December 8th,2019

A Comprehensive Framework on
Appropriate Technology Choice for Sustainable Development
1. The Unsustainability of The Modern World and The Need forComprehensive Framework
1-1. Technologies Appropriate to the Purpose Have to Be Chosen
Today, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have become the target
widely approved by people/organizations across various sectors in both developed
and developing countries. However, despite presenting goals to work towards, it isstill not clear what kind of economic systems, social systems, and technologies
should be developed and applied to achieve these targets.
From a technological viewpoint, recent developments such as artificial
intelligence, autonomous vehicles, space development, and advanced medicine areconsidered to be remarkably promising, and major R&D resources are allocated towards
them. Although these technologies may be attractive and useful, it is doubtful if
development of these technologies is consistent with the attainment of SDGs. If weconsider the primary problems facing the world today; including poverty and inequality,
global and local environmental problems, a shortage of natural resources, anddehumanization and alienation; the current choices modern societies are making, bothwhen using and developing technology, are at odds with those they need to becomesustainable.
Here, the term “technology” will be defined as per common parlance, namely:
the means or skills to accomplish a predefined purpose whilst carrying out a purposeoriented action. In this commonly understood definition, technology is defined solely as
the means for attaining a certain purpose. However, technology often finds itself being
positioned as the purpose itself, not the means in modern society, commonly leading
people to become subservient to technology. The choice to use or develop technologies
with the aim of creating new products and services, in order to in turn expand
consumption and drive economic growth in the name of obtaining more profits, or to open
new “frontiers” for the future, often lead to the direction of society deviating considerablyfrom what can be considered sustainable.
To achieve SDGs, technologies appropriate to the goals should be chosen,developed and used.

11-2. The Significant Role of Appropriate Technology and Its Revitalization in Modern
Society
In order to consider what kind of technologies are necessary for the future,
appropriate technology movements, which were primarily active between the middle of1960s to the middle of 1980s, provide significant hints and inspirations. Various
definitions of the term ‘appropriate technology’ have been used across the decades, giving
it a rather broad and vague meaning. In general, the term implies technologies
appropriate to local socio-economic and cultural conditions, which match well with theneeds of local people, and create job opportunities whilst remaining environmentallyfriendly in nature. At the same time, the term has also been used as alternatives tomodern technologies. That is, based on the perception that modern technologies havebeen bringing about serious problems such as global/local environmental ones, depletionof natural resources, and dehumanization, the term appropriate technology has come tobe associated with technologies that resolve these issues. Therefore, the targets that are
aimed for with ‘appropriate technologies’ are generally consistent with those of SDGs.
However, after the middle of the 1980s, appropriate technology movements
became less active. This implies that there might have been something lacking in these
movements. Therefore, it is vital to investigate what the movements lacked, and thendevelop these areas in order to revitalize the movements. This process is believed to be
one of the most effective way to create a system of technologies capable of attaining
sustainable development.
When looking back at the history of appropriate technology movements,
numerous reasons for decline can be identified, such as the dominance of capitalism andmodern technology that arose with the end of the Cold War, an absence of practicalbusiness management, a shortage of related human resources, and a lack of politicalsupport. However, the very nature of appropriate technologies as an ambiguous concept
and the lack of framework which can be approved and supported widely by people andorganizations across various sectors in our society can be considered as the essential andmost basic reason. Based on this perception, here it is aimed to develop a Comprehensive
Framework on Appropriate Technology Choice for Sustainable Development.
*The term “Appropriate Technology Choice” is intentionally chosen instead of “Appropriate Technology”
for this framework, as the term “Appropriate Technology” evokes a wide range of definitions including
limited and stereotyped ones. Also, the term is potentially misleading, hinting at a group of technologies
which are inherently ‘appropriate’ due to a special property they possess rather than being heavily
dependent on the context of their usage.

21-3. Our Unsustainable World
In order to consider the required technologies for sustainable development, it
will be reasonable and effective to view problems of today’s world in three categories;that is, poverty and inequality problems, environment and natural resource depletion
problems, and dehumanization problems. These problems are derived from the same rootand linked one another to make the world unsustainable. Therefore, it is not effective toattempt solving only one of them separate from the others. For example, if we can solve
poverty and inequality problems but environmental problems remain unsolved, the basic
infrastructure of our life can be destroyed by climate change related disasters. If thepoverty problems and environmental problems are solved, but dehumanization problems
prevail, our life may become devoid of meaning. What is more, dehumanized people are
not able to be as creative when resolving the problems that face them. It is necessary toinvestigate the root of these problems, explain the dynamic relationships between
related factors, consider measures to overcome the problems, and then effectively
implement these measures.
1-4. Poverty and Global Inequality Crisis
In 2017, 2.2 billion people lacked access to safely managed drinking water
services and 4.2 billion people lacked access to safely managed sanitation services(*1).
About 1 billion people lived without access to electricity(*2) and 1.6 billion people lived
in inadequate housing(*3). On the other hand, in 2018, the richest 26 people in the world
owned the same wealth as the 3.8 billion people who make up the poorest half ofhumanity(*4).
(*1) UNICEF/JMP/WHO, 2019, Progress of household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene

2000-2017(*2) OECD/IEA, 2018, World Energy Outlook 2018(*3) UN-HABITAT,2017, Dialogue on the special theme for the twenty-sixth session of theGoverning Council(*4) OXFAM, 2019, Public Good or Private Wealth ?

Poverty conditions should not be defined statically as only a matter of daily
income, but more dynamically and practically by focusing on the conditions that assure
people’s freedom to pursue the life they wish.
If we consider the causes of poverty and inequality, and investigate themechanism which brings about the problems, we find that it isn’t the matter of3

“backwardness” in developing countries, but factors that occur when traditionalsociety gets caught up in the global wave to modernize. Issues also occur whenmovements in the private sector aim to increase production efficiency in order to gain
more profit despite there being limited room for economic growth in the local context.
In other words, poverty and inequality problems can be attributed to the developmentof industrialized society with capitalism and modern technologies as essential drivers.
As the trickle-down theory has continued to lose credibility in the middle of a
global inequality crisis, policy makers seek solutions for poverty via measures such as
redistribution of wealth, job-training, and education. Although these measures makesense and are effective in certain contexts, the problem is that most of these solutions
assume that technologies are a fixed background, rather than something that can bechosen by people.
1-5. Environmental Problems and Natural Resources Depletion － Lessons not Learned
In the early 1960s and early 1970s, very important warnings regarding the
problems with modern industrialized society were issued in the form of “Silent Spring”(Rachel Carson, 1962), and “The Limits to Growth” (Donella H. Meadows et al.,1972).
“Silent Spring” outlined the harmful effects on the natural ecosystem fromindiscriminate use of pesticides, showing how a wide range of animals and plants
dynamically interact in the system, meaning not only insects but also other living things
were impacted by using pesticides. “The Limits to Growth” instead raised a significant
warning regarding industrialized societies, which were seeking never-ending growth of
economy as an unquestioned assumption. The report used a computer simulation todemonstrate that if the growth is not subject to proper control, our society will facevarious limits in the foreseeable future, which will result in a sudden and uncontrollable
decline in both population and industrial capacity.
However, many are yet to recognize these important warnings, and theassociated lessons remain unlearnt. Today, a wide range of waste, including plastics,
chemicals, radioactive matters, and heavy metals are being discharged and accumulated
in much larger amounts in our environment. Most countries are still seeking limitless
economic growth, and climate change has become reality. Phenomena such as supertyphoons, catastrophic floods, heat waves, large scale forest fires, and glacier melts are
now providing the same warnings as “The Limits to Growth” in a far blunter manner.
Yet there still exists a significant gap between the very serious risks we are now facing
and our society’s general climate that is rather reluctant to take necessary measures inrequired speed and intensity.
41-6. Dehumanization
During the time that appropriate technology movements were active, the issues
associated with dehumanization were also actively discussed. However, as the attention
paid to appropriate technology fell away, so too did the attention given to
dehumanization. It appears this came about not because dehumanization problems werebeing solved, but because the problems increasingly became the norm in our daily lives.
This issue not only make our work worthless, it also threatens to disturb thedevelopment of harmonic human relationships in our society, including those amongst
family.
Fundamentally, human beings are capable of fulfilling our desires in various
dimensions and attaining our welfare through their work, via which we produce
necessities of our lives, develop our potentials and creativity, be of help to others, develop
cooperative relationships with others etc. In modern society however, work has moved toa means through which to receive wages, with no or very limited human capacities being
developed, and only poor human relationships established. The compulsive motivation
for industrialized society to seek higher efficiency of production often forces laborers towork harder for lower wages.
Very rapid development of information and communication technologies inrecent years have made it possible to communicate without restriction of distance of
space and differences of time. It has also enabled extremely high-speed data processing
and new services in fields such as consumption, transportation, medicine, education, andfinance. However, these technologies may bring about new types of dehumanization
problems: namely, a lack of direct human relationships, transfer of human abilities tomachines, causing human subordination to them, and the emergence of strictly
controlled totalitarian society. Furthermore, the reduction of labor caused by increased
production efficiency using the ICT technologies can bring about severe unemployment
problems, especially when the space for further economic growth is limited.
Problems such as poverty and environment are related to the basic conditions
necessary for our lives. On the contrary, dehumanization creates issues that devalue
human life, and make it less worth living. Moreover, it contributes heavily to our ability
to solve the problems that face our society.
1-7. Necessity of Multi-Sector Dialogue among “Developed” and “Developing” Countries
It is clear that the development pattern attained so far by “developed”
countries has already reached various limits, and as such it is not sustainable one.
5However, many developing countries are still pursuing the same development patterntaken by developed countries. If people in developed countries insist on alternative
development patterns from existing one, it is likely that people in developing countries
consider the attempt as egoistic because it seems like those who have already enjoyed
the benefit of modern industrialized society prevent the people in developing countries
to do so.
This impasse can only be settled by creating a way forward for each side,
wherein the welfare of people in each country can be realized. When creating
technologies required for these new paths of development, it is effective to make use ofcertain factors of modern technology and modify it to fit the local conditions.
Simultaneously, people from developed countries can look at and relearn what they havelost in the process of modernization from societies of developing countries; such as
traditional technologies, an understanding of how much humans can do through theirown abilities, harmonic way of living with nature, and human relationships amongst
communities. Furthermore, reasonable critiques of developed countries will be necessary
in order to drastically reform technologies in developed countries. The above-mentioned
framework should be developed and brushed up through multiple sector dialogue
between developed and developing countries.
Through such dialogue, it is hoped that a concept of future can be developed, inwhich people are share the same purpose of creating harmonic, inclusive and sustainable
societies, but at the same time recognizing diversity in a concrete form.

2. Appropriate Technology Choice for Sustainable Development
Now is the time to make appropriate technology choices, develop those chosen
and utilize them widely in order to attain sustainable development. Such technologies
will be characterized and/or oriented as follows:§To Solve Poverty and Inequality Problems
P-1. Appropriate to Local Conditions and Contribute to Poverty Reduction Directly
In general, technologies used in developed countries are difficult to be directlytransferred in sustainable ways to developing countries where socio-economic, as well as
cultural conditions are quite different from those of developed countries. It is necessary
to choose or develop technologies which fit local conditions, and effectively fulfill basic
needs of people such as clean water, sanitation, electricity, housing and food.
6

Related SDGs

P-2. Create Job Opportunities Properly
Redistribution of wealth, as the most common measure being taken for poverty
alleviation, is necessary and important in certain conditions. However, if the underlying
structure causing poverty and inequality itself is unchanged, the poor will remain poor,and they will continuously depend on the help of others. Pioneering the concept of“Intermediate Technology” as precursor of “Appropriate Technology”, E.F. Schumacher
defined the concept based on “equipment cost per workplace”. The essential solution of
the poverty problems is to create worthwhile job opportunities, whilst properly adapting
to the context of individual cases, and using technologies suited to that purpose.
Related SDGs

§To Solve Environment and Natural Resource Depletion Problems
E-1. Limited Things Should Be Treated as Limited Things
E.F. Shumacher’s “Small is Beautiful” begins with the description: “One of themost fateful errors of our age is the belief that “the problem of production” has beensolved.” With this phrase, Shumacher severely criticized modern industrialized society,as it had been consuming “capital”, or limited non-renewable resources, such as fossil
fuels, as if it had been “earnings”, or unlimited renewable resources. It goes without
saying that non-renewable resources will exhaust if we keep using them. Similarly, it isobvious that environment will become disordered or even destroyed if we continuously
discharge waste, waste water, and exhaust gas without proper treatment. Instead, if“Limited Things Should Be Treated as Limited Things” becomes a guiding principle oftechnologies, most environmental and natural resource depletion problems will be
resolved. This principle can be divided into two sub-principles: that of natural resource
depletion, and that of waste management.

7E-1.a Refrain from using non-renewable resources as much as possible, and get rid ofusing fossil fuels.
E-1.b Refrain from discharging wastes, wastewater and exhaust gas without proper
treatment, and avoid greenhouse effect gas emission.
Note: Nuclear power plants are often evaluated as an energy source with little
greenhouse effect gas emission. However, the recognition is based on limited perspectives.
Considering the issues of potential catastrophic damage caused by severe accidents,
issues with radioactive waste that can potentially threaten people tens of thousands ofyears into the future with radiation exposure, and the danger of operators/workers being
exposed to radiation, the technology is inappropriate in all situations.
Related SDGs

E-2. Develop a Society Based on Resources Which Can be Supplied in Sustainable Way
Modern technologies have been developed based on the assumption that fossil
fuels can be always supplied abundantly. Contemporary movements for the promoting of
renewable energy primarily focus on replacing a part of the existing energy supplied byfossil fuels. However, the current excessive use of fossil fuels is extremely unsustainable,
as it will see these natural resources that have formed over several hundreds of millionsof years used up within a few centuries. Therefore, the fact that replacement implies
that the use of fossil fuels is the default, and thus an unreasonable viewpoint. On thecontrary, we should plan and develop our society, industries, technologies as well as ourlife based on the quantity and quality of resources that can be supplied in sustainable
way from the beginning of the process.
Related SDGs

E-3. Do Not Disturb the Balance and Cycling Process of Natural Ecosystem
Materials which can be safely returned to natural ecosystems (referred to as“N”) and artificial materials which cannot be (referred to as “A”) must be distinguished8strictly. N should be recycled or reduced to nature after use, whilst A should be used insystems separated from the nature so as not to disturb the balance and cycle of thenatural ecosystem, and then recycled or disposed safely after use. The complex products
which are composed of both N and A should be designed and produced so that N and A
can be separated easily.
Related SDGs

E-4. Give Priority to Small Scale Decentralized System
Natural energy, which will be the major energy resource of the sustainable
world is characterized by its’ low energy intensity that is spread everywhere. Therefore,
it is suited to small scale decentralized energy supply systems. In harmony with therenewable energy supply, development of decentralized socio-economic and technologicalsystem which is highly self-sufficient in basic needs supply such as energy, water andfood, and at the same time open to interact widely with other regions and countries, will
significantly contribute to attain sustainability of our society. In such decentralized
systems, technologies which are controllable, create job opportunities properly, areenvironmentally friendly, and lead to unique and attractive production activities andlives, are more likely to be used than large scale centralized systems. Moreover, under
today’s conditions where the world faces serious risks from various aspects, securing theability of local regions to provide their basic needs will significantly increase the safetyof society as a whole.
Related SDGs

E-5. Recognize the Limits of Modern Science and Technology and Respect Nature
Modern Science and technology are based on a mechanical view of the world
mainly developed in 16th and 17th century. The mechanical view of the world is based on
the following principle: reduce an object to certain factors, then define verifiable lawsthat these factors obey. The scientific knowledge obtained through this principle can besystematically accumulated in large quantities and added to exponentially. Through the9advancement of this science and technology, the accumulation of knowledge has led to atendency to misunderstand that human beings have clarified a large part of the world,
and those things we do not understand will also be elucidated in the future. The reality
is however, that the world is unfathomably complex, and though we may make attempts
to understand it, new questions and old, such as the creation of the universe and theorigin of life, are constantly arising, pushing ultimate understanding further and further
away. Additionally, non-verifiable matters, such as the nature of human consciousness,emotions, and the arts and religions remain prevalent in society. Furthermore, no one
knows what lies beyond the bounds of human perception. Things humans have no hopeof perceiving let alone understanding may exist, preventing us from ever even asking
questions about them.
When the arrogant assumption that human beings have understood most
matters in the world mixes with a worldview that justifies human dominance, there
arises an attitude of looking down on nature, and viewing it as an object to be made useof. This attitude can be considered as the basic factor that has brought about today’senvironmental and natural resource problems and must be changed. We should
recognize that what we know about the nature is very limited and human beings’
capability is also limited. We need respect nature as the mysterious andincomprehensible thing it is, something with deep and irreplaceable value, which wemust refrain from disturbing or harming.
Related SDGs

§ To Solve Dehumanization Problems
D-1. Appreciate and Extend Non-Commercial Production/Work
We are now living in a society in which most productions/services and related
works are conducted as commercial productions/services and wage labors. However,originally people could fulfill their basic needs such as water, energy, food, and housing
by themselves. People were also able to handle a wide variety of jobs and carry out
various ceremonies and festivals by themselves through cooperative and direct humanrelationships in a community. Through the development of the commodity economy,
people became to be related indirectly mediated by money, which was furthered as therise of capitalist economies pushed more and more goods and services to be supplied as
10commercial ventures in order to seek a never-ending increase in profit. These processes
led to a lot of capabilities which had been developed by self-sufficient activities being lost,whilst making people increasingly more dependent on commercial goods and services.
For attaining sustainable development, it will be important to promote theprinciple of “Do It Myself/Ourselves” in order to recover our own initiative, and to develop
our creativity in our productive activities and lives. That means non-commercial
production/work are appreciated and extended properly.
Related SDGs

D-2. Make Use of Controllable Technologies by People
In general, the introduction of technology to certain production/consumption
systems means the transfer of what belongs to human capability/skill to tools, machines,
facilities and systems. The process usually brings about an increase of production
efficiency and an improvement of convenience. On the other hand, human beings
inevitably become more dependent on things or systems not belonging to themselves.
The process is not as simple as just a loss of human owned skills, but more complex as
new skills based on the use of the technologies and/or monotonous works might appear.
However, at least the new skills are more dependent upon the outer things/systems thanthe ones without the introduced technologies. The best technology choice should be madeconsidering these dynamic changes. In principle, however, as our happiness and welfare
arise from the work which is carried out with our own initiatives and by our own freewill, those technologies which can be better controlled by people should be given priority.
Related SDGs

D-3. Make Use of Technologies Which Develop Human Resources
Work gains value and significance when it enables people to demonstrate anddevelop their capabilities. This kind of work is worthwhile and rewarding as it can becreative and likely to develop cooperative relationships with other people. Therefore, we
11should make much of technologies which bring out and develop human resources.
Related SDGs

3. Epilogue
A technology system based on above mentioned comprehensive framework
should form the mainstream of future technology system of the world. The principles anddirection described will act as a foundation for more concrete and practical proposals
regarding technology choice depending on the local/specific conditions in each individual
case and the following implementation.
For the development and the implementation, multi-sector and international
cooperation including international organizations, governments, private sectors,
universities and NGOs is indispensable. Development aid so far conducted has been
based on the concept that “developed countries” lead “developing countries” due to theperception that the developed countries are “advanced”. However, it is the development
pattern of “developed countries” that has made today’s world unsustainable. Therefore,
the existing development pattern of “developed countries” cannot simply be a model tobe pursued by “developing countries”. The “developed countries” must change theirsocio-economic structures and technologies drastically towards those of sustainable
ones. At the same time, “developing countries” must pursue alternative development
patterns different from the existing ones followed by “developed countries”. Hope forattaining sustainable development will be found where effort for drastic change
towards sustainability by “developed countries” and challenges for alternative
development towards the same goal by “developing countries” proceed cooperatively.
Drafted by APEX (Asian People’s Exchange)

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Watanabe R., 1989. Combibiaritei no Tame no Dogu, Japan Editors School
Shuppambu
Illich, I., 1981, Shadow Work, Marion Boyars. Translated by Tamanoi, Y., Kurihara, A.,
1982. Shado・waku－Seikatsu no Arikata wo Tou, Iwanami Shoten, Publishers.
Uchiyama, T., 1982. Rodo no Tetsugaku, Tabata Shoten[Modern Society, Modern Science and Technology]
Galbraith, J.K., 1958. The Affluent Society, Houghton Mifflin, Translated by Suzuki, T.,
1960. Yutakana Shakai, Iwanami Shoten, Publishers.
Rosenberg, N., 1976. Perspectives on Technology, Cambridge University Press
Murakami, Y., 1976. Kindaikagaku to Seizokukakumei, Sinyosha
Maki, Y., 1977. Gendaishakai no Sonritsu Kozo, Chikumashobo Ltd.
Schumacher, E.F. 1977. A Guide for The Perplexed, Abacus
Maki, Y., 1981. Jikan no Hikakushakaigaku, Iwanami Shoten, Publishers.
Maki, Y., 1993. Jiga no Kigen, Iwanami Shoten, Publishers.
Mita, M., 1996. Gendaishakai no Riron, Iwanami Shoten, Publishers.
Yamamoto, Y., 2003. Jiryoku to Juryoku no Hakken 1. Kodai・Chuse, 2. Runesansu,

3.Kindai no Hajimari, Misuzu Shobo, Ltd.
Hiroi, Y., 2009. Gurobaru Teijogatashakai－Chikyushakai no Riron no Tameni, Iwanami
Shoten, Publishers.
Harari, Y.N.,2015, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. HarperCollins Publishers.
Translated by Shibata, Y., Sapiensu Zenshi － Bummei no Kozo to Jinrui no

KofukuHiroi, Y., 2015. Posuto Shihonshugi－Kagaku・Ningen・Shakai no Mirai, Iwanami
Shoten, Publishers.
Mita, M., 2018. Gendaishakai ha Doko he Mukau ka, Iwanami Shoten, Publishers.

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