SPRING PROTECTIONGUIDE & TOOLKITA Grassroots Approach To Spring Protection In
Rural South Africa

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This document is a compendium of experiences, processes, andlessons learned in efforts to protect freshwater springs in the
Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Thanks to the collaborationof partners in the Umzimvubu Catchment Partnership, the region’s
springs are starting to be sustainably managed and serve as aclimate resilient water supply that supports the health of people andnature in rural areas.

ABOUT UMZIMVUBU CATCHMENT PARTNERSHIPThe Umzimvubu Catchment Partnership (UCP), formalised in 2013, aims toconserve the full extent of Umzimvubu River system (from source to sea)
through the sustainable restoration and maintenance of the catchment
area in a manner that supports economic development and job creation
for local people and enhances flow of benefits from ecosystem goods andservices to people and nature.
www.umzimvubu.org

LEAD AUTHORS
Caroline Rose, Thando Msomi and Fezile Matandela (Conservation South Africa) Mahabe
Sentle Mojela and Nicky McLeod (Environmental and Rural Solutions)

CITATION
Rose, C., Mojela, M. S., Msomi, T., Matandela., F. and McLeod., N. (2021), A
grassroots approach to spring protection in rural South Africa. South Africa: UCP.
This publication would not have been possible without the contributions frommembers of the UCP. Contributions include lessons learned from long days in thefield, participation in online workshops and document review. The lead authors
would like to acknowledge and thank:
Rosanne Stanway, Perushan Rajah, Silindile Mtshali, Nompumelelo Tenza, Alice
Barlow-Zambodla, and Sarshen Scorgie (Conservation South Africa)
Chris Jackson (Lima Rural Development Foundation)
Joyce Loza and Xolani Sibiya (Maloti Drakensberg Transfrontier Programme)
Dr Lara Jordan (Endangered Wildlife Trust / International Crane Foundation
Partnership)
Dr Bennie van der Waal (Tsitsa Project and Catchment Research Group, Rhodes
University)
Pamela Sekese (World Wide Fund for Nature)
We are grateful to the US Agency for International Development and Africa
Biodiversity Collaborative Group (ABCG) for their contributions to the integrated
Freshwater Conservation and WASH resources underpinning this guide, lessons
learned process and the development of this guide. We also thank the PiscesFoundation, GF (a private donor), and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) for guidanceand support for this important conservation and human well-being work.

DESIGN
Tessa Mildenhall
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SPRING PROTECTION GUIDE
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©Photo by Tessa
Mildenhall
SPRING PROTECTION
GUIDE
2021

CONTENTS

i
1
2

Info
ABOUT THIS GUIDE
Background

EngagePG 12 - 19
STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
Stakeholder Identification
Stakeholder Analysis
Gender Roles
Suggestions For Successful Meetings
The Structure Of The Concept Note
Municipal Engagement
Communicating With The Municipality

ConsiderPG 20- 24
RISK MANAGEMENT & SUSTAINABILITY
Identifying Risks
Categorising Risks
Assessing The Impact & Probability Of Risk
Developing Risk Response Strategies
Monitoring & Controlling Risks
Embedding Long Term Maintenance & Advocacy
Sustainability

3
4Tessa Mildenhall©Photo by Trond Larsen

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AnalysePG 25- 33

ASSESSMENTS
High Level Assessment
Legal Framework
Village Level Assessment
Household Assessment
Spring Site Assessment or Hydrocensus
Water Quality Assessment
Spring Site SelectionPlan

PG 34- 39

PREPARATION FOR INTERVENTION
Community Participation & Labour
Considerations
Training
Personal Protective Equipment
Building Materials
Preparing Site & Protection Zones

5©Conservation International/photo by Caroline Rose678©Conservation International/photo by Caroline Rose

Design

PG 40- 48

TYPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE
Community Engagement
Formal, Engineer Designed Structures
Informal Structures
Access To Spring Sites
Combining Spring Protection & Municipal Infrastructure
MaintenanceCommon Errors To Avoid In Construction

Amplify

PG 49- 56

WASH ACTIVITIES & VELD SANITATIONThe Bigger Picture
Water For Life
Sharing Messages In Rural Contexts
Ways To Share Key Messages

Track

PG 57- 63

MONITORING
What Information Is Captured
Who Collects It
How Frequently Is It Collected
How Does It Link Back To The Baseline
How Is It Captured
Where & How Is It Stored
Who Analyses It
Who Is It Shared With
What Is It Used For

Tools & Refs

PG 64-84#1 Understanding The Community#2 Formalising Commitments#3 Village Level Information Gathering#4 Water Focused Household Survey#5 Hydrocensus Form
#6 Hydrocensus Or Spring Site Database#7 Types Of Springs#8 Veld Sanitation Concepts & Keywords For Translation#9 Pre- & Post Training Questions
References

ACRONYMSANDM 		– Alfred Nzo District Municipality

CA 		– Conservation Agreement

CBA 		– Critical Biodiversity Area

CBOs 		– Community-based Organisation

CI 		– Conservation International

CSA 		– Conservation South Africa

DEA 		– Department of Environmental Affairs

DFFE 		– Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment

DEMF 		– District Environmental Management ForumDM 		– District Municipality

DWS 		– Department of Water and Sanitation

EA 		– Environmental Authorisation

EbA 		

– Ecosystem-based Adaptation

ECA 		– Environment Conservation Act

EIA 		– Environmental Impact Assessment

ERS 		– Environmental and Rural Solutions

IAP		– Invasive Alien Plant

IDMS 		– Infrastructure Development and Municipal Services

IDP 		– Integrated Development Planning (local government)LM 		– Local Municipality

MoU 		

– Memorandum of Understanding

NEMA 		– National Environmental Management Act

NGO 		– Non-Government Organisation

ODK 		

– Open Data Kit

PPE 		– Personal Protective Equipment

PMU 		

– Project Management UnitPOPI Act– Protection of Personal Information Act

SDG 		– Sustainable Development Goals

SWSA 		– Strategic Water Source Area

UCP 		

– Umzimvubu Catchment Partnership

WASH 		– Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

WCDM 		– Water Conservation Demand Management

WiW 		– WASH in Watersheds

WSA 		– Water Services Authority

WSP 		– Water Services Provision

WWF 		– World Wildlife Fund

SPRING PROTECTION GUIDE
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Water security is a global challenge that affects the sustainably of freshwater
resources that we all rely on to live. It is understandable that one might wonder why,
given that 70% of our planet is covered in water, but only 3% of this is freshwater that
we can drink, bathe in and irrigate with. South Africa is acknowledged as a water
scarce country, and rural communities are particularly impacted by the changes
in weather and extreme events brought about by climate change. This is a crisis
that affects millions of people, particularly those living in the country’s communal
landscapes where there is little access to productive, clean, natural water sources. It
is estimated that South Africa faces a R33bn funding gap1 to achieve water security
in the country.
In the highlands of the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu Natal, Limpopo and Mpumalanga many
communities live in water rich mountainous areas that form part of the Strategic Water
Source Areas (SWSA) of the country. These regions typically have abundant fresh
water in the form of seeps, springs and streams - yet communities lack access to safe,
clean potable water in their homes. This lack of access is exacerbated by flooding or
drought events, waterborne diseases and the increasing numbers of invasive alienplants (IAPs). IAPs are intensive water consumers that reduce the country’s meanannual runoff by 1,4 billion cubic metres a year2.
Despite steps already taken to address this water deficit, the nationally mandated
Water Services Authority (WSA) is still faced with the enormous task of providing
potable water to all South African citizens. Integrating natural water sources suchas protected springs to existing municipal infrastructure, provides a low-costdevelopment opportunity that has a high environmental impact. In addition, it helps
government to deliver on its water services mandate and encourages collaboration
between environmental organisations and the WSA. Furthermore, this processintegrates natural resource management with water services management andcreates an opportunity to improve water health and hygiene.
While government has traditionally focused on large infrastructure solutions, e.g.
dams, recent efforts to implement Ecosystem based Adaptation (EbA) by restoring
natural springs has led to resilience of nature and the people who rely on that water. It
also links nature-based solutions with engineered solutions in the face of a changing
climate. Of paramount importance as part of this process is creating awareness andbuilding resilience within these communities to enable them to manage their natural
resources to sustain life and livelihoods for themselves and for future generations.
This guide presents experiences from the Umzimvubu Catchment in the Eastern
Cape of South Africa. These experiences have led to the protection of 25 springs,
employment opportunities for 42 people and a sustainable supply of water to 16
villages in the region. It shares the context, our processes, lessons learned, resources
and references for organisations and WSA interested in replicating this process. It
is hoped that other organisations, committed to creating a water secure future, willfind this information useful and will share their own lessons and implementation
experiences with the Umzimvubu Catchment Partnership (UCP). This manual is aliving document that will continue to be updated as new lessons and tools are tried
and tested over time.

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Info

ABOUT THIS GUIDEThe purpose of this guide is to share experiences and lessons from conducting rural
spring protection work in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa. This guide seeks to:1

Provide guidanceon working with
communities
to implement
spring protection
measures tooptimise water
access in remoterural villages.

2

Increaseawareness ofhuman behaviour
with regards tonatural resources
and the impactof that behaviouron the health ofthe environment,
climate change
adaptation,
livestock, andpeople.

3

Set guidelines
for partners to
replicate theapproach used by
UCP.

4Outline how
civil society
and community
can work in acollaborative
manner to support
the local WSA andcomplement its
work.

The aim is to complement the recognised water authority’s mandated efforts to provide potablewater to all citizens, through securing existing spring-fed village supply sources with local
maintenance. This guide is not a ‘recipe’ for conducting spring protection activities but rather aims
to guide the reader through the process using a loose project management approach. In addition,
it provides contextual information for those who might be less familiar with this approach andpresents information and resources to be considered at various points in the process where key
decisions need to be made.
The material presented here has been gathered in the high altitude grasslands and middle regionsof the Eastern Cape Drakensberg in the Alfred Nzo District Municipality (ANDM) around the townsof Mount Ayliff and Matatiele. The upper part of the catchment borders Lesotho and forms thewatershed of the Umzimvubu Catchment. On the South African side the watershed is currently
undergoing a declaration process to form the Maloti Thaba Tsa Metsi Protected Environment,
driven by seven Traditional Authorities. It is supported by the UCP and various authorities including
the ANDM, Matatiele and Umzimvubu Local Municipalities, Eastern Cape Parks and Tourism,
SANParks, together with the Departments of Economic Development, Forestry, Fisheries andEnvironment, Water and Sanitation and Rural Development and Land Reform.
This guide includes steps taken from the inception of spring protection activities in this region inlate 2015 and which continue today. It outlines the steps taken and recommends alternatives thatcan make implementation more effective. Lessons learned are included and it is hoped that thismaterial will provide answers to some of the questions that may arise when approaching such a
project. It also provides options to be considered when decisions need to be made.

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i
ASSUMPTIONS
Some important assumptions have been made on behalf of the reader or organisationinterested in using this guide, and they include the following:

Assumption 1

The organisation is already established and is operating within a rural
setting.

Assumption 2

The organisation has an environmental and/or development focus.

Assumption 3

The organisation has the necessary capacity and technical competencies to
conduct this work.

Assumption 4

The organisation has an existing relationship with members of thecommunity, the community leadership and the municipality, and that there isan established level of trust.

Assumption 5

The organisation is responding to a need voiced by the community (and not
in its own interests).

Assumption 6

The organisation has a level of local knowledge and awareness of thechallenges facing the community.

DISCLAIMER

These assumptions are important as this process requires credibility and trust
between the implementing organisation and the community. A reasonably goodknowledge of the area, its environmental strengths and challenges, and access tolocal knowledge, helps to grease the wheels of any process.

There is no one-size-fits-all
approach to spring protection, andthis resource is intended to serve
only as a guideline.
Individual experiences may differ
between communities and springs.
It is important that decisions thatneed to be made are well-informed.

This guide includes experiences and lessons learned by members of the UCP,
specifically Conservation South Africa (CSA), Lima and Environmental and Rural
Solutions (ERS) working across different geographical areas within the catchment.
It has been designed with non-governmental organisations (NGOs), Community
Based Organisations (CBOs) and other implementing agents in mind. The valueof this guide will therefore be its applicability to similar geographic areas and rivercatchments where reliable natural springs are found.

It is necessary to take anythingmentioned here with a degree ofvariability and adapt it to suit the
specific demands and needs ineach site.
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Info

BACKGROUND
Basic watersupply for South
Africans

25L

Per Person

98%

Service
Reliability

10L/s
Flow Rate

200M
From Household
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Between 2002 and 2015 the United Nations has
put in place a variety of actions and resolutions
that prioritise the rights of people to affordable
water. These rights are recognized as basic humanrights that ‘ensure availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation for all’.
They are enshrined in the United Nations (2015)
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 6.
In South Africa, access to “sufficient food andwater” is a Constitutional right outlined in theBill of Rights (1996) in Chapter 2, 27, 1.b. The
Reconstruction and Development Programme(RDP) made provision for all South Africans tohave equitable, sustainable, and efficient accessto water for their basic needs, including drinking,cooking, personal and household hygiene. Whilst
rural areas have received investment in water
infrastructure that improved water access, manyrural communities are unable to pay for the
newly installed water services. In 2000, the Free
Basic Services Policy was announced making
provision for 6 kilolitres of free municipal water per
household per month (Department of Water Affairs
and Forestry, 2004b).
However, even in 2021, there are many ruralvillages in South Africa that still do not have reliable
access to clean water through municipal service
provision. This situation necessitates communities
to make use of the ecosystem services provided
by their natural environment. The challenge ofobtaining an adequate supply of water for lifeand livelihoods has resulted in many communities
using informal sources such as local springs orrivers for their water needs. However, there arerisks associated with these unprotected sources
as they can become compromised by poor water
hygiene practices, overuse, contamination, or
damage to their structural integrity. These risks may
be increased by climate change, with increasingwater borne diseases, droughts and other extreme
events.
The Eastern Cape Drakensberg, of which the
Umzimvubu Catchment forms part, has been
identified as one of the SWSA in South Africa(WWF-SA, 2013).

The catchment and river system lie along thenorthern boundary of the Eastern Cape andextend over 200km from its source in the MalotiDrakensberg mountains through the Eastern Cape
Drakensberg to its estuary at Port St Johns where
it joins the Indian Ocean. This river catchment
provides fertile ground for grasslands in its upper
catchment, pockets of indigenous forests in the
middle catchment and supports both formal andinformal agriculture throughout. It covers more than
two million hectares and comprises almost 70%
communal land thus falling under both traditional
leadership and municipal structures. Only 30%of this area is privately owned and used forcommercial farming.
An awareness of the impacts of poor upstream
planning on downstream users is also important.
Water flows through landscapes and poor
sanitation or management decisions upstream arefelt by water users downstream. It is important tonote that currently there is little or no benefit to arural community for protecting and regulating thewater resources in their area, beyond meeting
their own needs. The water that flows downstream
is used by domestic and industrial users in thecities but is degraded and contaminated by thetime it reaches the end user. This inequality in thegovernance structure affects the long and shortterm sustainability of the ecosystem services thatare essential for life. Regulation in upstream areas
will positively impact the ability of downstream
users to cope with the water related impacts ofclimate change and to better manage their waterneeds.
The UCP formalised in 2013, aims to conserve
the full extent of Umzimvubu River system (fromsource to sea). It does this through the sustainable
restoration and maintenance of the catchment area
in a manner that supports economic development
and job creation for local people, and enhances
flow of benefits from ecosystem goods andservices to people and nature,
In 2015, CSA expanded its rangeland management
and alien plant clearing activities to include
restoring and protecting spring sources within
villages.

i

To follow the spring protection process thefollowing seven steps are recommended:

STEP 1
Stakeholder
Engagement

STEP 2
Risk Management &Sustainability

STEP 3
Assessment

STEP 4
Preparation For
Intervention

STEP 5
Type Of Infrastructure

STEP 6
Wash Activities & Veld
Sanitation

STEP 7
Monitoring

TOOLS &REFERENCES

This was under the WASH in Watersheds (WiW) approach designed incollaboration with Conservation International (CI).
WASH is an acronym referring to water, sanitation and hygiene and is a termthat is used internationally. Work related to WASH is usually undertaken by
development organisations rather than conservation organisations, through theprovision of infrastructure to address the hygiene and sanitation deficiencies andthrough conducting behaviour change campaigns for improved hygiene practices.
Therefore, there is opportunity for collaboration and integration of these activities
for greater health and environmental benefits and impact within rural communities.
More recently, spring protection has taken place in the upper catchment as partof the watershed stewardship effort by ERS, supported by WWF in the SWSAs.
This too has involved alien plant clearing and rangeland restoration within awider framework of enhancing the good landscape governance that underpins
improved livelihoods.
This is the premise of the WASH in Watersheds approach, that through the
integration of freshwater conservation and WASH activities, communities will
engage and be empowered as land and water stewards to protect their healthand the health of the ecosystems that sustain them. Through this heightenedawareness there will be conservation, and human health and well-being benefits
that contribute to building the resilience of communities to the impacts of climatechange.
For this to work, it is essential that the critical links between the health of theenvironment and the health of people and their livestock is well understood incommunities. Understanding the role of the hydrological or water cycle createsa foundation for addressing the importance of caring for their natural resources
and maintaining the available ecosystem services. Through protecting theseresources, communities have an opportunity for increased adaptation in the faceof climate changes. Water is an essential resource for sustaining life and having
an adequate supply of clean and safe water has become one of the most basic
human rights observed all over the world.
The absence of reliable water access and related challenges around meeting thisbasic human right was further accentuated by the COVID-19 pandemic. One of thesimplest recommendations to prevent the spread of the virus was to wash yourhands properly using soap and water for 20 seconds. This perceived ‘simple act’
increased the spotlight on existing failures in meeting this human right.
The upper reaches of the Umzimvubu Catchment are home to many communities
who rely on natural resources for their water and livelihoods. There are plentiful
springs in this area, some are flowing strongly, while others have been negatively
impacted by the presence of alien plants, erosion, overuse and pollution. Spring
protection offers a low-cost opportunity with high environmental impact tocomplement the work of the municipality by providing access to water to remoterural communities. It also creates opportunity to reinforce and embed simple
WASH activities whilst building the resilience of communities to climate change.
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©Conservation International/photo by Patrick Nease

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1

EngageSTAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
Any organisation or individual involved in community-based operations will
be familiar with formal and informal stakeholder engagement processes
and protocols, and will know that this is a critical, ongoing, and multi-stepprocess.
‘Stakeholders’ are a broad and sweeping category of people and organisations who need
to be included in this process. It is also important that you are clear on how stakeholders
are viewed, as this will assist in defining your relationships from the start. It must be clearthat you want to work with identified stakeholders because their important role in thisregard is recognised. Defining the stakeholders and conducting some analysis is helpful
to frame the work and identify key groups to involve in the project.

1.1. STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION“

Who Is A Stakeholder?
A stakeholder is either an individual, group or organisation who is impacted
by the outcome of a project. They have an interest in the success of the
project and can be within or outside the organisation that is sponsoring the
project. Stakeholders can have a both a positive and a negative influence on
the project.
Stakeholder Management: The Ultimate Guide to Project Stakeholders(https://www.projectmanager.com/stakeholder-management)(accessed 14 October 2020)“

Stakeholders have influence or power over the activities.
(Pfeiffer & Dunne, 2020).

As a starting point, it is necessary to first identify key stakeholders from within theimmediate environment who are relevant to water use and water management, as wellas those who may not be resident in the community but who will play a role or may
influence the process, e.g. the municipality. Stakeholders should represent the diversityof the community (i.e., age, gender, livelihoods, and status) and its leadership, (i.e.
traditional, local, or district level role players) as well as other organisations.
Possible key stakeholders may include:

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Traditional Authorities
Ward councillor
NGO partners
Community members – consider if they are representative of gender and/or age
groups in the community
Municipality - local and district level
Other NGOs or organisations operating in the area
Others specific to your region
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Engage | Step 1 | Stakeholder Engagement

Stakeholders will start to understand and agree how they may be involved. This willassist in identifying whom to engage and when at various stages in the project, as wellhighlighting any other stakeholders who might also need to be involved. The following
table provides a formal description of different stakeholder categories.
STAKEHOLDER CATEGORYDESCRIPTIONUSERS

The people who will directly benefit from the products and/or services of the
project.

GOVERNANCE

The people or groups of people who have an interest in how things are managed on
the project.

PROVIDERS

The individuals who actively participate in the work of the project.

INFLUENCERS

The people who can change the direction (positively or negatively) of the project.

DEPENDENTS

Those who want something from the project other than the planned final productor service.

SUSTAINERS

Groups responsible for supporting the product or service after the project iscompleted.

It is important not to ‘box’ stakeholders only according to these identified project
management categories.

Stakeholders As Partners“The core of excellent stakeholder engagement involves perceiving and engaging
stakeholders as partners – not merely as users, targets, beneficiaries, or informants,from the get-go”.
(Pfeiffer & Dunne, 2020).

Identifying a diverse group of stakeholders is crucial to the success of the project. The next
step is to understand each stakeholder’s level of interest in the project and how they canbe approached to participate. Customizing your approach to each stakeholder group isimportant to explicitly acknowledge differences in the planning process.

1.2. STAKEHOLDER ANALYSISThe success of a project or intervention depends on stakeholder participation. Experience
shows that when stakeholders are excluded or misunderstood, or are poorly engaged
during a project, it can result in unexpected and undesirable outcomes.
The benefits of understanding stakeholders include having a:

•
•
•
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Clearer understanding of the individuals, groups and institutions that will be affectedby project activities.
Better indication of the capacities of stakeholders.
More informed understanding of who could influence and contribute to the success ofthe project.

The Power/Interest Grid, adapted

The first part of the analysis process to establish a stakeholder’s level of interest
involves:

from Mendelow (1981)

1

www.mindtools.com

2
3
4

Exploring what stakeholders might gain or lose through the project
Investigating what resources they can commit
Understanding their expectations
Identifying stakeholder capacities and possible roles they could playhighManageClosely

The second part necessitates understanding the influence of each stakeholder. This
relates to their ability to make decisions, or to influence the project activities either
positively or negatively. Are they likely to cooperate or clash with other stakeholders?

Keep
Informed

After stakeholder identification, a stakeholder matrix prioritises them according to theirpower over the project and their interest in it. Stakeholders are allocated a position on
the grid according to their levels of power and interest. Their position on the grid thenindicates the nature of the actions or steps needed to be taken with them.

POWER

Keep
Satisfied

Monitor(MinimumEffort)Low
Low

INTEREST

high

Another way to map the analysis and to illustrate the relationship dynamics between
groups is through a stakeholder mapping exercise such as the example illustrated here.
This is a mapping process from the perspective of one (or a group of) stakeholder/s
and is used to plot the nature of relationships between the stakeholders and how they
may influence the project or each other. The size of the circle illustrates the amount ofinfluence or power a stakeholder may be able to exert. The circles are placed relative
to each other highlighting the closeness or strength of a relationship.
Detailed instructions of these two different participatory methodologies for stakeholder
mapping can be found in the IRC Advocacy Strategy Workshop - Appendix 4.

INTEGRATED PLANNING
AL

FR E

O D I ST R I C T M U N I C I P
Z
N
A
D
BTO

A similar methodology is the Alignment,Interest and Influence Matrix (AIIM) which
is outlined in the IRC Advocacy Strategy
Workshop Appendix 4.
(Walter, Sorto, Edmond, Mercurio &Rozenburg, 2020).
Project DPro. (2020). Project Managementfor Development Professionals Guide(PMD Pro) 2nd Edition.

Y

Municipal
Manager

RESOURCES
More information on the Power / Interest
grid is available at:https://bit.ly/3j2P17E(accessed 1 February 2021)

L IT

Understanding the
Influence ofeach stakeholder

CSA

Director of
IDM’s

WSA

ERS

Operations

WSP

PMU

WSA

DWS

SANBI

MDTP

NGOs

DEA

MbizanaLM

ACADEMIC
INSTITUTIONSDEDEAT

MLM

WWF

ECPTA

Engage | Step 1 | Stakeholder Engagement

men and women
have different roles
related to water use

1.3. GENDER ROLES
When selecting key local stakeholders, it is important to consider that men and women
have different roles related to water use. Women are primarily responsible for carework that occurs within the domain of the home, which includes cooking, cleaning, andcaring for children and the elderly. Their high influence over water usage at household
level means that they are generally more responsible for seeking and securing water
resources. It is therefore critical that women are considered key stakeholders and areincluded in this process and in decision making from the start.

Water Use & Gender
A small sample gender analysis survey conducted in 2016 by CSA reflected that
men and women have significant differences in how they use water daily. The reporthighlighted that overwhelmingly, women collect water for domestic household tasks
that include bathing, drinking, cooking and irrigation/gardening. Whereas men typicallyuse water to care for livestock and to make bricks to build houses. In communities,
water is often accessed from different water sources that include a natural springs aswell as community and municipal taps.
©Conservation International/photo by Thando Msomi

Examples of Stakeholder
Engagement Meetings(Edmond, Kwayimani, Sorto & Ajroud, 2017)

1.4. SUGGESTIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL MEETINGS
When preparing for and requesting meetings, the following points should beconsidered to ensure that you, as the implementing organisation, are adequately
prepared and the right people are present.

©Conservation International/photo by Thando Msomi

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Be clear on the purpose of each meeting and communicate that to the participants.
Understand how to approach the community and who to approach in thecommunity, (gather information from known community members if appropriate).
Prepare an agenda and the relevant information to be discussed at the meeting.
Identify and communicate clearly who is to be invited – i.e., the leadership or gatekeepers, the whole community, or an agreed core group.
Dress code and etiquette.
Understanding an observing of local cultural practices.
Outline the desired next steps.

In each situation, once the target audience is identified, it will be important to consider
a meeting time when those attendees are available. It may also be possible to present
at an existing meeting when the targeted audience is already gathered. The planningand preparation will be determined by the purpose of the meeting, what is to be
discussed and will help focus the process. It is important not to include too muchinformation at one time.

©Conservation International/photo by Fezile Matandela

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Protocol generally dictates that comprehensive minutes of all meetings are taken and if
this is not usual, it is strongly recommended that minutes are taken and made available
to all who were present. This promotes accurate record keeping, and that decisions
and concerns raised in the meetings are captured accurately, along with recommended
actions and the responsible person. This ensures that everyone is on the same page.
Attendance registers should be kept at every meeting too.

Important to remember
ASSUMPTION #4
The organisation has an existing
relationship with the community
members and leaders and that
there is an established level oftrust.

REFER TO
1.3 Importance of Gender Roles
STEP 7 WASH Activities & Veld
Sanitation

The initial meeting will be formal and is held with the community leadership which,depending on local norms, may be the Traditional Authority and/or the ward councillor.
This introductory meeting is a critical part of the process. As discussed, it is assumed
that the organisation is known to the community and that a relationship has alreadybeen established. At this meeting it would be appropriate to acknowledge the known
challenges around water access and availability and to invite the community to be
partners in the proposed process. The opportunity to establish a baseline assessmentof existing water resources could be introduced, and then the subsequent process of
feedback and decision making based on the outcome of this assessment. Introducing
the links between hygiene and human health with the health of the livestock and theenvironment should be included.
There are likely to be several subsequent meetings before the process commences
and additional tools, useful in gathering information for this process, are detailed
below and in the Tools and References. The length of time from inception to action will
depend on the nature of the relationship between the community and the organisationand how long and how well it has been established.
A concept note is a high-level summary of the proposed project activities. It is not
generic, and it outlines the specific project details for a specific community. It contains
a brief description of the project idea and the objectives to be pursued. It is presented
to the stakeholders who can then determine if the project meets their approval. It is an
opportunity for stakeholders to comment and make suggestions on the project. Ideallyit should be researched and referenced appropriately.

1.5. THE STRUCTURE OF THE CONCEPT NOTE
Important to remember
ASSUMPTION #5
The spring protection work
carried out by the membersof UCP has grown out of
the established and trusted
relationships that exist with
communities. This work was
initiated following specificrequests from the communities
for assistance to secure reliable
water sources.

RESOURCES
How to write concept notes - guide:
https://bit.ly/37flimc
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

The Title – A concept note should include a title and a date. The title should beshort while reflecting the overall idea of the project.
Introduction or Background – This should state the problem to be addressed 		and the root causes. It also outlines the ‘opportunity’ for intervention to address the
problem.
Goal and Objectives – This is the long-term desired impact and the specific 		
objectives, including timeframe. It is important to outline the specific types of 		goals, i.e. social and/or environmental goals here.
Project Life Cycle - This is a summary of the different phases of the project andoutlines the roles and responsibilities at the different stages. It will also highlightthe decrease in responsibility for the implementing organisation and the increasing
responsibility for the stakeholders as part of the sustainability plan. It should also
include an estimated timeline and specific milestones that can be identified.
Expected Results - This section briefly outlines the expected specific results of the
project.
Innovation - A separate section explaining the uniqueness of your project will bevery useful.
Budget - The last section of the concept note will be the budget. This will be an
overview rather than a detailed analysis. Make note of the main items and any
funding already secured.
Comments and Responses - You should give the community an opportunity tocomment and input into the project design at the onset to ensure inclusivity.

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Engage | Step 1 | Stakeholder Engagement

TOOL #1
Additional tools to better understandthe community:
Visioning
Needs Assessment
Skills Audit

•
•
•
•
•

Tools for commitment:
Memorandum of Understanding(MoU)
Conservation Agreement (CA)Once permission is granted for the implementing organisation to conduct the village
and household level assessments (Refer to Step 3 - Assessments), it is anticipated that
it will take 4-5 weeks to complete these comprehensive assessments, depending on
the size of the village, and the number of people involved in data collection. Following
these assessments, it is recommended that a community meeting be held to share theresults. This meeting would involve all community members, and the information would
be presented in a manner that highlights the current situation in a clear and concise
manner. This process also allows for feedback from the community and can help to test
whether the initial assessments were accurate.
This is an opportunity for the implementing organisation to reinforce that this processactively involves the community, and their ownership and participation is essential. The
purpose of this project is water security, as this is needed by all community members
for their health, their livelihoods, their livestock and agriculture.

1.6. MUNICIPAL ENGAGEMENTIn Umzimvubu Catchment, the ANDM is both the WSA and WSP and is responsible
for service delivery, implementation and provision of adequate water and sanitation
services to all communities within the region.
It is acknowledged that different municipalities are constructed differently and thatthe experience shared here may not be reflected exactly in another District. The
Departments within the ANDM that were most relevant to our experience were theInfrastructure Development Municipal Services (IDMS) and Community Development
Services. The roles of these departments have been outlined to assist otherorganisations to identify the similar departments within other municipalities.
The units within the IDMS and their functions and responsibilities are:

•
•
•
•

Water Services Authority (WSA) – Project Planning & Compliance
Project Management Unit (PMU) – Project Implementation & Social Facilitation
Water Conservation Demand Management (WCDM) – Water Catchment 		
Management & Demand
Water Services Provision (WSP) – Water Infrastructure Operations and 		
Maintenance

The ANDM also has a team of ‘Social Facilitators’ who are part of the IDMS. They
are a team of communicators who visit a village ahead of a new campaign to briefly
introduce the new ideas and to prepare the community for the new information or
expected behaviour change intervention. Within Community Development Services, theMunicipal Health Services and Disaster Management Unit may be useful.

TIPS TO CONSIDER
It is critical to have municipal involvement from the start of the project. As the WSA, the municipality can help to identify
gaps in the system, unlock access to material and financial resources, strengthen the decision making process andcontribute to a more integrated planning process.
It will be valuable to foster good relationships between the community and the municipality. This is important in all
projects of this nature but especially where there has been a historical breakdown of trust between the community andthe municipality. In addition, the municipality owns the existing infrastructure and would need to give consent for any
enhancement to the systems.
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1.7. COMMUNICATING WITH THE MUNICIPALITY
TIPS TO CONSIDER
Hosting site visits at the springs
for municipal colleagues and thecommunity is important for allparties to meet each other. This
process also helps to build trust andprovides concrete examples andexperiences for the municipality andthe community to consider as theyplan.
It also creates opportunities to unlock
access to municipal knowledge andskills through the involvement of
an Area Manager who is familiar
with the existing infrastructure andpipelines.

Communicating with the municipality can be conducted through either Administrativeor Political Offices. The selection of the office depends on the type of message to becommunicated.
If your approach is through the administration channel, then it will be either throughthe Office of Municipal Manager or a specific Technical Office. If you choose a politicalchannel, then you would start with the Office of The Speaker as all official and political
related communications are managed through the Speaker of Council.
Within each municipality there are various platforms where engagement can occur
around the different activities and it is important to identify what options are available
to your organisation. It is also critical to establish timeframes for responses and results
as these may vary between municipalities.
UCP members have engaged with both district and local municipalities around theMunicipal Integrated Development Planning (IDP) process. Other channels haveincluded specific technical offices relevant to the issue at hand and the District
Environment Management Forum (DEMF).
Benefits of municipal support and involvement:

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Opportunity to promote an integrated approach to water service provision.
Opportunity to link natural water resources to municipal infrastructure.
Opportunity to promote the restoration and protection of ecosystem services as a
cost-effective green infrastructure development plan for government.
Potential access to water testing and quality analysis.
Potential access to material resources.
Potential access to technical knowledge and skills.
Opportunity to leverage approaches and lessons learned through implementation
across the scale of the municipality’s footprint.
Accesses to legislative advice.

The development and use of an advocacy strategy has been beneficial and hashelped to consolidate thoughts and actions around the desired outcomes. This was
focussed on District Municipality level and a resource is included.

RESOURCES
Walter, Sorto, Edmond, Mercurio
and Rozenburg (2020) Freshwater
Conservation and WASH Advocacy
Strategy Workshop – Facilitators Guide.
Washington DC: Africa Biodiversity
Collaborative Group and IRC (June 2020):
https://bit.ly/3ykWIMY19

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2021©Conservation International/photo by Caroline Rose© Conservation International/photo by Caroline Rose2

ConsiderRISK MANAGEMENT &SUSTAINABILITY
Risk is important to consider at the start of any project. Risk is the potential
effect of uncertainty on the project activities, outputs, and outcomes. A risk
event is something that may happen. Is something that could prevent thesuccess of the project, a possibility? (Project, DPro, 2020)
A comprehensive approach to risk management involves the following steps:
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

Identifying Risks
Categorising Risks
Assessing the Impact and Probability of Risk
Developing Risk Response Strategies
Monitoring and Controlling Risks

2.1. IDENTIFYING RISKS
There are two key ideas related to risk that need to be considered and explored:
Probability – i.e. risk that is related to the probability of uncertain future events.
Impact – i.e. risk that has the potential to impact the project.

Possible risks identified through these experiences include:

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Risk of providing access to water that may be unsafe for human consumption
Lack of clarity about ownership – long term maintenance issues
Risk of contamination from ground water, permeable geology or soils
Risk of flooding to the spring site
Risk of drowning
Risk of vandalism
Risk of damage to spring source through project intervention (with possible cultural
implications, possible loss of water or damage due to poor construction practices)

2.2. CATEGORISING RISKS
A Risk Assessment is the process of quantifying the risks identified. It addresses two
difficult challenges:••

Prioritising Risks: Using criteria agreed upon by the project team and key 		
stakeholders, risks are ranked according to their probability and impact.
Identifying Risk Tolerances: where the project team works with key stakeholders to
identify which risks are acceptable, and which need to be actively managed.

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Consider | Step 2 | Risk Management & Sustainability

2.3. ASSESSING THE IMPACT AND PROBABILITY OF RISKTo be able to respond to a risk, it is important to understand how serious the risk will be
and what impact it will have on the project. Be specific in the risk statement and clearlystate the impact it will have on all aspects of the project. By being specific, a suitable
response strategy can be developed to reduce the probability of it occurring or reducethe impact that it may have.

2.4. DEVELOPING RISK RESPONSE STRATEGIESTIPS TO CONSIDER
When work is due to start on aspring, there are often community
concerns regarding the impact of
the work on the water flow.
This may reflect cultural or
spiritual beliefs about the impact
of interfering with the eye of thespring in such a way that the watermight disappear.
These concerns need to be
discussed openly with thestakeholders as part of therisk assessment to ensure thateveryone shares a common
understanding from the start andare included in any mitigation
measures.

Risk identification and assessment form the basis for sound risk response options. It is
important to be aware that it is not possible to eliminate all risks. It is also important toremember that risks may change over time, and so need to be regularly reviewed andassessed according to their probability and impact. It is therefore necessary to review
and update the response strategies to ensure they remain relevant to the context andtype of risk.
If the project decides to actively manage a risk, response strategies may include thefollowing (separately or in combination):

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Risk Avoidance – Do not do (or do in a different way) a part of the project that 		
carries.
High-impact and/or a high probability of risk. For example, you may choose not towork in.
A specific area because it is politically unstable.
Risk Transference – Shift (or share) the risk for some aspect of the project to (orwith) another party.
A common example of risk transference is insurance.
Risk Mitigation – Act to reduce the probability and/or impact of a potential risk.
Risk Acceptance – If the perceived risk probability and impact are assessed asreasonable, the organisation may choose not to act.

2.5. MONITORING AND CONTROLLING RISKS
Risks must not go unrecognised or ignored. Where a risk is accepted, it must
be regularly monitored. The decision to accept the risk is based on a process ofidentification, assessment, and response. Thereafter, a plan of action must be created
for the risk response activities chosen. Every risk management plan should be
documented.
As the project evolves, some risks will be resolved or diminished, while others may
surface and will need to be added to the list. It is important to continually revisit thequestion of risk from the start of the project and throughout the implementation.
Below is a generic format for a risk register.

RESOURCES
Project DPro. (2020) Project Managementfor Development Professionals Guide(PMD Pro) 2nd Edition, 2020
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RISK NAMEPROBABILITY

Risk Register

IMPACTRISK SCORERESPONSE STRATEGYRESPONSIBLE PERSONOPTION 1

This model is handed over in entirety to
the DM to manage and implement, andall procurement and implementation is
the responsibility of the DM.
This places the responsibility firmly withthe provincial DM and the Department of
Water and Sanitation (DWS) and createsan opportunity for these services to beprovided in a coordinated and seamlessmanner by one service provider.
The immediate disadvantage of thisis that the DM processes can becumbersome and time consuming andtheir backlogs of water service provision
are often high.

Embedding Long Term Maintenance And Advocacy
One way to manage risk and encourage independence and sustainability of a
project would be to educate and create local advocates within the community and its
leadership. In some villages a water board was established, in others the traditional
leadership retained that role and in others, it fell to interested or concerned community
members. There are several ways to do this:A) Information sharing of legislation and community water access rights.
This enables the community to have informed, strong voices when raising issues withthe municipality and to know that they have a legitimate demand. Where there areexisting governance structures such as municipal rural water operators it is important torecognise and engage such resources.

EG.

OPTION 2

Civil society leads the delivery process
under the mandate and blessing of the
DM. The implementation is therefore
funded and carried out by civil society
groups and NGOs with the blessingof the DM and DWS. This option has
the potential to provide quick results
as NGOs are generally more agile andflexible than their municipal counterpartsand can therefore respond quickly to theneed and address it. This is, however,unsustainable as it is dependent on
donor funding and to some extent
removes the responsibility from the DM
for water service provision which it ismandated to provide.

OPTION 3

The DM provides funding to civil society
partners to deliver and implement thismodel. This is made possible througha Memorandum of Understanding(MoU) and has the support of different
departments in the Infrastructure
Development Municipal Services (PMU,
WSA, WSP etc.). As with all MoUs, good
governance and clear responsibilities
would need to be in place with regularchecks and balances and audit
requirements to ensure that thesesystems were adhered to.

The municipality provides the water testing service,
it is important that the community or the leader canexert pressure to ensure that the water is tested.
This process could also be linked to health clinics
and concerns can then be flagged through twosystems – Health and Infrastructure.

B) Training community members in citizen science activities
This empowers the community to identify and address problems themselves when they
discover discrepancies in their water supply.
Empowering communities with information that enables them to make informed
decisions and legitimate demands, also allows them to negotiate and advocate results
for themselves.

Sustainability
It is important to start with the end in mind and to consider the long-term sustainabilityof the project. This section has been included as part of stakeholder engagement andpositioned close to the section related to municipal engagement as they are ideallyclosely aligned.
While this ‘model’ provides immediate and short-term solutions, you must look at
the longer-term sustainability of this water supply and its maintenance. This is also
important when risks such as climate change have been identified.
Fostering strong links to the municipality are critical for the sustainability of this work.
While these activities can occur without their participation, in the long term it is better
if they can be achieved together, with clear accountability and role clarification forthe management of these sites. There are no ‘best practice’ options and there may
be other options that have not been included here. Three options are suggested forconsideration.

REFER TO:STEP 6: WASH Activities & Veld Sanitation
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©Conservation International/photo by Patrick Nease3

AnalyseASSESSMENT
Before starting a project of this nature, it is important to have a goodunderstanding of the context of where you want to focus your efforts.
The process of gathering information is critical to ensure that the expressed needs ofthe community are addressed appropriately. Once the scope of the project is agreed,
the implementing organisation in collaboration with local community representatives
can conduct assessments and gather information relevant to the project.
These assessments include:
High level assessment
Legal framework review
3.3 Village level assessment
3.4 Household level assessment
3.5 Spring site assessment or hydrocensus
3.6 Water quality assessment
3.1

3.2

A project level baseline assessment provides a critical reference point for assessingchanges and impact, as it establishes a basis for comparing the situation before
and after an intervention, and for making inferences as to the effectiveness of theintervention. It provides information and data, can establish knowledge or awarenesslevels and provides context.
Qualitative and quantitative data must be collected during this process as both areimportant for the monitoring process. There are important differences between thesedata types and they both provide valuable contributions to this process.
QUANTITATIVE DATA is information about amounts and can thus be counted,
measured and expressed using numbers. These data collection methods are morestructured. They emphasize objective measurements and the analysis of datacollected through questionnaires and surveys. Examples include water flow, oxygen
levels, conductivity, turbidity, rainfall, temperature, indicator organisms etc.
QUALITATIVE DATA is descriptive, and documents that which can be observed
but not measured, such as language. It is descriptive and conceptual and can be
categorized based on traits and characteristics. Qualitative data collection methods
include unstructured and semi-structured techniques such as focus groups,
individual interviews, and observations. Examples include the spring name, whether
it is seasonal or perennial, fenced or open, the presence of a latrine or livestock kraal
above or near the spring, the presence, and density of IAPs around the spring etc.
Once the informal scoping of the village and its surrounds has taken place and there
is a sense that the environment will support spring protection activities, a projectlevel baseline assessment can be undertaken to ensure a sound understandingof the existing water-related situation in the region. This initial assessment can be
conducted to ensure that a comprehensive view is obtained at both micro and macrolevels and includes awareness of any planned municipal infrastructure and any
potential backlogs.
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Analyse | Step 3 | Assessment

3.1. HIGH LEVEL ASSESSMENT
A high-level assessment will involve a desktop review of existing policy andresearch reports. These provide information that assists in understanding the natural
biodiversity of the region, available water sources, risks to water sources, water
quality as well as municipal supply and other water interventions. This also provides
context and a framework of what is planned in the area and thus helps to identify any
potential areas of conflict.
This high-level information can be sourced from documents such as:

•
•
•
•
•
•

Local and district municipal IDPs - Municipalities of South Africa- www.municipalities.co.za.
District level climate change response plans, indicators, 				and district level data - Lets Respond Toolkit- http://www.letsrespondtoolkit.org/municipalities.
Climate change vulnerability assessment tool- Let’s Respond Tookit- http://www.letsrespondtoolkit.org/vulnerability-assessment.
National water sector climate change indicators - National 				Department of Environmental Affairs Climate Change Portal 			– http://environmental-impact.org.za/site/projects/climate-change-case-studies/.
National Water Resources Strategy (NWRS) - https://bit.ly/3iaek8y.
District level health information - District Health Barometer- https://www.hst.org.za/publications/Pages/HSTDistrictHealthBarometer.aspx.

3.2. LEGAL FRAMEWORK
An awareness of the national legislation related to activities of this nature is importantand each organisation needs to determine the necessary parameters for theirintended activities. As with municipal processes it is important to bear in mind that
timeframes for results may vary between provinces too and that this needs to beclearly understood and considered in the planning process.
Below are links to the relevant regulations that guide these activities and/interventions:•26

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Objectives, interventions, and outcomes to enable the country to meet its 		
obligations under the Paris Agreement, and implement the 				National Development Plan 2030 (NDP) vision of creating a low-carbon, climate
resilient economy and a just society, with a focus on 				adaptation to climate change. https://bit.ly/3j6o8ja

•
WHAT ISANEIA?
The Convention on Biological
Diversity (2010) defines
an Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) as a processof evaluating the likely
environmental impacts of a
proposed project or development,
considering inter-relatedsocio-economic, cultural andhuman-health impacts, bothbeneficial and adverse.

•
•
•
•

South Africa’s National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (NCCAS) outlines
objectives, interventions, and outcomes to enable the country to meet its 		
obligations under the Paris Agreement, and implement the National 			Development Plan 2030 (NDP) vision of creating a low-carbon, climate 		resilient economy and a just society, with a focus on adaptation to climate 		change. https://bit.ly/3xfF5Na
The framework for the sustainable management and protection of the 		environment is provided by the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA)(Act no. 107 of 1998). https://bit.ly/3ifcF1m OR https://bit.ly/3fjzkI3
The framework for the protection of water resources is provided by the National
Water Policy White Paper (DWAF, 1997) https://bit.ly/3ij5Mwd and the National 		
Water Act (NWA) (Act No. 36 of 1998). https://bit.ly/3jdbL4K.
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process is guided by the GNR326 EIA
regulations (2017) https://bit.ly/2WKrBwf promulgated in terms of NEMA 		
(Act No. 108 of 1998).
In Terms of the Municipal Systems Act (Act No. 32 of 2000) it is important for 		municipalities to go through an Integrated Development Plan (IDP) process to 		prepare a strategic development plan for their areas of jurisdiction. The IDP 		process, specifically the Spatial Development Framework component, shall 		
be based on a bioregional planning approach, which is meant to achieve continuity
in landscape and to maintain important natural areas and ecological processes.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)NB.

In South Africa, an EIA became a legal requirement in 1997 with the promulgation ofregulations under the Environment Conservation Act (Act 73 of 1989) (ECA). The EIA
regulations under the ECA were repealed but continue to apply to applications started
before the new regulations came into effect.

While a formal EIA is not required formost spring protection work as theactivity is below NEMA regulations
threshold, it is important to check thefootprint size in the regulations toconfirm this as each spring site will
be different.

The Amendment to the EIA regulations (2014), published in the Government
Gazette, No. 40772 on 7 April 2017, defines an environmental impact assessment
as ‘a systematic process of identifying, assessing and reporting environmental
impacts associated with an activity and includes basic assessment and Scopingand Environmental Impact Reporting (S&EIR).’ It is therefore a process by which theenvironmental consequences of a proposed activity or project are evaluated, andalternatives are analysed.

In Critical Biodiversity Areas(CBAs), which are defined forspecific geographic areas, there
are more stringent thresholds fordevelopments, which are listed
according to provinces, and definethe ‘triggers’ for requiring an
Environmental Authorisation (EA).
In general, any spring protection
work which infills or removes
less than 10m³ will not require an
environmental assessment.

NEMA also calls for a ‘Duty of Care’ to ensure that any development is responsibly
undertaken and not implemented at/to the detriment of the surroundings or
stakeholders, both now or in the future.

RESOURCESNEMA Guidelines - https://bit.ly/3xc0yq8
http://www.dwa.gov.za/Projects/WARMS/
e-WULAAS - Authorisation Process: https://www.dws.gov.za/ewulaas/WUA.aspx
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The National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) requires water users to register their water use
with the department as outlined in the Registration Guide: Raw Water Related Water
Uses. A guide for the registration of Raw Water Use information under the National
Water Act, (Act 36 of 1998). If you are partnering with the municipality, they can assist
with this.
Spring protection activities can be considered as relief or emergency water provision toprovide rural communities with reliable water access. As such they fall under Schedule
One under ‘water taken for reasonable domestic use in a person’s household from any
source’. This is true if the project remains at a small scale and the water is not accessed
for commercial benefit.

REFER TO:STEP 2:
Risk Management &Sustainability

TOOL #3
Village Data Template

TOOL #4

Water focused Household Survey

Generally, water licensing related to springs has not been undertaken or registered.
However, information and data about springs gathered through activities such as thosedescribed in this guide, provides valuable information to the DWS that supports theirlong-term monitoring of the ecological reserve. The actual registration process is underdiscussion, but the intention is to provide DWS, as the national water sector regulator,
with basic information on the protected springs, including location, flow, quality, numberof households supplied, threats and basic protection completed.
To cultivate water stewardship at community level and promote long term sustainability,
Traditional Authorities need to be made aware of the relevant legislation around wateruse. This is to encourage the development of greater independence for them within theprocess.
The following assessments described in 3.3 and 3.4 provide useful information to theimplementing organisation regarding the resources available and accessible to thevillage, and information around the usage patterns and perception of water by thecommunity members. This information may already be known to the implementing
organisation but it is useful to provide the context of the issue. When collecting
personal information from community members, it is important to be aware of theProtection of Personal Information Act (POPI Act) and the principles of Free, Prior
informed Consent or FPIC.

3.3. VILLAGE LEVEL ASSESSMENT
The next step would be an engagement with leaders and key decision makers within
the community. This meeting introduces a village level assessment which focuses
on demographics, resources, services, and facilities available to their community.
This information may be gathered from the Traditional Authorities and/or the Ward
Councillor (possibly in separate meetings).

3.4. HOUSEHOLD ASSESSMENT
This assessment aims to gain a clear understanding of the situation on the ground ata household level related to water security and use. This information provides insight
into the context for individual households and enables decisions regarding theprioritising and selection of springs to be both informed and equitable.
Essentially, this information includes the nature of existing water provision, its reliability,
location of water collected by each household, state of existing infrastructure,sanitation facilities and water usage patterns. It also asks basic questions related toknowledge around personal, household, and environmental hygiene.

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3.5. SPRING SITE ASSESSMENT OR HYDROCENSUS
This assessment is arguably one of the most important steps in spring protection andwill be informed by earlier levels of assessment.
The aim is to identify springs whose protection will undoubtedly yield the greatest
benefit to the community.
The reality is that there will be several springs in a community, but some will bebetter suited for protection than others. A thorough audit of the water resources andecosystem services should be conducted together with representative community
members to ensure local knowledge. It involves ongoing dialogue with community
members.
This audit serves several purposes, primarily:© Conservation International/photo by Thando Msomi

1. To identify sources of water available to the community.
2. To understand how the community utilises their water resources, (link to household

TIPS TO CONSIDER
When conducting a hydrocensus
it is important not to look at springs
alone as springs are often usedconcurrently with or in lieu of othersources. Depending on the state andcapabilities of these other sources,
choosing to protect a certain spring orgroup of springs may not always yield
the best return on investment.
Understanding the prevailing trends inweather patterns provides additional
context. Another source of informationis the historical records section of
the South African Weather Service
website. Local data collected can beviewed quarterly or annually against
climate impact such as changes inrainfall. https://bit.ly/3xcOjtj.

RESOURCESOpen Data KIt or ODK Collecthttps://opendatakit.org/
mWater
https://www.mwater.co/surveyor.html

assessment).
To identify existing challenges (if any) that the community has accessing water.
To identify potential solutions to water access challenges in the community.
To identify and understand the water quality status of proposed protection sites
To help gauge the required intervention against the implementing organisations
capability.
7. To help gauge potential outcomes resulting from the intervention.
8. To identify spring catchment management needs.

3.
4.
5.
6.

An audit of local water sources will take time to complete thoroughly and will require
long walks. It is critical that all known springs and water sources are included, as thisinformation combined with the technical inputs will substantiate information gathered in
the household survey regarding different locations. This will enable priority springs tobe identified.
The ideal spring will be one with strong evidence of use, acceptable water quality, withsafe access for both protection and collection activities. Information can be collectedon the ODK Collect or mWater apps or using the templates provided in Tool 5.
Feedback on the use of the free to operate mWater app has found it to be a
streamlined, user-friendly experience. The recent hydrocensus conducted in the upper
catchment across seven Traditional Authority areas by 20 youth Eco-champs used themWater app to collect data and photographs of more than 300 spring sources. This
process has enabled the app to be tested and refined. The app collates the data into
an Excel spreadsheet for screening and sorting, and displays the locations spatially in
Google Earth with linked information to the data for each spring site. This allows fordetailed ranking according to parameters such as funding availability, community need,accessibility, etc.
ODK Collect is a similar open-source software for collecting, managing, and using
data in resource-constrained environments. This offline, paperless data collection
method allows users to collect data on mobile devices in remote communities withlimited mobile connectivity. Users can obtain geolocation as well as upload pictures.
Submission of the data to a server is achieved when Internet connectivity is available,
but the app itself can be used without a mobile data connection. It runs on the
Google Apps platform for a small US dollar fee. It is designed to monitor changes in
the landscape, using specific environmental indicators, and can be used to measure
variables such as temperature, rainfall, biomass, spring condition.
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Analyse | Step 3 | Assessment

Experience shows that once the app is set up, and people are trained to use it, theinformation received has been timeous, accurate and consistent.
During implementation, all contributors found that the following resources were
essential in gathering this information:

H2 S

Hydrogen Sulphide
The presence of H2S coliform
bacteria in water samples
indicates contamination by E Coli(or faecal bacteria).

TOOL #5 & #6
Hydrocensus Form
Hydrocensus Spring Source Database1

Local Community Water Committees Or Boards

As the residents and main beneficiaries, they know the landscape well and can provide
local knowledge about the location of springs, usage patterns and seasonal history.
They are also a rich source of information about other ecosystem services such as
cultural practices that may have been impacted by lack of water.

2

Self-Verification

It is critical to independently verify the information obtained from the community. This
will require revisiting some of the springs to ascertain that the information is accurate,
to check flow rates and take hydrogen sulphide (H2S) coliform samples.

3

GIS & Other Technology

One of the outcomes of the initial hydrocensus is to create a database of the springs,
their locations and features. Plotting all the springs on mapping software like Google
Maps helps to visualise the footprint of an individual spring and how the springs areinterlinked. It can also be helpful in determining the locations of springs that may havebeen missed or other factors that may prove useful upstream.
These results should be integrated with the assessment findings and community
recommendations gathered during the initial surveys. All this information is captured in
the Hydrocensus Spring Source Database and can then be used to identify the priority
springs for protection and help determine the best protection approach to be used
at each site. Consideration of community recommendations ensures that the results
address the actual, rather than the perceived needs of the residents.

3.6. WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT©Conservation International/photo by Patrick Nease

One of the main reasons that springs are protected is to limit the likelihood ofcontamination of the water source, and in so doing help provide users with safe
drinking water. To this end, it is important that the water provisioned to communities
through a certain spring is of an adequate quantity and quality. This water quality
assessment should be done in parallel to the spring site assessment or hydrocensus.
Both assessments inform decision making on which springs to protect to optimise
results and minimise risk.
Every country in the world has its own rules and regulations that set the standard forwhat can be deemed as water of an acceptable drinking quality. In South Africa we use
the SANS 241 standard https://bit.ly/3y9q2pr.

©Conservation International/photo by Caroline Rose30

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This standard requires the comparison of the physical, microbiological, chemical andaesthetic properties of a given water sample against specified limits to assess its fitness
for use.

REFER TO:
STEP 6: WASH Activities& Veld Sanitation

In performing this quality test, the services of an accredited laboratory must be enlisted.
An alternative means of assessing the quality can be the use of field test kits which arecapable of providing a quicker overview of the given results at a cheaper cost. This
convenience does come at a cost however, as the accuracy of the field tests is at times
far less and they might require skilled personnel to run.
While the goal is to ensure compliance with the given regulatory standard in eacharea, this is not always possible given locally prevailing circumstances. What could beargued is more important is to ensure that the users of a given source of water, are fully
informed on what the condition of their preferred water source is, and what implications(if any) that using its water will have on their wellbeing. Experience has shown that inmost rural communities where springs are used heavily, microbiological contamination
resulting from poor sanitation practices or livestock interactions is often the biggest
quality concern.
In the initial stage of a water quality assessment, the table below can be used todetermine what sources of contamination could prove problematic based on various
pollution sources in an area. It is acknowledged that this table provides more pollution
sources than you would expect to find in a rural area, but they are included forcompleteness.

POLLUTION SOURCETYPE OF CONTAMINANT

Agricultural Activity

nitrates; ammonium; pesticides; faecal organisms

In-situ Sanitation

nitrates; faecal organisms; trace synthetic hydrocarbons

Gasoline Filling Stations & Garages

benzene; other aromatic hydrocarbons; phenols; some halogenatedhydrocarbons

Solid Waste Disposal

ammonium; salinity; some halogenated hydrocarbons; heavy metals

Metal Industries

trichloroethylene; tetrachloroethylene; other halogenatedhydrocarbons; heavy metals; phenols; cyanide

Painting and Enamel Works

alkylbenzene; tetrachloroethylene; other halogenated hydrocarbons;metals; some aromatic hydrocarbons

Timber Industry

pentachlorophenol; some aromatic hydrocarbons

Dry Cleaningtrichloroethylene; tetrachloroethylene

Pesticide Manufacture

various halogenated hydrocarbons; phenols; arsenic

Sewage Sludge Disposal

nitrates; various halogenated hydrocarbons; lead; zinc

Leather Tanneries

chromium; various halogenated hydrocarbons; phenols

Oil and Gas Exploration/Extraction

salinity (sodium chloride); aromatic hydrocarbons

Metalliferous and Coal Mining

acidity; various heavy metals; iron; sulphates

Table: Common groundwater contaminants and associated pollution sources(Source GW-MATE Briefing Note Series, Note 8, 2002 – 2006)

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Analyse | Step 3 | Assessment

Once identified, consultation with industry experts and locals would then be the best
way of assessing the risks from the contamination and identify applicable mitigation
measures.

Possible Contamination Of Water From Materials Used In Formal Structures
Concerns can arise about polluting the water through the introduction of foreignmaterial during protection efforts. While the possibility exists, the likelihood ofcontamination of water from materials used in structures is very low and is not a big
concern. The reasons behind this are:

1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

©Conservation International/photo by Caroline Rose

TOOL #6
Hydrocensus andSpring Source Database

In most structures, a significant portion of the materials used are materials 		
occurring naturally in the landscape i.e. rocks and sand and thus present no 		significant contamination threat to the water.
Where foreign substances are used, they are selected from materials developed
specifically for water transport and storage applications.
While there could be concerns about some of the substances in the cement/		
concrete mixture leaching into the water, this is only a concern in the first few 		
days when the mixture has not yet cured. However, once it is stable there is little
contamination risk.
The ‘residence time’ of the water (or how long the water spends in the chambers)
in protected springs is small and generally does not allow for contamination.
One risk that may be incurred with both formal and informal structures is damage
to the spring environment by project works. This can arise from a range of factors
including poor trenching techniques or mixing of concrete on inadequately 		
prepared surfaces. The result being that the environment suffers as a result. 		
Ultimately, it is important to ensure that the correct legislation and protocol 		is followed during any project work, with the aim to keep any damage done to theenvironment at a minimum.

3.7. SPRING SITE SELECTION
Once the Spring Source Database or spreadsheet has been produced from thehydrocensus using a mobile app, a list of priority springs can be identified. When theimplementing party is confident in its ability to undertake the work, these options canbe presented to the community leadership and governance structures. This meetingshould include representatives of all stakeholder groups, as it is important thateveryone is heard and informed of the findings. The meeting should include youth,
community members of all genders, Traditional Authorities, ward councillors, andmunicipal representatives if they are to be involved going forward.
During the meeting, the results of the hydrocensus will be presented for discussion
before decisions are made on which springs to protect. It is important that the mostviable springs for protection from the implementer’s perspective are consideredalongside recommendations from the community. This way a meaningful intervention is
guaranteed. If necessary, allow time for the community, with their leadership to decideon which springs to protect within the implementers stipulated constraints.
The meeting agenda should include:

1.

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Presentation of the hydrocensus results, detailing the characteristics of the 		
identified priority springs, what is possible at each site and the anticipated impact,
direct or indirect benefits for the community.

2. Discussion and question time to discuss the presentation should be allowed.
3. Discussion of other planned developments (if any) in the area that may interferewith protection efforts or spring functionality beyond project phase.

4. This hopefully will lead to agreement with the community of which sites are to be
declared implementation sites and why.

5. It is necessary to outline what skills and resources (financial, labour, material) will
be needed for the implementation, where they will come from and how they will beobtained.
6. The material and in-kind costs and responsibility of maintenance to be outlined andpresented.
Again, all discussions and points raised in the meeting should be recorded in theminutes and shared with all stakeholders at the end of the day.
This ensures that there is no confusion later as to what was decided.
At this point, it will be important to highlight the approach and preparatory steps to betaken ahead of starting the work. This includes explaining the following points:

Scope Of Work
While this guide is focused predominantly on spring protection, it is likely that thiswork is undertaken with supplementary activities depending on the mandate of theimplementing organisation or the funder. Common examples include the removal ofalien vegetation, helping manage waste in the area, promoting good water, sanitation,and hygiene (WASH) practices. It is important to ensure early on that the communityand leadership are informed and aware and will be able to play their role whererequired.

Timeframes
It is important that a reasonable estimate of the project timeframe is communicatedwith the community and all stakeholders. This is to allow the project activities to becoordinated and executed properly. It also assists where other stakeholders will be
providing labour or material. It ensures that everyone is aware of what is required ofthem. This will help ensure the smooth running of the project. In our experience, oncethe meetings and engagements are completed, the project implementation time frame
can vary between three and six weeks. However, this will also depend on other factors,
for example the number of people involved in implementation, the weather, and theterrain.

©Conservation International/photo by Caroline Rose

34
©Conservation
International/photo by Patrick Nease
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4

Plan

PREPARATION FOR
INTERVENTIONTaking the time to plan ahead can help to identify possible delays orchallenges that can derail progress on your project. Proper planning canhelp save time, money and reputation with your stakeholders. Do notunderestimate the importance of this step.
Together with knowing the time frames for the project execution, it is important toknow how these activities might disrupt the lives and activities of the community. For
example, during the construction of an engineered spring the capability of the spring
to deliver enough potable water might be temporarily affected, and alternative sources
would need to be identified. It is therefore essential that the community is briefed wellahead of the disturbance so they can prepare themselves. A reasonable estimate ofthe duration of the disturbance should also be given to the community so they can plan
appropriately.

4.1. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND LABOUR CONSIDERATIONS
Depending on the resources available, it is anticipated that some assistance will be
required from the community and/or other stakeholders in the implementation phase.
This may involve the supply of some materials, provision of specific labour for theconstruction and storage facilities for tools and equipment.
The issue of labour is a sensitive one and must be handled with extreme care as this iswhere tensions tend to arise. To avoid any confusion, it should be very clear from theonset of the project what the labour requirements are and how they will be managed.
Over and above any existing project labour, if additional labour is required for the
project, it is preferable that they are recruited locally where possible. The main benefit
is that this helps promote optimism and creates a sense of local ownership for the
project.
Local leadership can assist in suggesting possible candidates for recruitment asthey know their community. These projects require mostly unskilled labour, and theease of replicability makes it relatively easy to participate in the work. Rememberthat as the implementer, there should be parameters for the labour, i.e. physically fit,
specific knowledge or skills (if available or required) or level of literacy, if required.
All recommendations from the community should be screened and the implementer
should make the final decision regarding who is taken on.

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Plan | Step 4 | Preparation For Intervention

lesson learned

In the case of the engineered springs the following key roles were identified:
Spring Architect – is responsible for designing the spring capture and ensuringthat relevant materials are sourced either locally (stone, sand etc.) or purchased(cement, pipes, manhole covers, etc.) according to a bill of quantities.
Team Leader –will oversee all proceedings on site and is the main link between
the office and site personnel. All instructions on site are carried out through theteam leader who is responsible for ensuring that work is carried out as instructed.
They must have some technical competency.
Bricklayer – oversees building the structure.
Mixer – works alongside the bricklayer and is responsible for managing supplies.
Fittings Specialist – will oversee the spring plumbing.
Office Support – is responsible for gathering the necessary materials andensuring that they are in adequate supply. The office will ensure that the work on
the ground aligns with project mandates and budget constraints.

It is recommended that a screening
process be adopted for allcommunity members suggested by
the local authorities, to identify any
limitations or competency issues.
Early on, labour candidates wereappointed without a screening
process. These candidates weresometimes family members of
the traditional authority which led
to some unhappiness within thecommunity.
Some candidates had undeclared
health issues and posed a threat
to themselves and their colleagues
when handling tools and equipment.

The personnel above are not limited to their spheres and can work together if there
is a clear line of command among them. Job descriptions, roles and responsibilities
need to be made clear from the start. Labour can be added or subtracted from theabove list depending on spring complexity and the available construction time.
The key is to ensure that everyone understands what is to be accomplished and isadequately equipped to do so.
Remuneration for labour will depend on the resources available to the implementing
organisation, and it is recommended that the issue of remuneration be discussed
openly at initial meetings to avoid any misunderstandings. Project resources will also
impact on specific training or other capacity development needs that need to be met.
While it is not only important to consider the individuals directly involved in theconstruction process, there are also implementing organisational level implications to
be considered too. These aspects need to be considered and risks planned for. They
can include:

•
•
•
•
•

Field staff time, travel, procurement and vehicle maintenance
Health and safety responsibility
Cost of training, PPE and tools and equipment
Public opinion of organisation by target community
HR and Finance team input

4.2. TRAINING
Once the team is established, it is important to equip them with the skills andknowledge necessary for their work tasks. This is to ensure that everyone is clear
and has a basic understanding of the work to be done. Training is necessary
regardless of whether there will be a full-time project supervisor on site or not. Oncecompleted, there will be a level of assurance that everyone understands and is clear
what is to be accomplished and how it will be done.
Training could incorporate the following suggested elements:

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SPRING PROTECTION GUIDE
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•
•
•

The different types of springs. (Refer to Tool 7)
An introduction to climate change
How to capture the water from the different types of springs

RECOMMENDED PPEoveralls(pants & jacket)

sunhat••••Natural features of healthy vs unhealthy water sources and wetlands
How to locate the various aspects of a spring
Different types of fittings and plumbing used in spring protection
Clearing of alien plants. This may be limited to techniques to ring bark them, but if 		the growth is substantial, then either training on chain saw use would be necessary 		
or employing a contractor to remove them (Refer to 4.6.)

The extent of the training will depend on several factors, but it should be noted that, themore effort directed towards this, the better equipped the team will be for protecting not
only the springs in the project, but many others beyond the project phase.

4.3. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS
clear goggles

heavy duty
glovesRegardless of whether the spring protection structures will be formal or informal, tools andpersonal protective equipment (PPE) will be required to complete the work safely and well.
These items should be included in the initial budget as they are essential to ensure a safe
working environment.
It is recommended that a register of tools purchased for the project be created and a
dedicated person identified to take responsibility for the tools, their storage and upkeep.

gum boots

saftey boots
hard/steel tips

TIPS TO CONSIDERIn places that are hard to access it
may be necessary to be creativewith the transport of materials. The
budget should therefore
allow for somecontingency plans.

4.4. BUILDING MATERIALS
Depending on the degree of protection required for a given spring, different approaches
can be used. The protection approach and requirements will dictate what building materials
will be required, and the quantity needed. Most materials can be purchased from the local
builder’s yard or hardware store and can be easily transported to site using a bakkie. It isvery important that the logistics of getting all the necessary material to site are plannedcarefully so the on-site teams spend as little time as possible waiting on their procurement.
Whilst bricks are not used in the less formal structures, challenges related to the delivery ofmaterials on site remain the same. Depending on ease of access to the location, some canbe delivered by a bakkie and then by wheelbarrow.

Suggested Tool List For
Informal Structures

TROWELTAPE MEASURE

WHEELBARROW

BUCKETPANGASHOVEL

FLOAT

Suggested Tool List For
Formal Structures
HAMMERWHEELBARROWCHAINSAWTAPE MEASURESPIRIT LEVELFLOATPICK AXE

HACKSAWSHOVEL

BUILDERS SQUARETROWELPIPE WRENCH

BUILDERS LINEPANGA

PICK AXE

BUCKET

PIPE WRENCH

HAMMER

Plan | Step 4 | Preparation For Intervention

Important to remember
ASSUMPTION #2 & #3
The organisation has anenvironmental and/or
developmental focus.
The organisation has the necessary
capacity and technical competence
to conduct this work.

4.5. SITE AND PROTECTION ZONE PREPARATION
It is anticipated that the implementing organisation is already involved in related
catchment management activities, such as invasive alien plant clearing, managed
livestock grazing, wetland monitoring, land use planning discussions etc. and will beable to bring their experience in these activities for the benefit of the spring protection
work.
Typically, an area 10m-20m around the spring is designated the ‘inner protection’ zone
and should be fenced and planted with grass to prevent runoff and erosion. Trees
should be removed within this zone, especially if they are IAPs. However, if they are
indigenous species then there is more to consider, and opinion should be sought fromthe community leadership.
Removal of IAPs such as black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) and silver wattle (Acacia
dealbata) is an important step in the preparation of the site. It is known that IAPs arethirsty plants that remove a significant amount of water from the environment. Removalof alien vegetation, to a distance of at least 100m from the water source helps to ensurethat all available water is accessible to the spring and that the IAPs do not compromise
the available water.

TIPS TO CONSIDER
Whilst all plants need water, and theirroots naturally seek out this resource,root systems can have a detrimental
effect on construction activities in thelong term. In the case of IAPs theirremoval is expected.
However, in our experience, theremoval of indigenous trees must be
considered very carefully. Community
leadership in various villages havespoken strongly against the removal ofindigenous trees around springs.
Therefore, it is recommended that thepossible removal of indigenous trees
should be very carefully considered,and no decisions rushed. It would
also be important to establish theenvironmental impact of the root
networks before any decisions are
made.
There are many reservations aroundremoval of indigenous trees and theopinion of community leaders should
be valued.

Techniques for removing wattle can be demonstrated and taught by the implementers
or by suitably qualified organisations. Again, full PPE, will be required for this activity.
Pangas are generally sufficient for ring barking or bark stripping if the growth is notwell established, however, chainsaws may be required for well-established trees. In thiscase, specific training or experience is required and recommended. It is often easier
to contract out this activity unless specific skills are present within the implementing
organisation. Regular maintenance and follow up of these cleared areas are critical asplants reshoot, and these new shoots must be removed each year.
A sturdy fence should be erected around the water access point, ideally with asecurable gate. This fence needs to be strong enough to prevent access by livestockand unauthorised people. The community must be involved in the erection of this fence
and decisions around access so that all members can have water security.
Environmental management activities within the protection zone, will help to ensure
the long-term sustainability of the water source. Maintenance of this zone around thespring will require monitoring and attention by the community in the long term.
Besides the monitoring of regrowth of IAPs, this protection zone should not be used
for:

•
•
•
•
•

habitation by people
livestock kraaling and grazing
pit latrines above the water source or within the zone
light industry
dumping of rubbish

The dumping of rubbish is a significant problem in rural areas as there is no formal
collection service and the issue of waste management should be discussed withthe village leadership and community members during this work. This is essential toprevent contamination of the groundwater.

RESOURCES
IAP Clearing
https://bit.ly/2UWQ80J
WWF - A practical guide to managing
invasive alien plants
https://bit.ly/3lbAMQm

TIPS TO CONSIDER
An additional advantage of clearing
dense vegetation is that visibility is
increased and the safety of people,
particularly women and children, isenhanced while collecting water.
This may not be a concern in all areas
but is an important consideration andbenefit to the broader community.

The spring site itself must also beprotected from surface water run off
during periods of heavy rain. This
may take the form of retaining walls,
gabions or the creation of a drainage
ditch to divert water flow away from thesource and the chambers. Ideally thesestructures should all be within the fenced
area to prevent damage from livestockor others. Planting grass and ensuring
ground cover in this inner zone also
assists to prevent erosion from waterrunoff.

©Photo by Tessa Mildenhall

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©ERS/Photo by Mahabe S Mojela

5

DesignTYPE OFINFRASTRUCTURE
Based on the experiences in Umzimvubu Catchment, the choice ofinfrastructure design and type will depend on the purpose, the location,and the unique features of each spring site. It is also critical to consider theavailable budget. It is at this point that the quality of the initial assessments
and the value of local knowledge form the foundation of decisions to bemade going forward.
In Umzimvubu Catchment, springs are plentiful in the upper and middle catchments
where the land rises towards the Southern Maloti Drakensberg range. The top of theupper catchment appears suited to the construction of more formal structures due toless vegetation around each spring and generally easier accessibility. Springs that are
hard to access will require additional piping or storage tanks to bring the water to aplace in the village where people can collect their water more easily.
Experience in this catchment includes construction of both formal and informal
structures in different locations within the catchment and an overview of each, together
with their benefits and limitations are presented below.
There are two main resources to consider when protecting springs.
The first, is a comprehensive manual - Spring Catchment by Christian Meurli and Karl
Wehrle (2001) which was produced by SKAT in Switzerland. It is Volume 4 in a series ofmanuals on drinking water supply.
The second is a report for the Water Research Commission (2003) on the Reliability ofsmall spring water supply systems for community water supply projects. It contains three
volumes on related topics: Volume 1 – Assessment of characteristics of spring flows insmall springs by Ian Pearson, Volume 2 – The hydrogeology of South African Springs,
by John Weaver and Volume 3 – Spring assessment and construction methods by PhilipRavenscroft. Volume 3 draws on the first resource but with specific context in South
Africa.
In Pearson et al, (Volume 3, 2003), Ravenscroft outlines two types of spring protectionthat have been commonly used in South Africa. Firstly, the spring box method that has
been used in South Africa and secondly the spring catchment and chamber method,which is used in Lesotho. Details of these are outlined in the report.
Generally, all protected springs will have the following key elements in their design: theeye, a silt or settling chamber and a collection or storage chamber with a tap or accesspoint. However, these structures differ greatly from site to site and between the formal
and informal structures.

Design | Step 5 | Type Of Infrastructure

lessons learned
While this information will have cometo light during the initial assessment,
it is important to be aware that one
spring does not generally provide
water for all households in a village.

THE EYE
The Eye is the point where water emerges from the ground. All spring protections
efforts begin here and water is then channelled to subsequent chambers for collection.
Protecting the eye ensures continued water supply and the location and geology of theseeyes vary from spring to spring. An intake chamber is usually built around this point.

This needs to be considered whenselecting springs to ensure equitablewater access through this project. .

©Conservation International/photo by Caroline Rose

©ERS/photo by Mahabe S Mojela

Above - The first image shows an eye on the edge of a stream, flowing into the stream. In thesecond image, the eye emerges from hollowed out rock material.

1©ERS/photo by Mahabe S Mojela

2©Conservation International/photo by Thando Msomi

Above - These two photos show springs emerging from under rock structures.

RESOURCES
Meuli, C. & Wehrle, K., 2001. Spring
Catchment, vol 4 of series of manuals
on drinking water supply, SKAT, Swiss
Centre for Development Cooperationin Technology and Management,
Switzerland. Available athttps://bit.ly/2Vq92gh(accessed 6/04/2021).
Pearson, I., Weaver, J. & Ravenscroft,
P. (2003) The reliability of small springwater supply systems for community
water supply projects. Water ResearchCommission Report No.859/1/03.
Available fromhttps://bit.ly/3C3HPRj(accessed 15/11/2020).

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THE SILT OR SETTLING CHAMBERThe Silt or Settling Chamber is where the silt and other sediment settles out of the water
before it is drawn away for collection. In formal structures this is achieved by having twooutlets to the chamber; an upper outlet where cleared water is drawn out and a scour atthe base of the tank for releasing sediment.

©ERS/photo by Mahabe S Mojela©Conservation International/photo by Thando Msomi

A formal Silt Chamber structure with the threeoutlets from the chamber visible; an overflow
outlet, a scour and a mainline for drawingout settled water. The structure is covered toprevent the infiltration of outside material into
the spring system.

This Silt or Settling Chamber is underconstruction. The water feeds into the tank fromthe pipe on the right. There is hole on the leftof the tank where the pipe will be inserted totransfer the water to the collection chamber.

THE COLLECTION CHAMBER
The Collection Chamber and tap or access point is where water is stored for collection.
Excess water is released through an overflow outlet where it is directed downstream forlivestock and other uses. Depending on available space, the silt chamber and collection
chamber can be one unit. Depending on the yield of the spring and the water quality, thecollection chamber is not always completely necessary and water can be withdrawn at acollection point directly after the settling chamber. Should treatment of the water become
necessary then the storage chamber can be used for this purpose.
In engineered structures, multiple outlets will have to be incorporated into the spring
design. These serve primarily to provide alternative flow paths should any of the outlet
paths become blocked which helps to avoid unnecessary pressure on the spring.

©ERS/photo by Mahabe S Mojela

Above - A formal collection chamber sits behind
the access point where water can be collectedfrom the tap.

©Conservation International/photo by Caroline Rose

Above - This collection chamber receives waterfrom the pipes at the back of the tank and theoverflow at the front is available for collection asneeded.

5.1. COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
It is recommended that meetings be held with a select group of community members to
explain and discuss the possible option/s. This discussion should include the benefits
and/or limitations of each option. If appropriate, the structure could then be co-designedwith a core group of community members based on the following considerations:

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Purpose – i.e. for human or livestock use.
Volumetric output of spring. This can be measured by holding a 500ml or 2l bottle
at the eye of the spring and timing how long it takes to fill the container with water.
For more options to measure spring flow refer to Pearson, Weaver & Ravenscroft2003) Volume 3, pages 7-9.
If the water is safe for consumption or if significant quality gains can be made 		
through protection efforts.
Protection needs e.g. improved accessibility, clearing of invasive plant species,
fencing off from animals.
Available budget and resources for construction and maintenance needs.
An engineered option if appropriate and resources allow.
Option to link to existing municipal infrastructure (if available or suitable) *this 		requires municipal permission and if this is an option then the municipality must be
involved at this meeting too.

It is necessary to be transparent about the resources and budget available as this helps
to manage community expectations.
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Design | Step 5 | Type Of Infrastructure

lessons learned
Take care not to ‘over engineer’
any protection structure as this cancause the costs to rise dramatically.

5.2. FORMAL, ENGINEER DESIGNED STRUCTURESIn the figures below, users can be seen collecting water from formally protectedsprings. In each case the spring structure has been equipped with a storage systemand tap to allow water to accumulate in the system for collection. These structures
provide a focal point in the community and water can be gathered with ease from thetap. Some of the construction may be underground and not visible to the community.

Any planned work should always
weigh up the extent of community
benefit against the available
resources. This is important whenworking on multiple spring sites
where the protection costs canfluctuate significantly between
springs.
The true extent of work to bedone sometimes only reveals itself
after excavation work has been
completed. It is therefore important
to be able to manage any gains
made carefully so they can spill over
into subsequent protection sites.
©ERS/photo by Mahabe S Mojela©ERS/photo by Mahabe S Mojela

CROSS SECTIONPROTECTED ENGINEERED SPRING
MAHABE S MOJELA, ERS 2021

SPRING EYE
concealedfrom external
contamination bybidim + concrete

STORAGE TANK
for treatment
and collection(with control
valves)Retaining
Wall
Overflow Pipe
Supply Pipe1

Original SPRING EYE
concealed from external
environment with rocks
acting as a filter medium

A cross section of the design of a formal engineered structureused by ERS. It is based on the Spring box method.

SILT SETTLINGCHAMBER

Supply Pipe <50mm

3

2

•
•
•
•
•

The covered protected spring area varies from site to site. Generally lessthan 25m2 .
The supply pipe ranges in dimension. Generally <50mm diameter and length
depends on distance to user base and landscape condition.
The storage tank provides temporary storage for collection.
All the other water collected is redirected to overflow.
The water collected is for community domestic use only.

User
COLLECTION
POINT with
tap for ease ofcollection

Vol app 2000 l varied

20 litreDrum

BENEFITS OF FORMAL STRUCTURES

LIMITATIONS OF FORMAL STRUCTURES

Modern infrastructure is aesthetically pleasing andnot out of place.

Generally, higher cost due to infrastructure i.e. bricks, taps, tanks,
fuel and organisational time.

Based on the community tap model which provides
community dignity.

Requires specific engineering expertise.

Stored water is covered and protected fromexternal influences.

Labour required is intensive and daily. Full time construction
management and site monitoring is needed.

Run off can be used for livestock watering andoverflow continues as a stream.

There may be minimal run off.

Water can be stored for later collection. This isuseful for low flow springs with large numbers ofdependants.

They can be difficult to maintain after project phase as theyrequire skilled labour.

Run off can be regulated to prioritise the needs of
upstream or downstream users.

They can be prone to vandalism by community members seeking
to use the equipment for their own benefit, i.e. uprooted taps andpipes. This disadvantage needs to be incorporated into design andrisk management.

Water can be channelled to where it is needed
most.
Provides skills development for participants.
Some structures still replicable by local masons.
Comparison of the benefits and disadvantages of formal engineered structures.

5.3. INFORMAL STRUCTURES
The middle catchment is hillier and springs are often found in steep ravines or water
gullies in forests. These springs, while plentiful can be more challenging to access due
to steep, rocky slopes, alien and indigenous vegetation.
These structures have a low impact on the environment as they are mostly constructedusing local materials; stones, rocks and sand collected in the area. They are situated at
the eye of the spring and comprise two chambers or reservoirs. The eye is connectedto the silt or settling chamber by means of pipes or concrete channels. Pipes again link
the settling tank to the collection chamber where there will be an access point fromwhich water is collected. Most structures are visible above ground which allows foreasy repair, however if the pipes are very long they are usually dug into the ground toprevent injury to or damage by livestock or people.
These sites are ‘open systems’ and water flows through the system unrestricted. The
overflow from the access point is directed away from the fenced area to re-join thestream or wetland below, and often services an area where livestock drink.
©Conservation International/photo by Caroline Rose

This spring is located a distance from thevillage on a hillside. The eye is protected
and the cage is kept locked to prevent
contamination or interference. Water istransported to the village using gravity
through pipes that were dug in by thecommunity.

Depending on the location and accessibility of the protected spring, the infrastructure isdesigned to achieve specific purposes. Left and on the next page are some examples
of different informal protected springs. The different styles can be influenced byavailable resources, locations or needs.

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Design | Step 5 | Type Of Infrastructure©Conservation International/photo by Caroline Rose

©Conservation International/photo by Caroline Rose

This site is located within a village and issurrounded by households. The collection
chamber has a tap for access. Both chambersin this site are covered with shade cloth toprevent contamination and the area isfenced.

This protected spring is a short walk from the closest
homesteads and services only part of the village. The eye ison the left of the image and feeds the collection tank on theright via the pipes. Water flows freely from the access pointin the collection tank and rejoins the stream at the frontof the image. The water then flows into livestock accesspoints below this complex and continues downstream.

CROSS SECTIONPROTECTED INFORMAL SPRING

Open or closed
chamber/weir at
the SPRING EYE

THANDO MSOMI, CSA 2021

Valve

SILT SETTLINGCHAMBER
concrete/
plastic drum
25 - 50 litres+/- 100m to 2km’s long
40 - 50mm

Poly cop Pipe

SPRING
EYE

2500 - 10000
Litre Tank

Tap
32mm

Poly cop Pipe
Homestead46

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Flood Mitigation Measures Important In
The Planning Stages:
Not planning adequately for dry and wet
season variability in the spring flow andspring environment can cause unwanted
problems.
As construction usually takes place during
the dry season when the water flow isoften lower, it is critical to consider the
possible impact of flood and heavy rains on
construction and to plan accordingly. This
will include consideration of the diameterof the pipes selected to cope with higher
water flow. This is important to prevent the
spring structure being overwhelmed withthe flow supply during the wet season.
Other aspects to be considered include
construction of retaining walls, gabions ora drainage ditch to divert water away fromthe spring site in the event of flooding or
heavy rainfall.
Accessible pathways should be planned
for the safe transportation of water in all
weather conditions.

REFER TO:STEP 1:
Stakeholder Management
1.6. government engagement

STEP 2:
Risk Management &Sustainability

BENEFITS OF INFORMAL STRUCTURES

LIMITATIONS OF INFORMAL STRUCTURES

Low environmental impact.

Structures can become more difficult to construct with increased
spring complexity.

Cheaper (fencing, poles, cement).

Can be left uncovered, leaving water prone to contamination by
airborne debris.

Uses natural, local materials which reduces transport
costs.

Large stones need more cement/mortar which can increase costs.

Minimal external materials required – which
encourages ease of replication and maintenance.

Access is often awkward due to their location on slopes, gullies,
and surrounding vegetation.

Easy to replicate at community level.

Structural integrity not always sound.

Run off can easily be made available for livestock andsupport of ecosystems e.g. wetlands.

Unless properly fenced off, it becomes vulnerable to tampering bycommunity/livestock.

Generally, it is a free-flowing water system.
Can be fenced to control unwanted access.
Comparison of the benefits and disadvantages of these informal structures.

5.4. ACCESS TO SPRING SITES
Ensuring safe access to all spring sites is important as they will be used daily by many
people. It is important that access routes are factored into the planning to prevent
degradation to surrounding soil or wetland areas.
In some situations, the area around a spring can be very wet and additional pressure
from people or livestock can cause significant environmental damage. Pathways tothe spring site must be clear and able to cope with human or livestock traffic. Where
runoff creates a water point for livestock, it becomes critical to have some hardened
surface (stone pack or similar) to avoid them trampling the saturated soils. This typeof degradation is common at unprotected productive springs and there needs to beplanning to avoid this issue.

5.5. COMBINING SPRING PROTECTION AND MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE
A recent development in some spring sites has involved collaboration between the
DM and the community. This has been important as it has practically linked naturebased solutions to engineered municipal infrastructure using an EbA approach. Thiswas facilitated by CSA and resulted in improved water access for larger numbers ofpeople. Following site visits and discussions, budgets were allocated by the DM forthe infrastructure (i.e. pipes, tanks) and in some cases the labour requirements were
undertaken by the community, i.e. to prepare the ground by digging trenches orflattening land for tanks. This required close work with the Municipal Technical Team who
are familiar with the existing infrastructure layout and materials needed to achieve thedesired result. Involvement of the rural water operator (RWO) in each village is importantin this process.
There are many positives to linking existing municipal infrastructure with protectedsprings, both formal and informal. The main advantage being that water can be provided
to more households through links to greater infrastructure. There is also opportunity
for water quality testing and maintenance to be taken on by the municipality as these
aspects fall under their mandate as the WSP. Care must be taken to ensure thecompatibility of the two systems when linking a formally protected spring to municipal
infrastructure.
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Design | Step 5 | Type Of Infrastructure

5.6. MAINTENANCE
It is important to establish in the planning phase, which parties will be
responsible for maintaining the infrastructure once it is completed.
These decisions, responsibilities and accountabilities need to be
documented and made apparent. A MoU may be required between
the relevant parties to ensure that these decisions, responsibilities andaccountabilities are made clear. Site maintenance will include follow-up
of cleared areas of wattle as well as the actual protected spring site.
Aspects that need to be discussed include:

•
•
•
•
•
•

Who will be responsible for day-to-day maintenance, especially inthe rainy season?
Who will they report issues to?
Who will be responsible for repairing leaks etc?
Who will be responsible for what aspects of the infrastructure (Thiswill be important if there are different responsibilities for different
parts of the structure)?
Over what time frame will maintenance issues be addressed?
Who will collect climate data at the site?

5.7. COMMON ERRORS TO AVOID DURING CONSTRUCTION
Meurli and Werhle (2001) provided a list of 20 errors to be avoided,
which were revised and expanded on by Ravenscroft in Volume 3 ofPearson et al (2003). Ravenscroft’s full list has been included here,
however, given the multitude of different approaches and techniquesthat can be employed to protect a spring system, it is important to notethat not all these points will apply to every spring. It is critical for the
implementing organisation to be able to identify and address thosepoints that apply to their specific design.
All the following points must be considered by the implementing
organisation, together with the section on Risk Management.

••

No or insufficient monitoring of the spring flow prior to 		development results in the spring being unable to provide the‘planned’ water demand. Lack of knowledge of the high flow
conditions can result in too small pipes being used, causingback pressure and spring failure.
Trees not cleared (and kept clear) from the inner protection zone
cause roots to damage the spring box.

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2021©Conservation International/Photo by Tessa Mildenhall

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Insufficient excavation means the spring is constructed in 		
unstable material.
Mechanical excavation or unsupervised excavation damages theimpermeable layer or results in back pressure on the water 		bearing layer.
The excavation extends too far to the sides resulting in a long
barrage wall requiring unnecessary work and expenditure.
No scour facility installed.
No manhole cover or an inappropriate manhole cover that does
not seal, provide security of the source or cannot be removed
by one person.
Manhole level with slab and the slab not sloped away from the
manhole results in contamination of the water source with 		surface water.
Geofabrics used in the source block with sediment causing backpressure and failure.
Galvanised steel pipe used in corrosive water.
No flanges or pipe roughening at the interface of pipes withconcrete results in leaks developing around the pipe.
Barrage wall not built with waterproof materials.
Outlet and overflow pipes built above the level of the source.
No isolating valve on the outlet.
No air valve on the outlet (vacuum breaker for pipeline).
No water meter for measuring water abstracted.
No or not big enough drainage channel above the spring resultsin surface storm water contamination and erosion.
No or inadequate fence and no locked gate in the fence to 		
control access.
No protection of the slopes behind and to the sides of the 		
spring protection results in erosion and collapse of the walls
onto the spring protection.
Pools of water allowed to form around the spring protection by
not providing drainage for scour and overflow water away fromthe area of the spring.

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©Conservation International/Photo by Tessa Mildenhall

6Amplify

WASH ACTIVITIES & VELDSANITATION
When freshwater conservation integrates the WASH in Watersheds
approach it can achieve multiple project objectives, simultaneously. As in
the approach taken here, the project demonstrates that addressing water
access, supply and health, sanitation and hygiene, and land management
practices in a more holistic and effective way to achieve local water
stewardship.

6.1. THE BIGGER PICTURE
Why include activities related to hygiene and sanitation in a guide to spring protection?

•
•
•
•
•
•

Water for human consumption can easily become contaminated when there are
inadequate sanitation or poor hygiene practices, jeopardizing human health.
Water sources in rural South Africa are generally linked to natural areas that are
being damaged and polluted through overuse or mismanagement.
Climate change is affecting the way the environment can supply communities withwater and other natural resources. Sharing of water sources by people and 		animals is more common during periods of drought.
When people and animals use the same water sources, there is an increased riskof disease spreading from animals to humans.
Water sources often have high bacterial levels due to poorly managed or 		
maintained upstream areas. This affects people living downstream too.
Rural communities are becoming increasingly aware of the interrelatedness of thehealth of their environment and the health of their livestock and families.

WASH is an acronym for water, sanitation and hygiene and is used internationally torefer to projects that address water supply, water infrastructure or behaviour change
for improving sanitation and hygiene practices. WASH programming combines thesethree components i.e. to increase access to clean water, provide access to latrines
and to educate about proper handwashing and hygiene methods because they allinterconnected. They are often described as a three-legged stool: access to cleanwater is one leg, healthy behaviours are another and building infrastructure, such as
latrines, are the third. All three legs for the stool are required to balance. Work related
to WASH is usually undertaken by development organisations rather than conservation
organisations. While conservation organisations do not directly aim to meetdevelopmental needs there is an opportunity to integrate these activities for greater
benefits and impact within rural communities.

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Amplify | Step 6 | WASH Activities & Veld Sanitation

hygiene [noun]
The degree to which people keep
themselves or their environment clean,especially to prevent disease.

sanitation [noun]
The systems for taking dirty waterand other waste products away frombuildings in order to protect people’s
health.

The sharing of this information provides communities with resources and informationthat can be used to make decisions that are informed and specific to their community.
For clarity – the definitions of ‘hygiene’ and ‘sanitation’ from the online Cambridge
English Dictionary are important to keep in mind.
Formal sanitation is not dealt with directly in this guide as it was not part of theinterventions undertaken in Umzimvubu. It is loosely covered through suggestions
related to land use through the recommended location of toilets and new households
etc. There are strong connections between personal hygiene, community hygiene andthe impact on the environment for these links to be made.
Management of household rubbish is a significant and growing challenge in rural
areas where there is no formal waste collection and typically no allocated landfill sites.
Significant identified challenges relate to the dumping and disposal of nappies, solid
waste (plastic) and building rubble. With the increased use of convenience packaging(plastic wrappers, bottles, containers etc.) and disposable nappies these items are
creating a significant waste management issue in rural areas.

6.2. WATER FOR LIFE
Water is an essential resource for sustaining life and without it, life would cease toexist. In rural areas, without regular access to piped water, every drop of water must becollected and taken to the household. The challenge of obtaining an adequate supplyof water has left many communities with no option but to use informal sources such as
local springs or seeps for their water needs.
Improved hygiene practices require behaviour change. For this to happen, there must
be meaningful understanding as well as access to infrastructure to support these newbahaviours and a clear understanding of the long and short-term benefits.

RESOURCESA Selection Of WASH Resources
Veld Sanitation – good practices for water,
livestock and people in rural South Africa(Rose, 2019)
Handwashing Handbook, (Global
Handwashing Partnership, 2020)
https://bit.ly/3xgU7SE
Centre for Affordable Water andSanitation Resource libraryhttps://resources.cawst.org/
IRC WASH Systems Academy
https://bit.ly/3rLLEFW
This list is by no means exhaustive andyou may have your own preferences.

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WASH Resources
There are many WASH resources to choose from. ‘Veld Sanitation’ is a term used by
CSA for the ‘WASH’ behaviours that support the spring protection work. This guide
was developed to help communities make the links between the health of their naturalenvironment and the health of their livestock and families. It was initially aimed atraising awareness with herders but has been expanded for broad applicability withinrural communities.
The objectives of this guide are to:

•
•
•
•
•

Create awareness amongst communities on the value of water resources;
Create community awareness around good sanitation and hygiene practices;
Educate communities on water related diseases;
Encourage people to take part in waste management activities in their 		
communities;
Provide practical guidelines to address challenges experienced within 		
communities.

The first section of the manual highlights the links between the health of theenvironment and the health of the people and livestock that live there. It focuses on theconcept of veld sanitation, South Africa’s biodiversity hotspots and veld types orbiomes, the concept of climate change and the importance of veld.
The second section contains six key messages informing communities on how to
improve sanitation, hygiene and land use practices for both human and livestock
health.

6.3. SHARING MESSAGES IN RURAL CONTEXTS
Awareness of literacy levels is important to consider in the development of awarenessraising materials. A report compiled by Statistics South Africa on education indicatesthat the Eastern Cape has the lowest literacy rate in the country (Statistics South Africa
2017a - https://bit.ly/3xbFS1y. Here, 10.4% of the population aged between 15 and 34
years cannot read and write. Although technological access may be available, literacy
levels may impede the understanding of the content that is developed. It is critical thatthe materials developed are simple, can be easily understood, and that they should be
image heavy, with limited text.
Veld Sanitation – good practices for water,
livestock and people in rural South Africa(Rose, 2019)

EASTERN CAPE HOUSEHOLDS

88.1%
Use
Cellphones

51.8%
Use Mobile
Devices forInternet

3.5%
Access at
Home

The experience of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa from March 2020, meantthat face-to-face meetings to share information was not possible. The messages werecritical to support the general health of communities and to prevent the spread of thevirus and so alternate means of communication were identified.
According to the 2017 National Household Survey, most South African households(88.2%) rely exclusively on cellular phones for telecommunication. In the Eastern
Cape, this figure is 88.1%. (Statistics South Africa 2017b - https://bit.ly/3lfHTYh. In
terms of internet access, 51.8% of households in the Eastern Cape have access to theinternet either at their work, place of study, home or an internet cafe. This is lower
than the national average of 61.8% and would not accurately represent the rural areas.
Furthermore, only 3.5% of households in the Eastern Cape have access to the internet
at home. (Statistics South Africa 2017). Mobile devices have made the internet moreaccessible, especially in rural areas (Statistics South Africa 2017). Mobile devices,such as cellular phones and 3G cards are used to access the internet by 50.5% ofhouseholds in the Eastern Cape.
Social media use is growing in South Africa, with 15 million people using social media
platforms in 2017. Approximately 13 million South Africans access social media platforms
from their cellular phones, with the most popular platforms being Facebook, YouTube,and WhatsApp (Olfsen 2017 - https://bit.ly/3j44aW9.

6.4. WAYS TO SHARE THE KEY MESSAGESThe key messages referred to here are outlined in the Veld Sanitation Guide which canbe used as a resource during stakeholder engagements. This allows for participatory
discussions, problem solving and development of strategic plans by the community.
Broad overview and general concepts can be shared at large or small gatherings, while
personal or specific messages can be shared in smaller groups or via social media.
Images from the guide have been used to design additional formats for the key
messages for use in different contexts.
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Amplify | Step 6 | WASH Activities & Veld Sanitation

WhatsApp Messaging
This was identified as a quick, free and personal way
to share key messages. Messages were grouped into
different themes.

Why Mobile
Messaging? •Phase 1 – Personal Health and Hygiene AwarenessBased on statistics drawn from Worldometer andStatista, in 2019 South Africa had a population of 58.56
million and 101.9 million mobile subscribers spread
across five main mobile network operators. Using
these two numbers, the unique subscriber penetration
rate comes out to 170%, meaning that there were moremobile subscriptions than people living in South Africa.
A great tool to increase your reach!

•••

What are germs?
When to wash your hands
How to wash your hands
How to make a tippy tap (English only)

Phase 2 – Household Health and Hygiene Awareness

•
•
•
•
•

Safe water storage
Managing your waste
Clear water is not necessarily clean water
Water borne diseases
Insect borne, water related diseases (areas
where malaria and bilharzia are present)

The key messages in each phase are listed above andare available in isiXhosa, Sesotho, Sepedi, Xitsonga,
Afrikaans and English.
Phase 3 – Environmental health and its systems
A third phase on environmental health and its systems
was identified but these are complex messages andharder to simplify for a short WhatsApp message.
These messages and themes provide important
context to communities as they start to understandthe benefits of natural resources in their environment.
Educational material is being developed to address
the following themes through discussions andexperiential learning opportunities.

•
•
•
•
•

The Hydrologic or Water Cycle
Benefits of wetlands
Invasive Alien plants and water sources
Importance of Veld
Climate Change

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Amplify | Step 6 | WASH Activities & Veld Sanitation

Learning Modules - Sanitation & Hygiene Practices
Five ‘modules’ have been prepared to organise and share more detailed
information on themes from the Veld Sanitation Guide. They can be offeredseparately or as a series. The modules are;
1. Veld and Sanitation
2. Biodiversity and Environmental Systems
3. Waste Management
4. Clean and healthy water
5. Washing your hands
Each module is based on information from the guide. They are presented in
sections: ‘Why it matters’, and ‘What to do’, followed by sections for discussions.
These sessions are facilitated to encourage suggestions of possible actions or
problem-solving activities to be considered by the participants. Each session
can be adapted for the specific conditions and challenges in the area and canhelp to target specific issues.
Key words and concepts have been identified for translation as it is importantthat concepts are understood in local languages and that facilitators are familiar
with the translations.
A pre- and post-training questionnaire has been developed for use prior tostarting the sessions and again afterwards. Ideally the questionnaires can beadministered individually, (anonymously) but they could also be administeredin a group and the responses counted. For example - ‘X%’ of the group could
identify the correct times to wash their hands compared to ‘Y%’ at the start.
For planned face-to-face meetings with targeted community members i.e.
grazing associations, women’s groups, church groups, school children etc., afocus group is an appropriate format for facilitating discussion, encouraging
problem solving and behaviour change within communities. These sessions
can be reinforced through sharing the relevant WhatsApp messages in theappropriate language

TOOL #8 & #9
VSG Concepts & Keywords
Pre & Post Training Questionnaire
WhatsApp Messages

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©Conservation International/photo by Caroline Rose58

SPRINGPROTECTION
GUIDE©Conservation
International/photoby Caroline
Rose
2021

7

Track

MONITORING
Monitoring allows the implementing organisation to observe and checkthe progress or quality of something over time. It is a continuous processthat aims to provide all stakeholders with early, detailed information on
the progress or delay of the ongoing assessed activities. Its purpose is todetermine if the outputs have been reached so that action can be taken tocorrect any deficiencies as quickly as possible.
Monitoring is a critical step in ensuring the protection of springs in the target
communities and catchments. Monitoring data combined with routine assessment andevaluation can indicate if the project is reaching its intended goals and objectives,and assist with suggesting adjustments to activities. It is also important to consider
opportunities for the community to be involved in establishing what is monitored,
collecting information, and determining corrective actions if the monitoring uncovers
a problem. Additionally, stakeholders play an important role in the learning andpotential replication of project successes, and the public engagements, education andtransparency measures that create enabling conditions for sustainability.
The specific monitoring needs will be determined primarily by the implementing
organisation’s mandate and the information needed to report back on obligations to
the donor. It is important to establish what data should be monitored and to build these
longer-term needs into the initial baseline assessment or hydrocensus so that there areenough available data prior to intervention against which progress can be measured.
The process of monitoring and evaluating project activities is ideally an iterative
process that includes research and learning steps too. The combination of these four
steps is known as MERL, and they are defined below.

M E

R

L

Monitoring

Evaluation

Research

Learning

Monitoring is theprocess of using
indicators to measureprogramme changes
over time. Post
implementation
monitoring isundertaken after
installation of the
WASH/conservation
service or programme.

Evaluation is the longterm systematic andobjective assessmentof an ongoing orcompleted project,programme or policy
and its design,
implementation, andresults. Evaluations
should be performedby an external third
party.

Research isthe systematicinvestigation andstudy of data to gain abetter understanding
to be able to address
problems identified
through monitoringand evaluation results.

Learning is
the process ofincorporating lessons
learned into ongoingpractices to increase
effectiveness andsustainability over
time.

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Track| Step 7 | Monitoring

MO

NITORING

LEAR

NING

LUATION
EVA

The following questions help to guide the monitoring process and will be determinedby the implementing organisation and the donor:

7.1. WHAT INFORMATION IS CAPTURED?
AR
RESE CHMERL
The steps in this iterative process
may occur in sequence or
concurrently. Ideally monitoringand evaluation results inform thenext two steps which in turn informfuture monitoring and evaluation.

From the outset there needs to be agreement and clarity on what variables orindicators need to be monitored through this project. These variables or indicators
should be aligned with the spring protection activities being conducted.
It is important to consider what is driving the change that you are attempting toaddress and how the activity will affect variables or indicators of the spring. There
are a multitude of parameters: i.e. chemical, microbiological and physical that can bemonitored, based on the capabilities of the involved stakeholders.
Remember that consent is required, and it is important to be aware of the guidelines ofFree Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) and the Protection of Personal Information Act(POPI Act) when engaging with community members.

NB.
REFER TO:STEP 3:
Assessments and therelevant Tools.

RESOURCES
Edmond, J., Sorto, C., Davidson, S., Sauer,J., Warner, D., Dettman, M. & Platt, J.
October 2013. Freshwater Conservationand WASH Integration Guidelines: A
Framework for Implementation in subSaharan Africa. Washington, DC: ABCG,
CI and TNC.
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Protection Of Personal Information
It is important to be aware of regulations around the collectionof data related to personal information. In South Africa we havethe Protection of Personal Information Act or POPI Act.
The Protection of Personal Information Act sets conditions forresponsible parties to lawfully process other people’s personal
information. The purpose of the Act is to protect people fromharm by protecting their personal information and thus theirgeneral privacy. It sets out how data can be collected, stored
and sets conditions for when it is lawful for someone to process
someone else’s personal information.
Resource:
POPI ACT: https://bit.ly/3yhsn1L

7.2. WHO COLLECTS IT?
Involvement of community members in citizen science activities can prove to be aneffective mechanism for collecting ground-based data relating to spring conditions. This
includes; usage, depletion or demand on spring, supply potential of spring, compliancemonitoring and governance of stream.

Monitoring should be done by a trained individual who is identified at the start ofproject phase. This individual must be of sound character who can collect spring data
without compromising its quality. It is important than this person understands how theprotected structure operates and should be able to do basic maintenance on it.
In addition, community-based monitoring programmes can provide more ground-based
data to explain external drivers that could counter-act the activities outlined by the
spring protection guide. Some examples of ground-based data that can help us explain
spring condition trends include communal activities around stream (i.e. cattle grazing,
spring usage, what the spring water is used for, frequency of collection from spring andexisting infrastructure around the spring).
The role of the municipality in conducting routine water quality testing will provide
much needed supplementary information to the spring protection efforts. Water quality
is an essential variable that the spring protection activities seek to improve, hence
routine and timeous water quality testing will inevitably provide context and scale to thespring protection activities.

7.3. HOW FREQUENTLY IS IT COLLECTED?
It is recommended that conditions at the spring are routinely monitored, at least once amonth and after any severe weather event. Relatively speaking, spring water is stable
and apart from seasonal changes, the water quality does not fluctuate very often.
However, regular monitoring of the spring structure and water quality should make iteasier to identify any potential problems as soon as they arise.

7.4. HOW DOES IT LINK BACK TO THE BASELINE?
Spring monitoring data can be used as comparative information to the baseline
measurements.

•••

This comparative analysis with baseline data will provide context for the activities
associated with the spring protection guide.
Subsequent comparisons to the baseline data will allow one to build a temporal
database for analysis of trends to gauge implementation and success of activities.
Comparison to baseline data can be used to adjust spring protection activities
and, in some cases, can bring to light drivers of spring degradation that were 		possibly omitted in the first iteration of Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) framework.

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Track| Step 7 | Monitoring

REFER TO:STEP 3:
Assessments.

7.5. HOW IS IT CAPTURED?
The easiest way for data to be captured is using a clipboard with a data set and a pen.
However, where technology and resources are available a cell phone App can be setup
to capture both qualitative and quantitative information. The two apps currently being
used are mWater and ODK Collect.
Photography also provides an important visual record and can be used to confirm orverify different types of data.

7.6. WHERE AND HOW IS IT STORED?
If the implementing organisation is using a mobile data collection app, the information
will be cloud based. Access to the cloud database may be restricted to theimplementing organisation’s data custodian as per standard data use management
protocols.
Implementers should be familiar with the POPI Act and ensure that any personal data isstored in line with the conditions set out in the Act to ensure confidentiality and privacy
is maintained.

7.7. WHO ANALYSES IT?
Within implementing organisations the analysis of data is often assigned to a ‘data
custodian’ within the organisation (e.g. M&E coordinator). Although all data captured
and stored via mobile applications have open-access data clouds, the responsibilityof allowing access to data should be assigned to a data custodian who will then be
responsible for disseminating the data. Data findings should be captured in short,concise technical reports explaining the developing trends as compared to baseline
measurements.

7.8. WHO IS IT SHARED WITH?
Data findings and results should be shared with partners and other organisations via
relevant National, Provincial or catchment level Freshwater platforms (e.g. at Quarterly
UCP meetings). Data should also be available to relevant partners involved in similar
spring protection activities.
Ideally a platform should be made available to the broader public where they can
inform relevant stakeholders about conditions at the spring. This is important because
as the primary users, stakeholders are often first to observe any deviations from thenorm at the spring site and can help initiate early responses.
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The data will then be communicated to all relevant stakeholders including:••

The persons/organisation in charge of spring maintenance.
The persons/organisation responsible for community water relations.

The latter is required to keep the community informed about the quality and quantity of
their spring water, and when necessary, will advise on appropriate measures to ensure
these. The goal of this is to ensure that reasonable efforts are taken to ensure that thewater from the spring is safe for consumption.
As a final measure, the user community should still be advised on good drinking water
management techniques. This requires sharing information on appropriate ways totreat and store water intended for consumption.

7.9. WHAT IS IT USED FOR?
Data gathered should be used by the implementing organisation (and relevant
partners) to monitor changes and to alert them to any early warning signs in changes ofcondition at the spring. Ideally the data should be used to monitor both short and longterm changes in conditions at the spring site. Lessons should be learned from the data
gathered and used in the adaptive management of the programme.
It is critical to pay special attention to factors that can have an adverse impact on thehealth of the users. Data observed in a lab through a full analysis will always yield themost informative results.

•

Data can be shared with partners or government scientists to contribute towards
the pool of data that is used to understand the past and current condition 		of springs being monitored. It can also be used to collaborate on upscaling 		
spring rehabilitation work within the catchment and to make informed 		
environmental decisions.

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TOOL ONEUNDERSTANDING
THE COMMUNITY

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1

UNDERSTANDING THE
COMMUNITY
Below are suggested participatory tools that can be used in the initial phases of theengagement process. They help to;
1
2
3

Validate the need for the project through visioning
Establish the capacity of the community with a needs assessment
Lay the foundation for skills development opportunities with a skills audit

1. Visioning

RESOURCE
Visioning Resource:
https://stanford.io/3C4DOfl

This is a technique that is used to support a group of stakeholders to develop a sharedvision for the future. It is done in a workshop setting and involves asking a group ofparticipants to appraise their current situation and where they can realistically expect
to be in the future thus capturing their perceptions and needs in their words. Important
links can be made with participants to any changes in climate conditions and weather
patterns that they have observed. The impacts of these changes on their environment
and activities previously engaged in can be discussed.

2. Needs Assessment
More information regarding how todefine ‘need’ can be found in thewritings of John Bradshaw who
created a framework of different
types of need.

REFER TO:

Cookson, R., Sainsbury, R. &Glendinning, C. (Editors) (2013).
Jonathan Bradshaw On Social Policy,
Selected Writings 1972 -2011. Chapter
1, p1-11, York: York Publishing
Services Ltd.

This is a more advanced, systematic, process for determining and addressing needs
or “gaps” between current and desired conditions or “needs” (rather than “wants”).
This is also done in a workshop setting but requires a highly skilled and experienced
facilitator to lead this process. It is usually conducted before the project work begins
and can be reviewed following changes in external factors that influence the process.
This assessment confirms that the need exists for the project and is a priority for thecommunity, stakeholders, and beneficiaries. It helps to define the parameters of the
project through data and feedback from stakeholders and improves the quality of
program decisions. This is a useful tool that improves project performance and theaccomplishment of desired results.

3. Skills Audit
The purpose of a skills audit is to identify existing skills within communities that may beleveraged in this and other projects. It provides a platform for community members tolearn about each other and to start to work together.
These tools help to establish an awareness of what is important to the community andprovides a baseline of skills that are present in the community. They can also assist
the organisation to understand the level of awareness of the community regarding
their possible role going forward. This is important in understanding the motivation of
stakeholders to participate and contribute towards the desired behaviour change. It is
important to consider the balance of power in these conversations or engagements.
Depending on the nature of the relationship with the community and the Traditional
Authority, it is suggested that you introduce the idea of the community being custodiansor stewards of their assets. Where possible, solutions to challenges should be
encouraged from the community rather than the organisation providing a top-down
approach. This helps to build confidence and agency within the community.
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TOOL TWOFORMALISINGCOMMITMENT66

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2

FORMALISINGCOMMITMENT
Once willingness to participate has been confirmed, there are options and tools toformalise the commitment between the organisation and the community. These may takethe form of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) or a Conservation Agreement (CA)2.1. Memorandum Of Understanding (Mou)RESOURCE
Stanford Social Entrepreneurship Hub
MoU Partnership Template:
https://stanford.io/3C4DOfl

This is a less formal and non-legally binding agreement that documents anunderstanding between two or more parties and defines each party’s commitment. If
the project intends to involve the municipality and link the project to existing municipal
infrastructure, then it is anticipated that a separate MoU or agreement be undertakenwith the municipality. A separate MoU would be needed between all involved
parties. A simple example of a partnership MoU template from the Stanford Social
Entrepreneurship Hub is provided as a resource.

2.2. Conservation Agreements (CA)REFER TO:

Gardiner, M. (2020)
Conservation agreements oncommunal lands in South Africa.
Conservation South Africa
Conservation Stewards
Program:https://bit.ly/3lhS1j0

Another consideration is the use of a Conservation Agreement. This offers direct
incentives through a negotiated benefit package in return for conservation actions bycommunities. It is a negotiated agreement between the organisation and the communitythat can be verified and monitored. The premise is that people will change their
behaviour when it is in their interests to do so. The use of conservation agreements isfamiliar to communities in Umzimvubu region where they have been used successfully
with land use management practices.
The Conservation Stewardship Programme detailed on the CI website states that ‘inmany parts of the world, communities use their land, water and other natural resourcesin unsustainable ways simply because they have no economic alternative. Protecting
biodiversity and ecosystem services in these places requires conservation tools thatcreate development opportunities for local populations. When conservation offers
concrete benefits to local communities, protecting the environment becomes a fair,
viable choice’.

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TOOL THREE
page 1VILLAGE NAME:
Data Collectors Details: __________________________________ Name/Number:____________________________
Date: ____________________________________________________ Source of Information/Interviewee: ____________________________
Number of sub villages:
Number of households:
Average household size:
Population Size (%):
Population under 18 years (child):
Population 18 to 35 years (youth):Population distribution by gender:

Males

Females

Employment Numbers (between 15 and 64)
Employed:
Not economically active:
Unemployed:
EDUCATION
Name and number of primary schools:
Name and number of high schools or secondary schools:
HEALTH
Name and number of local clinics:
Frequency of mobile clinic visit to the village:
Distance to nearest hospital from village:
OTHER RESOURCES: PLEASE COMMENT ON THE PRESENCE AND NUMBER OF THE FOLLOWING FACILITIES:Community Hall

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

If no, what is the distance to the nearest Community
Hall?
Sports Field
If no, what is the distance to the nearest sports field?
Convenience Stores
Names of any NGOs working in the village:
Presence of public works infrastructure development in thevillage?
If yes, mention type and progress:
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3

VILLAGE LEVELINFORMATION GATHERING
It is essential that you investigate and understand the way water is used andperceived in the village, and how it contributes to the health of the community andtheir livestock.
This questionnaire was compiled by Umzimvubu Catchment Partners and should takeno more than 20-30 minutes to complete. Information provided is confidential and isused to help plan better outreach support.

page 2

WATER RESOURCES
Number of Water Monitors in the village?
Presence of a Water Board or Water Committee?

Yes

No

Is there a Rural Water Operator present in thevillage?

YesNo

Do you have any water pipes installed in your yardor home?

Yes

No

Total number of taps in the village:
Total number of taps in each sub village:
How many are working?

0-1

1-3

3-5

5-10

Other

Who repairs water infrastructure in thiscommunity?
Does the support person/team come whenneeded?

Yes

No

Does the community have maintenance funds forwater infrastructure?

Yes

No

Yes

No

SANITATION
Number of households using pit latrines:
Number of households with no toilet facilities:
Number of households with other toilet facilities:
AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES
Number of households involved in agriculturalactivities:
Presence of a Grazing Association in the village?
Thank you for your participation.

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TOOL FOUR
page 1

NAME OF INTERVIEWEE:
Village: _______________ Interviewer/s: ________________ Date: ________Start Time:
End Time:
GENERAL:
How many people live in yourhousehold?
Number of Females?

Number ofMales?

Ages:
Who is the head of your household?

self

other

If other: FATHER / MOTHER /GRANDMOTHER/
GRANDFATHER / UNCLE / CHILD /OTHERSECTION 1: WATER USE AND ACCESS
1. What sources of water are available for your household/community? please circle
Water
Tap

Borehole

River/Stream
from roof

Captured Rainwater:
unprotected

Spring Water:

Other

Captured Rainwater:
unprotected

Spring Water:

Other

2. Which of these do you use on a daily
basis (your main water supply)? pls circle
Water
Tap

Borehole

River/Stream
from roof

3. Who collects the water?

SELF / OTHER

If other: FATHER / MOTHER /GRANDMOTHER/
GRANDFATHER / UNCLE / CHILD / OTHER

4. How frequently is water collected?

_______ times per day_______ times per week

5. Do you have water pipes installed inyour yard/home?

YES

NO

6. Who installs water taps in your area?
7. If you don’t have yard/home tap, how
far is your daily water source?

within200m

between
200 - 500m

500m to1km

more than 1km

8. In the case of water taps not working,how long has this been the case?

1 week1 month

6 months

1 year

9. How would you rate the amount of
your preferred water supply?

Acceptable

Not Acceptable

Acceptable

Not Acceptable

More than
1 yearPlease explain:
10. How would you rate the quality ofyour preferred water supply?
Please explain:
11. How long does it take you to get to the less than 30 mins
water collection source?
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12. Any suggestions for improving yourwater situation?

30 mins – 1 hourmore thanI hour

4

WATER FOCUSED HOUSEHOLDSURVEYThe aim of the questionnaire is to better understand the way water is used and perceived
in your household, and how it contributes to health of the community and livestock. This
questionnaire was compiled by UCP as part of the landscape stewardship work. The
questionnaire should take no more than 20-30 minutes to complete. The information is
confidential and is used to help plan better outreach support.

page 2

13. In your opinion, can women in the community have more of an influence on decision making around water use at a household
level?
YES

NO

MAYBE

If yes, what mechanisms could make thispossible?
SECTION 2: HYGIENE & SANITATION
2.1. What kind of toilet facility do members of your household usually use? Please tick
Flush / Pour Flush Ventilated Improved Pit Toilet Pit Toilet Without Slab Bucket No Facilities / Open Veld / Bush Other
2.2. Are you currently able to use this toilet
facility?

YESNO
Why Not?

2.3. Have there been instances where there
was an illness outbreak, and the local water
was the cause?

YES

NO

2.4. How long ago (in years) did this happen?
2.5. Do you know what diarrhoeal symptoms
are? Can you explain?
Diarrhoea is a condition when someone has at least 3 loose, liquid or watery bowel movements a day)
2.6. Has anyone in your household had
diarrhoeal symptoms in the past four weeks?

YES

NO

2.8. When is it important to wash your hands?
Before preparing or
eating foodBefore feeding achild

After changing
a nappy orcleaning a childAfterdefecating
or using thetoiletAfter returninghome fromworking
outdoors

2.9. Do you experience any of the following challenges around your community?
Water pollution from livestock using the samedrinking water sources:

YES

NO

Water pollution from disposal of animal
carcasses into water sources:

YES

NO

Water pollution from littering/dumping ofwaste into water sources:

YES

Other - please specify:
Thank you for your participation.

Other

TOOL FIVE
page 1OBSERVER INFORMATION:
Spring Unique ID (Eg. Your name_Village_Spring Site
No)
Observation Team (Name & Contact Details)
Village Informant (Name & Contact Number)
Date Of Capture
SITE INFORMATION AND SOURCE INFORMATION
Traditional Area:
Village:
GPS Location Of Source:

Latitude:Longitude:

Formerly Protected Seep

Unprotected Spring

Other

Single/Multiple Eyes Emerging
From RockMultiple Eyes In Close
Proximity

Small
Waterfall

Nature of Spring:
Protected Spring
Type of Spring:
Seep From Sub Soil

Other
Pls Specify

Spring Unique ID: (Office Use ONLY)SPRING FLOW INFORMATION
Volume Of Container Used (l): __________________ Time To Fill Container (sec): __________ Flow Rate (L/min) (office use only) __________________________OBSERVED QUALITY
How would you rate the quality of the water from this spring (please substantiate answer in comments)?
Not Acceptable

Always Acceptable

Sometimes Acceptable

Comments:

H2S Sample CodeH2S Result

Negative (clear-yellow)

Positive (grey-black)Is there visible potential contamination source present?

YES

Potential source of contamination:
Pit Latrine

Dumping Site

Graveyard

Livestock Kraal

Litter

Other

Observed contamination risk?
High
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Comments:

Medium

Low

NO

5

HYDROCENSUS
FORMThis questionnaire was compiled to gather data about the various spring sites in each
community. Questions can be added or amended based on the needs of a given project.
The data is captured through interactions with a local spring informant as well as a
trained representative of the implementing organisation. This can be done digitally, using
mobile applications or using paper-based capture methods. All data captured is thenreviewed and added to a database of springs (Tool #6) that can be filtered to identify thebest springs to protect based on the various project mandates of the implementing party.
Information related to the site must be adjusted prior to starting. (Second section under
Traditional Area below).

page 2

WATER POINT FUNCTIONALITY
Does the community use this source for water supply?
How often does the community collect water fromthis source?

DAILY

Is the spring easily accessible by all people?

YES

YES

NO
WEEKLYMONTHLYOTHER

NOPlease describe:
Distance from spring to community (users):<200m>=200m & 500m.=500mEstimated number of users:<20

20 - 50

51 - 100

101 - 200

>200

Average waiting time at the source, please pickclosest estimate:
0min

10 min20 min30 minHow reliable is the source for community water supply?
Not Reliable

Somewhat Reliable

Reliable

Comments:
What efforts have the community taken to protect the spring?
THREATS
Are there invasive alien plants around the spring?

YES

NO

Is the spring open to livestock?

YES

NO

Is water being abstracted from the spring?

YES

NO

Would you like to flag this spring?

YES

NO

Photo of spring eye:

YES

NO

Photo of spring background included:

YES

No

Additional comments about the spring ...

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TOOL SIX

page 1OBSERVER INFORMATION:
Deployment:

Hydrocensus

Hydrocensus

1

2

Enumerator:
Site Number:
Spring Unique ID (Eg. Your name_Village_Spring
Site No:
Observation Team (Name & Contact Details):
Village Informant (Name & Contact Number):
Date Of Capture:
SITE INFORMATION AND SOURCE INFORMATION
Traditional Area:
Village:
GPS Location Of Source:

Latitude:Longitude:

GPS Location Of Source: Method

GPS

GPS

Nature of Spring:

Unprotected Spring

Type of Spring:Single/Multiple Eyes
Emerging From RockMultiple Eyes In Close
Proximity

Volume Of Container Used (l):111Time To Fill Container (sec):

26,716

129,192

Flow Rate (L/min):

2,24

0,46

Spring Unique ID (Office Use ONLY)SPRING FLOW INFORMATIONOBSERVED QUALITY
How would you rate the quality of the water from this spring (please substantiate answer in comments)?
Always Acceptable

Not Acceptable

The spring always flowing
throughout the year, thewater appears to be clear.

It’s in a steep slope, it is noteasily accessible.
The flow of the spring is
too slow.

H2S Result:

Negative (clear-yellow)

Positive (grey-black)Is there visible potential contamination source present?

YES

YES

Nature of contamination?

Litter around spring site.

Livestock Kraal

Distance to closest identified source of contamination?
(If Any) Estimate in Meters.

1

1

Location of potential source of contamination relative tospring site:

Around Spring Site

Around Spring Site

Observed contamination risk:

Low

High

Comments:

H2S Sample Code:74

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6

HYDROCENSUS OR SPRING
SOURCE DATABASEThis is an extract from the Spring Source Database compiled using the hydrocensus form in
Tool 5. Note that examples of comments have been left under site 1 and site 2 in this form toillustrate the type of information gathered.
page 2

WATER POINT FUNCTIONALITY
Observed contamination risk (Comments):

The litter is not from substancesthat are toxic, most of it isbelow the spring.

There’s cow dung in thespring, litter as well. The
mud around the spring has aterrible smell.

Does the community use this source for water supply?

YES

NO

Does the community currently use this source for water supply?

YES

NO

How often does the community collect water from this source?

Daily

Monthly

Is the spring easily accessible by all people?

YES

NO

Please describe why...

The spring is very far from thecommunity. The accessibility isvery poor because of the rocks
along the way.

Distance from spring to community (users):<200m>=500mEstimated number of users:<=20 & <50<20

Average waiting time at the source, please pick closest
estimate...

0 min

30 minHow reliable is the source for community water supply?

Reliable

Somewhat Reliable

How reliable is the source for community water supply?
Comments ...

There is always water it doesn’t
dry up. Accessibility is good.
The water is clean.
The spring water flows in highvolumes.

The spring is seasonal, thespring is not protected.
Waiting time is too long.

What efforts have the community taken to protect this spring?

Some work had been doneon the spring in the past, thestructure has since fallen apart.

None

Person Responsible for maintenance (name & contact number)?

None Available

None

THREATS
Are there invasive alien plants around the spring?

YES

YES

Is the spring open to livestock?

YES

YES

Is water being abstracted from the spring?

YES

YES

Additional comments about the spring ...

The spring is not protected
The alien plants are too close to thesource of the spring
The is litter around .

The flow of the spring is very poorand the spring’s mud is stinking withlitter around. The spring is
unprotected.

Would you like to flag this spring?

YES

NO

Photo of spring eye

https://api.mwater.co/v3/images/
5d0acb187dcc4ab49f630316a13ae30a

https://api.mwater.co/v3/images/
9d7b56d6452f45bdb65046e1c57e52f9

Photo of spring background included

https://api.mwater.co/v3/images/
ad7bfa65006c41348d47db1553d3d5d4

https://api.mwater.co/v3/images/
17602b2aa8a648cc86ee323370b4fead

TOOL SEVEN
TYPES OF SPRINGS

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7

TYPES OFSPRINGS
WATERTABLE

SANDSTONESPRINGSHALEGROUND SURFACEWATER TABLESPRING

Geological cross section of a gravity spring or
seep – topography controlled. (from Pearson et al,Volume 2, 2003)

Spring water is ground water that appears at the surface. In Volume 2 of the WRC
report (Pearson et al, 2003), John Weaver, describes three reasons why ground water
appears at the surface in the form of a spring or seep. Firstly, there are seepage springs
where the land surface cuts below the water table and ground water thus seeps out
at the surface. This is typically a gravity spring. Secondly, barrier springs occur wherea barrier of rock with a lower permeability lies upgradient to a rock type with a higher
permeability. The ground water flow becomes blocked by the less permeable rock,increasing the pressure and causing the ground water to overflow at the surface as aspring. Finally, artesian springs occur where a geological fault or discontinuity allows
deep groundwater that is confined by low permeability rock to be forced to the surface
as an artesian well.
Gravity springs, illustrated left, emerge from the side of a slope and are due to thegravitational flow of groundwater. There are two hydraulic categories of springs: gravity
springs and artesian springs. Gravity springs can be controlled by either geology or
topography. Those controlled by geology are often found in the foothills of the Lesotho
Drakensburg, the Eastern Cape and up the escarpment to Mpumalanga.
Flow and reliability of gravity springs are controlled firstly by the extent of permeable
formation within the catchment. This controls the volume of water stored in the aquiferand is related to the reliability of the spring. If there is a significant storage volume
and a relatively low rate of outflow, then the springs will be reliable. Conversely if thecatchment storage volume is low, and the outflow rate is high then the springs will beless reliable. Secondly the rate of recharge of rainwater to the aquifer will impact on theavailable water.

Artesian Springs

are due to the releaseof groundwater underpressure and generally
flow vertically out of theground. Artesian spring(from Meuli and Wehrle,
2001)

RESOURCES
Pearson, I., Weaver, J. & Ravenscroft,
P. (2003) The reliability of small springwater supply systems for community
water supply projects. Volumes 1-3,
Water Research Commission Report
No.859/1/03. Available from:https://bit.ly/2UWp0il (accessed
15/11/2020)

WATERTABLE
Geological cross sectionof aFault Controlled
Cross-slope
Spring,with an impermeable dyke
causing the barrier. (fromPearson et al, Volume 2,2003).

DYKE
SPRINGGROUND WATERFLOW IN FRACTURESTOOL EIGHTVELD SANITATIONCONCEPTS &KEYWORDS FOR
TRANSLATION78

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8

VELD SANITATION CONCEPTS& KEYWORDS FOR
TRANSLATION

Select the ones that are relevant in your community.
KEYWORDENGLISH MEANING OXFORD DICTIONARY

Veld sanitation

TRANSLATIONKEYWORDENGLISH MEANING OXFORD DICTIONARY

Good practices, land use & water resolution.

Biodiversity

The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in ahabitat.

Conserve

We need to conserve our natural resources and our
nature. i.e. to protect something from harm.

Sustainable

To maintain something.

Wetlands

A place where the land is covered by water.

Alien plants

Plants that are not origionally from Southern Africa.

Ecosystem

Plants and animals that live in an area together.

Organisms

An individual animal, plant or single celled life form.

Fertilizers

Substance added to soil to increase its fertility.

Insecticides

A substance used in killing insects.

Livestock

Domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting
to produce labour and commodities such as meat,
eggs, milk, and wool.

Animals

Any living creature including man, lion,

Biome

A large region of earth that has a certain climate andcertain types of living things. Major Biomes include
Forests, grasslands, and desserts.

Veld

Open, uncultivated country or grassland in Southern Africa.
It is conventionally divided by altitude into highveld,
middelveld, and lowveld

Sanitation

Refers to public health conditions related to clean
drinking water and adequate treatment and disposalof human excreta and sewage.

Contaminated /contamination

Having been made impure by exposure to or addition of apoisonous or polluted substance.

FaecesWaste matter eliminated from bowels.

Intensity

The strength or force of something.

Infiltration

Movement of a liquid into something by filtration.

Pollution

The presence in or introduction into the environment of a
substance which has harmful or poisonous effects.

Separate water
sources

Different places to collect water from

ErosionThe process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, orother natural agents

Climate change

A change in global or regional climate patterns,
attributed largely to the increased levels of
atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use offossil fuels.

Atmosphere

The envelope of gases surrounding the earth

Evaporation

The process of turning from liquid into vapour

Vapoura substance diffused or suspended in the air, especially one
normally liquid or solid – i.e. water

Precipitation

Rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to or condenses
on the ground.

GroundwaterIs water that exists underground beneath the land surface.

Run off

Involves water or other liquids running off somethingby overflowing and possibly flooding an area.

Water cycle

The circulation of the earth’s water, in which water
evaporates from the sea into the atmosphere, where it
condenses and falls as rain or snow,

Germs

Microorganism, especially one which causes disease.

Dehydration

A harmful reduction in the amount of water in the body.

Diarrhoea

A condition where someone has at least 3 loose,liquid or watery bowel movements a day.

ReduceMake smaller or less in amount, degree, or size

Water borne diseases

Are conditions caused by pathogenic micro-organismsthat are transmitted in water. These diseases can be
spread while bathing, washing.

Water related diseases

Are conditions caused by pathogenic micro-organisms thatare transmitted in water. These diseases can be spread
while bathing, washing, drinking water, or by eating food
exposed to contaminated water.

Reuse

Use again or more than once.

RecycleConvert (waste) into reusable material.

Recover

Return to a normal state of health, mind, or strength

Include Sentence If
Helpful

TRANSLATION

Include Sentence If
Helpful79

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TOOL NINE
PRE- AND POST
TRAINING
QUESTIONS80

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9

VELD SANITATION PRE- AND
POST TRAINING QUESTIONSQuestions can be answered verbally or written, individually or as a group.

1. What are germs?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Do you agree with this statement:
It is very important to wash your hands many times during the day in work and at
home?
☐
☐

Agree
Disagree

3. In the veld, it can be challenging to wash your hands with soap and water. How do
you clean your hands when you are in the veld?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Complete the sentence:
4.1 Before, _________________________________, I wash my hands.
4.2 After, __________________________________, I wash my hands.

5. Name 1 or 2 handwashing actions to improve the health of the community?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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REFERENCES
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. (2004b). National Resource Strategy(pp. 1-271). Pretoria: South African Government. Available from: https://bit.ly/3ykRBfv(accessed 14/05/2021).

Pro) 2nd Edition.
Rose, C. (2019) Veld Sanitation, good practices for water, livestock, and people in rural
South Africa. Conservation South Africa.

Edmond, J. Kwayimani, N. Sorto, C. & Ajroud, B. (2017) Gender Analysis Report – One
Health: Integrating Freshwater Conservation, WASH and Rangeland Management inSouth Africa’s Mzimvubu Catchment. Washington, DC: ABCG, CI and TNC. Available
from: https://bit.ly/3xhULPN.

Umzimvubu Catchment Partnership Programme website. Available from:https://umzimvubu.org/about/ (accessed 9/12/2020).

Edmond, J., Sorto, C., Davidson, S., Sauer, J., Warner, D., Dettman, M. & Platt, J.
(2013) Freshwater Conservation and WASH Integration Guidelines: A Framework for
Implementation in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: ABCG, CI and TNC.
International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre. Available from:https://bit.ly/37fnkml (accessed 14/05/2021).

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LEGISLATION

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FOOTNOTESFootnote #1 (PAGE 7) - https://bit.ly/3rJ8D4A.

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Footnote #2 (PAGE 7) - https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/358/197198.html.

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