㩷
ᄢቇ౒ห೑↪ᯏ㑐ᴺੱੱ㑆ᢥൻ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴㩷࿖┙࿖⺆⎇ⓥᚲ㩷ℂ⺰䊶᭴ㅧ⎇ⓥ♽㩷 㗔ၞᜰቯဳ䊒䊨䉳䉢䉪䊃㩷

㩷
㩷

㩷

㩷

㩷

㩷

㩷

㩷

㩷

㩷

㩷

㩷

㩷

⸒⺆䈱᥉ㆉᕈ෸䈶ᄙ᭽ᕈ䉕ม䉎↢ᓧ⊛೙⚂㩷㪣㫀㫅㪾㫌㫀㫊㫋㫀㪺㩷㪭㪸㫉㫀㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㫊㩷㫎㫀㫋㪿㫀㫅㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪚㫆㫅㪽㫀㫅㪼㫊㩷㫆㪽㩷㪣㪸㫅㪾㫌㪸㪾㪼㩷㪝㪸㪺㫌㫃㫋㫐㩷㩷ᣣᧄ⺆₪ᓧ䈮ၮ䈨䈒ታ⸽⊛⎇ⓥ㩷
㪪㫋㫌㪻㫀㪼㫊㩷㫀㫅㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪘㪺㫈㫌㫀㫊㫀㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㪡㪸㫇㪸㫅㪼㫊㪼㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪧㪸㫉㪸㫄㪼㫋㫉㫀㪺㩷㪪㫐㫅㫋㪸㫏㩷㩷ᚑᨐႎ๔ᦠ㩷䌉䌉㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷

㩷

㩷

㩷

㩷

㩷

㩷

㩷

㩷
㩷㩷䊒䊨䉳䉢䉪䊃䊥䊷䉻䊷䋺㩷 㩷 㩷᧛᧖㩷ᕺሶ㩷㩷㩷㩷䊒䊨䉳䉢䉪䊃䊜䊮䊋䊷㪑㩷 ┄⭽㩷᥍ᄦ㩷㩷㩷㩷ᢪ⮮㩷ⴡ㩷㩷㩷㩷᧖ፒ㩷㋶ม㩷㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 ጯᧄ㩷⑲᮸㩷㩷㩷㩷㜞ᯅ㩷ᄢෘ㩷
㩷㩷
㜞㊁㩷␭ੑ㩷
㩷㩷Ἇ↰㩷ஜ੺㩷
㩷㩷ᄙ↰㩷ᶈ┨㩷
㩷㩷⮮੗㩷෹Ყํ㩷㩷㩷ችᧄ㩷㓁৻㩷

㩷㩿㪢㪼㫀㫂㫆㩷㪤㫌㫉㪸㫊㫌㪾㫀㪀㩷㩿㪟㪸㫉㫌㫆㩷㪢㫌㪹㫆㫑㫆㫅㫆㪀㩷㩿㪤㪸㫄㫆㫉㫌㩷㪪㪸㫀㫋㫆㪀㩷㩿㪢㫆㫁㫀㩷㪪㫌㪾㫀㫊㪸㫂㫀㪀㩷㩿㪟㫀㪻㪼㫂㫀㩷㪢㫀㫊㪿㫀㫄㫆㫋㫆㪀㩷㩿㪛㪸㫀㫂㫆㩷㪫㪸㫂㪸㪿㪸㫊㪿㫀㪀㩷㩿㪰㫌㫁㫀㩷㪫㪸㫂㪸㫅㫆㪀㩷㩿㪢㪼㫅㫊㫌㫂㪼㩷㪫㪸㫂㫀㫋㪸㪀㩷㩿㪟㫀㫉㫆㪸㫂㫀㩷㪫㪸㪻㪸㪀㩷㩿㪫㫆㫄㫆㪿㫀㫉㫆㩷㪝㫌㫁㫀㫀㪀㩷㩿㪰㫆㫀㪺㪿㫀㩷㪤㫀㫐㪸㫄㫆㫋㫆㪀㩷㪉㪇㪈㪊ᐕ㪐᦬㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪇㪄㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷
㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷
㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷
㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷
㩿㪉㪇㪈㪊㪀㩷

ࡣࡋࡀࡁ ᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤ ⌮ㄽ࣭ᵓ㐀◊✲⣔㡿ᇦᣦᐃᆺࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࠕゝㄒࡢᬑ㐢ᛶཬࡧከᵝᛶࢆྖࡿ⏕ᚓⓗไ⣙㸸᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᐇドⓗ◊✲ࠖࡣࠊ⌧௦ゝㄒ⌮ㄽࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊ⤫ㄒ⌮ㄽ◊✲ࡢᡂᯝࢆ᳨ウࡋࠊⓎᒎࡉࡏࡓୖ࡛ࠊᩥἲࡢᬑ㐢ⓗᒓᛶࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⋓ᚓ㐣⛬ࢆᐇドⓗ࡟ศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᮏሗ࿌᭩ࡣࠊᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤࠊ༡ᒣ኱Ꮫࠊ⚄ᡞ኱Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚◊✲఍࣭࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉࢆ
㔜ࡡࠊⓎᒎࡉࡏ࡚ࡁࡓᡂᯝࡢ୍㒊ࢆࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛⧳ࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡢᇳ➹⪅ࡣ 2010࣭
2011 ᖺ࠿ࡽඹ࡟◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓ஬ྡ㸦ᩪ⸨⾨ࠊᓊᮏ⚽ᶞࠊ㧗ᶫ኱ཌࠊᮡᓮ㖔ྖࠊᮧᮡᜨ
Ꮚ㸧࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᮏሗ࿌᭩ࢆᇶ࡟ࠊ௒ᚋ⌮ㄽ࡜ᐇドࡢ㛵㐃ࢆ῝ࡵࡿணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣࠊ⌮ㄽ࣭ᵓ㐀◊✲⣔㛗 ❑ⷵᬕኵẶࡢୗ࡛άືࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ኱ࡁࡃ୕ࡘࡢᡂᯝࢆࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢሗ࿌᭩࡜ࡣู࡟ࠊⱥㄒ࡟ࡼࡿሗ࿌᭩(Ⓨ⾜῭ࡳ)࡜ࠊ༡
ᒣ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ே㛫ᩥ໬◊✲⛉◊ಟ⏕ ୰㇂(ᮧ஭)཭⨾ࡀ୰ᚰ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡲ࡜ࡵࡓ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࢆసᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ2013 ᖺ࡟ࡣࠊ᪂ࡓ࡟⌮ㄽゝㄒᏛ࡜ゝㄒ⋓ᚓ⌮ㄽ࡟⢭㏻ࡍࡿ஬ྡ㸦ከ⏣ᾈ❶ࠊ㧗㔝♸஧ࠊᐑᮏ㝧୍ࠊ⸨஭཭ẚ࿅ࠊ℧⏣೺௓㸧ࡀຍࢃࡾࠊᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ◊✲ࡢᒙࡣᗈࡃཌࡃ࡞ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ
▷࠸ᮇ㛫ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࡇࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤᡤ㛗 ᙳᒣኴ㑻Ặࠊ⌮ㄽ࣭ᵓ㐀◊✲⣔㛗 ❑ⷵᬕኵẶࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡋࡓᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤࡢඛ⏕᪉ࠊࡑࡋ࡚㧗ᒣ࿴⏨Ặࠊ⡿⏣⣧ᏊẶࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡋࡓ஦ົ⫋ဨࡢⓙᵝࡢ࠾ᨭ࠼࡜ບࡲࡋ࡟
ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢሙࢆ࠾೉ࡾࡋ࡚ࠊ῝ࡃឤㅰࡍࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ᫬㛫ࡢ୰࡛⮬ࡽࡢ◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵࠊ࠾஫࠸ࡢ◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぶ㌟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚⪃࠼ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᚰࡢ㏻ࡌ࠶࠺᫬ࢆඹ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡢⓙᵝࠊ༡ᒣ኱ᏛゝㄒᏛ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠊ༡ᒣ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ே㛫ᩥ໬◊✲⛉ࡢ኱Ꮫ㝔⏕࡜◊ಟ⏕ࡢⓙᵝ࡟ࠊࡇࡢᶵ఍ࢆ࠾೉ࡾࡋ࡚ࠊᚰ࠿ࡽឤㅰࡍࡿࠋ
◊✲ࡀࠊ࠾஫࠸࡬ࡢ཭᝟࡜ᑛᩗ࡛⤖ࡤࢀ㐙⾜ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡶࠊࡇࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢᡂᯝ࡛
࠶ࡗࡓࠋᮾ໭ᆅ᪉ኴᖹὒἈᆅ㟈┤ᚋ࡟ࡣࠊ༡ᒣ኱Ꮫ࡟࡚◊✲఍ࡀ㛤ദࡉࢀࠊⓙ࡛ࠗྠࡌ㔩࠘ࢆᅖࢇ࡛ບࡲࡋ࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ༡ᒣ኱ᏛゝㄒᏛ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㈨ᩱᐊ࡟࡚㞟ࡲࡾࠊⓙ࡛ᅜㄒ◊ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢆ୍⥴࡟᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺࡜ヰࡋྜࡗࡓࡢࡣ 2013 ᖺ᫓ࡶᱵࡢⰼࡢဏ
ࡃࡇࢁࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃゝㄒ⌮ㄽ࡜ゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲ࡣࠊ௒ᚋࠊከࡃࡢゝㄒᏛ◊✲⪅ࡢ᪉ࠎ࡟ࡈ♧၀ࢆ㡬ᡝࡋࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞࣓ࣥࣂ࣮࡜࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ⌧௦ゝㄒ⌮ㄽࢆ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋࡓ⤫ㄒㄽ◊✲࡜ゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲ࢆ᭦࡟Ⓨᒎࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤࠊᖾ࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤࡣࠊ20 ୡ⣖ᚋ༙ࠊ኱ஂಖឡẶࡢ◊✲ࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡋࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲ࡢ୰᰾࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡢ୍㐃ࡢඃࢀࡓᡂᯝࢆࠊ⌧௦ゝㄒ⌮ㄽࡢୗ࡛ࠊ෌ᗘࠊぢ┤ࡍᚲせࡶ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢᡂᯝࡀࠊゝㄒ◊✲ࡢ᭦࡞ࡿⓎᒎࡢ୍ຓ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♳ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ                                  ᮧᮡᜨᏊ-i-ŭ ŹȯŨƞDƶĸ@^mjTs¬Ȇ

*

ũȕ 衛
ȗ
斎藤

1. ĩ
Chomsky (1981) +@Éƻ(^mjTsƻȴ,şƄɣŭŹȯŨƞDƶĸ@^mjTs+ɢ@Ɗ*ȱǙA&

Hale (1980) ,ɧĚľ^mjTs-ŭŹȯDɯɧĚȤȯ(@(+=?w,ƶĸ+ȱůDy(1) a.

;,'

@

ȋƿȯɴ

b.

Ǣɳ,Ĩǫ*¯ġc.

ȝÙ¿ȩ,øƾ

7@(DȪ8

Kuroda (1988) -ŭŹȯ+&-tȌɨłǊ'@(,ĢǸ(&(2) +ǙƺȸDđ(2) a.

QLmqanqMb.

øɚ|ƃ|ȯŨ

c.

ȅÀǊ* wh Ǟ¿,Ǝü

Źȴ-1990 ĥɣ,ƇĒ|ȅFbpsU+ð%Ǖǡ,ŅſD17

Kuroda (1988) ,ƻȴDǈĘ@(DǌǊ(@ªǊ+- ǱľtȌ,ƎüDŭŹȯ,ðǘǊ*ľȺ(&Ũƞƃ,Ĳ¹(yjK[RiDřǍɳǐǃƺȸøɚ|ȯƺȸQLm

qanqMȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ,øƾ+ȱůDy@(DȪ8@ ǱľtȌ,Ǝü+ð%&ŭɰȯ,ƶĸ+¯žD¼< Fukui (1986) +ȟ>A@=@Ȫ8-Saito (1982)Yang (1983)+1980 ĥ·Å>ɇǡA&

=?ŴɅ,şƄ(&-Saito (2007)ener and Takahashi (2010) +=@ɳǐǃƺȸ,¯ž@ǤʊǪ'-7,¯žDƈȡŭɰȯ  ǱľtȌDƎ(@ȱ,Ŷ¾ľDǗȭ@Ə+,ǸȴD17ŭŹȯ+

@Ũƞƃ,yjK[RiDƆȥ@Chomsky (2000) -Ũƞƃ  ǱľtȌDɉ&yA@(DşƄ@,¯ž-  ǱľtȌDƎȤ
ȯ+-ɒƾ

*Źȴ'-ƃ,y  ǱľtȌ(-Ƹǣİ'*A@(@Bokovi (2007) ,¯žDśƾ,ĢǸ(&øɚ|ƃ|ȯŨ,ĂìđA@(DǙ-1-

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

ŭŹȯ  ǱľtȌDƎ(@ȱ,w'-Ũƞƃ,Ăìłȅ;¬Ɔȥ@ĹȞƽ
@Chomsky (2000) '-Ũƞƃ  ǱľtȌDÕȈ+@Ĳ¹Dő
'

(A&

@>

@Źȴ,ǤʋǪ'-Chomsky (2013) ,ƉŅǱmcnqM+ɢ@ȶȴDƈȡŭŹȯŨƞƃmcnqM++=?İŅA&xÕƎ*Ĳ¹Dſ(3) ,ƉŅǱ+(DşƄ@ªǊ+-Ù&Ũƞƃ P DxÕȠǊ+@ƍȈDŶǸſ(&ƉŅǱ P ,mcoDǼŉ@(DÕȈ+@(3){P [Ũƞƃ], P},v'Ɇȯ,ɋİɋƾİǵƐİǦ,ĖŋmcnqM+,Ĳ¹Dő

(DǙã@,ȱ-ŭɰȯ+

@Ɇȯ,Ėŋ(ŨƞƃDɹ@;,(&¯ž@ Sells (1995)An (2009) ,ƢČD17y@;,'?ĢǸ(&ŭŹȯ+(4)@(Dđ

(@¯ž+ð%ıě (1993) Ȭǳ+Ȩ@ŭŹȯ,ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ,ľȺ+ȱůDyƾĖŋADÕȈ+&&zȇ+ǻtǊ*ǻȯ¯žD&QLmqanqMÕȈ'ǤʌǪ'-ɆȯĖŋmcnqMț½,ƍȈDőȩ,¯ž(&-(4) +Ǚ=&Ũƞƃ(ÚƊ@(DȪ8@ȯįǊȝÙ¿+¿ȩDǍŝÙ@(+=?ƽŅA¿ȩ,ɋ@(,şƄDȖ

{V [Ėŋ], V}ǤʍǪ,ǌǊ-ŭŹȯ+@  ǱľtȌ,Ǝü(|ȞɖĴȃîȯɴ,ɢɋDŜ@(+@7÷ƛ (2009) şƄ@ÓƉɊƤƽ,jK[RiDśƾ@(+=?Kayne(1994) ,ȀvǊ£Ȗɢ,ƉɊčĺ¨ƻ (Linear Correspondence Axiom) >ŭŹȯ,|ȞɖĴȃîȯɴDđ(@ Saito (2012) ,ȶȴDƈȡ@,v'Įȫ,ÓƉɊƤƽjK[Ri ǱľtȌ,Ǝü+=#&ÕȈ(*@(DǙ

2. ŭ Źȯ+@  ǱľtȌ,Ǝü(Ũƞƃy,jK[RiŭŹȯ'- ǱľtȌ,ƺȸɸìǊ*İ'ȡČA*Ăì*(DǍŝǸȴ(&đ(-'*@ÕȈľDÝĆ*>',(> ǱľtȌ ǱľtȌŐȸǊ*İ'Ăì@ŹǪ'-7Saito (2007)=0 ener and Takahashi(2010) şƄ@ɳǐǃƺȸ,¯žDƈȡŭŹȯ  ǱľtȌDƎ(@ȱ,Ŷ¾
ľDȟ@Ə+,ǸȴD17&ř&Ũƞƃ,yD  ǱľtȌ(-ƸǣbpSQ(@ Bokovi (2007) ,¯žDŭŹȯ+ɒƾ,ĢǸDŜ@ ŭɰȯ+

@ɳǐǃƺȸ-Oku (1998)=0 Kim (1999) +=#&ŖŢA

-2-

;,'

日本語文法を特徴付けるパラメター再考（斎藤@zȤȯ+

@Ǣɳ,Ĩǫ*¯ġ-ĨǓ>A&@Kuroda (1965a) żA-pro ɳ,ȃ+ȋƿ+ƽȼ@(+=@(A&(1991) (5b) +Ǚ@=ȱx¢¯'(5) a.
b.

$;ȋ¯,ÈôȴŨDĬƾ@';Ȑā-¦Ƴ [e] Ĭƾ*i.

Otani and Whitman+ǢǌǊȯQpV_sȢəDȧĈ@(DȆČpro@(ǙA

úɕ-

衛）



[e] = úɕ,ÈôȴŨ (QXnLXȢə)ii. [e] = Ȑā,ÈôȴŨ (QpV_sȢə)c.

';Ȑā-¦ƳADĬƾ*i.

[e] = úɕ,ÈôȴŨ (QXnLXȢə) ,8(5c) Ǚ=+Ûȩ-QpV_sȢəDȧĈ*ĵ#&(5b) ,ǢǌǊȯ pro '@(@¯ž-QpV_sȢəDƪ@('*(6) , VP ǐǃ,+ȟ>A@=(6) a.
b.

+ǐǃ (¶ɦ) +ūQpV_sȢə-ƺȸ'@(Ǔ>A&@John loves his mother.
Bill does [e], too.
i.

[e] = love John’s mother (QXnLXȢə)ii. [e] = love Bill’s mother (QpV_sȢə)
Otani and Whitman (1991) -,ćD17

VP ǐǃ+=@ (6b) ,ƤƽDşƄ@,¯ž+=A.(6b) -¿ȩ T +Ǟ¿Ǹſ(&ǌǊȯ,8DÞ9 VP Dǐǃ@
(+=?ƤƽA@
Oku (1998)Kim (1999) -VP ǐǃ+=#&-ȱů
Whitman (1991) ,¯ž+ǆåDŊ@b.

Otani and@Ȑā-[CP [TP [ȋ¯,şƄ]śƾA@] (] Ľ#&@';úɕ-[CP [TP [e] śƾA@] (] Ľ#&



i.

D

.Oku (1998) -|ȯ,ȃ+ƽȼ@Ǣɳ;QpV_sȢəDȧĈ@(DŖŢ@(7b) t'(7) a.

**[e] = Ȑā,şƄ (QXnLXȢə)ii. [e] = úɕ,şƄ (QpV_sȢə),ǟ,+ð%Oku (1998) ( Kim (1999) -AAŭŹȯ(ɰëȯ+ǌǊȯǦ,ɳȋǐǃA@ƺȸ&|ȯ@(,ǸȴDđOku ( Kim ,ǸȴƑA.*ŭɰȯ+-3-&ɳǐǃÕȈ'@,ɇǡ

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

A*A.*>*(8) a.

(8) Ǚ=+.ȑȯ'-ɳ,ǐǃ-ŨƞǊ+ȧĈA*

John always cites his dissertation.

b. *But Bill doesn’t cite [e] at all.
,åɷ- Oku (1998) +&'+ȴ>A&@Saito (2007) - ǱľtȌ,ƎüɳǐǃDÕȈ+@(DşƄ@,şƄ-ɳǐǃ LF O_s+=?ȢəA@(@ Oku (1998)ǬÉ (2006) ,Ǹȴ+¼

Chomsky (2000, 2008) şǙ@  ǱľtȌ,jK[Ri+ð%Ĵȇ-DƎ  ǱľDtȌ,ɢDǸ2(@;,'(9) a.

vPv[: _ ]
V@v ,òÙD (9) +Ǚ@ʑ1
b.



VP

vP
v
[: ]VPDP[: , Case: _ ]v -  Ǳľ,DĹȞ(@ƍȈǫǅ|ȞɖDP DŜǲVDP[: , Case: ACC]:ɵï (c-ǻķɵï) «DŜǲ ǱľDŶ@ DP (tȌ,ɢ+¥@,tȌ+=? DP ,  Ǳľ v +O_sA7
&DP ,ƃ+ ACC ,y,ÏŰ(>A@'ɚȞ(*@,tȌ,ɢŅǣ@:,ĹȞŻ(&ȲA@ƣľŻ (activation condition) '@,Ż-tȌ,ɢDǸ2Îū,ȞǱDĹȞ(@ǱľDŶ*A.*>*(ƶ+ƃ,yD

ĹȞ(@ DP ,8ƍȈǫǅ+  Ǳľ,DǺ@ćDȱů@(9) +&-v   Ǳľ,DP ƃ,DĹȞ(@Ŧ+v ( DP ,ɡ+tȌŅǣv ,  ǱľyA@(+*@ƍȈǫǅ,  Ǳľ(9) +Ǚ
ƞǊ+ȧĈA*

ǌǊȯǐǃD+(#&ȆvP(10) a.
v[: _ ]

vPv
[: _ ]e(10a) '-ǌǊȯǐǃAǢ(*#&
+Ǚ=

&8=

b.
VP

V

jK[Ri+=?yA@(A.ɳǐǃ-Ũ

VP
V

DP
[: , Case: ACC]@LFO_s¯ž+=A.,ƉɊ-(10b)+£Ȗ@Ũȉ> DP DǢǌǊȯ,ȃ+O_s@(+=?ȢəA@O_sA@ DP -£ȖŨȉ''+ƃDyA&-4-@(>ƣľŻD

日本語文法を特徴付けるパラメター再考（斎藤ƫv +(#&tȌ,čȸ(-*?

,Ƥƽ-ǖǿ@(+*@,=*ʑ2 Ǹſ(&v ,  ǱľyA+Chomsky (2000, 2008) şǙ@  ǱľtȌ,jK[Ri-ȑȯ'-ɳǐǃȧĈA*'-*ŭɰȯ+衛）

(DƑƪ@&-ɳǐǃÕȈ*,!BȤŠŭɰȯ'-(10b) +Ǚ

LF O_sƤƽ,ǖǿDĬȼ*  ǱľtȌDƎȤȯ'A.,å

+ůǗ*ǧy@*>.*,!B>A@ ǱľtȌ(-T=0 v   ǱľDŶT -|ȯv -ǌǊȯ>  Ǳľ,Dy
ĵ#& ǱľtȌ,Ǝü-T ( v   ǱľDŶ*+(#&ŭɰȯ,òÙDȆ

&8=+  ǱľtȌ,ɢ-Ņǣ*(10b) +>A@ƺȸ'@

(Dłà@¬0 (10) D&ƣľŻ+=?v ( DP ,ɡv +yA@4  ǱľĂì*A.,(+=?,åɷ;ƽ*
Ŝǲ*

ŭɰȯ

,'

;;v -  Ǳľ,Dş@ DP D

=#&ŭɰȯ'-LFO_s+=@Ǣɳ,ȢəÕȈ'?ɳǐǃȧĈ

A@(ƑƪA@ɳǐǃƺȸŭŹȯ  Ǳľ,tȌDƎ(@ȱDȚ@Ȩœ(*@(Dȟ&,ȱ,w'-ŭŹȯ+@ĹȞƽ@(9) +ȟȌDŅǣ@=

@Ũƞƃ,Ăìłȅ(ƃy,jK[RiD¬Ȇ+Chomsky (2000, 2008) ,ƻȴ'-Ũƞƃ-  Ǳľt:+Ăì (ƣľŻ) ǱľtȌDɉ&yA@ĵ#&,ƻ

ȴD·ş(@ Ura (1999)Hiraiwa (2001)Takahashi (2010) Ǧ+'-ŭŹȯ+@ŭŹȯŨƞƃ,¯ž&;  ǱľtȌŐȸǊ+-Ăì@(ĆA&@

ŭŹȯ,ƶĸD  ǱľtȌ,Ǝü+ƙ:@ɤ?Chomsky (2000, 2008) ,Ũƞƃ,¯žD,77ŭŹȯ+ɒƾ@(-'*

wŹǪ,ĴÅ'-ŭŹȯŨƞƃ,yjK[Ri+$&Bokovi (2007) ,¯ž+ð%ƄDşǙŭŹȯ+ìłȅ+$&-ƏǪ'Ð?v@((@7ŭŹȯŨƞƃ,y ǱľtȌ+=>*ŖŢŭŹȯ'-DP ,8*>PP ŨƞƃD

A@(11) , PP |ȯ-,t'(11) a.
b.
7

>ċôě+ǉ?<ʍű7'ɍȹĄ

Ƃœ

@(D

OqWLQXĨǫ+ȡČ

@




Ûȩ,ŊĐ«'-PP -ɳ'@ɽÓ'*>*(12) a.

[úɕ, [Íɐ(, [ lspV^3,ŬȖ]]]b.

(DǙƸǣ@Ũƞƃ,Ă

[Ȑā, [ƲtŨ', [Ž>,®ǈ]]]-5-@+Œ>ęƃDC*A.

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

DP (Ǆ*?PP -ē*(;łàȢəy>A@  ǱľDŶ*

ɨ@|ƃ<ęƃ  ǱľtȌDɉ&yA@(-Ȇ'-Ũƞƃ- ǱľtȌ(Ƹǣ
+

İ'),=

+

+yA

ĵ#&PP +@,!Bǻȯƻȴ

&ŨƞƃyD  ǱľtȌ>°?ɭşƄ-'+ Bokovi (2007) +

*A&

&

@Bokovi -Ǳľ,yģ+DĹȞ(@ȞǱŜǲā(*?

DǺ@ȞǱDŜǲ@(+=?*A@(|ĭ@,şƄ+=A.|ȯ(ű´,  ǱľtȌ|ȯ,|ƃy-(13) +ǙbpSQ+=@
(13)

a.



TP

T
[: _ ]b.

vPDP
[: ][Case: _ ](13a-b) +Ǚ=



TP

T
[: ]v’vPDP[: ][Case:_]

c.

TP

DP
[: ][Case: NOM]v’T
[: ]vPtv’+ Ǳľ,DĹȞ(@ T ɵï«DŜǲ&vP «|ȯ, DP (tȌ,  ǱľDĶ@,Ɣɧ'-DP -Ŝǲā'-*A*T’:ƃDy

DP -Ŝǲā(&T Dȟ®(+=?|ƃDyA@,-T Dɵï«+Þ9ȃ+Ǟ¿*A.*>* TP ŖĆɖ+Ǟ¿@(@(13c) Ǚ=:+Bokovi -,ƻƿ+=?|ȯ+|ȯ DP ,Ǟ¿ («ǊÙ) +=?DP  T DŜǲ,ƃǱľ|ƃDĶ@ƉɊİŅA@ʑ3
Bokovi (2007) ,¯ž'-ƃǱľ,DĹȞ(@ȞǱ ǱľtȌDìǍŝƃ,DǺ@|ȞɖDŜǲT Dȟ®.|ƃv Dȟ®.ǌǊƃDyA@,¯ž- ǱľtȌDƎȤȯ+;ɒƾ@('PP ,ƃ,y;åɷ(*>*(11)-(12) +ȟƃD

>+,¯ž-ŭŹȯ,ƶĸ'Ǚ=PP ,Ĩǫ*¯ġ-,¯žDŤŕ@Ȩœ(*@@øɚęƃƺȸøɚ|ƃƺȸDƑƪ@(12)+ŭŹȯ'-ÚtÛȩÓ«'ęƃ NP/PP ȝŧƽȼ@|ƃ+$Kuno (1973) żøɚ|ȯŨ,Ăì-ĨǓ>A&
'

(14)

&;

@(14) -Kuno (1973) ,ŶÛ*@[TP Ũůë [TP ǁľ [TP ĤíĎáǔ(15) +Ǚ=]]]+(14) -u$, DP AAƃǱľ,yȇ(& T Dȟ®(&¯ž@('@

-6-

日本語文法を特徴付けるパラメター再考（斎藤

(15)

衛）

TP
DP
[Case: _ ]T’DP[Case: _ ]T’DP[Case: _ ]

T’
vP

T

ĵ#&øɚ|ƃŨ,Ăì-Bokovi (2007) ,¯ž,ǍŝǊ*ĢǸ(&đA@;
|ƃ,y T ,  ǱľtȌ,ÏŰ(&*A@,'ƪA*

T ,  ǱľDy@ DP -t$'

>A@>'@ʑ

A.(14) ,=*øɚ|ƃ-? ǱľtȌ-ʉčʉ,ɢ(Ȇ4

3. mcnqMDÕȈ+@Ũƞƃ,Ĳ¹
 ·Ǫ+

&ŖŢ

=

+ŭŹȯ  ǱľtȌDƎ(@ȱ,w'-ŭŹȯ,Ũƞƃ,ǻȯǊĲ¹DƆȥ@ĹȞƽ@Chomsky (2000, 2008) -ƣľŻ+=?ŨƞƃD  ǱľtȌDÕȈ+@;,(ȃ@ŭŹȯ+  ǱľtȌ*'A.Ũƞƃ,łȅ-+ƙ:>A*A.*>*,ŹǪ'-Chomsky (2013) +@ƉŅǱ,mcnqM+ɢ@ȶȴDƈȡ,v'ŭŹȯ,ŨƞƃmcnqM+&ɚȞ*Ĳ¹Dő(,şƄDȖ

Ɇȯ,Ėŋ+;ÚƊ,ƍȈ$

>+Sells (1995)An (2009) ,ƢČ+ð%@(D|ĭŭŹȯ,ÓƉɊİŅ+&

@mcnqM+&=?tȏǊ+ȶȴ@

Chomsky (1994) ,ȜÓƉɊƻȴ'-ȤȯDȤȯȽ>:@:+ŴɤĹȞ*ţ(&ł,ȞǱDÞ9ƉŅǱDİŅ@ÙĆA@.(16) +Ǚ=+Ù+=? (  DÞ9ƉŅǱ  İŅA@(16)

 = {, }'ǻȯȴǺ*A.*>*ŀñ(&İŅAª(&- ¿ȩ ǌǊȯ(&ȢəA@ DP 'ƉŅǱ  ,ľȺ@A. - ¿ȩÓ(&  ,ľȺDÑǼ(*)ŗ>A@=?tȏǊ+Ù+=?İŅA@ƉŅǱ,ľȺDƜĆ@jK[Riƙ:>A@AChomsky (2013) Ð?v@ƉŅǱ,mcnqM,åɷ'@

Chomsky (2013) -7w,u$,NsQDȆń@

-7-

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究(17) a.

 = {H, P}b.

 = {P, P}c.

 = {H, H}(17a) -|Ȟɖ(Ó (ɯ|Ȟɖ) Ù@òÙ' -|Ȟɖ,mcoDÑǼ(Ȇ>A@åɷ(*@,-$,ȞǱȵ³'*òÙ'?Ó(ÓÙ@ (17b)=0|Ȟɖ(|ȞɖÙ@ (17c) A+ǎĮ@Chomsky (2013) -(17b) ,ªDȆČ$$$,şƄDȖ
Dȟ&

(+=

(18)

YP
DP

(18) +Ǚ TP ,ƉɊD+(#&Chomsky ,şƄ



TP
T

XP
DP

vP
v

VP
V

DP

,ƉɊDwĚ>ɴƏİŅ&#òÙ÷ɳ, DP D vP +Ù(17b) ,^Tsqƽ@,NsQ+$

űƱ'Ŵ²+&Chomsky (2013) -DP  TP ŖĆɖ+Ǟ¿@ (O_sA@) (DȆńƉŅǱ-,4&,O_sDÞ9ȞǱ>,8mcoDÑǼ('@(@,şƄ+=?XP ,mco v '@(ƑƪA@Ə+ (17b) ,^Tsqƽ@,-÷ɳ, DP Ǟ¿+=? TP +Ù@űƱ',òÙ+-DP ( TP (
D©Ŷ&

@

-,mco'@@ T)   ǱľtȌ+=? Ǳľ,@'Chomsky (2013) -,Ǳľ,©Ŷ+=? YP ,mcoƜĆ

A@(DşƄ@Ǳľ,©Ŷ+=@mcnqM-Ưǩā, CP ŖĆɖ3,Ǟ¿+;ɒƾA@

.wh ÓǆåŨ CP ,ŖĆɖ+ÙòÙwh Ó( C -ǆå,ǱľQ D©Ŷ&?,Ǳľ,©ŶİŅA@ƉŅǱ,mcnqMDÕȈ+@

Chomsky (2013) şƄ@mcnqM,jK[Ri- ǱľtȌ,ǻȯǊĲ¹DǙ;,'@(18) +@ YP ,mcnqM- ǱľtȌ+=?ÕȈ+*@(> Ǳ

ľtȌ-mcnqM+
mcnqM+$&xÕƎ*Ĳ¹Dſ

tū'ŭŹȯ,=

*Ȥȯ+

@

&-Ɗ*åɷƽ@7ŭŹȯ  ǱľtȌDƎ(A.

|ȯ, TP ŖĆɖ 3,Ù+=#&İŅA@ƉŅǱ,mcnqM),=

-8-

+*A@

日本語文法を特徴付けるパラメター再考（斎藤Ć'-*

7衛）

ȝŧ, DP  TP +Ù@øɚ|ƃ|ȯŨ<w,=*ÛȩÓ;åɷ(*@(19) a. [úɕ, [lspV^3, [Ź,ɗɈ]]]
 DP

b.
 ZP

D

DP



úɕ,

PP

YP
NP

 
   DPN

lspV^3,Ź,  ɗɈ

,,Ƥƽ-u$,ɳ,ÙD,{'mcnqM,åɷDȮǈ@,-PP ,NP 3,Ù>+|ȯ DP ,Ù'
Ǳ,mcoDƜĆ@('*v+Ɇ4ʑ@ů>+Ǳľ,©Ŷ-*İŅA@ƉŅ

5

mcnqM,åɷ+č@ȢƜƄ(&ŭŹȯ,ŨƞƃmcnqM+ĉy

@ÕȈľDɇǡ

7ůǗ*tȏÂ(&ƃD>+ŊĐ@(-*((&ÓDxÕȠǊ+@(ȆÓ-ģ+ŴùŊĐ'@'Ũƞƃ,ƍȈ(&mcnqM+>A@,ȱ+ĵ.(20) '-P -xÕȠǊ'

?Ǹſ(&  - P ,mcoDÑǼ(+*@(20)

 = {P [Case], P}|ƃ|ȯ( TP ,Ù+=#&İŅA@ƉŅǱ-TP ,mcoDĬǼ7&-4&,ɳęƃDŭŹȯ,ŨƞƃmcnqM+đA@Ǥt+·Ǫ'şǙ(19b) +(>YP ( ZP ,mco- N (*@&ÓDxÕȠǊ+@(@ȱ+=?$,ĢǸ
øɚ|ƃ|ȯ,¯žąǸBokovi (2007) ,¯ž,ĢǸ(&(21) +Ǚ=A@(DŖŢ

?



-9-

;,(*@·Ǫ'-+ȝŧ,|ȯ T +=?|ƃDy言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

(21)

TP1
DP1
[Case: NOM]

TP2
TP3

DP2
[Case: NOM].…. T …..
,¯ž-4&,Ȥȯ+ɒƾA@;,'
A
ȑȯ+$

.ȑȯ'-ȧĈA*(

Ȥȯɡ,ǎɑ+-7!ȱůy

>A&

*



&-Chomsky (2013) ,mcnqM+ɢ@ȱ+=#&ȱůÕȈ(*@ɉģ,|ȯ DP2 -T (  ǱľD©Ŷ&?Ǹſ(& TP2 ,mcnqM-åɷ**

A@DP1 +- T (,  Ǳľ,©Ŷ*'*?øɚ|ȯŭŹȯ'-ȧĈ=#&ȑȯ+:TP1 ,mcoDƜĆ@(

@øɚ|ȯ-mcnqM,jK[Ri+=?ŚɦA@ūŭŹȯ'-Ũƞƃ {P, P} ,mcnqM+ĉy@DP2 ƃDŶ@:

TP2 - TP3 ,mcoDÑǼDP1 ,ƃ TP1 ,mcnqMDÕȈ+@ĵ#&ø
ɚ|ȯ+ɢ@Ȥȯɡ,ǎɑ-Ũƞƃ,yjK[Ri'-*mcnqM,jK[Ri+=#&ȱůA@ Ǥ+ŭŹȯ+&DP ,QLmqanqMÕȈ'

ȯ,QLmqanqM+$&-Ɗ*¯žşƄA&&ƯǩāǞ¿'; A Ǟ¿';*((@(ƪA@ŭŹ@ůǗ*ľȺ,t$(@ʑ ,ľȺ-w,+ȟ@(6'@(22) a. 8E* [CP Ȑā),ŹDɓE!] Ǔ?

#&b. ),ŹD i 8E* [CP Ȑā ti ɓE!] Ǔ?

@(

#&

(22a) -wh Ó),ŹDǆåŨ+Þ7A@ɉģ,'@(@(22b) '-wh ÓQL

mqanqM+=#&țɖ,ǆåŨ>Ð?®A|Ũ,Ũɶ+Ǟ¿&¿+Œ>(22b) -ŨƞǊ+ɒƃ'?(22a) (ÚƊ,ȢəDÑ@(22b) +ȡČA@QLmqanqM-A Ǟ¿,ĕňľDƫ
Ǟ¿'

@,Ǟ

A.
),ŹDǑƱ+

A Ǟ¿'-

?

*

7

Ưǩā

&Ưǩā(&ȢəA*A.*>*,wh Ó-țɖǆåŨ,tɖ(&ȢəA@ĵ#&QLmqanqM-ƯǩāǞ¿';
*

,=

ČA*

*ɯƯǩāɯ A Ǟ¿-*ŭŹȯ+,!B

&ȧĈA

.ȑȯ'-ȡ



7ȑȯ,òÙ+$

&Ȇ

&8=

ȶȴ,·ş(&(23) + A Ǟ¿( wh Ǟ¿+=#&İŅA@ƉɊDǙ- 10 -

日本語文法を特徴付けるパラメター再考（斎藤(23) a.

A Ǟ¿

衛）

wh Ǟ¿

b.

  XP  XP

DP
[]

 

TP

YP
[Q]

CP

..… T …..
[]..… C …..
[Q](23a) '-  Ǳľ,©Ŷ(23b) '- Q Ǳľ,©Ŷ+=?XP ,mcnqMÕȈ+*@
A+č&ɯ A Ǟ¿ɯƯǩāǞ¿'Ǳľ,©Ŷ-*

(24a) QLmqanqM+=#&Ǟ¿@ DP  TP (Ù@òÙ(24b)  CP (Ù@òÙ,ƉɊ'(24) a.

@QLmqanqM,òÙ- Ǳľ<Ưǩā

@

XP
DP

TP

b.

  XP

 

DP

CP

..… T …..
Ǹſ(&ȑȯ+ĈA*..… C …..

&-XP ,mcoDƜĆ@('QLmqanqMȧ(ƪA@ūŭŹȯŨƞƃ,ƍȈ+ɢ@ȱ,w'-ŭŹȯ+&-(24) ,ƉɊ'mcnqM,åɷ-ƽ*DP ŨƞƃDŶmcnqM+

QLmqanqM+=#&ÙA&xÕȠǊ'@(>XP -(24a) '- TP(24b) '- CP ,mcoDÑǼ=#&ŭŹȯ+&,8 DP ,QLmqanqMÕȈ'@(ƑƪA@ŭŹȯ+&QLmqanqM,čȸ(*@,-DP !'-*(25) +Ǚ=+PP <¸ȩÓ;QLmqanqM+=#&·ȃA@(25) a.
b.

pqYq> i Ȑā ti ņ#
ɮ+ i úɕ ti Ģ#PP -(12) +ȟ(26) a.
b.

=+Ûȩ,ŊĐ«'-ęƃD

(12) D (26) +¬Ş@[úɕ, [Íɐ(, [ lspV^3,ŬȖ]]][Ȑā, [ƲtŨ', [Ž>,®ǈ]]]'(25a) ,=+ PP Ũ«+ƽȼ@òÙ+;ɱõǊ+Ǣ,ƃD- 11 -;,(Ć

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究@('@¸ȩÓ+$ǧ@&-),=+Ȇ@('@!B:+ŭɰȯ,Ũƞƃ(ɆȯĖŋDɹ@;,(&ř,FbpsUDǈĘ$$ŭŹȯ+@mcnqM+$,åɷ+@ Sells (1995)An (2009)&=?tȏǊ+ȆČ@(+@ŭŹȯŨƞƃ,ƍȈDmcnqM+&ÓDxÕȠǊ+@(+ƙ:@ȱ-ŭŹȯŨƞƃȑȯǦ,Ũƞƃ(-ƂŹǊ+Ǆ*@(DÞł,Ʊ'ɰëȯ,ęƃDɋİ,tǟ(8* An (2009) ,¯ž(©ɉľDŶ@ŭɰȯ'-Ɇȯ,ŊĐÙ@ȞǱ+=?Ǆ*@ĖŋDǙƺŭŹȯ'-ȘĚǊ*Ėŋİ,Ä³ɖ¯
Ǌ+ûCA&@İĈ¿ȩÓ (AVP) ,òÙ+-(27) a.

,ɖė-[(&;ɮ!]

(ǵƐİ)

b.

[(&;ɮ*] dWo,ɖė

(ɋİ)

c.

úɕ- [(&;ɮ+] ɖėD®

.w,^TsqȡČA@(ɋƾİ)

An (2009) -DP < PP ;ÚƊ,ĖŋDǙ(ęƃD DP ( PP ,ɋİDİŅ@ȞǱ(&¯ž@'ƃD

DP < PP (ÚƊ+ĖŋɆȯD|Ȟɖ(@Ó;Ėŋ,İDƜĆ@ȞǱ(Ù@ɩ+Ɯ&ŊĐ*(+ƠǌA.(27b) '-AVP(&;ɮ*( NPdWo,ɖėÙ@İŅA@ƉŅǱ-NP,mcoDÑǼĵ#&Ɇȯ,Ėŋ;Ũƞƃ(ÚƊ+mcnqM+
ÕȠǊ+@ƍȈD;$(ȆćDy@('@,ȱ-Ũƞƃ(ɆȯĖŋ,©ɉľ+@(+;*@.mcnqM+

MǱľ Ăì - DP < PP +@(@('@,'&ÓDx&ÓDxÕȠǊ+@Ïmcnq

&-ŨƞƃɆɖ+&-Ėŋ(&yA@'Ǳľ  +ɢ@=?ªǊ*yjK[RiDȆ&8=7 *@ȞǱ;  D;$('@(Ć@ʑ Ó(ÓDÙ@òÙ+-(28) +Ǚu$,Õ
7

Ȉľ

@

(28) a.

 = {P [], P []}b.

 = {P [], P}c.

 = {P, P}(28a) '- - PP ,*(28c) +A,mco;ÑǼ('mcoD;$('&;Ǳľ,©Ŷ*A. ,mcoDƜĆ@('*(28b) ,òÙ,8 - P ,mcoDÑǼ('@v,Ć,w+(29) +ǙİĈ¿ȩÓ,  ,yDȟ&8=- 12 -

日本語文法を特徴付けるパラメター再考（斎藤(29) a.

CP

b.

AVP
[: _ ]CNP
AVP
[: _ ]İĈ¿ȩ,Ėŋ-İĈ¿ȩÓ C (Ùű+ɋİv/V@-,ŊĐ(Ù

衛）

c.

VP

N(P)

AVP
[: _ ]

ű+ǵƐİN@v/V(P)- N ,ŊĐ(Ùű+ɋƾİ(*@ĵ#& - C +=#&ǵƐ (conclusive)N +=#&ɋ (prenominal)v/V +=#&ɋƾ (preverbal) ,Dy
>A@;,(@('@  DPw,=(30) a.

- PP +ɨ@òÙ+-ɹ@İ'+|ƃ Tęƃ Nčƃ v/V +=?yA@;,(@ʑ8
TP

DP/PP
[: NOM]
v+ƈȡ

b.
TP

NP
DP/PP
[: GEN]

c.
N(P)

VP
DP/PP
[: ACC]v/V(P)

Ũƞƃ(ɆȯĖŋ,ǻtǊ*¯ž+=?ŭŹȯQLmqanqM,ȱůąǸ@åɷ(&ƓA&

(31)

@

(25b) D (31) +¬Ş@

ɮ+ i úɕ ti Ģ#,'-QLmqanqM+=?AVPɮ+ TP (Ù@İŅA@ƉŅǱ,mcnqMåɷ(*?

@AVP -ɋƾ (preverbal) (&yA&?mcnqM+&xÕȠǊ'

A

ƉŅǱ-TP ,mcoDÑǼ(+*@ ǱľDŶ@Ǹſ(&QLmqanqM+=?İŅŹǪ'- Ǳľ+=?ŭŹȯ'-{P, P} ,ƉɊƖɂǊȋƿ+İŅADşƄƏǪ'- Ǳľ {H, H} DÕȈ+@òÙ+-ıě (1993) +&Ȭǳ+ƆȥA&@(@(DǙã@ªǊ@ŭŹȯ,ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩDÐ?vɆȯĖŋ,  Ǳľ(&,¯ž+=?,ƶǄ*ľȺȱůA@(DǙ

4. ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ+ȟ>A@¿ľȳâƺȸıě (1993) -ŭŹȯ+ƉɊ,ţD
Éµ+ĵ

(32)

@ȝÙ¿ȩDǻȯǊȝÙ¿ȩȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩȯįƈļȝÙ¿ȩ,uǟ+¯ɹ

v'ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩw,¿ľȳâ,(DȴȨ@ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ V1+V2 +&V1 ( V2 -÷ɳ,ŶƲ+ʃʄ

- 13 -#&-*>*



言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

,tȏÂ-V1 ( V2 ,tūɯčƃ¿ȩ'*((33) a.

;,'A.;tū;ɯčƃ¿ȩ'*A.*>@t(&(33a) ( (33b) ,čƖDǙȐāúɕDŏb. *úɕʁDƦ0ȟ(33a) '-ȝÙ¿ȩ$,¿ȩ+=#&ƉŅA&
ɯčƃ¿ȩ(¿ȩ,Ƕ8ÙC(*#&@,+č&(33b) ,ȝÙ¿ȩ-@(34) +¿ľȳâ,Éµ+ĵȝÙ¿ȩ(35) +,Éµ(ǒǏ@xɒƃ*ȝÙ¿ȩDŗ@(34) a.

¿ȩʇ¿ȩʎĬŌš?$2ÔȒ(±?Ð@ÑƐ:@b.

ɯȈƃʇɯȈƃʎȻ?ĉ@ɺ0ɣ?@ɿv@ƒç@ȄAɺ2c.

ɯčƃʇɯčƃʎƮ?Ȓ"@Ʀ0v@ƽ7AöC@ɣ?Ơd.

¿ȩʇɯȈƃʎŕ"ƒŜ7C@ĳ"Ɖ

e.

ɯȈƃʇ¿ȩʎƟȊ>~?Š

(35) a.

@ɼ8ưȿ?ůɯčƃʇ¿ȩʎ*Ʀ0ȟ@*Ȓ"ɫb.

¿ȩʇɯčƃʎ*ŏA@*ɼ8ɘc.

ɯȈƃʇɯčƃʎ*Ɍ0Ȓ"@*Ȼ?Ɂ2d.

ɯčƃʇɯȈƃʎ*Ȓ"ɣ?@*ƥAơ(32) +Ǚ

tȏÂ-ȍàƩ

ƻȴǊåɷDşǙ@ıě-(32) ŲɎǊ+ȡČ

A@;,'-*ŭŹȯ+êŶ,´ǯ'@(@Huang (1992) >Ĭƾ-(32) {ëȯ,ȝÙ¿ȩ+-ɒƾA*(36) a.

@(36) ,

(DǙ(jiu) leTa he-zuihe drink-get.drunk wine Asp.
‘He drank (wine) and got drunk’b.

Ta qi-lei-lelianpi ma

he ride-tired-Asp. twohorse‘He rode two horses and got them tired’
Úű+ŭŹȯDƕȯ(@ħ¤ǷʀDɉ& (32) DƹĶ@(-ȆƹĶ-ɡŝÝĆŀñDĹȞ(@(Ȇ@;,';*
Ȇ+(32) ,

>A@ƽĶǊÉƻ';ǷʀDɉ&ƹĶA(A.(32) -ŭŹȯ,ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ,ľȺ>đA@ĢǸ'@,ýĮ'

B

ȯǊ+İŅA@('@(ŹǪ'-Įȫ,ľȺȝÙ¿ȩ$,¿ȩ,Ù+=?ǻ
@(,şƄDȖ

>+,=- 14 -*ƤƽV1   ǱľDŶ

日本語文法を特徴付けるパラメター再考（斎藤衛）

@(+=?ÕȈ(*@(DǙȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ,¯ž+¥@·+ıě (1993) ,ŭŹȯȝÙ¿ȩ,¯ɹ+$&(37) -ǻȯǊȝÙ¿ȩ,'

&ǭÇ+ȟ

@

Ȑāúɕ+ʂDɻ4(37) a.
b.

úɕʂDɻ4Ā:(37a)(37b) - tabe-sase-tatabe-hazime-ta (ȝÙ¿ȩDɆɖ(@ȝÙ¿ȩDƉŅ

@AA,¿ȩɳƉɊDŶVP DŊĐ@ʑ9 (38)  Murasugi and Hashimoto (2004)şǙ@ (37a) ,ƉɊ'
(38)

@

TP
Ȑā i  

T’

vP
v’

ti
VP
    

v

úɕ+ j

V’


vP
v’

tj
VP
       ʂDv
ɻ4

ıě (1993) -ǻȯǊȝÙ¿ȩ+- V’) ,ƾȘƺ'
+

&-

@

b.

úɕ

(soo su) ,¯ġDŗ@(39) +Ǚ=+(37) ,Ā:A+č&ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ,òÙ+-w,Ǚ='ƾ@D V1 ŊĐ@ VP +ƾ@('@Ȑāúɕ+(39) a.

& V1 Ƹȋ, VP DŊĐ@Ȩœ(&VP (@('*- 15 -+DÚƊ,İ

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究(40) a.

ȐāúɕDŏb. *Ȑā (úɕD) (41) a.

úɕƮ?Ȓ"b. *úɕȒ"(40b)(41b) ,ɯŨƞľ-ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ+&-V1 Ƹȋ, VP DŊĐV1+V2ÇƸ,¿ȩ(& VP DŊĐ@(DǙã@,ȆČ+ð%ıě (1993) -ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ-ȯįɖɟ'İŅAǻȯǊƤƽ+&-ÇƸ,¿ȩ(&1@7(

@ıě (1993) Ǥuǟ,ȝÙ¿ȩ(&ŗ@,ȯįƈļƉɊ,ţDȝÙ¿ȩ'@(40)(41) ,ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ,òÙ+-V1 ( V2 AAɳƉɊDŶƸǣ¿ȩ(&ȘA

@ū(42) ,Ʉ9(kom) -ŝĔ¿ȩ'?ÇƸ'-ƽȼ*(42) a.

ȐāúɕDɖė+ɇ

b.

úɕĠ+ɺ0ɄE!

c.

ƚƁƘƧ+ƥAɄE!

(42) ,>ů>*=
AA
ɇ#

ɄE!

+Ʉ9-V1 ,łàƉɊ+ŀñDɇ¼@(42a-c) -ɺE!
ƥA

(

¿ȩ,8'

#&;

@

-ƵǞ¿

@ȸDȘ
Ʉ9DŝĔ¿ȩ(& V1 +ɨ@(+=?Įȫ,
ƶĆ,òň+Ǟ¿@(

ŀñ¼

@

-Ƶ

>A@(42a) '-úɕɖė+(42b) '-úɕĠ+& (42c) '-ƚƁƘƧ+Ǟ¿@ıě (1993) -Ʉ9,ƍȈDŝǽ@¿ȩ,ȯįƈļƉɊ+ŀñDɇ¼@(+ıě (1993) -v,ȝÙ¿ȩ,¯ɹD17@(@&ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ,ªǊ*¯žDşǙ@ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ-ȯįɖɟ'İŅA@Úű+ V1 ( V2 Ƹȋ,ɳƉɊDŶ@
,$,ľȺ+ð%ıě-V1 ( V2 ,ɳ,ÚĆ+=?V1+V2 ,ɳƉɊDđ¯žDşƄ@(43) +¬Ş@ (40a) D+(#&ıě,¯žD (44) +éǙ@(43)ȐāúɕDŏ- 16 -

日本語文法を特徴付けるパラメター再考（斎藤衛）

 ŏ-
(¿|2 ʏ|ɷ2ʐ)(44)

  Ǽŉ ŏ(¿|1 ʏ|ɷ1ʐ)(¿|2 ʏ|ɷ2ʐ)             (44) +ǙA&@=   ÚĆ+ŏ(os) ((taos) ,¿|=0|ɷÚĆA,v'ŏ-,ɳƉɊDǼŉ@
(-V1 ( V2 ,¿|Úô|ɷÚôÚĆA&(44) 'ȍàƩǸſ(&(43) +@&Ȑā-ŏ(Îū,¿|(*?úɕ-Îū,¿ȩ,|ɷ(&ȢəA@ɳ,ÚĆ(*ȢəDĶ@ĹƳľ-*ÉƻǊ+-ÕȈ*ǥ'



@7

ţDśƾ@ɤ?,=.¿| 1 (|ɷ 2|ɷ 1 (¿| 2 DÚĆ@(;(44) +Ǚȋ'-¿ľȳâ,ƺȸDƪ*; (45) ,=@('ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩİŅ,jK[Ri-A¿ľȳâ(ǒǏ@*Ʀ0ȟ@(ukabi-mi)+İŅ@('@Ʀ0-ȟ@(¿|2 ʏ|ɷ2ʐ)(45)

  ǼŉƦ2
 (ʏ|ɷ1ʐ) ȟ@(¿|2 ʏ|ɷ2ʐ)             

 

ÚĆ

ĵ#&¿ľȳâ,ƺȸDȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩİŅ,jK[Ri,ĢǸ(&đ(-'*(43) +&|ȯŏ(,¿|(&ȢəAǌǊȯÎū,¿ȩ,|ɷ(&ȢəA@(-(46) +Ǚ=
Ĳ¹Dy

+AA,¿ȩ|ȯ(ǌǊȯ+|ɷ@(DǙã@
|ɷ

(46)

[|ȯ

[ǌǊȯ

V1 + V2 ]]               ¿||ɷĲ¹,=

+y

>A@,'

A.

- 17 -.ǌǊȯ V1 ,¿|V2 ,|ɷ(言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究&ȢəA@=

*(-

?

*

>+,¯žDŤŕ@ȨœDıě (1993) ,ȶȴ,{+ȟ®('@ıě-(47) ( (48) ,=Îū|ȯ*čƖ+ð%&V1 ( V2 ,=0ǌǊȯDłàǊ+ɓō@(DǙ(47) a.

Ɲó+Ɓ8b.

Ȕƅ+ǹ8(48) a. *Ȕƅ+Ɓ8
b. *Ɲó+ǹ8.(47a) ,Ũƞľ-Ɲó+Ɓ8@,ɒƃ+čĺ(48a) ,ɯŨƞľ-Ȕƅ+Ɓ8@,xɒƃ+čĺ@Ɓ8@(simi) -ƨƷ,|ȯ(Ʒ,ǌǊȯDɓō@:(47a) ,8,ɓō´ɤDƫ

V1 ;|ȯǌǊȯ(ɓōɢ+ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ V1+V2 +'=#&,čƖ-V2 ,8*>?|ȯǌǊȯDɳ(@(DȚ@&V1 ( V2 ,ÎūŨ«,,ƉŅǱ(ɓōɢ+@,

A.v (;ɓōɢDŶ@Ǹſ(&¿ľȳâƺȸ-v ,ɓō´ɤ,ĢǸ(&đA@(49a) -(43) +@ V1 ( V2 ,ǌǊȯ(,ɓōɢ(49b) -v , V1 (V2 (,ɓōɢDǙ(49) a.

b.

[VP úɕ [V [V ŏ]-[V ]]][v’ [VP úɕ [V [V ŏ]-[V ]]] v*]

Chomsky (2000) ɣv +-ǟ@(ĨĆA&@v* -¿ȩʈɯȈƃ¿ȩ

Dɓō&÷ɳDŖĆɖ+(?v -ɯčƃ¿ȩDɓō@(49b) '-
ŏ

©+¿ȩ'@V1 ( V2 ©+¿ȩ:v* ,ɓō´ɤƫ@-ɯȈƃ¿ȩ'-V1 ( V2 ©+ɯčƃ¿ȩ'

A&@=?tȏǊ+-v* ,òÙ

A.ɓō´ɤ(ʃʄ-*@ű,8ɓōȞƫ

7

v ,òÙ

A@=#&w+¬Ş@¿ľȳâƺȸȱůA@(50)ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ V1+V2 +&V1 ( V2 -÷ɳ,ŶƲ+ʃʄ#&-*>*

¿ȩʈɯȈƃ¿ȩ(ɯčƃ¿ȩDÞ9ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ-ŚɦA@v*  VP (ÙA.ɯčƃ¿ȩ v* ,ɓōȞDƫ

v śƾAA.¿ȩʈɯȈƃ¿ȩ v ,ɓō´ɤ+Ŏȣ@- 18 -

日本語文法を特徴付けるパラメター再考（斎藤V1 ( V2 ,ÎūŨ«,,ƉŅǱ(ɓōɢ+@(衛）

ŭŹȯ,ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ,ľȺDȡČ,ľȺ>¿ľȳâƺȸđA@(Dȟ&ıě (1993) ŖŢ@=A.ŭŹȯ,ƶĸ-+¿ľȳâŭŹȯ,ȝÙ¿ȩ+ƶŶ,ƺȸ'vȦ,ľȺDŶ@ȝÙ¿ȩ,ƽŅÕȈ'ŭŹȯ'-,=@,'?ADøƾ@Ʊ+ƙ:>A@**ȝÙ¿ȩȧĈA@,!B

'+Ǵ

=+ȯįǊȝ

&-V1 ( V2 AAƸȋ, VP DŊĐV1+V2 Çt, VP DŊĐÙ¿ȩ+

@(ıě (1993) +=#&ǙA&@ıě-,ȆČ+ð%&ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ-ȯįɖɟ'İŅA@(@V1 ( V2 AAŨ«,,ȞǱ(ɓōɢ+-ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩǻȯǊ+*C"(51a) +Ǚ=Ǚã@ʑ(51) a.
b.

@(+Ù+=?İŅA@(D101 = {V1, V2}
2 = {DP, {V1, V2}}

ǌǊȯ-(51b) +Ǚ=+,ȝÙ¿ȩ+ÙV1 ( V2 ,Îū>|ɷĲ¹Dy

A@(51a) ÕȈ':+-İŃǊ+- 1 ȯ(&ȢəAǻȯǊ+- 1 ,m@

coɒ°+ƜĆA*A.*>*ĵ#&,$,Żƫ

A@Ŧ+ŭŹȯ'-$,¿ȩ,ǍŝǊ*Ù+=@ȝÙ¿ȩİŅÕȈ+*@(Ȇ,$,Ż-),=+ƫɆȯĖŋ,¯ž,åDy@(DǙ

 7ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ, V1 -(52) +Ǚ=(52) a.
b.

ŏ =
Ʈ?Ȓ"@ =

>A@'-w+V1 ,İŃǊľȺ(·Ǫ'şƄA@,!B+ǧ>+¿ȩȯĦʇi (ɋƾİ'ȘA@ʑ11

os-i + taos + ru
suber-i + oti + ru

A-ůǗ+ȯįɖɟ'İŅA@ȯįƈļƉɊ,ţD

ȝÙ¿ȩ,òÙ(ÚƊ'

@

(53)

ɺ0Ʉ9 =

tob-i + komĵ#&İŃɖɟȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩDȯ(&Ȣə@(+Ťɪ-*
7*

w,Ǚ=+¿ȩ,ɋƾŝɃ-·Ǫ'şƄ(54) a.
b.

Ȑā-$;[vP WsaoDŏ]ȐƼDúɕ-[vP Ʈ?]Ǡ+Ȓ"- 19 - Ǳľ,tǟ+*>言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究(54) '-vP   ǱľDŶ@:ŊĐ Ǳľ-ɋƾ (preverbal) (&yA@ćɩ(55a) -V1 ( V2 ,ɡ+fsRDȃ
(55) a.
b.

òÙ+-(55b) ,ƉɊDyȐāúɕDŏȐā[vP úɕ i Dŏ]proi ĵ#&ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ-ƑǗ+-w,ƉɊD;$(Ȇ

(56)

>A@

>A@

 = {V1 [], V2}

V1   ǱľDŶ@Ŧ+ - V2 ,mcoDÑǼ ,mcnqM+åɷ-ƽ* Ǳľ-V2 +=?ɋƾ (preverbal) DyA-i (&ªƺÂ@v,¯žƑA.¿ľȳâƺȸDǙŭŹȯ,ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ,Ăì-ɡŝ
Ǌ+'-@ ǱľtȌ,Ǝü(ɢɋ&@(+*@ŭŹȯ-  ǱľtȌDƎ ǱľtȌ+C#&mcnqMDÕȈ+@Ǳľ  DŶ@ Ǳľ-DPPP +&-ŨƞƃɆȯ+&-Ėŋ(&ȘA@¿ȩ  ǱľDŶ@òÙ+-$,¿ȩDǍŝǻȯǊ+Ù@(ÕȈ+*@,=ǊȝÙ¿ȩ'+İŅA

ȝÙ¿ȩȯį@

5. ŭ Źȯ,|ȞɖĴȃîȯɴ+ɢ@ȆČŭŹȯ,ɳǐǃƺȸøɚŨƞƃƺȸQLmqanqMȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ+$
DȖ#&

&¯ž

ŹȴDȁ:@·+ ǱľtȌ,ƎüDðǘ(@¯ž|ȞɖĴȃîȯɴ(),=+ɢɋ@DȆ@Ŵ²+ Saito (2012) 'şƄŅjK[Ri(A+ð%|ȞɖĴȃîȯɴ,¯žDǴŭŹȯÓƉɊ,İ

@,v' ǱľtȌ,Ǝü,jK[RiDÕȈ+@(DǙǤʊǪ'-ƃǱľ,DĹȞ(@ DP < PP ɵï«DŜǲ&ƃDyA@(@ Bokovi (2007) ,şƄDśƾŭŹȯŨƞƃ,¯žDȖ#,¯ž-|ƃ|ȯ,8*>|ƃǌǊȯ;|ƃDy@ T Dɵï«+Þ9(DÞł@,Ʊ+|ƃǌǊȯ(57b) +Ǚ=Ȍ@;,'(57) a.

&+T ,ŊĐ«+Ǟ¿@(@ Koizumi (1998) ,şƄ(Ù@ȐāWoMȯC@ (()- 20 -

日本語文法を特徴付けるパラメター再考（斎藤b.

衛）[TP Ȑā [T’ WoMȯ [T’ [vP t [v’ [VP t C@ (wakar) ] v]] T (-ru)]]]Yatsushiro (1999) -|ƃǌǊȯ- (57b) +=+-Ǟ¿ǌǊȯ,ȃ+ǂ

7@(DǙ'-Ɍɭŧɛȩ,¯ġDȆČ@(+=?,ćDǗȭ@
7Miyagawa (1989) +=@w,čƖDȟ=(58) a.

ăƽʋ,ɝ'YFDɠ

b. ?? ăƽ,ɝ'ʋYFDɠ
(58a-b) -Ɍɭŧɛȩɬŝ@ÛȩÓDɽ@(DǙʑ12 (58b) '-ʋ(ăƽɬŝ&*:łéAɽɢŅǣ*,ȡČD17&

Miyagawa (1989) -(59) ,Ũƞľɯčƃȱ,Ȩœ(*@(DŖŢ@(59)

YF,ɝ'ʋ$ɠɯčƃȱ+=A.(59) ,ɠɯčƃ¿ȩ'=+ǌǊȯ,ȃ'|ɷ,Ĳ¹DĶ

(60)[TP YF [vP [VP ,ɝ' [VP t ʋ$ ɠ

@(>YF-(60) +ǙĴ+|ȯ,ȃ+Ǟ¿@(ak) ]] v] T (ta)]ĵ#&YFǞ¿@·+Ɍɭŧɛȩʋ$YFDɽ@ɢŅǣ@(Ȇ@('@

Miyagawa (1989) ,ȆČD17(61) a.

&Ə+w,čƖDȆ

@ăƽʋWoMȯC@ (()b. ?? ăƽWoMȯʋC@ (()(61b) -ăƽ(ʋɬŝŻDƫǌǊȯ,Ǟ¿¯ž,w'-Ȱ#>'xɒƃ'@(57b) +Ǚƪ*A@,-w,=@- 21 -|ƃ+ƤƽA@言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究(62)[TP ăƽ [T’ WoMȯ [T’ [vP t ʋ [v’ [VP t C@ (wakar) ] v]] T (-ru)]]]=#&|ƃǌǊȯ-T Dɵï«+Þ9ȃ+Ǟ¿ǌǊȯ,ȃ+ǂ7@(,ǸȴDĶ@'-|ƃǌǊȯ-),=+|ƃDyA@,!B

Saito (2012) '-Kitagawa(1986)Shimada (2007)÷ƛ (2009) ǦşƄ@|ȞɖǞ¿+=@ÓƉɊƽŅ,jK[RiDśƾ@(+=?,åşƄD (63a) +ɒƾ(63) a.
b.

+ǧ=(@`IHRƻȴ+ð%÷ƛ (2009) ,ƤƽD (63b-c) +Ǚʑ13ȐāúɕDÖ#
(i)



VP

V

v

(ii)

VP      (iii)
 V’

DP

Ö@

úɕD

V



vP

VP
v

DP

Ö@

vP

DP 

v

Ȑā

V’

úɕD V

(iv)

(tv)

VP

DP

Ö@



T

C

(vi)
vP
DP



TP
T’
v’

T

(vii)

úɕD V

C



TP

DP

tDP

(viii)

CP

TP
T’

v’ T

(tv)

Ö@

T’

Ȑā vP           Ȑā vV’                                 c. (v) TP

v’

DP
C

C
T’

Ȑā vP

 tDP

T’
v’ T

(tC)

                            (63b) +Ǚ vP `IHR,Ƥƽ-`IHR|Ȟɖ, v >Ā7@v - V Dɓō@(
>7(i) ,=+ V (Ù@Ə+{V, v} -V ,ɓōȞDƫǌǊȯ,úɕ(Ù@čƃ-{V, v} y@(ĆA&
Ǫ'şǙŨƞƃy,¯ž+ĵ-v  VP Dțɖ(@.,űƱ'úɕ+čƃy:+?ŹȴǤʋ

>A@(iii) ':+Ǟ¿VP («Ǌ+Ù@ŴĴ+÷ɳ,Ȑā vP- 22 -

日本語文法を特徴付けるパラメター再考（斎藤衛）(ÙvP `IHRąŅ@(63c) -CP `IHR,ƤƽDǙ`IHR|Ȟɖ,C  T (Ù(v) DĶ@(vi) '-(63b) 'ƽŅvP ÙT ,ɓōȞDƫƏ+ȐāǞ¿ («Ǌ+Ù) {T, C} +=?|ƃDyA@ŴĴ+C
 TP Dțɖ(@:+TP («Ǌ+Ù&(viii) ,ÓƉɊƤƽA@ʑ14

Saito (2012) -(63) +ǙÓƉɊƤƽ,jK[Ri,ĢǸD$ŖŢ@Ǥt+|ƃǌǊȯ,åɷ,ȢƜÕȈ+*@(@'+ȟ

=+|ƃǌǊȯ-ǌǊȯ,ȃ+ǂ7?$|ƃDyA@Takahashi (2010) - v čƃ,y+ɢC@òÙ+,8`IHR|Ȟɖ(*@(DşƄ&@ (57a) -(64b) +Ǚ=(64) a.
b.

@,Ć+ĵ.(64a) +¬Ş

+ƤƽA@ȐāWoMȯC@ (()


TP

(i)
T

vP    (iii)

(ii)

C

v

@

TP
T



VP
V

@

VP

WoMȯ V’

vP

C@ v

C



(iv)

TP
T

V


C

vP

C@ v

TP

@
                                 

T

C

@
(v)

  

vP
VP

V

C@

v

(tvP)



vP
Ȑā v’v’WoMȯ V’        

(vi)

TP
T



VP

C

,'-čƃDyA@ɳ*T’Ȑā v’v’TPT     

TP
vP

v

@

(vii)

C

v’ @

VP
C

T

v

(tTP)

@

:C ät,`IHR|Ȟɖ(*@(i)-(iii) '-ɓōȞ+ĵ#&T-Cv-T-CV-v-T-C ,ƉŅǱɴƏİŅA@(iv) 'ǌǊȯÙ,űƱ' {T, C} +=?|ƃDyA@,=(*ǌǊȯ,ȃ'|ƃDy+|ƃǌǊȯ-Ǟ¿@>A@Ə+(v) +Ǚ=

+v-T-C «Ǌ+Ù

vP DİŅ@(vi) '-|ȯÙ|ƃDyA@(vii) 'T-C «Ǌ+Ù&T  vP Dțɖ(@ƉɊ'@ŴĴ+C ,«ǊÙD;#&ƤƽąŅ@- 23 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

÷ƛ (2009) ,ƤƽjK[RiDĆ@(+=?Ķ>A@;

t$,ĢǸ-Kayne(1994) ,ȀƷǊ£Ȗɢ,ƉɊčĺ¨ƻ (Linear Correspondence Axiom, LCA) +=?ŭŹȯ,|ȞɖĴȃîȯɴDđÕȈľɠA@('@ÓƉɊ-Ù+=#&İŅA@

Ù-ɧĚɢ,8Dº®ȀvǊ£ȖɢDŖĆ*

=#&ƉŅǱ,ȀvǊ

£ȖɢDƜĆ@ƻȴĹȞ(*@Kayne (1994) , LCA -ȀvǊ£ȖɢƉɊv,ɯčǝǊ c ǻķɢ+čĺ@(@;,'&Chomsky (1994) ƑD¼(65)?,Ĳ¹Dſ

LCA DǭÇ+ȟ&

(65) ,ƉɊDƾ



XP
YP

X’
X

ZP
Z

WP

XP «,ȞǱ,ȀvǊ£ȖɢDƜĆ@,-|Ȟɖ(ŴùŊĐ,ɯčǝǊ c ǻķɢ'@ŖĆɖ+@ YP -|Ȟɖ X (țɖ ZP DɯčǝǊ+ c ǻķ@=#&ŖĆɖ-|Ȟɖ(țɖ+£Ȗ@7

|Ȟɖ X -țɖ«,4&,ȞǱ*C"|Ȟɖ Z (țɖ WP DɯčǝǊ+ c ǻķ,Ǹſ(&|Ȟɖ-țɖ+£Ȗ@,=+&ŖĆɖ – |Ȟɖ – țɖ,ȯɴđA@
LCA -Ƈ:&Ŷ»*ȱ'ȯ+$@|Ȟɖ – țɖ,ȯɴDƪ@:|ȞɖĴȃîȤ

&-=?Ȭǳ*¯žĹȞ(*@Kayne ȋɀşǙ@¯ž-țɖ|ȞɖDɯčǝǊ+ c ǻķ@ȃ+Ǟ¿@(@;,'@CP DÞ:4&,Ó|ȞɖĴȃî'@-Ć'-*@ŭŹȯ,=*Ȥȯ+,¯žɒƾ÷ƛ (2009) ,ƤƽjK[Ri-Ū
,ɒƾDȆ

&8=

(66)

vP
DP

A+č&*ÕȈľDǙã@vP `IHRD+(#&LCA



v’
VP

DP

v
V’

V

v

v -7 V (ÙVP («Ǌ+Ù@(+=?vP DŊĐ@Ǟ¿+-ɸìǊǞ¿(ɯɸìǊǞ¿@(66) +@ v ,Ǟ¿ɯɸìǊ'- 24 -@(Ć=

ɯ日本語文法を特徴付けるパラメター再考（斎藤ɸìǊǞ¿'-ɱõǱľĀƱ'ȢəA@7?ɱõǱľ+ȃ+ð%衛）

LCA -ȘĚǊ*ȯɴ+@¨ƻ'&ȀvǊ£ȖɢDƜĆ@;,(Ȇ>A@=#&LCA  (66) ,ƉɊ>ȀvǊ£ȖɢDđɩ+-v DǑƱ'-*ĀƱ+(@(+*@,Ǹȴ+ĵ@;,.|ȯ DP -ǌǊȯ DP (¿ȩ V DɯčǝǊ+ c ǻķǌǊȯ DP - V DɯčǝǊ+ c ǻķ@(>|ȯ (ŖĆɖ) – ǌǊȯ (țɖ) – ¿ȩ (|Ȟɖ) ,ȯɴDĶ@V ( v ,£Ȗɢ-ŖĆA*@(@(+=?ȢƜ,åɷ-v  V +ŝɃ'@

Saito (2012) '-÷ƛ (2009) şƄ@ÓƉɊİŅ,jK[RiDŲɎǊ*;,(&|Ȟɖ·ȃîʈĴȃî,ȯɴ,ǎɑD|Ȟɖ,«ǊÙɸìǊ',ǎɑ+ð%&¯ž@(DǙã÷ƛ (2009) ,Ƥƽȑȯ+$(&@ɯɸìǊ'

tūKitahara (2013) -ŭŹȯ+$ Ǳľ(ƃǱľy,jK[Ri+=?Kitahara ,şƄDŤŕ@ȨœDĶ@('@t(&ȑȯ, vP +$(67) a.

b.
DP[Case: ACC ]v[: _ ]V

DP
[Case: ACC]
V&ǌǊȯ {v, V} (ÙčƃDyA@ ǱľD:,űƱ'- ǱľyA* (67b) +Ǚ=(«Ǌ+Ù@(+=#&-:&ǌǊȯDɵï«+ŜǲDP -'+ƃDyA&*@v -ǌǊȯ
+v - VP

@ǌǊȯ,:ƣľŻ+=?v (ǌǊȯ,ɡ+tȌ,ɢ-Ņǣv ,  Ǳľ-yAǸſ(&Ƥƽǖǿ@ǤʊǪ+ǐǃȧĈA*

|

VP

(tv)

ɵï«+*

&8=

vP

v
V
[: _ ]

(67a) +

&ȆƤƽD (67) +Ǚ

VP
V’

&-

&-v  {V, DP} (Ù@ƋƬǊ*ƤƽɒƾA@@Źȴ,ǤʊǪ'şǙȞɖ,«ɖÙD@&ȑȯ'-ɳ

(Dȱů@ɩ+ Ǳľ,y+@ƣľŻxÕƎ*Ĳ¹Dſ

,¯žDǾŕ@ɤ?ȑȯ+-(67) '-*v  {V, DP} (Ù@Ƌ

ƬǊ*ƤƽɒƾA@(,ǸȴDĶ@ v,ȶȴ-|Ȟɖ,«ɖÙD
ȌȤȯ+ɒƾA*

(DÞł@ŭŹȯ+tȌDƎ>+*>*ƤƽDÕȈ(7*@(Ƥƽ-ȑȯ,8*>=?tȏǊ+  Ǳľtʑ15&,ƤƽÕȈ'@,- ǱľŭŹȯ'- ǱľtȌ,Ǝü|Ȟɖ,«ǊÙD|Ȟɖ,«ǊÙɯɸìǊ'@Ŧ+|ȞɖĴȃî,ȯɴ(('@|ȞɖĴȃî,ȯɴ-Kayne (1994) ŖŢ@=+|ȞɖDɯčǝǊ+ c ǻķ@ȃ3,țɖ,Ǟ¿+=#&;Ķ>A@ĵ#&4&,|Ȟɖ- 25 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

ĴȃîȤȯ÷ƛ (2009) şƄ@Ƥƽ,jK[RiDśƾ@C'-*ŭŹȯ+&- Ǳľ,Ǝü(|ȞɖĴȃî,ȯɴĊŝ+ɢɋ&@(ĽCA@

6. Ǹ ȴ
Źȴ'-ŭŹȯ,ðŹǊľȺ(& ǱľtȌ,ƎüDĆ,ĢǸDɇǡǤʊǪ'-7ɳǐǃƺȸ ǱľtȌ,Ǝü,ǍŝǊ*ĢǸ(&đA@(@Saito (2007) ,ȶȴDƈȡ,v' ǱľtȌ,Ǝü(ǒǏ*ŨƞƃyjK[RiDş@;,(&Bokovi (2007) ,şƄDśƾŭŹȯŨƞƃ,¯žDşǙ,¯ž,ɸȓ*ĢǸ(&-|ƃęƃ+ȟ>A@øɚŨƞƃƺȸ,ȱůǤʋǪ'-ŭŹȯŨƞƃ,ƍȈmcnqMDÕȈ+@(+7@@(DşƄŨƞƃ(Ɇȯ,ĖŋDɹ@;,(&¯ž@ Sells (1995)An (2009) DǈĘ&zȇDmcnqMDț½@Út,Ǳľ,ªƺÂ'@(@¯žDşǙ,¯ž+=?ŭŹȯ+&ɯƯǩāǞ¿ɯ NP Ǟ¿'@QLmqanqMȧĈA@(+ȱůDy>+ǤʌǪ'-ıě (1993) +&Ȭǳ+ƆȥA&@ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ,ƶǄ*ľȺ;,¯ž,ĢǸ(&đA@(DǙ-|ƃǌǊȯ,ŨƞƃyD(?

&Ù+=@ÓƉɊİŅ,ȯ,|ȞɖĴȃîȯɴ ǱľtȌ,Ǝü(Ċŝ+ɢɋ&Źȴ,­ɶ'Ǵ=Ɗ*İ'ɇǡA&?ūDƆȥŭŹ@(DǙã+1980 ĥɣŭŹȯŨƞ,ƶĸDȱů@^mjTs
Źȴ- ǱľtȌ,Ǝü(,ǸſĹȞ(*@mcnqMț

½Ǳľ  +=#&ŭŹȯ,ŨƞǊƶĸ+ȱůDyǈĘ@(DȪ8

ǤʍǪ'

;,'

@(DşƄ,bpPILXD@,ȪȴDƆȨ>+ǈĘ&ɳǐǃŨƞƃQLmqanqaȝÙ¿ȩȀƷÂ,AA,ƺȸ+$ȯȴ,ȡƱ>¯žDƩ:&

ĹȞ

@

* Źȴ-2012 ĥ 9 ŵ+`qeoXùă'ɠ

A



:+-
&Ɩɂǻ

Notes

@ÒɶǈȘDðǘ(&Formal Approaches to Japanese Linguistics 6 +?ƺì,]sPkq-O\WGKVXùăǻȯȴShZs (2013 ĥ 3ŵ) Ì0ëǣëȯǕǡň©ÚǕǡbpPILXǤ 6 çǕǡ (2013 ĥ 5 ŵÆěùă) 'ǈȘ'@ʋç,ǈȘ,ò'ø,ū>Ŷǋ*OjqXD!

;,ƶ+Jonathan Bobaljik

eljko Bokovi ȕÍƖßĜȷĿɾĝŹǛƌLuigi Rizziźğɜ×Hubert Truckenbrodt§âā,ØƗ+,òD?&ǚDǀv@

1. Chomsky (2008) '- Ǳľ-¡ż`IHR|Ȟɖ, C ( v +ęT ( V +=#&ÑǼ
A@;,(A&?ŹǪ,ĴÅɖ'Ǵ

@ Bokovi (2007) ';,¯žśƾA&- 26 -@日本語文法を特徴付けるパラメター再考（斎藤,¯ž+ĵ衛）.ƑǗ+-v '-* V ǌǊȯ, DP (tȌ@(+*@'-A,¯žDśƾ&;ȶȴ+ıɲ*:T ( v   ǱľDŶ@(=?Çǰ*¯žDĆ@
2. (9b) +& DP ,ƃD ACC (&(DŁĆy;,'@;,'-*?;|ȯ'

*

&ǌǊȯ'

#

A.NOM (*@ƃ,ªǊ*-ȶȴ+ıɲD

3. Bokovi (2007) -(13c) +ƫ@A-DP £Ȗ@Ũȉ+@ DP ( T ,ɢDtȌ,tǟ(8*,ɢƣľŻD:ƣľŻ,;,,ɦÊDşƄ&&ɚȞ*Ĳ¹Dő(-'+ȟɉ?'@tū'ƣľŻɳǐǃ,ȱů+@Źȴ'-ƣľŻD  ǱľtȌ+@Ż(&Ǿŕ@
4. ,åɷ-ƍȈǫǅ|Ȟɖȝŧ, DP (tȌ@(DȧĈ@ Hiraiwa (2001) ,øɚtȌ
ȱ+=?çɔ@('@ŭŹȯ,øɚƃ+ɢ@ɤ?Bokovi (2007) ,¯ž=?Ǎ
ŝǊ*ȱůDÕȈ+@(-ů>'
.ȑȯ+

B

&;øɚ|ȯŨÕȈ'

ĽCA@ƏǪ'ȑȯ+
5. ŭŹȯ,ÛȩÓƉɊ+$

ʑ(15) +Ǚ

øɚ|ȯŨ,¯ž-tȏľDŶ@(Dƪ@,(-tȟåɷ(*@=+&-øɚ|ȯŨ,Ȟè+=?ŚɦA@(DǙ&-Saito, Lin and Murasugi (2008) DËƴA



6. QLmqanqM,ɯƯǩāǞ¿ɯ A Ǟ¿(&,ƶĸ-Webelhuth (1989) +=@(22) ,=*DȬǳ+ƆȥŅ*A’ Ǟ¿(&Saito (1989) '-ŭŹȯQLmqanqMDƯǩāöɳ,ɢDİ@

7. ŹŨ'- ǱľDÓ+yA
condition) DȆń& DƸǣ=?ǙãA'@;,(&@Chomsky (2000) ,ÁŔŻ (inclusivenessƍȈǫǅ(@(ÃÉ}æƗ

=0 eljko Bokovi Ɨ+,ÕȈľ-ɇǡ4;,(ĽCA@ łàDƎǰǮ*İīǊ*Ǳľ@(>'-|Ȟɖ(-8**(+@

8. ǤʍǪ'-Chomsky (2008) ,şƄ+ð%|ƃęƃčƃAA T-CN-DV-v +yA@;,(&¯ž+ƑD¼
9. 

@

.Ĳ,ŝĔɃǻȯǊ+-ƸǣɣĨĆA&¿ȩ(&Ř@Ȏ@ĲŨțŨƉɊD

&-|ȯŖÜľDǙȋ¯,Ȣə(+$

(-Kuroda (1965b) &Ŵ;=Ǔ>A&@Ȩœ(@ĲŨ«,ȋ¯-Ĳȇ(șĲȇ,A;£Ȗȩ(@('@,ć-șĲȇțŨ,|ȯ'@(DǙ

10. ¿ȩ,ǍŝǊ*Ù+=@ȯįǊȝÙ¿ȩ,Ƥƽ-JYȯǸſɋɞ¿ȩ{ëȯȝÙ¿ȩ(,Ɩɂ+ð%Saito (2001) ''+şƄ;,'

11. ¿ȩ,ȯĦƕɱ'ǵC@òÙ+-w,=(i) ȄAɺ2 =@+-i ¶ɦA@

mure-i + tob

12. Miyagawa (1989) -=?ƑǗ+-Ɍɭŧɛȩ(ÛȩÓÿþɢ+*A.*>*(&@
13. ÷ƛ (2009) -ȑȯ,¯žDşǙ&?7

Ǆ*@ĆDśƾ&- 27 -@:(63) +ǙƤ

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

ƽ-ǳɖ+
i+$

&-÷ƛ,şƄDĻć+ÏŰ;,'-*&-÷ƛ,şƄD56,77ɒƾ&

14. (63b-c) 'İŅA@ƉɊ+-ǤʋǪ'şǙĆ@ätåɷ(*?

@,-(viii) +Ƥƽ,ðŹǊ*jK[R@
mcnqM,jK[RiɒƾA@;,(@v T’ = {vP, TP (w T’)} ,mcnqM'@ȢƜǨ(&-(i) |Ȟɖ,«ɖÙ,ǇȾ (O_s) -ǻȯǊrłàǊĲ¹¦*:ą¦+¶ɦA@(ii) TʈTP (Ù@ vP ;  ǱľDŶT +=?ɱõǊ+-Ǣ,Dy>A@($,ÕȈľȆ>A@

15. ŭŹȯƶ+|Ȟɖ,«ǊÙD@ earliness principle ȆƤƽDśƾ@ƻƿ(&-Pesetsky (1989) şƄ

>A@Ǳľ,y'@!ŮŸ+*A*A.*>*(@(ƃǱľ,y,8DĹȞ(@Ȥȯ'-ǌǊȯÙA@(Úű+čƃyA@Ƥƽ
ɓ.A@(+*@ Ǳľ(ƃǱľ,ÎūyA*A.*>*+ƫ

('v (ǌǊȯ,Ƥƽ'-Įȫ,Ǟ¿ (67b) +ǙAǞ¿*A.*>*

òÙ+-zūDÚű

|Ȟɖ,«ǊÙD|Ȟɖ,«ǊÙ(*?ƋƬǊ*Ƥƽ'-ǌǊȯ, NP Ǟ¿(*@ĵ#&$,Ƥƽ-earliness +=#&-Ä³A* 
An, Duk-Ho (2009) “A Note on Genitive Drop in Korean.” Nanzan Linguistics 5: 1-16.
Bobaljik, Jonathan (1995) Morphosyntax: The Syntax of Verbal Inflection. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT.
Bokovi , eljko (2007) “On the Locality and Motivation of Move and Agree: An Even More Minimalist
Theory.” Linguistic Inquiry 38: 589-644.
Chomsky, Noam (1981) Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
Chomsky, Noam (1994) “Bare Phrase Structure.” In Gert Webelhuth (ed.), Government and Binding Theory andthe Minimalist Program, 383-439. Oxford: Blackwell.
Chomsky, Noam (2000) “Minimalist Inquiries: The Framework.” In Roger Martin, David Michaels and Juan
Uriagereka (eds.), Step by Step: Essays on Minimalist Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik, 89-155.
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam (2008) “On Phases.” In Robert Freidin, Carlos P. Otero and Maria Luisa Zubizarreta (eds.),
Foundational Issues in Linguistic Theory: Essay in Honor of Jean-Roger Vergnaud, 133-166. Cambridge,
Mass.: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam (2013) “Problems of Projection.” Lingua 130: 33-49.
Fukui, Naoki (1986) A Theory of Category Projection and its Applications, Ph.D. dissertation, MIT.
Hale, Ken (1980) “Remarks on Japanese Phrase Structure: Comments on the Papers on Japanese Syntax.” MIT
Working Papers in Linguistics 2: 185-203.
Hiraiwa, Ken (2001) “Multiple Agree and the Defect Intervention Constraint.” MIT Working Papers in
Linguistics 40: 67-80.
Huang, C.-T. James (1992) “Complex Predicates in Control.” In Richard K. Larson, et al. (eds.), Control and- 28 -

日本語文法を特徴付けるパラメター再考（斎藤衛）

Grammar, 109-147. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
ıěúɕ (1993)Ũƞ(ȯİŅŽʎ/$ųŇ.
Kayne, Richard S. (1994) The Antisymmetry of Syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Kim, Soowon (1999) “Sloppy/Strict Identity, Empty Objects, and NP Ellipsis.” Journal of East Asian Linguistics
8: 255-284.
Kitagawa, Yoshihisa (1986) Subjects in Japanese and English. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst.
Kitahara, Hisatsugu (2013) “Simplest Merge and Language Variation.” Unpublished manuscript, Keio
University.
Koizumi, Masatoshi (1998) “Remarks on Nominative Objects.” Journal of Japanese Linguistics 16: 39-66.
Kuno, Susumu (1973) The Structure of the Japanese Language. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Kuroda S.-Y. (1965a) Generative Grammatical Studies in the Japanese Language. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT.
Kuroda, S.-Y. (1965b) “Causative Forms in Japanese.” Foundations of Language 1: 30-50.
Kuroda, S.-Y. (1988) “Whether We Agree or Not.” Linguisticae Investigationes 12: 1-47.
Miyagawa, Shigeru (1989) Structure and Case Marking in Japanese. San Diego: Academic Press.
Murasugi, Keiko and Tomoko Hashimoto (2004) “Three Pieces of Acquisition Evidence for the v-VP Frame.”
Nanzan Linguistics 1: 1-19.
Oku, Satoshi (1988) A Theory of Selection and Reconstruction in the Minimalist Program. Ph.D. dissertation,
University of Connecticut.
Otani, Kazuyo and John Whitman (1991) “V-raising and VP-ellipsis.” Linguistic Inquiry 22: 345-358.
Pesetsky, David (1989) “Language-Particular Processes and the Earliness Principle,” Unpublished manuscript,
MIT.
Saito, Mamoru (1982) “Case Marking in Japanese: A Preliminary Study.” Unpublished manuscript, MIT.
Saito, Mamoru (1989) “Scrambling as Semantically Vacuous A’-movement.” In Mark R. Baltin and Anthony S.
Kroch (eds.), Alternative Conceptions of Phrase Structure, 182-200. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Saito, Mamoru (2001) “Movement and -roles: A Case Study with Resultatives.” In Yukio Otsu (ed.), The
Proceedings of the Second Tokyo Conference on Psycholinguistics, 35-60. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo.
Saito, Mamoru (2007) “Notes on East Asian Argument Ellipsis.” Language Research 43: 203-227.
Saito, Mamoru (2012) “Case Checking/Valuation in Japanese: Move, Agree or Merge?” Nanzan Linguistics 8:109-127.
Saito, Mamoru, T.-H. Jonah Lin and Keiko Murasugi (2008) “N’-Ellipsis and the Structure of Noun Phrases in
Chinese and Japanese.” Journal of East Asian Linguistics 17: 247-271.
Sells, Peter (1995) “Korean and Japanese Morphology from a Lexical Perspective.” Linguistic Inquiry 26:
277-325.
ener, Serkan and Daiko Takahashi (2010) “Argument Ellipsis in Japanese and Turkish.” MIT Working Papers
in Linguistics 61: 325-339.
Shimada, Junri (2007) “Head Movement, Binding Theory, and Phrase Structure.” Unpublished manuscript, MIT.
ǬÉɏƀ (2006)ŭŹȯ,ɳ¶ɦŨ, LF O_s¯ž  ǇȾ,ȞǱDÞ9ȡƱ>ôȴŨ, Æě- 29 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

ùăùăɥɡŨÂǕǡǜȤȯǜăďť.
Takahashi, Masahiko (2010) “Case, Phases, and Nominative/Accusative Conversion in Japanese.” Journal of
East Asian Linguistics 19: 319-355.
÷ƛƭƽ (2009)h[gnQXrbpMmi, {ĞĤu (Ȃ)Ȥȯă,ɵïʅIʆŽʎŷųĪ,
135-168.
Ura, Hiroyuki (1999) “Checking Theory and Dative Subject Constructions in Japanese and Korean.” Journal of
East Asian Linguistics 8: 223-254.
Webelhuth, Gert (1989) Syntactic Saturation Phenomena and the Modern Germanic Languages. Ph.D.
dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Williams, Edwin (1977) “Discourse and logical form.” Linguistic Inquiry 8: 101-139.
Yang, Dong-Whee (1983) “The Extended Binding Theory of Anaphors.” Language Research 19: 169-192.
Yatsushiro, Kazuko (1999) Case Licensing and VP Structure. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Connecticut.

- 30 -

୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒ┬␎ࡢẚ㍑⤫ㄒㄽ*高橋大厚㧗ᶫ ኱ཌ

1. ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
⮬↛ゝㄒࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ୍ᐃࡢ᮲௳ࡢୗ࡛᫬ไ⠇ࡢ୺ㄒࡸ┠ⓗㄒࢆ㡢ኌⓗ࡟⾲ฟࡋ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸ゝㄒࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㡢ᙧࡢ࡞࠸୺ㄒࡸ┠ⓗㄒ(✵୺ㄒ࣭✵┠ⓗㄒ)ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᢅ࠺࠿ࡣኚᙧ⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚┒ࢇ࡟◊✲ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ
1ࠋ1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ✵୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒࢆ┬␎ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ศᯒࡍࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢጇᙜᛶࡢ᳨ドࡸᙜヱࡢ┬␎᧯సࡢヲ⣽࡞࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢゎ᫂ࡀ⢭ຊⓗ࡟⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ2ࠋࡲࡓ⮬↛ゝㄒ࡟ࡣ✵୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒࢆチࡍゝㄒࡀከࡃᏑᅾࡍ
ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ඲࡚࡟୍ᵝ࡟┬␎ࡀ㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒ┬␎ࡀ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ㏻ゝㄒⓗ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ẚ㍑⤫ㄒㄽⓗ࡞ㄪᰝࡶ㔜せ࡞◊✲ㄢ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ3ࠋゝㄒࡢඹ㏻≉ᛶ࡜ኚ␗㒊ศࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ
⏕ᡂゝㄒᏛࡢ୰ᚰⓗ࡞◊✲┠ᶆ࡛࠶ࡿᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢゎ᫂࡟୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୺ㄒ࣭
┠ⓗㄒ┬␎ࡢẚ㍑⤫ㄒㄽ◊✲ࡶࡲࡉࡋࡃࡇࡢどᗙ࡟❧⬮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᮏㄽ⪃ࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊ➹⪅⮬㌟ࡢ◊✲ࢆྵࡵࡓࠊ✵୺ㄒࡸ✵┠ⓗㄒࢆチࡍゝㄒ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡇࢀࡲ࡛⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ◊✲ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆᴫほࡋ(➨ 2 ⠇)ࠊࡑࢀࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿᙜヱ┬␎⌧㇟ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ(➨ 3 ⠇)ࠋ᭱⤊⠇࡛࠶ࡿ➨ 4 ⠇ࡣࠊ
せⅬࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࠊᮏㄽ⪃ࡀゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡ࢆᣢࡘ࠿ࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࠊ⤖ㄽ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ

*ᮏ◊✲ࡣᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤඹྠ◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࠕゝㄒࡢᬑ㐢ᛶཬࡧከᵝᛶࢆྖࡿ⏕ᚓⓗไ⣙㸸᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᐇドⓗ◊✲ࠖࡢ⿵ຓࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࡢᮧᮡᜨᏊ
Ặࠊཬࡧࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺᵓᡂဨ࡟ឤㅰࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᮏㄽᩥࡢ୍㒊ࡣ  ᖺ  ᭶ ࠊ ᪥࡟༡ᒣ኱ᏛゝㄒᏛ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡛㛤ദࡉࢀࡓẚ㍑⤫ㄒㄽᅜ㝿ඹྠ◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ➨  ᅇ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙ
ࢵࣉ࡟࠾࠸࡚Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓ◊✲࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉฟᖍ⪅ࠊ≉࡟㰻⸨⾨Ặ࡟ㅰពࢆ⾲ࡍࡿࠋ
1 Huang (1984)ࠊJaeggli and Safir (1989)ࠊKuroda (1965)ࠊRizzi (1982)࡞࡝ཧ↷ࠋ
2 Hoji (1998)ࠊHuang (1991)ࠊKim (1999)ࠊOku (1998)ࠊOtani and Whitman (1991)࡞࡝ཧ
↷ࠋ
3 Oku (1998)ࠊSaito (2007)ࠊTakahashi (forthcoming)࡞࡝ཧ↷ࠋ- 31 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

2. ୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒ┬␎ࡢ㏻ゝㄒⓗศᕸ ✵୺ㄒࡸ✵┠ⓗㄒࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡽ࡟┬␎ࡀ㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
࡜ゝ࠺࡜ࡁࠊࡑࢀࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌮⏤࡟ࡼࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࢆ౛࡟ලయⓗ࡟⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ ࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡣୖ㏙ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㡢ᙧࡢ࡞࠸せ⣲ࢆチᐜࡍࡿゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
(1)

ࣟࣥ: ࣁ࣮ࣜࡀᗯୗࢆ࠺ࢁࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡼࠋ
ࣁ࣮࣐࢖࢜ࢽ࣮: e ఱ࠿ࢆ᥈ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡼࠋ

(2)

ࣟࣥ: ࣁ࣮ࣜࡀᗯୗࢆ࠺ࢁࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡼࠋ
ࣁ࣮࣐࢖࢜ࢽ࣮: ࢫࢿ࢖ࣉඛ⏕ࡀ e1 ぢ࠿ࡅࡓࡽࠊࡁࡗ࡜ e2 e3 ྏࡿࢃࠋ(1)ࡣࣟࣥ࡜ࣁ࣮࣐࢖࢜ࢽ࣮ࡢ఍ヰ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣁ࣮࣐࢖࢜ࢽ࣮ࡢⓎヰࡣ୺ㄒࡀ⾲ฟࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸(ࡇࡢ✵୺ㄒࢆ e ࡛⾲♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ)ࠋࡇࡢᩥ⬦࡟࠾࠸࡚ e ࡣࣟࣥࡢⓎヰ࡛ゝཬࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࣁ࣮ࣜࢆᣦࡍ࡜ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡢࡀ⮬↛࡛࠶ࡿࠋ(2)ࡶྠᵝ࡟ࣟࣥ࡜ࣁ࣮࣐࢖࢜ࢽ࣮ࡢ఍ヰ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣁ࣮࣐࢖࢜ࢽ࣮ࡢⓎヰࡣ」ᩥᵓ㐀ࢆࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ
ᚑᒓ⠇ࡢ┠ⓗㄒ࡜୺⠇ࡢ୺ㄒ࡜┠ⓗㄒࡀ㡢ኌⓗ࡟✵࡛࠶ࡿ(ࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊe1ࠊe2ࠊ

e3 ࡜⾲グࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ)ࠋࡇࡢᩥ⬦࡛ࡣࠊe1 ࡜ e3 ࡣࣁ࣮ࣜࠊe2 ࡣࢫࢿ࢖ࣉඛ⏕ࢆᣦࡍ࡜ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡢࡀ⮬↛࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟୺ㄒࡸ┠ⓗㄒ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᩥࡢᡂศࢆ㡢ኌⓗ࡟⾲ฟࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᴟࡵ୍࡚⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ౛࠼ࡤⱥㄒ࡞࡝
࡜ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ♧ࡍ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ≉ᚩࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ḟ౛ࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ
(3)a.

ࣟࣥࡣ⮬ศࡢẕぶࢆᑛᩗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋb.

ࣁ࣮ࣜࡶ e ᑛᩗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

Otani and Whitman (1991)࡞࡝ࡀ㢮ఝࡋࡓ౛࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ
(3b)ࡣ(3a)࡟ᚋ⥆ࡍࡿᩥ⬦࡛୧⩏ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕࣁ࣮ࣜࡶࣟࣥࡢẕぶࢆᑛᩗࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࠖ࡜࠸࠺ཝᐦ࡞ྠ୍ᛶࡢゎ㔘࠿ࠊࠕࣁ࣮ࣜࡶ⮬ศࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࣁ࣮ࣜࡢẕぶࢆᑛᩗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⦆ࡸ࠿࡞ྠ୍ᛶࡢゎ㔘ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿ࢆᣢࡕ࠺ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ

- 32 -

主語・目的語省略の比較統語論（高橋大厚）≉࡟ᚋ⪅ࡢࠊ⦆ࡸ࠿࡞ྠ୍ᛶࡢゎ㔘ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ (3)ࡣ✵┠ⓗㄒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊḟ౛(4)ࡣྠᵝࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ✵୺ㄒ࡟ࡶᡂ
ࡾ❧ࡘࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
(4)a.

ࣟࣥࡣ⮬ศࡢᜊேࡀ᪥ᮏㄒࢆヰࡏࡿ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋb.

ࣁ࣮ࣜࡣ e ࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒࢆヰࡏࡿ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

Oku (1998)ࡀ㢮ఝࡋࡓ౛ᩥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ(4a)࡟ᚋ⥆ࡍࡿሙྜ(4b)ࡣཝᐦ࡞ྠ୍ᛶゎ㔘࡜⦆ࡸ࠿࡞ྠ୍ᛶゎ㔘ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡶチᐜࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡
࡛୧⩏ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡸࡣࡾᚋ⪅ࡢㄞࡳࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ὀពࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ ኚᙧ⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽࡢⓏሙ࠿ࡽ 1980 ᖺ௦㡭ࡲ࡛✵୺ㄒࡸ✵┠ⓗㄒࢆ୍✀ࡢ௦ྡモ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍ௬ㄝࡀ᭷ຊ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ4ࠋࡇࡢ௦ྡモศᯒࡣࠊ(1)ࡸ(2)࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺
࡟ࠊ✵୺ㄒ࣭✵┠ⓗㄒࡀㄯヰෆ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿே࣭ࡶࡢࢆᣦࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺௦ྡモࡀᣢࡘ≉ᛶࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㒊ศⓗ࡟ᨭᣢࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢሙྜࠊ(3b)࡜(4b)ࡣྛࠎ(5a-b)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ศᯒࡉࢀࡿࠋ
(5)a.

ࣁ࣮ࣜࡶ pro ᑛᩗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿb.

ࣁ࣮ࣜࡣ pro ࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒࢆヰࡏࡿ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ

ࡇࡇ࡛ pro ࡣ㡢ᙧࡢ࡞࠸௦ྡモ(✵௦ྡモ)ࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜౛࠼ࡤ(3b)ࡣࠊ㡢ᙧࡀ࠶ࡿ௦ྡモࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ(6b)ࡸⱥㄒࡢ(7b)࡜ᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ྠᵝ࡞ࡣࡎ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ
(6)
(7)

a.

ࣟࣥࡣ⮬ศࡢẕぶࢆᑛᩗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋb.

ᙼዪࢆᑛᩗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࣁ࣮ࣜࡶᙼ

a.

Ron admires his mother.

b.

Harry admires her, too.

c.

Harry does [VP e], too.

ࡋ࠿ࡋ௦ྡモࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ(6b)ࡸ(7b)ࡣ(3b)࡜ࡣ୍ࡘࡢⅬ࡛␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀ

4.XURGD  ࡞࡝ࠋ௦ྡモ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ูࡢせ⣲࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍᥦ᱌ࡀ +XDQJ  ࠊ+DVHJDZD ࡟ࡼࡾᥦ᱌ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢ཯ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ 1DNDPXUD  ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ

- 33 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

ࡣ⦆ࡸ࠿࡞ྠ୍ᛶࡢゎ㔘ࢆᣢࡕ࠼࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ(6b)࡛ࠕᙼ
ዪࠖࡣࠕࣟࣥࡢẕぶࠖࢆᣦࡋ࠼ࡿࡀࠕࣁ࣮ࣜࡢẕぶࠖࢆᣦࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ
ྠᵝ࡟(7b)ࡣࠕࣁ࣮ࣜࡶࣟࣥࡢẕぶࢆᑛᩗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ࡣᣢࡘࡀࠊ
ࠕࣁ࣮ࣜࡶ⮬ศࡢẕぶࢆᑛᩗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゎ㔘ࡣᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ(3b)ࡀ⦆ࡸ࠿࡞ྠ୍ᛶࡢゎ㔘ࢆᣢࡘሙྜࡣࠊ(5a)ࡢࡼ
࠺࡟ศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀጇᙜ࡛࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇཝᐦ࡞ྠ୍ᛶࡢゎ㔘ࡣ(6b)ࡸ(7b)ࡶᣢࡘࡢ࡛ࠊ(3b)ࡀࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄞࡳࢆᣢࡘሙྜࡣ(5a)ࡢศᯒࡀ㐺ᙜ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ(3b)ࡀ♧ࡍ⦆ࡸ࠿࡞ྠ୍ᛶࡣ(5a)࡛ࡣᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ⯆࿡῝࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊ(7)࡟࠾࠸࡚⦆ࡸ࠿࡞ྠ୍ᛶࡢゎ㔘ࡣ┬␎ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ(7c)ࡀᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ(3b)࡜(7c)ࡢඹ㏻ᛶࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ⦆ࡸ࠿࡞ྠ୍ᛶࡢ
ㄞࡳࢆᣢࡘ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆᤊ࠼ࡿ࡟ࡣࠊ(3b)࡟ࡶ┬␎ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࢀࡤࡼ࠸ࠋ
(8)ࡣ(3b)ࡢ┬␎࡟ࡶ࡜࡙ࡃศᯒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
(8)ࣁ࣮ࣜࡶ ⮬ศࡢẕぶࢆ ᑛᩗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ

ࡇࢀࡣࠊ(3b)ࡢ┠ⓗㄒ఩⨨࡟ࡣ௦ྡモ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠕ⮬ศࡢẕぶࢆࠖ࡜࠸࠺ྡモྃࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀඛ⾜ᩥ(3a)ࡢ┠ⓗㄒ࡜ࡢྠ୍ᛶࡢࡶ࡜࡛㡢ኌⓗ࡞┬␎ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ(4b)ࡢ⦆ࡸ࠿࡞ྠ୍ᛶࢆ⏕ࡴ✵୺ㄒࡶྠᵝࡢศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࠋKim (1999)ࡸ Oku (1998)࡟ࡼࡾᥦ᱌ࡉࢀࡓࡇࡢศᯒࡢࡶ࡜
࡛ࡣࠊ(3b)ࡀࠕࣁ࣮ࣜࡶ⮬ศࡢẕぶࢆᑛᩗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄞࡳࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࡀ༶
ᗙ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ5ࠋ ࡛ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒ௨እࡢ✵୺ㄒࡸ✵┠ⓗㄒࢆチࡍゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢ✵せ⣲ࡣྠᵝࡢ≉ᛶࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋOku (1998)ࡣḟ౛ࢆ⏝࠸ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒࡢ✵୺ㄒࢆ⪃ᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
(9)a.

María cree

que

su

Maria believes

that

her proposal

5

propuesta seráwill-beaceptada.
acceptedཝᐦ࡟ゝ࠼ࡤࠊ  ࡢ┬␎ࡣ F ࡢ┬␎࡜ࡣⱝᖸࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ  ࡛ࡣ┠ⓗㄒྡモྃࡢࡳࡀ┬␎ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ F ࡛ࡣືモྃࡀ┬␎ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2WDQLDQG:KLWPDQ  ࡣࠊE ࡛ࡶືモྃࡀ┬␎ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿศᯒࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ
ࡇࢀࡣ .LP  ࡸ 2NX ࡟ࡼࡾ཯ㄽࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ㆟ㄽࡢᒎ㛤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᭷ඖ࣭ᮧᮡ  ࡸ 7DNDKDVKL ࡀヲࡋ࠸ࠋ

- 34 -

主語・目的語省略の比較統語論（高橋大厚）‘Maria believes that her proposal will be accepted.’
b.

Juan

también cree

que

e

será

aceptada.

Juan

also

that

it

will-beaccepted

believes‘Juan also believes that it will be accepted.’(9b)ࡢᇙࡵ㎸ࡳ⠇࡟ࡣ✵୺ㄒࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(9a)࡟ᚋ⥆ࡍࡿᩥ⬦࡛(9b)ࡣཝᐦ࡞
ྠ୍ᛶࡢゎ㔘ࠊࡘࡲࡾࠕࣇ࢔ࣥࡶ࣐ࣜ࢔ࡢᥦ᱌ࡀ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゎ㔘ࡣᣢࡘࡀࠊ⦆ࡸ࠿࡞ྠ୍ᛶࡢゎ㔘ࠕࣇ࢔ࣥࡶ⮬ศ(ࣇ࢔ࣥ)ࡢᥦ᱌ࡀ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠖࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ほᐹ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ
Oku (1998)ࡣࠊࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒࡢ✵୺ㄒࡣᚑ᮶ᶆ‽ⓗ࡟௬ᐃࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟௦ྡモ࡜ศᯒࡉࢀࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ⮬↛ゝㄒ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿ✵୺ㄒ࣭✵┠ⓗㄒࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ≉࡟⦆ࡸ࠿࡞ྠ୍ᛶࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢࡢࡼ࠺࡞┬␎࡟ࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࠊࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒࡢ✵୺ㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡞✵௦ྡモ࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢ(ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ)஧✀㢮࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࢫ࣌࢖
ࣥㄒࡢ✵୺ㄒࡣఱᨾ┬␎࡟ࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺␲ၥࡀฟ࡚ࡃ
ࡿࠋᮏㄽ⪃࡛ࡣࠊSaito (2007)ࠊûener and Takahashi (2010)ࠊTakahashi(forthcoming)࡟ᚑ࠸ࠊ᫬ไ㎡(T)ࡸ㍍ືモ(v)࡞࡝ࡢᶵ⬟⠊␪୺せ㒊࡜ࡑࢀࡽ࡜㛵ಀࡍࡿྃ࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢ୍⮴ࡢ᭷↓ࡀ┬␎ࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡟῝ࡃ㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿ6ࠋࡼࡾලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊᶵ⬟⠊␪࡜୍⮴ࢆ㉳ࡇࡍྃࡣ┬␎ࢆ࠺ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜
௬ᐃࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ௬ᐃࡢヲ⣽ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ୍⮴࡜┬␎ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿
࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢලయⓗ࡞⌮ㄽⓗ⪃ᐹࡣḟ⠇࡟㏙࡭ࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒ࡜
ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒࡢ୍⮴࡟㛵ࡍࡿẚ㍑ⓗ᫂ⓑ࡞஦ᐇほᐹ࡟ゝཬࢆ␃ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡣ୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒ࡜ᶵ⬟⠊␪࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢ୍⮴ࡀ࡞࠸ゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡾ(Kuroda (1988)ࠊFukui (1988)࡞࡝)ࠊᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒࡣ୺ㄒ
࡜᫬ไ㎡࡜ࡢ୍⮴ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ(Jaeggli and Safir (1987)࡞࡝)ࠋୖグࡢ௬ㄝ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ୺ㄒࡸ┠ⓗㄒࡣᶵ⬟⠊␪࡜ࡢ୍⮴ࢆ♧ࡉ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛┬␎ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊ௚᪉ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒࡢ୺ㄒࡣ᫬ไ㎡࡜୍⮴ࡍࡿࡢ࡛┬␎ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡢጇᙜᛶࡣ ûener and Takahashi (2010)ࡢࢺࣝࢥㄒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿほᐹ࡟ࡼࡾᨭᣢࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡎࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢺࣝࢥㄒࡢᇶᮏⓗ≉ᚩࢆぢࡿࡇ࡜࡟6௦᱌࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ2NX  ࡟ࡼࡾᥦ᱌ࡉࢀࡓࠊྡモྃ┬␎ࢆ࠿ࡁΰࡐ ⮬⏤ㄒ㡰⌧㇟ ࡜㛵ಀ࡙ࡅࡿ❧ሙࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ௬ㄝ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ཯ㄽࡣ 7DNDKDVKL IRUWKFRPLQJ ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
- 35 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

ࡍࡿࠋ

(10)

a.

(Ben)

bu

makale-yi(I)this article-ACC

yavaüyavaü

oku-yacaù-××m

slowlyread-FUT-1SG‘I will read this article slowly.’b.

(Biz) herhafta

sinema-ya

gid-er-iiz

(we)

week

movies-DAT

go-AOR-1PL

every‘We go to the movies every week.’ୖグ(10)ࡣࠊ୺ㄒࡀኚࢃࡿ࡜ືモᮎ➃ࡢᒅᢡ᥋㎡ࡢᙧែࡀኚࢃࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࢺࣝࢥㄒ࡟ࡣ୺ㄒ࡜᫬ไ㎡࡜ࡢ㛫ࡀ୍⮴ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡇ
࡛ࡣ≉࡟౛♧ࡋ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ┠ⓗㄒ࡜ືモ(ࡼࡾṇ☜࡟ࡣ㍍ືモᶵ⬟⠊␪)ࡢ㛫ࡢ୍⮴ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒ࡜ྠᵝᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ḟ౛ࡣࠊࢺࣝࢥㄒࡣ✵୺ㄒࡸ✵┠ⓗㄒࢆチᐜࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ

e

(11)

e

at-t×-mthrow-PAST-1SG‘lit. I threw e.’ࡇࡢ౛࡛ࡣࠊ⾲㠃ⓗ࡟ࡣᒅᢡࡋࡓືモࡢࡳࡀ⌧ࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ୺ㄒ࡜┠ⓗㄒࡣ⾲ฟࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ୺ㄒࡣືモୖࡢ୍⮴ᙧែ⣲࡟ࡼࡾ୍ே⛠༢ᩘ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡾࠊ
ࡲࡓ┠ⓗㄒࡣࡑࡢᩥࡀ౑ࢃࢀࡿᩥ⬦୰ࡢ㐺ᙜ࡞ࡶࡢࢆᣦࡍ࡜ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ࢺࣝࢥㄒࡣୖ㏙ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒ࡜ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒࡢࠕΰᡂ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ࡙ࡃࠋࡘࡲࡾࢺࣝࢥㄒࡢ᫬ไ⠇ࡢ୺ㄒࡣࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒࡢࡑࢀࡢࡼ࠺࡟ືモ࡟௜ຍࡋࡓ୍
⮴せ⣲࡜୍⮴ࢆ♧ࡋࠊ௚᪉ࡑࡢ┠ⓗㄒࡣ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࡑࢀࡢࡼ࠺࡟୍⮴ࢆ♧ࡉ࡞࠸ࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒ┬␎ࡀ୍⮴ࡢḞዴ࡜┦㛵ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝ࡛ࡣࠊࢺࣝ
ࢥㄒ࡛ࡣ✵୺ㄒࡣ┬␎࡟ࡼࡾ⏕ᡂࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡀ✵┠ⓗㄒࡣ┬␎࡟ࡼࡾ⏕ࡌ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆணࡍࡿࠋûener and Takahashi (2010)ࡣࡇࡢண

ࡀࡲࡉ࡟௨ୗࡢ౛ᩥ࡟

࠾࠸࡚⿬௜ࡅࡽࢀࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
(12)

a.

Can

[pro

anne-si]-ni

John

his

mother-3SG-ACC criticize-PAST‘John criticized his mother.’- 36 -

eleütir-di.

主語・目的語省略の比較統語論（高橋b.

eFiliz-sePhylis-however大厚）öv-dü.
praise-PAST‘lit. Phylis, however, praised e.’
(13)

a.

Can

[[pro

oùl-u]

úngilizce öùren-iyor

diye]

John

his

son-3SGEnglishCOMP

learn-PRES

bil-iyor.
know-PRES‘John knows that his son learns English.’b.

Filiz-se[ePhylis-however

Frans×zca öùren-iyor

diye]FrenchCOMP

learn-PRES

bil-iyor.
know-PRES‘lit. Phylis, however, knows that e learns French.’ࡲࡎ(12b)ࡣ✵┠ⓗㄒࢆྵࡴᩥ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ(12a)࡟ᚋ⥆ࡍࡿᩥ⬦࡟⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ
ሙྜࠊ(12b)ࡣ୧⩏ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ≉࡟⦆ࡸ࠿࡞ྠ୍ᛶࡢゎ㔘ࢆᣢࡕ࠺ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ
ࡑࡢ✵┠ⓗㄒࡀ┬␎࡟ࡼࡾ⏕ࡌ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ௚᪉ࠊ(13b)࡛ࡣᇙࡵ㎸ࡳ᫬ไ⠇࡟✵୺ㄒࡀ⏕㉳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(13a)࡟ᚋ⥆ࡍࡿᩥ⬦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ(13b)ࡣཝᐦ࡞ྠ୍
ᛶࡢㄞࡳࡋ࠿࡞ࡃࠊ⦆ࡸ࠿࡞ྠ୍ᛶࡢゎ㔘ࡀ୙ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡑࡢ✵୺ㄒࡀ┬␎࡟ࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ7ࠋ ௨ୖࠊᮏ⠇࡛ࡣ✵୺ㄒࡸ✵┠ⓗㄒࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿ᪥ᮏㄒࠊࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒࠊࢺࣝࢥ
ㄒࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࠊ୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒࡀ┬␎ࢆཷࡅࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࡑࢀࡽࡀᶵ⬟⠊␪࡜ࡢ୍⮴ࢆࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺୍⯡໬(௨ୗࠊ཯୍⮴᮲௳࡜࿧ࡪ)ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࡇ
࡜ࢆ㏙࡭ࡓࠋḟ⠇࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢ୍⯡໬ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ┬␎ࡢ⌮ㄽࢆᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࠋ

3. ୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒ┬␎ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ ᚑ᮶ࠊኚᙧ⏕ᡂ⤫ㄒㄽ࡛ࡣ┬␎⌧㇟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚኱ูࡋ࡚஧㏻ࡾࡢศᯒἲࡀᥦ᱌
ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣࠊ๐㝖࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃศᯒ(Chomsky and Lasnik (1993)ࠊ
7ࢺࣝࢥㄒࡢ✵୺ㄒࡣࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒࡢ✵୺ㄒྠᵝࠊ୍⮴࡟ࡼࡾㄆྍࡉࢀࡿ✵௦ྡモ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜௬ᐃ
ࡍࡿࡢࡀጇᙜࡔ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋûener and Takahashi (2010)ࡣࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࢺࣝࢥㄒ࡛ࡶ୺ㄒ࣭ືモࡢ୍⮴ࢆ♧ࡉ࡞࠸⠇࡛ࡣࡑࡢ✵୺ㄒࡣ┬␎ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾ࠼ࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

- 37 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

Merchant (2001)ࠊRoss (1969)ࠊSag (1976)࡞࡝ከᩘ)࡜㌿෗࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃศᯒ
(Chung, Ladusaw, and McCloskey (1995)ࠊMay (1985)ࠊWilliams (1977)࡞࡝
ከᩘ)࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓ㄝ࡛ぢࡓ୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒ┬␎࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㌿෗࡟ࡼࡿศᯒࡀ Oku(1998)ࡸ Saito (2007)࡟ࡼࡾᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➹⪅ࡶ Takahashi (forthcoming)࡞࡝࡛ Saito (2007)ࡢ㌿෗ศᯒࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࡑࡢᑐ᱌࡜ࡋ࡚๐㝖࡟ࡼࡿศᯒࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࡓ࠸8ࠋ ๐㝖ศᯒ࡜㌿෗ศᯒࢆẚ㍑᳨ウࡋࡑࡢඃຎࢆỴࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⡆༢࡞ࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞
ࡃࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᑠㄽ࡛ヲ⣽ࢆ⥙⨶ⓗ࡟⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ୙ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋヲࡋ࠸㆟ㄽࡣูࡢᶵ఍࡟ㆡࡾࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ๐㝖ศᯒࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ⌮ㄽⓗㄽᣐࢆ୍ࡘ⤂௓ࡋࠊ⮬ㄝࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟␃ࡵࡿࠋ ࡲࡎḟ౛ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ
(14)

(15)

(16)

a.

Harry met someone.

b.

I know who.

c.

I know who Harry met.

a.

I know [CP C [TP Harry met who ]]b.

I know [CP who C [TP Harry met who ]]c.

I know [CP who C [TP Harry met who ]]a.

I know [CP who C [TP e ]]b.

I know [CP who C [TP Harry met someone ]]c.

I know [CP whox C [TP Harry met x ]](14b)ࡣ␲ၥ⠇⦰⣙ࡢ౛࡛࠶ࡾࠊ(14a)࡟ᚋ⥆ࡍࡿᩥ⬦࡛(14b)ࡣ┬␎ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸
࡞࠸ᩥ(14c)࡜ྠࡌព࿡ࢆᣢࡘࠋ(15)ࡣ๐㝖ศᯒ࡟ࡼࡿ(14b)ࡢὴ⏕࡛࠶ࡿࠋ(15a)ࡢᇶᗏ࡜࡞ࡿᵓ㐀࠿ࡽࠊ␲ၥモࡀ⛣ືࡋ࡚(15b)ࡀᚓࡽࢀࠊ(15b)ࡀ㡢㡩㒊㛛(㡢ኌᙧᘧࠊPF)࡜ព࿡ゎ㔘㒊㛛(ㄽ⌮ᙧᘧࠊLF)࡬ࡢධຊ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ(15b)ࡢὴ⏕ࡀ PF࡟㐍ࡴ࡜(15c)࡟♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ TP 㒊ศࡀ๐㝖ࢆཷࡅࠊ(14b)ࡢ⾲ᒙᙧᘧࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢሙྜࠊ␲ၥモࡀᑐ᱁ࢆᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡸືモ met ࡢෆ㡯࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ(15a)࡛␲ၥモࡀືモ met ࡟ేྜࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢᚋࡑࡢᵓ㐀ࡀ㍍ືモ v ࡜ేྜࡉࢀࡿ᫬Ⅼ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊṧవ࡛ྃ࠶ࡿ␲ၥモ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡇࢀࡽࡢ᝟ሗ

8ᮏㄽ⪃࡛ࡣࠊ๐㝖࡜ࡣᙜヱᵓᡂせ⣲ࢆ㡢ኌⓗ࡟ල⌧໬ࡋ࡞࠸ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㡢ኌⓗ࡟ල⌧໬ࡋ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ᶆ♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜஢ゎࡍࡿࠋ- 38 -

主語・目的語省略の比較統語論（高橋大厚）ࡣὴ⏕ࡢ㐍⾜࡟࡜ࡶ࡞࠸㡰ḟᚓࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ௚᪉ࠊ(16)ࡣ㌿෗ศᯒ࡟ࡼࡿ(14b)ࡢὴ⏕࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢศᯒ࡛ࡣࠊ(16a)࡟♧ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊṧవྃࡣ⾲ᒙࡢ఩⨨࡟ᇶᗏ⏕ᡂࡉࢀࠊ┬␎㒊ศࡣ✵⠊␪࡜ࡋ࡚ὴ
⏕࡟ᑟධࡉࢀࡿࠋ
(16a)ࡣࡇࡢࡲࡲ PF ࡬ࡢධຊ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ(14b)ࡢ⾲ᒙᙧᘧࢆ⏕ࡴࠋ୍᪉ࠊ(16a)࡛ࡣព࿡ゎ㔘ࡀ㐺ษ࡟⾜ࢃࢀࡎࠊᙜヱࡢᵓ㐀࡟㐺ษ࡞ゎ㔘ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ඛ⾜ᩥ(14a)ࡢ TP 㒊ศࡀ(16a)ࡢ✵ࡢ TP 㒊ศ࡟㌿෗ࡉࢀࠊ(16b)ࡀᚓࡽࢀ
ࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ␲ၥモࢆ㌿෗ࡉࢀࡓ TP ෆࡢ someone ࡜㛵ಀ࡙ࡅࡿ᧯స(౛࠼ࡤࠊChung, Ladusaw, and McCloskey (1995)࡟ࡼࡾᥦ᱌ࡉࢀࡓ merger ᧯స࡞࡝)࡟ࡼࡾࠊ(16c)ࡢព࿡⾲♧ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࠋ(16c)ࡣ␲ၥモࡀ┠ⓗㄒ఩⨨ࡢኚ㡯ࢆ᮰⦡
ࡍࡿ₇⟬Ꮚ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢศᯒ࡛ࡣࠊ␲ၥモࡀᑐ᱁ࢆᢸ࠸ືモ

met ࡢෆ㡯࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺᝟ሗࡣὴ⏕ࡀ(16c)ࡢẁ㝵࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ึࡵ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜
࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ␲ၥモࡀᩥ୰࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᣢࡘ࠿ࡣࡑࢀࡀὴ⏕࡟ᑟධࡉ
ࢀࡓ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣࢃ࠿ࡽࡎࠊὴ⏕ࡀ㐍ࢇࡔࡋࡤࡽࡃᚋ࡟Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ
ࠕṧవྃࡢ㌟ศỴᐃࡢಖ␃ࠖၥ㢟ࡣୖグ(15)࡛ぢࡓ๐㝖ศᯒ࡛ࡣ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟
ὀពࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ ḟ࡟ࠊࡇࡢ␲ၥ⠇⦰⣙࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹࡀࠊ୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒ┬␎࡟ࡶྠᵝ࡟࠶࡚ࡣࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࢆぢࡿࠋḟ౛ࡣ┬␎ࡉࢀࡓ┠ⓗㄒྡモ⠇࠿ࡽࡢᢤࡁฟࡋࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍ9ࠋ
(17)
(18)

a.

ࣁ࣮ࣜࡀ[ࢫࢿ࢖ࣉࡀ e ࿚ᩥࢆ࠿ࡅࡿࡢࢆ]ぢࡓࡢࡣ㰡࡟ࡔࠋb.

ࣟࣥࡀ [e] ぢࡓࡢࡣ࢚࢝ࣝ࡟ࡔࠋ

a.

ࣁ࣮ࣜࡀ[e 㟁ヰࢆ࠿ࡅࡿࡢࢆ]ᛀࢀࡓࡢࡣࢪࢽ࣮࡟ࡔࠋb.

ࣟࣥࡀ [e] ᛀࢀࡓࡢࡣࣁ࣮࣐࢖࢜ࢽ࣮࡟ࡔࠋ

(17b)࡜(18b)ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ(17a)࡜(18a)࡟ᚋ⥆ࡍࡿᩥ⬦࡛ࠕࣟࣥࡀࢫࢿ࢖ࣉࡀ࿚ᩥ
ࢆ࠿ࡅࡿࡢࢆぢࡓࡢࡣ࢚࢝ࣝ࡟ࡔࠋ
ࠖࠊࠕࣟࣥࡀ㟁ヰࢆ࠿ࡅࡿࡢࢆᛀࢀࡓࡢࡣࣁ࣮
࣐࢖࢜ࢽ࣮࡟ࡔࠋ
ࠖࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ(17b)࡜(18b)ࡢ[e]࡛♧ࡉࢀࡓ㒊ศࡣඛ⾜ᩥࡢ┠ⓗㄒྡモ⠇࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀ┬␎ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
 (17)࡜(18)ࡣศ⿣ᩥ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ὀពࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࡢศ⿣ᩥ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ↔Ⅼせ⣲࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿ✵₇⟬Ꮚࡶࡋࡃࡣ↔Ⅼせ⣲ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀ wh ⛣ື࡜ྠ✀ࡢ A’⛣ືࢆཷࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡀ୺ὶ࡛࠶ࡿ(Hiraiwa and Ishihara (2012)ࠊHoji
9 ࡸ  ࡜㢮ఝࡋࡓ౛ᩥࡀ 1LVKLJDXFKLDQG)XMLL  ࡟ࡼࡾᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

- 39 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究(1990)࡞࡝)ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣㄝ᫂ࡢ౽ᐅୖ Hoji (1990)ࡢศᯒࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢศ⿣
ᩥ࡟ࡣ✵₇⟬Ꮚࡢ A’⛣ືࡀ㛵୚ࡍࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿࠋ ୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒ┬␎ࢆ๐㝖ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ศᯒࡍࡿሙྜࠊ౛࠼ࡤ(17)ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᢅ
ࢃࢀࡿࠋ
(19)

a.

[CP OPi [TP ࣁ࣮ࣜࡀ [ࢫࢿ࢖ࣉࡀ t ࿚ᩥࢆ࠿ࡅࡿࡢࢆ] ぢࡓ]ࡢ]ࡣ 㰡࡟ i ࡔb.

[CP OPj [TP ࣟࣥࡀ [ࢫࢿ࢖ࣉࡀ t ࿚ᩥࢆ࠿ࡅࡿࡢࢆ] ぢࡓ]ࡢ]ࡣ
࢚࢝ࣝ࡟ j ࡔc.

[CP OPj [TP ࣟࣥࡀ [ࢫࢿ࢖ࣉࡀ t ࿚ᩥࢆ࠿ࡅࡿࡢࢆ] ぢࡓ]ࡢ]ࡣ
࢚࢝ࣝ࡟ j ࡔ(19a)ࡣ(17a)ࡢ⾲♧࡛ࠊྡモ⿵㒊⠇ࡢ┠ⓗㄒ఩⨨࠿ࡽ๓ᥦ⠇ࡢ CP ᣦᐃ㒊࡟✵₇⟬Ꮚ OP ࡀ⛣ືࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀ↔Ⅼࡢࠕ㰡࡟ࠖ࡟᮰⦡ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
(19b-c)ࡣ(17b)ࡢὴ⏕࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡎ(19b)࡛(19a)࡟࠾ࡅࡿࡢ࡜ྠᵝ࡟✵₇⟬Ꮚࡀ⛣ືࡋࠊࡑࡢᚋ(19c)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟┠ⓗㄒ⠇ࡀ๐㝖ࢆཷࡅࡿࠋ ḟ࡟ᙜヱࡢ┬␎⌧㇟ࡀ㌿෗࡟ࡼࡾศᯒࡉࢀࡿሙྜࠊ(17)ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᢅࢃࢀ
ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
(20)a.

[CP OPi [TP ࣁ࣮ࣜࡀ [ࢫࢿ࢖ࣉࡀ t ࿚ᩥࢆ࠿ࡅࡿࡢࢆ] ぢࡓ]ࡢ]ࡣ 㰡࡟ i ࡔb.

[CP OPj [TP ࣟࣥࡀ [e] ぢࡓ]ࡢ]ࡣ ࢚࢝ࣝ࡟ j ࡔc.

[CP OPj [TP ࣟࣥࡀ [ࢫࢿ࢖ࣉࡀ t ࿚ᩥࢆ࠿ࡅࡿࡢࢆ] ぢࡓ]ࡢ]ࡣ
࢚࢝ࣝ࡟ j ࡔ(20a)ࡣ(17a)ࡢ⾲♧࡛࠶ࡾࠊ(19a)࡜ྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ(20b-c)ࡣ(17b)ࡢὴ⏕ࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎ(20b)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊືモࠕぢࡓࠖࡢ⿵㒊ࡣ✵࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ✵₇⟬Ꮚࡣ
CP ᣦᐃ㒊࡟┤᥋⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋ(20b)ࡣ PF ࡜ LF ࡬ࡢධຊ࡜࡞ࡾࠊPF ࡛ࡣࡑࡢ⾲♧࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ(17b)ࡢ⾲ᒙᙧᘧࡀฟຊࡉࢀࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊLF ࡛ࡣ㐺ษ࡞ゎ㔘ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ඛ⾜ᩥࡢᑐᛂ㒊ศࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⿵㒊ྡモ⠇ࡀ✵⿵㒊࡟㌿෗ࡉࢀࠊLF ⾲♧(20c)ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿ10ࠋࡇࡇ࡛✵₇⟬Ꮚࡣ㌿෗ࡉࢀࡓ⿵㒊⠇ෆࡢ┠ⓗㄒ࡜㛵ಀ௜ࡅ
10

LF ㌿෗ࡣ཯ᚠ⎔ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡶ⏕ࡴࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ Saito (2007)ࡣ Chomsky (2000)- 40 -

主語・目的語省略の比較統語論（高橋大厚）ࡽࢀࠊ✵₇⟬Ꮚࢆ᮰⦡ࡍࡿ↔Ⅼせ⣲ࡣ㛫᥋ⓗ࡟ືモࠕ࠿ࡅࡿࠖࡢ╔ᆅⅬࡢព࿡ᙺ๭ࢆᢸ࠺ෆ㡯ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୚᱁ࢆᶆ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀㄆྍࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊୖグ࡛㏙࡭ࡓࠕṧవྃࡢ㌟ศỴᐃࡢಖ␃ࠖၥ㢟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡜
࡜࡞ࡿࠋ(17)(ࡶࡋࡃࡣ(20))࡟࠾࠸࡚┬␎ࡢṧవྃࡣ↔Ⅼせ⣲ࠕ࢚࢝ࣝ࡟ࠖࡶࡋ
ࡃࡣࡑࢀ࡟᮰⦡ࡉࢀࡿ✵₇⟬Ꮚ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣࠊὴ⏕ࡢᚋࡢẁ㝵࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺
࡞ព࿡ᙺ๭ࡸ᱁ࢆㄆྍࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿ᮍỴᐃ࡞≧ែ࡛ᩥࡢᵓ⠏࡟ᑟධࡉࢀ((20b))ࠊ
㌿෗ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ึࡵ࡚ᙜヱࡢ᝟ሗࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚᪉ࠊ(19)ࡢ๐㝖ศᯒ࡛ࡣࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸ࠋ✵₇⟬Ꮚࡣືモࠕ࠿ࡅࡿࠖࡢෆ㡯ࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ὴ⏕࡟ᑟධࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢືモྃෆ࡛୚᱁ࡀᶆ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋ CP ᣦᐃ㒊࡟⛣ືࡋࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟↔Ⅼせ⣲ࠕ㰡࡟ࠖ࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡽࢀࠊࡑࡢព࿡ᙺ๭࡜᱁ࡀࠕ㰡࡟ࠖࡢᙧᘧ࡜
ྜ⮴ࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿↷ྜࡉࢀࡿ11ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠕ㌟ศỴᐃࡢಖ␃ࠖࡣ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࠕಖ␃ࠖࢆ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ㄆࡵࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࡣ⡆༢࡟ࡅࡾࢆࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸
ࡶࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ௚ࡢ᮲௳ࡀྠ୍࡛࠶ࢀࡤࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ࡀ࡞࠸ศᯒἲࡀࡑࢀࢆㄆࡵࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ศᯒἲࡼࡾࡶ຾ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡋࠊࡲࡓゝㄒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿィ⟬ࡣᒁᡤⓗ࡟⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࢸ࣮ࢮࢆᥖࡆࡿᴟᑠ୺⩏⌮ㄽ࡛ࡣ≉࡟ࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏㄽ⪃ࡣࠊࡇࢀࢆ୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒ┬␎⌧㇟ࢆ๐㝖ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ศᯒࡍࡿ❧ሙࡢ୍ࡘࡢㄽᣐ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋࠊ௨ୗ࡛ࡣ๓⠇࡛ぢࡓ཯୍⮴᮲௳ࡀ๐㝖ศᯒࡢࡶ࡜࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿ12ࠋ ᭱㏆ࡢ┬␎࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊAelbrecht (2009)ࡸ Baltin (2012)ࡣࠊ๐
㝖ࢆཷࡅࡿせ⣲ࡣᩥᵓ⠏ࡢ㏵୰ẁ㝵࡟࠾࠸࡚๐㝖ࢆㄆྍࡍࡿᵓ㐀ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓ᫬
Ⅼ࡛๐㝖(ࡶࡋࡃࡣ๐㝖㐺⏝ࡢᶆ♧ࡢ௜୚)ࢆཷࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝ(ὴ⏕ⓗ┬␎௬ㄝ)ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ๐㝖ࡉࢀࡓᵓᡂ⣲(࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ๐㝖㐺⏝ࡢᶆ♧ࢆཷࡅࡓᵓᡂ⣲)ࡢෆ㒊࡟࠶ࡿせ⣲ࡣࡑࡢᚋእ㒊࠿ࡽࡢ᧯స࡟ᑐࡋ࡚୙ྍどⓗ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸
࠺௬ㄝࢆ❧࡚ࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡾ┬␎ᵓ㐀ࡀ♧ࡍ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ⤫ㄒⓗไ⣙ࢆㄝ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺࡜
ヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏㄽ⪃ࡣࡇࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞⪃࠼᪉ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊ୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒ┬␎࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ḟࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࠋ
(21)

a.

[VP V [DP ... ]]࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡿࠕ୍ࡘࡢࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࠖ௬ㄝࡢࡶ࡜ࠊᙜヱࡢ㌿෗ࡣᚠ⎔ⓗ࡟㢧ᅾⓗ⤫ㄒ㒊㛛࡛㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢศᯒࡢࡶ࡜࡛(17)ࡸ(18)ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡣ⡆༢࡞ၥ㢟࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
ᮏㄽ⪃࡛ࡣゐࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
11 Hiraiwa and Ishihara (2012)ࡢ↔Ⅼせ⣲⛣ືศᯒࢆ᥇ࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢᡭ⥆ࡁࡣࡼࡾ༢⣧໬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ

12 Saito (2007)ࡣ㌿෗ศᯒࡢࡶ࡜࡛཯୍⮴᮲௳ࢆᑟ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

- 41 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

b.

[vP [DP ... ] [v’ v ... ]](21a)࡜(21b)ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊ┠ⓗㄒ┬␎࡜୺ㄒ┬␎ࡢᵓ㐀ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(21a)࡟
࠾࠸࡚௚ືモ V ࡢ⿵㒊࡟ྡモྃ DP ࡀ⏕㉳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ὀពࡋࡓ࠸ࡢࡣࠊ
┠ⓗㄒ┬␎ࡣ┬␎ࢆཷࡅࡿྡモྃࡔࡅ࡛ᡂ❧ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࡢྡモྃࢆ┠ⓗㄒࡓࡽࡋࡵࡿ௚ືモࡢᏑᅾࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ(21b)࡛ࡣྡモྃ DP ࡣ㍍ືモ v ࡢᣦᐃ㒊఩⨨࡟⏕ࡌ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⾜Ⅽ୺࡞࡝ࡢព࿡ᙺ๭ࢆ௜୚ࡉࢀ୺ㄒ(ṇ☜࡟ࡣእ㡯)࡜ㄆᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋᚑ᮶ࠊZagona (1988)ࠊ
Lobeck (1995)ࠊSaito and Murasugi (1990)࡞࡝ከࡃࡢ◊✲⪅ࡀࠊ┬␎࡟ࡣ┬␎ࡉࢀࡿྃࢆㄆྍࡍࡿ୺せ㒊ࡢᏑᅾࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ┠ⓗㄒࡢ┬␎࡛ࡣྡモྃࢆ┠ⓗㄒࡓࡽࡋࡵࡿ௚ືモࡀࠊࡑࡋ࡚୺ㄒࡢ┬␎࡛ࡣྡモྃࢆ୺ㄒࡓࡽࡋࡵࡿ㍍ືモࡀㄆྍ୺せ㒊࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ
࡚ὴ⏕ⓗ┬␎௬ㄝ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ(21a-b)ࡢᵓ㐀ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓ᫬Ⅼ࡛┠ⓗㄒࡸ୺ㄒࡢ๐
㝖(࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ๐㝖㐺⏝ࡢᶆ♧)ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
 (21a-b)ࡢᵓ㐀࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡉࡽ࡟ὴ⏕ࡀ㐍ࢇࡔሙྜࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ(22a)ࡣ(21a)࡜㍍
ືモࡀేྜࡉࢀ࡚࡛ࡁࡿᵓ㐀ࠊ(22b)ࡣ(21b)ࡀ᫬ไ㎡࡜ేྜࡉࢀ࡚࡛ࡁࡿᵓ㐀ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
(22)a.

[vP v [VP V [DP ... ]]]b.

[TP T [vP [DP ... ] [v’ v ... ]]]ᶵ⬟⠊␪ࡀゎ㔘୙ྍ⬟࡞ȭ⣲ᛶࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒ࡛ࡣࠊ(22a)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㍍ືモv ࡢȭ⣲ᛶࡀ┠ⓗㄒࡢȭ⣲ᛶ࡜ࠊ(22b)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ᫬ไ㎡ࡢȭ⣲ᛶࡀ୺ㄒࡢȭ⣲ᛶ࡜୍⮴ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ(22a-b)ࡢ┠ⓗㄒࡸ୺ㄒࡢ DP ࡣ(21)ࡢẁ㝵࡛๐㝖ࡢ㐺⏝(࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࡢᶆ♧)ࢆཷࡅࠊ୙ྍどⓗ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ὀពࡉࢀࡓ
࠸ࠋ┬␎ࡉࢀࡿ୺ㄒࡸ┠ⓗㄒࡣࡑࡢእഃ࡟࠶ࡿᶵ⬟⠊␪࡜୍⮴ࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛
ࡁࡎࠊࡘࡲࡾࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞┬␎ࡣᶵ⬟⠊␪ࡀゎ㔘୙ྍ⬟࡞ȭ⣲ᛶࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸
᪥ᮏㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡞ゝㄒࡢࡳ࡟チࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜(཯୍⮴᮲௳)ࡀᑟ࠿ࢀࡿࠋ ┬␎ࢆཷࡅࡿྡモྃࡀእ㒊࠿ࡽࡢ⤫ㄒ᧯స࡟୙ྍどⓗ࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ࡞
ࡐ(17)ࡸ(18)࡛ぢࡓࡼ࠺࡟┬␎㒊ศ࠿ࡽࡢᢤࡁฟࡋࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺␲ၥࡀ
⏕ࡌࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ(22a)࡟࠾࠸࡚┠ⓗㄒࡀ๐㝖(ᶆ♧)ࡉࢀ୙ྍどⓗ࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶
ࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢෆ㒊ࡢせ⣲ࡶᙜ↛୙ྍどⓗ࡟࡞ࡿࡣࡎ࡛ࠊእ㒊࡬ࡢ⛣ື᧯సࢆཷࡅ

- 42 -

主語・目的語省略の比較統語論（高橋ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀண

大厚）

ࡉࢀࡼ࠺ࠋ

 ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊChomsky (2008)ࡢࠊ࠶ࡿ୍ࡘࡢ఩┦୺せ㒊࡟㛵ࢃࡿ」ᩘࡢ⤫ㄒ᧯సࡣྠ᫬࡟㉳ࡇࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝࢆ᥼⏝ࡋࠊ౛࠼ࡤ(21a)ࡢᵓ㐀ࡀᚓࡽࢀ┠ⓗㄒࡀ๐㝖(ᶆ♧)ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃ V ࡀᣢࡘ࿘⦕㒊⣲ᛶ
(edge feature (Chomsky (2007))࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㥑ືࡉࢀࡿ VP ࿘⦕㒊࡬ࡢ⛣ືࡶ⏕ࡌ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ௨ୗ࡟♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
(23)

a.

[VP V [DP ... Ș ... ]]b.

[VP Ș [VP V [DP ... tȘ ... ]](23a)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊྡモྃ DP ࡜௚ືモ V ࡀేྜࡉࢀࡿࠋὴ⏕ࡢḟࡢẁ㝵࡛(23b)ࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢࢫࢸࢵࣉ࡛ V ࡟ࡼࡿ┠ⓗㄒࡢ๐㝖(ᶆ♧)࡜ DP ෆ㒊ࡢせ⣲Șࡢ VP ࿘⦕㒊(௜ຍ఩⨨ࡶࡋࡃࡣᣦᐃ㒊)࡬ࡢ⛣ືࡀྠ᫬࡟㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ཝᐦ࡟ゝ࠺࡜ࠊࡇࡢ(23a)࠿ࡽ(23b)࡬ࡢࢫࢸࢵࣉࡢ㏵୰࡛ࡣ┠ⓗㄒࡣࡲࡔ୙ྍどⓗ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊȘࡢ⛣ືࡀチࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟┬␎㒊ศ࠿ࡽ⬺ฟ࡛ࡁࡓȘࡣࠊࡑࡢᚋ౛࠼ࡤ CP ᣦᐃ㒊࡟ A’⛣ືࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ13ࠋ(17b)ࡸ(18b)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟┬␎ࡉࢀࡓ┠ⓗㄒ࠿ࡽ↔Ⅼせ⣲ࡢ⛣ືࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿḟ౛ࡣࠊࡲࡉ࡟ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ VP ࿘⦕㒊ࢆ⤒⏤ࡋࡓ A’⛣ືࡀ㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᮏㄽ⪃ࡣ⪃࠼ࡿ14ࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⬺ฟ᧯సࡣࠊὴ⏕ࡀ๐㝖ࢆㄆྍࡍࡿ୺せ㒊ࡢᢞᑕࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ẁ㝵࡛࠶ࢀࡤ(౛࠼ࡤࠊ(23)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ V ࡢᢞᑕࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿẁ㝵࡛࠶ࢀࡤ)ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ୍ᗘ V ࡢᢞᑕࡀูࡢ୺せ㒊ࡢᢞᑕ࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠼ࡤ୙ྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ(22a)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊV ࡢᢞᑕ(ࡘࡲࡾ VP)ࡣ㍍ືモ࡜ేྜࡉࢀᚋ⪅ࡢᢞᑕ࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛┠ⓗㄒࡣࡍ࡛࡟୙ྍどⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㍍ືモࡢȭ⣲ᛶ࠿ࡽࠕぢ࠼࡞ࡃࠖ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ௨ୖᮏ⠇࡛ࡣ୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒ┬␎ࡢ๐㝖࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃศᯒࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ๐
㝖ࡣㄆྍࡍࡿᵓ㐀ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓ᫬Ⅼ࡛⏕ࡌࡿ࡜࠸࠺ὴ⏕ⓗ๐㝖௬ㄝ࡜ࠊ୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒ┬␎ࢆㄆྍࡍࡿ୺せ㒊ࡣࡑࢀࡽࡢྡモྃ࡟ព࿡ᙺ๭ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ㍍ືモࡸ௚ື
13wh ⛣ື࡞࡝ࡢ A’⛣ືࡢ㏵୰࡟ VP ௜ຍࡀ౑ࢃࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ Chomsky (1986)
ࡸ Takahashi (1994)ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ
14 Saito (2007)ࡣ┬␎ࡉࢀࡓືモ⿵㒊ෆ࠿ࡽࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐ⛣ືࡀチࡉࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ほᐹࢆࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡀ V ࡢ࿘⦕㒊⣲ᛶ࡟ࡼࡾㄏᘬࡉࢀࡎࠊࡼࡗ࡚ VP ࿘⦕㒊ࢆ⤒⏤ࡋ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࢀࡤㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࠋ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⛣ືࡀ┬␎ࡉࢀࡓ㒊ศ࠿ࡽチࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢヲ⣽࡞᳨ウࡣูࡢᶵ఍࡟ㆡࡿࠋ

- 43 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

モ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ┬␎ࡉࢀࡓ୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒࡀእ㒊ࡢᶵ⬟⠊␪࡜୍⮴ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺཯୍⮴᮲௳࡜ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞┬␎㒊ศ࠿ࡽ A’⛣ືࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

4. ⤊ࢃࡾ࡟ ୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒ┬␎ࢆ୍⮴ࡢ᭷↓࡜㛵ಀ࡙ࡅࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡾࡑࡢ㏻ゝㄒⓗศᕸࢆㄝ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉࡜ࠊࡑࡢ஧ࡘࡢ㛵ಀࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ┬␎ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ⤂௓ࡋࡓࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ౛࠼ࡤ᪥ᮏㄒヰ⪅ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⮬ศࡢゝㄒ࡛୺ㄒࡸ┠ⓗㄒࡢ┬␎ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠕ▱㆑ࠖ࡟⮳ࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡘࡲࡾ୺ㄒ࣭
┠ⓗㄒ┬␎ࡢ⋓ᚓྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸15ࠋ
 ࡲࡎ᭱ึ࡟୺ㄒࡸ┠ⓗㄒ࡞࡝ࡢ㡯ࡢ┬␎ࡀゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢึᮇ࠿ࡽ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢሙྜࠊ᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞㐨➽ࢆࡓ࡝ࡗ࡚᪥
ᮏㄒࡢ㛵㐃ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
(24)

a.

᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ᭱ึ࡟⮬ศࡀ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒࡀ✵୺ㄒ࣭✵┠ⓗㄒࢆチࡍࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜ࡃࠋb.

㡯ࡢ┬␎ࡣึᮇࡢẁ㝵࠿ࡽ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

c.

᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ⮬ศࡀ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒ࡟୍⮴ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸(ࡘࡲࡾࠊ㛵㐃ࡍࡿᶵ⬟⠊␪࡟ゎ㔘୙ྍ⬟࡞ȭ⣲ᛶࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸)ࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜ࡃࠋd.

ࡑࡢࡲࡲ୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒࡢ┬␎ࢆࠕ౑࠸ࠖ⥆ࡅࡿࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⋓ᚓࡢሙྜࠊึᮇࡢẁ㝵࠿ࡽ㡯┬␎ࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀኚࢃࡾ࡞ࡃ኱ே
ࡢᩥἲࡲ࡛౑ࢃࢀ⥆ࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࡇࡢࢩࢼ࡛ࣜ࢜࠶ࡿࠋ ḟ࡟ࡇࡢࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࡢࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒࡢ✵୺ㄒࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ௨ୗࡢ㐨➽ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
(25)

a.

ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ᭱ึ࡟⮬ศࡀ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒࡀ✵15୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒ┬␎ࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ Otaki and Yusa (2012)ࡸ Sugisaki (2007,2009)ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ

- 44 -

主語・目的語省略の比較統語論（高橋大厚）୺ㄒࢆチࡍࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜ࡃࠋb.

㡯ࡢ┬␎ࡣึᮇࡢẁ㝵࠿ࡽ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

c.

ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ⮬ศࡀ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒ࡟୺ㄒ࡜᫬
ไ㎡ࡢ㛫ࡢ(ࠕ㇏࠿࡞ࠖ)୍⮴ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜ࡃࠋd.

୺ㄒࡢ┬␎ࢆ౑ࢃ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ

ࡇࡇ࡛ὀពࡍ࡭ࡁⅬࡣࠊࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒࡢ⋓ᚓࡢึᮇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣ୺ㄒࡢ┬␎ࡣ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᏛ⩦⪅ࡀ୺ㄒ࡜᫬ไ㎡ࡢ㛫ࡢ୍⮴ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᚑࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡣࠕᾘ⁛ࠖࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ࡶࡕࢁࢇࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒࡣ 2 ⠇࡛㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟✵୺ㄒ⮬యࡣチᐜࡍࡿゝㄒ࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊ
୺ㄒ࡟✵௦ྡモࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀ࡟㛵ࡋ
࡚ࡣ஧㏻ࡾࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡀྍ⬟࡛ࠊ୍ࡘࡣ✵௦ྡモࡣ┬␎ྠᵝึᮇࡢẁ㝵࠿ࡽ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡞࢜ࣉࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡾࠊᑐ㇟ゝㄒ࡟ࠕ㇏࠿࡞୍ࠖ⮴ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚౑ࢃࢀ⥆ࡅࡿ(㏫࡟ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞୍⮴ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ሙྜࡣ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ)࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊ✵௦ྡモࡣึᮇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⋓ᚓᑐ㇟ゝㄒ࡟ࠕ㇏࠿࡞୍ࠖ⮴ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᏛ⩦ࡉࢀ࡚ࡣࡌࡵ࡚ฟ⌧ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡢሙྜࠊࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒࡢ⋓ᚓ࡛ࡣ(25b)ࡢẁ㝵࠿ࡽ✵௦ྡモࡀ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡛ࠊ(25c)ࡢ▱㆑ࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟ࡼࡾ࠾ቚ௜ࡁࢆ୚࠼ࡽ
ࢀࠊࡑࡢᚋࡶᘬࡁ⥆ࡁ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋᚋ⪅ࡢሙྜࡣࠊ(25c)࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୍
⮴ࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚✵௦ྡモࡢ౑⏝ࡀฟ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ✵௦ྡモࡣᙜ↛ᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡀチࡍ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
᮲௳ࡉ࠼ྜ⮴ࡍࢀࡤ࠸ࡎࢀࡢゝㄒ࡛ࡶཎ๎ほᐹࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋୖグࡢ✵௦ྡモ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ஧㏻ࡾࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ✵୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒࡢ⋓ᚓࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ✵௦ྡモࡀึᮇẁ㝵࠿ࡽᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜௬
ᐃࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⋓ᚓࡢ➽㐨ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ(24)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ(24b)ࡢẁ㝵࡛✵௦ྡモࡣ┬␎࡜୪ࡧ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋ(24c)࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୍⮴ࡢ㠀ᅾࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚✵௦ྡモࡢ౑⏝ࡣᾘ⁛ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ௚᪉ࠊ✵௦ྡモࡣࠕ㇏࠿࡞ࠖ
୍⮴࡟࿧ᛂࡋ࡚ฟ⌧ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺❧ሙ࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⋓ᚓ࡛ࡣ✵௦ྡモࡣ࡝ࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡶฟ⌧ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ16ࠋ
16

Takahashi (2008)ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ✵୺ㄒࡸ✵┠ⓗㄒࡣ┬␎࡟ࡼࡾὴ⏕ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࠊ✵௦ྡモ࡜ศᯒࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡢ஧㏻ࡾࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢព࿡࡛୧⩏ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏㄽ⪃࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ(ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣ)✵௦ྡモࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ✏ࢆᨵࡵ࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ

- 45 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究 ┬␎࡜✵௦ྡモࡢ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡀඹᏑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢺࣝࢥㄒࡢ⋓ᚓࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ௨ୗࡢ㐨➽ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
(26)

a.

ࢺࣝࢥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ᭱ึ࡟⮬ศࡀ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒࡀ✵୺ㄒ࣭✵┠ⓗㄒࢆチࡍࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜ࡃࠋb.

㡯ࡢ┬␎ࡣึᮇࡢẁ㝵࠿ࡽ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

c.

ࢺࣝࢥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ⮬ศࡀ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒ࡟୺ㄒ࡜᫬ไ
㎡ࡢ㛫࡟ࠕ㇏࠿࡞୍ࠖ⮴ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊཬࡧ┠ⓗㄒ࡜㍍ືモࡢ㛫࡟ࡣ୍⮴ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜ࡃࠋd.

✵୺ㄒ࡟ࡣ✵௦ྡモࢆ⏝࠸ࠊ┠ⓗㄒ࡟ࡣ┬␎ࢆࠕ౑࠸ࠖ⥆ࡅࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡶࠊࡶࡋ✵௦ྡモࡀึᮇࡢẁ㝵࠿ࡽ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡑࡢ࢜ࣉࢩ
ࣙࣥࡣ(26b)ࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡣࡎ࡛ࠊ(26c)ࡢ▱㆑ࡢ⋓ᚓࢆ⤒࡚ࠊ୺ㄒ࡟ࡘ
࠸࡚ࡣ✵௦ྡモࡀ౑ࢃࢀ⥆ࡅࠊ┠ⓗㄒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ౑⏝ࡀ೵Ṇࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶ✵୺ㄒࡸ✵┠ⓗㄒࢆチᐜࡋ࡞࠸ⱥㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡞ゝㄒࡢ⋓ᚓࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ௨ୗࡢࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
(27)

a.

ⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ᭱ึ࡟⮬ศࡀ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒࡀ✵୺ㄒ࣭✵┠ⓗㄒࢆチࡉ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜ࡃࠋb.

㡯ࡢ┬␎(ཬࡧ✵௦ྡモ)ࡣ౑ࢃࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

c.

ⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ⮬ศࡀ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒ࡟ࠕ㈋ᙅ࡞୍ࠖ⮴ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜ࡃࠋd.

㡯ࡢ┬␎࡜✵௦ྡモࡣ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣ౑ࢃࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ(27a)࡟࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶ⋓ᚓᑐ㇟ゝㄒ࡟✵୺ㄒ࣭✵┠ⓗㄒࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶ┬␎ࡸ✵௦ྡモࡣⓎືࡉࢀ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞
ࡀࡽⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣึᮇࡢẁ㝵࡛✵୺ㄒ࡜ࠊࡑࢀࡼࡾ㢖ᗘࡣప࠸ࡶࡢࡢ✵┠ⓗㄒࢆ(ㄗࡗ࡚)౑࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ17ࠋࡶࡋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞✵ྡモྃࡢㄗ⏝ࡀ୍⮴ࡢ⋓ᚓࡢ๓࡟㉳ࡇࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊᏛ⩦⪅ࡣࡑࢀࡀ┬␎࡟ࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡳ࡞
ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀண

ࡉࢀࡿࠋ

 ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡣ㡯ࡢ┬␎ࡀゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢึᮇࡢẁ㝵࠿ࡽ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ᐃ
17

Hyams (1989)ࡸ Wexler (1998)ࠊࡲࡓࡑࡇ࡛⤂௓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᩥ⊩ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ

- 46 -

主語・目的語省略の比較統語論（高橋大厚）ࡢୗ࡛ࡢ⋓ᚓࡢࢩࢼࣜ࢜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ㡯┬␎ࡣึᮇẁ㝵࡟ࡣᏑᅾࡏࡎࠊ࠶ࡿㄏᅉࠊ2 ⠇࡜ 3 ⠇ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ୍⮴ࡢḞዴ࡟ࡼࡾⓎືࡉࢀࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡢሙྜࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⋓ᚓࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞➽㐨ࢆࡓ࡝ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㆟ㄽࢆࢃ࠿ࡾࡸࡍࡃࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ✵௦ྡモࡣึᮇẁ㝵࠿ࡽ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢࠕ㇏࠿࡞୍ࠖ⮴ࡢᏑᅾ࡟ࡼࡾ౑⏝ࡢ⥅⥆ࡀㄆྍࡉࢀࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿࠋ
(28)

a.

᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ᭱ึ࡟⮬ศࡀ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒࡀ✵୺ㄒ࣭✵┠ⓗㄒࢆチࡍࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜ࡃࠋb.

㡯┬␎ࡣึᮇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ
᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣࡑࢀࡽ✵ྡモྃࢆ✵௦ྡモ࡜ศᯒࡍࡿࠋ

c.

᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ⮬ศࡀ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒ࡟୍⮴ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸(ࡘࡲࡾࠊ㛵㐃ࡍࡿᶵ⬟⠊␪࡟ゎ㔘୙ྍ⬟࡞ȭ⣲ᛶࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸)ࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜ࡃࠋd.

✵௦ྡモࡢ౑⏝ࢆṆࡵࠊ┬␎࡟ࡼࡾ✵୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒࢆ⏕ᡂࡋጞࡵࡿࠋ

ࡇࡢ⋓ᚓࡢࢩࢼࣜ࢜࡜(24)ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡀᴟࡵ࡚ึᮇࡢẁ㝵࡟࠾࠸࡚✵୺ㄒࡸ✵┠ⓗㄒࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠺࠿࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࢆ┬␎࡟ࡼࡾὴ⏕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡣࠊ(24)࡛ࡣᏑᅾࡍࡿࡀࠊ(28)࡛ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ ḟ࡟ࠊࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒࠊࢺࣝࢥㄒࠊⱥㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⋓ᚓࡢ᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿ➽㐨ࢆ௨ୗ࡟
♧ࡍࠋ
(29)

a.

ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ᭱ึ࡟⮬ศࡀ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒࡀ✵୺ㄒࢆチࡍࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜ࡃࠋb.

✵௦ྡモࡣึᮇࡢẁ㝵࠿ࡽ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

c.

ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ⮬ศࡀ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒ࡟୺ㄒ࡜᫬
ไ㎡ࡢ㛫ࡢࠕ㇏࠿࡞୍ࠖ⮴ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜ࡃࠋ

(30)

d.

୺ㄒ఩⨨࡟✵௦ྡモࢆ౑⏝ࡋ⥆ࡅࡿࠋa.

ࢺࣝࢥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ᭱ึ࡟⮬ศࡀ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒࡀ✵୺ㄒ࣭✵┠ⓗㄒࢆチࡍࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜ࡃࠋb.

✵௦ྡモࡣึᮇࡢẁ㝵࠿ࡽ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

c.

ࢺࣝࢥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ⮬ศࡀ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒ࡟୺ㄒ࡜᫬ไ

- 47 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究㎡ࡢ㛫࡟ࠕ㇏࠿࡞୍ࠖ⮴ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊཬࡧ┠ⓗㄒ࡜㍍ືモࡢ㛫࡟ࡣ୍⮴ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜ࡃࠋd.

✵୺ㄒ࡟ࡣ✵௦ྡモࢆ౑࠸⥆ࡅࡿ୍᪉ࠊ
┠ⓗㄒ࡟ࡣ┬␎ࢆ౑࠸ጞࡵ
ࡿࠋ

(31)

a.

ⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ᭱ึ࡟⮬ศࡀ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒࡀ✵୺ㄒ࣭✵┠ⓗㄒࢆチࡉ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜ࡃࠋb.

✵௦ྡモࡣ౑ࢃࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

c.

ⱥㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡣ⮬ศࡀ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒ࡟ࠕ㈋ᙅ࡞୍ࠖ⮴ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜ࡃࠋd.

✵௦ྡモཬࡧ㡯ࡢ┬␎ࡣ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣ౑ࢃࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

ࡇࢀࡽࡢࢩࢼࣜ࢜࡜(25)ࠊ(26)ࠊ(27)ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊᏛ⩦⪅ࡀ⋓ᚓࡢึᮇẁ㝵࡛✵୺ㄒࡸ✵┠ⓗㄒࢆ┬␎࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ౛࠼ࡤࢫ࣌
࢖ࣥㄒࡸࢺࣝࢥㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᏊ࡝ࡶࡀ✵୺ㄒࡸ✵┠ⓗㄒࢆ౑࠸ጞࡵࡓ࡜ࡁ
࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡽࡀ⦆ࡸ࠿࡞ྠ୍ᛶ࡞࡝ࡢ┬␎ࡢ≉ᚩࢆ♧ࡍ࠿ྰ࠿ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟
ࡼࡾࠊ㡯ࡢ┬␎ࡀึᮇࡢ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆ☜࠿ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛
ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓⱥㄒࡢᏛ⩦⪅ࡀึᮇࡢẁ㝵࡛✵୺ㄒ࡞࡝ࢆㄗࡗ࡚⏘ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶
ࡿ࡜ୖ㏙ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢẁ㝵ࡢ✵ྡモྃࡀ┬␎ࡢ≉ᚩࢆ♧ࡍ࠿ྰ࠿ࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡇ࡜
࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ㡯┬␎ࡀ⋓ᚓࡢ࡝ࡢẁ㝵࡛ฟ⌧ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆࡘࡁ࡜ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡼ
࠺ࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡣཎ⌮ⓗ࡟ࡣᐇドⓗ࡟᳨ドࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ஦᯶࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡶ࠺ᑡࡋ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟୺ㄒ࣭┠ⓗㄒ┬␎ࡢ⋓ᚓྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᮏㄽ⪃࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞┬␎ࡢㄆྍ࡟ࡣ୍⮴ࡢḞዴࡀ㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺❧ሙࢆ᥇ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢሙྜࠊ㡯┬␎ࡀึᮇẁ㝵࡛ࡣᏑᅾࡏࡎࠊ୍⮴ࡢḞዴ࡜࠸࠺ㄏᅉࡀ⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚ࡣࡌࡵ࡚ฟ⌧ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣጇᙜ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ࠶
ࡿ஦㇟ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ㄆ㆑ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾูࡢ஦㇟ࡀⓎືࡉࢀࡿ࡜
⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡣࠊࡑࡢㄏᅉ࡜࡞ࡿ஦㇟ࡢ㠀ᅾࢆㄆ㆑ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀࡘ࠸࡚ࡲࢃࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ୙ྍ⬟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᐇ⾜ྍ⬟ᛶ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ᅔ㞴࡞⋓ᚓࡢ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡴࡋࢁ୍⮴࡞࡝ࡢ஦㇟ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀูࡢ஦㇟ࢆⓎືࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ᪉ࡀ⋓ᚓࡢᐜ᫆ࡉ࡜࠸
࠺Ⅼ࡛ඃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㡯ࡢ┬␎ࡣᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡀチࡍ୍ࡘࡢ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡋ࡚ึᮇẁ㝵࠿ࡽ฼- 48 -

主語・目的語省略の比較統語論（高橋大厚）⏝ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୍⮴࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⋓ᚓࡀࡲࡔ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸᫬Ⅼ࡛⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿ✵୺ㄒࡸ✵┠ⓗㄒࡣ┬␎࡟ࡼࡾ⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࠊࡑࡢᚋᑐ㇟ゝㄒࡢ୍⮴࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ≉ᚩࡀᏛ⩦ࡉࢀࠊ୍⮴ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿሙྜࡣ┬␎ࡀ౑ࢃࢀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ୍⮴ࡢᏑᅾࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡞࠸ሙྜࡣ┬␎ࡀࡑࡢࡲࡲ౑ࢃࢀ⥆ࡅࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿࡢࡀጇᙜ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ᮘୖࡢㄽ⌮ࡔࡀࠊୖ㏙ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⋓ᚓࡢᴟࡵ࡚ึᮇࡢẁ㝵࡛⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿ✵୺ㄒࡸ✵┠ⓗㄒࡢ≉ᚩࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊᐇドⓗ࡟᳨ドࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ18ࠋཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Aelbrecht, Lobke. 2009. You have the right to remain silent: the syntactic
licensing of ellipsis. Doctoral dissertation, Catholic University ofBrussels.
᭷ඖᑘ๛࣭ᮧᮡᜨᏊ. 2005. ࠗ᮰⦡࡜๐㝖࠘◊✲♫.
Baltin, Mark. 2012. Deletion versus pro-forms: an overly simple dichotomy?

Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 30: 381-423.
Chomsky, Noam. 1986. Barriers. MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 2000. Minimalist inquiries: the framework. In Roger
Martin, David Michaels, and Juan Uriagereka, eds. Step by step: essays

on minimalist syntax in honor of Howard Lasnik, 89-155. MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 2007. Approaching UG from below. In Uli Sauerland andHans-Martin Gaertner, eds. Interfaces + recursion = language?

Chomsky’s minimalism and the view from syntax-semantics, 1-30.
Mouton de Gruyter.
Chomsky, Noam. 2008. On phases. In Robert Freidin, Carlos P. Otero, andMaria Luisa Zubizaretta, eds. Foundational issues in linguistic

theory,133-167. MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam and Howard Lasnik. 1993. The theory of principles andparameters. In Arnim von Stechow, Joachim Jacobs, Wolfgang
Sternefeld, and Theo Vennemann, eds. Syntax: an international18➹⪅ࡣゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡇࡇ࡛㏙࡭ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘᐇドⓗ࡟᳨ドࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ▱㆑ࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࠋ୍⮴࡞࡝ࡢᒅᢡࡢ⋓ᚓࡀᴟࡵ࡚᪩࠸ẁ㝵࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ :H[OHU  ࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟㞴ࡋ࠸ࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

- 49 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

handbook of contemporary research, 506-569. Walter de Gruyter.
Chung, Sandra, William Ladusaw, and James McCloskey. 1995. Sluicing andlogical form. Natural Language Semantics 3: 239-282.
Fukui, Naoki. 1988. Deriving the differences between English and Japanese:a case study in parametric syntax. English Linguistics 5: 249-270.
Hasegawa, Nobuko. 1984/85. On the so-called “empty pronouns” in Japanese.

The Linguistic Review 4: 289-341.
Hiraiwa, Ken and Shinichiro Ishihara. 2012. Syntactic metamorphosis: clefts,
sluicing, and in-situ focus in Japanese. Syntax 15: 142-180.
Hoji, Hajime. 1990. Theories of anaphora and aspects of Japanese syntax.
Ms. University of Southern California.
Hoji, Hajime. 1998. Null object and sloppy identity in Japanese. Linguistic

Inquiry 29: 127-152.
Huang, C.-T. James. 1984. On the distribution and reference of empty
pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 15: 531-574.
Huang, C.-T. James. (1991) Remarks on the status of the null object. In
Robert Freidin ed. Principles and parameters in comparative grammar,
56-76. MIT Press.
Hyams, Nina. 1989. The null subject parameter in language acquisition. In
Osvaldo Jaeggli and Ken Safir, eds. The null subject parameter,215-238. Kluwer.
Jaeggli, Osvaldo and Ken Safir. 1989. The null subject parameter andparametric theory. In Osvaldo Jaeggli and Ken Safir, eds. The nullsubject parameter, 1-44. Kluwer.
Kim, Soowon. 1999. Sloppy/strict identity, empty objects, and NP ellipsis.

Journal of East Asian Linguistics 8: 255-284.
Kuroda, S.-Y. 1965. Generative grammatical studies in the Japanese
language. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.
Kuroda, S.-Y. 1988. Whether we agree or not: a comparative syntax ofEnglish and Japanese. Linguisticae Investigationes 12: 1-47.
Lobeck, Anne. 1995. Ellipsis: functional heads, licensing, and identification.
Oxford University Press.
May, Robert. 1985. Logical form. MIT Press.
- 50 -

主語・目的語省略の比較統語論（高橋大厚）Merchant, Jason. 2001. The syntax of silence: sluicing, islands, and thetheory of ellipsis. Oxford University Press.
Nakamura, Masaru. 1987. Japanese as a pro language. The Linguistic

Review 6: 281-296.
Nishigauchi, Taisuke and Tomohiro Fujii. 2006. Short answers: ellipsis,
connectivity, and island repair. Ms. Kobe Shoin Graduate School andUniversity of Maryland.
Oku, Satoshi. 1998. A theory of selection and reconstruction in theminimalist perspective. Doctoral dissertation, University ofConnecticut.
Otaki, Koichi and Noriaki Yusa. 2012. Quantificational null objects in child
Japanese. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 64: Proceedings of the

5th Formal Approaches to Japanese Linguistics. 217-230.
Otani, Kazuyo and John Whitman. 1991. V-raising and VP-ellipsis.

Linguistic Inquiry 22: 345-358.
Rizzi, Luigi. 1982. Issues in Italian syntax. Walter de Gruyter.
Ross, John R. 1969. Guess who? Papers from the 5th regional meeting of the

Chicago Linguistic Society: 252-286.
Sag, Ivan. 1976. Deletion and logical form. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.
Saito, Mamoru. 2007. Notes on East Asian argument ellipsis. Language

Research 43: 203-227.
Saito, Mamoru and Keiko Murasugi. 1990. N’-deletion in Japanese: apreliminary study. Japanese/Korean Linguistics 1: 285-301.
ûener, Serkan and Daiko Takahashi. 2010. Ellipsis of arguments in Japaneseand Turkish. Nanzan Linguistics 6: 79-99.
Sugisaki, Koji. 2007. NP ellipsis and parameters: an acquisitional
perspective. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Generative

Approaches to Language Acquisition North America. 416-425.
Sugisaki, Koji. 2009. The acquisition of argument ellipsis in Japanese: apreliminary study. Nanzan Linguistics 5: 61-73.
Takahashi, Daiko. 1994. Minimality of movement. Doctoral dissertation,
University of Connecticut.

- 51 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

Takahashi, Daiko. 2008. Noun phrase ellipsis. In Shigeru Miyagawa andMamoru Saito, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Linguistics,
394-422. Oxford University Press.
Takahashi, Daiko. forthcoming. Argument ellipsis, anti-agreement, andscrambling. In Mamoru Saito, ed. Japanese Syntax in Comparative

Perspective. Oxford University Press.
Wexler, Ken. 1998. Very early parameter setting and the unique checking
constraint: a new explanation of the optional infinitive stage. Lingua
106: 23-79.
Williams, Edwin. 1977. Discourse and logical form. Linguistic Inquiry 8:
101-139.
Zagona, Karen. 1988. Proper government of antecedentless VP in English
and Spanish. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 6: 95-128.

- 52 -ືモࡢ⮬௚࡜ศ⿣ືモྃศᯒ*岸本秀樹

                         ᓊᮏ⚽ᶞ
㸯. ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
ᮏㄽ࡛ࡣ㸪஧ࡘࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ⮬௚஺᭰㸦ᮏㄽ࡛ࡣ౑ᙺ஺᭰࡜ᡤ᭷஺᭰࡜࿧ࡪ㸧ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆ㸪᪥ᮏㄒࡢືモࡢ⮬௚஺᭰࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋ౑ᙺ஺᭰࠾ࡅࡿ᪥ᮏㄒ
ࡢ⮬ືモ࡜௚ືモࡢ࣌࢔ࡣ㸪ⱥㄒ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ㸪ࠕ㛤ࡅࡿ㸭㛤ࡃࠖࠕ◚ࡿ㸭◚ࢀࡿࠖ࡞࡝㸪௚ືモ࡜⮬ືモ࡜࡛␗࡞ࡿᙧែࢆࡶࡘࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋࡇࡢ஺᭰ࡀศ⿣ືモྃศᯒ(Split vP Analysis)࡟ࡼࡾ௬ᐃࡉࢀࡿ v-V ࡢࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡿ v ࡢ
ᛶ㉁ࡢ㐪࠸࡟ᖐ⤖ࡉࡏࡿྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪౑ᙺ஺᭰ࡣ㸪v ࡀ౑ᙺ⪅ࢆ࡜ࡿ࠿࡜ࡽ࡞࠸࠿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚௚ືᛶࡀỴࡲࡾ㸪ࡇࡢ཯ᫎ࡜ࡋ࡚ືモࡢᙧែࡀኚ໬ࡍࡿ㸦ࡘࡲࡾ㸪v ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᛶ㉁ࡢ㐪࠸ࡀືモㄒᖿ࡟ࡘࡃᙧែ⣲࡜ࡋ࡚཯ᫎࡉࢀࡿ㸧ࡇ࡜ࢆㄽࡌࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ᡤ᭷஺࡛᭰ࡣ㸪௚ືᛶࡢ஺᭰ࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚ࡶືモࡢᙧែࡣኚ໬ࡏࡎ㸪௚ືモࡢ୺ㄒࡣࠕࡀࠖ᱁࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁࡛⌧ࢀࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࡢ஺᭰⮬యࡶࡸࡣࡾ v ࡀᡤ᭷⪅ࢆ࡜ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡿ࡜ㄽࡌࡿࠋᡤ
᭷⪅஺᭰࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪⮬௚஺᭰ࡢ௚࡟ࡶ㸪Ꮡᅾ࣭ᡤ᭷ືモࡢࠕ࠶ࡿࠖࠕ࠸ࡿࠖ
ࡀ౑ࢃࢀࡓሙྜ࡟㸪ືモࡀࠕࡀࠖ᱁ྡモྃ࡜᭷⏕ᛶࡢ୍⮴(animacy agreement)ࢆ
㉳ࡇࡍ࡜࠸࠺⌧㇟ࡶほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢືモࡢ᭷⏕࣭↓⏕ࡢ୍⮴ࡶ㸪௚ືᛶࡢ஺
᭰࡜ྠᵝ࡟㸪v ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ≉ᛶ࡟ᖐ⤖ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶㄽࡌࡿࠋ
2. ౑ᙺ஺᭰
ⱥㄒ࡜᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⮬௚ࡢ࣌࢔ࡀ࠶ࡿືモࢆ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ぢ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪breakࠕቯࡍ㸭ቯࢀࡿࠖ, sinkࠕỿࡴ㸭ỿࡵࡿࠖ, openࠕ㛤ࡃ㸭㛤ࡅࡿࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡟≧ែ࡞࠸ࡋ఩⨨ࡢኚ໬ࢆ⾲ࡍືモࡣ㸪౑ᙺ⪅㸦ືస୺㸪⾜Ⅽ⪅㸧ࢆ㏣ຍࡋࡓࡾ๐㝖ࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ
࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⮬ືモ࡜௚ືモࡀ஺᭰ࡍࡿࠋ≉࡟㸪ࡇࡢ஺᭰ࡣ㸪౑ᙺ஺᭰(causative
alternation)࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡇࡢ౑ᙺ஺᭰ࡢ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪௚ືモࡢ┠ⓗㄒ*ᮏㄽࡣ㸪ᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤ㡿ᇦᣦᐃᆺࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࠕゝㄒࡢᬑ㐢ᛶཬࡧከᵝᛶࢆྖࡿ⏕ᚓⓗไ⣙㸸᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᐇドⓗ◊✲ࠖ㸦ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮㸸ᮧᮡᜨᏊ㸧࡛ࡢ⌮ㄽⓗ◊✲ࡢᡂᯝࡢ୍㒊࡜ࡋ࡚ሗ࿌ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾㸪ᮏㄽࡢ୙ഛࡣࡍ࡭࡚ⴭ⪅ࡢ㈐௵࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

- 53 -

1

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

࡟࠶ࡓࡿྡモྃࡀ⮬ືモࡢ୺ㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚⌧ࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋⱥㄒ࡛
ࡣ㸪౑ᙺ஺᭰ࢆ㉳ࡇࡍືモࡣ㸪௚ືモᙧࡶ⮬ືモᙧࡶᙧែⓗ࡟ࡣ༊ูࡉࢀ࡞࠸
ࡶࡢࡀከ࠸㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ㸪open, close, break, roll㸧ࡀ㸪ྂ࠸᫬௦ࡢⱥㄒࡢྡṧ࡜ࡋ
࡚ fall/fell, rise/raise, lie/lay ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ẕ㡢ࡢ஺࡛᭰⮬௚ࢆ༊ูࡍࡿ౛ࡀᑡᩘ࠶ࡿࠋ ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡣ㏫࡟㸪⮬ືモ࡜௚ືモ࡛ᙧែⓗ࡟␗࡞ࡿ࣌࢔㸦᪥ᮏㄒᏛ࡛ࡣ᭷ᑐືモ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ㸧ࢆ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࠕ㛛ࡀ㛢ࡌࡿ㸭㛛ࢆ㛢ࡌࡿࠖ㸪ࠕᗑࢆࡦࡽࡃ㸭ᗑࡀࡦࡽࡃࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡟⮬௚ྠᙧࡢࡶࡢࡣᑡᩘὴ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ㸦ࡓࡔࡋ㸪₎ㄒືモ࡛ࡣࠕᣑ኱ࡍࡿࠖࠕ⦰ᑠࡍࡿࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡟⮬௚ࡢ୧᪉ࡢ⏝ἲࡀ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡣ⮬௚ྠᙧ࡛࠶ࡿ㸧ࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࡢሙྜ㸪㸦㠀≧ែືモࡢ㸧⮬௚஺᭰࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪⥲ࡌ࡚㸪ᙧែࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡀከ࠸ࡀ㸪࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࡶ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡣ㸪ືモࡢᙧែ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࠿ࡽ㸪⮬௚஺᭰࡟࠾ࡅࡿືモὴ⏕ࡢ᪉ྥᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋ ⮬௚஺᭰ࢆ㉳ࡇࡍືモࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣃࢱ࣮࡛ࣥᙧែࡀኚ໬ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪᭱ࡶໟᣓⓗ࡟ࣜࢫࢺࡋࡓ◊✲ࡣ㸪Jacobsen (1991)࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋJacobsen (1991)ࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪㸯㸴ࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢືモࡢᙧែኚ໬ࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ⮬௚஺᭰ࡢᙧែ࠿ࡽࡳࡿ஺᭰ࡢ᪉ྥᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋ⮬ືモ࡜௚ືモࡀ࣌࢔࡟࡞ࡿືモࡢὴ⏕ࡢ᪉ྥᛶ࡟ࡣ㸪୕ࡘㄽ⌮ⓗ࡞ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ(1)⮬ືモࡀ௚ືモ࡟ኚࢃࡿࠕ௚ືモ໬(transitivization)࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ౑ᙺ໬(causativization)ࠖ
(2) ௚ ື モ ࡀ ⮬ ື モ ࡟ ኚ ࢃ ࡿ ࠕ ⮬ ື モ ໬ (intransitivization) ࠶ ࡿ ࠸ ࡣ ཯ ౑ ᙺ ໬(anti-causativization)ࠖ(3)ὴ⏕ࡢ᪉ྥᛶࡀỴࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ㸦௚ືモ࣭⮬ືモࡀูಶ࡟ὴ⏕ࡍࡿࠕ୧ᴟ໬(equipollent)ࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣືモࡢ⮬௚ࡀྠᙧ࡟࡞ࡿࠕᾋື
(labile)ࠖ㸧࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ዟὠ 1967, Haspelmath 1993 ཧ↷㸧1ࠋ
 ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⮬௚஺᭰ࡣ㸪ᙧែⓗ࡟ࡣㄒᖿࢆඹ᭷ࡋ⮬ືモ໬࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ௚ືモ໬ࡍࡿᙧែ⣲ࡀ௜ຍࡋ㸪⮬௚஺᭰ࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿࠋ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡣ㸪ᙧែⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪ୖ࡛࠶ࡆࡓ୕ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡢ࡝ࢀࡶࡀල⌧໬ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆලయⓗ࡟ぢ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪ࡲࡎ㸪௚ືモ໬ࢆㄏⓎࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿᙧែ⣲࡟ࡣ㸪-e, -s, -as, -ase, -se ࡞࡝ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦ࡇࢀࡽࡢᙧែ⣲ࡣ㸪౑ᙺࡢ-sase ࡜ࡢᙧែⓗ࡞㛵㐃ࡀࡋࡤࡋࡤᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦㔝⏣ 1991, Shibatani 1990 ࡞࡝㸧ࠋ(1)ࡢ౛ࡣ㸪⮬ືモ࡟ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙧែ⣲ࡀࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪ᙧែⓗ࡞㠃࠿ࡽぢࡿ࡜㸪௚ືモ໬࡟ࡼࡾ⮬௚஺᭰ࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
1ࠕṚࡠࠖ࡜ࠕẅࡍࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄒᖿࢆඹ᭷ࡋ࡞࠸⮬௚ࡢᑐ❧ࡣ㸪࡝ࡕࡽ࠿ࡀ⿵඘(suppletion)࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ືモࡀ౪⤥ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ⮬௚஺᭰ࡣᮏㄽ࡛ࡣ㆟ㄽࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ- 54 -

2

動詞の自他と分裂動詞句分析（岸本(1) ⮬ືモ   

秀樹）

 ௚ືモ

a. 㛤ࡃ(ak-u)㛤ࡅࡿ(ak-e-ru)b. ᘓࡘ(tat-u)ᘓ࡚ࡿ(tat-e-ru)c. Ἓࡃ(wak-u)

Ἓ࠿ࡍ(wak-as-u)(2) a. ࠾ẕࡉࢇࡀ࠾‫ࢆ‮‬Ἓ࠿ࡋࡓࠋb. ࠾‫ࡀ‮‬Ἓ࠸ࡓࠋ(1)࡟࠶ࡆࡓ౛ࡣ㸪⮬ືモ࠿ࡽ௚ືモࢆὴ⏕ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡀ㸪௚ືモ࠿ࡽ஧㔜௚ືモࢆὴ⏕ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
(3) ௚ືモ    ஧㔜௚ືモa. ▱ࡿ(si-u)▱ࡽࡏࡿ(sir-ase-ru)b. ╔ࡿ(ki-ru)╔ࡏࡿ(ki-se-ru)c. Ώࡿ(wata-ru)

Ώࡍ(wata-s-u)(4) a. Ꮚ౪ࡀ᭹ࢆ╔ࡿࠋ
 b. ẕぶࡀᏊ౪࡟᭹ࢆ╔ࡏࡿࠋ
 c. ẕぶࡀᏊ౪࡟᭹ࢆ╔ࡉࡏࡿࠋ(3)ࡣ㸪(4a)࡜(4b)ࡢ౛ࡀ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪஧㡯ࢆ࡜ࡿ௚ືモ࠿ࡽ୕㡯ࢆ࡜ࡿ஧㔜௚ືモ࡬ࡢὴ⏕ࡀ㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(4b)ࡢ஧㔜௚ືモࡣ(4c)ࡢ౑ᙺືモ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿⅬ࡟ὀពࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸ࡓ࠸ࠋࡇࡢ஧ࡘࡢືモࡢ㐪࠸ࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿࠶ࡿࡀ㸪(4c)ࡢ⿕౑ᙺ⪅ࡢࠕᏊ౪ࠖࡣពᅗⓗ࡞⾜Ⅽࢆ⾜࠺࡜࠸࠺ゎ㔘ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪஧㔜௚ືモࡢ(4b)ࡢࠕᏊ౪ࠖࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ゎ㔘ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ┤᥋ཷ㌟ᩥࡢᙧᡂࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡶ␗࡞ࡿࠋ஧㔜௚ືモࡢሙྜࡣ㸪ࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡶࠕࢆࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡶཷ㌟ࡢ
୺ㄒ࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪౑ᙺືモࡣࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡋ࠿ཷ㌟
ࡢ୺ㄒ࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ
(5) a. Ꮚ౪ࡀ᭹ࢆ╔ࡏࡽࢀࡓࠋ
 b. ᭹ࡀᏊ౪࡟╔ࡏࡽࢀࡓࠋ
(6) a. Ꮚ౪ࡀ᭹ࢆ╔ࡉࡏࡽࢀࡓࠋ
 b. *᭹ࡀᏊ౪࡟╔ࡉࡏࡽࢀࡓࠋ

- 55 -

3

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞౛ࡣ㸪஧㔜௚ືモࡀ⤫ㄒⓗ࡞᧯స࡟ࡼࡗ࡚సࡽࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ౑
ᙺ࡜␗࡞ࡿ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࢆ♧ࡍ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡏࡼ㸪(1)ࡸ(3)ࡢ౛ࡣ㸪ㄒᙡࡢ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ௚ືモ໬ࡀ㛵୚ࡋ㸪ᙧែ⣲ࡢ௜ຍ࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ືモ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㡯ࢆ୍ࡘቑࡸࡍຠᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ⮬௚஺࡛᭰࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ௚ືモ໬࡜ࡣ㏫᪉ྥࡢὴ⏕㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪⮬ືモ໬㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㏫౑ᙺ໬㸧ࡣືモࡢ㡯ࢆ୍ࡘῶࡽࡍㄒᙡⓗ࡞᧯స࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢᙧែ⣲࡟ࡣ㸪(7)࡛♧ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪-e, -ar, -re ࡞࡝ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦⮬ືモ໬ࢆㄏⓎࡍࡿᙧែ⣲࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣཷ㌟࡜ࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࡀࡋࡤࡋࡤᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦㔝⏣ 1991, Shibatani 1990࡞࡝ࢆཧ↷㸧㸧ࠋ(7)

 ⮬ືモ     ௚ືモa. ◚ࢀࡿ(yabur-e-ru)   ◚ࡿ(yabur-u)b. ษࢀࡿ(kir-e-ru)    ษࡿ(kir-u)  c. ࡩࡉࡀࡿ(husag-ar-u)  ࡩࡉࡄ(husag-u)(8) a. ✰ࡀࡩࡉࡀࡗࡓࠋ
 b. ᙼࡀ✰ࢆࡩࡉ࠸ࡔࠋ
ࡇࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ౑ᙺ஺᭰ࡣ㸪ືモࡢㄒᖿ࡟-e, -ar ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ᙧែ⣲ࡀ௜ຍࡉࢀ௚ືモࡀฟ⌧ࡍࡿࡢ࡛㸪௚ືモ࠿ࡽ⮬ືモࢆㄒᙡⓗ࡟ὴ⏕ࡍࡿ⮬ືモ໬࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ
཯౑ᙺ໬ࡢ᧯సࡀ㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ ḟ࡟㸪୧ᴟ໬ࡢ᧯సࡀ㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ౛ࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ୧ᴟ໬ࡣ㸪(9)࡟࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪ືモㄒᖿ࡟ࡑࢀࡒࢀఱࡽ࠿ࡢᙧែ⣲ࡀ௜ຍࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ௚
ືモ࡜⮬ືモࡀὴ⏕ࡉࢀࡿࠋ(9) ⮬ືモ     ௚ືモa. ởࢀࡿ(yogo-re-ru)   ởࡍ(yogo-s-u)b. ቑ࠼ࡿ(hu(y)-e-ru)   ቑࡸࡍ(huy-as-u)c. ἞ࡿ(nao-r-u)     ἞ࡍ(nao-s-u)d. ୖࡀࡿ(ag-ar-u)    ୖࡆࡿ(ag-e-ru)(10) a. 㢼⯪ࡀୖࡀࡗࡓࠋ
b. ᙼࡀ㢼⯪ࢆୖࡆࡓࠋ

- 56 -

4

動詞の自他と分裂動詞句分析（岸本秀樹）

ࡲࡓ㸪ᾋື࡜ࡼࡤࢀࡿ⮬௚஺᭰ࡶᏑᅾࡋ㸪ࡇࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣ⮬ືモ໬ࡸ௚ືモ໬࡟㛵୚ࡍࡿᙧែ⣲ࡣ௜ຍࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪⮬௚࡛ᙧࡀࡲࡗࡓࡃྠࡌ࡟࡞ࡿ஺᭰
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦ࡇࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ஺᭰ࢆ㉳ࡇࡍືモࡣ㸪୺࡟㸪௚ືᛶࢆ⾲ࡍᙧែ⣲ࢆࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸₎ㄒ⏤᮶ࡢືモ㸦≉࡟ࠕࡍࡿࠖࡀ௜ຍࡍࡿࠕືモⓗྡモ㸦ືྡモ㸧ࠖ㸧࡛࠶ࡿ㸧2ࠋ ⮬ືモ   (11)  ௚ືモa. 㛢ࡌࡿ(tozi-ru)  㛢ࡌࡿ(tozi-ru)

b. 㛤ࡃ(hirak-u)   㛤ࡃ(hirak-u)c. ᣑ኱ࡍࡿ(kakudai-su-ru) ᣑ኱ࡍࡿ(kakudai-su-ru)  (12) a. ᖥࡀ㛢ࡌࡿࠋb. ᙼࡀᖥࢆ㛢ࡌࡓࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇ㸪୧ᴟ໬ࡸᾋື࡟ࡼࡿ⮬௚஺᭰ࡢሙྜ㸪ືモㄒᖿ࡟⮬ືモ໬࠾ࡼࡧ௚ືモ໬ࡢᙧែ⣲ࡀࡘࡃ㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ඲ࡃᙧែ⣲ࡀࡘ࠿࡞࠸㸧ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ⮬ືモ࡜௚ືモࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵ㸪ὴ⏕ࡢ᪉ྥᛶࡣᙧែⓗ࡟ࡣỴᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ᩥࡢᙧᘧ࠿ࡽぢࡿ࡜㸪୧ᴟ໬ࡀ㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸࡚ࡶ⮬ືモ໬ࡀ㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚ࡼ࠸ሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ(13)࡟࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡞౛࡛㸪ࡇࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢືモࡢሙྜ㸪⬟ື࡜ཷ㌟࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᙧᘧࢆసࡾฟࡍ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
(13) ௚ືモ    ஧㔜௚ືモ  a. ᩍࢃࡿ(osow-ar-u)  ᩍ࠼ࡿ(osi(w)-e-u) 
b. ೉ࡾࡿ(ka-ri-ru)

 ㈚ࡍ(ka-s-u)  (14) a. Ꮫ⏕ࡀᒣ⏣ඛ⏕{࡟/࠿ࡽ}ⱥㄒࢆᩍࢃࡗࡓࠋb. ᒣ⏣ඛ⏕ࡀᏛ⏕࡟ⱥㄒࢆᩍ࠼ࡓࠋ

ࡇࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ஺᭰ࢆ㉳ࡇࡍືモࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿᤵཷ㛵ಀࢆ⾲ࡍືモ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ(14)࡛♧ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࡇࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢືモࡣ࡝ࡕࡽࡶࠕࡀ-࡟-ࢆࠖࡢ᱁ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ࡜ࡿࡀ㸪(14a)ࡢࠕᩍࢃࡿࠖࡀ࡜ࡿࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡢࠕ࡟ࠖࡣࠕ࠿ࡽࠖ࡜⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪(14a)ࡣ㸪⤫ㄒⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪(15a)ࡢཷ㌟ࡢᙧᘧ࡜

2≉࡟㸪ືモⓗྡモࡢ⮬௚஺᭰࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࢆྡモ໬ࡍࡿ㝿࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠕࡍࡿࠖ
ࡢᛶ㉁࡟㉳ᅉࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚ࡼ࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

- 57 -

5

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

ᇶᮏⓗ࡟ྠࡌព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
(15) a. Ꮫ⏕ࡀᒣ⏣ඛ⏕{࡟/࠿ࡽ}ⱥㄒࢆᩍ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋ
b. ⱥㄒࡀᒣ⏣ඛ⏕࠿ࡽᏛ⏕࡟ᩍ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋ
ཷ㌟ࡣ㸪⬟ືᩥ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿᵓ㐀࠿ࡽὴ⏕ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜㸪࠾ࡼࡧ㸪(14a)ࡢࠕᩍࢃࡿࠖ
ࡢ౛࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕᒣ⏣ඛ⏕ࠖ࡟ࡘࡃࠕ࡟ࠖࢆࠕ࠿ࡽࠖ࡟⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ࠕᩍࢃࡿࠖࡢࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡣ㡯࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶ௜ຍモ࡜ࡋ࡚ാ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚ࡼ࠸࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ3ࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ࠕᩍ࠼ࡿࠖࠕᩍࢃࡿࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ືモࡢ࣌࢔ࡣ㸪஧㔜௚ືモ࠿ࡽ௚ືモࡀὴ⏕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᩥࡢᙧᘧ࠿ࡽὴ⏕㛵ಀࢆỴࡵࡽࢀࡿ౛ࡣ㝈ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⮬௚஺᭰ືモࡣ㸪ከࡃࡢሙྜ㸪ືモㄒᖿ࡟௚ືモ໬࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⮬ືモ໬ࡢᙧែ⣲ࡀࡘࡃࡢ࡛㸪ືモ࡟ v ࡜ V ࡢ஧ࡘࡢせ⣲ࢆ௬ᐃࡍࡿศ⿣ືモྃศᯒ࠿ࡽࡑࡢ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸࡜ᙧែࡢ㛵ಀࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋศ⿣ືモྃศᯒࡣ㸪
Larson (1988)ࡢ஧㔜┠ⓗㄒືモࡢ VP-ࢩ࢙ࣝ(VP-shell)ࡢศᯒࡀࡶ࡜࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿࡀ㸪ᚑ᮶୍ࡘࡢືモྃ࡜ࡋ࡚ᚑ᮶ᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡢࢆᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ஧ࡘࡢືモྃࡢᢞᑕࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿ (Chomsky 1995, 2000, 2004, 2008)ࠋ
(16)

vP
VP
୺㢟-ࡀ

vP
v

ÅÆ

౑ᙺ⪅-ࡀ

V

v’

VP
୺㢟-ࢆ

v
V

ࡇࡢศᯒ࡛ࡣ㸪v ࡢᢞᑕࡀືモࡢ௚ືᛶࢆỴࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛㸪㡯ࡢྲྀࡾ᪉࡜
ᙧែࡢ㛵ಀࢆᒁᡤⓗ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡎ㸪౑ᙺ஺᭰ࡢᮏ㉁ࡣ㸪v ࡀ౑ᙺ⪅㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣືస୺㸧ࢆ࡜ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛㸪ࡇࢀࡣ v ࡀ౑ᙺ⪅ࢆ࡜ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿࠋv ࡀ౑ᙺ⪅ࢆ࡜ࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ㸪⮬ືモࡀὴ⏕3ࠕᩍࢃࡿࠖࠕᩍ࠼ࡿࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞࣌࢔ࡣᤵཷ㛵ಀࢆ⾲ࡍືモ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡇࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢືモ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᵝࠎ࡞◊✲ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦౛࠼ࡤ㸪ዟὠ(1979)㸪ᯇᮏ(2000a, 2000b)࡞࡝ࢆཧ↷㸧ࠋ

- 58 -

6動詞の自他と分裂動詞句分析（岸本秀樹）

ࡋ㸪v ࡀ౑ᙺ⪅ࢆ࡜ࢀࡤ௚ືモࡀὴ⏕ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ືモࡢ௚ືᛶࡢỴᐃࡣ㸪v ࡢᛶ㉁࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪᪥ᮏㄒࡢሙྜ㸪ືモࡢ௚ືᛶࡣ㸪ᙧែ࡟㐪࠸ࡀฟࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪ືモㄒᖿࡢྑഃ࡟௜ຍࡍࡿᙧែ⣲࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࣐࣮ࢡࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪ࡲࡉ࡟ v ࡀᙧែⓗ࡟ල⌧໬ࡍࡿ఩⨨࡛㸪ࡇࡢ஦ᐇࡣ㸪ࡲࡉ࡟ศ⿣ືモྃศᯒࡀண

ࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦㛗㇂ᕝ 1999 ཧ↷㸧ࠋ ࡕ࡞ࡳ࡟㸪᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪⮬ືモ࠾ࡼࡧ௚ືモࡢ᭱ࡶୖ఩࡟࠶ࡿ㡯ࡣ㸪⠇ࡢ୺ㄒ఩⨨࡟⛣ືࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
[VP ୺㢟-ࡀ

V]v]T]

b. [TP ౑ᙺ⪅-ࡀ [vP ౑ᙺ⪅-ࡀ [VP ୺㢟-ࢆV]v]T](17) a. [TP୺㢟-ࡀ[vP ୺㢟-ࡀ⮬௚஺᭰ࢆ㉳ࡇࡍືモ࡛㸪⮬ືモࡣ୺㢟㡯ࢆ࡜ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪V ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡿ㡯࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୺㢟㡯ࡣࠕࡀࠖ᱁࡛࣐࣮ࢡࡉࢀࡿࠋ୺㢟㡯ࡣ㸪ࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜┠ⓗㄒ఩⨨࡟⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࡀ TP ࡢᣦᐃ㒊ࡲ࡛⛣ືࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪୺ㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚
ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪௚ືモ࡛ࡣ㸪౑ᙺ⪅㡯ࡀࠕࡀࠖ᱁࡛࣐࣮ࢡࡉࢀ㸪୺ㄒ఩⨨࡟⛣ືࡋ㸪ᩥࡢ୺ㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪౑ᙺ஺࡛᭰ࡣ㸪௚ືᛶࡢ㐪࠸࡟࠿ࢃ࠿ࢃࡽࡎ㸪ࠕࡀࠖ᱁࡛࣐࣮ࢡࡉࢀࡿྡモྃࡀ୺ㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᗂඣࡢືモࡢ௚ືᛶࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪Murasugi and Hashimoto (2004)ࡸ
Murasugi, Hashimoto, and Fujii (2007)࡞࡝ࡢ◊✲ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ᗂඣࡢືモࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸸Stage I (v ࡀtiyu/titta/tite ࡛࠶ࡿẁ㝵)㸪Stage II (v ࡀ null ࡛࠶ࡿẁ㝵)㸪Stage III (ㄒᙡⓗ࡞౑ᙺࡸ஧㔜௚ືモࡢ⋓ᚓẁ㝵: v ࡢㄒᙡⓗ࡞ල⌧໬࡟㛫㐪࠸ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ)㸪Stage IV(⤫ㄒⓗ࡞౑ᙺࡢ⋓ᚓẁ㝵㸸V ࡢㄒᙡⓗ࡞ල⌧໬࡟㛫㐪࠸ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ)ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ὀ┠ࡋࡓ
࠸ࡢࡣ㸪Stage II ࡛ᗂඣࡀぢࡏࡿㄗࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋMurasugi and Hashimoto (2004)㸪
Murasugi, Hashimoto, and Fujii (2007)࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪Stage II ࡛ࡣ㸪㠀ᑐ᱁ືモ࡜௚ືモࡀ⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿẁ㝵࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿ㛫㐪࠸࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࢆ௚ືモ㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ஧㔜௚ືモ㸧࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿ㸦౛࠼ࡤ㸪ࠕぢࡏࡿࠖࡢព࿡࡛ࠕぢࡿࠖࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿ㛫㐪࠸㸧ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪㏫ࡢືモ౑⏝ࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢᗂඣࡢ㛫㐪࠸ࡀ㸪v ࢆ[+causative]ࡸ[-causative]࡟ᣦᐃࡋ࡚ࡶࡑࢀࡀ null ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐇ⌧ࡍࡿ㸦ࡘࡲࡾᙧែⓗ࡟ල⌧໬ࡋ࡞࠸㸧ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ㸪᪥ᮏㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ- 59 -

7

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

Ꮚ౪ࡣ㸪≧ែࡸ≧ែኚ໬ࢆ⾲ࡍ VP ࢆ᭱ึ࡟⋓ᚓࡋ㸪ࡑࡢᚋ㸪ࡑࢀࢆ v ࡟ᇙࡵ㎸ࡴࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ㝿㸪v ࡀᙧែⓗ࡟✵࡛࠶ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࢆㄗࡗ࡚௚ືモ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ஧㔜௚ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋᮏㄽ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ࡇࡢ⋓ᚓ◊✲ࡀ㔜せ࡞Ⅼࡣ㸪ᙧែ࡜௚ືᛶࡀ v ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᣦᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ௨ୖࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡿ࡜㸪౑ᙺ⪅ࢆ࡜ࡾࡘࡅࡓࡾ࡜ࡾࡣࡎࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿ౑ᙺ஺࡛᭰ࡣ㸪v ࡀ㔜せ࡞ാࡁࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౑ᙺ஺࡛᭰ࡣ㸪v ࡀእ㡯ࢆ࡜ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤືモࡣ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚௚ືモ㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ V ࡀ㡯ࢆ࡜ࡽ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣ㠀⬟᱁ືモ㸧࡟࡞ࡾ㸪v ࡀ㡯ࢆ࡜ࡽ࡞࠸࡞ࡽࡤ㠀ᑐ᱁ືモ࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪᪥ᮏㄒࡢሙྜ v ࡢᛶ㉁ࡣືモㄒᖿ࡟௜ຍࡉࢀࡿ௚ືモ໬࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⮬ືモ໬ࡢᙧែ⣲ࡢᙧ࡟཯ᫎࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᛶ
㉁ࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡇࢀࡀࡲࡉ࡟ศ⿣ືモྃศᯒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ
࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
3. ᡤ᭷஺᭰
๓⠇࡛ࡣ㸪᪥ᮏㄒࡢ౑ᙺ஺᭰࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᴫほࡋࡓࡀ㸪ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ẚ㍑ⓗ㆟ㄽࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ⮬௚஺᭰㸦ᮏㄽ࡛ࡣᡤ᭷஺᭰࡜ࡼࡪ㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿ㸦ᓊᮏ 2005, ┈ᒸ 2000㸧ࠋඛ࡟㆟ㄽࡋࡓ⮬௚஺᭰ࡣ㸪࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ౑ᙺ
⪅ࠖ㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕືస୺ࠖࠕ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࠖ㸧ࡢࡘࡅࡣࡎࡋࡀ㛵୚ࡍࡿ஺࡛᭰࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛㆟ㄽࡍࡿᡤ᭷஺᭰ࡣࠕᡤ᭷⪅ࠖࡢࡘࡅࡣࡎࡋ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⮬௚஺᭰㸦௚ືᛶ஺᭰㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡤ᭷஺᭰ࡣ౑ᙺ஺᭰࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡛஺᭰ࡀ㉳ࡇࡿࡓࡵ㸪⤫ㄒⓗ࡞᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋᡤ᭷஺᭰ࡢ඾ᆺ౛ࢆ(18)࡟࠶ࡆࡿࠋ
(18) a. Ꮚ౪ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡓࠋ  b. ᙼࡽ࡟Ꮚ౪ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡓࠋ(18a)ࡢࠕ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࠖࡣ୍㡯ࢆ࡜ࡿ⮬ືモ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪(18b)ࡢࠕ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࠖࡣࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁ྡモྃࢆ୺ㄒ࡜ࡍࡿ௚ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪᪥ᮏㄒࡢ୺
ㄒࢸࢫࢺࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ࡜⡆༢࡟ุู࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪୺ㄒᣦྥᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ୺ㄒᑛᩗ
ㄒ໬ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋ

- 60 -

8

動詞の自他と分裂動詞句分析（岸本秀樹）(19) a. ᒣ⏣ඛ⏕ࡀᡓᚋࡲࡶ࡞ࡃࡢ㡭࡟࠾⏕ࡲࢀ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ  b. ᒣ⏣ඛ⏕࡟࠾Ꮮࡉࢇࡀ࠾⏕ࡲࢀ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
(19a)ࡢ౛࠿ࡽࢃ࠿ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪(18a)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⮬ືモࡢ⏝ἲ࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࠖࡢ
࡜ࡿࠕࡀࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡀ୺ㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪(18b)ࡢ௚ື౑⏝ἲࡢࠕ⏕ࡲࢀࡿ࡛ࠖࡣ㸪ࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡀ୺ㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪(19b)ࡢ౛ࡼ
ࡾ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ౑ᙺ஺᭰࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௚ືモ࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕࡀࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡀ୺ㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ
⬟ࡍࡿࡀ㸪(18b)ࡢࠕ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡤ᭷஺࡛᭰ὴ⏕ࡉࢀࡓ௚ືモ࡛ࡣࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡀ୺ㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺≉ᚩࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᡤ᭷஺᭰࡟ࡼࡿ⮬௚஺᭰ࡢሙྜࡣ㸪⮬ືモ࡜௚ືモ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛㸪࠸ࢃࡺࡿᡤ᭷
⪅(possessor)ࡢ௜ࡅእࡋ࡟ࡼࡾ஺᭰ࡀ㉳ࡇࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪ᡤ᭷஺࡛᭰ࡣ㸪㠀≧ែືモ࡛ࡶࡇࡢ᱁ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࠋືモࡢᙧែ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぢࡿ࡜㸪ᡤ᭷஺࡛᭰ࡣ㸪ືモࡢᙧࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡟ࡣኚ໬ࡀ㉳ࡇࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
(20) ⮬ືモ     ௚ືモa. ⏕ࡲࢀࡿ(umare-ru)  ⏕ࡲࢀࡿ(umare-ru)b. ㄌ⏕ࡍࡿ(tanzyoo-su-ru)  ㄌ⏕ࡍࡿ(tanzyoo-su-ru)c. ぢࡘ࠿ࡿ(mitukar-u)ぢࡘ࠿ࡿ(mitukar-u)ࡉࡽ࡟㸪ࠕぢࡘ࠿ࡿࠖࡸࠕ⏕ࡲࢀࡿ࡛ࠖࡣࠕぢࡘࡅࡿࠖࡸࠕ⏕ࡴࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞౑
ᙺ஺᭰࡟ࡼࡾὴ⏕ࡉࢀࡿ௚ືモᙧࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ
(21) a. ᒣ⏣ࡉࢇࡀ௙஦ࢆぢࡘ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ  b. ᒣ⏣ࡉࢇ࡟௙஦ࡀぢࡘ࠿ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
(21a)࡜(21b)ࡀ࡜ࡶ࡟௚ືモ࡛࠶ࡿ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ඛ࡟ぢࡓ୺ㄒᑛᩗㄒ໬ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆぢࡿ࡜᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
(22) a. 㕥ᮌඛ⏕ࡀ௙஦ࢆ࠾ぢࡘࡅ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ  b. 㕥ᮌඛ⏕࡟௙஦ࡀ࠾ぢࡘ࠿ࡾ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
(22a)ࡢࠕぢࡘࡅࡿࠖࡣࠕࡀ࣭ࢆࠖࡢ᱁ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ࡜ࡿ௚ືモ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ࠕࡀࠖ- 61 -

9

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

᱁ྡモྃࡀ୺ㄒᑛᩗㄒ໬ࡢࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪(22b)ࡢࠕぢࡘ࠿ࡿࠖࡣ㸪ࠕ࡟࣭ࡀࠖࡢ᱁ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆࡶࡘࡀ㸪ᡤ᭷஺᭰࡟ࡼࡾ௚ືモ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡀ୺ㄒᑛᩗㄒ໬ࡢࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ4ࠋ࡞࠾㸪㏻ᖖ㸪㠀≧ែືモࡣ㸪(23b)࡛♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁ྡモྃࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶ㸪ࡇࡢྡモྃࡣ୺ㄒᑛᩗㄒ໬ࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
(23) a. ᒣ⏣ඛ⏕ࡀᏛ⏕࡟࠾఍࠸࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ  b. *Ꮫ⏕ࡀᒣ⏣ඛ⏕࡟࠾఍࠸࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
(23)ࡢືモࠕ఍࠺ࠖࡣࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁ྡモྃࢆ┠ⓗ⿵ㄒ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㸪ࠕࡀࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡀ୺ㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ㸪୺ㄒᑛᩗㄒ໬ࡢࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣ㸪ࠕࡀࠖ᱁ྡモྃ࡟㝈ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪(22b)ࡢࠕぢࡘ࠿ࡿࠖࡣࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁ྡモྃࢆ୺ㄒ࡜ࡍࡿ௚ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ぢ࡚ࡁࡓ஦ᐇ࠿ࡽ㸪౑ᙺ஺᭰࡜ᡤ᭷஺᭰ࡢ㡯ࡢᙧែ࡟⌧ࢀࡿ኱ࡁ࡞
㐪࠸ࡣ㸪᱁ᶆ♧ࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢ㐪࠸࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ
(24) ౑ᙺ஺᭰㸸⮬ືモ       ௚ືモ       ୺ㄒ-ࡀ ືモ    ୺ㄒ-ࡀ ┠ⓗㄒ-ࢆ ືモ  ᡤ᭷஺᭰㸸⮬ືモ       ௚ືモ       ୺ㄒ-ࡀ ືモ    ୺ㄒ-࡟ ┠ⓗㄒ-ࡀ ືモ౑ᙺ஺࡛᭰సࡽࢀࡿ௚ືモࡣ㸪ࠕࡀ࣭ࢆࠖࡢ᱁ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆࡶࡘࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ᡤ᭷஺࡛᭰సࡽࢀࡿ௚ືモࡣࠕ࡟࣭ࡀࠖࡢ᱁ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆࡶࡘࠋ㏻ᖖ㸪ࡇࡢࠕ࡟࣭
ࡀࠖࡢ᱁ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆぢࡓࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ㸪௚ືモ໬ࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
ࡣุ᩿࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪᪥ᮏㄒࡢ୺ㄒࢸࢫࢺࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ࡜㸪ࠕ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࠖࠕぢࡘࡅࡿࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞౛࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᡤ᭷஺᭰࡟ࡼࡿ⮬௚஺᭰ࡀ㉳ࡇࡿ࡜࠸࠺
ࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ᡤ᭷஺᭰ࡢ㡯ࡢࡘࡅࡣࡎࡋ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪౑ᙺ஺᭰࡜ྠࡌእ㡯࡟㛵ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪஺᭰࡟ࡣ v ࡟ᡤ᭷⪅ࡀ⌧ࢀࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡼࡗ
4౑ᙺ஺᭰࡜ᡤ᭷஺᭰ࡢ୧᪉ࡀྍ⬟࡞ሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪(21)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡀฟ⌧ࡍࡿࠋ(i)ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢ㢮౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
 (i) a. ᙼࡀ࠾㔠ࢆඈࡅࡓࡣࡎࡀ࡞࠸ࠋ
b. ᙼ࡟࠾㔠ࡀඈ࠿ࡗࡓࡣࡎࡀ࡞࠸ࠋ

- 62 -

10

動詞の自他と分裂動詞句分析（岸本秀樹）

࡚௚ືᛶࡀኚ໬ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ㸪(25a)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᡤ᭷⪅ࡀ vP ࡢ୰࡟⌧ࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ㸪ࡑࡢືモࡣ⮬ືモ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ㏫࡟㸪(25b)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᡤ᭷⪅ࡀ⌧ࢀࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢືモࡣ௚ືモ࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
(25)

vP
VP
୺㢟-ࡀ

vP
v

ÅÆ

ᡤ᭷⪅-࡟

V

v’
VP

୺㢟-ࡀ

v
V

ᡤ᭷஺᭰࡜౑ᙺ஺᭰ࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞㐪࠸ࡣ㸪v ࡢ࡜ࡿ㡯ࡢព࿡ᙺ๭ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࠾ࡼ
ࡧ୺㢟㡯ࡢ᱁㸦ࠕࡀࠖ᱁㸧ࡀኚ໬ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡤ᭷஺࡛᭰ࡣືモࡢᙧែⓗ࡞ኚ໬ࡣ㉳ࡇࡽ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢ㸪ᡤ᭷⪅ࡣእ㡯࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ᡤ᭷஺᭰࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷⪅ࡢࡘࡅࡣࡎࡋࡣ㸪v ࡢᛶ㉁࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚ࡼ࠸ࠋ
ᡤ᭷஺᭰ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡶ㸪⠇ࡢ୺ㄒ఩⨨࡟⛣ືࡍࡿ㡯ࡣ㸪ᵓ㐀ୖࡶࡗ࡜ࡶୖ఩࡟࠶
ࡿ㡯࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
(26) a. [TP ୺㢟-ࡀ[vP ୺㢟-ࡀ[VP ୺㢟-ࡀ

V]v]T]

b. [TP ᡤ᭷⪅-࡟ [vP ᡤ᭷⪅-࡟ [VP ୺㢟-ࡀV]v]T](26)࡛♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᡤ᭷஺᭰ࢆ㉳ࡇࡍືモ࡛ࡣ㸪⮬ືモ⏝ἲࡢሙྜࡣ୺
㢟㡯ࡀ୺ㄒ࡜࡞ࡾ㸪௚ືモ⏝ἲࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪ࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡀ୺ㄒ࡜࡞ࡿࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ౑ᙺ஺᭰ࡢሙྜ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ㸪୺ㄒ఩⨨࡟ධࡿ㡯ࡢ᱁ᶆ♧ࡣ⮬ືモ࡜௚ືモ࡛␗࡞ࡿࡓࡵ㸪୺ㄒࡢ࣐࣮࢟ࣥࢢࡀືモࡢ⮬௚࡟ࡼࡾ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ᡤ᭷஺᭰ࡣ㸪㠀≧ែືモࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ≧ែືモ࡛ࡶ㉳ࡇࡾ࠺ࡿࠋࡇࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞౛ࡀࠕ࠶ࡿࠖࠕ࠸ࡿࠖࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㸪Ꮡᅾᩥ࣭ᡤ᭷ᩥࡢ஺࡛᭰࠶ࡿࠋ
(27) a. බᅬ࡟ࣈࣛࣥࢥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ  b. බᅬ࡟Ꮚ౪ࡀ࠸ࡿࠋ

- 63 -

11

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究(28) a. ࢪࣙࣥ࡟Ꮚ౪ࡀ{࠶ࡿ/࠸ࡿ}ࠋ  b. ࢪࣙࣥ࡟࠾㔠ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
Kishimoto (2000)ࡸᓊᮏ(2005)ࡀ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪(27)ࡣ⮬ືモࢱ࢖ࣉࡢᏑᅾ
ᩥ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪(28)ࡢᡤ᭷ᩥࡣᏑᅾᩥࢆࡶ࡜࡟ᡤ᭷⪅ࢆ௜ࡅຍ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ὴ
⏕ࡋࡓᡤ᭷ᩥ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪୺ㄒᑛᩗㄒ໬࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪(27)࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕࡀࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡀࡑࡢࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࡜࡞ࡾ㸪(28)࡛ࡣࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡀࡑࡢࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࡜࡞ࡿ5ࠋ(29) a. බᅬ࡟ᮌᮧඛ⏕ࡀ࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷࡿࠋ
b. ᮌᮧඛ⏕࡟࠾Ꮮࡉࢇࡀ{࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷࡿ/࠾࠶ࡾ࡟࡞ࡿ}ࠋ
Ꮡᅾᩥ࡛ࡣࠕࡀࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡀ୺ㄒᑛᩗㄒ໬ࡢࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࡜࡞ࡿࡀ㸪ᡤ᭷ᩥ࡛ࡣࠊືモࡀࠕ࠶ࡿ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠕ࠸ࡿ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁ྡモྃࢆࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ
࡜ࡋࡓ୺ㄒᑛᩗㄒ໬ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜(27)࡜(28)ࡶ(25)࡜(26)࡛♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞ὴ⏕㛵ಀࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ Ꮡᅾᩥ࡜ᡤ᭷ᩥ࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕ࠶ࡿࠖࠕ࠸ࡿࠖࡢ㑅ᢥ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚㠀ᑐ⛠ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᏑ
ᅾᩥ࡛ࡣࠊ(14)ࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟㺀࠶ࡿ㺁㺀࠸ࡿ㺁ࡢ᭷⏕࣭↓⏕ࡢ༊ูࡀ㺀ࡀ㺁᱁ྡモྃࡢ᭷⏕࣭↓⏕࡜୍⮴ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀせồࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ᡤ᭷ᩥ࡛ࡣ㸪㺀࠶ࡿ㺁࡛ࡣࠕࡀࠖ᱁ྡモྃ࡜ࡢ୍⮴ࡀ⩏ົⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ㸪㺀࠸ࡿ㺁ࡢሙྜࡀࠖ᱁ྡモྃ࡜ࡢ୍⮴ࡣ⩏ົⓗ࡛࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋKishimoto (2012)࡟ࡼࡿ࡜㸪ࡇࢀࡣ୺㢟ࢆ⾲ࡍࠕࡀࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡀvP࡬⛣ືࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ỴࡲࡿࠋᏑᅾᩥ࡛ࡣ㸪୺㢟ྡモྃࡀ୺ㄒ఩⨨࡟⛣ືࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢሙྜ㸪୺㢟ྡモྃࡣ㸪(30)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟vPࢆ㏻㐣ࡍࡿ⛣ືࡀᖖ࡟㉳ࡇࡿࠋ(30) a. [TP ୺㢟-ࡀ [vP ୺㢟-ࡀ [VP ୺㢟-ࡀ࠸ࡿ]]]  b. [TP ୺㢟-ࡀ [vP୺㢟-ࡀ [VP ୺㢟-ࡀ࠶ࡿ]]]

Kishimoto (2000)࡟ࡼࡿ࡜㸪vP ෆ࡟୺㢟ྡモྃࡀ⌧ࢀࡿ࡜㸪ືモࠕ࠶ࡿࠖࠕ࠸ࡿࠖ

5ືモࡀࠕ࠸ࡿࠖࡢᡤ᭷ᩥ࡛ࡣࠕࡀࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡀ୺ㄒᑛᩗㄒ໬ࡢࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪Kishimoto (2000, 2012)㸪ᓊᮏ(2005)ࢆཧ
↷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ

- 64 -

12

動詞の自他と分裂動詞句分析（岸本秀樹）

ࡣࡇࡢ୺㢟ྡモྃ࡜ࡢ୍⮴ࡀせồࡉࢀࡿ6ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪Ꮡᅾᩥ࡛ࡣືモ࡜ࠕࡀࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡢ୍⮴ࡀᖖ࡟㉳ࡇࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ᡤ᭷ᩥ࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕࡀࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡣ┠ⓗㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ㸪ືモࡀࠕ࠸ࡿࠖࡢሙྜࡢࡳ୍⮴ࡀ⩏ົⓗ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ(31) a. [TP ᡤ᭷⪅-࡟ [vP ୺㢟-ࡀ ᡤ᭷⪅-࡟ [VP ୺㢟-ࡀ࠸ࡿ]]]  b. [TP ᡤ᭷⪅-࡟ [vP࠶ࡿ]]]ᡤ᭷⪅-࡟ [VP ୺㢟-ࡀᡤ᭷ᩥ࡛ࡣ㸪ືモࡀࠕ࠸ࡿࠖࡢሙྜࡢࡳ㸪ࠕࡀࠖ᱁ࡢ୺㢟ྡモྃ࡜ࡢ୍⮴ࡀせồࡉࢀࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࢀࡣ㸪(31a)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪୺㢟ྡモྃࡀ vP ࡬┠ⓗㄒ㌿⛣࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⛣ືࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡤ᭷ືモࡀࠕ࠶ࡿࠖࡢሙྜ㸪(31b)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪୺㢟ྡモྃࡢ┠ⓗㄒ㌿⛣ࡣ㉳ࡇࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪ືモࡣ᭷⏕ࡢ୺㢟ྡモྃࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸ࡋ↓⏕ࡢ୺㢟ྡモྃࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜㸪Ꮡᅾᩥ࣭ᡤ᭷ᩥ
࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ࠶ࡿࠖࠕ࠸ࡿࠖ࡜୺㢟ྡモྃࡢ୍⮴⌧㇟ࡣ㸪vP ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ୍⮴࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ7ࠋ ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣ㸪ࠕ࠶ࡿࠖࠕ࠸ࡿࠖࡢືモࡢ୍⮴⌧㇟ࡶ v ࡢᛶ㉁࡟ࡼࡗ࡚
ࡑࡢ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࡀỴࡲࡿ vP ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕ࠶ࡿࠖ
ࠕ࠸ࡿࠖࡣ㸪ᗂඣࡶ㢖⦾࡟⏝࠸ࡿᇶᮏⓗ࡞ືモ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᗂඣࡢゝㄒ࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕࣆ࣮࣐ࣥ࠶ࡑࡇ࡟࠸ࡿࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣㄗ⏝࡟࡞ࡿⓎヰࡶほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋᮏㄽ࡛ࡢぢ᪉ࡀṇࡋࡅࢀࡤ㸪ࡇࢀࡣ㸪v ࡢᛶ㉁ࡀᏊ౪ࡢゝㄒ࡛ࡲࡔṇࡋࡃỴࡲࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾ㸪Ꮚ౪ࡀࡇࢀࢆṇࡋࡃᣦᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ
᫬࡟ࠕ࠶ࡿࠖࠕ࠸ࡿࠖࡢṇࡋ࠸౑⏝ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ୍⮴⌧㇟ࡣ㸪vP ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝỴࡲࡿࡢ࡛㸪ྠࡌࡃ vP ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝỴࡲࡿ⮬௚஺᭰࡜ྠࡌࡄࡽ࠸ࡢ᫬ᮇ
࡟⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁࡿᩥἲ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ண

ࡉࢀࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢண

ࡀṇࡋ࠸࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚

ࡣ௒ᚋࡢ◊✲࡟ࡺࡔࡡࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
4. ࡲ࡜ࡵ
ᮏㄽ࡛ࡣ㸪౑ᙺ஺᭰࡜ᡤ᭷஺᭰ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆ㸪᪥ᮏㄒࡢືモࡢ⮬௚஺᭰ࡀ v ࡢ≉ᛶ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚஺᭰ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀỴࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄽࡌࡓࠋ౑ᙺ஺᭰࠾ࡅࡿ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⮬ື
6Ꮡᅾᩥ࡛ࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡢ఩⨨ࡣ⾲♧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋKuno (1973)ࡀ㆟ㄽࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪Ꮡᅾᩥࡢᇶᮏㄒ㡰ࡀࠕ࡟࣭ࡀࠖࡢ㓄ิ࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸪ࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡣ TP ࡟௜ຍࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚ࡼ࠸࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
7
ࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿヲࡋ࠸㆟ㄽࡣ㸪Kishimoto (2000, 2012)ࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ

- 65 -

13

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

モ࡜௚ືモࡢ࣌࢔ࡣ㸪␗࡞ࡿᙧែࢆࡶࡘࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࡀ㸪ࡇࢀࡣ v ࡢᛶ㉁ࡢᙧែ
ⓗ࡞཯࡛ᫎ࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟㸪ࡇࡢ౑ᙺ஺᭰ࡀศ⿣ືモྃศᯒ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪v-V ࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࡢ୰࡛㸪౑ᙺ஺᭰ࡣ㸪v ࡀ౑ᙺ⪅ࢆ࡜ࡿ࠿࡜ࡽ࡞࠸࠿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚௚ືᛶࡀኚ໬ࡍ
ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ືモࡢ⮬௚ࢆ v ࡢᛶ㉁ࡢ㐪࠸࡟ᖐ⤖ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄽࡌࡓࠋ
ᡤ᭷஺࡛᭰ࡣ㸪௚ືᛶࡢ஺᭰ࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚ࡶືモࡢᙧែࡣኚ໬ࡏࡎ㸪௚ືモࡢ୺ㄒࡣࠕࡀࠖ᱁࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁࡛⌧ࢀࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࡢ஺᭰⮬యࡣ v ࡀᡤ᭷⪅ࢆ࡜ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡿࠋᡤ᭷⪅஺᭰࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠕ࠶ࡿࠖࠕ࠸ࡿࠖືモࡢࠕࡀࠖ᱁ྡモྃ࡜ࡢ᭷⏕࣭↓⏕࡟㛵ࡍࡿ୍⮴⌧㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶほᐹࡋ㸪ࡇࡢ୍⮴ࡶ㸪௚ືᛶࡢ஺᭰࡜ྠᵝ࡟㸪v ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ௚ືᛶࡢ㐪࠸࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄽࡌࡓࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Chomsky, Noam (1995). The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam (2000). “Minimalist inquiries: The framework.” In Step by step:
Essays on Minimalist Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik, ed. by Roger Martin,David Michaels, and Juan Uriagereka, 89-155. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam (2001). “Derivation by phase.” In Ken Hale: A Life in Language, ed.
by Michael Kenstowicz, 1-52. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam (2004). “Beyond explanatory adequacy.” In Structures and beyond:
The cartography of syntactic structures: Volume 3, ed. Adriana Belletti 104-131.
New York: Oxford University Press.
Chomsky, Noam (2008). “On phrases.” In Foundational Issues in Linguistic Theory:
Essays in Honor of Jean-Roger Vergnaud, ed. by Robert Freidin, Carlos P. Otero,and Maria Luisa Zubizarreta, 133-166. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
㛗㇂ᕝಙᏊ (1999). ࠗ⏕ᡂ᪥ᮏㄒᏛධ㛛࠘኱ಟ㤋᭩ᗑ.
Haspelmath, Martin (1993). “More on the typology of inchoative/causative verb
alternations.” In Bernard Comrie and Maria Polinsky 㸦 eds. 㸧 Causative andTransitivity, pp. 88-120. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Jacobsen, Wesely (1991). The Transitive Structure of Events in Japanese. Tokyo:
Kurosio.
Kishimoto, Hideki (2000). “Locational verbs, agreement, and object shift in Japanese.”
The Linguistic Review 17, 53-109.

- 66 -

14

動詞の自他と分裂動詞句分析（岸本秀樹）

ᓊᮏ⚽ᶞ (2005). ࠗ⤫ㄒᵓ㐀࡜ᩥἲ㛵ಀ࠘ࡃࢁࡋ࠾ฟ∧.
Kishimoto, Hideki (2012). “Subject honorification and the position of subjects inJapanese.” Journal of East Asian Linguistics 21, 1-41.
Kishimoto, Hideki, Taro Kageyama, and Kan Sasaki (2013). “Valency classes inJapanese.” ms.
Kuno, Susumu (1973). The Structure of the Japanese Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.
Larson, Richard. (1988). On the double object construction. Linguistic Inquiry 19,335-391.
┈ᒸ㝯ᚿ (2000). ࠗ᪥ᮏㄒᩥἲࡢㅖ┦࠘ࡃࢁࡋ࠾ฟ∧.
ᯇᮏ᭙ (2000a). ࠕࠗᩍࢃࡿ㸭ᩍ࠼ࡿ࠘࡞࡝ࡢ௚ືモ㸭஧㔜௚ືモ࣌࢔ࡢព࿡ⓗᛶ㉁ࠖ ᒣ⏣ 㐍࣭⳥ᆅᗣே࣭⢄ᒣὒ௓㸦⦅㸧ࠗ᪥ᮏㄒ ព࿡࡜ᩥἲࡢ㢼ᬒ㸸ᅜᗈဴᘺᩍᤵྂᕼグᛕㄽᩥ㞟࠘pp. 79-95. ࡦࡘࡌ᭩ᡣ.
ᯇᮏ᭙ (2000b). ࠕ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௚ືモ㸭஧㔜௚ືモ࣌࢔࡜᪥ⱥㄒࡢ౑ᙺ஺᭰ࠖ
୸⏣ᛅ㞝࣭㡲㈡୍ዲ㸦⦅㸧ࠗ᪥ⱥㄒࡢ⮬௚ࡢ஺᭰࠘pp. 167-207. ࡦࡘࡌ᭩ᡣ
Murasugi, Keiko, and Tomoko Hashimoto (2004). “Three pieces of acquisition
evidence for the v-VP frame.” Nanzan Linguistics 1, 1-19.
Murasugi, Keiko, Tomoko Hashimoto, and Chisato Fujii (2007). “VP-shell analysis forthe acquisition of Japanese intransitive verbs, transitive verbs, and causatives.”
Linguistics 45, 615-651.
㔝⏣ᑦྐ(1991). ࠕᩥἲⓗ࡞ࣦ࢛࢖ࢫ࡜ㄒᙡⓗ࡞ࣦ࢛࢖ࢫࡢ㛵ಀࠖோ⏣⩏㞝(⦅)ࠗ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࣦ࢛࢖ࢫ࡜௚ືᛶ࠘211-232.ࡃࢁࡋ࠾ฟ∧.
ዟὠᩗ୍㑻 (1967). ࠕ⮬ືモ໬࣭௚ືモ໬࠾ࡼࡧ୧ᴟ໬㌿ᙧ—⮬࣭௚ືモࡢᑐ
ᛂ—ࠖࠗᅜㄒᏛ࠘70, 46-66.
ዟὠᩗ୍㑻 (1979).ࠕ᪥ᮏㄒࡢᤵཷືモᵓᩥ̿ⱥㄒ࣭ᮅ㩭ㄒ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚̿ࠖࠗேᩥᏛሗ࠘132, pp.1-27.
Shibatani, Masayoshi (1990). The Languages of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.

- 67 -

15௜ຍモ࡜ᩥࡢ㝵ᒙᵓ㐀*
岸本秀樹

                            ᓊᮏ⚽ᶞ                     
㸯. ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
Ꮚ౪ࡀᩥἲࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪Ꮚ౪ࡀㄒ࡜ㄒࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡚ᩥࢆసࡾ࠶ࡆࡿつ๎ࢆ㌟࡟ࡘࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᏊ౪ࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟ࡣ୍ᐃࡢẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢẁ㝵࡟ᛂࡌ࡚␗࡞ࡿᩥἲࢆࡶࡘࠋ୍⯡࡟㸪Ꮚ౪ࡣ㸪ࡇ࡜ࡤࢆⓎࡍࡿ㝿࡟኱ே࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞㝈⏺ࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢࡓࡵ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿᩥἲ
ࢆ㌟࡟ࡘࡅ㸪ࡑࡇ࠿ࡽⓎ㐩࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ᚎࠎ࡟኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡬࡜⛣⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡟
࡞ࡿࠋᏊ౪ࡀゝㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࢫࢸ࣮ࢪ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡜ࡣ␗
࡞ࡿⓎヰࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ࡋࡤࡋࡤᏊ౪ࡀ୍ぢ୙᏶඲࡟ぢ࠼ࡿᩥࢆⓎヰࡍࡿ㝿࡟㸪ࡑࡢᵓ㐀ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚⤌ࡳ❧࡚ࡽࢀࡿ࠿࡜࠸
࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀၥ㢟࡟࡞ࡿࠋᏊ౪ࡀᐇ㝿࡟ᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᩥἲࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿
࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ␗࡞ࡿ⪃࠼᪉࣭ぢ᪉ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ᮏㄽ࡛ࡣ㸪௜ຍモ㸦๪モ㸧ࡢ⏕㉳࡟ㄆྍ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼㸪ࡇࢀࡀᩥᵓ㐀ࢆ᥈ࡿᡭࡀ࠿ࡾࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄽࡌࡿࠋᮏㄽ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡲࡎ㸪኱ேࡢᩥἲࡢᩥࡢ㝵ᒙᵓ㐀࡜௜ຍモࡢ⏕㉳ࡢ㛫࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿ┦㛵㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋ㸪௜ຍモ㸦๪モ㸧ࡀ⠇࡟⌧ࢀࡿ࡟ࡣ㸪ಟ㣭㛵ಀࢆࡶࡘᢞᑕࡀ⠇࡟࠾࠸࡚Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡇࡢಟ㣭㛵ಀࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪௜ຍモࡢ⏕㉳ࡀチࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪⠇ࡢࢧ࢖ࢬࢆィࡍࡿ୍✀ࡢᣦᶆ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄽࡌࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪Ꮚ౪ࡢゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪๪モࡢ⏕㉳ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㸪Ꮚ౪ࡀ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘࡢ⠇ᵓ㐀ࢆసࡾ࠶ࡆ
࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࢆㄪ࡭ࡿᡭࡀ࠿ࡾ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄽࡌࡿࠋ

*ᮏㄽࡢ㢟ᮦࡢ୍㒊࡟ࡣ㸪ࠕᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤ ⌮ㄽ࣭ᵓ㐀◊✲⣔ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ ◊✲ᡂᯝྜྠⓎ⾲఍㸦2012 ᖺ ᭶㸧ࠖ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⠇ࡢᢞᑕ㸸➼఩⠇࡜୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖ࠾ࡼࡧࠕゝㄒࡢᬑ㐢ᛶཬࡧከᵝᛶࢆྖࡿ⏕ᚓⓗไ⣙㸸᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᐇドⓗ◊✲ࠖ➨
3 ᅇ◊✲఍㸦2012 ᖺ㸱᭶㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⠇ᵓ㐀㸪ㄒᙡㄆྍ㸪࠾ࡼࡧ㸪୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࠋⓎ⾲ࡢ㝿࡟ࡣ㸪ᮧᮡᜨᏊ㸪ᩧ⸨⾨㸪ᮡᓮ㖔ྖ㸪㧗ᶫ኱ཌ㸪࠾ࡼࡧ⫈⾗ࡢ᪉ࠎ࠿ࡽ㈗㔜࡞ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺ࣭♧၀ࢆ࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪Ꮚ౪ࡢゝㄒࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ㸪ᮧᮡᜨᏊẶࡼࡾᥦ౪࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓ Sumihare (CHILDES)࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࠋࡇࡇ࡟ㅰ
ពࢆグࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ࡞࠾㸪ᮏㄽ࡛ࡢ୙ഛࡣࡍ࡭࡚ⴭ⪅ࡢ㈐௵࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

- 69 -

1

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

2. ⠇ࡢ㝵ᒙᵓ㐀࡜௜ຍモ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⠇ᵓ㐀㸦㝵ᒙᵓ㐀㸧࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹ㸪ࡘࡲࡾ㸪ᩥ࡟࠾࠸࡚࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ㝵ᒙᵓ㐀ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪㜰಴(1966), ᒣ⏣(1936), ᯇୗ(1928), ┈ᒸ(1991),
㔝⏣(1995) ➼㸪ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ఱᗘ࡜࡞ࡃㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚⣽࠿࡞㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪᪥ᮏㄒࡢᩥ࡟㝵ᒙᵓ㐀ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲⪅ࡢ㛫୍࡛⮴ࡍࡿぢゎ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤ㸪㔝⏣(1995)ࡣ㸪ᩥ࡟ࡣ(1)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞
㝵ᒙࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
 (1) ࠿ࡅ—ࡽࢀ—࡚࠸—࡞࠿ࡗ—ࡓ—ࡳࡓ࠸ࡔ—ࡡ           ㄒᖿ-࣎࢖ࢫ-࢔ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺ-ྰᐃ-ࢸࣥࢫ-࣒࣮ࢻ(஦ែ)-࣒࣮ࢻ(⪺ࡁᡭ)᪥ᮏㄒࡢ㝵ᒙᵓ㐀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞㆟ㄽࡀࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟ࡶ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸
ࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ୰࡛ࡶ㸪༡(1974, 1993)ࡣ㸪⠇ࡢ㝵ᒙᵓ㐀࡟㛵ࡋ࡚♧၀ⓗ࡞◊✲ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ(⏣❑(1987)࠾ࡼࡧྜྷᮏ(1993)ࡶཧ↷)ࠋ༡(1974, 1993)ࡣ㸪⠇࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᥥ
ླྀẁ㝵(A 㢮)㸪ุ᩿ẁ㝵(B 㢮)㸪ᥦฟẁ㝵(C 㢮)㸪⾲ฟẁ㝵(D 㢮)ࡢ༊ูࢆタࡅ㸪ࡑࡇ࡟⌧ࢀ࠺ࡿせ⣲࡟㛵ࡋ࡚⪃ᐹࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ1ࠋ ≉࡟㸪༡ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡛⯆࿡῝࠸ࡢࡣ㸪ᇙࡵ㎸ࡳࡢᵓ㐀࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪⠇ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀࡿ࠿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪⠇ࡢ኱ࡁࡉࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ༡ࡢ㝵ᒙࢆᡭࡀ࠿ࡾ࡟㸪ᩥせ⣲ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚⏕㉳ࡀㄆྍࡉࢀࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ ༡(1974, 1993)࡛ࡣᚑᒓ⠇ࡢࢱ࢖ࣉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⌧ࢀ࠺ࡿせ⣲ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀほᐹࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㝵ᒙࡢᚑᒓ⠇ࢆ⾲ࡍ࣐࣮࣮࢝ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪A 㢮㸦ࠕࠥ࡞ࡀࡽࠖ㸪ࠕࠥࡘࡘࠖ
㸪࡞࡝㸧
㸪B 㢮㸦
ࠕࠥࡢ࡟ࠖ
㸪ࠕࠥࡢ࡛ࠖ
㸪ࠕࠥࡎࠖ㸪࡞࡝㸧㸪C 㢮㸦ࠕࠥࡀ㸦㏫᥋㸧
ࠖ
㸪
ࠕࠥ࠿ࡽࠖ
㸪
ࠕࠥࡅࢀ࡝ࠖ
㸪࡞࡝㸧ࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡼࡾ㸪⠇ෆ࡟㉳ࡇࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿせ⣲ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ2ࠋ༡(1974, 1993)࡛ࡣ㸪㏙ㄒ㒊ศࡢᡂศ࡜ࡑࢀ௨እࡢᡂศࡢ༊ูࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏙ㄒࡢᡂศ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪࠸ࢃࡺࡿ1ᮏㄽ࡛ࡣᇙࡵ㎸ࡳ⠇ࡢᵓ㐀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡓࡵ㸪୺⠇ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ⠇ᵓ㐀ࢆࡶࡘ D 㢮ࡢ⠇࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㆟ㄽࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ⠇ᵓ㐀࡛ࡣ㸪࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕࡼ㸪ࡡࠖ࡞࡝ࡢㄯヰࡢᑠ㎡ࡀ⌧ࢀࡿࠋ
2ྠࡌᙧែࢆࡶࡘ᥋⥆モ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ㸪ูࡢࢡࣛࢫ࡟ᒓࡍࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤ㸪ྠ᫬ࡢព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍࠕ࡞ࡀࡽࠖࡣ A 㢮ࡢᚑᒓ⠇࣐࣮࣮࢝࡟࡞ࡿࡀ㸪㏫᥋ࡢព࿡ࢆࡶࡘࠕ࡞ࡀ
ࡽࠖࡣ㸪B 㢮ࡢᚑᒓ⠇࣐࣮࣮࢝࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪᥋⥆モࡢᛶ㉁࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ྠࡌࢡࣛࢫ࡟ᒓࡍࡿせ⣲ࡀࡲࡗࡓࡃྠࡌ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࢆ♧ࡉ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㐪࠸ࡀఱ࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿࡢ࠿
࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡣᑗ᮶ࡢ◊✲ㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࡑࡢࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ

- 70 -

2

付加詞と文の階層構造（岸本秀樹）

ຓືモࡢඹ㉳㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢศᕸࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞せ⣲ࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࢆ࡜ࡾ࠶ࡆ࡚㸪ࡑࡢศᕸࢆほᐹࡍࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤ㸪ཷ㌟ࡢࠕࡽࢀࠖࡣ㸪A
㢮㸪B 㢮㸪C 㢮ࡢ⠇࡟ඹ㏻ࡋ࡚⏕㉳ྍ⬟࡞せ⣲࡜࡞ࡿࠋ (2) a. [[ࡢࡢࡋࡽࢀ]࡞ࡀࡽࡶ]ᙼࡣ࡞ࢇ࡜࠿ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(A 㢮)  b. [[ቯࡉࢀࡓ]ࡢ࡟]࠿ࡓ࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ    c. [[୍ᗘࡣἼ࡟ࡢࡲࢀࡓ]ࡀ]ᙼࡣ↓஦ࡔࡗࡓࠋ(B 㢮)  (C 㢮)ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࠕ࡞࠸ࠖ࡞࡝ࡢྰᐃせ⣲ࡣ㸪A 㢮࡟ࡣ⏕㉳࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪B 㢮㸪C㢮ࡢ⠇࡟ࡣ⏕㉳ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ (3) a. *[[㣗࡭࡞࠸]࡞ࡀࡽ]ᙼࡣ࡞ࢇ࡜࠿ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(A 㢮)  b. [[Ẽࡀࡍࡍࡲ࡞࠸]ࡢ࡟]ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ      (B 㢮)  c. [[Ẽࡀࡍࡍࡲ࡞࠸]ࡀ]ࡑࢀ࡛ࡶ⚾ࡣ⾜ࡁࡲࡍࠋ (C 㢮)ḟ࡟㸪ࠕࡔࢁ࠺ࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ຓືモࡣ㸪A 㢮㸪B 㢮ࡢ⠇࡟ࡣ⌧ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸
ࡀ㸪C 㢮ࡢ⠇࡟ࡣ⏕㉳ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ (4) a. *[[㣗࡭ࡿࡔࢁ࠺]࡞ࡀࡽ]ᙼࡣ࡞ࢇ࡜࠿ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(A 㢮)  b. *[[ዡᏛ㔠ࡀࡶࡽ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺]ࡢ࡟]࠺ࢀࡋࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ(B 㢮)  c. [[ࡇࢀ࠿ࡽ࡞࡟࠿࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺]ࡀ]Ẽࡀ㐍ࡲ࡞࠸ࠋ(C 㢮)

ࡘࡲࡾ㸪㏙ㄒᡂศ࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿຓືモ㢮࡟ࡣ⠇ࡢ✀㢮࡟࠾࠸࡚⏕㉳ྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
 ㏙ㄒᡂศ࡟ྵࡲࢀ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ྠᵝࡢศᕸࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
༡(1974, 1993)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪㏙ㄒࡢᡂศ࡜࡞ࡽ࡞࠸せ⣲࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࢀ௨ୖࡢ༊ูࢆタࡅ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࡑࡢせ⣲ࡢ୰࡟ࡣ㸪ಟ㣭ㄒ࡜ᩥࡢᚲ㡲せ⣲㸦ࡘࡲࡾ㸪㡯㸧ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪㸦௨ୗ࡛ࡶᑡࡋࡔࡅゐࢀࡿࡀ㸧ࡑࢀࡽࡣ⤫ㄒⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁ࡀ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿࡢ࡛㸪༊ูࡋ࡚࠾࠸ࡓ᪉ࡀࡼ࠸ࠋࡲࡎ㸪ᩥࡢᚲ㡲せ⣲㸦㡯㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡑࡢศᕸࢆほᐹࡍࡿࠋᩥࡢᚲ㡲せ⣲ࡣ㸪ᇶᮏⓗ࡟㸪
ࠕࡀࠖ᱁㸪
ࠕࢆࠖ᱁㸪
ࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁࡞࡝ࡢ᱁ᶆ♧ࢆཷࡅࡿせ⣲㸦ྡモྃ㸧࡛㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢྡモྃ࠾ࡼࡧ㸦ࡇࢀࡽࡢྡモྃࢆ㸧ࠕࡣ࡛࣐࣮ࠖࢡࡋࡓ㢟┠࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぢࡿࠋࡲࡎ㸪ࠕ࡟ࠖ᱁ࡸࠕࢆࠖ

- 71 -

3

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

᱁ࡢせ⣲ࡣ㸪࿨㢟ࡢ୍㒊ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿᚲ㡲せ⣲࡛࠶ࡾ㸪A 㢮㸪B 㢮㸪C 㢮ࡢ⠇࡟ඹ
㏻ࡋ࡚⌧ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪௨ୗࡢ౛࠿ࡽ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
 (5) a. [[࣏ࢸࢺࢳࢵࣉࢫࢆ㣗࡭]࡞ࡀࡽ]ࢸࣞࣅࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ   (A 㢮)  b. [[㈹ࢆ࡜ࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ]ࡢ࡟]ṧᛕࡌࡷ࡞࠸࡞ࢇ࡚ࠋ   (B 㢮)  c. [[ࡈ㣤ࢆ㣗࡭ࡓ]ࡀ]ࡲࡔ࠾࡞࠿ࡣ࠸ࡗࡥ࠸ࡌࡷ࡞࠸ࠋ  (C 㢮)

 (6) a. [[ୖྖ࡟ヰࡋ࠿ࡅ]࡞ࡀࡽ]௙஦ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ       (A 㢮)  b. [[ᢳ㑅࡟ࡣࡎࢀࡓ]ࡢ࡟]ࡼࢁࡇࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ  c. [[ᙼ࡟఍ࡗࡓ]ࡀ]࡞࡟ࡶヰࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ   (B 㢮)        (C 㢮)ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪(7)࡛♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࠕࡀࠖ᱁ྡモྃ㸦୺ㄒ㸧ࡣ㸪ྠᵝ࡟࿨㢟ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᚲせ࡞せ⣲࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪A 㢮ࡢ⠇ࡢ୰࡟ࡣ⌧ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞
࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪B 㢮㸪C 㢮ࡢ⠇୰࡛ࡣ⏕㉳ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ (7) a. *[[ᙼࡀࢸࣞࣅࢆぢ]࡞ࡀࡽ]ຮᙉࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ         b. [[ᙼࡀ᮶࡞࠿ࡗࡓ]ࡢ࡟]ᴦࡋࡃ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ(A 㢮)
 (B 㢮)  c. [[ᙼࡀࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࢆヰࡋࡓ]ࡀ]ㄡࡶ㛵ᚰࢆ♧ࡉ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ  (C 㢮)ḟ࡟㸪㢟┠ࢆ⾲ࡍࠕࡣ࡛࣐࣮ࠖࢡࡉࢀࡿせ⣲ࡣ㸪A 㢮㸪B 㢮ࡢ⠇ෆ࡟㉳ࡇࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪C 㢮ࡢ⠇ෆ࡞ࡽ⏕㉳ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ3ࠋ (8) a. *[[ࢸࣞࣅࡣぢ]࡞ࡀࡽ]ຮᙉࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ        (A 㢮)  b. *[[ᙼࡣ᮶ࡿ]ࡢ࡟]ᙼዪࡣᖐࡾࡲࡍࠋ  c. [[ࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣヰࡋࡓ]ࡀ]ㄡࡶ⪺࠸࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

 

(B 㢮)
(C 㢮)

㏙ㄒᡂศࢆ࡞ࡍせ⣲࡜ྠᵝ࡟㸪ᩥࡢᚲ㡲せ⣲࡛࠶ࡿ㡯ࡶ㸪ࡸࡣࡾ㸪⠇ࡢࢱ࢖ࣉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕㉳ྍ⬟࡞ሙྜ࡜ࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸ሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢせ⣲ࡢ⏕㉳࡟㛵ࡍࡿไ㝈࡜㸪⏕ᡂᩥἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⠇ᵓ㐀࡜ࡢᑐᛂ㛵ಀࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ༡(1974, 1993)ࡢ㝵ᒙ࡜⏕ᡂᩥἲ࡛⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྃᵓ㐀ࢆᑐᛂࡉࡏࡿ࡜㸪A 㢮ࡢ⠇ࡣ vP ࡢᢞᑕ㸪B 㢮ࡣᐃ

3ࡶࡕࢁࢇ㸪ࠕࡣࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ௜ຍモ࡟ࡶ௜ຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢሙྜࡶྠᵝ࡟ C㢮ࡢ⠇࡛ࡢࡳ⏕㉳ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿࠋ- 72 -

4

付加詞と文の階層構造（岸本秀樹）

ࡢ᫬ไࢆྵࡴ TP ࡢᵓ㐀㸪C 㢮ࡣ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ₇⟬Ꮚ࡞࡝ࢆྵࡴࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࣮ࣔࢲࣝせ⣲ࡀᢞᑕࡍࡿ ModP (=ModalP)ࡲ࡛ࡢᵓ㐀ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚ࡼ࠸࡛࠶ࢁ
࠺㸦㛗㇂ᕝ 2007 ཧ↷㸧4ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼ࡿ᰿ᣐࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿࠶ࡿࠋ ࡲࡎ㸪A 㢮ࡢ⠇࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ඛ࡟ࡶぢࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪A 㢮ࡣ㸪ࠕࡀࠖ᱁ྡモྃࡢ⏕㉳ࡀチࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࠕࡀࠖ᱁ࡣ㸪᫬ไ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ㄆྍࡉࢀࡿ᱁࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛㸪A
㢮ࡢ⠇࡟ࡣ᫬ไせ⣲ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᐇ㝿㸪ࠕ࡞ࡀࡽࠖ⠇࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࠕࡀࠖ᱁୺ㄒ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟᫬ไ㎡ࡢ⏕㉳ࡣチࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
 (9) a. *[[ᙼࡀࢸࣞࣅࢆぢ]࡞ࡀࡽ]ຮᙉࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
b. *[[ࢸࣞࣅࢆぢࡓ]࡞ࡀࡽ]ຮᙉࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(A 㢮)ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ࠕ࡞ࡀࡽ࡛ࠖᑟ࠿ࢀࡿ A 㢮ࡢ⠇ࡣ㸪᫬ไࡢᢞᑕ TP ࢆྵࡲ࡞࠸ vPࡢᵓ㐀ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚ࡼ࠸ࠋ ࡕ࡞ࡳ࡟㸪ࠕ࡞ࡀࡽࠖ⠇࡟⌧ࢀࡿືモࡢ୺ㄒࡣ㸪⠇ෆ࡛ࡣ⾲ฟ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪ព࿡ⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪୺⠇ࡢ୺ㄒ࡜ྠ୍ࡢࡶࡢࢆᣦࡍ࡜࠸࠺ᛶ㉁ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ࠕ࡞ࡀࡽࠖ⠇ࡣࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝᵓ㐀ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟ
ࣝᵓ㐀ࢆᣢࡘ⠇ࡣ PRO ࡀ⏕㉳ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡀ㸪㏻ᖖ㸪PRO ࡣ㸦᫬ไせ⣲ࡢ୍✀ࡢ㸧୙ᐃモ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ null Case ࡀㄆྍࡉࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(Chomsky andLasnik 1993)ࠋࡶࡋࠕ࡞ࡀࡽࠖ⠇ࡀ㸪vP ࡢᵓ㐀ࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜㸪ࡇࡢ PRO ࡀ⏕㉳࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛ࡢ୺ᙇࡣ㸪ࠕ࡞ࡀࡽࠖ࡟ᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀࡿ⠇ࡀ vP ࡢᵓ㐀ࢆ࡜ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗ࡚㸪ࠕ࡞ࡀࡽࠖ⠇඲యࡀ୙ᐃモⓗ࡞ᵓ㐀ࢆ࡜ࡽ࡞࠸࡜ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡋࠕ࡞ࡀࡽࠖࡀⱥㄒ
ࡢ to ୙ᐃモࡢ to ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿせ⣲࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸪[PRO[vP …. V-v]࡞ࡀࡽ]ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᵓ㐀ࢆࡘࡃࡿࡓࡵ㸪PRO ࡀㄆྍࡉࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ḟ࡟ B 㢮ࡢ⠇࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࠕࡀࠖ᱁୺ㄒࡢ⏕㉳ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡇ࡜㸪࠾ࡼࡧ㸪᫬ไせ⣲ࡢ⏕㉳ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ TP ࡢᵓ㐀ࢆࡶࡘ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

4ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪ศ⿣ືモྃศᯒࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ㸦Chomsky1995㸧ࠋModP ࡜࠺࠸࠺ᢞᑕࡢࣛ࣋
࡙ࣝࡅ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ౽ᐅୖࡢࡶࡢ࡛㸪ModP ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚㔜せ࡞Ⅼࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡀ TP ࡼࡾࡶୖ఩
࡟࠶ࡿᢞᑕ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋRizzi (1997, 2004)ࡢ࣮࢝ࢺࢢࣛࣇ࢕࣮ࡢᥦ᱌࡟ᑐ
ᛂࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢᥦ᱌ࡢ࡝ࢀ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡉࡽ࡟᳨ウࡍ
ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡘ࠸࡛࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ D 㢮ࡢ⠇࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ ModP ࡼࡾࡶ኱ࡁ࠸⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࡲ࡛ࢆྵࡴ CP ࡢᵓ㐀࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

- 73 -

5

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

 (10) a. [[ᙼࡀࢸࣞࣅࢆぢࡓࡢ࡟]ㄡࡶྏࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
b. [[ࢸࣞࣅ࡛ぢࡓ]ࡢ࡟]ぬ࠼࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ  

 (B 㢮)ࠕࡀࠖ᱁୺ㄒࡸ᫬ไせ⣲ࡢ⏕㉳ࡀ⠇ෆ࡟࠾࠸࡚ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪C 㢮ࡢ⠇ࡶྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ (11) a. [[ᙼࡀ᮶ࡓ]ࡀ]ࡔࢀࡶẼࡀࡘ࠿࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
b. [[ࢸࣞࣅࡀቯࢀࡓ]ࡀ]ಟ⌮ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ     (C 㢮)ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪C 㢮ࡢ⠇ࡶ TP ࡢᢞᑕࢆྵࡴ㝵ᒙᵓ㐀ࢆࡶࡘࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛
ࡁࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪TP ࡼࡾࡶୖ఩ࡢᢞᑕ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪B 㢮࡜ C 㢮ࡢ⠇࡛ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ࡜
⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋඛ࡟ࡶぢࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࡇࡢ 2 ࡘࡢ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕࡔࢁ࠺ࠖࡢ⏕㉳࡟㛵ࡋ࡚␗࡞ࡿศᕸࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
 (12) a. ᙼࡀ᮶ࡿ(*ࡔࢁ࠺)ࡢ࡟㸪ᚰ㓄ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ     (B 㢮)b. ඛ⏕ࡀࡑࡇ࡟࠸ࡿ(ࡔࢁ࠺)ࡀ㸪⚾ࡣࡑࢀ࡛ࡶᚰ㓄ࡔࠋ(C 㢮)ࠕࡔࢁ࠺ࠖࡣุ᩿ࢆ⾲ࡍຓືモ࡛㸪᫬ไࡢྑഃ࡟⌧ࢀࡿࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࣔࢲࣜࢸ࢕
◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࣔࢲࣜࢸ࢕せ⣲ࡀ⌧ࢀࡿ㝵ᒙࡀ࿨㢟ࢆ⾲ࡍ㝵ᒙࡼࡾࡶୖ఩࡟
࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࡋࡤࡋࡤ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Narrog 2009 ࡞࡝ࢆཧ↷㸧ࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜㸪ᮏㄽࡢぢ᪉࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕࡔࢁ࠺ࠖࢆㄆྍࡍࡿせ⣲㸦ࣔࢲࣜࢸ࢕ࢆㄆྍࡍࡿせ⣲㸧ࡀ୺ㄒ
࡜㏙ㄒࢆྵࡴᢞᑕ(TP)ࡼࡾࡶᵓ㐀ⓗ࡟ୖ఩ࡢ୺せ㒊ࡢ఩⨨࡟⌧ࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜
࡟࡞ࡿࠋ(12)ࡢ౛࠿ࡽ㸪C 㢮࡟ࡣࣔࢲࣜࢸ࢕ࡢᢞᑕ(ModP)ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪B 㢮ࡢ⠇࡛ࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᢞᑕࡀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ ࡲࡓ㸪ࠕࡔࢁ࠺ࠖࡢ⏕㉳ࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡜ࠕࡣ࡛࣐࣮ࠖࢡࡉࢀࡓ㢟┠ࡢ⏕㉳࡜ࡣᙉ࠸┦㛵㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(༡(1974, 1993), ┈ᒸ(1991)࡞࡝)ࠋᐇ㝿㸪ඛ࡟ࡶぢࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪㢟┠ࡣ B 㢮ࡢ⠇࡛ࡣ⌧ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪C 㢮ࡢ⠇࡛ࡣ⏕㉳ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
 (13) a. *[[ᙼࡣ᮶ࡿ]ࡢ࡟]⚾ࡣᖐࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
 



(B 㢮)

b. [[ࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣヰࡋࡓ]ࡀ]ㄡࡶ⪺࠸࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

(C 㢮)- 74 -

6

付加詞と文の階層構造（岸本秀樹）

ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㢟┠࡜ホ౯ࢆ⾲ࡍຓືモ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿ┦㛵㛵ಀ࠿ࡽ㸪㢟┠ࡣ࿨㢟࡜ࡣษࡾ㞳ࡉࢀࡓせ⣲࡜ࡋ࡚ TP ࡼࡾࡶୖ఩ࡢ఩⨨࡟⌧ࢀ㸪ModP ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄆ
ྍࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ⥲ྜࡍࡿ࡜㸪᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⠇ࡢᢞᑕ࡟ࡣ㸪(14)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ
ᇙࡵ㎸ࡳ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪vP ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᵓ㐀㸪TP ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᵓ㐀㸪ModP ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᵓ㐀ࡢᢞᑕࢆチࡍᚑᒓ᥋⥆モࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
 (14)C 㢮 ------>ModP    㢟┠    Mod’B 㢮 ------>

TP

Mod
(ࡔࢁ࠺)

  ࠕࡀࠖ᱁୺ㄒ    T’
A 㢮 ------>vPT                   (-ࡿ/-ࡓ)      ࠕࢆࠖ᱁ྡモྃ  ືモ ࡇࡇ࡛㔜せ࡞Ⅼࡣ㸪⠇࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᢞᑕࡀྵࡲࢀࡿ࠿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㏙
ㄒせ⣲㸦୺せ㒊せ⣲㸧ࡸ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢᩥࡢᵓᡂ⣲㸦㡯㸧ࡀ⌧ࢀ࠺ࡿ࠿ࡀ
␗࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞せ⣲ࡢ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࢆぢࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪᪥ᮏㄒࡢ㝵ᒙᵓ㐀ࡀ☜࠿ࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛㸪ඛ࡟ࡣぢ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ௜ຍモࡢศᕸ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ほᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ௜ຍ
モࡶ㸪ࡑࢀࡀ⾲ࡍព࿡࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⌧ࢀ࠺ࡿ⠇ࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡀ␗࡞ࡾ㸪㡯࡜ఝࡓศᕸࢆ
♧ࡍࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪௜ຍモࡣ⩏ົⓗ࡟⌧ࢀࡿせ⣲࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪⠇࡟⌧ࢀࡿ㝿࡟ࡣㄆྍࡉࢀࡿᢞᑕࡀᚲせ࡟࡞ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ (Zubizaretta 1987 ࡞࡝ࢆཧ↷)ࠋ௜ຍモ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪୍ㄒࢆ࡞ࡍࡶࡢ࠿ࡽ⠇ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࡶࡢࡲ࡛ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞✀㢮ࡢࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀ㸪௨ୗ࡛ࡣ㸪༢⊂࡛⌧ࢀࡿ๪モࡢศᕸ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ ௜ຍモ㸦๪モ㸧ࡣ㸪㏙ㄒせ⣲ࢆಟ㣭ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᶵ⬟ࢆࡶࡘࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࡀࡶࡘព
࿡࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ಟ㣭ࡍࡿඛࡀ␗࡞ࡿࠋ༡(1974, 1993)ࡢศ㢮࡛ࡣ㸪௜ຍモ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ- 75 -

7

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⛬ᗘ๪モ㸪≧ែ๪モ㸪᫬ࢆ⾲ࡍಟ㣭ㄒ㸪ホ౯ࢆ⾲ࡍಟ㣭ㄒ㸪ࠕࡓࡪࢇ㸪ࡲࡉ࠿ࠖࡢ㢮ࡢಟ㣭ㄒ࡞࡝ࡀ࠶ࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௜ຍモࡢ⌧ࢀ࠺ࡿ⠇ࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ௜ຍモࡀ⾲ࡍព࿡࡜┦㛵ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ࡲࡎ㸪ࠕࡺࡗࡃࡾࠖࠕ㐜ࡃࠖࠕ୎ᑀ࡟ࠖ࡞࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘࡸ≧ែࢆ⾲ࡍ๪モࡣ㸪(16)࡛
♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪A 㢮㸪B 㢮㸪C 㢮ࡢ࡝ࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ⠇࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ⏕㉳ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ (16) a. [[ࡺࡗࡃࡾ࠾㢼࿅࡟ࡣ࠸ࡾ]࡞ࡀࡽ]⪃࠼஦ࢆࡍࡿࠋ  

(A 㢮)

 

b. [[ᙼࡣ㐜ࡃ᮶ࡿ]ࡢ࡟]࠸ࡘࡶ᪩ࡃᖐࡿࠋ

(B 㢮)

 

c. [[ࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ୎ᑀ࡟ヰࡋࡓ]ࡀ]ㄡࡶ⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ(C 㢮)⛬ᗘࡸ≧ែࢆ⾲ࡍ๪モࡣ㸪ᇶᮏⓗ࡟㏙ㄒࡢ⾲ࡍ஦ែࡢᵝែ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⛬ᗘࢆ♧ࡍࡢ࡛㸪㏙ㄒࢆಟ㣭ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ࡇࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ๪モࡣ㸪
vP ࡢᢞᑕࡀ࠶ࢀࡤ⏕㉳ྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࡣࡎ࡛㸪ᐇ㝿㸪(16)࠿ࡽ, ㏙ㄒ࡜ព࿡ⓗ࡟ᩚྜࡍࡿ㝈ࡾ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪A 㢮㸪B 㢮㸪C 㢮ࡢ࡝ࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ⠇࡟ࡶ⌧ࢀ࠺ࡿせ⣲࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ ḟ࡟㸪᫬㛫ࢆ♧ࡍ๪モࡸಟ㣭ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࡢࢡࣛࢫࡢ⾲⌧ࡣ㸪࠸ࢃࡺࡿ᫬
ไせ⣲࡜㛵ಀࢆࡶࡘࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪᫬㛫๪モࡢㄆྍࡀ TP ࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿせ⣲࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡞
ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸪A 㢮ࡢ⠇࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ⏕㉳୙ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪B 㢮㸪C 㢮ࡢ⠇࡛ࡣ⌧ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࠋᐇ㝿㸪
ࠕ᫖᪥ࠖ
ࠕ᫂᪥ࠖ
ࠕ୍᫬㛫ࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞๪モせ⣲ࡣ㸪(17)࡛♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟㸪A 㢮࡟ࡣ⏕㉳࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢ㸪B 㢮㸪C 㢮ࡢ⠇࡟⌧ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ5ࠋ (17) a. *[[࠾㢼࿅࡟௒ࡣ࠸ࡾ]࡞ࡀࡽ]⪃࠼஦ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ   

(A 㢮)

 

b. [[ᙼࡣ᫂᪥᮶ࡿ]ࡢ࡟]ࡲࡔ‽ഛࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

 

(B 㢮)

 

c. [[ࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ᫖᪥ヰࡋࡓ]ࡀ]ㄡࡶ⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ(C 㢮)

 (18) a. *[[࠾㢼࿅࡟୍᫬㛫ࡣ࠸ࡾ]࡞ࡀࡽ]⪃࠼஦ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 

(A 㢮)

 

b. [[࠸ࡘࡶ୍᫬㛫㉮ࡿ]ࡢ࡟]ᙼࡣࡐࢇࡐࢇయࡀ⣽ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ

(B 㢮)

 

c. [[ᙼ࡜୍᫬㛫ヰࡋࡓ]ࡀ]ᙼࡣ⤖ᒁࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚ࡃࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ (C 㢮)

5࢔ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࢆᣦᐃࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞᫬㛫๪モࡣ㸪AspP ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᢞᑕ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄆྍࡉࢀࡿ࡜
ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ࡇࢀࡣ vP ࡜ TP ࡢ㛫࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿᢞᑕ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛㸪⏕㉳࡛ࡁࡿ⠇ࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡣ㸪TP ࡛ㄆྍࡉࢀࡿ᫬㛫๪モ࡜ྠࡌ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

- 76 -

8

付加詞と文の階層構造（岸本秀樹）

TP ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄆྍࡉࢀࡿ᫬㛫๪モ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࠕ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠖ
ࠕࡓࡪࢇࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ヰ⪅ࡢุ᩿ࢆ♧ࡋ㸪Modal せ⣲࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄆྍࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞๪モࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ๪モࡣ㸪A 㢮㸪B 㢮ࡢᚑᒓ⠇࡟ࡣ⏕㉳࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪C 㢮ࡢ⠇࡟ࡣ⌧ࢀ࠺ࡿ࡜࠸࠺≉ᚩࢆ♧ࡍࠋ (19) a. *[[࠾㢼࿅࡟ࡓࡪࢇࡣ࠸ࡾ]࡞ࡀࡽ]⪃࠼஦ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ    (A 㢮) 

b. *[[ᙼࡀࡓࡪࢇ᮶ࡿ]ࡢ࡟]⚾ࡣࡸࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋ

 

 

c. [[ࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࢆࡓࡪࢇヰࡍ]ࡀ]௒ࡣ☜ᐃ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ   

(B 㢮)


(C 㢮)

ࡶࡕࢁࢇ㸪ࡇࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ๪モࡣ࣮ࣔࢲࣝⓗ࡞ព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍࡢ࡛㸪ModP ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡑ
ࡢ⏕㉳ࡀㄆྍࡉࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚ࡼ࠸ࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜㸪௜ຍモࡀ⠇ෆ࡟࠾࠸࡚ㄆྍࡍ
ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡀព࿡ⓗ࡟ಟ㣭ࡍࡿᢞᑕࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ኚࢃ
ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ せࡍࡿ࡟㸪⛬ᗘ࣭≧ែ๪モࡢ⏕㉳ࡀチࡉࢀࡿ⠇ࡣ㸪vP ࡲ࡛ࡢᢞᑕࡀᏑᅾࡋ㸪᫬㛫๪モࡀ⏕㉳ࡍࡿ⠇ࡣ TP ࡢᢞᑕࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ࣮ࣔࢲࣝ๪モࡀ⏕㉳ࡍࡿ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪TP ࡢୖ఩࡟ᢞᑕࡍࡿ ModP ࡢᢞᑕࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
 (20)

࣮ࣔࢲࣝ๪モ ------->  ModP        㢟┠    Mod’᫬㛫๪モ--------->   TPMod

       ࠕࡀࠖ᱁୺ㄒ    T’⛬ᗘ࣭≧ែ๪モ ------>

  vPT                              ࠕࢆࠖ᱁ྡモྃ  ືモ(20)࡛♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᩥ୰࡟㝶ពⓗ࡟⌧ࢀࡿ௜ຍモࡢศᕸࡶ㸪㡯࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟㸪⠇ෆ࡟ㄆྍࡉࢀࡿᢞᑕࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡋࡓ
ࡀࡗ࡚㸪㡯ࡸຓືモࡢሙྜ࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࡑࡢព࿡ⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁࡟ࡼࡾㄆྍࡉࢀࡿ

- 77 -

9

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

ᢞᑕࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡓࡵ㸪௜ຍモࡶᩥࡢ㝵ᒙᵓ㐀ࢆࡣ࠿ࡿᑻᗘ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪༡(1974, 1993)ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆᡭࡀ࠿ࡾ࡟㸪᪥ᮏㄒࡢ㝵ᒙᵓ㐀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋࡓࠋᮏ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪㏙ㄒᡂศࢆ࡞ࡍຓືモ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᩥࡢᚲ㡲せ⣲࡛࠶ࡿ㡯ࡸࡑࢀࡀヰ㢟໬ࡉࢀࡓせ⣲࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪௜ຍモࡶࡑࡢព࿡ⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁࡟ࡼࡾ⏕㉳ࡀㄆྍࡉࢀࡿ⤫ㄒᵓ㐀ࡢᢞᑕࡀ␗࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ3㸬㸬ゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡜௜ຍモࡢㄆྍᏊ౪ࡀゝㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ㐣⛬࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿᩥἲࡀࡋࡤࡋࡤ
ฟ⌧ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮚ౪⊂⮬ࡢᩥἲయ⣔ࡣ㸪࠸ࡎࢀ኱ேࡢᩥἲࡀ⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿ࡜࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡀ㸪ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩥἲࡣ㸪ᬑ㐢ᩥἲ࡛チࡉࢀࡓ⠊ᅖࡢ୰࡛ࡢ
ኚ␗ࡢ୍✀࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ㸪ᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢᛶ㉁ࢆ▱ࡿୖ࡛㸪㔜せ࡞♧၀ࢆ୚࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ኱ேࡢᩥἲࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ௨๓࡟㸪Ꮚ౪ࡀ୍᫬ⓗ࡟సࡾ࠶ࡆࡿᩥἲ࠿ࡽฟ࡚ࡃࡿ
ゝㄒ⌧㇟ࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪ࡇࡇ࡛ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࡢࡣ㸪࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ୺⠇୙ᐃモ(root infinitive)࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪ᐃᙧືモࡀ⌧ࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸୺⠇ࡢ⎔ቃ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣチࡉࢀ࡞࠸୙ᐃモᙧࡢືモࡀ౑ࢃࢀࡿ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ࡓࡔࡋ㸪୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢ⎔ቃ࡛Ꮚ౪ࡀᐇ㝿࡟౑࠺ືモ࡟ࡣ㸪୙ᐃᙧືモ㸪〄ືモ㸪௦⏝ᙧືモ࡞࡝ࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ゝㄒ㛫࡛㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ㸧ࠋࡇࡢ⌧㇟ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣ㸪୍⯡࡟㸰ࠥ㸱ṓࡲ࡛࡛㸪ࡇࡢᩥἲ⌧㇟࡟ࡣ㸪ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉ᚩࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
 (22) a. finite verb ࡢྠ᫬౑⏝ b. ᫬ไࡀ᏶඲࡟ᣦᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ c. ✵୺ㄒ 
d. Modal reference effecte. ࢖࣋ࣥࢺືモࡢ౑⏝ࡘࡲࡾ㸪୺⠇୙ᐃモࡣ㸪せồࡸ㢪ᮃ࡞࡝ࢆ⾲ࡍࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡟⌧ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከࡃ(Modal reference effect)㸪㐺ษ࡞᫬ไࢆ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡎືモࡀ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࠿㸪᫬ไࢆḞࡃࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋྠ᫬ᮇ࡟㸪Ꮚ౪ࡢ⏘ฟࡍࡿᩥࡣ㸪✵୺ㄒ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከࡃ㸪࢖࣋ࣥࢺືモࡀ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡞࡝ࡢ≉ᚩࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉ᚩࡣ㸪

- 78 -

10

付加詞と文の階層構造（岸本秀樹）

ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢᏊ౪ࡀࡲࡔ኱ேࡢᩥἲࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡎ㸪⊂⮬ࡢᩥἲయ⣔ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ཯࡛ᫎ࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟┠ࢆྥࡅࡿ࡜㸪Ꮚ౪ࡀ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢ᫬ᮇࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㸪ࡑࡶࡑࡶ୙ᐃモືモࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ືモࡢᙧែࢆぢࡓࡔࡅ࡛ࡣุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪Murasugi and Fujii (2009) ୰㇂࣭ᮧᮡ(2009),
Murasugi, Nakatani, and Fujii (2010)࡛ࡣ㸪᪥ᮏㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ㐣⛬࡟࠶ࡿᏊ౪࡟ࡶ
୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢ᫬ᮇࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢᏊ౪ࡀ 1 ṓ௦࠿ࡽ 2 ṓࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫࡛㸪࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕࡓࠖᙧືモࡀ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢືモ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦᪥ᮏㄒࡢ୺⠇୙ᐃモ࡛ࡣࠕࡓࠖᙧືモࡀ௦⏝ᙧືモ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ㸧ࠋࡑࡢ᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕࡓࠖᙧືモࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᏊ౪ࡢⓎヰ࡟(22)࡟ୖ࡛࠶ࡆࡓࡼ࠺࡞୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢ≉ᚩࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
 (23) a. ࡪ࣮㸪᮶ࡓ (1; 5)b. ࠶ࡗࡕ࠸ࡗࡓ㸦㸻࠶ࡗࡕ⾜ࡗ࡚㸧(1; 6)c. ࡕ࣮ࡋࡓ㸦㸻࠾ࡋࡗࡇࡋࡓ࠸㸧(1; 6)                  Murasugi, Nakatani, and Fujii (2010)(23)࡛࠶ࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᏊ౪ࡢⓎヰࡢ౛࡛ࡣ㸪≉࡟㸪(23b)ࡸ(23c)࡛ࢃ࠿ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪㏻ᖖࠕࡓࠖᙧືモ࡛ࡣ౑⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸せồࢆ⾲ࡍព࿡࡛Ꮚ౪ࡀࠕࡓࠖᙧືモࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪୺⠇୙ᐃモࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿᏊ౪ࡢⓎヰ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ
modal reference effect ࡢ୍✀࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ㸪᪥ᮏㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿᗂඣ࡟࠾࠸࡚
ࡶ㛫᥋ⓗ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪୺⠇୙ᐃモࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ᫬ᮇࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀఛ࠼ࡿࠋ ୺⠇୙ᐃモࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ᫬ᮇࡢⓎヰ࡛㸪ᗂඣࡣ᏶඲࡞ᩥࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀ㸪࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᵓ㐀ࡢᩥࡀᵓ⠏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ⌮ㄽⓗ࡞ᥦ᱌ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୍ࡘࡀ㸪Radford (1990)ࡀᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛㸪ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢᏊ౪
ࡢⓎヰ࡟ࡣ㸪ᶵ⬟ᢞᑕ(functional projection)ࡣࡑࡶࡑࡶᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪Rizzi (1993/1994)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪Ꮚ౪ࡣ⋓ᚓࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣ㸪ᩥࡢᵓ㐀ࡣ㏵୰ࡲ࡛ᢞᑕࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ Truncation Hypothesis ࡀᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪Phillips (1996) ࡣ㸪ᩥࡢᵓ㐀ࡣ㸪Ꮚ౪ࡀ⋓ᚓࡢẁ㝵࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ᵓ㐀ⓗ࡟ࡣࡍ࡭࡚Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡀ㸪ᵓ㐀࡜ࡣ⊂❧ࡢูಶࡢ⌮⏤࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ᩥἲⓗ࡞ᙧᘧࡀ⾲ฟ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸
࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪⌮ㄽⓗ࡞ᥦ᱌ࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿࠶ࡿࡀ㸪୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢ᫬ᮇ࡛- 79 -

11

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究ࡣ㸪ືモࡀ㐺ṇ࡞ᙧ࡟ᒅᢡࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪ࡑࡢᙧࢆㄆྍࡍࡿ᫬ไࡀᵓ㐀ୖᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢ᫬ᮇࡣ㸪ࡲࡔࡑࢀ࡯࡝⮬⏤࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢ㸪ㄒࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡚ᩥ
ࢆࡘࡃࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ᫬ᮇ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛㸪࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞せ⣲ࡀືモ࡜⤌ࡳྜࢃࡉࢀࡿ
࠿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᢞᑕࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠿ࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᗂඣࡢⓎヰ࡛㸪ືモ࡜୺ㄒࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡀ࠶ࡗࡓሙྜ㸪࡝ࡢᢞᑕ࡛ࡇࡢ୺ㄒࡀㄆྍࡉࢀࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ
࠸࡚ࡣ㸪஧ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎ㸪ືモྃෆ୺ㄒ௬ㄝ࡛ࡣ㸪ືモྃෆ࡟࠾࠸࡚
ព࿡ᙺ๭ࢆ࠺ࡅ㸪୺ㄒࡀព࿡ⓗ࡟ㄆྍࡉࢀࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟㸪ࡇࡢ୺ㄒࡢ᱁ࡀ୺᱁࡛࠶
ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪᫬ไ㎡࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᱁ࡀㄆྍࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ୺ㄒࡢ᱁ࡢㄆྍࡀ᫬ไ
࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀ㸪Ꮚ౪ࡢⓎヰ࡟㸪᱁ࢆࡶࡘ୺ㄒࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡞ࡽ㸪᫬ไࡢᢞᑕࡀ࠶
ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪ព࿡ⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪୺ㄒࡣືモྃෆ࡛ㄆྍࡉࢀ
ࡿࡢ࡛㸪᱁ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ☜❧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶ୺ㄒࢆືモ࡜⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡚౑⏝࡛ࡁࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶṧࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࡼࡾ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ドᣐࡣ㸪௜ຍモࡢ౑⏝ࡢྍྰ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋඛ࡟ࡶ
ぢࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪௜ຍモࡣࡑࢀࢆㄆྍࡍࡿᢞᑕࡀ࡞ࢀࡤ㸪⏕㉳ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜
⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚㸪᫬㛫๪モࡣ᫬ไࡢᢞᑕࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚
⏕㉳ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛㸪࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞᫬ᮇ࡟᫬㛫๪モࡀືモ࡜⤌ࡳྜࢃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪᫬ไࡢᢞᑕࡀ࡝ࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟㛤ጞࡉࢀࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢドᣐࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ㐣⛬࡟࠶ࡿᗂඣࡢⓎヰ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧㇟ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡓࠋ
(24) ࡚ࡿ࡚ࡿࡰ࠺ࡎ㸪᫂᪥ኳẼࡕࡻ࠺ࡔ࠸ࡡ  (25) a. ࡶ࠺࡞࠸ࡼ㸦1:10㸧
b. ࡶ࠺ࡕࡹࢇࡔ (1:10)
c. ࡜࠺ࡕࡷࢇ㸪ࡶ࠺࡞࠸ࡼ (1:10)

ᮧᮡ (2011)(24)ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪᫬㛫๪モࡀືモ࡜⤌ࡳྜࢃࡉࢀࡿ᫬ᮇࡀ㸯ṓ㸯㸮ࣨ᭶࡟࠾࠸࡚࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜㸦ࡑࢀ௨๓࡟ࡣࡇࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡣ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸧ࠋ࡞࠾㸪ࡑࢀ௨๓࡛ࡶ༢⊂࡛᫬㛫⾲⌧ࡀ⌧ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࢀࡣ㸪᫬㛫๪モ࡜ືモࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡚ᩥࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿ௨๓࠿ࡽᏊ౪ࡀࠕ᫂᪥ࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞᫬㛫๪モࢆㄒᙡ࡜ࡋ࡚ᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟㸪(25)࠿ࡽ㸪᫬㛫࡜㛵㐃ࡍࡿࡑࡢ௚ࡢ⾲⌧ࡶྠ᫬ᮇ࠿ࡽືモ࡜⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜

- 80 -

12

付加詞と文の階層構造（岸本

秀樹）

ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ
 ࡇࢀࡽࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡀ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㔜せ࡞Ⅼࡣ㸪᫬㛫๪モ࡜ືモࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡚ᩥ
ࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ᫬ᮇࡣ㸪୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢ౑⏝ࡀ⤊ࢃࡿ᫬ᮇ࡟
┦ᙜࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜㸪(24)࡜(25)ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ㸪୺⠇୙ᐃモࡀ㢖⦾࡟⌧ࢀࡿ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣ᫬ไࡢᢞᑕ㸦ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ TP㸧ࡀ࡞ࡃ㸪ࡑࢀࢆ⬺ࡍࡿ᫬ᮇ࡟
࡞ࡗ࡚ึࡵ࡚㸪᫬ไࡢᢞᑕࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
4. ࡲ࡜ࡵ
ᮏㄽ࡛ࡣ㸪᪥ᮏㄒࡢ㝵ᒙᵓ㐀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚༡(1974, 1993)ࡀ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᇙࡵ㎸ࡳ⠇ࡢᵓ㐀ࢆࡶ࡜࡟㸪࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᢞᑕࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞せ⣲ࡢ⏕㉳ࡀㄆྍࡉࢀࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋᮏㄽ࡛♧ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪ᚲ㡲せ⣲ࡸ㏙ㄒᡂศࢆ࡞ࡍຓືモࡢ⏕㉳࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪㝶ពⓗ࡞せ⣲ࡢ௜ຍモ㸦๪モ㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢ⏕㉳ࢆㄆྍࡍࡿᢞᑕࡀ⤫ㄒᵓ㐀࡟Ꮡᅾࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ㸪⏕㉳ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀチࡉࢀ࡞࠸࡜
࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋゝㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ㐣⛬࡟࠶ࡿᏊ౪㸦ᗂඣ㸧ࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣ㸪୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢ᫬ᮇࡀ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪௜ຍモ㸦᫬㛫๪モ㸧࡜ືモ࡜ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡿᩥࡢ⏘ฟࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣぢࡽࢀࡎ㸪୺⠇୙ᐃモࢆ⬺ࡍࡿ᫬ᮇ࡟᮶࡚ึࡵ࡚㸪᫬㛫๪モ࡜ືモࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓᩥࡀฟ⌧ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ஦ᐇࡣ㸪୺⠇୙ᐃモࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ᫬ᮇࡢᗂඣࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣ᫬ไࡢᢞᑕࡀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Chomsky, Noam (1995) The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam, and Howard Lasnik (1993)“The theory of principles andparameters.” In Syntax: An International Handbook of Contemporary Research,
Vol. 1, eds. Joachim Jacobs, Arnim Von Stechow, and Wolfgang Sternefeld,506-569. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
㛗㇂ᕝಙᏊ (2007) ࠕ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ୺ᩥ⌧㇟࠿ࡽぢࡓ⤫ㄒㄽ㸸ᩥࡢㄒ⏝ᶵ⬟࡜ࡢ᥋Ⅼࢆ᥈ࡿࠖ㛗㇂ᕝಙᏊ㸦⦅㸧ࠗ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ୺ᩥ⌧㇟㸸⤫ㄒᵓ㐀࡜ࣔࢲࣜࢸ࢕࠘SSࡦࡘࡌ᭩ᡣ
┈ᒸ㝯ᚿ (1991) ࠗࣔࢲࣜࢸ࢕ࡢᩥἲ࠘ࡃࢁࡋ࠾ฟ∧.

- 81 -

13

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究┈ᒸ㝯ᚿ (2007) ࠗ᪥ᮏㄒࣔࢲࣜࢸ࢕᥈ồ࠘ࡃࢁࡋ࠾ฟ∧.
ᯇୗ኱୕㑻 (1928) ࠗᨵ᧝ᶆ‽᪥ᮏᩥἲ࠘ᐆᩥ㤋.
୕ୖ❶ (1960)ࠗ㇟ࡣ㰯ࡀ㛗࠸࠘ࡃࢁࡋ࠾ฟ∧.
༡୙஧⏨ (1974) ࠗ⌧௦᪥ᮏㄒࡢᵓ㐀࠘኱ಟ㤋᭩ᗑ.

༡୙஧⏨ (1993) ࠗ⌧௦᪥ᮏㄒᩥἲࡢ㍯㒌࠘኱ಟ㤋᭩ᗑ.
ᮧᮡᜨᏊ (2011) ࠕゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡜ゝㄒ⌮ㄽࠖゝㄒ⋓ᚓࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ㸹ࣁࣥࢻ࢔࢘ࢺ.
Murasugi, Keiko, and Chisato Fujii (2008). “Root infinitives in Japanese and the lateacquisition of head-movement.” BUCLD 33 Supplement.
Murasugi, Keiko, Tomomi Nakatani, and Chisato Fujii (2010) “The roots of root
infinitive analogues: The surrogate verb forms common in Adult and Child
Grammars.” BUCLD 34, Supplement.
᳃ᒣ༟㑻࣭ோ⏣⩏㞝࣭ᕤ⸨ᾈ (2000) ࠗࣔࢲࣜࢸ࢕࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ.
୰㇂▱⨾࣭ᮧᮡᜨᏊ (2009) ࠕゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟㸸ᶓ᩿ⓗほᐹⓗ◊✲ࠖࠗ࢔࢝ࢹ࣑࢔࠘ᩥᏛ࣭ㄒᏛ⦅ 86, 59-94.
Narrog, Heiko (2009). Modality in Japanese: The Layered Structure of the Clause andHierarchies of Functional Categories. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
㔝⏣ᑦྐ (1995) ࠕᩥࡢ㝵ᒙᵓ㐀࠿ࡽࡳࡓ୺㢟࡜࡜ࡾࡓ࡚ࠖ
㸪┈ᒸ㝯ᚿ࣭㔝⏣ᑦྐ࣭἟⏣ၿᏊ(⦅)ࠗ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ୺㢟࡜ྲྀࡾ❧࡚࠘pp.1-35㸪ࡃࢁࡋ࠾ฟ∧.
㔝⏣ᑦྐ (1996) ࠗࠕࡣࠖ࡜ࠕࡀࠖ
࠘ࡃࢁࡋ࠾ฟ∧.
Phillips, Collin (1996). “Root infinitives are finite.” BULCD 20, 588-599.
Radford, Andrew (1990). Syntactic Theory and the Acquisition of English Syntax.
Oxford: Blackwell.
Rizzi, Luigi (1993/1994). “Some notes on linguistic theory and language acquisition.”
Language Acquisition 3, 371-393.
Rizzi, Luigi (1997) “The Fine Structure of the Left Periphery,” Elements of Grammar:
Handbook of Generative Syntax, ed. by Liliane Haegeman, 281-337, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Rizzi, Luigi (2004) “On the Cartography of Syntactic Structures,” The Structure of CP
and IP: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures Volume 2, ed. by Luigi Rizzi, 3-15,
Oxford University Press, Oxford.
㜰಴⠜⩏ (1966)ࠗㄒᙧᡂࡢ◊✲࠘ゅᕝ᭩ᗑ.

- 82 -

14

付加詞と文の階層構造（岸本秀樹）⏣❑⾜๎ (1987) ࠕ⤫ㄒᵓ㐀࡜ᩥ⬦᝟ሗࠖࠗ᪥ᮏㄒᏛ࠘➨ 6 ᕳ 5 ᭶ྕ, 37-48.
ᑎᮧ⚽ኵ(1984)ࠗ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࢩࣥࢱࢡࢫ࡜ព࿡ II࠘ࡃࢁࡋ࠾ฟ∧.
ᒣ⏣Ꮥ㞝 (1936)ࠗ᪥ᮏᩥἲᏛᴫㄽ࠘ᐆᩥ㤋.
Yuasa, Etsuyo (2005) Modularity in Language: Constructional and Categorial
Mismatch in Syntax and Semantics, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin.
ྜྷᮏၨ (1993). ࠕ᪥ᮏㄒࡢᩥ㝵ᒙᵓ㐀࡜୺㢟࣭↔Ⅼ࣭᫬ไࠖࠗゝㄒ◊✲࠘103:
141-166.
Zubizarreta,Maria-Luisa (1987) Levels of Representation in the Lexicon and in the
Syntax. Dordrecht: Foris.

- 83 -

15ゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࠿ࡽࡳࡿ⛣ື᧯స㸸࠿ࡁΰࡐゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࠿ࡽࡳࡿ⛣ື᧯స㸸࠿ࡁΰࡐゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࠿ࡽࡳࡿ⛣ື᧯స㸸࠿ࡁΰࡐ

  



恵子・杉崎 鉱司                       村杉
  ᮧᮡᜨᏊ࣭ᮡᓮ㖔ྖ                         ᮧᮡᜨᏊ࣭ᮡᓮ㖔ྖ㸯㸬 ࡣࡌࡵ࡟㸯㸬 ࡣࡌࡵ࡟㸯㸬 ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
⌧௦ゝㄒ⌮ㄽ࡛ࡣ㸪ẕㄒ⋓ᚓࡣ㸪⏕ᚋྲྀࡾ㎸ࡲࢀࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂࡜㸪ࣄࢺ࡟㑇ఏ࡟ࡼࡾ⏕ᚓⓗ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓゝㄒ⋓ᚓᶵᵓ࡜ࡢ┦஫స⏝࡟ࡼࡾ㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓᶵᵓࡣ㸪(i)඲࡚ࡢゝㄒࡀ‶ࡓࡍ࡭ࡁᬑ㐢ⓗไ⣙࡜㸪(ii)ྍ⬟࡞ゝㄒ㛫ኚ␗ࢆᐃࡵࡿไ⣙࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢไ⣙ࡢᏑᅾ࡟㛵ࡍࡿẕㄒ⋓ᚓ࠿ࡽࡢ᳨ウࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡲ࡛୺࡟Ḣ⡿ࡢゝㄒࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ◊✲࡟㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᮏඹྠ◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ┠ⓗࡢ୍ࡘࡣ㸪ヲ⣽࡞グ㏙࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓゝㄒ⌮ㄽ◊✲࡟❧⬮ࡋ࡚᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⋓ᚓ㐣⛬ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡇ
࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢไ⣙ࡢᏑᅾ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞どⅬ࠿ࡽࡢ᳨ウࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣ㸪ᚰ⌮ᐇ㦂࡟ࡼࡿᐇドⓗ◊✲㸪࠾ࡼࡧⓎヰศᯒ࡟ࡼࡿグ㏙ⓗ◊✲ࡢ୧ᡭἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᩥἲ▱㆑ࡢ⋓ᚓ㐣⛬ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ㸪᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ࠿ࡽゝㄒ⋓ᚓ⌮ㄽ࡬㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ゝㄒ⌮ㄽ࡬ࡢ㈉⊩ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛◊✲ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠕ࠿ࡁΰࡐࠖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⋓ᚓ◊✲ࢆ࡜ࡾ࠶ࡆࠊࣄࢺ࡟⏕ᚓⓗ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠕᬑ㐢ᩥἲࠖࡢᒓᛶࡣࠊ⏕ᚋࠊᗂඣࡀ⋓ᚓ୰ࡢゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᙜヱࡢᩥᵓ㐀࡜ㄒᙡࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟Ⓨ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᐇドⓗ࡟♧ࡍࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࡣㄒ
㡰ࡀẚ㍑ⓗ࡟⮬⏤࡞ゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(1a)࡜(1b)ࡣඹ࡟ᩥἲⓗ࡞ᩥ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᮏ
㉁ⓗ࡞ព࿡࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

(1) a.

࢔ࣄࣝࡀ ∵ࢆ ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓ   b. ∵ࢆ ࢔ࣄࣝࡀ ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓ

Harada (1977)ࠊSaito (1985)ࡣࠊ┠ⓗㄒࡀ୺ㄒ࡟ඛ⾜ࡍࡿ(1b)ࡢᵝ࡞ᩥࡣࠊᇶᗏ࡟(1a)ࡀ࠶
ࡾ ࠊࠕ࠿ࡁΰࡐࠖ࡜࠸࠺ྡモྃࡢ⛣ື᧯స࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ὴ⏕ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ㄽࡌࡓࠋᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࠊ
ᗂඣࡀࡇࡢࠕ࠿ࡁΰࡐࠖࡢ⛣ື᧯సࢆࠊ࠸ࡘࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ドࡍࡿࠋHayashibe (1975)ࡣ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡀ࠿࡞ࡾ㐜࠸᫬ᮇࡲ࡛ṇࡋࡃゎ㔘ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆほᐹࡋࠊ
Bever (1970)ࡢ canonical sentence strategy ࡟ᚑࡗ࡚ࠊᗂඣࡣ᭱ึࡢྡモྃࢆࠕືస୺ࠖࠊ2␒┠ࡢྡモྃࢆࠕືసࡢᑐ㇟ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ືⓗ࡟ゎ㔘ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࠋde Villiers and deVilliers (1973)࡛ࡣࠊⱥㄒヰ⪅ࡢཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝࡢഴྥࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ࡜ሗ࿌ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊOtsu (1994)࡛ࡣⓗ☜࡞ᩥ⬦ࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀࢀࡤࠊ3 ṓඣ࡛ࡶ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆṇࡋࡃゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟ Murasugi (2000)࡛ࡣࠊᐇ㦂ࡢሙ࡛≉ู࡞ᩥ⬦ࢆ୚࠼࡞ࡃ

- 85 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

࡜ࡶࠊᐇ㦂ᩥ࡜ࡋ࡚ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡜࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢ୧᪉ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠕ᱁ࠖ࡟ὀពࢆႏ㉳࡛
ࡁࢀࡤࠊ2 ṓඣ࡛ࡶⓗ☜࡟࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᐇドⓗ࡟♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Murasugi and Kawamura (2005)࡛ࡣࠊࡲࡎ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀ࠿࡞ࡾ᪩࠸᫬ᮇ࠿
ࡽ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆṇࡋࡃゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿ஦ࢆ♧ࡋࠊ᭦࡟࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ≉᭷ࡢ⤫ㄒⓗ≉ᚩࡶྠ᫬࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ஦ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭱ึࡢᐇ㦂㸦ᐇ㦂[1]㸧࡛ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒヰ⪅ࡢᗂඣࡢཷࡅ㌟ᩥ
(2b)࡜࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ(2c)ࡢ⌮ゎᗘࢆㄪ࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(2)

a.

⇃ࡀࢿࢬ࣑ࢆ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠋ

(⬟ືᩥ)



b.

[ࢿࢬ࣑ࡀ]i ⇃࡟ ti ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋ

(ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ)

c.

[ࢿࢬ࣑ࢆ]i ⇃ࡀ ti ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠋ

(࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ)ḟ࡟ࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆṇࡋࡃゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿᗂඣࡀࠊࡑࡢ⤫ㄒⓗ≉ᚩࡶ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿
ࢆㄪ࡭ࡓᐇ㦂◊✲ࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ

(3)

a.

࢔ࣄࣝࡀ ⮬ศࡢᗞ࡛ ∵ࢆ ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠋ

 b.

[∵ࢆ]i [⮬ศࡢᗞ࡛]j ࢔ࣄࣝࡀ tj ti ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠋ

᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࠕ⮬ศࠖ࡜࠸࠺↷ᛂ⾲⌧ࡣࠊඛ⾜モ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ c-⤫ᚚࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ
࡞࠸ࠋ(3a)࡛ࡣ ࠕ࢔ࣄࣝࡀࠖࡀࠕ⮬ศࠖࢆ c-⤫ᚚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(3b)࡛ࡣ࠿ࡁΰࡐ᧯స࡟ࡼࡗ
࡚ c-⤫ᚚࡢᵓ㐀ࡀ⾲㠃ୖ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊྠࡌゎ㔘ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ
Saito (1989)ࡣࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐ᧯స࡛⛣ືࡋࡓせ⣲ࡣព࿡ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿ㝿ࠊඖࡢ఩⨨࡟ᡠࡾࠊᵓ㐀ࡀ෌ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᗂඣࡢゝㄒ▱㆑ࡢ୰࡟ࠕ࠿ࡁΰࡐࠖ࡜ࡑࡢ≉ᛶࡀ᪩ࡃ࠿ࡽᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓᚋࠊᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪩ᮇ⋓ᚓࡀ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚ྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࢆຍ࠼ࡿࠋල
యⓗ࡟ࡣࠊFukui (1993) ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ Saito and Fukui (1998) ࡢ୺ᙇࡍࡿࠕ㸦᪥ᮏㄒࢱ࢖ࣉ㸧ࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡣࠊ୺せ㒊ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ࡢ್ࢆ࡜ࡿゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡢࡳྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᥦ᱌ࡢጇᙜᛶࢆࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀᡭ࡟ࡍࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡢほⅬ࠾ࡼࡧᗂඣࡢᣢࡘᇶᮏㄒ㡰࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ

2.

᪥ᮏㄒࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ

2.1.

ᡂேࡢゝㄒ▱㆑᪥ᮏㄒࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽⓗ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢᣢࡘẚ㍑ⓗ⮬⏤࡞ㄒ㡰ࡣࠊ୍✀ࡢ⛣ື࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋHaig (1976)ࠊHarada (1977)ࡣࠊRoss (1967)ࡢࠕ⛣ື- 86 -

言語獲得からみる移動操作：かき混ぜ（村杉

恵子、杉崎

鉱司）

ࡣ」ྜྡモྃࡸ௜ຍモྃࢆ㉸࠼࡚⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࡍࡿᓥࡢไ⣙ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ࠿ࡁΰ
ࡐᩥࡀ⛣ື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ὴ⏕ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࢪࣙࣥࡀ[CNP[࠶ࡢᮏࢆ ㈙ࡗࡓ]ேࢆ]᥈ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡽࡋ࠸

(4) a.
*

b. ? ࠶ࡢᮏࢆ i [ࢪࣙࣥࡀ[CNP[ ti ㈙ࡗࡓ]ேࢆ]᥈ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡽࡋ࠸](5) a.

࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡀ[AdjP ࢪࣙࣥࡀᮾி࡟⾜ࡁࡓࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟]↓どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡽࡋ࠸

b. ?* ᮾி࡟ i [࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡀ[AdjP ࢪࣙࣥࡀ ti ⾜ࡁࡓࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟]↓どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡽࡋ࠸]ࡲࡓࠊKuroda (1980)ࡣᾋ㐟㔞໬モࢆ⏝࠸࡚⛣ືࡢᏑᅾࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍⯡࡟㔞໬モ࡜ࡑࢀࡀಟ㣭ࡍࡿྡモྃࡣ㞄᥋ࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ(6)࡛ࡣ㔞໬モࠕ2 ேࠖࡣࠕዪࡢᏊࠖࢆ
ಟ㣭ࡍࡿ஦ࡣ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊࠕ⏨ࡢᏊࠖࢆಟ㣭ࡍࡿ஦ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ

(6)⏨ࡢᏊࡀዪࡢᏊࢆ 2 ேぢࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ(7)࡛ࡣࠊࠕ2 ேࡢዪࡢᏊࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゎ㔘ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ(7)ዪࡢᏊࢆ ⏨ࡢᏊࡀ 2 ேぢࡓࠋ

Kuroda (1980)ࡣࠕዪࡢᏊࢆࠖ࡜ࠕ2 ேࠖࡣࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜㞄᥋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅭ࡟ࡇࡢゎ㔘ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡋࠊ(7)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩥࡣ┠ⓗㄒࡢ⛣ື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ὴ⏕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
᭦࡟ Saito (1989)ࡣࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐ᧯స࡛⛣ືࡋࡓྃࡣඖࡢ఩⨨࡟ᡠࡗ࡚ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(8)

࡝ࡢᮏࢆ i [࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡀ[ࢪࣙࣥࡀ ti ᅗ᭩㤋࠿ࡽ೉ࡾฟࡋࡓ࠿]▱ࡾࡓࡀࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿ](ࡇ࡜)

␲ၥモࡣ㏻ᖖ␲ၥᩥࡢ୰࡛ࡢࡳゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿࠋ(8)࡛ࡣ୺ᩥࡀ⬟ືᩥࠊ⿵ᩥࡀ␲ၥᩥ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ␲ၥモྃࠕ࡝ࡢᮏࢆࠖࡀṇࡋࡃゎ㔘ࢆཷࡅࡿⅭ࡟ࡣ⿵ᩥෆ࡟ᡠࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ
ࠕ෌ᵓᡂࠖࡢᏑᅾࡣࠊ↷ᛂᙧࢆ౑ࡗࡓᩥ࡛ࡶほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ

(9)a. ?* ࠾஫࠸ i ࡢඛ⏕ࡀ[ࢪࣙࣥ࡜࣓࢔࣮ࣜ]i ࢆᢈุࡋࡓࠋ
b. [࠾஫࠸ i ࡢඛ⏕ࢆ]j [ࢪࣙࣥ࡜࣓࢔࣮ࣜ]i ࡀ tj ᢈุࡋࡓࠋ

- 87 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

ࠕ࠾஫࠸ࠖࡣࠕඛ⾜モ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ c-⤫ᚚࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࡍࡿไ⣙ࡢつไࢆཷࡅࡿ
ࡓࡵࠊ(9a)ࡣ㠀ᩥ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠕ࠾஫࠸ࠖࢆྵࡴྃࡀᩥ㢌࡟⛣ືࡋࡓ(9b)ࡣᩥἲⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ⛣ືࡋࡓྃࡀ෌ᵓᡂ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ඖࡢ఩⨨࡟ᡠࡗ࡚ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿⅭ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ᚋ㏙ࡍࡿᐇ㦂 2 ࡛ࡣࡇࡢ෌ᵓᡂࡢ▱㆑ࡢ⋓ᚓ≧ἣࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࠋ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡍࡿඛ⾜◊✲2.2.

Hayashibe (1975)ࡣࠊᗂඣࡀㄢ㢟ᩥࡢෆᐜࢆࡠ࠸ࡄࡿࡳ࡛⾲⌧ࡍࡿືసἲ㸦Act-out㸧ࡢᐇ㦂ᡭἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ᫬ᮇࢆㄪ࡭ࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡣẚ㍑ⓗ㐜࠸᫬ᮇࡲ࡛ṇࡋࡃ⌮ゎࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸࡜ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤ(10)࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ4-5 ṓࡢᗂඣ㐩ࡀ୍ᚊࠊ࢔
ࣄࣝࡀ࣓࢝ࢆ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡿ≧ἣࢆ⾲⌧ࡋࡓ࡜ほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(10) ࢔ࣄࣝࡉࢇࢆ࣓࢝ࡉࢇࡀ㏣࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ

Sano (1977)ཬࡧ Suzuki (1977)ࡶྠᵝࡢほᐹࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᗂඣࡢࠕ㛫㐪࠸ࠖࡣࠊ᭱ึࡢྡモྃࢆࠕ⾜ື୺ࠖࠊ2 ␒┠ࡢྡモࢆࠕືసࢆཷࡅࡿ≀ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚⮬ືⓗ࡟ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡀṇࡋࡃゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣ 5 ṓࡲ࡛ᚅࡓ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊOtsu (1994)ࡣࠊ㐺ษ࡞ᩥ⬦ࡀ࠶ࢀࡤ 3-4 ṓඣࡶ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆṇࡋࡃゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓ ࠋ(11) a.
b.

බᅬ࡟ ࢔ࣄࣝࡀ ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ

(ᩥ⬦)ࡑࡢ࢔ࣄࣝࢆ ࣓࢝ࡀ ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡲࡋࡓࠋ (࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ)࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ(11b)ࡢ⌮ゎᗘࢆㄪ࡭ࡿ㝿࡟ࠊᩥ⬦(11a)ࢆ୚࠼ࡿሙྜ࡜୚࠼࡞࠸ሙྜࢆẚ㍑ࡋࠊ
ᩥ⬦ࡀ࡞࠸ሙྜࡣࠊᗂඣࡣ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆㄗࡗ࡚ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊᩥ⬦ࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓሙྜ
࡟ࡣࠊᗂඣࡣ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆṇࡋࡃゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ㐺⏝ࢆཷࡅࡓせ⣲ࡣ┤๓ࡢⓎヰ࡜ࡢࠕᶫΏࡋࠖ(Masunaga1983)ࡢᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋࠊᩥ⬦ࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ
࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆ౑࠺ᚲせࡀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊᗂඣࡣ࠿ࡁΰࡐ᧯సࡀ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚୺ㄒ-㏙ㄒ
ࡢ㛵ಀࢆゎ㔘ࡍࡿⅭࡔ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᗂඣࡢゝㄒ⌮ゎࡣᩥ⬦࡟ᕥྑࡉࢀࡸࡍ࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࡢᩥ⬦౫Ꮡࡢ⪃࠼ࡣጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊ኱ே࡜ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ᭦࡞ࡿ◊✲ࡢవᆅࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋMurasugi(2000)ࡣࠊ2-4 ṓඣࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢ⌮ゎᗘࡀࠊᩥ⬦ࢆ୚࠼࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶୖ᪼ࡍࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿

- 88 -

言語獲得からみる移動操作：かき混ぜ（村杉

恵子、杉崎

鉱司）

࡝࠺࠿ࢆㄪ࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊㄢ㢟ᩥ࡟ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࢆຍ࠼ࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ࡜ࡢ⌮ゎᗘࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋ(12) a.
b.
 c.

࢔ࣄࣝࡀ ∵ࢆ ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠋ㸦⬟ືᩥ㸧∵ࡀ i ࢔ࣄࣝ࡟ ti ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋ 㸦ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ㸧∵ࢆ i  ࢔ࣄࣝࡀ ti ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠋ

㸦࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ㸧ḟ⠇࡛ Murasugi (2000)ࡢᐇ㦂ࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࡓ Murasugi and Kawamura (2005)ࡢᐇ㦂ⓗ◊✲ࢆ
ᴫほࡍࡿࠋ

3.

Murasugi and Kawamura (2005) ࡢᐇ㦂 [1]Murasugi and Kawamura (2005)ࡢᐇ㦂[1]࡛ࡣࠊ2 ṓ࠿ࡽ 6 ṓࡢィ 22 ேࡢ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓືసἲ࡟ࡼࡿᐇ㦂ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࠊᑐ↷⩌࡜ࡋ࡚ 2 ேࡢ኱ேࡶྵࡵࡓࠋ7ࡘࡢ⬟ືᩥࠊ7 ࡘࡢཷࡅ㌟ᩥࠊ7 ࡘࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆ↓సⅭ࡞㡰ᗎ࡛ᥦ♧ࡋࠊ⿕㦂⪅࡛࠶ࡿᗂඣࡣࡠ࠸ࡄࡿࡳࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡓᩥࡢព࿡ࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋ

(13) ᐇ㦂⪅㸸

ࡇࢀࡣఱ㸽

⿕㦂⪅㸸

࠺ࡋࠋ

ᐇ㦂⪅㸸

ࡌࡷࠊࡇࢀࡣఱ㸽

⿕㦂⪅㸸

࠶ࡦࡿࠋ

 ᐇ㦂⪅㸸

ࡑ࠺ࡡࠊࡌࡷࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ∵࡜࢔ࣄ࡛ࣝ⚾ࡀゝ࠺஦ࢆࡸࡗ࡚ࡳ࡚ࡡࠋ ࠕ∵ࢆ࢔ࣄࣝࡀ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠖ㸦ᐇ㦂ᩥ㸧 ఱࡀ㉳ࡁࡓ࠿࡞㸽⿕㦂⪅㸸 㸦ᮘࡢୖࡢࡠ࠸ࡄࡿࡳࢆ᧯సࡍࡿࠋ㸧ᐇ㦂⪅㸸ࡼࡃ࡛ࡁࡓࡡࠋ

ࡇࡢሙྜࠊ⿕㦂⪅ࡀࡠ࠸ࡄࡿࡳ࡛࢔ࣄࣝࡀ∵ࢆ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡿືసࢆ⾲⌧ࡋࡓ᫬ࠊṇ⟅࡜ぢ࡞ࡋࡓࠋ⤖ᯝࡣୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࠕ⬟ືᩥࠖࠕ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࠖࠕཷࡅ㌟ᩥࠖࡢḍࡢᩘᏐࡣṇ⟅⋡ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ

- 89 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究(14) ᐇ㦂[1]ࡢ⤖ᯝࡢヲ⣽
⿕㦂⪅

ᖺ㱋(ṓ)

⬟ືᩥ(%)

࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ(%)

ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ(%)

A

2

83

83

50

B

2

83

66

17

C

3

100

100

100

D

3

100

100

28

E

3

100

100

42

F

3

28

42

0

G

3

71

71

28

H

3

100

85

57

I

4

100

100

0

J

4

100

100

71

K

4

100

100

42

L

4

100

100

85

M

4

100

100

100

N

4

100

100

100

O

5

100

100

100

P

5

100

100

100

Q

5

100

100

100

R

5

100

100

100

S

5

100

100

100

T

5

100

100

100

U

6

100

100

100

V

6

100

100

100

W

኱ே

100

100

100

X

኱ே

100

100

100

ࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ Murasugi (2000)ࡢᐇ㦂࡟‽ࡌ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ2 ࡘࡢⅬࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ࠿ࡁΰ
ࡐᩥࡢṇ⟅⋡ࡀࡁࢃࡵ࡚㧗ࡃࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢ⋓ᚓࡣ⬟ືᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ࡜ྠࡌࡄࡽ࠸᪩࠸᫬ᮇ࡟
⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢṇ⟅⋡࡟ࡃࡽ࡭ࡿ࡜ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢṇ⟅⋡ࡣᖖ࡟పࡃ
࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟ࡣ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿ஦ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋࡇࡢᐇ㦂࡛ࡣᩥ⬦ࢆ୚࠼࡞࠿
ࡗࡓࡀࠊㄢ㢟ᩥ࡟ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࢆྵࢇࡔ஦࡛ࠊ⿕㦂⪅ࡢὀពࡀࠕ᱁ࠖ࡜ࠕ୺㢟ᙺ๭ࠖࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ྥࡁࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢゎ㔘ࡀṇࡋࡃ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

- 90 -

言語獲得からみる移動操作：かき混ぜ（村杉

恵子、杉崎

鉱司）

Murasugi and Kawamura (2005) ࡢᐇ㦂 [2]4.

ᐇ㦂[2]࡛ࡣࠊᗂඣࡀࠕ⮬ศࠖࢆྵࢇࡔ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡶṇࡋࡃ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࠊࡑࢀࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ෌ᵓᡂࠖࡢ▱㆑ࡢ⋓ᚓ≧ἣࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(15) ∵ࢆ i ࢔ࣄࣝࡀ ti ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠋ(16) a. ࢔ࣄࣝࡀ ∵ࢆ [⮬ศࡢᗞ࡛]㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠋ


㸦⬟ືᩥ㸧

b. ∵ࢆ i [⮬ศࡢᗞ࡛]j ࢔ࣄࣝࡀ tj ti ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠋ 㸦࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ㸧(15)ࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆṇࡋࡃゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿᗂඣࡀࠊ(16b)ࡢᵝ࡞ࠕ⮬ศࠖࢆྵࡴᩥࢆṇࡋࡃ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࢆㄪ࡭ࡓࠋࠕ⮬ศࠖࡣ୺ㄒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ c-⤫ᚚࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸せ⣲࡛࠶ࡾࠊṇࡋ࠸ゎ㔘ࡢⅭ࡟ࡣࡇࡢࠕ⮬ศࠖࡢㄒᙡⓗ࣭⤫ㄒⓗ≉ᚩࢆ⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑ
ࡇ࡛ࡲࡎ(16a)ࡢᵝ࡞ᩥࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ⿕㦂⪅ࡀࠕ⮬ศࠖࡢゎ㔘࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ∵࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕ࢔ࣄࣝࠖ
ࢆⓗ☜࡟㑅ࡪ࠿ㄪ࡭ࠊࡇࢀࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ⿕㦂⪅࡟ᑐࡋࠊ ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ(16b)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠕ⮬ศࠖࡢඛ⾜モࢆṇࡋࡃぢࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࢆㄪᰝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋຍ࠼࡚ࠊㄢ㢟ᩥ࡟(17)ࡢࡼ࠺
࡞ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡶຍ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(17) [⇃ࡀ]i ࢘ࢧࢠ࡟ ⮬ศࡢ ᗞ࡛ ti ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋ

㸦ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ㸧

ᮏᐇ㦂࡛ࡣࠊࠕ⮬ศࠖࢆྵࢇࡔ(16a)ࡢᵝ࡞⬟ືᩥࢆ 6 ᩥࠊ(16b)ࡢᵝ࡞࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆ 8
ᩥࠊ(17)ࡢᵝ࡞ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࢆ 6 ᩥࠊィ 20 ࡢㄢ㢟ᩥࢆ⏝ពࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆ⿕㦂⪅࡟↓సⅭ࡞㡰࡛ᥦ♧ࡋࡓࠋᐇ㦂[1]࡜ྠᵝࠊືసἲ㸦Act-out㸧ࡢᡭἲࢆ⏝࠸ࠊᐇ㦂[㸯]࡜ྠࡌ⿕㦂⪅ 22 ྡࡀཧຍࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࡠ࠸ࡄࡿࡳ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᗞࡸᐙࡀ‽ഛࡉࢀࠊ ⿕㦂⪅ࡣᐙࡸᗞࡢ୰࡛
ࡠ࠸ࡄࡿࡳࢆື࠿ࡋ࡚ࠊㄢ㢟ᩥࡢෆᐜࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿ஦ࡀせồࡉࢀࡓࠋ ᐇ㦂࡛ࡣୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞
ᑐヰࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋ

(18) ᐇ㦂⪅:࢔ࣄࣝࡣ࡝ࢀ㸽

⿕㦂⪅:

ࡇࢀࠋ

ᐇ㦂⪅:

∵ࡣ࡝ࢀ㸽

⿕㦂⪅:

ࡇࢀࠋ

ᐇ㦂⪅:

ࡇࡗࡕࡀ∵ࡢᗞࡡࠋ㸦ᐇ㦂⪅ࡀ∵⏝ࡢᗞࡢᶍᆺࢆᣦࡍ㸧ࡇࡗࡕࡀ࢔ࣄࣝࡢᗞࡡࠋ㸦ᐇ㦂⪅ࡀ࢔ࣄࣝ⏝ࡢᗞࡢᶍᆺࢆᣦࡍ㸧- 91 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究ᐇ㦂⪅:ࡌࡷࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽ⚾ࡀゝ࠺஦ࠊࡸࡗ࡚ࡳ࡚ࡡࠋ
ࠕ∵ࢆ⮬ศࡢᗞ࡛࢔ࣄࣝࡀ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡓࠖ㸦ᐇ㦂ᩥ㸧⿕㦂⪅:㸦ᮘࡢୖࡢࡠ࠸ࡄࡿࡳࢆ᧯సࡍࡿࠋ㸧ᐇ㦂⪅:ࡼࡃ࡛ࡁࡓࡡࠋ

ࡇࡢሙྜࠊ⿕㦂⪅ࡀ࢔ࣄࣝࡢࡠ࠸ࡄࡿࡳࡀ࢔ࣄࣝ⏝ࡢᗞࡢᶍᆺࡢ୰࡛∵ࢆ㏣࠸࠿ࡅࡿ᧯స
ࢆࡋࡓሙྜࠊṇ⟅࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋࡓࠋୗࡢ⾲(19)ࡢྑഃḍࡀᮏᐇ㦂ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

(19) ᐇ㦂[2]ࡢ⤖ᯝࡢヲ⣽
ᐇ㦂 1

ᐇ㦂 1

ᐇ㦂 1

ᐇ㦂 2

ᐇ㦂 2

ᐇ㦂 2

ᖺ㱋

⬟ືᩥ

࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ

ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ

⬟ືᩥ

࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ

ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ

(ṓ)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

A

2

83

83

50

0

NT

NT

B

2

83

66

17

0

NT

NT

⿕㦂⪅

C

3

100

100

100

100

100

50

D

3

100

100

28

100

100

33

E

3

100

100

42

100

100

16

F

3

28

42

0

50

38

16

G

3

71

71

28

66

50

50

H

3

100

85

57

83

87

50

I

4

100

100

0

100

100

33

J

4

100

100

71

100

100

33

K

4

100

100

42

66

75

16

L

4

100

100

85

83

87

33

M

4

100

100

100

100

100

33

N

4

100

100

100

100

100

50

O

5

100

100

100

100

100

100

P

5

100

100

100

100

100

100

Q

5

100

100

100

100

100

100

R

5

100

100

100

100

100

100

S

5

100

100

100

100

100

33

T

5

100

100

100

100

100

50

U

6

100

100

100

100

100

100

V

6

100

100

100

100

100

50

W

኱ே

100

100

100

100

100

100

X

኱ே

100

100

100

100

100

100

ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ௨ୗࡢ 3 Ⅼ࡟ὀ┠ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡲࡎ 2 ṓඣ(AB)ࡣࠕ⮬ศࠖࢆྵࡴ⬟ືᩥࢆṇࡋࡃ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ2 ṓ࡛ࡣࠕ⮬ศࠖࡢㄒᙡⓗ࣭⤫ㄒⓗ≉ᛶࢆ⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ

- 92 -

言語獲得からみる移動操作：かき混ぜ（村杉

恵子、杉崎

鉱司）

ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ࣭ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢࢸࢫࢺ࡛ࡣ NT ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊ3-4 ṓඣࡣࠕ⮬ศࠖࡢ≉ᛶࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ᐇ㦂[1]࡛࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆṇࡋࡃゎ㔘ࡋࡓ⿕㦂⪅ CࠊDࠊE (3 ṓඣ) ࡜ IࠊJࠊMࠊN (4 ṓඣ)ࡣࠕ⮬ศࠖࢆྵࡴ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡶṇࡋࡃゎ㔘࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ⿕㦂⪅ KࠊL ࡢᐇ㦂 2 ࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢṇ⟅⋡ࡣᐇ㦂[1]࡟ẚ࡭࡚పࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⬟ືᩥࡢṇ⟅⋡ࡶ㧗ࡃ࡞࠸஦ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࢀࡣࠕ⮬ศࠖࡢ≉ᛶࡢ⋓ᚓࡀ⤊஢ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ࡜ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ㐪࠸࡟ὀ┠ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᐇ㦂[2]࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢṇ⟅⋡ࡀప࠸஦ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ≉࡟⿕㦂⪅ CࠊMࠊNࠊSࠊTࠊV ࢆࡳࡿ࡜ࠊᐇ㦂[1]࡛ࡣṇࡋࡃゎ㔘࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡚ࡶࠊᐇ㦂[2]࡛ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡟ࠕ⮬ศࠖࡀྵࡲࢀࡿ࡜⌮ゎࡀ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ
ࡣᐇ㦂࡛౑ࢃࢀࡓ A-⛣ືࢆྵࡴ┤᥋ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࢆࠊ⛣ືࢆྵࡲ࡞࠸㛫᥋ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡜ࡋ࡚㛫㐪࠼࡚ゎ㔘ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

5.

࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢᐇ㦂◊✲࡜ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᡤぢ௨ୖࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ࡜ࡑࡢ≉ᛶࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ 2 ࡘࡢᚰ⌮ⓗᐇ㦂◊✲ࢆ⤂௓ࡋࡓࠋᐇ㦂[1]࡛ࡣࠊ⬟ືᩥ࡜࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ≧ἣ࡟኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡣぢࡽࢀࡎࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡀ
ᚑ᮶⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡼࡾࡶ࠿࡞ࡾ᪩࠸᫬ᮇ࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿ஦ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡣࠕ᱁ࠖ࡜
ࠕ୺㢟ᙺ๭ࠖࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ὀពࢆྥࡅࡿ஦ࡀᐇ㦂ୖ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓࡀ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟ẚ࡭࡚㐜ࢀࡿ஦ࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢ
⋓ᚓࡢ᫬ᮇࡣࠊ2 ṓඣࡢ⮬↛Ⓨヰ࡟࠾࠸࡚࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿ஦ᐇ࡜ࡶ୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᐇ㦂[2]࡛ࡣࠊᗂඣࡀ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆṇࡋࡃ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐ᧯
సࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿ෌ᵓᡂࡢ⤫ㄒⓗ≉ᛶࡀࠊࡑࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᐇドⓗ࡟ㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋᐇ㦂[1]࡛࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆ኱ே࡜ྠᵝ࡟㸦ṇࡋࡃ㸧ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࠊ᭦࡟ࠕ⮬ศࠖࡢ≉ᛶࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᏊ౪ࡀࠊᐇ㦂[2]࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠕ⮬ศࠖࢆྵࡴ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡶṇࡋࡃゎ㔘ࡍࡿ஦ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡇ࠿ࡽࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ㝿ࠊྠ᫬࡟࠿ࡁΰࡐ᧯సࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿ෌ᵓᡂࡢ≉ᛶࡶ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢᐇ㦂࡛ࡣࠕ⮬ศࠖࡢㄒᙡⓗ࣭⤫ㄒⓗ≉ᛶࡢ⋓ᚓࡀ 3-4 ṓ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿ஦ࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᐇ㦂[2]࡛⏝࠸ࡓࠕ⮬ศࠖ࡜࠸࠺⾲⌧ࡣࠊඛ⾜モ࡟ c-⤫ᚚࡉࢀࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺≉ᛶ࡟ຍ࠼ࠊ୺ㄒࡢࡳࢆඛ⾜モ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺≉ᛶ㸦ࠕ୺ㄒᣦྥᛶࠖ㸧ࢆᣢࡘࠋ௒ᅇࡢᐇ㦂࡛⏝࠸ࡓ(16b)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩥ࡛ࡣࠊ
୺ㄒࡀྠ୍ᩥෆ࡟୍ࡘࡋ࠿Ꮡᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ௬࡟ᗂඣࡀ c-⤫ᚚࡢ᮲௳ࡸ෌ᵓᡂ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑࡜ࡋ࡚ᣢࡓࡎ࡜ࡶࠊࠕࠗ⮬ศ࠘ࡣ୺ㄒࢆඛ⾜モ࡜ࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺▱㆑ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࢀࡤࠊᚓ
ࡽࢀࡓ⤖ᯝࡀㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࡞࠸ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋIsobe (2008)࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢⅬࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ(20)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᇙࡵ㎸ࡳᩥࢆకࡗࡓ࠿ࡁࡲࡐᩥࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊᗂඣࡀ෌ᵓᡂ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑

- 93 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

ࢆᣢࡘ࠿ྰ࠿ࢆ☜࠿ࡵࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᗂඣࡣࡸࡣࡾ෌ᵓᡂ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡾࠊMurasugi and Kawamura (2005)࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ⤖ㄽࡀᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ṇࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(20)[ࣃࣥࢲࡉࢇࡀ⮬ศ i ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞㰯ࢆ྇࠸ࡓ࡜] jࡪࡓࡉࢇࡣ i tjᛮࡗࡓࠋ෌ࡧᐇ㦂[1]࣭ᐇ㦂[2]ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟┠ࢆྥࡅࡿ࡜ࠊ୧ᐇ㦂࡛ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓࡀ㐜ࢀࡿ஦ࡀุ
᫂ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢཎᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ 3 ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ Bever (1970)ࠊde Villiersand de Villiers (1973)ࡣࠊཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡛ࡣㄒ㡰ࡀኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡟⋓ᚓࡀ㐜ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢ᱌࡛ࡣࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࡢ⋓ᚓࡶྠᵝ࡟㐜ࡃ࡞ࡿ஦ࡀண ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࠊᐇ㦂[1]࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ⤖ᯝ࡜▩┪ࡍࡿࠋ୍᪉ Borer and Wexler (1987)ࠊSchaeffer (1995)ࠊSugisaki(1999)ࠊMinai (2000)࡞࡝ࡶ㏙࡭ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡀྵࡴ A 㐃㙐ࡢⓎ⌧࡟ࡣࠕᡂ⇍ࠖ(maturation)࡜࠸࠺せᅉࡀ㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ୍ᐃࡢⓎ㐩ẁ㝵ࡲ࡛ᗂඣࡢ▱㆑࡟⌧ࢀ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡣᙧែⓗ࡟」㞧࡞ᙧࢆᣢࡘࡓࡵ࡜࠸࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
Borer and Wexler (1987)ࡣⱥㄒ࡜࣊ࣈࣛ࢖ㄒࡢ 2 ✀㢮ࡢཷࡅ㌟࡟ὀ┠ࡋࠊὴ⏕࡟ A-⛣ືࢆྵࡴືモⓗཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡜ A-⛣ືࢆྵࡲ࡞࠸ᙧᐜモⓗཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ≧ἣࢆㄪ࡭ࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ
ྠࡌᙧែ⣲ࡀ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊືモⓗཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡛ࡢࡳ⋓ᚓ㐜ᘏࡀぢࡽࢀࡓ࡜ሗ
࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࠿ࡽ A-⛣ືࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟ࡣ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿ࡜ㄽࡌࡓࠋSugisaki (1999)ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒ
ࡢ A-⛣ືࢆྵࡴ┤᥋ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡜ A-⛣ືࢆྵࡲ࡞࠸㛫᥋ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ≧ἣࢆẚ㍑ࡋࠊ ࡲࡓࠊSugisaki and Isobe (2001)ࡣᩥ㢌࡬ࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐ࡜ືモྃෆࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐ(A ⛣ື)ࢆẚ㍑ࡋࠊ
ྠᵝࡢ⤖ㄽ࡟⮳ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ᢅࡗࡓཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡣࡍ࡭࡚ὴ⏕࡟ A ⛣ືࢆྵࡴ┤᥋ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୍᪉ࠊ࠿
ࡁΰࡐᩥࡣࡍ࡭࡚ A’⛣ື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ὴ⏕ࡉࢀࡓ࡜⪃࠼ᚓࡿ✀㢮ࡢᩥ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ほᐹࡉࢀࡓ࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥ࡜ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓ≧ἣࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊA ⛣ືࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿ࡜ࡍ
ࡿ㆟ㄽ࡟▩┪ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓཷࡅ㌟ࡢᙧែࡢ」㞧ࡉ࡟ࡼࡿ⋓ᚓࡢ㐜ᘏࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡶ↓ど࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ㛫᥋ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡛ࡣཷࡅ㌟ᙧែ⣲-rare ࡣືモ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ┤᥋ཷࡅ㌟ᩥ࡛ࡣ᥋㎡࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᥋㎡ࡢ⋓ᚓࡣ᫬㛫ࢆせࡍࡿ஦ࡀࠊูࡢ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚⊂❧࡟ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿ (Murasugi and Hashimoto 2004)ࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢཷࡅ㌟᥋㎡ ࡣ┠ⓗ᱁࡜୺㢟ᙺ๭ࡢ྾཰
࡜୺ㄒ࡬ࡢ⤒㦂ᙺ๭ࡢ௜୚࡜࠸࠺ᶵ⬟ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ┤᥋ཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓࡢ㐜ࢀࡀᙧែⓗ」㞧ࡉ࡟㉳ᅉࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶྰᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊཷࡅ㌟ᩥࡢ⋓ᚓࡢ㐜ࢀࡣࠊA-⛣ືࡢⓎ⌧ࡢ㐜ࢀ࡟ຍ࠼ࠊᙧែⓗ」㞧ࡉ࡟ࡼࡿ⋓ᚓࡢ㐜ࢀࡶ⪃៖࡟ධࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

- 94 -

言語獲得からみる移動操作：かき混ぜ（村杉

恵子、杉崎

鉱司）

6.

࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ⋓ᚓ࡜ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ⌮ㄽ

6.1.

࠿ࡁΰࡐࢆྖࡿࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ㸸ᗂඣ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽୖグ࡛㆟ㄽࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊOtsu (1994)ࡸ Murasugi and Kawamura (2005)ࡢ◊✲࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࠿ࡁ
ΰࡐ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡀࡍ࡛࡟ 2㸫3 ṓඣࡢẁ㝵࡛᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣ࡟ഛࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡛ࡣࠊ࠸ࡗࡓ࠸࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ᪩ᮇ⋓ᚓࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ ࡇࡢၥ࠸ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ㝿ࠊFukui (1993)࠾ࡼࡧ Saito and Fukui (1998)࡟ࡼࡿ⌮ㄽⓗ◊✲ࡀ᭷┈࡞▱ぢࢆ୚࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊⱥㄒ࡟ࡶ㝶ពⓗ࡞⛣ືࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ὀ┠ࡍࡿࠋ(21) ᪥ⱥㄒࡢ㝶ពⓗ⛣ື㸸
a.

᪥ᮏㄒ㸸

࠿ࡁΰࡐ

ࡑࡢᮏࢆ i ࢪࣙࣥࡀb.

ⱥㄒ㸸ti ㈙ࡗࡓ㸦ࡇ࡜㸧㔜ྡモྃ㌿⛣ (Heavy NP Shift)

They brought ti into my room [the beautiful pink dress]i.

Fukui (1993)࠾ࡼࡧ Saito and Fukui (1998)ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ㝶ពⓗ⛣ືࡀᕥ᪉⛣ື࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐ
ࡋࠊⱥㄒࡢ㝶ពⓗ⛣ືࡀྑ᪉⛣ື࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺㐪࠸࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊࠕ㝶ពⓗ⛣ືࡣࠊ୺せ㒊ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡢ್ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿ᪉ྥ࡟㉳ࡇࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺୍⯡໬ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࡣࠊ୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ᆺࡢゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ㝶ពⓗ⛣ືࡣࠊ୺せ㒊ࡢ๓᪉㸦ࡘࡲࡾᕥ᪉㸧࡬㉳ࡇࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ
ⱥㄒࡣࠊ୺せ㒊๓⨨ᆺࡢゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ㝶ពⓗ⛣ືࡣࠊ୺せ㒊ࡢᚋ᪉㸦ࡘࡲࡾྑ᪉㸧࡬࡜㉳ࡇࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᥦ᱌ࡀṇࡋࡅࢀࡤࠊᗂඣ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿゝㄒࡀ୺せ㒊ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ࡢ್ࢆ࡜ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡀࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ⋓ᚓࢆຓࡅ࡚ࡃࢀࡿ㔜せ࡞᝟ሗ※࡜࡞ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋSugisaki (2012)ࡣࠊࡇࡢ௬ㄝ
ࡢጇᙜᛶࢆࠊᗂඣࡀᡭ࡟ࡍࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋ
Sugisaki (2012)ࡣࠊࡲࡎࠊᗂඣ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ドᣐ࡟࡞ࡾᚓࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺
OSV㸦┠ⓗㄒ㸫୺ㄒ㸫ືモ㸧ࡢㄒ㡰ࢆᣢࡗࡓᩥࡀࠊᗂඣ࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࡓⓎヰࡢ୰࡛ࠊ࡝ࡢࡃ
ࡽ࠸ࡢ㢖ᗘࢆᣢࡘࡢ࠿ࢆศᯒࡋࡓࠋCHIDES ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫ(MacWhinney 2000)࡟཰ࡵࡽࢀࡓ
᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣ 3 ྡศ(Aki, Ryo, Tai; Miyata 2004 a,b,c)࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊᗂඣ࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࡓẕぶࡢⓎヰࢆศᯒࡋࡓࠋศᯒᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࢥ࣮ࣃࢫࡢᇶᮏⓗ᝟ሗࡣ(22)࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡓ㏻ࡾ

- 95 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡟཰ࡵࡽࢀࡓẕぶࡢⓎヰࡢ୰࡟ࠊ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ OSV ᩥࡀྵࡲࢀࡿ
࠿ࢆศᯒࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ⤖ᯝࡣ(23)ࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

(22)

(23)

ศᯒᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗࡓⓎヰࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᝟ሗᏊ࡝ࡶࡢᖺ㱋⠊ᅖẕぶࡢⓎヰࡢ⥲ᩘ

Aki's Mother

1;05:07 - 3;00:00

20828

Ryo's Mother

1;04:03 - 3;00:30

7345

Tai's Mother

1;05:20 - 3;01:29

47377

ᗂඣ࡟ྥࡅࡓẕぶࡢⓎヰ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ OSV ᩥࡢ㢖ᗘ
SOV


OSV

ẕぶࡢⓎヰᩘ

%ẕぶࡢⓎヰᩘ

%Aki's Mother58

0.278%

1

0.005%

Ryo's Mother3

0.041%

00.000%

Tai's Mother51

0.108%

2

0.004%(23)ࡢ⾲࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞㏻ࡾࠊᗂඣ࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࡓⓎヰ(ẕぶࡢⓎヰᩘ)ࡢ୰࡛ࠊOSV ࡢㄒ㡰ࢆᣢࡗࡓᩥࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝Ꮡᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᗂඣࡀ OSV ࡢㄒ㡰ࢆ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ᡭ᥃࠿ࡾ࡜ࡋ࡚࠿ࡁΰࡐᩥࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ప࠸࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ
ྠᵝࡢ୺ᙇࡀࠊඛ⾜◊✲࡛࠶ࡿ Kang (2005)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㡑ᅜㄒࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚᪤࡟ᡂࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋKang (2005)ࡣࠊCho (1982)ࡢほᐹ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ㡑ᅜㄒࡢᗂඣࡀᡭ࡟ࡍࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂࡟࠾࠸࡚ OSV ᩥࡢ㢖ᗘࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ప࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆሗ࿌ࡋࠊOSV ᩥࡀ㡑ᅜㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ
⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ᡭࡀ࠿ࡾ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(24) 㡑ᅜㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᗂඣ࡟ྥࡅࡓẕぶࡢⓎヰ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ OSV ᩥࡢ㢖ᗘWord Orders



SOV

OSV

Alicia's Mother+Accusative Case22(2;03-2;09)-Accusative Case

87

8

Paul's Mother+Accusative Case33(2;07 - 2;11)-Accusative Case

155

11

Anne's Mother+Accusative Case

40(2;10 - 3;04)-Accusative Case

160

32

411

56

Total

                          (Cho 1982, cited in Kang 2005)- 96 -

言語獲得からみる移動操作：かき混ぜ（村杉

恵子、杉崎

鉱司）


ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ(23)࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡓ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ㡑ᅜㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᡂࡉࢀࡓ Kang (2005)ࡢ୺ᙇࡀࠊ
᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ࠶࡚ࡣࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒࡀ୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ᆺ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡣ࡝ࡢࡃࡽ࠸ࡢ㢖ᗘ࡛୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡇࡢⅬࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟
ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊSugisaki (2012)ࡣࠊᗂඣ࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࡓⓎヰࡢ୰࡛ࠊࠕࡇࡇ࠿ࡽࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᚋ⨨モྃࡢฟ⌧㢖ᗘࢆศᯒࡋࡓࠋ⤖ᯝࡣ(25)࡟࠶ࡿ⾲ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

(25)ᗂඣ࡟ྥࡅࡓẕぶࡢⓎヰ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᚋ⨨モྃࡢ㢖ᗘᚋ⨨モྃẕぶࡢⓎヰࡢ⥲ᩘẕぶࡢⓎヰᩘ

%Aki's Mother

20828

776

3.726%

Ryo's Mother

7345

204

2.777%

Tai's Mother

47377

1274

2.689%(25)ࡢ⾲࠿ࡽࢃ࠿ࡿ㏻ࡾࠊᗂඣ࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࡓẕぶࡢⓎヰࡢ୰࡟ࠊᚋ⨨モྃࡣẚ㍑ⓗ㢖⦾࡟⌧ࢀࡿࠋLegate and Yang (2002)ࡣࠊ✵୺ㄒࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࢆ㠀✵୺ㄒᆺࡢ್࡟ᅛᐃࡍࡿࡢ࡟
ᚲせ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ᝟ሗࢆ there ᵓᩥ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡋࠊⱥㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿ
ゝㄒ⤒㦂࡟࠾ࡅࡿ there ᵓᩥࡢ㢖ᗘࢆศᯒࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ㢖ᗘࡣ⣙ 2.5㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࢆ
ẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣ࡟ࡣࡇࡢᩘ್ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿ㢖ᗘ࡛ᚋ⨨モྃࡢ᝟ሗࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ᪥ᮏ
ㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒࡀ୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ᆺࡢ್ࢆ࡜ࡿ࡜Ỵᐃࡍࡿࡢ࡟༑ศ࡞᝟ሗࡀゝㄒ⤒㦂࡟ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ୖグࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊFukui (1993)࠾ࡼࡧ Saito and Fukui (1998)ࡢᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࠕ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣ୺せ㒊ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡜ᐦ᥋࡟⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝ࡜ྜ⮴ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࡀࠊᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠿ࡁΰࡐࢆྖࡿࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ௚ࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᥦ᱌ࡣࠊゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡢศᯒ࠿ࡽᨭᣢࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊ⮬⏤ㄒ㡰࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㔜せ࡞⌮ㄽ◊✲ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ Hale (1983)ࡢᥦ᱌࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ᳨ウࢆຍ࠼ࡿࠋ
 Hale (1983)ࡣࠊWarlpiri ㄒ㸦࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ඛఫẸࡢゝㄒࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ㸧ࡢศᯒ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ
࠿ࡁΰࡐࢆチᐜࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ⏕⏘ⓗ࡟✵୺ㄒ࣭✵┠ⓗㄒࢆチᐜࡍࡿゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡋࡓࠋ
Warlpiri ㄒࡶ᪥ᮏㄒࡶࠊ✵୺ㄒ࣭✵┠ⓗㄒࢆከ⏝ࡍࡿゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࡛ࡣᗂඣࡀᡭ࡟ࡍࡿ
ゝㄒ⤒㦂࡟ࡶࠊࡑࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ༑ศ࡞᝟ሗࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ✵୺ㄒࡢࡳࢆチ୚ࡍࡿゝㄒ࡜᪥ᮏㄒ࣭Warlpiri ㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡞ゝㄒࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ✵┠ⓗㄒࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᩥ㸦ࡘࡲࡾ㡢ᙧࢆᣢࡗࡓ୺ㄒ࡟௚ື

- 97 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

モࡀᚋ⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᩥ㸧࡟ὀ┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᗂඣ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ(22)࡟
࠶ࡆࡓ 3 ྡࡢᗂඣࡢⓎヰࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿẕぶࡢ✵┠ⓗㄒᩥࡢ㢖ᗘࢆศᯒࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ⤖ᯝࡣ(26)ࡢ㏻ࡾ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

(26)ᗂඣ࡟ྥࡅࡓẕぶࡢⓎヰ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ✵┠ⓗㄒᩥࡢ㢖ᗘẕぶࡢⓎヰࡢ⥲ᩘ✵┠ⓗㄒᩥẕぶࡢⓎヰᩘ

%Aki's Mother

20828

46

0.221%

Ryo's Mother

7345

21

0.286%

Tai's Mother

47377

109

0.230%(26)ࡢ⾲࡟♧ࡉࢀࡿ㏻ࡾࠊ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟✵┠ⓗㄒࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿᩥࡣࠊᗂඣࡀᡭ࡟
ࡍࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ1㸣࡟ࡶ‶ࡓ࡞࠸㢖ᗘ࡛ࡋ࠿⌧ࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢᩘ್ࡣࠊୖ࡟㏙࡭ࡓ Legate and Yang (2002)ࡢᇶ‽࡟↷ࡽࡍ࡜ࠊᗂඣ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚༑ศ࡞㔞ࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᗂඣࡀ࠿ࡁΰࡐࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ㝿࡟ࠊ✵┠ⓗㄒᩥ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࡑࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆỴᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣప࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ௨ୖࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡿ࡜ࠊᗂඣࡀᡭ࡟ࡍࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡢᛶ㉁࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ࡓ㝿ࠊᙜヱゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚࠿
ࡁΰࡐࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣ୺せ㒊ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣ㧗࠸ࡀࠊ⏕⏘ⓗ࡞✵┠ⓗㄒࢆチᐜࡍࡿࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣప࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ
ᗂඣࡢゝㄒ⤒㦂࠿ࡽࡢⓎぢࡣࠊFukui (1993)࠾ࡼࡧ Saito and Fukui (1998)ࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᥦ᱌ࡀጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡜ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

6.2.

ᗂඣ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᇶᮏㄒ㡰 ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀᡭ࡟ࡍࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡀ୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ᆺ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍ᝟ሗࡀ༑ศ࡟ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊ༑ศ࡞᝟ሗࡀ୚࠼
ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡜ゝࡗ࡚ࠊᗂඣࡀᐇ㝿࡟ࡑࡢ▱㆑ࢆ᪩࠸ẁ㝵࡛⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀ᪩࠸ẁ㝵࠿ࡽᐇ㝿࡟ࠕ᪥ᮏㄒࡣ୺せ㒊ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ᆺࡢ್ࢆ࡜ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺▱㆑ࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍドᣐࡣ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
 Sugisaki (2008)ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿ 2 ṓඣࡀࠊOV㸦┠ⓗㄒ㸫ືモ㸧ࡢㄒ㡰ࡀᇶᮏㄒ㡰࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺▱㆑ࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊୖグࡢၥ࠸࡟⟅࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡂேࡢᣢࡘ
᪥ᮏㄒࡢ▱㆑࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ(27)ࡢ࡝ࡕࡽࡢᩥࡶチᐜࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊ୍ぢࠊOV ࡢㄒ㡰ࡶ VO
ࡢㄒ㡰ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋ- 98 -

言語獲得からみる移動操作：かき混ぜ（村杉(27) a.
b.

恵子、杉崎

鉱司）

ࢪࣙࣥࡀࡑࡢᮏࢆ㈙ࡗࡓࡼࠋ
ࢪࣙࣥࡀ㈙ࡗࡓࡼࠊࡑࡢᮏࢆࠋ

ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊTanaka (2001)ࡢ◊✲ࡀ♧ࡍ㏻ࡾࠊ(27b)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ VO ᩥࡣࠊ㝈ࡽࢀࡓ⎔ቃ࡛ࡋ࠿ྍ
⬟࡜ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊVO ᩥࡣࠊᇙࡵ㎸ࡳᩥ࡛ࡣチᐜࡉࢀࡎࠊࡲࡓ┠ⓗㄒ wh ␲ၥᩥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ

(28) a.
b.
(29) a.

࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡣ[ࢪࣙࣥࡀࡑࡢᮏࢆ㈙ࡗࡓ]࡜ಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
* ࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡣ[ࢪࣙࣥࡀ㈙ࡗࡓࠊࡑࡢᮏࢆ]࡜ಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࢪࣙࣥࡀ᫖᪥ఱࢆ㈙ࡗࡓࡢ㸽b.  *

ࢪࣙࣥࡀ᫖᪥㈙ࡗࡓࡢࠊఱࢆ㸽ࡇࢀࡽࡢ஦ᐇࡣࠊOV ᩥࡢ᪉ࡀ VO ᩥࡼࡾࡶᗈ࠸⎔ቃ࡟࠾࠸࡚チᐜࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࠊᚑࡗ࡚᪥ᮏㄒࡢᇶᮏㄒ㡰ࡣ VO ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ OV ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡜ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࠋ Sugisaki (2008)ࡣࠊ⮬↛Ⓨヰศᯒࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀࠊᡂே࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊOV ᩥࡢࡳࡋ࠿チᐜࡉࢀ࡞࠸⎔ቃࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺▱㆑ࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ
CHILDES ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫ࡟཰ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 4 ྡࡢᗂඣࡢⓎヰࢆศᯒࡋࠊ(29a)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ OV
ㄒ㡰ࢆకࡗࡓ┠ⓗㄒ wh ␲ၥᩥ࡜ࠊ(29b)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ VO ㄒ㡰ࢆకࡗࡓ┠ⓗㄒ wh ␲ၥᩥࡢ౑
⏝㢖ᗘࢆศᯒࡋࡓࠋศᯒᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗࡓ 4 ྡࡢᗂඣࡢⓎヰࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᇶᮏⓗ᝟ሗࡀ(30)ࡢ⾲࡛࠶ࡾࠊศᯒ⤖ᯝࡀ(31)ࡢ⾲࡛࠶ࡿࠋ(30) ศᯒᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗࡓᗂඣⓎヰࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ
ᗂඣྡ

ᖺ㱋⠊ᅖ

ᗂඣࡢⓎヰࡢ⥲ᩘ

Ⓨヰࢹ࣮ࢱ཰㞟⪅Aki

2;06:15 - 3;00:00

12,415

Miyata (2004a)

Ryo

2;04:25 - 3;00:30

5,901

Miyata (2004b)

Tai

1;09:03 - 3;01:29

29,980Miyata (2004c)

Jun

2;03:23 - 3;00:01

22,444Ishii (2004)- 99 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究(31) ศᯒ⤖ᯝ
Aki

Ryo

Tai

Jun

(S)OV

(S)VO

(S)OV

(S)VO

(S)OV

(S)VO

(S)OV

(S)VO

Ⓨヰ⥲ᩘ

518

38

252

43

1120

50

754

120

┠ⓗㄒ wh ␲ၥᩥࡢⓎヰᩘ

185

0

40

0

70

1

140

0

┠ⓗㄒ wh ␲ၥᩥࡢⓎヰ๭ྜ(%)

38.7

0

15.9

0

6.3

2

18.6

0

(31)ࡢ⾲ࡀ♧ࡍ㏻ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡣࠊほᐹࡋ࠺ࡿ᭱ึᮇ࠿ࡽࠊ┠ⓗㄒ wh␲ၥᩥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ OV ㄒ㡰ࡋ࠿⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊVO ㄒ㡰ࡣ┠ⓗㄒ wh ␲ၥᩥ࡟࠾࠸࡚౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠊ࡜࠸࠺▱㆑ࢆᗂඣࡀࡍ࡛࡟ᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡜ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢᇶᮏㄒ㡰ࡣ OV࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺▱㆑ࢆࡍ࡛࡟ᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࠕ᪥ᮏㄒࡣ୺せ㒊ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ᆺࡢ್ࢆ࡜ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺▱㆑ࡀ 2 ṓࡢẁ㝵࠿ࡽഛࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

6.3.

 ࡲ࡜ࡵ
࠿ࡁΰࡐࢆྖࡿࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ: 6 ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ๓⠇ࡲ࡛࡟᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ᪩ᮇ⋓ᚓ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ࠸
࠿࡟ࡋ࡚ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪩ᮇ⋓ᚓࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓࠋᗂඣࡀᡭ࡟ࡍࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂࡟ࡣࠊᚋ⨨モྃ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᝟ሗࡀ㇏ᐩ࡟ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧᗂඣࡀ 2 ṓࡲ࡛ࡢẁ㝵࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢᇶᮏㄒ㡰ࡀ OV ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺▱㆑ࢆ㌟࡟ࡘࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ
Fukui (1993)࠾ࡼࡧ Saito and Fukui (1998)ࡀᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࠕ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿゝㄒࡣࠊ୺せ㒊ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡢ್ࡀ୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ࡢ್ࢆ࡜ࡿゝㄒ࡟㝈ࡽࢀࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺⌮ㄽⓗ௬ㄝࡀゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࡶጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㸬7㸬࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ⋓ᚓ㸸 ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᡂᯝ࡜௒ᚋࡢᒎᮃ ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᐇ㦂◊✲࣭⮬↛Ⓨヰศᯒࡢ୧㠃࠿ࡽࠊࡲࡓᗂඣ
ࡢᣢࡘゝㄒ▱㆑ཬࡧ࿘ࡾࡢ኱ே࠿ࡽᗂඣ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡢ୧㠃࠿ࡽศᯒࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀ
ࡽࡢ◊✲࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ኱ࡁࡃศࡅ࡚௨ୗࡢ 2 Ⅼ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

(32)

a.

᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ▱㆑ࡣ㐜ࡃ࡜ࡶ 3 ṓࡲ࡛࡟ࡣ⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋb.

᪥ᮏㄒࢆ⋓ᚓ୰ࡢᗂඣࡀᡭ࡟ࡍࡿゝㄒ⤒㦂࡟ࡣࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ┤᥋ⓗ࡟♧ࡍᩥ(OSV ᩥ)ࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

- 100 -

言語獲得からみる移動操作：かき混ぜ（村杉

恵子、杉崎

鉱司）

(32b)ࡢほᐹ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ(32a)ࡀᡂࡾ❧ࡘ࡜࠸࠺Ⓨぢࡣࠊẕㄒ⋓ᚓࡀ⏕ᚓⓗ࡞ࠕᬑ㐢ᩥἲࠖ࡟ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⏕ᡂᩥἲࡢᇶᮏⓗ௬ㄝ࡟ᨭᣢࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ
࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ୍㐃ࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊẕㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕᬑ㐢ᩥἲࠖࡢ㛵୚࡟ᑐࡋࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ࠿ࡽࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ドᣐࢆ୚࠼ࡓࡶࡢ࡜ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࠋ࠿ࡁΰࡐ࡜࠸࠺
᧯సࡀⱥㄒ࡟ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸Ⅼࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ(32)࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡓⓎぢࡢ㔜せᛶࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁ࠸
࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ୍᪉࡛ࠊ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟⏕ᚓⓗ࡞ࠕᬑ㐢ᩥἲࠖࡀ㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡼࡾ᪩࠸
ẁ㝵࡛࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢ▱㆑ࡀ⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࠋⱥㄒࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ30 ࠿᭶ࡢᗂඣࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓᐇ㦂◊✲㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊSutton et al. 2012 ࡞࡝㸧ࡀ┒ࢇ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸
ࡿ⌧≧ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ2 ṓ୰㡭ࡢᖺ㱋ࢆ୺࡞⿕㦂⪅࡜ࡋࡓ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡢᐇ㦂◊✲ࡀ௒ᚋࡢ᪥
ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲ࡢ୍ࡘࡢࢺࣆࢵࢡ࡟࡞ࡾᚓࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Bever, T. 1970. The cognitive basis for linguistic structures. In Cognition and the Development of
Language, ed. J. R. Hayes, 4-353. New York: Wiley.
Borer, H., and K. Wexler. 1987. The maturation of syntax. In Parameter Setting, eds. T. Roeper and
E. Williams, 123-172. Dordrecht: Reidel.
Cho, S. W. 1982. The acquisition of word order in Korean. Calgary Working Papers in Linguistics.
University of Calgary.
de Villiers, J., and P. de Villiers. 1973. Development of the use of word order in comprehension.
Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 2:331-341.
Fukui, N. 1993. Parameters and optionality. Linguistic Inquiry 24:399-420.
Haig, J. H. 1976. Shadow pronoun deletion in Japanese. Linguistic Inquiry 7:363-371.
Hale, K. 1983. Warlpiri and the grammar of non-configurational languages. Natural Language andLinguistic Theory 1:5-47.
Harada, S.-I. 1977. Nihongo-ni ‘henkei’-wa hituyoo-da [Transformation is necessary in Japanese].
Gengo 6:11-12.
Hayashibe, H. 1975. Word order and particles: A developmental study in Japanese. Descriptive andApplied Linguistics 8:1-18.
Ishii, T. 2004 Japanese: Ishii Corpus, TalkBank 1-59642-054-5, Pittsburgh, PA.
Isobe, M. 2002. Reconstruction in child Japanese: A preliminary study. In An Enterprise in the
Cognitive Science of Language: A Festschrift for Yukio Otsu, eds. T. Sano et al., 205-215.
Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo Publishing.

- 101 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

Kang, B. 2005. A learnability puzzle in scrambling. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual Boston
University Conference on Language Development, eds. A. Brugos, M. R. Clark-Cotton and S.
Ha, 331-340. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Press.
Kuroda, S.-Y. 1980. Bunkoozoo-no hikaku [The comparison of grammatical structures]. Niti-eigo
Hikaku-kooza 2: Bunpoo, ed. by T. Kunihiro, 25-61. Tokyo: Taishukan.
Legate, J., and C. Yang. 2002. Empirical re-assessment of stimulus poverty arguments. The
Linguistic Review 19:151-162.
Masunaga, K. 1983. Bridging. In Proceedings of the XIIIth International Congress of Linguistics,
eds. S. Hattori and K. Inoue, 455-460. Tokyo: Proceedings Publishing Committee.
MacWhinney, B. 2000. The CHILDES Project: Tools for Analyzing Talk. Mahwah, New Jersey:
Lawrence Erlbaum.
Minai, U. 2000. The acquisition of Japanese passives. In Japanese/Korean Linguistics 9, eds. M.
Nakayama and C. J. Quinn Jr., 339-350. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Miyata, S. 2004a. Japanese: Aki Corpus, TalkBank 1-59642-055-3, Pittsburgh, PA.
Miyata, S. 2004b. Japanese: Ryo Corpus, TalkBank 1-59642-056-1, Pittsburgh, PA.
Miyata, S. 2004c. Japanese: Tai Corpus, TalkBank 1-59642-057-X, Pittsburgh, PA.
Murasugi, K. 2000. Bunpoo kakutoku: Idou gensyoo-o tyuusin tosite [The acquisition of grammar
with special reference to movement]. Academia: Literature and Language 68:223-259.
Nagoya: Nanzan University.
Murasugi, K., and T. Hashimoto. 2004. Three Pieces of Acquisition Evidence for the v-VP Frame.
Nanzan Linguistics 1:1-19. Center for Linguistics, Nanzan University.
Murasugi, K., and T. Kawamura. 2005. On the acquisition of scrambling in Japanese. In The Free
Word Order Phenomenon: Its Syntactic Sources and Diversity, eds. J. Sabel and M. Saito,
221-242. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Otsu, Y. 1994. Early acquisition of scrambling in Japanese. In Language Acquisition Studies inGenerative Grammar, eds. T. Hoekstra and B. D. Schwartz, 253-264. Amsterdam: John
Benjamins.
Ross, J. R. 1967. Constraints on Variables in Syntax. Cambridge: MIT dissertation.
Saito, M. 1985. Some Asymmetries in Japanese and Their Theoretical Implications. Cambridge:
MIT dissertation.
Saito, M. 1989. Scrambling as semantically vacuous A'-movement. Alternative Conceptions ofPhrase Structure, ed. by M. Baltin and A. Kroch, 182-200. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Saito, M. and N. Fukui. 1998. Order in phrase structure and movement. Linguistic Inquiry 29:439474.
Sano, K. 1977. An experimental study on the acquisition of Japanese simple sentences and cleft- 102 -

言語獲得からみる移動操作：かき混ぜ（村杉

恵子、杉崎

鉱司）

sentences. Descriptive and Applied Linguistics 10:213-233.
Schaeffer, J. 1995. On the acquisition of scrambling in Dutch. In Proceedings of the 19th annual
Boston University Conference on Language Development, eds. D. MacLaughlin and S.
McEwen, 521-532. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Press.
Sugisaki, K. 1999. Japanese passives in acquisition. In Cranberry Linguistics: University ofConnecticut Working Papers in Linguistics 10, eds. D. Braze, K. Hiramatsu and Y. Kudo,
145-156. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Working Papers in Linguistics.
Sugisaki, K.. 2008. Early acquisition of basic word order in Japanese. Language Acquisition
15:183-191.
Sugisaki, K. 2012. Poverty of the Stimulus in the Acquisition of Japanese Scrambling. Poster
presented at Formal Approaches to Japanese Linguistics 6 (FAJL 6), ZAS/Humboldt
University, Berlin, Germany. September 27, 2012.
Sugisaki, K. and M. Isobe 2001. What can child Japanese tell us about the syntax of scrambling? In
Proceedings of the 20th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, eds. K.
Megerdoomian and L. A. Bar-el, 538-551. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Press.
Sutton, M., M. Fetters, and J. Lidz. 2012. Parsing for principle C at 30 months. In Proceedings ofthe 36th annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, eds. A. K. Biller,
E. Y. Chung and A. E. Kimball, 581-593. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Press.
Suzuki, S. 1977. Nihongo-ni okeru gozyun hooryaku [The acquisition of word order in Japanese].
Kyooiku-Sinrigaku Kenkyuu 25:200-205.
Tanaka, H. 2001. Right-dislocation as Scrambling. Journal of Linguistics 37, 551-579.

- 103 -

᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾⋓ᚓ䠖ணഛⓗ◊✲*

杉崎

鉱司・村杉

恵子

㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 ᮡᓮ㻌 㖔ྖ 䞉ᮧᮡ㻌 ᜨᏊ

1.

䛿䛨䜑䛻

㻌 ⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸ẕㄒ▱㆑䛾⋓ᚓ䛿䚸(i) ⋓ᚓྍ⬟䛺ゝㄒ䛾㢮䜢つᐃ䛧䛯⏕ᚓⓗ䛺௙⤌䜏䛷䛒䜛䛂ᬑ㐢ᩥἲ䛃(UG)䛸䚸(ii) ⏕ᚋእ⏺䛛䜙ྲྀ䜚㎸䜎䜜䜛ゝㄒ⤒㦂䛾୧⪅䛾┦஫స⏝䛻䜘䜚㐩ᡂ䛥䜜䜛䛸௬ᐃ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽ䛻ᇶ䛵䛟ẕㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲䛿䚸䛭䛾୺䛺ᡂᯝ䛾୍䛴䛸
䛧䛶䚸UG 䛻ྵ䜎䜜䜛䛸௬ᐃ䛥䜜䜛ᵝ䚻䛺ᒓᛶ䛻㛵䛧䚸䛭䜜䜙䛜ẕㄒ⋓ᚓ䛾ほᐹ䛧䛖䜛᭱ึᮇ䛛䜙ᗂඣ䛾ゝㄒ▱㆑䛻཯ᫎ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䜢ᵝ䚻䛺ᡭἲ䜢⏝䛔䛶♧䛩䛣䛸䛻䜘䜚䚸UG 䛾Ꮡᅾ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᴟ䜑䛶㔜せ䛺ドᣐ䜢୚䛘⥆䛡䛶䛝䛯䚹䛣䜜䜙䛾୍㐃䛾◊✲䛾୰䛷䚸୺せ䛺ドᣐ䛾୍䛴䜢ᡂ䛧䛶䛔䜛◊✲䛻䚸wh ␲ၥᩥ䠄䛻ྵ䜎䜜䜛౫Ꮡ㛵ಀ䠅䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ไ⣙䛾⋓ᚓ䛜䛒䜛䚹౛䛘䜀䚸de Villiers, Roeper, &Vainikka (1990)ࡣࠊⱥㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀ(1)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ wh ␲ၥᩥࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓ㝿ࠊwh ࡛ྃ࠶ࡿ how ࢆࠊᇙࡵ㎸ࡳ⠇ෆࡢ paint ࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡏࡎࠊ୺⠇ࡢ ask ࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᐇ㦂࡟ࡼࡾ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢほᐹ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᙼࡽࡣࠊ(2a)࡟♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞㛫᥋␲ၥᩥ࠿ࡽࡢ⛣ືࢆ⚗ࡎࡿࠕwh ᓥไ⣙ࠖ(wh-island constraint) ࡀࠊⱥㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿ 3-6 ṓඣࡢゝㄒ▱㆑ࡢ୰࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋ

(1)

How did the girl ask [who to paint]?

(2)

a.

* How1 did the girl ask [ who to paint

b.

t1 ]?

How1 did the girl ask [ who to paint ] t1 ?

㻌 ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䚸䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺◊✲䛾ὶ䜜䜢㋃䜎䛘䚸᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒ྠᵝ䛻䚸wh ␲ၥᩥ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ไ⣙䛜ほᐹ䛧䛖䜛᭱ึᮇ䛛䜙ᗂඣ䛾ゝㄒ▱㆑䛻཯ᫎ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛛ྰ䛛䜢ᐇドⓗ䛻ㄪᰝ䛩䜛䚹Otsu(2007)䛻䜘䜛ඛ⾜◊✲䜢ᴫほ䛧䚸䛭䛾ၥ㢟Ⅼ䜢ᣦ᦬䛧䛯ᚋ䚸ᡃ䚻⮬㌟䛾ணഛⓗ䛺ᐇ㦂ㄪᰝ䛷ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䜢ሗ࿌䛩䜛䚹
2.

᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾⋓ᚓ䠖ඛ⾜◊✲ୖグ䛾(2a)䛚䜘䜃௨ୗ䛾(3b)䛻♧䛥䜜䜛㏻䜚䚸ⱥㄒ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸wh ྃ䛜ᇙ䜑㎸䜏⠇ෆ䛛䜙ᩥ㢌䜈䛸⛣ື䛩䜛㝿䚸䛭䛾ᇙ䜑㎸䜏⠇䛜␲ၥᩥ䛷䛒䜛ሙྜ䛻䛿㠀ᩥ䛸䛺䜛䛣䛸䛜 Chomsky (1973)䛺䛹䛷ほᐹ䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䚸䛣䛾ຠᯝ䜢⏕䜏ฟ䛩ไ⣙䛿ࠕwh ᓥไ⣙ࠖ(wh-island constraint)䛸࿧䜀䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹*ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᐇ㦂ㄪᰝࡢᐇ᪋ࢆチྍࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓὠឡඣᅬࡢඛ⏕᪉࠾ࡼࡧಖㆤ⪅ࡢ᪉ࠎࠊᐇ㦂ㄪᰝ࡟ཧຍࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓᅬඣࡢⓙࡉࢇࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᐇ㦂⿵ຓࢆົࡵ࡚ࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓ▼ᶫᯝዉᏊࡉࢇ࣭ຍ⸨ᐇ⪨ࡉࢇ㸦୕㔜኱ᏛேᩥᏛ㒊㸧࡟ࠊࡇࡢሙࢆ೉ࡾ࡚ឤㅰ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡿࠋ

- 105 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

(3)

a.

What1 did John say [ that May liked t1 ]?

b. * What1 did John wonder [ whether Mary liked t1 ]?
Watanabe (1992)䛿䚸ⱥㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛸ྠᵝ䛾ຠᯝ䛜䚸䠄ᑡ䛺䛟䛸䜒㢧ᅾⓗ䛻䛿䠅⩏ົⓗ䛺
wh ⛣ື䜢ᣢ䛯䛺䛔᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒ぢ䜙䜜䜛䛸୺ᙇ䛧䛯䚹(4)a.

䝆䝵䞁䛿[䝯䜰䝸䞊䛜ఱ䜢㈙䛳䛯䛸]ᛮ䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䠛b. * 䝆䝵䞁䛿[䝯䜰䝸䞊䛜ఱ䜢㈙䛳䛯䛛䛹䛖䛛]▱䜚䛯䛜䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䠛㻌 ᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛(4b)䛾㠀ᩥἲᛶ䛜䚸ⱥㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛(3b)䛾㠀ᩥἲᛶ䜢⏕䜏ฟ䛩ไ⣙䛸඲䛟ྠ୍䛾ไ⣙䛛䜙ᑟ䛛䜜䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛾䛛䛹䛖䛛䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䜔䚸(4b)䛻䛛䛛䜟䜛ไ⣙䛜⤫ㄒⓗ䛺ไ⣙䛷䛒䜛䛾䛛䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿ព࿡ⓗ䞉㡢㡩ⓗ䛺ไ⣙䛷䛒䜛䛾䛛䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛻㛵䛧䛶䛿䚸㠀ᖖ䛻ከ䛟䛾⌮ㄽⓗ◊✲䛜䛩䛷䛻䛺䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䚸ᵝ䚻䛺䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䛜ᥦ᱌䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䠄౛䛘䜀䚸Richards 2008 䛻䜘䜛せ⣙䜢ཧ↷䠅䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸(4b)䛾㠀ᩥἲᛶ䜢┤᥋ⓗ䛻♧၀䛧䛶䛟䜜䜛䜘䛖䛺ゝㄒ⤒㦂䛜඲䛶䛾ᗂඣ䛻ᚲ䛪ᡭ䛻ධ䜛䛸䛿⪃䛘䛻䛟䛔䛣䛸䜢⪃៖䛩䜛䛸䚸(4b)䜢㠀ᩥ䛸䛩䜛ไ⣙䛿䚸UG 䛾ᒓᛶ䜢཯ᫎ䛧䛯䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜㧗䛔䚹䜒䛧䛭䛖䛷䛒䜛䛺䜙䜀䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛ᗂඣ䛾ᣢ䛴ゝㄒ▱㆑䛿䚸ほᐹ䛧䛖䜛᭱ึᮇ䛛䜙䚸䛣䛾ไ⣙䛻ᚑ䛖య⣔䛻䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛜ண 䛥䜜䜛䚹
㻌 Otsu (2007)䛿䚸䛣䛾ண 䛾ጇᙜᛶ䜢ㄪ䜉䜛䛯䜑䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛 3 ṓඣ 20 ྡ䞉4 ṓඣ 20 ྡ䜢ᑐ㇟䛸䛧䛯ᐇ㦂ㄪᰝ䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹ᐇ㦂䛾୍䛴䛷䛿䚸䜎䛪䚸䝆䝵䞁䛸䛔䛖ேᙧ䜢ᑟධ䛧䚸ᗂඣ䛻䛿䛂䝆䝵䞁䛜᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ຮᙉ୰䛷䚸䛹䜜䛟䜙䛔᪥ᮏㄒ䛜䜟䛛䜛䜘䛖䛻䛺䛳䛯䛛ㄪ䜉䛯䛔䛾䛷䚸ᡭఏ䛳䛶䜋䛧䛔䛃䛸䛔䛖᪨䛾ㄝ᫂䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹䛭䛾ㄝ᫂䛾ᚋ䛻䚸ᐇ㦂⪅䛜䚸ᗂඣ䛸䝆䝵䞁䛻䛚ヰ䜢⪺䛛䛫䚸䛚ヰ䛾ᚋ䛻䚸ᐇ㦂⪅䛜䝆䝵䞁䛻㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛔䚸䝆䝵䞁䛜㉁ၥ䛻⟅䛘䛯䚹ᗂඣ䛜⾜䛖䜉䛝సᴗ䛿䚸䝆䝵䞁䛾⟅䛘䛭䜜䛮䜜䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸䛂㐺ษ䛃䛺䜒䛾䛷䛒䛳䛯䛛䛹䛖䛛䜢ุ᩿䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹䠄䛺䛚䚸⏝䛔䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛᪉ἲ䛿䚸
Crain & Thornton (1998)䛺䛹䛷㆟ㄽ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛┿ഇ್ุ᩿ἲ(truth-value judgment task)䛻㏆䛔䛜䚸ᐇ㝿䛻ᗂඣ䛜ุ᩿䜢ồ䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䛾䛿䝆䝵䞁䛾⟅䛘䛾ෆᐜ䛾䛂┿ഇ䛃(truth)䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䝆䝵䞁䛾⟅䛘䛾ᙧᘧ䛾䛂㐺ษ䛥䛃(appropriateness)䛷䛒䜛䛯䜑䚸ⱝᖸ᪉ἲ䛜␗䛺䜛䚹䛣䛾Ⅼ䛿䚸ḟ⠇䛷㏙䜉䜛ᡃ䚻䛾ᐇ㦂䛻䜒ᙜ䛶䛿䜎䜛䚹䠅ᐇ㝿䛻⏝䛔䜙䜜䛯䛚ヰ䛾୍䛴䛿䚸(5)䛻䛒䜛㏻䜚䛷䛒䜛䚹㻌 䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺䛚ヰ䛾ᚋ䛻䚸(6)䛾䜘䛖䛺㉁ၥ䛸䚸䛭䜜䛻ᑐ䛩䜛䝆䝵䞁䛾⟅䛘䛜ᗂඣ䛻ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯䚹(5)䛚ヰ䠖ኴ㑻ྩ䛸ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛜䛺䛛䜘䛟䝔䝺䝡䛷䝗䝷䛘䜒䜣䜢ぢ䛶䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛭䛣䜈䚸䛚䛛䛒䛥䜣䛜䛚䛛䛧䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䛝䛶䛟䜜䜎䛧䛯䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸ኴ㑻ྩ䛻䛂ኴ㑻䛿䛰䜜䛜ዲ䛝䛺䛾?䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹ኴ㑻ྩ䛿䛂䜒䛱䜝䜣䚸䝗䝷䛘䜒䜣䛥䛃䛸⟅䛘䜎䛧䛯䚹䛚䛛䛒䛥䜣䛿ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛻䜒㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌䛂ⰼᏊ䛿䛰䜜䛜ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛿䜋䜣䛸䛖䛿䛾䜃ኴྩ䛜ዲ䛝䛺䛾䛷䛩䛜䚸䛱䜗䛳䛸䛿䛪䛛䛧䛛䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛂䜂䜏䛴䛃䛸⟅䛘䜎䛧䛯䚹- 106 -

日本語における wh 島制約の獲得：予備的研究（杉崎

(6)

鉱司、村杉

恵子）

a.

䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛿ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛻[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛛]⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䛛䠛㻌䝆䝵䞁䠖䛿䛔䚹b.

ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛿[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛛]ゝ䛔䜎䛧䛯䛛䠛㻌䝆䝵䞁䠖*䛿䛔䚹

c.

䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛿ኴ㑻ྩ䛻䜒[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛛]⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䛛䠛㻌䝆䝵䞁䠖䛿䛔䚹d.

ኴ㑻ྩ䛿[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛸]ゝ䛔䜎䛧䛯䛛䚹䝆䝵䞁䠖*䛿䛔䚹

㻌 (5)䛾䜘䛖䛺䛚ヰ䛚䜘䜃(6)䛾䜘䛖䛺㉁ၥ䜢 2 ✀㢮ᥦ♧䛧䚸䛭䜜䛻䜘䜚ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䛿䚸(7)䛾⾲䛾䛸䛚䜚䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹
(7)

Otsu (2007)䛾ᐇ㦂⤖ᯝ
㉁ၥ䛾✀㢮

ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘

ṇ⟅ᩘཬ䜃ṇ⟅⋡䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛿ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛻[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛛]⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䛛䠛䛿䛔

80 / 80 (100%)ⰼᏊ䛥䜣䛿[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛛]ゝ䛔䜎䛧䛯䛛䠛*䛿䛔

80 / 80 (100%)䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛿ኴ㑻ྩ䛻䜒[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛛]⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䛛䠛䛿䛔

80 / 80 (100%)ኴ㑻ྩ䛿[ㄡ䛜ዲ䛝䛸]ゝ䛔䜎䛧䛯䛛䚹*䛿䛔

74 / 80 (92%)

㻌 Otsu (2007)䛿䚸ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䛛䜙䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛ᗂඣ䛿ᇙ䜑㎸䜏ᩥ䛜䛂䛸䛃䛷ᑟ䛛䜜䛶䛔䜛䛛䛂䛛䛃䛷ᑟ䛛䜜䛶䛔䜛䛛䛻䜘䛳䛶 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛷䛒䜛䛛 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛷䛒䜛䛛䜢༊ู䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䚸䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾ຠᯝ䛻㛵䛩䜛▱㆑䜢ᣢ䛴䛸⤖ㄽ௜䛡䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌 Otsu (2007)䛾ᐇ㦂䛿䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾⋓ᚓ䜢ㄪᰝ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ䛻䛚䛡䜛
UG 䛾㛵୚䜢ᐇドⓗ䛻♧䛭䛖䛸䛧䛯Ⅼ䛷䚸኱ኚ౯್䛾䛒䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸ᑟ䛛䜜䛯⤖ㄽ䛻↷䜙䛩䛸䚸䛭䛾ᐇ㦂᪉ἲ䛻䛿㔜኱䛺ၥ㢟䛜₯䜣䛷䛔䜛䛸ゝ䜟䛦䜛䜢ᚓ䛺䛔䚹(4b)䛻♧䛧䛯㏻䜚䠄௨ୗ䛻(8b)䛸
䛧䛶෌ᥖ䠅䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛿䚸䛂䛛䛹䛖䛛䛃䛾䜘䛖䛺␲ၥᩥ䜢♧䛩ᶆ㆑䛷ᑟ䛛䜜䛯⠇䛾୰䛻䛒䜛 wh ྃ䛜䚸䛂䛛䛹䛖䛛䛃䜢㉸䛘䛶୺⠇䜢స⏝ᇦ䛸䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䛺䛔䚸䛸䛔䛖ຠᯝ䜢⏕䜏ฟ䛩䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹ྠᵝ䛻䚸(9b)䛻♧䛩䜘䛖䛻ᇙ䜑㎸䜏ᩥ䛜䛂䛛䛃䛷ᑟ䛛䜜䛶䛔䜛ሙྜ䛻䛿䚸wh ྃ䛿ᇙ䜑㎸䜏⠇ෆ䛾䛂䛛䛃䛸⤖䜃䛴䛝䚸䛭䜜䜢㉸䛘䛶୺⠇䜢స⏝ᇦ䛸䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿䛷䛝䛺䛔䛯䜑䚸(9b)䛿 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛥䜜䜛䚹䠄ㄯヰ䛾≧ἣ䛻䜘䛳䛶䛿䚸(9b)䛻ᑐ䛧䚸䛂ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹䝸䞁䝂䛰䜘䚹䛃䛾䜘䛖䛺ᙧ䛷䚸wh ྃ䛻┦ᙜ䛩䜛᝟ሗ䜢䚸䛂䛿䛔/䛔䛔䛘䛃䛾⟅䛘䛻㏣ຍ䛧䛶౪⤥䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䛜䚸䛭䛾ᮏ㉁ⓗ䛺ゎ㔘䛿 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛻㝈ᐃ䛥䜜䜛䚹䠅(8)a.

䝆䝵䞁䛿[䝯䜰䝸䞊䛜ఱ䜢㈙䛳䛯䛸]ᛮ䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䠛b. * 䝆䝵䞁䛿[䝯䜰䝸䞊䛜ఱ䜢㈙䛳䛯䛛䛹䛖䛛]▱䜚䛯䛜䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䠛(9)a.

䝆䝵䞁䛿[䝯䜰䝸䞊䛜ఱ䜢㈙䛳䛯䛸]䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛾䠛b.

䝆䝵䞁䛿[䝯䜰䝸䞊䛜ఱ䜢㈙䛳䛯䛛]䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛾䠛㻌 䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䚸ᗂඣ䛾ゝㄒ▱㆑䛾୰䛻 wh ᓥไ⣙䜢཯ᫎ䛧䛯▱㆑䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢♧䛩䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛜(9b)䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸䠄䛭䛾ᮏ㉁ⓗ䛺ゎ㔘䛸䛧䛶䠅wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶䛾ゎ㔘䜢チᐜ䛧䛺䛔䚸䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䜢♧䛥䛽䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䚹୍᪉䛷䚸Otsu (2007)䛾◊✲䛜➃ⓗ䛻♧䛧䛯Ⅼ䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛜(9a)䛾䜘䛖䛺䛂䛸䛃䛷ᑟ䛛䜜䛯ᇙ䜑㎸䜏⠇䜢క䛳䛯 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶䛾ゎ㔘䜢チᐜ䛧䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛾䜏䛷䛒- 107 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

䜚䚸䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶ᗂඣ䛜 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾▱㆑䜢ᣢ䛴䛛ྰ䛛䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛻㛵䛧䛶䛿䚸⟅䛘䜢୚䛘䛶䛔䛺䛔䛣䛸䛻䛺䜛䚹㻌 ḟ⠇䛷ሗ࿌䛩䜛ணഛⓗᐇ㦂䛿䚸Otsu (2007)䛾ᐇ㦂◊✲䛾ၥ㢟Ⅼ䜢㋃䜎䛘䚸䛭䜜䜢ᨵၿ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䜘䜚䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛ᗂඣ䛜 wh ᓥไ⣙䛻㛵䛩䜛▱㆑䜢ᣢ䛴䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛᫂♧ⓗ䛺ドᣐ䜢୚䛘䜛䛣䛸䜢┠ⓗ䛸䛧䛯䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹
3.

᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾⋓ᚓ䠖᪂䛯䛺ᐇ㦂㻌 ᡃ䚻䛾᪂䛯䛺ᐇ㦂䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛ᗂඣ 28 ྡ䠄3 ṓඣ 4 ྡ䚸4 ṓඣ 17 ྡ䚸5 ṓඣ
7 ྡ䠗ᖺ㱋⠊ᅖ䛿 3 ṓ 9 䛛᭶䛛䜙 5 ṓ 5 䛛᭶䛷䚸ᖹᆒᖺ㱋䛿 4 ṓ 7 䛛᭶䠅䛻ᑐ䛧䛶ணഛⓗㄪᰝ䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹ᐇ㦂᪉ἲ䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛻㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛖᪉ἲ(Question after Story)䛸䚸ᗂඣ䛻⟅䛘䛾㐺ษ䛥䜢ၥ䛖ุ᩿ἲ(Appropriateness Judgment Task)䜢⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫䜛᪉ἲ䜢⏝䛔䛯䚹䜎䛪䚸Otsu (2007)䛾ᐇ㦂䛸ྠᵝ䛻䚸ேᙧ䠄ᡃ䚻䛾ᐇ㦂䛷䛿䚸ᜍ❳䛾ேᙧ䠅䜢ᗂඣ䛻⤂௓䛧䚸䛂ᜍ❳䛥䜣䛿䜎䛰᪥ᮏㄒ䛜ୖᡭ䛷䛿䛺䛔䛾䛷䚸㉁ၥ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛⟅䛘䜢㛫㐪䛘䛯䜙ᩍ䛘䛶䛒䛢䛶䜋䛧䛔䛃᪨䜢ఏ䛘䛯䚹ᐇ㦂䛷䛿䚸෗┿䜢ぢ䛫䛺䛜䜙䚸௨ୗ䛾䜘䛖䛺䛚ヰ䜢ᗂඣ䛻୚䛘䛯䚹
(10)

䛚ヰ䠖

௒᪥䛿䚸䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛜䝌䜴䛥䜣䛾䛚䛖䛱䛻㐟䜃䛻᮶䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹䝔䞊䝤䝹䛾ୖ䛻䚸䛚䜔䛴䛾䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䛸ᯝ≀䛜䛒䛳䛯䛡䛹䚸2 ே䛿୍⥴䛻ᯝ≀䜢㣗䜉䜛䛣䛸䛻䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛻䛂ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿䛂䜲䝏䝂䟿䛃䛸⟅䛘䜎䛧䛯䚹䛭䛣䜈䚸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛾䛚∗䛥䜣䛜䛚௙஦䛛䜙ᖐ䛳䛶䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䛚∗䛥䜣䛿䚸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻䛂ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䛱䜗䛳䛸᜝䛪䛛䛧䛛䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛺䛔䛧䜗䛻䛧䜘䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛷䜒䚸䛚䜏䜔䛢䛻㟁㌴䛾䛚䜒䛱䜓䜢䜒䜙䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛂䜆䛹䛖䟿䛃䛸ᩍ䛘䛶䛒䛢䜎䛧䛯䚹

䐟

䐠

䐢

䐣

- 108 -

䐡

日本語における wh 島制約の獲得：予備的研究（杉崎

鉱司、村杉

恵子）

(10)䛾䜘䛖䛺䛚ヰ䛾ᚋ䛻䚸(11)䛾䜘䛖䛺㉁ၥ䜢䚸ᗂඣ䛸ᜍ❳䛾ேᙧ䛾୧᪉䛻ᑐ䛧䛶⾜䛳䛯䚹ᡭ㡰䛸䛧䛶䛿䚸ྛ㉁ၥ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸䜎䛪ᗂඣ䛻⟅䛘䜢ồ䜑䛯䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸ྛ㉁ၥ䛤䛸䛻䚸ᗂඣ䛜⟅䛘䛯ᚋ䛻䚸ᜍ❳䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒ྠ䛨㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛔䚸䛭䛾㉁ၥ䛻ᜍ❳䛜⟅䛘䛯䚹ᗂඣ䛻䛿䚸⮬䜙䛻ᑐ䛩䜛㉁ၥ䛻⟅䛘䜛䛣䛸䛻ຍ䛘䛶䚸䛭䛾ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䛜㐺ษ䛷䛒䛳䛯䛛䛹䛖䛛䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ᜍ❳䛜ᡭ䛻䛧䛶䛔䜛䕿䞉㽢䛾⣬䜢ᣦ䛧♧䛩䛣䛸䛻䜘䜚ุ᩿䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䛯䚹඾ᆺⓗ䛺఍ヰ䛿䚸(12)䛾䜘䛖䛻⾜䜟䜜䛯䚹(11) ㉁ၥ䛾౛䠖a.

䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䜢㣗䜉䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䠖 䛖䜣䚸㣗䜉䛯䜘䚹䠅b.

䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䠖䜲䝏䝂䛰䜘䚹䠅c.

䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䠖䜆䛹䛖䛰䜘䚹䠅(12)඾ᆺⓗ䛺఍ヰ䠖ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䠄䛚ヰ䜢䛧䛯ᚋ䛻䠅௒䛾䛚ヰ䜟䛛䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛨䜓䛒䜎䛪䛯䛟䛱䜓䜣䠄ᗂඣ䛾ྡ๓䠅䛻⪺䛟䜘䚹䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䜢㣗䜉䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖㣗䜉䛶䛺䛔䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䛨䜓䛒䚸ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛻䜒⪺䛔䛶䜏䜛䛽䚹ᜍ❳䛟䜣䚸䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䜢㣗䜉䛯䛛䛺䠛ᜍ❳䠖䛖䜣䚸㣗䜉䛯䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛾⟅䛘䚸ྜ䛳䛶䛯䛛䛺䚸ኚ䛰䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䠄㽢䜢ᣦ䛥䛩䚹䠅

ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䜘䛟䛷䛝䛯䛽䚹䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸䛯䛟䛱䜓䜣䛻⪺䛟䜘䚹䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛

ᗂඣ䠖

䜲䝏䝂䚹

ᐇ㦂⪅䠖

䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛻䜒⪺䛔䛶䜏䜛䛽䚹ᜍ❳䛟䜣䚸䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᜍ❳䠖䜲䝏䝂䛰䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛾⟅䛘䚸ྜ䛳䛶䛯䛛䛺䚸ኚ䛰䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䠄䕿䜢ᣦ䛥䛩䚹䠅

ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䜘䛟䛷䛝䛯䛽䚹䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸䛯䛟䛱䜓䜣䛻⪺䛟䜘䚹䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䛖䜣䚸ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹

ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛻䜒⪺䛔䛶䜏䜛䛽䚹ᜍ❳䛟䜣䚸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᜍ❳䠖䜆䛹䛖䛰䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛾⟅䛘䚸ྜ䛳䛶䛯䛛䛺䚸ኚ䛰䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䠄㽢䜢ᣦ䛥䛩䚹䠅

- 109 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

㻌 䛣䛾䜘䛖䛻䚸ᗂඣ䛻㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛖᪉ἲ(Question after Story)䛸䚸ᗂඣ䛻⟅䛘䛾㐺ษ䛥䜢ၥ䛖ุ᩿ἲ
(Appropriateness Judgment Task)䛾 2 ✀㢮䜢⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫䛯⌮⏤䛿䚸௨ୗ䛾㏻䜚䛷䛒䜛䚹๓⠇䛷䜒㏙䜉
䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸(11c)䛾䜘䛖䛺␲ၥᩥ䛿䚸ㄯヰ䛾≧ἣ䛻䜘䛳䛶䛿䚸䛂䛖䜣䚸ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹䜆䛹䛖䛰䜘䚹䛃䛾䜘䛖䛻䚸wh ྃ䛻┦ᙜ䛩䜛᝟ሗ䜢䚸䛂䛿䛔/䛔䛔䛘䛃䛾⟅䛘䛻㏣ຍ䛧䛶౪⤥䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䚹䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䚸ᗂඣ䛻㐺ษᛶ䛾ุ᩿䛰䛡䜢ồ䜑䛶䛧䜎䛖䛸䚸(11c)䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䛜䛂㐺ษ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖཯ᛂ䛜ᗂඣ䛛䜙㏉䛳䛶䛝䛯㝿䚸䛭䜜䛜(i)୚䛘䜙䜜䛯␲ၥᩥ䜢 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛯䜑䛺䛾䛛䚸䛭䜜䛸䜒(ii)䛂䛖䜣䚸ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹䜆䛹䛖䛰䜘䚹䛃䛾䜘䛖䛺⟅䛘䛾ྍ⬟ᛶ䛻↷䜙䛧䛶䛂㐺ษ䛃䛸ุ᩿䛧䛯䛾䛛䛾༊ู䜢䛴䛡䜛䛣䛸䛜㞴䛧䛔䚹䛭䛾䛯䜑䚸ྛ㉁ၥ䜢䜎䛪ᗂඣ䛻ᑜ䛽䚸䛭䛾⟅䛘䜢☜ㄆ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸ᗂඣ䛜୚䛘䜙䜜䛯␲ၥᩥ䜢 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛾䛛 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛸ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛾䛛䜢☜ㄆ䛧䛯ୖ䛷䚸ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛾䛂㐺ษ䛥䛃䜢ุ᩿䛥䛫䜛䛣䛸䛸䛧䛯䚹㻌 ᐇ㦂䛿䚸(10)䛾䜘䛖䛺䛚ヰ䛧 2 䛴䛸䚸䝣䜱䝷䞊䛸䛧䛶䛾䛚ヰ䛧 2 䛴䛾ィ 4 䛴䛛䜙ᵓᡂ䛥䜜䛯䚹䛚ヰ䛾ᥦ♧㡰䞉่⃭ᩥ䛾ᥦ♧㡰䛿䛭䜜䛮䜜 2 ✀㢮⏝ព䛥䜜䛯䚹ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䛿௨ୗ䛾㏻䜚䛷䛒䜛䚹
(13)

ᐇ㦂⤖ᯝ䠖
(11a)䛾䜘䛖䛺(11b)䛾䜘䛖䛺(11c)䛾䜘䛖䛺⦎⩦ၥ㢟䛂䡚䛸䡚䛛䛃ᩥ䛂䡚䛛䡚䛛䛃ᩥ

ᗂඣ䛾⟅䛘

㐺ษᛶุ᩿

ᗂඣ䛾⟅䛘

㐺ษᛶุ᩿

ᗂඣ䛾⟅䛘

㐺ษᛶุ᩿

ṇ⟅ᩘ

55/56

55/56

54/56

54/56

47/56

46/56

ṇ⟅ᩘ

98.2

98.2

96.4

96.4

83.9

82.1

㻌 ୖグ䛾⤖ᯝ䛜♧䛩㏻䜚䚸ᗂඣ䛿䚸(11c)䛾䜘䛖䛺ᇙ䜑㎸䜏ᩥ䛜䛂䛛䛃䛷ᑟ䛛䜜䛶䛔䜛ᩥ䛻ᑐ䛧䚸
83.9䠂䛸䛔䛖㧗䛔๭ྜ䛷䚸yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛶⟅䛘䜢୚䛘䚸ྠᵝ䛻 82.1䠂䛸䛔䛖㧗䛔๭ྜ䛷wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛯ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛻ᑐ䛧䛂୙㐺ษ䛃䛸䛔䛖ุ᩿䜢ୗ䛩䚸䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛜ศ䛛䛳䛯䚹4 ྡ䛾ᗂඣ䛛䜙䚸䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺䛂䡚䛛䡚䛛䛃ᩥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸୍㈏䛧䛶䚸wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛛䛾䜘䛖䛺཯ᛂ䠄䛂䜆䛹䛖䚹䛃䠅䛜㏉䛳䛶䛟䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸䛭䛾䜘䛖䛺ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒䛂㐺ษ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸䛾཯ᛂ䛜ᚓ䜙䜜䛯䚹䜎䛯䚸1 ྡ䛾ᗂඣ䛛䜙䛿䚸䛂䡚䛸䡚䛛䛃ᩥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸୍㈏䛧䛶 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛛䛾䜘䛖䛺཯ᛂ䠄䛂䛖䜣䚸ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹䛃䠅䛜㏉䛳䛶䛟䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸ேᙧ䛾䛂䜲䝏䝂䛰䜘䚹䛃䛾⟅䛘䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒䛂୙㐺ษ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸䛾཯ᛂ䛜ᚓ䜙䜜䛯䚹䛣䛾Ⅼ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿ḟ⠇䛷⡆༢䛻㆟ㄽ䛩䜛䛜䚸ᗂඣ䛛䜙ᚓ䜙䜜䛯኱㒊ศ䛾཯ᛂ䛜 wh ᓥไ⣙䛻ᚑ䛳䛯཯ᛂ䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖Ⓨぢ䛜ᙅ䜑䜙䜜䜛䜟䛡䛷䛿䛺䛔䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹
4.

䛂ㄗ⟅䛃䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ศᯒ௨ୖ䚸ᮏㄽᩥ䛷䛿䚸ᬑ㐢ᩥἲ䜢཯ᫎ䛧䛯ᒓᛶ䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾▱㆑䛜䚸ほᐹ䛧䛖䜛᭱ึᮇ䛛䜙ᗂඣ䛾ゝㄒ▱㆑䛻ྵ䜎䜜䛶䛔䜛䛛ྰ䛛䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ணഛⓗ䛺ᐇ㦂ㄪᰝ䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䚸
Otsu㻌 (2007)䛻䜘䜛ඛ⾜◊✲䛜䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛ᗂඣ䛻 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾▱㆑䛜䛒䜛䛛䛹䛖䛛䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛻┤᥋⟅䛘䜛ᐇ㦂䝕䝄䜲䞁䛻䛿䛺䛳䛶䛔䛺䛔Ⅼ䛻╔┠䛧䚸䛭䛾Ⅼ䜢ᨵၿ䛧䛯ㄪᰝ䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹ᮏ◊✲䛿䚸⋓ᚓ◊✲䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸ㄪ䜉䜘䛖䛸䛧䛶䛔䜛⌮ㄽⓗᛶ㉁䛾ᮏ㉁䜢ṇ䛧䛟ㄆ㆑䛩䜛䛣䛸䛾ᚲせᛶ䜢

- 110 -

日本語における wh 島制約の獲得：予備的研究（杉崎

鉱司、村杉

恵子）

♧၀䛧䛯䜒䛾䛸ゎ㔘䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䚹ᮏᐇ㦂䛾ㄪᰝ᪉ἲ䛿䚸ᮏ㉁ⓗ䛻䛿䛂Question after Story䛃䛷䚸඲䛶䛾㉁ၥ䛻㛵䛧䛶䚸䜎䛪ᗂඣ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛔䚸ᗂඣ䛿㉁ၥ䛻ᅇ⟅䛩䜛䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸ᗂඣ䛜⟅䛘䛯ᚋ䛻䚸䛥䜙䛻ᜍ❳䛾ேᙧ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒ྠ䛨㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛔䚸ᗂඣ䛿䛭䛾ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛻ุ᩿䜢୚䛘䜛䚹䛧䛯䛜䛳䛶䚸㏻ᖖ䛾┿ഇ್ุ᩿ἲ
(truth-value judgment㻌 task)䛸䛿␗䛺䜚䚸㐃⥆䛧䛶ุ᩿䛾䜏䜢⾜䛖䜟䛡䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸ุ᩿䜢⾜䛖๓䛻䚸ᚲ䛪୚䛘䜙䜜䛯㉁ၥ䠄yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛒䜛䛔䛿 wh ␲ၥᩥ䠅䛻⮬䜙䛜⟅䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䜛䛸䛔䛖≉ᚩ䛜䛒䜛䚹௒ᅇ䛾ㄪᰝ䛾⤖ᯝ䚸ㄪᰝ䛻ཧຍ䛧䛯ᗂඣ㐩䛾䛖䛱䚸䜋䜌኱ከᩘ䛾཯ᛂ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸ᮏᐇ㦂䛾୺せ䛺ᩥ䛸䛺䜛䛂䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛃䛸䛔䛖㉁ၥ䛻ᑐ䛧䚸ᗂඣ䛿䚸䠄኱ே䛸ྠᵝ䛻ṇ䛧䛟䠅䛂䛖䜣䚸ゝ䛳䛯䜘䛃䛸⟅䛘䚸ேᙧ䛾䛂䜆䛹䛖䛃䛸䛔䛖⟅䛘䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䠄኱ே䛸ྠᵝ䛻ṇ䛧䛟䠅䛂୙㐺ษ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸ุ᩿䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹ඛ䛻㏙䜉䛯䜘䛖䛻௒ᅇ䛾ᐇ㦂䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸䜎䛪ᗂඣ䛛䜙⟅䛘䜢ᘬ䛝䛰䛧䚸ḟ䛻ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸䛭䜜䛜㐺ษ䛺⟅䛘䛷䛒䜛䛛䛹䛖䛛䛻䛴䛔䛶䜒ุ᩿䛥䛫䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸䛣䛾ᐇ㦂⤖ᯝ䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛾▱㆑䜢஧㔜䛻☜䛛䜑䛴䛴ᘬ䛝ฟ䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸ᴟ䜑䛶ṇ☜䛺䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛘䜘䛖䚹ᮏᐇ㦂䛷ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䛿䚸Otsu (2007)䛻䜘䜛ඛ⾜◊✲䜘䜚䛿䛿䜛䛛䛻ㄝᚓຊ䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䚸ᗂඣ䛻 whᓥไ⣙䛾▱㆑䛜䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䜢♧䛩䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䛯䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹㻌 㻌 䛥䜙䛻䚸ᮏ◊✲䛾⤖ᯝ䛷䛿䚸ᑡᩘ䛾ᗂඣ䛛䜙䛷䛿䛒䜛䛜䚸⯆࿡῝䛔䛂ㄗ⟅䛃䛜䚸୍ᐃ䛾୍㈏ᛶ䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䚸」ᩘ䛾ᗂඣ䛛䜙ᚓ䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䛭䜜䛿䚸ୖグ䛾ᮏᐇ㦂䛾୺せ䛺ᩥ䛷䛒䜛䛂䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛃䛻ᑐ䛧䚸䠄䛂ㄗ䛳䛶䛃䠅䛂䜆䛹䛖䛃䛸Ꮚ䛹䜒䛜⟅䛘䚸ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛻䜒䛂䜆䛹䛖䛃䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒䠄䛂ㄗ䛳䛶䛃䠅㐺ษ䛷䛒䜛䛸ุ᩿䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䜎䛪䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛾Ⓨヰ䛸䛧䛶䚸ḟ䛻ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛾┿ഇ䛾ุ᩿䛸䛧䛶䚸஧㔜䛻♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸䛭䜜䛿䛂⌮⏤䛾䛒䜛ㄗ⟅䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸⪃䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸䛭䛾⤖ᯝ䛿䚸༢⣧䛻ุ᩿䛩䜛䛸䚸ᗂඣ䛜䛣䛾ᩥ䜢 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸䛧䛛䜒䚸wh ᓥไ⣙䛻㐪཯䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸䜒⪃䛘䜛䛣䛸䜒䛷䛝䛖䜛䚹㻌 㻌 䛧䛛䛧䚸ඛ䛻㏙䜉䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸኱ከᩘ䛾ᗂඣ䛜䚸௚䛾ሙྜ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿኱ே䛸ྠᵝ䛾ุ᩿䜢䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸䛛䛴䚸䛒䜛䜂䛸䛴䛾ᐇ㦂ᩥ䛺䜙䜃䛻ᩥ⬦ᥦ♧䛾䛸䛝䛾䜏䛻୍㈏䛧䛶ほᐹ䛥䜜䜛䚹䛣䛾䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸䛣䜜䛜䛔䜟䜖䜛ᩥἲ▱㆑䛭䛾䜒䛾䛻㛵䜟䜛ၥ㢟䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䛣䛾䛂ㄗ⟅䛃䛜䚸┿ഇ್ุ᩿ἲ䛾ᐇ㦂ᡭἲ䛻䛒䜛₯ᅾⓗၥ㢟䛻㛵䜟䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢ᣦ᦬䛧䛯䛔䚹ၥ㢟䛸䛺䛳䛯ᐇ㦂ᩥ䛸䛭䛾ᩥ⬦ᥦ♧䜢ྵ䜐䝉䝑䝖䜢෌ᗘ䜏䛶䜏䜘䛖䚹(13)඾ᆺⓗ䛺఍ヰ䠖 䛂ㄗ⟅䛃䛾ሙྜᐇ㦂⪅䠖䠄䛚ヰ䜢䛧䛯ᚋ䛻䠅௒䛾䛚ヰ䜟䛛䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛨䜓䛒䜎䛪䛯䛟䛱䜓䜣䠄ᗂඣ䛾ྡ๓䠅䛻⪺䛟䜘䚹䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䜢㣗䜉䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖㣗䜉䛶䛺䛔䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䛨䜓䛒䚸ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛻䜒⪺䛔䛶䜏䜛䛽䚹ᜍ❳䛟䜣䚸䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䜢㣗䜉䛯䛛䛺䠛ᜍ❳䠖䛖䜣䚸㣗䜉䛯䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛾⟅䛘䚸ྜ䛳䛶䛯䛛䛺䚸ኚ䛰䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䠄㽢䜢ᣦ䛥䛩䚹䠅

- 111 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䜘䛟䛷䛝䛯䛽䚹䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸䛯䛟䛱䜓䜣䛻⪺䛟䜘䚹䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛

ᗂඣ䠖

䜲䝏䝂䚹

ᐇ㦂⪅䠖

䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛻䜒⪺䛔䛶䜏䜛䛽䚹ᜍ❳䛟䜣䚸䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᜍ❳䠖䜲䝏䝂䛰䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛾⟅䛘䚸ྜ䛳䛶䛯䛛䛺䚸ኚ䛰䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䠄䕿䜢ᣦ䛥䛩䚹䠅

ᐇ㦂⪅䠖䜘䛟䛷䛝䛯䛽䚹䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸䛯䛟䛱䜓䜣䛻⪺䛟䜘䚹䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛

ᗂඣ䠖

䜆䛹䛖䚹

ᐇ㦂⪅䠖

䛨䜓䛒䜎䛯䚸ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛻䜒⪺䛔䛶䜏䜛䛽䚹ᜍ❳䛟䜣䚸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᜍ❳䠖䜆䛹䛖䛰䜘䚹ᐇ㦂⪅䠖ᜍ❳䛟䜣䛾⟅䛘䚸ྜ䛳䛶䛯䛛䛺䚸ኚ䛰䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛ᗂඣ䠖䠄䕿䜢ᣦ䛥䛩䚹䠅

ᐇ䛿䚸䛣䛾୕䛴䛾㉁ၥ䛛䜙䛺䜛᭱ึ䛾஧䛴䛿䚸ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯䛚ヰ䛾ෆᐜ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ேᙧ䛜ṇ䛧䛟⌮ゎ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛛䜢ヨ䛩䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䛾䛸䛝䚸ᗂඣ䛻ุ᩿䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䛾䛿䚸ෆᐜ䛻㛵䛩䜛䛂┿ഇ䛃䛾ุ᩿䛷䛒䜛䚹䛸䛣䜝䛜䚸᭱ᚋ䛾୍䛴䛷ヨ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛾䛿䚸ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯㉁ၥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䛾ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛜䚸䛂⟅䛘䛾ᙧᘧ䛃䛸䛧䛶㐺ษ䛺䜒䛾䛛䛹䛖䛛䛷䛒䜛䚹䛩䛺䜟䛱஧䛴䛾䝍䜲䝥䛾㉁ၥ䚸䛂ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯ෆᐜ䛜䛸᛹⋇䛥䜣䛾⟅䛘䛜ෆᐜⓗ䛻୍⮴䛧䛶䛔䜛䛛䛃䛸䛂ேᙧ䛜 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䜢 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䛄䛿䛔/䛔䛔䛘䛅䛾䛔䛪䜜䛛䛷⟅䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䛛䛃䛜䚸䛣䛾㡰␒䛷ᗂඣ䛻୚䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹᭦䛻䚸䛣䛾䛸䛝䚸ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛸䛧䛶䛄ㄗ䛳䛶䛅♧䛥䜜䜛䛂䜆䛹䛖䛃䛿䚸䜎䛥䛻ᩥ⬦䛾୰䛷୚䛘䜙䜜䛯≧ἣ䛸ྜ⮴䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䛾䛚ヰ䛾୰䛷㣗䜉䜙䜜䛯䜒䛾䛿䚸䛂䜆䛹䛖䛃䛷䛒䜚䚸䛭䜜䛿ㄯヰୖ䚸ṇ䛧䛔ෆᐜ䛷䛒䜛䚹䛂䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿ఱ䛜ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛃䛾䜘䛖䛺ᩥ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛂䜆䛹䛖䛃䛾䜘䛖䛺⟅䛘䛿䚸ୖ
グ䛷䜒㏙䜉䛯㏻䜚䚸ᡂே䛾ㄯヰ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸yes 䛾⟅䛘䛻ᚋ⥆䛧䛶ฟ䛶䛟䜛䛣䛸䛜ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸඲䛟୙ྍ⬟䛸䛿ゝ䛘䛺䛔䚹䛭䛧䛶䚸」ᩘ䛾ᗂඣ䛜䚸䛣䛾≧ἣ䛾ୗ䛷䛾䜏䚸୕䛴┠䛾㉁ၥ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸๓䛾஧䛴䛾⟅䛘䛸ྠᵝ䛻䛚ヰ䛾ෆᐜ䛻㛵䛧䛶⟅䛘䚸䛭䛧䛶䚸䛭䛾⟅䛘䛿䚸ㄯヰୖ䚸㛫㐪䛔䛸䛿䛔䛘䛺䛔䜒䛾䜢㑅䜣䛷䛔䜛䚹ඛ䛻㏙䜉䛯䜘䛖䛻䚸䛣䜜䜙䛾⤖ᯝ䛜䚸ᗂඣ䛜䚸ᩥἲ▱㆑䛻ၥ㢟䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸䛿⪃䛘䛻䛟䛔䚹㻌 wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䜢ΰ஘䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔䛣䛸䛿䚸䝣䜱䝷䞊䠄filler䠅䛸䛧䛶୚䛘䛶䛔䜛ㄪᰝ䛛䜙䜒᫂䜙䛛䛷䛒䜛䚹౛䛘䜀䚸䛂䜹䝑䝟䛱䜓䜣䛿ఱ䜢ษ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛃䛸䛔䛖 wh ␲ၥᩥ䜢୚䛘䚸ᗂඣ䛻⟅䛘䛶䜒䜙䛳䛯ᚋ䛻䚸ேᙧ䛻䜒ྠ䛨㉁ၥ䜢⾜䛔䚸ேᙧ䛿䛂䛖䜣䚸㣗䜉䛯䜘䛃䛸⟅䛘䜛䚹䛣䛾ሙྜ䛻䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛻ุ᩿䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䛾䛿䚸䛂┿ഇ䛃䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䛂⟅䛘䛾ᙧᘧ䛃䛸䛺䛳䛶䛚䜚䚸䛭䜜䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿኱ே䛸ྠ䛨䜘䛖䛻䛂ṇ䛧䛟䛃⟅䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹
Nakayama (1996)䜢䛿䛨䜑䚸┿ഇ್ุ᩿ἲ䛿䚸ᗂඣ䛜䚸ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯ෆᐜ䛾┿ഇ䜢ุ᩿䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛛䚸ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯ᩥ䛾ᙧᘧ䛸䛭䛣䛷⪺䛛䜜䛯ᩥ䛾⟅䛘䛜ྜ⮴䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛛䜢ุ᩿䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛛䚸䛭䜜䜙- 112 -

日本語における wh 島制約の獲得：予備的研究（杉崎

鉱司、村杉

恵子）

䜢ศ䛡䛶ㄪᰝ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ᅔ㞴䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛜ᣦ᦬䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹௒ᅇ䛾ᐇ㦂䛷୍㈏䛧䛶ぢ䜙䜜䛯䛂ㄗ⟅䛃䜒䚸ᩥἲୖ䛾せᅉ䛻䜘䜛䜒䛾䛷䛺䛟䚸ᗂඣ䛜䚸ᐇ㦂ୖ䚸஧✀㢮䛾⟅䛘䛻䛴䛔䛶ุ᩿䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䠄䛩䛺䜟䛱᭱ึ䛾஧䛴䛿䚸ෆᐜ䛻䛴䛔䛶ṇ䛧䛔ྡモྃ䜢㑅ᢥ䛧䚸᭱ᚋ䛾୍䛴䛿䚸䛄ṇ⟅䛅䛸䛧䛶䛂䛿䛔䛃䛒䜛䛔䛿䛂䛔䛔䛘䛃䛸⟅䛘䜜䜀䜘䛔䠅䛣䛸䜢ព㆑䛧䛺䛔㝈䜚䚸䛭䜜䜎䛷䛾⟅䛘᪉䛸ྠ䛨䠄䛣䛾ሙྜ䛿୚䛘䜙䜜䛯䛚ヰ䛾ෆᐜ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾䠅䝍䜲䝥䛾ᙧᘧ䛷⟅䛘䚸ᗂඣ䛿୚䛘䜙䜜䛯ᩥ⬦䛸ㄯヰ䛻ᇶ䛵䛔䛶䛂ṇ䛧䛔䛃ෆᐜ䜢㑅䜆䛸⪃䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䚹䛣䛾䛣䛸䛿䚸௒ᅇ䛾ᐇ㦂⪅䛾ほᐹ䛸▩┪䛧䛺䛔䚹ᗂඣ䛾୰䛻䛿䚸䛂䡚䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䛃䛸䛔䛖䝍䜲䝥䛾ၥ䛔䛻ᑐ䛧䚸䛂ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹䜰䞁䝟䞁䝬䞁䚹䛃䛸䛔䛖⟅䛘䜢㏉䛩ሙྜ䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䜒ほᐹ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌␗䛺䜛䝍䜲䝥䛾ၥ㢟䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸๓䛾⟅䛘᪉䛸ྠ䛨⟅䛘᪉䜢䛧⥆䛡䜛䛾䛿䚸ືసἲ䠄Act-Out Task䠅䛷䛾“Bird in Hand Phenomenon”䛻䜒㏻䛪䜛䚹ᗂඣ䛾ഴྥ䛸䛧䛶䚸ᡭ䛻䜒䛳䛯䛚䜒䛱䜓䜢ᣢ䛱⥆䛡䜛ᐇ㦂ୖ䛾≉ᚩ䛾䜂䛸䛴䛿䚸┿ഇ್ุ᩿ἲ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䚸䛔䛳䛯䜣⟅䛘䜛᪉ἲ䜢Ỵ䜑䛯䜙䛭䜜䜢⥆䛡䚸ྠ䛨⟅䛘᪉䜢⥆䛡䛶䜒䚸ㄯヰୖ䚸༑ศ䛻䚸䛭䛾⟅䛘᪉䛷䜒䜘䛔䛸䛔䛖⠊ᅖ䛻䛒䜛䛾䛷䛒䜜䜀䚸ᗂඣ䛿䚸ุ᩿䛻⏝䛔䜛䝇䝨䞊䝇䜢ㄯヰ䜎䛷ᗈ䛢䚸⤖ᯝⓗ䛻䚸኱ே䛾ᩥἲ䛸䛧䛶䛿䛄ㄗ䛳䛯䛅⟅䛘䜢㑅䜆䚹䛂䛔䛔䛘䛃䠄No䠅䛸ุ᩿䛩䜛䛻༑ศ䛺ᮦᩱ䛜ᐇ㦂䛾ሙ䛻䛺䛡䜜䜀䚸ᗂඣ䛿䚸䛂䛿䛔䛃䠄Yes䠅䜢㑅䜆䛸䛩䜛 Plausible Denial/ Plausible Dissent (Murasugi, 1988; Crain and Thornton 1998)䛾ᮏ㉁䛿䚸䛣䛣䛻䜒䜏䜙䜜䜛䛸䛔䛘䜘䛖䚹ᩥᏐ㏻䜚䛂䛿䛔䛃䛂䛔䛔䛘䛃䛷⟅䛘䛂䜜䜀䛔䛔䛃䛸䛣䜝䜢䚸๓䛾⟅䛘᪉䜢䜂䛝䛪䛳䛶䚸ྠ䛨⟅䛘᪉䛷ㄯヰୖྍ⬟䛺ᗈ䛔⠊ᅖ䛾୰䛛䜙⟅䛘䜢㑅䜆≉ᚩ䛿䚸Plausible Ascent 䛸䛷䜒⛠䛥䜜䜛䜒䛾䛛䜒䛧䜜䛺࠸ࠋ5.

䜎䛸䜑㻌 ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛ᗂඣ䛜䚸wh ᓥไ⣙䛾ຠᯝ䛻㛵䛩䜛▱㆑䜢ᣢ䛴䛛ྰ䛛䛻㛵䛩䜛᪂䛯䛺ᐇ㦂ㄪᰝ䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹ඛ⾜◊✲䛷䛒䜛 Otsu (2007)䛾ၥ㢟Ⅼ䜢ᣦ᦬䛧䛯ୖ䛷䚸䛭䜜䜢ᨵၿ䛧䛯ணഛⓗᐇ㦂䛾⤖ᯝ䜢ሗ࿌䛧䛯䚹ᮏ◊✲䛷ᚓ䜙䜜䛯⤖ᯝ䛿䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛 3䠉5 ṓඣ䛾୰䛻䚸䛩䛷䛻 wh ᓥไ⣙䛾ຠᯝ䛻㛵䛩䜛▱㆑䛜Ꮡᅾ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䜢♧၀䛩䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹᪥ᮏㄒ䛻䛚䛡䜛 wh ᓥไ⣙䛜䚸UG 䛾ᒓᛶ䛛䜙ᑟ䛛䜜䜛䛾䛷䛒䜜䜀䚸ᮏ◊✲䛾⤖ᯝ䛿䚸ẕㄒ⋓ᚓ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛 UG 䛾㛵୚䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ䛛䜙䛾᪂䛯䛺ᨭᣢ䜢୚䛘䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜝䛖䚹

1. ௒ᅇ䛾ணഛⓗᐇ㦂䛷䛿䚸䛂䡚䛛䡚䛛䛃ᩥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸୍㈏䛧䛶䚸wh ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛛䛾䜘䛖䛺཯ᛂ䠄䛂䜆䛹䛖䚹䛃䠅䛜㏉䛳䛶䛟䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸䛭䛾䜘䛖䛺ேᙧ䛾⟅䛘䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒䛂㐺ษ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸䛾཯ᛂ䛜ᩘྡ䛛䜙ほᐹ䛥䜜䚸䜎䛯䛂䡚䛸䡚䛛䛃ᩥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸୍㈏䛧䛶 yes/no ␲ၥᩥ䛸䛧䛶ゎ㔘䛧䛯䛛䛾䜘䛖䛺཯ᛂ䠄䛂䛖䜣䚸ゝ䛳䛯䜘䚹䛃䠅䛜㏉䛳䛶䛟䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸ேᙧ䛾䛂䜲䝏䝂䛰䜘䚹䛃䛾⟅䛘䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䜒䛂୙㐺ษ䛃䛷䛒䜛䛸䛾཯ᛂ䜒 1 ྡ䛛䜙ᚓ䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䜜䜙䛾཯ᛂ䛜䚸ᐇ㦂ୖ䛾ၥ㢟䛻䜘䜛䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛾䛛䚸䛭䜜䛸䜒ᗂඣ䛾ゝㄒ▱㆑䛛䜙⏕䛨䜛䛾䛛䛿ṧ䛥䜜䛯㔜せ䛺ㄢ㢟䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䜜䜙䛾ㄢ㢟䛻ྲྀ䜚⤌䜐䛯䜑䛻䚸䜎䛯䜘䜚䝕䞊䝍䛾⢭ᗘ䜢䛒䛢䜛䛯䜑䛻䚸෌ᗘ䚸ᨵゞ䛥䜜䛯䝕䝄䜲䞁䛻䜘䜛ᮏᐇ㦂䜢ィ⏬䞉ᐇ᪋ணᐃ䛷䛒䜛䚹- 113 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Chomsky, Noam. 1973. “Conditions on transformations.” In A festschrift for Morris Halle, eds.
Stephen Anderson and Paul Kiparsky, 232-286 New York: Holy, Rinehart and Winston.
Crain, Stephen, and Rosalind Thornton. 1998. Investigations in Universal Grammar: A Guide toExperiments on the Acquisition of Syntax and Semantics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT
Press.
de Villiers, Jill, Tom Roeper, & Anne Vainikka. 1990. “The acquisition of long-distance rules.” In
Language processing and language acquisition, eds. Lyn Frazier and Jill de Villiers, 257-297.
Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Murasugi, Keiko. 1988. “Structural and Pragmatic Constraints on Children’s Understanding of‘Backwards Anaphora.’” UConn Working Papers in Linguistics 2: 40-68.
Nakayama, Mineharu. 1996. Acquisition of Empty Categories. Tokyo: Kuroshio.
Otsu, Yukio. 2007. “Wh-island in child Japanese.” Paper presented at Keio Workshop on Language,
Mind, and the Brain. Keio University, March 18, 2007.
Richards, Norvin. 2008. “Wh-questions.” In The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Linguistics, eds.
Shigeru Miyagawa and Mamoru Saito, 348-371. New York: Oxford University Press.
Watanabe, Akira. 1992. “Subjacency and S-structure movement of wh-in-situ.” Journal of East Asian
Linguistics 1:255-291.
Appendix: ௒ᅇ䛾ணഛᐇ㦂䛷⏝䛔䜙䜜䛯䛚ヰ䛸䝔䝇䝖ᩥ䠄ὀ䠅A.

ᐇ㝿䛻ᥦ♧䛥䜜䛯㡰ᗎ䛿䚸௨ୗ䛸䛿␗䛺䜛䚹

(Filler)䝷䜲䜸䞁䛥䜣䛸䛛䛳䜁䛱䜓䜣䛜䚸䛚ᩱ⌮䛾⦎⩦䜢䛧䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹䝷䜲䜸䞁䛥䜣䛿䚸䛚㨶䜢ษ䜝䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛷䜒㞴䛧䛭䛖䛺䛾䛷䚸䝙䞁䝆䞁䜢ษ䜛䛣䛸䛻䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹䛛䛳䜁䛱䜓䜣䛿䚸䛚ᩱ⌮䛜ⱞᡭ䛺䛾䛷䚸䝷䜲䜸䞁䛥䜣䛜䝙䞁䝆䞁䜢ษ䜛䛾䜢ぢ䛶䜛䛰䛡䛻䛧䜘䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛷䜒䚸䝷䜲䜸䞁䛥䜣䜢ぢ䛶䛔䛯䜙䜔䛳䛶䜏䛯䛟䛺䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛛䛳䜁䛱䜓䜣䛿኱ዲ䛝䛺䜻䝳䜴䝸䜢ษ䛳䛶䜏䜎䛧䛯䚹
䠄㉁ၥ 1䠅

䝷䜲䜸䞁䛥䜣䛿䚸䛚㨶䜢ษ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䛔䛔䜔䚸ษ䜙䛺䛛䛳䛯䜘䚹䠅

䠄㉁ၥ 2䠅

䛛䛳䜁䛱䜓䜣䛿䚸ఱ䜢ษ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䛖䜣䚸ษ䛳䛯䜘䚹䠅

B.

(Filler)䝟䞁䝎䛥䜣䛸䝨䞁䜼䞁䛥䜣䛿䚸䛚⤮䛛䛝䜢䛧䛶㐟䜆䛣䛸䛻䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹䝟䞁䝎䛥䜣䛿䚸䝞䝇䛾⤮䜢ᥥ䛣䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛳䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹䛷䜒䚸᪂ᖿ⥺䛾᪉䛜䛛䛳䛣䛔䛔䛾䛷䚸᪂ᖿ⥺䛾⤮䜢ᥥ䛟䛣䛸䛻䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹䝨䞁䜼䞁䛥䜣䛿䚸⤮䜢ᥥ䛟䛾䛜ⱞᡭ䛺䛾䛷䚸䝟䞁䝎䛥䜣䛜᪂ᖿ⥺䜢ᥥ䛟䛾䜢ぢ䛶䜛䛰䛡- 114 -

日本語における wh 島制約の獲得：予備的研究（杉崎

鉱司、村杉

恵子）

䛻䛧䜘䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛷䜒䚸䝟䞁䝎䛥䜣䜢ぢ䛶䛔䛯䜙䜔䛳䛶䜏䛯䛟䛺䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䝨䞁䜼䞁䛥䜣䛿኱ዲ䛝䛺㣕⾜ᶵ䛾⤮䜢ᥥ䛔䛶䜏䜎䛧䛯䚹
䠄㉁ၥ 3䠅

䝟䞁䝎䛥䜣䛿䚸䝞䝇䛾⤮䜢ᥥ䛔䛯䛛䛺䠛㻌䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䛔䛔䜔䚸ᥥ䛛䛺䛛䛳䛯䜘䚹䠅

䠄㉁ၥ 4䠅

䝨䞁䜼䞁䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䜢ᥥ䛔䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖䛖䜣䚸ᥥ䛔䛯䜘䚹䠅C.

(Target Trial)௒᪥䛿䚸䜴䝃䜼䛥䜣䛜䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛾䛚䛖䛱䛻㐟䜃䛻᮶䜎䛧䛯䚹䝫䜿䝰䞁䛾⤮ᮏ䛸䜰䞁䝟䞁䝬䞁䛾⤮ᮏ䛜䛒䛳䛯䛡䛹䚸2 ே䛿䚸୍⥴䛻䜰䞁䝟䞁䝬䞁䛾⤮ᮏ䜢ㄞ䜐䛣䛸䛻䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛿䜴䝃䜼䛥䜣䛻䛂ㄡ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䜴䝃䜼䛥䜣䛿䚸䛂㣗䝟䞁䝬䞁䟿䛃䛸⟅䛘䜎䛧䛯䚹䛭䛣䜈䚸䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛾䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛜䛚㈙䛔≀䛛䜙ᖐ䛳䛶䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛿䚸䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛻䚸䛂ㄡ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛿䚸䛱䜗䛳䛸᜝䛪䛛䛧䛛䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛺䛔䛧䜗䛻䛧䜘䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛷䜒䚸䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛜䛚䜔䛴䛻䝸䞁䝂䜢䛟䜜䛯䛾䛷䚸䛂䜰䞁䝟䞁䝬䞁䟿䛃䛸ᩍ䛘䛶䛒䛢䜎䛧䛯䚹
䠄㉁ၥ 5䠅

䜴䝃䜼䛥䜣䛸䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛿䚸䜰䞁䝟䞁䝬䞁䛾⤮ᮏ䜢ㄞ䜣䛰䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䛖䜣䚸ㄞ䜣䛰䜘䚹䠅

䠄㉁ၥ 6䠅

䜴䝃䜼䛥䜣䛿䚸ㄡ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 㣗䝟䞁䝬䞁䚹䠅

䠄㉁ၥ 7䠅

䜹䜶䝹䛥䜣䛿䚸ㄡ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚ẕ䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖䜰䞁䝟䞁䝬䞁䚹䠅

D.

(Target Trial)௒᪥䛿䚸䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛜䝌䜴䛥䜣䛾䛚䛖䛱䛻㐟䜃䛻᮶䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹䝔䞊䝤䝹䛾ୖ䛻䚸䛚䜔䛴䛾䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䛸ᯝ≀䛜䛒䛳䛯䛡䛹䚸2 ே䛿୍⥴䛻ᯝ≀䜢㣗䜉䜛䛣䛸䛻䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛻䛂ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿䛂䛔䛱䛤䟿䛃䛸⟅䛘䜎䛧䛯䚹䛭䛣䜈䚸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛾䛚∗䛥䜣䛜䛚௙஦䛛䜙ᖐ䛳䛶䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䛚∗䛥䜣䛿䚸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻䛂ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛺䛾䠛䛃䛸⪺䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䛱䜗䛳䛸᜝䛪䛛䛧䛛䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛺䛔䛧䜗䛻䛧䜘䛖䛛䛺䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛷䜒䚸䛚䜏䜔䛢䛻㟁㌴䛾䛚䜒䛱䜓䜢䜒䜙䛳䛯䛾䛷䚸䛂䜆䛹䛖䟿䛃䛸ᩍ䛘䛶䛒䛢䜎䛧䛯䚹
䠄㉁ၥ 8䠅

䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸䝩䝑䝖䜿䞊䜻䜢㣗䜉䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䛖䜣䚸㣗䜉䛯䜘䚹䠅

䠄㉁ၥ 9䠅

䛚䛥䜛䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛸䝌䜴䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䛔䛱䛤䚹䠅

䠄㉁ၥ 10䠅䝌䜴䛥䜣䛿䚸ఱ䛜୍␒ዲ䛝䛛䛚∗䛥䜣䛻ゝ䛳䛯䛛䛺䠛䠄ᜍ❳䛾⟅䛘䠖 䜆䛹䛖䚹䠅- 115 -

ゝㄒࡢᬑ㐢ᛶཬࡧከᵝᛶࢆྖࡿ⏕ᚓⓗไ⣙㸸᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᐇドⓗ◊✲

村杉

恵子

ᮧᮡᜨᏊ
1. ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
20 ୡ⣖๓༙ࡲ࡛ࠊゝㄒᏛࡣࠊࠕⱥᩥἲࠖࠊࠕ᪥ᮏㄒᩥἲࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡟ಶูゝㄒࡢ≉ᚩ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚య⣔໬ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࠊࡲࡓࠊᗂඣࡣࠊẕㄒࢆⓑ⣬ࡢ≧ែ࠿ࡽᏛ⩦ࡍࡿ࡜ࡍࡿᛮ᝿
ࡀ୺ὶ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ20 ୡ⣖୰┙ࠊゝㄒᏛࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ኚ㠉ࢆ㐙ࡆࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ␲ၥ࡟ጞࡲࡿࠋேࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ゝㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺
࠿ࠋᗂඣࡀゝㄒࢆヰࡍࡢࡣࠊ୍ぢࠊ࡜࡚ࡶᖹซ࡞ࡇ࡜࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊேࡣࠊぶࡢே✀ࡸ♫఍ⓗᆅ఩ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ▱⬟ᣦᩘ࡟㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊ⏕ᚋࢃࡎ࠿ᩘᖺ࡛ࠊఱㄒ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ⏕ࡲࢀ⫱ࡘ⎔ቃࡢᩥἲࢆࠊẕㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚⋓ᚓࡍࡿࠋᗂඣࡣࠊぶ࠿ࡽලయⓗ࡟ᩍࢃࡽࡎ࡜ࡶࠊࡣ࠸ࡣ࠸
ࢆࡋࠊࡘ࠿ࡲࡾ❧ࡕࢆࡋࠊࡑࡋ࡚Ṍࡁฟࡍࠋゝㄒࡶࡲࡓࠊᙜࡓࡾ๓ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢಶேࡀ⨨࠿ࢀࡓゝㄒ⎔ቃࡣከ✀ከᵝ࡛࠶ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊᗂඣࡣࠊᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ࡣᆒ୍ࡢᩥἲࢆ⮬↛࡟⋓ᚓࡋࠊ⪺࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ᩥ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶⓎヰࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ேࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࠊ▷ᮇ㛫࡟➼㉁ࡢゝㄒ▱㆑ࢆ⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ⬻⛉ᏛࡢⓎᒎ࡟ࡶ⿬௜ࡅࡽࢀࠊே㛫⛉Ꮫࡢ୍㒊࡜ࡋ࡚☜❧ࡉࢀࡿࠋே
㛫ゝㄒ࡟ඹ㏻ࡢᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡀᐇᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡸᩥἲ⋓ᚓ࡟ࡶᬑ㐢ⓗ≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿
࡟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᗂඣࡣࠊ࡝ࡢゝㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡶࠊඹ㏻ࡍࡿẁ㝵ࢆ⤒࡚ẕㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࠋᖺ㱋࡟ಶேᕪࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢẁ㝵ࡣࠊ6 ࢣ᭶ࡈࢁ࠿ࡽ 8 ࢣ᭶ࡈࢁ࡟ࡣၾㄒᮇࠊ10 ࢣ᭶࠿ࡽ 1 ṓ࡟ࡣ୍ㄒᩥࡀⓎヰࠊ஧ㄒᩥࡀ࠶ࡽࢃࢀࡿࡢࡣ 20 ࢣ᭶࠿ࡽ 24 ࢣ᭶࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸ࢃࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ୍ぢࠊᩥᙧᘧࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿⓎヰ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣᐇ࡟୙ᛮ㆟࡞ே㛫ࡢゝㄒ⬟ຊࡀᇉ㛫ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ⭺╔ㄒ࡛࠶ࡾ୺せ㒊ᚋ⨨ᆺ࡛࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏㄒࡔ࠿ࡽࡇࡑぢ࠼࡚ࡃࡿᗂඣࡢゝㄒ≉ᚩࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡣࠊ㡑ᅜㄒࠊ࣮࣐ࣝࢽ࢔ㄒ࡞࡝࡜ྠᵝ࡟࢜ࣀ࣐ࢺ࣌ࡢ㇏࠿࡞ゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡣࠊ᫬ไࡀᩥ࡟࠶ࡽࢃࢀ࡞࠸㸯ṓ๓ᚋࡢẁ㝵࡛࢜ࣀ࣐ࢺ࣌ࢆ

- 117 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

Ⓨヰࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿぶࡢⓎヰࢆᶍೌࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡛⮬↛Ⓨ⏕ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ
⮬↛Ⓨ⏕ⓗ࡟⏕ࡌࡓᨃែㄒࡸᨃኌㄒࡀࠊ〄ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓᚋ࡟ࠕࡍࡿࠖࢆకࡗ࡚ືモྃ࡜ࡋ࡚⾲ࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡾࠊ〄ྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓᚋ࡟ᣦᑠ㎡(dimunitive)ࠕࡕ
ࡷࢇࠖࢆక࠸ྡモྃ࡜ࡋ࡚⾲ࢀࡿẁ㝵ࡀᅾࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢẕㄒ⋓ᚓ࡛ᗈࡃほᐹࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᶫᮏ▱ᏊẶ㸦༡ᒣ኱Ꮫ࣭኱Ꮫ㝔◊ಟ⏕㸧ࡣࠊ௒ᅇࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ୰࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆ
ẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣ㸦࠶ࡗࡃࢇ㸧ࡢほᐹグ㘓ࡢ୰࠿ࡽ࢜ࣀ࣐ࢺ࣌ࡢ⋓ᚓ㐣⛬ࢆ⢭ᰝࡋࠊぶࡢ౑ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ࡞࠸ࠕࡇࢇࡇࢇࡇࢇࠖ࡜࠸࠺࢜ࣀ࣐ࢺ࣌ࢆࠊᙜึࠕ࠿࡞࡙ࡕࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠕࡇࢇ
ࡇࢇࡇࢇࠊ࡞࠸㸦࠿࡞࡙ࡕࡀ࡞࠸㸧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡟⏝࠸ࡣࡌࡵࠊࡋࡤࡽࡃࡍࡿ࡜ࠕࡇࢇࡇ
ࢇࡇࢇ ࡕࡺࠖ(⚾ࡣ࠿࡞࡙ࡕ࡛㸦࡞࡟࠿ࢆ㸧ᡴࡕࡓ࠸)࡜ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ
࡜࠸࠺Ⓨ㐩ẁ㝵ࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊほᐹ⪅(ẕぶ)ࡀࠊ୍ᗘࡶ࢖ࣥࣉ
ࢵࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚୚࠼࡚࠸࡞࠸ᨃែㄒࡸᨃኌㄒࢆᗂඣࡀ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟Ⓨヰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬ࡽࡢຊ࡛ࠊ㡢࡜ព࿡ࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿࠋ
ᶫᮏẶࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࠊぶࡢⓎヰࡢᶍೌ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᨃែㄒࡀ⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡶࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊ
ྠᨃែㄒࡀ๰㐀ⓗ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊẕぶࡀ୍ᗘࡔࡅ (ࠕ࠶ࡗࡃࢇࠖ1;09 ࡢ᫬ᮇ)ࢣࢳࣕࢵࣉࢆࠕࡕࡹࢇࡕࡹࢇࡕࡹࢇࠖ࡜㸦㣗≀࡟㸧࠿ࡅࡿືసࢆకࡗ࡚Ⓨヰࢆࡋࡓᚋࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬ศࡀࡪࡾࡗࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ẕぶㄒࢆⓎࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ
ࡓࠊ࡜グ᠈ࡍࡿࡓࡗࡓ୍ᗘࡢ⮬ศࡢⓎヰࡢᚋ࡟ࠊ࠶ࡗࡃࢇࡣࠊྠᵝ࡟ࠊࢣࢳࣕࢵࣉࢆࡘࡅ
ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࠕࡕࡹࢇࡕࡹࢇࡕࡹࢇࠖ࡜⏘ฟࡋࡣࡌࡵࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊࢣࢳࣕࢵࣉࡢࡳ࡞
ࡽࡎ࣐ࣚࢿ࣮ࢬࢆ㣗≀࡟࠿ࡅࡿ࡜ࡁ (1;09), ࣐࣮࢞ࣜࣥࢆሬࡿ࡜ࡁ㸦1;11㸧ࠊྡྂᒇྡ≀ࠕࡘࡅ࡚࿡ჯ࠿ࡅ࡚࿡ჯࠖࡢࢳ࣮ࣗࣈධࡾࡢ⏑࿡ჯࢆ࠿ࡅࡿ࡜ࡁ㸦2;00㸧ࠊࡑࡋ࡚㓺Ἔࢆ࠿ࡅࡿ࡜ࡁ㸦2;03㸧࡜ࠊࠕᾮ≧ࡢㄪ࿡ᩱࠖࢆ࠿ࡅࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠕࡕࡹࢇࡕࡹࢇࡕࡹࢇࠖࢆ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟౑⏝ࢆᣑᙇࡉࡏࡓࡇ࡜ࢆᶫᮏẶࡣほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊྠᗂඣࡣࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟ࠊ⢊ࢳ࣮ࢬࠊሷࠊࡇࡋࡻ࠺࡞࡝ࡢࠕᾮ≧࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⢊≧ࡢࡶࡢࠖࢆ㸦㣗≀࡟㸧࠿ࡅࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊࠕࡕࡷࡗࠊࡕࡷࡗࠊࡕࡷࡗࠖ࡜ࠊ␗࡞ࡿ㡢ᙧࢆࡶࡗࡓ⾲⌧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ࡜ࡶほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᶫᮏẶࡢほᐹࡣࠊᗂඣࡀඹ㏻㡯ࢆࡶࡘព࿡ࢆྠࡌ㡢࡛⾲⌧ࡋࠊඹ㏻㡯ࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸ព࿡ࡣูࡢ㡢࡛⾲ࡍຊࢆࠊᗂඣ⮬ࡽࡀ♧ࡍ࡜ศᯒࡉࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊᶫᮏẶࡢほᐹグ㘓࡟ࡣࠊᗂඣࡢ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡞ᨃែㄒࡸᨃኌㄒ࡟ࡶከ⩏ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ༢⣧࡟ࠊㄒ࠿ࡽㄒ࡬ࡢ㢮᥎࡛ࡘࡃࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ౛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠕ࠶
ࡗࡃࢇࠖࡣࠊ1;07 ࠿ࡽ 1;09 ࡲ࡛ࡣࠊࠕࡪ࣮ࡪࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆࠊࢥࢵࣉࡸ㣧ࡳ≀ࠊ∗ぶࡢࣅ- 118 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉恵子）

࣮ࣝࠊ࠾ẕࡉࢇࡢࢥ࣮ࣄ࣮࡞࡝ࡢࠕᾮయࠖࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࡢ✀ࡢᾮయࢆࠕ㣧ࡳࡓ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺
㸦⮬ࡽࡢ㸧㢪ᮃ࡜࣭࿨௧ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿ࡢࡳ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ1;9 ࡈࢁ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ
㌴ࡸࣂࢫࠊ࣋ࣅ࣮࣮࢝࡞࡝ࡢࠕ㌴㍯ࡢࡘ࠸ࡓ஌ࡾ≀ࠖࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࡑࡢ✀ࡢ㌴࡟ࠕ஌ࡾࡓ
࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡜ే⏝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ᶫᮏẶࡣほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢほᐹࡣࠊព࿡ⓗ࡟㛵㐃ࡢ࡞࠸ࠕᾮయࠖ࡜ࠕ㌴㍯ࡢࡘ࠸ࡓ஌ࡾ≀ࠖࡀࠊྠࡌ㡢ᙧ㸦ࠕࡪ࣮ࡪࠖ㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᗂඣ
࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ከ⩏ⓗ࡟⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ศᯒࡉࢀࡿࠋ
2013 ᖺ 5 ᭶࡟ࣟࣥࢻࣥ኱Ꮫ࡛㛤࠿ࢀࡓᨃែㄒ࣭ᨃኌㄒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉ࡟࠾࠸
࡚ࡣࠊᨃែㄒࡸᨃኌㄒ࡜ࡣࠊࡕࡻ࠺࡝ேࡀᴫᛕࢆ⮬⏤࡟⤮⏬࡟ᥥ෗ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᴫᛕࢆ㡢࡜ࡋ࡚ゝㄒ໬ࡋ࡚⾲⌧ࡍࡿ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡾࠊゝㄒࡢࡳ࡟≉໬ࡋࡓ௙⤌ࡳ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿ୺ᙇࡀ
࢜ࣛࣥࢲ࣭࣐ࢵࢡࢫࣉࣛࣥࢡ◊✲ᡤࡢ◊✲⪅ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟άⓎ࡟࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ୍ぢࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁᩥἲ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿᛶ㉁ࢆࡶࡘࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿᨃែㄒࡸᨃኌㄒ࡛࠶ࡗ
࡚ࡶࠊ ぶࡢᶍೌࡢࡳ࡛⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ㢮᥎ࡢࡳ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡘࡃࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛
ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊぶࡀ୍ᐃࡢ㔞ࡢ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࠿ࡽࡇࡑ⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋᗂ
ඣࡣࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟ࠊ⮬ศࡢᚰ㸦mind㸧ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ㡢࡜ព࿡ࢆ⊂⮬ࡢ᪉ἲ࡛⤖ࡧࡘࡅࠊ኱ேࡢ
ㄒᙡ࡬࡜ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ㐨ࢆࠊ⮬ࡽࡢ⏕ᚓⓗ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓゝㄒ⋓ᚓ⿦⨨࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊࡘࡃࡿࠋே
㛫ࡢゝㄒ⬟ຊࡢ୍㒊࡟ࡣࠊ㡢࡜ព࿡ࢆࡘ࡞ࡆࡿᩥἲࡢ⣲ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊᨃែㄒ࣭ᨃኌㄒࡢ
஦౛ࡀ࠿ࡽࡳ࡚࡜ࢀࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣࠊゝㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ௙⤌ࡳࡀぢ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1 (Murasugi 2013)ᗂඣࡢ⏕ᡂࡍࡿᩥࡀࠊ༢࡞ࡿᶍೌ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᗂඣࡀඹ㏻ࡋ࡚⏘ฟࡍࡿࠕ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣチࡉࢀ࡞࠸ᩥࠖࡢᏑᅾ࠿ࡽࡶ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡣࠊ୙ᛮ㆟࡞ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢ㐣⛬࡛ࠊ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿᩥࢆ(1)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⏘ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

(1)a. 㯮࠸*ࡢࢡࢵࢡ㸦㸻㯮࠸࢚ࢼ࣓ࣝࡢ㠐㸧b. ពᆅᝏ࡞*ࡢ࠾ࡤࡕࡷࢇ (=ពᆅᝏ࡞࠾ࡤࡕࡷࢇࠊࢩࣥࢹࣞࣛࡢ⥅ẕ)c. ࡈࡣࢇ㣗࡭࡚ࡿ*ࡢࣂ࣮ࣂ (㸻ࡈࡣࢇ㣗࡭࡚࠸ࡿ㇟ࡢࣂࣂ࣮ࣝ)d. ࠺ࡉࡕࡷࢇ㣗࡭࡚ࡿ*ࡢ࡟ࢇࡌࢇ㸦㸻࠺ࡉࡂࡀ㣗࡭࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࢇࡌࢇ㸧
ࡇࡇ࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓᶫᮏẶࡢほᐹࡣࠊᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࡇࡇ࡟ᴫㄝ
ࡋࡓศᯒෆᐜࡣࠊࣟࣥࢻࣥ኱Ꮫ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓ Workshop on Mimetics (University of London, SOAS, 2013 ᖺ 5 ᭶)࡟࠾࠸࡚ᮧᮡࡀᇶㄪㅮ₇࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓෆᐜࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿࠋ- 119 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究࿘ᅖ࠿ࡽ➗㢦࡛ཷࡅṆࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡣᛀࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࠗᗂඣࡢㄗ⏝࠘ࡣࠊᖖ㆑ⓗ࡛ࢃ࠿ࡾࡁࡗ
ࡓ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ஦᯶࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪥ᖖⲔ㣤஦ࡢࡇ࡜ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋ2 ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊぶࡶゝࢃ࡞࠸㠀ᩥἲⓗ࡞ᩥࢆࠊ࡞ࡐᗂඣࡣ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟⏘ฟࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋఱ࡜ࡶ୙ᛮ㆟࡞⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⮬↛⛉Ꮫࡣࠊ୍ぢࠊᙜࡓࡾ๓࡟ぢ࠼ࡿ஦㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠕࡇࢀࡣ࡞ࢇࡔࢁ࠺ࠖ࡜ၥ࠺どⅬ࡟ࡣࡌࡲࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀࠕ࡞ࡐ࠾ࡁࡿࡢ࠿ࠖࢆၥ࠸ࠊࡑࡢゎ᫂࡟ࡴࡅ࡚⌮ㄽⓗᐇドⓗ◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ኱ேࡶ⏘ฟࡋ࡞࠸㸦ᗂඣ࡟ධຊࡉࢀ࡞࠸㸧ᩥࢆࠊ࡞ࡐᗂඣࡣࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟Ⓨヰࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
࡞ࡐᗂඣࡢⓎヰ࡟ᩥἲⓗㄗ⏝ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ⮬↛⏺ࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿே㛫ࡢ⬻࡟ᅾࡿ࡜᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿゝㄒࢆࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿᶵ
⬟ࡀྖࡿࡢ࠿ࢆゎ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞ᶵ⬟ࡀே㛫ࡢከᵝ࡞ゝㄒ⌧㇟ࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ࠺ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄝ᫂ࡋ࠺ࡿ࠿ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿヨࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊᩥἲ࡜ࡣࠊே㛫࡜࠸࠺✀࡟ࡢࡳ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓே㛫ࡢ⏕≀Ꮫⓗ࡞≉ᛶ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ே㛫ࡢ⏕≀Ꮫⓗ≉ᛶࡣࠊ⤒㦂࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࡢࡳᏛ⩦ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋே㛫ࡣࠊ࠶ࡾ࡜
࠶ࡽࡺࡿゝㄒࡢヰ⪅࡟࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿᩥἲࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆᣢࡗ࡚⏕ࡲࢀฟࡎࡿࠋᗂඣࡣࠊ⏕ࡲࢀࡓ⎔ቃࡢୗ࡛ࠊ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ゝㄒᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ⏕ᚓⓗ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓゝㄒ⋓ᚓ⿦⨨࡟ᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ⮬ࡎ࡜ẕㄒࡢᩥἲయ⣔ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࠋゝㄒ⤒㦂ࡢ୰࡛୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿධຊ࡟ࡣಶேᕪ
ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊධຊࡉࢀࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊ㉁ⓗ࡟ࡶ㔞ⓗ࡟ࡶ୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ⏕ᚋࢃࡎ࠿ᩘᖺ࡛ಶேᕪࡢ࡞࠸➼㉁ࡢẕㄒᩥἲ࡟⮳ࡿࠋࡑࡢẕㄒࡢᩥἲ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᗂඣࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࠊㄡ࠿ࡽࡶ⪺࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ᩥࢆࡍࡽࠊ๰㐀ⓗ࡟⏕ᡂࡍࡿࠋẕㄒࡢ≉ᛶࡸゝㄒ࡟࠶ࡿᬑ㐢ᛶ㸦universality㸧ࡸኚ␗ᛶ㸦variations㸧ࡣࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶᇶᮏ
ⓗ࡟ࡣᬑ㐢ᩥἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࡣࠊே㛫ࡢ⏕≀Ꮫⓗ≉ᛶࢆ཯ᫎࡍࡿ
ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊඹ㏻ࡍࡿ≉ᛶࢆከࡃᢸ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋྠ᫬࡟ࠊ
ୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚ࡶ࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ゝㄒ㛫ࡢ┦㐪ࡶࡲࡓࠊே㛫ゝㄒࡢ≉ᛶࢆ཯ᫎࡍࡿࠋChomsky (1981)ࡣࠊᩥἲయ⣔ࡣᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢ୍㒊࡜ࡋ࡚⏕≀Ꮫⓗ࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡓࠕࡍ࡭࡚ࡢゝㄒ࡟ඹ㏻ࡍࡿཎ⌮ࠖ࡜ࠕゝㄒ㛫ࡢ㐪࠸㸦ゝㄒࡢከᵝᛶ㸧ࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࠖ࠿ࡽᡂࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋே㛫ゝㄒࡢከᵝᛶࡣ㸦」ᩘࡢ್ࢆᣢࡘ㸧ࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊே㛫ࡢ⏕ᚓⓗ࡞ゝㄒࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢ୰࡛つᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ


ᗂඣࡢㄗ⏝ࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚㉳ࡁ࠺ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊᵓ㡢࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ ṓ๓ᚋࡢᗂඣࡀࠊ
ࠕ⮬ศ࡛ࠖࢆࠕࡪࢇࡌࢇ࡛ࠖࠊ
ࠕࡉ࠿ࡁࡤࡽࡺ࠺ࡁࡃࢇࠖࢆࠕࡉࡁ࠿ࡽࡤࡺ࠺ࡁࡃࢇࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓලྜ࡟ᤄධࡸ㌿᥮ࢆࡍࡿ⌧㇟ࡶࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿᩥἲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠕㄗ⏝ࠖ࡟↔Ⅼࢆ࠾ࡃࠋ - 120 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉恵子）

ᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣࠊ⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽࡢࡶ࡜࡛኱ேࡢᩥἲࢆศᯒࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿᗂඣࡢ
ゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊே㛫ࡢࠕᚰࠖࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ
࠸࡚ࠊ⌮ㄽ࡜ᐇドࡢ୧㠃࠿ࡽ◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺ඹྠ◊✲࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏሗ࿌᭩(᪥ᮏㄒ∧)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
ⱥㄒ∧ࡢᡂᯝሗ࿌᭩㸦2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶᏶ᡂ㸧ࢆࡉࡽ࡟᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡓෆᐜࢆࠊᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ
◊✲ᡂᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᴫほࡍࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊࠕཎ⌮࡜ࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡢ⌮ㄽࠖࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡜࠸࠺
ゝㄒࡢ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡜⋓ᚓẁ㝵ࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽࡇࡑぢ࠼࡚ࡃࡿ⯆࿡῝࠸グ㏙࡜ศᯒࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ๓❶࡛ࡣࠊ࠿ࡁࡲࡐ᧯స࡜ࡑࡢ≉ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⋓ᚓࠊࡉࡽ࡟ wh-ၥᩥ࡜ࡑࡢไ⣙࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࢆ⤂௓ࡋࡓࡀࠊሗ࿌᭩᭱ᚋࡢ❶࡜࡞ࡿᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊᗂඣࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘࠿ࡽぢ࠼ࡿ᪥ᮏㄒ
ࡢ≉ᚩࢆᴫほࡋࡓ࠸ࠋẕㄒࡢ≉ᛶ࡟ࡣࠊࢃࡎ࠿ 1 ṓ⛬ᗘ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ᪩ᮇ࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊẕㄒࡢㄒ㡰ࡸࠊ㡯⬺ⴠ㸦୺ㄒࡸ┠ⓗㄒ࡞࡝ࡢ㡯ࡀ㡢ᙧࢆᣢࡓࡎ࡟⾲ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿゝㄒ⌧㇟㸧࡜࠸ࡗࡓ≉ᛶࡣࠊẕㄒ࡟ゐࢀ࡚ࡲࡶ࡞ࡃ⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊᗂඣࡣࠊ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣ
㠀ᩥἲⓗ࡞ࠊඹ㏻ࡋࡓࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࢆ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟⏕ᡂࡍࡿࠋᗂඣࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘࡜ࡣࠊᗂඣࡣぶࡶ┤᥋ᩍ࠼ࡶࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡟ࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᬑ㐢ᩥἲ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ
ẕㄒ௨እࡢゝㄒࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ್࣮ࢆ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟ヨࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊẕㄒయ⣔ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࡣࠗㄗ⏝࠘࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊᬑ㐢ᩥἲ࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡓ⠊ᅖ࡟࠶ࡿ㸦ẕㄒ௨እࡢ㸧ᩥἲࡢ≉ᛶࡀ⾲ࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊᩥἲⓗ࡞ㄗ⏝ࡣ༢࡞ࡿࠗ㛫㐪࠼࡛࠘ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࠕ⮬↛ゝㄒ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿᩥἲࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡛つᐃࡉࢀ࠺ࡿᙧ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ࡍࡿᥦ
᱌࡜ࡑࡢ᰿ᣐ࡜࡞ࡿ㆟ㄽࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ

2. small v ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠗㄗ⏝࠘࠿ࡽぢࡿᗂඣࡢᩥἲ▱㆑ᮏሗ࿌᭩࡛ࡣࠊᓊᮏẶࡸ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ᩪ⸨Ặ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ」ྜ㏙ㄒᩥࡢᵓ㐀ࡀヲ⣽࡟ᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࡀࠊᗂඣࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ」ྜ㏙ㄒᩥࡣ⯆࿡῝࠸ㅖ┦ࢆ♧ࡍࠋᗂඣࡣ small v ࡢᵓ㐀ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡣࠊ࠿࡞ࡾ᪩࠸ẁ㝵࠿ࡽࠕࡍࡿࠖ࡞࡝ࡢືモ࡜ࡋ࡚࠶ࡽࢃ
ࡍ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀ㸦Murasugi and Hashimoto 2004a㸧ࠊືモࡢά⏝࡜ࡋ࡚኱ே࡜ྠࡌ㡢ᙧࢆࡶࡘࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡲ࡛࡟ࡣ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࠋ
⮬௚஺᭰࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿㄗ⏝ࡣ ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿ 2 ṓ๓ᚋ࠿ࡽ 4 ṓ㡭ࡢᗂඣ࡟ᗈࡃぢࡽࢀࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓࡢ୰㛫ẁ㝵࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿ௦⾲ⓗ࡞⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ(2)࡛ࡣࠊ౑ᙺࡢព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍືモࡸ௚ືモࡀ⮬ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸦Ⓨヰࡢᚋࡢ㸦 㸧ෆࡣពᅗࡉࢀࡓព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ㸧

- 121 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究(2)Ꮚ࡝ࡶ㸸࠾∗ࡉࢇࠊ⭾ࡽࢇ࡛ࠋ㸦࠾∗ࡉࢇࠊ㢼⯪ࢆ⭾ࡽࡲࡏ࡚㸧  ∗ぶ㸸⭾ࡽࢇ࡛ࡌࡷ࡞࠸࡛ࡋࡻࠊ⭾ࡽࡲࡋ࡚࡛ࡋࡻࠋ
Ꮚ࡝ࡶ㸸ࡩࡃࡽࢇ࡛ࠋ 㸦⭾ࡽࡲࡏ࡚㸧      㸦㕥ᮌ 1987㸧ࡇࢀࡣࠊᏊ࡝ࡶࡀ∗ぶ࡟㢼⯪ࢆ⭾ࡽࡲࡏ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡼ࠺㢗ࡴ≧ἣ࡛ࡢⓎヰࢆグ㏙ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ∗ぶࡣࠊືモࡢᙧᘧࡀᏊ࡝ࡶࡢពᅗࢆ⾲ࡍືモᙧ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆఏ࠼ࠊ౑ᙺᙧࠕ⭾ࡽࡲࡏࡿࠖࢆ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ᩍ࠼ࡿࡀࠊᏊ࡝ࡶࡣࡇࡢ┤᥋ྰᐃ᝟ሗ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ
ࠗㄗࡗࡓ࠘㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࠕࡩࡃࡽࡴࠖࢆ࿨௧ᙧࡢᙧᘧ࡛⏘ฟࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢほᐹࡣࠊᗂඣࡢ⏘ฟ࡟ㄗ⏝ࡀᅾࡿࡇ࡜ࢆグ㏙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟␃ࡲࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᗂඣࡣࠊぶ࠿ࡽྰᐃ᝟ሗࢆ┤᥋ⓗ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡶࠊ୍ᐃࡢ᫬ᮇࡀ᮶࡞ࡅࢀࡤ༶ᗙ࡟ࡣಟṇ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜
ࢆࠊⓎヰࡢ≧ἣ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟グ㏙ࡍࡿᴟࡵ࡚ඃࢀࡓほᐹグ㘓࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ྠᵝࡢࠗㄗࡾ࠘ࡣ 2 ṓ㡭࠿ࡽ 4 ṓ㡭ࡢ௚ືモ࡜⮬ືモࡢ㛵ಀ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ(3)

Ꮚ࡝ࡶ(3;11): ࠾࡜࠺ࡕࡷࢇࠊࡲ࡝ ࠶࠸࡚ࠋ㸦࠾∗ࡉࢇࠊ❆ࢆ㛤ࡅ࡚㸧∗ぶ :❆㛤ࡅ࡚ࡔࢁ㸽Ꮚ࡝ࡶ:࠺ࢇࠊࡲ࡝ ࠶࠸࡚ࡼࠋ㸦࠺ࢇࠊ❆ࢆ㛤ࡅ࡚ࡼ㸧   㸦኱ὠ 2002㸧

(3)࡛ࡣࠊᏊ࡝ࡶࡀ∗ぶ࡟❆ࢆ㛤ࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡟㢗ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡀࠊᏊ࡝ࡶࡣ௚ືモࡢࠕ࠶ࡅ࡚ࠖ
㸦㛤ࡅࡿ㸧ࡢ௦ࢃࡾ࡟ࠊ㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࡢ࿨௧ᙧࠕ࠶࠸࡚ࠖ
㸦㛤ࡃ㸧ࢆ⏘ฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᐇࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊᗂඣࡀ⮬ືモ࡜௚ືモࢆΰྠࡍࡿࡢࡣ᪥ᮏㄒ≉᭷ࡢ⌧㇟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࡜࠼
ࡤࠊBowerman(1974)࡜ Figueira(1984)ࡣࠊⱥㄒࡸ࣏ࣝࢺ࢞ࣝㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀ౑ᙺືモࡸ௚ືモࢆ⮬ືモ࡛௦⏝ࡍࡿㄗ⏝ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(4)

a. You can drink me the milkb. (㺃㺃㺃) este balance vai tethis swing

cair

go you fall‘This swing is going to fall you.’(4a)࡛ࡣᏊ౪ࡣẕぶ࡟∵ஙࢆ㣧ࡲࡏ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡼ࠺㢗ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡀࠕㄗࡗ࡚ࠖdrink ࡀ౑ࢃࢀ࡚
࠾ࡾࠊ(4b)࡛ࡣࠕⴠ࡜ࡍࠖ࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࠕⴠࡕࡿࠖ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿືモࡀ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ణࡋࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢሙྜ⭺╔ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᗂඣゝㄒ࡛ࠕࡉࡏࠖࠕࡏࠖࠕ࠼ࠖ➼ࡢ[rcause]- 122 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉恵子）

ࢆල⌧໬ࡍࡿ᮰⦡ᙧែ⣲ࡀⴠࡕࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ᫂☜࡟ぢ࡚࡜ࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡐࠊᗂඣࡣࠊ(2)-(3)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ⓨヰࢆࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ኱ேࡢ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࠊ௚ືモ࡜㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࡣࠊ(5)࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟␗࡞ࡗࡓ᥋ᑿ㎡ࡀక࠺ᙧᘧࢆᣢࡘࠋMurasugi and Hashimoto(2004a)࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ Murasugi (2012)࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢືモྃ㢮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊLarson (1988)ࠊHale and Keyser(1993)ࠊChomsky (1995) ࡟ᚑ࠸ VPíShell ᵓ㐀ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊ⭺╔ㄒ≉᭷ࡢ㸦ಶู࡟⩦ᚓࡉࢀࡿ㸧ືモࡢ᥋ᑿ㎡ࡣ vP ࡢ୺せ㒊࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ࡜ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(5a)࡛ v [+cause]ࡣ -sࠊ(5b)࡛ࡣ v[-cause]ࡣ -r ࡜ࡋ࡚ල⌧໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋvP       b.
vP
㸭 㹚
㸭 㹚
  
Agent
v’ 
       
 v’
㸭 㹚
 㸭 㹚    VPv [+cause]       VP
v [-cause]
㸭 㹚
|
㸭 㹚
|
 
theme V’-s      theme V’
-r
㸭 㹚
㸭 㹚
   location V       
location V
|
|

(5)

a.

      wata- (transitive)

wata- (unaccusative) ࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࠊ⮬ືモ࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁࡶࡢࢆ௚ືモࡢᙧ࡛ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ௚ືモ࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁࡶࡢࢆ⮬ືモࡢᙧ࡛⏘ฟࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠿ࠋMurasugi and Hashimoto (2004a)ࠊ
Murasugi, Hashimoto and Fuji (2007)࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ Murasugi (2012)࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⋓ᚓẁ㝵࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿ௚ືモ㸦౑ᙺືモࡶྵࡴ㸧࡜㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࡢ஺᭰࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊඛ⾜◊✲࡟⵳✚ࡉࢀࡓࢹ࣮
ࢱ࡟ຍ࠼ࠊ⊂⮬ࡢ⦪᩿ⓗ◊✲࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊືモ⋓ᚓࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢẁ㝵࡜ࡑࡢ㐣⛬࡛ᗈࡃほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠗㄗࡾ࠘࡟ࡘ࠸࡚グ㏙ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ୖグࡢ VPíShell ศᯒࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊᶵ⬟⠊␪ v㸦small v㸧ࡣゝㄒ⋓ᚓ᪩ᮇ࡟⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊᙧែࢆ⩦ᚓࡍࡿࡢ࡟᫬㛫㸦ᖺ᭶㸧ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࡓࡵࠊᗂඣࡣ࠶ࡿẁ㝵࡛㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࢆ௚ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡓࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㏫࡟௚ືモࢆ㠀ᑐ᱁ືモ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡓࡾࡍࡿ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᗂඣࡢ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟ᗈࡃほᐹࡉࢀࡿ(2)-(3)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠗㄗࡾ࠘ࡣࠊ ୺ㄒ࡟ព࿡ᙺ๭ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ v ࡀ↓ᶆࡢ್࡜ࡋ࡚ࢮࣟᙧែ⣲࡜௬ᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ୍ᅉ࡛࠶ࡿᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢᗂඣࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢ୰㛫ẁ㝵࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡣࠊᐇࡣ௚ࡢゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣᩥἲⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊே㛫ゝㄒࡢከᵝᛶࢆ⾲ࡍドࡋ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡿࠋ኱ேࡢⱥㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ௚ືモ࡜㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤྠࡌ㡢ᙧࢆᣢࡘࠋ

- 123 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

(6)

a. John passed the ring to Maryb. The ring passed to Maryࡶࡋࡇࢀࡽࡢ㡯ᵓ㐀ࡀ VP-Shell ᵓ㐀࡜ࡋ࡚(7)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢゝㄒ࡛ࡣ vࡣ㡢ᙧࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸“ࢮࣟᙧែ⣲”࡜ࡋ࡚⾲ࢀࡿ࡜ศᯒࡉࢀࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ(6a)࡛ࡣ v ࡣ[+cause]ࠊ
(6b)࡛ࡣ[-cause]ࡢ⣲ᛶࢆᣢࡘࡀࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ㡢ᙧࢆకࢃ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊv [+cause]+PASS ࡶv [-cause]+PASS ࡶྠᙧࡢ pass ࡜ࡋ࡚ල⌧໬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ(7)vP (v [+cause] + PASS = pass, v [–cause] + PASS = pass)
㸭 㹚
John
vƍ
㸭 㹚
v
VP
[rcause]㸭 㹚NPVƍ
the ring㸭 㹚    VPP     㹺㸭 㹚       
PASS toMaryࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ⮬௚஺᭰࡟㛵ࡍࡿᗂඣࡢࠗㄗࡾ࠘ࡣࠊ௚ືモ࡜㠀ᑐ᱁ືモࡀྠࡌ㡢ᙧ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⾲ࡉࢀࡿⱥㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡞ゝㄒࡢ≉ᚩࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ௨እࡢゝㄒࡢ୍≉ᚩࡀࠊᗂඣࡢゝㄒⓎ㐩ẁ㝵࡟㢧ᅾ໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢ஦౛ࡣࠊᗂඣࡢືモࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡀࠊ௚ゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᐇ㝿࡟ྍ⬟࡞ᙧᘧ࡜ࡋ࡚ල⌧໬ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟♧၀ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

3. ᫬ไ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠗㄗ⏝࠘࠿ࡽぢࡿᗂඣࡢᩥἲ▱㆑
3.1. ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟๓⠇࡟♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᶵ⬟⠊␪ࡢ v㸦small v㸧ࡀ㡢ኌⓗ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ල⌧ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࢀ௨๓ࡢẁ㝵࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᗂඣࡣࠊືモ࡜ࡑࡢᒅᢡ㸦ά⏝㸧࡟㛵ࡋࠊ኱ே࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡗࡓᙧࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋࠕ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࠖࡣࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᗈࡃ◊✲ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓᗂඣࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ1 ṓ࠿ࡽ 3 ṓ㡭ࡢᗂඣࡀ᫬ไࢆకࢃ࡞࠸ືモᙧᘧࢆ୺⠇ෆ࡛౑࠺⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣇ
ࣛࣥࢫㄒࠊ࢜ࣛࣥࢲㄒࠊࢻ࢖ࢶㄒ࡞࡝࡛ࡣ୙ᐃモࡀࠊⱥㄒ࡛ࡣ〄ࡢືモࡀࠊ୺⠇ෆ࡛⾲ࢀࡿࠋ

- 124 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


(8)

a. Dormirpetit bébé.

sleep-INF little baby
‘Little baby sleep.'         (Danielࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒ㸸1;11)



b. Earst kleine boekje lezen.
first little

book read-INF‘First (I/we) read little book.'c. Papa have it.

(Hein ࠊ࢜ࣛࣥࢲㄒ㸸2;6)(Eve, ⱥㄒ㸸1;6)

࠿ࡘ࡚ࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲ྐ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᗂඣࡢ୺⠇୙ᐃモ㸦Root Infinitives㸧ࡢ⌧㇟ࡣࡍ࡭࡚
ࡢゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ✵୺ㄒ㸦pro㸧ࢆチࡉ࡞࠸ⱥㄒࡢࡼ
࠺࡞ゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡀࠊ✵୺ㄒࢆチࡍ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡞ゝㄒ࡛ࡣ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡜㆟ㄽࡍࡿㄽᩥࡀⓎ⾲ࡉࢀࠊ✵୺ㄒゝㄒ࠿ྰ࠿ࡀࠊ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢ᭷↓࡜ᙉ࠸┦㛵㛵ಀࢆᣢࡘ࡜ࡍࡿᥦ᱌ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸦Guasti 1993/1994➼㸧ࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࡶࡑࡢ౛እ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࡼ࠺࡟✵୺ㄒࢆチࡍゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿ௬ㄝ㸦Sano 1995 ➼㸧ࡶᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᥦ᱌࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊMurasugi, Fuji and Hashimoto (2007), Murasugi and Fuji (2009),
Sawada and Murasugi (2011), Murasugi and Nakatani (2011)࡞࡝࡛ࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢゝㄒࡢึᮇࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢẁ㝵࡟ࡣࠊ᫬ไࢆḞࡃືモࢆ⏘ฟࡍࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀࠕ୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖ⌧㇟࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ⌧㇟࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࠊᙜヱࡢゝㄒࡀ✵୺ㄒゝㄒ࠿ྰ࠿ࡣࠊࡑࡢゝㄒࡢ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢ᭷↓࡜ࡣ┤᥋ⓗ࡞┦㛵㛵ಀࡀ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿᥦ᱌ࢆⓎ⾲ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ3 ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡣ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃゝㄒࡢ୙ᐃモᙧ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿᙧࡣ㢧ᅾ໬ࡋ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ୺⠇࡟࠾࠸࡚ᐃᙧ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ືモࡀ⾲ࢀࡿࠕ␲ఝ୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡜࠸࠺⭺╔ㄒ࡛࠶ࡾ᱁ᶆ♧ࡢ㇏࠿࡞ゝㄒࡢ⋓ᚓࢆヲ⣽࡟᳨ウࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࠕ㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖ࡜⛠ࡉࢀࡿ⌧㇟ࡀࠊᐇࡣ᫬ไ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ஧ࡘࡢ⊂❧ࡋࡓၥ㢟࡟㉳ᅉࡍࡿࡇ
ᮏㄽ࡛ᴫほࡍࡿ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢヲ⣽ࡣࠊ༡ᒣ኱ᏛゝㄒᏛ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ࣮࣒࣮࣍࣌ࢪ࡟ࡶ୍㒊ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋMurasugi (2009a), Murasugi and Watanabe (2009), Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2010), Sawada,
Murasugi and Fuji (2010),Murasugi, Fuji and Hashimoto (2007), Murasugi and Fuji (2009), Sawada and Murasugi (2011),
Murasugi and Nakatani (2011)➼ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲ࡣ༡ᒣ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ே㛫ᩥ໬◊✲⛉ゝㄒ⛉Ꮫᑓᨷࠊ༡ᒣ኱ᏛゝㄒᏛ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤࡢάືࡢ㈷≀࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ⌧㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ඹ࡟◊✲ࢆ῝ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓ௰㛫࡟ឤㅰࡍࡿࠋ≉࡟ Luigi Rizzi ẶࠊAmritavalli ẶࠊJayaseelan ẶࠊDiane Lillo-Martin ẶࠊWilliam SnyderẶࠊBonnie Shwartz ẶࠊKamil Deen ẶࠊJonah Lin ẶࠊPeter Sells Ặࠊ෠ኈ༓㔛Ặࠊ୰㇂཭⨾Ặࠊᶫᮏ▱ᏊẶࠊΏ㑔ᜨ⌮ᏊẶࠊ⃝⏣ᑦᏊẶࠊ℧⏣೺௓ẶࠊἙྜ㐨ஓẶࠊᓊᮏ⚽ᶞẶࠊከ⏣ᾈ❶Ặࠊᩪ⸨⾨Ặ࡜ࡢ㆟ㄽࡢ᫬㛫ࡣ࠿ࡅࡀ࠼ࡢ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢሙࢆ೉ࡾ࡚ࠊ῝࠸ឤㅰࡢពࢆ⾲ࡍࡿࠋ- 125 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ1 ṓ௦ࡢࡑࢀࡣ Rizzi (1993/1994)ࡢᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᫬ไ⠇ࡀᢞᑕࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞
࠸᫬ᮇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ2 ṓ௦ࡢࡑࢀࡣࠊ᫬ไ⠇ࡣ⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊẕㄒࡢ᫬ไ⣲ᛶࡢヲ⣽ࡀỴᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸᫬ᮇ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢ࡜ࡁ୺ㄒ࡬ࡢ୺᱁௜୚࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡀ⾲ࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊSchütze and Wexler (1996)ࡢ㏙࡭ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡢ AGR/TNS Omission Model㸦ATOM㸧㸧௬ㄝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗࠊᗂඣࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢึᮇẁ㝵࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᴫほࡍࡿࠋ

3.2. ࣇ࢙࢖ࢬ࡛ࠕษࡾྲྀࡽࢀࡓࠖᵓ㐀ࢆᣢࡘ⋓ᚓẁ㝵ᗂඣࡢึᮇࡢືモࠕ୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ୙ᐃモᙧࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࢠࣜࢩࣕ
ㄒ㸧ゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶูࡢᙧᘧࢆకࡗ࡚⾲ࢀࡿࠋゝㄒᕪࢆ㉸࠼ࡓ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡣࠊ
せồࡸ㢪ᮃ࡞࡝ࢆ⾲ࡍࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ㸦Modal Context㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚⾲ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከࡃ㸦Modal
Reference Effects㸧ࠊࡲࡓฟ᮶஦ࢆ⾲ࡍ࢖ࣦ࢙ࣥࢸ࢕ࣦືモࡀ᫬ไࡸ୍⮴ࢆḞ࠸ࡓᙧᘧ࡛⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿ㸦Hoekstra and Hyams 1999㸧ࠋྠ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣᗂඣࡢࠕᩥࠖ࡟ࡣ✵୺ㄒࡀከࡃ⾲ࢀࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑㸦Complementizer㸧࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿせ⣲ࡸຓືモࡸ୺᱁࡜࠸ࡗࡓ᫬ไ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᶵ⬟せ⣲ࡶ⾲ࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
᪥ᮏㄒࡢࠕ㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖࡢࠕ୍ᒙ┠ࠖࡢẁ㝵ࡣࠊ1 ṓ௦࡜࠸࠺᪩ᮇ࡟⾲ࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡶ㏙ㄒࡣ᫬ไ࡞࡝ࢆ⾲ࡍᙧែࢆḞࡁࠊືモࡢᙧᘧࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ㐣ཤᙧࡢࠕ㸫ࡓᙧ࡛ࠖ⾲ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከࡃࠊᙧᐜモࡣ୍㈏ࡋ࡚㠀㐣ཤ㸦⌧ᅾ㸧ࡢᙧᘧ࡛⾲ࢀࡿ㸦Murasugi
and Fuji 2009, Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji 2010 ➼ࠋ㸧.
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ CHILDES ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࡟࠾ࡉࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㔝ᆅࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ㸦㔝ᆅ(1973-77)࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ
᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࠕࢫ࣑ࣁࣞࠖ㸦⏨Ꮚࠊ1948 ᖺ⏕ࡲࢀ㸧ࡢ᪥グࢹ࣮ࢱ㸦⦪᩿ⓗ⮬↛Ⓨヰほᐹグ㘓㸧
㸧ࢆヲ⣽࡟᳨ウࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ1 ṓ 6 ࣨ᭶㡭ࡣ࡯ࡰࡍ࡭࡚ࡢືモࡀ࢖ࣦ࢙ࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ
࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕ㸫ࡓᙧࠖ㸦඾ᆺⓗ࡟ࡣ㐣ཤࢆ⾲ࡍά⏝ᙧ㸧࡛⾲ࢀࡿࠋᗂඣࡢࠕ㸫ࡓᙧࠖࡣ㐣ཤࢆ⾲ࡍࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ(9)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ពᚿࡸせồࠊ(10)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⤖ᯝ┦ࡸ㐍⾜┦ࢆ⾲ࡍሙྜ
ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ

(9)

a. ࠶ࡗࡕ ࠸ࡓ (1;6) 㸦࠶ࡗࡕ࡟⾜ࡗ࡚/⾜ࡅ㸧b. ࡕ࣮ ࡋࡓ (1;7)  㸦ࡕ࣮㸦࠾ࡋࡗࡇ㸧ࡋࡓ࠸㸧- 126 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


(10)

a. ࡤࡤ ࡘ࠸ࡓ (1;6) 㸦ࡤࡤ㸦⣒ࡃࡎ㸧ࡀ㸦ᣦ࡟㸧ࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸧b. ࡕ࣮ࡋࡓ (1;7)

㸦㸦ࡅ࠸ࡇࡕࡷࢇࡀ㸧ࡕ࣮㸦࠾ࡋࡗࡇ㸧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣ᱁ຓモࡸືモ࣭ᙧᐜモࡢ᫬ไࡢᒅᢡࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡟㛵ࡍࡿせ⣲ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡎࠊ Ⓨヰ⪅ࡢせồࡸពᚿࢆ⾲ࡍࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡛୺⠇୙ᐃモࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࠕModal Reference Effectsࠖࡀ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ࡞࡝ࡢⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ௚ゝㄒࡢࠕ㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖࡢ≉ᚩ࡜ᛶ㉁ࢆ୍࡟ࡍࡿࠋ
㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࡀືモࡢ 100 ࣃ࣮ࢭࣥࢺࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡢࡣ 1 ṓ 6 ࢝᭶㡭࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢᚋࡣࠊ
ࠕࡕࡷࡗࡓࠖᙧࡸࠕࡕࡻ࠺ࡔ࠸ࠖᙧ࡞࡝ࡶ⮬↛Ⓨヰ࡟࠾࠸࡚ేฟࡍࡿࠋ
 Rizzi (1993/1994)ࡣࠊࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢᗂඣ≉᭷ࡢ⌧㇟ࡢㄝ᫂࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊTP ᵓ㐀ࡼࡾࡶୗࡢ఩⨨࡛ษࡾྲྀࡾࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࡿสࡾྲྀࡾ௬ㄝ㸦Truncation Hypothesis㸧ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ኱ே
ࡢᩥࡣ CP ᵓ㐀ࢆᣢࡘࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊᗂඣࡣࠊᢞᑕࢆ㏵୰࡛୰᩿ࡍࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ௬ㄝࡣࠊ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢ⾲ࢀࡿ᫬ᮇ࡟ࠊ␲ၥᩥ㸦C せ⣲࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㡯┠㸧ࡸຓືモ
㸦T せ⣲࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㡯┠㸧ࡀ⾲ࢀࡎࠊࡲࡓ✵୺ㄒࡀከࡃ⾲ࢀࡿ஦ᐇࡶ⤫୍ⓗ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶㄝ᫂ຊࢆᣢࡘࠋࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࡲࡓࠊ᫬ไࢆ⾲ࡍືモࡢά⏝ᙧࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊᙧᐜモࡶά⏝ᙧࡀ୍ࡘ௨ୖࡣ⾲ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞ࡃࠊ
㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモ࡜ඹ㉳ࡋ࡚␲ၥモ㸦C せ⣲࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㡯┠㸧ࡸࠕࡀࠖ᱁ࡢ୺ㄒࡀ⾲ࢀࡿ஦ࡣ࡞࠸㸦Murasugi, Fuji
and Hashimoto 2007, Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji 2010 ࡞࡝ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸㸧ࠋ
 ࡲࡓࠊ
ࠕࡶ࠺ࠖ
ࠕࡲࡔࠖ
ࠕ࠶ࡋࡓࠖ➼ࡢ᫬ไ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ๪モࡶྠ୍ᩥෆ࡛୺⠇୙ᐃモ࡜ࡣඹ㉳ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ4

(11)a. ࡶ࠺ࠋ(1;05, 1;06)b. ࡶ࠺ࠊ࡞࠸ࠋ(1;09)c. ࡲࡔࠋ
㸦1;11㸧
d. ࡲࡔࠊࡥࢇࠋ(1;11)e. ࡲࡓࠊ࠶ࡓࠋ 㸦࠶ࡋࡓ㸧 (1;01)ࡇࡢ✀ࡢ๪モࡀࠊྠ୍ᩥෆ࡛ືモ࡜ඹ㉳ࡋࡣࡌࡵࡿࡢࡣࠊ㠀㐣ཤᙧ㸦㸫ࡿᙧ㸧ࡢᙧᘧࡀ
4ࡇࡇ࡛ࡢศᯒࡣࠊ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡀ⾲ࢀࡿྠ᫬ᮇ࡟ࠊ᫬࡟㛵ࡍࡿ๪モࡀ࡝࠺⾲ࢀࡿ࠿ࢆࡳࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࡑࡢ᫬ࡢᗂඣ
ࡢᵓ㐀ࢆㄪ࡭ࡿࡢ࡟᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ᓊᮏ⚽ᶞẶ㸦2011 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 17 ᪥ࠊp.c.㸧࡟ࡼࡿࡈᣦ᦬࡟ᇶ
࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୰ᅜㄒ࡛ࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶࠊ᫬ไ࡜๪モࡣ㢧ᅾⓗ࡟࿧ᛂࡋࡓᙧᘧ࡛࠶ࡽࢃࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࡇࢀ
࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ௒ᚋࡶᓊᮏẶ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ㄪᰝࢆ⥆ࡅࡿணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

- 127 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

␗࡞ࡿືモ࡟࠾࠸࡚⏕⏘ⓗ࡟⾲ࢀጞࡵࡿ 1 ṓ 11 ࢝᭶㡭࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊ๪モࡢ㡢ኌⓗල⌧໬ࡣࠊ㸦12b㸧࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ኱ேࡢࡑࢀ࡜ࡣ୍⮴ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ

(12)a. ࡶ࠺ࠊࡘࢇࡔࠋ
㸦㸻ࡍࢇࡔ㸧
㸦ࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ㸸౽ᡤ࡛ࡍࡴ࡜ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟∗࡟ゝ࠺ 1;10)b. ࡲࡔࠊ࠾ࡕࡓࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࠊ࠾ࡕࡓࡼࠋ㸦ࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ㸸༗๓㸵᫬㐣ࡂࠊᗋࡢ୰࡟࠸
࡚ࠊ࣓࢟ࣕࣛࣝࢆⴠ࡜ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊ࠸࠺ 1;11)ࠗᗂඣࡢㄗ⏝࠘ࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊࠕྠࡌ⤫ㄒⓗ⠊␪ࠖෆ࡛ࠗㄗࡗ࡚࠘㡢ኌⓗ࣭ㄒᙡⓗ࡟ල⌧໬ࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ๪モࡶࡲࡓ౛እ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ5 ๪モࡀ኱ே࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞㡢ᙧࢆకࡗ࡚⏕⏘ⓗ࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊືモࡢά⏝ࡸ୺᱁ࡀ⏕⏘ⓗ࡟⾲ࢀࡣࡌࡵࡿ 2 ṓ௨
㝆࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

(13)

a.

ࡸࡗ࡜ࡡࢇࡡࡋࡓࠋ (2;2)  b.

ࡲࡔ࠶࠸࡚࡞࠸ࡼࠋ (2;1)

c.

࠿࠶ࡕࡷࢇࠊ࠾ࡕࡷࠊࡶ࠺࡞࠸ࡼࠋ(2;1)

d.

࠸ࡲࡉࡗࡁ࠾ࡗࡓࡢࡃࡶࠊ࡝ࡇ࠸ࡗࡓ㸽 (2;5)

e.

ࡁࡢ࠺ࠊ࠾ࡩࡡࡀ࡛࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡡࠋ (2;9)

f.

ࡁࡻ࠺ࠊ࡞࡟ࡺࡗࡓࡢ㸽(2;7)ࡇࢀࡽࡢ஦ᐇࡣࠊ
㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࡀࠊRizzi(1993/1994)ࡢ㏙࡭ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᫬ไྃࡢ
ᢞᑕࡢ࡞࠸᫬ᮇࠊࡼࡾ᭱㏆ࡢศᯒ࡛ࡣࠊࣇ࢙࢖ࢬ㸦phase㸧ࡈ࡜࡟ᗂඣࡀᵓ㐀ࢆษࡾྲྀࡿẁ㝵࡜⪃࠼ࡿୖ࡛ࡢグ㏙ⓗ࡞᰿ᣐ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
࡛ࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࠕ㸫ࡓᙧࠖࡀ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࠕ
㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠋ⯆࿡῝࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊ኱ே
ࡢᩥἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇࡢࠕ㸫ࡓᙧࠖࡣࠊ㐣ཤࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠕ㸦ࡉࡗࡉ࡜㸧ᖐࡗࡓ㸟ᖐࡗࡓ㸟ࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ࿨௧ᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ౑ࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ㄒ➼࡛ ᙉ࠸࿨௧ᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚୙ᐃモࡀ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿ⌧㇟࡟㏻ࡎࡿࠋࡲࡓࠕ㸫ࡓᙧࠖࡣࠊ㠀⌧ᐇ࣭ᮍ↛㸦ࠕࡶࡋࡶ⚾ࡀᐙࢆᘓ࡚ࡓ࡞ࡽࠖ㸧ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣฟ᮶஦ࡢ⤖ᯝ㸦ࠕᑠࡉࡃษࡗࡓ኱᰿ࠖ
㸧࡜࠸ࡗࡓᙧែࡶවࡡࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࠕ⾜ࡗࡓࡾ᮶ࡓࡾࡍࡿ/ࡋࡓࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡟᫬ไ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚↓ᣦᐃࡢᙧែ⣲࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋᗂඣࡣࠊ


5ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕwh-ྃࠖ㸦ࠕㄡࠖࠕఱࠖ➼㸧ࡢ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿせ⣲ࡶࠊ␲ఝ୺⠇୙ᐃモ࡜ࡣࠊྠ୍ᩥ
ෆ࡛ඹ㉳ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࡛♧ࡉࢀࡓ஦ᐇ࡜ศᯒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᮧᮡ(༳ๅ୰)ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ

- 128 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


᫬ไྃࢆᢞᑕࡋ࡞࠸ẁ㝵࡛ࠊࠕ୙ᐃᙧࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕືモࡢㄒᖿ㸩ࡓࠖࡢᙧᘧࢆࠊ௚ࡢᙧែࡢ
௦⏝ᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟ Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2010)࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ Murasugi and Nakatani (2011)ࡣࠊᗂඣゝㄒࡢᑐ↷ゝㄒᏛⓗㄪᰝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ
㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖࡢືモࡢᙧែࡣࠊୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࢆ୕ศ໬ࡍࡿ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ〄ືモ㸦ⱥㄒࠊࢫ࣡ࣄࣜㄒ➼㸧ࡢሙྜࠊ୙ᐃモ㸦ࢻ࢖ࢶㄒࠊ࢜ࣛࣥࢲࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒ➼㸧ࡢሙྜࡶࠊࡑࡋ࡚ືモࡢㄒᖿ࡟ࢹࣇ࢛ࣝࢺࡢᙧែࡀ௦⏝ᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚௜࠸ࡓᙧᘧ࡛⾲ࢀࡿሙྜ㸦᪥ᮏㄒࠊ㡑ᅜㄒࠊࢺࣝࢥㄒࠊ࣮࣐ࣝࢽ࢔ㄒࠊ࢔ࣛࣅ࢔
ㄒࠊࢠࣜࢩࣕㄒ➼㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢゝㄒ㛫ࡢ┦㐪ࡣࠊᙜヱゝㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊືモࡢㄒᖿࡀࡑࢀ
⮬య⊂❧ࡋࡓᙧែ࡜ࡋ࡚ᡂ❧ࡋ࠺ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࡢ㐪࠸㸦Stem Parameter㸧࡜㛵ಀࡍࡿࠋㄒᖿࡀࡑ
ࢀ⮬య࡛ࡣᙧែⓗ࡟ᡂࡾ❧ࡓ࡞࠸[-stem]ࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ್࣮ࢆ㑅ࡪゝㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡣࠊ
࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ୙ᐃᙧࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ືモࡢㄒᖿ࡟㸦ᙜヱࡢ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡢ㸧ࢹࣇ࢛ࣝࢺࡢᙧែࢆ௦
⏝ᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚௜ࡅࡿᙧᘧࢆ⏘ฟࡋࠊࢃࡎ࠿ 1 ṓ࡜࠸࠺ẁ㝵࡛ẕㄒࡢືモᙧែࡢయ⣔ࡢ≉ᛶࢆ཯ᫎࡋࡓ㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࡢᙧᘧࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࠋMurasugi (2009a)ࡣࠊᒅᢡࡸά⏝ࡢ㇏࠿࡞ゝㄒࡢ୺⠇୙ᐃモࡀࠊࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸ゝㄒ㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤⱥㄒ㸧ࡼࡾࡶ᪩ᮇ࡟⾲ࢀࡿ஦ᐇࢆ♧ࡋࡓ
ୖ࡛ࠊWexler (1998)ࡢ Very Early Parameter Setting㸦VEPS㸧ࡢᥦ᱌㸦ㄒ㡰ࡸ✵୺ㄒ࡞࡝࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡣ⏕ᚋ࠿࡞ࡾ᪩࠸ẁ㝵࡛タᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡢᥦ᱌㸧ࡢ୍㒊࡟ Stem Parameter ࡶྵࡲࢀࠊᙧែⓗ≉ᚩࡣࠊࢃࡎ࠿ 1 ṓ࡛タᐃࡉࢀࡿࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ್࣮ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋ

3.3.  T(ense)ࡢ
ࡢ⣲ᛶࡀᮍᣦᐃࡢ᫬ᮇ
࢔ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࢆ♧ࡍࠕࡕࡷࡗࡓࠖ
ࠕ࡚㸦࠸㸧ࡿࠖ࡞࡝ࡀ 1 ṓ௦࡟⾲ࢀࡓᚋࠊ2 ṓ๓ᚋ࡟ࡣከ
ᵝ࡞ືモࡸᙧᐜモ࡟᫬ไࡀ௜ຍࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡣࠊከࡃࡢゝㄒ࡛ࠊ㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࡀ㝶ពⓗ㸦optional㸧࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࠊ࠿ࡘ୺ㄒࡢྡモྃ࡟ࠊᒓ᱁ࡸ୚᱁ࡀࠗㄗࡗ࡚࠘
௜୚ࡉࢀࡿẁ㝵࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊSchütze and Wexler (1996)ࡣࠊT(ense)ࡢᣢࡘ⣲ᛶ㸦Agreement/ Tense㸧ࡀᮍᣦᐃ࡞ẁ㝵࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊᩥࡢ୺ㄒྡモྃࡀࠊ୺᱁௨እࡢࠗㄗࡗࡓ࠘᱁࡟కࢃࢀ࡚㸦ࡓ
࡜࠼ࡤ*My do it ,*Me want it ࡞࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸧⾲ࢀࡿ࡜ศᯒࡍࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡀࠊ᫬ไࡀᢞᑕࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸᫬ᮇࡔ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼࡟ࡃ࠸᰿ᣐࡣ Radford (1998)࡟ࡼࡿ
ᣦ᦬࠿ࡽࡶ⊂❧࡟♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ 2 ṓ௨㝆ࡢᒓ᱁୺ㄒࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡀ⾲ࢀࡿ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣࠊ
ⱥㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊຓືモࡶྠ୍ᩥෆ࡟ඹ㉳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

- 129 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

(14) a. Oh, my can't open it by myself (Child 3, 2;6,)b. Can our do it again? (Sophie 3;0)ࠕ୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖ⌧㇟ࡀ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㅖㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿ㸰ṓ㡭ࡢᗂඣ࡟㝶ពⓗ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿ㡭ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡶࡲࡓࠊ୺ㄒྡモྃࢆ୺᱁ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ㝶ពⓗ࡟ᒓ᱁࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣዣ
᱁࡛᱁ᶆ♧ࡍࡿࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡑࡢ᫬ᮇࡣࠊከࡃࡢゝㄒ࡛୺⠇୙ᐃモືモ࡜ྠ᫬ᮇ࡟୺
ㄒࡢ᱁ࡀࠗㄗࡗ࡚࠘⾲ࢀࡿ᫬ᮇ࡜࡯ࡰ୍⮴ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡣࠊ ኱ே࡜ྠࡌືモά⏝ᙧࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓᚋ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

(15)a.  ࡶࡇࡕࡷࢇ *ࡢ ࡂࡹ࠺࡟ࡹ࠺ *ࡢ ࡯ࡋ࠸ࡔࡗ࡚ࡉ
㸦ࡶࡇࡕࡷࢇࡀ∵ஙࡀḧࡋ࠸ࢇࡔࡗ࡚ࡉ㸧 (2;0)
b.

ࢃࡓࡋ *࡟ ࠿ࡓࡌࡹࡅࡿ࠿ࡽ㸦ࢃࡓࡋࡀ∦௜ࡅࡿ࠿ࡽ㸧 (2;0)ࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊ᫬ไࡸ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡟㛵ࡍࡿせ⣲ࡀ⾲ࢀࡿࠋ⣬㠃ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ヲ⣽ࡣ┬ࡃࡀࠊᒓ᱁
୺ㄒࢆ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛チࡍ࢖ࣥࢻ࡟ᐇᏑࡍࡿࢻࣦࣛ࢕ࢲㅖㄒࡢ୍㒊㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ Malayalam ㄒࡸ Kannada ㄒ㸧ࡸࠊ୚᱁୺ㄒࢆチࡍ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࢫ࢝ࣥࢪࢼࣅ࢔ㄒ࡞࡝࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿゝㄒࡢ≉ᛶ࡜ᛶ㉁ࢆ୍࡟ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࠕ㸦␲ఝ㸧୺⠇୙ᐃモࠖ⌧㇟ࡣୡ⏺ࡢከࡃࡢᗂඣゝㄒ࡟ඹ㏻࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࠗㄗ⏝࡛࠘࠶ࡿࠋ
୍ẁ㝵┠ࡢࡑࢀࡣᗂඣ≉᭷ࡢᵓ㐀࡟ᅉࡿࡀࠊ஧ẁ㝵┠ࡢࡑࢀࡣࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࢻࣦࣛ࢕ࢲㅖゝㄒࡸࢫ࢝ࣥࢪࢼࣅ࢔ゝㄒࡢ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࠋᗂඣࡣࠊࢻࣦࣛ࢕ࢲゝㄒࡸࢫ࢝ࣥࢪࢼ
ࣅ࢔ゝㄒࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ್࣮ࢆヨࡋ࡚࠸ࡿẁ㝵࡟࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

4. ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂ
4.1.  3 ✀㢮ࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡟ࠊᮏ❶ࡢෑ㢌(1)࡛ࡶ♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࠕࡢࠖ
ࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀࠊ㸯ṓ㡭࠿ࡽ㸲ṓ㡭ࡢ㛫࡟ࠊ(16)࡛♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡞ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࢆࡳࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᗈࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(16)

ࡢ ࡯ࢃࡋ㸦=࠾⠂㸧 (2;1) (Ọ㔝 1960)a. ࡯ࢃࡋ ኱ࡁ࠸ *ࡢࡢ ࠺ࢇࡕ   (2;0) (ᶓᒣ 1990)b. ࡲ࠶ࡿ࠸ *ࡢ

- 130 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


c. ࡺ࠺ࡓࡀ ࠶ࡋࡻࢇ࡛ࡿ *ࡢࡢ ࡸࡕࡹ ࡣ ࡇࢀࠊࡇࢀࠋ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;3)(16a)࡜(16b)ࡣᙧᐜモ࡜ྡモࡢ㛫࡟ࠕࡢࠖࡀ࠶ࡽࢃࢀࡿ౛࡛࠶ࡾࠊ2 ṓ๓ᚋ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ
(16c)ࡣ㐃యಟ㣭⠇࡜ྡモࡢ㛫࡟ࠕࡢࠖ࠶ࡽࢃࢀࡿ౛࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞」ྜྡモྃࡣࠊ2
ṓ࠿ࡽ 4 ṓࡢ㛫࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡓࠕࡢࠖࡢ⤫ㄒ⠊␪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㛗ࡃゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲ࡢศ㔝࡛㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣࠕࡢࠖ࡟ࡣ୺࡟㸱✀㢮࠶ࡾࠊⱥㄒࡢ’s ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿᒓ᱁ࡢࠕࡢࠖࠊone ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࠊࡑࡋ࡚ศ⿣ᩥ࡟࠾࠸࡚๓ᥦ⠇ࡢ୺せ㒊 that ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑
ࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ (Murasugi 1991)ࠋ

(17)

a. ᒣ⏣ࡢ
ࡢᮏ㸦ᒓ᱁⾲♧㸧b. ㉥࠸ࡢ
ࡢ㸦௦ྡモ㸧
c. ࠼ࡳࡀึࡵ࡚ࣟࣈࢫࢱ࣮ࢆ㣗࡭ࡓࡢࡢࡣ࣎ࢫࢺ࡛ࣥࡔࠋ㸦⿵ᩥᶆ㆑㸧ᗂඣࡀࠗㄗࡿ࠘୙ᛮ㆟࡞ࠕࡢࠖࡣఱ࠿ࠋ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡟ᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ➨୍ゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ྐ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀ௦ྡモ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ௬ㄝࠊᒓ᱁࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ
௬ㄝࠊࡑࡋ࡚⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ௬ㄝࡀᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
୕ࡘࡢ௬ㄝࡀ஘❧ࡍࡿ᰿ᣐࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡟ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ௬ㄝࡀ౫ࡗ࡚❧ࡘ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢほᐹࡉࢀࡿグ㏙㸦᫬ᮇ࡜≉ᚩ㸧ࡀ␗࡞ࡿⅬࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿ᫬ᮇࡣ㛗ࡃࠊ㸯ṓ࠿ࡽ
2 ṓ㸦Ọ㔝 1960 ௚)࡜ほᐹࡍࡿㄽᩥࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊ4 ṓ࡛ࡍࡽぢࡽࢀࡿ(Murasugi 1991 ௚)࡜ࡍࡿほᐹࡲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢወጁ࡞࡯࡝࡟㛗࠸ࠕࡢࠖࡢㄗ⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊMurasugi and Hashimoto(2004b), ᮧᮡ࣭୰㇂(2006)ࠊMurasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⦪᩿ⓗほᐹ࡜ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫศᯒࢆ㔜ࡡࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ ༢୍ࡢ⌧㇟࡟ぢ࠼ࡿ ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀࠊᐇࡣ୕ࡘࡢ
⊂❧ࡋࡓཎᅉ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ◊✲ᡂᯝࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࠋᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛ࡣࠊࠕࡢࠖ
ࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢၥ㢟ࢆᩚ⌮ࡋ෌⪃ࢆຍ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࡑࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ

4.2.
 ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑௬ㄝ㸸㛵ಀ⠇ࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮(Murasugi 1991)
Murasugi (1991)ࡣࠊ2 ṓ࠿ࡽ 4 ṓࡢ㛗ᮇ࡟ࢃࡓࡿᐇ㦂࣭ほᐹⓗㄪᰝࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠕࡢࠖࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿศᯒࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢཎᅉࡣࠊୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࡢ㐃యಟ㣭⠇ᵓ㐀ࡢከᵝᛶ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋཎ⌮࡜ࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮⌮ㄽࡢࡶ࡜࡟ࠊ㐃యಟ- 131 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究㣭⠇ᵓ㐀ࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒ࡟ࡣࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࢆࡶࡘ㐃యಟ㣭⠇ࡢ್ࢆᣢࡘゝㄒ࡜⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸㐃యಟ㣭⠇ࡢ್ࢆࡶࡘࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡟࠾࠸
࡚ࠊⱥㄒ࡞࡝ࡢከࡃࡢゝㄒ࡛ࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࢆࡶࡘ㐃యಟ㣭⠇㸦CP㸧ࡀ㑅ࡤࢀࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡸ㡑ᅜㄒ࡛ࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸㐃యಟ㣭⠇㸦TP㸧ࡀ㑅ࡤࢀࡿࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊ⯆࿡῝࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊᚋ
⪅ࡢゝㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿ ᗂඣࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㡑ᅜㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࢆᣢࡘ㐃యಟ㣭⠇㸦CP㸧ࢆ౑࠸ࠊ⮬㌟ࡢ฿㐩ゝㄒ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ㐃యಟ㣭⠇ࢆタᐃࡍࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ
ࡀ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࠕࡢࠖࡀ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡿ⌮⏤࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
 」ྜྡモྃࡀ⮬↛Ⓨヰ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀጞࡵࡿࡢࡣ 2 ṓࢆࡍࡂ࡚࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋከࡃࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓ⌧㇟ࡀࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ」ྜྡモྃࡶ᭱ึࡣ୍ᐃࡢ⾲⌧࡛ࡢࡳ⾲ࢀࠊࡑࡢሙྜࡣࠊ」ྜ
ྡモྃ඲యࡀࠕࡲ࡜ࡲࡾࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᅛᐃ⾲⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ
ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸(Murasugi and Hashimoto 2004b)ࠋ(18)ࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣືモࡣᖖ࡟ࠕ(㈙ࡗ࡚)ࡃࢀࡿ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊྡモࡣࠕࣉࣞࢮࣥࢺࠖ࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(18)a. ࡜ࡗࡓࢇࡀ ㈙ࡗ࡚ࡃࢀࡓ ࣉࣞࢮࣥࢺ ࡔࡼࠋ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;0)b. ࡇࢀࠊࣘ࢟ࡕࡷࢇࡀ ࡃࢀࡓ ࣉࣞࢮࣥࢺ ࡞ࡢࠋ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;0)ࡑࡢᚋࠊ㐃యಟ㣭⠇ࡀ๰㐀ⓗ࡟⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀጞࡲࡾࠊᗂ
ඣ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ㐜ࡃࡣ 4 ṓ㡭ࡲ࡛㐣๫⏕ᡂࢆ⥆ࡅࡿࠋ(19)a. ᯤࢀ࡚ࡿ *ࡢࡢ ⰼ ࡔࡼࠋ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;2ࠊᒅᢡືモ㸩ࠕࡢࠖ㸩ྡモ)
ࡢ ࡸࡕࡹ ࡣࠊࡇࢀࠊࡇࢀࠋ
b. ࡺ࠺ࡓࡀ࠶ࡋࡻࢇ࡛ࡿ *ࡢ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;3ࠊಟ㣭⠇㸩ࠕࡢࠖ㸩ྡモ)c. ࡇࢀ 㛗࠸ *ࡢࡢ ࡸࡕࡹ ࡔࡡࠋ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;3ࠊᙧᐜモ㸩ࠕࡢࠖ㸩ྡモ)

Murasugi (1991)࡛ࡣࠊᮾிࡸ㛗㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᐇドⓗ࡟ㄪᰝࡋࡓ
ୖ࡛ࠊᐩᒣ᪉ゝ࡜㡑ᅜㄒࡢ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡜ᗂඣࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ศᯒࡋࠊࡇࡢ 2 ṓ࠿ࡽ 4 ṓ㡭ࡲ࡛㐃యಟ㣭⠇࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠕࡢࠖࡀࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᐩᒣ᪉ゝࡢ኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡛ࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࡣࠕࡀࠖ
ࠊᒓ᱁ࡣࠕࡢ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊ㡑ᅜㄒ࡛ࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑
ࡣ kesࠊᒓ᱁ࡣ uy ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐩᒣ᪉ゝ࡜㡑ᅜㄒࡢᏊ౪ࡢⓎヰࢆほᐹࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࠕࡀ࣭kes࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ஦ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋ

- 132 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


(20)

a. ࢔ࣥࣃ࣐ࣥࣥ ௜࠸࡜ࡿ *ࡀࡀ ࢥࢵࣉ
b. Acessi otopai
uncle

tha-nunmortorcycle rinding-is(ᐩᒣ᪉ゝࠊࢣࣥ 2;11ࠊMurasugi 1991)

*kes

soli

ya. (㡑ᅜㄒࠊ2-3 years oldࠊKim1987)

KES

soundis‘Lit. (This) is the sound that a man is riding a motorcycle.’ ࡇࡇ࡛㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿせ⣲ࡣᒓ᱁࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࠋᒓ᱁ࡣࠊᐩᒣ᪉ゝ࡛ࡣࠕࡢࠖ
ࠊ㡑ᅜㄒࡣࠕuy࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢᗂඣࡀ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊᐩᒣ᪉ゝ࡛ࡣࠕࡀࠖࠊ㡑ᅜㄒ࡛ࡣࠕkes࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢせ⣲ࡀ௦ྡモ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࡢẁ㝵ࡢᗂඣࡣྡモⓗせ⣲࡜ྡモⓗせ⣲ࡢ㛫࡟ࠕ኱ே࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠖᒓ᱁ࡢࠗࡢ࠘ࢆᤄධ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡶࡋࠊࡇࡢせ⣲ࡀ௦ྡモ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ
ࠕ࢔ࣥࣃ࣐ࣥࣥ ௜࠸࡜ࡿ *ࡀࡀ ࠖࠕAcessi otopai*kesࠖࡣࠊྡモྃ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀண

tha-nunࡉࢀࡿࠋࠕࢥࢵࣉࠖࠊࠕsoliࠖࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀྡモⓗ࡞せ⣲࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࡶࡋࡇࡢせ⣲ࡀ௦ྡモ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊᐩᒣ᪉ゝࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࡀⓎ
ヰࡍࡿ࡜ண
ࡀண

ࡉࢀࡿྡモྃࡣࠊࠕ࢔ࣥࣃ࣐ࣥࣥ ௜࠸࡜ࡿ *ࡀࡀ ࡢ ࢥࢵࣉࠖ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜

ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣᗂඣࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡣ⏘ฟࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ࡜ࡁᗂඣࡀ

㐣๫⏕ᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿせ⣲ࡣࠊ௦ྡモ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ௬ᐃ࡟ࡓ
࡚ࡤࠊᗂඣࡣⱥㄒ࡜(ㄒ㡰ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡢ)ྠࡌ㐃యಟ㣭⠇ࡢᵓ㐀ࢆ௬ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞
ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࡢ(኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ)㐃యಟ㣭⠇࡟ࡣ஧✀㢮࠶ࡾࠊᗂඣࡀ
ẕㄒ࡜ࡣ㐪࠺ᵓ㐀ࢆ௬ᐃࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊཎ⌮࡜ࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮⌮ㄽࡢୗ࡛ࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡓࠕࡢࠖࡀఱ࠿ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࡞ࡐࠊᗂඣࡀࠕࡢࠖࢆ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ㅦࡀ
ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࠋ
࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊMurasugi (1991)ࡢ௬ㄝ࡛ࡣࠊㄝ᫂ࡋࡁࢀ࡞࠸グ㏙ࡀṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࠊ
Murasugi and Hashimoto (2004b)ࡣ GLOW in Asia (㡑ᅜ㸸ࢯ࢘ࣝ)࡟࠾࠸࡚Ⓨ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑ
ࢀࡣࠊỌ㔝(1960)ࡢほᐹࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿグ㏙ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿࠋỌ㔝(1960)ࡢほᐹࡍࡿࡼ࠺
࡟ࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣ஧ㄒᩥࡢẁ㝵㸦㸯ṓ௦㸧࠿ࡽぢࡽࢀࠊࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣᒓ᱁ࡶ T ࡸ C ࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓせ⣲ࡶࠊⓎヰ࡟ࡣ㢧ᅾ໬ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ஦ᐇࡣࠊ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ㄝࡔࡅ࡛
ࡣ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࢆࡍ࡭࡚ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋMurasugi and Hashimoto (2004b)ࡣࠊ
Ọ㔝(1960)ࡢ௦ྡモ௬ㄝࡣᇶᮏⓗ࡟ṇࡋࡃࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿሙྜ࡟ຍ
࠼ࠊ1 ṓ࠿ࡽ 2 ṓࡢࡑࢀࡣࠊ௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀ⾲ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

- 133 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究


4.3.
 ௦ྡモ௬ㄝ
Ọ㔝 (1960)ࡣࠊ ᒓ᱁ࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀ 2 ṓ 2 ࣨ᭶࡛⾲ࢀጞࡵࡿ๓࡟ࠊ(21)࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀ⾲ࢀࠊྠ᫬࡟(22)࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(21)

ࡢࠋ(2;1)a. ኱ࡁ࠸ࡢ
b. ࡕࡗࡕࡷ࠸ࡢ
ࡢࠋ(2;1) (Ọ㔝 1960)(22)ࡢ ࡯ࢃࡋ㸦=࠾⠂㸧 (2;1)
a. ࡯ࢃࡋ ኱ࡁ࠸ *ࡢࡢ ࢔࣒ࢼ㸦=ࣁࣝࢼ㸧(2;1)
b. ࢔࣒ࢼࡕࡗࡕࡷ࠸ *ࡢ(Ọ㔝 1960)

Ọ㔝㸦1960㸧࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣࠊࠕ௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢࡳࡀ⏘ฟࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᙜヱࡢᗂඣࡣࠊᒓ᱁ࡢࠕࡢࠖࢆᤄධࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁሙᡤ࡛ࡣࠊ୍ษᒓ
᱁ࢆᤄධࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ஦ᐇ࠿ࡽࠊỌ㔝㸦1960)ࡣࠊࡇࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣᒓ᱁࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜
⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡿࠋ
Murasugi and Hashimoto (2004b), ᮧᮡ࣭ᶫᮏ(2006)ࡣࠊỌ㔝(1960)࡜ࣃࣛࣞࣝ࡞Ⓨ㐩ẁ㝵ࡀࠊᶫᮏẶ࡟ࡼࡿほᐹ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿࠕ࠶ࡗࡃࢇࠖ࡟ࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆሗ࿌
ࡋࠊỌ㔝(1960)ࡢ௬ㄝࡀṇࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࡇࡢ௦ྡモ௬ㄝ㸦࡞ࡽࡧ࡟⿵
ᩥᶆ㆑௬ㄝ㸧ࡣࠊMurasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ୰㇂཭⨾Ặࡢ⾜ࡗࡓࠕࡺ࠺ࡓࠖ
ࡢ⦪᩿ⓗほᐹ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ⿬௜ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
୰㇂཭⨾Ặࡢほᐹ࡟ࡼࡿ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣࠕࡺ࠺ࡓࠖࡣࠊᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢࢹ࣮
ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫసᡂࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗࡓᗂඣ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࠕࡺ࠺ࡓࠖࡶࡲࡓࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓึᮇࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖ࡜ᣦ♧ⓗྡモྃࡢ㛫࡟ࠊࡋࡤࡋ࣏࣮ࢬ㸦㛫㸧ࢆ࠾࠸࡚ࠊᒓ᱁ࡢ࡞࠸᫬ᮇ࡟ྠ
ᵝࡢⓎヰࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࣏࣮ࢬ㸦㛫㸧ࡢᐇᅾᛶࡣࠊPRAAT ࡟ࡼࡾド᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(23)a. ࠶ࡗࡃࢇ ࡕ࠸ࡕࡷ࠸ ࡢ ࡇࢇࡇࢇࡇࢇࠋ(2;4)
b. ࠶ࡗࡃࢇ// (㛫) //ࡕ࠸ࡕࡷ࠸ ࡢ// (㛫) // ࡇࢇࡇࢇࡇࢇ

(24)࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢࡺ࠺ࡓࡢⓎヰࢆ PRAAT (Boersma and Weenink 2009)࡛ศᯒ
ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࠕࡢࠖ࡜ࡑࡢᚋࡢᣦ♧ⓗྡモࡢ㛫࡟᫂ࡽ࠿࡞࣏࣮ࢬ㸦㛫㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿ஦ࡀศ࠿ࡿ㸦ᅗ㸯㸧ࠋ

- 134 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


(24)

ᮏࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ࡢࠊᮏ ࡔࠋ(1;10)ᅗ㸯ࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊࡇࡢⓎヰࡀ 2 ࡘࡢ㒊ศ࠿ࡽᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ஦ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ
ࢀࡣࠊ2 ṓ௨㝆࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ」ྜྡモྃෆ࡛࠾ࡁࡿࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ
ᛶ㉁ࢆࡶࡘࠋ2 ṓ௨㝆࡛」ྜྡモྃෆࡢ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࡢࠕࡢࠖ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢሙྜࡣࠊᅗ 2 ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕ࣏࣮ࢬ㸦㛫㸧ࠖࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
ᅗ 2࡛ࡣ࡞ࡐࠊ௦ྡモࠕࡢࠖࡀ⾲ࢀࡓ࠶࡜࡟ࠊ࣏࣮ࢬ(㛫)ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋMurasugi and
Hashimoto (2004), ᮧᮡ࣭ᶫᮏ(2006), Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)࡛ࡣࠊ1 ṓ࠿ࡽ 2 ṓ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡳࡽࢀࡿ௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣᩥἲୖࡢㄗ⏝࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ2 ㄒᩥࡢẁ㝵ࡢᏊ౪ࡢⓎヰୖ㸦ࡢ㝈⏺㸧ࡢ≉ᛶࢆ♧ࡍ౛࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡢᏊ౪ࡣࡲࡔಟ㣭ᵓ㐀ࢆ᏶඲࡟୺せ㒊࡜ేྜ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ㍍࠸ྡモ㸦௦ྡモࠕࡢࠖ㸧ࢆ୺せ㒊࡟ࡋࡓྡモྃࢆࡲࡎసࡗ࡚ᯟࢆస
ࡾࠊࡑࡢᚋ࡟ᣦ♧ⓗྡモࢆⓎヰࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ⌧㇟ࡣేྜ᧯స(merger)ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿୖ࡛ࠊព࿡ⓗෆᐜࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸(㍍࠸)௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖ࡜ྡモྃࢆࡲࡎేྜࡍࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㢧ᅾ໬ࡍࡿ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

4.4. ᒓ᱁௬ㄝ
 Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)࡛ࡣࠊ1 ṓ࠿ࡽ 2 ṓ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࠕࡢࠖࡣ௦ྡモࠊ2 ṓ࠿
ࡽ 4 ṓ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࠕࡢࠖࡣ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ஧ࡘࡢ௬ㄝࡢࡳ࡛ࡣㄝ᫂ࡋࡁࢀ࡞࠸グ㏙ࡀṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊᶓᒣ(1990)࡟ࡼࡿほᐹࡀᇶᮏ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
ᶓᒣ (1990)ࡢᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ኱ே࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊྡモⓗせ⣲࡜ྡモྃࡢ㛫࡟ࠕࡢࠖࡀ㸦ṇࡋࡃ㸧ᤄධࡉࢀࡿẁ㝵࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ≉ᐃࡢᙧᐜモࡢᚋ࡟ࡢࡳࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀほᐹࡉࢀ- 135 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究ࡿẁ㝵ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠕࡺ࠺ࡓࠖࡣ㸯ṓ㸯㸯ࣨ᭶ࠊ㔝ᆅẶ࡟ࡼࡿほᐹグ㘓㸦ࠕࢫ࣑ࣁࣞࠖ㸸CHILDES ཰㘓㸧࡟ࡼࢀࡤ 2 ṓ 0 ࣨ᭶࡛ࠊ኱ே࡜ྠᵝ࡟ྡモⓗせ⣲࡜ྡモྃ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ᒓ᱁ࡢࠕࡢࠖࢆᤄධࡋࠊࠕ࠾∗ࡉࢇࡢヰࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓྡモྃࢆ౑࠸ጞࡵࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋྠࡌ㡭ࠊ≉ᐃࡢᙧᐜモ࡟ࡢࡳࠊࠕࡢࠖࡀᤄධࡉࢀࡓྡモྃࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

(25)

a. ᪂ࡋ࠸*ࡢࡢ ⣬ (ࡺ࠺ࡓ 1;11)b. ⓑ࠸*ࡢࡢ ࡈ㣤 (ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;0)c. ᑠࡉ࠸*ࡢࡢ ࡪ࠺ࡪ࠺ ㏻ࡗࡓ ࡼࠋ(ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ 1;11)ࠕࡺ࠺ࡓࠖࡢほᐹグ㘓ࢆ PRAAT ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ศᯒࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊࡇࡢሙྜࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖ࡜ྡモྃࡢ㛫࡟ࠊ࣏࣮ࢬ㸦㛫㸧ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

ᅗ3ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠕⓑ࠸ࡢࡈ㣤ࠖࡀ୍ᐃࡢᵓᡂ⣲࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓨヰࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊୖ࡟♧ࡋࡓ௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢሙྜ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣᏊ౪ࡣࡲࡔ」ྜྡ
モྃࢆⓎヰࡋ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊศ⿣ᩥࡶほᐹࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࡇࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜
࠸࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡶ⪃࠼࡟ࡃ࠸ࠋ
ゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲ྐ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡀᒓ᱁࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ௬ㄝࡣከࡃࡢ◊✲⪅࡟ᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ(ᒾῲࠊᮧ▼ 1968, Harada 1980, 1984, Clancy 1985, ᶓᒣ 1990, ఀ⸨ 1998௚)ࡑࡢ୰࡛ࠊᶓᒣ (1990)ࡣࠊࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡣࠊⰍࠊ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧࠊࢆゝཬࡍࡿᙧᐜモ࡜ඹ࡟⾲ࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺୙ྍᛮ㆟࡞ほᐹ⤖ᯝࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡢほᐹࡣࠊMurasugi and
Hashimoto (2004b)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊⰍࠊ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧࢆ࠶ࡽࢃࡍᙧᐜモࡣ᫬ไࡢᒅᢡࢆకࢃࡎࠊᖖ
࡟⌧ᅾᙧ࡛࠶ࡽࢃࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺グ㏙࡜▩┪ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ- 136 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


(26)

a. ኱ࡁ࠸*ࡢࡢ 㨶 (1;8)
b. ࡲ࠶ࡿ࠸*ࡢࡢ ࠺ࢇࡕ(2;0)ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊMurasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)࡛ࡣࠊ୰㇂࡟ࡼࡿ⦪᩿ⓗほᐹ㸦ࡺ࠺ࡓ㸧ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜㔝ᆅẶ࡟ࡼࡿほᐹグ㘓㸦ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ㸸CHILDES ཰㘓㸧ࡢࢥ࣮ࣃࢫศᯒ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᶓᒣ
(1990)࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ሗ࿌ࡉࢀࡓࠊ୍ぢࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ୙ᛮ㆟࡜ࡶ࠸࠼ࡿほᐹ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ⿬௜ࡅࡽࢀ
ࡿ࡜ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊⰍࠊ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧ࡜ゝࡗࡓ≉ᐃࡢᙧᐜモࡀ౑ࢃࢀࡿ᫬ࡢࡳࠊ
ࡇࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀぢࡽࢀࠊ୍᪉ࠊ
ࠕ③࠸ࠖ
ࠕ㔜࠸ࠖ
ࠕᛧ࠸ࠖ࡞࡝ࡢᙧᐜモࡣࠊ᫬ไࢆక
ࡗ࡚ླྀ㏙ⓗ࡟࠶ࡽࢃࢀࠊࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣྡモࡢ๓࡟ࡣ⾲ࢀࡎࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ
ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࢆక࠺஦ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ

(27)

a. ࠾࠸ࡋ࠸ࠊࡇࢀࠋ࠾࠸ࡋ࠸ࠊࡇࢀࠋ(ࡺ࠺ࡓ 1;10)b. ࡇࡇ ࡤࡤࡕ࠸ ࡼࡡࠋ(ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ 2;0)c. ࠾ẕࡕࡷࢇ ࡱࢇࡱ(=⫶) ࠸ࡓ࠸ ࡢ㸽(ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ 2;0)ࡇࢀࡽࡢグ㏙ⓗ୍⯡໬࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊMurasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)ࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ወ
ጁ࡞୍⯡໬ࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࢆၥ࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ⟅࠼ࡢ୍ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᗂඣࡀᙧᐜモࢆ኱ே࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ⠊␪࡛࡜ࡽ࠼࡚࠸ࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⰍࡸᙧࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕ
ࠗࡢ࠘ࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࠖࢆࡦࡁ࠾ࡇࡍᙧᐜモࡣࠊᐇࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿᙧᐜモ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊྡモⓗせ⣲㸦ྡモⓗᙧᐜモ㸧࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕࠗࡢ࠘ࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࠖࢆࡦࡁ࠾ࡇࡉ࡞࠸ᙧᐜモࡣࠊືモⓗせ⣲㸦ືモⓗᙧᐜモ㸧࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ௬ㄝࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢ᰿ᣐ࡟ࡼࡾᨭᣢࡉࢀࡿࠋ⾲ 1 ࡣࠕࡺ࠺ࡓࠖࡢⓎヰࠊ⾲ 2 ࡣࠕࢫ࣑ࣁ
ࣞࠖࡢⓎヰ ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊྡモⓗᙧᐜモࡢ㐣ཤᙧࡀᴟࡵ࡚㐜ࡃ⾲ࢀࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊືモⓗᙧᐜモࡢ㐣ཤᙧࡣẚ㍑ⓗ᪩ࡃ⾲ࢀࡿࠋ






- 137 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

⾲ 1: ᙧᐜモࡢ⌧ᅾᙧࠊ㐣ཤᙧࡀ࠶ࡽࢃࢀጞࡵࡓᖺ㱋㸦ࡺ࠺ࡓ㸧ྡモⓗᙧᐜモ㸦ゐぬࠊどぬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢ㸧ᙧᐜモ ⌧ᅾᙧ㐣ཤᙧ኱ࡁ࠸ ኱ࡁ࠸(1;8)኱ࡁ࠿ࡗࡓ(2;0)ᑠࡉ࠸ ᑠࡉ࠸(1;11)ᑠࡉ࠸࠿ࡗࡓ(2;1)

ᙧᐜモ
③࠸
࠾࠸ࡋ࠸

⌧ᅾᙧ
③࠸(1;11)࠾࠸ࡋ࠸(1;10)㯮࠸ᛧ࠸

ᛧ࠸(1;10)㯮࠸(2;0)㯮࠿ࡗࡓ(2;4)ືモⓗᙧᐜモ㐣ཤᙧ③࠿ࡗࡓ(1;11)࠾࠸ࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ
(1;10)
ᛧ࠿ࡗࡓ(2;2)⾲ 2: ᙧᐜモࡢ⌧ᅾᙧࠊ㐣ཤᙧࡀ࠶ࡽࢃࢀጞࡵࡓᖺ㱋㸦ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ㸧ྡモⓗᙧᐜモ㸦ゐぬࠊどぬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢ㸧ᙧᐜモ ⌧ᅾᙧ㐣ཤᙧ኱ࡁ࠸ ኱ࡁ࠸(1;11)኱ࡁ࠿ࡗࡓ(2;9)
㉥࠸㉥࠸(1;11)㉥࠿ࡗࡓ(4;0)ⓑ࠸ⓑ࠸(2;2)ⓑ࠿ࡗࡓ(3;6)ືモⓗᙧᐜモ
ᙧᐜモ
③࠸
㔜࠸
⮯࠸

⌧ᅾᙧ
③࠸(1;8)㔜࠸(1;8)⮯࠸(2;2)㐣ཤᙧ③࠿ࡗࡓ(2;0)㔜࠿ࡗࡓ(2;2)⮯࠿ࡗࡓ(2;3)ࡇࡢ஦ᐇ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᗂඣࡣࠊ኱ேࡢᙧᐜモ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊᙧᐜモࢆྡモⓗ࠿ືモⓗ࠿࡟ศ㢮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࢀࡣୖグࡢグ㏙ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ௚ࡢ஦ᐇ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶㄝ᫂ຊࢆࡶࡘࠋ
౛࠼ࡤࠊࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࢆక࠺ྡモⓗᙧᐜモࡣࠊᣦ♧ⓗྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ(኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ) 㡯ࡢ఩⨨࡟⾲ࢀࡿࠋ(28)

a. *㯤Ⰽ࠸ ࡜ *㉥࠸ ࡜  (ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ 2;9)b. *ᑠࡉ࠸ ࡇ࠾࡚(=㈙ࡗ࡚)ࡸ(29)(ࢫ࣑ࣁࣞ 2;7)*ࡕࡗࡕࡷ࠸ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ*ࡲ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚…ࡇࢇ࡞*኱ࡁ࠸ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚… (ࡺ࠺ࡓ 2;2)(28a)ࡢᙧᐜモࠕ㯤Ⰽ࠸ࠖࠕ㉥࠸ࠖࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࠕ㯤Ⰽ࠸ࢡࣞࣚࣥࠖ
ࠕ㉥࠸ࢡࣞࣚࣥࠖࢆព࿡ࡋࠊ
(28b)ࡢࠕᑠࡉ࠸ࠖࡣࠊᐇ㝿ࡣࠊᑠࡉ࠸≟ࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢྡモⓗᙧᐜモࡣ᱁ࢆ࠺ࡅ
࡚⾲ࢀࠊࡲࡓ(29)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᙧᐜモࡀ୺ㄒ఩⨨࡟⾲ࢀࠊ୺᱁ࠕࡀࠖࡀకࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ドᣐ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊMurasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)ࡣࠊ Ⰽࠊ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧࠊ≧ែࡢᙧᐜモࡣྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣࠊྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚㛫㐪ࡗ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡓᙧᐜモ࡟ࠊ(኱ே࡜ྠᵝ࡟ṇࡋࡃ)ᒓ᱁ࡀ௜୚ࡉࢀࡓ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ศᯒࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᶓᒣ (1990)࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡓグ㏙ⓗ୍⯡໬ࡣࠊᙧᐜモ࡜࠸࠺⠊␪ࡢ⋓ᚓࡢᅔ㞴ࡉ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᒓ᱁ࡀ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⌧㇟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

- 138 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


࡛ࡣ࡞ࡐࠊᏊ౪ࡣ≉ᐃࡢᙧᐜモࢆྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠋⰍࠊ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧࢆ⾲ࡍᙧᐜモࡣ௚ࡢ᝟⥴ⓗࠊホ౯ⓗ࡞ᙧᐜモ࡜␗࡞ࡾලయྡモ࡟㏻ࡎࡿ≉ᚩࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ(Berman
1988, Mints and Gleitman 2002)ࠋࡲࡓࠊde Villiers and de Villiers (1978)ࡣࠊᏊ౪ࡀ኱ࡁࡉࠊᙧࠊ
Ⰽࢆ⾲ࡍᙧᐜモࢆ୍ࡘࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭦࡟ࠊᙧᐜモࡣ ࠕὶືⓗ⠊␪ࠖ࡜ࡉࢀࠊ⩦ᚓࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸࡜ࡍࡿㄽࡶ࠶ࡿ(Gassar and Smith 1998, Berman 1988, Polinsky
2005, ௚)ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡣࠊ(30)࡟ࡳࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᙧᐜモࡶྡモࡶࠕ࡛ࡍࠖࡢ๓࡟⾲ࢀࠊࡲࡓ(31)࡟♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ᙧᐜモࡶືモࡶ᫬ไࢆక࠸ά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᙧᐜモ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⤫ㄒⓗᡭࡀ࠿ࡾࡀ
᭕᫕࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

(30)a. ㉥࠸࡛ࡍࠋ㸦ᙧᐜモ㸧
b. ㉥࡛ࡍࠋ㸦ྡモ㸧

(31)

a. ኱ࡁ࠸í኱ࡁ࠿ࡗࡓ㸦ᙧᐜモ㸧
b. ㉥࠸í㉥࠿ࡗࡓ㸦ᙧᐜモ㸧
c. 㣗࡭ࡿí㣗࡭ࡓ㸦ືモ㸧
d. 㣧ࡴí㣧ࢇࡔ㸦ືモ㸧ࡇࢀࡽࡢ஦ᐇ࡜ศᯒࡣࠊᙧᐜモࡣࠊࡑࡢ⩦ᚓ࡟᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿ⠊␪࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡑࢀࡣୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࡢ୰ࡢᙧᐜモ࡜࠸࠺⠊␪ࡢከᵝᛶ࡟ࡶ㏻ࡎࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᗂඣࡢᩥἲ
⋓ᚓ㏵ୖ࡟ࡣࠊ
㸦኱ேࡢࡑࢀ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ㸧ྡモࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡩࡿࡲ࠺ᙧᐜモ㸦ྡモⓗᙧᐜモ㸧࡜ືモࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡩࡿࡲ࠺ᙧᐜモ㸦ືモⓗᙧᐜモ㸧ࡀᐇᅾࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ྡモⓗᙧᐜモ࡜ྡモྃ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ࠊ
㸦኱ேࡢᩥἲ࡜ྠᵝ࡟㸧ᒓ᱁ࢆᤄධࡍࡿẁ㝵ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀ
ࠕᒓ᱁ࡢࠗࡢ࠘ࠖ௬ㄝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓẁ㝵ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ6
60 ᖺ࡟ཬࢇ࡛㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊグ㏙ࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡍࡽ▩┪ࢆᏎࡴΰ஘ࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡢၥ㢟ࡢ᰿ᖿ࡟ࡣࠊࡇࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖ
ࡀ༢⊂ࡢ⌧㇟࡜ಙࡌࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠕࡢࠖࡀఱ࠿࡜࠸
࠺ၥ࠸࡟↔Ⅼࡀ࠶࡚ࡽࢀࠊ
ࠕࡢࠖࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡀ࡞ࡐ࠾ࡁࡿࡢ࠿ࡀၥࢃࢀ࡞࠸ഴྥ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࡇ


Murasugi, Nakatani and Fuji (2009)࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢ㸱ࡘࡢせᅉࡀࠕࠗࡢ࠘ࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࠖ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ⤖ㄽࡣࠊ」ᩘࡢࢥ࣮ࣃࢫศᯒ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ᭦࡟⿬௜ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
- 139 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究࡜ࡶࠊΰ஘ࡢཎᅉࡢ୍➃࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣࠊ(i)௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖ(1 ṓᚋ༙)ࠊ(ii)ᒓ᱁ࡢࠕࡢࠖ
㸦2 ṓ๓ᚋ㸧ࠊ(iii)⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࡢࠕࡢࠖ(2 ṓ࠿ࡽ 4 ṓ)ࠊࡢ 3 ࡘࡢẁ㝵ࢆྵࡴ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡋࠊ㐣ཤ 60 ᖺ࡟ゝㄒ⋓ᚓྐࡢ୰࡛ᥦ᱌ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ 3 ࡘࡢ௬ㄝࡀࠊᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡍ࡭࡚ṇࡋ࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋゝㄒ⌮ㄽୖࠕ㐣๫⏕ᡂࠖ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡢࡣࠊ㐃యಟ㣭⠇ࡢᵓ㐀ࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡢタᐃ࡟ࡼࡾ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡿ⿵ᩥᶆ㆑ࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢሙྜࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚ࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣࠊేྜ᧯సࡢ⋓ᚓ㐣⛬ࠊ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ᙧ
ᐜモࡢ⤫ㄒ⠊␪ࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟㉳ᅉࡋࠊ௦ྡモࡢࠕࡢࠖࠊ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ᒓ᱁ࡢࠕࡢࠖࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ኱ேࡢ
ࡑࢀ࡜㱈㱒ࡀ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ᮏ⠇࡛ᴫほࡋࡓᗂඣࡀぢࡏࡿࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡶࡲࡓࠊゝㄒࡢᮏ㉁ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡔ࠿ࡽࡇࡑぢ࠼ࡿ㔜せ࡞㘽࡜࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ⏕ᡂᩥἲ⌮ㄽ(ゝㄒ⌮ㄽ)ࡢୗ࡛ࠕ࡞ࡐࠖࢆၥ࠸ࠊ
ୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒࢆᑕ⛬࡟ධࢀ୍࡚ᐃࡢᇶ‽ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ẚ㍑᳨ウࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊேࡢᚰ࡟ᐇᅾࡍࡿᩥἲ
ࡢ㔜せ࡞≉ᛶࢆࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡣぢࡏ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࠋ

5. ⤖ࡧ࡟࠿࠼࡚㸸⮬↛⛉Ꮫ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠗᗂඣࡢㄗ⏝࠘ᗂඣࡣ↓ព㆑࡟ᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢ㐨ࢆ㎺ࡿࠋゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢ≉ᛶࡀ᪩ᮇ࠿ࡽ⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᐇドⓗ࡟♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ๓❶ࡢ࠿ࡁΰࡐࡸ⛣ື࡟࠿࠿ࡿไ⣙࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⤂௓࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㏙࡭ࡓࠋ
ᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ㡯๐㝖࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⌮ㄽⓗᐇドⓗ࡞◊✲ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏᡂᯝሗ࿌᭩࡟࠾࠸࡚ᩪ⸨Ặ࡜㧗ᶫẶࡀ኱ேࡢయ⣔࡟ࡘ࠸࡚◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㡯๐㝖ࡣᮾ࢔ࢪ࢔ゝㄒࡢ⊂≉࡞≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊ㡯๐㝖௨እࡢ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ゝㄒ⌧㇟࡜㛵㐃ࡍࡿ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡀ⌮ㄽⓗᐇドⓗ࡟㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ✵ࡢ㡯ࡢඛ⾜モࡀ↷ᛂᙧࢆྵࡴሙ
ྜࠊཝᐦྠ୍ㄞࡳ(strict-identity interpretation)࡜⦆࠸ྠ୍ㄞࡳ(sloppy-identity interpretation)ࡀ
ぢࡽࢀࠊ(38b)ࡣከ⩏ⓗ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ(38)a. ࢪࣙࣥࡀ⮬ศࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮ࢆቯࡋࡓࠋ  b. ࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡶ e ቯࡋࡓࠋ
(e = ࢪࣙࣥࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮ࠊ࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮)ࡇࡢ⦆࠸ྠ୍ㄞࡳࡣ௦ྡモ㸦ࡑࢀ㸧ࢆ౑ࡗࡓᩥ࡛ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

- 140 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


(39)

a.

ࢪࣙࣥࡀ ⮬ศࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮ࢆ ቯࡋࡓࠋb.

࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡶࡑ
ࡑࢀࢆ ቯࡋࡓࠋ
(ࡑࢀ = ࢪࣙࣥࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮ࠊ#࣓࢔࣮ࣜࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮)ࡇࡇ࠿ࡽࠊ(38)ࡢ✵┠ⓗㄒࡣ௦ྡモ pro ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ 㡯(DP)ࡢ๐㝖࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊᗂඣࡢ⮬↛Ⓨヰ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ㡯๐㝖࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ౛ࡣࠊືモࡀά⏝ࢆࡣࡌࡵࠊ࠿ࡁΰ
ࡐᩥࡀ⾲ࢀࡿ 2 ṓ๓༙࡜࠸࠺᪩ᮇ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ㸦40a㸧ࡣࠊࢫ࣑ࣁࣞࡀࣃࣥࢶࢆ୍ே࡛ᒚ
ࡃ࡜ࡁࠊ㸦40b㸧ࡣࠊࣞࣔࣥỈࢆ࠸ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊ∗ぶࡀࠕ࠾ẕࡕࡷࢇࡢࡣ㸽ࠖ࡜⪺࠸࡚ࠊࢫ࣑ࣁࣞࡀẕぶ࡟ྥ࠿ࡗ࡚⏘ฟࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ, 㸦40c㸧ࡣࠊẕぶ࡟ᢪ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᘵ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ
ࠕࡲࡓ࠾ࡗࡥ࠸㣧ࢇࡔ㸽ࠖ࡜⪺࠿ࢀࡓ࡜ࡁࠊ㸦40d㸧ࡣࠊẕࡀᘵࡢ࠾࠿ࡺࢆࡓࡇ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚ẕぶࡀࠕ࠾⢛ࡓࡇ࠺ࡡࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆ⪺࠸࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࢫ࣑ࣁࣞࡀⓎヰࡋࡓ౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
(40) a. ࡰࡃࡶࡦ࡜ࡾ ࡣࡃ (2;01)
 b. ࠾࠿࠶ࡕࡷࢇࡶ ࡢࡴ㸽(2;03)c. ࡲࡓ ࡰࡃࡶࡢࡴࡼ (2;04)
d. ࡰࡃࡶࡕࡻ࠺ࡔ࠸ࡡ (2;05)᭦࡟ࠊᮡᓮẶࡣࠊᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢⱥㄒ࡟ࡼࡿᡂᯝሗ࿌᭩ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࡇࡢ㡯๐㝖ࡢࡶࡘ⤫ㄒⓗ≉ᚩ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᗂඣࡀほᐹࡋ࠺ࡿ᪩࠸᫬ᮇ࡟⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᐇ㦂ⓗ࡟♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊゝㄒ⋓ᚓ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢ≉ᛶࡀ᪩ᮇ࠿ࡽ⋓ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
♧ࡉࢀࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊᗂඣࡢᩥἲⓗ࡞ࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡣࠊᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢไ㝈ࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡛㉳ࡇࡾ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜
ࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋẕㄒࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡢ್ࡣࠊ⥲ࡌ࡚᪩ᮇ࡟Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋே㛫ࡣࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿゝㄒࡢヰ⪅࡟࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆᣢࡗ࡚⏕ࡲࢀฟࡎࡿࡀࡺ࠼࡟ࠊ
⮬㌟ࡢẕㄒ࡟୙ᚲせ࡞≉ᛶࢆࠕᤞ࡚ࡿࠖ㐣⛬ࡶ⤒࠺ࡿࠋゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡢ୰㛫ẁ㝵࡟ࠊᬑ㐢ᩥἲ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁẕㄒ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ⮬↛ゝㄒ࡟チࡉࢀࡓᩥἲ್ࢆ௬ᐃࡍࡿẁ㝵ࡀ࠶ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊゝㄒࡣᏛ⩦ࡸ⤒㦂ࠊᵓᩥࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢ᥎ㄽࡢࡳ࡟ࡼࡾ⩦ᚓࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ࡜ࡁࠊᗂඣࡣࠊ
ୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒ࡟࠶ࡿඹ㏻ᛶ࡜ከᵝᛶࢆつᐃࡍࡿ⏕ᚓⓗ࡞ᢳ㇟ⓗࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ࠊゝㄒ⎔ቃ࡟࠶ࡿẕㄒࡢ≉ᛶ࡜ࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚࠸ࡿẁ㝵࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ୺⠇୙ᐃモ⌧㇟ࡸືモࡢ⮬ືモ࣭௚ືモࡢࠗㄗࡗࡓ࠘஺᭰࡞࡝ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿᗂඣ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿ඾ᆺⓗ࡞ㄗ⏝ࢆ࡜ࡾୖࡆࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᩥἲⓗㄗ⏝ࡀࠊ༢࡞ࡿࠗ㛫㐪࠼࡛࠘ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬↛ゝㄒ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍ

- 141 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究ࡿᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡛つᐃࡉࢀࡓ㸦ẕㄒ௨እࡢ㸧ᩥἲࡢ≉ᛶࡀ⾲ࢀࡿẁ㝵࡜ࡍࡿศᯒࢆᥦ
᱌ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊᗂඣࡀẕㄒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࡜ࡣࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᡂ㛗ࡢ㐣⛬࡛ࠊẕㄒࡢ≉ᛶࡀලయⓗ࡟࡞ࢇ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋChomsky (1981)ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ᤊ࠼࡞࠾ࡏࡤࠊẕㄒ⋓ᚓ࡜ࡣࠊẕㄒࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮ࡢ್ࡀ࡞ࢇ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆࠊୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒ࡛チࡉࢀࡿ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ್ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡢ୰࠿ࡽ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ẕㄒࡢ್ࡀᙜヱࡢࣃ࣓ࣛࢱ࣮
ࡢࢹࣇ࢛ࣝࢺ್࡛࡞࠸࡜ࡁࠊ
࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᭷ᶆ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࡑࡢ㑅ᢥ࡟ࡣ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ⌧ᐇࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓࡣࠊ▐᫬ⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
20 ୡ⣖๓༙ࠊ⛉Ꮫ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ୰㇂Ᏹྜྷ㑻ࡣࠊ㞷ࡢ⤖ᬗ࡟ࡣከᵝ࡞ᙧ≧ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ὀ┠ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀ࠸࠿࡞ࡿẼ㇟᮲௳ࡢ࡜ࡁ࡟࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺どⅬ࠿ࡽࠊẼ㇟᮲௳࡜㞷ࡢ⤖ᬗࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ㐣⛬ࡢ㛵ಀࢆゎ᫂ࡋࡓࠋᙼࡣࠊࠗ㞷࠘㸦ᒾἼᩥᗜ㸧ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕࡉ࡚ࠊ㞷ࡣ㧗ᒙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡲࡎ୰ᚰ㒊ࡀฟ᮶ࡑࢀࡀᆅ⾲ࡲ࡛㝆ࡗ࡚᮶ࡿ㛫ࠊྛᒙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡑࢀࡒࢀ␗࡞ࡿ⏕㛗ࢆࡋ࡚ࠊ」㞧࡞ᙧ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊᆅ⾲࡬㐩ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ
࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀ࡛㞷ࡢ⤖ᬗᙧཬࡧᶍᵝࡀዴఱ࡞ࡿ᮲௳࡛ฟ᮶ࡓ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࢀࡤࠊ⤖ᬗࡢ㢧ᚤ㙾෗┿ࢆぢࢀࡤࠊୖᒙ࠿ࡽᆅ⾲ࡲ࡛ࡢ኱Ẽࡢᵓ㐀ࢆ▱ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㞷ࡢ⤖ᬗࢆேᕤⓗ࡟సࡗ࡚ぢ࡚ࠊኳ↛࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿ㞷ࡢ඲✀㢮ࢆసࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ
᮶ࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢᐇ㦂ᐊෆࡢᐃ್࠿ࡽࠊ௒ᗘࡣ㏫࡟ࡑࡢᙧࡢ㞷ࡀ㝆ࡗࡓ᫬ࡢୖᒙࡢẼ㇟ࡢ≧ែࢆ㢮᥎ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ぢࢀࡤ㞷ࡢ⤖ᬗࡣࠊኳ࠿ࡽ㏦ࡽࢀࡓᡭ
⣬࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ୰ࡢᩥྃࡣ⤖ᬗࡢᙧཬࡧᶍᵝ࡜࠸࠺ᬯྕ࡛᭩࠿
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢᬯྕࢆㄞࡳ࡜ࡃ௙஦ࡀ༶ࡕேᕤ㞷ࡢ◊✲࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶฟ᮶
ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ
㞷ࡢ⤖ᬗ࡟ከᵝ࡞ᙧ≧ࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊୡ⏺ࡢゝㄒ࡟ࡶከᵝᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢከᵝᛶࡶࡲࡓࠊ
ே㛫ゝㄒ࡟₯ࡴཎ⌮ⓗ࡞࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ7 ࡇࡢ⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡢゝⴥࢆ೉ࡾࡿ
࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊゝㄒᏛࡣ⮬↛⛉Ꮫ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠗᗂඣࡢㄗ⏝࠘ࡶࡲࡓࠊኳ࠿ࡽ㏦ࡽࢀࡓᡭ⣬࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋᡭ⣬࡟࠶ࡿᩥ❶ࡣࠊᙜヱࡢᗂඣࡢࠕẕㄒ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿᩥἲ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ
ᩥἲ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚᭩࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢᩥἲࢆㄞࡳゎࡃ௙஦ࡀࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊே㛫ゝㄒࡢከᵝᛶࡢ࣮ࣝࢶࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ


ᮏ✏࡛ᘬ⏝ࡍࡿ୰㇂Ᏹྜྷ㑻ࡢⴭస࡜⮬↛⛉Ꮫ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢඃࢀࡓ▱ぢࠊࡑࡋ࡚ゝㄒ⛉Ꮫ࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
໭ཎஂႹẶࡢ༡ᒣ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ே㛫ᩥ໬◊✲⛉ࡢ㞟୰ㅮ⩏㸦 ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥㸧࡟࡚ࡈᩍ♧࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡟ࠊ
グࡋ࡚ឤㅰࡍࡿࠋ

- 142 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩

Berman, Ruth (1988) “Word Class Distinctions in Developing Grammar.” In Yonata Levy, I.
Schlesinger, and Martin D. S. Braine, eds., Categories and Processes in Language Acquisition,
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, 45–72.
Boersma, Paul and David Weenink (2009) Praat: Doing Phonetics by Computer (Version 5.1.23)[Computer Program], Retrieved October 31, 2009, from http://www. praat.org/
Bowerman, Melissa (1974) “Learning the Structure of Causative Verbs: A Study in the Relationshipof Cognitive, Semantic, and Syntactic Development.” Papers and Report on Child Language
Development 8. 142-178.
Chomsky, Noam (1981) Lectures on Government and Binding. Foris: Dordrecht.
Chomsky, Noam (1995) The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Clancy, Patricia (1985) “The Acquisition of Japanese.” In Dan Isaac Slobin, ed., The Cross
Linguistic Study of Language Acquisition Volume 1: The Data, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J.,
373–524.
de Villiers, Jill G. and Peter A. de Villiers (1978) Language Acquisition, Harvard University Press,
Cambridge, Mass.
Figueira, Rosa Attié (1984) “On the Development of the Expression of Causativity: A Syntactic
Hypothesis.” Journal of Child Language 11. 109-127.
Gasser, Michael and Linda B. Smith (1998) “Learning Noun and Adjective Meanings: A
Connectionist Account,” Language and Cognitive Processes Special Issue: Language
Acquisition and Connectionism 13, 269–306.
Guasti, Maria Teresa (1993/1994) “Verb Syntax in Italian Child Grammar: Finite and Non-finite
Forms.” Language Acquisition 3(1), 1-40.
Hale, Ken and Samuel Jay Keyser (1993) “On Argument Structure and the Lexical Expression of
Syntactic Relations.” In Ken Hale and Samuel Jay Keyser (eds.), The View from Building 20:
Essays in Linguistics in Honour of Sylvain Bromberger. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
53-109.
Harada, Kazuko (1980) “Notes on the Acquisition of the Genitive Case Particle No,” ms. Universityof New Mexico, Albuquerque.

- 143 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究


Harada, Kazuko (1984) “On the Acquisition of Japanese,” ࠗ㔠ᇛᏛ㝔኱Ꮫㄽ㞟ࠊⱥ⡿ᩥᏛ⦅࠘25, 149–171.
Hoekstra, Teun and Nina Hyams (1999) “The Eventivity Constraint and Modal Reference Effect inRoot Infinitives.” Proceedings of BUCLD 23. Cascadilla Press, 240-252.
Kim, Young-Joo (1987) The Acquisition of Relative Clauses in English and Korean: Development
in Spontaneous Production, Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University.
Larson, Richard (1988) “On the Double Object Construction.” Linguistic Inquiry 19. 335-391.
Mintz, Toben H. and Lila R. Gleitman (2002) “Adjectives Really Do Modify Nouns: The
Incremental and Restricted Nature of Early Adjective Acquisition,” Cognition 84, 267–293.
Murasugi, Keiko (1991) Noun Phrases in Japanese and English: A Study in Syntax, Learnability and
Acquisition, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Connecticut.
Murasugi, Keiko (2009a) “What Japanese-speaking Children’s Errors Tell Us about Syntax,” Paper
presented at the Asian GLOW VII, English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad,
India, February 28.
Murasugi, Keiko (2009b) “The Onset of Complex NPs in Child Production.” In Hiroki Maezawa
and Azusa Yokogoshi, eds., Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Altaic Formal Linguistics(WAFL6), MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 61, 47–78.
Murasugi, Keiko (2012)“Children's ‘Erroneous’ Intransitives, Transitives, and Causatives and the

Implications for Syntactic Theory.” Paper presented at NINJAL International Symposium:
Valency Classes and Alternations in Japanese. NINJAL. August 4.
Murasugi, Keiko (2013)

“Mimetics and Onomatopoeia as Japanese Root Infinitive Analogues.”

Grammar of Mimetics, SOAS, University of London, London, GB.

2013 ᖺ 5 ᭶ 11 ᪥.

Murasugi, Keiko and Chisato Fuji (2009) “Root Infinitives in Japanese and the Late Acquisition of
Head-movement.” BUCLD 33 Proceedings Supplement. Cascadilla Press.
Murasugi, Keiko, Chisato Fuji and Tomoko Hashimoto (2007) “What’s Acquired Later in an
Agglutinative Language.” Paper presented at the Asian GLOW VI, Chinese University ofHong Kong. December 27.
Murasugi, Keiko, Chisato Fuji and Tomoko Hashimoto (2010) “What’s Acquired Later in an
Agglutinative Language.” Nanzan Linguistics 6. 47-78.
Murasugi, Keiko and Tomoko Hashimoto (2004a) “Three Pieces of Acquisition Evidence for the- 144 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約 : 日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究（村杉

恵子）


v-VP Frame.” Nanzan Linguistics 1. Nanzan University. 1-19.
Murasugi, Keiko and Tomoko Hashimoto (2004b) “Two Different Types of Overgeneration of ‘no’in Japanese Noun Phrases,” in Hang-Jin Yoon, ed., Proceedings of the 4th Asian GLOW in
Seoul, Hankook, Seoul, 327–349.
Murasugi, Keiko, Tomoko Hashimoto, and Chisato Fuji (2007) “VP-Shell Analysis for theAcquisition of Japanese Intransitive Verbs, Transitive Verbs, and Causatives,”

Linguistics

45, 615-651.
Murasugi, Keiko and Tomomi Nakatani (2011) "Three types of 'Root Infinitives': Theoretical
implications from Child Japanese" Paper presented at 20th Japanese/Korean Linguistics
Conference. Oxford University. October 1.
Murasugi, Keiko, Tomomi Nakatani and Chisato Fuji (2009) “A Trihedral Approach to theOvergeneration of No in the Acquisition of Japanese Noun Phrase,” paper presented at the
19th Japanese/Korean Linguistics Conference, University of Hawaii, November 12–14.
Murasugi, Keiko, Tomomi Nakatani, and Chisato Fuji (2010) “The Roots of the Root Infinitives”
BUCLD 34 Proceedings Supplement. Cascadilla Press.
Murasugi, Keiko and Eriko Watanabe (2009) “Case Errors in Child Japanese and the Implications.”
Proceedings of the 3rd GALANA, 143-164. Cascadilla Press.
Polinsky, Maria (2005) “Word Class Distinctions in an Incomplete Grammar.” In Dorit D. Ravid
and Hava Bat-Zeev Shyldkrodt, eds., Perspectives on Language and Language Development,
Kluwer, Dordrecht, 419–436.
Radford, Andrew (1998) “Genitive Subject in Child English [Electric version],” Lingua 106,
113-131.
Rizzi, Luigi (1993/1994) “Some Notes on Linguistic Theory and Language Development: the Caseof Root Infinitives.” Language Acquisition 3. 371-393.
Sano, Tetsuya (1995) Roots in Language Acquisition: A Comparative Study of Japanese andEuropean Languages. Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA.
Sawada, Naoko and Keiko Murasugi (2011) “A Cross-linguistic Approach to the ‘Erroneous'
Genitive Subjects: Underspecification of Tense in Child Grammar Revisited.” Selected
Proceedings of the 4th GALANA, 209-226. Cascadilla Press.
Sawada, Naoko, Keiko Murasugi and Chisato Fuji (2010) “A Theoretical Account for the- 145 -

言語の普遍性及び多様性を司る生得的制約−日本語獲得に基づく実証的研究

‘Erroneous’ Genitive Subjects in Child Japanese and the Specification of Tense.” BUCLD
34 Proceedings supplement. Cascadilla Press.
Schütze, Carlson and Kenneth Wexler (1996) “Subject Case Licensing and English RootInfinitives.” BUCLD 20, 670-681, Cascadilla Press.
Wexler, Kenneth (1998) “Very Early Parameter Setting and the Unique Checking Constraint: A
New Explanation of the Optional Infinitive Stage.” Lingua 106, 23-79.
ఀ⸨཭ᙪ (1998) ࠕ㐣๫⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡿࠕࣀࠖࡢ⤫ㄒ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ㸸ᗂඣ୍౛ࡢ⦪᩿◊✲ࠖࠗᮾிᏛⱁ኱Ꮫ⣖せ➨୍㒊㛛ᩍ⫱⛉Ꮫ࠘49, 143–149.
ᒾῲᝋኴ㑻ࠊᮧ▼᫛୕ (1968) ࠕゝⴥࡢ⩦ᚓࠖᒾῲᝋኴ㑻ࠊἼከ㔝᏶἞ࠊෆ⸨ᑑ୐㑻ࠊษ୍᭰㑻࣭᫬ᐇ฼ᙪ࣭ἑᓥᨻ⾜࣭ᮧ▼᫛୕࣭⁪ἑṊஂⴭ ࠗゝⴥࡢㄌ⏕㸸⏘ኌ࠿ࡽ஬ṓࡲ࡛࠘᪥ᮏᨺ㏦ฟ∧༠఍ࠊᮾிࠊ109–177.
኱ὠ⏤⣖㞝 (2002) ࠕゝㄒࡢ⋓ᚓࠖ ኱ὠ⏤⣖㞝࣭௒す඾Ꮚ࣭ụෆṇᖾ࣭Ỉග㞞๎⦅ࠗゝㄒ◊✲ධ㛛࠘◊✲♫, 179-191.
㕥ᮌ⢭୍ (1987) ࠕᗂඣࡢᩥἲ⬟ຊࠖ ⚟ἑ࿘ு⦅ࠗᏊ࡝ࡶࡢゝㄒᚰ⌮ (2) ᗂඣࡢࡇ࡜ࡤ࠘
኱᪥ᮏᅗ᭩, 141-180.
୰㇂Ᏹྜྷ㑻 (1994) ࠗ㞷࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ.
Ọ㔝㈼ (1960) ࠕᗂඣࡢゝㄒⓎ㐩ʊ࡜ࡃ࡟ຓモࡢࠕࡢࠖࡢ⩦ᚓ㐣⛬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖ 㛵す኱ᏛᅜᩥᏛ఍ࠊࠗᓥ⏣ᩍᤵྂᕼグᛕᅜᩥᏛㄽ㞟࠘405–418.
㔝ᆅ₶ᐙ㸦㸧ࠗᗂඣゝㄒࡢ⏕άࡢᐇែ ,㹼,9࠘ᩥ໬ホㄽฟ∧ᮾி㸬ᮧᮡᜨᏊ༳ๅ୰  ࠕᗂඣࡢࠗㄗ⏝࠘ࡣ࡞ࡐ⏕ࡌࡿࡢ࠿㸸ᗂඣࡢゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᬑ㐢ᩥἲࡢᙺ๭ࠖ ࠗ᪥ᮏㄒᩥἲ࠘ ➨  ᕳ  ྕࠊࡃࢁࡋ࠾ฟ∧ᮧᮡᜨᏊࠊᶫᮏ▱Ꮚ  ࠕゝㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྡモྃෆ࡛ࡢ㐣๫⏕ᡂࠖKSL 26ࠊ㛵すゝㄒᏛ఍ࠊ12–21.
ᶓᒣṇᖾ (1990)ࠕᗂඣࡢ㐃యಟ㣭Ⓨヰ࡟࠾ࡅࡿຓモࠕࣀࠖࡢㄗ⏝ࠖ
ࠗⓎ㐩ᚰ⌮Ꮫ◊✲࠘1, 2–9.

- 146 -

㻌኱Ꮫඹྠ฼⏝ᶵ㛵ἲேே㛫ᩥ໬◊✲ᶵᵓ ᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊✲ᡤ⌮ㄽ࣭ᵓ㐀◊✲⣔ 㡿ᇦᣦᐃᆺࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ

ゝㄒࡢᬑ㐢ᛶཬࡧከᵝᛶࢆྖࡿ⏕ᚓⓗไ⣙㸸᪥ᮏㄒ⋓ᚓ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᐇドⓗ◊✲
Linguistic Variations within the Confines of Language Faculty: Studies in the Acquisition of Japanese andParametric SyntaxⓎ⾜᪥2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶⦅㞟•Ⓨ⾜༡ᒣ኱Ꮫ ᮧᮡᜨᏊ㸦ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮㸧㻌 㻌