ῌJ. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
»! ¼No. +**, p. -/ .+ ,**/   *
Experimental Study of Water Redistribution Measurement in the ModelEarthen Wall and its Numerical Analysis
Takeshi ISHIZAKI** National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo
Abstract
In the Asian countries, there are many important wall paintings on earthen walls of temples andother historical buildings. Because earth can be considered as a porous material, there is water
redistribution in the walls due to the change of the surrounding environmental conditions.
Water evaporates under dry conditions from the wall surface and salts accumulate near thesurface zone and can cause salt e%orescence damages in the wall paintings. In order to develop
suitable protective measures, it is necessary to know the water content proﬁles and water
movement in the earthen walls. For this purpose, a model earthen wall has been built up in thehistorical folklore museum in Sapporo. The water redistribution in the earthen wall wasmeasured by using a TDR (Time Domain Reﬂectometry) apparatus.

The numerical simulation ofwater movement in the model wall was performed with the Delphin. program developed by theTU Dresden.

The material data, such as moisture retention curve, liquid water conductivity andwater vapor di#usivity of the model earthen wall and climate data of the location Sapporo weretaken into account for simulation. For development of suitable protective measures, it is quite
important to have non destructive methods to understand the water regime in porous materials.
The good agreement between simulation results and measured moisture proﬁles in position andtime show the validity of using the Delphin. program for development and evaluation ofconservation measures of historical buildings and stone monuments.
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TDR DE ' Campbell scientific ±ῌ+Fig. +o R@A6#Japanese traditional house with earthen wall in Hokkaido Historical Village,
Sapporo.

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Fig. ,Bamboo mesh structure of the model
wall seen from the rear side.

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Fig. .

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Making earthen wall by putting mudon the bamboo.

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o.3 W=EF 2 cm, st"2
TDR GHIJ P#+, P#,, P#-, P#., P#/, P#0, P#1, P#2 *DqFuv -3 mm, ,. mm, +.

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for the model wall.

 /   3  QRS". /w xyῌ 5 yῌz %jk $yῌQRS. {|}~./C, dIA   GHIJ 9HMP%3.  -*"%JceJ%& / '()%* bJH 9HA ceJ%& C@,

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

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567%89,Krq1gp

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῍qr1:: ῍

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   0     rp7% }~|(  ῏qpd Delphin . 234% Grunewald, ,***&PQRSF='& T/%῍

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N" O

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ῒ1 "-B&/- 

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Liquid water conductivity of the soil
used for the model wall.

ῌ2Fig. 2¸¹"34%Z[\]
Vapor di#usivity of the soil used forthe model wall.

»%Oª P +** ¼ 6,**/740

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&>=

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12 +. mm  6P#-7  ,.

R: ,-+/ῌ  : QS T4 U

'BVW2X'

H TDR ^_`\Y Z[\]

a'

 b Hcd2Y
efg 

6P#-7  $ +  / 00 89 -0ῌ 12 +*ῌ  : ,-:mm  6P#,7 

$ + %&"   '(,2 . mm  6P#.7  P12;<,-h ijZ[klm Delphin .

 

 $ +n. o TDR Z[\]p !V"q'r2Y

1ῌ ῎ ῍ ῏HI + cm 

6$ -7

"stsu+  #v$wx%'yzY

L$ , CM$ .

 {|  eV}~C'A&1Y

J&K&>=42 + cm N4=O

1  '( )p*M  D (  +,Mp&*M
Y2*M  h BC' Y2*M"-C."/H  0M1 '234$ H 5678(  >=  9 T4C TDR ^_`\p&  :;$C<p&

 YY$ + 12$ . : 0BVM  _$ =ῒῌ3ij·¸¹>?
6$ .7

Fig. 3ºN

Location of the monitoring position ofwater content (Stage .).

efg h

Delphin .

¤ ¥¦§"¨:ijZ[klm ¡\¢_>?£© @' 4Y

23C%ª Aª BC#C/'D2Y

p=D2Y   0!"q'r2Y  ijE  hijZ[klm Delphin . '  h F«A G¬  #v$}~CHM­®¯o IJ°$C< K± 
~3

 LM²   ¡\¢_ij³< ´µ£¤¶"µ%ªC/12 0¶h F« B H HM­K±LG¬cd2Yῐ ῔ ΐ ῑῒῌ+*

 6$ +n.7

Burdine (+3/-) : Relative permeability calculations

Fig. +*

Measured volumetric water contentand calculated (Stage +n.).

from pore size distribution data. Petroleum
Trans. Am. Inst. Mining Eng., +32 : 1+ῌ12.

ῌ :1 23456n|_=vI

41Dane, J.H. and Puckett, W.E. (+33,) : Field Soil Hy-ing approximation of material characteristics fordraulic Properties Based on Physical and Miner-

input to Heat, Air and Moisture transport simu-alogical Information. In : van Genuchten M.T. etlations. ++. Bauklimatisches Symposium an deral. (ed.) (+33-), Proceedings of the International

TU Dresden.

Workshop on Indirect Methods for Estimating

Ishizaki, T., Simunek, J. and van Genuchten, M. Th.

the Hydraulic Properties of Unsaturated Soils,(,**+) : Deterioration Mechanism of Stone, BrickRiverside (California) USA, -23῍.*-.

and Soil Building Materials, Proc. Corrosion &Grunewald, J. (,***) : Documentation of the Numeri-Prevention-*+, Durability of Materials, .+stcal Simulation Program DIM-.+, Volume + : The-

Annual Conference, Newcastle, Australia, ,* : +῍oretical Fundamentals and Volume , : User’s+-.

Guide. Delphin..+ program installation available

Kuchitsu, N. and Duan Xiuye. (+331) : Geological En-

on the ftp-server ftp : //+.+.-*..+.+3. of the Insti-

vironment of the Mogao Grottes at Dunghuang.

tute of Building Climatology.

Proc. of Conservation of Ancient Sites on theGrunewald, J. and Bomberg, M. (,**,) : An engineer-῍
$%&'()*+, -./0

Silk Road, ,..῍,.2.

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