Using New Bio-toilet for Improving
Water Environment in Vietnam----Chodai’s Eco-Saniation Business Aiming to contribute to the World----26.11.2015
CHODAI CO., LTD.

I. INTRODUCTION TO NEW BIO-TOILETTECHNOLOGY

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Current Use of Toilet Around the World
Water is a necessity of life to all living things. However, fresh water is becoming a rare natural
resource and need huge amount of money to be re-circulated;≈ 26.7% of water for human daily living is used for toilet flushing;
Waste water from this toilet may cause serious pollution of surface water resource and cause
harmful effect to both people and sustainable environment;
People are in need of a renovation in toilet for saving water and the global environment.

Innovation

New Bio-Toilet without usage of water is a suitable technology to improve the water environment

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New Bio-Toilet Technology Introduction
Tank is packed with sawdust, and sewage is broken downby heating and stirring to produce fertilizer.

Kitchenwaste

Excreme-nt
urine

Destroyed by heat

Sawdust(solid layer)
air

CO2 steammicrobes

Deodorization

Breakdown begins
bacteria parasites
once released

Evaporated

No need for water

Odorless

Recyclable

Keeps drinking
water safe

Lower LCC

Creates
employment

organic matterbacteria
sawdustPractical examples

heat (40℃～80℃）

Research

Products

Products

Hokkaido University

Seiwa Denko

Biocustom Inc.

Has been developing bio toilets for a long time inJapan, having installed a toilet at Japan’s highest peak,
Mt Fuji, as well as other locations in Japan andoverseas, including Asahiyama Zoo.

Their products meet a real customer need at homeand overseas and they can supply products with costeffectiveness.

Research was carried out to find a practical application
for new sanitation systems in ‘Development andevaluation of resource recovery-based wastewater
treatment technology using the concept ‘nocollecting/no mixing’. Fieldwork carried out in a slumin Bandung, Indonesia.

Meisei University
Research and development of a bio toilet using
carbon found that, whereas sawdust can be used for
6-12 months, carbon can be used for over 3 years (still
continuing).

Example at Tama Zoo
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At Mt Fuji

At tunnelling works

Construction site
in Haneda Airport

Heliport at Saitama
Medical University

4New Bio- Toilet Technology Introduction
Experience in Japan【Aim】
Reduce the need for removal of waste matter
Cost reduction (massive reduction in water/fuel/electricity consumption during treatment process, cut equipment costsetc.)【Development of Bio-Toilet】
Develop a toilet system for train carriages which doesn’t require theremoval of waste matter
Use vacuum toilets which have already been successfully installed
in railway carriages and planes etc.
Choose a bio bacteria suitable for use in toilets installed in railway
carriages【Trial installation in Train Carriage】
Bio-toilet installed in train carriage, and actual use showed
waste decomposed successfully.
It was confirmed that there were no particular problems
associated with freezing in the winter period or odours
during summer.

Train in which bio-toilets
have been installed(Ohatefu No. 500-51)
Usage results of different trial periods
Amount of inputting human waste 【L】
Average/day

Max/day

Total/dayFirst term

22.4

43.2

645.5

Second
term

21.3

52.8

3636.8

Final term

23

48

852.8

Total

-

-

5135.1*Based on the assumption that each use of the toilet will introduce 0.3 ofwaste matter and 0.5 liters of water into the toilet.

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5II. ACHIEVEMENTS OF NEW BIO-TOILET IN
VIETNAM

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Achievements of New Bio-Toilet in Vietnam<A> PROJECT WITH VIETNAM RAILWAYS
Official name of project:“Using New Bio- Toilet for improving environment in Vietnam
Improving Sanitary Environment for Vietnam Railways”

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Current situation of water environment along theRailways track
Current
status:VietnamRailways

Vietnam railways runs along the country with length of over 3,000 km,
passing over 30 provinces and cities with crowded residents
Each year VNR trains serves for over 11 million people
Around 8.3tons per day of sewage leaks from train toilets into trackside.
Cause a harmful environment for residents around railways track
Issue

VNR’s impact on the trackside water environment demands lifecycle-based
improvements to its toilets
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
Institute of Environmental
Technology (IET)

Vietnam Railways(VNR)

The purpose of collaboratively implementing research to select, propose andapply advanced Japanese Bio-Toilet technology to VNR (February 18th, 2011)

CHODAI CO., LTD
Signing Ceremony at Vietnam Railways
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Achievements of the project
FEASIBILITY STUDY
Feasibility study is implemented from 9/2011 to 3/2012, with the supports fromJapan Ministry of Environment (MOE)Study the environment pollution situation along railways route
Propose the solution for the current situation: Bio-toilet technology.
Institute of Environmental
Technology (IET)

Vietnam Railways(VNR)

Institute for Agricultural
Environment (IAE)• Technology Verification testing• Study for micro-organism andmedia supply

・Provision of technical information
on railcars and railways
・Provision of railcars for Pilot test

• Verification testing and inspectionof out put media for making
compost

JR Hokkaido

Chodai Co., Ltd.

Global Water Japan• Advise technical issues for Chodai

Verification testing andcoordination• Advise waste water treatment for
Chodai

Hokkaido University

Meisei University

Ochanomizu University

Seiwa Denko Co.,Ltd

Study for Used charcoal usages ascompost for argriculture

Brainstorming and technicalinspection of railcar bio-toilets

Secondary infection risk
assessments for railcar bio-toilets

Technical Development for railcar
bio-toilets and personnel training
on bio-toilet technology

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Achievements of the project
FEASIBILITY STUDYSURVEY ON VNR CURRENT TOILETMicrophor: Use micro-organism and chemicals for treatment
Traditional toilet: Directly discharge to railways
TECHNICAL SURVEYING ON TRAIN
Vibration testing
Testing for vibration on
train in the trip HN-HCM
in August.2012

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Electricity survey- Generation capacity:380
KW- Source: 220V.
- Cars (max): 13 cars.

Water resource
Supplying water in train isdifficult and expensive
therefore water saving
product is an advantages.

10Achievements of the project
PILOT TEST ON LAND
Stationary test to confirm the technology in Vietnamese condition: from 4/2012 to
9/2012 under Chodai’s fund;
Pilot Test on Land was implemented from 8/2012 to 3/2013, with the supports fromJapan Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI - KANTO);
From 3/ 2013 until now, the Pilot Test on Land was carried out under Chodai’s fund.

Manufacturing in Japan

Assembling in Vietnam

Stationary test

ENVITECH Company

Vietnam Railways

Bio-Toilet tank manufacturing in VN

Supervisor and confirm the stationary test

IET
Study Micro-organism in VN

CHODAI CO., LTD

Meisei University(Prof. Yoshizawa)Brainstorming and technicalinspection of railcar bio-toilets

Ochanomizu
University(Prof. Otaki)
Environmental Impact Assessment

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Biocutom Inc.
Bio-Toilet manufacturing in JP

SKK Corporation
Screw Conveyor manufacturing inJP11

Achievements of the project
STATIONARY TEST

Daily check for Stationary Test

ACHIEVEMENTS
In regard to the volume of charcoal media used
(270L), average usage of 37 times/day, a maximum
usage of 71 times/day , and theorizing a maximum
usage limit of 171 times.
When considering the bio-toilet to be placed onboard
trains, taking the need to reduce the weight and makeit smaller, the use of charcoal media will allow even a
volume of half that of the current 600L toilet towithstand usage 100 times/day.

At Hanoi Railway Signal and Telecom factory

In regard to the odor density in the tank and cubicle during normal operations, thesewere 43.4ppm and 3.5ppm respectively, neither of which are a problem density. In themornings after the two tests involving cutting the power, the density of odor in the tankand the cubicle were 80ppm and 50ppm respectively, and so if the exhaust fan isturned on after restoring the power then these values are not a problem.
Under a continuous a burden of usage 100 times/day the water content will increase,so heater temperature and interval time need to be managed in order to keep the watercontent below 65%.

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Achievements of the project
PILOT TEST 1 ON VNR CARRIAGE
Installation stage was implemented from 10/2012 to 1/2013.
Because the space in toilet room and under the train are fixed and limited,
Chodai has to study the most suitable and safety design for Bio-toilet system.
Bio-toilet system with the first Screw conveyor in the world is certified to be met
VNR’s technical regulation.
Do the test run route: Hanoi- Hai Duong under supervision of Vietnam Register

Technical discussion

Bio-toilet system installation in Gia Lam factory

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Test run to Hai Duong13

Achievements of the project
OPENING CEREMONY OF PILOT PROJECT ON INSTALLATION ON CARRIAGE
SE1 Hanoi-HCM route from January- May.2013

Opening ceremony

Supervision in train

Bio-toilet tank control box

Screw conveyor

VNR DELEGATION TO VISIT JAPANFor surveying Bio-Toilet applying capability in VNRs carriages and researching cooperation
between both sides Japan and Vietnam

Meeting between VN side and JP side

Site visit

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Biocustom product

Site visit

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Achievements of New Bio-Toilet in Vietnam
PILOT TEST 2 ON VNR CARRIAGE
Pilot test on VNR carriage was continued to confirm the technology in Vietnamesecondition: from 10/2013 until now under Chodai’s fund.
During this test, the product achieved a milestone in its improvement to fit inVietnamese condition. A clarifier was supplemented to separate and refine waste
water.
This part help to handle the situation of water sweating from the Pilot Test 1 which
due to water using behavior of passenger. Waste water from the clarifier is only
≈150ml per 1 journey ( ≈ 2,000km from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City or vise versa)

Situation of New Bio-Toilet
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Clarifier to separate and refine waste water

Conclusion of a contract with Vietnam Railways
to introduce Bio-Toilet
The world’s first introduction of bio-toilet made fromJapanese technology to railway【From the left, Chodai/ Director Ido, PETECH/
Chairman Dung】【From the left, Chodai/ Director Ido, PETECH/
Chairman Dung, IET/ Deputy Director Tuyen, CKJVN/
Director Ho】【 From the left、IET／Deputy Director Tuyen、PETECH／Vicepresident Trung、PMU／Director Luan、CKJVN／Director
Ho 】★Second Bidding : Officially introduced 34 Bio-Toilets to 17
passenger carriages in Vietnam Railways. –Chodai concluded acontract with PETECH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION.
★ Third Bidding : Officially introduced 165 Bio-Toilets to 110
passenger carriages in Vietnam Railways –Chodai & Kiso-Jiban
Vietnam Co., Ltd. (One of Chodai’s group), PETECH SCIENCETECHNOLOGY CORPORATION and Institute of Environmental
Technology concluded a contract with Vietnam Railways
Bio-toilet introduced to Vietnam Railway

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Achievement of New Bio- Toilet in Vietnam<B> PROJECT IN QUANG NINH PROVINCE
Official name of project:“Improving water environment by using distributed waste water treatment system
without collecting and mixing stage at World heritage Ha Long Bay”

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Background & Necessity for Project
Ha Long Bay, listed as World Heritage sites by UNESCO in 1994, has peculiar landscape like many small
islands and oddly-shaped rock outcroppings. It is major tourist spot in Vietnam.
On the other hand, drastic development in Ha Long Bay area makes apparent environmental
destruction like water contamination problem and environmental degradation.
There are 600 tourist boats in Ha Long Bay and many floating people live there but not they don’t haveappropriate treatment system about living waste water. As a result, it caused serious water pollution.
Because of changing the way of land use with drastic development, it causes biomass disappearance
increasing carbon dioxide output. There is an urgent need to repairing land.
Estimated pollution load (BOD 2011)

Ref: From “Water Environment Management” (Nippon Koei 2013)

Selection of Priority Area in Urban Waste water Treatment

Priority
Level

City/ DistrictⅠ

Ha Long city

Ⅱ

Mong Cai city, Cam Pha city, Uong Bi city,
Van Don district

Ⅲ

Quang Yen district, Dong Trieu District

Ⅳ

Binh Lieu, Tien Yen, Dam H, Hai Ha, Ba
Che, Hoang Bo, Co To

Ref: From “Water Environment Management” (Nippon Koei 2013)

In order to improve public waters, and their safety, there is a requirement to introduce
a circulatory water environment improvement system.

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Location
Survey Area

Van Don

Ha Long

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Project Outline
Improving the water environment by introducing Japanese advanced technology

Aims
LocationsTarget Area: Around Ha Long Bay area(Household/Public Facility/Tourist Spot/Tourist Boat)
Aim: Early improvement of the water environmentby using distributed waste water treatment system without collecting and mixing stage

Details
Technology■ Introduction to around Ha Long Bay area
■ Promotion of fertilizer and energy production from used residues

Adapt safe and reliable waste water treatment system in use inJapan to the environment and culture of Vietnam<Bio-Toilet>

BioToilet
New
Jhoka
system<Product&Technological
Characteristics>
The tank is packed with material
such as sawdust. Waste matter ismixed into this sawdust and thenstirred while being heated by anelectric heater, activating aerobic
bacteria
andpromotingbreakdown of the waste andcomposting. A reusable compost
is produced at the end of theprocess.

<New Johka System><Product & Technological Characteristics>
The new cleaning system involves a settling tank and five filter tanks
connected together. The settling tank removes solid matter, while thecharcoal, gravel and small stones built into the filter tanks then clean the
dirty water. As “raw sewage” and “domestic non-sewage waste water” aretreated separately, no raw sewage ever enters the new cleaning systemand so measures to remove Escherichia coli are not required. The nitrates
and phosphates created by raw sewage are also processed by the biotoilet, so no special measures to remove them are required either, and the
BOD can be reduced to below 10mg/ℓ.
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Overview of technology and examples of use in similar projects
In the Past

① Vault Toilet ～ Household wastewater is released as-is② Toilet Septic Tank ～ Less than BOD90mg, household wastewater is released as-is③ Combined Septic Tank ～ Less than BOD20mg, “toilet waste” and “household wastewater” are mixed and processed together
New Johka system + bio-toilet ～ Less than BOD10mg, T-N・T-P less than 10mg

Wastewater System Diagram
・A bio-toilet is used as the toilet
・A new Johka system is used for the kitchen,
washing machine and bath wastewater

Bio-Toilet
New JohkasystemIn future

Toilet wastewater does notenter the septic tank, meaning
it contains very little sedimentand does not require measuresfor Escherichia coli. In addition,
maintenance is very simple,
and when finally discharged
from the system thewastewater is as clean as rainwater.

Seiwa Denko

New Johka system internal composition
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Overview of technology and examples of use in similar projects
20

Units : mg/ℓ

Survey by Seiwa
Denko

SG-500 Model COD Output Measurement Results and Line

16.3
15

14.1

13.1
12.5

10.4

10

9

14.5

13.9

12.1

14.4

13.1

13.6

14.2

13.4
13.1

13.7

10.5

8.5
6.8

7.4

5

Output出口
0October 20, 2011

Notes :

December 20, 2011

February 20, 2012

April 20, 2012

① When compared to a combined septic tank, the new Johka system can be considered to only take “clean” water in, as toilet waste matter does not go into thetank, and so the water discharged is also “clean”.
②The COD value is in the 10 – 15 range regardless of external temperature. Measurements were taken every 10 days, 3 times a month (10th, 20th, 30th)③Volume of output water – changing bathwater, washing machine water, kitchen dishwater – can be presumed to influence output values.
④Odor at the input lid and output lid was also checked during every measurement, and no bad odor was detected.
⑤Although more than 6 months passed after placement, maintenance was not performed. As nothing has accumulated in the catching basket observation is
ongoing.
⑥ Changes in COD are being carefully noted in order to determine when maintenance is required. Ventilation of the charcoal chamber isbeing conducted by letting air in for one hour, then resting for 1 hour, then letting air in again for 1 hour, repeated for a total of 12 hours.

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Achievements of the projectJAPANESE PARTIES: Japan International Cooperation Agency, Ministry of Foreign Affair
PARTIES IN QUANG NINH : People’s Committee, Department of Natural Resources &Environment

Meeting with JICA andQuang Ninh DONRE

Meeting with Quang Ninh
PPC and Japanese MOFA

Meeting with Quang Ninh’s
People’s Committee

Signing MOU with Quang
Ninh DONRE

PUBLIC MEETING AND EDUCATION: Residents and students and teachers in public school

Explanation toresident

Explanation toresident

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Explanation toresident

Environmental education inprimary school

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Achievements of the project
Situation of Construction work

Vinashin Port
SurveyConstruction of baseConstruction of base(Bio-Toilet)

Installation(Bio-Toilet)

Construction of base(Bio-Toilet)

Accomplishment(Bio-Toilet)

Accomplishment

Accomplishment

Ha Long city
Accomplishment(Bio-Toilet)

Installation(New Johka System)

Van Don district

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Construction of base
(New Johka System)

Installation(New Johka System)

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Achievements of the project
GERMINATION TEST
Germination rate of seeds in the planterwith soil and sawdust media was higher
than that of the planter with soil only.
The soil applied sawdust media has ahigher water holding capacity than that of
the normal soil, and cracking didn’t occur.
Therefore, sawdust media is an effective
improvement of material of soil
Germination
Rate

（wt%）

Sawdust
media
（wt%）

Extraction from sawdust
media (1:2)

67

33

86

Extraction from sawdust
media (1:20)

95

5

90

Control

100

0

85

Water

2. Germination status(％)

1. Assumption and Result of germination test
3. Comparison of germination status in the soil
only and the soil applied sawdust media
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Achievements of the project
CULTIVATION TEST
1. Immediately after seeding
Dec 10, 2013

3. Effects of applying sawdust media in 75% NPK (Jan 15th)
2. Development situation
Jan 3, 2014

No.1 Sawdust media(2,000 kg/ha)+100%NPK

No.2 Sawdust media(5,000 kg/ha)+100%NPK

No.4 Sawdust Media(2,000 kg/ha)+75%NPK

No.5 Sawdust Media(5,000 kg/ha) +75%NPK

No.3 Sawdust media(10,000 kg/ha)+100%NPK

5. Pictures of leaves and roots at the harvest time

おが屑媒体
(2,000kg/ha) + 100% NPK(60:30:30)

おが屑媒体( 5,000
kg/ha) + 100% NPK(60:30:30)

おが屑媒体 ( 10,000
kg/ha) + 100% NPK(60:30:30)

No.6 Sawdust Media(10,000 kg/ha) +75%NPK

4. Effects of applying sawdust media (5000kg/ha) in NPK
おが屑媒体( 5,000
kg/ha) +75% NPK(60:30:30)

おが屑媒体 ( 10,000
kg/ha) +75% NPK(60:30:30)

有機堆肥(2,000kg/ha)
おが屑媒体(2,000kg/ha) +50% NPK
Copyright ©(60:30:30)
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おが屑媒体 ( 10,000
kg/ha) +50% NPK(60:30:30)

おが屑媒体(2,000kg/ha) +75% NPK(60:30:30)

No.8 Sawdust media(5,000 kg/ha)+50%NPK

No.5 Sawdust media(5,000 kg/ha)+50%NPK

No.2 Sawdust media(5,000 kg/ha) +50%NPK

Achievements of the project
Usage of output sawdust media as bio-fertilizer in vegetable cultivation by resident
Mr. Luong Y Duoc’s household is one of parties participated in our project and installed 1
New Bio-Toilet and 1 New Johka system in their house (Address: Alley 18, Hong Ha
district, Ha Long city, Quang Ninh province)
He used the Bio-Toilet’s output media in their vegetable cultivation:
Before seeding only output media was used. After seeding, both chemical fertilizer andoutput media were used. This makes soil softer and the vegetable grow better than usingchemical fertilizer only.
Types of vegetable: Pumpkin, leafy vegetable, green pumpkin, etc.

Leafy vegetabble

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Some cucumber weight 0.5- 1kg

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Thank you for your attention!

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