.11

9.18

(Source) Department of Water Resources, Government of Orissa (UKIP office)However, the Satiguda Dam, water sources of the canal is under the control of stateelectric power corporation, and water use for irrigation is prioritized lower than power
generation, which may cause large-scale water shortage for irrigation in the period of water
shortage. According to the Department of Water Resources, allotment is decided whilst
making suitable adjustments with the electric power corporation. However this is carriedout through the interpersonal relationships of managers in the organisations and there is noopportunity for formal adjustments.
3) Improvement of the Farming Environment
In order to maximize the benefit of irrigation facility, activities such as dissemination of
education for farmers, development of on-farm infrastructure, have been graduallydeveloped, thereby improving the agricultural production.
1. Development of on-farm infrastructure
In order to distribute irrigation water efficiently, development of on-farm infrastructuresuch as development and maintenance of drainage facilities is necessary. Development of
on-farm infrastructure was commenced by the Department of Water Resources under3-4

government assistance (national and state) from 2005 together with agricultural landconsolidation. Outfitting of approximately 25,000 ha (achievement rate 41%) is underway
and is projected to be completed in 2011.
2. Various Agricultural Techniques for Crop Diversification and Yield Increase
Training is being conducted at the Department of Water Resources in cooperation with
WALMI1 affiliated with Department of Water Resources.
Table 4 Implementation Status of Land Consolidation and Training for Farmers
PlannedActualPlanned/Actual(2011)(As of March 2009)

Ratio

Servicing of Outlying
Agricultural Areas

59.64424.584

41%

n.a

8,900

n.a

n.a

87

n.a

(Unit: 1,000ha)
Training for Farmers(People)Number of Training
Programs(Source) Department of Water Resources, Government of Orissa (UKIP office)According to interviews with the Department of Water Resources and WALMI, these
programs have not been connected with any remarkable reform at present since theproduction of rice is traditionally popular in this locality as identified at the time of the
ex-post evaluation and it requires more time to bring about a change in mind-set offarmers who rely on rice production. However, as kinds and share of products continues
to improve, progress of the initiatives for farmers inclined towards efficiency is observed
through the introduction of industrial science and agricultural machinery etc. Therefore,
further improvements can be expected through continuing initiatives.
(2) Planted Area of Main Crops/Yield
Yield in the Project area reached beyond the planned level in both rainy and dry seasons,and in particular that of dry season has drastically improved from approximately 46% at thetime of ex-post evaluation to 101%. This can be attributed to the improvement of
production environment, such as expansion of the actual irrigated land and development of
on-farm infrastructure since the ex-post evaluation. The breakdown of Table 5 shows that1

WALMI=Water and Land Management Institute. Implements agricultural guidance and technology
training for farmers and the cultivation of test products as an Agriculture Ministry affiliated agency.

3-5

vegetable production has drastically increased from a projected 256ha to 1,327ha (rainyseason) although rice production still composes more than 80% of the structure. Increases
are also seen in other products such as sugar cane, suggesting that product diversification
has proceeded to a certain extent compared to the time of the ex-post evaluation.
Product diversification is also promoted with the intention of optimising water usage
through increase of crops requiring comparatively low water consumption, such as
vegetables. The Department of Water Resources prepares these plans in cooperation with
the Agriculture Department, providing education and guidance for farmers based on theplans. According to the executing agency, recent trend of growing diversification is viewed
as a result of the above-mentioned education for farmers. The agency also explained thatthey need to continue gradual improvement through long-term initiatives hereafter sinceawareness-raising among farmers requires reasonable amount of time.
Table 5 Planted Area – Actual/Percentage of Planned Value(Rainy Season)2

Rice
Miscella
neous
GrainsBeans
Peanuts
OilseedVegetab
les
Jute
Potatoes
Sugar
Cane
Wheat
Total

Planned At Ex-Post
Value
Evaluation(2003)3(1998)4*
13,482
11,761

2005

2006

2007

14,384

14,693

14,593(Unit: ha)
% of
2008
Planned Value
15,029
111%

-

206

615

620

392

833

786
-

39
2
69

172
86
95

63
73
112

74
86
144

50

0%

256

640

1,162

962

1,136

1,327

518%

-

-

362

376

436

-

-

-

515

492

530

152

14,524

12,717

17,391

17,391

17,391

17,391120%(Source) Department of Water Resources, Government of Orissa

2

The production schedule is decided by the Department of Water Resources. As the actual crops cultivation
is decided by the farmers, the planned and actual values can vary greatly.
3
As the planned year of the planted area is not noted on the ex-post evaluation report, 2003, which is theplanned year of irrigated are, is assumed for the project year of this index.
4
The ex-post evaluation was performed in 2003 but the evaluation is based on the results for 1998, the yearof project completion.

3-6

Comparing the data of the 2008 rainy season to that of 1998 in Table 5, the structure thatrice production comprises its majority has not changed. It seems that this trend in thefundamental structure will continue; however the production of such items as vegetables isgradually increasing. This can be interpreted as a result of the agricultural education
detailed earlier and the diversification of production is expected to proceed further
hereafter. According to the interview with WALMI, they believe that it is important to let
farmers recognise the achievements and results of diversification and WALMI is carryingout initiatives such as establishment of a demonstration farm for high value sunflowers (foroil manufacturing).
Fig. 1 Composition of Products (Planted Area Base/Rainy Season)

100%

5.0%

95%

1.6%

90%

7.6%
4.8%

Wheat
Sugar cane

85%

Potatos

80%

Jute

75%

Vegetables
92.5%

70%

86.4%

Oilseed65%

Peanuts

60%

Beans

55%

Miscellaneous grains

50%
1998

2008

Rice

(Source) Department of Water Resources, Government of Orissa
2. Dry Season
Particularly since the ex-post evaluation, production in the dry season has demonstrated
remarkable growth, with the planned values generally achieved in the planted areas in thelast few years. Similar to the situation in the rainy season, the breakdown in Figure 1 showsthat rice comprises the majority of the production. Amongst the other items, production ofvegetables is growing as a general trend, although 2008 saw a reduction due to seasonal
effects.

3-7

Table 6 Planted Area – Actual/Percentage of Planned Value(Unit: ha)
2005

2006

2007

2008

% of
Planned
Value

6,527

At
Ex-PostEvaluation (1998)
4,103

10,158

9,211

9,530

11,466

176%

-

83

392

462

492

81

1,746
858
-

410
21
52

282
205
177

382
125
117

305
111
127

-

0%
0%

690

609

836

1,012

1,056

185

27%

328

15

367

346

315

-

0%

-

16

PlannedValue(2003)

Rice
Miscella
neous
GrainsBeans
Peanuts
OilseedVegetables
Jute
Potatoes
Sugar
Cane
Wheat

1,470
11,619-3
5,312 12,417

11,655 11,936

17
11,7491%
101%(Source) Department of Water Resources, Government of Orissa
Fig. 2 Rice Crop Zone of the Project Area

Fig. 3 Vegetable Cultivation in the Project
Area

1)

Yield

1.

Rainy Season
The yield in the rainy season has not changed greatly since the ex-post evaluation, andthe gross yield has remained stable at around the planned value. Production of vegetables
in particular has been increasing, and has reached almost 25% of the total production base.
It is reasonable to interpret that the effects of initiatives for the diversification of
production detailed earlier are gradually realised.

3-8

Table 7 Agricultural Yield – Comparison of Planned Value and Actual Level(Unit: 1,000 tons)
At
PlannedEx-PostValue
Evaluati(2003) on(1998)
53.9
47.05

Rice
Miscellan
eousGrainsBeans
Peanuts
OilseedVegetables
Jute
Potatoes
Sugar
Cane
Wheat
Total

2005

2006

2007

2008

% of
Planned Value

36.1

36.21837.56238.174

71%

0

0.19

0.325

0.325

0.195

0.438

0.7
0
0

0.01
0
0.21

1.579
0.098
0.022

0.622
0.085
0.029

0.73
0.109
0.039

0
0
0.013

0%

2.6

5.76

10.6679.505

11.224

13.6

523%

0
0

0
0

0
2.914

0
3.083

0
3.575

0
3.924

0

0

0

0

0

0

0
57.2

0
53.22

0
51.705049.867053.434056.14998%(Source) Department of Water Resources, Government of Orissa
2.

Dry Season
Production output in the dry season has also improved since the ex-post evaluation,

generally reaching planned values in the last few years. Although production output
temporarily decreased in 2008 due to seasonal effects, the Department of Water Resources
anticipates that it will recover usual level in 2009.
Table 8 Agricultural Yield – Comparison of Planned/Actual Level(Unit: 1,000 tons)

26.1

At
Ex-PostEvaluation (1998)
18.47

0

0.17

1.37

1.70

2.48

0.42

1.6
1.4
0

0.1
0.33
0.02

2.78
0.33
0.06

0.39
0.20
0.04

0.31
0.18
0.04

0.00
0.00
0.00

0.0%
0.0%

6.9

6.09

8.26

10.37

10.82

0.20

2.9%

0
3.3

0
0.01

2.90
0.00

2.65
0.00

2.84
0.00

0.00
0.00

0

1.14

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

PlannedValue(2003)
Rice
Miscellan
eousGrainsBeans
Peanuts
OilseedVegetables
Jute
Potatoes
Sugar
Cane

2005

2006

2007

2008

% of
Planned
Value

28.47

24.09

25.50

30.96

118.6%

3-9

Wheat

2.9

0.01

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.03

Total

42.2

26.34

44.17

39.46

42.17

31.61

74.9%

(Source) Department of Water Resources, Government of Orissa
According to the focus group discussions with the Project’s beneficiaries conductedduring the field survey, they commented that drastic increases in annual yields wererealized due to production of rice crop in dry seasons becoming possible though the usageof irrigation. This additional data also support an improvement in production conditions.
Table 9 Changes in Yield Based on Interviews with Beneficiaries(Unit: tons/ha/year)
Pre-Project

Post-Project

Minaguda village

0.6

1.9 -2.5

Jayantigiri village

0.6

2.0-2.5(Source) interviews during the field survey
Fig. 4 Rice Harvest Operations

Fig. 5 Interview Survey with
Beneficiaries

2.1.2 Impact
Questionnaire survey on beneficiaries was conducted to assess the impact of the Project.
The survey targeted 150 households selected at random from the scheduled tribes andscheduled castes living within the Project area, and interview style questionnaire surveys
and focus group discussions were conducted. The sample of 150 households was composedof scheduled tribes (77%), scheduled castes (15%) and others (8%). More than 90% of thesample was small farmers (Marginal owner farmers with agricultural land of around 0.5 1ha). Before the Project, their forms of employment were independent farming andsecondary work as day labourers and migrant workers.

3-10

(1) Increase of Farmer Income
As shown by 2.1 Effectiveness, agricultural production has been improving since theperiod of ex-post evaluation and it can be said that this is contributing to improvement of
the employment condition of the inhabitants in the beneficiary area. Data at the time of the
ex-post evaluation did not take into account other income sources as it was a simple
estimation based on the net income from agricultural production. However, this time, thebeneficiary survey confirmed the occupation-wise / caste-wise average earnings before andafter the Project and it gives the following results. The total amount of real income of all
beneficiaries jumped up to 170%~maximum 370%. The particularly high rate of income
increase among owner farmers is possibly because the effects from increasing the plantedarea and yield through progress in utilization of irrigation facilities. At the same time, theexpansion of the agricultural land possessed by these farmers is also connected to increasein employment opportunities for day labourers. In fact, income of these farmers has risen to
170 - 230% of that before implementation.
Table 10 Changes in Average Income 5Class/Occupation

Day Labourer

7,167
8,319

% of
Pre-Project
16,063224%
19,362233%

6,129

10,474

6,552

11,934

Pre-Project
Scheduled Castes
Scheduled Tribes
Other Backward
Classes
Average

Present(Unit: rupee)
Independent farmer% of
Pre-Pro Present Pre-Pr
ject
oject
8,820
8,481

32,51425,166

369%
297%

171%

9,607

27,040

281%

182%

9,706

27,400282%(Source) Created by an external evaluator based on the beneficiary survey
In addition, approximately 82% of respondents confirmed improvement in theireconomic environment, and approximately 90% of them explained that it is due toimprovement in agricultural production. In the interviews held with beneficiaries at thetime of the field survey, many acknowledged the connection between increase inagricultural production and increase in household income. Therefore, it is possible that
increase in household income of beneficiaries has been achieved as a consequence of thedevelopment of agricultural production since the ex-post evaluation.
(2) Employment Promotion and Settlement of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
5

The figures in the table are real incomes taking into account inflation and using 1998 as a standard. They
differ from nominal income amounts.

3-11

(Minority Tribes)
The table below is a comparison of the annual number of days employed by different
type of farmers. As mentioned in 2.1.2, the majority of sample beneficiaries were part-time
farmers. Since project execution, the number of days that for migrant and day labourers
employed has decreased whilst the number of days that owner farmers and other workers
employed has drastically increased. This is probably because production has increased on
the land of beneficiaries who used to be engaged in day labour and migrant work due to theProject, and the number of labour as independent farmer has

increased.

Assessment of the direct attribution of the Project on farmer’s income increase isdifficult as the macro-economic condition of the Project area also influences these changes.
However, the changes caused by the Project have probably made a certain contribution asshown by similar opinions in the beneficiary interviews conducted in the area.
Table 11 Annual Working Days by Labour Classification
Before thePresent

Project

Time

Ratio

Day Labourers (Including Tenant Farmers

156

137

88%

Farmers (Owner farmer)

127

218

172%

219

417

190%

200

169

85%

Other (Storekeepers, Security, Rickshaw
Drivers etc.)
Migrant Workers(Source) Beneficiary Survey Results (Sample Number 150 Households)(3) Improvement of Food Self-Sufficiency in the State
There has been no great change in food self-sufficiency since the ex-post evaluation andself-sufficiency for rice has been attained. The increase in agricultural productivity in the
Project area during the dry season is probably making a certain contribution to securing
stable food supply conditions.
However, supply of other items still depends upon import from other states. The main
production in the Project area is rice, and due to geographical conditions, this structure willprobably not change.
Table 12 Orissa State Food Consumption and Supply from Other States

2006

Production

Rice

6,928

(Unit: 1,000 tons)
2006
Supply from
Consumption
Other States
5,905
-

3-12

WheatSugar
Beans
Cooking Oil
Potatoes
Onions

24
226
17
600
79
260

1,476
500
150
2,008
1,476
736

1,452
274
133
1,408
1,397
476

(Source: Department of Water Resources, Government of Orissa)(4) Impact on Environment
According to the Department of Water Resources, no particular problems have beenreported. As soil-borne chloride has been confirmed in some parts of the Project area, theAgriculture Department is providing support for farmers through guidance on the usage
method of chemical fertilisers.
It was confirmed that there was no significant damage due to chloride. However, afull-scale investigation concerning the chloride situation has not yet been implemented
and questions still remain concerning the exact condition.
(5) Other Socio-Economic Impacts
According to the beneficiary survey about socio-economic changes given by the Project,
86% of respondents observed some kind of improvement. Among these opinions, thosenoting improvement in education of children and housing conditions were particularlycommon (60%). Upon determining the overall level of satisfaction about these effects after
implementation of the Project, 65% responded with “satisfied” and 23% with “reasonably
satisfied”, indicating a certain level of satisfaction has been achieved.
Other than the direct benefit from agricultural production, positive opinions about
benefit of irrigation facilities were confirmed in the beneficiary interview, such as
convenience of transportation due to access roads constructed by the Project and usage ofthe irrigation canal water for domestic purposes.
From the above results, the improvement of agricultural production has clearly brought
about improvement in the income and living environment of the beneficiaries. The
situation has been greatly improved since the ex-post evaluation, and the impact initially
expected is coming into effect. These impacts will be reinforced with optimum usage of theirrigation facilities through developing on-farm infrastructures and technical assistance.
2.2 Sustainability
2.2.1 Operation and Maintenance

3-13

2.2.1.1 Structural aspect of Operation and Maintenance
There has been no great change concerning the fundamental roles and structure ofoperation and maintenance since the ex-post evaluation. The Department of Water
Resources administers dams, the main canal, and also distributary branch canals until
establishment of irrigation associations, and the irrigation associations administer thetertiary canals. After establishment of irrigation associations, the operation andmaintenance of secondary canals downwards are transferred to the association. However, inpractice there found cases which transfer of operation and maintenance duties to theassociations has not been completed and the Department of Water Resources still conduct
operation and maintenance works.
1) Department of Water Resources (UKIP Office)No great changes in organisation and functions since the ex-post evaluation are confirmed.
Currently the Department of Water Resources includes 145 full-time staff members and a
total of 679 when temporary workers are counted. UKIP office commented that the current
structure and scale of the office is adequate to maintain the service standard.
2) Irrigation Associations
Definite improvement has been seen in registration and transfer of authority toirrigation associations, which was raised as a recommendation in the ex-post evaluation.
The current status of registration is as follows. Within the total of 97 in the Project area,transfer of authority has been completed for 35 and registration has been completed for 56,
meaning registration has been completed for approximately 90% in total. However, evenfor the case that the authority has been transferred to associations, it was pointed out thatthe Department of Water Resource occasionally conducts operation and maintenance of
secondary canals due to lack of actual activities by the associations..
Table 13 Formation of Irrigation Associations in the UKIP Jurisdiction
2006
2007 20082009
Authority Transfer Complete
Registration Complete

6

6

27

35

19

55

57

56

36
36
13
6
Registration in Progress36000Unregistered
97
97
97
97
Total
(Source) Department of Water Resources, Government of Orissa

As a measure for activation of irrigation associations, officials from the Department of
3-14

Water Resources periodically visit and hold meetings to motivate farmers to join
associations’ activities. According to the Department of Water Resources, definite
improvement in farmer awareness has been seen compared to the time of the ex-post
evaluation. One possible reason could be that agricultural production is developing
favourably and the benefit of the irrigation facilities is materializing in a visible form.
However, some people still believe that the Department of Water Resources should be
responsible for maintenance and operations of the irrigation facilities. Thus, irrigation
associations will probably require more time until their activities become stable.
2.2.1.2 Technical aspects of Operation and Maintenance1) Department of Water Resources (UKIP Office)Currently the Department of Water Resources can manage by themselves since thetechnical level required for the basic operation and maintenance works such as canalcleaning and repairing works is not particularly high. In addition, the Department, undercollaboration with WALMI and other organisations, carry out technical assistance anddevelopment of production environment necessary for optimisation of the irrigation
facilities. The awareness-raising of local farmers depending on traditional methods israther difficult and accumulation of good practices will be necessary.
2) Irrigation Associations
The irrigation associations basically have responsibility for operation and maintenanceof secondary canals and below. These works is not especially difficult in terms oftechnical level, and periodical visits are carried out by UKIP staff. Therefore it is fair tosay no particular problem exists.
However, there are now few cases where the irrigation associations systematicallyengage in operation and maintenance activities. In practice, individual beneficiaries arevoluntarily cleaning canal at the points connected to their own agricultural land.
2.2.1.3 Financial aspects of Operation and Maintenance1) Department of Water Resources (UKIP Office)Costs of operation and maintenance in the UKIP office for the past three years are as
follows. It marks increase of 1.5 times from the time of the ex-post evaluation, even taking
into account inflation. Just over 60% of this constitutes labour costs and ordinary expenses
for the operation and management department, with the rest appropriated for physicalworks of operation and maintenance.

3-15

Table 14 UKIP Office Annual Budget and Expenditures(Unit: million rupees)
Before Ex-Post
Evaluation
2001

2002

2006-072007-08

2008-09

Budget

15.3

13.7

17.93

17.49

32.04

Expenditures

9.7

9.7

16.14

16.46

27.10

(Source) Department of Water Resources, Government of Orissa
The UKIP office pointed out a problem of delays in budget contributions from the state
government along with budget deficiency. For this reason, actual expenditure is less than
the initial budget. The current operation and maintenance budget per hectare isapproximately 520 rupees. Although it improved from the 450 rupees at the time of the
ex-post evaluation, approximately 800 rupees is estimated as necessary for appropriate
operation and maintenance. There is a request-based budget in addition to the annual
budget for cases such as emergency support required for damage to the canals etc.
However, UKIP office insists that the current budget is insufficient and the necessity ofproper allocation and execution of the budget.
Furthermore, the ex-post evaluation reported that funds from the Indian government
and the sale of water for private sector may be available to compensate the insufficiencyof the budget. However, neither of these initiatives has materialised so far.
2)

Irrigation Associations
No changes were confirmed in terms of payment structure for operation and maintenancecosts from the time of the ex-post evaluation. The irrigation associations receive an annual
maximum of 100 rupees/ha from the Department of Water Resources as operation andmaintenance expenses, which forms the main resource for the irrigation associations. 6 The
collection rate of irrigation expenses for the last few years is fluctuating around 50% asshown in the table below, falling from a mid-60% at the time of the ex-post evaluation. The
following reasons are considered.
1. Weak link between collection of the irrigation fees and the actual operation andmaintenance budget
6

However, it is necessary to maintain at least 75% participation in order to receive this operation andmaintenance expense, which is forfeit if participation falls below this level. The irrigation expense borne by
the farmer does not directly become the revenue of the Department of Water Resources as it is paid directly
to the state government through the State Department of Revenue.

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(At the time of the ex-post evaluation, collected irrigation fees were sent to the state
Department of Revenue. The structure which the paid fees are not directly used asrevenue for the Department and beneficiaries is maintained.
2. The beneficiaries believe that the irrigation facilities are provided by the state andperception of burden/cost sharing has not yet spread among them.
3. There are variations in operation and maintenance conditions in accordance with theincrease in the number of irrigation associations (38→97)
Table 15 Collection of Irrigation Costs(Unit: million rupees)
2007
2008

1997

1998

1999

2006

Appraisal
Amount

1.35

5.14

6.31

7.4

7.57

7.54

Collected
Amount

0.91

2.94

4.16

3.4

4.23

4.14

Collection Rate

67%

57%

66%

46%

56%

55%

(Source) Department of Water Resources, Government of Orissa
The Department of Water Resources seeks farmers’ understanding concerning thecollection of irrigation fees thruogh the staff guidance visits. However, it is not realistic
to expect that the collection rate will improve in the short term since reasonable amountof time is required to change the farmers’ perception that operation and maintenance of
the irrigation facilities is responsibility of the government.
2.2.2 Current status of Operation and Maintenance
The present conditions of the main canals and the main sections of secondary canals are
as follows. At present there are no serious problems which may damage the corefunctionality of irrigation facilities. However, conditions will possibly deteriorate hereafter
if small damages are neglected.

TargetMain
Canal

Table 16 Status of Principal Irrigation Facilities
Operation andStatus
Details
Maintenance Authority
Sections
damagedDepartment of Water 50-80cm silt could be seen. In
addition, damage cased by rain in
Resources,
parts of embankment could be seen.
Government of Orissa

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Secondary
canal

Sections
damaged

Irrigation Associations.
However there aremany cases where theDepartment of Water As above
Resources,
Government of Orissa
is actually managing

Tail-Endsof Canals

Problems

Irrigation Associations

Fig. 6 Damaged Canal

There is silt and progression ofembankment damage in many of thecanals. Maintenance is necessary
Fig. 6 Damaged CanalThe Department of Water Resources is currently preparing an action plan formaintenance work of these damaged points to submit the state government. In thediscussions with the Department, it was confirmed that the plan have already been
partially approved and is at the stage of acquiring budgetary provision. By these efforts, atthe very least, problems which may damage the basic functionality of the irrigation
facilities are probably not impending.

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3. Conclusion, Lessons Learned and Recommendations
3.1 Conclusion
The status of agricultural production generally satisfies the initial plan and shows drastic
improvement from the time of the ex-post evaluation. Meanwhile problems such as budget
deficiency for repair of the facilities and operation and maintenance, and activation ofirrigation associations still remain and need to improve.
3.2 Lessons Learned
It took a certain length of time after completion of the Project until the outcome revealed.
As nature of the irrigation project, certain time will be required until the optimal status of

utilization realized. This is because it requires education of beneficiaries on irrigation
system and associations. Had the support for these soft approach been incorporated into
the Project scope from the original plan, the outcome of the Project might have beenachieved earlier.
3.3 Recommendations for the Executing Agency
1) Concerning the physical damages of the irrigation facilities, financial support from thestate government is planned. However, the maintenance budget may be delayed or
insufficient. Adjustments at the state government may be necessary to avoid delay or
deficiency in budget distribution.
2) The promotion of dry field farming is one possible option to improve the allocation
rate of irrigation water. Upon promoting diversification hereafter, it will be necessary tochange the mindset of farmers who rely on traditional rice crops. Long-term initiatives
will probably be necessary, such as the development of pilot farms by WALMI andraising awareness through increasing successful precedents.
3) Current system of budget allocation, which guarantees stable supply of budget, ispresumably appropriate considering the various operational status of irrigation
associations and low collection rate of water charge. However, to promote the transfer
of authority to irrigation associations in the future, building a system that irrigation
associations directly collect and manage irrigation fees for their operation andmaintenance activities can be one option to enhance their ownership.
4) Although there is no water shortage now, it may be necessary to adopt a mechanism to

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strengthen coordination between the Department of Water Resources and the stateelectric power corporation as a crisis management measure for risk of future water
shortage.

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Item

PlannedActual

21,000 ha

15,208 ha(Jeypore main canal)(14 km point - 41.78 km point)(as planned)(2) Secondary CanalRD 28.08 km point

As planned

RD 33.75 km point

As planned

RD 35.50 km point

As planned

RD 41.78 km point

As planned

14.00 km point - 41.78 km point

As planned①  Output
1. Engineering Works(1) Irrigation Land Area

(3) Supply Waterways, Drain
2.

Material

andSupplies

Procurement

Construction materials, etc.

As planned② Project Period
Engineering Works
1) Main Canal and Secondary

April 1989-June 1998
April 1989-March 1993

Canal
2) Water Course Field Channel

April 1989-March 1993

April 1989-June 1998

3) Drainage Waterway

April 1989-March 1993

April 1989-May 1998

4) Materials and Supplies
Procurement
5) Land Acquisition

April 1989-March 1993

April 1989-May 1997

April 1988-March 1992

April 1988-July 1998

Foreign Currency

795 million yen

unknown

Local Currency

6.742 billion

unknown(688 million rupees)(1,050 million rupees)

Total

7,537 million yen

3,786 million yen

ODA Loan Portion

3,769 million yen

3,114 million yen

Exchange Rate

1 rupee ＝ 9.8 yen

1 rupee ＝ 4.06 yen③ Project Cost

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