Your Opinions on Environmental Problems
Question 2-3:
What type of measures do you think would be most effective in solving the two categories of environmental problems thatyou selected in Questions 1 and 2-1? Please select one category from Table 3. Furthermore, please also specify the rationale
for your selection, or write a specific measure. If you would like to suggest measures in another category, “Others” (Category5), please specify both the category and the measure in the space provided.

Table 3. Measures to Resolve Environmental Problems
Category
1. Political Action

Examples of Specific Measures
International cooperation, Measures to alleviate disparity in wealth,or other

2. Economic Measures

Economic policy that allows for sustainable development while
taking the environment into consideration, or other

3. Society and Education

Education about environmental problems, Raising awarenesson environmental problems, Transforming lifestyles, Practicalactivities like environmental protection, or other

4. Scientific Technology

The development of theories about environmental problems,
The establishment of scientific guide line towards the resolutionof environmental problems, The development of energy saving
technology, or other

5. Others(Please specify the category and the measure(s) in the spaceprovided)

Question 3:
Feel free to write comments on any topic related to environmental problems.
Note) The written statements of the answers posted below are opinions of the individual respondents; and they don’t necessary represent the views of our Foundation. We sorted out the comments
by the answer for Q2-3 (type of measures) accordingly. We have included the name, country, andour identification number along with the comments, unless the respondent requested anonymity.

Comments from Overseas Respondents
Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems
CHINA, C009
Q2-3:
Q3:Strictly enforce laws and make punishment for environmental destruction more severe.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C011
Q2-3:
Q3:I have no idea. Hope future generations can live on Earth.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C015
Q2-3:
Q3:Family planning.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C021
Q2-3:
Q3:I have no idea.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C029
Q2-3:
Q3:Heavier punishment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C032
Q2-3:
Q3:Taking good care of environment is everybody's business.
1

Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sun Jinkun, CHINA, C042
Q2-3:
Q3:Accelerate efforts to protect the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Wang Yafei, CHINA, C049
Q2-3:
Q3:Everybody is responsible for protecting the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C061
Q2-3:
Q3:The release of emissions and environmental pollution should be opposed. Economic development should not be madeat the price of good environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Zhai Yunhai, CHINA, C090
Q2-3:
Q3:Only when the government attaches importance to environmental problems can we begin to control them.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C123
Q2-3:
Q3:This may be the case in other countries, but what I have to say is directed purely at China. The punishment for people
who do environmental damaging activities is too light. We should make punishment more severe and classify environmental pollution as a serious criminal offence.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C134
Q2-3:
Q3:Protect our Earth and living environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Xing Xiuhua, CHINA, C138
Q2-3:
Q3:Make people view environmental factors as things they are responsible for.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C145
Q2-3:
Q3:Everybody is responsible for protecting the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C163
Q2-3:
Q3:Government supervision of industrial pollution is far from adequate.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C179
Q2-3:
Q3:Attach more importance to passing on the environment in which human beings live. Improve it as soon as possible andfight environmental pollution.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C185
Q2-3:
Q3:We are all starting to become concerned about the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C191
Q2-3:
Q3:All the nations need to work together.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C220
Q2-3:
Q3:Make laws to protect the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C225
Q2-3:
2

Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q3:Everyone actively takes action, and the government passes laws and institutes policies to take part in ecological protection.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Feng Jiejing, CHINA, C229
Q2-3:
Q3:Advocate and support environmental protection policies, start with those based on our own initiatives.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Zheng Bowen, CHINA, C252
Q2-3:
Q3:Strengthen publicity activities at schools and in the media to make environmental problems widely known among the
public.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C262
Q2-3:
Q3:It all starts with individuals. We need to start by taking the initiative on our own.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ian Roderick, UK, E011
Q2-3:It will require an amalgam of top down approaches with bottom up measure. Top down political frameworks have to
be in place to enable and free up "grassroots" action. I also believe an international perspective is important as we areso interdependent.
Q3:All of the 12 environmental issue categories interact and to be most effective in resolving them all 5 measures in table 3
are involved. What seems to be missing is the appreciation of power - who has it and how is it maintained? Who shouldhave power and who is marginalized? Unless we address this issue the awareness and visceral understanding of thecritical state of the planet and our societies will remain smothered and suppressed. I think we are at the beginning of
the end of "changing the light bulbs" in the hope that these environmental and social justice issue will go away. Second
order change is required but that is unpalatable to the established structures. Maybe another key measure of closenessto "doomsday" is how many people have switched to thinking and working on adaptation and resilience rather than justprevention and mitigation. Last comment is that "doomsday" sounds like a sudden cut off, isn't it more doomscentury?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Stephen, MALTA, E062
Q2-3:
Q3:Overpopulation is a major concern in my country, bringing about the exploitation of natural resources and habitats.
The influx of immigrants should be tackled on an EU level. As an EU citizen, I do not feel the EU is addressing in apractical way the issue.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Edward W. Manning, CANADA, E065
Q2-3:The technology needed is largely known. The economic instruments which can contribute to solutions is also largely
known. We are also aware of what public outreach can do and have a large bank of success stories at all scales where
sustainable solutions are in effect. The issue therefore becomes political. Do we allow individual profit, rampant
consumption, selfish decisions to dominate or can we create systems of governance which truly value future benefits,
respond to collective risk and are able to implement solutions which benefit all and preserve the ecological base uponwhich society and economy are built. Are we able to implement systems of governance which do not permit anti-social
and anti-planet acts?
Q3:The key question is why, when we know more about the problems and are learning much more about possible solutions
than ever before, our institutions seem blind to the actions needed to respond and in many cases are the key barriers to
implementation.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E079
Q2-3:Disparities, economic and political policies that include planetary cycles, development of appropriate technologies,
sustainability.
Q3:Cultural and political differences about the environment are profound as they are lived out and seem nearly intractable.
Many of these are influenced by religious beliefs which are immune to data and evidence.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Anke Weisheit, UGANDA, E080
Q2-3:
Q3:One key challenge of environmental problem is the education sector, as most institution only teaching contemporary/western based knowledge - yet Indigenous Knowledge, practices and technologies where basis of human survival before
industrialization and now they play a minimal or NO role at all in the education and practices. - lost knowledge in how
to leave in harmony with nature etc.
3Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kenneth R. Schultz, USA, E084
Q2-3:
Q3:The root cause of our environmental problems is population. Scientific studies show that we currently have between 2
and 10 times a many people on the earth as it can support sustainable in a standard of living that people in developed
countries would consider acceptable. To get this problem to be recognized and accepted and to stabilize population at asustainable level will take international cooperation on an unprecedented scale. To protect the environment that sustains
us all will take heroic effort and sacrifice.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------John VERON, AUSTRALIA, E088
Q2-3:
Q3:I believe ocean acidification will be a very major issue, however this will not be overtly apparent until mid century. It
is the forerunner of a mass extinction which will plunge the earth into chaos by the end of this century.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------warren nicholls, AUSTRALIA, E090
Q2-3:political pressure from nations understanding the critical state in which we find ourselves through present, dangerous
climate change (e.g. most of Europe and Pacific Islands) might influence the dumb recalcitrant nations like mine Australia.
Q3:With our planet having finite resources we cannot continue to run with the false attitude of Populate or perish. We are
already beyond a sustainable world and population growth must be brought under control.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E096
Q2-3:Whilst cleaning up your own backyard is a positive step in the quest for long term survival on Earth, if your neighbours
don't share a similar philosophy it is only delaying the inevitable. There is a multitude of different cultures in our world
all with different accents on life, getting them all to focus on biodiversity and reducing environmental damage is thechallenge.
Q3:Differing cultures, lifestyles, standards of living and education mean quite different personal perspectives on how eachof us survive on Earth, how each of us use our "space", and what effects we have on the environment. As population
numbers have increased the Earth's ability to self clean has diminished, permanent damage is now occurring at an
alarming rate. The loss of plant and animal species is forever, many species are being lost before we even know enoughabout them to understand what their loss will mean to us. Poverty is an enemy of the environment and whilst there aremany examples of less "developed" cultures living in tune with the environment these peoples generally do not lackfor food, hungry people living in squalid conditions are much less likely to consider the role they play in looking after
the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Paul Pace, MALTA, E099
Q2-3:
Q3:I think that the basis of all problems is a general lack of values that has primarily put profits above humans. To ensure
the financial well being of a handful of people... millions are suffering.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E103
Q2-3:Governments need to tax polluters heavily (especially producers of CO2) and encourage use of renewable energy
sources.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E116
Q2-3:In Australia, we have a prime minister and his political party who have taken the country backwards in relation to our
response to climate change and have negated effective measures put in place by the previous government. The current
government gives lip service to addressing climate change while actively supporting and promoting industries which
contribute most to the problems of CO2 emissions and climate change.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MONGOLIA, E134
Q2-3:Only political legislation and protection will limit land use, and hence protect biodiversity. As herders (who use all of
the non-protected areas) do not own land, there is no incentive for an individual to protect it, either for future years or
native species. If he does, someone else can use the land without fear of reprisal.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hens, BELGIUM, E136
4

Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q2-3:All other measures are combined by policy.
Q3:Pay attention to the environmental healthy effects.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SWITZERLAND, E154
Q2-3:We have a strong pressure from people from other regions to come to our country which increases our population
by far too fast. These people use land and other resources while they come from regions where the consciousness forenvironmental questions and problems is far lower than here.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dr. Henk Tennekes, THE NETHERLANDS, E156
Q2-3:The level of pesticide pollution requires political action leading to more stringent regulation of pesticides.
Q3:The neonics cause time-cumulative toxicity and chronic exposure will kill insects at infinitesimal concentrations. They
are persistent in soil and water and prone to leaching. Dutch surface water is heavily contaminated with imidacloprid.
It is a ticking time bomb.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E163
Q2-3:Although the world hasn't shown itself capable of coordinated political action, it is still our best hope. Scientific technology will probably be what we actually attempt. I just hope it works.
Q3:Society as a whole is sorely unaware of the environmental dangers we face, and scientists and media have not yet beenable to stir the global masses into action.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cliff Wallis, CANADA, E166
Q2-3:Increased development assistance with focus on sustainable infrastructure, education of women, programs to bringequality and microcredits to women etc.
Q3:Population and lifestyle are two underlying causes of our problems. There are simply too many people trying to live anunsustainable lifestyle--me included. A move to renewables will help but feeding, educating and alleviating poverty will
be much more difficult with increasing population. We need to move aggressively to bring new economic opportunities
to developing countries with a particular focus on women's education and economic and political advancement. I am
not a woman.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MALAYSIA, E172
Q2-3:Political will to act in the right way is the single most important factor in Malaysia in order to bring about positivechange.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Alexey Zimenko, RUSSIA, E180
Q2-3:In the last 15 years in Russia there is a total de-ecologization state and society, including: - de-ecologization rights- deliberate weakening of environmental and natural-resource legislation, strengthening its contradictions and inefficiencies; - de-ecologization governance - purposeful destruction of the state of nature protection, the weakening ofenvironmental capacity of parliament, law enforcement and the judiciary; - de-ecologization of land use - encouragement of extensive, predatory use of living natural resources, focused primarily on short-term gains; - de-ecologizationof public consciousness - the destruction of environmental education in school, reducing the quality of higher environmental education; - totally inadequate and declining environmental financing; - breakdown of science-based planningfor sustainable use of biological resources; - unprecedented scale and consequences of violations of environmental andnatural resources legislation, catastrophic growth in illegal extraction of biological resources and the criminalization ofland use; - ignoring international commitments and global trends in the field of wildlife conservation, climate change,
etc.
Q3:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Judith Barry, USA, E198
Q2-3:All of them need to occur in tandem, there is no silver bullet.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Wolf Berger, USA, E200
Q2-3:
Q3:The chief problem in all political activities is that the politician to do the work has to be re-elected; that is, his actions
have to have broad approval. For this purpose, public education is necessary.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MALAYSIA, E215
5

Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q2-3:Although all the specific measures mentioned are important in this case and would have an important impact in dealing with biodiversity loss in Malaysia & SE Asia, political will and action is the most limiting factor at the moment.
Political action can lead to proper regulation and law enforcement, more sustainable economic policies, and to expand
commitment to other sectors of the society. Good governance is key for effective biodiversity conservation in this partof the world.
Q3:In a place like Malaysia we need good governance, a higher consideration of biodiversity and ecosystem services in
economic policies, and serious capacity building. There is also a great need of leadership – agents that can lead different sectors and the society as a whole into a higher consideration of environmental sustainability. We also need a muchbetter understanding of what determines human behavior in relation to environmental problems and how to influencepeople's behavior.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aaron Reuben, USA, E217
Q2-3:Concerted international political action will be the only thing that can address climate change. Obviously we haven't
made major progress on this front. But that has been changing lately (i.e., US domestic policy, US-China accord). Paris
2015 will be exciting to watch..
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Carlos Garcia Saez de Nanclares, USA, E220
Q2-3:Scientific information is very important but, in the end political action an national and international levels to have an
impact. I think that economic measures and political action are intertwined, and a sustainable and equitable vision of
resource use should be put to action. Environmental audits, footprints (water, carbon, etc) should be available and the
public should be informed on these issues. Economic valuation of ecosystems is important for the public to understandthe role of nature in their wellness and health.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Toshinori Tsubouchi, JAPAN, E260
Q2-3:Political will, decisions and its execution are the only solution to control economic activities that causes all environment problems.
Q3:Greedy large corporation especially international financial institutions are the main actors in environmental problems.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cesar, SPAIN, E264
Q2-3:Government need to face the problems of climate change (desertification, less water, biodiversity at risk) in a southerncountry. If they don’t act quickly it would be difficult to be able to respond to environmental changes.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CANADA, E274
Q2-3:I feel the top three items are inter-related. Society must be better educated to accept actions needed for change, governments must be encouraged to make changes based upon public will. All of this must be done within an acceptable yet
more realistic than present economic policy.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E279
Q2-3:
Q3:Lack of political leadership both nationally and globally--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Valerie J. Amor, USA, E299
Q2-3:In order to address the impacts of climate change, it is necessary to approach this from a systemic approach. Because
most of our economic systems (capitalism), are defined on parameters that are almost in direct opposition of accomplishing this whole system approach almost all of our systems need to re-imagined. Such a paradigm shift is disturbing andfrightening to most people so instead of being prepared, we will be reactive and be scared. Political will and leadership
could have a profound effect on the general population to approach these changes with sound science and planned,
prepared responses however, most politicians avoid these issues. They see them as political suicide and it is "not theirproblem". The thinking that it is not happening to us or not that serious is avoidance leading to escalated catalytic
responses once the general population finally understands what is happening and the consequences. My concern isthat we will have passed the opportunity to have addressed this in a calm, prepared manner and instead respond withviolence. We need to become wise as a global community and collectively address the issue of climate change.
Q3:Unless we are willing as a society to look at our behaviors and systems with candor, we will continue to view theworld and each other resources to be gained, capitalized and ”sold” back at a profit. We must take a collaborative global
approach and understand that an environmental devastation halfway across the global needs to be as much concern as
6Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

that which is happening where we live. If leaders will not lead, then each of us are compelled to then become a leader.
To abdicate responsibility on such a critical life or death issue, is immoral and criminal.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------William Olupot, UGANDA, E311
Q2-3:Population engagement through awareness raising, sensitization, and education. Empowerment of people to live more
responsible lives by facilitating access to basic needs. Also establishing effective regulatory mechanisms.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SOUTH AFRICA, E347
Q2-3:Reduction in conflict and empowerment of women.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ECUADOR, E358
Q2-3:I wish sound political and economic measures must be taken by the Government of Ecuador in order to avoid mining
and oil extraction activities in protected areas and its inevitable negative impact on biodiversity. Alternate productive
activities must be enforced, such as sustainable agriculture and agri industry; ecotourism and sustainable industrial
production. Thus creating employment, raising awareness on the importance of protecting our natural resources andaiming towards alleviating poverty and other social costs.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Andrew Derocher, CANADA, E360
Q2-3:Issues to improve family planning and health in the developing world (and with aboriginal populations) is needed todeal with population growth rates.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CYPRUS, E363
Q2-3:Reach an international political consensus/ decision, with allocation of resources/ implementation of appropriate measures for their solution.
Q3:All problems described in Table 1 are somehow interlinked. Even though international agreements/ treaties are in place,there is a need to reach a common consensus so that measures are implemented internationally, as soon as possible(internationally: the reduction of pollution/ waste in one place and the increase in another, doesn't seem to solve theproblems).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Roger Martin, UK, E364
Q2-3:Adoption of a non-coercive but incentivised population stabilisation and reduction policy.
Q3:Population growth is the principal driver, alongside unsustainable resource consumption per head (one multiplied by
the other), of every environmental and resource problem we face, and of many of our economic and social problems.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Constantino Aucca, PERU, E369
Q2-3:
Q3:When the main countries will accept their role and responsibility of been the ones who polluted the earth more thanthe others just to cover their vanity, our reality will change and we will see some hope on the future for all of us. It's
not only money to pay or to give a tip for compensation, is to change the behave and destroy less; is to stop the race tohave the total control of all the resources of the mother earth, with the purpose of dominated to the rest of the countries,
including the wildlife and its future.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SRI LANKA, E388
Q2-3:
Q3:In my part of the world most environmental and social problems are the results of misplace political will of the successive governments. We hardly find any visionary politicians these days and they lack awareness on environmental issues.
Their decisions are always focused on short-term political gains and continuation in power. In so doing they bulldoze
their way through the statutory structures that have statutory and custodian authority on those environmental related
components such as Forests, Irrigation, Protected areas, River basin management authorities etc. And these officials
eventually succumb to political pressure and let go of their responsibilities.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Debra Krol, USA, E399
Q2-3:The time for individual nations to respond to climate change is past. International cooperation to mitigate the effects
of climate change is the only rational course of action. This means that developed nations will have to produce lesscarbon and that developing nations will have to develop energy systems that also produce less carbon. This will likely
be painful for all, but the alternative is a depauperate ecology that will support a sharply reduced number of lifeforms
7Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

including humans. Education is also important so people understand the reality of the world they are leaving behind fortheir descendants. Unfortunately, change must be substantial and must come from the top, and everybody must sharein the effort to save our ecosystem from collapse.
Q3:I do feel strongly that the Earth is supporting too many humans. Steps must be taken to reduce population by enforcement of family planning and family size. Even if we could reduce the current population by 10 or 20 percent, the loadon our overstressed land and water resources, not to mention reduce carbon output, would make a tremendous difference. If we do not convince our national leaders to enforce the birth rate, nature will do it for us - and humankind will
suffer greatly from the pandemic, collapse of the food system, collapse of the ecology,weather phenomena such as
superstorms, war and famine. The species we save will be our own.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ruhel Chisty FRACI CChemA ,MRSC CChem A, INDIA, E400
Q2-3:
Q3:INDIA Capital =DELHI, New Delhi (+old Delhi ) is WORLD MOST POLLUTED (CONTAMINATED ) CITY listed in
UNEP, and at International prime level of environmental . in Delhi India’s PRIME MINISTER home and office, Indian
Defence minister, Minister of finance, HOME MINISTER, Indian PRESIDENT, and all most Powerful Hindu power
Civil servants, IAS, IPS, IFS, Indian army top brass, JIC,IB,MI RAW HQ ,homes and offices, FORD FOUNDATIONOFFICE and DELHI UNIVERSITY Professors, Student about those INDIA media telling they have more then 95% in
there 12 Std and in there Bachelor, Master, PhD Degrees of SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING subjects, andIIT –D =Indian Institute of technology Delhi they all living in Delhi from past 1947 to till now 26-04-2015 But they all
are part to make Delhi Most Polluted (Contaminated ) city of world as Delhi is Cover, surrounded up to 150 Km zone
in round all over Delhi by Industrial zones which doing recycling of metal, Plastic, paper, all rust things with OUT
any Environmental laws, they all producing millions of tons pollution per year like CO2, CO, H2S, ++++CH4 +++ all
type of air, water, NOT only this Delhi based JAMANA river is also most Polluted river(canal ) of earth like GANGA.
Ruhel Chisty FRACI CChem A, MRSC CChem A My Mobile 0091-9649006678 (Black Berry )Date 26-04-2015 Time7.30 AMThanks Ruhel Chisty FRACI CChem A, MRSC CChem My Mobile =0091-9649006678 (Black Berry ) with
Vodafone India connection ,this Mobile I buy in 2010 Jan after came from SABIC =www.sabic.com, Saudi Arabia, formy future ,career ,Life ,I was Editor for 5 years, in International Journal of Peace and Development Studies= http://www.
academicjournals.org/IJPDS/Editors.htm I Got Nominated for, 2013,14,Blue Planet Prize (Environmental Nobel prize) ,of www. af-info.or.jpand UNEP =United nation environmental protection agency, and The Asahi Glass Foundation,,for project Title :Ruhel -Environmental Policy ,for climate change ,Global warming to Russia, Venezuela, ME =Gulf
and =Petroleum rich countries in Whole world ,!! Its my own work from 1992 to till now 16-08-2013 =20 Years of myWork ! My published Article, FOR 【The Asahi Glass Foundation】 Questionnaire on Environmental Problems and theSurvival of Humankind 2014 ,2013 )) = http://www.af-info.or.jp/en/questionnaire/doc/comments_2014w.pdf http://www.
af-info.or.jp/en/questionnaire/doc/2013jresult_fulltext.pdf I= Dr Ruhel Chisty FRACI Cchem A, MRSC Cchem Ahave
been recognizes and appear in the 86th Anniversary Edition (2014) of International WHO'S WHO of professional Educators ,,Publication, by International WHO'S WHO Historical Society www.whoswhohistoricalsociety.com for Global
Warming, Climate change, Environmental protection I Got Nominate for Zayed future energy prize2015,2013,2012 =http://www.zayedfutureenergyprize.com/AdminListEntryniJD2.php = Carbon Capture and Storage Mr. Ruhel Chisty
MRACI CChem A, NGOI Got Nominate for, Dubai International Award 2004,2005 ,2006 = UN Award = www.unhabitat.org 2004,2005,2006. http://www.bestpractices.org ,=http://www.unhabitat.org/bestpractices/2004/mainview.
asp?BPID=2847, Please I got nominate for 2013, 2011,The Presidential Citizens Medal 2011=http://www.whitehouse.
gov/citizensmedal( its provide by USA Congress as well as USA president ,White House ) (Invited) I am ,reviewer in,IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing I am reviewer in Political Research
Quarterly=http://www.sagepub.com/journals/Journal201839 =http://prq.sagepub.com/content/current. (The PRQ is ahighly ranked general journal of political science,)My Journals Publications,SSRN Electronic Journal.DOI: 10.2139/
ssrn.1630504,, DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1630530, http://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/believer http://www.sapulse.com/
new_comments.php?id=7068_0_1_0_C http://www.sapulse.com/new_comments.php?id=7337_0_1_0_C http://www.
sapulse.com/new_comments.php?id=7478_0_1_0_C http://www.sapulse.com/new_comments.php?id=7773_0_1_0_
M11 http://pakistanthinktank.org/from-mohamed-to-mohandas http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/718891
http://www.sapulse.com/new_comments.php?id=10174_0_1_0_M1 http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/07/opinion/
modis-dangerous-silence.html http://www.sapulse.com/new_comments.php?id=10338_0_1_0_C http://www.bbc.
com/news/world-asia-india-31960557 http://www.dawn.com/news/1173532/us-contractor-pleads-guilty-to-sendingmilitary-data-to-india http://www.sapulse.com/new_comments.php?id=10427_0_1_0_C http://pakistanthinktank.org/tag/discrimination-against-muslims-in-india http://tribune.com.pk/story/770398/indecent-nuclear-proposals http://gulfnews.
com/opinions/columnists/minorities-in-sri-lanka-face-growing-terror-1.1350126 http://www.tehelka.com/story_main48.
asp?filename=Ne010111The_unturned.asp http://www.dw.de/wikileaks-reveals-kashmir-torture-reports/a-6353481
http://tribune.com.pk/story/860390/more-palestinians-killed-by-israel-in-2014-than-in-any-other-year-since-1967-report/
I am reviewer in The British Journal of Social Work, Published by Oxford University Press =www.oup.com,http://spie.
org/x44441.xml ,I am reviewer, in Journal Optical Engineering, www. spie.org/oefrom 2012 August on wards ,http://
spie.org/x44441.xml http://www.whoswhoregistry.org/wpbdm-directory/ruhel-chisty-mraci-cchem-a My IReport at CNN
8

Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Title INDIA,sex tourism, http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-1026403, Published By RuhelChisty http://ireport.cnn.com/
docs/DOC-1026403 I am reviewer ,IEEE Communications Magazine, USA I am reviewer in IEEE Sensors Journal (published by the IEEE Sensors Council, which is sponsored by 26 IEEE societies) I am reviewer in 2012 IEEE Symposium
on Wireless Technology & Applications (ISWTA2012), September 23 - 26,2012, Bandung, Indonesia, http://ieeexplore.
ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6373815 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=06373815.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E405
Q2-3:We need widespread cooperation to take immediate and comprehensive action to shift from fossil fuels to renewablesources of energy. In doing so, we should also prioritize the sustainable development of less-developed global regions
to ease suffering from lack of access to clean energy, clean water, sufficient food, and economic opportunities.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E406
Q2-3:International cooperation is needed, with strong commitments from national governments.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E412
Q2-3:The economy, educational and technology sectors need to be rallied to address the climate, which requires effective
political action. We went to the moon when government declared the target and then rallied all those sectors to get it
done.
Q3:The climate is the envelope in which all other sectors operate, so we need action on it now. Investing in more infrastructure to advance fossil fuels seems foolish, when we already have the technology to convert our energy systems. We justneed the political will to embrace the change, which will come with many rewards. It's not doomsday, it's opportunity.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE NETHERLANDS, E417
Q2-3:Governments take up the common cause again, instead of only helping bankers and the white collar criminals. If politicians do not take the lead, then they are obsolete: lack of their leadership undermines democracy and economics.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NORWAY, E418
Q2-3:There is blatant lack of political leadership on national level in most countries and no significant movement in theinternational UN lead climate negotiations. Consequently only small scale, scattered action is taken, nowhere near whatis needed to combat climate change.
Q3:Our ability to face up to and solve the whole spectre of environmental problems and challenges is, at its core, aboutsaving the foundation of life. The obstacle is far too often shortsighted economic interests and sector interests. Both are
difficult to overcome. It takes political courage and brave leadership to stand up to them, Political leadership is aboutsaying no to some interests, however powerful, in order to secure the long term survival of not only the majority, but
mankind.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E423
Q2-3:
Q3:I feel strongly that the issues you list as choices are strongly interconnected, and from my perspective all begin withhuman population growth, and then progress through lifestyles and accompanying choices, habitat conversion, disruption of ecosystem services, unsustainable natural resource use, and so on. Only coordinated international political action will be successful in making necessary changes; education is critical for that change to occur from the individual/
community level up and from the international/national political level down. My level of concern is extreme, because
I do not see evidence of even real beginnings of such coordination.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E430
Q2-3:Leaders of the major industrial nations must somehow coalesce to recognize the severity of man-made climate change
and enact measures to curb the emissions of greenhouse gases. This is a difficult but highly necessary first step.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hung Quang Luong, VIETNAM, E434
Q2-3:
Q3:Viet Nam is one of the eleven most vulnerable countries between 2008 and 2015 in terms of the probability of extreme
weather impact and one of the top seven countries with a population at risk from sea level rise between 2008 and 2050.
The long-term climate risk index shows that Viet Nam was one of the six countries most affected from 1991 to 2010.
In this context, CF has become more important role in mitigating and adapting climate change.
9Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E436
Q2-3:
Q3:Most scientists and people already acknowledged the problem of climate change but political consensus and actions
have been delayed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E443
Q2-3:Climate change and population are global problems that will require global political action. This may seem far-fetched,but history shows that human societies are capable of extraordinary feats when faced with seemingly intractable problems. Of course, successful global political action engage all of the categories in the 2-3 list.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kenneth Weiss, USA, E444
Q2-3:
Q3:It's important to see the world's most significant environmental problems in a global context. With globalization andour growing numbers, we cannot see countries as having distinctly isolated concerns -- even island nations facing slightdeclines in population. Clearly, political will is the weakest link in moving forward. But so is the lack of long-termplanning and political vision. All of the suggested measures to tackle environmental issues are important. We will needto deploy every tool possible to help us live within our means on this planet. We need to increase awareness and provide education to change behavior, empower women in the developing world to have a say in planning their families
and futures and give them the tools to do so. We need to offer economic incentives to change personal and corporate
behavior. Technological breakthroughs will be needed to help with sustainability, but cannot accomplish the challenges
alone -- given the ever rising numbers of consumers and rising level of consumption.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Brendan Mackey, AUSTRALIA, E448
Q2-3:Achievement of a legally binding post-2020 climate change treaty at Paris COP21
Q3:The intersection of climate change and land use change is an emerging issue that warrant close attention in the coming
decade--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Djuro Huber, CROATIA, E449
Q2-3:Politicians need to decide and execute what has been decided. Banks should be put under control as well.
Q3: As above--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, SAUDI ARABIA, E451
Q2-3:
Q3:I definitely believed that political action can take step to control the developed/developing countries industrialization
to reduce the green house effect or Global Warming Measures.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E453
Q2-3:Scientific technology is extremely important, as is education changes...but ultimately strong political action must be
taken in order to force scientific progression (more money being put towards stem cell research, planned parenthood,etc.) and force educational institutions to teach proper family planning, over-population, etc.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ari Lampinen, FINLAND, E466
Q2-3:Political action is required at all levels: international, national, municipal, organization and household. Households
and organizations must be enabled to solve the problem on their part. Municipal policies have the key role in this. E.g.
they can enable availability of 100 % renewable transportation energy for both private vehicles and public transport.
For example in Sweden large amount of municipalities have done so, but in most countries municipalities do not seemto have grasped this responsibility and international and national policies have not given incentives for municipalities
to do so. Link to municipal and other examples in Sweden: http://www.cbg100.net/products/environmental-quality-ofthe-swedish-res-t-system/
Q3:The big picture, long term ecological sustainability, has marginal role in most environmental plans and policies.
Transportation, especially energy consumption in transportation, is a common denominator for most environmental
problems, but it receives much less attention than its importance would induce. In plans made in many different levels,
it is common to leave it out or include it in marginal ways. Therefore, more efforts should focus on this in the future.
When moving to 100 % renewables in all energy uses (transportation, electricity and heating) it should not be done bygradually increasing share of RES, because it does not enable businesses to develope 100 % RES products and services
in the market. E.g. in the transportation sector it retains crude oil dependency and does not give intensives for developing vehicles and filling stations. Instead, it should be done by immediate 100 % transitions unit at a time and energy
10Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

usage type at a time. I.e. units (households, companies, other organizations, municipalities etc.) should be encouraged
to move immediately to 100 % RES-H, RES-E and RES-T when it becomes available instead of increasing their RES
share gradually. Then national RES share would grow by 100 % RES users supporting technologies and market creationof 100 % RES products and services. Currently RES share grows by supporting blending of RES with fossil energy
creating the so called eternal bridge to renewables, i.e. eternal dependency of fossil energy. Therefore, major paradigm
shift is necessary very quickly.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, E481
Q2-3:
Q3:The world has been peaceful for relatively a long time at large though regional conflicts exist. The growth of humanpopulation has been misled or wrongly encouraged by bad political agenda, e.g. preparation of war against other countries or tribes. Now most of countries are over-populated and people from rural area want to move to big town due tosignificant or ever increasing gap in economy between the rich in towns and poor in rural in all countries. However, it
is impossible to offer jobs to everyone, in particular the new comers from rural to town. Natives in town start to takeadvantages from the new comers regardless the systems of land ownership across countries. Therefore nearly all people
become crazy with economy pressure and people would make or collect money by any possible means or approach
which government claims too hard to monitor everyone. In fact governmental officers are more interested in finding
ways of increasing their salaries than serious work or service to the public. Young generations are not educated for hardworking but 'smart' way of new lifestyle, e.g. over exploration of internet games in most Asian countries. Insecurity
is becoming and spreading from towns to villages day by day because many jobless, lazy and poor people....... So ourwater, food and air are heavily polluted or contaminated and severe and emerging diseases increase significantly year by
year. In fact this is not everyone, including governmental body wanted but it seems that the systems are losing control
following diversified political interests of different parties even within a country.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Friedrich Wulf, SWITZERLAND, E486
Q2-3:Political will is at the heart of any change. It is lacking in many places; without it, there will be no economic measuresand the avialable technology will not be used. Education is also important, it is needed to build understanding and form
political will.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INDONESIA, E487
Q2-3:Bad land use planning, lack of law enforcement, and increase in human population are currently the key aspects leading
to forest/biodiversity loss in Indonesia [leading to climate change, lack of clean water etc]. The bad land use planning,lack of law enforcement are part of intentional bad management due to corruption [land speculation, elite trying to grab
land etc.] and the lack of law enforcement is an intentional part of this.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E492
Q2-3:Pricing carbon emissions is the single most important and effective public-policy approach, though others may be
worthwhile.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Charles Roland Clement, BRAZIL, E494
Q2-3:Because it is already 11:30, it is too late for education to have a significant impact, too late for economic policy tochange sufficiently to have an impact, and Sci&Tec are more part of the problem than the solution.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E500
Q2-3:Political action is necessary to compel individuals and businesses to modify their practices.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Graeme Kelleher AO, AUSTRALIA, E506
Q2-3:Australia is unique in abolishing an action on climate change that has been shown to work and is essential to the protection of the biosphere from short-term decision-making. I refer to the abolition by the Abbott Govt. of the price on
carbon. This measure, often called the carbon tax, is an example of the ethic used in nearly all capitalist countries- "thepolluter should pay." It has been shown worldwide to be the most effective method. Australia's reputation globally has
been grossly damaged, as you will find if you ask educated citizens of other countries. Australia and the world will
suffer in the future from this decision which was clearly based on short-term economic greed, expressed succinctly by
our Prime Minister "Coal is good for humanity."
Q3:The repetition of public consultation on Australia's system of Marine Protected Areas is another indication of our
11Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Government's view that the natural environment is of secondary importance to short-term economic profit. The original
public consultation led to about 250,000 written submissions. Regarding this as inadequate is ridiculous. Repeating theprocess will only delay progress and will provide an important psychological incentive for the review to change themanagement plans for the system, regardless of the relative merits.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CAMBODIA, E510
Q2-3:The deforestation and forest degradation caused by economic land concession and illegal tree cutting committed by
the powerful or high ranking government officials. Therefore this problem can be solved if the Government have realpolitical will to address. But the Cambodian government seems to ignore this problem.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E529
Q2-3:Its the lack of political will power that has led to the current situation. The science is clear, the politicians just refuse
to act on the recommendations.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NORWAY, E538
Q2-3:It needs political decisions that will help reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, amongst others. However, Society and
Education are also critical here.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INDONESIA, E541
Q2-3:Without government action nothing can be done as everywhere people are only thinking in a sectorial way, but all global
issues should be handled by the government which has the power to work cross region and cross professions, etc. Water
depends on forest with biodiversity, which often extend cross boundaries either regional as well as between nations. In
other countries, many watershed surpass political boundaries, so without a single authority, all actions is just like salting
sea-water. Land use is another big issues as the best area is always prioritized for human use, and biodiversity has togo elsewhere and especially "not in my backyard". Many most fertile land are used for housing and industrial activities
anywhere in the world. Mining and land conversion pose many local problems, but authorities are always staying far
away from environmental and local problems caused by their activities.
Q3:Biodiversity lost. In many places, rivers lacked original biodiversity caused by pollution. No body care. Forest lost
incite conflict with wildlife. Wildlife is always to be blamed, even in most developed countries such as US or European
countries. Many countries developed quotas for exploiting biodiversities. However anywhere in the world including
rich countries, it is estimated that at least twice number of the quotas are in circulation.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Abu Hena, MALAYSIA, E542
Q2-3:
Q3:Climate change problem and loss of biodiversity is the serious concern now. It will effect on the all ecosystem services
where we live, and on which our food and feedings are depend. We have to act and work for it together! Otherwise, thelife, livelihoods and humanity Or all will be in danger! Hence, the world will be more unrest.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE NETHERLANDS, E545
Q2-3:very difficult because capitalism results in close relations between corporations and politics; politicians are no longer
independent.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E547
Q2-3:Strengthened national and international action to protect biodiversity remains a critical issue.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Frands Carlsen, DENMARK, E557
Q2-3:Whilst economic measures, education & awareness and energy saving technology remain important elements in reducing and mitigating the effects of climate change we are now in such an advanced stage of the problem that an immediate
coordinated global political effort is the only possibility of achieving real results and change. While politicians keep
arguing whether 2°C of warming is an appropriate focus for policy making this target in fact poses a serious risk toearth systems. All efforts should be made to keep warming below 1.5°C or even lower and then work towards a boundary of 350 ppm CO2e or less in the atmosphere. This can only be achieved by getting off fossil fuels, subsidizing thedevelopment and use of clean energy sources and accept that constant economical growth is not an option if we wantto preserve a semblance of life as we know it.
12Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Marcus Colchester, UK, E565
Q2-3:Actions are needed to control corruption, hold businesses to account and correct for the hidden subsidies that promote
unsustainable business practices and mobilise people around more life affirming social values. Our work as a humanrights organisation addresses some of these issues.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E566
Q2-3:For Western Europe we need improved regulation on land use, and management combined with integrated planningand appropriate implementation of regulations.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ke Jian, CHINA, E569
Q2-3:
Q3:Identifying the priority of environmental problem while taking measures of integrated eco-system management.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Komposch Christian, AUSTRIA, E574
Q2-3:A serious nature-conservation-law, protection by law of endemic and subendemic species of Austria and the Alps aswell as protection of highly endangered red-list-species with a special focus on arachnids, insects, other arthropods andMollusca.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Makere Stewart-Harawira, CANADA, E582
Q2-3:I believe political action is necessary as governments are reluctant to defy industries which pressure them to maintain,
for instance, fossil fuel development. Economic measures that allow for sustainable development while taking theenvironment into consideration have utterly failed in Canada. As a result of the massive weakening of Environmental
legislation we now see the federal environmental assessment board prioritizing the economy over the environment in
its findings. This is disastrous, I believe nothing short of political action as well as action by the populace will bringabout the kinds of radical change needed in our 11th hour.
Q3:Canada has the largest dirtiest oil development projects in the planet. Our carbon emissions are well above our targets.
While the government has recently agreed to implement policies to meet our targets, it has exempted the oil industry
from those policies. The insanity of this is obvious. Environmental pollution and water usage are both directly related
to oil development. The second biggest contributor to climate change is coal, also a major driver in Canada, and accelerating, incidentally, in Australia. Not my area, I know.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Marinez Scherer, BRAZIL, E591
Q2-3:Better urban developing plans, thanking in account the results of contamination and biodiversity loss. Bur all measures
above are equally important because a good environmental management needs a good policy and legislation (enforced),environmental education, sound science, economic measures and public participation. (including indigenous and traditional people)
Q3:There is no way of taking care of the environment without taking care of people and alleviating disparity in wealth(among communities, among regions and among countries). More than a local issues (for instance - river contamination), environmental problems are global and need to be treated like that.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kuzmin SL, RUSSIA, E593
Q2-3:
Q3:Most critical is human attitude to nature and self-estimation of people's place in the world. Ecological problems should
be prioritized before economy and politics.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E598
Q2-3:Addressing climate change cannot happen without political action.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, E601
Q2-3:For China, it is the biggest policy-oriented country in the global,so the role of policy is so crucial and it can nearlymake some effect on or decide to the element of the social life.
Q3: NO

13

Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BRAZIL, E624
Q2-3:The growth of population and the economic inequality has been the main reason for hungry people. In this case, is very
difficult for governments think about specific environmental problems, when people are hungry, with no house and nojobs. As governments are not seeing environmental and social together, they will not act for sustainability while they
have a lot of social problems to solve.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------John Innes, CANADA, E632
Q2-3:
Q3:Climate change is already evident, it is not something occurring only in the future. It requires immediate action.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E641
Q2-3:Only coordinated political action will begin to work.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E644
Q2-3:International agreement to limit and reduce carbon emissions though reductions in the burning of fossil fuels, transitions
to renewable energy, reductions in deforestation and habitat destruction, etc. This must be international and comprehensive or it will not be of a sufficiently large enough scale to have a global impact.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E650
Q2-3:Without limiting water use and attempting to curb climate change, there will be little movement to improve the situation
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------George B. Rabb, USA, E655
Q2-3:Categories 1 through 4 apply in respect to climate change. In regard to Category 1,international cooperation, thereis clearly a need for a World Environment Organization empowered as is the WTO, the World Trade Organization,rather than the WHO. Klaus Bosselmann of New Zealand, a leader in the IUCN Commission on Environmental Law,
has articulated this need recently. In regard to Category 2, the objective should be the development of sustainability,
not sustainable development. On Category 3, a very helpful measure would be to recruit people worldwide to become
global citizens with responsibilities for the environmental quality of the earth. On Category 4, we know enough to act
now on climate change, but the IPCC has been ineffectual with world political leaders, who have been grossly negligent
in establishing responsible policies for their peoples and industries.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CANADA, E658
Q2-3:We need stronger binding treaties that are enforceable to combat climate change and biodiversity loss. We also needglobal agreements on population targets to shrink the global human population over the next century.
Q3:Biodiversity keeps up alive. There is clear relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem processes (which provide
ecosystem services). Declines in biodiversity impact our ability to survive. Simply put we are wrecking spaceship earth.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CANADA, E665
Q2-3:As for water resources, science and technologies exist. The problem is in the political arena that often does not seemto give much weight to that issue.
Q3:Climate change is also a big problem, for the longer run. The problem here is that there is a response delay, whichmeans that if we do not start acting now, it may become too late to do so.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E670
Q2-3:To resolve the urgent environmental problems, political action is needed immediately in the form of international
cooperation and governmental agreement. But the education of the society should also be sought and implemented tomake the political actions taken be more efficient at the grass root level.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BELGIUM, E673
Q2-3:Legislation, political commitment, enforcement.
Q3:
14

Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Antoine De Ramon N'Yeurt, FIJI, E692
Q2-3:There needs to be a political will from the main emitter nations such as the USA, China and India to mitigate theircarbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions and find alternative green solutions for economic development inorder to slow down global warming and ocean acidification leading to sea-level rise and loss of biodiversity.
Q3:We here in the Pacific are at the forefront of climate change impacts and we are seeing the reality of these changes inour daily lives. The developed world needs to take heed of the plight of these mostly island nations and cultures thatmight disappear soon if no concrete action is taken.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PORTUGAL, E696
Q2-3:There hasn't been the required political effort in assuring sustainable and science-based land planning, resulting in urban
sprawl and conflicts between land-use options such as intensive farming (e.g., irrigation), high-impact infrastructuredevelopment (e.g., dams) and biodiversity-friendly land-use options (e.g., native forests). Additionally, the amount of
resources going into nature conservation, the management of protected areas and the enforcement of environmental
legislation has been far below the required.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------John Parks, USA, E698
Q2-3:Implemented best management practices (BMPs) and designation of protected areas (refugia for biodiversity) alone
have been insufficient to curb the tide of native/endemic species extinction or endangerment within Hawaii (and manyother Pacific Islands; e.g., New Zealand). Economic incentives support/contribute toward curbing the rate of loss of
biodiversity/endemic species, as well as reducing unsustainable land use/development practices. However, nothing shortof sweeping political change (laws, regulations) and governmental policy will reverse the declines being observed. This
includes conspicuous consumption. Social controls via legal measures are required. Educational programs for the next
generation are not working quickly enough to address declines happening now.
Q3:Throughout many of the other Pacific Islands, climate change impacts are both paramount (1st priority) and severe;for example, sea level rise in the Republic of Kiribati; coral bleaching and death due to sea surface temperature rise on
Fijian reefs. In Hawaii (due in part to our northernly geographic location in the Pacific), climate change impacts havenot been observed as overtly or severely as in much of the rest of the Pacific Islands; hence why I suggest they fallbehind biodiversity loss (species extinction/endangerment) and un-sustainable land use practices.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SRI LANKA, E723
Q2-3:International co-operation is a must to address climate change. Without it nothing will change.
Q3:Land use is a huge problem in developing countries especially in ones with small land area and large populations. It
is interacting with climate change mediated disasters currently.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CANADA, E748
Q2-3:Many measures and actions will be useless without political actions.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sonia Peter, BARBADOS, E760
Q2-3:Small Island Developing States will be the indicators of the advance of Climate Change and have begun to experiencedevastating effects and upheaval. Political will, or lack there of, is the key to stumbling block to global acknowledgement of the responsibility of the "bigger"nations to those of much smaller footprint.
Q3:Respect for the Earth and its vulnerability and susceptibility to human action, both negative and positive, is not yet in
the mindset of a significant percentage of the human population. Society is being manipulated by 'big business' and 'big
business' continues to exploit natural resources while employing unsustainable methods which continue to degrade theenvironment. A global buy in at all spheres of activity, spearheaded by education, is vital.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PHILIPPINES, E762
Q2-3:There should be unity among all politics in the whole world in the management of natural resources. One of the bestsolution is the political will among politicians to make a national laws/treaty in the sustainable use of natural resources.
I believe that is all nations work together, we could still at least limit the increase of temperature or reduce global warming. At the end it is the people that rooted this problems and it is also the people that could solve the problem.
Q3:All the issues are very important to address since small issue sum up to a bigger problem. For example, the waste
disposal, it should start on oneself, to the family, community, nation and the whole world. There should be limit in
the extraction of natural gas. Reach countries should help the under-develop country by in supporting the use of solar
energy especially in Asian country that have almost 12 hours daylight.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CAMEROON, E770
Q2-3:
15

Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q3:Water resources, Biodiversity and Climate changes are the key environmental problems that I have shortlisted. Water
resources and Climate change seem to be interconnected as the later one affects the first. Biodiversity in my area wasvery abundant but is presently under threats. Some species such as elephants are victims of their ivory. If nothing isdone politically, they will be extinguished in the very near future. This said, I will like to comment on water resources
as this will consequently include climate changes. In the northern region of Cameroon, Lake Chad is disappearing
because of different pressures but mainly due to lack of enough running water from different rivers to refill it causedby human impact. This situation has its own consequences in the surface water in the region but also on the groundwater as the levels of water are all dropping. Campaigns were done to rescue the Lake Chad but the problems seem todeepen from year to year. Many solutions were identified to rescue the Lake. The challenges were higher than the solutions. A radical solution has been adopted to secure Lake Chad and its inhabitants. Meetings at national and regional
levels has taken place and states were involved to take some political decisions in order to revitalise Lake Chad. The
solution is to channel water from south (Central African Republic) via Cameroon through the Logone River to refill
the Lake Chad. Before commenting on what is seen as a big project with political considerations and difficult decision,
it will be good to understand the present environmental impact of the situation of lake Chad socially, economicallyand even socio-politically. Lake Chad is situated in the Sahelian region of Africa and is a common resource of many
ethnic groups leaving in Cameroon, Chad, Nigeria and Niger. Centuries ago, many African kingdoms were establishedaround this region and has contributed to its vitality. Today, millions of the inhabitants of the area are still dependent to
the resources of the lake. It is a source of water, and other halieutic resources offering proteins to the inhabitants of thearea. Furthermore, Lake Chad constitutes a communication channel among the different population that live around it,
establishing this a well organised social life. It is to be noticed that Lake Chad has its own basin comprising rivers andfloodplains that contribute to its dynamism. The Logone floodplain is part of that basin and is home of wonderful diversityof life and has declared a RAMSAR zone. Moreover, national parks such as the Waza National Park, the Kalamaloué
National Park in Cameroon as well as other parks in Chad and Cameroon are dependent on the viability of the Lake
Chad and its basin. The region is facing a big dilemma: increase in human population and a decrease of resources tomaintain life leading to higher pressures on the environment and sociopolitical and economic disturbances. The present
Boko Haram crisis in Nigeria has been explained by the poverty situation of the region leading to under employment ofyouth. International organizations such as the IUCN with the support of the Dutch and Cameroon Governments have
tried to reflood the plain but the impact of that activity was less significant compared to the different options that could
viably affect the Lake Chad. Thus, the project to refill the Lake Chad and its basin from waters of other basin situatedin the south, particularly in Central Africa is a noticeable but is highly dependant not only to finance availability but topolitical will of nations were water has to be taken to refill the lake. Whatever, it will be good to know that this political
will need to be created through awareness raising campaigns. If not, political, social and economical disturbance thatwill be created due to natural and human pressures will be more devastative on states' stabilities.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FRANCE, E773
Q2-3:
Q3:It is about time to think how much we are taking away from future generations to accomodate our present needs--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FRANCE, E774
Q2-3:Only governments have the powers needed to introduce measures that will lead to a significant reduction in the humanpopulation of the world.
Q3:Human overpopulation is the root cause of the problems currently faced by the world. All the other themes evoked in thisquestionnaire are secondary. Everybody talks about global warming, but very few seem to be interested in the questionof overpopulation. Politicians in particular seem to have little or no interest in this matter, perhaps because they thinkthat the measures required to reduce population levels would be unpopular. This questionnaire is badly formulated The
problems you are interested in are worldwide, but you ask the participants to answer in terms of the country or regionin which they reside ("select the three most pressing issues for the country or the region where you reside"). In the shortterm it would be ridiculous to reply that "population"is the biggest problem faced by European countries, but I haveselected this reply because, in the long term, it is the whole world that will suffer. It is also strange to have a choice
between "1. Climate change" and "9. Global Warming Measures". You do not explain what 12 o'clock represents on
your Doomsday clock. If it is the point at which it becomes too late to save the planet from irreparable damage, I think
we are already well into the afternoon. I am extremely pessimistic about the future and I consider myself lucky that I
will not live long enough to see the worst of what is to come.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E778
Q2-3:Most global problems stem from the rapidly increasing world population. If we could reduce the birth rate significantly
all the other problems would diminish in time.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Virginia Phiri, ZIMBABWE, E788
16

Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q2-3:For a long time there is no Political will to solve the problems that have severely affected both lives and the economyof the country.
Q3:If the water resources issue was to be resolved, the quality of life for citizens would be greatly improved. This would
also help to spruce up the failing economy,education and health facilities--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Carlos Rivero Blanco, VENEZUELA, E789
Q2-3:
Q3:Climate change is "trendy and popular topic" in the world and in Venezuela, unfortunately. Sea level rise in our caribbean is nil and very slow in fact. See Naveda's reference below. But since it appears that money for climate change
research is rather accessible nowadays, compared to other research topics, most research is going towards the climatechange topic. https://www.dropbox.com/s/5iijtzsaw8z087c/Naveda%20Calentamiento%20Global.pdf?dl=0 in the
dropbox I just refered, the latest scientific reference JORGE A. NAVEDA S. march 2010 Variación en el nivel del mar
como consecuencia del cambio climático global: una evaluación de la costa venezolana. Temas de Coyuntura/61 (Julio2010): pp. 63-87 In Venezuela, the many and diverse environmental problems are of urgent concern and solution, but
most researchers are lured to climate change studies. From Venezuela, the best contribution to stop or minimize climatechange would be not to sell oil to industrial countries. So we are not solving world neither venezuelan environmental
problems.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INDIA, E792
Q2-3:Conversion of forest lands for palm oil, mining etc pose a large threat to the biodiversity of the tropics. These arepolitical decisions linked to a country's growth and economy which can only be improved based on appropriate political action. Political action is not the only important factor it must be followed up by several actions by industry, civilsociety, academics etc.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Steriah Mudenda, ZAMBIA, E793
Q2-3:
Q3:Where I live, there is no political will with regards to environmental issues, problems and the economy. The leaders do
not seem to care about their electorates once they have been voted into power. As a result, the poor are getting poorer
while the politicians are amasing wealth at the expense of their electorates. There is also need for economic policy thatallows for sustainable exploitation of resources while developing the economy. Moreover, there is no proper education
with regards to environmental problems. We still need to raise awareness on environmental problems so that we cantransform lifestyles to more environmentally sustainable ones.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Noureddine Benkeblia, JAMAICA, E795
Q2-3:
Q3:The first measures should be developed and tacked by policy makers in consultation with the scientific communities.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DAVID BLACK, UK, E802
Q2-3:This is the most obvious level at which change could occur. It is far from certain that it would be effective, due to thecontinuing failure of one nation to communicate with another, ad nauseam.
Q3:It seems unlikely that we can advance without some generalised change in human consciousness. We have to be awarethat we are the problem, in order to begin to resolve it and halt the decline of the natural and human environments.
Otherwise we are doomed to endless conferences that result only in gestures, palliatives that lack substantial measuresand corresponding action.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Milton O Haughton, BELIZE, E803
Q2-3:A combination of measures is required but the single most important is political commitment which forms the foundation for other necessary actions.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------James Barnes, USA, E804
Q2-3:Without really serious international cooperation and much more coherent work at national, regional and local levels
to address the realities emerging about climate change, there really isn't much hope for future generations of either
humans or wildlife. Water issues also, in the broadest sense including all the oceans, glaciers, lakes, rivers, watersheds
etc. Require significant re-thinking about how to induce better use/behavior and how to discourage/prevent bad behavior.
Q3:The plight of the largest commons area under group management, Antarctic and its surrounding Southern Ocean, is
important both in their own right - given the immense set of environmental values they hold - and for what successwould mean in terms of international cooperation being able to solve important problems and take the necessary steps.
The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties and CCAMLR Members collectively are designated the stewards of this vast
17

Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

region, about 10% of the earth, harboring many pristine or almost pristine ecosystems in the marine ecosystem, lakes
ecosystems, etc.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Billy D. Causey, USA, E816
Q2-3:It will take both domestic and international political actions to even begin to address the issues surrounding climatechange.
Q3:The social and economic implications of not taking action to address climate change will compound the environmental
and social problems.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PANAMA, E821
Q2-3:Thru education, scientific research and technology and economic measures.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BREHERET, CONGO, E835
Q2-3:Promote sustainable development for human land and natural resources use.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALGERIA, E837
Q2-3:
Q3:A lot of environmental problems in African countries are directly related to the responsibilities of developed countries
towards development in Africa. Thus, it can alleviate environmental degradation by Elimination of barriers against theactivation of and economic human development in these countries.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E839
Q2-3:Without the will to stop the global polluters(and to stand up to the monetary implications that this involves) the smallthings that everyday people do will have no effect.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CROATIA, E840
Q2-3:International organisations should help more to undeveloped countries to protect their environment in good condition.
There is a need for international standard in procedures for building permits regarding environment and nature protection.
There is a need for legal instrument, where governments or civil societies could apply for help and assistance. Revision of present activities whithin organisations would be usefull. Good practice and experience of developed countries
should be shared and implemented in other places.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Enrique Lahmann, SWITZERLAND, E842
Q2-3:Political will is lacking, as well as proper economic incentives.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Khalid Alladin, GUYANA, E846
Q2-3:Political action is needed at the international level to combat climate change. All countries must comply to the global
agreement on climate change to combat the effects. Also countries, especially the developed countries which are the main
drivers of climate change, must assist the less developed countries to mitigate against the effects of climate change. The
other measures listed are also important to address climate change, including economic measures, scientific technology,
education and awareness, sustainable livelihood, etc.
Q3:Environmental problems relating to all the categories listed above are real and are threatening various regions acrossthe world in varying extent. Efforts needs to be intensified to address these issues, and assistance should be provided
to the lesser developed countries which are feeling the brunt of the effects.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INDIA, E850
Q2-3:Climate change requires national and international scale inputs and the changes and actions needed can only be implemented by governments. This is possible only if there is political will to bring about the changes needed to deal withclimate change.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jennifer Kirkpatrick, USA, E855
Q2-3:Human overpopulation it the driving force behind all of the ills that beset this Planet...we need to promote family planning and birth control, and make abortion available to every woman who wishes to have one.
Q3:Human overpopulation is the leading cause of global warming, loss of habitat and biodiversity resulting in species
18Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

extinction, and the pollution and poisoning of our air land and water. The human species is like a cancer, growing outof control and killing our Planet, and unless we realize this truth, and make an attempt to limit our numbers, I have very
little hope for the continuation of our kind.In Nature all species go through cycles of ”boom and bust” - but we humans
have eliminated most of the natural controls that limit population growth - that is until now, when our numbers andimpact on the environment will make our world uninhabitable for our species. If we dont limit our numbers, Mother
Nature will do it for us. We are now well into the 6th major extinction event in this Planet's history, and we should not
believe that we will not be included in this.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NEW ZEALAND, E877
Q2-3:The latest science has confirmed that economies cannot prosper without mitigating and adapting to climate change.
There are numerous reported co-benefits (including air pollution and health, energy security, energy access, employment and ecosystem impacts) of doing so. We need to protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future
generations of humankind. The time to act is NOW. All nations need to introduce actions that move economies to acleaner, safer, sustainable, and equitable future. National leadership will support efforts at a local scale. Action needs
to be undertaken at all scales - but we need global political agreement and leadership to support this.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Saeid Ferdowsi, IRAN, E885
Q2-3:Without political will and determination at the highest decision making level, integration of environmental considerations into national/international decision making could hardly take place in an effective way.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E894
Q2-3:This is a problem of a shared commons.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SOUTH AFRICA, E896
Q2-3:
Q3:Climate Change is the global phenomena resulting from the mismanagement of our planet Earth by homosapiens,through our lifestyle. The damaged done is so huge thus will be impossible to revert back to old style as we had transformed to technology era. Technology and climate change are running in parallel with high velocity, thus the intervention of political action might be the solution. All other environmental problems formed the basic foundation of climatechange as each one is linked to the other. Nature usually has it's own ways to balance itself, for example looking at the
food chain process, when antelopes are in abundance, they are eaten by predators to prevent soil erosion, but we areanimals. Human beings has been attacked by natural disasters like floods, sea level rise, disease and hurricanes but theexponential population growth rate hinder the process of nature to balance itself thus the intervention of human kind
will be the solution.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ARVIN C. DIESMOS, PHILIPPINES, E898
Q2-3:
Q3:Many wealthy nations are still apathetic to the plight of environmental issues and biodiversity loss and destruction thatis occurring in developing countries (especially poorer countries where biodiversity is richest). Some wealthier nations
are even driving the destruction of natural ecosystems in less-privileged countries. There has to be justice.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UGANDA, E901
Q2-3:Affirmative political action can guarantee good policies that combine 2, 3,4 and 5 to meet environmental and development goals at all levels (local, regional and international).
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mafa Evaristus Chipeta, MALAWI, E903
Q2-3:
Q3:Unfair returns to efforts of all nations and classes of people makes engaging all their collective energies difficult.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SIERRA LEONE, E905
Q2-3:
Q3:Land use in our part of Africa is very poor and weak, because of this weakness our government has resorted to attracting investors to invest in large scale agriculture almost limitlessly. Very huge land size to the tune of close to 25% of
the arable land area of the country is already in the possession of large scale investors that have taken most of this land
from unsuspecting communities and land owning families. The lands are prime land and host biodiversity, are close to19

Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

river sources, and in due time will be subjected to toxic chemicals most of which are contributing to global warming.
These chemicals are also bound to pollute the water resources (surface and underground)leading to community healthissues and the personal health safety of people. The land abstracted from poor and unsuspecting small holder farmers
are now leading to low food returns, entrenching food insecurity and poverty status of small holders.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANGOLA, E917
Q2-3:All four types of measures mentioned, and further more, are essential. However, a first requirement for enabling theother measures as well, is strong political will, as translated into national and wider effective policies, and enabling
their actual implementation.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jim Morgan, USA, E919
Q2-3:
Q3:Climate change, as generated largely by pollution and contamination, can no longer be managed by social means. It
requires intense political action, short of compromising human freedom and survival. It calls for measures of focusedinternational effort as intense and comprehensive as those accepted or tolerated under war-time conditions.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IRAN, E923
Q2-3:
Q3:The environment can not be protected as far as large corporations rule the world. Especially the military section is
guilty. The rulers want more money and do not care about poor people. I believe that this situation is not going to lastlong. Every thing will change.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kamal Shaltout, EGYPT, E932
Q2-3:I think that the equity and cooperation between the countries that are sharing the same natural resources (e.g. countries of the Nile Basin in Africa) will lead to solve many of the most complicated problems (such as the effect of dams
construction on the available water that reaching the lower stream countries (e.g. Egypt).
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------tumenjargal gombodash, MONGOLIA, E957
Q2-3:Capacity building on climate change issues, Education about environmental problems, Raising awareness on environmental problems,Transforming lifestyles.
Q3:Actually in Mongolia green house gas emission per GDP is 10 times more than world average. Mongolian Parliament
approve in 2014 by resolution 43 Green development policy, which is at the very beginning phase of implementation.
At the same time the Government announced ”industrialization”, ”SME development” and ”mining” priority programs
which lead to environmental degradation and pollution. Thus SCP capacity building and public-private partnershipprograms should be implemented immediatly, developing pf renewable energy sources.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TRI MUMPUNI, INDONESIA, E958
Q2-3:Many big/rich country are over consumption at the cost of developing countries environment which degrade every year
due to the axtraction of mineral, forest, etc. By multinational company from rich country.
Q3:The poorer the society, the degradation of the environment will occurred due to fullfil the need of the poor society
themselves--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VIETNAM, E960
Q2-3:
Q3:Although greenhouse gas emissions are not too high, Viet Nam is affected by climate change. The temperature increased
by 0.5-1°C, along with the phenomenon of extreme weather pattern, the increasing number and intensity of natural
disasters, and the projected sea level rise to 1 meter by the end of this century, are threatening the socio-economic
development of Viet Nam in the coming years. Currently, with the support of the international community, Viet Nam
is actively implementing measures to respond to climate change. In particular, the Ministry of Natural Resources andEnvironment, together with other government ministries, is preparing a national strategy on climate change while otheragencies and localities are implementing the national program on adaptation to climate change. With regards to thecountry approach Viet Nam takes efforts to boost scientific and technology research related to climate change and isactively integrating climate change into its economic development plan with the target of reducing its carbon economy.
Viet Nam has taken initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and has actively planted and engaged in other projects
with the support from the international community. In order to facilitate implementation of the target, climate change
policies firstly has been introduced by acknowledging and mainstreaming into social economic development strategy,
in which activities addressing climate change response are prioritied. Those efforts latterly resulted in the approved
National Climate Change Strategy are also important inputs in the green growth strategy. It is recognized that strong
20

Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

commitments and actions therefore, really address climate change in the context of sustainable development.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SWITZERLAND, E966
Q2-3:
Q3:Question 1 is absolutely not clear: what does the ”time” mean? What makes it more urgent to act: low or high figure?
The categories are ”First”, ”Second” and ”third”, but then again they need to be ranked. I don't see why. You should
redo the whole questionnaire with more clear questions.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PERU, E989
Q2-3:
Q3:Politicians’ corruption do not permit the apllication and reinforcement of the law that might solve the environmental
crisis.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Johan Mooij, GERMANY, E994
Q2-3:In our complicated world only political actions can enforce international cooperation and force the economic system
to change to more ecological production methods.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Gonedele Bi Sery Ernest, COTE D'IVOIRE, 003F
Q2-3: - Protection of the protected areas- Compliance and reinforcement of the legislations about the protected areas- Raising public awareness
Q3:Socio-political crisis and the impoverishment of populations contribute to the environmental issues experienced bynumerous developing countries.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jonah Ratsimbazafy, MADAGASCAR, 007F
Q2-3:The applicable laws are not enforced against those who infringe them.
Q3:The ill governance and/or the non-application of the current laws are always at the origin of the abusive and uncontrolled
exploitation of the resources for the countries who are rich in biodiversity but who have corrupt politicians.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Leste NYEMGAH WO-NDONG, CAMEROON, 009F
Q2-3:The irrational exploitation of Cameroon's forest heritage is not rigorously monitored or controlled. It is certainly important to educate populations, but there is an absence of political will to preserve the heritage and resources.
Q3:The three problems we have selected are closely interconnected. For instance, the shrinkage of forest areas causes
climate issues.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SAWADOGO Y. Alfred, BURKINA FASO, 016F
Q2-3:
Q3:Nowadays, we witness in our country land-related conflicts stemming from the increasing scarcity of arable lands,
itself caused by the conjugated effect of climate change, demographic growth, and inadequate implementation of environmental protection measures. Likewise, the diminishing rainfall reduces agro-pastoral productivity, which in turnprovokes food and nutrition insecurity.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mourad Ahmim, ALGERIA, 028F
Q2-3:There should be a consensus to avoid such practices.
Q3:The planet is currently running great risks because humans have adopted an ultra-consumerist lifestyle, and they speedily impinge on the biosphere and degrade its components. And this degradation causes social unrest.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOGO, 035F
Q2-3:In West Africa, the loss of biological diversity and the lack of tools for adapting to climate change are linked to a lackof political will regarding the enforcement of international agreements and laws. In the majority of cases, those whoshould be enforcing the laws or agreements are the same persons who exploit natural resources the most.
Q3:The loss of biodiversity, in addition to climate change phenomena seriously threatens populations in West Africa, especially in rural areas. The living conditions of rural populations have steadily deteriorated in terms of the quantity and quality ofavailable food. This situation derives from the failure to develop tools that could contribute to a better use of the available
resources. The absence of political will of all the countries in the region with respect to matters related to the conservationof natural resources and the preservation of the environment quality is seriously threatening the lives of rural communities.
This situation results from the abusive and chaotic exploitation of natural resources, more often than not with the complicityof public authorities. The lack of information and of local structures and the inadequate capabilities of national institutions
21

Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

and civil society organizations also contribute to the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of the environment quality.
As things stand now, it would be difficult for West African countries to manage to reverse this destructive trend. The
needs, at all levels and in all sectors, are huge, and the level of awareness is very low in the population as a whole. It isurgent to raise the awareness of all the stakeholders involved so that they contribute to the restauration of biodiversity,
to the quality of the environment and to better living conditions for the population.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Schutz Emmanuel, FRANCE, 039F
Q2-3:
Q3:It seems absolutely indispensable to reduce and combat the mechanism of accumulation of wealth derived from the exploitation of nature and the extraction of natural resources, an increased exploitation made possible by technical progress and yield
improvements, but which benefits only a small fraction of the population. A more balanced redistribution seems warranted.
This would allow to decrease conflicts, tensions, and vulnerabilities of populations within and between countries.
In this way, it would be possible to implement a relatively easy change in lifestyle, and a technical progress
geared towards saving the planet. Thus, some of the major environmental problems would be resolved (erosion of the biodiversity, demographic growth exceeding the pace of social and economic development, etc.).
The loss of biodiversity is a tragedy as it deprives humankind of an invaluable wealth of scientific, spiritual, and artistic
potential. This loss of biodiversity also makes more difficult to adopt ecological lifestyles and adaptive strategies, andmore generally complicates any efforts to preserve the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K004
Q2-3:Actually in the short term, it is not efficient, but in the long term, it is the way you can bring the high-performance withthe low-cost.
Q3:Changing people’s awareness and practicing into action are the most important alternatives to solve a problem.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K010
Q2-3:There are more solutions to be made in companies and workplaces than at home. Therefore, political and economical
approaches are efficient/effective.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K017
Q2-3:
Q3:Environmental issues can be influential when accompanied by a long-term perspective, people’s participation and thechange of attitude. We need a device such as policy changes to make a difference.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K025
Q2-3:We should look for ways to accelerate, implement, and monitor people’s action.
Q3:To be able to understand the environmental crisis in other countries, we need to find a delivery channel of informationand pull out the empathy.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K028
Q2-3:We need the continuing education from an early age in schools and societies.
Q3:We need continuous public relations and efforts of the society.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K037
Q2-3:We should avoid the excessive development and consumption. Although we regard the personal consumption very
familiar and natural, we should not ignore problems derived from the consumption.
Q3:Commitment to the environment is up to an individual. But communities should awaken the individual.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Alejandro Fioroni, URUGUAY, 001S
Q2-3:The political area is where it can and should work with regard to State policies that are subject to sustainable development. That is where the difference between growth and development has to be worked on and where laws that regulate
the protection of the environment and the effective audit of the compliance of these laws should be redacted.
Q3:I understand that the scale of the major works or infrastructure generate significant distortions when controlling andevaluating the said projects. It would be convenient for the said evaluation and control to be verified accurately by the
big banks and multilateral finance organizations. The government or leaders usually want to summarize the works as
proof of realization and progress, etc., and that is why they facilitate all the procedures by any means, even the environmental impact ones, reducing the requirements and controls to the minimum so that everything can be done. The
credit organisms therefore fulfil an important role, since in most cases, without credit there is no work. Environmental
viability must be a fundamental requirement for consent credits, and the expenditure of the different consignment for22

Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

work advances must be accompanied by the verification and compliance of the conditions for Previous Ambient Permission (PAP) and the Ambient Management Plan. Currently, a regasification plant is being built in front of the coastlineof the capital city of our country (in front of the poorer area of this city) 2km from the beach, causing severe harm to
the population in the area and to traditional fishing and the general surroundings, without the government achieving its
duty of regulation, etc. One of the companies funding and participating in this project is the Japanese firm MARUBENI(syndicated with GDF-Suez).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COSTA RICA, 008S
Q2-3:BECAUSE IS THE DECISION LEVEL, IT IS THEY WHO CAN DECIDE ON MEASURES, BUDGETS AND APPROPRIATE ACTIONS.
Q3:SOCIETY HAS ENTERED AN ERA FILLED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL INSECURITIES AND POORLY
DEFINED SPECIFIC ACTIONS TO MITIGATE, REDUCE OR COMPENSATE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE.
THE AGREEMENTS TO ENABLE THE WORLD TO ADVANCE TO DECARBONIZATION AREN'T BEING ACCOMPLISHED, AND THE HEAT IS INCREASING MORE AND MORE.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EDUARDO CARQUE ALAMO, SPAIN, 015S
Q2-3:It is in the political area where decisions to avoid damaging the planet can be made.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Erick Brenes, COSTA RICA, 016S
Q2-3:
Q3:Inside the hegemonic system, the environmental topic was turned into a problem until it affected the economy, andif it wasn’t affected we would still continue destroying it.
The first unsustainability of the hegemonic system is that it imposes an anthropomorphic vision of nature!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FREDDY MIRANDA CASTRO, COSTA RICA, 017S
Q2-3:The decision regarding which variant must be optimized, either the population or the quality of life, forces a politicaldecision.
Q3:It is necessary to implement legislative measures related to the distribution of, access to and benefits of the resources.
To what extent must be the consumption choice be free? Which liberties must be revised to guarantee our continuation
as a species on earth? This is a moral ethics topic rather than a technical one. What kind of planetary society do wewish to have, and how do we make that decision?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jorge Alberto Lemus de Leon, GUATEMALA, 018S
Q2-3:Only through political power can the consumption of pollutants and plastics be reduced.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Manuel Badilla Sierra, CHILE, 052S
Q2-3:Even though good initiatives can be born from civil society, the backup and formalities of government programs are
required in the development of activities such as international cooperation and steps to delimit social breaches (economic, education, quality of life etc.).
Q3:In Chile, the most well-known and socially significant environmental problems are determined by the mining and forest
industries because of the growing use of soil, the diminishing quality of life of the neighbors, the use of water and theloss of local biodiversity. These problems, although rated as important by civil society, do not have their significancereflected at state level, either by political representatives or by the created legislation. While civil society cries out for
substantial political changes, the politicians and their representatives appear to be more and more distant and indifferent:
the representatives through their nexus with companies and the politicians by defending the same impairment as therest. All of the above shows a lack of general knowledge and real agreement in state politicians in terms of effectivenessfor the resolution of environmental problems.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Marina Rosales Benites de Franco, PERU, 058S
Q2-3:The main decision-makers in these countries are not elected on the framework of democracy on the basis of their abilities, but because of donations made during the campaign and their financial contributions to political groups so thatthey will be in the top places on the political party's list.
Q3:Environmental problems are caused by a lack of governance and in some cases poor and ineffective governance, placing national security and human rights at risk.
Political priorities are directed toward economic growth at the expense of the devaluation of natural capital and humansocieties in terms of their right to live with dignity. Countries go to great lengths to take austerity measures and invest
in education, health, infrastructure, and food security, supposedly because economic growth involves development, but
23Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

because of the corruption issues, public investments or public expenditures on human capital are not actually made, andthere is even less for the components of ecosystems. We thereby arrive at the extreme of considering that the conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems are barriers to economic growth.
What is exposed creates worried and resentful societies that have zero or minimal opportunities to access the humanright to quality of life.
The lack of an international organism that guards against retributions in terms of treasury compliance, sustainable development investments, environmental protection = ecosystems, affects the vicious circle of the developing countries in terms of PBI growth by austerity and the flexibility of environmental-corruption-poverty-halt or
the decrease in the PBI-poverty-growth PBI through austerity and the flexibility of environmental obligations.
The sovereignty of these countries cannot be allowed to jeopardize the ecological systems of the planet.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Miguel Angel Cueva, ARGENTINA, 061S
Q2-3:I consider that the determination of national and regional policies is fundamental for the preservation of biodiversity;
but solutions are required for the primary requirements of the more needy sectors, which usually have an impact on theecosystem and its elements.
Q3:I believe that environmental problems can only be reduced if there is a real involvement of society and in particular, governments. In this sense we can only reduce climate change, protect and use water resources with care,preserve biodiversity and improve the use of the soil if we, as a society, are able to solve the unsatisfied basic needsof the most vulnerable social group. In this way, societies that have undergone more extensive economic development must assume a greater responsibility in terms of their way of life and consumption activities. In particular, I
believe that on the other side, immaterial goods must be given greater importance that what is given to the naturalenvironment, and we need to assume social responsibility with regard to its preservation. We can’t think of protecting our environment with society without a particular sensibility toward what enables us to survive on a daily basis.
In particular, my work is related to the conservation of natural protected areas, and I believe it is a fundamental strategy
to develop and strengthen these kinds of spaces that not only provide us with places for leisure and tourism, but arealso a source of environmental services, both material and immaterial, and of course a source of the conservation of
biodiversity.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Victor Guillermo Hernandez, ARGENTINA, 065S
Q2-3:I’m convinced that the economic, social and scientific changes needed to improve environmental matters and natural
resources belong to the highest political decisions, since they determine the line of action and the pertinent planning.
If there is no political will, there is no way possible.
Q3:The political will to change, as I understand it, will come thanks to voluntary national and international agreements,
where civil society and governments will agree on a combined work schedule. However, if there are no agreements orthere is no will to change, reality is going to surpass us and the measures for change will be imposed by force of thefacts, which could result in violence and affect the democracy mechanisms of government.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jose CAMPOT, URUGUAY, 070S
Q2-3:
Q3:I selected CLIMATE CHANGE as the main problem because the rest of the problems are derived from it, and I firmly
believe that if we don’t do something effective, it will be extremely dangerous for humanity.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ERNESTO BRUGNOLI, URUGUAY, 071S-P
Q2-3:Specific political and economic measures.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-004
Q2-3:Climate change is a global environmental issue and the international community needs to work together.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-006
Q2-3:If policies can be effectively carried out, large-scale improvements are to be expected. Policy initiatives such as reducing the gap between the rich and the poor through international cooperation.
Q3:Educating children is the key; this will affect subsequent policies and influence large-scale improvements to follow.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-015
Q2-3:We should effectively control the population in the cities; we should not prioritize industrial development over people's
livelihoods by using economic development as an excuse.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24

Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Ho Kuan-Hsun, TAIWAN, T-024
Q2-3:Policy initiatives such as reducing the gap between the rich and the poor through international cooperation.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-030
Q2-3:Policy initiatives such as reducing the gap between the rich and the poor through international cooperation.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-053
Q2-3:Social progress needs to start with the people as a foundation; society, education, and policies should be integrated andcomplement each other.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-068
Q2-3:Reduce the speed of development; achieve a balance between the regions.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-074
Q2-3:Establish appropriate land development rules to prevent excessively developed industrial zones.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-076
Q2-3:Policy initiatives such as reducing the gap between the rich and the poor through international cooperation.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-081
Q2-3:An issue of government policies as well as education and training.
Q3:1. There is a huge gap between the rich and the poor countries around the globe, and no country can improve the environment on its own.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Yasuko Kameyama, JAPAN, W011
Q2-3:Much of the destruction of forests takes place in developing countries, because it is a problem that cannot be solved
exclusively within these countries.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Toshinori Kojima, JAPAN, W013
Q2-3:There are contributions that can be made through domestic politics. There are several examples of taxation that can belevied on activities that place a burden on the environment. By implementing more comprehensive taxation systems at
a domestic level, it is possible to shape society with a long-term view that spans several hundreds of years, one that canserve as an international model and push forth the necessary technolgoical development. Some examples include anenergy tax rather than a carbon tax (because fundamentally, there is a need to develop technologies that suppress energyuse), and a natural resources tax (including those levied on energy; additionally, the emissions of CO2 occur becauseof the use of natural resources). However, when it comes to exports, it is necessary to issue a tax refund whereas taxes
should be applied to imports according to the LCA.
Q3:Japan does not need any further economic development. It is already plenty wealthy.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W015
Q2-3:We must find a peaceful solution.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Toshihiko Goto, JAPAN, W017
Q2-3:Because these problems have been caused by human activity, we must implement a greenhouse gas reduction strategy
under an international agreement.
Q3:Among developed countries, awareness lags only in Japan. There's a worrying possibility that the country will not betaken seriously beyond COP21. The only ones who will survive will be those who not only consider climate change
as a risk factor, but can transform their business models so that it is considered a return factor, in other words, an opportunity.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Akito Yoneda, JAPAN, W021
25

Comments from who select Political Action as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q2-3:Climate change policies require a political response in addressing issues like the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.
In addition, there needs to be a framework for international cooperation.
Q3:I think that a political response is the most necessary action when it comes to climate change, but I would be hardpressed to say that the Japanese government has responded adequately. I would like for the Japanese government to
respond adequately, recognizing its position as a world leader.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Shinji Ide, JAPAN, W035
Q2-3:The problem of water resources is mutually interrelated to environmental and economic issues. And I believe thatpolitical decisions and international cooperation are essential for the resolution of these problems.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ikuo Hirayama, JAPAN, W042
Q2-3:
Q3:Environmental problems span a broad spectrum, and are deeply related to problems of the economy, society, andreligion.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W045
Q2-3:
Q3:I feel that the balance between free competition and politics is extremely important.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W054
Q2-3:Without societal, economic stability and the improvement in living standards, I don't believe we will reach real solutions to problems.
Q3:I think that the most valuable learning from the last 20 years is that just because something is an environmental problem,
we can not achieve significant results if we only think about environmental strategies. There are no limits to humandesire. So I would like us to think about channeling that insatiability towards an affection for the planet and considering
it as something of value.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hirofumi Aritani, JAPAN, W063
Q2-3:As long as economic activities center around profits, there are no suppression methods other than political solutions.
In reality, there are many countries that are politically very lenient with regards to broad environmental measures. How
they can be led to hold meaningful discussions and real strategies is of concern.
Q3:I would like for Japan to serve as a model case, but unfortunately with the recent nuclear crisis it cannot be denied
that our authority has declined from a global perspective. Natural disasters have long become evident in recent years.
I sincerely wish that we address climate change and global warming as an urgent issue.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Juei Shinagawa, JAPAN, W069
Q2-3:Nature is the most important social infrastructure for the Earth. Forests create oxygen, store water, cultivate the oceans,and nurture life forms There is a great inequality in the world. There is no way that it can be acceptable to continue
destroying nature under the pretext of economic development and alleviating inequality, as a replacement to what iscurrently in place, capitalist productivity. As a matter of policy, for example, shouldn't all of us from around the world
be made to pay a price for the oxygen that the forests of the Amazon produce, for continuing to protect nature and supply oxygen? The same goes for Japan. We talk about the diversification of values and work-life balance, but it is only
talk. I doubt that there is any politician who is seriously discussing and developing measures to address the attrition ofvillages, the disappearance of the country forests, and the unipolar concentration of Tokyo.
Q3:We must think more seriously about nuclear waste and waste in general. It is an undeniable fact that as soon as we
begin producing, that we also have to be able to dispose. There are products that are being manufactured and installedin the name of improving the environment and suppressing energy consumption (e.g. solar panels) that will definitively
become problematic from a disposal standpoint in the future. Environmental issues are not problems that can be solved
by one country alone. But there must be lessons that Japan can communicate. Still, I cannot sense that the current
government is thinking seriously about environmental problems.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Akiyuki Sakuma, JAPAN, W115
Q2-3:Unless there is a sweeping transformation of the current culture, which prioritizes partial optimization based on national/ethnic/religious grounds, there is very little time left for humankind. It is important to establish a value systemthat recognizes the continuation of humankind as the primary value, and movements in which the popular will moves
politics are essential.
Q3:There needs to be a systematization of the study of human survival. It is important to seriously consider using thoseresearch findings to establish a set of principles for human survival, which should be widely disseminated and imple26

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

mented. To this end, we must examine and understand the essence of the current culture, which refuses to face thefacts; establish a new value system for the continuation of humankind; eliminate partial optimization in society andtransform the past system of actions, which is based on personal greed; teach our DNA, which is based on a conflictfirst doctrine, about the principles of the Earth's limits; and for all people to understand the structural change that "towin is to self-destroy."--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Shigeru Sumitani, JAPAN, 051
Q2-3: Industrial activities that either ignore or disregard the environment have become once again active internationally inrecent years.
Q3: It is concerning that environmental endeavors and interest are significantly receding since the Great East Japan Earthquake. Japan, which has the experience of having been a polluted developed country, should take leadership on theinternational stage.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, 073
Q2-3: We must depart from 20th Century economic activities as soon as possible. In addition, we must know the limits ofWestern style good will and justice, and transform our society into one based on a principle of a sustainable regional
culture.
Q3: In terms of how to focus on environmental problems, I would like to see the sharing of the cluster of problems that havebeen an issue since the end of the 20th Century, viewing at them from a wide perspective as pointed out in Agenda 21
from the Earth Summit.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Takanori Hayashi, JAPAN, 076
Q2-3: Short-term economic effects are the greatest point of interest for many people, and the reality is that this is having agreat consequence in many different areas.
Q3: I feel that interest towards what we call "environmental problems" is diminishing among the consciousness of students
and the wider public compared to 10 years ago.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Toshihide Arimura, JAPAN, 090
Q2-3: There is insufficient internalization of external diseconomies with respect to pricing mechanisms.
Q3: Employees responsible for environmental affairs at corporations should recognize more the importance of utilizing
economic market mechanisms.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C005
Q2-3: Q3: Use innovation-driven economy as driving force for industrial upgrading, eliminating backwards enterprises, andvigorously developing and spreading the use of clean energy.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C019
Q2-3: Q3: Up to the collective efforts of human beings.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C027
Q2-3: Q3: Energy crisis and how to uncover new forms of energy and realize the use of solar energy.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C038
Q2-3: Q3: Achieve sustainable development. Economic development should not be made at the expense of sustainable development.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C041
Q2-3: Q3: Identify new energy technology that is not harmful to the environment as soon as possible.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C044
27

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q2-3: Q3: Be prepared for environmental deterioration and avoid wars caused by a lack of resources and environmental problems.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C052
Q2-3: Q3: All mankind needs to work hand in hand to protect the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C053
Q2-3: Q3: There are too many questions.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C065
Q2-3: Q3: There are problems such as overpopulation, excessive development, increased industrial waste, and worsening air pollution.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C073
Q2-3: Q3: Change lifestyle to decrease the amount of pollution.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C096
Q2-3: Q3: How can we protect the environment when it is used to generate profit?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C105
Q2-3: Q3: Improve the environmental consciousness of people, and achieve a style of development that establishes harmony
between human society and nature.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C154
Q2-3: Q3: All mankind needs to work hand in hand to protect the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C164
Q2-3: Q3: Environmental governance must be combined with economic and social development.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C168
Q2-3: Q3: I have no idea.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C169
Q2-3: Q3: Encourage people to revert farmland back to forestland. Make everybody aware that they are responsible for protecting
the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C173
Q2-3: Q3: No suggestions.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C176

Q2-3: Q3: The government's executive power is the most important. Economic development should not be made at the expenseof the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C180
Q2-3: Q3: Encourage people to protect the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

CHINA, C211
Q2-3: Q3: Control pollution source to nip it in the bud.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C222
Q2-3: Q3: Everybody is responsible for protecting the Earth.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C232
Q2-3: Q3: Reduce pollution.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C250

Q2-3: Q3: Strengthen publicity activities and education.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C264
Q2-3: Q3: Human beings need to treat the Earth well.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C274
Q2-3: Q3: The government must take action.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ian Joey Tajonera, PHILIPPINES, E003
Q2-3: Q3: Each and every individual is responsible for the environmental degradation happening in all parts of the planet. Economies are far from being responsible enough to take care of what remains. A change in behavior of every individual isnecessary if we need to address the issues on water supply, biodiversity, and pollution.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dago Tshering, BHUTAN, E005
Q2-3: Q3: With rapid urbanization and change in lifestyle and consumption pattern in the country, Bhutan is vulnerable and exposed to huge threats from the climate change impacts. The level of response and adaptation capacity of the country
is inadequate to face the increasing number of days to day environmental problems.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mehmet Metaj, ALBANIA, E014
Q2-3: Economic policy that allows for sustainable development while taking the environment into consideration.
Q3: The establishment of scientific guide line towards the resolution of environmental problems. The development of energy
saving and innovation technology.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rocco, ITALY, E022
Q2-3: integrating long term consequences/dynamics into current economic and strategic decisions
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CAMBODIA, E023
Q2-3: Q3: The environment issues facing today is loss of biodiversity, land-use change, pollution, degradation, water body changethat it caused by the un-proper develop goal and it has good integrate plan into conservation management.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rob Wilder, USA, E027
Q2-3: Q3: I believe the problem is Climate risk, and solution of clean energy is within our grasp from a technological standpoint:solar/wind power for cars, buildings, etc. The issue and obstacle is primarily in the Economic realm, and a matter ofwill.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nico van Belzen, THE NETHERLANDS, E032
Q2-3: R estrict economic incentives (e.g. child allowance) to only the first two children.
Q3: Overpopulation is the root course of all environmental problems and should get more attention.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Robert Jongman, THE NETHERLANDS, E041
Q2-3: Economic and environmental issues are strongly related. As long as environmental factors are considered as economically external factors and not as basic economic goods there is no change. We need an ecological economy. In economic
terms, ecosystems may be regarded as a special form of capital assets. Like reproducible capital assets (roads, buildings
and machinery), ecosystems depreciate if they are abused or are overused. But ecosystems differ from reproducible
capital assets in several ways. Depreciation of natural capital can be irreversible and the turnover is different frommodern economic systems: the systems may take a long time to recover as a resilient system(see Scheffer et al.2012,
Science). And ecosystems may collapse abruptly without much prior warning (Dasgupta, 2008). They might go into
new lower organised systems that do not allow the complex life that we have now.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Grahame Webb, AUSTRALIA, E051
Q2-3: Economic development and conservation need to go hand in hand and not be seen as in conflict all the time. In today's
world "conservation for profit" is likely to be more effective than "conservation at the expense of profit".
Q3: Science is our most powerful problem solving device, if we can only convince politicians to favour science over political expediency.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, E056
Q2-3: China's economic development pattern has caused severe environmental problems both in the country and globally.
So, there is need for the adjustment of the economic model in consideration of environmental issues.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INDIA, E061
Q2-3: Q3: Political will and education can bring about positive changes.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E075
Q2-3: Economic measures are the only way to get to scale in the challenge of turning the tide on global warming, but thesemust come as a result brave political action and education of society as well.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Karl Beckert, AUSTRALIA, E101
Q2-3: Q3: Strong economic instruments that take into account the negative externalities of climate change are the only way wecan deal with the problem. But underlying that we need strong international agreements.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E115
Q2-3: The current multinational push for profits from resource extraction to supply unsustainable growth in China and India
is leading governments in Australia to reduce environmental protections in the short term which will lead to irreversible
on-ground impacts such as extinction of native species, long-term disruption of groundwater resources and impacts on
the Great Barrier reef both through shipping, nutrient run-off and dredging for port expansion.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SWITZERLAND, E120
Q2-3: Q3: The combination of too many and too spoiled (too rich) people causes unsustainable land use and consumption (toomuch fertilizer, too many luxury (= in fact superfluid) constructions like streets, big buildings, sports centres, too many
luxury activities a.s.o).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------B. Canan Orhun, ITALY, E129
Q2-3: Whilst I believe economics play a major role in all (or most of) our environmental problems "society & education" hassome role in it, too. As long as the top universities in the world continue to graduate people with the ideals that "wemust keep growing" without regards to the carrying capacity of the earth there will be no solutions to our problems.
Of course a holistic approach within which all of the above measures (presented in your table) are taken into accountwill help with reaching a better situation for our world.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E133
Q2-3: Industrial extraction and industrial agriculture, in particular, need to be located, planned and managed to minimise their
30

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

negative impacts on biodiversity.
Q3: Massive expansion of industries in Central Africa is uncontrolled and destroying large areas of critical habitat. Corruption and poor governance play a major role here.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tina Lee, USA, E140
Q2-3: For economic development, we put biodiversity at risk. In Hawaii, a big problem is with international trade and invasive
species-- because of the island ecosystem, Hawaii's biodiversity is vulnerable to invasive species brought in on boats
and other forms of cargo.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TURKEY, E149
Q2-3: Q3: Beside the negative impacts of climate change, the main threat to ecosystems and biodiversity is the conversion of land
use/land cover for investments such as energy infrastructures, urban settlements, tourism etc.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ning Chao, TAIWAN, E159
Q2-3: Q3: When island country with high population density sets economic development as the priority, then the abusive land
use and alteration of local biodiversity become obvious and inevitable. Although Island countries "contribute" less inglobal warming, but are the first to suffer from the consequence of climate change.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Robert Kasisi, CANADA, E168
Q2-3: In response to the economic downsides of oilsands development currently being observed, Pembina Institute andEquiterre (2013) provided four recommendations to government for near-term action to help steer Canada towards asustainable energy future. 1.Improve how the provincial and federal government manage one-time resource wealth.
2.Consider a full set of costs and benefits of rapid oilsands development in project review and approval processes. 3.
Initiate a federal committee study on maintaining economic competitiveness with a high and volatile Canadian dollar.
4.Transition to low-carbon industries throughout Canada.
Q3: From: Booms, busts and bitumen. The economic implications of Canadian oilsands development (Equiterre & Pembina
Institute, 2013) The oilsands underlie approximately 140,000 square kilometers of the boreal forest in northern Alberta
and are the fastest-growing source of greenhouse gas emissions in Canada. While oilsands production has expanded
rapidly in the last decade, government policies and regulations have failed to keep up, creating serious challenges inmanaging the environmental, social and economic impacts. A study by the Canadian Energy Research Institute (CERI)
suggests Alberta will realize 94 per cent of the GDP benefit and retain 86 per cent of jobs from oilsands investments
and operations. Based on CERI's analysis, the United States will receive benefits two times greater than what occurs
in the rest of Canada. A more recent analysis by the Conference Board of Canada finds that Alberta will realize 70 per
cent of the benefit from oilsands investment and retain 74 per cent of employment opportunities relative to the restof Canada. By continuing to support and encourage an increasingly dominant role for the oilsands in the Canadian
economy, the federal government is committing itself to a future track that might soon be the path less travelled by therest of the world.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CANADA, E171
Q2-3: Greenhouses gases need an economic measure in order for governments, residents and companies to want to reduce.
Environmental externalities can no longer be free.
Q3: Canada's islands and northern regions are at high risk from climate change. Our national government fails to commit
to any real action to reduce greenhouse gases. Our provinces have begun to make some progress but it does not offset
our rapid growth in natural resource extraction. The disparity of natural resource rich and vulnerable areas to climatechange is stark.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E187
Q2-3: Economic policy that allows for sustainable development while taking the environment into consideration will allow
more people to make better, educated choices. This is key to encouraging a critical mass of the world's population to
evolve their lifestyles away from excessive consumption of resources and energy. Wasteful endeavors like war andoverconsumption are driven by social and economic inequality which results in poverty, xenophobia, and isolationism.
Economic policy that spreads wealth minimizes the drivers of negative individual and societal decision-making.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ARGENTINA, E191
Q2-3: 2 , 3 and 4 there is no other way to fight poverty in this capitalistic world.
31

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HE Yanmei , CHINA, E201

Q2-3: E nergy policy that allows for sustainable development.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Anushka Kumarasinghe, SRI LANKA, E203
Q2-3: Q3: In Sri Lanka, as of many not fully developed country, environmental problems are linked with lack of education/awareness and poverty. Though educational indicators of Sri Lanka is in par with developed nations, concerns overenvironmental awareness is comparatively less. Further, wide gap between rich and poor is enhancing environmental
degradation. Importance of man and environmental harmony is less concerned in policy development. Wide holes inlaw enforcement is one of the biggest problems in Sri Lanka. Also no enough environmental researches carried out atpresent in Sri Lanka.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E208
Q2-3: Unsustainable use of the planet's resources is driven by an economic model that will destroy the planet for human lifeand many species if left unchecked. There is an extremely urgent need to redesign the global economy so that it allows for the removal of poverty but also the overall reduction in global consumption so that we live within planetary
boundaries.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Charles Norman Ehler, FRANCE, E209
Q2-3: Effective measures to respond to population, pollution, and the overuse of ocean resources (my third choice) require amix of measures including laws and regulations (political action), economic incentives (taxes, charges) and moral suasion (education, awareness raising)--all operating in an integrated manner through good planning and implementation.
Q3: The overuse of ocean resources, not limited to overfishing and including ocean space as a resource, is an over-looked
and under-managed national and international issue--and one that will continue to get worse over the next 25-50 years
due to climate change, biodiversity and habitat loss, acidification, and contamination. While the effects of overfishingand decline in coral reefs, e.g., current declines in the quality of the Great Barrier Reef, are somewhat known by political decision makers and the public, the systemic decline in the quality of the ocean and its environmental services,and the cumulative effects of overuse are barely recognised. This ”problem” should be on your future lists.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SEDDIK, TUNISIA, E216
Q2-3: Q3: Almost continuing loss of our heritage in terms of varietal diversity of cultivated plants and / or their replacement byintroduced seeds or varieties. There occurs in this case, to establish protective for these plants. These conservatories
could be managed by associations and object to group visits, both for educational and eco-tourism. - The widespreaduse of plastic, especially as a package does not seem to stop even the medium term. Our landscapes are completely
disfigured by plastic waste, thrown around the natural environment, yet many packages can be replaced with recyclable
materials (paper, glass), especially milk and water. Recycling activities cover only a tiny fraction of waste. - Global
warming plaguing our planet affects our country, and it is our duty to mitigate its effects, including strengthening of theexisting natural vegetation cover and the extension of wooded areas, at least in areas therein preparing and maintaining
woodlands already. Now we see that we have lost a lot the last two years, including cuts and fires; phenomenon that,
unfortunately, not likely to reduce by days. - Living Heritage Management calls for a lot of innovation and ingenuity.
The management method that has always prevailed is no longer sustainable, especially the action has always focusedon protected areas, particularly on flagship species (large vertebrates and some tree species characteristics of certain
areas). Attention should, instead, go to the low species geographic range (North African endemic, North Sahara,
Algeria and Tunisia ...). The integration of other disciplines, including genetics and ecology of protected species ismore necessary than ever, especially since these sciences are able to detect anomalies and malfunctions of conserved
ecosystems. The integration of these disciplines necessarily requires the involvement of academics in the management of protected areas. - The estimated numbers of large vertebrates is a measure that should be initiated, as well as
elsewhere in the protected areas, for without this quantification, it is almost impossible to manage the areas where they
live (load capacity samples by hunting or translocations ...). - The activities of hunters must always be controlled andthe role of structures that represent must also be revised. It is obvious to say that some of these do not comply with theregulations in force organizing this activity, hunting in prohibited areas, during periods when hunting is not permitted
or killing of species banned from hunting, night hunting, non-compliance with the limit of the number of game killed... Poaching is also a cause of the depletion of many species, including hares and partridges gambra who have virtuallydisappeared from many areas where these activities are intense. - Some problems require specific responses, including
32

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

outbreaks of certain species and geographical extension. This is the case of the wild boar, quasi-cyclic invasions certain
other (rodents, processionay caterpillar, probably as wild rabbits ...). The presence of invasive species, animal or plant,
reported in many areas it also calls for the establishment of specific programs to be contained. - Compared to the marine
environment, note only the extension of some non-selective and destructive fishing techniques of marine ecosystems,
excessive harvesting (fishing), non-compliance with the conventions for the protection of protected species (loggerhead,sea turtle ...), pollution and eutrophication in some quarters, destruction of fixing coastal dune vegetation ... There isalso a need to monitor the quality of filter feeders consumed by humans, especially for the local market (molluscs)... - The development of renewable energy is one of the sectors where Tunisia could benefit greatly, especially since
the trend is the increase in energy consumption (especially electricity). Think of nuclear power in a country far frommastering these techniques is almost suicidal, especially when we know that very developed countries (Japan) had too
much trouble managing the latest disaster on its territory. Excuse me I don’t speak English very well .
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FRANCE, E241
Q2-3: Money is a big motivator for people. Even when people have good intentions, they will not act on those intentions
unless there is an economic benefit, or at least no increase in cost. In order to prevent or revert damage to the environment, we need to come up with new solutions and innovations that will allow our society to prosper, while maintaining
a balance with the environment.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Atef Mohamed Kamel Ahmed, EGYPT, E244
Q2-3: Q3: It is also now well recognized that human activities related to producing, processing, packaging, distributing, retailingand consuming food, are partly responsible for changing the world’s climate through emissions of greenhouse gases(GHG) and changes in land use. They also contribute to other aspects of GEC, such as changes in freshwater supplies,
air quality, nutrient cycling, biodiversity, land cover and soils--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SINGAPORE, E245
Q2-3: Too little sustainable economic policy making. Poor implementation of law and enforcement measures for sustainable
development in range countries.
Q3: One of the biggest threats nature and wildlife is facing in Asia is the greed and uncontrolled economic growth. Aside
to that poor nature and wildlife policy making of range countries is leading to the destruction of the most important
remaining ecosystems of this planet. Poor law enforcement and ongoing demand for wildlife products from countries
like china push may threatened species to extinction. All is interlinked and of course starts with humans and bad policy:
Greed leading to unsustainable economic growth, leading to destruction of nature, leading to acceleration of climatechange and species extinction.....
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E250
Q2-3: Population per se is not as important a problem as the intersection of population with lifestyle - how much does one
consume. Technology cannot cause people to want less; education has proven only very slightly effective if at all; theresistance to legislative/political restrictions on either population or on lifestyle is huge in the USA (and most places);
economic measures seem the only viable approach. I doubt they will work; industrial civilization is indeed doomed.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dr Sylvia Mitchell, JAMAICA, E255
Q2-3: Hand-holding for the establishment of economic and scientifically-rich rural ventures that allow for sustainable development that is environmentally friendly.
Q3: Developmental funds are not supporting economic ventures, the buying of land, patent costs nor application of standards
and certification that allows for export. Lack of such funds is hampering progress. The wealth of the biodiversity-richnations is being swallowed into patents by the scientifically-nimble nations to the detriment of developing nations,especially the increasingly vulnerable small island developing states. This pressure is then felt on the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------QATAR, E262
Q2-3: E conomic development inadequately takes environmental issues into account.
Q3: Lack of awareness/concern among decision makers about the long-term negative effects of neglecting environmental
issues needs to be addressed throughout the region. The complexity of dealing with multiple threats to the environmentis generally underestimated and the capacity of dealing with environmental challenges needs to be improved at all levels(the low percentage of respondents from our region to this questionnaire is symptomatic of inadequate awareness andcapacity)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Andrew, USA, E277
Q2-3: It's both political and economic - politicians have to decide to make the right economic (and other) policy choices whichtakes leadership and a certain amount of risk on their part which is not always in their self interest or in the short-term
interests of their constituents. As a result progress requires a strong coalition of forward thinkers and doers from acrosssociety who have aligned interests to reduce the perceived costs and risks of making wise policy choices. A simple
measure such as agreeing that a price on carbon should be implemented by all countries may take considerable workto achieve - but could be transformational, precipitating a host of other innovations and developments - economic,
technological and societal - which result in exponential change for the better.
Q3: It is critical that simple measures be agreed to address wicked (i.e.hardly solvable) environmental and societal challenges: these straight-forward measures are not panaceas but they do create the opportunity to build better solutions
and ways forward to the pressing environmental and societal challenges we face as a global community. 'Keeping it
simple silly' has never been truer - despite the incredible complexity of the world we live in.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MACEDONIA, E284
Q2-3: It is the economic policies and sustainable strategical decisions while taking environment in consideration is as theircompliance, that are mostly effective in solving the environmental problem at a grained scale. Still, the education andraising awareness about the environmental problems we face at a local and global scale are of a high importance inorder to ensure acceptance and proper/effective implementation of the economic measures.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Thora Amend, PERU, E308
Q2-3: In calculations we need to include costs for environmental externalities for all products at a global level --> reform oftax systems (incentive measures for clean production and biodiversity-friendly measures, fees / additional costs forpollution of waters, air, soil; or biodiversity impacts. start with a global tax on aircraft kerosene -> this will reduce
traffic of goods and passengers, and lead to less CO2, healthier lifestyles, more regional consumption, better awarenessand appreciation of environmental goods and services, benefitting the climate, as well as local producers, and society
in general.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E318
Q2-3: Q3: All of these measures need to be taken simultaneously - economic measures will drive rational thought and hopefully
policy development, these need hard data generated by science and leveraging society through education is essential
for any action to be effective--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MICHAEL OLWYLER, USA, E319
Q2-3: Economic measures - such as pollution unit sales/permits, increasing fees and taxes to reduce carbon emissions, andpaying for scientifically proven carbon sequestration - may help reduce the impacts of human pollution and reduce thelikelihood of runaway global climate change. However, finding a balance in human population to attain "zero population
growth" and new economic methods to maintain an economically viable society will require a complete, and thoughtprovoking re-think of our present day global systems not likely to be possible unless there is a global catastrophe.
Q3: Earth is under new management, and humans are the new managers. Or so they like to believe!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E326
Q2-3: Educating people to a better lifestyle is not going to drive the change we need, and will take too long. As such we need'sustainable production', so that we only have goods available that are sustainable, and start to control overconsumption
by positive choice.
Q3: The links above appear very simplistic whereas in reality it is often hard to separate some of the issues, and the cause
effect relations between them.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E337
Q2-3: Political will to make meaningful changes at a country level is urgently needed to help mitigate the effects of our changing environment. The overwhelming scientific evidence should be a wake up call to all societies across the world tomove from a business as usual scenario to a sustainable model. The sooner that governments remove short term vested
interests from their strategy the better. Economic and social development, national security and the health and well being of global citizens all depend upon environmental stability. Should governments want to secure a meaningful future
for their citizens they can - they're choosing not to. At the country level, leadership is required in order to implement
societal and educational measures as well as implement robust and environmental policies dictating land-use/pollution/energy efficiency procedures. In order to enact change at the global level, individual countries need to lead the way
34

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

first.
Q3: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Angus Middleton, NAMIBIA, E348
Q2-3: The current economic system is in effect a grand pyramid scheme that requires a growing population - we need tochange this to generate advantages for populations that can stabilise and live within their means.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GERMANY, E349
Q2-3: Put a real price to products. I.e. add long-term environmental destruction, social injustice and blood toll to regularmarket prices.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E350
Q2-3: Economic measures are most immediately relevant to 'Environment and Economy' but all of the above are needed,
as no one measure will work in isolation. Policies need to be based on sound science and co-operation at all levels ofsociety are needed for effective implementation.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NAMIBIA, E361
Q2-3: In order to achieve that economic measures work, National environmental laws should be implemented and properly
monitored by trained personnel that cooperate and communicate with each other. This is often not the case and proper
processes for example with regard to Environmental Impact Assessment rules and procedures are not followed.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BRAZIL, E370
Q2-3: Q3: Environmental problems in Brazil are increasing nowadays. The water resources are in serious problems and we don’t
have good political measures. People continue to give more importance to The economy, than to the environmental
problems, and it reflects in the water resources. Education is necessary, but inspection also is.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Gary Lim @ Khaeril Zach, MALAYSIA, E382
Q2-3: Q3: The issue of loss of biodiversity is closely tied to land use, habitat loss, pollution and may be alleviated with ”economic
empowerment” and a more sustained economic growth instead of the short term exponential growth currently exhorted
by governments.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E391
Q2-3: Carbon tax
Q3: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ISRAEL, E458
Q2-3: Real pricing and costing -- taking the human and environmental cost into the equation when formulating policy, taxes,
planning, marketing and problem solving. International cooperation under UNEP United Nations Env. Program) andTEEB (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity), Trucost economic models, alternatives for GDP, measurementof success, well-being, and equity.
Q3: We need a massive turnaround, which large corporations, and governments are unable to do fast enough. Only grassroots efforts can make the change, using social innovation, large-scale resource sharing, cooperative initiatives for mostservices, and products used by society. Corporations, government and NGO must work together with civil society tomake the change. Being busy with solving serious survival issues for humanity as a whole would keep our minds too
busy, and leave less time for wars and conflict. Environmental problems don't have passports or nationalities, but affecteveryone.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SOUTH AFRICA, E462
Q2-3: Actually I think both Categories 1 and 2 are needed in equal measure, followed by 3. There needs to be a stronger
recognition of the current driving forces of poverty and environmental degradation and a shift in the prioritisation of
extractive industries over ecosystem health. At the moment, mining applications are being granted in and around protected areas and to the detriment of local communities who depend directly on natural resources for survival. Short-term
benefit is winning over long-term responsible governance. The lack of compliance of the country's excellent laws is yet
35Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

another aspect of political action, leading to environmental degradation on a large scale and a decrease in the resourcebase for marginalised societies .
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chandra Embuldeniya, SRI LANKA, E477
Q2-3: Q3: We have only one world and only one small land called Sri Lanka to keep us alive and our generations to follow. If theworld gets sick with environment problems we in Sri Lanka will have no chance of survival. We were a utopia oncewith pristine beauty and people living in harmony. That was centuries ago. Due to colonial occupation for over 500
years and the depravity rendered on our people we have eroded our values and the environment. Our society had muchgreater tolerance, commitment, innovation, tradition, sacrifice, and moreover respect for life and humanity in the bygoneera. Due to the ruthless destruction and colonial values imbibed on us and the vicious divide and rule administrative
push we are now suffering in our own country. Still struggling to get onto the sustainable growth bandwagon. While
we are beginning to feel the impact of climate change and global warming on the one hand the socio political issues are
impacting the economic development. The post-independence terrorist war ended five years ago, yet we have lost ourway in search of harmony amidst distrust. Separatism is lurking in the shadows of political ideologists. The combined
effect of global warming and separatists driven transnational agenda could be the worst destabilizer and undoing factorof sustainability of economic development in Sri Lanka. We do hope that better sense prevail and the invisible hand of
market forces would provide the necessary platform to generate the energy to sustain development despite the adverse
socio political environment and global warming impacts.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E485
Q2-3: Provide financial incentives for sustainable land use and ecosystem restoration and strong financial disincentives forunsustainable, polluting and ecologically destructive land uses. Integrate natural capital accounting into mainstream
economic systems.
Q3: Unsustainable land use is strongly coupled to climate change, water resource depletion, biodiversity loss, food scarcity
and many other issues. Many land users - companies, farmers and others - would be very interested to change to moresustainable practices if the economic drivers were enabled, such as government tax allowances, environmental grants
for reforestation, long term logging/forest management concessions, conservation concessions, etc, especially for longterm land change that provides for economic security.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BRAZIL, E490
Q2-3: Q3: In Brazil we have problems with advancing agricultural frontier on ecosystems (eg. Cerrado), also we have an extensive
livestock. It is also very common to construction of large works such as hydroelectric dams or mining activities that
undertake large areas and biodiversity. Deforestation is a serious problem especially in the Amazon region.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E493
Q2-3: aggressive carbon tax (or cap and trade) plus aggressive GHG performance standards imposed on vehicles and appliances and electricity powerplants.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kenneth MacClune, USA, E497
Q2-3: The current economic model is built into present structures of policy, infrastructure and mind-frames and as such promote the locking in of current economic patterns. It is not a matter of forcing the system to change though but one ofencouraging the transformation that is needed to change the current basins of attraction.
Q3: We need to consider transformative processes that leverage current systems and infrastructures toward new purposes
and that discourage innovation and change.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SWITZERLAND, E498
Q2-3: Q3: Despite years of discussion, we still lack a compelling vision of the organizing principles that would create an economy
that functions in the public interest; a will to preserve the natural environment; and profound respect for peace andhuman rights.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E502
Q2-3: Because the economy is a major driver and it is only through a radical change to the existing economic paradigms thatthe wealthy in society will take notice and a significant positive change will occur.
Q3: 
36

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Girish Jathar, INDIA, E507
Q2-3: Q3: The ecology versus economy is the major problem of the country. The so called GDP growth is consuming vast amountof land and degrading the ecosystems. It is also creating green house gases which further add to global warming andclimate change. The current government regime is pro development and all environmental concerns are side tracked.
However, this short term growth will end in long term ecological disaster which will be faced by the future generations.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Wan Izatul Asma Wan Talaat, MALAYSIA, E525
Q2-3: Q3: The 3 pillars of sustainable development i.e. the 3 Ps must always be taken into account when development, which ismainly economic, is to take place. This is extremely important for developing countries where the governance frameworks are mostly weak.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Guoping Zhu, CHINA, E535
Q2-3: Q3: The environmental problems is very important for us, whatever the countries and the people, the solution should be
provided and conducted worldwide. Also I think we should put more attention to the change of polar areas, because
there are large amount of ice.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ITALY, E537
Q2-3: When and if the global environmental costs will be taken into consideration at national (i.e. governmental) or company
level the economical choices will be less damaging to the environment.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Francisco Wulff, SWITZERLAND, E558
Q2-3: We need to change the system of incentives under which people and businesses are functioning and making decisions.
Political action is essential, but ultimately we need to revert current economic incentives to consume more and produce
more. Education and behavioural psychology are also important components of the effort required.
Q3: We are truly approaching a point of no return here. The planet simply cannot provide 7 billion people with the current
living standards of even the lower middle classes of America and Europe. This is a very hard message to swallow, but
it must be addressed. Hard choices must be made and we are already at a point where it will be painful and politicallycostly. The world needs corageous leadership now more than ever before.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ITALY, E562
Q2-3: Its a combination of factors, between the policy, education and science. There must be practical and robust policies
guiding and implemented at countries levels to mitigate these actions and create resilience. Education plays a majorrole in society and transformative behavior in current generations and future ones. And science and technology are theinnovative component that allows sustainability and resilience to be established in real scenarios and not one fits all.
Q3: We humans cannot live without agrobiodiversity. These is a topic that even without realizing is everyone's daily life.
We all eat, have flowers, like trees, love animals and so on.....but most important is also related to our traditional
knowledge and beliefs. Most of it is part of our memories and those are what carry on while growing. We all know that
Biodiversity is about diversity/variety at the genes, species and ecosystems and are the sum of the parts that make lifeon Earth. We are currently seeing a loss of biodiversity, which have a deep consequences for the natural/environment
world and most fop all to us and our well-being -Humans. The causes are many and there are being highlighted in thissurvey, main causes are changes in natural habitats, monocultures, intensive production, pesticides, pollution, lessgreen areas, more urban development, changing climates, food patterns, market chains, etc. the cycle must slow andrevers somehow, this can be only done by us - Humans and through mitigation, resilience, diversification, conservation,
harmonization of policies etc. Most of all human commitment is needed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TANG SHUANGE, CHINA, E564
Q2-3: Q3: Sustainable land use is much related to the sustainable water. The land without enough water resources is of no use tohumankind.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E567
Q2-3: S trong incentives, Enforcement of policies and limits to development/exploitation, Controls and Education.
Q3: Human population growth, based on current economic paradigms, is simply unsustainable. Either we curb humanpopulation growth, or we completely change the Buisiness-as-Usual approach....or both. The former is very complex,
37

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

as it is not the same everywhere and would be impossible to do in an equitable, transparent, effective manner. It has tocome from each person, and from a solid understanding and informed choice. The only thing that can be imposed isa change in economic paradigms that emphasise sustainability, halt destructive practices (especially use of pesticides,
toxic chemicals, antibiotics and other toxins in farming & industry) and consider global ecological processes and trends,
rather than just thinking locally/nationally. Short term thinking must be replaced with long-term thinking that tracks
performance and effectively attributes impact.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jerome Vanclay, AUSTRALIA, E575
Q2-3: I f we price carbon pollution correctly, the economy will guide our response.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E576
Q2-3: C arbon pricing is needed to internalise climate change in economic decisions.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PERU, E584
Q2-3: Political action should translate into Economic measures, which are the Motors of big Impacts in land-use and Population Actions; it can strongly be improved when accompanied by environmental awareness and education.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CZECH, E594
Q2-3: Q3: general preference for short-term economic benefits over the longer term objectives of sustainable development; concerning the economic and geopolitical specifics region--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Maen Smadi, JORDAN, E603
Q2-3: Also through the development and implementation of a national projects in how to restore and conserve the natural
resources and to pilot some local community project for the sustainable use of the natural resources and to provide
alternative livelihoods for them. And the capacity building of the local community and the relevant partners on theeffective management of the resources and the programs.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Trevor Hancock, CANADA, E629
Q2-3: The fundamental drivers of the ecological changes now collectively being referred to as 'The Anthropocene' are population growth and affluence, with technology sometimes amplifying and sometimes ameliorating the impact of thosedrivers. The pursuit of economic growth to meet the growing demands of a growing population is the fundamental
problem, because in our current economic system growth means more demands on the Earth's natural resources andmore damage to the Earth's ecosystems. Such damage is resulting in the decline and may result in the collapse of
key ecosystem functions that are the basis for the life and survival of humans and other life forms; when ecosystems
decline or collapse, so too do the societies that are dependent upon them. This damage in turn undermines the economy
and threatens the continued wellbeing and even the very survival of communities, societies and our increasingly interconnected global civilisation. There are indeed limits to growth – or to be more precise, there is a limit to growth,and that limit is the Earth itself. There is ‘only one Earth’, as Barbara Ward and Rene Dubos so aptly put it more than
40 years ago, a fact we ignore at our peril. Moreover, as resources become scarce and ecosystems fragile, those withwealth and power will ensure their access to them, even if it means others - including other species as well as otherhumans - have less. This will both heighten global and local inequity and push more ecosystems towards collapse andmore species towards extinction. Growing global and local inequity will in turn heighten the potential for both local
and global strife, for as the French philosopher Raymond Aron has remarked, when inequality becomes too great, theidea of community becomes impossible. Faced with these immense challenges of potential ecological and social decline
and collapse, the only answer from conventional economics is more growth. But continued conventional growth in a
finite system – the Earth - is clearly illogical and impossible when it involves more growth in demand for resources
and more strain upon our increasingly fragile life-supporting ecosystems. Our current economic philosophy and system
is broken, and must be discarded and replaced with an economic system that is compatible with the Earth and all its
ecosystems and resources. This will require a massive global change in the underlying cultural and political values
that drive our current economic system. That change has to begin with the wealthy countries because they cannot
say, in effect, we will keep what we have but the rest of the world cannot have what we have, there isn't enough to goaround. We (the wealthy countries) need to shift our focus from the pursuit of economic development to the pursuit ofa higher goal: Human development that is equitable and sustainable. After all, what business are we in – or should we
be in – as societies and governments? Are we here to grow the economy, is that really the ultimate human purpose? Or
38

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

are we here to 'grow' people? And are we here only to 'grow' some people – people like us, perhaps? – or are we here
to ensure the achievement by everyone of the highest human potential of which they are capable? Surely the pursuitof human development for all, in a manner that is both socially equitable and ecologically sustainable, is or should be
the overarching goal of people, communities, nations and humanity as a whole? But in order to do that, we need tore-think our notions of development and progress, the political systems we put in place to achieve such an end, and theeconomic and other tools we use.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------stuart longhorn, UK, E633
Q2-3: Q3: Need for reduction in agricultural monocultures and urbanisation without healthy ecological context. Developmentof lands (or seas) can be made with care to allow biodiversity to remain and the services that such provides, including coastal protection, CO2 uptake and all related concerns linked to human-induced climate change. Companies caneasily encourage native biodiversity around sites, e.g. along roadways, roofs etc, linked to lower costs though heatconservation, or energy harvesting.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Debby Cox, AUSTRALIA, E638
Q2-3: Because we do not incur real costs for things like palm oil; petroleum; land clearing; large scale agriculture, monoculture, we work on short term profits for companies, instead of long term losses on society, we are not paying the rightprice for items and as such, we are over using, over exploiting for profit, not for what is actually needed. We see hugefood wastage, as the same time as starvation, we see the cost of food imported from countries like china costing lessthan locally grown, this is a screwed up economy model, it is not real, it is imagined for the sake of large companies
making profits, not what the real costs are to future generations or health of our global environment.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BRAZIL, E639
Q2-3: Q3: In Brazil we have problems with advancing agricultural frontier on ecosystems (e.g. Cerrado), also we have an extensive
livestock. It is also very common to construction of large works such as hydroelectric dams or mining activities that
undertake large areas and biodiversity. Deforestation is a serious problem especially in the Amazon region.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PORTUGAL, E643
Q2-3: Portugal suffers from forest reduction associated to expansion of Eucalyptus monoculture (today around 10% of Portugal area is covered with Eucalyptus trees) and invasive species such as Acacia. Also, the updated agriculture system
coupled with fragmentation due to roads and river dams figures as main menaces to aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Paul Boyle, Ph.D., USA, E645
Q2-3: The causes of climate change are clear and the time for action to alleviate atmospheric increase of CO2 has passed.
CO2 buildup is not only warming the atmosphere but also is acidifying the ocean with profound implications on ocean
and terrestrial biodiversity.
Q3: See answer to 2-3. above.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E657
Q2-3: Q3: This is questionnaire oversimplifies complex issues.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CANADA, E667
Q2-3: I t is the economy that drives this debate and prevents effective solutions.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E668
Q2-3: it's not only one of these but a combination of all, with a restructuring of our economic system, driven by consumers
and political action, as the key. Society pressure is critically important but not necessarily having everyone getting'fully' educated. Awareness raising is key but needs to mixed /integrated with ways to help with solutions to the problems, commensurate with the size of these challenges we've created for ourselves over many generations. Tech canhelp solve some problems but having people count on tech to solve all our problems is short sighted and dangerous.
Corporations need to step up and make sure they're working as sustainably and safely as possible, and treating theirworkers equitably and with justice. Discrepancies between ultra rich and very poor need to be much better addressed
39Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

and all deserve a home, proper nutrition, and education.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E671
Q2-3: Q3: This survey does not address- the complexity of any issue- that no ONE issue supercedes the other but that all areconnected and DYNAMIC in various contexts...
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ITALY, E689
Q2-3: R
 emove the pollutants from the old industrial areas.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NEW ZEALAND, E691
Q2-3: Q3: Overall the greatest issue is the continuing unsustainable and inequitable exploitation of nature and the environment.
Over the last 50 years the state of the environment and nature has continued to decline despite the ever increasing efforts
and resources to try and deal with the issue. So what is the problem - why is there continuing degradation of nature andthe environment? Meanwhile we spend vast amounts of money on space research despite the fact that overall we havenot been able to implement sustainable and equitable use of nature and the environment. In my opinion 'gardening'should be a compulsory subject at all levels of education. Similarly, education for sustainability should be compulsory
at all levels of education. Why isn't the OECD surveying, monitoring and reporting on the performance of member
countries with respect to sustainable and equitable use of nature and the environment. Why isn't UNESCO reportingon country performance on education for sustainability. For a excellent literature resource I recommend the Berkshire
Encyclopaedia for Sustainability. Thank you.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E695
Q2-3: In Australia we live a comfortable lifestyle that people are unwilling to lose/change to reduce climate change. If measures where in place where people life style and economic position were not compromised by action on climate changethen people would be more willing to undertake this action.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INDIA, E702
Q2-3: In a developing nation like India, and the South Asian region in general, economic pressures far outweigh environmental concerns. While education and political action can relieve environmental stresses, effective change can only be
brought about when the economic aspirations of a large population are taken into account and satisfactorily addressed.
E.g., Deferring a nuclear or hydroelectric power plant on the basis of environmental concerns will only work till thefraction of the population affected by the lack of electricity is large enough to affect elections. Once the political classfeel the pinch, the rush to remedy the fault may result in even greater environmental fallout than from the original
project. Holding up development in the name of environmental concerns is, therefore, not a viable long-term solution
in the region. Thus, the best solution may be to follow economic policies that sustain the environment while allowing
for economic growth.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FRENCH POLYNESIA, E703
Q2-3: link education and economic measure to follow to respect our planet
Q3: issue for protecting the planet at home and when travelling--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E706
Q2-3: C onsumers will only react if they otherwise have to pay a high price.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SERBIA, E715
Q2-3: There must be economical stimulation to use more healthy solutions (because it is cheaper). On the other side, there
should be taxes or complete ban for those citizens who follow environmentally non-friendly lifestyles e.g. solid fuelfor heating the flats in the center of the city when central heating system already exist (I have this example in the building and my family, being on the last floor, is suffering every winter because of neighbors who legally use solid fuel toheat their flats in the central part of the capital city). Other example - use of solar energy - many people would like tobuy solar panels to heat their flats but they have no subsidies from the government, on the contrary, it is expensive andthey should pay extra taxes if they want to use clean solutions. Another example is installation of LPG device in the40

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

car - people pay this improvement on their own and it is pretty costly and then they should pay also extra taxis because
the weight of their car is increased and car passed into higher category where annual taxis is higher.
Q3: Economical poverty inevitably leads to increasing of environmental issues. It is global problem and cannot be solved byjust funding projects on endangered species or habitats. Poor people whose are struggling for survival will use anything
they can to maintain their families and they will not take care on environment because nobody is taking care on them.
We are doing a lot on education on environmental issues and we are producing specialists for the nature protection but
then they cannot find a job and they are getting disappointed and finally they forget all we learned them about. I am
zoologist and conservation biologist and nature means more to me than human society, but even me see clearly now
that we all should start to solve more seriously (not just for the TV and National Geographic stories) global economic
problems, otherwise everything will go where we would not like it to go. If the government cannot solve even small
national problem of stilling bicycles from citizens whose decided to use this way of transport instead of car because
it is environmentally friendly, then we cannot say anything in favor of government official attempts to conserve thenature through spending money on tones of lifelets and posters and luxurious workshops while protected areas are stilltransforming into expensive skiing grounds and, on the other side, ecotourism which could motivate people to stay on
their land instead to move into the cities is not supported enough.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Adriana Consorte-McCrea, UK, E735
Q2-3: Q3: Unregulated market economy is built on an excess use of natural resources and inequity. An alignment between humanneeds and the natural environment is necessary.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ITALY, E741
Q2-3: We need all the measures, and a lot of each these categories - and also the legal measures.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Michael GRABER, ISRAEL, E742
Q2-3: You need all 4 measures in order to resolve environmental problems. However, when taking economic measures, you
get involvement of politicians and scientific technologies. Raising awareness of the society through education requires
political will.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lawrence Onisto, CANADA, E749
Q2-3: E conomic actions define our activities as an expropriating species unaware of the value of natural capital.
Q3: Population is unprecedented and growing unabated. Sustainability does not exist in any developed country to date.
The earth is showing signs of failing - climate change, pollution, loss of biodiversity, declining productivity etc. This
is not a good indicator for the future of our species.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jaime Moncada, COLOMBIA, E750
Q2-3: We have had droughts because cattle herders an farmers don’t pay for the water they consume and destroy the forest.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E752
Q2-3: Use fees generated by unsustainable practices to encourage and directly subsidize solutions...e.g. fees associated with
auto use or gasoline consumption to fund mass transit development.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Gansukh Gongor, MONGOLIA, E756
Q2-3: Q3: Category "Society and Education" is also important and one of first priority measurement.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E757
Q2-3: I don't think that our economic system with the emphasis on growth is environmentally sustainable. The system also
currently fails to recognise the economic value of ecosystem services and the cost of replacing those services once theecosystems have been damaged or destroyed. The emphasis on economic growth and the world's growing population
increases pressure on the environment through inappropriate land (and sea) use and increased pollution (both of which
also contribute to climate change).
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mejjati Alami Mohammed, MOROCCO, E775
41

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q2-3: Beside the economic measures,I would like to emphasize the need for education for environmental issues. The population should be aware of the reduction of water resources and how to change their behavior and use of water accordingly.
Policy makers and managers have to integrate new proper use programs and work closely with technicians to find real
solutions.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Shaenandhoa Garcia, VENEZUELA, E787
Q2-3: Latin America urgently requires economic measures that promote sustainable use rather than the traditional pattern ofoverexploitation.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Francisco Samuel Álvarez Calderón, EL SALVADOR, E800
Q2-3: Q3: Los mayores retos ara solucionar los problemas ambientales es la creación de sinergias entre las instituciones del Estado, se debe realizar mayores procesos participativos donde se involucre a las comunidades en la toma de decisiones
y en las alternativas de solución.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Patricia Mendoza, PERU, E801
Q2-3: On the particular case of Peru, and as many other cases in South America, economic growth is currently based on extractive industries (minerals, petroleum, gas,fisheries,timber) and associated big infrastructure projects (damns, roads).
Industrial agriculture is also in expansion. Most of this activities/projects require a mayor land use and transformation
which is barely controlled by the government that tends to prioritize investment over environment. Changes in policy
for an economy based on a sustainable development is urgent.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Allan N. Williams, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, E815
Q2-3: E conomic Rewards are at the center of motivating a significant amount of persons to make a difference.
Q3: We are still lacking in our ability to motivate individuals in our communities to RESPONSIBLY in the interest of theentire community.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BELGIUM, E817
Q2-3: Unfortunately, most people are more driven by money than anything else. If there were more (economic) incentives
to prevent pollution and water contamination - stronger than those fostering it or being insensitive to it - people would
follow. Of course, these incentives need to be created through policies and also education but either of the other 2.
Education and awareness raising would not be sufficient for poorer countries where basic needs are barely covered.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CANADA, E824
Q2-3: I want to believe that political action could and should be able to address the issue. However, political action in Canada
has been very week. Alternatively, people will be motivated to act if there is an economic cost or benefit to them personally. Accordingly, so should corporations, so a carrot and stick approach is warranted to spur effective action.
Q3: Deep concerns about the emerging risks related to the impact of climate change on infrastructure. For example, how will
permafrost affect mine tailing ponds? The Mount Polly incident in British Columbia was disastrous. Also concerned
about CC impacts on food supply and sustainability in general.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Enzo Aliaga Rossel, BOLIVIA, E827
Q2-3: Q3: Climate changing is an issue that involves several of the other problems listed. Use of water, food security and biodiversity loss--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------David Obura, KENYA, E830
Q2-3: Q3: The main problem facing us is combined overpopulation (increasing) and excessive consumption (also increasing).
Thus all environmental problems arise from this, and we don't have the sensitivity/culture at meaningful/large enoughscales to understand and deal with this fundamental dynamic about environment and society. Economy is the basic
linkage between society and the environment, and certainly the one that drives most societal impacts, so economictransformation is essential for change (along with declining global population, reducing consumption, etc). Without
these, all other things we do will alleviate, but not solve problems.
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Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

JOSEPH CHRISTIAN RANDRIANANTOANDRO, MADAGASCAR, E831
Q2-3: The points 1, 2 and 3 are all important to resolve the environmental problems in Madagascar.
Q3: Madagascar is a country rich in biodiversity. Without an economic development, this richness continues to be lost withthe destruction of habitat in different areas.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FRANCE, E838
Q2-3: Q3: despite all the science and technologies and educational programs, more and more people will populate the planet
and will need cheap energy (electricity and fuel), low cost food and land to build dwellings. Alternatives are being
implemented by a number of eco-friendly communities, but there are too few of them and will never account for thelargest part of the total population. Short-term commitments of politicians will not enable long-term solutions to beeventually viable. Biodiversity will lose the battle little by little (example : collapse of bees leading to significant lossof pollinisation). Population control with family planning should be a top priority on political agendas.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DPS VERMA, INDIA, E848
Q2-3: B ringing poor people out of poverty would be possible only through their economical revival.
Q3: Biodiversity decimation has assumed an alarming proportion. Poor would be worst with the loss of biodiversity. Water
is direct product of biodiversity. Good cover of vegetation would ensure availability of water round the year. India useof fossil fuel is still comparatively less. Consequently , effect of global warming in not of immediate concern as thatof biodiversity.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E849
Q2-3: Essentially all of these measures need to be combined to resolve the environmental problems. No single approach will
be successful. I highlighted option 2 but with some hesitancy since political action must be an essential part of this.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kastriot Korro, ALBANIA, E864
Q2-3: Q3: 1. Biodiversity is being destructed around the world thanks to unfair politics that the international governments havereceived. To protect the biodiversity of a poor place it is necessary to have a continuous development.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kent C Jensen, USA, E868
Q2-3: If all economic factors & environmental costs were included in the equation for the effects of land conversion - andthose costs borne by the individuals/companies responsible for the land conversion it would act to slow the losses.
Currently, the conversion is being subsidized by governmental programs and economic disincentives to conservation.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Moses Jaokoo, KENYA, E871
Q2-3: Sustainable development will lead to natural resources decoupling and this will reduce the extraction of natural andmineral resources for economic gain while maintain ecosystem efficiency.
Q3: Climate change is a result of dangerous human activities that affect planetary balance. This is motivated by cheap
economic gain with utter disregard to the environment. Effective global environmental governance is required to avoid
plunging future generation into natural calamities--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INDIA, E873
Q2-3: Punitive measures have not worked so well. Air and water pollution are a very real threat and danger to public healthin India now. Giving economic incentives such as tax breaks/rebates to help companies adopt green/clean technology
will help in achieving economic growth and protecting the environment.
Q3: One of the biggest and growing concerns in India is that of air and water pollution. A bulk of our energy comes fromcoal and this is sharply growing as the pace of economic growth picks up. Most power plants have not met environmental standards which mean that dangerous levels of noxious gasses and particulate matter are being released in theatmosphere and have a direct bearing on public health. Water scarcity is also a real problem. Millions don’t haveaccess to safe drinking water and as Industrial activity picks up along with increase in incomes and lifestyles, the pressure on this scarce resource is increasing. India is also a victim of climate change, millions in the Sunderban Delta
which straddle India and Bangladesh are at the forefront of climate change. Several have already been made climate
refugees to due to rising sea levels which have submerged inhabited islands. The extreme weather events as forecast
by IPCC and climate experts is perhaps already being witnessed in terms of intense rainfall in the upper Himalayas.
The recent floods in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir and in Uttrakhand before that are a reminder of just how
vulnerable our population is to intense rainfall which is one of the predicted outcomes of climate change. While the43Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

government in India has launched an ambitious plan to install 20,000 MW by 2020. Recent plans to allow ‘reverse
metering’ which allows households to sell ‘surplus’ solar power back to power grid has got a good response and canbe a model to get more citizens to invest and install solar units.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E881
Q2-3: If we are to help people now on substandard conditions, we need to provide birth control.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------naseeb ullah, PAKISTAN, E883
Q2-3: Q3: In our region it needs strong advocacy even to consider it as a problem both at public and private sector--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nalni Dhar Jayal, INDIA, E886
Q2-3: Q3: Minimal ecological understanding among policy-makers and implementing agencies regarding the extreme sensitivity
and biodiversity wealth of the Himalaya mountain range. The economic focus is wrongly based on excessive tourism and its infrastructure, such as hotels, roads, airports, and through exploiting natural resources by damming rivers
without environmental concerns and forest depletion for commercial purposes.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Francois du Toit, SOUTH AFRICA, E888
Q2-3: Q3: The underlying cause of the current state of affairs in environmental issues faced by the earth today is the fact that
economic costs do not take into consideration the externalities of environmental cost. Water scarcity, pollution, mining
practices, including fracking and open cast mining, deforestation and agricultural practices are all factors that grossly
undervalue the environmental costs. Global mining groups and agricultural commodity players are the single biggest
cause of misinformation and profiteering at the expense of local communities and their supporting environments. Fracking is, in our opinion the single biggest environmental disaster to have struck the modern world. It is an antiquated,
dangerous and irresponsible practice that should be elevated to a crime against humanity. Also impacting biodiversity
loss, species loss and the disconnect of modern Eurocentric societies, is the lack of real understanding of sustainable
natural resource utilisation by indigenous communities, who have been using these resources for hundreds or thousands of years before ”scientific studies” show that they are being exploited. The biggest single threat, we believe, tosustainable resource utilisation in underdeveloped countries, is the misdirected public green sympathisers, (often misdirected by the green sector drivers themselves who need to keep themselves in jobs) in urban Western and European
markets. This is where donor funding is driven from, and voting control via CITES and other international bodies,
reduces the power of local countries to take control of their own natural resources to save species and biodiversity. An
example is Rhino horn trade in South Africa, which holds one vote at CITES, but is protecting more than 90% of theworlds remaining rhino populations, and cannot gain any real value for trade... We also deal with powerful economic
interests that control political leadership and environmental concerns are relegated to third rate citizenship on the backof economic growth. It is indeed a complex issue, clouded by political and economic intrigue and entrenched public
opinions directed and driven for short profit rather than for the benefit of long term holistic sustainability. Current andimmediate shareholder value is driving decision making rather than long term value...
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CAMBODIA, E892
Q2-3: All problem we face is about economy (food and money). If the decision makers and developers understand the root
cause of climate change, they should keep forest, reduce green house gases. Although the economy grows they facea big problem that can't solve and this affect themselves as well. The politicians try to make the country better by allmean of devastating natural resources and increase technology that produce air and water pollution and contamination.
There are many ways of politicians or economists can do to help keep environment clean like reducing competition forfactory products, increase agricultural production by increasing yield/ha and quality of products, provide awareness topublic about crisis, reducing power use (we may need to go back to live like in the 200 years ago), reduce plastic use,and so on.
Q3: Environment issue include simply air pollution, water pollution (use dirty water from polluted rivers), eating chemical
and unhygienic food (many food preserved in formalin to keep longer), lot of plastic bags on streets, sewage smelling
bad to public, little understanding of environment problem, no access to technology to for environment solving.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TANZANIA, E900
Q2-3: Q3: There is a need to consider the relation of poverty and environmental problems and design appropriate models toresolve/address the problem.
44

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Coert Geldenhuys, SOUTH AFRICA, E906
Q2-3: Q3: There is a need for integrated, multiple use of resources to manage and use what we have, better--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Heike Hoedt, GERMANY, E915
Q2-3: In our system economy drives politics and thus it drives all other aspects: education, scientific technology, society,etc.
Changing economic policy or implementing economic measures that foster sustainable development of our societychanges lifestyle towards less consumption of resources and energy. Economic measures must be political measuresdesigned and enhanced by sovereign, democratic nations or groups of nations (like EU). They must by no means bemeasures the big actors of economy (multinationals)are suggesting and/or enforcing driven by their own interst. TTIP
and CETA are the wrong direction.
Q3: Big economic players have too much influence on Western European governments. They are currently trying again toexpand their influence through implementing TTIP and CETA. This is a mayor threat to democracy and thus to environmental protection and the protection of resources required for human survival. Only by improving our democracies
Western European societies can change their ways toward more sustainability.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Karin Lochte, GERMANY, E918
Q2-3: Economic measures, if implemented correctly and applied world wide, would have a direct and immediate impact fromnations to companies and individuals. Such measures must also be used to balance the inequity between industrial anddeveloping countries. Political actions suffer from the problems of lengthy negotiations, technical solutions are available, but are not applied. Education is important, but takes a long time to lead to actions.
Q3: A major problem is the ”export” of environmental problems to developing countries. Energy intensive or polluting
technologies/processes are increasingly carried out in countries that are unable to control such activities or to apply
mitigating measures.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cheryl Colopy, USA, E928
Q2-3: It is difficult to separate political action and economic measures, and both of those in long run may be influenced byeducation of populace. I chose #2 because it mentions sustainable development/environment, and because though international cooperation is vital also, measures to alleviate disparity in wealth have not been successful on international
level as far as I can see. I could easily have chosen #3, bringing solution down to local, even individual level, because
there won't be any progress without this. Yet that is not enough. Policy choices, government action, are necessary.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GERMANY, E937
Q2-3: Water resources are degrading rapidly in Europe, both in terms of quantity and quality. Primary causes are from emissions (industry, agriculture) and over-abstraction (agriculture, densely populated regions in arid environments). Solutions cover all the measures in Table 2, but economic measures are perhaps critically important by having incentive/
disincentive measures in place.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GEORGIA, E941
Q2-3: The link between environment and economy, and land use, is both cyclical and mutually reinforcing. Due to the factthat over half of Georgia’s population relies on subsistence agriculture, this link is also extremely pervasive. The lowlevel of income in the country means that there is little investment in infrastructure and sustainable practices related toland management. This, in turn, means that land resources are used unsustainably, further reducing their productivity
and structural integrity. Both the government and the citizens of Georgia require economic investment to break thenegative cycle of low investment, unsustainable practices and poor returns. With regards to infrastructure, many rural
areas have no access to natural gas. This means that local forests are logged for heating and cooking resources, often
leading to landslides, soil erosion and depletion of non-timber forest products. The lack of effective irrigation infrastructure also reduces the quantity of available arable land, leading to overexploitation of irrigated land, conflicts overland resources, soil erosion and salination. In addition to the environmental problems, the lack of infrastructure also
reduces the scope for economic development. In addition to insufficient infrastructure, poor technical understanding
and equipment is also contributing to land use problems in the country. Lack of understanding about local soil qualities,
climate change and relevant crops is causing low yields and making them more vulnerable to climate change. A lack ofinventory and spatial land information systems means that informed decisions and strategies on land reclamation andprotection cannot easily be made. Lack of mechanical equipment is hindering locals’ efforts to reduce the effects oflandslides and irrigation deterioration. To break this cycle, it is necessary to implement economic measures that can
provide investment for the development of agricultural and energy infrastructure, and technical capacity and equipment.
45

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

This investment may include actions such as gasification, climate proofing, irrigation, cooperative development, land
use planning, technical assistance, and scientific studies. In addition to the agricultural needs of the country a numberof other sections of the economy of Georgia are also relevant to land resources, including mining activities, mineralwater extraction, tourism, and energy production.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hameed Ullah Shah, PAKISTAN, E959
Q2-3: Environmental problems and pollutions are very dangerous menace that the modern world is facing today. Environmental problems are nearing hazardous limits because people do not have awareness of its dangerous. Today world istalking about to remove the elements that are causing environmental problems and making lives hard of people andanimals. There are many environmental problems in Pakistan that are causing Pakistan big time. The population of
Pakistan is increasing rabidly with the passage of time. If the population of Pakistan was one million at the time ofindependence most probably it would be around 300 million at the end of 21 century which will be more than American population. Floods will be common that would be harmful for Pakistan moreover the first surface of earth would
be flown with flood and land will be barren and water under the earth will be polluted. Pakistan has limited sources
but still it has to resolve the pollution or environmental problems at priority bases. There are many factors responsible
for environmental problems in Pakistan few are mentioned here in details. 1. Need for tree plantations in urban centres – There is no doubt that planting trees help in maintaining good environment. Trees in urban centres help clean
environment and reduce pollution. We do plant lots of trees every year but the problem is the nurturing of the plants.
Trees must be considered as an essential item of environmental service. Even in our religion, trees have been given
enormous importance. 2. Cutting of forests – A lot number of forest trees are being cut in Many areas for timber aswell as fuel wood. People must not cut trees and use wood as fuel. There are various biodiversities, climate change
and other environmental issues which are linked with forestry. 3. Environment is going to be a non-tariff barrier for
all our exports and sooner the industries realize this the better it would be for them. There is also pressure from thelenders; almost all the banks of the world say that the industries that don’t meet the environmental criteria will not begiven money. We must try to enforce the law of land and for that we have to start a voluntary self-monitoring program
because it is not possible to send inspectors to every industry in the country. Pakistan is very much aware about it andhas taken lead on this issue at the international level. Pakistan is party to the “Kyoto Protocol”, The Kyoto Protocol isa document signed by about 180 countries at Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997. The protocol commits 38 industrializedcountries to cut their emissions of greenhouse gases between 2008 to 2012 to levels that are 5.2 per cent below 1990
levels. 4. Carbon monoxide emissions in Megacities – Carbon monoxide emission levels in Karachi and Lahore haveconsiderably exceeded WHO’s recommended levels. It however happens only during crowded hours not 24 hours aday. We should be concerned about it and a Clean Air Program must be initiated to ensure safe level carbon monoxide
emissions especially in megacities. 5. High Pollution – One can see so much pollution (noise pollution – air pollution)in the city. The main difference is of population; crowded city housing people from all parts of the country. Besides
other dilemmas, we have the problems of transport and industrial pollution because we are economically growing
very fast and all these issues arise from that. 6. Running of old vehicles on road – It is also one of the causes of air
pollution as these cars are not discarded and thus add their share in increasing the pollution. The “Clean Air Program”
should also include old vehicle retiring program. In developed countries the older the car gets the more tax they haveto pay. This incentive urges them not to keep old vehicles on road. In Pakistan, low income groups keep old vehicles
that have no accurate standard of pollution controlling. We also need to strengthen the motor vehicle testing program inwhich private sector should be invited to setup testing stations and it should be made mandatory for cars to get fitness
certificate every year without which they should not be allowed to come on roads. 7. Exploiting IT technology for
Environment Protection – Government is hardly using IT technology in this regard. There must be software programs
developed for registering industrial data on environment. This program should be linked to every industry with theInternet and it may be given access to a centralized database in Islamabad. Other than that, the government can also
be advised that all the ministries should start adopting similar IT programs and train their staff for e-governance. In
this way, the IT technology can be exploited productively. 8. Demand for Environmental Managers – There is a lotof demand for environmental managers especially from the lenders i.e. World Bank and ADB. All these multilateralbanks want to lend to Pakistan as well as want to ensure that the projects are also environmentally capable but we havevery little proper professional capacity. NGOs have very good work and capacity with regards to advocacy and raisingawareness but they are not qualified researchers as such. We need to opt for environmental studies in our universities.
Youngsters, both male/female, should do Masters in environmental studies as this field has a great future in Pakistan.
The government is increasing environment budget and they would need lots of people who are qualified in environmental studies. It is a new field and is going to grow without any doubt. As the world is also growing, it will create
so many environmental challenges and lots of environmental managers would be in great demand in coming years.
Universities in Pakistan, i.e. Karachi University, Punjab University, Quaid-e-Azam University and few other private
sector universities are offering programs in environmental studies. So it is highly recommended that youngsters, both
male/female, should go for environmental studies. 9. Message for the youth – This environmental movement is your46

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

movement and we can fight environment degradation through a movement because of the young people of Pakistan.
If we want to make a better Pakistan for upcoming generation, youngsters, both male/female, should take part actively
and learn about the environmental issues and try to tackle the problems. One of the best solutions to the environmentis to change our bad habits of wastage of water, electricity and dispersal of garbage etc.
Q3: Pakistan is located in a semi-arid climatic region,and the rainfall is not equally divided over the year. The country’s average rainfall is less than 375mm. It gets maximum rainfall during monsoon season. The importance ofrainfall as a source of water is an established fact. A large part of rainfall (approximately 70%), floods various
areas or flows into the sea without being of much and often causing miseries to villages and towns by floods.
In addition,monsoon failure also occurs due to the El Nino effect. Even without the latter, a round 30% of surface water supplies, available from different sources run waste in sea. It is essential to assess the impact of climaticchanges on the sea level, rainfall pattern, aridity, changes in land use, forestry & agriculture and water resources
for the development of the region. In the fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) global warming has continued to increase. The Water resources’ depletion crisis may haveresulted partly from the climate change and partly due to the mis management of water resources by the concerned
authorities. In arid and semi- arid regions of the world, even smaller changes in climate would affect the watersupply enormously. It is essential to invest in research Emerging Climate Changes and Water Resource Situationin Pakistan 237 and adopt all sorts of measures to save and conserve water at all levels. Reservoirs are necessary
to preserve water because regular water flow cycle would change with a changing climate scenario. New agricultural
skills to save water must be introduced and practiced comprehensively.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ZIMBABWE, E962
Q2-3: Q3: Most of the problems behind land-use change are a result of people who do not have much choice except to exploit
natural resources. There is no doubt that Africa in general needs to develop but that development needs to make surethat biodiversity is conserved. There are still a lot of people without access to clean water, electricity etc. The provisionof these services would improve the lives of the people, and it is related to economic development. Without economic
development for our country it will be difficult to improve the people's lives.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ITALY, E963
Q2-3: Q3: It is urgent to develop economic and political measures for drastically reduces greenhouse gas emission, implementing
research programs to understand processes and to identify mitigation measures.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E968
Q2-3: We already have the education. We already have the theories. We need to develop and implement the economic policies
that will move political action.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E969
Q2-3: Although many people have a distaste for regulation, I do believe some issues we face need a heavy handed approach
to force change, but you always need education behind these issues as well. Developers do not consider the economic
value of intact habitat much from what I have learned, unfortunately. There are some "services" we cannot live without.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dr Farzana Khan Perveen, PAKISTAN, E972
Q2-3: Q3: Increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2; ocean acidification; climatic aberrations (droughts, torrential rains andflooding, severe storms, heavy snow, abnormal temperatures, drying of rivers and lakes, desertification, etc.)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Samuel Pacenovsky, SLOVAKIA, E985
Q2-3: Q3: Biodiversity loss, as I specified as the most pressing environmental problem in our country (in my opinion) is a directconsequence of unsustainable practices in land use, especially forestry. We lost during the last decade a considerable partof our mountain forests in higher elevations. Whole mountain ranges are effected, especially the spruce forests suffered
the most. Partially it was caused by natural conditions (bark -beatle infestations), but even worse were consequencesof ”management” of these effected areas by forestry: leading to complete destruction of most involved forests. Some
indicator species (birds) already show considerable declines, as a consequence of these sudden changes. Also humanactivities can be badly effected, e. g. loss of income from tourism due to large-scale destruction of forests.
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Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Ricardo Bomfim Machado, BRAZIL, E991
Q2-3: Economic measures, as I believe, should be applied in both developed and developing countries in order to reducepressures on biodiversity, which is essentially our source for environment services and goods. Such measures should
include over-taxes for products that causes environment degradation and subsidies for environment and social friendly
products.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FRETEY Jacques, FRANCE, 006F
Q2-3: Almost all the destructions of habitats and species are linked to profit-driven activities (logging, fishing, fruit farming,
palm oil plantations, constructions...).
Q3: It is impossible to revive, revitalize, "renature" the vast maritime or tropical expanses destroyed, and to regeneratebiodiversity.
Is it still possible to rescue what is left of the biodiversity, aside from the anthropophile species which thrive in humanhabitats? It is very uncertain.
Priority should be given to achieving worldwide human planning in order to reduce, and then stop, the demographic
growth of the Homo sapiens species (in reality "Homo destructor").
For lack of a better option, it would be necessary to adopt a very pragmatic approach. For illustration purposes,in the case of a large forest fire (or forests destroyed by man), the most advisable available course of action
would be to try to manage as best as possible the ravaged lands, to attempt to exploit those lands, but stopping the destruction of additional virgin natural spaces. In other words, the surface of the earth should be managed and classified in three categories: exploitable human surfaces, buffer zones, and fully protected areas.
I am very pessimistic, even though I continue fighting, at my modest level, to save what can be (provisionally) saved!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BAKABANA Parfait Charleston, CONGO, 012F
Q2-3: Beyond this example, an emphasis should be placed on the education, information, and on raising awareness regarding environmental matters, at all levels, and involving all stakeholders (general populations, administrations, sectoral
ministries, but also the industrial sector).
Q3: The environment is one of the pillars of the survival of humankind. When the rules regarding the protection andthe conservation of natural resources for long term use and of biodiversity are not respected, damage is inflicted.
Hence, to preserve a healthier and better environment, it is necessary to comply with those broad rules in order toavoid harming future generations who will also rely on the environment. At all levels, each species is an important link in a pre-established and preexistent chain. Why must we preserve the environment? We must preserve
it in order to manage to successfully address several challenges. Life itself of all livings beings is at stake. In
this sense, preserving it is an essential priority for humankind and for all living beings. The demographic growth
and the dramatic ascent of mercantilism, among many other factors, are key matters that have to be carefully addressed so as to ensure the survival of species. As a consequence, we should try to define rules for the proper
management and sustainability of said environment. However, the economic interest of nations (of those who govern) can also be an obstacle. Can we really sustain a development that is detrimental to life and to living beings?
Also, the elephant of the forest is an emblematic umbrella species; it disseminates seeds and supports the proliferationof certain forest plants. However, this animal is targeted by poachers for its ivory tusks that are exported to Asia, an
important market for this type of smuggling. It is also necessary to point out that in the geographical areas where theelephant is extinct due to poaching, forest plants have also disappeared, evidencing the interconnectedness of faunaand flora.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Christian CAMARA, MADAGASCAR, 018F
Q2-3: Poverty makes populations excessively dependent on natural resources. Alternative economic activities, less destructiveof nature, should be developed so as to create harmony. The extractive industries are even more damaging to biodiversity.
Q3: All environmental issues are equally important, and they are all interconnected. Yet, we should focus our attention on
the fate of the humankind as a whole. The economy plays an important role in this respect. All economic activities,
and most notably mining, must contribute to sustainable development and generate equitably shared wealth.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CONGO, 019F
Q2-3: Consideration is being given to putting in place an effective world fund with controlling powers and aiming to preventor mitigate climate changes. This global fund should be primarily financed by polluting industrial countries, and it
should stipulate political measures that all countries should enforce within the larger context of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Q3: The "polluter pays" principle should be enforced unconditionally so as to curb the destruction of our environment.
The survival of humankind is at stake, and we should not focus solely on pursuing profits and technologies which areposing threats to the entire human race. The United States, Europe, Asia, Oceania and Africa have not been spared by48

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

the recent and recurrent manifestations of the climate changes. It is a worldwide catastrophe. Political leaders musttake climate changes seriously, as those changes are happening before their very eyes at a staggering pace in theirrespective countries. Otherwise, the entire planet will be in a downward spiral, and no country will be spared. It seems
evident that mandatory measures should be implemented on a global scale, with immediate economic penalties at
the international level for non-compliant countries. God help us preserve this precious heritage he gave us, a global
environment benefitting present and future generations.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Gannouni Slah Eddine, TUNISIA, 022F
Q2-3: Improving management effectiveness at the level of the different sites with a view to reaching conservation and development goals;
Q3: Management methods will need to be progressively directed towards a better integration of local and neighboring
populations. These methods will need to conciliate the following three major goals: conservation, valorization, andimprovement of the living condition of the population. These three goals are perfectly compatible with those of the
CBD: conservation, sustainable use as well as fair and equitable sharing of resources.
We should also reinforce the partnership between the different national players and stakeholders in the area of management of natural sites. In addition, we must optimize the efforts so as to better capitalize on the different technical andfinancial initiatives in this area. Yet, there are still inadequacies, in particular in terms of integration of the populationand of viability of financial systems.
The analysis of ecological representativeness and of the effectiveness of management of protected areas in Tunisia
helped, notably, for the following actions:. Identifying the gaps and deficiencies regarding the national system of the protected areas in order to make the necessary adjustments.
. Reinforcing the national system of protected areas regarding ecological representativeness;. Improving management effectiveness at the level of the different sites with a view to reach their initial goals.
. Contributing to the preservation of the elements constitutive of biodiversity that have a high ecological value in aperspective of eco-systemic integrity (natural, social, cultural, etc., environment).
. Contributing to reaching CDB's goals.
These data will be strategically important for the country as they will help us define national priorities and identify
deficiencies regarding the environment and the management methods.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------N'DJAFA OUAGA Hubert, BURKINA FASO, 029F
Q2-3: The link between poverty and environment has been well demonstrated by several researches. Climate change primarily
brings about a socioeconomic development problem, in particular for the developing countries. Only forceful economic
measures will allow on the one hand to solve poverty issues which are the cause of the abusive overexploitation of theenvironment, and on the other hand to lay the actual foundations for a sustainable human development.
Q3: Climate change and sustainable development. It is clearly acknowledged that developing countries are and will be themost exposed to the adverse effects of climate change, because their socioeconomic activities are highly dependent on
the climate. The impacts of climate change are multifaceted and they aggravate poverty in those countries. Numerous
initiatives such as the PANA did not manage to curb the socioeconomic or environmental vulnerability in these countries.
The adaptation measures undertaken so far seem to only have limited effects as far as relieving the more vulnerable
populations and setting in motion a process of behavioral changes inspired by the ideals of sustainable development,
and therefore they are not managing yet to secure a durable environment. Moreover, these piecemeal and isolated
measures are inadequate, and the climate change issues must be taken into account more broadly and systematically indevelopment planning by multiple administrative levels. Indeed, for a few years now efforts have been accomplishedto develop tools allowing to incorporate the adaptation to climate change in development planning. These tools allow
to explore the whole range of socioeconomic and environmental concerns elicited by climate change, and to propose
projects or programs (appropriate measures or initiatives) with a view to reversing the environment degradation trend.
Among such tools, we can mention the Toolkit for Planning, for the Follow-up and Assessment of the Capabilities of
Adaptation to Climate Change (TOP-SECAC). The TOP-SECAC was developed in 2011 by the CILSS/AGRHYMET,the Observatory of the Sahel and the Sahara (OSS), and the Economic Commission for Africa, with the technical support of the lUICN/PACO. Since then, this "Toolkit" has been disseminated in numerous African countries to help inthe elaboration or revision of development plans at the community or regional levels. The promotion of this "Toolkit"
is an essential focus of the intervention of the program "Partnership for Environmental Governance (PAGE) in West
Africa by the UICN/PACO, financed by Asdi. This program has already allowed putting in place a pool of thirty or so
sub-regional training experts made available to the West African sub-region.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ousseni Diallo, BURKINA FASO, 031F
Q2-3: Economic measures enabling sustainable development principally based on agriculture.
49

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q3: The issue of soil fertility
In Burkina Faso, as in other Sahel countries, the issue of soil fertility is a key preoccupation in the area of rural development, and the future of farmers is at stake. The loss of soil fertility leads to a decrease in land yields, and this in turnposes a serious threat to food security and to the well-being of numerous households (principally rural households).
In the face of declining agricultural yields, farmers, in order to meet their food needs, cultivate new land derived fromcleared forests, and this phenomenon increasingly occurs in lands that are only marginally fit for agricultural production.
But it has been demonstrated that cultivating a land makes its organic matter content drop by 20% to 40%. In doing so,these countries are caught in a vicious circle: continuing decrease in soil fertility → decline in productivity → foodinsecurity → growing pauperization of rural populations → overexploitation of natural resources → degradation of thesoils and of the environment → continuing decrease in soil fertility.
This situation constitutes a threat to food and nutritional security and requires the adoption of new techniques of rehabilitation of lands and of good agricultural practices (off-ground cultivation, biologic and ecologic agriculture, sprinkler
and drip irrigation, etc.) with the aim of correcting those deficiencies.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MADAGASCAR, 034F
Q2-3: Q3: In the case of Madagascar, a HOTSPOT country in terms of biodiversity ((rich in natural resources and especially in biodiversity (practically entirely native) which is under dire threat)), the major issue is theextreme poverty of the population, given that the population and the biodiversity are interdependent.
The means of subsistence of almost 90% of the population are tied to natural resources, whether it is food, wood, energy orconstruction, and these resources are exploited unreasonably, to the detriment of their sustainability. Thus, in order to mitigate
the consequences mentioned in chart 1, such as climate change or pollution created by the extractive industry for example,
the emphasis should be placed on the means of subsistence and on alternative sustainable agriculture methods, on the sustainability of forests (wood used for energy and construction). Also, extractive industries should comply with a set of rules(sharing the profits so as to fight poverty in the populations, but in a meaningful way, not with flashy but measly contributions).
Additionally, Madagascar is potentially rich in mineral resources (metals and oil) and is considered as a future metals
and oil Eldorado coveted by the large mining and oil companies. But in general the population does not sense it isbenefitting from these abundant resources, as is demonstrated in the following examples: SHERITT/AMBATOVY SA,
QMM TOLAGNARO, TOLIARY SANDS, MADAGASCAR OIL, which show that there is an imbalance between
the growth and the lack of development in the region, as the majority of the population feels marginalized in relation
to these projects.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALGERIA, 036F
Q2-3: P olitical area
Q3: The economy and politics go hand in hand. Nowadays, finance is ruling the world; multinationals and their lobby
groups impose their law without consideration for the wishes of populations. Thus, in Europe people vote, but in reality
directives are imposed upon them; wars are imposed on them, under the guise of promoting democracy, but, in reality,
for the purpose of hoarding resources taken from other countries. Negotiations and discussions should be privileged inlieu of war. Those Western powers show little respect for other regions and for the environment. On the contrary, they
use their vast means to conquer and drill the Arctic Ocean, and soon perhaps the Antarctic. Small countries cannot domuch against the will of the powerful ones.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MADAGASCAR, 038F
Q2-3: As long as there are no measures in place for the sustainable development, local populations will always resort to
exploiting the natural resources, and this exploitation causes a loss of biodiversity and an ecological imbalance.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Inza KONE, COTE D'IVOIRE, 043F
Q2-3: African States generally do not have plans for regional development, and their economy is based on agriculture andthe exploitation of natural resources. In order for this development to be sustainable, those countries must elaborate
production standards taking into account the specificities of the regions and the diversification of the ways in which
land is put to use.
Q3: Environmental problems are often linked to inadequacies in the stewardship of forest resources. Legislation must be
revised, and the decrees implementing the laws must be clear. The governance of natural resources must follow anintegrated approach taking into account the development goals of the nations. The institutional framework must be
simple and coherent, and a prominent place must be given to rural communities. This requires a reinforcement of thecapabilities of state organizations and of grassroots organizations.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CONGO, 044F
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Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q2-3: Q3: The global warming issue will need to be given special consideration before it is too late. Hence the need forthe legislative texts to be followed by implementation measures, with the involvement of all stakeholders.
Deforestation is a crucial issue for which a solution must be found, a durable solution based on raising theawareness of the community and supporting reforestation in order to replace the vegetation exploited by man.
An economic measure for a sustainable exploitation of timber or lumber completed by a mitigation plan to be assessedannually.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Allassane BA, MALI, 062F
Q2-3: Q3: Climate change is an undeniable reality of the underdeveloped countries which are the most vulnerable. Developed
countries are primarily responsible for climate change. As a consequence, it is high time to support underdeveloped
countries by providing them with permanent support, with a view to implementing appropriate policies and planninga suitable adaptation to climate change.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K001
Q2-3: D ue to the failure of policy and the wrong decision-making caused by corruption
Q3: We need to understand the limitations of what can be done by an individual’s effort. We should change the power
structure as well as the capital colluded with the government.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K003
Q2-3: Government economic policy has a large impact on the development projects. And the result has a close connection
with the ‘environment.’Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K005
Q2-3: Firstly, we should set minimum guidelines by making the manual of systems or restrictions. Then, we need education
and a process leading to the social agreement.
Q3: The important thing is the commitment of a country to resolve problems with neighboring countries. The attitude ofencouraging individuals to act out should be spread.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K008
Q2-3: Climate change issue cannot be resolved by only one country. Since it is a global issue, the international cooperationis necessary.
Q3: Environmental issues need an agreement between countries.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K011
Q2-3: It is citizens who engage social movements and political activities. In order to make them function correctly, we shouldchange the consciousness of the civil society.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K016
Q2-3: Q3: Environmental awareness should be different for different age groups. Children need education and hands-on experiences, teenagers need hands-on projects and absorbing factors to enhance the awareness naturally! Adults need education programs about cultural assets to raise a sense of responsibility.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K019
Q2-3: The awareness that no one is to escape from the environmental issues should be spread. The awareness of people who
participate in the decision-making is important. It is prejudiced that environmental issues are a matter of only the
Ministry of Environment or environmental organizations.
Q3: Within the neo-liberalism, people, no matter who are rich or poor, are driven by the competition and more achievements. In this context, environmental problems seem to be extra issues, not to be related to the survival. Keeping astrong philosophy, maintaining value-oriented life attitude, and having some time to think about human beings are‘fertilizers’ and ‘nutrients’ of solving environmental problems.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K022
Q2-3: e x)Refund the cup deposit
Q3: 
51

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K023
Q2-3: We should get rid of the thought like ‘what difference would I make?’ To remove it, we should build institutional andeducational systems.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K032
Q2-3: What we need is not apparent solutions such as system and policy but practical solutions.
Q3: We need to raise citizen’s awareness for the environmental issues.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Maria Auxiliadora Pineda, HONDURAS, 005S
Q2-3: Economic growth demands more overuse of natural resources, and environmental resources are forgotten.
Q3: There are several reasons why environmental problems exist.
a. There are no governmental policies that stimulate sustainable development.
b. Forget the old for the new, and learn new practices that help us to achieve adaptation and mitigation through formal
education.
c. Create seed gene banks that provide plant material.
d. Integrate academia in the investigation of new practices.
e. Organize and strengthen organizations, giving them power to undertake the complete management of natural resources.
f. Coordinate and execute works for the management of climate risks for the agricultural, forest and water sectors under
the charge of government entities in association with academia, research centers, and cooperation agencies, and in
the preparation process the civil society as well.
g. Communicate and educate, through the transfer of knowledge, the development of capabilities, academic integration,
local knowledge and awareness of the effects of climate change, the benefits and potential of the rational management of ecosystems.
h. Encourage the participation of private companies, mainly major industries, through instruments and financial or
non-financial incentives to implement the adaptations to care for and protect the ecosystems.
I. Disseminate information on all levels of decision-making actions.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Teresa Dolores Cruz, CUBA, 010S
Q2-3: The four areas are closely interrelated, but although the economic measures can have a direct influence on the otherthree areas and bring about the changes necessary to solve the problems, this also involves development that maintains
a balance between what is available, what is consumed and what is disposed of as waste.
Q3: It is necessary to revolutionize the approach to address environmental problems and propose a solution to these problems, and the drive shaft must not continue advancing to the growing necessities as the theme, and the jaded questionof what type of world we want must be answered. From that point, public policies must be adjusted.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COLOMBIA, 012S
Q2-3: F eed safety, migration from villages to cities
Q3: Feed safety, migration from villages to cities--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EDAS MUNOZ GALEANO, HONDURAS, 014S
Q2-3: Contradictory economic development and social policies that promote and encourage inconsistent agricultural practices. Monoculture development in fragile ecosystems (e.g. coffee cultivation in cloud forest ecosystems). Limited or
no incentives at all to undertake environmental conservation (reforestation, ecosystem restoration, forest management,
natural resources integrated management, and sustainable productive landscapes promotion, among others).
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VENEZUELA, 020S
Q2-3: It is actually a combination of all the previous areas (political, economical, social and educative, scientific and technological)
Q3: All the problems identified in chart 1 can be identified in Venezuela. The problem of the production and final disposalof solid waste is one of the main environmental problems in all the cities in this country. The inadequate use of land
resulted, particularly in recent years, in a shortage of alimentary and agricultural products, which led to the import ofthese products. There are no programs that care about the preservation of the watershed with the consequences thatthese actions involve. Safe water sources are becoming polluted. Protected areas are not being valued and protected,
to the extent that illegal gold mining is being undertaken in the south of the country (in protected areas including a
World Heritage Site like Canaima National Park), and no corrective measures are being taken.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Gisela Paredes Leguizamon, COLOMBIA, 021S
Q2-3: Political, technological and scientific resolutions are mainly based on economic criteria, so is necessary to change theeconomic approach now from the perspective of an ecological economy that will be the most appropriate.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Agustin Abarca, CHILE, 025S
Q2-3: The lack of incentives for environmental care don’t provide motivation to incorporate the costs of the control and/or
the mitigation of the negative environmental aspects, and on the other hand, the lack of sanctions and the low amountsof fines make it easier not to take corrective and preventive actions.
Q3: Legislation establishes the minimum requirements for the care of the environment, but sustainable development must include these superior standards.
Those who don’t obey the laws must be subject to a punishment that is proportional to the damage caused.
Those who do their best, with superior voluntary efforts, must receive incentives from the governments, the market
and other interested third parties in general.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cesa Augusto Ruiz Agudelo, COLOMBIA, 031S
Q2-3: I t is the structural and decisive factor. It is the root of the other problems.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cesar A. Ipenza, PERU, 032S-w
Q2-3: Because countries want to continue growing and climate change is a major topic, and the increase in the GEI is related
to the economic topic of an unlimited growth development model.
Q3: The African palm or palm oil monoculture plantation topic that is bringing about a considerable increase in deforestationin the Peruvian Amazon, as well as illegal gold mining that is increasing in countries all around the world, especiallyin Amazonian countries, and other important ecosystems in Latin America.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------diorene smith, PANAMA, 034S
Q2-3: The economic area and the excessive development interests without thinking of the environment or sustainable development techniques ultimately make the situation worse. Money and the need for power prevail ahead of any othertechnique to protect the environment, and it is time for us to do our bit.
Q3: In my country, which is in the process of development, this is happening out of proportion. For the
first time we have mining, and we are ignoring the voices of indigenous people regarding their land.
In the end, it is development and the thirst for power that cases so much evil, and it doesn’t matter how many education
campaigns are carried out at a community level, because the big companies out there are the ones causing the problems.
It is unbelievable and disappointing at the same time that the hopes for sustainable development for developing countries
will be almost unattainable because these hopes are a luxury for the rich, eating healthy, recycling, reusing, etc. They
are well promoted to the rich, but they occur in the poor people's areas, and they suffer as a result. They are not being
educated. It is hard work, but I am part of the process for environmental education… it is not easy, but it is worth a try.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SPAIN, 035S
Q2-3: The consumption economy has no limits, and it will inevitably destroy the planet and all its biological diversity if that
produces money.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COSTA RICA, 039S
Q2-3: P
 romotion of sustainable development by means of financial incentives.
Q3: The lack of control or the lack of estimates to cover the cost of conservation measures means that the formulation oflaws, rules and international agreements has almost no effectiveness in terms of securing the conservation of the fragile
ecosystem in Latin American countries.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COSTA RICA, 043S
Q2-3: Prepare medium- and long-term national development plans that are not based on the government or political administration changes (every four years).
Coordinate the local and regional development model with the environmental and legal requirements, which promotes
the economy and guarantees the basic environmental processes for the promotion of the agriculture and livestock farming sector and other investments.
Reconsider the national energy model on the basis of the strategic planning of watersheds and dam constructions thatguarantee the aquatic ecosystem connection and the loss of biodiversity.
Promote a sustainable food security self-sufficiency model and discourage the purchase of products from overseas based
53

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

on polluting models that are barely sustainable for the planet.
Improve the estate incentive plan for the payment of environmental services with the purpose of increasing the protecitonof environmental and natural resources, thereby improving the quality of life of the owners.
Q3: Improve the model of environmental evaluation and the project control and monitoring system regarding development
at SETENA with high environmental significance.
Establish a sustainable development model by means of the strategic planning of the watersheds in energy and biodiversity conservation matters.
Prepare medium- and long-term national development plans that are not based on the government or political administration changes (every four years).
Endorse the regulation plans and territorial laws at a local government level (municipality) and at a regional and national level.
Unify the legal framework for environmental matters in a single Environmental Code to avoid duplication and contradictions in legal and technical matters.
Decentralize MINAE’s functions, adding the participation of local governments in environmental matters and the social
environmental development of every Canton.
Endorse the regulation of plans and improve the follow-up of environmental matters for local and regional development.
Coordinate the local and regional development models with the environmental and legal requirements that promote
the economy and guarantee basic environmental processes for the improvement of the agricultural sector and otherinvestments.
Reconsider the national energy model on the basis of the strategic planning of watersheds and dam constructions thatguarantee the aquatic ecosystem connection and the loss of biodiversity.
Promote a sustainable food security self-sufficiency model and discourage the purchase of products from overseas basedon polluting models that are barely sustainable for the planet.
Develop and put into practice measures to decontaminate bodies of water and the processing of residual waters in rivers and gorges.
Demand that the judicial authorities and the environmental court undertake prompt intervention and implement appropriate measures for reported environmental damage.
Improve the estate incentive plan for the payment of environmental services with the purpose of increasing the protection of environmental and natural resources, thereby improving the quality of life of the owners.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Juan Jose Sanchez Ramirez, COSTA RICA, 048S
Q2-3: The proposal has only one eligible option, but this area must be pooled with the political area, because the economic
measures come from political decisions, involving more than political-economic development with the perception of thecountry that what matters are the interests of the political class, which in the end are the ones who dominate the economic
class and the ones who rule in such a way that there is no real interest in solving problems or improving the living conditions of the citizens, the country and the environment in general. The decisions made in that sense are made only to pacify
the population at any given time, but not to solve the issues in the medium or short term and with a long-term vision.
The population must require the leaders to rule for the country and not for the minorities. In fact, it is not possible thatwith knowledge of environmental matters, and with the acknowledgement of human rights, and international meetings endorsed by multiple countries, with exceptions because of economic interests, the agreements and interests ofthe community continue to be disrespected, not only making way for specific interests, but there is no solidarity or
respect for other rights such as the right to the life, health, and work, with agreements not honored by the governments,
thereby disregarding compliance with the conventions and the constitution of each country. I consider it to be essentialthat the conventions include fines for the governments and in particular the rulers, and that these are meted out at theInternational Court.
Q3: 1- The way the approved environmental laws are ignored is of concern.
2- It is unprecedented that the environmental laws, which possess an extremely technical edge, are manipulated by themost powerful political and economic classes to adjust them to their own requirements and interests, ignoring thecommon interest and turning international regulations on their head.
3- It is outrageous how the political and economic classes transgress these laws on a daily basis but are never penalized
or condemned, which is what happens with the middle and lower social classes.
4- The excessive woodcutting and the change in the use of the soil to make way for infrastructure development, agricultural and livestock expansion, between other human activities, undertaken without a real analysis of the consequencesof changing the soil in the medium and long term without a sustainable development model.
5- In Costa Rica, the matrix for defining the instruments to determine the environmental viability of a project is carriedout by the same physical or juridical person with an interest in developing a project or activity by calculating whichscore will be the lowest to avoid paying for detailed environmental impact studies. With this situation, the responsible
institution doesn’t evaluate the veracity of the information, and always claims environmental viability even when
the project is a high-impact one, in addition to undertaking reduced supervision or investigation of the activities.
54

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

6-The disgraceful management and administration of protected natural areas.
7-The lack of personnel and budget to manage and protect protected natural areas.
8-The lack of people's awareness regarding environmental matters.
9-The lack of an environmental program in formal education at all educational levels.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PERU, 057S
Q2-3: The financial aspects come first and are modeled on the exploitation forms of natural resources, biodiversity and methods of education, limiting the development of environmental awareness and possibilities for practising environmental
citizenship, in addition to egotistical and individualistic models.
Q3: Environmental education is an important tool for generating awareness, but we can only expect behavior changes in people
as a result of actions in this area. It is necessary to instigate a real change in the economic model and people's values.
We have the climate change problem because we already had a poor relationship with the environment, exploiting resources without constraint and polluting with no consideration for any limits.
The question is: Will we have time to change our practices or are we on our way to extinction?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ARGENTINA, 064S
Q2-3: Actually, I think that the use of soil needs to be addressed by the political area (nationally, not internationally), andthat’s why I chose option 2.
Within the government, there needs to be an organism responsible for controlling and making proposals to producers sothat economic development is achieved in an environmentally friendly manner. Deforestation, soil erosion, monoculture(especially soy), and water pollution as a by-product of agriculture are advancing without limits, and this results in theloss of biodiversity and a decrease in our quality of life. There needs to be someone who puts a stop to this, along withprepared people and those who really understand the problems (not politicians, but professionals).
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Vidal Rondan Ramirez, PERU, 067S
Q2-3: N ot all protocol levels are achieved.
Q3: Environmental problems (climate change) are generated from the way the economic systems of the countries and therulers impose their policies to win the competition against others to be able to grow or improve their development based
solely on the extraction of renewable and non-renewable resources, without measuring the consequences of humanlife on the planet. The premise is “life is today, tomorrow doesn’t matter.” Conflicts regarding the water struggle are
growing bigger, even in continents with fewer resources of that type, and this reality is not taken seriously as a global
issue. Now is the time to become aware of everything at a planet level. We must NOT allow populations to go hungry
every day, when every day we hear about the funding of wars.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COLOMBIA, 069S
Q2-3: To counteract climate change, we need to select economic, political and educational measures.
Q3: In this millennium, it is important to keep in mind the fact that bamboo is a plant that can make a significant contribution to reducing the environmental problems we are experiencing.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lo Tai-Yuan, TAIWAN, T-021
Q2-3: S ustainable economic policies that focus on the earth's environmental problems.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chen Yen-Chieh, TAIWAN, T-023
Q2-3: Develop sustainable economic models.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-032
Q2-3: D eveloped countries should help other countries around the world to establish environmental measures and policies.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-047
Q2-3: Current environmental protection technologies are sufficient to build a good environment; the key factor is that thesetechnologies have not been applied in society, and there is a lack of economic policies and effective supervision.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-048
Q2-3: Economic development and industry analysis in the economic fields; cross-industry and cross-departmental cooperation
55

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

can effectively resolve issues regarding the environment and resources.
Q3: The main challenge right now for international and regional actors is that they have different interpretations of the issuesof sustainable development. We need to promote cross-sectional cooperation and coordination, from policy design tothe practice of environmental planning, and raise the level of design and technology via inter-sectional cooperation toachieve a sustainable environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-049
Q2-3: Stop developing industrial zones; those that have been developed but are disused should be returned to nature by the
economic sector, the industry or the local government as necessary.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-051
Q2-3: A good, healthy environment is necessary for economic development; review our economic development policies;
introduce policies that take into account the costs for the environment while preserving existing natural resources.
Q3: Developed countries should maintain rather than expand their scope of development and return land with a low levelof usage to nature.
Developing countries should limit the scope of development; conservation zones, important marshland, river basins,
arable land, forests, etc. should be established at various levels; limit urban development and the scope of land speculation; effectively reduce the exploitation of land and the gap between the rich and the poor. Increase the pace of urban
renewal and reduce the scale of urban expansion.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Peng Jui-Hsiang , TAIWAN, T-056
Q2-3: All the issues we are facing today are caused by a lack of long-term vision, concern for the environment, and an awareness of the long-term consequences when we pursue economic growth.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kuo Tung-Ying, TAIWAN, T-060
Q2-3: Set carbon reduction as a condition for mutually beneficial trade; the most effective way to reduce global greenhousegas emissions is for each country to impose production with fewer emissions on itself and to request other countries
to do so, which will reduce environmental deterioration by tackling the root cause.
Q3: Call on each country to use as little petrochemical energy for manufacturing as possible. We need to use more green
energy such as solar power.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-064
Q2-3: S ustainable economic policies that focus on the earth's environmental problems.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-067
Q2-3: S ustainable economic policies that focus on the earth's environmental problems.
Q3: Every country is only interested in clearing their own doorstep, so it is no wonder that we have more trash than ever.
If we cannot deal with the trash we generate, all kinds of problems will occur. (1-1, 2-3)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-073
Q2-3: S ustainable economic policies that focus on the earth's environmental problems.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-078
Q2-3: S ustainable economic policies that focus on the earth's environmental problems.
Q3: Every country is only interested in clearing their own doorstep, so it is no wonder that we have more trash than ever.
If we cannot deal with the trash we generate, all kinds of problems will occur. (1-1, 2-3)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Shih Hung-Wei, TAIWAN, T-080
Q2-3: The economy is at the root of everything, but it can also be the motivating force.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-084
Q2-3: Industrial development affects the environment, so we should not only consider the economy when setting the directions of industrial development, but also attend to environmental issues.
Q3: 
56

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-086
Q2-3: L and use is closely related to economic development and policies.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Huang Chi-Tung, TAIWAN, T-087
Q2-3: O nly when the government takes the initiative will there be any effect.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W027
Q2-3: Farming with large amounts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is becoming commonplace, but at the same time,
many breed varieties are being lost. This trend is intensifying with the introduction of genetically modified foods.
Agriculture is being carried out in an unsustainable fashion, and diversity is increasingly lost. With large seed companies dominating patents, there are cases where certain seeds, which were previously unfettered by any regulation, aresuddenly made unusable. In order to conserve farmlands and continue farming in a sustainable manner, it is necessary
to revive low input sustainable agriculture. But today, many aim for efficient ways of farming, led by the monoculture
model. I believe it is necessary to aggressively support low input sustainable agriculture, like organic farming, so thatthey take hold.
Q3: I believe that social financing and social banking will be fields that increase in importance. These institutions only
lend or provide grants to companies and individuals that have value to society, like having a positive impact on theenvironment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tomomichi Kobayashi, JAPAN, W059
Q2-3: I believe that one of the primary reasons behind environmental problems, at a fundamental level, is the prioritizationof short-term economic gain.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Akira Tsubouchi, JAPAN, W064
Q2-3: Even though humankind cannot survive without the environment, policies that prioritize the economy are rampant
in developed and developing countries under the pretext of balancing the economy with the environment. In order tobreak through these self-centered situations, we must press urgently forward with the formation of international political and economic agreements when adopting free trade measures like the TPP, in which taxation* is levied based on
the distance that resources and products are transported. Otherwise, the environment is reaching a point of no return. *The income from the taxation should be managed by the United Nations and utilized in environmental strategies likethe conservation of rainforests.
Q3: The exhaustion of water resources does not seem to be surfacing at least in developed countries. But I am concernedthat water resources are being bought out by players like global corporations.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W065
Q2-3: It is extremely concerning that currently, the choices for solving environmental problems include methods that increase
the burden on future generations.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Eiji Miyazawa, JAPAN, W123
Q2-3: The current Japanese government is trying to supplement the reduced electricity output from the idling of nuclear
power plants with cheap coal. This type of short-term vision that prioritizes economic policies are a hinderance to the
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Japan is not meeting its responsibilities in a way that corresponds to the scaleof its economy and its scientific and technological capabilities. There are not enough efforts devoted towards increasing
renewable energies.
Q3: While few are paying attention to this issue currently, in the long-term, contamination from chemical substances and nano-particles may cause widespread developmental problems in fetuses and children. The resulting human degeneration has ample possibilities to hinder the economy, and this may become a significant
problem after clearing climate global warming ("responding to contamination/pollution" as categorized above).
One note about the selection of items. Can there not be more ingenuity with the "Category of Changes in the Environment?" It seems that the categories should be more finely subdivided, resulting in about 20 categories. If the "Survivalof Humankind" is the theme of the questionnaire, at the very least in developed countries, the pressing problem is not
population growth but rather population shrinkage with increasing numbers of people unable to or unwilling to marry.
In other words, shouldn't causes for these phenomena, like poverty and the deterioration of societal networks (withglobalization the principal cause?) comprise their own categories? These are my subjective thoughts.
57

Comments from who select Economic Measures as measures most effective in solving environmental problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kiyoshi Koike, JAPAN, W136
Q2-3: Economic strategy that takes into consideration both sustainable development and the environment is easy to talk about,
but is difficult to implement as an effective strategy. In the end, it seems that all that we can do is for each country toestablish a certain goal for carbon dioxide emissions and make efforts towards reaching it.
Q3: The thinking that developing countries don't have any responsibility in countering global warming does not makesense. Rampant harvesting of the forest and reducing greenery is a problem. Instead, planned land use and afforestation
strategies should be implemented. Ultimately, the resolution of environmental problems require the lifestyle changeof each individual citizen. A modest attitude towards life, as exemplified by the notion of regret over wastefulness("mottainai") is important, and societal educational activities should be advanced at every opportunity. It is necessary
to repeatedly teach as part of the school curriculum starting in the elementary school about wasteless "consumptionthat is thought through" for sustainable economic development.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W167
Q2-3: The key to responding to climate change is to transition to a low carbon economy that is thoroughly committed tocarbon pricing.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W179
Q2-3: The only way to maintain civilization while suppressing energy usage is population reduction. It is necessary to suppress
energy consumption while mitigating problems that accompany a shrinking population through planned population
reduction.
Q3: With the reality that the seriousness of energy problems is not being understood in many countries, I feel as though it
would be impossible to avert a global catastrophe caused by the shortage of energy. We must suppress the consumptionof energy and food through a planned population reduction, thereby mitigating to a certain degree the problems that
accompany population shrinkage all with the utmost proposition being how Japan can survive. Solar energy is the only
purely sustainable source of energy, and should be the basis for determining a population level that can be supported,and its societal structure. We should grapple with the securing of energy sources during the transition period, researchdevelopment, and securing deterrence against foreign threats.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Norihisa Satake , JAPAN, W295
Q2-3: If we were to continue economic activity on the basis of massive production and massive consumption as we have until
now, it is forecast that we will exhaust resources in the near future and the effects of climate change will increasingly
take hold. I believe that implementing as swiftly as possible a new social and economic system with a small burden on
the environment and building a sustainable society that can be passed onto future generations are urgent tasks.
Q3: It is important to maintain and continue the heightened awareness people have towards environmental problems thatwas brought on by the Great East Japan Earthquake, and grapple with the solution of environmental problems quickly
and effectively. In our prefecture as well, we would like to bear responsibility towards the resolution of this problem
by utilizing our rich energy and forest resources and highly developed recycling technology.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tohru Morotomi, JAPAN, W305
Q2-3: The development of scientific technology is of course necessary for the solution of the problem. But unless it is accepted
into the marketplace and incorporated into the economic system, it will not lead to movements towards resolving problems as a societal system. For example, support for technological development of renewable energies have continued
since the 1970s but these technologies never flowered as a primary energy source. But its implementation increased
explosively as soon as it was attached to an economic incentive with the Feed-in Tariff system. This is not only because
it is outstanding for the environment, but also because it matched the behavioral principle of the market-based society,of the profit incentive. I believe that these lessons need to be taken into account and there needs to be further exploration of "economic strategies that takes into consideration both sustainable development and the environment."Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

CHINA, C018
Q2-3:
Q3:Urgent action is needed for environmental protection. The government and general population should take action.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

CHINA, C022
Q2-3:
Q3:People have seriously damaged and polluted the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C040
Q2-3:
Q3:People throughout the world need to work together on environmental protection.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C045
Q2-3:
Q3:People's awareness of environmental protection has been raised significantly, but it's still far from sufficient. The qualityof the whole nation needs to be increased.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chen Fei, CHINA, C047
Q2-3:
Q3:Strengthen publicity efforts and enhance guidance to attract people's attention.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C062
Q2-3:
Q3:Enhance the entire nation's environmental consciousness.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C068
Q2-3:
Q3:In China, environmental problems are pressing issues. We must take action immediately or there will be irreparable
damage.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Wang Tianlin, CHINA, C076
Q2-3:
Q3: Environmental protection requires action by everyone. We are all responsible for protecting the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C097
Q2-3:
Q3:Environmental protection is dependent on the efforts of all human beings.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C099
Q2-3:
Q3:Family planning.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C100

Q2-3:
Q3:Take the initiative ourselves and improve the basic quality of the current population.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C101
Q2-3:
Q3:Take the initiative on our own and demand greater protection for the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C103
Q2-3:
Q3:Environmental problems are the most serious problems we face now. We must attach great importance to these issues.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C107
Q2-3:
Q3:1. Protecting the environment is our responsibility, and everyone should take part in environmental protection. Thisis the only way we can better solve environmental problems. 2. The government is the main decision maker. It should
enact the relevant policies and measures, and strengthen efforts to enforce them.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C112
Q2-3:
Q3:Currently, environmental problems are becoming more extreme. There are problems like abnormal climate, haze, and59

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

sandstorms should concern people from all walks of life.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lu Peizhen, CHINA, C114
Q2-3:
Q3: Protect the environment, reduce the amount of vehicle travel, drive personal cars less frequently, shorten the period
for annual inspections and promptly examine unqualified car exhaust.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C125
Q2-3:
Q3:Plant more tress and perform less logging.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C135
Q2-3:
Q3:Appeal to people across the nation to their environmental protection consciousness and call on them to join efforts toprotect the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C175
Q2-3:
Q3:The government's executive power is the most important. Economic development should not be made at the expenseof the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C184
Q2-3:
Q3:Actively call for environmental protection and start from the little things right in front of us.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Zhang Lei, CHINA, C195
Q2-3:
Q3:Intensify legislation, strengthen supervision, and coordinate government to severely punish people and things destroying
the environment. Economic development cannot be judged merely by the current level of profit. We should properly
plan our industrial infrastructure, abandon the unqualified production capacity, and encourage people to support theenvironmental protection industry. In addition, all nations need to work together to comply with the Environment Protection Convention, and join hands to deal with challenges and risks brought about by the present environmental crisis.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C216
Q2-3:
Q3:What we need do is to get all countries working together to reach an agreement in regards to solving environmental
problems.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Zhang Yang, CHINA, C226
Q2-3:
Q3: Protection.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C228

Q2-3:
Q3:Good environment is part of the criteria for good health and living.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C237
Q2-3:
Q3:Publicity activities are not enough. People lack environmental awareness, and those who enforce the law are not strict
enough.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C240
Q2-3:
Q3:Harmonious relationship between human society and nature will help realize a sustainable form of economic development.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C247
Q2-3:
Q3:Intensify governance immediately.
60

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C249
Q2-3:
Q3:Solve the problem at its source, and elevate the environmental consciousness of people. Supply technological support
for solving problems that occur, and continuously improve this support.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jia Zaifeng, CHINA, C266
Q2-3:
Q3:Promote new life concepts.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C271
Q2-3:
Q3:Every one needs to take part in environmental protection efforts.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C273
Q2-3:
Q3:People oriented.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Shen Baosong, CHINA, C279
Q2-3:
Q3:Strengthen the development and utilization of environmental materials and reduce waste.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C291
Q2-3:
Q3:People should not smoke.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E002
Q2-3:Educated people make better choices.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Willem van de Ven, PHILIPPINES, E004
Q2-3:
Q3:Society and especially religion play a large role in creating a population growth that is unsustainable and putting
enormous pressures on the country--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dr Haydn Washington, AUSTRALIA, E007
Q2-3:Because it is education and action and society that will create the political action to solve the biodiversity and climate
crises.
Q3:The environmental crisis is driven by three key things - overpopulation, overconsumption and the endless growth myth.
yet these topics by and large are taboo for governments who are in denial. It is time to break the denial dam and actually
solve the environmental crisis. To that end we need to abandon an endless growth economy and move to a steady state
economy where population is stable and throughput is low and sustainable.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Robert Zwahlen, SWITZERLAND, E016
Q2-3:All the categories mentioned have their importance, but ultimately the attitude of people and their knowledge about
causes and effects are decisive. This can only be influenced by education.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dr.ELAVALAGAN V A , INDIA, E017
Q2-3:Waving of single hand won't raise noise of high decibel. It is the society that is responsible for the well being of a State.
All other factors like political action, economic measures and scientific technology are all under the control of society
and education.
Q3:Every body is talking about but no body cares leading to the explanation of "Every thing surrounding myself but thatis not me". The polluter, irrespective of nation, religion, caste, creed should be fined and directed to rectify. The socalled scientific explorations like drilling, excavations, Nuclear, space and ocean researches should be stopped forth
with. The biosphere should not be considered as a bottomless sink and the globe is meant for our needs and not for ourgreed. All the salaried groups should be directed to clean the environment weekly once, for a full day. Afforestationis the need of the hour. Manufacture of junk, fast foods should be stopped. Environmental consciousness should be
developed right from the elementary level of education. Green farming should be encouraged and the use of chemical
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Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

fertilisers and pesticides should be stopped. Manufacture of plastics (carry bags) should be stalled.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dr Yash Paul Sharma, INDIA, E019
Q2-3:
Q3:Climate change, Biodiversity loss and Polluting major water resources and their depletion is the most concern in India,
specially in Himalayan region which is already listed as fragile.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INDONESIA, E024
Q2-3:Education, raising awareness and changing lifestyles is needed both from a bottom-up and top-down approach. Only
once people understand the importance of healthy forests and rivers to their own wellbeing will there be any chance ofactual change in Indonesia and other countries around the world. Saying this, political action, economic measures andscientific technology are all vital for this to happen as well. We need proper laws and legislation to support conservation
activities as well as their proper enforcement.
Q3:Land use change is not only impacting forests, but also rivers and water systems. We need more scientific efforts tounderstand these impacts, and these have to be given more priority than they have at the moment. Healthy rivers arevital for local livelihoods, human health, as well as the ecosystem as a whole. Land uses such as deforestation of peatswamp forests as well as gold mining are having extremely negative impacts on the aquatic health of Indonesia and weneed greater efforts in understanding and ways of mitigating these impacts.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SWITZERLAND, E026
Q2-3:Awareness of each person's influence on the environment needs to be improved so that every person is really able andwilling to do something about it.
Q3:Traffic is still increasing, mobility of persons increases pollution; everyone does the same things at the same time thus
creating increased traffic. There is a need to create shifts, i.e. differing entry hours in offices and factories.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Phuntsho Yonten, BHUTAN, E034
Q2-3:
Q3:Poor coordination and unwillingness among political leaders and unsustainable land use is escalating the climate change.
We can see drying of water resources, extinction of species and emerging of new diseases all around the world.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INDIA, E036
Q2-3:
Q3:Increasing population is the biggest problem in India that results increasing demands of natural resources. Due to rapid
urbanization that results pollution and degradation of natural forest.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E038
Q2-3:
Q3:The current global level of population and consumption of energy and materials is so far above the carrying capacityof the globe that humanity has effectively lost control over important aspects of its own future. Now a set of positive
feedback loops in the physical and biological systems are becoming dominant drivers of change. We are entering aperiod of one to two centuries during which our principal goal will be to adapt to emerging crises and to survive.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INDIA, E048
Q2-3:We are having very good legal framework and political will to combat the pollution but lack of society awareness andeducation is required for people to take lea.
Q3:Water Pollution in rivers.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GERMANY, E053
Q2-3:International agreements (legally binding such as conventions, and voluntary agreements) are in place, national legislation also in most countries, but there is a lack of implementation.
Q3:Vegetation fires increasingly dangerous in an insecure climate In many ecosystems across the world, fire is a naturaland essential force in maintaining the structure and health of ecosystems that are susceptible, tolerant of, adapted to,or dependent on either natural or human-caused fires. In many rural regions fire is an important land management toolembedded in the culture of many societies in the developing world. However, fire — or wildfire/vegetation fire, as it
is often referred to — is uncommon and unnatural in many ecosystems, such as fire-sensitive tropical rain forests andpeat lands, where its current application is causing widespread vegetation damage and site degradation. According tosome satellite remote sensing studies, wildland fires affect between 3 and 4 million square kilometers (300-400 million
hectares) globally every year. Other studies push this figure further estimating the total annual global area burned atmore than 600 million hectares. Vegetation fires are a significant source of atmospheric pollutants, affecting air quality
62

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

and human health on a local as well as regional scale. Smoke aerosols perturb regional and global radiation budgets
through their light-scattering effects and influence cloud microphysical processes. For some atmospheric pollutants,
vegetation fires rival fossil fuel burning as a source of atmospheric pollution. On a global scale, fire frequency, fire
intensity and emissions from burning biomass change according to climate variation and land use. Several climate
model-based studies indicate that future fire activity is likely to increase markedly across most tropical biomes, Mediterranean climate areas, temperate biomes and the boreal zone. The principal driver of this increase will be a combinationof reduced rainfall, extended droughts and higher temperatures. Between 2011 and 2014 more than 776 people were
killed by wildfires and 532,000 people were evacuated in wildfire situations worldwide, and a total of 16,100 houses
were destroyed houses were recorded. Based on modelling it is estimated that annual human mortality due to inhalation of fire-generated particulate matter <2.5 micrometres (PM2.5) may reach 339,000. Permanent transfer of carbon
from burned ecosystems, which will not recover after fire, to the atmosphere contributes to about 20-30% of global
emissions from fossil fuels. At the 72nd session of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)
Committee on Forest and the Forest Industry, held in November 2014, the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC)
presented the conclusions of the work of the UNECE/FAO Team of Specialists on Forest Fire. This Team of experts,
representing about half of the 56 UNECE Member States, had been led by the GFMC between 1993 and 2014. During
the 1990s the Team began its work focusing on identifying policy and management options of fires affecting forests andother vegetation types. The work addressed explicitly the transboundary and global nature of fire and fire effects—for
example, border-crossing fires, smoke transport, impacts of fire on human health, biodiversity and landscape stability.
With the increasing insight in the global interconnectedness of fire and fire effects, it emerged the need to address thisproblem collectively at global level. As a result was established, in 2001, the Global Wildland Fire Network (GWFN),a Thematic Platform under the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR). Its representative body,the UNISDR Wildland Fire Advisory Group, in conjunction with the United Nations University, took the initiative ofdeveloping a White Paper on Vegetation Fires and Global Change. This paper is aimed at the United Nations and, moregenerally, at International Organizations, and has been introduced as background and rationale for the "UNECE/FAO
Regional Forum on Cross-boundary Fire Management". In the concluding report of the Forum, and its follow up, the
GFMC stressed again the increasing threats posed by destructive wildfires at a global level. Governments within andoutside the UNECE region have been alerted by both the scientific community and the professional fire management
community that the threat from wildfires will become increasingly dangerous in the coming years due to climate change
and socio-economic changes. Wildfires may become the most important driver of global degradation and destructionof vegetation. To counter this risk, voluntary rules and cooperation mechanisms have been created, such as the "International Wildfire Preparedness Mechanism" (IWPM) and the "International Fire Aviation Guidelines". However,given the seriousness and cross-country nature of wildfires, voluntary agreements should transit to more formal rules
under the UN conventions and, perhaps, towards legally binding instrument on forests. For background literature see:
1) Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/ 2) Global Wildland Fire Network http://
www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/GlobalNetworks/globalNet.html 3) International Wildfire Preparedness Mechanism (IWP)
http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/iwpm/index.htm 4)UN White Paper "Vegetation Fires and Global Change" http://www.
fire.uni-freiburg.de/latestnews/recent_pub.htm--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Peddrick Weis, USA, E060
Q2-3:All of the categories are highly relevant. I chose (3) because, if properly educated, politicians (1) and economists (2)will respond properly, and the science (4) will be funded to resolve the problems and find solutions.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Asli Abbasi, IRAN, E066
Q2-3:
Q3:Water Resources are of a great importance in arid area such as Iran. With Governmental policy on population growthand encouraging measures for having more children, the situation will become worse than before.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bexell Ayyachamy Daniel, INDIA, E070
Q2-3:
Q3:Attitudinal change among the public and at policy makers level is very much needed to bring and make any positivechange in the existing environmental issue. The country has very strong Laws with regard to biodiversity and economic
growth but implementation is lacking. Change in education patter at grassroot level is essential.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sarah Bexell, USA, E072
Q2-3:
Q3:We also need education on family planning, reproductive rights, benefits to halting human population growth, rewriting
economic models to fit reality - DeGrowth.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------63

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

USA, E073
Q2-3:
Q3:The global public still remains sufficiently unaware and/or unconvinced, and therefore uncommitted, to tackling theserious environmental problems which the world faces today. Capitalism, consumerism, corruption, and cronyism allcontribute to this dilemma, with both governments and corporations unwilling to admit the escalating need to address
climate change, toxic pollution, inequality, violence and conflict, and injustice, all interrelated challenges. We need topromote value change and thereby behavioral change on the part of humankind in order to allow us all to continue tolive peacefully and sustainably on our fragile planet.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ton van der Zon, THE NETHERLANDS, E089
Q2-3:Education and focus of health sector and politics on birth control.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------abdulraqeb alokaishi, YEMEN, E093
Q2-3:mainly we have lack of water so we need to know that first and for that we need scientist to show us the problems andthe solutions, in the other hand there should be two level of economy, first depends on the capacity of the local communities and other depends on the government income from other resources.
Q3:I think the solution should start from the identification of the problem not for the decision makers only but also for
local communities and beneficiaries. second steps searching for the best solutions which can be political, economy ortechnology and find its suitability to the each situation independently .
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fred Koontz, USA, E094
Q2-3:Ultimately, human values and laws need to change. This will only happen through science-based education, increased
public will for sustainable living, and political action.
Q3:Environmental advocates need to harness the power of social media more effectively if the doomsday clock is to be
stopped or reversed. We need to try new solutions!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Peter gell, AUSTRALIA, E097
Q2-3:Education is the key to population control and the development of sustainable practices.
Q3:We are approaching thresholds of concern for many indicators and ongoing free market approaches are inadequate todeal with non-market values.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E1000
Q2-3:Education of the consequences of overburdening limited resources -- water, food, land use - elements of responsibility
in high population; and of abusing air and water quality from excessive use of fuel-injected engine transport is extremely
important to stimulate overall environmental awareness and subsequent appropriate scientific technology all within thecontext of a very quixotic climate. Education can reduce general anxiety in the face of rapid change.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ashok Maharjan, NEPAL, E105
Q2-3:Scientific Technology should be applied to control pollution of the world. It should be taught from primary school
to University level. Sustainable Development with Disaster Risk Management should be best weapon to combat theEnvironmental Problem in the earth.
Q3:Urban Environment should be focused in this time, If we couldn't maintain the environment of urban, we will be paid
high cost for our carelessness on urban environment because the whole population of 60 percent will be lived on the
Urban area or cities on coming 2030(UN-Habitat,2012). Most of the cities or urban area of world have been sufferingfrom different pollution and environmental problems. If we couldn't save the environment of today's urban area, what
will be condition of Urban Environment after 2030?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TUVALU, E107
Q2-3:All of the measures in 2-3 have been tried and we are missing the mark. Things continue to get worse. That means
new thinking and no more same-old. We need sustained advertising type awareness that links the main issues because
at the moment it seems there are so many. In fact, the problems can be boiled down to understandable actions. Also,a lot of money is wasted on small, ineffective projects that are confused. The projects take sovereignty and the will to
act away. We need a whole new approach, starting perhaps with some think tanks. Projects need to employ a triage approach is needed that identifies top 3 priorities to work on in each round, making the project cycles reactive, strategic
and problem solving at the same time; leading to real environmental improvement. This will need to start with a whole
new way of conceptualizing problems at all levels (political-community).
Q3:
64

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INDONESIA, E108
Q2-3:
Q3:Population growth will be the main driver on the problem of our environment in the future. More people mean moreneeds and nature will not big enough to provide all the needs. Measures must be taken to ensure the population growthslowed down to give the environment some "breathing room" to cope with and to relieve the pressures it must withstand.
The population growth in least developing and developing countries must be prioritized since the biggest numbers
are on them. Reducing poverty will not always be the answer, because sometimes with increasing purchasing power,
people tend to have bigger family. Raising awareness through outreach programs and through education system plus
more strict laws and regulations on population control should help. Example: creating bigger taxes for bigger family
will help to prevent people having bigger family. Family with 2 children should be adequate, as proven by Indonesia
in the 80s, but now has losing ground due to lack of government's interest to push the program back on again.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BRAZIL, E111
Q2-3:Multi lateral programs involving international and national institutions with specific expertise on the matter with coordiated aciotn with NGOs putting on the hands action
Q3:There is a overall feeling of pessimism on biodiversity as the levels of destructions are seen as unprecedents. The official
metrics of the ICMBio - federal environmental agencies - are somehow manipulated for achieving their targets and aremade by people that are not following what is going on the field. It is a special moment for action and we are ready tofollow up on any strategies for creating environmental policies for example for tackling the issues raised below. I do
hope these answers are heard as a call from the ground and I speak in the name of several Institutions of research andNGOs as well.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------B K Tiwari, INDIA, E112
Q2-3:
Q3:Population growth is the fundamental cause of most environmental problems.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VIETNAM, E114
Q2-3:It is long-term but most sustainable.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bradford Sherman, AUSTRALIA, E123
Q2-3:Government policy is to effectively reduce existing environmental protection and promote environmentally harmful
economic activity. Public pressure needs to be brought to bear on government to stop this.
Q3:Climate change through warming and acidification is placing the Great Barrier Reef at risk. State and federal governments are trying to promote additional coal industry development in the catchment of the GBR. This will place added
stress on the reef. Government policy is to use offsets to compensate for the expected environmental damage despite
the fact that a lot of evidence shows that offsets are not successful. Similar pressures are leading to the loss of prime
farmland to mineral resource development. Australian biodiversity is taking a hammering. Climate change driven intensification of the hydrologic cycle will cause increased damage to infrastructure as well as placing the agricultural
sector under increasing pressure to deal with more variable rainfall (too little to grow or so much that the flooding isharmful).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sue Vize, THAILAND, E127
Q2-3:I believe that political action is necessary but WON'T happen hence I think the only way to deal with it is to work withthe wider community to raise awareness, change behaviour and impact demand through this. This has to target all sectors including industry. All the problems mentioned are inter-related (water, land-use and climate change) it's a matterof which one bites hardest first. Water shortages are already a major issue in Asia Pacific causing migration, national
water shortages (Tokelau, Tuvalu - had to ship water in by boat during the last drought), continued use of contaminatedwater supplies (leading to high rates of infant mortality in some countries), and possibly conflict. There is also a strong
gender dimension as the burden of water shortages and water contamination falls largely on women who are the collectors of water and carers for children and the ill. The whole economic development paradigm needs to be transformed
so that water (and the environment) is seen as more than a commodity and transforming development to a sustainableeconomy rather than growth at any cost. Water is something that EVERYONE can conserve including individuals andhouseholds and therefore education can be targeted at multiple levels both in and out of schools, but including policy
makers.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ben Wilson, UK, E138
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Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q2-3:Free market alone can't favor sustainability in the long term. Needs political weighting but that won't come withoutsocietal understanding and pressure.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Voralak Kosakul, THAILAND, E148
Q2-3:
Q3:The country's economic growth or economic prosperity, if not properly planned, will slowly destroy our environment.
When combine with growing population, it is a heavy burden on natural resources. The country's export target of
agricultural products heavily utilize our precious limited water supply. Having modern and large shopping malls appear to be civilized and developed, but these large infrastructures consume high level of electricity and water supply
as much as a small town. Where is the balance? It is nearly impossible to enforce any conservation regulations if ourown people does not realize that without their contribution, our children will certainly suffer. Isn't time to stop and lookback at what we have done to our environment? Isn't time to think that "economic growth" is no longer a key word to
our survival? Where is the balance?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E152
Q2-3:We need political and economic transformation to ensure sustainability.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E167
Q2-3:The US does not suffer from the same problems as developing countries when it comes to the destruction of the planet.
The US has the wealth to really make a difference and yet people consistently make bad environmental chooses, even instates like California. Thus I think the solution is in the education sector, though I would say political action is a close
second. Creating large fines for environmental mistreatment on a small scale is an example. There are fines for larger
issues with companies but individuals must also be held responsible for all their chooses.
Q3: E--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AZ, AUSTRIA, E170
Q2-3:Better educated people exert important pressure on decision-makers, notably those in government and parliament but
also those in economy.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Frank Lance Craighead, USA, E177
Q2-3:
Q3:The biological drives to survive and reproduce are the root cause of overpopulation problems and are exacerbated bybelief systems. Human activities are the overriding cause of climate change. To adapt to climate change and reduce its
effects we must protect as many ecosystems as possible while effecting social and cultural change to reduce population
growth, develop green energy, and live sustainably.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E182
Q2-3:Society and Education - there's no one solution: consciousness shifts are needed, but also protection and change needs
to be from the ground up. Top down efforts are only minimally effective.
Q3:All these problems are interconnected - driven by our current monetary and energy systems (lifestyles). It's hard to
separate them, but we would prioritise biodiversity loss through land-use change and the degradation of aquatic systems:
without its protection, we have very little to save from the impacts of climate change.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------William N. Ryerson, USA, E189
Q2-3:There is a widespread view among many population activists that the top priority in the population field should befocused on providing family planning medical services because of the belief that lack of access to these services is the
major barrier to fertility reduction. It is true that over the last 40 years increasing access to contraceptive services hashelped reduce fertility rates. The view of those who subscribe to the “medical model” of solving the population problem is that additional family planning services will complete the job.
This is perhaps the most important issue
within the population field. Of the money spent by developing and developed countries for population-related work in
the developing world, the largest share has gone to providing family planning medical services to individuals andcouples. Inherent in this approach is the belief that a large portion of births are unwanted and that contraceptive availability will solve this problem. Indeed, a significant percentage of births may be unwanted or mistimed, but large family norms/desires and the cultural and informational barriers to the use of contraception are now the major impediments
to achieving replacement level fertility.
It is clear that providing contraceptive services alone will not solve thepopulation problem. Since the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, studies were conducted in numerous countries
66

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

measuring women’s knowledge of, attitudes toward, and practice of birth control as well as their family size desires.
These knowledge, attitude and practice studies resulted in the term “unmet need” to describe those women who
wanted to delay their next pregnancy by at least two years but were not using a modern method of contraception. In theminds of many policy makers and funders, “unmet need” was equated with “lack of access” to contraceptive services.
However, demographers Charles Westoff and Luis Hernando Ochoa, in a review of numerous Demographic and Health
Surveys, determined that about half the women categorized as having an “unmet need” have no intention of using
contraceptives even if they were made freely available. The confusion between the term “unmet need” and “unmet
demand” has misled many people in leadership positions to assume that such “unmet demand” could be overcome by
improving family planning services and contraceptive distribution. The reasoning has been that, if there was a gap
between what people want and what they are doing, improving access to contraceptives would close that gap. The
problem is that the discrepancy between attitudes and behavior has had less and less to do with availability in recent
decades. The situation in Kenya is illustrative of findings in numerous countries recently. In Kenya, according to the
2008-09 Demographic and Health Survey, 96% of currently married women and 98% of husbands know about modern
contraceptives. Of the married women who are non-users, 40% do not intend to ever use contraception. Among all
non-using married women, 8% give as their reason the desire for more children. Among the reasons given for not using
contraception by women who are not pregnant and do not want to become pregnant, only 0.8% cited lack of availability of contraceptives, and 0.4% cited cost. The top four reasons among those who are still fecund: • concern with the
medical side effects of contraceptives (31%); • religious prohibition (9%); • personal opposition (8%); • opposition
from the husbands (6%). These are all issues that are best addressed by information and motivational communications.
Certainly, counterfeit contraceptives exist, and they may have harmful effects, so improving the availability of reliable
methods is important. So is informing women of potential side effects of methods they choose. But much of the fearof health effects is based on intentional misinformation campaigns by those opposed to contraceptive use.
Country
by country, the Demographic and Health Surveys show a similar pattern to that in Kenya: Lack of access is cited infrequently by those who are categorized as having an unmet need for family planning.
A 1992 paper by Etienne
van de Walle showed that another factor is at play for many women and men—fatalism. Many people have simply notreached the realization that reproductive decisions are a matter of conscious choice. Many who did not particularly wantanother pregnancy in the near future still reasoned that God had determined since the beginning of the universe how
many children they would have and that it did not matter what they thought or whether they might use a contraceptive,
because they could not oppose God’s will.
For example, Pakistan’s 2006-2007 Demographic and Health Survey
found that the most common reason for non-use of contraceptives is the belief that God determines family size. Thisanswer was given by 28% of the respondents. Since the fertility rate in Pakistan is 3.6 and the mean desired number ofchildren among currently married women is 4.1, it is clear that family size norms are also a major factor in driving highfertility. The tradition of large families is a deciding factor in fertility rates in most of sub-Saharan Africa. For example, the 2008 Demographic and Health Survey in Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country with 170 million inhabitants, found that the average ideal number of children for married women was 6.7. For married men, it was 8.5. The
fertility rate in Nigeria is 5.6 children per woman, which is below what people say they actually want.
Of allbirths in Nigeria, 87% were wanted at the time and another 7% were wanted, but not until later. Only 4% were unwanted. Nationwide, 67% of married women and 89% of married men know of at least one modern method of contraception. Yet only 15% of married women report they currently use modern family planning methods. Changing thissituation takes more than provision of family planning services. It requires helping people understand the personal
benefits of limiting and spacing births—in health and wealth for them and their children. It also involves overcoming
fear that contraceptives are dangerous or that planning one’s family is unacceptable. It requires getting husbands andwives to talk to each other about use of family planning—a key step in the process of using contraceptives. Delaying
marriage and childbearing until adulthood, and educating girls are critical components. According to a 2003 report by
the Nigerian Population Commission, in northern Nigeria the mean age at first conception is 15 years.
T h eabove should not be interpreted as suggesting that the level of effort in providing contraceptive services be reduced.
High quality, low cost reproductive health care services are an essential element of fertility planning. Both quality andquantity of contraceptive choices and services are in dire need of improvement throughout much of the developingworld. And “stockouts” of certain methods are a problem in many countries. But access to family planning methods is
not sufficient if men can prevent their partners from using them, if women don’t understand the relative safety of contraception compared with early and repeated childbearing, or if women feel they cannot take control of their own
lives.
Many population planners measure progress on the basis of contraceptive prevalence rates. Use of effective
family planning methods is critical, but will not result in population stabilization if desired family size is five, six orseven children.
Motivation to use family planning and to limit family size has been the key missing element in thestrategy for population stabilization. While the percentage of non-users of contraceptives has declined, various studies
indicate that the actual number of adults not using contraceptives is greater than it was in 1960, a fact stemming fromthe enormous increase in world population over the past 50 years. Approximately 44% of the roughly 2.3 billion peopleof reproductive age who are married or in long-term unions currently use no modern method of contraception. Thismeans there are about 1 billion adult non-users of contraceptive methods. It’s time to focus significant effort on moti67

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

vating this group to use contraception for the purpose of achieving small family size.
In reality, there are about
600 million adults in marriages or long-term unions who are non-users of contraception specifically because they want
additional children or want as many children as possible. This group is more numerous than the 450 million men andwomen classified as having an unmet need for family planning, and they deserve a lot of attention via programs thatrole model the benefits of smaller family norms.
Nearly as important are the desired family sizes of the 1.3 billion users of contraception. In many countries, those who do use contraceptives still want more than enough children
to replace themselves. Their goals, if achieved, will lead to continued high rates of growth. Japan has achieved belowreplacement-level fertility (1.5 children per woman) in a country where the oral contraceptive pill was illegal until recently. The United States achieved below-replacement-level fertility in the Great Depression, before the invention ofmost modern contraceptives. Similarly, fertility dropped to near-replacement level in the 19th century in Western Europe
and the United States. World Bank economist Lant Pritchett, in a 1994 article in Population and Development Review,concluded that family size desire is the overwhelming determinant of actual fertility rates. “The conclusion that follows
from the evidence and analysis we presented, “ he wrote, is “that because fertility is principally determined by thedesire for children, contraceptive access (or cost) or family planning effort more generally is not a dominant, or typically even a major, factor in determining fertility differences.” According to Pritchett, desired levels of fertility accountfor roughly 90% of differences among countries in total fertility rates. Reducing the demand for children—for instance,by giving girls more education—is vastly more important to reducing fertility than providing more contraceptives orfamily planning services. Prime-time radio and TV soap operas modeling daughter education, delaying marriage, useof family planning, and small family norms have been highly effective in changing norms and behavior related to theseissues in many countries.
Q3:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Curt Meine, USA, E192
Q2-3:
Q3:The most important point about ALL the problems discussed in this survey is that they are interconnected and unsolvable in isolation. They are all part of the same large and ”wicked” problem. On the flip side, solutions to one problem
can and must contribute to the solutions to the other problems. I hope the publicity attached to the survey results will
convey this complexity.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Husam El alqamy, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, E193
Q2-3:Awareness is very effective in altering or changing behaviour in this region. Policies and enforcement have very minimal
effect in the absence of the community self motivation.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E202
Q2-3:I have said awareness and change in lifestyles / practical environmental protection. This includes legislation and enforcement, so that individual landowners and corporations change their behaviour (e.g. adopt scientifically supported
actions such as not mining or fracking in particular areas, not persecuting top predators, not over-extracting water fromrivers and aquifers, and supporting the funding of recovery programs such as island eradication of invasive predators).
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dr.Frank Habineza, RWANDA, E210
Q2-3:
Q3:Massmobilisation on environmental problems and political action are needed to adress those challenges--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Stuart Pimm, USA, E227
Q2-3:Briefly, I believe that in the last few decades the global community has protected ever more of the land, freshwaterand the oceans. In most cases, local communities see the economic (and other benefits) of doing this. That leads toeconomic and political benefits.
Q3:The following is from the press release issued about a major review paper on biodiversity my colleagues and I publishedin Science last year. It summarises my concerns — and optimism — about biodiversity. DURHAM, N.C. – Human
actions are driving many species to extinction 1000 times faster than their natural rate, but a new Duke University-led
study finds that emerging technologies could give scientists and policymakers a more efficient way to identify the species
at greatest risk and take steps to protect them before it’s too late. “Online databases, smart phone apps, crowd sourcing and new hardware devices are making it easier to collect data on species. When combined with data on land-use
change and the species observations of millions of amateur citizen scientists, they are increasingly allowing scientists
and policymakers to more closely monitor the planet's biodiversity and threats to it,” said Stuart L. Pimm, Doris Duke
Professor of Conservation Ecology at Duke. “For our success to continue, however, we need to support the expansionof these technologies and the development of even more powerful technologies to come,” he said. In a paper published68

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

today in the journal Science, Pimm and an international team of scientists review recent advances in conservation science made possible by new technologies, as well as challenges that remain unmet. Despite recent progress, the scientists
note, many uncertainties remain as to how many species there are, where they are, and their rates of extinction. “Mostspecies remain unknown to science, and they likely face greater threats than the ones we do know,” Pimm said. “Thegreat depth of our current assessment is only possible thanks to the extraordinary efforts of all those who contribute to
the databases of the Red List of Threatened Species and of Protected Planet,” noted Tom Brooks of the International
Union for Conservation of Nature. “We need to stimulate the investment essential to maintain these knowledge products, and to support the expansion of the Red List from its current coverage of 70,000 species to 160,000 species.” The
Red List, now in its 50th year, is at www.iucnredlist.org . The Protected Planet database is at www.protectedplanet.net. The value of such databases, Pimm said, is that they help scientists spot trends and patterns that might otherwise be
missed. “For instance, we now know that most land-based species have small geographical ranges — smaller than the
U.S. state of Delaware — and are geographically concentrated. Species with small ranges are disproportionately likely
to go extinct,” he said. “This knowledge offers the hope that we can concentrate our conservation efforts on criticalplaces around the planet.” Pimm added that another vital tool for identifying these critical places are new maps createdby Clinton Jenkins of the Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas in Brazil that show where the most vulnerable species live.
Jenkins, a co-lead author of the new study, manages a website, http://www.biodiversitymapping.org , that makes theconstantly updated maps available to the public. He and Pimm direct the non-profit organization SavingSpecies, www.
savingspecies.org, that uses detailed maps of where endangered species live to set conservation priorities and support
local conservation actions to prevent extinctions. Technologies such as these databases and maps are now allowing
scientists to expand their focus and identify important patterns and trends among aquatic and marine species, as wellas land-based ones. Freshwater species are likely more threatened than ones on land, the new study shows, and thepotential for species extinctions in the oceans has been severely underestimated. While nearly 13 percent of Earth’s
land area is now protected, only 2 percent of its ocean is. Traditional conservations measures, such as nature reserves
may fall short of conferring protection, especially for freshwater species. “Most species live outside protected areas, so
understanding how their environments are changing is a vital task,” Pimm said. “One of the most exciting opportunities
made possible by new technology is that we can now combine existing databases such as the Red List with constantly
updated maps of where species live, maps of areas that are protected, maps of land-use change and the species observations of amateurs. Rather than relying primarily on local snapshots of biodiversity, we fashion a more detailed global
perspective of Earth’s biodiversity, the treats to it, and how to manage them.” ”The gap between what we know anddon't know about Earth's biodiversity is still tremendous — but technology is going to play a major role in closing it
and helping us conserve biodiversity more intelligently and efficiently,” said Lucas N. Joppa, a conservation scientist
at Microsoft’s Computational Science Laboratory in Cambridge, U.K. ### CITATION: “The Biodiversity of Species
and Their Rates of Extinction, Distribution, and Protection,” by Stuart L. Pimm, Clinton N. Jenkins, Robin Abell, Tom
M. Brooks, John. L. Gittleman, Lucas N. Joppa, Peter. H. Raven, Callum. M. Roberts, and Joe O. Sexton. PublishedMay 30, 2014, in Science. Doi:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IRAN, E234
Q2-3:Social awareness on environmental issues is low and the general public is usually unaware of the threats. There is a direneed for awareness raising activities at different levels. Environmental education is not yet taken seriously at schools
and this leads to more environmental degradation and pollution. Irrigation systems are old fashioned which increase thewater consumption. There is too much pressure on natural resources such as range lands due to presence of herd andover grazing and deforestation. Changes in land use in the past 4 decades, population growth, irrational governmental
projects and development have intensified land degradation and soil erosion. Finally, the impacts of climate change
have resulted to the diminishing of available water resources.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dr Nakul Chettri, NEPAL, E235
Q2-3:Population control measures in developing world and control consumerism in developed world.
Q3:Practice what you preach--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Michèle Sato, BRAZIL, E236
Q2-3:
Q3:there is an integration between all items - all together are very important issues. that is to say, we have to care people
and environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------David Penrose, USA, E242
Q2-3:Many of the issues related to water resources are not going to be solved by politics and to a certain degree scientifictechnology. I my opinion it's going to take commitments by local entities and getting young people involved. Industrial
credits for water sustainability will also help a great deal.
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Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Victor Wasonga, KENYA, E246

Q2-3:
Q3:I live in Nairobi, a fast growing capital with unprecedented growth of informal settlements. This comes with challenges of means to deal with waste materials...the city planning cannot cope with provision of sewerage services for all
the residents, and the garbage collection efforts especially solid waste are miserably below the rate at which the sameis generated from household and industrial sources. Law enforcement is weak, and the industry is painfully reluctant
to implement simple mechanisms like banning use of less than 30 micron polythene bags. The urban planning anddevelopment does not give room for parks and open spaces as developers scramble for the last inch of available space.
The common law stipulating no encroachment on fragile ecosystems like wetlands, riverbanks are never followed.
Public education and awareness on the dangers of careless disposal of waste material is largely lacking. A multi-agency
approach is needed to comprehensively deal with pollution and contamination challenges which pose an immediate
health risk to residents themselves.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Daryl Domning, USA, E249
Q2-3:People worldwide need to become convinced of the importance of first stabilizing and then drastically reducing global
population by voluntarily reducing fertility rates to below replacement level. Measures like family-planning soap operas on TV seem to be very effective. The single most influential measure might be for the Roman Catholic hierarchy
to support rather than oppose artificial contraception, on the grounds that this is necessary for improving the living
standards of the poor and protecting the global environment.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dionisio Papelleras, PHILIPPINES, E253
Q2-3:The vast majority of the urban population have no appreciation of the effects of climate change. On the other hand
while the rural poor and farmers could very much feel the effects of the changing pattern of the climate on their crops,
they lack the knowledge and education on how to adapt to it.
Q3:While there are initiatives by the international and local communities on what measures can be adapted to mitigate
climate change, there is very little in terms of improving climate change is felt. Maybe what can be done in parallel tothis, is to demonstrate to the farmers, how to effectively adapt to climate change, admitting that climate change is upon
us. At the moment both mitigation and adaptation measures are equally important.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Norman C Duke, AUSTRALIA, E254
Q2-3:I believe essential political action will come from the people when they are given access to trustworthy information
about ecosystems, their benefits and their vulnerabilities.
Q3:The grand plan is bigger than all of us!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NEW ZEALAND, E256
Q2-3:Greed is a problem where people want to make money in the short-term, without thinking about (or caring about?) the
long-term consequences. Society needs to be more long-sighted.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UGANDA, E267
Q2-3:It is very difficult to undertake any measures without popular will and support. Hence, the starting point, in my view,is to start by garnering as much will and support as possible from the larger populace and then use that to generate
momentum and exert pressure on political and economic systems to act. The process of developing popular will andsupport requires people to know and understand what they are signing up for and this creates an inevitable need toeducate society on the environmental problems we are faced with.
Q3:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MAURITIUS, E268
Q2-3:
Q3:The number of additional people who needs to be provided with food, shelter, clothing, transport, education, entertainment, jobs, communication facilities etc is increasing rapidly while the resources (water, fertile land, productive marine
environment etc)at the global level are being depleted at an alarming rate due to overexploitation and pollution. Our
ecological footprint, water footprint, carbon footprint etc are increasing at an alarming rate because of our western styledriven lifestyle based on neoliberal capitalism characterised by unlimited consumerism. The increasing pressure on
our natural resources, the drastic reduction in our biodiversity, the pollution of our ecosystems,the dis-regulation of all
our natural cycles (air, water, minerals etc), the deforestation of our planet, the dis-regulation of our weather systems
70

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

including climate change and the skewed goepolitical balance will certainly pose a serious threat to the survival of thehuman kind in the coming centuries.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dr Ally-Said MATANO, KENYA, E272
Q2-3:More than 90% of the problems associated with water quality and quantity are anthropogenically driven such as population explosion, pollution, over-abstraction, poor land use and deforestation. All that is required to change this is tohave community educated and awareness of effects of their actions on water quality and quantity including accelerated
impacts from climate change.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Enrique Díaz-Martínez, SPAIN, E275
Q2-3:
Q3:Access to resources will be the key to power.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nicolas Ferreyra, ARGENTINA, E286
Q2-3:I think that lifestyle education and environmental awareness are critical in human sustainable development and therefore
international policies should be discussed about it.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Angeles Mendoza, CANADA, E287
Q2-3:The main thing to induce change and appropriate political action is to have a society engaged in environmental andsocial issues, soit can put pressure on politicians.
Q3:issues like climate change and biodiversity are driven by the choices on how to use the land and resources--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Samuel Haraseb, NAMIBIA, E294
Q2-3:Capacity building of civil society organisations to advocate, provide training and raising awareness through information
campaigns.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Keryn Adcock, SOUTH AFRICA, E303
Q2-3:People need to understand the link between uncontrolled population growth and environmental damage and destruction. When they understand they can plan families better, pressure governments & industry leaders to implement better
economic development strategies to alleviate poverty, cut greenhouse gas emissions AND safeguard the environment;
and finally be inspired to use scientific / tech research to fast-track clean energy solutions and pollution controls.
Q3:Poor governance and entrenched corruption in any country is the greatest problem of all, because it prevents sound &efficient economic development which reduced population growth and poverty. It fosters the rape of natural resources
for personal gain and destruction of natural environments, and creates a social environment of dis-empowerment, apathy,
more corruption and poverty for the people, with dire consequences for the natural environments being exploited andcontaminated.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SOUTH AFRICA, E304
Q2-3:
Q3:Most environmental problems are related. Example global warming, climate change, disasters, poor policies andgovernance issues are somehow linked. There is therefore the need to approach environmental issues as cross cutting
issues rather than stand alone issues. It is really saddening how some people and some countries especially developing
country adopt a laissez-faire attitude towards their natural environment. The rate of deforestation for short term economic benefits through lumbering is worrying in the tropical countries. These timber products are exported to developed
countries which are the major polluters and emitters of CO2 into the atmosphere that causes global warming and thus
climate change. We all know or we should know the importance of the forest in carbon sequestration and other disaster
reduction measures. Another example, Cameroon recently rejected a Bill in parliament for the conservation of wetlands.
We need massive environmental education, training and awareness as well as strong political buy-in for the sustainable
management of our natural environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GUYANA, E307
Q2-3:Ignorance is the root cause of almost every problem. Enlightened people (not necessarily people with formal education)
make the decisions best suited for nurturing life and maintaining and improving quality of life for all species
Q3:Most education is of limited value and does not prepare humans to understand and live in harmony with the natural
world. Without that basic consciousness humans will continue to destroy the planet except for when they realise that they
will be harmed. IUCN is dominated by Americans and Europeans who are products of a mechanistic and materialistic71

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

world view. Yes they may be deeply concerned about the environment and yes they may be totally dedicated to protecting the natural world but without a total conversion of heart and mind, things will not improve. The human relationshipwith other living beings and with the natural world is what needs to be changed first and the rest will follow.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CLARA LUCIA SIERRA DIAZ, COLOMBIA, E313
Q2-3:
Q3:Humanity as a ethic component of environment--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------rudolf thomann, CHILE, E315
Q2-3:The most effective way to avoid bigger damage on the environment and guarantying the proper survival of the inhabitants of this part of the world as a country, would be through a better education and a moral/ethical awareness of ourlifestyle and our ecological footprint. We need to swap to a more sustainable lifestyle on a basis of a sustainable modern
economy.
Q3:Our society in Chile is divided in two different fields or segments: both, either the rich or the poor part of it, are remarkable unsustainable and unecological. Social evolution has to keep the pace with the biological and the technological andclimatical evolution which are taking place at present. The only way to escape doomsday is by means of a ecological
adaptation in our behavior to the new conditions we have created. We are lacking or limping behind in this respect, only
a new way to react to this challenges by changing our traditional lifestyle will allow us to survive in the new scenarios
we have created.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E320
Q2-3:Education of the connection between human population growth and the earth woes.
Q3:The huge constituency of wildlife viewers and birders in the US... 71 million citizens are removed from the management process for wildlife. Wildlife are still not managed for biodiversity of all species. The Viewers are alienated sotheir pastime of observing oftentimes has a disconnect with environmental problems. It is a force of people who could
help if they felt they had ownership. Cities need to be filled with habitat--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PAPUA NEW GUINEA, E322
Q2-3:Resources, their management and educating communities to take greater responsibility for their actions is of paramountimportance. Family planning and economic viability needs to be realised in remote PNG and addressed from all government levels whilst actively involving the NGO community.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, E323
Q2-3:
Q3:It's lacking of garbage topic. The garbage topic is as important as other topics. We can find the relation between garbage
and ex: population and pollution etc.. This survey should concern about less developing country as well. These countries are victims of garbage, which garbage produced by themselves or developed country. They are lacking experienceorganisations and systematic institutions to solve garbage problems. To sum up, I suggest the garbage can be one of the
topics.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mrs Habiba Al Marashi, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, E329
Q2-3:There has been an overwhelming scientific consensus that the shift in climate change is taking place and that it is humaninduced. With global warming on the increase and species and their habitats on the decrease, chances for ecosystems toadapt naturally are diminishing. Today climate change is one of the greatest threats facing the planet. In recent years
there has been an increase in temperatures in various regions, and/or increasing extremities in weather patterns. Pollution/ Contamination, depletion of water resources and over use of land all contribute towards the umbrella of climatechange. To make matters worse there is a lack of knowledge and interest amongst people. In order to change climatechange there is a pressing need to educate the society and make them aware about the consequences of their actions.
The youth of today need to be educated and made aware about the various issues surrounding climate change, so as toensure a safer and better tomorrow. As an NGO, environmental education and awareness is one of our prime concerns
and we do that through seminars, educational talks, community engagement projects, environmental competitions etc.
A small change can make a big impact and we need to work towards bringing about that change.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E330
Q2-3:The issue of climate change is obviously multifactorial and I feel we do not fully understand the effects of humanimpact vs. the earth's natural climate change process. Climate change is obviously affecting other categories such as
biodiversity, water resources, and food. I think scientific technology is important in figuring out how to solve climate
72

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

change problems, but without educating people about environmental problems and people deciding to transform lifestyles, no amount of science will change the problem.
Q3:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

George Cho, AUSTRALIA, E334
Q2-3:
Q3:Ironically water scarcity will be an extremely complex problem. When coupled with contamination and other pollution
it will be intractable and may exacerbate the issues further. Environmental education of the society at large is needed
if the issues identified are to be addressed and solutions found. Part of the education would be the ''do's'' and ''dont's''
especially when governed by considered environmental laws. Such laws should address not only development but also
conservation and the preservation of an environment fit for human habitation for over 8 billion people in the years
ahead. Careful land use planning and environmental impact assessments will be necessary to avoid the overbearing
economic forces that may supplant environmental concerns. Here the governance of the environment will be critical at
the local, national and international levels. Concerted trans-national efforts in environmental governance and laws is abasic necessity and the UNEP will play a valuable role in bringing about ideal environmental solutions for the world
at large.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SIERRA LEONE, E342
Q2-3:People are unsustainably ripping the earth resources because of the limited awareness about the need for the continues
existence of those resources. On the other hand, business people take advantage of the limited awareness of locals about
their resources by lulling them into activities that will further help deplete their limited resources. Therefore should
we want to save the world resources and avert the impact of our anthropogenic activities that are largely leading toenvironmental issues including resources depletion, climate change and global warming, the need for an environmental
education and awareness raising are key and invaluable. It is only out of education/awareness capability that people canadopt lifestyles that will help solve our current trend of environmental problems and also contribute to the protectionof the remaining resources. Words alone are not enough but practical activities including policy and law formation andenforcement, poverty alleviation, promoting sustainable utilization of natural resources etc. are also invaluable ingredient in the effort.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JYOTIRMOY SHANKAR DEB, INDIA, E351
Q2-3:
Q3:Nowadays, pollution is the curse of anthropological activities for the universe. Different ways of pollution have madethe earth inhabitable to many of the living organisms. The greedy activities of human beings, are the causes of thenightmare. We are making the earth painful to the future generations. I don't think it is necessary to describe the causes,
but I still desire to make the developed and developing nations guilty for the sufferings. They should have been moresincere to the environmental issues. Lots of moneys are being spent to organize the conferences, conventions, etc. It
might be more effective, if they looked for the measures that had to be taken to minimize the environmental degradation. Finally, I urge the people of the universe to be conscious about the environment and its' care.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dr.G.M.Narasimha Rao, INDIA, E353
Q2-3:
Q3:Lack of awareness towards the environment is the major problem today, every body discussing about the environment
but nobody seriously involved in the action plan. In the developing countries change of the life styles and urbanization
plus industrialization without concern about the nature and environment leads to the alteration in the eco-balance.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Xiaoping Wang , CHINA, E354
Q2-3:It is critical to raise the general public's awareness of the environmental issues, and then there can be willingness forenvironmental commitment, change of behavior and practices.
Q3:The scale of the challenges that we are facing today requires creative solutions that go beyond conventional approaches,through innovation in policy, business, and program design at global, regional, national and local level. Environments
and climate change are global issues, and information sharing and experience exchanging between people, especially
young people from different countries are of vital important for us. Young people are full of energy and innovativeideas, recognizing our unique role of engaging in the efforts to address climate change and critical environmental issues. Youth’s involvement will also promote more effective and efficient developing of more potential frameworks forsustainable environment conservancy and also for securing a better future for human beings.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GERMANY, E356
Q2-3:Whereas it is important for industries to change their way of producing/act more aware of environmental problems and73Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

the politicians' job to implement laws concerning this, I still strongly believe and hope that if more people are moreaware of the causes behind environmental problems and possibilities to solve them, they would raise their voices orsimply act on it, e.g. buy more unprocessed food, therefore make enterprises change their strategies through the changed
demand.
Q3:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ANUP NAYAK, INDIA, E362
Q2-3:Fresh water is becoming scare in this part of the country with mining and industries all around. The over extraction ofground water need to be curbed. Rain water harvesting to be practiced which is unheard of in this part. Hence the needfor educating the people and transforming the life style, before it is too late.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ITALY, E375
Q2-3:Without appropriate education/awareness people simply won't realize what's on stake.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E376
Q2-3:
Q3:I think that not only the one option of the table 3 is enough to resolve environmental problems. I think it is necessary
a little bit of every one of the options of the table 3 and probably include more such as punishment and sanctions tocountries that are polluting the natural resources, international grants to developing countries that show environmental
improvements and social fairness. The climate change and the environmental problems are not only responsibility of
one country or people. It is responsibility of every human being.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHEIKHNA A. AIDARA, MAURITANIA, E380
Q2-3:IF EVERYONE IS EDUCATED ABOUT ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMS, THERE WILL BE BETTER LIFESTYLES
AND THE CLIMATE CHANGE WILL BE MITIGATED.
Q3:THERE ARE MANY DIFFICULTIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO CHOOSE BETWEEN INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION/ THEY NEED INDUSTRIALIZATION FOR THEIR DEVELOPMENT AND THEY NEED TO PROTECT ENVIRONMENT FOR A BETTER FUTURE AND ALSO FOR A
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND
AID FOR ACCEPTING TO DO A BALANCED DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN ANTAGONISTIC OPTIONS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lisa Banfield, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, E381
Q2-3:Environmental awareness is low.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NEW ZEALAND, E385
Q2-3:Societies ultimately determine political action and directly or indirectly influence the economic and scientific understanding and measures that will be required to sustain human and other life on Earth. We have little time to make thenecessary changes without resorting to massive conflict and starvation.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ajith Tennakoon, SRI LANKA, E387
Q2-3:Education about environmental problems,Raising awareness on environmental problems,Transforming lifestyles,Practicalactivities like environmental protection,This will be lead to attitude change in family, village and society and then willbuild well knowledgeable society and will be guidance of protection environment. Educating the society of the negative affects of climate change, how its intensify to the environment with bad practices of human intervention in theirlivelihood.
Q3:What we see the main environment problem is climate change even though its activate slowly the consequence were
multiple and irrevocable. The development and livelihood practices will be aggravated the hazard create by climatechange. For example mega development construction of road, dams and buildings with out getting proper environment
impact assessment cause destructive affect. Also practicing unsystematic livelihoods such as agriculture using hugechemical fertilizer and pesticides and land preparation measures cause long term irrecoverable damage to the environment.
Further practicing ban fishing measures such as drift net, and dynamite will be destructive cause for the environment
and all these measures will be multiple destructive affect cause by climate change effect. As measures and minimized
the cause combine effort should take in policy level to implement stage and create awareness and education on climatechange trend and sustainable/ environment friendly livelihoods measures for agriculture and fisheries. Particularly inmega development it should be consider and take proper environment impact assessment prior to the implementation.
74

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Environment friendly agricultural systems should be introduce such as low external inputs, organic farming, agro forestry and corridor/ stream planting. In fisheries sector conservation program for mangroves, crab fattening and cage
fishing as well as using proper nets. Apart from that its better to harness indigence and local knowledge in livelihoods
practices and development.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Prof. P.C. Kesavan, INDIA, E396
Q2-3:Greed on the part of a few and compulsions of poverty on a large section of humanity are the cause of environmental
degradation and climate change. What is therefore needed is sound education and awareness especially among children
so that it would be imprinted on their minds that environmental degradation and climate change would eventually
threaten not just the civilization but the very survival of human species and possibly all other species. On the other hand,the education being promoted in most of the countries under globalization is to develop fitness, skills and competitive
spirit for economic gains. This approach makes the children as they grow up forget about environmental issues as well
as social and gender equalities. The children should be exposed to publications like "Limits to growth", "Our common
future" etc., It is also necessary that the school should promote an understanding of all faiths and religions so that thehumans would be able to appreciate a respect and love for humanity as a whole rather than a narrow focused view of
uniformity and not unity in diversity.
Q3:Of late, there is a growing attempt to bring together farming and ecology. There is increased recognization that corporate/industrial farming is highly depended on energy derived from burning fossil fuels and also on inorganic mineral
fertilizers and chemical pesticides. The corporate farming is also known to eliminate roughly nine jobs while providing
about two to three jobs. In other words, industry that is backing the economic growth on one hand is also the causeof enormous loss of resources (land, fresh water, biodiversity etc.,) and widening the rich-poor divide. Just from theTV advertisements, one can easily realize that many of the consumer products provide huge economic gains to a few
multinational companies and generate enormous wastage (such as electronic waste etc.,) which cannot be cycled bymother earth. As had been shown in the case of nitrogen cycle, the Haber-Bosch process of producing ammonia hasdone good for plant growth and productivity but has generated huge nitrate pollution that the planet is not able to copewith. The question under these circumstances is whether the thrust on accelerated economic growth should continued
to be pursued or else, a shift more towards ecological economics should be made. There is also a need to rethink about
GDP since the economic benefits do not percolate to the poorest people in any society. Therefore, instead of GDP, thegovernments should switch over to gross national happiness (GNH). The suggestions been made here would certainly
not be acceptable to many who are addicted to economic growth for profit.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jennie Dusheck, USA, E397
Q2-3:I don't think any one of these is most effective, but people must come to accept the necessity for change. That will leadto political action and the acceptance of the need for change in economics, lifestyle, and new technologies to mitigate
the causes and effects of global warming.
Q3:Climate change is a direct result of the combination of burning fossil fuels and burgeoning populations. Our large
population size multiplies carbon emissions, all forms of pollution and waste, destruction of habitat, diminution of
aquifers, desertification, etc. Climate change is making it harder to cope with problems like water and food shortages.
Losses in biodiversity is the inevitable consequence of all these changes and will likely to lead to a tipping point, where
ecosystems cease to function.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CANADA, E398
Q2-3:Population must be mobilized to act individually and pressure political and scientific communities to address andmanage this issue.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CANADA, E401
Q2-3:
Q3:While the pace of climate change is quite slow, I am concerned that system dynamics may suddenly result in an acceleration that will see major weather events become so severe that many areas of the world will become almost uninhabitable. No one rally knows if this will happen or how severe it might become. The train may have already left thestation so that no matter what measures are taken re energy conservation and reducing the use of fossil fuels, it may be
too late. That said, we have an obligation to our children and grandchildren to put every effort into making the changes
in lifestyles and energy consumption that give some hope for the future.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NEW ZEALAND, E407
Q2-3:Education that results in the community getting active will result in political change and more money for conservation.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------75

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

RICARDO ROCHA DE SOUSA, BRAZIL, E408
Q2-3:Worse than any global financial crisis, we are experiencing an educational and environmental crisis responsible for all
the crises that afflict the human being as an individual. Gradually the educational model increases the content information enacting the automation of thinking, with rational arguments, subduing individuals to a perverse system of life.
Q3:Worse than any global financial crisis, we are experiencing an educational and environmental crisis responsible for all
the crises that afflict the human being as an individual. Gradually the educational model increases the content information enacting the automation of thinking, with rational arguments subduing individuals to a perverse system of life.
We have no time to devote to our inner life, and reflections. We are led to not being aware of who we are in them. We
lost the tune with the past. We are afflicted to live the future. The brain that is inside our head is being treated with apredominance of the emotions that is within our chest. I prefer, dear friend, that you look around yourself, review thejoys, happiness, comfort achieved compared to the hardness of the struggles, the desperation of the difficult journey that
distanced you from your loved ones and the coldness remodeled their feelings. We cannot forget that we are a box ofemotions. Often found in hallucinated emotions the cause of so many atrocities and barbarism. I do not mean that weneed an education in our spirit, but in our personal feelings, with others, with nature, with the planet. Human society inrecent times has reached intolerable levels of degradation. When I speak of the ”Need to feed”,gets more complicated,because, ours intestine controls the instinct of human survival. If you happen hydric stress crisis with the shortage ofdrinking water on the planet, or sudden changes in solar radiation on ”Planetary Laboratory Photosynthesis”, interfering in food production, I imagine that think through ”the belly” (hunger) will lead humanity into chaos. Any analyst
without any graduation can assess the content of comments placed here. It is imperative to rethink the future of generations before it’s too late. In the opportunity I want to do another comment for consideration of friends. Brazil has theworld's biodiversity heritage, according to the latest research are more than 100,000 species of invertebrates and about
8200 species of vertebrates. Distributed as follows: (713 mammals, 1,826 birds, 721 reptiles, 875 amphibians, 2800
and 1300 fish continental marine fish), of which over 1,273 are listed as endangered. We are facing a countdown to thedestruction of biodiversity of planet Earth. In 50 years, we can make a table of extinction of the human being by region
or by continent. We are by living the countdown environmental Doomsday Environmental. I have made strong appeals
on social networks in an attempt to warn as many people about the risks environmental destruction. Now I have asked
the Creator of the Universe to intervene with its light on the decisions of the participants in the UN Summit in Paris.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CAMBODIA, E420
Q2-3:
Q3:We need to decrease our impact on the earth's resources and natural processes. We need to learn how to take care of
the earth. For this environmentalism should not be the interest of a few, but of everyone. Environmental education (notonly biology) needs to be included in the curriculum starting at primary school level. In the mean time the few that are
already aware need to push policy makers to make changes fast.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dr Joseph Ferris, UK, E422
Q2-3:If there was an easy answer to this and other environmental issues they would have been implemented. Much has beenaccomplished in regards to environmental and biodiversity protection in western cultures through education and societal pressures. However one needs a relatively stable society and an adequate human resource base prior to effectively
raise people's awareness to the importance of biodiversity. So I see it as a mix of measures which includes education,
economic policy and legislation: education to increase awareness of the issues, economic policy that does not marginalize the environment and legislation that tempers the excesses of capitalism. I have been environmental practitioner forover thirty years and though we know more about our biodiversity and its importance, we continue to act in ways thatthreatens the environment upon which we all depend.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------E F Roots, CANADA, E425
Q2-3:(3) and (1) must include awareness of the urgent and pressing need to discourage and as soon as possible halt population growth and runaway use of energy.
Q3:This shortened questionnaire form is excellent, but it does not do justice to the overwhelming factors of regional andglobal growth of human populations and the link between short-term economic growth and unbridled expansion of
inappropriate energy use.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Emily R Greenhalgh, USA, E431
Q2-3:Especially in the U.S., one of the main issues facing climate change adaptation is a lack of understanding. This understanding ranges from politicians to students and everywhere in between. By improving education and understanding
within society, we can work on making strides through economic measures and scientific measures.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------76

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Roman Plokhikh, KAZAKHSTAN, E433
Q2-3:
Q3:For over 80 years in Kazakhstan has evolved a raw materials system of the nature management with extremely highanthropogenic impact on the environment. State policy in the field of environmental protection and rational natural
resources use for 24 years of independence had not consistent and many times were changed. Kazakhstan’s regions
have developed differently in crisis period and economic growth years. The status of the state with an environmentallyvulnerable territory and unresolved ecological problems still persists. The barbarous and predatory attitude towards
natural resources in Kazakhstan still remains and has led to the environmental crisis in some regions. One of the mostserious ecological problems is the depletion of water resources. Particularly disastrous was the shallowing of the Aral
Sea. A similar situation exists in Balkhash Lake Basin. In the critical condition are the land resources: fertile arable landand pastures are degraded. Serious problem is air pollution, especially in the industrial centers. Inherited development
led a very high level of territorial localization of atmospheric pollution: about half of total emissions into the atmospherecome from the territory of Karaganda oblast’. In the Central, Eastern and Southern Kazakhstan were formed criticaland high levels of anthropogenic influence, which remain from the past: the economy with a high concentration of”dirty” industries, poor development of the agricultural complex on the basis of irrigation, nuclear test polygons, etc.
New factors (focus on hydrocarbons production and capital transfer) had shifted the load in the Caspian area and to thenorth. The most important ecological issues at the national level: Desertification; Water supply, depletion and pollutionof water resources; Scientific support of ecological safety management; Ecology of border areas; Landscape diversity
protection; Climate change, ozone depletion and transboundary air pollution. The most important ecological issues at
the regional level: Ecology of the Ile-Balkash region; Ecology of Zhaiyk-Caspian region; Ecology of the Aral-Syrdaria
region; Rehabilitation of environmentally unsafe zones, military-cosmos and military-test complexes; Assessment andmapping of the natural environments pollution. The most important environmental problems of the local level: Ecologyof urban and suburban areas; Air basin pollution; Ecology of lake systems; Anthropogenic disturbance and degradationof natural landscapes; Radioactive pollution; Bacteriological and chemical contamination; Industrial and household
waste; Emergencies of natural and technogenic character; Rational use, protection and restoration of natural resourcesof recreation and tourism.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E439
Q2-3:While political action is key, there needs to be more awareness by citizens of nations most contributing to global warming, destructive resource use, as well as education on the realities and impacts of the situation and education on how
to adapt to the changes in countries and geographies most affected and better choices that can be made in foods, wateruse, etc.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ron Steffens, USA, E441
Q2-3:Political action and economic measures are essential steps to slow and manage climate change and its impacts. However,
we must build a strong upwelling of public voices and individual actions to ensure that political/economic measure are
instituted.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SWITZERLAND, E454
Q2-3:There is a need to drive down population growth, which is linked to patterns of consumption and eventually biodiversity loss. In many countries, changes in demography is closely related to women's education and access to appropriate
health care. Solving population growth is a necessary prerequisite to solving most environmental problems.
Q3:Certainly, it is difficult to choose just one measure to resolve environmental problems. It will really take a combinationof political action (longer term that currently occurs), economic measures (that will force individuals, corporations andgovernments to make better choices, society and education and scientific technology to make a difference. There is atendency to short sighted and individualistic choices in today's society.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ITALY, E459
Q2-3:
Q3:Living in Italy, where the awareness of the problems related to environmental management is well below the European
average, I believe that the priority should be given to the cultural education of people, with particular attention to theyounger generations. Unfortunately, the scarce competence of the Italian political class in terms of the environment,
biodiversity and management of natural resources is the principal reason for which these issues are always considered
as “low priority”. In addition, the lack of communication between knowledge (in the sense of results of scientific studies) and management of natural resources, is the main problem of our country in which any decision is made without
considering a long-term perspective but looking only to the economic and short-term political effect. A survey on theamount of research grants allocated by the different governments to environmental-linked scientific studies could pro77

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

vide a clear picture of their priorities.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Simon Read, UK, E467
Q2-3:There must be a societal buy in for change to happen. This cannot be driven from the outside but the political community can then act upon a social mandate. We cannot any longer expect change to be managed on our behalf by a benign
authority, and consequently must take the responsibility.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E470
Q2-3:Core to solving many of the problems we currently encounter is education, but this needs much greater attention andeffort than currently afforded and then to be supported by political actions that are made using robust scientific information.
Q3:No one measure will solve the current predicament, but rather a co-ordinated response is required that is multinationaland consistent, but also brave in the short term as it will have impacts on economies / GDP--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E473
Q2-3:Need for awareness, information, and on the spot action.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE NETHERLANDS, E476
Q2-3:
Q3:Biodiversity is under threat from inter alia intensive large-scale land use, chemical inputs, genetic modification -- driven
by dominant, short-term economic interests--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SOUTH AFRICA, E479
Q2-3:
Q3:From my perspective, all of our extremely pressing environmental problems will be addressed when people become
more aware of the problems and as a result make changes to their lifestyles and ways of doing business/earning a livingin accordance with sustainability and environmental awareness/protection. Without general buy-in from the public, nointerventions are likely to make much difference. Thus it is crucial and most urgent that we increase awareness among
the general public as a top priority.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FRANCE, E496
Q2-3:
Q3:Western Europe is currently facing a number economic difficulties and challenges while the industrialization of thesociety reached a high level that induces a lot of pollution and complex contamination of water, soils and air. Thisrequires a high level of education to raise awareness of the entire society for adaptation, etc...
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Marc Dourojeanni, PERU, E501
Q2-3:The key issue is transforming lifestyles. However it is a gigantic endeavour. There is no simple nor single solution. All
categories are needed, especially those numerated as 2, 3 and 4.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SINGAPORE, E504
Q2-3:Environmental education of the young to raise awareness, as the young will be the decision makers of the future.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, E505
Q2-3:The people live in some regions of the world consume too much resources. This leads the natural resources dried up(e.g. overfishing) and reduces the biodiversity seriously. So we need transform lifestyles to a reasonable manner in
consuming the resources.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INDIA, E515
Q2-3:
Q3:We need to start common object with climate change and species geographical distribution and find assessment result
to improve.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BELARUS, E518
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Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q2-3:Consumption is the main force for all the human induced changes on earth.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INDIA, E521
Q2-3:India is going to surpass China as the most populous nation. This is an alarming trend as nothing is being working tostabilise the population explosion. This over population is causing land degradation, pollution and other environmental
related lifestyle changes. Hence, educating the general public against this peril is very much required.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SINGAPORE, E522
Q2-3:We are not yet at a stage where the environment is fully appreciated in daily life. But it is essential for survival. Raisingawareness is needed to get decision makers including economist, other scientists to find solutions that will be effective
and sustained.
Q3:In many cases the problems mentioned above are inter-linked. It is difficult and impractical to deal with these challenges
in isolation. This of course presents a complexity that is not easily addressed by people who think just unilaterally orin a very narrow scope. So ranking them as indicated above presents problems for my own perspective.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Syd Smith, AUSTRALIA, E539
Q2-3:Education leads to an awareness and if administered carefully will affect attitudes and values which in turn will leadto action that brings about change.
Q3:If governments can integrate economic policy with environmental considerations a more appropriate action plan at anational level can process.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Scott Jones, UK, E552
Q2-3:But this also has to be political and international. Energetic, inspiring and positive politics - engaging youth and women
especially.
Q3:We still are faced with thousands of words and reports and discussions. Strategically we need to involve youth andwomen much, much more. There need to be clear examples of positive actions, and the impacts from those actions.
Present positive examples and make them meaningful for people and business so that people feel able to respond. Scarestories have their place but we need to make things as exciting and motivating as possible so that people, governmentand business WANT to reposed positively and address urgent environmental issues.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PHILIPPINES, E560
Q2-3:
Q3:1) Rationale for Land Use and Pollution/Contamination - These results from a combination of high population growth,poor policy on public and environmental health, weak enforcement of environmental laws, and sectorial protection of
ecosystems and management of ecosystem services. 2) I, too, am very concerned with climate change and its ecological and socio-economic impacts however one should not lose sight of the persistent threats to the environment that will
have impacts that will be felt sooner than the impacts (e.g., sea level rise) of climate change (e.g., water pollution iscausing loss of productivity of rivers and coastal waters; loss of biodiversity and the ecosystem services that the present
and future generation, etc.). 3) The impacts of interventions can only be achieved after a decade or so. Governments
and donors should be aware of the need for long-term commitment to achieve the sustainable use of our ecosystems,
both land and sea.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ashley Vosper, AFGHANISTAN, E561
Q2-3:
Q3:Afghanistan is war torn country still undergoing many problems. This mitigates any genuine environmental actions/policies being implemented nationally. There is a rapidly growing human population and there is already conflict overresources so this is only going to be exacerbated. There is world wide debate on all environmental issues except one,the growth in human population. This impacts every aspect of the environment yet nobody discusses it, suggests possible
solutions or puts in place actions to help control the expanding human population. The consequences of this inaction
could be dire.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PHILIPPINES, E568
Q2-3:The experiences we had affecting many lives like the typhoon Haiyan or Yolanda created devastation all over thecountry. Education is a key role at that time wen the calamity happened since most of the LGUs were just so relaxedeven the early warnings of a very strong typhoon was already announced. Many do not understand what a storm surge
is all about and how will it impacts to us. Hence, most of the people were not prepared with the typhoon. The government is not also providing amenities on how to extend information to the public strictly. This has also created a lot
79

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problemsof confusion prior to the calamity and even after the typhoon has devastated the entire region of Leyte and Samar andsome parts in the Visayas, the government's disaster risk and reduction management councils were not prepared andnot trained whenever everyone has been affected or a victim. The other LGUs on its neighboring islands should havetaken its measures in helping the region that has been affected but to no avail. Thus, more devastation occurred evendays after the incident. Moreso, the donations coming from elsewhere where mismanaged and even corrupted by thegovernment. That's why many donors worldwide were giving all their donations to NGOs rather than the government.
Impacts of climate change should be taught in schools and integrated into their curricula or to teachers' lesson plans.
In this manner, preparations emanate from the school already and that disaster preparedness becomes a way of life inevery Filipino.
Q3:Filipino people tend to look into the environment when the problem is already impossible to be cured. This mind set
and perceptions towards the environment should be changed. I think this is not just about Filipinos' perceptions to theenvironment but in all races in general. Oftentimes, economic development is more favored rather than the environment.
It is very crucial that precautionary principles like research and analysis or resource valuation should be undertaken
prior to any economic development that may cause harm to the environment. I think these are some of the ways thatshould be implemented prior to any development so that everything will be sustained for the future generation.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, E571
Q2-3:The main root of our environment problems today is over consumption. This can not be effectively remedied by politicalor economical means. In my opinion, the only feasible way to move mankind toward sustainable development is throughbehavior change of the collective human society. Human behavior is affected by the core values each of us holds. In
the long run, if the majority of people believes in the idea of sustainable development, we may be able to achieve thegoals of a sustainable society. This can only be achieved through education.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E577
Q2-3:I believe that education is essential so humans start to understand the impact they are having across the globe. Everything we do in our daily lives (e.g. here in UK in my case) has an effect for fellow humans and wildlife across the world.
If everyone took baby steps towards reducing consumption of energy and resources, and improving the protection of
habitats and wildlife then we may be able to be more efficient at keeping our fellow human beings, wildlife and habitats
healthy for future generations.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INDIA, E581
Q2-3:
Q3:Conservation of biodiversity is a must for the time scale we are living now.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pradeep Mehta, INDIA, E585
Q2-3:In the Asian context its mainly the society that needs to be aware about water quality and quantity. Citizens do notrealize the importance of this valuable natural resource as there is a very small cost added to it. Today people thinkthey can buy anything with money. Most of the urban towns and cities today depend on borrowed water which is either
coming from a remote location or from a remote village. Before its too late these urban communities need to be aware
about the importance of this resource and how they have been utilizing it. They need to change their lifestyle and respect
this natural resource before its too late to realize that money can't buy everything. Corporate need to be realized about
Natural Capital and how their business reply on natural capital. They should come forward to work on these issues
as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). They should invest in research and development to overcome
this. In countries like India there is a mandate for Corporate to invest 2% of their profit on CSR activities Awarenessprogrammes focusing Generation Next (students) should be designed and promoted so that they should start thinking
of a sustainable tomorrow and respect mother nature.
Q3:In India due to Green Revolution ground water in many parts of the country has gone down as inorganic fertilizer
requires more water. Mono cropping has taken up in a big way due to which there is use of excessive pesticide. All thishas resulted in ground water depletion as more than 95% of the insecticide reaches to crops other than they are targeted
to and ultimately reaches the ground water which is then contaminated. In Punjab, India there are many villages that are
now prone to cancer. This has also caused many social problems, today families don't want their daughters to be marriedin those villages and vice versa. Most of the urban sewage water goes untreated to the water bodies thus depleting thewater quality. Most of the holy rivers in India are most polluted. Most of the water supply in cities is met from groundwater. The water table is going further down each year. People don't realize this as with a click of a button they getwater. They don't realize that they are actually borrowing water from the next generation. Publicity by water supplying
companies that tap water is not good for health promoted water racket in the cities where city dwellers are forced tobuy bottled water at costly prices. Climate change has further deteriorated the situation. At times there are floods and80Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

at times there is no water in the rivers. Water springs in the mountain areas are dying. Women in the mountains haveto walk long distances to meet the daily needs of the family. It is believed that a women in the mountain spends almost
20 years in just collecting water.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Feli Visco, INDIA, E589
Q2-3:The first step to save our water resources is conservation through awareness and education.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jeff Kinch, PAPUA NEW GUINEA, E590
Q2-3:
Q3:Unnecessary consumerism needs to be arrested. People in the developing world through their lifestyles subsidise
Western lifestyles, essentially the West free rides on the Rest (and even though Foriegn Aid is often aimed at issues forthe Developing Countries, it does not often translate to real outcomes due to self interest on both the giver and receiever;corruption, lack of capacity or just incomptence or just unrealistic expectations on what is to be achieved or simply noidea on what is to be achieved or how to achieve it). Environmental degradation is largely driven by Developed Country consumerism and Developing Country desire for that same level of consumerism which often drives unsustainable
practices, especially with the flattening of access to media and its associated advertising. A more equitable distributionof wealth is required but unlikely given that people that have a certain level of wealth and health will wish to forgo
that to allow other to share in that luxury. We face not only a Human Rights issue in this sense, but also a conflict withenvironmental and economic sustainability and the continues pursuit of growth and capitalism. The simple point isthat there are no jobs on a dead planet.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy , VIETNAM, E602
Q2-3:
Q3:Vietnam is currently developing a low carbon economy and mitigation policies aimed to reduce the GHG emissions
in these sectors. It is also developing a number of strategies to adapt to the impacts of climate change so as to reducethe vulnerability of society.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rajeev K Singla, INDIA, E604
Q2-3:Educated Society will automatically elect prospective politicians and also aid in improved scientific technology.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Steve Unwin, UK, E606
Q2-3:Education is the fundamental requirement. Good education will lead to a more stable population and more environmentally friendly economic factors that are drivers for such things as pollution, climate change and other threats tobiodiversity.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Matthew C. Perry, USA, E607
Q2-3:Leaders in the environmental movement need to be courageous and openly discuss the religious connection to population.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E609
Q2-3:Society needs to understand its own impact and change its own behaviour to one that is sustainable. This includes
reducing the birth rate, which we see happening in many parts of the world, particularly where girls and women haveaccess to formal education.
Q3:A smaller human population living in a sustainable 'circular economy' can live on this planet without compromising
the planet's own resilience and resource systems. We need to get away from the idea of economic growth and financial
wealth, and think more about human prosperity.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MALAYSIA, E614
Q2-3:
Q3:Political powers are never serious in the welfare of humankind thus people at large are just a tool for economical gains.
Poor quality of education at all level further suppress the capacity and ability of a balanced functioning society insteadin full gear towards narcissistic level. It is a victorious cycle and yet we simply repeating histories instead of learningfrom them.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Martin Hartmann, AUSTRIA, E620
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Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q2-3:It is my firm belief that the necessary bases can be established only by a change in awareness in the society so thatbusiness and politics put necessary measures. Environmental education and education for sustainable development is an
essential tool for long-term security of our livelihoods. An example from our National Park is the: NATIONAL PARKPARTNER SCHOOL "NMS ADMONT" „How to inspire the youth in a mountainous National Park in Austria?" The
new middle school Admont will make the lives of the students "grasp" (visible, audible, comprehensible) and provide
opportunities to gain experience and to take responsibility. The region is a treasure that now needs to explore, to getaware and to experience with responsibility. The National Park is integrated in the classroom, anchored in the timetable
and accompanies the students over four years: With the Junior Ranger training as part of an additional gym class Witha 14-day interdisciplinary double lesson in open classes (biology, geography, arts, textile and technical levels, nutritionand household etc.) - always related to the main topics: water, forest / pasture, rock ... In German and history lessons
by dealing with one's own roots, and witnesses with stories and narratives of those who are interwoven with the biographic of the Region. THE JUNIOR RANGER TRAINING …begins in the first class already exploring the nearby
and next environment through nine half-day excursions, …is in second grade deepened by learning about the special
habitats of the National Park and its flora and fauna. The third class is considered a "practice year" in the woods andon alpine pastures, helping local farmers… … and the fourth class compresses all experiences in cartography, orientation and emergency management on the mountain - together with "First Aid", mountain rescue, among others… "Wewant to work together with the National Park Gesäuse, to explore our "living room" again for us, explore and dedicate
ourselves interdisciplinary in a wide variety of ways of tracking" …is the message of the head of the NMS Admont
and the NP Administration. This process is accompanied over four years of a "virtual tour book," a photo documentary,an exhibition ... - a jointly experienced and continuously trying out, evaluating, documenting, and joint learning of allparticipants.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chris Holmes , USA, E622
Q2-3:The US and to a great degree politicians from Texas have made climate change a political party issue (Republicans
do not believe it is occurring where as Democrats do believe in it). I don't know if it is like this in other countries. But
having such an important issue divided along party lines discounts it to the whole population of this country.
Q3:The division of the US population has become a major issue with several social topics and sadly the environment islumped into the same area as same sex marriage or gun control…. The Republican Party has turned the issue of environmental protection into a negative perception among their party. Advertising at great lengths that people who care about
the environment do not care about economic gains this is concerning to the future of many of our endemic species.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jennifer Mattei, USA, E630
Q2-3:All women and men need to be educated about birth control and given easy access to birth control measures. All
women and men need to be educated at least up to the age of 18. Then their might be a chance of curtailing some ofthe problems in Table 1.
Q3:I am not confident that technology will save us this time.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E636
Q2-3:Effective, positive political action and/or economic measures can happen only if leaders and society are better educated.
Technology for addressing the problems is already available, but cost-prohibitive; education is a less expensive, moresustainable and feasible option.
Q3:Lifestyle change is crucial to enable the changing Earth system to remain suitable for the number of people alreadyhere, let alone the several billion more expected before population peaks. The persistence, export, and adoption of theresource-intensive lifestyles of the Global North (especially the U.S. and major oil-producing countries in Southwest
Asia) to the Global South (particularly emerging countries) must be challenged. Global Northerners must develop andembrace less resource-intensive lifestyles, and Global Southerners must become leaders in modeling more sustainable
lifestyles for humanity. Processes such as the global nutrition transition and globalized free trade are not positive changes
with regard to the global environment, with regard to lifestyles. Societies must become more regionally focused evenwhile interchanging information globally about options for successful environmental management.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Leslie Ruyle, USA, E637
Q2-3:I chose water resources over climate change because I believe it is easier for uneducated or people who don't understandscience and choose to ignore well-documented research to understand water scarcity issues. I struggle with how to answer
this question, because I believe it has to be a combination of all factors, but if we don't have the basic understanding of
science in place, the other measures will be less effective.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fernando Rosas, BRAZIL, E646
82

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q2-3:The low educational level found in the Amazon region leads to an irrational use of land, with massive deforestation
searching for wood. It is well known that Amazonian soils are very poor without the forest and will not be able to support agriculture or cattle breeding for long periods. It is time to change lifestyle of the Amazonian people and let themknow that standing up forest can bring much more life quality than dead trees. Additionally, alternative activities, which
can provide a suitable livelihood for riverine and forest communities of the region, must be implemented.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NEPAL, E648
Q2-3:Only an educated and aware society can press their governments and industries to take appropriate action.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ROMANIA, E663
Q2-3: Transforming lifestyles
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CANADA, E674
Q2-3:I believe that political, economic, and technological progress will come as a result of social valuing of climate change
and biodiversity loss and the resulting pressure to take strong action. Without this widespread public understanding
and valuing of the earth and the continuation of natural processes that support all life, then there is no practical pushon these other fronts to make change. To me, it starts with ordinary people caring and demanding change. This is difficult to achieve on a global scale, but it demands concerted efforts to bring about a global shift in consciousness withresulting demand for action.
Q3:Most of the world's population is now urban and there exists a great need to educate these urban dwellers about theirinterdependence on the natural environment, and indeed, to provide ample opportunities for regular contact with naturein urban settings. There is also a need for corresponding political measures that shift populations towards greater sustainability and to accepting a new paradigm in line with the finite boundaries of earth. This will also push technologicaladvances. There is a need to move away from standard corporate capitalism and towards full environmental accountability in all production and distribution chains.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------John Haddix, USA, E675
Q2-3:Educating the public on wildlife ecology in their local communities is very important in helping the public make informed decisions. Most of the people in Alaska care deeply about wildlife populations but there are many misconceptions what is important to the continued existence of these species. Understanding the difference between management
requirements for moose, caribou, Dall sheep, mountain goats and black tail deer for instance and understanding thatthey cannot all be managed like white-tail deer is key to making land use decisions.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aili, FINLAND, E683
Q2-3:If people were more connected, conscious, aware and supported, they would surely make different choices.
Q3:environmental problems are inherently HUMAN problems. What we lack is an understanding of human psychology,
motivations, behaviour, decision-making, and the like. We've got all the knowledge and technology to solve all ourenvironmental problems in the world. It is because of lack of political will (and egotistical conflicts) that they are notprioritized and solved. Yet governments are unreliable, so ultimately the greatest force comes down to the mass of
individuals making conscientious choices, each one of them individually, and each one motivated by each other. Thisis a highly untapped source of change.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E686
Q2-3:need to educate masses and legislators about the long range effects of pollution, dams, habitat modification and destruction of freshwater resources.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------roots, CANADA, E687
Q2-3:Although economic measures provide the most certain impetus for reducing our impact on the environment, it is education about lifestyle choices that will be longest lasting.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dr, Rick Baydack, CANADA, E701
Q2-3:A better informed public will be critical to the future prevention of environmental problems.
Q3:83

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IRAN, E713
Q2-3:If there is enough education at least it can prevent the overuse of water resources. Though, there must be other measures
to help improve the situation but I think educating the people can be very useful.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HUNGARY, E731
Q2-3:People and society has a strong resistance to change. The most effective way to achieve substantial, deep change is byeducating the young. When they grow up, they will be more likely to listen to arguments for sustainability, they will
make decisions far more favourable (e.g. in economy).
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mahdi Kolahi, IRAN, E739
Q2-3:We need political actions to tackle environmental issues. But, the politics do not have willing to apply it!! If scientists
produce knowledge scientifically, political actors solve problems politically! Therefore, there is a big gap between
science and practice. We had many time to liaise between them, but could not. I think the problem can be solve byeducating people. If societies could concern more on environmental issues, they can enforce their governments to do
more eco-friendly actions.
Q3:It is time to 'shift emphasis from technological solutions to climate change & focus on the "Human Dimension".'--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAN DIJKSTRA, FRANCE, E740
Q2-3:As it is becoming increasingly clear that government leaders and corporate leaders are both straitjacketed by their constituencies or shareholders, the change needs to come from a group hitherto excluded from the debate: youth. Schools
around the world should work hard to make students aware of the crises plaguing the world and to what extent that
depends on process and behavior. This should make sure that they do not copy the habits of their parents without critical reflection, but see opportunities for effecting positive change. They also deserve to made aware of the opportunities
that the circular economy and renewable energy can provide, as well as the power they have as consumers. Becoming
aware of how corporate business values profit over human well-being is a stark awakening, which is very necessary
in my view. If we wish to raise a generation that will not consume mindlessly and not copy the ways of their elders
mindlessly, there is a lot of work to be done. If we start at an early age and invite students in their teens to be involved
in societal change, we have a chance. They may not have caused today's problems, but they are nonetheless fully immersed in them and are looked upon to come up with solutions, while their parents while their time away with botox
treatments and candy crush. If youth is given the voice they deserve and use it to make clear to current leadership how
they have failed to safeguard a healthy earth for their future and that of their children, an impact may be had. Whether
this will turn back the hands of the clock of doom is hard to predict, but it is my best bet.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------flavio morrissiey, USA, E746
Q2-3:Education can be used instead of adding restrictions. With more laws regulations put into place the poor masses are
the ones that take the brunt. By educating the public and rallying behind causes will affect political stages.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BRAZIL, E754
Q2-3:A specific measure that might take effect is the establishment/creation of economic and political mechanisms that
stimulate the civil society to engage in environmental actions (education/awareness on environmental problems, practicalactivities) and at the same time compel people to transform their lifestyles. In Brazil, democratic mechanisms might not
be of great impact, but mechanisms that come with some law enforcement and surveillance could be more effective.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Andrew Kittle, SRI LANKA, E758
Q2-3:The importance of connected natural areas is not something that most people are aware about. Land use policy that
results in barriers between protected areas or wilderness areas greatly compromises the ability of those areas to function as designed. For ecosystems to function effectively they need to provide for all trophic levels including those at the
top that require greater relative space. Thus it is necessary to plan for connections between protected areas to ensure
this. One specific measure is to fund research aimed at understanding nation-wide or system-wide links that allow for
productive ecosystem function and then to ensure land use policy that protects/preserves those links. This can be at thecost of reduced economic development.
Q3:I'm not sure the debate should be about "survival of humankind" as this leaves open a spectrum of possibilities includ84

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

ing survival in socially and ecologically impoverished conditions. The debate needs to be about quality of life and themaintenance of lifeforms that are not human. A starting point is trying to determine what is important. This of course
varies across cultures, religions etc. However I think that functioning ecosystems are a valuable starting point as it isdifficult to debate that these are superfluous to human well-being irrespective of creed or culture. We have the ability
to make tremendous scientific and technological advances to aid in future survival, however we cannot replicate large
scale environmental processes like the water cycle, nutrient cycling, ocean currents etc. These need to be maintained
as closely as possible to what currently exists. The greatest threat to maintaining these intact systems is the counterweight of economic development under a Neo-liberal Free Market economy as the logic of this system is often in directconflict with ecological necessity. It is difficult, as humans with very limited life-spans, to trade-off short term gain for
long-term sustainability, but this is what is required.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Davorin Marković, CROATIA, E761
Q2-3:
Q3:People still do not understand the simple fact that they are just a part of nature and not outside or above it, and that we
simply can not survive without it. For this reason, I argue that education is most needed, because only in this way canchange the aggressive attacks of meaningless profiteers whose only goal is to smugly watch how every day they havemore money. It is extremely dangerous way of thinking and extremely egotistical. In a word - ”for me it is important towhat it is now and for tomorrow I do not care!” Therefore firmly believe that education and the preservation of biological and geological diversity is most important for the survival of humanity.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JORDAN, E764
Q2-3:Increasing awareness about climate change effects and adaptation will allow local communities to increase their climatechange resilience. Which will then help in properly managing water resources in all sectors (agriculture most importantly). moreover, increasing awareness will further allow local communities to use treated waste water and further
push in greywater reissue systems.
Q3:Water integrity is also a major issue we should all work on. Increase corruption in the environmental sector (water andenergy sector) have a huge impact on both the environment and the local community. Tackling this issue should be on
two fronts, integrity (on the policy level) and awareness and capacity building on the local level.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Benson N Modie, BOTSWANA, E765
Q2-3:It is only through in-depth understanding that people can make informed and effective decisions that can have a lesssevere impact on their environment of habitation.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE NETHERLANDS, E767
Q2-3:
Q3:Technically, climate change and related issues can be addressed fairly well Also economically, there could be gains
from introducing climate change mitigation measures. The biggest hurdle is probably the acceptance of change withnew technologies by people and their communities. Public acceptance can be enhanced through societal and educational
measures.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ketlhoilwe, M.J, BOTSWANA, E771
Q2-3:
Q3:Climate change is accelerated by anthropocene activities and could be minimised or reduced by human action.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TUNISIA, E781
Q2-3:
Q3:There is a lack of opportunity and willingness to delegate environmental action to private sector but governmentalorganizations don't have the capacity and freedom to deal with the daily issues and consequently the national strategies,
even if in agreement with the international recommendation, fall to be unsuited to the ground situation.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BURKINA FASO, E784
Q2-3:
Q3:Environmental problems often have some interaction and the development of agriculture for food must also carefully
consider the availability of water resources (climate change) and pollution (use of pesticides and fertilizers). Hence theneed to have a good education of the population in a peaceful social context with respect for the rights of populations(regular land property ) and the use of adequate agricultural technologies adapted to local conditions.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ARGENTINA, E785
85

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q2-3:Mining companies are making strong advertisement about benefits of the activity. Government wants the money andsell activity as salvations, jobs and incomes. Real education on society about pros and cons is needed. They want touse enormous amounts of water for gold and silver mining and water shortage is a big environmental issue in this very
desertic area.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Don Carruthers Den Hoed, CANADA, E790
Q2-3:
Q3:In Canada, the situation seems to be best summed up by Joanna Macy: ”Things are getting better and better and worse
and worse, faster and faster.”--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COLOMBIA, E796
Q2-3:3, 4, 1 las tres son importantes. Hay que empezar por demostrar, enseñar a la gente que su vida depende el balance enel uso de recursos. El confort a toda costa no es sostenible. Las Cuatro opciones son indispensables.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INDONESIA, E797
Q2-3:The regulation and policy on biodiversity or coastal and marine resources protection in Indonesia is sufficient enough.
Now need to change Indonesian people mindset, knowledge and attitude related sustainability of biodiversity to makepeople aware, take action and actively involved. With these all change, hope Indonesian people change their lifestylein term of biodiversity protection and maintenance.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jennifer McCarthy, USA, E798
Q2-3:I believe that we need more education on what overpopulation is doing to the earth and the dire consequences that it
has for the environment.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ITALY, E808
Q2-3:It is only if people change their behavior that things can change.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rohan Harindra Wickramasinghe, SRI LANKA, E812
Q2-3:
Q3:1) We talk a lot about saving the environment but continue to spend billions on wars or making preparations for wars
which may or may not eventually occur. If and when they occur the wild life (and archaeological artifacts etc) in thearea is immediately affected and later that in more distant places. The moneys spent on the wars in the twentieth century
should have been spent constructively. 2) We talk a lot about recycling but when something goes wrong in my computer
I am told that model is no longer in production and the (small) spare part required for the repair is no longer available.
I am told to buy a new computer.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PANAMA, E818
Q2-3:
Q3:If we don’t change as society and take the environment as priority, the planet will moved forward with no considerationof humankind. We have to change our lifestyle. A new society need to be born with less consumption in energy andproducts.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SPAIN, E819
Q2-3:Social awareness is the main issue for a long term solution of any environmental issue.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Alexandra Endara, ECUADOR, E822
Q2-3:In Ecuador few people have awareness for environmental problems. The poor people that is de majority doesn’t know
about the impact of the pollution and contamination to the human health and ecosystems, for this reason doesn’t demand
to the authorities to work in this area. For example Quito City, the capital of Ecuador doesn’t have any wastewater plant
all of the contaminated water goes to the rivers close to the city that is a huge problem for human health and environment but nobody do anything about it the people and authorities prefer to spend millions in a modern subway and still
eating the vegetables that are irrigated with the high polluted water.
Q3:
86

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NEW ZEALAND, E823
Q2-3:Categories 1-4 all represent useful measures. However, I selected 3 (Society and Education), because it seems to me themost effective measure on the long run. People, in general, act based on their beliefs. Education and societal structures
have immense influence on people's environmental consciousness. If people are motivated and willing to act towards
a certain cause, political action, economic measures and use of scientific knowledge and technology becomes easier.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Andrew Irvin, FIJI, E825
Q2-3:The most important component for change is awareness of consequences - dissemination to the public is absolutely
crucial to create a critical mass of people with motivation to make changes AND the tools to enact the changes theyknow are required. For instance, meeting with students here in Fiji, many are aware of the concepts of reducing, reusing, and recycling, but few are able to provide concrete examples of how they incorporate those practices into their day.
Partially, this is due to the lack of constant societal reinforcement of best practices and opportunities to make choices
involving reduction, re-use, and recycling.
Q3:Most of the environmental degradation we experience is a result of active lifestyle choices involving unnecessarily highrates of consumption AND the associated production processes to accommodate a cultural climate where affluence isheld to be a desirable trait. If we did not exist in a system whereby capital accumulation is rewarded with freedom frompractical limitations and social responsibilities, we would not see the level of degradation and consumption currently
proliferating throughout the developed and developing world. The capital economy was conceptualized and initiatedprior to any concept of planetary boundaries and resource exhaustion truly existing, so it demands a radical revision toaccommodate the century of research and observation indicating the need for a socio-economic paradigm shift.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, E826
Q2-3:The population is large and growing. The water resources are limited. We need to use the natural resource in the mostefficient way, and find new ways of providing additional water. The currently proposed schemes of water transfer are
too dangerous and uncertain, so other solutions must be found. De-salination, water capture, and change of use patterns are presumably answers, and this will require education, training and awareness raising, both of consumers andof government policy makers.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PABLO GARCIA MURILLO, SPAIN, E832
Q2-3:The response is not easy, it would be a combination of different measures. I believe that the basis is the Education but
it needs the help of Political Action and, of course, Economical Measures. If the solution were simple we would havealready solved the problem.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Triaille Etienne, KENYA, E834
Q2-3:
Q3:See my statement at Question 2 / Others. Lack of political will. To effectively work on mitigation and adaptation, astrong financial support is required. Where will the money come from? States of Developed Countries? Partly. But
there is money in the Fiscal Paradises that some governments protect. We need transparency at all level. Tax evasion
by Multinationals pumps out of Developing countries more money than developed countries can afford. The worlds
need to be serious! Banks must be controlled. Fiscal paradises must be closed. Multinationals must be regulated. The
free market as an economy ideology is a failure and will cause lots of harms.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E843
Q2-3:Climate change, food security, loss of biodiversity are all major problems associated with life style as well as total
population. Life style changes will be made, however painfully and violently that may happen. But without checks on
population growth, there will be no solutions to any of the problems. I am highly doubtful that those checks can occur
without the intervention of major disasters (drought, violent weather, war, disease) and education is the only other option. I am highly doubtful, given the deteriorating status of women in much of the world, that this will ever happen.
Q3:Reprints available on request.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fundacion Malpelo, COLOMBIA, E845
Q2-3:I believe that these problems have emerged as a result of poverty and lack of education. Implementing social and education plans for future generations will allow for the youth to have other available options. In most cases young kidsfrom twons are very poor, and their best option is to join these guerrilla groups to have some time of sustainable future.
Implementing educational plans could allow for these future generations to have other options available more than war.
87

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Free education, scholarships, and other educational plans for poor towns could bring a solution to these communities.
Q3:One of the mayor issues that Colombia faces respecting the environment, is that national budget is very limited for thisarea. Colombia focuses more on land use, water resources and war issues, and the money spend or invested in researchand conservation actions is very limited. International cooperation in this field has been of great value to support not
only conservation plans and strategies, but scientific research, which is plays a key role in conserving biodiversity andmanaging natural resources.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ECUADOR, E851
Q2-3:
Q3:In general, biodiversity-rich countries like Ecuador have high human population densities and a high demand fornatural resources. Land use changes and overexploitation of wildlife species are driving native ecosystems to imminentcollapse. Several measures are necessary to reduce and mitigate these impacts (political action, economic measures,
applied science, and conservation education). Not an easy task though...
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------David Mwenda, KENYA, E852
Q2-3:
Q3:Illiteracy is the number one enemy of our Environment. With highly literate society, people would be more environmentally sound.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ECUADOR, E853
Q2-3:
Q3:Need more environmental education and human values, including application of Bible principles.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SPAIN, E859
Q2-3:
Q3:The increase of human population size is behind all environmental problems, and therefore all are inter-related.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ke Chung Kim, USA, E874
Q2-3:In fact, your categories are biased and primary measures should include 1) political action and scientific technology
based on the practicality of "society and education". That requires from all of us the sacrifice of our careless lifestyleand wasteful anthropocentric culture of natural resources including all aspects of sustainable earth ecosystem. Also, thatdemands daily practice of every aspects of our lives through the Category of "Society and Eduction" as these challenges
are linked to the survival of human species and sustainability of humanity. There is no easy way to awake and bringabout sacrificial determination for stopping continued biodiversity loss and all other humanistic destruction of basic
elements of our life-support system. Otherwise, our technological civilization with ever expanding human populationand materialistic destructive consumption.
Q3:After all, biodiversity is the foundation of our life support system that sustain our lives from lowest living things likevirus and bacteria to highly evolved and advanced wasteful and destructive human species without no avail for the
future. Yet,it is not commonly understood that biodiversity refers to the totality of all living organisms on this planet
and their interactions sustain every aspects of our life-support system. That includes all necessary natural elements
and their interactions of individuals of all different species of plants, animals, microorganisms and all their ecologically
liked species pairs. With our destructive population and their abuse of our ecosystems and waste of natural resources,
the biodiversity, dynamic ecosystems, and thus the earth ecosystem, are threatened without too much noises underimpacts of changing climate and slowly disappearing species of the global biodiversity. Our scientific technology must
be directed to correct our abuse and destructive daily behaviors for the sustainable future of humanity and ultimately
human species - As cockroaches, mosquitoes, and all other living things care less of what we do but their lives are being challenged by humans, our sacrifice is not only for biodiversity but also for humans first because we do not want
to shorten the life time of human species.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Robert Ehrig, BELIZE, E876
Q2-3:
Q3:Money spent on conservation and ecological restoration should be spent in the most efficient and well thought out manner possible. In the USA much of what is spent on conservation is not used in the most effective way, often it is spent
to get something done. The larger picture is not always seen and knowledgeable local expertise is often not includedin agency decisions. Sometimes the end results do not accomplish what could have been a much better result.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MALAYSIA, E878
Q2-3:
Q3:As long as population growth people need space. As long as there is a need for a person to survive, a person needs
88Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

work to make money. And socio-culturally, force to want a family just like other people. If the person has own work
like farming, he needs resources like water, fertiliser, pesticide, land, market to sell, goods transportation.... and for costeffectiveness, then mass produce means more land, more water, etc, means more problem and this is only just from one
person to survive! Mass production, means more things at a cheap price, more wastage, more disposing, non recyclable
parts, more energy usage, more water usage, .... and shareholders/ investors do not like to see 'no growth'.... and so it
goes out to land grab, big land clearance, clearing of agriculture land for properties, more loss of top soil, more roads
and more loss of top soil; more new products to compete with many competitors producing similar products.... So it
goes on and on ... so more people, means more wanting of the products, this will drive it on and on and on..... then you
have the politics, the non legal activities which is part of the problem......and it goes on and on and on....
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Getrude Ogwok, UGANDA, E880
Q2-3:The society is made up of different categories of people, so there is need to use integrated methods to address environmental issues. To me I think all the four categories named above should be used. There is no one specific method thatwill bring in the desired change.
Q3:Like in the part of the world where I stay and work, most of the environmental issues are man made and if addressedvery well we can get the change we all desire. Climate change is being felt by every body in this planet, and the earlier
we address the causes the better. Actually we should have done this like yesterday.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UGANDA, E882
Q2-3:
Q3:Mitigate climate change--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bintoora K K Adonia, UGANDA, E891
Q2-3:Promotion of reproductive health, education of girl child, awareness rising, poverty eradication and land use planning
coupled with good governance can go along way in addressing the issue of rapid population growth and environmental
degradation.
Q3:Effects of climate change and global warming are more likely to negatively impact on the livelihoods of already vulnerable communities in Africa. Reversing degradation of vital ecosystems and managing human population growthrate(improving the quality of the population)are key springboards for the implementation of mitigation and adaptation
strategies as well as improving coping mechanisms.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOGO, E893
Q2-3:
Q3:There is a huge lack of awareness of environmental issues in this area. It is due to a major problem which is the lackof environmental education.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BRAZIL, E904
Q2-3:
Q3:Where I live, north of the Brazilian Amazon, there are several environmental problems, but the biggest one I see isdeforestation for sale of timber and to make room for cattle and soy plantation.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E907
Q2-3:Education of women, availability of contraception, broad education of all.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Terence Hay-Edie, THAILAND, E908
Q2-3:
Q3:Concrete actions on the ground lead to visible results which have a good chance to influence policy and political action.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SOUTH AFRICA, E912
Q2-3:
Q3:A spirituality perspective is just as important in addressing lifestyle issues. Faith based organisation and religious
teachings also have a role to play in addressing lifestyle issues.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------gerard baars, THE NETHERLANDS, E920
Q2-3:The humans themselves are responsible for a change. If they want to make the difference they will select governmentsthat will/have to work on this issues.
Q3:No law can change anything without full acceptance of the civilians. It has been tried by dictators- in the end they failand will be exterminated. As long as the individual and the group does not want to make the difference nothing will
89

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

happen even if all scientists are telling that we are at the momentum of a transition era. Transition only can be successful if there is enough”human capacity”to make the change longlasting ad durable--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Paul Hofseth, NORWAY, E930
Q2-3:Research, development and deployment of technology happens on a background of education, public funding andmarket demand. Political consensus, enabling legislation and greener taxes and charges, presuppose public awarenessand agreement. Hence the first step is to disseminate knowledge and stimulate interest in sustainable paths into the
future.
Q3:A product used in one place today may have had environmental consequences in places far away and may cause problems
in times to come. People who can improve matters may live 50years earlier or 5000kilometres away from those whomeet the results. Separation of action from easily grasped consequences makes it difficult to prevent climate change,loss of biodiversity and dispersal of long lived pollutants. The immediate impact of urban pollution on health and wellbeing makes it easier to get consensus. A consequence of this is the need to focus public education on awareness ofthese long range connections and action to reduce risk. Nature is one. We need to divide environmental problems into
manageable subjects, but diligent work to solve one aspect at a time can easily lead to failure. One example is the useof palm oil as car fuel. Old plantations, less CO2, new plantations less biodiversity and uncertain climate results. Even
worse, maize for ethanol; less food and probably no CO2gain.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E931
Q2-3:The life style in western Europe has a massive ecological footprint, both within its political borders but also outside
via the exploitation of global resources. We need to develop further an ecological ethic and this should start at school.
It is important to educate citizens in both science and the humanities. The society need to be more aware and care more
about nature and other people.
Q3:I am currently more concerned about environmental issues generated by our unsustainable way of life in western Europe, especially ecological footprint in many parts of the world (out of sight, out of mind), including fisheries in oceanand coastal ecosystems, river and lake pollution due to mining activities and agricultural practices.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Darlington Munyikwa, ZIMBABWE, E934
Q2-3:The society needs to be educated on the causes and effects of climate change. Climate change is a global problem hence
the need to carry out a holistic approach involving governments, civil society and NGOs. Awareness campaigns should
be carried out at all levels. This involves mobilisation of resources (human and financial)as well as incorporation ofclimate change into national and international planning programmes. This calls for the inclusion of climate change in
the annual budgets.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INDIA, E943
Q2-3:
Q3:India being a developing country is facing several key issues relating to environment and Biodiversity loss. The current rate of conversion of agricultural, forests and coastal land of Gujarat into Industrial and Special Economic Zones
is causing rapid decline in environmental quality and Biodiversity Loss.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Perry Polar, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, E951
Q2-3:The issue which underlies all our environmental challenges is the nature of people. Although this is an oversimplification, there are people whose ethos is to contribute to society and there whose ethos is to take from society. Creating
the supporting environment (e.g. support for civil society, policies for waste/pollution reduction and recycling, etc.) for
the former will lead to greater gains for the environment and humanity. For the later, the strategies must go beyond justenvironmental education but address the fundamental issues which relate to purpose in life in order to change them topersons who contribute to building of society.
Q3:In many Caribbean countries, poor planning has lead to urban sprawl (i.e. low density development) which resultsin change in land use from natural environments or agriculture to housing. Efforts need to be put in place to educate
communities on land use issues, strengthen community planning, and strengthen the legislative and policy frameworks
which govern land use decisions in order to minimize sprawl.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Netosh Jones, USA, E955
Q2-3:Our problems affect all of us on the Earth. We are not alone, so through unified educational webinars and conferences
not only for "academia/scientific population" but for the citizens of the world. Each person as to know how we are indanger of no longer inhabiting the Earth if we do not act now.
Q3:Water issues in countries that have indigenous population Flooding and strong storms that threaten lives of population
Foods that are not grown by chemicals;90Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ernesto Guhl, COLOMBIA, E956
Q2-3:
Q3:I believe that the basic cause underlying the environmental problems that are endangering our present and our futureis the globalization of an economic model that is based upon the mistaken idea that the natural world capacity to provide us with Eco systemic goods and services has no limits. The false paradigm of permanent growth fueled by greed
and ambition has blinded our leaders and politicians, that are captured by the powerful short term economic interests.
If we want to have an environmentally rich and safe world, we need a cultural change backed by values, science andhonesty. The building of social capital making use of the potential of environmental issues to create common interestsand policies, based upon the above mentioned principles in matters such as water resources management, biodiversity
conservation, poverty alleviation and the improvement of life standards for the most vulnerable groups in society is
one powerful tool to have a happy, peaceful and safe planet.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Miroslav Raicevic, MONTENEGRO, E971
Q2-3:
Q3:I think that big business and some great country so pollute our atmosphere and through it in the ground and water toall the rest, small, or small countries, together with their efforts can not compensate the damage caused by the large
countries and their large capital!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aliyu Kawu, NIGERIA, E976
Q2-3:To resolve present environmental and social challenges of today, great concern must be given to education and advocacy. Just like slavery in the past, climate change and related issues can be tackled by education and winning support
and certainly not by sanctions or anything that looks like coercion or given a waiver.
Q3:Vulnerability of the majority of earth's population, who are poor, to climate change related catastrophes like flooding
and drought are of high concern in West Africa where I reside. But, more pressing are the policy issues that are on daily
basis exposing people to unfriendly natural and social conditions. Inter-regional cooperation is needed more in addressing
global hydro-meteorological challenges with increasing local consequences than the present blind pursuit of power anddiminishing resources. Too often national plans and programmes for mitigating disasters are locally focused. However,while natural disasters might hit places at varying tempo, the humanitarian crisis and surge in displaced persons oftentransmit unprecedented social issues to neighbours who never anticipated such calamities. Humanitarian crisis only
gets global attention if it involves thousands or equivalent of cities. For example, the daily Pan-Sahara transit of persons
displaced by drought seems to have eluded attention as a crisis even though it has populated most West African cities
with migrants least skilled for decent living and livelihood in these burgeoning human enclaves many already embattledwith epileptic facilities that have become the symbol of unplanned and ill-managed urbanization.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tanvir Ahmed Haroon, BANGLADESH, E977
Q2-3:The perspective of my country and of the other I see is this. The society is mostly dependent on its daily lives. Its objective can not be fulfilled my environmental issues if it can't he its essential needs. Formaldehyde and its variations areused in fish, meat, vegetable and fruits. Everyone knows yet they buy. The same issues with Climate, Global Warming
and any other disaster. The problem is not the science. Science is fact the problem is the bridge between society andscience. So Society and Education is that essential. Cause science without practice and acceptance is just a failure.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Phil C. Beard, CANADA, E981
Q2-3:society desires change, however they don't know what to do, need leadership and support to demonstrate/teach sustainability and transition to low carbon economy and lifestyles. Most in rural areas like the Maitland watershed are visual
learners, seeing is believing for them. Surveys/interviews with rural people especially farmers are that they want to see
new systems being tried and working before they will consider making changes. They would rather try and react tothe changes and impacts they are experiencing than be proactive in terms of making transformative changes. Lack ofleadership from governments and support network in terms of identifying the need for transformative change to copewith the impacts of a rapidly changing climate on rural communities, agriculture and forestry. Need to redevelop an
effective extension network to work with rural communities and agriculture to redesign their agricultural systems andespecially water management systems. The Coon Creek Watershed Project undertaken in the 1930's in Wisconsin, USA
is the best example of how education and extension can bring about transformative change. Changes undertaken in the
1930's still being followed to do. Most resilient agricultural watershed in North America. Elements of success: community involvement,local leadership; right mix of technical support from social, economic and environmental fields,right economic incentives to support change.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------91

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

AUSTRIA, E986
Q2-3:The relatively high average income and the increasing marketing pressure on the majority of the people in central andwestern Europe leads to a consumer's behaviour that is in no way aware of the consequences regarding the environment.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Praveen Malik, INDIA, E987
Q2-3:Though actions in all categories need action, education and awareness about issues and possible solutions are of utmost
importance. Once the majority in the population are educated on the issues, they will participate on their own in solving the issues and will take care of rest of the issues including those related to political will, economy and adoption ofscientific technology.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tebogo MOHUDI, SOUTH AFRICA, E988
Q2-3:Community measures include management of aliens to reduce unnecessary water loss, environmental education to theyoung people about the importance of saving our world (South Africa).
Q3:One needs to be cautious, however, not to assume these changes will be experienced uniformly across the region. For
example, the western parts of South Africa will become drier whilst the eastern parts will become wetter, and central
Botswana will become much hotter faster than surrounding areas.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ROMANIA, E995
Q2-3:Lack of education about environmental problems are reflected in wrong political actions and proper measures.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hem Sagar, NEPAL, E997
Q2-3:How human manage its own populations and actions often depend on a cultured and educated society. Having said thisthe society needs to be well off in terms of basic facilities earning, education, living etc.
Q3:We are greedy. Our actions are not looking beyond our immediate needs. We are not considering the consequences fromover-exploitaton, unplanned development, our life styles, etc. We must be ready to give up if we are consuming morethat what is needed. There are plenty of people in the rest of the world who are in need of basic livelihood sustenance.
The richer communities should really think of giving up some of the extra comfort and truly make a difference on the
ground by personal engagement. The world will be more sustainable, will look better as people will be happier!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LAXMI KANT DADHICH, INDIA, E999
Q2-3:Few years back from now environment was the part of nature which still is , but with a grip of politicians of the world
seemed to be dictating the world and its economy without thinking of the consequences heading towards the destruction. In OUR COMMON FUTURE the report submitted by Mrs. Brundtland, it was made very clear that developmentof any nation would depend upon sustainability of nature and a follow up was given as "development without destruction" which could not be followed and the world is left with devastation without any environmental citizenship. People
at large are taking their own decision without any thinking about their own survival and the existence which has been
put on stake and the Governments are looking blindly which is evident from No Action. Can any government afford todeny about climate change, global warming, desertification, deforestation, Rise in Carbon di oxide level, rise in pollution level, rise in oil spill, loss of biodiversity , melting of glaciers with a rise in incidence of natural and man madedisasters. If not, then what is the political action taken at global level by the world leaders ? It is very clear that in spiteof all the scientific, technical and technological developments through our most sophisticated laboratories we would
not be able to procure AIR,WATER AND SOIL so freely as is available today through nature. Politicians at global levelshould be sincere to understand the value of nature and its sustainability should not be questioned ? In stead , all efforts
be made to restore nature with a view point of moving and developing vis -a- vis nature and not without it. Resourcesof the world in general and of Asia in particular are coming to their limits in providing basic water, energy, food andagricultural products. It is clear that with growing demand and inefficient use of resources the people of Asia will beforced to live in rather a resource constraint world. The resource constraint is expected to become even more acute for
Asia in the coming years with serious implications for growth as well as its environment and climate, peace , prosperity
and harmony.
Q3:Well it is very clear that three things can very well be developed by a man as character, health and one's career but at
the same time no laboratory in the world can produce natural air, natural water and the natural soil. Mother Earth isproviding all these essential components free of charge to the man kind as its courtesy. Now is the time to have technology which can regulate the smooth availability of all the above abiotic components for the betterment of the humanity.
Increase in river and ocean pollution, soil contamination: eutrophication caused by excessive nitrogen and phosphorus
and contamination by chemical substances; atmospheric pollution: particulates suspended in the atmosphere, soot andchemical substances are the threats to the AAQ and where nature is finding it difficult to cope up with the man made92

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

creations for the very survival and the existence of the livestock available on this beautiful planet named as earth.
Progress towards implementing an economic system to reflect environmental costs, the bearing of social costs: imposition of taxes for fossil fuels that emit CO2, which cause global warming-related damages; TEEB (The Economics of
Ecosystems and Biodiversity), etc. The operation of an environmentally conscious economy: the realization of a green
economy, sustainable economic development, etc. may be limited towards so called development and may be that we
may end up with no supply of the essential abiotic components of the nature. Let us look seriously towards TEEB where
how wonderfully the ecosystem services are provided and the very economy and the ecology has been fused together
to maintain the economic and the ecological balance. A very clear view point about the governance of air, water andsoil shall have to be put in looking to the carrying capacity of the earth other wise political governance will throw theincreasing population inside the covering area of the natural disasters to become environmental refugees. Water ? whereis water in a shadow of climate change and global warming. So , becomes the fate of lovely soil which has the strengthand capacity of providing life to a tiny seed and a big tree along with so many living on this earth, but not bothering
for soil which in turn is pushing the life forward and pulling the disasters backwards. Afforestation with love mightsolve the problem but deforestation is sure to create the problem of devastation. Development without destruction is
our motto for sustainability and what have we achieved through MDG'S is no secret to any one in the world. We still
have a big opportunity through SDG'S wherein the mistakes made be ratified and sense of understanding for nature
be renovated with proper conservation of biodiversity, air water and soil so that we are not deprived of the ecosystemservices provided honestly by the nature. When we think of water ecologically we must know that It is of no use toconsider wild ideas of global depopulation to decrease demand, or even to simply trade water as a precious commodity.
What is actually required - including from those at the very top of the global ruling elite - is to fundamentally change
several thousand years of stubborn insistence of profit and gain at the expense of all else. There is no gain, only loss atthe very end, which we humans could very well be nearing at the rate that we are going. The same mass media culturethat perpetuates this wasteful consumerist culture can at the click of a finger be switched around to teach the masses tostart to slowly change their ways and become more aware of conserving not wasting. The power of the mass media is
indisputable and it is common knowledge that consumer trends are a direct result of mass media initiatives. Clearly much
more is yet to be seen in Australia regarding future weather patterns and the effect this will take on primary resources
like water, global warming and all it is ramifications withstanding. Additionally there are many new and renewed ideas
such as hydroponics, individual rainwater catchments, wind and solar energy alternatives that could drastically decrease
most of humankind's current wasteful ways. The various concepts, stories and solutions from the many Indigenous
people of the world regarding the environment and water management are best to be heeded. Any notion of superiority
over one another is of no use when it comes to the simple fact that it is water that every human being on this planetneeds to survive, and that this resource needs to be respected and conserved and not wasted unnecessarily. Many of us
hoped that the report of the Brundtland Commission had changed and suggested the solution to all that called as environmental problems. It pointed out that an essentially open economic system is pushing so hard against an essentiallyclosed ecological system that we are approaching major breakdowns in some of the planet's most vital life support
systems. It stressed that the environment must become one of the most critical ingredients in economic policy and thatthe decision makers at the highest level must take the lead in developing policies for sustainable development. Solution
to the problem lies in public understanding through environmental education which must be reexamined in the light ofinteractions between the public, industry, governmental and non governmental organizations. Otherwise let us be surethat the recent world environment day 2015 theme ” SEVEN BILLION DREAMS, ONE PLANET, CONSUME WITH
CARE ” will also explain that earth will continue to be there so do not bother for the earth but bother for mankind andalso the self as devastating components shall only damage the life and property to allow the ecosystems of the earth tohave their own course of action after the total end ? Therefore it will be a wise effort to live in Peace and not in pieces
and that can only happen when we treat the environment in its holistic approach as the rules are made for the people
and the environment and not vice versa. Shall we really have a global political, administrative and social will to settle
the issues for the pleasure of the MOTHER EARTH.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ILBOUDO OUSMANE, BURKINA FASO, 005F
Q2-3:Lifestyle changes
Education and clarification activities regarding environmental issues
Q3:The environment should be a focus of concern for all the world populations without exception, all the more so because
these populations experience environmental issues of one sort or the other. This is indispensable for a meaningful environmental management that is durable.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------KEITA MANDA SADIO , MALI, 008F
Q2-3:
Q3:We are of the opinion that the main concern is the climate change and its general impact on the environment and on
society. We believe that the solutions must be primarily social, educational, and economic. These areas of responsemust be supported by the political sphere, because the latter holds decision-making power.
93

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FRANCE, 013F
Q2-3:We protect better what we love and know
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CONGO, 023F
Q2-3:Ensuring that local communities have secure land and forest rights, as well related procedural rights, such as the rightto participate in the environmental decision-making process, like the FPIC (Free, prior and informed consent), but also
ensuring that they have a right of access to environmental information, and the corresponding right to appeal if theirrequests are denied without proper justification.
Q3:It is undoubtedly true that currently the most important environmental problem is climate change, which has a wholearray of negative impacts at the social and economic levels in the affected communities. Each case requires a specificsolution, but better education of the population seems to be a valid general response to all the above mentioned issues,
including climate change. Once the population is aware of the consequences of climate changes on their daily lives,
their economies, their society and environment, it will most likely adopt behaviors that will help reduce the effects ofthis scourge or that will help in the adaptation to such climate changes. For these reasons, we believe that providing the
populations with an education about the environment is an optimal response to environmental problems and the threats
they pose to humankind.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COTE D'IVOIRE, 024F
Q2-3:Social and education areas are the most indicated, as they reach all strata of society, including children and the future
generation.
Q3:Africa has abundant human and economic potential, and it is rich in mineral resources. Yet, war and other recurrent
armed conflicts hobble its development and inflict serious damage to its environment (deforestation, illegal exploitationof its resources, poverty, corruption, etc.).
The African States must combine their efforts to put an end to all these armed conflicts and focus on the social and economic
development of their populations.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mohamed Nejmeddine BRADAI, TUNISIA, 026F
Q2-3:
Q3:All these problems require:- More equality among populations and regarding the sharing of resources- More observance of human rights- Streamlining the largest world organizations: UN, FAO, UNPD, WHO, etc., for the benefit of the whole world.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mohsen KALBOUSSI, TUNISIA, 027F
Q2-3:The education of populations regarding the scarcity of water resources is an indispensable measure in order to avoid
crisis situations that are difficult to manage or overcome.
Q3: In a world where war is the means by which conflicts are dealt with, in particular in Africa
and the Arab world, there is little hope that environmental matters are given the priority they deserve.
In conflict zones, the environment is the first victim of the warring parties, with all the disastrous consequences for humankind as a whole (extinction of species, annihilation of decades of initiatives forthe conservation of endangered species and of combats against global warming or desertification, etc.).
The United Nations system thus loses strength and loses its credibility regarding the management of the major global
environmental issues. The financiers are the ones deciding our future, and they are leading us straight into a catastrophe.
Unfortunately, there is presently no alternative to this system and crisis will only intensify and worsen in the coming years.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BURKINA FASO, 030F
Q2-3:Environmental problems derive from the absence of clear environmental policies. The environment dimension must
be included in the strategic plan for education. The institutions must finance projects aiming at instilling the culture of
the environment, at convincing of the need to rehabilitate and respect the environment at the level of rural and forest
populations.
Q3:The most important environmental problem is, in my opinion, the management of plastic waste. One frequently sees inour cities plastic recipients or bags floating or littered here and there. Sometimes they get stuck on windshields on the
spokes of motorcycles. Certain countries have already taken measure aiming at solving this problem, but there should
be a concertation between all the countries of the sub-region in order to devise and implement a joint response.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------OYO Pierre, CONGO, 032F
Q2-3:
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Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q3:My country and region suffers from numerous environmental issues. They include the loss of biological resources, contaminationsof all types, chemical products, and alien invasive species, among other problems arising from climate change or climate disruption.
Contamination problems are actually linked to underdevelopment. In effect, in some underdeveloped cities, there is anabsolute lack of residential waste disposal services, and of refuse and waste treatment facilities. Garbage ends up on thestreets, or otherwise in inappropriate places that are called "dumps." What is dumped there, or on the streets, is then burned.
As a result of all the garbage, including plastics, being burnt, there is air pollution, with the accompanying foul odors.
N o r e a l p o l i c i e s t o c o m b a t p o l l u t i o n , o r g e n u i n e e nv i r o n m e n t p o l i c i e s , a r e i n p l a c e .
In this country, we cannot discuss environmental issues without mentioning the crucial issue of poverty. Furthermore,
to tackle these problems, it is necessary to launch large-scale and concurrent initiatives in the areas of the fight against
poverty, education, awareness-raising and training, and it is also required to build adapted infrastructure.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MADAGASCAR, 033F
Q2-3:Madagascar must bolster its educational sector to effect real change in the area of socioeconomic and political development, and to promote a sustainable and reasonable environmental conservation system. In the current state of affairs,
academic success rates at schools have been dropping, and the 2009 political crisis only made this worse. Thus, it is
not certain that the goals that were set in terms of educational development will be reached in our country.
Q3:In Madagascar, the fundamental issue of the degradation of the environment stems from the fragility of the policies governing
the educational system. These policies are inadequate as they do not meet the essential needs of populations who in generalrely on immediately exploitable natural resources. This educational system is not able to lift most people beyond primaryschool, and, as a result, most citizens are not competitive in an increasingly global economic system. Again, education shouldbe the foundation of sustainable development. It is an essential means for changing and improving the values, attitudes,
skills, behaviors and lifestyles, rendering them more consistent with sustainable development inside and among countries.
The concept of sustainable development encompasses key areas such as- social aspects (raising the understanding of social institutions and of the role they play in terms of progress and development, promoting social justice, sex equality, Human Rights, democratic and participative systems, and healthcare);- the environment (raising the awareness regarding the resources, the fragility of the natural environment, the impact
on human activities on the environment, climate change, the protection of the environment and of the biodiversity);- the economy (raising awareness regarding the implications and limits of economic growth, its impact on society andon the environment, encouraging responsible and sustainable consumption, and rural development);
Sustainable development is also based on a cultural dimension. The values, the diversity, the knowledge, languages andworld views associated to culture have an impact on how we address the matters linked to the education and awarenessraising actions about sustainable development in specific national contexts.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Taibou BA, SENEGAL, 037F
Q2-3:As humans, we cannot understand what we are unable to quantify or measure. We must first understand the mechanisms
in order to be able to foresee or limit their effects.
Q3:The degradation of the ecosystems is a direct result of human activities and is linked to climate change, which is in
my opinion the most important environmental issue that should be tackled.
Climate change brings about all the other environmental problems such as the dwindling biodiversity, the extinction or
endangerment of certain species, whether they are terrestrial or marine species.
Therefore, we should encourage the global process of the Red List of Ecosystems, reinforce the technical and financial
capabilities of nations, and principally of developing countries so that they can adhere to this process and start drafting
their red list of ecosystems; this would be an important first step to gain a better knowledge of the condition of the biodiversity but also of the level of land and soil degradation, and this knowledge would allow to devise a set of measures
for a better resilience, adaptation and mitigation.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COTE D'IVOIRE, 040F
Q2-3:Agricultural country; low environmental education of the population which is illiterate in its majority, and use of archaic
agriculture methods that destroy the biodiversity.
Q3:Taking into consideration as well as estimating the ecosystem services is essential for generating a worldwide consensus in favor of safeguarding the environment. Personally, I remain persuaded that the environmental economy (green
economy) is the key for the adhesion of all countries to a common policy of worldwide preservation of the environment.
The ability to determine a cost or a price of ecosystems services will allow to measure the loss that the destruction ofdifferent resources represents for humankind.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MADAGASCAR, 041F
Q2-3:
Q3:In developing countries such as Madagascar, environmental problems are caused by several factors, including the poverty ofresource deprived populations made worse by illiteracy and the lack of education. In addition to all of the above: the recur95

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

ring political problems, practically chronicle, do not allow a sustainable development that would ensure the conservation of
the biodiversity. Thus, growing populations strive to survive at the expense of irrationally overexploited natural resources.
Certain conservation measures that seem to succeed for 10 or even 20 years can be entirely annihilated by corrupt,
unscrupulous rulers.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MADAGASCAR, 042F
Q2-3:
Q3:Climate change is currently the primary issue affecting the world. The rise in temperatures as a result of the greenhousegas emissions causes dwindling rainfall, floods, and the propagation of certain diseases such as malaria. The growing
scarcity of water sources brings about starvation and poverty, especially in the less advanced countries. In order todeal with this scourges, the developed countries put in place incentives to help other countries elaborate strategies tocombat this situation. The only possible means of response are mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation is a strategy aiming at reducing the greenhouse gas emissions, while adaptation is a strategy aiming at lessening the vulnerabilities andbuilding resilience.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K002
Q2-3:We should reform the legal system and achieve the sustainable government.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K006
Q2-3:We should reinforce penalty when violating environmental laws.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K013
Q2-3:To be aware of problems and think correctly, we need to learn naturally from an early age.
Q3:Because of preferring a convenient and fast life, we perceive environmental problems as others’ businesses. However,
we should realize that problems do not exist only in books.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K014
Q2-3:Stop developing the 4 Rivers and let them remain natural.
Q3:Nature itself revives.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K015
Q2-3:Economic activities in specific areas such as business enterprises cause the excessive energy consumption and carbon
emission. Based on the environmental equity, legal regulations on business activities are necessary.
Q3:Considering the corresponding responsibilities for the environmental issues, we should devise and enforce the fairpolicy legislation.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K018
Q2-3:Schools need to intensify the environmental immersion education. Environment should be the basis of the government
policies.
Q3:In a current capitalism and profit-centered society, the environment will continue to deteriorate without any policychanges.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K020
Q2-3:
Q3:There are a lot of efforts than it used to be. However, we still see the land degradation, the environmental and biologicalextinction due to the reckless development. We should adhere to the efficient use of land and preserve the ecosystem.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K021
Q2-3:Policies to restrict disposable products are needed.
Q3:We should raise awareness willing to accept the inconvenience.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K024
Q2-3:We need a global commitment to mitigate the climate change. Each country should establish concrete action plans(policies).
Q3:Climate change is related to almost every major issue such as biodiversity, food, epidemics, health, and etc.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K026
96

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q2-3:Unless we make a habit from an early age, it is difficult to act out.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K029
Q2-3:We need nation-wide campaigns to enhance public awareness. (Government and enterprises should get involved targeting citizens.)
Q3:The reaction of people is not satisfactory compared to the urgency. We should realize how much the environmental
issues influence our life sustainability, and think about what we can do and change.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K030
Q2-3:We should be exposed continuously to the environmental crisis through the media such as public service advertisements
and guerrilla environmental events. Then we should keep the record of change after participation.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K031
Q2-3:Changing an individual lifestyle is important. But it is the industrial change that has a greater effect.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K033
Q2-3:Even though professional educations and forum activities are important, we need to join them with fun and bring about
the change of behaviors, and look for activities influencing others.
Q3:People focus on only certain environmental issues. We need to lay a platform for the access to environmental issues
taking place in real time. Public participation is required.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K034
Q2-3:We need an underlying idea that the earth is one community. We should start to solve a problem with realizing that theenvironment is most valuable.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K035
Q2-3:We must have environmental educations, environmental activities (at school), and activate related media programs.
Q3:We need to enhance the basic public awareness. We should change a worldview to cherish the environment prior toother mandatory policies.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K036
Q2-3:It depends on the willingness of countries spending CO2 reduction energy a lot.
Q3:Since the whole world is closely connected, the responsive cooperation is necessary.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------REPUBLIC OF KOREA, K039
Q2-3:We should combine education with regulatory policies such as Jong-Ryang-Je (Garbage usage-based pricing model).
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PERU, 003S
Q2-3:Education and teaching are the basic foundations for solving environmental problems to a great extent, while this is
the result of a lack of awareness and a lack of prioritization and sustainability when using resources. The transformation of generations provides new opportunities to promote and spread knowledge about environmental problems andteach values to people related to the use of natural resources, thereby achieving responsible consumption lifestyles andlow waste. This would help to solve a large part of future environmental problems to a significant extent, generating adomino effect that would replicate itself in different fields and above all, appreciating and putting environmental themesin first place ahead of traditional economic systems and ???
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mariano Gimenez Dixon, ARGENTINA, 004S
Q2-3:With social changes and education and problem awareness, changes can be implemented in the political and economic
areas.
Q3:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Maria Inmaculada Romero Bujan, SPAIN, 006S
Q2-3:Education and social awareness in the only effective means of fighting.
97

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SERGIO MATTOS FONSECA, BRAZIL, 009S

Q2-3:Increase of pollution in rivers, seas and on the earth.
Q3:The climate of a region has a significant impact on most human activity. On the other hand, humans can also contribute toward causing changes in the environment, which in many cases may be irreparable and harmful. Within thevarious human activities that can potentially cause moderate to substantial climate change, urbanization is the onethat makes the greatest contribution to such alterations (MAITELLI, 1991; GOLDREICH, 1992; JÁUREGUI, 1992).
One of the most significant climatic changes caused by urbanization is the increase in air temperature in relation to theneighboring environment. This phenomenon is known as the “urban heat island.” These heat changes are the result of acomplex interaction of factors, among which the following deserve specific mention: the replacement of green spaces
by other urban spaces with distinct thermal characteristics; the different inclinations and orientations of the urban surfaces; the anthropic heat generation by the urban complex; the reduction in the quantity of vegetation, and the qualityof the atmospheric air in urban areas. (LOWRY, 1967).
Despite the numerous discussions about the variations in urban climate, the majority of studies in this regard were developed without considering the consequences in the different urban areas, where there is still a relatively small amountof research associated with risk areas in every municipal district. Identifying and measuring the phenomenon of theurban heat island, including its correlation with other factors characteristic of urban regions, can provide important
assistance in the study of urban planning, thus improving the quality of the environment, mapping and minimizing therisks to buildings and human life.
The various changes caused by man through the process of urbanization have contributed to environmental impacts,
altering the ecological characteristics of the urban environment, mainly in cities where growth takes place in a disorderly
manner and without adequate planning. In these areas, the environmental impact as a result of urbanization creates
serious consequences for the quality of the environment. Special supervision and prevention is needed in such changes
with the aim of improving the quality of thermal heat in the urban environment, quantifying the intensity of the urban
heat islands in these cities and the consequences for the thermal heat comfort of these locations. The CULTIMAR™
project in connection with the Community Brigades – Volunteers will contribute toward providing subsidies for planningstudies, controlling the quality of the urban environment and preventing disasters by means of educational incentives
carried out by the volunteers.
In his study of volunteer work, MATTOS-FONSECA (2001) emphasizes that the research into the efforts made byvolunteers shows that individuals from the same group of interests or common goals, provided they are people driven
by reasoning and pursuing their own interests, with the understanding that everybody would benefit if these goals wereachieved, will do everything in their power to accomplish the goals. Logic for the collective response proposed by
Olson (1999) suggests that: “…rational individuals who are focused on their own interests will not act to promote thecommon or group interests.”
He states that all the rational and determined participants of a large group, even if they obtain advantages, will not act
voluntarily to promote the common or group interests, thus undermining the logic of volunteerism:“There is, paradoxically, a logical possibility that established groups or altruistic individuals or irrational individuals
may at times act in favor of common or group interests. …the customary view that a group of individuals with common
or group interests tends to promote those interests seems to have little merit, if any.” (Olson 1999).
The Olson hypothesis was therefore placed as a conceptual hurdle in the mid-1960s for the development of volunteerism,
contrary to Salamon (1993, cited in Fernandes, 1994) that deduced, through surveys conducted in 1982, a rise of 65%
in the number of non-profit organizations that existed in the USA from the 1960s, also determining growth of 221%in the collection of philanthropic British entities, thus baptizing this as the third sector on the rise. Like its European
counterparts, beyond the State and the Market, there is volunteer activity undertaken by associations in Latin America,
which is not a novelty in this day and age:
“Conversely, there are those who prefer to call them the Primary Sector, precisely to enhance the logical and historicadvances.” (Fernandes, 1994).
Far from reaching a theoretical basis of volunteerism, since it is not the aim of this study, the 1960s and 1970s are theprecise milestones of the development of organized initiatives that led to the rise of organizations in the USA and Europe
at the time of the first global conference on the environment in Stockholm, Sweden. Those volunteer groups defending the environmental cause, still undertaking demonstrations without being very organized, but nonetheless alreadyfocused on their common interests (or mankind), had an influence in their own way over the inheritance of the nuclear
energy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki or against the externalities of Minamata in Japan. The 1980s and 1990s drew thegreen ecologists into the volunteering scenario once and for all, or through the creation of political parties or NGOs.
Environmental volunteerism experienced growth in all directions at the end of this millennium, proliferating ecologicalawareness in various forms, from Gaia to the Neo-Malthusian support capacity, not being spared the skeptical judgmentof common sense (i), but gaining growing credibility (ii) as raised by Landim & Thompson (1993):(i) - “…“non-profit” has frequently been understood as fraud or the unlawful appropriation of funds, while “non98

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

governmental” has been associated with “anti-governmental.” In fact, the differences between organizations are notnecessarily related to their legal frameworks, but rather the manner of operating, the ideology of the members, theorigins and the current position in society.”(ii) - “Without a doubt, this group of organizations gained legitimacy and recognition because they share (aside fromthe form aspects) a common identity that reinforces its commitment with the building of democracy and civil society,thus respecting human rights and an awareness of the relationship between ecology and development in the defenseof the rights of minority groups where these organizations came to life during dictatorships, who think globally whileintervening locally.”
MATTOS-FONSECA (2001) determined through their study that the volunteer initiatives of environmental organizations, as well as the proposal of local initiatives for global benefit and a holistic and motivating understanding of thosevolunteer incentives, far from altruistic or irrational straightforwardness, have gained merit and formed an awarenessof the need to understand and participate sustainably in the economy of nature as human beings.
In recent years, Niterói has emerged as a point of support for oil-producing cities in the country. Due to its ideal location in between the two biggest oil basins and natural gas fields in Brazil, Bacia de Campos and Santos, the municipal
area is of strategic importance for the national growth of this sector.
The recovery of the naval industry and investments in skilled labor have driven this development forward. Presently,
Niterói is among the 100 best Brazilian cities for business. In the oil sector alone, according to the Instituto Brasileiro
de Petróleo e Gas (IBP), the region accounts for 70% of the park located in Fluminense, ranging from offshore companies to shipyards.
With the adoption of strategies directed at more economical areas, Niterói, aside from recovering its traditional naval
industry, expanded its business in sectors such as technological and scientific research, civil engineering, commerce,
tourism and services. In summary:
Area: 129 km2
Population: 474,002 inhabitants (information from 2007 – IBGE)
Demographic density: 3,504 inhabitants/km2
Average altitude: 5 metres above sea level
Foundation date: 1573
Distance from Rio de Janeiro: 13 km
Presently, 100% of the city has access to drinking water.
75% of Niterói is covered by sewage treatment, while the national average is less than 20%.
The coast has 11 km of beach.
Only 13 kilometres separate Niterói from the Wonderful City. It already deserves a visit for its beautiful view from the
major tourist location of Rio de Janeiro. However, Niterói is much more. The Museum of Contemporary Art (MAC),
the Fortes Complex, the famous Fish Market, the Fashion Pole, the diversified market and the excellent gastronomy
highlight Niterói as a tourism destination of importance at a national level. Niterói is not short of examples that havemade it one of the best Brazilian cities in which to live, work and invest. Betting on the production capacity of its residents and its potential for business, as happens in the naval industry for instance, Niterói has won, in a solid manner, aplace of prominence in Fluminense and on the national stage.
The current project is the result of discussions and analyses undertaken in the scope of the CEI, with the participationof a multi-disciplinary team. From the group’s academic and professional experience, the aim was to access, throughdistinct visions, the impact of environmental degradation on the city of Niterói (RJ), and the disorganized occupation of
the hills and slopes, with the objective of identifying methods and adequate solutions for developing a sustainable city.
Setting up and developing an organism of Community Brigades – Volunteers requires appropriate infrastructures forthe planning of initiatives, an intelligence and processing data center, and training; in short, an operational base that isable to house the management of the project activities of CULTIMAR™ Climate & Risk.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEXICO, 011S
Q2-3:To change a paradigm, new models are needed. This models must be incrusted in society and therefore, it is an educational task to meet people and demonstrate the impacts of their doing. There is no bigger multiplicator the education.
Once a paradigm is set, it is like dealing with an addict who is acting like "off turkey"
Q3:- I miss the distinction between "Drivers" and "Effects"
The above mentioned 11 points + other are a mix of drivers and effects. Mixing this two terms in the present discussion
waters down the impact and broadens the search for causes.
- Environmental problems are not the problem of the environment, they are a human problem
The discussion on environmental problems is held within an anthropocentric -even worse, of present generation- view.
We as human should be more humble and respectful with what is surrounding us.
-The third "problem" - Uso de tierra (land use, land use change) ((I would prefer the term soil use))
The way we use and "consume" soil is criminal. Industrialised agriculture is one of the biggest producer of GHG (driver).
The conversion of soil carbon in atmospheric carbon is not just a matter of CO2 emissions but also a matter of loss of99

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

soil fertility. Soil use is a consequence of living style. The more we consume, the more we abuse the soil, directly (mining, erosion, pollution) and indirectly (degradation, decertification). Including the well ment use of biomass as energy
source: the carbon withdrawn from the land for energetic use is in direct competition to the recuperation of humus (thecarbon rich stratus of soil which is the fertile part).
This was happening -and is going on- in the last 200 years. Today we add at least two violations to the soil: i) nanoparticles (mainly plastics) and ii) artificial hormones (medicine). Both act with unforeseeable consequences, with
impacts on the food security for future generations, similar as radio active or chemical contamination. However: nanoparticles and hormones are widely spread outthere. We turned the soil in an experimental lab with no way of turning
back or remediation.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Clara Solano Gutierrez, COLOMBIA, 013S
Q2-3:It's not just a response, I think that generating life changes starts from a deep human conviction, and this only originatesfrom education and social movements.
Q3:Part of the solution is that the formulated policies are fulfilled at least in our country, and that is why I believe that thesolution is not creating more policies; I believe we should promote and govern so that they are fulfilled.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LEON MORALES FERNANDO, PERU, 019S
Q2-3:
Q3:The challenges provided by the environmental problem to 21st century society require responses and actions in different areas, however a key area is the change in the conduct and behavior of society. We have the primary responsibility
for teaching the future generations to have respect for the planet, and in that sense the educational area and awarenessare key elements. Individual decisions bring about social changes, and these result in deep transformations. This is an
aspect that should not be neglected.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ECUADOR, 023S
Q2-3:If we develop greater awareness regarding the importance of the planet and our acts as a productive society, we canlook for alternatives for life that will secure our survival.
Q3:The direct actors, the ones who live with the problems, and the ones who find solutions. The impositions and proposals
from outside don’t fit, they last as long as the project lasts, and they don’t secure sustainability. People act when there
is a need, it seems, and not before.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EL SALVADOR, 024S
Q2-3:I consider that to the extent to which people (the population) know about their environmental problems, they becomeaware and introduce changes in their lifestyles. That is why the educational actions are basic to promote sustainablechanges in the attention given to environmental problems.
Q3:The use and conservation of ecosystems and natural resources in recent years is cause for concern, because the degreeof decline that has been reached is basically related to the inadequate value that society places on its contribution to thesurvival and wellbeing of society.
The environmental decline is alarming. Hydrological resources are reducing more and more as a consequence of aseries of variables including indiscriminate tree felling, forest destruction, the advancement of agricultural boundaries,
etc., exacerbated by residual waste unloading, waste pollution and agrochemicals; population growth and urban areas;
thereby becoming a threat to the health and socioeconomic development of the country.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BOLIVIA, 028S
Q2-3:
Q3:All the environmental problems must include the topic of gender and generational problems that are truly bonded tothe topic of the community and local and territorial spaces. In this way, the promotion of alternative technologies must
be incorporated.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Carmela Landeo Sanchez, PERU, 030S
Q2-3:The impact on natural resources, biodiversity in general and environmental services is the result of the sum total of theindividual practices, and in this regard (education) hasn’t been worked on seriously enough. Politicians as members of
this society are included, an educated society will produce educated politicians and in the same way educated citizens
will have a greater critical capacity to choose and “manage” their representatives.
Q3:In relation to the previous point, we have experienced some decades in which diverse economic interests have educatedus as “consumers.” In that sense it is necessary to understand that when we speak about education for conservation, we
don’t have to focus on the entitled “environmental education,” but on education as an integral process that contributes
to the training of responsible citizens, with the consciousness of the “other and his rights” that includes the future
generations as well.
100Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Maria Monica de Rivas, SPAIN, 032S
Q2-3:If we don't begin making the children aware, they will live on the edge of the problems around them.
Q3:I always write the same thing: without environmental education, it is impossible to change the egotistical mentality of
the unscrupulous third world governments.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dionora Viquez, PANAMA, 033S
Q2-3:Social and educational fields involve interactions with communities, and with them comes the redefinition of the paradigm and the building of synergies that achieve changes in attitude and aptitude regarding troublesome topics to reachan agreement and establish a combination of strategies that contribute to a better quality of life and the surroundings
where they live.
Q3:The loss of wooded areas on a global scale, which influences all the 12 aspects listed in Question 1 either directly or
indirectly, is worrisome.
This loss of vegetation coverage affects the safety of human beings, structures, and communities, for example coastlines without mangroves are more susceptible to the strong storms caused by climate change.
We can also see cases where gallery forests are eliminated and some years later bodies of water disappear, be they gorges,
rivers or others, resulting in the loss of an important function such as the supply of water to citizens, a phenomenon
suffered by some cities around the world.
But apart from the topic of water there are other environmental services provided by woods, such as helping to improve the quality of the air, providing a barrier against strong winds, diminishing exposure tonoises and many other different services whose true value is not recognized by the residents of this world.
Despite global reforestation campaigns, industrial and businesses groups, like real estate groups, refuse to understandhow the removal of large wooded areas that they undertake as part of development projects affects the quality of lifeof people and the ecosystem.
Accordingly, as with the other topics, the social and educational areas are important because as there are more and more
people who understand how are we altering the biogeochemical cycles of the planet and how the future will affect us,
we can see a change in social groups in terms of how they internalize and observe the resources the planet gives us ina different way, and they will protect them.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Enrique Alberto Crespo, ARGENTINA, 036S
Q2-3:With education, politicians and economists will form their ideas in a context that is different from the actual one.
Q3:The greatest responsibility is that of the politicians and the economical groups, and by means of the education thepoliticians will understand the environmental problems and make them their own.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COLOMBIA, 038S
Q2-3:Without education and without creating awareness among the generations about the planet's environmental problems,
all the efforts made will be in vain, because the common people will continue polluting and destroying the environment.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHILE, 044S
Q2-3:There will be no change in our consumerist lifestyle (social change) if there is no change in the area of education.
Political, economic, scientific and technological changes are no use if the growth and consumption paradigm is notchanged.
Q3: On a finite planet, nothing can grow forever; not the population, or food, or even the economy.
All the environmental problems originate from the paradigm of growth and consumption, and that is what must change.
If we don’t do this we will be extinguished, but that is not so serious, as the planet will establish a new balance without
us and nobody will tell the story.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JUAN CARLOS ARAYA, CHILE, 045S
Q2-3:Nothing is achieved if there is no awareness among the human beings who have to set the measures to be proposed andadopted. It is necessary to educate the new generations and younger people and inform the adults, because it is easierto get them to change their behavioral habits.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GUATEMALA, 046S
Q2-3:Education is fundamental to ensuring that a new generation of citizens is more sensitive to environmental matters; thisway there will be more pressure on politicians to undertake corrective measures in the economic and political areas.
This will bring about lifestyle changes in the medium term.
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Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q3:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Juan Jose Consejo, MEXICO, 047S
Q2-3:There is a major shortage of information on a general level in terms of local nature, environmental and social problems.
Q3:I believe that the solution to the environmental problems requires a radical change in social attitude and a change ofvision, paradigms and objectives that will reduce the impact on nature and human groups, rather than simply procuring
a simple improvement in our efficiency. That is what we aspire to at the Oaxaca Nature and Society Institute.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PERU, 049S
Q2-3:There are political, economic and scientific proposals for improving the situation of our environment, but those who
manage or understand this information are in the minority. Most of the population (95%) is ignorant of the future consequences of environmental changes, and that is why it is essential to educate the population on environmental matters.
Q3:Most of the conclusions about the environmental problems being faced by the country are the result of recent studies
undertaken by scientists, mainly foreigners, who use sophisticated modeling software that is inaccurate in many cases
because of the lack of climate or biodiversity data (not cataloged flora and fauna).
This problem could be solved if the universities and investigation centers undertook more investigation work into environmental matters (this task is still emerging in our country).
By the year 2016, the government of Peru plans to implement an incentive policy for scientific and technological investigation by means of the private sector in exchange for fiscal benefits, even if they are not directed at environmental matters.
The lack of investigation is evident since the government has applied policies that don’t always show the expected
results. This is why is the creation of investigation projects on environmental matters is vital in order that the decisionmakers establish more realistic policies.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JULIO MOSCOSO SANCHEZ, CHILE, 050S
Q2-3:THE BASIS OF CARE AND NATURE PRESERVATION IS EDUCATION. WITHOUT THIS AND ITS TRANSMISSION DOWN THROUGH THE GENERATIONS, NO ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS CAN BE ACHIEVED
BECAUSE WE WON’T SEE THE PERMANENT CARE OF OUR ENVIRONMENT OCCUR. HOWEVER, EDUCATION AND THE SOCIAL area ARE ASSOCIATED WITH STATE POLICIES AND THE PARTICIPATION OF
SOCIETY. THAT IS, THE ENVIRONMENT IS EVERYONE’S CONCERN. IT IS NOT ONLY LAW-MAKING AND
FOCUSING ON POLICIES THAT ARE MORE THAN LETTERS AND WORDS THAT DON’T REACH GENERALSOCIETY ON THIS PLANET.
Q3:MY PERSONAL OPINION AS A CITIZEN OF CHILE IS GENERAL AND PARTICULAR AT THE SAME TIME,SINCE I AM FAMILIAR WITH OUR LOCAL SITUATION.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Marco Antonio Altamirano Gonzpalez Ortega, MEXICO, 053S
Q2-3:The responsibility for the demographic plan falls on society and education and the adequate use of natural resources
based on the optimization of the use of the soil for the production of goods and services.
Q3:I consider that this topic is multi-themed, and that is why the solutions must be dealt with in this way and we must
recognize the relationship that exists between causes and effects and how are they related, one as much as the other. In
society there is a lack of awareness of nature as an ecosystemic service upon which we depend as part of the biodiversitythat lives on the planet. Climate change is a result of the lack of caution by governments, environmental education in
global society and economic measures that regulate adequate production for excessive population growth that demands
more satisfiers each time, in their majority unnecessary, which only benefit from the highly capitalized sectors that
continue to capitalize more or impoverish the consumer population. Going back to the basics of consumption based
solely on obtaining only what is necessary to survive is fundamental for this densely populated world.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Maria Clara Dominguez, COLOMBIA, 055S
Q2-3:Because educating people is extremely important, the planet is deteriorating because of the lack of awareness andeducation.
Q3:Population growth is one of the biggest problems in that it exerts massive pressure on natural resources. The planet
does not provide a sufficient amount for its entire population, and if it grows disproportionately we will have problems
providing all the necessities of the population.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PERU, 060S
Q2-3:Education to change the lifestyle customs of the population is straightforward, and in the end this will enable the development of environmental citizenship.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pedro solano, PERU, 062S
102

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q2-3:
Q3:We need a cultural revolution. The issues are the consumption problem and a society that promotes individualism(cars, technology, houses, etc.) in that it despises the values that enabled humanity to exist through the years suchas solidarity, a community spirit, and the distribution of work, and undervalues the diversity of talents and options.
Education needs to take a different approach that is oriented toward discovering and utilizing the talents of every person
to build a viable community.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ROXANA JIMENEZ SOJO, COSTA RICA, 063S
Q2-3:I chose the social area because in my country, I don't think people have a recycling culture. Currently, they teach children
about it in school, but in my time they never did, so young adults of around my age don’t do so as a matter of coursein their homes, and they don’t mind getting my country dirty. I think that recycling needs to be maintained as a publiclaw whereby the local governments don’t collect trash from houses, and that recycling must be obligatory and subject
to fines as well.
Q3:I’m really worried about the climate change problem. I really think that everything is like a snowball in that one problem
leads to the next, and the human beings who live on this planet don’t worry about it, or they assume that nature is nevergoing to end. –The excessive use of resources is unavoidable and governments don’t try to avoid it, and even though Ilive in a country rich in resources, people don’t value it or do anything to keep it beautiful.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VICTOR HUGO VASQUEZ V, COLOMBIA, 066S
Q2-3:In particular, it is necessary to take practical, effective and drastic measures in terms of environmental protection, andnot to be left alone with statements that don’t get put into action.
Q3:Within the observed political situations regarding the use of soil, I believe that it is important to emphasize the impactthat hydrocarbon exploitation and principally mining are having on the loss of natural coverage.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------William Castro Pulido, COLOMBIA, 068S
Q2-3:The consumption habits of every human being are associated with feeling comfortable, which is influenced by themarket with aggressive publicity campaigns. The doctrine that those who have more are more prosperous and more
powerful is an ideal for our societies, pushing them toward the unsustainable management of resources. It is necessary
to achieve a global cultural change by raising the awareness of the population regarding environmental problems andthe role of each one of us facing them, changes in consumption habits and encouraging the consumption of local goods
and services. The development, implementation and appropriation of clean, environmentally friendly technologies isrequired.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-003
Q2-3:Establish an environment and urban development plan with balanced supply and demand; review the scopes of urban
and non-urban land that can be used for development as well as the urgency of development.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-005
Q2-3:The fundamental problem is education. Society only looks at the scores, not practice.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-008
Q2-3:Focus on education and edification on environmental issues; raise environmental awareness to change our way of life;
more environmental protection initiatives, etc.
Q3:We need options when it comes to solutions, not just one choice. Perhaps the four fields need to cooperate to achieve
the objectives.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-009
Q2-3:Focus on education and edification on environmental issues; raise environmental awareness to change our way of life;
more environmental protection initiatives, etc.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-010
Q2-3:Education starts in the family; we cannot rely on schools alone.
Q3:Strengthen bans on careless trash disposal.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-011
103

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q2-3:Educate children to raise their awareness; raise people's interest in environmental issues; implement measures to reduceor adjust climate change by changing our way of life.
Q3:All the environmental issues of our planet listed in this survey are important, and we should work together to improve
our environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-012
Q2-3:Focus on education and edification on environmental issues; raise environmental awareness to change our way of life;
more environmental protection initiatives, etc.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-013
Q2-3:Change the way we educate people about our mode of life; return to nature.
Q3:More emphasis should be given to education on a way of life that is in harmony with nature.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-014
Q2-3:The population has been overly wasteful with environmental resources, be they natural or human resources. I suggestthat we start by educating and enlightening the population to guide them and help them to establish the right notions.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-016
Q2-3:Learn about and raise our awareness of environmental issues through education; reduce the excessive development ofland by recognizing and changing our way of life.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-018
Q2-3:Only when all of humanity can raise its awareness of the environmental crisis we are facing can we check on eachother to change our way of life and reduce the pace of environmental deterioration.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-019
Q2-3:Raise people's level of care for the environment, starting with the family.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-020
Q2-3:Focus on education and edification on environmental issues; raise environmental awareness to change our way of life;
more environmental protection initiatives, etc.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lai Yen-Jung, TAIWAN, T-026
Q2-3:Focus on education and edification on environmental issues; raise environmental awareness to change our way of life;
more environmental protection initiatives, etc.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Huang Chia-Chien , TAIWAN, T-028
Q2-3:Start by changing our personal habits; everyone needs to take their own initiatives.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-029
Q2-3:Promote a green lifestyle with low carbon emissions through education and promotion in society.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-031
Q2-3:Practice a sustainable way of production and life; when establishing the mode of economic development, we need tothink about the environment, ecology, and food self-sufficiency.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-033
Q2-3:Education is the primary factor in tackling environmental issues.
Q3:
104

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Huang Fu-Yi , TAIWAN, T-037
Q2-3:Start with education; have experts compile textbooks to educate people. Cooperate worldwide to achieve success.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-038
Q2-3:Large-scale industrial development for the sake of economic growth is taking its toll on society and the environment;
we need to attend more to education on environmental issues while developing our economy and raise the awarenessof future employees so they may improve on these issues.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-039
Q2-3:Disseminate methods of saving water and preserving environmental resources; everyone needs to save water together.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-040
Q2-3:Focus on education and edification on environmental issues; raise environmental awareness to change our way of life;
more environmental protection initiatives, etc.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-041
Q2-3:More action in education; knowledge should be accompanied by action.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-042
Q2-3:If people can understand the environmental issues and take initiatives in their daily life, and if everyone has awareness,the government will encounter less resistance when implementing related policies.
Q3:Our planet's environmental issues can be resolved by tackling the main factors, which requires the relevant knowledge
and awareness and taking initiatives from the living environment, education, and the formation of behaviors.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-044
Q2-3:Influence children and by extension family and society through education.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-045
Q2-3:Raise awareness of environmental protection.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Wu Mien, TAIWAN, T-046
Q2-3:Disseminate methods of saving water and preserving environmental resources; everyone needs to save water together.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-050
Q2-3:Raise the environmental awareness of people in general and business professionals; the development of technologies
should be in line with our way of life and industrial waste disposal to reduce damage to the environment.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-052
Q2-3:Focus on education and edification on environmental issues; raise environmental awareness to change our way of life;
more environmental protection initiatives, etc.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-054
Q2-3:Start with basic education on the environment; be aware of the impact each environmental issue we are facing today
has on us; raise the environmental awareness of the whole population to change our way of life; place emphasis on
sustainable development; preserve resources for posterity.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-058
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Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q2-3:Focus on education and edification on environmental issues; raise environmental awareness.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-065
Q2-3:This is due to pollution and the manufacturers behind it, so it is man-made; we should start with education and workon our society.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Li Wen-Fa, TAIWAN, T-066
Q2-3:Focus on education and edification on environmental issues; raise environmental awareness to change our way of life;
more environmental protection initiatives, etc.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-070
Q2-3:Focus on education and edification on environmental issues; raise environmental awareness to change our way of life;
more environmental protection initiatives, etc.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lin Yu-Tung, TAIWAN, T-071
Q2-3:The importance of education.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Yang Kai-Lin, TAIWAN, T-072
Q2-3:Cultivate an awareness of environmental conservation in children; only in this way can we comprehensively raise oursociety's awareness of environmental issues.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-075
Q2-3:Focus on education and edification on environmental issues; raise environmental awareness to change our way of life;
more environmental protection initiatives, etc.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-077
Q2-3:Raise environmental awareness and change our way of life.
Q3:Environmental issues need everyone's participation. Although a few countries are attending to these issues, this ishardly enough, and we need more good examples and education.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-079
Q2-3:In addition to promotion and guidance, education and execution are also important.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Li Kai-Ching, TAIWAN, T-083
Q2-3:Instruct people in the right way to use water and the impact of climate change through education and promotion; raiseawareness of environmental issues.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lin Ying-Tung, TAIWAN, T-085
Q2-3:A society with a high level of civilization and technology should not only tackle problems that are occurring but also
focus on action and cultivating knowledge.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-088
Q2-3:Economic development has changed our way of life as well as influencing the climate, creating a chain of effects.
We cannot return to the simple lifestyle of the past where we were one with nature, but we need to raise each citizen's
environmental awareness and sense of crisis.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W007
Q2-3:
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Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q3:It used to be said that the lifestyle of nomadic people in Mongolia was gentle for the planet, but they are beginningleave the grasslands behind to live urban lives. The citizens of China are also pursuing foods and amenities (like coffee) in similar ways to people in developed countries as their standards of living rise. Still, we must think about howhumankind should exist and act at a global level, beyond the interests of individual countries...
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W018
Q2-3:
Q3:Of the environmental issues, the problems of population and food supply, and energy and resources are the mostpressing and are intricately linked. Furthermore, they need to be solved peacefully under market principles. They are
extremely difficult problems, and cannot be resolved through the ulterior motives of selfish individuals, or short-sighted
and foolish political approaches.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tetsuya Kusuda, JAPAN, W024
Q2-3:
Q3:We are still able to live a stable life without any difficulties and our hope that the future will continue without problems
is leading to the easy deductive reasoning that there won't in actuality be any problems in the future. It's human nature aswell as the inadequacy of education that we are unable to use inductive reasoning to consider what we should be doing
today given the current trends in environmental changes, or deduce that a harsh future awaits us. People's understanding
and cooperation are at the root of everything.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hiroshige Tanaka, JAPAN, W025
Q2-3:
Q3:Recently, it seems that interest is growing in countries around the world, whereas the effort in the government and the
media in Japan seems to be diminishing.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W031
Q2-3:I believe what is necessary is the implementation of environmental education through schools and other educational
institutions, the education of the public through civic seminars, and the raising of awareness of policymakers.
Q3:Environmental issues are not only a problem of scientific technology; it must be tackled from various sides, including
education, raising and changing public awareness, and the political economy.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Katsunori Suzuki , JAPAN, W036
Q2-3:What is necessary first and foremost is a transformation in people's awareness towards the crisis humankind currently
faces. What is indispensable towards that end is a fundamental reform of the education system, an establishment of asystem to transform society, and political initiatives for these purposes.
Q3:Despite frequent warnings about the crisis facing humankind, governments of the world have failed to respond. Witheither no time left to waste, or having waited too long, immediate action is necessary. Climate change negotiation is
one such example. But it is up to the will of the people to promote action in each country. The first step is for people
to clearly recognize their responsibilities to future generations and put actions into place. The first real test would be
how SDGs will be decided.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Koichiro Oyama, JAPAN, W043
Q2-3:Environmental education and raising consciousness, in addition, the establishment of scientific policies towards theresolution of environmental problems. They are intricately related to 3 and 4.
Q3:With the advancement of global warming, the threats not only include changes in climate like increasing desertification and the growing enormity of typhoons, but also the submerging of parts of the Japanese land due to the rise in sea
levels. The continued operation of nuclear power plants that have already surpassed their decommissioning timeline
may also pose the increased possibility of radioactive contamination of the environment should there be an accident. It
is time to have courage to withdraw from nuclear power generation, which has continued with its many entanglements.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Yukihiko Asaoka, JAPAN, W044
Q2-3:
Q3:Even though environmental problems continue to be in a very serious state, I fear that people have become accustomed to the environment being in a crisis and think that "something will work out." While interest in the environmentis becoming established, it is also apparent that the sense of crisis is thinning and people are becoming more passive,and have the attitude that "something will work out." I think we should feel a sense of crisis over the general coolingoff of passion for environmental problems. Endeavors to solve environmental problems involve pursuits and trial-anderrors without clear answers, and I am convinced that the environment will not improve without the active effort of all
individuals, organizations, and governments. There must be much more energy devoted to education for sustainable107

Comments from who select Society and Education as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

development (ESD) and environmental education.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hiroshi Nagano, JAPAN, W046
Q2-3:Unless each of us humans change our way of thinking, I believe that the fundamental solution of the problem is impossible.
Q3:Environmental problems are both a Japanese problem and the world's problem. Because there is a great difference
between the rich and the poor in the world, economic development is always pursued. But unless we adopt the thinking that the consumption of energy and resources cannot be increased while economies are developing, and implement
measures to that effect, the environment as a whole will only deteriorate. Our country should contribute through thedevelopment of new technologies. In addition, it is necessary to have active exchanges with people in other countries
and cooperate in our efforts to take up environmental problems seriously in every country as political issues.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Takaki Okubo, JAPAN, W056
Q2-3:
Q3:I believe that political and social actions towards environmental issues are a problem. We boast the economic superiorityof stock prices, which are based on the trading of equities and is only a sign of superficial economic revival. But more
substantively, I believe that it is important for each citizen and for each company to solve environmental problems bytaking on what they can solve one by one. In reality, I think that it is important for companies and individuals to put
actions in to place and expand communities of real action.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Koji Hirata, JAPAN, W057
Q2-3:The resumption of nuclear power plants is being pushed forward as if it is a matter of course. But it is based on a
discussion, review, and judgment without the presence of citizens, and does not at all reflect the will of the people. Asa practical matter, the cost of electricity has risen; but not resuming nuclear power generation hasn't had much effect on
people's lives. I believe there needs to be a proper disclosure of information and a discussion involving the wider public
on the problem of resuming nuclear power, and create a forum to vet the issue of whether or not nuclear power plants
should be restarted. In particular, it is essential to raise the problem of nuclear power as part of the class curriculum inelementary school, junior high, high school, and universities, provide accurate knowledge, and cultivate thinking about
energy problems in general, including nuclear power.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W061
Q2-3:With the globalization of food as well as that of energy production and consumption, the exhaustion of resources atthe production site is becoming a problem. We need an economic strategy that makes possible the sustainable use ofresources, as well as a transformation of lifestyles and the values of consumers.
Q3:With the environmental problems relating to the exhaustion of resources, I believe we need a social welfare functionthat is based on a new value system, in which welfare does not diminish with the reduction in consumption, instead of
the current thinking that attaches large quantities of consumption to the improvement in human welfare.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Yutaka Imoto, JAPAN, W066
Q2-3:The number one reason for the crisis is that effective measures are difficult.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Takayuki Ohgushi, JAPAN, W068
Q2-3:The accurate understanding of environmental problems in terms of the spatial scale of species is effective in developing
specific policies.
Q3:We must cultivate values in which the comprehensive preservation of the natural environment is linked not only toeconomic aspects but to individual happiness.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Konoe Fujimura, JAPAN, W093
Q2-3:
Q3:Amidst the crisis situation posed by issues like climate change, there is very little time left for humankind to challengethese problems. Still, the world's population is increasing, and the entire world has significant problems in politics,
economy, and society, and is in increasing turmoil. Given these circumstances, even though it is essential to endeavor
every field in Question 2-3, most countries are in great haste to pursue profits for the current generation. This leaves
little hope for human society in the current form. Is it not possible for us to think at the global level, and prioritize firstand foremost the next generation? Furthermore, I believe that political decision-making and the transformation into agreen economy is essential, and the only way to cultivate such forces would be through education. Because the effects
of education take time, it is concerning whether or not it will lead to solutions of environmental problems in time, which
108

Comments from who select Scientific Technology as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

are in a critical state; nonetheless, education still remains important. In particular, I believe it is critical to educate thepoliticians and business leaders of today's Japan, who prioritize the economy above all else and are lacking in imagination for the next generation. This is not only important for the resolution of environmental problems, but also because
I believe it would play a significant role in building a sustainable society.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W257
Q2-3:There are many general opinions calling for a shift in energy sources to natural ones but I believe we are lacking
awareness about how much total energy we actually consume today (a specific figure) and whether or not that can besupplied through natural sources of energy given the current technology. It seems like an impossible goal to achieve
without every individual and company striving to use as little energy as possible. To this end, I believe that educationand public relations is critical. I can understand that it is difficult to balance economic development and the maintenanceof the environment. I think that at the root of this problem is overpopulation of the Earth.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Comments from who select Scientific Technology as measures most effective in solving environmental problems
CHINA, C025
Q2-3:
Q3: Science and technology are key points.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C031
Q2-3:
Q3: Take the initiative ourselves.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C048
Q2-3:
Q3: Strengthen energy conservation and emission reduction efforts.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tan Qing, CHINA, C051
Q2-3:
Q3: Protecting the environment is something we should advocate.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C091
Q2-3:
Q3: The development of sophisticated technology is promoted for controlling environmental pollution.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Zhang Shuai, CHINA, C128
Q2-3:
Q3: Strength protection.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C129
Q2-3:
Q3: Encourage people to pay more attention to the harmful impact of actions on the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C142
Q2-3:
Q3: Protecting and improving the environment requires the participation of everyone on even small things.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C153
Q2-3:
Q3: Plant more trees and reduce the amount of effluents released.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C193
Q2-3:
Q3: Actions speak louder than words.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C209
Q2-3:
109

Comments from who select Scientific Technology as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q3: Democracy, tax collection, and no cars.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C217
Q2-3:
Q3: Strictly punish people who pollute the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, C230
Q2-3:
Q3: The increasingly severe environmental problems may cause harm to human health and threaten the living conditionsof people. They need to be controlled immediately.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Yang Cheng, CHINA, C239
Q2-3:
Q3: Give comprehensive consideration to biospheric balance, and achieve a level of harmony between human society andnature based on the idea of protecting the environment and maintaining biodiversity.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SANJAY DAVE, INDIA, E031
Q2-3:
Q3: Our region is arid-semiarid. Water is scarce and Biodiversity is diminishing due to land use changes and human interventions. Extreme seasons, all the three, are observed nowadays.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E059
Q2-3:Incentives for farmers to set aside land, funding to support alternative energy sources.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mark Brender, USA, E074
Q2-3:
Q3: The environmental community including nation states and NGOs have not learned to integrate geospatial technologies
including high resolution remote sensing and predictive analytics and modeling into their observations and planningand education. DigitalGlobe, based in Colorado, now operates a commercial earth imaging satellite with a ground
resolution of 30 cm. The satellite also has more than a dozen different spectral bands that can map shallow underwater
habitat and identity soil and mineral composition and moisture composition. Yet the environmental community would
rather buy someone an airline ticket to go to some far off land to count some trees when all that can now be done
from space. You Foundation should look to educate the environmental community about the merits of including earth
imagery into their operations on a macro scale.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E106
Q2-3:I chose scientific technology because I don't believe that the other three options are likely -- there are too many entrenched interests to lead to political action or changes in economic policy, and education won't be sufficient when 100'sof million of people want improved lifestyles.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kelvin Passfield, COOK ISLANDS, E186
Q2-3:
Q3: One of our major issues is waste management. Small islands, small populations, we do not have the economies of scale
to do much recycling on the islands for inorganic materials. Political will is needed to set up an advance disposal fee
to be added to the cost of items that we cannot recycle here, ato send them back to where they can be recycled.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E232
Q2-3:Need to produce personal impact beyond fines and educational teachings.
Q3: We can produce food if needed, but more difficult to produce clean water and clean air for ultimate survival.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------RAMON PEREZ GIL SALCIDO, MEXICO, E333
Q2-3:Make scientific knowledge available at all levels of society, in all sectors, turn them into public policy, new legislation, new norms and regulations, specific guidelines and measures that ought to impact human lifestyles, modes of
production, modes of consumption, modes of interacting with nature and natural resources. People often times, being
in industries or at home or even individually act as they act against nature and natural processes out of ignorance, notnecessarily greed or bad intentions. Vast amounts of information need to be made accessible through many means,
indeed all the measures suggested above DO APPLY, one needs political action, activism, lobbying, even demonstra110

Comments from who select Scientific Technology as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

tions and press releases. Also Economic measures that will make corporations and individuals make better decisions
more ecologically sound ones. Environmental protection indeed must continue, park and reserves establishment andmanagement, awareness, species protection and traffic control for example. There are gaps in knowledge indeed but
there is a lot of knowledge that is not being used. Lies, legends, misled beliefs and myths often times rule over scientificknowledge, that ought to change. We give sometimes more credit to unproven traditional knowledge just because it istraditional and customary rather than to the fact that sometimes these ancient traditional knowledges are indeed basedin empirical evidence that scientists can verify and prove right. This is not true for many myths and popular beliefs.
Unfortunately changing attitudes through environmental education and awareness, through regular education channels
and even through media (including the most modern means and tricks) takes time. People tend to be skeptical and stickto their usual practices or modes of behaviour, hence using public policy, regulations, norms and other compulsory or
mandatory means to force people, corporations, governments, all walks of like to change their attitudes and behaviour
seems like a quicker and perhaps more effective way to go. One can see how international agreements have done thetrick, for example the one on Biodiversity (CBD) or the one dealing with Climate Change, these efforts, complex as
they are have brought attention to matters that have been in the table for long time but people were not acting on them.
The agreements have produced policies that countries are following, these have translated into norms, regulations,legislation and many other things, now, the regular person, almost any taxpayer has heard about climate change andcan understand, may not like, but may understand if the government changes rules or imposes norms to comply withan international goal or standard. Hence I repeat, if scientific knowledge translates, evolves, is made or turned into
public policies, legislation, regulations, standards, norms, guidelines, practical recommendations, perhaps things maychange more rapidly and in the right direction.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dr Andrew A Burbidge, AUSTRALIA, E336
Q2-3:Need effective, widespread control technology for feral cats.
Q3: Climate change resulting in lower rainfall and higher temperatures greatly affecting the South West Australia Global
Biodiversity hotspot.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E428
Q2-3:All of the categories above are extremely important, but I've selected scientific technology because I think the climatechange issue is so dire that only something involving geo-engineering or carbon drawdowns will save the planet fromcatastrophe.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ben Wikler, USA, E489
Q2-3:The United States is politically frozen. President Obama has pushed as far as the U.S. government is likely to go—andI doubt it will go further for years to come. Because of the intensity of polarization, the chances are slim for meaningfulpolitical action, including international cooperation; for sustainable economic policy changes large enough to meaningfully reduce U.S. carbon emissions; or for educational efforts to change political realities. For this reason, I think thattechnological development is the best hope for the US to make significant additional progress on climate change.
Q3: While political progress in the U.S. at the national level is unlikely in the near future, I think there are tremendous
dividends to supporting political organizing among young people in the U.S. and to support advocacy in other placesin the world, both North and South. National online advocacy groups in the OPEN alliance (see: http://engagementlab.org/who-we-work-with/open-summit), and global organizations like 350.org, Avaaz.org, and SumOfUs.org, haveterrific track records and tremendous promise to do more.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHINA, E511
Q2-3:
Q3: No. Sorry for that---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dr.R.RAMASUBBU, INDIA, E524
Q2-3:
Q3: Biodiversity conservation is most suitable perspective planning for the conservation of resources in sustainable development. Conservation of rare, endangered and threatened tree species in Western Ghats is absolutely essential on urgent
basis to conserve, protect and preserve the environment as well as to draw up suitable development plants to replenish
the deleted populations of RET species. Alternatively, overall development of the area takes place in harmony with theenvironment and the resources of this region may be utilized optimally for the benefit of a large segment of the society.
In general, RET species requires immediate attention with greater emphasis for habitat protection and incorporationof larger germplasm collection and other propagation techniques. There will be several approaches and techniques
have been proposed and implemented for both in situ and ex situ conservation of plant resources. The ex situ approach111

Comments from who select Scientific Technology as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

finds more application for economic plants while in situ approach generally practiced for wild species. However, theexisting conservation strategies do not guarantee an effective protection of the rare, endangered and threatened (RET)and endemic plants of the country and therefore seek alternate conservation approaches that could be complementary
for the existing ones. In India, several forest areas have been identified for the conservation and sustainable utilizationof the plant species include high altitude Himalayan forest, mangrove forest, shola forest in Southern India and fresh
water lakes. Tropical montane forests are the special type of vegetation in which the grassland mixed with evergreen
trees in the valleys on mountains of above 1800m asl. These patches of forest are locally known as shola forest andfound mainly in the valleys and are usually separated from one another by undulating mountain grassland. The sholabiome has a high water retention capacity and exists as the precious source of water for the high altitude organisms
and also the source for many streams and rivers in the Western Ghats. Shola forests are considered to be ecologicallyunique since they harbour many endemic species. The shola forest were found extensively in the higher elevationsof the Nilgiris, Highwavies and Palni hill ranges in southern India, but due to agricultural expansion, conversion toplantations, livestock grazing pressure and development, a high proportion shola has been destroyed. The reduction
sholas and grasslands is a major concern, particularly, the grassland which used to serve as excellent grazing grounds
to buffaloes and other wild herbivores. The major shola arboreals like Elaeocarpus, Glochidion, Osbeckia, Palaquium,
Rhodomyrtus and Strobilonthes are represented by less than one percent of the total assemblage due to several reasons.
I am working for the conservation of several trees of shola forest--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E653
Q2-3:Scientific and Technological actions that underpin decisions and take account of economic and social ramifications
are, in my view, the best path to a solution. Without the science and integration of that science in human concerns andendeavors, we will not have enough to find and implement solutions.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Valerio Sbordoni, ITALY, E717
Q2-3:I rank Scientific technology first as a measure to solve environmental problems, however Society and Education immediately follows.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UK, E728
Q2-3:
Q3: Scientific technological advances in sustainability.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dr. Nilufar Banu, BANGLADESH, E730
Q2-3:
Q3: Climate change has become the burning question for the world now a days. Bangladesh is a disaster-prone country.
Almost every year, the country experiences disasters of one kind or another—such as tropical cyclones accompaniedby storm surges, riverbank erosion, floods and flash floods, droughts and salinity—causing heavy loss of life andproperty, infrastructure and agricultural production, jeopardizing the overall development activities. While uncertainties cannot all be predicted in definitive terms, inferences can be drawn based on changing directions and patterns.
Disaster risk management approach aims to manage uncertainty within a framework of likely consequences. As aflexible approach, it can capture a broad range of future developments and their impacts. Once a framework and an
appropriate database are available, the stakeholders can expand their options of adopting strategies with reference totheir particular circumstances. Risk management is an iterative process, and the different stages of risk can be seen in
the evolution of assessment methods for climate change. Four generations of risk management can be identified fromsuccessive assessments carried out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The first and second
generations involve scoping the nature of the climate change issue, and identifying and analyzing climate risks, mainly
climate impacts. The third generation began to explore the nature of adaptation itself and the fourth to applying it byadopting the techniques of evaluation and risk management. Capacity is a crucial driver of climate change management
and pursuit of development. One critical weakness in the capacity within a multi-stakeholder project may condemn
the whole project to failure. The UN Development Programme has defined ”capacity” as ”the ability of individuals,
institutions and societies to perform functions, solve problems, and set and achieve objectives in a sustainable manner”. The terms ”capacity building” and ”capacity development” refer to the tasks of developing levels of human andinstitutional capacity. Whatever the terminology is, capacity building remains one of the most challenging aspects ofdevelopment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E747
Q2-3:If the human race was capable of being educated I would have chosen "Society and Education", however, history isteaching us that humans are very difficult if not impossible to educate (partly based on their nature as dictated by natural112

Comments from who select Scientific Technology as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

and sexual selection). Thus, my second choice is "Scientific Technology" in the hopes that to a large part human nature
can be tamed by giving it strict guide lines, which should be based in rational, rigorous scientific research. Perhaps,
it could work to give people the right framework and enough people would follow these guidelines and rules to avoid
doomsday.
Q3: In my opinion, environmental problems we face today are the result of a combination of unfortunate characteristics ofthe human race. We are extremely successful as a species and have managed in only a couple of ten thousands of years
to transform earth into a place where survival will soon become a very fragile experience. The human mind on the other
hand is relatively simple and has not kept pace with the fast technological progress over the past 10.000 years. Frombifaces to iphones has only been equivalent to a wink of the eye, but ethically most humans are still cave-dwellers.
Competition is the leading model in many if not most human societies and although competition is an engine of creation it is also the greatest destruction and comes with the cost of never-ending envy, greed, hostility and an inability
to cooperate with even the closest relatives. The origin of our global crisis lies with human nature. Too many humans
are too busy to care for their own lives and well-being to realize or recognize the profound consequences our humanegocentrism has. We all need to change the emphasis away from technology and money-making to understanding broad
issues of living together on this planet with all organisms. Perhaps if we can learn to understand that other organisms
are just as valuable and equal to us, we may be ready to cut back on our own advantages over other organisms anddevelop a life with and not from and against other organisms.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Anna Belousova, RUSSIA, E753
Q2-3:
Q3: I work with Red Listining therefore I aware of catastrophic decrease of large ungulates and carnivorous species. They
just have no place for living, they are prosecuted and illegal harvested. Also there are some evidence of coming to
extinction the birds species which harvested during their migratory routes through Australaison Flyway. The diversityof local fauna decreased since 2000, even there were no huge catastrophical impacts and develping of industries as
example in Russia. But the pollutions of many species, which were common or numerous, decreased. We should took
attention to monitoring and protection of our national fauna as soon as possible.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Virginia S. Carino, PHILIPPINES, E763
Q2-3:The development of alternatives to fossil fuels will lessen global warming/ the carbon footprint and thus diminish
climate change. Examples of promising technologies being developed include: geothermal, wind, hydroelectric andsolar energy.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hasni, ALGERIA, E769
Q2-3:The problem is always a lack, of know how. The other resources are available.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Giridhar Kinhal, INDIA, E776
Q2-3:Science and technology for sustainable management of the resource needs to be developed.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Prof. Timothy Archibald Coleman, GHANA, E813
Q2-3:Development and application of carbon reduction technologies such as biomethanation, waste-to-energy, renewableenergy, fuel cell etc technologies on a massive scale in all countries, curbing of use of fossil fuels, measures to combat
deforestation etc.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Juan Jose Cardenas, VENEZUELA, E820
Q2-3:Scientific technology must be linked to political actions and viceversa.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Prof.Dr. Devendra Swaroop Bhargava, INDIA, E866
Q2-3:Indian political system is non-scientific where the intellectuals have no place in decision making.
Q3: SERIOUS GANGA AFFAIRS India is fast approaching a situation when water will be everywhere but not a drop
would be fit enough to drink, thanks to the Green-Revolution which rendered Indian water resources eutrophied andcontaminated with insecticides/pesticides because most Indian farmers are illieterate and greedy enough to add verylarge amounts of synthetic fertilizers and insecticides/pesticides in the hope of bomper crops with zero damage byinsects/pests, as also there was no control over their discretions. God bless India who is planning a SUPER-GREENREVOLUTION. Apart from this the fact that not more than 50%of the generated wastewaters get collected through113

Comments from who select Scientific Technology as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

sewers and the rest coming from slums, unsewered areas, narrow lanes (like in the city Banaras famous for its narrowstreets where there are big mansions but sewers can not be laid due to the danger to the houses built on both sides of
the narrow lanes), etc finds its natural way to the rivers (water finds its own way). Therefore, despite the best possible
advanced treatment of the 50% collected wastewaters, the rest 50% uncollected wastewaters are large enough to keep
the India rivers polluted. This has been the situation, and despite some 30-40 years of governmental efforts of all types
and level, the Ganga and other rivers are severely polluted and there is not even the slightest improvement in the water
quality at the banks of the Indian rivers where millions of pilgrims inhale the river water directly from the rivers aspart of their religious-rite. There is none to think of these poor cow-looking (mostly hindi-speaking) pilgrims. The
failure of all governmental efforts of the last 30-40 years is mainly due to the pseudo-environmentalists (who havezero knowledge of hydraulics, the science of water-flow) who are dominating all decision making processes. Huge
chunk of money were wasted by them for monitoring the already well-documented Ganga river quality. They also raisebio-diversity etc issues fully knowing that the species-diversity, biodiversity, return of aquatic life, etc will automatically be restored once the rivers become pollution-free and get restored to their pristine quality status. These pseudoenvironmentalists consider the real environmental engineers as virus. It is high time, the government realizes that all
those who have been responsible for the huge wastage of public money and time (3-4 decades) be charged/treated astraitors/irresponsible, and be removed from the scene immediately, if Ganga or any other Indian river is intended tobe made pollution-free. It is thus, sure that the rivers will remain polluted despite the best possible sewage-treatment
through most mod-STPs for the 50% wastewater collected through sewerage system. In regard of the special Indiansituation which are special in respect of social/political/financial/academic/etc. aspects, the only fool-proof permanent
methodology to make Ganga and other Indian rivers pollution-free, is to ensure that not a drop of any wastewater enters
the river. This is easily done by creating a barrier between the river and the city by constructing a dam-like structure or
retaining-wall on both sides of the river and parallel to the river, a covered canal or huge sewer be constructed between
the dam/wall and the city to trap all the wastewater flowing towards the river, such that this wastewater is taken upto a
distance of about 2 Km downstream of the town where it is sold to the farmers for organic sewage-farming and the rest
is give a zero treatment or primary treatment or secondary treatment depending on the finances available with the local
corporations. Thus the farmers will get nutrient rich sewage for organic farming which products sell for a higher pricedue to the public demand for organic-grown vegetables and fruits. The wastewater treated or untreated when disposed
off in the downstream side of the river will get purified by the time the river will reach the next urban-center on theriver due to the self-purifying abilities available in all rivers to some extent but availability of such self-purification isextremely high in Ganga is an added advantage for the Ganga and cities situated along it.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Menachem Goren, ISRAEL, E911
Q2-3:Scientific technologies can produce more water (desalination), more efficient use of available water resources andprevent loss or pollution of natural water.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NIGER, 010F
Q2-3:To tackle the challenge of the degradation of the plant cover and the loss of arable land, measures aiming at balancing
the ecosystem must be put in place.
Q3: The changes in the use of land and soils through the intense use of urban as well as rural lands cause a modification of
the water cycle, which gives rise to a recent phenomenon: recurrent floods in semi-arid regions such as the Sahel for
example. This phenomenon of floods in the Sahel is compounded by climate changes.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CAMEROON, 020F
Q2-3:Climate change is a result of scientific and technological advances and industrialization.
Q3: There is a close link between climate change and the loss of biodiversity and the food crisis. In our area, a water crisis
is in its first stages, which affects agriculture and industrialization.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Alejandro Molina-Garcia, MEXICO, 002S
Q2-3:As well as the human mind having made great discoveries, emphasizing the beginning of the Industrial Revolution,
human intelligence will find the best solutions based on scientific discoveries to confront climate change, decrease
environmental pollution and rise to the challenge of offering more and better food to sustain mankind.
Q3: The human race should be more conscious of what we are doing to the finite natural resources of our one and only
beautiful blue planet. Some proposals to evaluate: Wealth should be better allocated, there should be more control ofhuman overpopulation (through the reduction of the population explosion); and we need to fight and eliminate corruption
and impunity in those countries with greater corruption ratios. Issue fines or eliminate benefits for those governmentsthat fail to carry out environmental agreements. Be more severe. Give more power to science in political decisions.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SPAIN, 059S
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Comments from who select Scientific Technology as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q2-3:Resources are not unlimited, and the population growth of any species (humans included) can’t be achieved without
thinking about the resources needed. Social altruism and the global wellness search (items that are ethically extremely
desirable) become impossible when the growth parameters remain unchanged. Solutions for autoregulation must besought.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SPAIN, 071S
Q2-3:Knowledge is indispensable for decision-making and putting a stop to the problems in the best way possible, andtechnology is the best method for all of this.
Q3: Given that the greater integration of sustainability in the economy contributes to the construction of countries that are more
resilient to the economic and environmental crisis, less dependent on external resources, more inclusive and more intergenerationally fair, and that go deeper on a global scale in the future in the short and long term, the relevant points are as follows:
Moving ahead with the creation of a green, recycling economy in the economy group because it promotes sustainability, improves competition, increases employment and provides wellness and social equity.
The development of a group of sustainable development objectives (ODS) upon which the post-2015 UN Agenda will
be founded on the basis of the experience obtained with the Objectives for Development in the Millennium, involving
the tasks of the regional governments to strengthen and complement those from the states or the UN when contributing the relevant data, so as to undertake the expansion, evaluation and monitoring of the ODS and its goals andindicators. The existence of regional level indicators allows the identification of the specific needs of every territory
and contributes to the reduction of inequality with the effective and efficient management of planning and resources.
The promotion of access to environmental information and the participation of citizens in environmental matters withthe objective of enjoying a healthier environment and facilitating compliance in terms of the duty of respecting andprotecting it.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-001
Q2-3:Promote the development of theories related to the earth's environment; construct scientific guidelines on solving
environmental problems; develop energy conservation technologies.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-002
Q2-3:Solve the issues with cutting-edge technologies, which is more pertinent and readily feasible compared to changing
our way of life and ideology.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-007
Q2-3:Promote the development of theories related to the earth's environment; construct scientific guidelines on solving
environmental problems; develop energy conservation technologies.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-022
Q2-3:Promote the development of theories related to the earth's environment; construct scientific guidelines on solving
environmental problems; develop energy conservation technologies.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-027
Q2-3:Promote the development of theories related to the earth's environment; construct scientific guidelines on solving
environmental problems; develop energy conservation technologies.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chi Wei, TAIWAN, T-034
Q2-3:Use renewable energy efficiently; develop environment-friendly equipment and machinery; reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-035
Q2-3:A lack of water resources can be tackled scientifically, with an artificial cloud for example. Governments should also
promote the importance of saving water.
Q3: Our planet's climate is becoming more and more extreme. Cold regions are getting colder, and hot regions hotter. Basedon my present knowledge, greenhouse gas is the main factor in global warming, and chlorofluorocarbons emitted by115

Comments from who select Scientific Technology as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

coolants are the main culprit for the holes in our ozone layer; but I think there must be other factors, and we are yet to
discover the deeper issues.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chang Chia-Feng , TAIWAN, T-043
Q2-3:Reduce air pollution; conserve energy and reduce carbon emissions.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Huang Mei-Chai, TAIWAN, T-055
Q2-3:Actively develop facilities with a rain water conservation capacity and water-permeable flooring, such as the "spongecity."
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-057
Q2-3:Construct scientific guidelines on solving environmental problems; develop energy conservation technologies.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chang Hui-Chi, TAIWAN, T-061
Q2-3:Promote the development of theories related to the earth's environment; construct scientific guidelines on solving
environmental problems; develop energy conservation technologies.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-063
Q2-3:The use of energy is the main cause of abnormalities in the environment.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-069
Q2-3:Construct scientific guidelines on solving environmental problems.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-082
Q2-3:Promote the development of theories related to the earth's environment; construct scientific guidelines on solving
environmental problems; develop energy conservation technologies.
Q3: 1. There is a huge gap between the rich and the poor countries around the globe, and no country can improve the environment on its own.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W002
Q2-3:What we need is education that is scientifically sound (with respect to the environment, or one that teaches scientifically correct decision-making processes and standards) at a basic level from kindergarten to high school, accompanied
by governmental action and support.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W003
Q2-3:We need innovative new technologies.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W022
Q2-3:International frameworks and the efforts of individual countries are necessary, but in the end, what will be required are
the use of renewable energies and energy conservation technology.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hiroyuki Harada, JAPAN, W028
Q2-3:First and foremost, we must use environmental technology for energy conservation, the effective use of resources, andshift from primary energy to renewable ones.
Q3: With OPEC's policies, crude oil should eventually come with an expensive price; therefore, we should move towards
the abolition of nuclear energy like Germany.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W030
Q2-3:The problem of food safety, caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake and the nuclear accident, is concerning. In
addition, I find worrying the exhaustion of natural food resources caused by the overexploitation of marine resources
116

Comments from who select Other as measures most effective in solving environmental problemsby neighboring countries like China and South Korea.
Q3: I think it is important for as many citizens as possible to understand environmental problems other than global warming.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W041
Q2-3:In Japan, the nuclear accident caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake has revealed the problems of radioactive
contamination and energy supply. Radioactive contamination and the decommissioning of the nuclear power plantrequire an enormous amount of time. In addition, I don't think there has been an agreement in the public about what
direction we should move forward in with regards to the energy mix.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W067
Q2-3:Innovation, in particular innovation in scientific technology is necessary to solve these problems.
Q3: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W240
Q2-3:
Q3: What is concerning is the problem of the drying out of inland areas. The desertification of inland areas is advancing
irreversibly, and desert areas are only expanding. I believe this is a critical problem, as the reduction in productivity ofinland areas and the shrinking of habitable zones threaten the survival of life forms. But I believe that the relationships
between global warming and the progression of the drying out of inland areas and many other problems have barely
been analyzed or understood. Why is it that we rush to only establish goals and regulations relating to global warming?
I believe it is important to respond more to and address the significant problems besides global warming.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAPAN, W241
Q2-3:Because understanding about the environment spans multiple fields across a broad territory, it has not taken hold widely.
People who have studied the natural sciences need to create a policy.
Q3: Among environmental problems, pollution and the destruction of nature in particular tend to draw attention, and thus
understanding is at the level of the common person. Changes in the environment have come to pass as human beings
employed scientific technologies to build rich and safe societies and enjoyed them, but due to the lack of knowledge,
it has also become an adverse legacy. For example, some in the general public would protest the construction of a dam
from the standpoint of environmental destruction. But when thinking about the safety of human life, some amount ofchange cannot be helped. The environment may improve if human beings ceased to exist, but that would be putting
the cart before the horse. Instead, we should be firm in thinking about the environment that would allow humankind
to continue for many years to come and build a safe and pleasant society.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Comments from who select Other as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Huang Guozhong, CHINA, C277
Q2-3:
Q3:These problems need to be solved through the collective efforts of people around the world.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E001
Q2-3:Education of the direct implications within two generations, of the potential effects of a growing population. And,
probably, policies to encourage having fewer children.
Q3:I feel queasy at the thought of telling people how many children that they should have, but at the same time, the earth
may not be able to support current human population growth rates.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Erik van Lennep, IRELAND, E018
Q2-3:Possibly the most critical and fundamental of all, is governance. How do the people manage their collective affairs? Or
can they? Not within current politically organised systems. Collectively, the world has the technologies and expertise toaddress climate change and its impacts. We even have the funds (although hoarded into very few pockets). In westerncountries the general population supports the changes we need. But governance links are broken. People do not control
the governments they elect. So virtually nothing positive moves forward. This is the bottleneck to our survival.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MALAYSIA, E046
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Comments from who select Other as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q2-3:Political will in the country. Currently, lack of political will to implement real actions that is good for the nation andsociety. Currently, only focus on what they can gain, political dominance and survival of the race (particular race) andvictimization of the others. Their rationalization is narrow and limited for the ”selected race” which is not good for thecountry.
Q3:We are a country of rich resources and biodiversity. But sad to say (ashamed in a way) that we have laws that are
selectively enforced but no real actions to really protect the environment. Most of the time, window dressing for theworld to see. No real action for the overall benefits for the environment.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Prakash Deep Rai, NEPAL, E071
Q2-3:It has to be integrated from category 1-4 specially in underdeveloped and developing countries as it is impossible tofind a solution just by focusing on one element or category.
Q3:I don’t know what is necessary. In context of Nepal, particularly Kathmandu which is also most populated city of
Nepal which also represents most educated mass of country, this mass is so reluctant to fulfill even the simplest rules
and norms to be a proud capital resident....the roads are full of garbage, river is all full of filth and stench,people spit
publicly.....we need strong moral education, I believe.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kenneth Kaneshiro, USA, E082
Q2-3:Again, in order to formulate solutions that will have significant impact at the global scale, all of these measures need
to be considered in a systems thinking approach.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Wagenaar, THE NETHERLANDS, E113
Q2-3:Leadership is needed desperately and the only accepted authority e.g. Mandela , Gandhi, Pope JP II are persons withthese impact
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Monowarul Islam, BANGLADESH, E125
Q2-3:International cooperation, Economic policy that allows for sustainable development while taking the environment into
consideration,Education about environmental problems, Raising awareness on environmental problems, Transforming
lifestyles, Practical activities like environmental protection, The development of energy saving technology.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Karl-Henrik Robèrt, SWEDEN, E139
Q2-3:The most important and pressing measure is to teach leaders about the basic principles of sustainability within the
FSSD, and how to use them for systematic progress towards compliance with the principles. Otherwise they will continue solving one problem by inventing another.
Q3:Due to complexity it is difficult to know beforehand, or even guess, which of the problems categorized in this surveythat is the most acute. Many believe that it is climate change. It can as well be nuclear power and its connection to
nuclear war heads and spread of plutonium to terrorists. Or it could be shrinking biodiversity, or spread of antibioticresistant bacteria. We simply don’t know. To that end, and since the myriad sustainability problems are all connected
at a systems perspective, we simply have to make sure that all kinds of solutions within all sectors (energy, traffic,
agriculture, fisheries, spatial planning etc.) are sustainable TOGETHER. How could we even try to plan for this if ourgoals for the future are not modelled within a set of universal and robust sustainability principles? The lack of thisknowledge amongst our leaders is by far the most acute problem we face.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------William Napier, CANADA, E161
Q2-3:The ever expanding population is the root cause of resource depletion and contributes to ecosystem degradation andstress. Governments and other are timid to identify the issue. Political action, education and awareness are needed toaddress this issue.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Michael Jennings, USA, E223
Q2-3:At this late stage, it's not just the type of measures but the intensity of their application and their design effectiveness.
Nonetheless, the measures must consist of economic measures (which by definition is superseded by political action),science and technology, and society-wide education.
Q3:The inability of world governments to agree on and implement effective mitigation response policy for anthropogenic
climate change has resulted in the continuation of an exponential growth in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that averages 3.1 per cent per year since 1870. Although all eyes are on Paris for the climate meeting in December 2015, the trackrecord is very bad and the potential for a truly effective outcome (as opposed to a political show) is, realistically, low.
118

Comments from who select Other as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

In terms of the physical and chemical properties and process of Earth systems, the parties have waited years too long.
With the exception of 2009, world GHG emission levels surpassed the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) (2000) worst case scenario every year since 2004. Because of increasing temperatures due to GHG emissions
a suite of amplifying feedback mechanisms (such as the loss of ice covering the Arctic Ocean) have engaged and areprobably unstoppable. These processes, acting in concert with the biological and physical inertia of the Earth system in
responding to atmospheric loading of GHGs, along with economic, political and social barriers to emission reduction,
currently place Earth’s climate trajectory well within the IPCC’s RCP 8.5 emissions scenario, or A1FI under the previous
scenario structure of future climate change scenarios. These are worst case scenarios and there is a rapidly diminishingchance of altering this trajectory as time goes on. There is also now a very real risk of sudden climate change (e.g., therecently confirmed slowdown the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, or the “Ridiculously Resilient Ridge”(RRR, the surprisingly stable high pressure ridge over the North Pacific, which has more or less persisted for the last
three years). The pace of this quickly advancing situation has substantially outstripped the policy discussion. The nearterm policy implications of our planetary condition are: • An all-out shift to a broad range of adaptive response policies
is urgently needed. Climate change will force reevaluations of present day governance agreements on trade, finance, foodsupply, security, development, and environment. • Easy to understand scientific data driven visualizations and culturally
appropriate interpretations of probable future conditions are needed to facilitate realistic adaptive policy responses fromall levels of governance. • Multilateral policies for an international crop seed cooperative could significantly lessen
the impacts of crop failures and low yields, reducing the risk of famine and economic effects of unstable food prices.
There is a need to store a large enough volume of crop seed varieties to allow for quick switching of varieties one year
to the next based on dynamic forecasts of seasonal climates. • Harmonization of international, national, subnational,
and local policies for the orderly resettlement of coastal populations should begin now. This will become a chronic
condition involving very large numbers of people. Improved and coordinated policies are needed for refugee services
and related issues of migration and integration as well as planning for land use change and infrastructure development.
For a more complete analysis of today’s climate situation in a policy relevant narrative from the perspective of current
primary science literature and data, please see: Jennings, M. 2012. Climate Disruption: Are We Beyond the Worst Case
Scenario? Global Policy 4(1):32–42, DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-5899.2012.00193.x, © 2012 London School of Economics
and Political Science.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Robert H Horwich, USA, E225
Q2-3:Community conservation when involving communities to actively protect their environment is one field tested solution
to environmental degradation, the loss of biodiversity and the resulting climate change.
Q3:When you help communities to create their own community conservation organization and guide them they will actively
patrol and protect their lands and wildlife--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jacques Boulet, AUSTRALIA, E231
Q2-3:I have problems selecting one of the four as I believe that they are ALL priorities and could be effective... I would rather
think that any of the above measure would remain ineffective if not accompanied by all the others... we need politicalaction but the existing political structures and processes (especially the brand of 'democracy' which is fully tied up
with the powerful in the economic sphere!)are not 'effective' because they assume that the existing system (capitalismof the neo-liberal type) is the 'best' we could possibly have. In fact, that system is to a large degree causal to the deterioration of all the ecological and survival measures... Our economic system as it functions today produces ecologicaldestruction in so many dimensions and each of these dimensions has meanwhile so many research results and books tooffer sufficient evidence that this system is destructive - and then I haven't even touched on the human destructivenessinherent to it, both socially, individually and relationally... and science/technology - whilst potentially efficient/effectivein diminishing the drift into disaster - at present is too much tied up with the economic and political interests I referred
to before... Finally education... I have the strong feeling as an academic and intellectual that our educational systems
increasingly are NOT addressing the important issues any more... the fact that our universities are now businesses andsupposed to run in the mode of capitalist enterprises (rather than being important parts of the duty of society to assure
the continuing reflection, monitoring and understanding of how we're faring with our (human) capability to sustain(which I prefer to 'sustainability', a word which has been totally high-jacked by the culprits of our disastrous descentinto disaster) our ecology and therewith our own survival... So unless change will occur on all levels and holistically, I
am convinced that things will get worse rather than better...
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------David G. Barker, USA, E251
Q2-3:My personal opinion is that the problems of human population/overpopulation will most likely be resolved by famine,
plague, and/or war. Unfortunately, the great possibilities of the human intelligence, rational intellect and logic are andlikely will remain overridden by tribal, cultural, and religious beliefs.
Q3:The overriding problem on this planet is human overpopulation. All other problems are descended from this single
119Comments from who select Other as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

problem.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------David Johns, USA, E259
Q2-3:Conservation organizations are politically weak. Many conservation NGOs are in denial or afraid to do what needs tobe done; or they lack the capacity. For conservation to be successful the human footprint must be radically reduced:
fewer people consuming less. This can only be done through political organizing. There are seven major attributes ofsuccessful efforts to bring about major societal changes such as ending slavery or apartheid, gaining women's right,
and similar. They are 1) a clear and bold vision, 2)combining insider and outsider strategies; 3) being grounded in astrong community; 4) uncompromising on goals but flexible with means; 5)perseverence; 6) seize opportunities suchas crises or splits among elites; and 7) they understand power and are unafraid to use it. See next box for explication.
Q3:1. Bold Vision Bold vision is a hallmark of successful movements because structurally rooted failures can only be
addressed by bold solutions, not band-aids. Abolishing slavery, toppling tyrannies and apartheid, achieving labor rights,
women’s rights, and many other basic economic and political changes all required rethinking the purposes and organization of society. What would a nature-compatible society look like? Boldness is also a tactical imperative—one canbargain down, but not up. Transformative visions are never seamless—passionate advocates differ and too many leaders have fragile egos and must have their way—but successful movement have shared core principles, such as equality.
Visions that compel action appeal to needs, emotions and the intellect of those whose support is sought. They describe
what is wrong, what a better world looks like, and outline the path forward in a powerful story in which people can findthemselves. 2. Combine Insider and Outsider Strategies (Good Cops and Bad) Insider strategies understand politics
as the art of the possible. Outsider strategies are about changing what is possible. Combining both strategies is necessary to achieve structural change. Insider strategies have led to the creation of national parks and other protected areas,
and limiting the trade in rare, threatened and endangered species. But insider strategies are inherently limited as elites
seldom abandon their material interests; their support is always conditional on truncated conservation goals. Insider
strategies do not yield fundamental change. Fundamental change invariably requires breaking the rules imposed by theelites for their benefit, and creating new rules. No major societal change has been achieved without outsider strategies
that include mass mobilization. Mass mobilization provides the credible threat of disrupting business as usual until
demands are met. Slavery was not abolished, Jim Crow laws were not dismantled, nor did women and labor obtainrights, by playing by the rules. Structural change is neither the product of the timid nor amateurs, but of efforts led byprofessionals. Outsider strategies are high risk and require people willing to take on the risks of repression. Groups
pursuing outsider strategies must forge alliances and coalitions with those pursuing insider strategies. Non-violent but
disruptive protest was successfully used by groups in the US civil rights and anti-Vietnam war movements, but theirsuccess was owed in part to other groups in the movement espousing revolution. Although unrealistic, calls for revolution shifted the political center. Outsider strategies encounter repression not only because they are disruptive but because
they aim at creating new centers of political power thereby diminishing existing decision-makers options. Permanentchanges in power relations are a considerable threat to elites and many regimes go to great lengths to forestall thecreation of any autonomous centers of power. 3. Create a Strong Community Movements consisting mostly of organizations whose members are check-writers supporting professional staff lack the passion and energy to create fundamental change. Often cannot even mobilize enough member support for insider strategies because check-writers do notfollow organizational leaders. In contrast, successful movements are embedded in a strong, mass community or networkof communities. Community is critical for a number of reasons. The bonds of community extend beyond politics, tofriendship, family, ritual, marriage, sex, love, play, music and other cultural relationships. Such bonds create feelingsof belonging and forestall attrition resulting from the uncertainty of outcomes, the often multi-generational path torealizing significant change, the oppressive asymmetry of power relationships, the potential for demobilization following major interim successes, and the vilification of movement members by defenders of the status quo Personal relationships afforded by community buffer against isolation, fatigue and fear; the more developed they are the more resilient the movement organizations. Sustains political action in the face of repression. Trust and loyalty are built uponstrong interpersonal ties, a commitment to a common cause, and ritual. Virtual social networks are effective at recruitment for mass events, but inadequate to support the organization building necessary to sustain over time active involvement of large numbers of people. The US conservation movement has generally not extended its community as theseother movements have. Earth First! was extraordinarily creative in the 1980s, generating an ecocentric culture, but itlacked the capacity to reach broader audiences. Orgs of check-writers lack conservation-centered community leaving
conservation a sideshow or an afterthought, not a society changing movement.
4. Uncompromising on Goals but
Flexible Means Movements are energized and sustained by organization, real and perceived progress toward goals,
threats, leaders, relationships among movement participants, and the inspiration imparted by vision. Compromise oncore goals—those essential to achieving an organization’s or movement’s vision—drains the energy and determinationthat purpose generates. One of the greatest enticements to compromise on basic goals is partial success. Leaders likebeing players. Diversity/variety among orgs important but becomes a weakness and movements falter when low-risk
groups allow opponents or decision-makers to divide them from the high-risk groups that play such a pivotal role indefining the political landscape—it is those pushing the envelop that define the political center. If unwillingness to120

Comments from who select Other as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

compromise on goals is critical to achieving them, so is flexibility in the means employed. Many paths may lead to agoal and being open to taking the most advantageous one can make all the difference (see the discussion of crises below).
5. Persevere Defenders of the status quo think those who demand change will tire and fade the former will try to waitout the latter or encourage their waning. When a movement’s organizational strength and commitment of participants
makes clear that it will pursue its goals indefinitely, decision-makers are more likely to bargain—or resort to repression.
Perseverance depends on harnessing people’s emotions (e.g. anger, outrage, affection for other participants), needs (e.g.
for others, for a sense of efficacy and purpose) and deepest beliefs (what constitutes justice and the highest good) Goals
can take decades and longer to achieve & few milestones that are as easily defined as the 8-hour work day, women’s
suffrage, or the end of legal segregation The immediate costs of achieving protection may be high. In the face of such
uncertainties the role of ritual—which presupposes a community—is critical to sustaining mobilization. Rituals define,declare and celebrate achievements that are otherwise obscure. If perseverance depends on feelings of effectiveness,
effectiveness depends on making progress toward goals. Progress depends on many factors, but one of the most important is constant tactical innovation that keeps the movement ahead of opponents and authorities. Leadership critical toperseverance, able to inspire, organize, and fashion and implement effective strategies. Explain struggle’s nature &importance, fulfills supporters’ need to make sense of things and sustains people by sanctifying purpose, not just byproviding it. Religion, notions of inevitable historical development, or that the universe unfolds in ways that favorjustice or progress. Mobile telephones and the internet have made it is possible, without direct physical interaction, toorganize mass events on short notice but most participants show little inclination for organization building or discipline,
a prerequisite to creating a base of political power. Without such a base, movements cannot persevere long enough tobring systemic change. 6. Exploit Crises & Divisions Within Elites Divisions within decision-making elites andamong a movement’s opponents, and crises that weaken opponents and delegitimate dominant ideologies and institutions are important opportunities for movements if they are recognized and acted on decisively. When national or
global elites are united they usually get their way. When they are divided there is greater potential for alternative definitions of problems and solutions, and more room for action by non-elite actors. When elites are divided their factions
depend on non-elite allies to bolster their power, which gives non-elites greater leverage to advance their goals. Movements that exploit these divisions, sometimes by first exacerbating them, can win concessions. It is no coincidence thatsome of the strongest US conservation laws were passed by the governing elite faction that was divided from factions
over continuing to wage an aggressive war and for resisting dismantling racist institutions and other failings. These
divisions, combined with pressure from energized mass environmental and conservation movements, caused thoseholding the government’s reins to support laws including the Endangered Species Act. Conservationists won greater
protection for dolphins by using and encouraging divisions among big US tuna companies, tuna fishermen and at times
congressional leaders. Division between economic and political elites was a major proximate cause negation among
the governments of Guatemala and South Africa and rebels. Structural crises provide opportunities for much greaterchange and by identifying them as such and giving them greater attention, much can be achieved. By analogy, once a
train is headed down the track options are limited—changing the engineer or speed is of minimal account when the
train is headed in the wrong direction. But when the train is in the switching yard it can be set in a new direction, overhauled and refitted and this is the option structural crises provide. Many societies are in such a technological and infrastructure transition now the potential ecological consequences of the choices are enormous. A very big question—canefforts to influence such transformations results in technologies and infrastructure that shrink rather than increase thehuman footprint? As growth accelerates resource wars often result. The opportunities war presents for conservation arecomplex. Wars can evoke patriotism, pushing other issues such as conservation off the political agenda. Because wars
rarely go as planned they can also weaken leaders, generate anti-war movements that are critical of the causes of war—
which often are also the causes of ecological degradation—and enhance support for changes in societal direction. These
cycles also are associated with changes in political leadership. When growth is slow and prices are high (stagflation)—around the middle of the 55 year cycle—liberal elite factions give way to more conservative ones. When growth andprices are both stagnant (recession or depression) there is usually a shift from conservative to more liberal elite factions.
There are longer term oscillations and developments that offer potential opportunities to movements. As dominant
powers wax and wane and ultimately weaken in comparison to countries whose power is increasing, the former’s reachshrinks in their regions of influence and globally, inevitably resulting in challenges. Global wars can result when thechallenger to the dominant power seeks a different world order, rather than just to replace the dominant power. On amuch longer time horizon conservationists confront 12,000 years of societal inertia beginning with the “Neolithic
Revolution” that gave rise to the growth-focused hierarchical institutions so familiar today. The drive of societies formore and more resources and the biological consequences presents conservationists with an issue as thorny as disarmament. No country wants to weaken its competitive position by foregoing the control of resources, especially energy
resources that allow for the enhanced capture of all resources. Societies situated between the poorest and richest andthat are gaining in wealth and power are often the source of important societal and technological innovations that drive
the evolution of the world system . Historically both types of innovation were aimed at intensifying exploitation of thenatural world to boost efforts to break free from longstanding domination by other countries. But their role as global
rudder may harbor the potential for forms of societal organization compatible with conservation goals. 7. Understand121

Comments from who select Other as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Power Former US Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbittsaid, “Don’t expect me to do the right thing, make me do it.”Prevailing in the choice of policy or leaders has little to do with reasoned arguments and facts, though they may provide
public justification for actions. Instead, political outcomes depend on the ability of contesting parties to effectively
mobilize more money, votes, media, and other resources than their opponents. Decision-makers must care about anissue before information about it matters. Although some issues are near to their heart, many care most about continuing to be in a position to make decisions. Even sympathetic decision-makers need to feel systematic pressure—it allows
them to resist counter-pressure. Successful movements and organizations understand who holds power, how decisions
are made, who can directly influence the outcomes, and how to mobilize those groups or individuals. They understandthat the process of influencing decision-makers starts with influencing decisions about who makes decisions. They
understand that reaching goals depends on the willingness to use to the fullest their capacity to reward, punish andotherwise influence, despite its crudeness and imprecision. Timidity is ineffective. No one more elegantly expresseda grasp of power than abolitionist and former slave Frederick Douglass (1985 [1857]: 204): “… Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will. Find out just what any people will quietly submit to and you havefound out the exact measure of injustice and wrong that will be imposed…and these will continue till they are resistedwith words or blows or with both. … “If there is no struggle there is no progress. Those who profess to favor freedom
but depreciate agitation are men who … want rain without thunder and lightning. They want the ocean without theawful roar of its many waters.” Those who want above all else a quiet ocean are part of the problem, not part of thesolution. Citations have been redacted to meet character limits.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE NETHERLANDS, E281
Q2-3:Either overpopulation will be corrected by nature or by mankind. I suppose we should prefer by mankind. Overconsumption is an equal problem. Finally I would like to mention unlimited financial resources in the western world to let
us live longer by trials to ban cancer out of our lifes. The result is that our last year of life costs equal or more money
than the rest of our life. Not the length of our life is most important, but the quality!
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GABON, E343
Q2-3:Enforcement of national and international laws and regulations would resolve most of the major threats to biodiversity:for example hunting of elephants for their ivory and trafficking of ivory to China and Japan through intermediate countries
such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Thailand and Vietnam. Implementation of laws in other countries such as the USA would
also help control trade. Ivory trade and trafficking are linked to organised crime and thus play a role in destabilising
many countries. Other wildlife crime such as trafficking of shark fins and pangolin scales is also not controlled, eventhough it is mostly illegal under national and international laws and regulations.
Q3:Respect for national regulations by foreign investors in Gabon and other parts of Central Africa should be strongly
supported by the governments of the countries of origin of the investing companies. For example, oil companies in
Gabon must prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment and follow the recommendations which have been made inthis. Often they do not.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Erik Assadourian, USA, E411
Q2-3:We need degrowth on all fronts: an intentional degrowth strategy to bring human population down to 2-3 billion by
2200 and create an economy within the bounds of Earth's systems, which will require a significant phase of economic
degrowth. While technology, education, economic changes, and political action will all play a role of course, ultimately
this require a total transformation of cultures to center on sustainability rather than growth and consumerism.
Q3:I like the idea of the doomsday clock, but my recent research is leading me to wonder if we've already passed midnight-it's just that the lag in Earth's systems make us not realize that a crash is inevitable. If this is the case, how should thischange the strategies of the environmental community moving forward?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VIETNAM, E421
Q2-3:It is hard to say what is the most effective. It is needed to apply all of mentioned category. (political action. economic
measures, society and education, scientific technology )Q3:climate change is not only the challenge but also opportunity for more sustainable development. To specify, it has linked
to big problems such as non-traditional securities (food, water, energy), increasing disaster (flood, storm..)...and diking
economic development. However, in other hands, It like an serious alarm which tells us what did we do and makes us
think of what can we do for more sustainable development.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------USA, E432
Q2-3:Community awareness and organizing. Thus far no measures have significantly impeded the production, distribution, or
regulation of chemicals, toxins, and pollution, which now permeate the ecosystems. The EPA in America for example,
states that their efforts have not been effective in curbing the hundreds of unstudied chemicals that are prevalent in the122Comments from who select Other as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

soil, water and air, and they recommend to organize locally as a solution.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E445

Q2-3:All of the above.
Q3:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------David, AUSTRALIA, E452
Q2-3:International agreement to control population at the global government level. Setting sustainable human carrying capacity per region within nations (rather than national targets)based on scientific and economic and environmental data.
Agreement on acceptable processes for slowly reducing population where required, or for slowly increasing populationin regions where this is both possible and desired by the national government.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------David Rodriguez, SPAIN, E455
Q2-3:Legally-binding, science-based territorial or maritime planning aimed at sustainable development. Political will intransparent, participative and corruption-free processes is also key.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Zylicz, POLAND, E495
Q2-3:Adopting more modest lifestyles requires an unprecedented educational effort.
Q3:It is a pity that contemporary environmental discussions are dominated by climate change - an important problem,
but far less fundamental than biodiversity loss. Besides, effective climate protection requires concerted efforts of all
countries, not just 'Annex I' (implicated in many debates).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------John Senior, AUSTRALIA, E503
Q2-3:Contact with nature as a means of addressing health and wellbeing needs will necessitate 1 WHO endorsing the approach. 2 political action nationally by allocating a portion of health budgets to environmental enhancement (e.g. parks).
3 action locally by supporting and encouraging health service providers, clinics etc to cooperate with greenspace/parks
managers on programs to address community health and wellbeing.
Q3:I am presently drafting international Best Practice Guidelines for the International Union for Conservation of natureon this matter. I would be happy to correspond further on this initiative if Asahi Glass Foundation is interested.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Penelope Figgis AO, AUSTRALIA, E548
Q2-3:The massive consumption growth model which drives most of the world will collapse the ecological foundations of asmall finite planet. Measure 2. is too weak, we need a fundamental change in economic approaches to fully value andaccount for natural capital and factor avoidance of long term impacts and loss of ecosystem function and biodiversity
into economic decision making. We also need a moral and ethical revolution which would make obscenities like sharkfinning, whale hunting, destruction and cruelty to animals for 'medicines' and ivory products completely rejected bycivilized modern societies.
Q3:We need to stop pretending that a nice polite shift to largely symbolic 'sustainability' will change the overall trajectoryof the massive decline of the natural fabric of the living earth. The fabulous richness beauty and functionality is the
product of 4.5 billion years of evolution. Yet we have built an economic paradigm which largely ignores its importance.
The impacts of even the last 50 years are immense and in another 50 years based on the current trajectory we will have alargely unlivable planet for most people. Only fundamental change from the 'shop till you drop' 'all you can eat' cultureof developed nations and the wretched poverty, corruption and desperation of much of the developing world will slow
this tragic loss. Will our species have the wisdom to change direction ? I doubt it - go into any shopping mall, watch
TV, go into any airport and the power of the growth paradigm and its acceptance as normal is overwhelming.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Robert Mostyn, UK, E605
Q2-3:A bottom up measurement linking industrial activity and personal consumption to environmental consequences isrequired. The my EcoCost project is attempting to do this and has proven an architectural method to achieve this using
Information Technology.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E626
Q2-3:Radical change in political and economic priorities to ensure reduction of pressures on the environment and the continuing dependency on fossil fuels. This must include greater respect for indigenous peoples and their role in environmental
protection and climate change mitigation.
123

Comments from who select Other as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

Q3:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Michael Ferguson, NORWAY, E678
Q2-3:A series of major catastrophes that will wake up western citizens to the fact that the planet cannot support their lifestyle.
The less-developed world is struggling for the privileges that the west enjoys. The planet cannot support 7 billion people
enjoying the western lifestyle, but those in the west are not uniquely entitled to enjoy it. Unfortunately, the west will
not give up what they have unless they are forced to. Little environmental tweaking (as per 1-4 above) that the west
may entertain will be wholly inadequate, although they may delay the inevitable planetary decline!
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Susan Lea Smith, USA, E681
Q2-3:No single category of measures can solve the critical problems we face. To minimize climate change, we need a strong
internationally coordinated carbon tax so that products reflect their cost to the climate and our way of life. That tax
would go a long way towards changing the lifestyles of over-consuming Europeans, North Americans, and the elitesof all countries. That is an economic device that requires political action. To make those changes politically acceptable, we need to continue to educate the public about the need to transform our lifestyles. For example, obviously weneed to reduce use of gasoline and diesel in transportation. Less obviously, we need to educate the public that we needto reduce our consumption of exotic foods and use locally grown food, grown with a minimum of fossil fuel energy
inputs and efficiently transported with a minimum of FF inputs. Not to mention the insanity of consuming so muchmeat, which requires amazingly high inputs of plant and FF energy. But we also need technological advances. We alsoneed better energy storage technology and electric vehicle technology to wean us off of gasoline vehicles. Throughbetter energy storage technology and better transmission technology, we can rely more on solar and wind technology
to provide electricity, including baseloads. We also need development of distributed solar and wind technologies toreduce energy lost to transmission, and grid coordination technologies to allow microgrid development. But none ofthose measures directly address deforestation, which is half of the climate change mitigation challenge. While somedeforestation is driven by conversion for biofuel production (obviously counterproductive) and export products suchas meat and exotic wood furniture for elites/North Americans/Europeans, much deforestation is caused by the need ofpoor rural people for food and energy. We need to shift global food strategy towards sustainable agriculture by small
landholders, local self-reliance and food sovereignty and away from corporate mono-culture and globalization. These
economic and political measure would substantially reduce deforestation for food. Availability of distributed solar andwind electricity production using advanced technologies at affordable prices would largely eliminate deforestation forenergy.
Q3:Solving environmental problems in the 21st century requires more than environmental technology, economic instruments and environmental law. It requires creation of a just society. And my specialty, sustainability law, is creatinglaws and policies that foster a just society. Human history consists of the tales told by the ruthless few who seek toelevate themselves above the rest of us to secure money, power, and prestige, and those who seek to live simple fulfilling lives in peace and harmony, under conditions of sufficient economic, political, and social freedom. All social,political, and economic structures and ideas are manipulated by the few to dominate the many. Building a democratic,
compassionate society with an equitable distribution of wealth is the common goal that the rest of us must embrace toliberate ourselves from the grasp of the few. In secular terms, this is what I call a just society; in Christian terms, thisis what I call the coming of the kingdom of God to Earth. What institutional structures, laws and policies advance
us toward and can support such a society? What role can each of us play in creating such institutions, laws, and policies? Those are the inquiries what I want my students, and all of us, to make. Human rights laws seek to create theminimum conditions of economic, political, and social freedom. But our country avoids creation of economic andsocial rights, being content with some shadow of political and civil rights. And those political and civil rights havenow been undermined by a 40 year line of cases from the United States Supreme Court elevating the right of the richto control our elections by the logical fallacies that money is speech and corporations are people. Obviously, reversingthat line of precedent is necessary; it may take a constitutional amendment to accomplish that, unless the next President
is able to shift the composition of the Supreme Court. Because of the inherent weakness of international human rights
law, some countries are experimenting with enshrining human rights laws, both economic and social rights as well as
political and civil rights, in constitutional law. We should study the extent to which constitutional innovations are truly
superior to statutory embodiment of such rights – and what sort of statutory implementation of those rights is necessary.
This includes such rights as the right to water and sanitation and the right to a clean environment. But whatever the
success of a nation in creating just laws, it is limited by the global economic institutions and power of trans-national
corporations, the tools of the few. We must reform global economic institutions and tame the power of trans-national
corporations so that they become servants, not masters, of people in our increasingly globalized society. We should
study how those global economic institutions should be reformed and what sort of laws, national and international,
are necessary to harness the power of trans-national corporations. Along with our efforts in the United States to forge
a better society for ourselves, we must shift our foreign policy efforts towards somehow allying ourselves not with124

Comments from who select Other as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

various nations and their elites, but with the people of other countries -- and those popular movements truly seeking tocreate a better, more just society within their countries and throughout the world. We should study how foreign policy,
and national and international law, can be re-formulated to accomplish that aim. We Americans are being set up for
another grand, nationalistic and ideological battle between titans, between the elites of China and the western/westernized elites. We have no champion in that battle. Whoever wins, we lose; the victor will be the elite of one or anotherof the titans. Based on the example of Japan and Germany after World War II, perhaps both elites will win after thebattle is over. And that grand battle (whether fought as a cold war, another total military war, or an entirely economicwar) will drain the economic resources of all of our societies away from alleviating poverty and will perpetuate a grossdegree of economic inequality. Yet there is still a difference between those two titans, even if it seems minor. The
West still has a pale shadow of democracy, of political and civil rights. That is our stake in the battle; that is what wemust protect as the battle between the titans rages. That is what we lost in our willingness to sacrifice privacy as well
as some important political and civil rights as the price of fighting fascism, Russian and Islamic totalitarianism andradical Islamic terrorism. We should study how to protect privacy, political rights, and civil rights as we battle against
terrorism and totalitarianism, especially in the midst of a technological revolution more profound than anything thathumanity has ever experienced. This technological revolution is transforming life in ways that few of us can evenimagine. From nanotechnology and genetic engineering to cybernetics, 3D printing and artificial intelligence, we are
reinventing our reality in an unprecedented manner that may make our fondest dreams come true or our worst nightmares
seem rosy. We must study how to formulate laws that encourage science and technological innovation without ceding
all wealth and power to the few, their computers and robots, or the next generation of artificial intelligence. Two of therealms in which we have paid the steepest price for triumph of the few over the rest has been destruction of the Earthand destruction of human community. Especially in the West (or the North if you prefer that designation of regional
privilege), the many have been manipulated by the few into spending ever-increasing and unimaginable chunks of theirprecious lives to make and acquire unnecessary expensive stuff, instead of finding purpose and happiness in meaningful work and relationships with other people. It is sold to us as the means to individual happiness and freedom, when
what it produces is loss of community and individual unhappiness and wage slavery. We must study how to formulate
laws that prevent this manipulation and redistribute wealth so that everyone has enough. Production and consumptionof this destructive excess stuff in turn leads both to destruction of the Earth and the destruction of human community.
The bottom line is that we must come to love ourselves as we are, our neighbors, and our Earth. We must come to therealization that most of us in the West/North have enough and are enough so that we can no longer be manipulated by
the few to produce and consume stuff we don't need. Since, as the Beetles sang, ”Money can't buy you love.” Thisrequires something more than law, economic measures, education, or technology; this requires spiritual transformation.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------John D. Kalor, INDONESIA, E721
Q2-3:There would be more then one categories: 1. Political Action: International cooperation, Measures to alleviate disparity
in wealth,or other 2. Economic Measures: Economic policy that allows for sustainable development while taking theenvironment into consideration, or other 3. Society and Education: Education about environmental problems, Raisingawareness on environmental problems,Transforming lifestyles, Practical activities like environmental protection, orother.
Q3:In my opinion, others environmental problems in Papua are: 1. Loss marine biodiversity due to global warming, habitatand ecosystem degradations, population etc.
2. Papua island is the last largest mangrove forest in the world, every
year we (Papuan) are loosing mangrove forest, due to infrastructures developing, human activities, industrialization,etc. But, no body asking questions, why? There for at August 2014, I'm establish the program so called Mangrove
Education, Training,and Restoration for Children in Papua. I hope this program will running well for save mangrove
Papua.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HUNGARY, E725
Q2-3:Most effective way to solving these two environmental problems (Land Use and its result, the loss of Biodiversity) if
combining these categories, which means that economic measures (e.g. a national economic policy ensure the sustainable
development) exists parallel with political action (e.g. international cooperation) and society and education measures(e.g. strong education about environmental problems, active raising awareness campaign on the problems, programmes
to involve the people), and of course ongoing research and implementation of scientific technology improvements.
Q3:The category 9, 10, 11 in the 1st question were a little bit difficult to understand, because it seems to be a positive change,some kind of positive environmental issues, although they are problems in the other way: e.g. no or lack of progress inenvironmental awareness at the individual and societal levels, and in environmental education; poverty growing.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sadegh Sadeghi Zadegan, IRAN, E726
Q2-3:Coordinated national and international measures.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------125

Comments from who select Other as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

GREECE, E732
Q2-3:Political action could make a difference, if politicians represent the interests of their Nation and not the interests of
SPECIFIC individuals/groups.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ivana Savic, SERBIA, E733
Q2-3:The environmental problems could only be resolved only if we would combine proposed measures, but the first stepis the complete change of the economic policies and meaningful political action at all levels.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mariana Alicia Pascual Robles, MEXICO, E799
Q2-3:All of the above. Environment and economy depend on national and regional policies; governments are also responsiblefor developing economic measures to increase sustainable development; land use relies on education and job opportunities; while scientific technology depends on being impulsed by governments and needs the acceptance of society. I
believe that to improve on "environment and economy" all of the above options need to be done.
Q3:Being a third world country Mexico needs to increase welfare for its population, otherwise no political-economic-social
measures will have enough impact to reduce indiscriminate use of natural resources nor reduce corruption around them.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAMAICA, E811
Q2-3:Environmental policy and management of human behaviour.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GHANA, E872
Q2-3:Law enforcement and continuous education.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AUSTRALIA, E895
Q2-3:Criminal charges against recalcitrant governments (as per current Dutch initiative, where possible), removal of perverse
subsidies, global citizens take ownership of the skies.
Q3:quite frankly depressing, scale and rate of pillage seems to be escalating not reducing, now want to carve up theremainder including seep oceans, noting sacred or sacrosanct, etc - WE KNOW ENOUGH TO SAVE OURSELVESAND THE PLANET BUT SEEM INCAPABLE OF DOING WHAT IS NEEDED - $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IS ALL THAT MATTERS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SOUTH AFRICA, E897
Q2-3:Need to get rid of perverse incentives encouraging people to over breed such as capping child benefits for 2 or possible
max of 3 children with no benefits from state after this. Human population is the elephant in the room and ridiculousthat major conservation bodies stick their head in the sand and have ignored it. Economic and political empowermentof women will be key.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GERMANY, E902
Q2-3:An integrated, multi-faceted approach needs to be taken, that is why it is hard to choose one of the categories above.
A combination of them would be more effective, e.g., more political action to address climate change that is affecting
water quantity/rainfall patterns and deal with water appropriation and enforcement, economic and educational measures which aim toward reducing or optimizing water consumption for food production, scientific technology whichhelps with water conservation and harvesting, etc. This all needs to be done with an overarching focus on biodiversity
preservation and acknowledging the severe effects which water shortages and inappropriate soil management can haveon land degradation.
Q3:I have to comment on the extreme importance of soil and the lack of focus on this essentially non-renewable resource.
It is, like the rationale above, a multi-faceted resource which provide essential ecosystem services, such as food production and regulation of the water and nutrient cycles, and economically it is vital as a foundation for physical structures,
which often gets exploited unsustainably through problems such as urban sprawl and waste contamination. However,politically there is a shortage of attention, though increasing, to soil protection with strong, innovative measures which
address the different ways in which soil is used, its multiple functions, and the methods by which the soil should or
should not be managed in order to achieve a sustainable and desirable level of soil quality and health.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------126

Comments from who select Other as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

ABEL PEREZ GONZALEZ, ARGENTINA, E921
Q2-3:Necessarily you need to combined all the above type of measures to effective solving the environmental Problems.
Economical measures without Political actions make no sense.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Liette Vasseur, CANADA, E946
Q2-3:Can we finally stop to separate everything? It is an integrated approach where political, economic, social and scientific
are all working together. The reason for not solving the problem is the lack of integration.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lucas Ferrante, BRAZIL, E967
Q2-3:Political Actions, Economic Measure and environmental education in a combined action.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Judith D Schwartz, USA, E974
Q2-3:I think best is a combination of 1) understanding how the biosphere works; and 2) integrating this understanding into
our economic system, namely by internalizing the costs of any damage to ecological processes. Science and technology
alone will not solve our problems; the collective biophysical processes that we don't notice are far more powerful than
any technologies we could create. Basically, we need to value ecosystem function, for this underlies all economies.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Anees Khan, PAKISTAN, E979
Q2-3:There is need to strengthen Governance and rule of law in the region I reside. City and regional planning needs to be
put forth with rectification measures of already urbanized localities. There is need to take strict actions when agriculture land is used for urbanization and vice versa. The agenda's discussed in international workshops and resolutions
adopted in international fora need to be followed up properly. Unfortunately lot of money is wasted by internationalorganizations in discussing issues at seminars and meetings but no practical steps are taken at grass root level. The local level organizations need to be capacitated and financially backed up to implement international agenda's at microlevel. Reformation of policies by the member countries need to be implemented in true spirit. In many cases the true
spirit of the policies and strategies are lost due to lack of proper monitoring.
Q3:In my region, post earthquake situation, flash floods of 2010-11 and security situations have compelled hundreds ofthousands of people to permanently migrate to cities thus further increasing burden of population on them. This hascaused a number problems related to urbanization, population and contamination due to solid waste in the cities. However, no measures at Government and Non Government level existed to reduce intensity of these problems.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GERMANY, E996
Q2-3:Political action, combined with economic measures, rising awareness on environmental problems, and scientific technology. But political action has to control particularly technological progress, to avoid technology harmful to environmentand humans. International & intergovernmental boards have to be established for controlling particular large-scale land
use conversion for sustainability.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FRANCE, 017F
Q2-3:LEGAL MEASURES OF INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LAW IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL AREA
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MADAGASCAR, 045F
Q2-3:
Q3:Madagascar faces several environmental challenges. Some of these challenges, such as the extinction of native species,
are well known, whereas other challenges are dangerously ignored: for example, the repeated droughts in the GrandSud (Large Southern area), locusts, and air pollution inside homes. Natural resources are a determining factor for the
future of the country. Human development will come from the effective transformation of natural riches into productive
and human capital. The effectiveness of this transformation hinges on the good governance of natural resources.
The country has very rich biodiversity and wonderful natural sites, a rational exploitation of which could contributeto a diversification of its revenues. But forest exploitation and logging bring about huge issues. The methods of forest
exploitation remain traditional and low-yielding.
Among the factors of degradation, forest fires play an important role. The main causes of deforestation are the irrational
and abusive exploitation of the forest as a source of timber for carpentry and construction materials, for firewood andcharcoal, etc., as well as the clearing of the forest for the purposes of gaining new land for agriculture and livestock127Comments from who select Other as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

farming. When the soil loses nutrients or becomes depleted, peasants leave it fallow and seek more land. Overgrazingin the undergrowth and grazing in forests: Inside the forests, the herds trample and eat the young plants in the undergrowth or the tree leaves. They thus contribute to the degradation of the forest. The collection of ornamental plants andthe exploitation of non-wood forest products: they represent a diversity of materials, including food, medicine, spices,
essential oils, etc.
Trading in wild species: the contraband of fauna and flora poses a real threat. For example, here in Madagascar, several
species of chameleons, amphibians and insects, reptiles, and birds are captured alive and destined to the international
market (let us also mention the illegal trade of lemurs).
Let us evoke the structural causes. First of all, the imbalance between demographic growth and economic growth. In
particular, the inappropriate distribution of the population has generated very pronounced demographic pressures inagricultural areas but also in areas where natural resources are exploited.
Let us also mention the profound changes in public administration. These changes, which followed principles of democratization and decentralization, have not been well understood by the population. People interpreted democratization
as an unrestrained individual or collective freedom. Hence, the increased accountability of baseline communities was
accompanied by a decay of public morals and by an unwillingness to implement existing laws.
We witness a continuous decline in the quality of the environment, and a significant regression of the growth of nature,in particular regarding primary forests, which are the habitat of a large part of the fauna and flora that create and shapea unique and exceptional biodiversity.
The forest cover recedes under the combined pressure of the slash-and-burn and shifting cultivation practices, theharvesting of firewood and charcoal, and the overexploitation of timber.
There is very strong erosion which leaves its marks in every region of the Island.
Let us add that forests are above all an ideal habitat for numerous animal and plant species. Forests are essential to
the water regulation cycle, as they also stabilize the soil through the trees’ root systems and thereby ensure an optimal
recycling of mineral nutrients.
As a consequence, the clearing of forests brings about erosion, dangerous gullies, rat invasions in homes, ecologicaldisruption of the prey-predator chain, the destruction of downstream buildings or infrastructure, the silting up of dams
and of shallows or bottomlands (a sizable portion of agricultural land, infrastructures, etc.).
IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY
Climate change can impact biologic biodiversity in its phenology (study of the influence of climate on seasonal biologic phenomena regarding plants : leafing, foliation and flowering, etc.) and animals (migration, hibernation, etc.),
the distribution of species (for example, insect migrations, phenomena linked to the interactions of disturbed species).
Firstly, the emergence of invading species. It so happens that humans carry and spread different species all over theworld, thus jeopardizing the evolution of new species and altering the normal evolutionary process. This is very harmful to the native biodiversity.
SOLUTIONS TO REDUCE THE DEGRADATION
In order to save the forests, it is first necessary to save the environment that is still left, and then teach others theimportance of the environment and how they can help save the forests. In addition, it is necessary to repair damaged
ecosystems by planting trees where forests have been slashed, and to encourage people to live in a way that preserves
the environment. Also, it is necessary to create parks devoted to the protection of forests and of wildlife. Lastly, we must
support those societies who function in a manner that minimizes the damages inflicted on the environment.
The promotion of ecotourism is perhaps the best hope for economic development in certain regions.
Developing human resources (raising the awareness, education and training of the population, encouraging the participation of the population, in particular by bolstering community groups and associations so as to complete, support or
perfect their capabilities in terms of public management, and by moralizing public life in relation to our culture, ourlegislation, our development needs, etc.).
Promoting a sustainable, equitable development that is well spread across the national territory (by making an inventoryof the natural resources so as to manage them appropriately and plan their use wisely, and by saving natural resources
while making a better use of local natural resources).
Rehabilitating, preserving and managing Madagascar’s biodiversity heritage which is absolutely unique, and capitalizing on this heritage to support the development of ecotourism.
Improving the living environment of rural and urban populations so that they can benefit from a marked progress intheir daily living conditions.
Ensuring a sound balance between demographic growth and the development of resources.
The conditions for the success of the protection of the environment
In order to give the maximum chances of success to the protection and conservation of the environment, the following
conditions will first need to be met:
Dynamizing the institutional framework by breathing new life into the existent institutions, making them aware of theirrespective responsibilities so as to better preserve and manage the environment.
Disengaging the State. The role of the State is to define the policy, to put in place the necessary incentives, to follow128

Comments from who select Other as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

up and to assess the initiatives on the ground. It is the task of private operators, user associations, NGOs and privatecompanies to preserve and leverage the countries’ resources.
Improving the tools for controlling the evolution of our environment, refining our policies, and having the capabilities
to act in a timely manner.
Developing targeted research in the environmental area.
Defining a clear and enforceable demographic policy so as to quantify and qualify the actual estimated needs of the nation.
Rectifying the relationship between human populations and their physical space by solving the issues related to land
tenure security.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Octavio Perera Curbelo, SPAIN, 007S
Q2-3:Change in the hegemonic model. ??? capitalism.
Q3:In which historical time do we find ourselves?
Premise:URGENCY TO CHANGE AGAINST SLOW PROCESSES
Titanic simile“We are in a similar situation to the Titanic, where even without seeing the iceberg, and given the inertia of the ship,
it was impossible to prevent the impact. In terms of the parallelism of the simile with the actual situation, we find ourselves in a time where we can’t avoid the impact, we can only minimize the damage and prepare for what is coming
next.” (Jorge Riechmann, 2015.)
WE ARE NOT READY FOR WHAT IS COMING:WORLD POPULATION INCREASE + POLLUTION INCREASE + CLIMATE CHANGE + EXPLOITATION OF
NATURAL RESOURCES + DEFORESTATION AND DISAPPEARANCE OF WILDLIFE + ENERGY DECLINE+ ECONOMIC CRISIS = COLLAPSE
Climate change is different because we don’t visualize it. We are on trajectory to the breakdown of our society becauseof the global hegemonic model.
Fossil(?) Capitalism, petro food.
Propounding this through the replacement of oil with renewable energy is on the right track, but it doesn’t involve having any idea of the problem or the global situation.
The change can’t come on the justification-argumentation of the exhaustion of natural resources, but for the equitable
distribution (FAIR) of the said resources, be they energy (oil), soil, water or food…
The actual economic model is showing cracks: consume more and live better are not synonymous.
Technolatry is the greatest ally of the actual system, and it extends the actual situation.
Don’t worry, technology will save us, it always does.
We are the cause of the SIXTH mega extinction (the fifth was the dinosaurs) as stated in the 2015 WWF report, which
consists of two parts:
1. Global ecological footprint
2. The living planet index fell 52% between 1970 and 2011, based on around 10,000 studied vertebrates. DISAPPEARANCE OF WILDLIFE.
My reflection is about the alternatives to this untenable growth that is bringing us inexorably toward collapse.
To clarify from the start, sustainable growth, as the neoliberal capitalism understands it, is IMPOSSIBLE. For thesystem, the growth term is the parrot’s chocolate for system integration.
My reflections on the alternatives is that they certainly exist, but they are difficult to visualize and impossible to apply,
since all of them involve a drastic reduction in consumption levels and the not widely-understood western wellbeing.
But is a long and thankless path, and if we think globally, we need to change the consumption habits of 98% of the planet.
A SUSTAINABLE SOURCE-JUST ONE THAT CAN BE ENJOYED AT THE SAME TIME BY THE WORLD’SPOPULATION WITHOUT LIMITATIONS (9,000 MILLION IN 2020).
This change in values to being healthy for life, socially fair and environmentally sustainable is the only thing that will
ensure sustainability in the future.
Solutions:
I really don’t want to be pessimistic or a prophet of doom, but any change or model that doesn’t consider that 9,000
million people on a finite planet is not worth anything only delays the collapse.
Maybe we don’t need to go back to Homo Sapiens or the Neanderthal, but we need to go back to the connection with
Mother Earth in such a way that we live together and don’t become the cause of the collapse, or bring the date forward.
Concepts such as biomimetic, permaculture, ecological agriculture, tribe…make the value of the local become essential
in any future strategy with a sustainability perspective and fairness.
Integral ECO-logical attitude:
ECO (environment + health + wellbeing + means + green) = sustainable.
Logical (ethical + responsible + values + transformative + conscious + personal relations + consumption habits + participation + cooperation + reflection) = fair.
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Comments from who select Other as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

In fact, most of us have been educated in the capitalist-consumerist society precepts, exacerbating egotism and competence. We have been educated to seek individual success over the collective benefit. Without a mentality change that
positions the search for common wellness as each individual’s essential premise through cooperation, solidarity andunderstanding of what should we think as a species and not as egotistical individuals, we will again fall prey to thesame errors that brought us to this critical point in the history of humanity.
Resolving the previous points, a change of conscience is necessary so that the New World, in addition to being environmentally sustainable and socially (fair), should be sustainable.
If there is no change in the values and principles associated with this model change, it will be a patch and not a process.
Final conclusion:
Human beings are creatures of habit and the environmental problem is a global, universal topic on a massive scale fromwhich 98% of the population escapes based on attitude or aptitude.
The only way of changing habits and helping to achieve a real social transformation in the short term for those accommodated in the “NORTH” is the “crisis” by means of imposition, so perhaps this way is fortunate.
The local has a transcendental role in any sustainable solution.
Some quotes on this topic:"First it was necessary to civilize man in relation to man. Now it is necessary to civilize man in relation to nature andthe animals.” Victor Hugo.
“Globalize the fight, globalize the hope.” Jeromo, Via Campesina.
“Why do the stars shiver? Maybe they have a feeling that soon we’ll invade the other stars in the sky.” Eduardo Galeano.
From the book “Mirrors: Stories of Almost Everyone.”“Coming back doesn’t involve going back, going back can mean improvement.” M. Benedetti.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Enrique Dalmau Hevia, CUBA, 022S
Q2-3:Major changes to the development models are required, but the necessary transformation goes deeper. The complex
setting is not limited to the simple removal of the gap between rich and poor if this is promoted under the actual consumption lead models. The social sciences role must be the lead role, and sadly this hasn’t yet been achieved. The environmental technocracy and its perspective don’t get the urgent and necessary alliance between politicians, economists,social science experts and environmental experts, let alone achieving a real and active involvement in the global andnational decision-making processes.
Q3:I consider that despite global and national efforts, the political management of the topic and the development assistance (especially the funds destined for environmental sustainable management support) are not effective enough.
Important funds are misused for meetings and travel logistics, encounters, and workshops that don't contribute substantively
to the urgent problems affecting countries, regions and millions of individuals. The lack of synergy and articulation between
the donor community, organizations, institutions, etc. is alarming. Lots of good lessons are poorly organized, so the collectivization of the knowledge is not achievable. The fight for the funds becomes complex, brutal and unequal in many cases.
The battle to take the leading roles in this complex political-corporate-environmental material of the UN organizations (PNUD, PNUMA, FAO, PMA, etc.) such as all kinds of donors, governments, and organizations
implies an ineffective use of financial and human resources, but even worse, it confuses the beneficiaries andgenerates a fruitful land for all those who need to show that the solution does not involve radical changes in the
consumption models. However, new market approaches that include the environmental dimension are needed.
On the other side, the government and the international institutions must strengthen the debate on the economy andenvironmental topics far more, especially property assessment and ecosystem services, along with social participationin the sustainable management of natural resources.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GUATEMALA, 026S
Q2-3:The application of a combination of all the areas is necessary to achieve change.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Esteban Orlando LAVILLA, ARGENTINA, 037S
Q2-3:The measures to mitigate environmental problems have complex sources and can’t be reduced to only one area. Scientists and technologists have already proposed guidelines and probably effective tools, but this must be applied by thedecision-makers who belong to the political and economic areas.

Q3:The basis of the conservation problem consists of the fact that (1) scientists and technologists, (2) politiciansand (3) economists use different temporal scales. While the first think on a generational or multigenerational
scale for their conservation proposals, politicians think in terms of the next election/reelection (a maximumof four years), and economists think in terms of the closing of the next balance (a maximum of one year).
The neoliberal rise of the central countries, which don’t reduce their consumption levels, and the economic distress of the peripheral
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Comments from who select Other as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

countries, which are raw material and energy resources producers (hydrocarbons, mining, unsustainable agriculture) to satisfy
the central consumption and to confront the effects of external debt, are responsible for the growing environmental decline.
Investigators and technologists have already written proposals to mitigate or halt the decline (because is not possible
to reverse it), but they don’t have any real ability to execute these proposals.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COSTA RICA, 040S
Q2-3:I took note of the others, because it is a combination of economic, political and educative-cultural consumption practices
and therefore environmental and climatic consequences regarding biodiversity.
Q3:Consumption practices, economic exploitation, poor or insufficient legislation and compliance mechanisms, and thereal commitment of institutions are the key elements in terms of the environment, climate, and biodiversity and thefight for water, access to food and other factors.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dr. Angel FADER HUERTA , SPAIN, 072S
Q2-3:Pollution and environmental contamination are produced mainly by economic activities (mining, industry, and agriculture). Accordingly, corrective measures must be taken in the economic area, considering that the involved actors,
investors, industries, and consumers will be more responsive to benefits or financial penalties that encourage them tochange their behavior patterns.
Political measures or measures to encourage social awareness have a limited influence, and technological measuresultimately have practical and economical repercussions on the actors’ behavior.
Q3:Environmental problems actually have a worldwide dimension involving asymmetric development. More developed
countries (Western Europe, North America, Japan) have already acquired an environmental awareness based on negative experiences. On the other hand, developing countries (China, Southeast Asian countries, India) have succumbedto environmental issues in search of rapid industrial and economic development.
These developmentalist policies, a consequence of the industrial delocalization of developed countries to countries withloose environmental and labor legislation, not only had the pollution of natural resources as a consequence, but they also
caused an exodus from the country to the city. This exodus resulted in more pressure on the natural resources designatedfor the urban population, and at the same time it promoted spectacular development in the tertiary sector, in particular in
the scientific area, enabling these countries to shift from being simple providers to technological development centers.
The increase in industrial production in developing countries caused the energy resources and raw material extraction
to increase exponentially in other parts of the world (Africa, Latin America), and at the same time the amount of waste
discarded into the atmosphere and oceans escalated. The pollution caused by the heavy metals and plastic in the sea
has reached worrying levels, just like greenhouse gas emissions, and it will be difficult to mitigate it in the short tomedium term.
In addition, the increasing populations in the cities have led to greater demand for food, in particular protein of animal
origin (meat and milk), which has placed increased environmental pressure on rural areas. For example, macro farms
for milk production (more than 10,000 cows) have begun to become a reality in China and Central Asia, and the vegetable monoculture exploitation (mainly corn and soy) destined for animal feed is expanding as a consequence of thisincrease in demand for animal protein.
On the other side, the contaminating effects are being felt throughout the population of these new producer countries
that have become the world’s factories. Poisoning problems, allergies, and respiratory insufficiency are more and more
frequent in the industrial zones of China and India.
The short- and mid-term outlooks are not at all optimistic. It is possible that the launch of effective solutions will only
occur when the pollution level and environmental degradation reach really serious levels, such as those experienced
in Western Europe in the 1970s. Only after experiencing extremely serious problems as a consequence of agricultural
production (the Netherlands, Denmark) or industry (Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy) did the affected countries
develop a genuine, deep environmental awareness. In fact, the main problem is that the investors, industries and consumers of the developed world don’t suffer the consequences of the pollution emitted from the factories in other locations
around the world directly, as they did before.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-036
Q2-3:The global increase in carbon dioxide needs to be dealt with in various fields.
Q3:Conserve energy; reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tseng Hsiang-Tsun , TAIWAN, T-059
Q2-3:Proactively solve issues in a comprehensive manner.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TAIWAN, T-062
Q2-3:All issues should be regulated by strict criminal law; increase inspections and reporting; impose harsher penalties on131Comments from who select Other as measures most effective in solving environmental problems

those who commit offenses repeatedly; environmental education can only affect those who obey the law; most people
who break the law do so intentionally.
Q3:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Akihiro Onishi, JAPAN, W001
Q2-3:The formation of an international agreement and policies at the country level.
Q3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Naoko Kakuta, JAPAN, W288
Q2-3:There has been an increase in consumption of disposable products and energy use in the fields of caregiving andhealthcare. Whereas these were once problems relating to convenient lifestyles, extravagance, tastes, and the problemof economic expansion, they are now multi-faceted to include structural changes in the population, political will, andhow to think about the expansion of medical costs. Furthermore, environmental contamination started as a qualitative"pollution problem" in the 1970s. Today, climate change is a problem in which quantitative expansion causes qualitativechanges. In addition, radioactive waste, which had internalized qualitative environmental destruction, now presents itself
as a quantitative problem. Even though there are no simple answers, what stood out again at the Davos conference thisyear were overly optimistic solutions like information technology and robotics. There is no one sounding the alarm bell
any longer. Is that not the greatest environmental problem? If the next generation is raised on such optimistic information alone, there will never be an end to expansive principles.
Q3:In the 1980s and 1990s, "no exits" and the "limit to growth" were pointed out. Even though those facts have not changed,
research and reporting in the media always pursue originality. Many may feel that this questionnaire is the only reminderof the existence of a sense of crisis. It is clear that our current lifestyles are not sustainable. The purpose of education
is to teach society's culture and lifestyle to the next generation. But it is difficult under the current educational system
to communicate the message that "the current generation is wrong," because it would mean that teachers, who are in aposition of authority, would face the contradiction of having to teach the error.
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