J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
-"¼No. +*+, p. /+ /0 ,**/ῌ*ῌ῍*ῌ

*Annual Soil Water Flux through Forest Soil Measured
by Porous Plate Tension Lysimeter Method
Tatsuya TSURITA*, Shuichiro YOSHINAGA* and Toshio ABE*
* Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki -*/ῌ2021, JapanAbstract
A Porous Plate Tension Lysimeter (PPTL) method was used to measure the vertical water ﬂux
through a forest soil where the use of electric power is restricted.

The PPTL was installed at thedepth of *.3 m in the upper, middle, and lower slopes of Katsura Headwater Catchment, and soil
water ﬂux was measured throughout the year.

The vacuum pressure of PPTL was adjusted

manually once a week to a target value determined by the matric potential of the adjacent naturalsoil proﬁle measured by tensiometer. Annual soil water ﬂux was ,1/, 0*2, and 0*+ mm for theupper, middle, and lower slopes, respectively, showing similar ﬂuxes to annual runo# rate in themiddle and lower slopes.

This result shows that the PPTL method is applicable to measureannual soil water ﬂux.
Key words : forest soil, soil water ﬂux, porous plate, lysimeter, Katsura Headwater Catchment+    ,*** ; F( ,**- ; Lentz and Kinkaid, ,**-]9 IGF'( VWQXUY;a{T|b}OPQ_ῌῌ~)( vwxyza{T|b}OPQ_~7

 !"#$%&'( ))*+,-.

>LJKVWQXUYstu!$I)/012!34$56789 :%&(J?( yz/m012$2!

!;<=>?012!@A$BC7DEFG=$BCm89 I/m( qr Z,***] '; ,1?H%9 IJKLBC)>?MN( OPQRPSTU

cm }UVU{;a{T|b}OPVWQXUYC Z[\( +32,]( ^_`VTUVWQXU

Q_~)( vwxyza{T|b}OPQ_YC ZHolder et al., +33+ ; Maeda et al., +333]( aWb~7vLJK( }UVU{stu!

cVWQXUYC ZdF( +33+]( OPQRPVWQmy1$QO!BC!

XUYC ZefF( +33/] Lg7hiFG?H%9 >j%9 Kosugi and Katsuyama Z,**.] '( IBC!

>( IGFBC'( kl῎m01$2!@Controlled-suction period Lysimeter method ZCSPL>A$BC)>?'( :GnGop78 Zqr(C] )>( ῌw -* cm  .** ,***]9012!Fj>%9:Im( VWQXUYstu!vwxyz

IGFBCJ ( MNBCJ *01

a{T|b}OPQ_~i?>?!

2¡¢!Fj$I)7£¤)L%9 >j>(=$BC7 G% ZDuke and Haise, +31- ;¥¦§J ¨©G%ῌi?'( stuyvan Grinsven et al., +322 ; Brye et al., +333 ; qr(1%&!ª$I)7«¬m89* ῌ­®¯°± ²-*/ῌ2021 ³´µ¶·¸¹ + : ῌ( 012( }UVU{( VWQXUY( ºD»#"KLB M +*+ ¼ 8,**/952

   !"#$"%  &' ()* " CSPL

+ ,()-"./ 0

ῌ12342 536 7 8PPTL9* 0 PPTL

:;< #"=>) !"#$"% ( "?@"AB'C*, ,+ PPTL

#$"%"  DEFDEGE"HIJKL) 8M +9* HIJNO"PQ RSK/ TU ,.- ha .* VWXUY Z[\]^_Sῌ+* #`ab< .* cXdef"»Fig. +Topographic map of study site.

ῌ12342ghijkl"mn o p!O  gefh -3 X qrs .*,,  ,,+PPTL HIJ""g"t  ef#"e^$"Luv + %w ( PPTL Q&()
8M +9* xy 8,***9 z '{ ,1 cm " 8soilmoisture |} +3/*B./9 #(" B )*~R 3* cm +Q() 8M ,9* A "]
Rt  SS +, 2 -1 cm ./) - %-d",-~R -* cm -.
( 3* cm ~ /n(Le)* LK - %-pK01_S) $"N
(RS*,,,CSPL

ῌ,Fig. ,536

7"JM
Schematic diagram of porous plate tension lysimeter method.

 AC 2P  - 3=(* S4( PPTL"2 ) ῌ56(N"«6 7 8>¬2­ ®¯¥2°|} PS19 ῌ5()*  t()* LK $?=* ")

.$7)8 0 L "7" "@A±²=K N=³""=6 Pc 8kPa9 ()*(  Pc / - kPa B5,!(Pc+y3*Hῌ)*,,-   

~R 3* cm "k¡¢£12$ef8 .** m .C´DE3¤¥ 8kPa9 .*  ':"9#k `µ¶ ()* ª$IJF"~R 2* cm  +** cm "k¡¢£123¤¥";Q&RS)$·K( $~¸()* #$"%-$"Uy3* 9#K¦< y3* () 8M ,9* H 8kPa9 

7"="&123¤¥"§)*¹($~¸()* $ $ª #$

./ "¨=§ h 8cm9  *.*32 ©>)*"%"±²= ,**-  . º 2 Gef ,**.  . º

#$"k¡¢£123¤¥2ª>"1230 G"8 + =./ H±²="I

  :ῌ!"#"#DdῌFig. -_ Sd   53



Weekly precipitation, weekly runo# rate, and weekly soil water ﬂux.

     +  h i Y L  = 8 9 &    

4 5 6 , +.1kPa'- -+ 

-, - WXDSMK PZ[9?@jR

 3* cm

h9 &k -' - (lm 79H +/.0!"#$mm ,7H n (op3YjRqrh% &y3*' ()* * +*,-.+0.+/.-.0st>RM 3=3PZ[K( 2./.2/.+.2 .+,.1/.+.0 kPa01,23 456()* * +*,-.1.* .-.. ...+ kPa,789 )*y3*+:6 &.+0.+ kPa' ( 3 ; / <=> ++ <?@39AB C>9 F G * +*kPa ,7H )*uvw39  2uh9
0 ;=> ++ ;(Bhxe nD(hyzMNOPQ39 {9 ,iy3 ; +0 <DE

B &|B +0* mm' h789 2 ; 0/+3 < D

y3* (-././ ...+( )* * +*, +- <,- ,* -/ -0y3* (* +*DIJKABmmDLMNOPQ39 RS y3* T DUM9 2*cm  +** cm789 3=3 !"#$% V( - WX

YPZ[K +/, kPa \],789
^_` abc( - WX  456,
Pc dH ..* kPa Le WXf,( )* abc gh9 F (n+ῌ2/+ῌ.   &0- mm'

(}+ῌ-/-ῌ/ , &|B /mm' Y?@3Kyze )* * +*, 1 <,- / ++ ++ mm ,789 F d~D h9D - D89  ¥ » +*+ ¼ A,**/C54

ῌ.
Fig. .

ῌ+
[\Table +(M

Relationship between weekly soil water ﬂux and weekly runo# rate.

Dm´D5YZ

Annual soil water ﬂux and ratio of annual soil water ﬂux to annual runo#rateD AaCAmmC

AaC D5
A0,2 mmC YZ[\,1/0*20*+*4..
*431*430.
/0

656.
]^_` ab!c5HIdab!efghW*+ 78R SEX,f<6ij!
cm qrkl m<f PPTL Eno,p 3*0s thZ36! 4puEvwZR S HIE 5 xZ6eZ36* / 0  D D5649*+ 3 36 PPTL   ^_`my5 x, Ez*36EX,f< V /60   

 +,

! -'-+1 & - (, -3'+1 &{cW |5 {cW |678},f<36- AB /C 0~ my0> 
 "#$ %) ",,/ &5 x,f<36EX,f<*+ ,*-  . /kl*(*+ 0* 2 & *12 +.. ..* -.+ mm *+ M*$ 341

5

,./ mm 67849*

 \  +  65- |6,  | ,,  :!;+  <65-<=>?@! AB .C

36- 3 w m<f`6p 3* cm 6 G@6ij!

-- V - `6- p 2* cm +** cm D. / 0*12 ,1/

EvGf WEX,fm

0*2 0*+ mm D  +,,/* mm D5 0,2

/ my ,f< ¡mm *+ A +C D !D5EFG> ¢ EZ£ ,¤¥HI 0,, mm *+ 3JKEL$MNOP¦< PPTL *§. £EzZ36

Q R S

0**'3** mm AT

 +33,C*¤*+ 1 0>¢ ,z*< ,+  DD -U$ V, ¨©ª <£

Z«¬

"/60  DD5649 ­E®¢Z«¬*+ A¯°! +32/C

kWEX,  D D5 YZ[l «¬6±²³ V\ . / 0*12 *... *.31 *.30 *+"m´1µ¶*·µ¸¹6 A¯°! +32/ ; º°ῌ +322C ,fkl ` m<f D  EzZ

]^¹W : ¨W®°~ºWῌ©Uª»U®³ª¼WV7./  Y

ῌ/Fig. /µ/ ¶/7Q./, Dh K%./B7QEFB @ %       ! "# $% &'

C.S. (,**.) : Passive pan sampler for vadose zone
leachate collection. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 02 : 1..ῌ:;

Equilibrium tension lysimeter for measuring,1/ 0*2 0*+ </=?+,'

1.3.
Brye, K.R., Norman, J.M. and Gower, S.T. (+333) : AnPPTL 7   8 3* cm>Barzeger, A.R., Herbert, S. J., Hashemi, A.M. and Hu,(/   mm + ,]D -+2 : ++ῌ12.

-'./  0123456+9./W·X¸

Cumulative precipitation, runo# rate, and soil water ﬂux.

)*'+ ,55

dranage through soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 0- :/-0ῌ/.-.
Duke, H.R. and Haise, H.R. (+31-) : Vacuum extractorsto assess deep percolation losses and chemicalPPTL @AB'C !D 

constituents of soil water. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.

""E./ F2GH #I+Proc., -1 : 30-ῌ30..
Holder, M., Brown, K.W., Thomas, J.C., Zabcik, D. and

J$K%L&MNOK%L&P7QK%RSTU
VWXYZ'F[ K%(\]^_.

Murray, H.E. (+33+) : Capillary-wick unsaturated
zone soil pore water sampler. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,// : ++3/ῌ+,*,.

/GῌHuῌ% e+33/h : AIK%*]^`ab cd efg K%(\]^_$)>

<9.E_h *+i,d j- .d k/0ld mn

@ K% 11 : /+0ῌ0,0.

J/@=>

1 YZ'[ o23p3pq4p]^rstu5 e,***h : LMN.O./Lstu5dvwYxyF[ ,,zPH /Qῌ/ Ap¡ +- : .0,ῌ{F6|G -]^ K%(\]^_@7}~

.1+.

 ,****- K%ῌ4ῌ/<F8 9m

Kosugi, K. and Katsuyama, M. (,**.) : Controlled-:;<RS 7QK%RSTUVWR

suction period lysimeter for measuring verticalS6 K%<9=>? @ =>water ﬂux and convective chemical ﬂuxes. Soil 7 
#uA e+32,h : K%./B @JG]^ eC

Sci. Soc. Am. J., 02 : -1+ῌ-2,.

¢R£,ῌST¤u e+322h : ¥U9 , ¦§./B¨©Uª«¬BV ­®¯°±@ ²³´W +2 : 0,ῌ1-.

Nn\῎ » +*+ ¼ ,**/

56

Lents, R.D. and Kincaid, D.C. (,**-) : An automated=IHJCKI<ILM% NO'( 1. : 11-῎12*.

vacuum extraction control system for soil waterP"QRῌST,ῌUVW῔ +33+ : XΐY$Z

percolation samplers. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 01 :῍[\]^_ῌῑ`Qab ῌ cde+**῎+*0.

fΐg8Jh>ijk=lmJh>iNn

Maeda, M., Liyanage, B.C. and Ozaki, Y. (+333) : Water
collection e$ciency of wick samplers understeady state ﬂow conditions. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr.,./ : .2/῎.3,.

ῌῐῌ`Q% &ΐ'( 1- : +-/῎+...
ῐo +33, : Xΐpq% p. 31( prstu( vw%
van Grinsven, J. J.M., Booltink, H.W.T., Dirksen, C.,ῒvan Breemen, N., Bongers, N. and Waringa, N.

῍ !"#(+322) : Automated in situ measurement of unsat-+32/ :
῏$% &ΐ'( 01 : -2-῎-3*.

urated soil water ﬂux. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., /, :)*+,ῌ-./ῌ0123 ,**- : 4"567+,+/῎+,+2.

8῍9ῑ:;<=>?@AB>CD>EFGH

῍ῌxyz+{|}~Xΐ( #( ( PPTL  @Nnῑ@ PPTL ( Nnk=B>CFIHcIk ¡¢( £¤¥¦ Nnῑ( #( §¨©¨( ,1/( 0*2(0*+ mm ª( «ῑ +,,/* mm¬­®¯( #i῏tῑ 0,/ mm i°±ª²@ PPTL ³´Nnῑµ¶¦£iῌ·ª¸¹º& : ,**/  - º + &¸῎º& : ,**/  1 º 1 &