JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
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Joint Crediting Mechanism Approved Methodology KH_AM004“Reducing deforestation and forest degradation through forest conservation in
Cambodia”

A. Title of the methodology
Reducing deforestation and forest degradation through forest conservation in Cambodia,
version 1.0

B. Terms and definitions
Terms

Definitions

Cambodia’s official forest

Cambodia’s official forest reference level (National FRL)

reference level (National FRL)

is defined as the most recent and available forest reference
level submitted to the UNFCCC secretariat by Cambodia
and completed technical assessment by the UNFCCC’s
assessment team.

Cambodia’s official forest map

A land use and land cover map, endorsed as an official
map, named Forest Cover, by the Government of
Cambodia. The generation of additional landcover data are
expected every 2 years, e.g., Forest Cover 2018 and Forest
Cover 2020.

Forest classes

Classes of forests adopted in the establishment of
Cambodia’s official forest reference level.

Transition probability

A probability that a forest class will be changed to anotherforest class, or be converted, to non-forest, based on thehistorical pace of transition. Transition probability is
between 0 to 1.

C. Summary of the methodology
Items
Project activities

Summary
The project activities include forest conservation activities such as forest
management and community livelihood development, including1

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agricultural improvement, eco-tourism development, marketing of nontimber forest products and formation/strengthening of community
groups that lead to the reduction of emissions from deforestation anddegradation.

(emission
reductionmeasures)Establishment ofproject referencelevel

Calculation
project
emissionsMonitoring
parameters
methods

Two options have been identified to establish the project reference level,using data from Cambodia’s official forest reference level (National
FRL):(1) applying the National FRL transition probabilities from forest to
non-forest classes only, to the project area, (e.g., transitions
between different forest classes are not included); and(2) applying all the National FRL transition probabilities amongclasses that would result in emissions to the project area.
Note that Option (1) accounts for emissions from only deforestation,
while Option (2) accounts for emissions from forest degradation in formof transitions from one forest class to another, in addition to those fromdeforestation.

Option 2 is similar to the method used in the Cambodia’s National FRL
submission in 2017, except that the National FRL includes removals as
well; this methodology targets only emissions.
of Project net emissions are estimated based on the result of monitoring offorest to non-forest classes (Option 1) and monitoring of forest to nonnet forest or another forest class (Option 2) within the project area,multiplied by the emission factors (including both above and below
ground biomass) plus any displaced emissions within the displacement
belt and GHG emissions due to the project activities inside the project
area and the activity area in line with Joint Crediting Mechanism
Guidelines for Developing Proposed Methodology for Reducing
Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, and the Role ofConservation, Sustainable Management of Forests and Enhancement ofForest Carbon Stocks in Developing Countries (REDD-plus),(methodology guidelines).
Displaced emissions are calculated as increases of emissions in thedisplacement belt compared to the reference emissions.
Use of fuel and fertilizers, for the implementation of the project
activities, are included as GHG emissions sources, and will be monitored
and accounted as project emissions.
- Area converted from forest to non-forest (Option 1) or forest to anotherforest class (Option 2) in the project areaand - Area converted from forest to non-forest (Option 1) or forest to anotherforest class (Option 2) in the displacement belt
- Quantity of fuel consumed in vehicle and/or equipment- Number of vehicle and/or equipment- Total travel distance of vehicle and/or total use hours of equipment- Average specific energy consumption of vehicle and/or equipment- Mass of synthetic fertilizer applied- Mass of organic fertilizer applied and made from materials sourced
from outside of the project area and the activity area
- Harvested annual dry matter yield of N-fixing crop per unit area,
introduced by the project- Total annual area harvested of N-fixing crop introduced by the project- Ratio of above-ground residues to harvested yield for N-fixing crop
- Ratio of below-ground residues to harvested yield for N-fixing crop
- Mass of calcic limestone, dolomite and urea fertilizer applied2

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Nitrogen content of synthetic and organic fertilizer applied
Nitrogen content of above-ground and below-ground residues for Nfixing crop
- Fraction of total area under N-fixing crop that is renewed annuallyCalculationof A default discount factor of 20%, as defined in the methodology
guidelines, is applied to project emissions reductions to account for the
project
emission risk of reversal.
reductions to becredited

D. Eligibility criteria
This methodology is applicable to projects that satisfy all of the following criteria.
Criterion 1
The project is to reduce deforestation and forest degradation through project
activities including forest management and community livelihood
development.
Criterion 2

Cambodia’s official forest reference (emission) level has been submitted to
UNFCCC, completed technical assessment by UNFCCC, and is publicly
available.

Criterion 3

Cambodia’s official forest map for the project start year or less than or equal
to two years old is available for the project participant.

Criterion 4

Project activities do not include activities which lead to GHG emissions
within the project area and the project activity area, except for the use of fuelor fertilizer including N-fixing crops.

E. Geographical Boundaries
Essential
Geographical boundary
Project area
Reference area

Requirements
No requirements in addition to those described in paragraphs
17 to 22 of the methodology guidelines ver01.0(JCM_KH_GL_PM_REDD+_ver01.0)
The land area of Cambodia is used to keep consistency with
National FRL.

Optional boundaries
Geographical boundary
Activity area

Required(Y/N/TBD)
Y

Additional requirements
No requirements in addition to those describedin paragraph 17 and 21 of the methodology
guidelines ver01.0.
3

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Displacement belt

Y

Displacement belt is the forest which is locatedoutside of the project area, where deforestationand forest degradation could occur due to thedisplacement of project activities, such as smallscale logging, agricultural encroachment, andcollection of non-timber forest products. The
displacement belt is delineated on the basis of
information on the impact of project activities
which are obtained from local experts and othersources. If other REDD+ projects exist within
the belt, project areas of these projects are
excluded from the displacement belt. If
development plans, including Economic Land
Concessions (ELCs), exist within the belt, thoseareas are also excluded because forest clearance
is likely planned inside these areas regardlessthe project activities.

TBD: to be decided by the project participant

F. Carbon pools and GHG sources
The net emission sources to be considered include all the following Carbon pools and GHG
sources.
Project reference level
Carbon pools and GHG sources

Carbonpools

Included

Explanation(Y/N)

Above ground biomass

Y

Below ground biomass

Y

Dead woodN

LitterN

Soil organic carbon

N

This pool is expected to contributesignificantly to emissions andemission reductions and is therefore
included.
This pool is expected to contributesignificantly to emissions andemission reductions and is therefore
included.
It is expected that this pool would
have decreased in the absence of the
project and, therefore, it isconservatively excluded.
It is expected that this pool would
have decreased in the absence of the
project and, therefore, it isconservatively excluded.
It is expected that this pool would
have decreased in the absence of the
project and, therefore, it isconservatively excluded.

GHG
sources
Project net emissions
4

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Carbon pools and GHG sources

Carbonpools

GHGsources

Included(Y/N)

Explanation

This pool is expected to contributesignificantly to emissions andAbove ground biomassYemission reductions and is therefore
included.
This pool is expected to contributesignificantly to emissions andBelow ground biomassYemission reductions and is therefore
included.
It is expected that this pool would
have decreased in the absence of the
Dead woodNproject and, therefore, it isconservatively excluded.
It is expected that this pool would
have decreased in the absence of the
LitterN
project and, therefore, it isconservatively excluded.
It is expected that this pool would
have decreased in the absence of theSoil organic carbon
Nproject, and therefore, it isconservatively excluded.
This GHG source is estimated if theCO2 emissions from combustion of fossil project activities which include
combustion of fossil fuels are
fuels
implemented.
N2O and CO2 emissions from fertilizer This GHG source is estimated if the
project activities include fertilizer
application
application.

G. Establishment of project reference level
G.1. Establishment of project reference level
Approach for estimating project In order to maximize consistency, the project reference
level is established by applying emission factors andreference leveltransition probabilities from the national forest reference
level (National FRL).
Reference area and reference period are the same as the National FRL, and therefore thereference area is the total of Cambodia’s land area. The reference period is the same as thereference period submitted in the National FRL to the UNFCCC. In the National FRL submitted
in 2017; the reference period was 2006 to 2014.
Calculation of transition probability is done by applying one of two options provided in thismethodology: (1) Option 1: using the National FRL transition probabilities from forest to nonforest classes only (i.e., transitions between different forest classes are not included); or (2)Option 2: using all the National FRL transition probabilities among classes that would result in5

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
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GHG emissions. The option selected should also be used for calculation of project net
emissions in section H and for determining data and parameters fixed ex ante in section J. The
option is selected in coordination with Government of Cambodia and project participants.
Yearly reference emission at the project reference level is calculated by applying the transition
probabilities to areas of forests at the previous year and multiplying by emission factors.
To ensure the conservativeness of the calculation of the project emission reductions, deadwood, litter and soil organic carbon pools, of which carbon stocks would have decreased in theabsence of the project, were excluded.
G.2. Calculation of project reference level
The project reference level in year y during the monitoring period is calculated as follows:

RLy = ∆CSref y * 44/12

Equation 1

Where:
RLy

Project reference level in year y; tCO2

∆CSref y

Projected carbon stock change in the project area in year y; tC

44/12

Conversion factor of molecular weight of carbon to CO2; dimensionless∆CSref y is calculated by applying either Option 1 or Option 2 selected in coordination withgovernment of Cambodia and project participants.
Option 1: Use the National FRL transition probabilities from forest to non-forest classes only
Carbon stock change in the project area in year y is calculated as follows:∆‫ܵܥ‬௥௘௙ ௬ = ∑௜(‫ܣ‬௜ ௬ିଵ ∗ ܲ௜ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௜ )Equation 2

Where:∆CSref y

Projected carbon stock change in the project area in year y; tC

Ai y-1

Area of forest class i in the project area in year y-1; haiForest class in the project area; dimensionlessPi

Annual transition probability from forest class i to non-forest within the referencearea; dimensionless, 0-1

EFiEmission factor applicable for forest class i; tC ha-1

Area of forest class i is assumed to decrease every year due to deforestation, and therefore6

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calculated as follows:

Ai y+1 = Ai y * (1 - Pi)

Equation 3

Where:
Ai y+1

Area of forest class i in the project area in year y+1; haAi yArea of forest class i in the project area in year y; haPiAnnual transition probability from forest class i to non-forest within the referencearea; dimensionless, 0-1

Please refer to section J for determination of EFi, Ai 0 (area at the inception of the project) andPi.
Option 2: Use all the National FRL transition probabilities among classes that would result in
GHG emissions.
To estimate the total emissions, the projected carbon stock change in year y in the project area
is calculated as follows:ܿ‫ ݏ‬, if ܿ‫ݏ‬௜௝ ௬ > 0∆‫ܵܥ‬௥௘௙ ௬ = ∑௜ ∑௝ ܿ‫ݏ‬௜௝ ௬ ൜ ௜௝ ௬0, otherwise

Equation 4

Where:∆CSref y

Projected carbon stock change in the project area in year y; tC

csij yProjected carbon stock change in the project area from changes of land use
category i to j in year y; tCi, jLand use category in the project area; dimensionless

The notation csij y is an element of i-by-j cross-tabulation matrix MCSy which is a product ofelement-wise multiplication (Hadamard product) of i-by-j matrices of area changes andemission factors.
MCS௬ = MCA௬ ⋅ MEF

Equation 5

Where:
MCSy

i-by-j matrix in which each element is projected carbon stock change in the
project area from changes of land use category i to j in the project area in year y,csij y; tC

MCAyi-by-j matrix in which each element is projected area of land converted from land
use category i to j in the project area in year y, caij y; ha

MEF

i-by-j matrix in which each element is emission factor for area of land converted7

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Sectoral scope: 14
from land use category i to j, EFij; tC ha-1
Equation 5 is expressed as below:csଵଵ୷ csଵଶ୷ … csଵ୨୷caଵଵ୷csଶଵ୷ csଶଶ୷ … csଶ୨୷
caଶଵ୷
൦ …
…
…
… ൪=൦ …
cs୧ଵ୷ cs୧ଶ୷ … cs୧୨୷
ca୧ଵ୷

caଵଶ୷
caଶଶ୷
…
ca୧ଶ୷

… caଵ୨୷
EFଵଵ… caଶ୨୷ ⎡EFଶଵ⎢…
… ൪∙⎢ …
… ca୧୨୷ ⎣ EF୧ଵFor example, the cs11 y is calculated as bellow:

EFଵଶ
EFଶଶ
…
EF୧ଶ

… EFଵ୨
⎤… EFଶ୨ ⎥…
… ⎥… EF୧୨ ⎦cs11 y = ca11 y * EF11

Projected area of land conversion in year y is calculated as the product between areas of land
categories in the project area in year y-1 and annual transition probabilities.
MCA୷ = MA୷ିଵ MP

Equation 6

Where:
MCAy

i-by-j matrix in which each element is the projected area of land converted fromland use category i to j in year y, caij y; ha

MAy-1

i-by-j diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are areas of land use categories iin the project area in year y-1, Ai y-1; haMPi-by-j matrix in which each element is the annual transition probability from land
use category i to j, pij; dimensionless, 0-1

Equation 6 is expressed as below:
caଵଵ୷
caଶଵ୷
൦ …
ca୧ଵ୷

caଵଶ୷
caଶଶ୷
…
ca୧ଶ୷

…
…
…
…

caଵ୨୷
Aଵ୷ିଵ
⎡
caଶ୨୷
⎢ 0
… ൪= ⎢ …
ca୧୨୷
⎣ 0

0

Aଶ୷ିଵ
…
0

…
0
pଵଵ
⎤ p
…
0 ⎥ ଶଵ൦…
… ⎥ …
… A୧୷ିଵ ⎦ p୧ଵ

pଵଶ
pଶଶ
…
p୧ଶ

…
…
…
…

pଵ୨
pଶ୨
…൪
p୧୨

For example, selected elements are calculated as bellow:
ca11y = A1y-1 * p11 + 0 * p21 +… + 0 * pi1
ca21y = 0* p11 + A2y-1 * p21 +… + 0 * pi1
ca22y = 0 * p12 + A2y-1 * p22 +… + 0 * pi2
caijy = 0 * p1j + 0 * p2j +… + Aiy-1 * pij

Area of each land use category is decreased due to transition to other land categories andincreased due to transition from other land use categories. In year y+1, the area of a land use
category is the sum of the area staying in the same land use category (e.g., ca11y) plus the area8

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14that transitioned to that land use category from other land use categories (e.g., ca21 y, ca31 y, andcai1 y). Area of land use category j in year y+1, Aj y+1, is calculated as follows:‫ܣ‬௝ ௬ାଵ = ∑௜ ܿܽ௜௝ ௬

Equation 7

Where:
Aj y+1

Area of land use category j in project area in year y+1; hacaij yArea of land converted from land use category i to j in the project area in year y;
haPlease refer to section J for determination of EFij, Ai 0 and pij, i.e., MEF, MA0 and MP.

H. Calculation of project net emissions
Project net emissions in year y during the monitoring period are estimated based on results ofmonitoring, and calculated as follows:

PEy = ∆CSpj y * 44/12 + Efuel y + Efertilizer y + DEy

Equation 8

Where:
PEy

Project net emissions in year y; tCO2-eq∆CSpj yCarbon stock change in the project area in year y; tC

Efuel yCO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion in year y due to the project activities;
tCO2

Efertilizer y

GHG emissions from fertilizer application within the project area and the activity
area as a part of the project activities in year y; tCO2-eq

DEy

Displaced emissions to the displacement belt in year y; tCO2

(1) Carbon stock change in the project area in year y, ∆CSpj y
The same option applied in the calculation of the project reference level must be used for the
project emissions.
Option 1: Use the National FRL transition probabilities from forest to non-forest classes only
Carbon stock change in the project area in year y is calculated as follows:∆‫ܵܥ‬௣௝ ௬ = ∑௜ ∆‫ܵܥ‬௣௝ ௜ ௬ = ∑௜ ‫ܣܥ‬௣௝ ௜ ௬ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௜Equation 99JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14

Where:∆CSpj yCarbon stock change in the project area in year y; tC∆CSpj i y

Carbon stock change in area converted from forest class i to non-forest in the
project area in year y; tC

CApj i y

Area converted from forest class i to non-forest in the project area in year y; ha

EFi

Emission factor applicable for forest class i; tC ha-1

CApj i y will be determined using Cambodia’s official forest maps provided by the government;
calculated as the yearly average, if the monitoring interval is more than one year.
Accuracy assessment: to better account for the uncertainty that may be present in Cambodia’s
official forest map within the project area, an accuracy assessment will be performed of the
project area and displacement belt. The accuracy assessment will be performed on the mostrecent official forest map and using a combination of the points used by the government of
Cambodia and with additional points to ensure representative coverage of all classes within the
project area. The results of the accuracy assessment of the project area and the displacement
belt will determine the error-adjusted area estimates for each forest class. The accuracy
assessment will be performed at the start of the project and each subsequent monitoring period
to ensure high quality estimates of emission and reductions. This process is based on themethods included in Olofsson et al. 2014 and is endorsed by the FAO. However, the error
adjustment of the areas will not be performed, if the government of Cambodia decides torequire the project to use Cambodia’s official forest map as it is.
See section J for EFi.
Option 2: Use all the National FRL transition probabilities among classes that would result in
GHG emissions
To estimate the total emissions, the carbon stock change in the project area in year y iscalculated as follows:∆‫ܵܥ‬௣௝ ௬ = ∑௜ ∑௝ ܿ‫ݏ‬௣௝ ௜௝ ௬ ൜ܿ‫ݏ‬௣௝ ௜௝ ௬ , if ܿ‫ݏ‬௣௝ ௜௝ ௬ > 0
0, otherwise

Equation 10

Where:∆CSpj yCarbon stock change in the project area in year y; tC

cspj ij yCarbon stock change in the project area from changes of land use category i to j
10

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Sectoral scope: 14
in year y; tC
The notation cspj ij y is an element of i-by-j cross-tabulation matrix MCSpj y which is a productof element-wise multiplication (Hadamard product) of i-by-j matrices of area changes andemission factors.
MCS௣௝ ௬ = MCA௣௝ ௬ ⋅ MEF

Equation 11

Where:
MCSpj yi-by-j matrix in which each element is carbon stock change in the project areafrom changes in land use category i to j in year y, cspj ij y; tC

MCApj yi-by-j matrix in which each element is the area of land converted from land use
category i to j in the project area in year y, capj ij y; hacapj ij yArea of land converted from land use category i to j in the project area in year y;
ha

MEF

i-by-j matrix in which each element is emission factor for area of land converted
from land use category i to j, EFij; tC ha-1

capj ij y will be determined using Cambodia’s official forest maps provided by the government;
calculated as the yearly average, if the monitoring interval is more than one year.
To quantify and account for the uncertainty of Cambodia’s official forest map in the project
area, an accuracy assessment will be performed as described above.
See section J for EFij.
(2) Emissions due to the project activities
Based on the requirements of the methodology guidelines ver01.0, emissions resulting fromthe implementation of the project activities shall be accounted, including fossil fuel combustion
and the application of fertilizer (synthetic fertilizer, organic fertilizer, N-fixing crop, liming
material and urea fertilizer). If the GHG emissions, due to use of fuel or the application offertilizers, are estimated to less than five percent of the total net emissions at the time ofvalidation, quantities of such GHG sources do not need to be monitored, and planned quantities
can be used for calculation of GHG emissions.
Emissions from fossil fuel combustion
CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion resulting from the implementation of project11

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
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activities1 are calculated by applying the following direct method or indirect method, and thesecan be used interchangeably or simultaneously for different types of vehicle and equipment.
E.g., project participant can calculate Efuel y by applying the direct method for motorbikes andthe in-direct method for trucks.
Direct method‫ܧ‬௙௨௘௟ ௬ = ∑௙ ‫ܧ‬௙௨௘௟ ௙ ௬ = ∑௙(‫ܥܨ‬௙ ௬ ∗ ܰ‫ܸܥ‬௙ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௙௨௘௟ ௙ )Equation 12

Where:

Efuel yCO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion in year y due to the project activities;
tCO2

Efuel f y

CO2 emissions from combustion of fossil fuel type f in year y; tCO2

FCf y

Quantity of fuel type f consumed in year y; kg

NCVf

Net calorific value of fuel f; GJ kg-1

EFfuel f

CO2 emission factor of the fuel type f combusted; tCO2 GJ-1

ffuel types combusted; dimensionlessSee section J for NCVf and EFfuel f.
Indirect method‫ܧ‬௙௨௘௟ ௬ = ∑௙ ∑௝ ‫ܧ‬௙௨௘௟ ௝ ௙ ௬ = ∑௙ ∑௝(ܸܰ‫ܧ‬௝ ௙ ௬ ∗ ܶ‫ܷܦ‬௝ ௙ ௬ ∗ ܵ‫ܥܧ‬௝ ௙ ∗ ܰ‫ܸܥ‬௙ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௙௨௘௟ ௙ )Equation 13

Where:

Efuel yCO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion in year y due to the project activities;
tCO2

Efuel j f y

CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion in vehicle or equipment type j using
fuel type f in year y; tCO2

NVEj f y

Number of vehicle or equipment type j using fuel type f in year y; unit

TDUj f y

Total travel distance for vehicle type j or use hours for equipment type j using
fuel type f in year y; km or hour unit-1

SECj fAverage specific energy consumption of vehicle or equipment type j for fuel typef; kg km-1 or hour-1

NCVf

Net calorific value of fuel f; GJ kg-1

EFfuel f

CO2 emission factor of the fuel type f combusted; tCO2 GJ-1

1

A/R methodological tool “Estimation of GHG emissions related to fossil fuel combustion in
A/R CDM project activities” was referenced.
12

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
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ffuel types combusted; dimensionlessjtype of vehicle or equipment; dimensionless

For NCVf, EFfuel f, and SECj f, see section J.
Emissions from fertilizer application
GHG emissions from fertilizer application are calculated as follow:
Efertilizer y = Edirect-N y + Eindirect-N y + Eliming y + Eurea y

Equation 14

Where:
Efertilizer y

GHG emissions from fertilizer application within the project area and the activity
area for implementation of the project activities in year y; tCO2-eq

Edirect-N y

Direct N2O emissions as a result of nitrogen application within the project area
and the activity area for implementation of the project activities in year y; tCO2eq

Eindirect-N y

Indirect N2O emissions as a result of nitrogen application within the project area
and the activity area for implementation of the project activities in year y; tCO2eq

Eliming y

CO2 emissions as a result of adding liming materials within the project area andthe activity area for implementation of the project activities in year y; tCO2

Eurea yCO2 emissions as a result of urea fertilization application within the project area
and the activity area for implementation of the project activities in year y; tCO2

Direct N2O emissions as a result of nitrogen application for the implementation of the project
activities are calculated as follow2:‫ܧ‬ௗ௜௥௘௖௧ିே ௬ = ∑௖[൫‫ܨ‬ௌே ௖ ௬ + ‫ܨ‬ைே ௖ ௬ + ‫ܨ‬஼ோ ௖ ௬ ൯ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬ௗ௜௥௘௖௧ିே ௖ ] ∗ 44⁄28 ∗ ‫ܹܲܩ‬ேଶைEquation 15

Where:
Edirect-N y

Direct N2O emissions as a result of nitrogen application within the project area
and the activity area for implementation of the project activities in year y; tCO2eq

FSN c yMass of nitrogen in synthetic fertilizer applied for implementation of the project
activities in cropland type c in the project area and the activity area in year y; tN

2

This is based on A/R Methodology tool “Estimation of direct nitrous oxide emission from
nitrogen fertilization” and 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
13

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Sectoral scope: 14
FON c yMass of nitrogen in organic fertilizer made from materials sourced from outsideof the project area and the activity area and applied for implementation of the
project activities in cropland type c in the project area and the activity area in yeary; tN

FCR c yMass of nitrogen in crop residues (above-ground and below-ground) in N-fixing
crops, introduced for implementation of the project activities in cropland type cin the project area and the activity area and returned to soils, in year y; tN

EFdirect-N c

Emission factor for N2O emissions from nitrogen inputs in cropland type c; t N2ON tN-input-1

44/28

Ratio of molecular weight of N2O and N; dimensionless

GWPN2O

Global Warming Potential for N2O; tCO2 (t N2O)-1c

Types of croplands: upland cropland and flooded cropland such as rice paddy;
dimensionlessSee section J for EFdirect-N c and GWPN2O.
‫ܨ‬ௌே ௖ ௬ = ‫ܯ‬ௌே ௖ ௬ ∗ ܰ‫ܥ‬ௌே ௖

Equation 16‫ܨ‬ைே ௖ ௬ = ‫ܯ‬ைே ௖ ௬ ∗ ܰ‫ܥ‬ைே ௖

Equation 17

Where:
FSN c yMass of nitrogen in synthetic fertilizer applied for implementation of the project
activities in cropland type c in the project area and the activity area in year y, tN

FON c yMass of nitrogen in organic fertilizer made from materials sourced from outsideof the project area and the activity area and applied for implementation of the
project activities in cropland type c in the project area and the activity area in year
y, tN

MSN c yMass of synthetic fertilizer applied for implementation of the project activities incropland type c in the project area and the activity area in year y, t

MON c yMass of organic fertilizer made from materials sourced from outside of the project
area and the activity area and applied for implementation of the project activitiesin cropland type c in the project area and the activity area in year y, t

NCSN cNitrogen content of synthetic fertilizer applied in cropland type c; tN (t fertilizer)-1

NCON cNitrogen content of organic fertilizer applied in cropland type c; tN (t fertilizer) 1

Data from producers of synthetic fertilizer and published data are used for NCSN c NCON c,
14

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14
respectively. If multiple types of synthetic or organic fertilizers are used, choose the highest
data as a conservative estimation. Note that organic fertilizer which is made from organic
materials sourced from inside the project area and the activity area are NOT accounted because
the emissions from those organic materials occur in the areas regardless the implementation of
the project activities.
‫ܨ‬஼ோ ௖ ௬ = ∑்ൣ‫݌݋ݎܥ‬௖ ் ௬ ∗ ‫ܽ݁ݎܣ‬௖ ் ௬ ∗ ‫ܿܽݎܨ‬ோ௘௡௘௪ ் ∗ (ܴ஺ீ ் ∗ ܰ஺ீ ் + ܴ஻ீ ் ∗ ܰ஻ீ ் )൧Equation 18

Where:
FCR c yMass of nitrogen in crop residues (above-ground and below-ground) in N-fixing
crops, introduced for implementation of the project activities in cropland type cin the project area and the activity area and returned to soils, in year y; tN

Cropc T y

Harvested annual dry matter yield for N-fixing crop T per unit area, introduced
for implementation of the project activities in cropland type c in the project area
and the activity area in year y; t d.m. ha -1

Area c T y

Total annual area harvested of N-fixing crop T, introduced for implementation of
the project activities in cropland type c in the project area and the activity area inyear y; ha

FracRenew T

Fraction of total area under N-fixing crop T that is renewed annually;
dimensionless, 0-1

RAG T

Ratio of above-ground residues to harvested yield for N-fixing crop T; t d.m. (td.m.)-1

NAG T

N content of above-ground residues for N-fixing crop T; t N (t d.m.)-1

RBG T

Ratio of below-ground residues to harvested yield for N-fixing crop T; t d.m. (td.m.)-1

NBG T

N content of below-ground residues for N-fixing crop T; t N (t d.m.)-1

T

Types of N-fixing crops; dimensionless

Where cropland is renewed on average every X years, Fracrenew = 1/X. For annual crops
Fracrenew = 1.
Indirect N2O emissions as a result of nitrogen application for implementation of the project
activities are calculated as follow:‫ܧ‬௜௡ௗ௜௥௘௖௧ିே,௬ = ൣ൫‫ܨ‬ௌே ௬ ∗ ‫ܿܽݎܨ‬ௌே + ‫ܨ‬ைே ௬ ∗ ‫ܿܽݎܨ‬ைே ൯ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௜௡ௗ௜௥௘௖௧ିே + ൫‫ܨ‬ௌே ௬ +‫ܨ‬ைே ௬ + ‫ܨ‬஼ோ ௬ ൯ ∗ ‫ܿܽݎܨ‬௟௘௔௖௛ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௟௘௔௖௛ିே ൧ ∗ 44ൗ28 ∗ ‫ܹܲܩ‬ேଶைEquation 19
15

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14
Where:
Eindirect-N y

Indirect N2O emissions as a result of nitrogen application within the project area
and the activity area for implementation of the project activities in year y; tCO2eq

FSN y

Mass of nitrogen in synthetic fertilizer applied for implementation of the project
activities in the project area and the activity area in year y; tN

FON yMass of nitrogen in organic fertilizer made from materials sourced from outside
the project area and the activity area and applied for implementation of the project
activities in the project area and the activity area in year y; tN

FCR yMass of nitrogen in crop residues (above-ground and below-ground) in N-fixing
crops, introduced for implementation of the project activities in the project area
and the activity area and returned to soils, in year y; tN

FracSN

Fraction that volatilized as NH3 and NOX for synthetic fertilizers; dimensionless,
0-1

FracON

Fraction that volatilized as NH3 and NOX for organic fertilizers; dimensionless,0-1

EFindirect-N

Emission factor for N2O emissions from atmospheric deposition of N on soils andwater surfaces; t N2O-N (t NH3-N and NOX-N volatilized)-1

Fracleach

Fraction of N that is lost through leaching and runoff; dimensionless, 0-1

EFleach-N

Emission factor for N2O emissions from N leaching and runoff; t N2O-N (t Nleaching and runoff)-1

44/28

Ratio of molecular weight of N2O and N; dimensionless

GWPN2O

Global Warming Potential for N2O; tCO2 (t N2O) -1

See Section J for FracSN, FracON, Fracleach, EFindirect-N, EFleach-N and GWPN2O.
‫ܨ‬ௌே ௬ = ∑௖ ‫ܨ‬ௌே ௖ ௬

Equation 20‫ܨ‬ைே ௬ = ∑௖ ‫ܨ‬ைே ௖ ௬

Equation 21‫ܨ‬஼ோ ௬ = ∑௖ ‫ܨ‬஼ோ ௖ ௬

Equation 22

Where:FSN y

Mass of nitrogen in synthetic fertilizer applied for implementation of the project
activities in the project area and the activity area in year y; tN

FON yMass of nitrogen in organic fertilizer made from materials sourced from outside
the project area and the activity area and applied for implementation of the project
activities in the project area and the activity area in year y; tN

FCR yMass of nitrogen in crop residues (above-ground and below-ground) in N-fixing
16

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14
crops, introduced for implementation of the project activities in the project area
and the activity area and returned to soils, in year y; tN
FSN c yMass of nitrogen in synthetic fertilizer applied for implementation of the project
activities in cropland type c in the project area and the activity area in year y; tN

FON c yMass of nitrogen in organic fertilizer made from materials sourced from outside
the project area and the activity area and applied for implementation of the project
activities in cropland type c in the project area and the activity area in year y; tN

FCR c yMass of nitrogen in crop residues (above-ground and below-ground) in N-fixing
crops, introduced for implementation of the project activities in cropland type cin the project area and the activity area and returned to soils, in year y; tN

Use FSN c y, FON c y and FCR c y calculated in Equations 16, 17 and 18.
CO2 emissions as a result of adding liming materials for implementation of the project activities
are calculated as follow:‫ܧ‬௟௜௠௜௡௚ ௬ = ൫‫ܯ‬௟௜௠௘௦௧௢௡௘ ௬ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௟௜௠௘௦௧௢௡௘ + ‫ܯ‬ௗ௢௟௢௠௜௧௘ ௬ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬ௗ௢௟௢௠௜௧௘ ൯ ∗ 44ൗ12 Equation

23

Where:
Eliming y

CO2 emissions as a result of adding liming materials within the project area andthe activity area during implementation of the project activities in year y; tCO2

Mlimestone y

Mass of calcic limestone (CaCO3) applied for implementation of the project
activities in the project area and the activity area in year y; t

EFlimestone

Emission factor for limestone; t C (t limestone)-1

Mdolomite y

Mass of dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) applied for implementation of the project
activities in the project area and the activity area in year y; t

EFdolomite

Emission factor for dolomite; t C (t dolomite) -1

44/12

Ratio of molecular weight of CO2 and C; dimensionlessSee Section J for EFlimestone and EFdolomite.
CO2 emissions as a result of urea fertilization application for implementation of the project
activities are calculated as follow:‫ܧ‬௨௥௘௔ ௬ = ‫ܯ‬௨௥௘௔ ௬ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௨௥௘௔ ∗ 44ൗ12Equation 24

Where:
Eurea yCO2 emissions as a result of application of urea within the project area and the17

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14
activity area for implementation of the project activities in year y; tCO2
Murea yMass of urea fertilizer applied for implementation of the project activities in the
project area and the activity area in year y; t

EFureaEmission factor for urea; t C/t urea

44/12

Ratio of molecular weight of CO2 and C; dimensionlessSee Section J for EFurea.
(3) Displaced emissions
In this methodology, displacement is assessed through monitoring of the displacement belt. The
displacement belt captures the displacement of baseline activities due to the project activities,
or interventions, in the project area.
Although a detailed analysis of the local drivers of deforestation and degradation is not
anticipated, the local context will be captured through inputs from local and national experts
including authorities. Displaced emissions are calculated as increases of emissions compared
to reference emissions from the displacement belt which is separately calculated from reference
emissions for the project reference level.
Displaced emissions are calculated as follows:‫ܧܦ‬௬ = ൜‫ܲܦ‬௬ − ‫ܴܦ‬௬ , if ‫ܲܦ‬௬ − ‫ܴܦ‬௬ > 0
0, otherwise

Equation 25

Where:DEy

Displaced emissions to the displacement belt in year y; tCO2

DRy

Reference emissions from the displacement belt in year y; tCO2

DPy

Project emissions from the displacement belt in year y; tCO2

DRy and DPy are calculated as follows:
DRy = ∆CSd y * 44/12

Equation 26

Where:
DRy

Reference emissions from the displacement belt in year y; tCO2

∆CSd yProjected carbon stock change in the displacement belt in year y; tC

44/12

Conversion factor of molecular weight of carbon to CO2; dimensionless

DPy = ∆CSd pj y * 44/12

Equation 27
18

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14

Where:
DPy

Project emissions from the displacement belt in year y; tCO2

∆CSd pj y

Actual carbon stock change in the displacement belt in year y; tC

44/12

Conversion factor of molecular weight of carbon to CO2; dimensionless

Projected and actual carbon stock changes in the displacement belt area, i.e., ∆CSd y and ∆CSd
pj y, are calculated by applying the option used in Section G.2 Calculation of project reference

level.
Option 1: Use the National FRL transition probabilities from forest to non-forest classes only
Projected carbon stock change in the displacement belt in year y is calculated as follows:∆‫ܵܥ‬ௗ ௬ = ∑௜ ‫ܣ‬ௗ ௜ ௬ିଵ ∗ ܲௗ ௜ ∗ ‫ܨܧ‬௜Equation 28

Where:∆CSd yProjected carbon stock change in the displacement belt in year y; tC

Ad i yArea of forest class i in the displacement belt in year y; ha

Pd iAnnual transition probability from forest class i to non-forest within thedisplacement belt; dimensionless, 0-1

EFiEmission factor applicable for forest class i; tC ha-1

Area of forest class i is assumed to decrease every year due to deforestation, and therefore
calculated as follows:
Ad i y+1 = Ad i y * (1 - Pd i)

Equation 29

Where:
Ad i yArea of forest class i in the displacement belt in year y; ha

Pd iAnnual transition probability from forest class i to non-forest within thedisplacement belt; dimensionless, 0-1

Please refer section J for Ad i 0 and Pd i.
Actual carbon stock change in the displacement belt in year y is calculated as follows:∆CSd pj y = ∑CAd pj i y * EFi

Equation 30

Where:
19

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14∆CSd pj y

Actual carbon stock change in the displacement belt in year y; tC

CAd pj i yArea converted from forest class i to non-forest in the displacement belt in year
y; ha

EFi

Emission factor applicable for land use category i; tC ha-1

CAd pj i y will be determined using Cambodia’s official forest maps provided by the government;
calculated as yearly average, if the monitoring interval is more than one year. Where evidence
can be collected that deforestation in the displacement belt is not attributable to the project, thedetected deforestation is not considered as displacement and therefore is excluded from CAd pji y.

To quantify and account for the uncertainty of Cambodia’s official forest map in the project
area, an accuracy assessment will be performed as described in Section H calculation of projectnet emission, sub-section (1) carbon stock change in the project area.
See section J for EFi.
Option 2: Use all transition probabilities resulting in emissions in the National FRL
Projected carbon stock change in the displacement belt in year y is calculated as follows:To estimate the total emissions, the projected carbon stock change in year y in the displacement
belt is calculated as follows:∆‫ܵܥ‬ௗ ௬ = ∑௜ ∑௝ ܿ‫ݏ‬ௗ ௜௝ ௬ ൜ܿ‫ݏ‬ௗ ௜௝ ௬ , if ܿ‫ݏ‬ௗ ௜௝ ௬ > 0
0, otherwise

Equation 31

Where:∆CSd yProjected carbon stock change in the displacement belt in year y; tC

csd ij y

Projected carbon stock change in the displacement belt from changes of land use
category i to j in year y; tC

The notation csd ij is an element of i-by-j cross-tabulation matrix MCSd y which is a product ofelement-wise multiplication (Hadamard product) of i-by-j matrices of area changes andemission factors.
MCSௗ ௬ = MCAௗ ௬ ⋅ MEF

Equation 32

Where:MCSd yi-by-j matrix in which each element is projected carbon stock change in thedisplacement belt from changes of land use category i to j in year y, csd ij y; tC
20

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14
MCAd yi-by-j matrix in which each element is projected area of land converted from land
use category i to j in the displacement belt in year y, cad ij y; ha

MEF

i-by-j matrix in which each element is the emission factor for area of land
converted from land use category i to j, EFij; tC ha-1

Projected area of land conversion in year y is calculated as the product between areas of land
categories in the displacement belt in year y and annual transition probability.
MCAୢ ୷ = MAୢ ୷ିଵ MPௗ

Equation 33

Where:MCAd yi-by-j matrix in which each element is the projected area of land converted fromland use category i to j in the displacement belt in year y, cad ij y; ha

MAd y-1i-by-j diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are areas of land use categories
in the displacement belt in year y-1, Ad i y-1; ha

MPdi-by-j matrix in which each element is the annual transition probability from land
use category i to j in the displacement belt, pd ij; dimensionless, 0-1

Similar to Equation 7, area of land use category j in year y+1, Ad j y+1, is calculated as follows:‫ܣ‬ௗ ௝ ௬ାଵ = ∑௜ ܿܽௗ ௜௝ ௬

Equation 34

Where:
Ad j y+1

Area of land use category j in the displacement belt in year y+1; hacad ij y

Area of land converted from land use category i to j in the displacement belt inyear y; haPlease refer section J for determination of EFij, Ad i 0 and pd ij, i.e., MEF, MAd 0 and MPd.
Actual carbon stock change in the displacement belt in year y is calculated as follows:To estimate the total emissions, the carbon stock change in the displacement belt in year y iscalculated as follows:∆‫ܵܥ‬ௗ ௣௝ ௬ = ∑௜ ∑௝ ܿ‫ݏ‬ௗ ௣௝ ௜௝ ௬ ൜ܿ‫ݏ‬ௗ ௣௝ ௜௝ ௬ , if ܿ‫ݏ‬ௗ ௣௝ ௜௝ ௬ > 0
0, otherwise

Equation 35

Where:∆CSd pj y

Actual carbon stock change in the displacement belt in year y; tC

csd pj ij yCarbon stock change in the displacement belt from changes of land use category
i to j in year y; tC
21

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14

The notation csd pj ij is an element of the i-by-j cross-tabulation matrix MCSd pj y which is a
product of element-wise multiplication (Hadamard product) of i-by-j matrices of area changes
and emission factors.
MCSௗ ௣௝ ௬ = MCAௗ ௣௝ ௬ ⋅ MEF

Equation 36

Where:MCSd pj yi-by-j matrix in which each element is carbon stock change in the displacement
belt from changes of land use category i to j in year y, csd pj ij y; tC

MCAd pj yi-by-j matrix in which each element is area of land converted from land use
category i to j in the displacement belt in year y, cad pj ij y; hacad pj ij yArea of land converted from land use category i to j in the displacement belt inyear y; ha

MEF

i-by-j matrix in which each element is emission factor for area of land converted
from land use category i to j, EFij; tC ha-1

cad pj ij y will be determined by using Cambodia’s official forest maps provided by thegovernment, will be calculated as yearly average, if the monitoring interval is more than one
year. Where evidence can be collected that deforestation in the displacement belt is not
attributable to the project, the detected deforestation is not considered as displacement andtherefore is excluded from MCAd pj y.
To quantify and account for the uncertainty of Cambodia’s official forest map in the project
area, an accuracy assessment will be performed as described in Section H calculation of projectnet emission, sub-section (1) carbon stock change in the project area.
See section J for EFij.

I. Calculation of project emission reductions to be credited
Project emission reductions in year y are calculated as the difference between the projectreference level and the project net emissions.
ERy = RLy – PEy

Equation 37

Where:
ERy

Project emissions reductions in year y; tCO2-eq
22

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14
RLy

Project reference level in year y; tCO2

PEy

Project net emissions in year y; tCO2-eq

ERcredt y = ERy * (1-DF)

Equation 38

Where:
ERcredit y,

Project emissions reductions available to be credited in year y; tCO2-eq

ERy

Project emissions reductions in year y; tCO2-eq

DF

Discount factor, default as 0.2

A discount factor is applied as a measure for risk of reversals.
Project emissions reductions available to be credited for a monitoring period are calculated asfollows:‫ܴܧ‬௖௥௘ௗ௜௧ ௣ = ∑௜ ‫ܴܧ‬௖௥௘ௗ௜௧ ௬

Equation 39

Where:
ERcredit p

Project emissions reductions available to be credited for a monitoring period p;
tCO2-eq

ERcredit y,

Project emissions reductions available to be credited in year y; tCO2-eq

J. Data and parameters fixed ex ante
The lists of the source of each data and parameter fixed ex ante and the source of each of default
values selected in this methodology are available at the end of this section.
The same option applied in the calculation of project reference level must be used.
(1) Emission factors for land conversions
Emission factors are calculated by applying carbon stock data used in National FRL, or otherofficial report by Cambodian government.
Table 1 shows carbon stock data used in the National FRL submitted in 2017. As new official
data becomes available, emission factors can be updated in coordination with government of
Cambodia.
Table 1 Above ground and below ground biomass data used in the National FRL submitted in23

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14
2017
Forest/Non-

Land use category

Abbreviation

ForestForestAbove-

Below-

Total

ground,ground,-1

tCha-1tCha-1tCha

biomass,

Evergreen forest

E

76.61

14.69

91.30

Semi-evergreenSE114.21

20.9

135.11

Pine forest

P

47

9.54

56.54

Deciduous forest

D

39.95

8.26

48.21

BambooB000Mangrove

M

70.5

13.65

84.15

Rear Mangrove

MR

77.55

14.85

92.40

Flooded forest

FF

32.9

6.96

39.86

Forest regrowth

FR

35.25

7.4

42.65

Tree plantation

TP

47

9.54

56.54

Pine plantation

PP

47

9.54

56.54

Non-forest

NF

0

0

0

forestNon-forest

Although Cambodia defined tree plantation (TP) and pine plantation (PP) as forest, emissions
and removals in areas converted from the other forest categories to these two categories were
excluded from the National FRL submitted in 2017 in consideration of safeguards, while thosein areas converted from TP and PP to the other land use categories are included. The project
participant uses the latest National FRL, and apply zero as EF for the conversion categories
which are excluded from calculation in the National FRL.
Option 1: Use the National FRL transition probabilities from forest to non-forest classes only
EFi is an emission factor for area of land converted from land use category i, which is forest,
to non-forest.
‫ܨܧ‬௜ = ∑݇ ‫݇݅ܥ‬

Equation 40

Where:
EFi

Emission factor applicable for forest class i; tC ha-1

Cik

Carbon stock in carbon pool k in forest class i per unit area; tC ha-1k

Carbon pools included in establishment of National FRL; dimensionless24

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14
Above ground and below ground are the carbon pools included in the establishment of the
National FRL submitted in 2017. Table 2 shows the calculated EFi based on the National FRL
submitted in 2017.
Table 2 Emission factors, EFi, for Option 1 based on the National FRL submitted in 2017
EFi, tC ha-1

Forest class, iAbbreviation

Evergreen forest

E

91.30

Semi-evergreen forestSE

135.11

Pine forest

P

56.54

Deciduous forest

D

48.21

BambooB

0MangroveM

84.15

Rear Mangrove

MR

92.40

Flooded forest

FF

39.86

Forest regrowth

FR

42.65

Tree plantation

TP

56.54

Pine plantation

PP

56.54

Non-forest

NF

0

Option 2: Use all the National FRL transition probabilities among classes that would result inemissions
EFij is an emission factor for area of land converted from land use category i to j.
‫ܨܧ‬௜௝ = ∑௞ ‫ܥ‬௜௞ − ∑௞ ‫ܥ‬௝௞Equation 41

Where:
EFij

Emission factor for area of land converted from land use category i to j; tC ha-1

Cik

Carbon stock in carbon pool k in land use category i per unit area; tC ha-1k

Carbon pools included in establishment of National FRL; dimensionless
Table 3 Emission factors, EFij, for Option 2 based on the National FRL submitted in 2017

i

E
SE
P
D
B
M

Land use category j
E
SE
P
0.00
NA
34.76
43.81
0.00
78.57
NA
NA
0.00
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
27.61

D
43.09
86.90
8.33
0.00
NA
35.94

B
91.30
135.11
56.54
48.21
0.00
84.15

M
7.15
50.96
NA
NA
NA
0.00

25

MR
NA
42.71
NA
NA
NA
NA

FF
51.44
95.25
16.68
8.35
NA
44.29

FR
48.65
92.46
13.89
5.56
NA
41.50

TP
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

PP
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

NF
91.30
135.11
56.54
48.21
0.00
84.15

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14
MR
FF
FR
TP
PP
NF

1.10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

35.86
NA
NA
0.00
0.00
NA

44.19
NA
NA
8.33
8.33
NA

92.40
39.86
42.65
56.54
56.54
0.00

8.25
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

0.00
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

52.54
0.00
2.79
16.68
16.68
NA

49.75
NA
0.00
13.89
13.89
NA

NA
NA
NA
0.00
0.00
NA

NA
NA
NA
0.00
0.00
NA

92.40
39.86
42.65
56.54
56.54
0.00

Note that when a land use category with a higher carbon stock is converted to a lower carbon
stock, e.g., conversion from evergreen forest to non-forest, the EFij is positive. Removals are
not included in this methodology, and therefore emission factors for conversions from a land
use category with lower carbon stock to higher carbon stock are not available in Table 3. As
previously described, emissions and removals in areas converted from the other forest
categories to tree plantation (TP) or pine plantation (PP) were excluded in the establishment of
the National FRL submitted in 2017, and therefore EFs of those transitions as well as transitions
resulting in removals are also not available in Table 3.
(2) Area of land use category i at the inception of the projectThis method applies to both options, Option 1 and 2, and to the following parameters:
Ai 0Area of forest class i or land use category i in the project area at the inception of
the project; ha

Ad i 0Area of forest class i or land use category i in the displacement belt at the
inception of the project; ha

The most recent version of Cambodia’s official forest map (≤ 2 years) provided by Cambodian
government used to determine the area of land use category i in the project area and in thedisplacement belt at the project start date. Once Ai 0 and Ad i 0 are determined in the project
design document, these areas, determined at the project start date, will not be updated.
To quantify and account for the uncertainty of Cambodia’s official forest map in the project
area, an accuracy assessment will be performed as described in Section H calculation of projectnet emission, sub-section (1) carbon stock change in the project area.
(3) Annual transition probability in the reference area
Option 1: Use the National FRL transition probabilities from forest to non-forest classes only
Annual deforestation rate for each forest type existing inside the project area, Pi, is calculated
by applying area, Aref i, and area change, CAref i, from the National FRL and nationally endorsed
data sets, and is used in Equation 2. Table 4 shows Pi calculated based on the National FRL
submitted in 2017.
Pi = CAref i / (Aref i * Tref)

Equation 42
26

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14

Where:Pi

Annual transition probability from forest class i to non-forest within the referencearea; dimensionless, 0-1

CAref iArea converted into non-forest from forest class i during the reference period,e.g., 2006-2014 in the National FRL submitted in 2017, in reference area; haAref iArea of forest class i in the reference area at the first year, e.g., 2006 in the
National FRL submitted in 2017, of the reference period; ha

TrefNumber of years, e.g., eight in the National FRL submitted in 2017, in thereference period; year
Table 4 Pi calculated based on the data used in the National FRL submitted in 2017
Forest class

Abbreviation

Pi, dimensionlessEvergreen forest

E

0.0249Semi-evergreen forest

SE

0.0309Pine forest

P

0.0000

Deciduous forest

D

0.0345

BambooB

0.0141MangroveM

0.0100

Rear MangroveMR

0.0417

Flooded forest

FF

0.0506

Forest regrowthFR

0.0972

Tree plantation

TP

0.1169Pine plantation

PP

0.000

Option 2: Use all the National FRL transition probabilities among classes that would result in
GHG emissions
Annual transition probability from land use category i to j is obtained in the form of a transition
probability matrix, MP, using the forest area change matrix reported in National FRL andnationally endorsed data sets. It is important to note that the annual transition probability cannot
be obtained by simply dividing transition probability in multiple years by number of the years,
because transition probability in multiple years, c years, is c-th power of annual transition
probability. It is recommended to use a method provided in a peer reviewed scientific paper for
calculation of the annual transition probability, such as Takada et al. 20103. Calculated MP is

3

Takada T, Miyamoto A and Hasegawa SF (2010) Derivation of a yearly transition probability
matrix for land-use dynamics and its applications. Landscape Ecol 25:561-572
27

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14
used in Equation 6.
Obtain an area-based i-by-j transition matrix for each of time interval from the National FRL.
In the National FRL submitted in 2017, Forest Area Change Matrices between 2006 and 2010
and between 2010 and 2014 area are available in Annex I Emission/Removal Calculation
Tables. Annual transition probabilities derived using the matrices in the National FRL
submitted in 2017 are available in Table 6 below.
Transition probability in an observation interval t is calculated as follows:
probij t = CAref ij t/Aref i t

Equation 43

Where:
probij t

Transition probability from land use category i to j during an observation timeinterval t; dimensionless, 0-1

CAref ij t

Area converted from land use category i to j during an observation time intervalt within the reference area; haAref i t

Area of land use category i at the first year of an observation time interval t withinreference area; ha

The notion probij t is an element of i-by-j cross-tabulation matrix MPmulti t, and MPmulti t is the
Tmulti-th power of annual transition matrix MPt.
MP௠௨௟௧௜ ௧ = ‫ܲܯ‬௧ ்೘ೠ೗೟೔

Equation 44

Where:
MPmulti ti-by-j matrix in which each element is the transition probability from land use
category i to j during an observation time interval t, probij t; dimensionless, 0-1

MPti-by-j matrix in which each element is the annual transition probability from land
use category i to j during an observation time interval t, pij t; dimensionless, 0-1

Tmultinumber of years of observation interval; year

Table 5 shows the transition probability matrix, MPmulti 2006-2010, in which each element probij
2006-2010 is the transition probability from i to j in 4 years between 2006 and 2010 in the cross-tabulation based on the National FRL submitted in 2017. Note that the diagonal elements
represent the probabilities of land being in the same category.

28

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
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Table 5 Cross-tabulation matrix of 4-year, 2006-2010, transition probability based on the National
FRL submitted in 2017
2010
2006
E
Se
P
D
B
M
MR
FF
FR
TP
PP
NF

E
0.960
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.004
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000

SE
0.000
0.952
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.003
0.000
0.000
0.000

P
0.000
0.000
1.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

D
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.971
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001

B
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.992
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

M
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.968
0.003
0.000
0.000
0.000

MR
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.962
0.000
0.000
0.000

FF
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.790
0.000
0.000

FR
0.001
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.001
0.881
0.004

TP
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.184

PP
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

NF
0.039
0.045
0.000
0.029
0.008
0.025
0.030
0.209
0.116
0.811

0.002

0.001

0.000

0.003

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.007

0.007

0.001

0.000

0.979

Obtain the annual transition probability matrix, MPt, in which each element pij t is the annualtransition probability during an observation time interval t, by using MPmulti t and a method
provided in a peer reviewed scientific paper for calculation of annual transition probability suchas Takada et al. 2010. The obtained MPt should be validated by applying Equation 44.
If multiple MPts from more than one observation time interval are derived, calculate averageannual transition probability as follows:‫݌‬௜௝ =∑௧ ‫݌‬௜௝ ௧൘ܰ௜௡௧Equation 45

Where:
pij

Annual transition probability from land use category i to j within the referencearea; dimensionless, 0-1

pij t

Annual transition probability from land use category i to jduring an observation
time interval t; dimensionless, 0-1

Nint

Number of observation intervals reported in National FRL; interval

Table 6 shows the annual transition probability matrix, MP, in which each element pij is annualtransition probability from i to j based on observations during intervals of 2006-2010 and 20102014 presented in the National FRL submitted in 2017.
Table 6 Annual transition probability matrix based on observations during intervals of 20062010 and 2010-2014 presented in the National FRL submitted in 2017
y+1
y
E
SE
P

E
0.971
0.000
0.000

SE
0.000
0.963
0.000

P
0.000
0.000
1.000

D
0.000
0.000
0.000

B
0.000
0.000
0.000

M
0.000
0.000
0.000

29

MR
0.000
0.000
0.000

FF
0.000
0.000
0.000

FR
0.002
0.002
0.000

TP
0.000
0.000
0.000

PP
0.000
0.000
0.000

NF
0.027
0.035
0.000

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14
D
B
M
MR
FF
FR
TP
PP
NF

0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.004
0.000
0.000
0.001

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.001

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.960
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
-0.001
0.000
0.003

0.000
0.985
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
0.988
0.003
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
0.001
0.944
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.940
0.000
-0.001
0.000
0.002

0.000
0.001
0.000
0.005
0.001
0.875
0.003
0.000
0.002

0.001
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.002
0.780
0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.000
0.000

0.040
0.015
0.010
0.048
0.060
0.117
0.219
0.000
0.990

(4) Annual transition probability in the displacement belt
The same method as (3), Annual transition probability in the reference area, is applied for the
displacement belt instead of the reference area.
(5) Parameters for calculating emissions due to the project activities
Fossil fuel combustion
Default net caloric value and net calorific based emission factors are available in the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines, and those of selected fuels types are listed in the table for “the source of each dataand parameter fixed ex ante”.
Reference figures such as manufacturer specifications can be used for SECj f. If no specificenergy consumption data are available, fuel consumption and distance and/or hours arerecorded before the initial verification to calculate SECj f. Those figures can be used for theentire project period.
Fertilizer application
Data and parameter fixed ex ante and default values for calculating N2O and CO2 emissions
are shown in the tables for “the source of each data and parameter fixed ex ante” and “thesource of each of default values selected in this methodology” below.
The source of each data and parameter fixed ex ante is listed as below.
Parameter
Ai 0

Description of data

Area of forest class i or land use category i in the Cambodia's official
project area at the inception of the project; ha

Pi

pij

EFi

Sourceforest map

Option (1) Annual transition probability from forest Cambodia’s officialclass i to non-forest within the reference area;

forest reference level

dimensionless, 0-1(National FRL)

Option (2) Annual transition probability from land Cambodia’s official
use category i to j within the reference area;

forest reference level

dimensionless, 0-1(National FRL)

Option (1) Emission factor applicable for forest

Cambodia’s official30

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14class i; tC ha-1

forest reference level(National FRL)

EFij

Option (2) Emission factor for area of land Cambodia’s official
converted from land use category i to j; tC ha-1

forest reference level(National FRL)

Ad i 0Area of forest class i in the displacement belt at the Cambodia's official
inception of the project; ha

Pd iforest map

Option (1) Annual transition probability from forest Cambodia’s officialclass i to non-forest within the displacement belt; forest maps
dimensionless, 0-1

pd ij

Option (2) Annual transition probability from land Cambodia’s official
use category i to j within the displacement belt; forest maps
dimensionless, 0-1
Net calorific value of fuel f; GJ kg-1

NCVf

‒

Gas/Diesel oil: 43.0 TJ Gg-1‒

Motor Gasoline: 44.3 TJ Gg-1‒

Crude Oil: 42.3 TJ Gg-1

CO2 emission factor of the fuel type f combusted; t
CO2 GJ-1
EFfuel f‒

Gas/Diesel Oil: 74,100 kg CO2 TJ-1‒

Motor Gasoline: 69,300 kg CO2 TJ-1‒

Crude Oil: 73,300 kg TJ-1

Table 1.2 of Ch. 1 Vol. 2of 2006 IPCC
Guidelines
Table 3.2.1 of Ch. 3 andTable 2.5 of Ch.2, Vol. 2of 2006 IPCC Guidelines
Tables 2.5 and 3.2.1

The source of each of default values selected in this methodology is listed as below.
Parameter

Description of data

SourceEmission factor for N2O emissions from N inputs in
EFdirect-N ccropland type c; tN2O-N (tN-input)-1

Table 11.1 of Ch. 11‒

Cropland in general: 0.01 tN2O-N (tN-input)-1

Vol. 4 of 2006 IPCC‒

Rice paddy (flooded rice field): 0.003 tN2O-N Guidelines(tN-input)-1

Emission factor for N2O emissions from atmosphericdeposition of N on soils and water surfaces; tN2O-N (t Table 11.3 of Ch. 11
EFindirect-N

NH3-N and NOX-N volatilized)-1‒

Vol. 4 of 2006 IPCC

0.010 t N2O-N (t NH3-N and NOX-N volatilized)- Guidelines
1

EFleach-N

Emission factor for N2O emissions from N leaching Table 11.3 of Ch. 11

31

JCM_KH_AM004_ver01.0
Sectoral scope: 14
and runoff; tN2O-N (t leaching and runoff)-1‒
EFlimestoneVol. 4 of 2006 IPCC

0.0075 tN2O-N (t N leaching and runoff)-1

Guidelines-1

Emission factor for limestone; tC (t limestone)

Section 11.3.1 of Ch.

‒

11 Vol. 4 of 2006

0.12 tC (t limestone)-1

IPCC Guidelines
EFdolomite

Emission factor for dolomite; tC (t dolomite)-1

Section 11.3.1 of Ch.

‒

11 Vol. 4 of 2006

0.13 tC (t dolomite)-1

IPCC Guidelines
EFureaEmission factor for urea; tC (t urea)-1

Section 11.4.1 of Ch.

‒

11 Vol. 4 of 2006

-1

0.20 tC (t urea)

IPCC Guidelines
GWPN2O-1

Global Warming Potential for N2O; tCO2 (tN2O)

Table 2.14 in Ch.2 of‒Working

GWP100 for N2O: 298 tCO2 (tN2O)-1

Group

I

contribution to the
IPCC

Forth

Assessment Report
FracSN

FracON

Fracleach

Fraction that volatilized as NH3 and NOX for synthetic Table 11.3 of Ch. 11
fertilizers; dimensionless, 0-1

Vol. 4 of 2006 IPCC‒

Guidelines

0.10

Fraction that volatilized as NH3 and NOX for organic Table 11.3 of Ch. 11
fertilizers; dimensionless, 0-1

Vol. 4 of 2006 IPCC‒

Guidelines

0.20

Fraction of N that area lost through leaching and Table 11.3 of Ch. 11
runoff; dimensionless, 0-1

Vol. 4 of 2006 IPCC‒

Guidelines

0.30

History of the document
Version
01.0

Date
21 February 2020

Contents revised
JC5, Annex 5
Initial approval.

32