͉̲͛ͅȁ߃య࣭‫͉ز‬Ȅȶ࣭ྦྷȷ͈ၾ͂ৗͬ‫ۯ‬ၑ̳̹ͥ͛Ȅȶ࣭ྦྷȷ͈૸ఘȄΓ·ΏνͺςΞͻȄठ୆ॲً೾͒ٚව̧̱̹̀ȃ൳শͅȄईࠬȄ֊ྦྷȄવ‫ٺ‬৪Ȅۜஅછۛ৪Ȅ଻എു॒৪Ȅค੉ິȄͺσ΋Ȝσಎඉ৪Ȅཻ࿪ಎඉ৪Ȅຫࣾ৪൝͈Ȅప‫̳̹ͣͬ͜ا‬২ٛഎȶະഐ৪ȷ͈ழ૕എෳੰ̦࿒ঐ̯̹ͦȃ̭̠̱̹൲̧͉Ȅ19ଲ‫ͅྎܮ‬࿹୆‫ڠ‬Ȫeugenicsȫ̦‫͈࣭ڎ‬ଽॐͅఱ̧̈́‫ͬޣג‬ဓ̢̭ͥ͂́Ȅ̯ͣͅ‫̹̱௸ح‬ȃͺις΃ࣣਤ࣭͈࿹୆‫׋‬൲͉Ȅၑა͂৘க̴͈̞͈ͦষࡓ̤̞̀͜ͅȄ20ଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫ܢ‬࿹୆‫̦ڠ‬ड͜ຽ‫̹̱ݞ‬ങ߿̜̹̦́̽Ȅ‫׋‬൲͈་‫ً͈ا‬೾̷͈͂փྙ͉਱໦ٜͅྶ̯̞͉ͦ̀ͥ͂࡞̴̢Ȅఉ̩͈࿚ఴͬ೹̱̞ܳ̀ͥȃ࿹୆‫͉ͅڠ‬Ȅ࿹ၻ̈́֒ഥঊ͈঵̻৽ͬ࢐෻̵̯̀੄ॲͬ੻႗̳ͥȶୟޭഎ࿹୆‫ڠ‬Ȫpositive eugenicsȫȷ͂ȄႦ൝৪͈୆૓ͬଷࡠ̱̀ࠧ‫ۿ‬อ୆ၚͬ೩‫̵̳̠̯ͥ͂͢ئ‬ȶકޭഎ࿹୆‫ڠ‬Ȫnegative eugenicsȫȷ̦̜ͥȃࢃ৪͈࿒എͬో଼༹̳̹͈༷̦ͥ͛Ȅ֊ྦྷଷࡠȄँ֧ଷࡠȄ୆૓ଷࡠ൝̜́ͤȄ୆૓ଷࡠ༹͈༷̱͉͂̀‫ڞ‬ၗ͞౯ਅ̦࣐̹ͩͦȃུࣂ͉Ȅ࿹୆‫ڠ‬എந౾̱࣐̹͂̀ͩͦ౯ਅଽॐ̞̾̀ͅ࠿൦̱̠̳͈̜͂ͥ́ͥ͢͜ȃȁ1907ාͅଲ‫ٮ‬੝͈࿹୆‫ڠ‬എ౯ਅ༹̦ͼϋΟͻͺ΢ਗ́‫̯̀ͦࠨخ‬ոြȄ‫ڎ‬ਗ́౯ਅ༹̦ଷ೰̯ͦȄ1932ාশത͉́27ਗ́౯ਅ༹̦ঔ࣐̯̞̹ͦ̀2ȫȃ̱̥̱Ȅ֒ഥ‫͞ڠ‬ୈ૰֓‫͈ڠ‬อోȄ̷̷̱͈̀শș͈২ٛഎે‫͈ޙ‬ಎ́Ȅ࿹୆‫ڠ‬എএࣉ͉་‫̱ا‬Ȅ౯ਅ͂࿹୆‫͜߸۾͈ڠ‬་ഢ̱̹ȃ̷͈་‫͉ا‬Ȅ࿹୆‫͈ڠ‬൵වȄอജ͂ຽ‫ݞ‬Ȅ̷̱̀೪త͂ક྽Ȅ̞̠̠͂̈́͢ౙ੗༷͉̥̹֚̈́࢜́̈́̽ȃ࿹୆‫׋‬൲͈౷֖ओ͉ఱ̧̩Ȅ౯ਅ̦ಿ‫̹ͤͩͅܢ‬৘ঔ̯̹͈͉ͦඅ೰ਗ͈͙̜́ͤȄ̷ͦո‫͉́ٸ‬Ȅ࿹୆‫͞ڠ‬౯ਅ͈৘ঔ͈ಿ‫ܢ‬എ঵௽͉̥̹̈́̽ȃ̷̱̀౯ਅ̦େͭͅ৘ঔ̯̠̹͈͉ͦͥ̈́̽͢ͅȄ࿹୆‫׋‬൲ুఘ̦ತ၂̳ͥ1930ාయո̜̹ࣛ́̽ȃ‫ڎ‬ਗ͈౯ਅ༹ଷ
೰ࢃȄ1932ාˍ࠮͈́͘ͺις΃̤̫ࣣͥࠗͅ౯ਅତ͉12,145࠯̜̹̦́̽3ȫȄ1950ාˍ࠮́͘ͅȄ΃ςέ΁σΣͺਗ͈૽ਅ٨ၻ़౬ȪHuman Betterment Foundationȫ͂ΨȜΑρͼΠȪBirthright Inc.ȫͅ༭̯̹࣬ͦਗၛঔ୭̤̫ͥͅ౯ਅ਀੅ତ͉Ȅ50,707࠯͈͖̹̽ͅȃ౯ਅତల֚պ͉΃ςέ΁σΣͺਗ́19,432࠯Ȅలඵպ͉ό͹ȜΐΣͺਗ́5,581࠯Ȅల२պ͉΃ϋΎΑਗ́3,001࠯̜̹́̽4ȫȃȁ߃ාȄ‫ڎ‬ਗ͈౯ਅ༹͈મळ̈́໦ଢ଼̦ૺ̞̦͛ͣͦ̀ͥȄུࣂ͉́౯ਅ༹̦೰‫̯ͥͦͅا‬ঢ̹̽ࠐ֌ͬ࠿൦̳ͥȃ‫ࠏز‬എ֒ഥა̦঑෻̱̞̹̀1910ාయ͈́͘২ٛഎȶະഐ৪ȷა̤̞̀ͅ͉Ȅୈ૰ถ৻̷̦͈ങ߿̱͂̀஖า̯̹ͦȃਲ̽̀Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪͈̞̥̈́ͥ૤૸අ଻̦Ȅ̞̥̈́ͥၑဇͤ͢ͅȶະഐȷ͂ࡉ̯̹͈̥̈́ͦȄୈ૰ถ৻৪ࡘઁȆક྽ॐ̱͂̀౯ਅͬ৽̳͂ͥ୆૓ཡগა̦೹̯ܳͦͥͅঢ̹̽২ٛഎȆ‫ڠش‬എ෇ে̞̾̀ͅ࠿൦̳̭̦ͥ͂ຈါ̜́ͥȃུࣂ͉́Ȅల֚ͅୈ૰ถ৻৪̦২ٛഎ‫ޞ‬ր͂ࡉ̯̈́ͦͥͅঢ̹̽ࠐ֌̞̾̀ͅ੆͓Ȅలඵͅ๞͈ͣ୆૓ଷࡠ༹͈༷̱͂̀౯ਅ̦नဥ̯͈ͦͥ́͘ࠐ֌ͬྶ̥̳ͣͥͅȃˍȅୈ૰ถ৻‫ޞ‬րა͈ర൮Ȫˍȫୈ૰ถ৻৪ਓယঔ୭͈ࠁ଼͂อജȁඊၛ‫͈ࢃྵڟ‬ͺις΃͉́Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪̦Ȅ‫ز‬௼͞২͈֥̱֚ٛ͂̀୆‫͉̭̳͂ͥڰ‬Ȅ̮̩൚̹ͤஜ͈̭̜̹͂́̽ȃ๞͉ͣȄ૸ఘഎ̈́࿚ఴ̢̯̫̈́ͦ͊඾ુ୆‫ͅڰ‬අ༆̈́঑વ̧͉̹̯̥̹̱̈́̽Ȅྶ̥ͣͅવ‫ͬٺ‬঵̞̽̀ͥฒ౼৪͉Ȅ૶႒‫׻‬৪͈ଲდͬ਋̫̞̹̀ȃ̷̱̀‫ز‬௼̦༲ٟ̱̹শ͉ͅȄুၛ̧̞́̈́ฒ౼৪͉‫ݣ‬ຫ֭ͅවਫ̵਼̯̹ͣͦȃࠚഽ͈ୈ૰ถ৻৪Ȅඅ༹ͬͅ෫ͥ‫̜͈ͥͦޔ‬ୈ૰ถ৻৪͉Ȅࣲ۬ͅව̹ͦͣͦȃୈ૰ถ৻৪͉̥̥̞ͣ͞Փ͙͈ͦచય̹̜̠̦͂̈́̽́ͧȄ‫̹̥͉̭̦̽̈́͂ͥͦͣޔ‬ȃ‫ݣ‬ຫ͉֭အș̈́๭຺੩৪ͬਓယ̱̹̦Ȅ
1837ාͅະ‫̧̦͂ͥܳޙ‬Ȅུြ຺͉੩చય͉̞́̈́૽șȄ̳̻̈́ͩ৐ު৪̦ఉସͬ୸̠̹͛ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃ1840ාͅະ‫̦ޙ‬ਞͩͥশ͉ͅȄ‫ݣ‬ຫ͉֭Ȅ̽͋ͣ͜Ⴛ൱‫خ‬ෝ̈́ຫྦྷ͈̹͈͛ਓယાਫ਼̞̹͂̈́̽̀ȃ‫ݣ‬ຫ̦̭͈̠֭͢ͅ་‫͉͈̹̱ا‬Ȅౙͅ৐ު̦‫ڐ‬ఱ̱̹̭͂ͥࠫ͢ͅ‫ًͅض‬̨̥̹̦̈́̽Ȅ‫ڎ‬ਗ͉Ȅ๭຺੩৪͈අ೰ਬ౬͈̹͛ͅඊু຺͈੩༷৆͈‫ٳ‬อͅ઺ͤ੄̱Ȅ̷͈ࠫ‫ض‬Ȅ̷ͦͣඅ೰ਬ౬͉೒ુ͈‫ݣ‬ຫ̧̥͉̲֭ͣ੄̯̭̹ͦͥ͂̈́̽ͅ5ȫȃȁ຺੩‫߸۾‬৪̥ͣඅͅ෻ၪ̯̹ͦల֚ਬ౬͉Ȅ঱ൺ̜̹́̽ȃࡧ঱͉֭‫ݣ‬ຫ֭ͤ͢͜ոஜ̥ͣంह̱̞̹̦̀Ȅ1820ාయ͈‫ݣ‬ຫ٨‫ฺ̞ͅڟ‬Ȅࡧ঱֭ͅ૧̹̈́࿨‫̢̹ͦͣح̫ັ̦ڬ‬ȃ1820ා
ոஜȄࡧ঱͉֭Ȅ৽̱͂̀ၰ૶̦ঘཌ̱̹঱ൺȄ̜̞͉ͥၰ૶֒ͅ‫̹̯ͦܤ‬঱ൺ͈̹͈͛ાਫ਼̜̹́̽ȃ̺̦ࡧ঱͉֭Ȅၰ૶̦‫ݣ‬ຫ֭͞ञྩ৪ਓ۬ਫ਼ͅਓယ̯̞̹ͦ̀ͥ͛ͅଲდ̢̱̞ͬ̀ͣ̈́͜঱ൺͬȄ๝ࢌ̱ই̹͈̜͛́ͥȃ̷̱̀Ȅ̷̠̱̹঱ൺ̦௩‫̹̞̱̽̀ح‬ȃ͕͈͂ͭ̓ࡧ঱͉֭๱࣐ઁා̧ͬ֨਋̫̞̹̦̀Ȅ૸ఘഎȆୈ૰എ̈́વ‫ͬٺ‬঵̾঱ൺ͈਋̫ව͉ͦ౯̞̹̽̀ȃ̷͈̠̈́͢঱ൺͬ਋̫ව̹ͦड੝͈୺࿝‫͉۾ܥ‬Ȅਗଽຸ̦‫̳ͥא׋‬࿋֭͂჈Ր̜֭́̽
̹6ȫȃ
ȁ΍;ΑδΑΠϋ̜ͥͅζ΍ΙνȜΓΛΜ࿋֭ȪPerkins Institution and Massachusetts
Asylum for the Blindȫ͈ࢷಿ΍ην΀σȆˣȆΧ;ȪSamuel Gridley Howeȫ͉Ȅવ‫ͬٺ‬঵̾঱ൺ͈̹͈͛අ༆̈́‫ͬ۾ܥ֗ޗ‬୭౾̳ͥຈါ଻ͬਗଽຸͅஶ̢̞̹̀ȃζ΍ΙνȜΓΛΜਗ݈̥ٛͣထॳͬ‫ڕ‬ං̱̹Χ;͉Ȅ1848ාͅζ΍ΙνȜΓΛΜฒ౼঱‫ࢷڠ‬ȪMassachusetts
School for Idiotic Childrenȫͬ୭ၛ̱̹ȃ1848ාȄ֓঍̥ͣഢ̲̹‫ޗ‬঍ΧȜαͼȆ˞Ȇ;ͻ
σΨȜȪHarvey Backus Wilburȫ̦Ȅฒ౼঱͈̹͈͛জၛ‫ͬࢷڠ‬ζ΍ΙνȜΓΛΜਗαͺςͻͅ‫ٳ‬୭̱̹ȃ1850ා́͘ͅȄαͺςͻ̜ͥͅ;ͻσΨȜ͈জၛ‫͂ࢷڠ‬Ȅ࢖എ̈́঩߄‫׳‬੩ͬ਋̫̞̹̀Χ;͈‫́ࢷڠ‬Ȅ12ྴஜࢃ͈ฒ౼঱ͅచ̳ͥ‫̹̞࣐̦̀ͦͩ֗ޗ‬ȃ1851ා͉ͅȄΣνȜπȜ·ਗฒ౼࿚ఴտ֥ٛȪNew York Commission on Idiocyȫ̦Ȅ΂σΨΣȜͅ૧̱̩‫ٳ‬୭̯ͦͥฒ౼৘ࡑ‫ࢷ͈ࢷڠ‬ಿ̱͂̀Ȅ;ͻσΨȜͬઉᥝ̱̹ȃ΂σΨΣȜ͈ฒ౼৘ࡑ‫̩̞̩̠̦͘ࢷڠ‬̭͂ͬ‫ږ‬૞̱̀Ȅਗ݈͉̯ٛͣͅထॳͬ‫ͤڬ‬൚̀Ȅ1854ා̷͉͈ͅ‫ͬࢷڠ‬Ώρ΅νȜᾼ֊̱̹ȃఈ͈ਗ̳̪̭ͦ͜ͅͅ೏ਲ̱̹ȃ1853ා͉ͅȄέͻρΟσέͻͺ͈ঌྦྷో̦ȄΐλȜζϋΗ;ϋͅজၛฒ౼‫ٳͬࢷڠ‬୭̱̹ȃ1857ා͉ͅ΂Χͼ΂ਗ́Ȅ1858ා͉ͅ΋ΥΞͻ΃ΛΠਗ́Ȅ
1860ා͉ͅΉϋΗΛ΅Ȝਗ́Ȅ1865ා͉ͅͼςΦͼਗ́ฒ౼‫ٳ̦ࢷڠ‬୭̯̹ͦȃ̯ͣͅ1868ාȄΣνȜπȜ·ਗ͉́ρϋΡȜσോͅඵ๔࿒͈ฒ౼‫ٳ̦ࢷڠ‬୭̯̹ͦ7ȫȃ
ȁ1840ා͈࣭ସ಺औ͉́Ȅ‫͂ܨޚ‬ฒ౼͈ࢩ̦ͤͬ෤՜̳̭̦ͥ͂দ͙̹ͣͦȃ̷͉ͦฒ౼‫ࢷڠ‬͈ࢷಿోͅȄু໦ో͈ਗ͈಺औͬই̴͉͙͛ͥͬဓ̢̹ȃ౷༷͈֓঍͞୉૖৪Ȅ࿨૽͈͒಺औȄ̹͘‫ݣ‬ຫࣲ֭۬͒͞੄̞͈࢜̀৘ఠ಺औ൝̽̀͢ͅȄฒ౼‫ࢷ͈ࢷڠ‬ಿో͉Ȅ1840ාయྎ̥ͣ50ාయ੝͉͛ͅȄฒ౼͈੄࡛ၚ̦஠૽࢛͈ˍΩȜΓϋΠ͈߇໦͈̥֚ͣඵ໦͈͈֚‫ࡉ̜͂ͥ́ۼ‬ୟ̞̹̽̀͜ȃ৘ष͈੄࡛ၚ͉̞̜̠̽͂ࣞ́ͧ͂͜๞͉ͣଔ௶̱̞̹̦̀Ȅධཤ୽௔ஜ͈ତ
਱ා‫࡛੄͈ۼ‬ၚထ௶͉Ȅ̷͈ࢃ͈ထ௶̥ͤ̈́ͤ͢͜೩̥̹̽8ȫȃ႕̢͊Ȅͺις΃́डఱ͈౯
ਅ਀੅ତܱͬ჏̱̹΃ςέ΁σΣͺਗ́Ȅ1909ා̥ͣ29ාˍ࠮ˍ඾࣐̹́ͩͦ͘ͅ6,255࠯͈౯ਅ਀੅̞̾̀ͅȄˡȆ˯ȆΌΒΣȜȪE. S. Gosneyȫ͂εȜσȆεβΦȜȪPaul Popenoeȫ̦̹͂͛͘ࡄ‫͉́ݪ‬Ȅͺις΃͈૽࢛͈ːΩȜΓϋΠ̜̹ͥͅ480ྔ૽̦Ȅ૽୆͈̜ͥশ‫ܢ‬ୈ૰ພঔ୭͈́ٚࢌ̦ຈါ̜́ͥ͂ࡉୟ̹ͣͦ͜ȃୈ૰ถ৻৪͈̠̻Ȅͺις΃͈૽࢛͈0.5ΩȜΓϋΠ̜̹ͥͅ60ྔ૽͉˓पո‫͈ئ‬ୈ૰ාႢ́Ȅু఺̞̱̈́ঔ୭͈́ࢭ‫ݛ‬ٚࢌ̦ຈါ̜́ͤȄˍΩȜΓϋΠ̜̹ͥͅ120ྔ૽͉Ȅ˓प̥ͣ˕प͈ୈ૰ාႢ́Ȅ֚૽́༥̴̧̳̭̦ͣ͂́Ȅ೾ഽ͈ओ͉̜̦ͥࢭ‫ݛ‬ٚࢌ̦ຈါ̜́ͥ͂ࡉୟ̹ͣͦ͜ȃ̯ͣͅͺις΃͈૽࢛͈ˑΩȜΓϋΠ̜̹ͥͅ600ྔ૽̦Ȅ໹޳͈75ΩȜΓϋΠո‫͈ئ‬౶ෝ̜́ͥ͂ଔ௶̯̹ͦ9ȫȃ̭͈̠͢ͅȄ20ଲ‫́ۼܢ͈͕͈̓ͭ͂ܮ‬ୈ૰ถ৻৪̯̹͂ͦఉ̩͈ͺις΃૽͉Ȅධཤ୽௔ஜ͉ୈ૰ถ৻৪͉͂ࡉ̞̥̹͈̜ͣͦ̀̈́̽́ͥȃȁΧ;͉Ȅฒ౼৪̦๱୆ॲഎ̈́ঌྦྷ̜́ͥ͂ႁ୰̱̹ȃటఐ࡬ͅȄ๞͉ͣঌྦྷ͂̽̀ͅਹ‫͂ك‬̈́ͤȄঌྦྷ͉ু͈ͣ୆ॲ଻ͬ๞͈̹݂ͣ͛ͅ୅̱̫̞̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ͅȃΧ;͉Ȅฒ౼৪ͬ‫֗ޗ‬Ȇ߱Ⴏ̳̭͉ͥ͂Ȅ๞ͣͬ๱୆ॲഎ̈́టఐ̈́ેఠ̥ͣ‫̩͉̫̺̳̈́́੄̞ݣ‬Ȅ୆ॲഎ̈́ঌྦྷͬ২ٛഎ̈́ਹ‫̭̳ͤ̈́͂ͅ੄̞ݣ̥ͣك‬Ȅ̷ͦ࡬̳͓͈̀ঌྦྷ͂̽̀ͅ၌‫ͤ̈́ͅף‬ංͥ͂৽ಫ̱̹ȃΧ;͈ࡉٜ͈‫ܖ‬ய̜̹͈͉̽ͅȄటఐ̈́ฒ౼৪͉Ȅ͏̹͈̾ത́๱୆ॲഎ̜̞̠́ͥ͂‫ب‬೰̜̹́̽ȃ࢖‫͈ވ‬၌‫ͬٺ̥̭̞̱ͧ̓̈́ࡃ࣓͜ةͅף‬ဓ̢̞̠ͥ͂ത́Ȅ๞ͣু૸̦๱୆ॲഎ̜̹́̽ȃ̹͘ฒ౼৪͉టఐ̜̦́ͥ࡬ͅ૽ș̥͈ͣٚࢌ̦ຈါ̜́ͤȄ̷͈̹͛૽ș͉๞͈ͣٚࢌ͈̹͛ͅু͈ͣ୆ॲ‫ڰ‬൲ͬ೪গ̱̫̩̱̠̞̠̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́̈́̽̀͂͘ത́Ȅ๱୆ॲഎ́̜̹̽ȃฒ౼৪͈୆ॲ଻ͬ࢜ષ̵̯Ȅٚࢌ೹‫ރ‬৪͈୆ॲ଻్̦̞̠̳ͩͦ̈́ͥ͢ͅȄ̞̠͂ඵത͉ȄΧ;‫̷͈͍ݞ‬শయ͈ఈ͈ฒ౼‫ࢷ͈ࢷڠ‬ಿ݈͈ٛ͞ฒ౼‫֗ޗ‬ଔૺ৪͈੨ಠै͈ಎ́߫ͤ༐̯̞̹ͦ̀10ȫȃȁષ੆͈ඵത̥ͣȄ‫֗ޗ̫̤ͥͅࢷڠ‬Ȇ߱Ⴏ͈ਹါ଻̦൵̧੄̯̹ͦȃ‫͈֗ޗ‬࿒ດ͉Ȅ২͈ٛਹ‫ͥ̈́͂ك‬๱୆ॲഎ̈́ฒ౼঱ͬඅ༆͈‫́۾ܥ֗ޗ‬ഐ୨ͅ‫֗ޗ‬Ȇ߱Ⴏ̳̭ͥ͂̽̀͢ͅȄ୆ॲഎ༹́ͬਖ਼৿̳ͥႻ൱৪ͬࠁ଼̳̭̜̹ͥ͂́̽ȃ‫֗ޗ‬Ȇ߱Ⴏͬ਋̫̹ฒ౼঱͉Ȅటఐ̥ٜͣ༶̯ͦȄ͉͜͞‫ز‬௼͂̽̀ͅ໅౜͉̩́̈́̈́ͤȄ২͈ٛಎ́୆ॲഎ̈́ঌྦྷ̜̠̈́ͥ́ͧͅȄ͂ࢷಿో͉‫ب‬೰̱̹ȃࢷಿో͈‫ب‬೰̤̫ͥͅਹါ̈́ത͉Ȅฒ౼঱͈‫֗ޗ‬Ȇ߱Ⴏ̦࢘‫ض‬എ࣐ͩͦͅං͈͉ͥȄ‫ز‬ೳ͞২̥ٛͣ‫ڞ‬ၗ̯̹ͦ‫৽̠̞̜͙͈̞̤͂ͥ́̀ͅࢷڠ‬ಫ̜̹́̽ȃࢷಿో͉Ȅ‫֗ޗ‬എȆ২ٛࠐफഎ̈́आ‫̞̀̿ܖͅݶ‬අ༆̈́‫͈۾ܥ֗ޗ‬ຈါ଻ͬୃ൚‫ͅވ̳͂ͥا‬Ȅ̷͉ͦ๞ͣু૸̦අ༆̈́౶ে͞‫ܿ֗ޗ‬ෝͬ঵̞̦̽̀ͥ࡬̜́ͥ͂͜୰̞̹ȃ̷ͦ̽̀͢ͅ๞͉ͣȄฒ౼‫ͬࢷڠ‬୭౾̳ͥຈါ଻̥̥͊ͤȄু໦ో͈ၛાͬ͜ୃ൚‫̜͈̹̱̠̱ͥ́͂͢ا‬11ȫȃȁ̺̦‫̩̈́͜ۼ‬ฒ౼‫ࢷ͈ࢷڠ‬ಿో͉Ȅȶඅ༆̈́‫۾ܥ֗ޗ‬ȷͬȶਓယঔ୭ȷ͒͂་ཞ̵̯ই̹͛ȃ1857ා͈‫ࢃࢮޔ‬৐ު̦‫ڐ‬ఱ̱ȄႻ൱ঌા͉ୈ૰ถ৻৪̞́̈́৐ު৪ో̜́͏̞̹ͦ̀ȃ̭͈̠̈́͢মఠͅೄ࿂̱̀Ȅ౷༷͈࿨૽͉ࢷಿోͅȄฒ౼‫͉ࢷڠ‬ฒ౼৪ͬ২ٛͅ࿗̳͈͉̩́̈́Ȅͤ͢ఉ̩͈ฒ౼৪ͬ‫ͅࢷڠ‬਋̫ව̠ͦͥ͢ͅգႁͬ‫̢ح‬ই̹͈̜͛́ͥȃࢷಿో͉Ȅ‫͈ܰࢷڠ‬࿅͞හྩͬ‫ڐ‬ఱ̱̀Ȅոஜ̈́ͣව‫ڠ‬ະഐ‫̢̹̞̀ͦͣࣉ͂ڒ‬୆രో͈਋̫වͦ́͘ͅ؊̲̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃ̫͂ͤͩධཤ୽௔ࢃȄ͕͈͂ͭ̓ฒ౼‫͉ࢷڠ‬Ȅਹໝવ‫ͬٺ‬঵̾঱ൺ଼͂૽͈஼༷ͬව‫̵̯ڠ‬Ȅ଼૽௾ު৪̷͉͈͘͘‫ͅࢷڠ‬ၣ̠̹ͥ̈́̽͘͢ͅȃ̳͓͈̀ฒ౼‫̦ࢷڠ‬൚੝ࠇ̬̞̹༷̀ૻ͉Ȅ٨஝͈ࡉࣺ͙͈̜ͥฒ౼঱́Ȅ૸ఘ͞ൽඃ଻ࠧͅ‫ͬۿ‬঵̹̞̈́঱ൺ͈͙ͬව‫̯ڠ‬̵̞̠͈̜̹ͥ͂́̽͜ȃࢷಿో͉Ȅ̷͈̠̈́͢ฒ౼঱͉‫֗ޗ‬Ȇ߱Ⴏͬ਋̫Ȅ‫ͬࢷڠ‬௾ު̱̀୆ॲഎ̈́ঌྦྷ̜̠̈́ͥ́ͧ͂ͅ‫ܢ‬ఞ̱̞̹̀ȃઁ̩̈́͂͜Ȅ͕͈͂ͭ̓ਗଽ̷ຸ͉͈̠̈́͢ฒ౼‫ͬࢷڠ‬ே೰̱̞̹̀ȃ̷ͦ࡬Ȅ͕͈͂ͭ̓‫͉ࢷڠ‬Ȅឫឞ͞ୈ૰৖ۛͬ঵̾ฒ౼঱͞Ȅȶহͥࡉࣺ͙͈̞̈́ȷฒ౼঱̧͉ͬ̽ͤ͂ੰ‫̱̹̞̱̀ٸ‬Ȅ଼૽ฒ౼৪͈ව‫ڠ‬Ȅ̜̞͉ͥ๞ͣͬ‫ࢷڠ‬ඤͅၣ͛౾̩̭͂͜޺̲̞̹̀ȃ̷͉ͦȄ਀ུ̦࢖ၛ‫͞ࢷڠ‬࿋‫ࢷڠ‬Ȇ჈‫̜̥̹̜́ͣ̽ͅࢷڠ‬ͥȃ̱̥̱Ȅ1871ාͅβϋΏσόͿΣͺฒ౼঱߱Ⴏ‫ࢷڠ‬ȪPennsylvania Training School forFeeble-Minded Childrenȫ̦Ȅ଼૽͈ව‫̠ܰͥ͛͢ͅ෇ͬڠ‬௱ͬ٨̹͛ȃ̷ͦոஜ͕͈͂ͭ̓͜ͅ‫̦ࢷڠ‬Ȅ༹ၙ́޺̴̲̞̹̥̥ͣͦ̀ͩͣ͜ͅȄ৘ष଼͉ͅ૽ୈ૰ಁత৪ͬව‫̵̯ڠ‬̞̹̀ȃ΂Χͼ΂ਗၛฒ౼‫֗ޗ‬ঔ୭ȪOhio Asylum for the Education of Idiotic and ImbecileYouthȫ͉́Ȅ்̩͜1861ා଼ͅ૽͈ฒ౼৪ͬව‫̵̯ڠ‬Ȅၣ͛౾̩̠̹̈́̽͢ͅȃ༹̭̦ͦഎͅ෇̹͈͉͛ͣͦȄ1898ා̥͈̭̜̹̈́̽̀ͣ͂́̽ͅ12ȫȃ
ȁ1850ාయࢃ฼ոࣛȄฒ౼‫ࢷ͈ࢷڠ‬ಿో͉Ȅȶਓယ৪ోȪinmatesȫȷͬȄ๞͈ͣພၑ‫ڠ‬എಣ࢓֒͞ഥഎඅৗ̞̹͂̽ത̥ͣࢊ̠ͥ̈́ͤ͢ͅȄୈ૰ถ৻৪ͅ෇͛ͣͦͥ֒ഥഎඅৗͬ໦႒̱ই̹͛ȃ̷ฺͦ̽̀ͅȄ֒ഥഎࠧ‫ͬۿ‬২ٛഎࢹ௮͈ࠧ‫̥̭̫ͣ͂ͥັ͍ࠫ͂ۿ‬Ȅࡢ૽͈ࠧ‫ࠫ͂ۿ‬͍ັ̫༷ͥ࢜͒͂੭șͅ་̞̹ͩ̽̀̽ȃࢷಿో͈ა੆̤̞̀ͅȄ֒ഥഎࠧ‫͈ۿ‬༗ခ৪͉Ȅ൳͈֚ࠧ‫ͬۿ‬୆͙੄̳‫̹̽̈́͂૽਀ئ‬ȃࢷಿో͈࡞ဩ͈ಎ֓ͅ‫ڠ‬ဥࢊ̦ఉ̩̈́ͤȄ̷̦ͦ‫֗ޗ‬ဥࢊ͂වͦయ̞̹ͩ̽̀̽ȃࢷಿ͉֓঍̜̭̦́ͥ͂‫ͦͣ͛ݥ‬Ȅ‫͉ͅࢷڠ‬ພ֭ͬັ୭̳̭̦ͥ͂‫ܢ‬ఞ̯ͦȄਓယ৪ో͉֓‫ڠ‬എٚࢌͬຈါ̳͂ͥ৪͂ࣉ̢̠̹ͣͦͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃ֓ၷঔ୭֓͞ၷ‫ۯ‬ၑฺͬ̽̀ܰ࿅ͬ‫ڐ‬ఱ̳̭ͥ͂ͤ͢ͅȄࢭ‫ݛ‬༗ࢌͥٚ͢ͅࢌ͈߹̦࢜‫̹̞̽̀̽͘ޑ‬13ȫȃ
ȁ1876ාȄβϋΏσόͿΣͺฒ౼঱߱Ⴏ‫ࢷ͈ࢷڠ‬ಿͺͼΎΛ·ȆΣνȜΠϋȆ΃ȜςϋȪIsaac
Newton Kerlinȫ͈ࡤ͍̥̫́Ȅ჋͈̾ୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭͈ঔ୭ಿ̦ࣣٛͬ঵̻Ȅͺις΃ୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ಿ‫ފ‬ٛȪ˝˩˫˝˥ȇAssociation of Medical OfÀcers of American Institutions
for Idiotic and Feeble-Minded Personsȫͬ஻୭̱̹ȃ˝˩˫˝˥͉Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ಿ͈౷
պͬȄୈ૰ພ͈֭ୈ૰‫͂֓ش‬൳൝̧́֨͘ͅષ̬̹̞͂‫̹̞̀̽ܐ‬ȃ˝˩˫˝˥͈஻୭͉Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭͈࠺୭̦૧̹̠͇̈́ͤ͂̈́ͥশ‫́ܢ‬Ȅশ୹ͬං̹͈̜̹́̽͜ȃͺͼ΂χਗ͉
1876ාͅȄड੝͈࢖ၛୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ͬ‫ٳ‬୭̱̹ȃ1877ා͉ͅͼςΦͼਗ̦Ȅΐλ·Εϋόͻσ͈઀ܰ࿅̈́ฒ౼‫ͬࢷڠ‬૧ಃ‫ڐ‬ఱ̱̀ςϋ΃Ȝϋͅ֊ഢ̱̹ȃ1878ාͅΣνȜπȜ·ਗ͉ȄΣνȜͺȜ·ͅͺις΃̤̫ͥͅड੝͈ୈ૰ถ৻੫଻༗ࢌਓယঔ୭ͬ‫ٳ‬୭̱̹ȃ̷̧ͦ֨ͅ௽̞̀1881ා͉ͅ΃ϋΎΑਗȄ1884ාͅ΃ςέ΁σΣͺਗȄ1885ාͅΥήρΑ΃ਗȄ1888ාͅιςȜρϋΡਗȄ1889ාͅΣνȜΐλȜΐȜਗȄ1892ාͅχΏϋΠϋਗȄ1895ාͅηΏ΄ϋਗȄ1896ාͅ;ͻΑ΋ϋΏϋਗ̞̠̠͂͢ͅȄ‫ڎ‬ਗ́ୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭̦஻୭̯̞̹ͦ̀̽ȃ1894ා
͉ͅȄΣνȜπȜ·ਗ́অ̾࿒͈ୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭̦υȜθͅ‫ٳ‬୭̯̹ͦȃ̭ͦͣͅ‫̢̀ح‬Ȅඅ
ͅ1890ාոࣛȄজၛ͈ୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭͜‫ٳ‬୭̯̠̹ͦͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃ࢖ၛୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭͈௩‫ح‬͂൳শͅȄঔ୭͈ܰ࿅͜‫ڐ‬ఱ̱̞̹̀̽ȃୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ତ͈௩‫ܰ͂ح‬࿅‫ڐ‬ఱ͂‫ͅވ‬Ȅ‫ڎ‬ঔ୭͈૖֥͜‫ݢ‬௩̱̹ȃঔ୭ତ͂૖֥ତ͈௩‫͉ح‬Ȅͺις΃ୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ಿ‫ފ‬͈ٛ‫ޟ‬ၦ̹̱̹ͬͣ͜ȃ๞͉ͣ͂̽̀ͅ୺࿝‫͈̱̀͂ز‬౷༜ͬࡥ͛Ȅ̷̯̦ͣͦͅอജ̱̹শ‫̹̜̽́ܢ‬14ȫȃ
ȁ1874ා͉ͅȄ‫ڎ‬ਗͅࢩ̦̹̽঴஝տ֥͈ٛঐ൵৪ో̽̀͢ͅȄ஠ༀ঴஝‫ୃޜ‬݈ٛȪ˪˟˟˟ȇNational Conference of Charities and CorrectionȫȪ1917ාͅȄ஠ༀ২ٛ໛ছমު݈ٛȪ˪˟˯˳ȇNational Conference of Social Workȫͅ٨ઠȫ̦୭ၛ̯̹ͦȃྀාාষఱٛͬ‫̧ٳ‬Ȅࣲ۬٨‫ڟ‬ȄຫࣾȄ๱࣐Ȅ֊ྦྷȄୈ૰ถ৻൝ͅ‫ͥͩ۾‬஠࣭ழ૕͒͂อജ̱̹ȃ19ଲ‫̥ͣܮ‬20ଲ‫ܮ‬ͬ೒̱֥̀ٛତ̦௩‫ͅވ̳͂ͥح‬Ȅଽহ‫ز‬Ȅ঴஝মު‫ز‬Ȅ২ٛ‫ڠش‬৪൝͈֥ٛͬਬ̞̹͛̀̽ȃ˪˟˟˟́ड੝ͅୈ૰ถ৻ͅచ̳ͥ‫۾‬૤̦̹͈͉ࣞ̽͘Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ಿ͉̩̽̀́̈́͢ͅȄ঴஝মު‫͞ز‬২ٛ٨‫ڟ‬৪̹̯̹͈̜̹̽̀ͣͦ́̽͢͜͜ͅ15ȫȃવ‫۾ͅٺ‬Ⴒ̱̀ड੝֒ͅഥაͬ੹̢̹͈͉Ȅ২ٛমުచય৪͂ड͜඾ુഎͅ୪૘̦̜̹̽২ٛ٨‫ڟ‬৪̜̹́̽ȃ๞͉ͣȄ1900ා͈ιϋΟσ༹௱͈ठอࡉոஜͅȄ২ٛমުచય৪̦൳֚‫ز‬௼́อ୆̳̭ͥ͂ͅ‫۾‬૤ͬ঵̻ই͛Ȅ৘౷಺औͥ͢ͅ‫̦ݪࡄࠏز‬ই̹̽͘ȃȁ̷ْ͈‫಺ͥ̈́͂ܢ‬औ̱͂̀ȄΣνȜπȜ·ਗ́ๆऻ࿚ఴͅ‫۾‬૤ͬ঵̞̹̽̀ςΙλȜΡȆ˨ȆΘΈΟͼσȪRichard L. Dugdaleȫ̦৘ঔ̱̹಺औ̦Ȅड̱̱͊͊͜႕া̯ͦͥȃ̭͈ࡄ‫ݪ‬͉1877ා͈˪˟˟˟͈ාষఱٛ́ȄȶȸΐνȜ·ȹ֚௼ͅ႕બ̯ͦͥ֒ഥ଻ຫࣾȪHereditary
Pauperism, as Illustrated in theȦJukeȧFamilyȫȷ͂ఴ̱̀อນ̯ͦȄ൳ාȸΐνȜ·֚௼ȽๆऻȆຫࣾȆ৖ພȆ֒ഥ͈ࡄ‫ݪ‬ȽȪThe Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease,and Heredityȫȹ̱͂̀‫̹̯࣐ͦۏ‬ȃΘΈΟͼσ͉Ȅ̥͈̈́ͤତ͈ๆऻ৪͞ค੉ິ൝͈২ٛഎະഐ৪͈‫্ͬࠏز‬యஜ͈୶ர́͘ͅஸ̽̀಺͓̹ࠫ‫ض‬Ȅ๞ͣ஠֥͈ࠬൡ̦ΣνȜπȜ·ਗཤ໐͈֚‫ͅࠏز‬ဇြ̳ͥম৘ͬඏ̧গ̹͛ȃ̭͉ͦȄຫࣾ͂ๆऻ̦අ೰‫́ࠏز‬อ୆̳̭ͥ͂ͬอࡉ̱̹ࠏൡഎ಺औ̜́ͤȄͺις΃́ๆऻࡄ‫ڠشͅݪ‬എ༹༷ͬ൵ව̱̹੝‫̹̜̽́ض଼͈ܢ‬16ȫȃ৘ष͉۪ͅ‫ޏ‬എါ֦͜ਹণ̱̞̹̦̀Ȅ๞ུ͈փ͉͂։̈́ͤȄຫࣾ͂ๆऻ͈֒ഥ଻̺̫̦‫಺ޑ‬̯ͦ̀Ȅ࿹୆‫׋‬൲ͬ঑঵̳ͥਹါ̈́ა‫̹̽̈́͂ݶ‬ȃ̷͈ࢃ͜‫͉ݪࡄࠏز‬ȄຫࣾȄ৖ພȄๆऻȄँ‫ٸ‬ঊ൝̦Ȅ‫ࠏز‬஌ͅ‫̀̽״‬อ୆̱̞̭̀ͥ͂ͬྶ̥̱ͣͅȄ֒ഥ͈ຽ༑എ‫ޣג‬ႁ͈ਹఱ̯ͬা̳̹͛ͅ၌ဥ̯ͦ௽̫̹͈̜́ͥȃȁέτΟςΛ·ȆˤȆχͼϋΒȪFrederick H. Winesȫ͉Ȅ1869ාͅ஻୭̯̹ͦͼςΦͼਗ঴஝տ֥͈ٛমྩޫಿ͈૖ͬ30ා‫͛޲ۼ‬Ȅ஠ༀܰ࿅͈‫׋‬൲̺̫̩࣭́̈́षഎࣲ̈́۬٨‫׋ڟ‬൲͜ͅ‫̹̽ͩ۾‬ȃୈ૰વ‫۾͈͒ٺ‬૤͂࿀ྟ̈́ൡࠗ໦ଢ଼‫ྴ͈̱̀͂ز‬୊̦͍ࠫັ̞̀Ȅ1880ාͅχͼϋΒ͉Ȅ࣭ସ಺औޫ͈අ༆ࡺ࿚ͅහྵ̯̹ͦȃ1840ාոြȄ࣭ସ಺औ́ୈ૰ພ͂ୈ૰ถ৻ͅ‫۾‬̳ͥΟȜΗ̦ਓਬ̯̞̹̦ͦ̀Ȅ২ٛ٨‫̷͈͉ోزڟ‬ΟȜΗͬ૞ှ̧̞́̈́͂ࣉ̢̞̹̀ȃχͼϋΒ͉Ȅୃ‫̈́ږ‬ତ౵ͬං̹͉ͥ͛ͅȄঔ୭ͅවਫ਼̱̞̀ͥ৪̺̫ͬచય̱̹͈͉́ͅఖ࿒̜́ͥ͂ࣉ̢Ȅ஠ༀ͈֓঍10ྔ૽ͅ಺औຘͬ௣ͤȄ‫ڎ‬౷͈ฒ౼৪͂ୈ૰ພ৪ͅ‫ૂ̳ͥ۾‬༭ͬව਀̱̹ȃχͼϋΒ̦֓঍ోͅ಺औຘͬ௣ັ̱̹̞̠͂ম৘͉Ȅ଼ಿ‫̹̜̽ͅܢ‬২ٛ໛ছ‫̜̽ͅٮ‬̀Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪͈֓‫ڠ‬చય‫̭̹̞̱࣐ͬ͂̀ૺ̦ا‬ၔັ̫̞̀ͥȃ80ΩȜΓϋΠ͈ٝਓၚ̽̀͢ͅං̹ͣͦΟȜῌ̱ͬ͂̀͜Ȅ๞͉ͺις΃̤̫ͥͅୈ૰વ‫ٺ‬৪͈‫ࣣͬڬ‬੝͛̀ୃ‫ͅږ‬া̱̹ȃΟȜΗ͈ٜ৷͉૥ਹ͈̜̹̦̈́́̽͜Ȅ๞͈༭࣬੥͉২ٛ٨‫ͅోزڟ‬઩ࠢͬဓ̢̹ȃχͼϋΒ͈ΟȜῌͥ͂͢Ȅ1880ා͈ୈ૰ถ৻৪͈‫͉ࣣڬ‬Ȅ10ྔ૽൚̹ͤ15.3૽́Ȅ1870ාͤ͢͜2.5෼͜௩‫̹̞̱̀ح‬17ȫȃȁΘΈΟͼσͅই̹̽͘‫̀̽͢ͅݪࡄࠏز‬Ȅୈ૰ถ৻̦২ٛ࿚ఴ͍͂ࠫັ̫̠̹ͣͦͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃ̹͘χͼϋΒ͈࣭ସ಺औ͉Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪͈‫ͅ௸ݢ̦ࣣڬ‬௩‫̤̱ͤ̀ح‬Ȅٚࢌ͈చય̞̞͂̈́̽̀̈́ୈ૰ถ৻৪̦‫ݰ‬ြͅ௩̱̀௩‫̭̞̱ͬ͂ͥ̀ح‬াऐ̱̞̹̀ȃๆऻȄୈ૰ถ৻Ȅ֒ഥ͈२৪̦͍ࠫັ̞̞̭̦̀ͥ͂‫̯ͦ෇ږ‬Ȅ২ٛ٨‫ڟ‬৪ో͞ঐ൵എ̈́ঔ୭ಿో͉Ȅୈ૰ถ৻͈֒ഥ୰Ȅ২ٛ࿚ఴ֦ܳ୰Ȅୈ૰ถ৻‫ޞ‬րა͒͂২͈ٛ‫۾‬૤ͬ‫̹̫ັ༷̱࢜ܳۓ‬ȃ๞͉ͣȄ֒ഥ‫ڠ‬͈૧౶ࡉͬ‫ڐ‬ఱٜ৷̱̀၌ဥ̱Ȅୈ૰ถ৻ͬအș̈́২ٛ࿚ఴ͂‫۾‬Ⴒັ̫̭ͥ͂̽̀͢ͅȄୈ૰ถ৻࿚ఴͬ২̦ٜٛࠨ̧̳͓ల֚‫͈ݭ‬࿚ఴͅॽၛ̀ષ̬̹͈̜́ͥȃȪˎȫ࿹୆‫׋‬൲͂ୈ૰ถ৻৪࿚ఴȁ20ଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮ͅȄ‫͉ٮڠش‬ͺις΃২̦ٛೄ࿂̱̞̹̀੨࿚ఴ͈ٜࠨ഼̹̦͛ͅȄಎ́͜࿹୆‫͈ڠ‬ర൮͉࿒‫̩̱͘ژ‬Ȅਲြ̥ͣంह̱̞̹̀੨‫͂ڠش‬೹ࠈ̳̭ͥ͂́Ȅ௖ࡽͅ২ٛഎ‫ޣג‬ႁ̹ͬࣞ͛ȃȶ࿹୆‫ڠ‬ȷ̞̠͂࡞ဩ͉1883ාͅȄুடൕఋͅ‫اૺ̩̿ܖ‬აͬ‫ږ‬ၛ̱̹ΙλȜσΒȆˮȆΘȜ;ͻϋȪCharles Robert Darwinȫ͈ਲ߻೵̜́ͥͼΆςΑ͈‫ڠش‬৪έρϋΏΑȆΌȜσΠϋȪFrancis Galtonȫ̽̀͢ͅै̹ͣͦȃ๞̷̦͈࡞ဩ́փྙ̱̹͈͉Ȅȶ୆ంͤ͢ͅ౵̳ͥ૽ਅ̹͉ࠬ͘ൡͅచ̱ȄႦ̹̽૽ਅ̜̞͉ͥࠬൡͤ͢͜Ȅͤ͢௸้̥͞ͅ૓̳ͥ‫ܥ‬ٛͬဓ̢̭ͥ͂̽̀͢ͅȷȄ૽႒ͬ٨஝̳ͥȶ‫ڠش‬ȷͬैͤ੄̳̭̜̹͂́̽ȃȁ19ଲ‫ࢃܮ‬฼͈‫ם‬ༀၰ࣭͉́Ȅ૽ș͈ಎͅ࿹୆‫ڠ‬എ̈́ࣉ̢ͬ਋̫වͦͥ‫ئ‬౷̦‫ͅܡ‬਱໦ͅૌ̱੄̯̞̹ͦ̀ȃ̷͈‫ئ‬౷͉͂Ȅ২ٛૺ‫ا‬აȪSocial Darwinismȫ̜́ͥȃΘȜ;ͻϋ͈ুடൕఋͅ‫اૺ̩̿ܖ‬აͬ૽‫ۼ‬২ٛ͜ͅഐဥ̱̹২ٛૺ‫ا‬ა৪ో͉Ȅ২ٛಉ੬͉ഐ৪୆ం͈ࡔၑ̽̀͢ͅ঑෻̯̞ͦ̀ͥ͂ࣉ̢̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃఉအ̈́২࡛ٛયͬ୰ྶ̳͈ͥͅুட஖఼୰ͬ൵ව̱̹২ٛૺ‫ا‬ა৪͈৽ಫ͉ͅȄ20ଲ‫ܮ‬ո͈ࣛ࿹୆‫׋‬൲͈༷̦࢜া̯̞̹ͦ̀ȃ̷͈ಎ́͜අͅȄ২ٛഎഐ৪୆ం̫͈࢜̀ͅ൰̞̤̞̀ͅȄ૽և஖఼̦ুட஖఼৾̽̀ͅయ̜̞̠ͩͤ̾̾ͥ͂ࣉ̢̦̜̹̽ȃ19ଲ‫͂ͥ̈́ͅྎܮ‬Ȅ২ٛૺ‫ا‬ა৪͈੥ུ̞̹̦̥̈́ͤ੄ๅ̯̹̦ͦȄ̷͈͕̦͂ͭ̓Ȅຫࣾ৪͉ຫࣾ৪ͬॲ͙Ȅๆऻ৪͉ๆऻ৪̭ͬ֗̀ͥ͂̈́ͥ͂ͅ৽ಫ̱̞̹̀ȃͼΗςͺ͈֓঍ΙͿΎȜτȆυϋήυȜΖȪCesare Lombrosoȫ͉Ȅ૽‫͉ͅۼ‬ๆऻͬๆ̱̳̞͞ȶ߿Ȫtypeȫȷ̦ంह̱Ḙ͈̏߿͉࣐൲എඅಭ̺̫̩́̈́රఘഎඅಭ̽̀͢ͅࠨ೰̯ͦͥ͂৽ಫ̱̹ȃๆऻ୆໤‫ͥͦ͊ࡤ͂ڠ‬ၑა̜̦́ͥȄ̷ͦͥ͂͢ͅȄๆऻͅ௢̳̞ͤ͞૸ఘഎඅಭ̦֒ഥ̳ͥոષȄๆऻͅ௢̳̞ͤ͞଻࢜֒͜ഥ̳ͥȃ̫͂ͤͩȄๆऻ৪͉ๆऻ৪൳আ́ঊ‫ͥैͬރ‬̭̦͂ఉ̞̥̜ͣ́ͥ18ȫȃȁΌȜσΠϋ̦࿹୆‫ࡉ̳ͥ۾ͅڠ‬ٜͬ੝͛̀࢖ນ̱̹͈͉1865ාȄ࿹୆‫୺̠̞͂ڠ‬࿝ဥࢊͬैͤ੄̳ոஜ͈̭̜̹͂́̽ȃა໲͉੝͛ඵٝͅ໦̫̀ȸζ·ηρϋȆζ΄ΐϋȪMacmillan’sMagazineȫȹͅࠇश̯ͦȄࢃͅ‫ح‬ຊ̯ͦ̀1869ාͅȸ֒ഥഎഛधȽ̷༹͈௱͂ࠫ‫಺̳ͥ۾ͅض‬औȽȪHereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequencesȫȹ̞̠͂ఴྴ́੄ๅ̯̹ͦȃུ̭͈́๞̦দ͙̹͈͉Ȅ̞ͩͥ͠ȶഛໆ͈धෝȷ̦͈̠̱̓̀͢ͅ‫ڕ‬ං̯̥ͦͥͬඏ̧গ̭̜̹͛ͥ͂́̽ȃ๞̦ഛໆ͈धෝ̞̠͂࡞ဩ́ນ̷̠̱̹͂ඤယ͉Ȅ২ٛഎ̈́ྴ୊ͬං͈ͥͅ͏̯̱̞ͩ౶ෝ͂ளৗȄଲა͈ঐ൵৪͞౶എ̈́஻௮‫ڰ‬൲ͅਲম̳ͥ૽໤ͅ͏̯̱̞ͩ౶ෝ͂ளৗ̜́ͥȃ̭͈೰݅ͅ൚͉̀ͥ͘૽໤ͬை̳঩ၳ̱͂̀๞̦၌ဥ̱̹͈͉Ȅ൚య͈ಠྴ૽ͬ࿌္̱̹ȸ࡛య૲আ჏ȪDictionary of Men of the Timeȫȹ൝͈੄ๅ໤̜̹́̽ȃΌȜσΠϋً͉‫ݲ‬ඵଲ‫ྴ૽͈̭̹ͣͦ̀̽ͩͅܮ‬মങͬ಺͓ષ̬Ȅಠྴ༹̈́ၙ‫ز‬Ȅଽহ‫ز‬Ȅ߳૽Ȅ‫ڠش‬৪Ȅথ૽Ȅْ‫ز‬Ȅ‫ͬోزڢإ‬ಒ੄̱̹ȃ̷͈ࠫ‫ض‬๞̦อࡉ̱̹͈͉Ḙ͈̏ͦͣಠྴ૽͈
̠̻̥͈̈́ͤ૽ș̦Ȅ‫̠̞̜͂ͥͅ߸۾׻̞ࠬͅࡽ́ࠁ͈̥ͣة‬ম৘̜̹́̽ȃ̭͈̭̥͂ͣ

๞͉Ȅྴ୊ͬංͥ‫ز‬௼͉ຽ೒๊͈֚‫ز‬௼ͤ͢͜धෝ͈ͤ͢࿹̹ͦঊఃͬ୆͙੄̳Ȅ̞̠͂ࠫა̧ͬ֨੄̱̹ȃ̷̱̀ΌȜσΠϋ͉Ȅ֒ഥ̦රఘഎඅಭ̺̫̩́̈́Ȅधෝ͂଻‫́͘͜ڒ‬঑෻̳ͥ͂‫৽̩ޑ‬ಫ̳̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅ19ȫȃ1883ාͅΌȜσΠϋ͉Ȅȸ૽‫͈ۼ‬ෝႁ͂อోͅ‫಺̳ͥ۾‬औȪInquiries into Human Faculty and Its Developmentȫȹͬ੄ๅ̱̀ȶ࿹୆‫ڠ‬ȷ̞̠͂ဥࢊͬ೹̱ܳḘ͈̏࡞ဩ̷̦ͦͬ੹൵̳ͥ‫׋‬൲͈ಎ̦́̀͞ঀဥ̯̠̹ͦͥ̈́̽͢ͅ20ȫȃȁͺις΃̤̫ͥͅ࿹୆‫͉ڠ‬ȄΈτΌȜσȆιϋΟσȪGregor Mendelȫ͈ࢗୡͅ໅̠̭̦͂ͧఱ̧̞ȃ΂ȜΑΠςͺ͈෠ຳ͈ঊ̱͂̀୆̹ͦ͘ιϋΟσ͉Ȅ෠‫́׬‬အș̈́΀ϋΡ;ͬऺၳ̱̀ͅ࢐ॠ৘ࡑ̱Ȅ૶͈ଲయ̥ͣঊ͈ଲయͅࠁৗ̦֒ഥ̱̞̩̀ခအͬ಺͓̹ȃ̷͈ࡄ‫͉ضࠫݪ‬Ȅࠁৗ̦ଲయ̥ͣଲయ͒͂֒ഥഎͅഥ̢ͣͦͥȶါளȪelementȫȷ̽̀͢ͅࠨ೰ْ̯̞̠ͦͥ͂‫ܢ‬എ̈́ၑა͂͛ͣͦ̀͘ͅȄ1865ාͅήςνϋুட‫ފڠش‬ٛȪNatural SciencesSociety of Brünnȫ͈႕ٛ́อນ̯̹ͦȃଲయ‫ࠁ́ۼ‬ৗ̦ഥోً̯ͦͥ೾͉ȄࢃͅιϋΟσ͈໦ၗ༹͈௱‫͍ݞ‬ඊၛ֒ഥ༹͈௱̱͂̀౶̠ͣͦͥ̈́ͥ͢ͅȃ1866ාȄιϋΟσ͉֒ഥ৘ࡑ̹ͬ͂͛͘ა໲ͬȄήςνϋুட‫ފڠش‬͈ٛȸ‫ܮ‬ါȪProceedingsȫȹͅอນ̱̹ȃ̱̥̱๞͈ުୡ͉Ȅ19ଲ‫ܮ‬ಎ͉౗͜ͅࡺ͙̞ͣͦ̈́͘͘ͅਞ̹ͩ̽ȃ1900ා̈́̽̀ͅȄΡͼΜ͈΃ȜσȆˡȆ΋τϋΑȪCarl Erich CorrensȫȄ΂ȜΑΠςͺ͈΀ȜςΛΪȆΙͿσζ·ȪErich TschermakȫȄ΂ρϋΘ͈ξȜΌȜȆ˩ȆΡȆέςȜΑȪHugo Marie de Vriesȫ̽̀͢ͅȄ̷ͦ́͘དྷͦ‫ݲ‬̞̹ͣͦ̀ιϋΟσ͈ުୡ̦൳শͅठอࡉ̯̹ͦȃιϋΟσ֒ഥ‫̻̻̹͉͘ڠ‬ఉ̩͈‫ڠش‬৪ో͈঑঵ͬ‫ڕ‬ං̱Ȃ‫ڠش‬৪ో͉ιϋΟσ͈ၑაͬ૽‫́͜ۼ‬৘બ̳ͥ৘ࡑ৾ͤͅழ͙ই̹͛ȃ1902
ාȄͼΆςΑ͈֓঍ͺȜΙδσΡȆˡȆΆλυΛΡȪArchibald Edward Garrodȫ͉Ȅ୆ࢃ‫̩̈́͜ۼ‬ෂ͈૗ࣱ̦̩̽͗̈́ͥͺσ΃ίΠϋෂછͅయນ̯̜ͦͥͥਅ͈୶ഛഎయ৫ࠧ‫̦ۿ‬ȄιϋΟσ͈ၑა͈Ⴆ଻֒ഥঊ̧̭̯̭̽̀֨ܳͦͥ͂ͬ͢ͅબྶ̱̹ȃ1907ා̈́ͥ͂ͅȄ૽‫͈ۼ‬࿒͈૗͜ιϋΟσ͈ၑაͅਲ̽̀֒ഥ̳̭̦ͥ͂ȄͼΆςΑ͈˟Ȇ˟ȆΧȜΑΠȪC. C.
Hurstȫ̽̀͢ͅၛબ̯̹ͦȃͺις΃́͜൲໤‫ڠ‬৪ΙλȜσΒȆ˞ȆΘόͿϋεȜΠȪCharles
Benedict Davenportȫ̦Ȅ૽‫͈ۼ‬ฯ͈࿉͂๧ໂ͈૗̞̾̀֒ͅഥ‫ڠ‬എࡄ‫ͬݪ‬อജ̵̯Ȅ̦̀͞ͺις΃͈ঐ൵എ̈́࿹୆‫ڠ‬৪̱͈͂̀౷պͬ‫ږ‬ၛ̱̹21ȫȃȁΘόͿϋεȜΠ͉̯ͣͅȄ૽‫͈ۼ‬঵̾အș̈́අৗ̦̠̓֒ഥ̳̥ٜͥͬྶ̳ͥࡄ‫ͅݪ‬ಯ୽̳̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃ๞͉֒ഥΟȜΗͬਬ͈͛ͥͅତఉ̩͈‫ࠏز‬଎ͅှ̹̦̽Ȅ̷͈͌͂̾ͅȄ֓‫୺ڠ‬࿝ধͅࠇश̯̹ͦ֒ഥഎ৖͈ۛΟȜΗ̦̜̹̽ȃ̷̭͉֓ͅ঍ో̦‫ة‬ා̹ͩ̽̀͜ͅȄအș̈́ພ‫ز͈̞̀̾ͅܨ‬ೳ̤̫ͥͅอ୆ၚܱͬ჏̱̞̹̀ȃ̯ͣͅΘόͿϋεȜΠ͉̜̜ͤ͂ͣͥ͠૽‫ࠁۼ‬ৗ͈ΟȜΗͬව਀̳̹ͥ͛Ȅȶ‫ܱࠏز‬჏಺औຘȷͬै଼̱̀Ȅພ֭͞ୈ૰ພহၷঔ୭Ȅ‫ࢷڠ‬Ȅ̯ͣͅఉ̩͈‫ڠش‬৪ͅ‫ة‬ຐ໐͜௣̫̹ͤ̾ȃ̹͘Ȅཽ͈੩ႁ́஠ༀఱ‫ڠ‬௾ު୆‫ފ‬͈֥ٛٛ͜ͅ಺औຘͬ௣̹̽ȃ̦̀͞༐௣̧̯̹ͦ̀಺औຘ͉Ȅତຐ೒ͅષ̹̽ȃ̭͈ͦͣৗ࿚ນ͉ͅઁ̩̈́͂͜२ଲయոષ̹ͩͥͅΟȜΗ̦ܱව̯̤ͦ̀ͤȄ1911ාͅ๞̦੄ๅ̱̹ȸ࿹୆‫͂ڠ‬‫۾‬Ⴒ̱̹֒ഥȪHeredity in Relation to Eugenicsȫȹ͈‫ܖ‬ய঩ၳ̹̈́̽ͅ22ȫȃȁΘόͿϋεȜΠ͉Ȅ̜ͥඅ೰͈ࠁৗ̦ඏ੄̱̀෇͛ͣͦͥાࣣḘ͈̏ࠁৗ̦֒ഥഎ͈̈́͂͜ࡉ̱̈́ȄιϋΟσ͈࡞̠ȶါளȷȽ̭ͦͬ๞͉ȶౙպࠁৗȪunit charactersȫȷ͂ྴັ̫̞̀ͥȽ̦ࡔ֦͂̈́̽̀Ȅౣঐછ͞ఉঐછȄฒ‫ا‬છ൝͈୶ഛഎ։ુ‫͍ࠬݞ‬࿻ພ͞ী඲‫ا‬છȄΧϋΙϋΠϋໍ൩છ൝͈୶ഛഎ৖̦̭ۛܳͥ͂ࣉ̢̹ȃ๞͉‫ܨޚ‬ȄឫឞȄͺσ΋ȜσಎඉȄޭഽ͈ຫࣾȄ̫͂ͤͩୈ૰ถ৻͉ͅྶ̥ͣ֒ͅഥഎ߹̦࢜ంह̳ͥ͂৽ಫ̱̹ȃΘόͿϋεȜΠ͉Ȅ࣭ྦྷ஠ఘͅ՛‫̳͖֒ݞͬޣג‬ഥࠁৗͬੰ‫̹̳͛ͥݲ‬Ȅ֒ഥഎࠧ‫ۿ‬৪̦୆૓‫خ‬ෝ͈‫ڞ͉ۼ‬ၗ̱̀Ȅঊ‫̵̞̈́ͣैͬރ‬ൽͬ஖఼̧̳͓̜́ͥ͂ࣉ̢̹ȃਗ̦ಿ̞‫ڞ̹̀̽ͩͅۼ‬ၗଽॐͬ৘࣐̳ͦ͊Ȅ̷ͦͅါ̱̹๯ဥ̦̀ٝ͜͞ਓ̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥȃ‫ͣ̈́࡬ة‬ਗ̦࿂ുͬࡉ̫̞̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ୈ૰ถ৻৪ତ̦Ȅ‫ڞ‬ၗଽॐ͂‫̱̀ࡘݢͅވ‬Ȅ๞ͣͬਓယ̳ͥਗ͈ঔ୭͜ຈါ̩̞̠͈̜́̈́̈́ͥ͂́ͥȃΘόͿϋεȜΠ͉ȄΧϋΙϋΠϋໍ൩છۛ৪ࠬ͞࿻ພۛ৪ͬ߻೵ͅ঵̾੫଻̥࢜̽̀ͅȄঊ‫̧̞͉͓͂̈́́ͥैͬރ‬಑̱̹࣬ȃ๞͉Ȅ૽ਅ͈ৗͬ٨ၻ̱Ȅ࣭ྦྷ஠ఘ͈֒ഥࠁৗͬ‫ږ‬༗̳̹͉ͥ͛ͅȄ֚໐͈૽ș͈૽ࡀͬଷࡠ̳͈͚ͥͬ͜͞ං̞̈́͂૞̲̞̹̀23ȫȃȁ20ଲ‫ͅܮ‬ව̽̀Ȅ࿹୆‫̯͉͘ͅڠ‬শ୹ͬං̹͈̱͂̀͜‫ם‬ༀ͈౶ে‫ͅ௸ݢͅݭٴ‬਋̫ව̹ͦͣͦȃ̭͈শ‫͉ܢ‬Ȅ‫ͤ͜͢ة̦ڠش‬૞༮̯̹ͦশయ̜́ͤȄ࿹୆‫׋‬൲͉Ȅအș̈́ၛા͈૽ş̦ͬ֨ັ̫̹ȃ࿹୆‫׋‬൲͈৽̈́࿒ດ͉Ȅ֒ഥͅ‫ڠش̳ͥ۾‬എૂ༭ͬ২ٛଽॐͅ୆̥̳̭̜͂́ͤȄ̷ͦ̽̀͢ͅ૽ਅ͈ప‫ͬا‬ཡ̪̭̜̹͂́̽ȃ࿹୆‫ڠ‬എͅ࿹̹ͦ૽ș͈௩‫੻ͬح‬႗̱ȄႦ൝̈́૽șͬआ୲̳̭ͥ͂̽̀͢ͅȄအș̈́࿚ఴ̦ٜࠨ̯ͦͥ͂৽ಫ̯̠̹ͦͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃႦ൝৪͈ಎ͉ͅȄຫࣾ৪Ȅๆऻ৪Ȅ‫૽ޚ‬Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪൝̦‫̹̞̀ͦ͘܄‬ȃ1893ාͅই̹̽͘ະ‫͉ޙ‬Ȅͺις΃ঃષड՛͈͈̜̹́̽͜ȃႻ൱৪͉ະհͬ‫̢ژ‬Ȅষș͂ΑΠρͼ΅̭̱̹ͬܳȃະࠊ‫͈͒ܨ‬฽൲̥ͣȄࣱ૽ͅచ̳ͥओ༆̦૬࣫‫̹̱ا‬ȃ̹͘Ȅධ൐؎̥͈ͣཛྷఱ̈́ତ͈֊ྦྷ̦ၠව̱Ȅ̷ͦͅచࢯ̳̹ͥ͛֊ྦྷͬଷࡠ̳ͥါ‫̹̭̦̽ܳݥ‬ȃ̭̠̱̹ಎ́Ȅȶୈ૰ࠧ‫ۿ‬৪Ȫmentaldefectivesȫȷͅచ̳ͥࡉ༷͜Ȅࠠഎͅ་‫̱ا‬ই̹͛ȃ̭͈ȶୈ૰ࠧ‫ۿ‬৪ȷ̞̠͂࡞ဩ͉Ȅȶୈ૰ถ৻৪ȷͅయ̷͈ͩ̽̀ࣼဥ̞ͣͦই͛Ȅ̷͈ࢃ੭șͅ೰಍̱̞̹̀̽ȃ൚ட͈̭̦͂̈́ͣḘ̠̱̹̏૧̱̞ࡉ༷͉ͅȄ૧̱̩຾ષ̱̹࿚ఴͅచ̳ͥ২ٛଽॐ͈ຈါ଻̦‫̹̞̀ͦ͘܄‬ȃ20ଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫ͅܢ‬Ȅୈ૰ࠧ‫ۿ‬৪͉Ȅఉ̩͈ાਫ਼́ఉତอࡉ̯ͦȄఉ‫̹ͥͩͅܚ‬২ٛ࿚ఴ͍͂ࠫັ̩ంह̱͂̀ࡉ̠̹ͣͦͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃ໐໦എ͉ͅȶ‫ڠش‬എȷ̜̭́ͥ͂ͬა‫̱̀ͅݶ‬Ȅ୺࿝‫ోز‬͉ୈ૰ࠧ‫ۿ‬৪ͅచ̳ͥ૧̱̞২ٛଽॐͬ੹൵̱Ȅ঴஝মު‫̷̦ͬͦز‬঑঵̱Ȅ̷݈֥̦ͦͬၛ༹‫̜͈̹̱ͥ́ا‬ȃ̭̠̱̀ȶୈ૰ࠧ‫ۿ‬৪ȷ͈࿚ఴ̦Ȅ̥̥̹͕̾̀̈́̽̓ͅ࢖എ̈́डਹါ‫ه‬ఴ̞̹̈́̽̀̽ͅ24ȫȃ
ȁ1890ාȄͺις΃͉ͅ20͈࢖ၛୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭͂ː͈জၛୈ૰ถ৻ঔ୭̦̜̹̽ȃ1903ා͉ͅȄ28͈࢖ၛୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭͂14͈জၛୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭̞̹̈́̽̀ͅȃ1890ා͉ͅୈ૰ถ৻৪
ঔ୭͈ਓယ৪ତ͉5,254૽̜̹̦́̽Ȅ1903ා͉ͅ14,347૽ͅ௩‫̹̞̱̀ح‬ȃ̷̱̀Ȅ1904ාশത́ঘཌ̜̞͉ͥঔ୭‫֊ۼ‬൲ͥ͢ͅపਫ਼৪͉Ȅ஠ਓယ૽ତ̴͈̥ͩ8.5ΩȜΓϋΠً̨̥̹̈́̽ͅȃঔ୭ਓယ૽࢛͈ࠠഎ̈́௩‫৽͈ح‬ါ֦̹͈͉͂̈́̽Ȅࢭ‫ڞݛ‬ၗ߹࢜ͅ‫̢̀ح‬Ȅ૧ܰවਫ਼৪͈௩‫̹̜̽́͜ح‬25ȫȃ̻͙̈́ͅȄ1914ා̥ͣ23ා͈‫ͅۼ‬ධ໐͈˕ਗ̦ୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ͬ୭ၛ̱̹̦Ḙ̷ࣱ͉̏ͅ૽͉֚૽͜ਓယ̯̥̹ͦ̈́̽ȃό͹ȜΐΣͺਗࣱͅ૽͈͙ͬచય̳͂ͥάȜΗȜΒΨȜΈਗၛ΋υΣȜȪPetersberg State Colonyȫ̦‫ٳ‬୭̯ͦͥ1939ා́͘Ȅࣱ૽͉ධ໐́࢖ၛୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ͅවਫ਼̧̳̭̦̥̹ͥ͂́̈́̽ȃ๧ර͜ͅȄୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ਓယ̥ͣෳੰࣱ̯̞̹ͦ̀૽ో͉Ȅ̷ͦ́͘ঔ୭ਓယ৪ͅచ̳ͥ࿹୆‫ڠ‬എ౯ਅͬ൪̞̹͈̜ͦ̀́ͥ26ȫȃ
ȁ1904ාȄέρϋΑଽຸ͉‫֗ޗ‬ଷഽͬ‫ڐ‬ఱ̳̜̹ͥ̽̀ͅȄୈ૰વ‫ٺ‬঱ͬ฻༆̳ͥ਀༹͈ै଼ͬȄ૤ၑ‫ڠ‬৪ͺσέτΛΡȆΫΥȜȪAlfred Binetȫͅջှ̱̹ȃଽຸ͈ါ୏ͅ؊̢̀ȄΫΥȜ͉ఉତ͈ౣ̞ৗ࿚଼̥֚ͣͥႲ͈࠿औͬࣉմ̱̹̦Ḙ͉ܱ̏ͦ‫؛‬ႁȄଔၑႁȄ࡞ࢊෝႁ̈́̓ͬ಺͓̠ͥ͢ͅै̞̹ͣͦ̀ȃ̯ͣͅ๞͉൳ၯ͈Ξ΂ΡȜσȆΏκϋȪThéodore Simonȫ͂‫ފ‬ႁ̱̀Ȅ๭ࡑ৪ͬୈ૰ාႢ́໦႒̳ͥ࠿औ༹ͬࣉ̢੄̱̹ȃ̷ͦͥ͂͢ͅȄ঱ൺ͈ୈ૰ාႢȪྖාႢȫ͉Ȅ൳̲୆‫ڰ‬ාႢ͈঱ൺਬ౬̦਋̫̹࠿औ͈໹޳౵͈͂๤‫ࠨ́ڛ‬೰̯ͦͥȃ‫ྖͅب‬ාႢ˒प͈঱ൺ͈തତ̦10प͈ਬ౬͈໹޳തତ͂൳̲̈́ͣ͊Ȅ̷͈˒प͈঱ൺ͈ୈ૰ාႢ͉10प̈́ͥ͂ͅ฻೰̯ͦȄྖ10प͈঱ൺ͈തତ̦˒प͈ਬ౬͈໹޳തତ͂൳̲̈́ͣ͊Ȅ̷͈10प͈঱ൺ͈ୈ૰ාႢ͉˒प̞̠̭͂͂̈́ͥͅ27ȫȃȁͺις΃͈૤ၑ‫ڠ‬৪ΰϋςȜȆˤȆΌΘȜΡȪHenry Herbert Goddardȫ͉Ȅ1908ාͅΫΥȜɁΏκϋ౶ෝ࠿औͬু࣭ͅ൵ව̱̹ȃΣνȜΐλȜΐȜਗ͈ό͹ͼϋρϋΡ߱Ⴏ‫ࢷڠ‬ȪVineland Training Schoolȫͅັ௺̳ͥ૤ၑ‫ݪࡄڠ‬ਫ਼ȪPsychological Research Laboratoryȫ͈ਫ਼ಿͅਖහ̱̹̥͈͊ͤΌΘȜΡ͉Ȅ்௸ΫΥȜɁΏκϋ౶ෝ࠿औͬ৘ঔ̱͙̹̀ȃ౶ෝ࠿औ͈ࠫ‫͉ض‬Ȅঔ୭͈ူࢌ૖֥̦඾ࣼ঱ൺͅ୪૘̱̞̹̀ࠐࡑ͕͖֚͂౿̱Ȅ঱ൺ͈౶ෝͬ໦႒̳͈ͥͅခ̠࢘̈́͢ͅএ̹ͩͦȃΌΘȜΡ͉1911ා́͘ͅ࿩2,000૽͈঱ൺͬచય̱̀ͅৗ࿚ࣜ࿒̯ͬͣͅ௩̱̀͞৘ࡑ̱̹ࠫ‫ض‬ȄΫΥȜɁΏκϋ౶ෝ࠿औ̦ȶୃ‫̥̩́ͤ͊ޥ͉̭͂̈́ږ‬̜ͤȄ̱̥͜಺औ֥͉๭ࡑ৪ͅȄদ̯̞͈ͦ̀ͥ͂փেͬ঵̵̹̞̈́́࠿औ̧́ͥ၌ത̦̜ͥȷ͂ু૞ͬ঵̹̽ȃΌΘȜΡ͉Ȅ౶ෝ࠿औ͈തତ̦ୈ૰ถ৻͈ഽࣣ̞̽̀͢ͅ་‫̭̳͂ͥͅا‬අͅ‫۾‬૤ͬৼ̥̹ͦȃ๞͉ୈ૰ාႢͬ२ߊ໦̱Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪͈̠̻ୈ૰ාႢ̦ˍȡˎपͬȶฒ౼ȷȄˏȡ˓पͬȶ౼ߔȷȄ˔ȡ 12पͬȶࠚߔȷ͂ྴັ̫̹28ȫȃ౶ෝ࠿औ͉Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪ͬ࢘ၚഎͅȶอࡉȷ̳ͥ਀౲ͬ೹‫̹̱ރ‬ȃȁΌΘȜΡ͈಺औ͉Ȅඅ೰͈‫ͅࠏز‬ୈ૰વ‫ٺ‬৪͈୆ͦͥ͘‫̦ࣣڬ‬๱ુ̞̭ࣞ͂ͬͅྶ̥̱̹ͣͅȃ࿹୆ܱ჏ޫȪEugenics Record OfÀceȫ͈಺औΟȜΗͬ‫ڰ‬ဥ̱̀ΌΘȜΡ͉1912ාȄȸ΃ς΃·֚௼Ƚୈ૰ถ৻͈֒ഥ‫ڠ‬എࡄ‫ݪ‬ȽȪThe Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity ofFeeblemindednessȫȹͬอນ̱̹ȃ̭͉ͦȄό͹ͼϋρϋΡ߱Ⴏ‫͈ࢷڠ‬ཤ̜ͥͅΩͼϋΨτϋΒ౷ߊͅਯ͚ୈ૰ถ৻͈‫ͅࠏز‬Ⴒ̈́ͥ૽șͬ໦ଢ଼̱̹͈̜́ͥ͜29ȫȃ̷͈ඵාࢃȄΌΘȜΡ͉ȸୈ૰ถ৻Ƚ̷͈ࡔ֦͂ࠫ‫ض‬ȽȪFeeble-Mindedness: Its Causes and Consequencesȫȹུ̞̠͂ͬಠ̱Ȅୈ૰ถ৻͉͂Ȅȶ֒ഥ̽̀͢ͅȄฯ͈૗͞࿒͈૗͂൳̲̠͢ͅ‫ږ‬৘ͅ૶̥ͣঊͅഥ̢ͣͦͥփ঎̹͉͘ෞ͈ેఠȷ̜́ͥ͂೰̱̹݅ȃ๞͈ࡉٜ͉́Ȅࠚߔ͂‫ߊ̧͉ͤ̽ͬ૽ޚ‬༆̳̭̦̫ͥ͂͂ͤͩਹါ̯̹͂ͦȃࢃ৪͉ྶ̥ͣͅ৖ພ͈ેఠ̜͈́ͥͅచ̱Ȅஜ৪͉‫ܥ‬ෝอో̦ಁ̹ͦેఠ̜́ͥȃ๞͉ͣฒ౼͞౼ߔ͂։̈́ͤȄ֚ࡉୃુ૽͈̠͢ͅࡉ̢̦ͥȄ৘ष͉ͅୃુ͉̞́̈́͂ΌΘȜΡ͉‫̹̱಺ޑ‬ȃΫΥȜɁΏκϋ౶ෝ࠿औͬ‫ڎ͚܄‬ਅ͈౶ෝ࠿औ̦ࢩ̩࣐̹ͩͦࠫ‫ض‬Ȅߺྩਫ਼͞๱࣐ઁා͈‫ୃޜ‬ঔ୭ͅਓယ̯̞ͦ̀ͥ৪͈‫ͅۼ‬Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪̦̞ࣞ‫ࣣڬ‬́ంह̳̭̦ͥ͂৘બ̯̹ͦȃΌΘȜΡͥ͂͢ͅȄୈ૰ถ৻৪͉ȶൽඃഎ̈́୆‫ͬڰ‬௣͈ͥͅຈါ̈́‫ུܖ‬എ̈́ါள̦̫̞ࠧ̀ͥȃ͉͌͂̾஝՛͈༕༆̜́ͤȄ̠͉͌͂̾͜ুࡨͬဲଷ̳ͥෝႁ̜́ͥȷȃ̭͈ͦͣෝႁ̩ͬࠧ‫ڠ‬୆͉Ȅ‫̠̳͙ͥ̈́ͥ͢ͅݝ̴ͥͬࢷڠ̴̥̞̩̠́͘͜ުڠ‬ȃ଼̹͘૽̱̥͉̀ͣȄȶ஝࣐̞ͬȄ՛ͬ๰̫ͥȷෝႁ̫̹ࠧͥ͛ͅͅȄๆऻ৪̱̠̈́̽̀͘ͅȃ̹͘୆ࠗͬၛ̞̩̭̦̜̀̀͂ͤ͘ͅਹ‫ޭ̥̭̲ͣ͂ͥۜͅك‬ຫ৪̦୆ͦ͘Ȅփ঎̦৻̩ྫ౶̈́੫଻̥ͣค੉ິ̦୆ͦͥ͂͘ȄΌΘȜΡ͉৽ಫ̱̹30ȫȃȁΌΘȜΡ͈ࡄ‫͉ݪ‬Ȅအș̈́২ٛഎ֝౎৪ͬե̠୺࿝‫̹̱͖ݞͬޣג̞ޑͅز‬ȃ฽২ٛഎ࣐̈́൲ͅߐͤၛ̀ͥ૯͈ࡔ֦͉Ȅ૸ఘഎ̈́අৗͤ͢͜ୈ૰എ̈́අৗ̜̞̠ͥ͂ͅࣉ̢༷̦ষలͅ૫൫̱̞̹̀̽ȃ̞ͩͥ͠ୈ૰ถ৻ͅ໦႒̯ͦͥ૽ș͉Ȅͺις΃͉́஠૽࢛͈ˍȡˏΩȜΓϋΠ͂ଔ೰̯ͦȄࢩ̩‫ޞ‬ր͂ࡉ̯̹̈́ͦȃୈ૰ถ৻৪͈ٚࢌͅ൚̹ͥ୺࿝‫͉ోز‬Ȅু໦̦౜൚̳ͥۛ৪͈‫ͬࠏز‬ౘැͅ಺͓ই̹͛ȃພ‫͞ܨ‬ম࡬͈ࢃ֒છ̱͂̀ୈ૰વ‫̯̹̭̦ͥͦ͂̽ܳ͜ٺ‬͈̜̹̦̽͜Ȅୈ૰ถ৻͈ఱ໐໦͉֒ഥ̽̀͢ͅഥ̢̞̠͈̦ͣͦͥ͂Ȅ৽̹ͥࡔ֦̞͈̾̀ͅଲ‫๊͈֚ۼ‬਋̫গ༷̜̹͛́̽31ȫȃ‫͉́ݪࡄࠏز‬ȶ‫ޞ‬ր̱͈͂̀ୈ૰ถ৻৪ȷͬ‫̦̱̈́಺ޑ‬ͣȄୈ૰ถ৻৪͈‫̈́௸ݢ‬௩‫͂ح‬ๆऻȄค੉Ȅ๱࣐Ȅ଻ພȄँ‫ٸ‬ঊȄͺσ΋Ȝσಎඉ൝͈২ٛ࿚ఴ̦͍ࠫັ̞̞̞̠̭̦̀ͥ͂͂ஶ̢̹ͣͦȃ̷̱̀Ȅୈ૰ࠧ‫ۿ‬৪ͬ௲শ̷̱̀ͅ‫ݛז‬എͅ‫ۯ‬ၑ̳̭̦ͥ͂ါ‫̜͈̹̯ͥ́ͦݥ‬32ȫȃˎȅँ֧ଷࡠ̥ͣ౯ਅ͒Ȫˍȫँ֧ଷࡠȁոષ͈̠͢ͅȄ19ଲ‫͉ͅྎܮ‬Ȅๆऻ৪͞વ‫ٺ‬৪͈อ୆ࡔ֦͉֒ഥ୰͂‫ࠏز‬୰ͅਓ௵̱̞̹̦̀̽Ḙ͈̏শത͉́͘อ୆ࡔ֦͈೏‫̀̽͢ͅݪ‬Ȅࡢ૽͈ప‫ا‬Ȇ་ৗ̦২ٛഎਹఱ଻ͬခ̳͈̱ͥ͂̀͜೹ً̨̯̹̥̹ܳͦ̈́̽ͅȃ̷ͦ࡬Ȅવ‫ٺ‬൝͈อ୆ཡগ༹͈༷͉Ȅࡢș૽ͅచ̳ͥँ֧͈ဲଷ̜́ͤȄୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭൝͉̭́ͦͅపਫ਼ဲଷ̦‫̦̹̽ͩح‬Ȅ̴̞ͦ͜൚૽͞‫ز‬௼ͅచ̳ͥൽඃഎါ୏͂̓ͤ͘ͅȄ‫ޑ‬ଷႁฺ̞̥̹ͬ̽̀̈́̽ȃ̱̥̱Ȅવ‫ٺ‬৪ঔ୭̪ͬ͛ͥે‫ޙ‬͈՛‫෇͂ا‬ে͈་‫ا‬Ȅ̷̱̀વ‫ٺ‬อ୆ࡔ֦͈‫ڠش‬എ‫͂ྶݪ‬২͈ٛ་‫̀̽͢ͅا‬Ȅ୆૓ཡগ༹͈༷͉ͤ͢आུഎ́࢘ၚഎ̈́਀౲̦‫ͦͣ͛ݥ‬Ȅ༹എၔັ༹̫͈̜༷ͥ͂‫شٸ‬എ਀౲͈नဥ͒͂อജ̱̹ȃఈ༷́Ȅࠫँ͞୆૓࣐և͈ଷࡠ͉Ȅࣣਤ࣭࠻༹́༗વ̯̹ͦ‫ུܖ‬എ૽ࡀͅ‫ͥͩ۾‬࿚ఴ̜́ͥષͅȄ୆૓ཡগ̦Ȅ༹‫ڠ‬Ȅ֓‫ڠ‬Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭Ȅ২ٛ٨‫׋ڟ‬൲̷̸́ͦͦদ࣐॒ࢋഎٜͅࠨ̦࿒ঐ̯̹ͦ࿚ఴ̜̹̹́̽͛ͅȄ୆૓ཡগ͈ߓఘഎ༹̈́մ͉Ȅޭ͛̀ໝॠ̈́ജ‫ًٳ‬೾̹̭̹ͬ̓ͥ͂̈́̽ͅȃȁ჈Ȇ࿋͉‫֒ͅވ‬ഥ଻̦‫̯ͦ෇ږ‬Ȅ̷͈อ୆ཡগ̦֓‫ڠ‬എȆ২ٛഎͅ‫ܢ‬ఞ̯ͦ̀Ȅ࿋‫͍ݞࢷڠ‬჈‫߸۾ࢷڠ‬৪Ȅ֓঍Ȅ২ٛ٨‫ڟ‬৪൝̥ͣँ֧ဲଷ̦‫̹ͦͣ͛ݥ‬ȃ֒ഥ଻͈჈৪͂࿋૽ͅచ̱͉̀Ȅ̷͈ঊః̦ါ༗ࢌచય͂̈́ͥ‫خ‬ෝ଻̦̞̞̠ࣞ͂ၑဇ̥ͣȄࠫँȆ୆૓̞̠͂‫ུܖ‬എ૽ࡀ͈ഐဥੰ‫̦ٸ‬೹մ̯̹͈̜ͦ́ͥȃ̫͂ͤͩ࿋૽͉Ȅࠐफഎ̈́২ٛջంഽ͈̯̥ࣞͣȄ̷͈ࠫँ͉ຈ̴̱͜‫̹̥̯̽̈́ͦࠞۥ‬ȃ̱̥̱Ȅ࿋૽͜჈৪͜Ȅ৘षͅँ֧ଷࡠ͈చય̱͂̀ਗ༹ͅྶܱ̯̭͉̥̹ͦͥ͂̈́̽33ȫȃȁͺις΃͉́19ଲ‫͈ܮ‬లঅঅ฼‫̥ͣܢ‬Ȅළૡ‫خ‬ෝාႢ͈ୈ૰ถ৻੫଻͈‫ڞ‬ၗ̦Ȅ୆૓ཡগ༹͈༷̱͂̀೰಍̱̞̹̀ȃୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ಿ͉Ȅঔ୭ਓယ৪͈‫̀̽͢ͅݪࡄࠏز‬ୈ૰ถ৻̤̫ͥ֒ͅഥ଻ͬ‫̭̹̱́͂෇ږ‬Ȅ௙ਓယ͂ࢭ‫ڞݛ‬ၗ͈༷ૻ̳̳ͬ͘͘ଔૺ̳̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃ̱̥̱Ȅ̷͈༷ૻͬ৘࡛̳͉ͥͅအș̈́ࣾඳ̦̜̹̽ȃల֚ͅȄঔ୭͈૧୭Ȇ௩୭̞̠͂ࠐ๯ષ͈࿚ఴ̦̜̹̽ȃਓယႁ͈‫ݢ‬௩̞̠͂ঔ୭‫߸۾‬৪͈ါ୏͉Ȅࡓြఉ‫͈ڣ‬๯ဥฺ̠̺̫̩ͬ́̈́Ȅ಺औࡄ‫ૺ͈ݪ‬ജฺ̽̀ͅୈ૰ถ৻৪͈੄࡛ၚ̦̩ࣞ̈́ͥ̾ͦ̀ͅȄထ௶ͤ͢͜‫ͬڣݴ‬ါ̳̭̦ͥ͂ষలͅ฻ྶ̱̞̹̀̽ȃలඵͅȄಿ‫͈ܢ‬වਫ਼Ȇ‫ز‬௼͈͂໦ၗͅచ̳ͥ࠹՛̞̠͂Ȅۜૂͅ‫ͥͩ۾‬࿚ఴ̦̜̹̽ȃୈ૰ถ৻‫ޞ‬րა͉Ȅୈ૰ถ৻ͅచ̳ͥ২ٛഎ‫ٺ‬՛͈ΑΞͻΈζͬັဓ̳̭ͥ͂́Ȅ‫ز‬௼ུ͞૽͈ঔ୭වਫ਼ͅచ̳ͥ࠹՛̳̳ͬ͘͘‫̹̭̳̽̈́͂ͥͅاޑ‬ȃల२ͅȄపਫ਼ဲଷ̞̠͂ঔ୭ಿ͈‫ܢ‬ఞ͜Ȅ‫ز‬௼ུ͞૽͈փ࢜ͥ͢ͅపਫ਼৪Ȅঔ୭౎௢৪Ȅ২ٛ́ঐ൵۬ආͬ਋̴̫ͅ୆‫ࡓ̳ͥڰ‬ਓယ৪̦ఉତ̞̞̠࡛ͥ͂৘ͅೄ࿂̱̞̹̀ȃਓယ৪௙ତͅచ̳ͥపਫ਼৪͈‫ࣣڬ‬೩‫̴ͣͩ۾͜ͅئ‬Ȅపਫ਼৘ତ͉ྫণ̧̞́̈́ତ̞̹̈́̽̀ͅȃਓယ৪͈పਫ਼ͅ‫̱̀۾‬Ȅঔ୭ಿͅ‫ݵ‬๛ࡀ̦տහ̯̞̥̹͈ͦ̀̈́̽́Ȅঔ୭ਓယͥ͢ͅಿ‫ڞݛࢭ̱̞̈́ܢ‬ၗ͉਱໦͉ͅో଼̧̥̹́̈́̽34ȫȃ̷̭́ঔ୭‫߸۾‬৪͉Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪͈୆૓ཡগॐͅ಍਀̳ͥຈါ̦୆̧̲̹̀ȃఉ̩͈ঔ୭ಿో̦ߓఘഎ̈́୆૓ཡগॐ̴̱͂̀৾ͤ͘ષ̬̹͈̦Ȅँ֧͈ଷࡠ̞̱̈́޺গ༹͈೰̜̹́̽ȃȁँ֧ଷࡠ͉ͅȄ࿹୆‫ڠ‬എอே͂ಮัഎอே̦ᙧட͂ව̞̹̽̀ȃ૤૸વ‫֧ँͥ͢ͅٺ‬ଷࡠͤ͢͜୶ܰͅ೰̯̞̹͈͉ͦ̀Ȅ։૽ਅ‫͈֧ँ͈ۼ‬ଷࡠ̜̹́̽ȃͺις΃̤̫ͥͅ։૽ਅ‫ࠫۼ‬ँ޺গ༹͉Ȅ1691ාͅό͹ȜΐΣͺ૒ྦྷ౷́Ȅ1692ාͅιςȜρϋΡ૒ྦྷ౷́ଷ೰̯̹̦ͦȄ̷ͦոஜ̥ͣȄ։૽ਅ‫଻͈ۼ‬എ࢐ખ̷͈͂ࠫ‫͈̱̀͂ض‬ईࠬ঱͈౪୆ͬ࿚ఴণ̳ͥ߹̦࢜ࡉ̹ͣͦȃό͹ȜΐΣͺ͂ιςȜρϋΡ́ই̹̽͘։૽ਅ‫޺ͬँࠫۼ‬গ༹̳ͥଷ‫͈ا‬෨͉Ȅ̷͈ࢃࣱ૽ി႞ଷίρϋΞȜΏοϋ̦อജ̱̞̹̀ධ໐̺̫̩́̈́Ȅཤ໐͜ͅࢩ̦̹̽ȃ1705ාͅζ΍ΙνȜΓΛΜ̦։૽ਅ‫଻͂ँ͈ࠫۼ‬എ࢐ખͬ๱༹ࣣ‫ͬၙ༹̳ͥا‬ଷ೰̱ȄոࢃΦȜΑ΃υρͼ΢Ȫ1715ාȫȄ΍;Α΃υρͼ΢Ȫ1717ාȫȄβϋΏσόͿΣͺȪ1725 ȡ 26ාȫȄΟρ;Ϳͺ
Ȫ1726ාȫȄΐοȜΐͺȪ1750ාȫȄυȜΡͺͼρϋΡȪ1798ාȫȄιͼϋȪ1821ාȫ༹͂ଷ‫͉ا‬௽̞̹ȃ1800ා͈শത́Ȅ஠ༀ16ਗಎ10ਗ̦։૽ਅ‫޺ँࠫۼ‬গ༹ͬଷ೰̱̞̹̀ȃ࠺࣭ࢃȄୌ໐͈͒‫͙ૺ̦ఽٳ‬Ȅ૧̹ͅਗ̱͂̀Ⴒཆͅ‫ح‬ව̱̹੨ਗ́͜Ȅ։૽ਅ‫޺ͬँࠫۼ‬গ༹̳ͥၙ̦
ଷ೰̯̹ͦȃ1816ාͅႲཆͅ‫ح‬ව̱̹ͼϋΟͻͺ΢ਗ͉1842ාͅȄ1850ාͅႲཆͅ‫ح‬ව̱̹΃ςέ΁σΣͺਗ͉൳ාͅ։૽ਅ‫޺ँࠫۼ‬গ༹ͬଷ೰̱̹ȃධཤ୽௔ਞࠫশ́Ȅ஠ༀ36ਗಎ25ਗ̦։૽ਅ‫޺ँࠫۼ‬গ༹ͬଷ೰̱̞̹̀ȃठ࠺‫͉ͅܢ‬ȄηΏΏΛάȄ΍;Α΃υρͼ΢Ȅσͼΐͺ΢͈२ਗ̦Ȅ1868ා̥ͣ70ා̥̫̀ͅ։૽ਅ‫޺ँࠫۼ‬গ༹ͬ෱গ̱̹ȃέυςΘਗ͉1872ාͅȄͺȜ΃ϋΕȜਗ͉1874ාͅȄਗ༹̥ͣ։૽ਅ‫޺ँࠫۼ‬গܰ೰ͬॉੰ̱̹ȃ̱̥̱Ȅठ࠺͈༲ٟ͈‫́ئ‬Ȅ։૽ਅ‫޺ँࠫۼ‬গఘଷ͉ठ‫̩̫̺̳̈́́ͥޟ‬Ȅ֚௄อജ̳̭̹ͥ͂̈́̽ͅȃ։૽ਅ‫޺ँࠫۼ‬গ༹ͬ෱গ̱̹ηΏΏΛάਗ͂΍;Α΃υρͼ΢ਗ͉Ȅ1879ාͅ޺গ༹ͬठଷ೰̱̹ȃ൳̲̩޺গܰ೰ͬਗ༹̥ͣॉੰ̱̹έυςΘਗ͂ͺȜ΃ϋΕȜਗ͜Ȅ̷̸ͦͦ1881ා͂84ාͅ޺গܰ೰ͬ໘‫̵̹̯ڰ‬ȃ1894ාͅσͼΐͺ΢ਗ̦Ȅ1907ාͅ΂·ργζਗ̦։૽ਅ‫ँࠫۼ‬޺গ༹ͬଷ೰̱̹ȃ20ଲ‫ͅܮ‬ව̽̀͜։૽ਅ‫͂ँࠫۼ‬ई͈ࠬ͒۬ণͬ‫̳ͥاޑ‬൲̧̦̜̹̦̽Ȅ̷͈෸ࢃ̜̹͈͉̽ͅȄ࿹୆‫ͅڠ‬యນ̯ͦͥ૽ਅ৽݅എ̈́ȶ‫ڠش‬ȷ͈ర൮̜̹́̽35ȫȃȁୈ૰ถ৻৪൝ͅచ̳ͥँ֧ଷࡠა༹͂ଷ‫͉ا‬Ȅ19ଲ‫̥ͣྎܮ‬20ଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮̥̫̀ͅါ༗ࢌ৪อ୆ဲগ༹͈༷̱͂̀ȄΕȜΏλσχȜ΃Ȝ͞ঔ୭ಿ൝͈අ೰͈૖ਅ̥ͣଵ෇͈ํսͬ‫ڐ‬ఱ̱̞̹̀̽ȃ̫͂ͤͩ֓঍͈‫̞ޑ‬঑঵͉Ȅ๱ુͅࡐಠ̹̈́̽ͅȃ̭͈ਅ͈ड੝༹͈ၙ͉Ȅ1896ාͅଷ೰̯̹ͦ΋ΥΞͻ΃ΛΠਗ༹́Ȅ45पո‫͈ئ‬੫଻ͅచ̱̀࿹୆‫ڠ‬എͅࢡ̱̩̞̈́͘௖਀͈͂ࠫँ‫଻͈ٸ֧ँ͍ݞ‬എ‫޺ͬ߸۾‬গ̱Ȅ֑฽৪͉ͅड೩ˏා͈޺ࡥߺͬ‫̹̞̱̀ش‬ȃ1905ා଼ͅၛ̱̹ͼϋΟͻͺ΢ਗ༹͉Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪Ȅۜஅ଻͈৖ພ͈঵̻৽Ȅًഽ͈֩ਈુਠ৪͈ࠫँͬ޺গ̳ͥ͂‫ͅވ‬Ȅୈ૰ພ͈হၷঔ୭̥ͣప֭ͬ‫૷ࢫ࠲ͅ૽͈͓̳̹̯̀ͦخݺ‬౯੥͈ࠈఝͬ݅ྩັ̫̹ȃ̹͘Ḙ༹͈̏ၙ֑ͅ฽̳͈ͥͬ๰̫̠̱͂̀͢ఈਗ࣐̹́ͩͦͼϋΟͻͺ΢ਗྦྷ͈ࠫँ̳͓ͬ̀ྫ̱̞̹࢘͂̀ȃୈ૰ถ৻৪͈ँ֧ͬ‫́ࠁ͈̥ͣة‬ଷࡠ༹̳ͥၙͬ૧̹ͅଷ೰̱̹ͤȄ̜̞͉ͥਲြ̥͈ͣँ༹֧ͬ٨ୃ̱̹̱̹ͤਗ͉Ȅ1914ා́͘ͅ࿩30ਗͅో̱̹ȃ༹̭͈ͦͣၙ͈অ໦͈२͉Ȅฒ౼৪͞‫͉̹ͤ৾࢘͘ྫ֧ͬँ͈૽ޚ‬ક̱ං͈ͥ͂ܰ͜೰̱̞̹̀ȃॼ͈ͤঅ໦͈͉֚Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪͞଻ພۛ৪ͬ‫ڎ͚܄‬ਅ͈২ٛഎະഐ৪͈ँ֧ͬଷࡠ̳ͥૄࣜͬ๵̢̞̹̀ȃँ֧ͬଷࡠ༹̳̭͈ͥͦͣၙ͈ఱ໐໦͉Ȅ൚ম৪̦ँ̷֧͈ఈ͈ম̞ࣜ̾̀ͅࠀ࿩ͬࠫ͐ෝႁ̫̞̭ࠧ̀ͥ͂ͬͅນ࿂എ̈́ၑဇͅࠇ̬̞̹̦̀Ȅಎ͉ͅँ֧͈ଷࡠͬ࿹୆‫ڠ‬എࡉ౷̥ͣୃ൚‫̹̱ا‬ਗ༹̜̹̽͜36ȫȃȁ‫̱̀ٽ‬Ȅ20ଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫֧ँ̞̤̀ͅܢ‬ଷࡠͬ‫͉͈̹̱಺ޑ‬Ȅ୆૓ཡগ਀౲̱͂̀௙ਓယॐͬनဥ̱̾̾Ȅ‫ݲ‬ସͅॷ଼̱̥̹̈́̽ঔ୭ಿో̜̹́̽ȃ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣȄఉ̩͈ঔ୭ಿో͈‫͉́ۼ‬Ȅँ֧ଷࡠ͈ခ࢘଻ͅచ̳ͥ݃࿚̦ষలͅ‫̹̞͈̹̽̀̽̈́ͥ͜ͅࡥږ‬ȃୈ૰ถ৻৪͈ँ֧ଷࡠ̦ຈါ̜̭́ͥ͂ুఘ͉Ȅ20ଲ‫ͅܮ‬ව̥̽̀ͣ͜Ȅঔ୭ಿో͈‫́ۼ‬๛೰̯̭͉̥̹ͦͥ͂̈́̽ȃ̹͘Ȅ‫ݲ‬ସა৪͜୆૓ཡগॐ͈̱͌͂̾͂̀ँ֧ଷࡠͬ‫̹̥͉̭̳̽̈́͂ͥ୲ݵ‬ȃ̷ͦ͜ͅ‫۾‬̴ͩͣȄँ֧ଷࡠ͉ষ͈̠̈́͢ၑဇ̥ͣȄ൚੝̥ͣ‫ޑ‬ႁ̈́࢘‫ͬض‬঵̾୆૓ཡগॐ̱͂̀‫ܢ‬ఞ̯͉̞̥̹ͦ̀̈́̽ȃల֚ͅȂँ֧ଷࡠ༹͉೰‫̫̯͊ͦ̈́ͦا‬Ȅࠫँͬ༶‫̧͓̳ܤ‬ঌྦྷͅచ̳ͥൽඃഎါ୏ً̨̥̹̈́̽ͅȃలඵͅȄ༹എࠫͅँͬཡগ̱̀͜Ȅ൳ୁ͉ཡ̴̧̪̭̦͂́Ȅਲ̽̀୆૓͜ཡগ̧̳̭̦̥̹ͥ͂́̈́̽ȃల२ͅȂࠫँͬ༶‫̵͉̯ͥͅܤ‬Ȅ̷͈ၑဇ๊̞֚̾̀ͅఱਤ͈‫߼ͥ֗͢ͅޗ‬࿎̦ຈါ̜̹́̽ȃలঅͅȄ༹೰‫̱̹̯̀͂ͦ͜ا‬Ȅँ֧͈ুဇ͉࠻༹ષ͈‫ུܖ‬എ૽ࡀͅ‫̞̀̿ܖ‬༗વ̯̹͈ͦ͂͜ၑٜ̯̞͈ͦ̀ͥ́Ȅࡢ૽͈ুဇ͈ਹఱ̈́૟‫́ٺ‬̜֑ͤ࠻̜́ͥ͂෇ে̯ͦͥ‫خ‬ෝ଻̦̥̹ࣞ̽ȃలࡼͅȄँ֧ଷࡠ̜ͬͥਗ༹́೰̱̀͜Ȅఈਗ͈́ँ֧ͬཡগ̧̳̭̦̥̹ͥ͂́̈́̽ȃల჋ͅȄँ֧එͬ਋ၑ̳ͥߴ੥ܱȄँ֧‫ݷ‬৆ͬ৽थ̳ͥ୉૖৪Ȅং༹฻౯̳ͬͥ฻ম̦Ȅྶฒ̈́ાࣣո‫͉ٸ‬ୈ૰ถ৻̜̭́ͥ͂ͬ෇ে̧̳̭̦̥̹ͥ͂́̈́̽ͤȄ֓঍̦૤૸࠲஠બྶ੥͈อ࣐ͬ࠹̹̱̹̽ͤȃల্ͅȄँ֧ଷࡠ͈ஜ೹͂̈́ͥࠧ‫͈֒ۿ‬ഥ͞‫࡞̳ͥ۾ͅࠏز‬୰ͅచ̳ͥ‫ڠش‬എ౶ে̦̤̈́͜ະ਱໦̜́ͥȄ̞̠͂৽ಫ̦̜̹̽37ȫȃȁਲ̽̀Ȅँ֧ଷࡠͅచ̳ͥఱ༷͈‫ܢ‬ఞ͉Ȅ୆૓ཡগͅచ̳ͥआུഎ༷̈́ॐ̱͉̩͂̀́̈́Ȅઁତ͈ୈ૰ถ৻৪ͅచ̳̜ͥͥ೾ഽ͈୆૓ဲগႁً̨̥̹̈́̽ͅȃ̱̥̱Ȅँ֧ଷࡠ͉1930ාయոࢃ͜঵௽̯ͦȄȶະഐ৪ȷ͈୆૓ཡগ༷ॐ͈̜͌͂̾́ͤ௽̫̹͈̜́ͥȃȪˎȫ‫ݲ‬ସȪãáóôòáôéïîȫȁ19ଲ‫͈ྎܮ‬ୈ૰ถ৻৪͂ୈ૰ພ৪͈ঔ୭͞ๆऻ৪͈‫ୃޜ‬ঔ୭͉́Ȅ২ٛ࿚ఴ͈৽̹ͥ‫࡙ݯރ‬̱͈͂̀ࠧ‫ۿ‬৪͈୆૓ཡগ̦Ȅ‫ڎ‬ঔ୭ͅ‫ވ‬೒̳ͥडఱ͈ం௽ၑဇ̜́ͤȄߓఘഎ༷̈́ॐ̱͉͂̀Ȅಿ‫ڞݛࢭ̱̞̈́ܢ‬ၗ͂ँ֧ཡগ̦‫߸۾‬৪͈‫ވ‬೒ၑٜ̜̹́̽ȃ̱̥̱͕̩̓̈́Ȅ̴͘‫ݲ‬ସͅջͥ‫شٸ‬എ୆૓ཡগ͈൵ව̦֓঍ͤ͢ͅ໙ࢩ̩೹੹̯̠̹ͦͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃ౳଻ͅచ̳ͥ‫شٸ‬എ୆૓ཡগ༹͈༷͉Ȅ1899ා͈ୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅͈ഐဥոஜ͉Ȅ‫ݲ‬ସȪୈ௏୨ੰ੅ȫͅջ̞̹̽̀ȃ‫ݲ‬ସ̦୆૓ႁ͂଻എෝႁͬி৐̵̯Ȅ଼૽ஜͅঔ੅̳ͦ͊లඵষ଻ಭ͜ࡐ̵࡛̯̞͈̈́ͅచ̱̀Ȅୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅͉୆૓ႁ̦৐̺̫ͩͦͥ́Ȅ଻എෝႁ‫଻͍ݞ‬ಭ͈อ࡛͉ͅ‫̹̥̱̽̈́ޣג‬ȃ‫ݲ‬ସ͉Ȅጥۗ͞‫਀ظ‬൝ͅႤঃષ͈႕̦ଲ‫ٮ‬ಎͅࡉͣͦȄߺั͞ਕ‫ޗ‬എȆྦྷ௹എ‫۝‬ਠ̱͂̀Ȅ̷̱̀֓ၷ༹͈༷̱͂̀͜ంह̱̹ȃୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅͉Ȅ๥ෂ‫ͅܕ‬చ̳ͥ‫شٸ‬എহၷ༹̱͂̀ոஜ̥ͣంह̱̞̹̱̀Ȅ̜̞͉ͥྟ̥ͅ৘ঔ̯̹ͦ‫شٸ‬എॲ঱ଷࡠ༹̜̹́̽͂࡞ͩͦͥ38ȫȃȁୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ಿ͉͂͂͜͜Ȅঔ୭ඤಉ੬͈֋঵͂ୈ૰ถ৻৪͈‫ۯ‬ၑ̞̠͂࿒എ̥ͣȄ‫ݲ‬ସ ͬ ঑ ঵ ̱ ̀ ̞ ̹ȃ1889ාȄ β ϋ Ώ σ ό Ϳ Σ ͺ ਗ ၛ ୈ ૰ ถ ৻ ঱ ߱ Ⴏ ঔ ୭ȪPennsylvania
Training School for Feebleminded Childrenȫ͈ঔ୭ಿͺͼΎΛ·ȆΣνȜΠϋȆ΃ȜςϋȪIsaac Newton Karlinȫ̦Ȅ࣐൲٨஝ͬփ଎̱̀ୈ૰ถ৻੫଻ͅ၅௏ഊ੄࣐̹̦ͬ̽Ȅ̷͈෸ࢃ̜̹̽ͅ࿒എ͉Ȅ২ٛͅచ̳ͥୈ૰ถ৻৪͈‫ޞ‬րͬཡগ̳̭̜̹ͥ͂́̽39ȫȃ1894ාȄ΃ϋΎΑਗၛୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ȪKansas State Asylum for Idiotic and Imbecile Youthȫ͈ঔ୭ಿˢȆγͼΠȆάσΙλȜȪF. Hoyt Pilcherȫ͉Ȅুք̳ͬͥාಿ‫૽଼͍ݞ‬౳ঊͅచ̱̀‫ݲ‬ସ਀੅ͬ৘ঔ̱ই͛Ȅ1895ා́͘ͅ11૽ͬ‫ݲ‬ସ̱̹ȃ̷͈ಎ͈֚૽̦਀੅ࢃ‫̩̈́͜ۼ‬ঘཌ̱̹̹͛Ȅ๞͈ঘ̦਀੅͈͉̞̥̞̠̞̦ͥ́̈́͂݃͢͜ͅ੄̧̹̀ȃ̭͈਀੅ͬ঑঵̱̹֓‫ڠ‬ॠধ̜̹̦̽͜Ȅ๊֚ঞ͉̭͈਀੅ͅచ̱̀ࢲࠢͬ‫̢̹ح‬ȃ̷͉ͦȄάσΙλȜ͈࣐ևͅచ̳ͥࢯ݈̞̠͂ͤ͢Ȅ๞ͬঔ୭ಿͅහྵ̱̹૽ྦྷൂ͈ਗ౶মͬ‫ݮ‬౮̳ͥࠁ́Ȅ‫ވ‬გൂࠏ૧໳̦༭ൽ̱̹͈̜́ͥȃ‫ވ‬გൂ͉Ȅ΃ϋΎΑਗၛୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭͈́Α΅λϋΘσͬ஖‫͈୽ݷ‬௔തͅ؋̱ષ̬̀Ȅ1895ාͅ‫ވ‬გൂଽࡀͬ৘̵࡛̯ȄάσΙλȜ͉ٜࡹ̯̹ͦȃ̱̥̱Ȅ1897ාͅଽহഎಲၠ͉ठഽ་ͩͤȄ๞͉໘૖̳̭̹ͥ͂̈́̽ͅȃ̷̱̀ষ͈ඵා‫ͅۼ‬Ȅ14૽͈੫ঊ͂33૽͈౳ঊͅ‫ݲ‬ସ਀੅ͬ৘ঔ̱̹40ȫȃȁβϋΏσόͿΣͺਗၛୈ૰ถ৻঱߱Ⴏঔ୭͈΃Ȝςϋ͈ࢃහ৪ζȜΞͻϋȆ˳ȆΨȜȪMartinW. Barrȫ͉ȄάσΙλȜ͈‫ڰ‬൲ͅॷփͬা̱̹ȃঔ୭ಿో͉ȄάσΙλȜ͈ೄ࿂̱̹ଽহഎΠρήσͬ౶̞̹̽̀ȃ̹͘ఱ໐໦͈ঔ୭ಿో͉Ȅুਗ́႒য̱̹Πρήσͅ‫̧̭ࣺͥͦ͘ے‬͂ͬ๰̫̹̦̞̹̽̀ȃ̷̭́ΨȜ͉Ȅ̷͈̠̈́͢ୣහ̦ঔ୭ಿͅ໅̯̞̠̳̹͈ͩͦ̈́ͥ͛͢ͅၛ༹‫ͬا‬Ȅ˝˩˫˝˥̦঑‫৽̭̳ͬ͂ͥ׳‬ಫ̱̹ȃβϋΏσόͿΣͺਗ͉́ȄΨȜ̦̳́ͅ‫ݲ‬ସͬ‫̳ͥخݺ‬ၛ༹ͬ੹൵̱ই̞̹͛̀ȃ1901ා͉ͅȄβϋΏσόͿΣͺਗၛୈ૰ถ৻঱߱Ⴏঔ୭ၑম̦ٛȄέͻρΟσέͻͺ͈ඤ‫ͅވ͂֓شٸ֓͞ش‬Ȅ౯ਅ༹մͬ‫̠̳ͥ͢ͅࠨخ‬ਗ݈ٛͅ൱̧̥̫̞̹̀ȃ༹մ̦౶̠ͣͦͥ̈́ͥ̾ͦ͢ͅͅȄ฽చ͈୊̦໢̧̭̹̦ܳ̽Ȅ̷͉ͦఱ̴̧̠͇͉̈́ͤ͂̈́ͣȄಎഷ฼౤͈̈́͜ͅਞ̹ͩ̽ȃਗ౶ম༹͉մͅ੤ྴ̳͈ͥͬ‫ݵ‬๛̱̹̦ȄΨȜ༹͉մະ଼ၛࢃ͜ঔ୭͈ਓယ৪ͅచ̱̀௖་̴ͩͣ‫ݲ‬ସ਀੅ͬ௽̫̹ȃ1900ාոࢃ͉Ȅୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅̦౳ঊͅഐဥ̯̹ͦ41ȫȃΨȜ͉Ȅ‫ݲ‬ସͥ͢ͅୈ૰ถ৻৪͈୆૓ཡগ͈փྙັ̫̱͂̀Ȅ౷֖২ٛͬ‫̢̀ק‬Ȅ࣭‫૽͞ز‬ਅ้͈‫͂ו‬ୈ૰ถ৻৪࿚ఴ̵ࣣ̯̹ͬࠫȃ19ଲ‫̥ͣྎܮ‬20ଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮ͅȄ๞͉ୈ૰ถ৻৪࿚ఴ࣭ͬඤ͈২ٛഎ࿚ఴ̥ͣȄͺις΃͈࣭‫͂ز‬ਅ͈֋঵͂อജͅ‫ͥͩ۾‬࿚ఴ֚͒͂‫ͅݷ‬๲࿬̵̯̹͈̜́ͥȃ̭͈ത̤̞̀ͅȄΨȜ͈‫ݲ‬ସ੹൵̤̫ͥͅփ଎͈ఱ̧̯͂‫ݲ‬ସड஝ა͉Ȅఈͬգ̳̭̹ͥ͂̈́̽ͅ42ȫȃȁ20ଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫ܢ‬Ȅ‫ݲ‬ସა৪ో͉Ȅ଻࣐൲̭͉ͬ৾ͥ͂ਓယ৪͈ࢨ໛͂̽̀ͅབ̱̩̞̈́͂͘૞̲̞̹̀ȃ̷ͦ࡬Ȅ๞̷͉ͣͦͬ‫ۯ‬ၑ̱̠͂͢ࣉ̢̹͈̜́ͥȃ଻എུෝͬ‫شٸ‬എͅક྽̵̯̭ͥ͂̽̀͢ͅȄ২̦ٛະ١̲࣐͂ۜͥ൲ͬဲଷ̱Ȅ̷ͦ̽̀͢ͅঔ୭ඤ͈ഐ୨̈́ಉ੬ͬ֋঵̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥ͂ࣉ̢̹͈̜ͣͦ́ͥȃ‫ݲ‬ସ͈ఉ̩͉Ȅฒ౼͞ਹഽ͈౼ߔͅచ̱̀৘ঔ̯̹ͦȃ๞͈ͣȶ๚᜞̈́ਠ‫۝‬ȷ͉Ȅঔ୭ಿ͞ঔ୭૖֥͉͂̽̀ͅޭ͛̀࿂ു̈́࿚ఴ̜̹́̽ȃਗ݈݈֥ٛȄ঴஝‫ز‬Ȅ඾ဟ‫੄͈ࢷڠ‬୘৪̦Ȅ̱̱͊͊ਗၛୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ͬང࿚̱̹̦Ȅਹഽ͈ਓယ৪̦ুք̱̞͈̦ͬ̀ͥਗၛୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭̜̞̠́ͥ͂ͼιȜΐͬȄঔ୭൚ޫ͉໡૑̱̹̥̹̽ȃఱ໐໦͈ঔ୭ಿో͉֒ഥͅ‫۾‬૤ͬ঵̞̹̦̽̀Ȅ1900ාոஜ͉Ȅࠚߔ৪ͬ‫ݲ‬ସ̱̀๞͈ͣ੄ॲͬဲଷ̱̠̳͂ͥ͢࿹୆‫ڠ‬എ̈́‫۾‬૤͉͕̥̹͂ͭ̓̈́̽43ȫȃȁ‫ݲ‬ସ͈ࡓြ͈৽̹ͥచય͂࿒എ̱͂̀Ȅಎఆో͉ո‫͈ئ‬অതͬ‫̞̬ͥ̀ݷ‬ȃల֚ͅȂ଻ๆऻ͞႑ๆ̷͈ఈ͈ๆऻ৪ͬྫ଻‫̹̱ا‬ષ́೒ુ͈୆‫̵̦̭̯͂ͥͬڰ‬ಮั͂̈́ͤȄ̷͈ͦͣๆऻ࣐և͈ဲগ̭̈́ͥ͂͜ͅȄలඵͅȄঘߺ෱গ‫׋‬൲ͬࣉၪͅව̹ͦঘߺ͈యఢॐ̜́ͤȄঘߺͤ͢͜ਹऻͅచ̳ͥဲগ࢘‫̭̜̦͂ͥض‬Ȅల२ͅȂๆऻ৪ͅచ̳ͥ‫ݲ‬ସ੹൵͈੝‫̥ͣܢ‬Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ಿո‫͈֓ٸ‬঍ͤ͢ͅȄୈ૰ถ৻৪൝ͅచ̳࣐ͥ൲٨஝͈̹͈͛‫ݲ‬ସ̦೹੹̯ͦȄ1890ාయࢃ฼͉ͅๆऻ৪͈୆૓ཡগ͂൳൝͈చય̈́ͤͅȄ1890ාయྎ͉ͅ‫ݲ‬ସა͈৽̹ͥచય̞̩̭̈́̽̀͂ͅȄలঅͅȄ೹੹৪͈౷ၑഎ໦ື͉́Ȅಎୌ໐̦ಎ૤͉̜̦́ͥȄཤ൐໐‫͍ݞ‬ධ໐͈ਗ̦‫ͦ͘܄‬Ȅ̯ͣͅୌ໐͜ͅ‫̜ͤ́ͭݞ‬Ȅ‫ݲ‬ସა͉Ȅඅ೰̜̞͉֚ͥ໐͈ਗ͈࡛́ય͉̥̹̭̜́̈́̽͂́ͥ44ȫȃȁ֓঍ͬ‫͚܄‬ୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭͈୺࿝‫͉ز‬Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪൝͈࢖৆͈୆૓ཡগ༹͈༷̱͂̀Ȅ‫ڞ‬ၗ༹͞എ̈́ँ֧ଷഽͬࣉၪ̱̞̹̀ȃ̱̥̱Ȅ֓঍͈ୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ಿ͉ͅ‫ݲ‬ସͅୟޭഎ̈́৪̦̤ͤȄ๞͉ͣਓယ৪͈ুք͞ឫឞอै͈হၷ࣐͞൲‫ۯ‬ၑȄ଻ๆऻ͈ठๆཡগȄ֒ഥ଻͈ෛ̞ુਠๆ͈௩‫ح‬ཡগ൝ͬ࿒എ̱͂̀‫ݲ‬ସ࣐̹̦ͬ̽Ȅ̴̞͈ͦાࣣ͜ಮัഎփ଎ͬါ‫̳ͥݥ‬ა৪̞̹̱͜Ȅ༹೰‫͜ا‬দ͙̹ͣͦȃ̭͈̠̈́͢৽ಫͬ࢖ນ̳ͥ֓঍͉ઁ̩͉̥̹̦̈́̈́̽ȄͼςΦͼਗ֓‫ފڠ‬ٛȪIllinois State Medical Societyȫ͉༆̱̀ͅȄ֓‫̦֚ٮڠ‬౿̱̀৽൵എ̈́࿨‫ڬ‬ͬ‫̢̹̥̽̈́࡞͉̹̱̹͂ض‬ȃ‫ݲ‬ସͅ։݈ͬ੹̢ͥ฽చა͈ତ͉Ȅ̷͈೹੹͂๤͓ͥ͂ઁ̥̹̦̈́̽Ȅ‫ݲ‬ସა৪͈ა໲͉́ુͅ฽చა̦փে̯ͦ̀৏ຊ̯̞̹͈ͦ̀́Ȅ‫ݲ‬ସ৘ঔͬஷগ̳ͥସႁ͉ఱ̧̥̹̽͂ࣉ̢ͣͦͥȃ‫ݲ‬ସͅచ̳ͥ฽చაͬାၑ̳ͥ͂Ȅ‫ݲ‬ସ͈చય̜́ͥๆऻ͞଻എു॒͈ࡔ֦ა͂ๆऻ͈‫༹༷͈ͅઁࡘ͉̹͘ୃޜ‬చ̳ͥ๡฻Ȅ༹ၙષ͈࿚ఴȄ਀੅͈ࠫ‫͈ض‬ਹఱ଻Ȅ‫ڠش‬എ౶ࡉ͈ະ਱໦̯͂૽‫ۼ‬ഐဥ͈๱૽ൽ଻ͅါ࿩̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥȃ‫ݲ‬ସ฽చ৪͉Ȅๆऻ͈ࡔ֦̱͂̀Ȅ‫ݲ‬ସ೹੹৪͈֒ഥ୰͉͂చચഎ۪ͅ‫ޏ‬୰ͅၛ̻Ȅๆऻ͈ࡘઁ͉ͅ২͈ٛൽඃഎȆ౶എ࢜ષͬਹণ̱̹ȃ̹͘Ȅ‫ݲ‬ସ͈ਹऻဲগ୰͉ͅ٥݃എ́Ȅలඵষ଻ಭ͈ி৐͂ୈ૰എ‫ͬޣג‬ਹఱণ̱Ȅ൲໤ࡄ‫͈͒ۼ૽̩̿ܖͅض͈ࠫݪ‬ഐဥ͉๱૽ൽഎ̜̱́ͥ͂Ȃॼ࣯́ଂુ̞́̈́ߺัͬ޺̲̹ࣣਤ࣭࠻༹ల˔ૄͅ฽̳ͥ͂͜ঐഊ̱̹ȃ‫ݲ‬ସ̳ͥ২͈ٛ௰͈ൽඃഎᴦ෱ͬઉ̩͈͂ࡉٜ͜া̱̹45ȫȃȁ༹എआ‫̞̦̈́͘͘ݶ‬Ȅๆऻ৪Ȅ๱࣐৪Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪൝ͅచ̱̀‫ݲ‬ସ̦৘ঔ̯̞̹̦ͦ̀Ȅ‫ݲ‬ସ͈చય͂̈́ͥ‫ٴ‬௄̞͉̾̀ͅȄຈ̴̱֚͜౿ͬࡉ̥̹̈́̽ȃ̱̥̱Ȅ‫ݲ‬ସ͈చય͂̈́ͥȶະഐ৪ȷ͉Ȅ‫ڎ‬ਅ࢖എঔ୭ਓယ৪̜̹̥́̽ͣȄ൚ட̦̈́ͣ‫ݭٴ‬എ༊͉̜̹ͤ̽͂ࣉ̢ͣͦͥȃ̹͘଻༆͉́Ȅ൚੝͈చય͉਀੅ષ͈ඳօഽ͈࿚ఴ̥ͣ౳଻̜̹̦́̽Ȅষలͅ੫଻͈‫ݲ‬ସ͜‫ه‬ఴ̹͂̈́̽ȃ႕̢͊੫଻͈‫ݲ‬ସ਀౲̱࣐̹͂̀ͩͦ၅௏୨ੰ੅͉Ȅड੝͉ਆនͬഊ੄̳̹ͥ
͛ͅ1809ාͅΉϋΗΛ΅Ȝਗ͈΀έρͼθȆζ·Ρͽ΀σȪEphraim McDowellȫ̦࣐̹͈̽

̦Ȅड੝ܱͅ჏̯ͦȄ࢖ນ଼̯̹ͦࢗ႕̜́ͥȃ1810ාయͅ๞̦̭͈਀੅࣐̹ͬ̽ۛ৪͈ˑ૽
ಎː૽͉Ȅࣱ૽̜̹́̽ȃ̱̥̱Ḙ̏ͦոࣛ1840ාయ́͘Ȅ֓঍͉͕͂ͭ̓၅௏୨ੰ੅͈৘ঔ
ͬ๰̫Ȅ1840ාయ̷͈́͜৘࣐̹̞̹ͬ͛ͣ̽̀ȃ1840ාయͅέͻρΟσέͻͺ͈‫߻͈֓شٸ‬೵ȄχΏϋΠϋȆ˨ȆͺΠςȜȪWashington L. Atleeȫ͂ΐοϋȆͺΠςȜȪJohn Atleeȫ̦Ȅ၅௏୨ੰ੅ͬ৘ঔ̱ই̹̦͛Ȅ1860ාయ̥ͣ70ාయ̈́̽̀͜ͅޭ͛̀‫̹̜̽́ܭ‬46ȫȃ1872ාͅΐοȜΐͺਗ͈υΨȜΠȆΨΛΞͼȪRobert Batteyȫ̦Ȅ၅௏ਆនͤ͢͜૷౯ࣾඳ̈́છેͬহၷ̳̹ͥ͛ͅࣉմ̱̹၅௏୨ੰ੅ͬอນ̱Ȅ̷͉ͦȶΨΛΞͼ਀੅ȪBatteyʼs Operationȫȷ̹͉͘ȶୃુ၅௏୨ੰ੅Ȫnormal ovariotomyȫȷ̱͂̀౶̠̹ͣͦͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃΨΛΞͼ਀੅͉Ȅ‫ܕ͈ۗܕ‬ৗພͅచ؊̳̹͉̩ͥ͛́̈́Ȅ၅௏̷͈͈͉͜ୃુ̴̜̥̥́ͥͩͣ͜ͅȄୈ૰વ‫ٺ‬ȄឫឞȄ࠮ࠐࣾඳછ൝͈૰ࠐ৖ۛͬညอ̳ͥ͂ଔ೰̯̞̹͈ͦ̀́Ȅ̷ͦͬহၷ̳̹ͥ͛ͅୃુ̈́၅௏ͬ୨ੰ̳̞̠͈̜̹ͥ͂́̽͜ȃ਀੅͉‫݈́ۼ͈ో֓شٸ‬აͬ‫̧̦̹̱̭ܳے‬Ȅ
1880ාయ͉́͘ͅࢩ̩৘ঔ̯̠̹ͦͥ̈́̽͢ͅ47ȫȃୈ૰વ‫ͬٺ‬ၑဇ̳͂ͥ‫ݲ‬ସ̱͈͂̀၅௏ഊ੄੅͉Ȅ1880ා̥ͣ1900ාͅେͭ̈́ͤͅȄ20ଲ‫͈ܮ‬ड੝͈10ා‫̹̩࣐̜͉̽̈́̈́ͦͩͤ͘ͅۼ‬ȃ਀੅͈डେ‫͉ͅܢ‬Ȅ֓঍ో͉‫ڎ‬ș 1,500̥ͣ2,000ࡢ͈၅௏ͬ୨ੰ̱̹̭͂ͬࡶ̞̹̽̀ȃ੫଻͈‫ݲ‬ସ਀੅͉Ȅ1895ා̥ࣼͣ‫ݲ‬ସ͈యఢȆ༞੩਀౲̱͂̀‫ވ‬ం̱̞̹̀ঊ‫ݠ‬ഊ੄੅ͬ‫͚܄‬Ȅఈ͈႒য͈਀੅৾̽̀ͅయ̹ͩͣͦȃ1870ාయͅই̹̽͘੫଻͈‫ݲ‬ସ͉Ȅ൚੝͉գുഎͅঔ୭‫ٸ‬͈‫ٸ‬ြۛ৪ͅచ̱࣐̹̦̀ͩͦȄ1890ාయ͉ͅୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭͈ਓယ৪ͅచ̱࣐̠̀ͩͦͥ͢
̹̈́̽ͅ48ȫȃȁոષ͈̠͢ͅȄ‫ݲ‬ସచય̦ๆऻ৪̜́ͦୈ૰ถ৻৪̜́ͦȄ༹എआ‫̞̦̈́͘͘ͅݶ‬Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪Ȇឫឞ৪Ȇߺัঔ୭͈ঔ୭ಿ֓͞঍̦Ȅ୺࿝‫ݲ̱̀͂ز‬ସ਀੅͈၌‫ͬף‬฻౯̱Ȅ਀੅͈࢘‫̳ͥ۾ͅض‬ບ‫ږ̦ث‬ၛ̱̞̞̀̈́౲‫́ٴ‬৘ঔ̯ͦȄ̹͘਀੅ͥ͢ͅ૤૸͈͒‫಺̦ޣג‬औ̯̞ͦ̈́͘͘‫ݲ‬ସ̦੹൵̯̹ͦͤ৘ঔ̯̹̱̹͈̜ͦͤ́ͥȃȪˏȫ౯ਅȪóôåòéìéúáôéïîȫ
ȁ1897ාࣼȄΏ΃Ό͈๥ෂ‫֓شܕ‬ͺσΨȜΠȆ˦Ȇ΂·Α΢ȜȪAlbert J. Ochsnerȫ͉Ȅஜၛஏۛ৪ͅୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅࣐̹̦ͬ̽Ȅ๞̷̦͈ࠫ‫͉͈̹̱಺ޑ̞̀̾ͅض‬Ȅୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅͈ྫ‫͂ٺ‬ခ࢘଻̜̹́̽ȃ਀੅ࢃۛ৪͉ౣ‫ͬࢫ࠲́ۼܢ‬ٝ໘̱̹̥̥͊ͤȄ๞͈଻ဳ͂଻എෝႁ͉஠̩అ̥̹͈̜̈́ͩͦ̈́̽́ͥȃ২ٛພၑ͈చੜͅ‫۾‬૤̦̜̹̽΂·Α΢Ȝ̦ႁതͬ౾̞̀੹൵̱̹̭͉͂Ȅୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅͈ప‫ا‬৪ͅచ̳ͥไဥ଻̜̹́̽ȃ΂·Α΢Ȝ͉Ȅๆऻထཡ͉ͅ୆ြ଻ๆऻ৪͈͂୪૘ཡগ̦Ȅ̷ͦ࡬ๆऻ৪͈ఱ฼ͬ୸͛ͥ႑ๆ৪ͅచ̳ͥୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅͈ഐဥͥ͢ͅ୆૓ཡগ̦Ȅๆऻ৪ထ๵͈߳੄୆ͬஷ͙Ȅୃુ৪͈͂୪૘‫ܥ‬̩̳̭۪ٛ̈́͂́͜‫଻ޏ‬ๆऻ৪͈อ୆͜ཡগ̳ͥȄ͂৽ಫ̱̹ȃ̱̥̱๞͈੹൵͈ਹါ̈́ത͉Ȅୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅͈ഐဥํս͂փ଎ͬྶা̱̞̹̭̀͂Ȅ̷̱̀౯ਅచય৪͈౷֖২͈ٛ́೒ુ͈୆‫ށڰ‬਋̜̹́̽ȃ΂·Α΢Ȝ͉Ȅ༷͉֚́ྕ଻ഉଜ৪Ȅ౼ߔȄ଻എു॒৪Ȅ࢖എຫྦྷ൝ͬ౯ਅ̳̭ͥ͂́২ٛ஠ఘ͈༗ࢌͬȄఈ༷́୆૓ႁͬி৐̱̹ప‫ا‬৪͈২͈ٛ́೒ુ͈́୆‫ށڰ‬਋ͬో଼̱̠̱̹͂͢ȃ̳̻̈́ͩ΂·Α΢Ȝ͉Ȅ‫ݲ‬ସაͅచ̳ͥ฽చͬୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅̽̀ٝ͢ͅ๰̱Ȅ֒ഥഎ́฽২ٛഎ̈́ప‫ا‬৪ͬࡘઁ̵̯̭ͥ͂́২ٛ٨ၻͬ৘࡛̱̠̱̹͈̜͂́ͥ͢49ȫȃȁͼϋΟͻͺ΢ਗၛ‫ୃޜ‬ঔ୭ȪIndiana State Reformatoryȫ͈֓঍ΧςȜȆ˟ȆΏλȜίȪHarryC. Sharpȫ͉Ȅ΂·Α΢Ȝ̥ͣୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅͂ప‫ا‬ཡগષ͈࢘‫ޗ̞̀̾ͅض‬াͬං̹̦Ȅ౯ਅͅহၷഎփྙ͜‫̹̞̀͛܄̩ޑ‬ത́΂·Α΢Ȝ͂։̞̹̈́̽̀ȃ౯ਅ͈হၷഎ࢘‫̷̭ض‬Ȅ౯ਅͬ‫ڐ‬ఱ̵̯̹֦̹֚͂̈́̽ȃΏλȜί͉Ȅ1989ා͈ड੝͈ୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅৘ঔ̥ͣ࿩֚ාࢃȄ76႕͈਀੅଼‫̥ͣض‬Ȅୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅͈૧̱̞చયͬࠧ‫ۿ‬৪͂૸ఘഎະഐ৪ͅ‫ڐ‬ఱ̱Ȅड͜‫́ࡏܓ‬ခ‫ٺ‬̈́ਬ౬ͬ২̥ٛͣੰ‫̠̞̳͂ͥݲ‬૧̱̞փ݅ͬ಍ே̳̭ͥ͂́Ȅঔ୭ਓယͥ͢ͅ୆૓ཡগॐͅచ̱̀͜Ȅ‫ز͂௵ࢰ͍ݞڣݴ‬௼͈౹‫͍ݞ‬๟̱͙̞̠͂۷ത̥ͣෳ̳ࠢͥ͂‫ͅވ‬Ȅୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅͈ୃ൚଻ͬ৽ಫ̱ই̹͛ȃୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭͈ਓယ৪͉Ȅ1902ාশത͉́౯ਅచય͈֚໐̱̥̥̹̦́̈́̽Ȅষలͅಎ‫ړ‬എ̈́చય̞̹͂̈́̽̀̽ȃୈ૰ถ৻৪͈౯ਅ͈৽చય‫ً͈ا‬೾́ྶၸ͈͉̈́ͥͅȄࠧ‫֒ۿ‬ഥ୰‫̷͈͍ݞ‬ങ߿̱͈͂̀ୈ૰ถ৻৪͈Ȅ̫͂ͤͩ૽ਅ࣭͂‫ͅز‬చ̳ͥ‫ޞ‬ր୰̜̹́̽ȃΏλȜί͈਀੅଼͈‫͂ض‬౯ਅა͉Ȅͺις΃̤̫ͥͅప‫ا‬৪౯ਅ‫׋‬൲̦‫ڐ‬ఱ̳ͥષْ́‫଼̳ͬܢ‬౮͙̹͂̈́̽ȃΏλȜί͈ୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅͈๱࣐৪ͅచ̳ͥഐဥࠫ‫͉ض‬Ȅুքဲଷ̺̫͉̩́̈́Ȅ଻എෝႁ͈֋঵͂૤૸ષ͈٨஝Ȫুଷ૤͂փ঎ႁ͈‫اޑ‬Ȅܱ‫؛‬ႁ͈٨஝Ȅ‫ܨ‬ৗ͈ྶ̯ͥȄ޲༓Ȅ෎૤̈́༓‫ڠ‬Ȅਲਜ਼‫ا‬Ȅఘਹ͈௩‫੃͂ح‬ଗȄ‫ڰ‬ႁ͂࠲ࢫ͈௩ૺȄ๦Ⴛ͂๦Ⴛ͈ۜࡘઁȫ͜ං̹͈̜ͣͦ́ͤȄ̷͈ષ਀੅ͥ͢ͅະ၌̈́ಭ࢓͉‫̹̜̽́ྫٯ‬ȃ̾ͤ͘๞͉Ȅୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅̽̀͢ͅȄ༷֚́଻എෝႁ͉֋঵̱̾̾Ȅ਀੅͈۰༒̯͂հ஠଻ͬ࠳๵̱̹‫شٸ‬എ୆૓ཡগॐͬ‫ږ‬༗̱Ȅఈ༷́਀੅͈ັଟഎ̈́૸ఘഎȆୈ૰എ࢘‫̀̽͢ͅض‬Ȅ৹ාࠚๆऻ৪ͬ޲༓́ਲਜ਼֥̱֚̈́͂̀২ٛͅ໘‫̵̯ܦ‬ං̭ͥ͂ͬা̱̹͈̜́ͥȃ๞͉౯ਅ̽̀͢ͅȄ‫ݲ‬ସͅࡉ̹ͣͦಮั̞̠͂ΑΞͻΈζͬෳ̱̾̾Ȅ๱࣐৪ࡢ૽͈࿚ఴ࣐൲͈٨஝͂๱࣐͈‫ז‬௽‫ا‬ཡগ͂Ȅࠫँ‫ز͍ݞ‬ೳ͈༗঵ͅયಭ̯ͦͥ২͈ٛ́ুဇ́ࢨ໛̈́୆‫ށ͈ڰ‬਋̦͂Ȅ൳শͅ‫خ‬ෝ̜́ͥ͂ࣉ̢̹ȃ଻എෝႁ͈֋঵Ȅ২ٛ୆‫̠̞͂ڰ‬ါளুఘ͉̳́ͅ୶૽̦৽ಫ͞৘ঔ̱̤ͬ̀ͤȄΏλȜί̦ड੝ͅ೹̱̹͈͉̥̹̦ܳ́̈́̽͜Ȅ๞͉̭͈ͦͣါளͬழ̵͙ࣣ̭ͩͥ͂́Ȅ‫ݲ‬ସͅచ̳ͥ೾͉૤ၑഎ೷ࢯ͞฽చ̦ࡐಠ͉ͅࡉ̞ͣͦ̈́डၻ͈୆૓ཡগॐ͈౷պͬȄୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅ͅဓ଼̢̭̱̹͈̜ͥ͂ࢗ́ͥͅ50ȫȃ1899ා̥ͣ࿹୆‫ڠ‬എ౯ਅ༹̦ଷ೰̯ͦͥ1907ා́͘ͅȄΏλȜί͉ͼϋΟͻͺ΢ਗၛ‫ୃޜ‬ঔ୭́465૽͈ਓယ౳଻ͬ౯ਅ̱̹51ȫȃȁ1900ාయ͉ͅȄँ֧ଷࡠ͞ঔ୭௙ਓယ̞̠͂ఈ͈୆૓ཡগॐ͂໼Ⴅ̳ͥࠁ́Ȅୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅͈ప‫ا‬৪ͅచ̳ͥ‫ڐ‬ఱ̦Ȅඅ֓ͅ঍ͬಎ‫̱̀͂ړ‬੭șͅ঑঵̦ࢩ̦̹̦̽Ȅ̷͈ၑဇ͉Ȅప‫ا‬৪‫ۿ͍ࠧݞ‬৪ତ͈௩‫ͅح‬చ̳ͥ২ٛഎȆࠐफഎ‫͈ވ࢖͂ۜܥܓ‬໛ছ͈֋঵ͬ‫ވ‬೒̱ࣜ̀ͅȄୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅ͬ਋ယ̳ͥാિ̦ࢩํͅంह̱̹̥̜ͣ́ͥȃ̷͈਋ယ͈ၑဇ͉Ȅୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅̦ँ֧ଷࡠͤ͢͜ခ࢘̈́ঊః੄୆ཡগॐ̜̥̜́ͥͣ́ͤȄँ֧͂೒ુ͈୆‫خ̦ڰ‬ෝ̭̜̈́͂́ͤȄ૸ఘఅੱͅచ༹̳ͥഎȆൽ݅എ࿚ఴ̦௖చഎͅઁ̩̈́Ȅঔ୭ਓယͤ͢͜ࠐ๯ͬါ̱̞̞̠̈́͂ၑဇ̥̜̹ͣ́̽52ȫȃ౯ਅ঑঵ͅ‫̱̀۾‬Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭͈ঔ୭ಿో͈௷໼͙̦ຈ̴̱͜ఁ̞̹̫͉̥̹̽̀ͩ́̈́̽ȃ̱̥̱Ȅոஜ͉̭͈࿚ఴ̞̾̀ͅ࿹਴ະ౯̈́ఠഽͬা̱̞̹̀ঔ୭ಿో͜Ȅ1910ා͉ࣼͅઁ̩̈́͂͜අ༆̈́ે‫͉̞̤̀ͅئޙ‬Ȅ౯ਅͬ‫ݺ‬ယ̱Ȅ৘ঔ̳ͥউସ̠ͬ৾ͥ̈́ͤ͢ͅȄୈ૰ถ৻৪‫ޞ‬րა͈डେ‫͉ͅܢ‬࿹୆౯ਅͅࢡփഎ̹̈́̽ͅȃঔ୭ಿో̦Ȅঔ୭ਓယ৪ً͈ྟ̈́ેఠͅచੜ̳̹͈ͥ͛਀౲̱͂̀౯ਅͅ࿒̫̠̹͈͉ͬ࢜ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȄවਫ਼ఞ‫ܥ‬৪͈႑ୟ̞̠͂ે‫̳̳̦͘͘ޙ‬୨ท̱̹̹̜̹͛́̽ȃల֚ষଲ‫ٮ‬ఱ୽ਞࠫஜ͉ͅȄఱ໐໦͈ঔ୭ಿో͉Ȅ࿹୆‫׋‬൲͂౶ෝ࠿औ̽̀͢ͅȄ̳͓͈̀ୈ૰ถ৻৪͈ঔ୭ඤ௙ਓယ‫̦ا‬๱࡛৘എ̈́࿒ດ̜́ͥ͂ࣉ̢̠̞̹ͥ̈́̽̀͢ͅȃ̜ͤ͘ͅఉ̩͈ࠚߔ৪̦̞̹̱Ȅ̷͈ఉ๊̩͉֚૽்̞ͤ͢͜‫้ࣣ́ڬ‬૓̳ͥȄ͂ࣉ̢̞̹̥̜ͣͦ̀ͣ́ͥ53ȫȃȁ1900ාయ͈౯ਅ༹೰‫͈ا‬࿅॑‫͉́ܢ‬Ȅୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅̦੭ș͉̜̦́ͥͅࢩํ̈́঑঵ͬං̞̩͈̀ͅచ̱̀Ȅ‫ޑ‬ႁ̈́฽చ‫׋‬൲̷͉͕ͦ̓ࡉ̥̹ͣͦ̈́̽ȃߺั‫ڠ‬৪΂Ȝ΄ΑΠȆΡτȜθΒȪAugust Drahmsȫ̦Ȅ‫ݲ‬ସ͜౯ਅ͜ๆऻဲগ̞̱̈́ͣ̈́ͅ࿤๘̜́ͥ͂๱ඳ̱ȄΕȜΏλσχȜ΃Ȝ́Ώ΃Όఱ‫ޗڠ‬਎ΙλȜσΒȆςΛΙκϋΡȆΰϋΘȜΕϋȪCharles RichmondHendersonȫ̦Ȅୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅͈࢘‫͉ض‬໐໦എ۪́‫ޏ‬എࣉၪ̱̈́͂ঐഊ̱ȄΕȜΏλσχȜ΃Ȝ́ͼϋΟͻͺ΢ਗၛୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ಿ͈ࠐࡑ̦̜ͤȄ൚শ˪˟˟˟মྩޫಿ̜̹́̽˝ȆΐοϋΕϋȪA. Johnsonȫ͉Ȅୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅ͤ͢ͅະළ̭̈́ͥ͂́ͅࢡ૗ͬ௯ૺ̱Ȅ࢖ਤൽඃͅచ̧̱ͩ͛̀ਹఱ́‫̜͂ͥ́ࡏܓ‬ა̲̹೾ഽ̜̹́̽ȃΏλȜίͦ͊͢ͅȄୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅ͅచ̱̀֓঍Ȇ২ٛ‫ڠ‬৪Ȇ୉૖৪͉঑঵Ȅ༹ၙ‫̦̫̺ز‬฽చ̜̹́̽54ȫȃȁոષ͈̠͢ͅȄ౯ਅͅచ̳ͥ঑঵̦ࢩ̹͈͉̽͘Ȅ౳଻ͅచ̳ͥୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅̦Ȅ૽ਅ࣭͞‫ز‬͂̽̀ͅ‫ޞ‬ր͂̈́ͥୈ૰ถ৻৪͈୆૓ဲগ༹༷̱͂̀Ȅհ஠́۰༒́հ‫́ث‬ခ̜࢘́ͤȄ૸ఘఅੱȆ଻എෝႁ͞଻ಭ͈ி৐ฺ̠̭̩ͬ͂̈́Ȅँ֧ͬ‫๊֚̀͛܄‬২ٛ́ুဇ̈́୆‫ށͬڰ‬਋̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́Ȅ༹എȆൽ݅എ࿚ఴ̦௖చഎͅઁ̞̭̈́͂Ȅ૤૸ͬ٨஝̳ͥহၷ࢘‫̠̞̜̦͂ͥض‬৽ಫ̦਋ယ̯̹̥̜̹ͦͣ́̽ȃ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣȄ౯ਅ਀੅͉౳଻͈͙ͅచ̱࣐̹̫͉̥̹̀ͩͦͩ́̈́̽ȃ႕̢͊Ȅ1932ාˍ࠮́͘ͅ౯ਅ༹͈‫̹࣐ͦͩ́ئ‬౯ਅ਀੅12,145࠯ಎȄ46.2ΩȜΓϋΠ͈5,613࠯͉౳଻ͅȄ53.8ΩȜΓϋΠ͈6,532࠯͉੫଻ͅచ̱࣐̹̀ͩͦ55ȫȃ̯ͣͅ1944ා࣐̹́ͩͦ͘ͅ౯ਅ༭࣬̈́ͥ͂ͅȄ౳੫๤͉ਗ̽̀͢ͅ։͈͈̈́ͥ͜Ȅఉ̩͈ਗ͉́੫଻͈
๤ၚ̦գുഎ̩̹ࣞ̈́̽ͅȃͺις΃́डఱ͈౯ਅ਀੅ତܱͬ჏̱̹΃ςέ΁σΣͺਗ͉́Ȅ౯ਅ̯̹ͦ૽ș͈ఱ฼͉౳଻̜̹̦́̽Ȅలඵպ͈ό͹ȜΐΣͺਗ͉́Ȅ1944ා́͘ͅ౯ਅ̯
̹͈͉ͦ౳଻1,958૽Ȅ੫଻2,717૽̜̹́̽ȃల२պ͈΃ϋΎΑਗ͉ࣣ́ࠗ౯ਅତ͉2,794૽́౳੫๤͉͕͖൳൝̜̹̦́̽Ȅలঅպ͈ηΏ΄ϋਗ͉ࣣ́ࠗ౯ਅତ2,466૽́౳੫๤͉੫଻२
చ౳଻֚Ȅలࡼպ͈ηΥΕΗਗ͉ࣣ́ࠗ౯ਅତ͉2,157૽́Ȅ੫଻1,679૽చ౳଻476૽̜́̽̹56ȫȃਗͥ͢ͅ౳੫๤͈ओ։͈փྙͅ‫͉̱͂̽̀͜۾‬મळͅ࠿൦̳ͥຈါ̦̜ͥ͂এ̦ͩͦͥȄ̷͉ͦࣽࢃ͈‫ه‬ఴ̱̹̞͂ȃȁ̭̭́ঐഊ̧̱̤̹̞͈͉̀Ȅ੫଻ͅచ̳ͥ౯ਅ਀੅͈༷̦‫̴̥̥̹̜ͣͩ̽́͜ͅࡏܓ‬Ȅ੫଻͈༷̦ତఉ̩౯ਅ̯̹̞̠ͦ͂ম৘̜́ͥȃ1909ා̥ͣ29ාˍ࠮ˍ඾́͘ͅ΃ςέ΁σΣͺਗ͈ਗၛພ࣐̹֭́ͩͦ౯ਅ਀੅6,255࠯͉́Ȅ੫଻ͤ͢͜౳଻͈༷̦601࠯ఉ̥̹̦̽Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭࣐̹́ͩͦ1,488࠯͉́Ȅ౳଻ͤ͢͜੫଻͈༷̦330࠯ఉ̥̹̽ȃ஠౯ਅಎȄ౳଻Ȫୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅ȫˏ࠯Ȅ੫଻Ȫ၅‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅ȫː࠯͈৐෴̦౶̞̹ͣͦ̀ȃਗၛঔ୭̤̫ͥͅ஠౯ਅ਀੅ಎঘཌ͉ː࠯́Ȅ̷͈̠̻ˎ࠯ཻ͉ଜȄˎ࠯͉ۜஅ͈̜̹ͥ́̽͢͜ͅ57ȫȃ၅‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅͈ঘ
ཌၚ͉1936ා̈́̽̀͜ͅȄ47͈ິ૽‫୺́ش‬࿝֓̽̀͢ͅȪ௙ࣣພ๊֭֚́‫͉́̀̽֓͢ͅشٸ‬̩̈́ȫ࣐̹ͩͦ6,000࠯ոષ͈਀੅ͬ‫͛܄‬Ȅ204࠯ಎˍ࠯̜̹́̽ȃఘৗ଻৖̞ۛ́̈́ۛ৪͉́Ȅ300࠯ಎˍ࠯̜̹́̽ȃ̜ͥ΃ςέ΁σΣͺਗ͈ୈ૰ࠧ‫ۿ‬৪ঔ୭͉́Ȅ1949ා˔࠮ྎ́͘ͅ5,423
࠯͈౯ਅ̦࣐ͩͦȄ̠̻੫଻̦2,984࠯Ȅ౳଻2,439࠯̜̹̦́̽Ȅঘཌ͉ˑ࠯̳͓́̀੫଻̜̹́̽ȃ̭͉ͦȄۛ৪1,100૽൚̹ͤ࿩ˍ૽Ȅ੫଻600૽൚̹ͤˍ૽̜́ͥ58ȫȃ̭͈ͦͣൡࠗͅ
͉Ȅਗၛո‫͈ٸ‬ພ֭͞ߺྩਫ਼൝́Ȅ̹͘ఈ͈਀੅ಎͅ౯ਅ̯̹ͦ૽ș͈ତ͉‫͈̞̞̈́̀ͦ͘܄‬́Ȅ৘ष͈ঘཌၚ͉̥̹̽͂ࣞ̽͂͜এͩͦͥȃ̤ͩͤͅȁ1870ාయ̥ͣই̹̽͘‫̀̽͢ͅݪࡄࠏز‬ȄๆऻȄ๱࣐Ȅค੉ȄຫࣾȄ৖ພ൝͈২ٛ࿚ఴ̦‫ز‬ࠏ஌ͅ‫̀̽״‬อ୆̱̞̭̦̀ͥ͂ྶ̥̯̹ͣͦͅȃ̹͘ൡࠗ‫͈ڠ‬อోͤ͢ͅȄ࣭ସ಺औ൝́ୈ૰ถ৻৪͈‫̦ࣣڬ‬২̤̞ٛ̀ͅ‫ͅ௸ݢ‬௩‫̦̭̞̱͂ͥ̀ح‬াऐ̯̹ͦȃୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ಿ͞২ٛ٨‫ڟ‬৪̽̀͢ͅȄୈ૰ถ৻͈֒ഥ୰Ȅ২ٛ࿚ఴ֦ܳ୰̦੹̢ͣͦȄ̷͉ͦୈ૰ถ৻‫ޞ‬րა͒͂อജ̱̞̞̹̀̀̽ȃ20ଲ‫ܮ‬ഢ۟‫͉ͅܢ‬ȄιϋΟσ͈֒ഥ༹͈௱̦ठอࡉ̯ͦȄȶ‫ڠش‬ȷͬ২ٛଽॐͅഐဥ̳̭ͥ͂̽̀͢ͅȄ࿹̹ͦ֒ഥঊͬ঵̾૽ș้͈૓ͬ੻႗̱Ȅ২ٛഎະഐ৪ȆႦ൝৪ͬआ୲̳̭ͥ͂̽̀͢ͅȄ૽ਅ͈ప‫ͬا‬ཡগ̳̭̦ͥ͂দ͙̠̹ͣͦͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃࠐफഎະ‫͞ޙ‬૧֊ྦྷ͈ఱၾၠවͥ͢ͅ૽ș͈ະհ͂ෳ‫͈͈ͤࣞ݅͘৽ٸ‬ಎ́Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪̦ఉ‫ͅܚ‬̹ͩͥ২ٛ࿚ఴ͍͂ࠫັ̩ంह̱͂̀ࡉ̠ͣͦͥ̈́ͤ͢ͅȄୈ૰ถ৻৪࿚ఴ͉̥̥̹͕̾̀̈́̽̓࢖എ̈́ਹါ‫ه‬ఴ̞̹͈̜̈́̽̀̽́ͥͅȃ̯ͣͅ20ଲ‫ܮ‬੝൮̤̫ͥͅ౶ෝ࠿औ൝͈൵ව̦Ȅୈ૰ถ৻৪ͬ࢘ၚഎͅȶอࡉȷ̳̭ͥ͂ͬ‫خ‬ෝ̱̹ͅȃȁ̭͈̠͢ͅȄ19ଲ‫͉ͅྎܮ‬Ȅๆऻ৪͞વ‫ٺ‬৪͈อ୆ࡔ֦͉‫ࠏز‬୰Ȇ֒ഥ୰ͅਓ௵̧̱̞̀Ȅ๞͈ͣ୆૓ͬཡগ̳ͥआུഎ́࢘ၚഎ༹༷̦̈́‫̹ͦͣ͛ݥ‬ȃୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ಿ͉ୈ૰ถ৻৪͈୆૓ཡগ༹༷̱͂̀Ȅ௙ਓယ͂ࢭ‫ڞݛ‬ၗ͈༷ૻͬଔૺ̱̹ȃ̱̥̱Ȅ̷͉ͦͅࠐ๯൝͈အș̈́ࣾඳฺ̦̤̽̀ͤ਱໦͉ͅో଼̧̥̹͈́̈́̽́Ȅঔ୭ಿ͉ୈ૰ถ৻৪͈୆૓ཡগॐ̱͂̀ँ֧͈ଷࡠ̞̱̈́޺গͅ಍਀̳̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃ̱̥̱Ȅঔ୭ಿ͈‫֧ँ́ۼ‬ଷࡠ͈ခ࢘଻ͅచ̳ͥ݃࿚̦ষలͅ‫͈̹ͤ̈́ͥ͜ͅࡥږ‬Ȅ͕̩̓̈́‫ͥ͢ͅ੅਀شٸ‬୆૓ཡগ͈൵ව̦֓঍ͤ͢ͅ೹੹̯̠̹ͦͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃ̫͂ͤͩȄ౳଻ͅచ̳ͥୈ‫ۯ‬୨ੰ੅͉Ȅհ஠́۰༒́հ‫́ث‬ခ࢘́Ȅ૸ఘఅੱȆ଻എෝႁ͞଻ಭ͈ி৐ฺ̠̭̩ͬ͂̈́Ȅ༹എȆൽ݅എ࿚ఴ̦௖చഎͅઁ̞̈́౯ਅ༹̱͂̀Ȅࢩํ̈́঑঵ͬ‫ڕ‬ං̱̞̹̀̽ȃȁ̷͈ࠫ‫ض‬Ȅ1907ා͉ͅͼϋΟͻͺ΢ਗ́Ȅଲ‫́ٮ‬ड੝͈࿹୆‫ڠ‬എ౯ਅ༹̦‫̹̯ͦࠨخ‬ȃచય͉࢖ၛঔ୭ͅਓယ̯̹ͦฒ౼৪Ȅ౼ߔ৪Ȅ‫ەޑ‬ๆ͈̠̻Ȅ୺࿝‫۬͞ز‬ආ৪ͥ͢ͅտ֥̤̞ٛ̀ͅ٨஝͈ဒ౷̱̈́͂฻౯̯̹ͦ৪́Ȅ਀੅༹༷͉࿚̥̹ͩ̈́̽ȃఈ͈ਗ͜௽ș̭͂ͦͅਲ̹̽ȃ1909ාͅχΏϋΠϋȄ΃ςέ΁σΣͺȄ1911ාͅΥό͹ΘȄͺͼ΂χȄΣνȜΐλȜΐȜȄ1912ාͅΣνȜπȜ·Ȅ1913ාͅΦȜΑΘ΋ΗȄ΃ϋΎΑȄηΏ΄ϋȄ;ͻΑ΋ϋΏϋȄ1915ාͅΥήρΑ΃Ȅ1917ාͅΣνȜΧϋίΏλȜȄ1919ාͅͺρΨζȄ1921ාͅ΂τΌϋȄ1923ාͅκϋΗ΢ȄΟρ;ͿͺȄό͹ȜΐΣͺȄ1925ාͅͺͼΘγȄξΗȄηΥΕΗȄιͼϋ͈੨ਗ́౯ਅ༹̦ଷ೰̯̹ͦȃ౯ਅ༹͈ඤယ̷͈͞‫͉ྵ׋‬Ȅਗ̽̀͢ͅအș̜̹́̽ȃࣣ࠻଻̦֚ഽ͜࿚̥̹ͩͦ̈́̽ਗ̜ͤ͜Ȅव฻ਫ਼ࣣ́࠻଻ͬ෇̹͛ͣͦਗ̜ͤ͜Ȅ֑࠻฻ࠨ̦‫̹̯ͦئ‬ਗ̜̹̽͜ȃ֑࠻฻ࠨ̦‫͜ࢃ̹̯ͦئ‬Ȅ౯ਅ༹̦෱গ̯̹ͦਗ̜ͤ͜Ȅ૧̹̈́౯ਅ༹̦ଷ೰̯̹ͦਗ̜̹̽͜59ȫȃȁ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣȄୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ಿో͈‫͉́ۼ‬Ȅ1910ාయྎ͉ࣼ́͘ͅȄ౯ਅͬଔૺ̳̭͈ͥ͂͒‫۾‬૤͉ଚ̢̞̹̀̽ȃఱ໐໦͈ঔ୭ಿో͉౯ਅ͈ခ࢘଻ͬ૞̲̞̫͉̥̹̦̈́ͩ́̈́̽Ȅઁ̩̈́͂͜࿹୆࿒എ͈̹̞̠͛͂৽ಫͅచ̱͉̀݃࿚ͬ༴̩̠̞̹̈́̽̀͢ͅȃୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭‫ٸ‬໐͈ఱਤഎ̈́࿹୆ა৪ో͉Ȅ࿹୆‫̱̀͂ڠشͬڠ‬Ȅ୆໤‫ڠ‬Ȅ֓‫ڠ‬Ȅ২ٛ‫ํ͈ڠش‬ս಼̢̳̳ͬ̀͘͘੹൵̳̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃ̱̥̱Ȅͺις΃͈͂̽̀ͅ‫ޞ‬րͬအșͅ৽ಫ̳̭ͥͦͣ࿹୆ა৪ో͉Ȅঔ୭ಿోͅచ̳ͥ‫ޣג‬ႁ͕ͬ͂ͭ̓৐̞̜̹̾̾̽ȃ1910ාయྎ͉ࣼ́͘ͅȄ࿹୆ა৪͈͏̹͈̾ਹါ̈́৽ಫ̦୨ͤ༲̯ͦই̹͛ȃల͉֚Ȅ২͈ٛ՛ඃ͂ୈ૰વ‫۾ض֦ͅٺ‬߸̦̜̞̠ͥ͂ത̜́ͤȄలඵ͉Ȅ‫ڞ‬ၗਓယঔ୭̥ͣ‫͂ͥ੄ͅٸ‬ୈ૰ถ৻৪͈ఉॲ͉ະ‫خ‬๰̜̞̠́ͥ͂ത̜́ͥȃ࿹୆‫ͅڠ‬చ̳ͥঔ୭ಿో͈‫۾‬૤̦ۖ஠ͅ৐̹̫͉̥̹̦ͩͦͩ́̈́̽Ȅల֚ষଲ‫ٮ‬ఱ୽ࢃȄ࿹୆‫̀̽৾ͅڠ‬యͩͤȄ૧ୈ૰֓‫ڠ‬Ȫnew psychiatryȫ̦‫ڠش‬എ֓‫৽͈ڠ‬ၠ͂̈́ͤȄఱ໐໦͈ঔ୭ಿో̷͉ͦͅু͈ͣ‫ͤݶ‬ਫ਼ͬ‫̹̠̽̈́ͥ͛͢ͅݥ‬ȃ୺࿝‫ز‬ਬ౬͈ಎ͉́Ȅȶ‫ڠش‬ȷ̱͈͂̀࿹୆‫׋‬൲͈‫ޣג‬ႁ͉೩‫̱ئ‬Ȅ1920ාయྎ͉ͅȄ֓‫ڠ‬Ȅ૤ၑ‫ڠ‬Ȅୈ૰‫מ‬୆‫͈ڠ‬ාষఱٛ͞‫ڠ‬ٛধ͉́Ȅ࿹୆‫̳ͥ۾ͅڠ‬ა໲̦͕͂ͭ̓ࡉ̩̹ͣͦ̈́̈́̽ȃ̭͈ͦͣ୺࿝໦࿤͉́Ȅ࿹୆‫̩͉֒̈́́ڠ‬ഥ‫͈ڠ‬࿚ఴ̱݈͂̀ა̯̠̞̹ͦͥ̈́̽̀̽͢ͅ60ȫȃȁ࿹୆‫ͅڠ‬చ̳ͥঔ୭ಿో͈݃࿚͈෸ࠊ͉ͅȄ୺࿝‫͈̱̀͂ز‬၌‫̹̜̽͜ٺ‬ȃୈ૰ถ৻৪ঔ୭ಿో͉൚੝Ȅ࿹୆‫׋‬൲̦࢖എ̈́ಕ࿒ͬਬ͛Ȅ़ଽഎͅ࡭‫̹̱ڱ‬ঔ୭ͬ঑‫༹༷̳ͤ̈́ͥͅ׳‬Ȅু໦ో͈‫ޣג‬ႁ̦ঔ୭͈‫ڐ́͘ͅٸ‬ఱ̳̭ͥ͂ͬ‫ܢ‬ఞ̱̞̹̀ȃ̱̥̱ȄΕȜΏλσχȜ΃Ȝ͞঴஝মު‫ز‬Ȅ২ٛ٨‫ڟ‬৪൝͈๱֓ၷ୺࿝‫̦ز‬Ȅୈ૰ພ͞ୈ૰ถ৻̞̾̀ͅ࢖എ̈́ಕ࿒͂‫ͬັܙ‬਋̫̠ͥ̈́ͥ͂͢ͅȄু໦ో͈ථಫ̦ͤ‫̹̱੄ູ̭̯̥ͦͬ͂ͥͦޞ‬ȃঔ୭ಿో͉Ȅ֓ၷ୺࿝‫ز‬ո‫ڠ̦֓ٸ‬എੜ౾̜́ͥ౯ਅͬ੹൵̳̭ͥ͂ͅ฽చ̱Ȅ֓‫ͅڠ‬හ̵ͦ͊डၻ͈ࠫ‫̦ض‬ංͣͦͥ࿚ఴͅచ̱̀࿹୆ა৪̦ဒ࢛ࠗ̈́੄̧̱̳͓͉̞ͬͥ́̈́͂ࣉ̢̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃ̭̠̱̀࿹୆ა৪ో͈ঔ୭ಿోͅచ̳ͥ‫ޣג‬ႁ͉৐̞̹̦ͩͦ̀̽Ȅ࿹୆ა৪ో͉૧̱̞ა‫ͬݶ‬ை̱‫ݥ‬͛̀౯ਅ͈৘ঔͬठී̵̯̭ͥ͂̈́ͥͅȃఈ༷ঔ୭ಿో͉Ȅঔ୭୆̧ॼͤ͂঑෻͈਀౲̱͂̀౯ਅͬ၌ဥ̱௽̫̹̦Ȅ̷̞͉ͦ̾̀ͅࣂͬ٨͛̀ა̲̹̞ȃಕˍȫུࣂ͉́ȄႤঃഎܱ੆̤̞͉̀ͅȄ࡛య͉́ະ١Ȫओ༆ȫࢊ̱͂̀ঀဥ̯̞̞ͦ̀̈́ႤঃഎဥࢊͬȄ࿫ࢊ̱͂̀ဥ̞͈ͥͬࡔ௱̳̭͂ͥ͂ͬȄထ̤͛౯̱̤̩ͤ̀ȃ႕̢͊Ȅȶฒ౼ȪidiotȫȷȄȶ౼ߔȪimbecileȫȷȄȶࠚߔȪmoronȫȷȄȶ‫ܨޚ‬ȪinsanityȫȷȄȶୈ૰ถ৻Ȫfeeble-minded, mental deÀciencyȫȷȄȶୈ૰ພȪmental disorderȫȷȄȶឫឞȪepilepsyȫȷȄȶࠧ‫ۿ‬৪Ȫdefectiveȫȷ൝̜́ͥȃˎȫJ. H. Landman, Human Sterilization: The History of the Sexual Sterilization MovementȪNewYork: Macmillan Company, 1932ȫȄ48ȅ
ˏȫIbid., 49ȅːȫRobert Latou Dickinson and Clarence James Gamble, Human Sterilization: Techniques of PermanentConception ControlȪNew York: Waverly Press, 1950ȫȄ30ȅˑȫ˦Ȇ˳ȆΠτϋΠȆΐνΣͺȪୄକ೭ຳȆ࿆࿐ੇ຃Ȇಎఆྖ‫ܮ‬౳۬࿫ȫȸȶୈ૰ถ৻ȷ͈౪୆͂་ཞȽͺις΃̤̫ͥͅୈ૰ಁత͈ႤঃȽȹષ‫ے‬Ȫ‫׽ڠ‬২Ȅ1997ාȫȄ21 ȡ 27༁ȃͺις΃̤̫ͥͅ‫ݣ‬ຫ͈֭Ⴄঃ̞͉̾̀ͅȄ႕̢͊ո‫ͬئ‬४ચȃDavid Wagner, The Poorhouse: America's Forgotten InstitutionȪLanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, and Oxford: Rowman & LittleÀeld, 2005ȫȅ˒ȫΠτϋΠȸȶୈ૰ถ৻ȷ͈౪୆͂་ཞȹȄ28 ȡ 29༁ȃ˓ȫ൳ષȄ31 ȡ 34༁ȃ˔ȫ൳ષȄ42 ȡ 43༁ȃ˕ȫE. S. Gosney and Paul Popenoe, Sterilization for Human Betterment: A Summary of Results of6,000 Operations in California, 1909-1929ȪNew York: Macmillan, 1930ȫȄviȅ
10ȫΠτϋΠȸȶୈ૰ถ৻ȷ͈౪୆͂་ཞȹȄ49 ȡ 50༁ȃ11ȫ൳ષȄ52 ȡ 53༁ȃ12ȫ൳ષȄ54 ȡ 55༁ȃ
13ȫ൳ષȄ69 ȡ 71༁ȃ
14ȫ൳ષȄ126 ȡ 129༁ȃ15ȫ൳ષȄ129 ȡ 130༁ȃ
16ȫRichard L. Dugdale,ȨHereditary Pauperism, as Illustrated in theȦJukeȧFamily,ȩProceedings ofthe National Conference of Charities and Correction 4Ȫ1877ȫ: 81-95; Richard L. Dugdale, The Jukes:
A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease, and HeredityȪNew York: G. P. Putnamʼs Sons, 1910[1877]ȫȅ
17ȫFrederick H. Wines, The Defective, Dependent, and Delinquent Classes of the Population of theUnited States: United States Census, Tenth Census, 1880ȪWashington, D.C.: Government PrintingOfÀce, 1881ȫ; Frederick H. Wines, American Prisons in the Tenth United States CensusȪNew York:Putnam, 1888ȫ;ΠτϋΠȸȶୈ૰ถ৻ȷ͈౪୆͂་ཞȹȄ141 ȡ 143༁ȃ
18ȫDaniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity, with a New

Preface by the AuthorȪCambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1995[1985]ȫȄ71; Stephan
Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, Revised and Expanded, with a New IntroductionȪNew Yorkand London: W. W. Norton, 1996 [1981]ȫ, 152-72ȅ
19ȫFrancis Galton,ȨHereditary Talent and Character,ȩMacmillan’s Magazine 12Ȫ1865ȫ: 157-66,318-27; Francis Galton, Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and ConsequencesȪLondon:Macmillan, 1869ȫȅ
20ȫFrancis Galton, Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its DevelopmentȪLondon: Eugenics Society,1883ȫȅ
21ȫKevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 41-44ȅ
22ȫIbid., 45-46ȅ
23ȫCharles Benedict Davenport, Eugenics: The Science of Human Improvement by Better BreedingȪNew York: Henry Holt, 1910ȫ; Charles Benedict Davenport, Heredity in Relation to EugenicsȪNew
York: Henry Holt, 1911ȫȅ24ȫ˦Ȇ˳ȆΠτϋΠȆΐνΣͺȪୄକ೭ຳȆ࿆࿐ੇ຃Ȇಎఆྖ‫ܮ‬౳۬࿫ȫȸȶୈ૰ถ৻ȷ͈౪୆͂་ཞȽͺις΃̤̫ͥͅୈ૰ಁత͈ႤঃȽȹ‫ےئ‬Ȫ‫׽ڠ‬২Ȅ1997ාȫȄ20༁ȃ
25ȫ൳ષȄ60 ȡ 61༁ȃ
26ȫ൳ષȄ76༁ȃ
27ȫKevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 77; Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, 176-84ȅ
28ȫHenry Herbert Goddard, Feeble-Mindedness: Its Causes and ConsequencesȪNew York: Macmillan,
1914ȫ; Gould, The Mismeasure of ManȄ188-204ȅ
29ȫHenry Herbert Goddard, The Kallikak Family: A study in the Heredity of Feeble-MindednessȪNew
York: Macmillan, 1912ȫȅ
30ȫGoddard, Feeble-Mindednessȅ31ȫKevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 79.
32ȫ႕̢͊ȄArthur H. Estabrook, The Jukes in 1915ȪWashington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution, 1916ȫ;Anna Finlayson, The Dack Family: A Study in Hereditary Lack of Emotional Control, Eugenics
Record OfÀce, Bulletin No. 15ȪCold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Eugenics Record OfÀce, 1916ȫ; MaryS. Kostir, Family of Sam SixtyȪMansfield, Ohio: Press of the Ohio State Reformatory, 1916ȫ;Mina A. Sessions, The Feeble-Minded in a Rural County of OhioȪMansfield, Ohio: Ohio State
Reformatory Printers, 1918ȫ; A. C. Rogers and Maud A. Merrill, Dwellers in the Vale of SiddemȪBoston: Richard G. Badger, 1919ȫ; Wilhelmine E. Key, Heredity and Social Fitness: A Study ofDifferential Mating in a Pennsylvania Family, Publication No. 296ȪWashington D. C.: CarnegieInstitute, 1920ȫ; Arthur H. Estabrook,ȨThe Tribe of Ishmael,ȩin The Second International
Congress of Eugenics: Eugenics, Genetics, and the Family, ed. Harry H. LaughlinȪBaltimore:Williams and Wilkins, 1923ȫ: 398-404; Wilhelmine R. Key,ȨHeritable Factors in Human Fitness
and Their Social Control,ȩin The Second International Congress of Eugenics: Eugenics, Genetics,
and the Family, ed. Harry H. LaughlinȪBaltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1923ȫ: 405-12; Arthur
H. Estabrook and Ian E. McDougle, Mongrel Virginians: The Win TribeȪBaltimore: Williams andWilkins, 1926ȫȅ
33ȫಎఆྖ‫ܮ‬౳ȟ‫ؖ‬ങঊȟἦਔ‫ܛ‬ȟༀനࢤਏȶͺις΃ࣣਤ࣭̤̫ͥͅ࿹୆౯ਅ‫׋‬൲͈‫ٳ‬ই͂೰಍Ƚ࿹୆‫׋ڠ‬൲͈ड͜ୃൡഎ̈́ম႕Ƚȷಎఆྖ‫ܮ‬౳༎ಠȸ࿹୆‫͂ڠ‬વ‫ٺ‬৪ȹȪྶ୞੥ഝȄ2004ාȫȄ83 ȡ 85༁ȃ34ȫ൳ષȄ85 ȡ 86༁ȃ35ȫ५നঃ჊ȸͺις΃ঃ͈̥͈̈́૽ਅȹȪଲ‫ٮ‬ঃςήτΛΠ91ȫȪ५୼੄ๅ২Ȅ2006ාȫȃ։૽ਅ‫ͅँࠫۼ‬̞͉̾̀ո‫͜ئ‬४ચȃઐུ࿾ঊȶȸ૽ਅȹ͂ࠫँȽ૽ਅईᙔ̪ͬ͛ͥଽহ‫ڠ‬Ƚȷ୼ോୃਏ༎ȸͺις΃ΣΒθ͂ȶ૽ਅȷȹȪྴࡣ‫ؚ‬ఱ‫੄ڠ‬ๅٛȄ2005ාȫȇ250 ȡ 279༁ȃ36ȫKevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 99-100ȅ
37ȫಎఆȟ‫ؖ‬ȟἦȟༀനȶͺις΃ࣣਤ࣭̤̫ͥͅ࿹୆౯ਅ‫׋‬൲͈‫ٳ‬ই͂೰಍ȷȄ96༁ȃ38ȫ൳ ષȄ98༁ȃ ‫ ݲ‬ସ ͈ Ⴄ ঃ ͅ ̾ ̞ ̀ ͉Ȅ ႕ ̢ ͊ ո ‫ ͬ ئ‬४ ચȃVictor T. Cheney, A Brief History ofCastration, 2nd ed.ȪBloomington, Ind.: Authornhouse, 2006ȫȅ
39ȫಎఆȟ‫ؖ‬ȟἦȟༀനȶͺις΃ࣣਤ࣭̤̫ͥͅ࿹୆౯ਅ‫׋‬൲͈‫ٳ‬ই͂೰಍ȷȄ105༁ȃ40ȫΠτϋΠȸȶୈ૰ถ৻ȷ͈౪୆͂་ཞȹ‫ےئ‬Ȅ102 ȡ 103༁ȃ
41ȫPhilip R. Reilly, The Surgical Solution: A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United StatesȪBaltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991ȫȄ31-40; ΠτϋΠȸȶୈ૰ถ৻ȷ͈౪୆͂་ཞȹ‫ےئ‬Ȅ
103 ȡ 104༁ȃ42ȫಎఆȟ‫ؖ‬ȟἦȟༀനȶͺις΃ࣣਤ࣭̤̫ͥͅ࿹୆౯ਅ‫׋‬൲͈‫ٳ‬ই͂೰಍ȷȄ106༁ȃ43ȫΠτϋΠȸȶୈ૰ถ৻ȷ͈౪୆͂་ཞȹ‫ےئ‬Ȅ104 ȡ 105༁ȃঔ୭‫͈֓ٸ‬঍͈౯ਅͅచ̳ͥ‫۾‬૤͂੹൵̞͉̾̀ͅո‫ͬئ‬४ચȃReilly, The Surgical Solution, 31-40ȅ
44ȫಎఆȟ‫ؖ‬ȟἦȟༀനȶͺις΃ࣣਤ࣭̤̫ͥͅ࿹୆౯ਅ‫׋‬൲͈‫ٳ‬ই͂೰಍ȷȄ98 ȡ 99༁ȃ45ȫ൳ષȄ114 ȡ 115༁ȃ46ȫDeborah Kuhn McGregor, From Midwives to Medicine: The Birth of American GynecologyȪNewBrunswick, N.J., and London: Rutgers University Press, 1998ȫȄ160-61ȅ
47ȫIbid., 186ȅ48ȫG. J. Barker-BenÀeld, The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes toward Women andSexuality in Nineteenth-Century AmericaȪNew York, Hagerstown, San Francisco, and London:Harper Colophon Books, 1977[1976]ȫȄ121ȅ
49ȫಎఆȟ‫ؖ‬ȟἦȟༀനȶͺις΃ࣣਤ࣭̤̫ͥͅ࿹୆౯ਅ‫׋‬൲͈‫ٳ‬ই͂೰಍ȷȄ107 ȡ 108༁ȃ50ȫ൳ષȄ110 ȡ 111༁ȃ
51ȫStephan Trombley, The Right to Reproduce: A History of Coercive SterilizationȪLondon:Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988ȫȄ50ȅ
52ȫಎఆȟ‫ؖ‬ȟἦȟༀനȶͺις΃ࣣਤ࣭̤̫ͥͅ࿹୆౯ਅ‫׋‬൲͈‫ٳ‬ই͂೰಍ȷȄ111 ȡ 113༁ȃ53ȫΠτϋΠȸȶୈ૰ถ৻ȷ͈౪୆͂་ཞȹ‫ےئ‬Ȅ101 ȡ 107༁ȃ54ȫಎఆȟ‫ؖ‬ȟἦȟༀനȶͺις΃ࣣਤ࣭̤̫ͥͅ࿹୆౯ਅ‫׋‬൲͈‫ٳ‬ই͂೰಍ȷȄ116༁ȃ
55ȫLandman, Human Sterilization, 48ȅ
56ȫTrombley, The Right to Reproduce, 63-69ȅ
57ȫGosney and Popenoe, Sterilization for Human Betterment, xivȅ58ȫDickinson and Gamble, Human Sterilization, 18ȅ
59ȫTrombley, The Right to Reproduce, 50-69ȅ
60ȫΠτϋΠȸȶୈ૰ถ৻ȷ͈౪୆͂་ཞȹ‫ےئ‬Ȅ109 ȡ 119༁ȃັܱȁུࣂ͉Ȅ໹଼20ාഽ‫ݪࡄڠش‬๯༞੩߄৹਀ࡄ‫ݪ‬Ȫ˞ȫȶͺις΃ࣣਤ࣭̤̫ͥ֓ͅၷ͈୺࿝‫͂ا‬੫଻͈૸ఘȷȪ‫ه‬ఴ๔࣢18700671ȫͥ͢ͅࡄ‫͈֚ض଼ݪ‬໐̜́ͥȃ