PHITS
Ver. 2.76
User’s Manual
English version

Contents
1

Introduction
1.1 Recent Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Development members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Reference of PHITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Installation, compilation and execution of PHITS
2.1 Operating environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Installation and execution on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Installation and execution on Mac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 Compilation using “make” command for Windows, Mac, and Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 Compilation using Microsoft Visual Studio with Intel Fortran for Windows . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6 Compilation of ANGEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7 Executable file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8 Terminating the PHITS code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9 Array sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Input File
3.1 Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Reading control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Inserting files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 User definition constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Using mathematical expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6 Particle identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Sections format
4.1 [ T i t l e ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 [ P a r a m e t e r s ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 Calculation mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2 Number of history and Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.3 Cut oﬀ energy and switching energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.4 Cut oﬀ time, cut oﬀ weight, and weight window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.5 Model option (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.6 Model option (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.7 Model option (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.8 Model option (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.9 Output options (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.10 Output options (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.11 Output option (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.12 Output option (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.13 Output option (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.14 About geometrical errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.15 Input-output file name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.16 Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.17 Physical parameters for low energy neutron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.18 Physical parameters for photon and electron transport based on the original model . . . .
4.2.19 Parameters for EGS5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.20 Dumpall option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.21 Event Generator Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 [ S o u r c e ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.1 <Source> : Multi-source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.2 Common parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.3 Cylinder distribution source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.4 Rectangular solid distribution source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.5 Gaussian distribution source (x,y,z independent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.6 Generic parabola distribution source (x,y,z independent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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4.3.7 Gaussian distribution source (x-y plane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.8 Generic parabola distribution source (x-y plane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.9 Sphere and spherical shell distribution source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.10 s-type = 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.11 s-type = 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.12 Cone shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.13 Reading dump file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.14 User definition source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.15 Definition for energy distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.16 Definition for angular distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.17 Example of multi-source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.18 Duct source option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 [ M a t e r i a l ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1 Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.2 Nuclide definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.3 Density definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.4 Material parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.5 S (α, β) settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.6 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 [ C e l l ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.1 Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.2 Description of cell definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.3 Universe frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.4 Lattice definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.5 Repeated structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6 [ S u r f a c e ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6.1 Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6.3 Macro body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6.4 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6.5 Surface definition by macro body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7 [ T r a n s f o r m ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.1 Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.2 Mathematical definition of the transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.3 Examples (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.4 Examples (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8 [ I m p o r t a n c e ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.9 [ Weight Window ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.10 [ V o l u m e ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.11 [ T e m p e r a t u r e ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.12 [ Brems Bias ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.13 [ Photon Weight ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.14 [ Forced Collisions ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.15 [ M a g n e t i c F i e l d ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.15.1 Charged particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.15.2 Neutron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.16 [ Electro Magnetic Field ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.17 [ C o u n t e r ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.18 [ Reg Name ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.19 [ Mat Name Color ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.20 [ Mat Time Change ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.21 [ Super Mirror ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.22 [ Elastic Option ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.23 [ T i m e r ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.24 [ delta ray ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.25 [ Multiplier ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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5

Common parameters for tallies
5.1 Geometrical mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.1 Region mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.2 Definition of the region and volume for repeated structures and lattices . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.3 r-z mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.4 xyz mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Energy mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 LET mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Time mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5 Angle mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6 Mesh definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6.1 Mesh type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6.2 e-type = 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6.3 e-type = 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6.4 e-type = 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6.5 e-type = 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7 Other tally definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.1 Particle definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.2 axis definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.3 file definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.4 resfile definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.5 unit definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.6 factor definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.7 output definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.8 info definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.9 title definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.10 ANGEL parameter definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.11 2d-type definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.12 gshow definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.13 rshow definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.14 x-txt, y-txt, z-txt definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.15 volmat definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.16 epsout definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.17 counter definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.18 resolution and line thickness definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.19 trcl coordinate transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.20 dump definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.8 Function to sum up two (or more) tally results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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6

Tally input format
6.1 [ T - T r a c k ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 [ T - C r o s s ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3 [ T - H e a t ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 [ T - Deposit ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5 [ T - Deposit2 ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6 [ T - Y i e l d ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.7 [ T - P r o d u c t ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8 [ T - D P A ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.9 [ T - L E T ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.10 [ T - S E D ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.11 [ T - T i m e ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.12 [ T - S t a r ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.13 [ T - D c h a i n ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.14 [ T-Userdefined ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.15 [ T - G s h o w ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.16 [ T - R s h o w ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.17 [ T - 3 D s h o w ] section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

133
133
137
141
144
147
149
152
156
159
162
165
168
171
175
179
181
183

iv

6.17.1 box definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
6.17.2 3dshow example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
7

Volume and Area calculation by tally function

190

8Processing dump file

192

9Output cutoﬀ data format

196

10 Region error check197

11 Additional explanation for the parallel computing
11.1 Distributed memory parallel computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.1 How to execute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.2 Adjustment of maxcas and maxbch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.3 Treatment of abnormal end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.4 ncut, gcut, pcut and dumpall file definition in the PHITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.5 Read in file definition in the PHITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2 Shared memory parallel computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2.1 Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2.2 Important notices for shared memory parallel computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

198
198
198
198
198
199
199
199
199
200

12 FAQ12.1 Questions related to parameter setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2 Questions related to error occurred in compiling or executing PHITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.3 Questions related to Tally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.4 Questions related to source generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

201
201
201
202
202

13 Concluding remarks

204

index

206

v

1

1

Introduction

Particle and heavy ion transport code is an essential implement in design and study of spacecrafts and accelerator facilities. We have therefore developed the multi-purpose Monte Carlo Particle and Heavy Ion Transport
code System, PH I TS ,1, 2) based on the NMTC/JAM.3) The physical processes which we should deal with in a
multipurpose simulation code can be divided into two categories, transport process and collision process. In thetransport process, PHITS can simulate a motion under external fields such as magnetic and gravity. Without theexternal fields, neutral particles move along a straight trajectory with constant energy up to the next collision point.
However, charged particles and heavy ions interact many times with electrons in the material losing energy andchanging direction. PHITS treats ionization processes not as collision but as a transport process under an external
field. The average dE/dx is given by the charge density of the material and the momentum of the particle taking
into account the fluctuations of the energy loss and the angular deviation. The second category of the physicalprocesses is the collision with the nucleus in the material. In addition to the collision, we consider the decay of theparticle as a process in this category. The total reaction cross section, or the life time of the particle is an essential
quantity in the determination of the mean free path of the transport particle. According to the mean free path,
PH I TS chooses the next collision point using the Monte Carlo method. To generate the secondary particles of thecollision, we need the information on the final states of the collision. For neutron induced reactions in low energy
region, PHITS employs the cross sections from Evaluated Nuclear Data libraries. For high energy neutrons andother particles, we have incorporated two models, JAM4) and JQMD5) to simulate the particle induced reactions
up to 200 GeV and the nucleus-nucleus collisions, respectively.
Recently PH I TS introduces an event generator for particle transport parts in the low energy region. Thus,
PH I TS was completely rewritten for the introduction of the event generator for neutron-induced reactions in energy
region less than 20 MeV. Furthermore, several new tallis were incorporated for estimation of the relative biologicaleﬀects. This report includes descriptions on new features and functions introduced into the code. For examples,
GG geometry, parallelization, DPA tally, neutron, photon and electron transportation, and detailed descriptions
how to setup the geometry as well. In order to keep comprehensive descriptions as the manual of PH I TS , thisreport includes description on some parts of the NMTC/JAM code, which is an origin of code structure of PH I TS .

1.1 Recent Improvements
Essences of improvements after version 2.24 are described below.
From version 2.76, following functions were implemented.
• Muon-nuclear interaction model based on the virtual photon production theory was implemented. Characteristic X-ray production from muonic atoms as well as associating muon capture reaction can be also
considered in the new version.
• Adjustment parameters for determing the magnitude of angular straggling for nspred = 2 were introduced.
• Bugs due to the problem of Intel Fortran 2015 were fixed.
From ver. 2.75, we fixed a bug that the function of sum tally does not work when you use an input file including
some sections of tally, and corrected a bug occurs in setting e-mode=2.
From version 2.74, following functions were implemented.
• Version of DCHAIN-SP included in the PHITS package was changed from DCHAIN-SP2001 (dchain264.exe)
to DCHAIN-SP2014 (dchain274.exe). DCHAIN-SP2014 was improved from DCHAIN-SP2001 in terms of
the following aspects;(1) The input format was changed.
(2) The number of energy groups of neutron activation cross section libraries was increased from 175 to
1968.
(3) A new function was implemented to output the [source] section of PHITS from the activities calculatedby DCHAIN-SP.

1 INTRODUCTION

2(4) A new function was implemented to output the time dependence of radioactivities in each region in the
input format of ANGEL.
• Thread parallelization is available even using EGS5, i.e. negs = 1. Some bugs related to EGS5 were fixed.
This improvement was performed by Mr. Masaaki Adachi of Research Organization for Information Science& Technology (RIST), and was supported by Center for Computational Science & e-Systems, Japan Atomic
Energy Agency (JAEA).
• A new function to combine two (or more) tally results, named “sum tally”, was implemented. At thismoment, this function works only for the results obtained from [t-track] and [t-deposit]. See Sec. 5.8 inmore detail. This function was developed by Mr. Takamitsu Miura of RIST, and was supported by Centerfor Computational Science & e-Systems, JAEA.
• The Kurotama model was revised to be capable of calculating the cross sections over 5 GeV/n. See thisarticle 1 in more detail.
• The gamma de-excitation data contained in trxcrd.dat was incorporated in the source files of PHITS. Consequently, file(14) parameter is not necessary to be specified in PHITS input file even setting e-mode≥1
or igamma≥1.
• Some bugs related to JAM and JAMQMD etc. were revised.
From ver. 2.73, we fixed a bug producing abnormal nuclei such as di-neutron in calculation of nuclear reaction
models. For Windows, an installed executable file of the OpenMP version is available only on 64-bit. You can
execute PH I TS in single processing on both the 32-bit and 64-bit systems, but you cannot do it using OpenMP on
32-bit.
From ver. 2.72, we fixed a bug occurs in setting igamma=2, and corrected an error that the GEM model
produces di-neutron. Furthermore, we changed the definition of na and nn in [source] section using a-type.
You cannot set these parameters to be negative. In the former version, an error would occur when you set na or nn
to be negative with giving angular distribution by degree.
From ver. 2.71, we fixed a bug about electron-positron annihilation occurred when EGS5 was used.
From ver. 2.70, the following functions were implemented.
• Transport algorithm for photons, electrons and positions in EGS5 (Electron Gamma Shower Version 5 2 ) was
incorporated. You can use this algorithm instead of the original one by setting negs = 1 in [parameters]
section. In addition, file(20) must be specified. At this moment, you cannot set negs = 1 in the OpenMP
version of PH I TS . The maximum number of material is limited to 100 when negs = 1. See Sec. 4.2.19 indetail. This improvement was supported by Dr. Hirayama and Dr. Namito of KEK.
• High-energy photo-nuclear reaction can be treated up to 100 GeV by implementing non-resonant photonuclear reaction mechanism in JAM.
• Muon-induced nuclear reaction can be treated up to 100 GeV by considering the generation of virtual photon
from muon. You can activate this model by setting imuint = 1 in [parameters] section.
• The event generator mode ver.2 was improved to precisely determine the charged particle spectra on thebasis of their cross section data such as (n, p) and (n, α) contained in evaluated nuclear data library. You can
use this new event generator mode by setting e-mode=2 in [parameters] section.
• JQMD was improved to consider the relativistic eﬀect. The algorithm for stabilizing the initial state ofnucleus was also implemented. The improved JQMD, named R-JQMD, can be activated by setting irqmd= 1 in [parameters] section. This improvement was performed under collaboration with Dr. D. Mancusi
at CEA/Saclay.
• Detector resolution can be considered in the event-by-event deposition energy calculation using [t-deposit]
with output = deposit.
1 L. Sihver et al., Nucl. Instr. & Meth. B 334, 34-39 (2014).
2 H. Hirayama et al., SLAC-R-730 (2005) and KEK Report 2005-8 (2005).

1.1 Recent Improvements

3

From ver. 2.67, the following functions were implemented.
• A geometry check function was implemented. This function works when you specify a tally for generating
the two-dimensional view of your geometry. When double defined or undefined regions are detected, theirregions are painted on the two-dimensional view. See Sec. 10 in detail.
• An extension of the event generator mode (ver.2) was implemented. Owing to this implementation, theaccuracy of event-by-event analysis for the reactions induced by neutrons below 20 MeV was improved. See
Sec. 4.2.21 in detail.
• New parameter infout was added to control output information in file(6) (D=phits.out). You canselect the information that you need.
• The current batch number appears on the console window in real time. Some important error and warning
messages such as “input data file for cross section directory does not exist.” are also shown in the window.
• Cone shape can be used for specifying the source locations by setting s-type=18, 19.
• Dumpall and dump function for [t-cross], [t-time], [t-product] tallies can be used in the restartcalculation. For this revision, the rule for specifying the file names was changed. Results written in aconfiguration file (.cfg) in the former version of PHITS (before 2.66) are outputted in a file specified by“file=***”. Dump data are outputted in another file named “*** dmp”.
• We increased the total memory usage of PH I TS (mdas) given in the param.inc file to 120,000,000 (equivalent to 1GB), and the maximum number of lattice in a cell to 25,000,000. By this extention, we can use adetailed voxel phantom such as ICRP phantom without recompiling the source code.
From ver. 2.66, the following functions were implemented.
• Algorithm for including discrete spectra calculated by DWBA (Distorted Wave Born Approximation) was
implemented. In several nuclear reactions induced by protons or deuterons, discrete peaks are added toneutron and proton spectra obtained by nuclear reaction models.
• Pion production processes in photo-nuclear reactions were included by implementing ∆ and N ∗ resonances.
Thus, PHITS2.66 can treat the photo-nuclear reaction up to 1 GeV.
• Results in the unit of Gy can be also obtained in [t-heat] tally. We corrected a bug that NaN was detectedin the case of void regions.
• We fixed a bug occurred when you set nm to be negative in [source] section using e-type = 2,3,5,6,7,
12,15,16, which specify the energy spectrum by functional shape. Furthermore, we also fixed the similar
bug for nn in the cases of a-type = 5,6,15,16, which specify the angular distribution by the shape.
From ver. 2.65, dose in the unit of Gy can be obtained in [t-deposit] tally. Furthermore, a bug in converting
mass density to particle density in [material] and [cell] sections was fixed. This bug caused errors (0.6% at themost) in calculated results, when neutron-rich nuclei were used.
From ver. 2.64, bugs in photo-nuclear reaction model and EBITEM, and other minor bugs were fixed. Furthermore, NaN was detected in [T-Heat] calculations because of negative values in the probability table (p-table).
The Ace libraries were re-produced by neglecting p-tables for the following 130 nuclides:
As075 Ba130 Ba132 Ba134 Ba135 Ba136 Ba137 Ba140 Br079 Br081 Cd106 Cd108
Cd110 Cd111 Cd112 Cd113 Cd114 Cd116 Ce141 Ce142 Ce143 Ce144 Cf250 Fe059
Ga069 Ga071 Hf174 Hf176 Hf177 Hf178 Hf179 Hf180 Hf181 Hf182 I_127 I_129
I_130 I_131 I_135 In113 In115 Kr078 Kr080 Kr082 Kr083 Kr084 Kr085 La138
La139 La140 Mo092 Mo094 Mo095 Mo096 Mo097 Mo098 Mo099 Mo100 Nb094 Nb095
Ni059 Pr141 Pr143 Rb085 Rb086 Rb087 Rh103 Rh105 Ru096 Ru098 Ru099 Ru100
Ru101 Ru102 Ru103 Ru104 Ru105 Ru106 Sb121 Sb123 Sb124 Sb125 Sb126 Se074
Se076 Se077 Se078 Se079 Se080 Se082 Sr084 Sr086 Sr087 Sr088 Sr089 Sr090
Tc099 Te120 Te122 Te123 Te124 Te125 Te126 Te127m Te128 Te129m Te130 Te132
Xe124 Xe126 Xe128 Xe129 Xe130 Xe131 Xe132 Xe133 Xe134 Xe135 Y_089 Y_090
Y_091 Yb168 Yb170 Yb171 Yb172 Yb173 Yb174 Yb176 Zr093 Zr095

1 INTRODUCTION

4From ver. 2.60, the following functions are implemented.
• Algorithm for de-excitation of nucleus after the evaporation process was improved by implementing EBITEM(ENSDF-Based Isomeric Transition and isomEr production Model). Prompt gamma spectrum can be precisely estimated, including discrete peaks. The isomer production rates can be properly estimated.
• Quasi-deuteron disintegration, which is the dominant photo-nuclear mechanism between 25 to 140 MeV,
was implemented in JQMD. Thus, PHITS2.60 can treat the photo-nuclear reaction up to 140 MeV. The
evaporation process after the giant resonance of 6 Li, 12 C, 14 N, 16 O was improved by considering the isospinof excited nucleus. Thus the alpha emission is suppressed and neutron and proton emission is enhanced fromthe giant resonance of these nuclei.
• Particle transport simulation in the combination field of electro-magnetic fields became available. See 4.16
section in detail.
• New energy mesh functions were implemented in [source] section in order to directly define diﬀerential
energy spectrum in (/MeV) as well as discrete energy spectrum.
• Several algorithms were optimized to reduce the computational time, especially for xyz mesh tally withistdev = 2. Furthermore, use of memory for tally and AN GE L was improved. These improvement were
performed by Mr. Daichi Obinata of Fujitsu Systems East Limited, and were supported by Center for
Computational Science & e-Systems, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA).
• Minor revision and bug fix.
– Number of cells acceptable in [t-dchain] was increased.
– The references of PH I TS and INCL were changed.
– 7-digit cell ID became acceptable.
– Maximum dmax for electron and positron was changed from 1 GeV to 10 GeV.
– Restart calculation became available even when PH I TS did not stop properly.
– Lattice cell became acceptable in [t-dchain].
– Avoid the termination of PH I TS when some strange error occurs in JAM.
– New multiplier function k=-120 was added to weight the density.
– Minor bug fix in SMM, user defined tally, range calculation, transform, electron lost particle, random
number generation for MPI, delta-ray production.
– Nuclear data for some nuclei was revised by following the revision of JENDL-4.0.
– Bug in reading proton data library was fixed.
From ver. 2.52, the following functions are implemented.
• Electron, positron and photon transport algorithms were revised. In the new version, eﬀective stopping
powers of electrons and positions vary with their cut-oﬀ energies. The energies are conserved in an event
induced by photon-atomic interactions such as the photo-electric eﬀect.
• A new tally [t-dchain] was implemented to generate input files of DCHAIN-SP, which can calculate thetime dependence of activation during and after irradiations. Please see Sec. 6.13 in detail.
• Macro bodies of Right Elliptical Cylinder (REC), Truncated Right-angle Cone (TRC), Ellipsoid (ELL), andWedge (WED) are implemented.
From ver. 2.50, the following functions are implemented.
• The procedure for calculating statistical uncertainties was revised. The function to restart the PHITS calculation based the tally results obtained by past PH I TS simulations was implemented in order to increase thehistory number when the number is not enough. Please see Sec. 4.2.2 in more detail. This improvement
was performed by Mr. Daichi Obinata of Fujitsu Systems East Limited, and was supported by Center for
Computational Science & e-Systems, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA).

1.2 Development members

5• The shared memory parallel computing using OpenMP architecture became available in PH I TS , thoughsome restrictions still remain (see Sec. 11.2). For this purpose, we drastically revised the source code of
PH I TS , and old Fortran compilers such as f77 and g77 cannot be used for compiling PH I TS anymore. See
Sec. 2.4 in detail. This work was supported by Next-Generation Integrated Simulation of Living Matter,
Strategic Programs for R&D of RIKEN, and RIKEN Special Postdoctoral Researchers (SPDR) Program.
For this improvement, we used K computer and RIKEN Integrated Cluster of Clusters (RICC).
• The cross section data for photo-nuclear reaction was revised based on JENDL Photonuclear Data File 2004(JENDL/PD-2004). It should be noted that the current version of PH I TS can handle only giant resonancesamong the photo-nuclear reaction mechanisms. Therefore, the accuracy for calculating higher energy photonuclear reactions above 20 MeV is not good.
• The Statistical Multi-fragmentation Model (SMM) was implemented in the statistical decay of highlyexcited residual nuclei. Owing to this implementation, the accuracy of calculating the production crosssections of light and medium-heavy fragments in heavy ion collisions was improved.
• Intra-Nuclear Cascade of Liège (INCL) was implemented, and employed as the default model for simulating
nuclear reactions induced by neutrons, protons, pions, deuterons, tritons, 3 He and α particles at intermediate
energies. This improvement was supported by Dr. Joseph Cugnon of University of Liège and Dr. Davide
Mancusi, Dr. Alain Boudard, Dr. Jean-Christophe David, and Dr. Sylvie Leray of CEA/Saclay undercollaboration between CEA/Saclay and JAEA.
• KUROTAMA model, which gives reaction cross sections of nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus, was implemented. This improvement was supported by Dr. Akihisa Kohama of RIKEN, Dr. Kei Iida of Kochi
University, and Dr. Kazuhiro Oyamatsu of Aichi Shukutoku University.
• Intra-Nuclear Cascade with Emission of Light Fragment (INC-ELF) was implemented. Uozumi researchgroup performed this development under collaboration between Kyushu University and JAEA.
• A user-defined tally named [t-userdefined] was introduced in order to deduce user specific quantities
from the PH I TS simulation. Re-compile of PH I TS is required to use this tally. See Sec. 6.14 in detail.
• The neutron Kerma factors for several nuclei such as 35 Cl were revised. The photo- and electro-atomic datalibraries were newly developed based on JENDL-4.0 and the Livermore Evaluated Electron Data Library(EEDL), respectively.
From ver. 2.30, the radiation damage model for calculating DPA (Displacement Per Atom) in PH I TS was
improved using the screened Coulomb scattering. We also added the [multiplier] section to be used in the[t-track] section.
From ver. 2.28, you can use options of dumpall and dump for [t-cross], [t-time], and [t-product]
tallies also on the MPI parallel computing. When these options are used in parallel computing, PH I TS makes(PE−1) files for writing the dump information from each node, where PE is the total number of used Processor
Elements. PH I TS can also read the dump files in the parallel computing.
From ver. 2.26, we added the function to generate knocked-out electrons so-called δ-rays produced along the
trajectory of charged particle. Setting the threshold energy for each region in the [delta ray] section, you can
explicitly transport δ-rays above the threshold energy.

1.2 Development members
Koji Niita,
Research Organization for Information Science & Technology (RIST).
Norihiro Matsuda, Shintaro Hashimoto, Yosuke Iwamoto, Tatsuhiko Sato, Takuya Furuta, Tatsuhiko Ogawa,Shinichiro Abe, Hiroshi Nakashima, Tokio Fukahori, Keisuke Okumura, and Tetsuya Kai,
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA).
Hiroshi Iwase,High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK).

1 INTRODUCTION

6

Satoshi Chiba,
Tokyo Institute of Technology (TITech).
Lembit Sihver,
Chalmers University, Sweden.
The following members also contributed to the development of PH I TS .
Hiroshi Takada, Shin-ichro Meigo, Makoto Teshigawara, Fujio Maekawa, Masahide Harada, Yujiro Ikeda,
and Yukio Sakamoto, Shusaku Noda,
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA).
Takashi Nakamura,Tohoku University.
Davide Mancusi,
Chalmers University, Sweden.

1.3 Reference of PHITS
Please refer the following document in context of using any version of PHITS.
• T. Sato, K. Niita, N. Matsuda, S. Hashimoto, Y. Iwamoto, S. Noda, T. Ogawa, H. Iwase, H. Nakashima, T.
Fukahori, K. Okumura, T. Kai, S. Chiba, T. Furuta and L. Sihver, Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code
System PHITS, Version 2.52, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 50:9, 913-923 (2013).
This is an open access article, and you can download it fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2013.814553
Other articles that describe the features of PHITS are:• H. Iwase, K. Niita, T.Nakamura, Development of general purpose particle and heavy ion transport Monte
Carlo code. J Nucl Sci Technol. 39, 1142-1151 (2002).
• K. Niita, T. Sato, H. Iwase, H. Nose, H. Nakashima and L. Sihver, Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code
System; PHITS, Radiat. Meas. 41, 1080-1090 (2006).
• L. Sihver, D. Mancusi, T. Sato, K. Niita, H. Iwase, Y. Iwamoto, N. Matsuda, H. Nakashima, Y. Sakamoto,
Recent developments and benchmarking of the PHITS code, Adv. Space Res. 40, 1320-1331 (2007).
• L. Sihver, T. Sato, K. Gustafsson, D. Mancusi, H. Iwase, K. Niita, H. Nakashima, Y. Sakamoto, Y. Iwamoto
and N. Matsuda, An update about recent developments of the PHITS code, Adv. Space Res. 45, 892-899(2010).
• K. Niita, N. Matsuda, Y. Iwamoto, H. Iwase, T. Sato, H. Nakashima, Y. Sakamoto and L. Sihver, PHITS:
Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System, Version 2.23, JAEA-Data/Code 2010-022 (2010).
• K. Niita, H. Iwase, T. Sato, Y. Iwamoto, N. Matsuda, Y. Sakamoto, H. Nakashima, D. Mancusi and L. Sihver,
Recent developments of the PHITS code, Prog. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 1, 1-6 (2011).

7

2

Installation, compilation and execution of PHITSThe source code of PH I TS is written in Fortran, and can be compiled and executed on various operating
system, such as Windows, Mac and Linux. For Windows and Mac, the executable file compiled by Intel Fortranwas included in the PH I TS package. Thus, you can execute PH I TS in Windows and Mac without compiling it. For
Linux, you must compile PH I TS by yourself using make command coupled with an appropriate Fortran compiler.

2.1 Operating environment
PH I TS can be executed on Windows (XP or later), Mac (OS X v10.6 or later), Linux, and Unix operating
systems. Recommended system requirements for PH I TS are 2GB of RAM and 6GB (at least 4GB is required) ofavailable space on hard disk.
There is no software you have to pre-install before using PH I TS . However, we recommend you to install a text
editor that can display line numbers, since line number is specified if you make a mistake in your PH I TS input file.
Furthermore, installation of Ghostscript and GSview is required to display image files created by PH I TS , which
are written in the EPS format. An example of free text editor for Windows is• Crimson Editor (http://www.crimsoneditor.com/).
For details of the installation of Ghostscript and GSview, see the following web pages.
• Ghostscript (http://www.ghostscript.com/)• GSview (http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/ ghost/gsview/index.htm)
You have to recompile the source code in order to extend memory usage of PH I TS (see Sec. 2.9) or define an
original radiation source using usrsors.f (see Sec. 4.3.14). Our recommended Fortran compilers are Intel FortranCompiler 11.1 (or later) and gfortran 4.71 (or later). If you use other compilers, errors may occur in compiling or
executing PH I TS .

2.2 Installation and execution on Windows
For Windows, you can install and execute PH I TS in the following way.
(1) If you have installed a previous version of PH I TS , rename the installed folder to “phits-old” or similar.
(2) Double click “setup-eng.vbs” .
(3) Define install folder (We recommend to select “c:\” ).
(4) Right click “\phits\lecture\lec01\lec01.in” and select “send to” → “phits” .
(5) Check whether “xz track all.eps” is created or not.
If you want to execute PH I TS in the memory-shared parallel mode, you have to change the environmental variable “PHITS PARALLEL” to the number of cores you want to use. You can specify this variable in “phits.bat” inthe “\phits\bin” folder. From version 2.73, the installed executable file of the OpenMP version is available only
on the 64-bit Windows system.
The installer “setup-eng.vbs” performs the following processes.
(1) Extract “phits.zip” into the specified installation folder.
(2) Add “\phits\bin\” in the environment variable “PATH” .
(3) Make shortcuts of three batch files, “phits.bat” and “angel.bat” in “\phits\bin” folder and “dchain.bat” in“\phits\dchain-sp\bin” folder, in “sendto” folder.
(4) Revise the first line of the nuclear data list file “xsdir.jnd” in the “\phits\data” folder as datapath=‘theinstallation folder’+ ‘\phits\XS’.

2 INSTALLATION, COMPILATION AND EXECUTION OF PHITS

8

2.3 Installation and execution on Mac
Installation
Double-click “phits installer” included in the “Mac” folder of the DVD or USB flash drive, and specify an
installation folder for PH I TS . Then, “phits” folder, which includes all contents of PH I TS such as executable files,
source code, documents for lecture, and sample input files of PH I TS , is created in the specified folder.
(Note #1) You cannot change the folder name after installation. If you want to change the name, you haveto install again.
(Note #2) In the case that the “phits” folder already exists in the specified installation folder, it would be
renamed “phits[today’s date].[current time]” .

Execution
You can execute PH I TS by drag and drop an input file onto a blue icon of PH I TS on Dock. Results of PH I TS are
created in the folder containing the input file.
If you want to execute PH I TS in the memory-shared parallel mode, you have to change the setup file of PH I TS
on Dock according to the following procedure.
(1) Right click the PH I TS icon on Dock.
(2) Select “option”→“Finder”(A folder /phits-oﬃce/phits/bin will be displayed.)(3) Right click the PH I TS icon in bin folder.
(4) Select “display contents of package”.
(5) Open a file “Contents/document.wflow”by a text editor.
(6) Comment out a line around the 63rd line, where the executable file for the single-core is specified, as follows:# phitsexe="/Users/phits-office/phits/bin/phits273_mac.exe"(7) Rewrite the next 4 lines, where text about the executable file for the OpenMP version is written, as follows:(specify the number of cores for the parallel computing by OMP NUM THREADS)# If you would like to use OpenMP version, please use the following commands
phitsexe="/Users/phits-office/phits/bin/phits273_mac_openmp.exe"# Please input your machine thread number when you use OpenMP version
export OMP_NUM_THREADS=4(8) Save “Contents/document.wflow”.

Other usage
When you use PH I TS with “Terminal.app” , you have to type as follows:echo ’export PATH=/PATH-TO-PHITS/phits/bin:${PATH}’ >> ˜/.bash_profile
source ˜/.bash_profile
where “/PATH-TO-PHITS” should be changed your installation folder (e.g. /Users/noda). Then, you can execute
PH I TS with a command as below:
phits250_mac.exe < your_input

2.4

Compilation using “make” command for Windows, Mac, and Linux

2.4

9

Compilation using “make” command for Windows, Mac, and LinuxYou can compile the PH I TS code using “make” command. For this purpose, the “makefile” file in “src” folder
should be revised to be suitable for your own computer. For example, in the case of compilation using Intel
Fortran Compiler on Linux, you should set “ENVFLAGS” written in “makefile” to be “LinIfort” . If you want toexecute PH I TS on a parallel computing using MPI and OpenMP, you have to set “MPIFLGS” and “OMPFLAGS” ,respectively, to be “true” . Since compiler options written in “makefile” are just examples, and you may have tochange them to be suitable for your computer environment.
If you use option ‘-j’ in the “make” command, you will get many errors because the order of compiling files
should not be changed in the make of PH I TS . (‘-j’ option changes the order). In that case, you have to type ‘make-j’ again, or do not use ‘-j’ option, then you will succeed in making the PH I TS executable.
If you want to use gfortran for Windows, you can download the latest version of the installer from “Bundle
Installer” on the web site below.
• TDM-GCC (http://tdm-gcc.tdragon.net/download)(Note #1) Select “Create” in the first setup page.
(Note #2) Change “Select the type of install:” to “TDM-GCC Recommended, All Packages” in the page of“New Installation: Choose Components”.
When you installed this package, you can use “mingw32-make” command as “make” command.
In order to make PH I TS applicable to the memory-shared computing, the source code of PH I TS was dramaticallyrevised from version 2.50. The status of most variables used in PH I TS was changed from “static” to “dynamic” .
Consequently, PH I TS 2.50 or later cannot be compiled by old Fortran compilers such as f77 and g77. Therefore,
Fortran compilers recommended by PH I TS oﬃce are Intel Fortran Compiler 11.1 (or later) and gfortran 4.71 (orlater).

2.5 Compilation using Microsoft Visual Studio with Intel Fortran for Windows
In “\phits\bin” folder, a solution file (“bin.sln” ) and a project file (“phits-intel.proj” ) are included, which arerequired for compiling PH I TS using Microsoft Visual Studio coupled with Intel Fortran. You can compile PH I TS
using these files as follows.
(1) Double-click the “bin.sln” file. (This file may be automatically updated when you use a new version ofVisual Studio or Intel Fortran. You cannot open these files if you use an older version of Visual Studio(before 2005) and/or Intel Fortran (before 11.1).
(2) Build “phits-intel.vfproj” in the release mode.
(3) Make an input file for PH I TS in the “bin” folder.
(4) Execute the project in the release mode.
(5) Type ‘file=input file name’ in the console window.
(6) Check whether “xz track all.eps” is created or not.
If you want to compile PH I TS in the memory-shared parallel mode, you have to change “a-angel.f” to “a-angelwinopenmp.f” in “Source files” of “phits-intel.vfproj” , and add ‘/Qopenmp’ in the additional option window (seeproject → property → Fortran → command line), before building “phits-intel.proj” .
If you want to use your compiled PH I TS using the “sendto” command, please rewrite the environmental variable“PHITS EXE” written in “phits.bat” , e.g.
set PHITS_EXE=C:\phits\bin\Release\phits-intel.exe
Although you can also use the “sendto” command renaming the compiled PH I TS to the original file name, e.g.
phits264 win.exe, please don’t delete the original one because it will be required when PH I TS is updated.

2 INSTALLATION, COMPILATION AND EXECUTION OF PHITS

10

2.6 Compilation of ANGELAN GE L is a computer program for making graphs in the EPS (Enhanced PostScript) format using simple input
files. Namely, AN GE L converts a file written by AN GE L computer language, which consists the minimum orderto make a figure from numerical data, to that by PostScript one, which is a page description language created by
Adobe Systems.
AN GE L is included in the PH I TS sources, in other words, AN GE L is installed automatically in the PH I TS code.
But you will need a stand-alone AN GE L for oﬀ line plotting. You can compile the stand-alone AN GE L easily using
the “make.ang” file, which is included in the PH I TS source files. After modify the “make.ang” , execute ‘make -f
make.ang’ to compile the stand-alone AN GE L . Please see AN GE L manual in more detail.

2.7 Executable file
PH I TS code can be executed on the UNIX system by the following command,
List 3.1• command line to execute PH ITSphits100 < input.dat > output.dat

where phits100 is the PH I TS executable file, input.dat is the input file of the PH I TS calculation, and output.dat
is the output file for summary and error messages.
You can use the same way on the Windows system unless a parameter infl is used. When you use other files
for the input data with this parameter, the following text should be written in the first line of input.dat.
List 3.2• the first line of the standard input
file = input.dat

This method can be used on the other systems including the UNIX. See section 3.3 for the infl parameter.
If you run the PH I TS code by the parallel computing, the method shown in List 3.1 can not be used even on theUNIX system. Instead you can use the List 3.2 method on the parallel calculation. In addition, PH I TS is forced toread the input file named phits.in on the parallel computing.

2.8 Terminating the PHITS code
Once PH I TS is executed, it creates the batch.now file. The batch.now file contains an elapse information
after every batch. It also contains each PE status on the parallel calculation. You can check if PE abort is occurredby the batch.now.
The first line of the batch.now is written as
1 <--- 1:continue, 0:stop
If you change the value “1” into “0”, the calculation will be terminated and the summary and results are provided
for the histories until terminated. It is an useful function shown in below.
Associated with the batch.now, a new parameter was included by the parameter section. You can specify it as
itall = 2

# (D=0) 0:no tally at batch, 1:same, 2:different

If you set itall = 1, PH I TS outputs the latest results (tally output) after every batch. On the parallel calculation,
results are created by every batch × ( PE −1 ). In the case of itall = 1, the results are overwritten in same files.
On the other case of itall = 2, the results after every batch are written in diﬀerent named file. Results are named
by user specified name + batch number. The final results are written in the user specified file.
By using this functions, you can terminate a PH I TS calculation at any time with checking a latest result. Also
you can monitor the latest results with graphical plot automatically made by PH I TS (See section 5.7.16).
rijk written in the batch.now file is the initial random number of the current batch. For example, in casesof unsuccessful termination of PH I TS , you can reproduce the calculation of the specified batch using the value ofrijk.

2.9 Array sizes

11

2.9 Array sizes
You should check and modify the array sizes described in the param.inc file. The “mdas” is the most importantvariable. It specifies the total size of arrays for geometry, tally output, nuclear data, and bank. You can find out thecurrent use in a input echo (corresponds “ output.dat” in previous example).
The bank size can be set in the parameter section. If the bank becomes full, odd arrays in mdas are used. The
default param.inc is shown below.
List 3.3
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:
27:
28:
29:
30:
31:

• param.inc***************************************************************************’param.inc’***************************************************************************
parameter ( mdas
=120000000 )parameter ( kvlmax =3000 )
parameter ( kvmmax = 1000000 )parameter ( itlmax =60 )parameter ( inevt =70 )parameter ( isrc=
50 )parameter ( latmax = 25000000 )common /mdasa/ das( mdas )common /mdasb/ mmmax*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
*
*
*
mdas
: total memory * 8 = byte**
mmmax : maximum number of total array****kvlmax : maximum number of regions, cell and material**
kvmmax : maximum number of id for regions, cel and material****
itlmax : number of maximum tally entry**
inevt : number of collision type for summary**
isrc: number of multi-source**
latmax : maximum number of lattice in a cell + 1****----------------------------------------------------------------------*

3 INPUT FILE

123

Input FilePH I TS input consists of some sections as listed in Table 3.1 and 3.2. Each sections begins from a [SectionName]. You can put maximum 4 blanks between the line head and the declaration of [Section Name], otherwise(more than 4 blanks) [Section Name] is not recognized as a beginning of a section and the following part isregarded as items of the previous section.

3.1 Sections
Table 3.1 and 3.2 shows the various sections used in PH I TS .
Table 3.1: Sections(1)name[title][parameters][source][material][cell][surface][transform][importance][weight window][volume][temperature][brems bias][photon weight][forced collisions][magnetic field][electro magnetic field][counter][reg name][mat name color][mat time change][super mirror][elastic option][timer][delta ray][multiplier]description
Title
Various type of parameters
Source definition
Material definition
Cell definition by GG
Surface definition by GG
Definition the coordinate transform of GG surface
Region importance definition
Weight window definition
Region volume definition
Cell temperature definition
Bremsstrahlung bias definition
Photon product weight definition
Forced collision definition
Magnetic field definition
Electro-magnetic field definition
Counter definition
Region name definition for graphical plot
Material name and color definition for graphical plot
time dependent material definition
super mirror definition
elastic option definition
timer definition
production of δ-rays
multiplier definition

3.2 Reading control

13

Table 3.2: Sections(2)name[t-track][t-cross][t-heat][t-deposit][t-deposit2][t-yield][t-product][t-dpa][t-let][t-sed][t-time][t-star][t-dchain][t-userdefined][t-gshow][t-rshow][t-3dshow][end]

description
Track length tally definition
Surface crossing tally definition
Heat developing tally definition
Deposit tally definition
Deposit2 tally definition
Residual nuclei yield tally definition
Produced particle tally definition
DPA tally definition
LET tally definition
SED tally definition
Time tally definition
Star density tally definition
Dchain tally definition
User defined tally definition
Region surface display definition for graphical plot
Physical quantity region display definition for graphical plot
3D graphical geometry plot definition
End of input file

It is noted that PH I TS does not read any input informations which are written below the [end] section.

3.2 Reading control(1) Uppercase, lowercase, blank
Discrimination between lowercase and uppercase characters is not performed in the PH I TS input except forfile names. Blanks at line head and end are taken no account except for the declaration of the [SectionName] as described before.
(2) TabA tab is replaced into 8 blanks.
(3) Line connecting
The maximum number of characters that you can write in a line is 200. If you add “ \ ” at line end, thenext line is considered to be a continuation line. You can use multiple lines to write input data by the “ \ ”
connecting. But you don’t need to use the “ \ ” connecting in the [cell] and [surface] sections. In thesearea, line is connected automatically without any symbol. Note that more than 4 blanks are required at theline head of connected line. Details of this function are explained later.
(4) Line dividing
Short lines can be displayed in a line by dividing “ ; ” asidbg = 0 ; ibod = 1 ; naz = 0
But this function is not available where the format is defined such as in the mesh description.
(5) Comment marks
You can use the following comment marks “#”, “%”, “!”, “$”. The comment out is eﬀective from thecomment mark to the line end. You can also use “c” as a comment mark if you put “c” in the first 5 column
at line head with blanks as “c ”. In the [cell] and [surface] sections, “#” is used for cell definitions, so
only “$” is available as the comment mark in these [cell] and [surface] sections.
(6) Blank lines
Blank lines, and lines which begins from a comment mark are skipped.

3 INPUT FILE

14(7) Section reading skip
If you add “off” after a section name as “[Section Name] off” the section is skipped (is not read).
(8) Skip in sections
You can skip from any place in sections by putting qp: at the line head. Lines from qp: to the end of thesection are skipped.
(9) Skip all
q: can be used as a terminator of a input file. It works same as the [end].

3.3 Inserting files
You can include other files in any place by{ f ile.name } [ n1 − n2 ]infl:

You should specify a name of a file to be inserted in { }, and the number of lines from n1 to n2 of that file in [ ]. If
there is no [ ], PH I TS includes all lines of the specified file. You can use following style to specify line numbers,[ n1 − ],[ −n2 ].
From line number n1 to the end, and from top to line number n2 respectively. The file insertion can be nested morethan once. The including file can be nested more than once.
When you use the command-line interpreter (Command prompt) on the Windows system for executing PH I TS
, you have to be careful. If infl is used, you should write the following text in the first line of the input file.
file = input.dat

Here, input.dat is the input file name. See section 2.7.

3.4 User definition constant
You can set your own constant as

set:

c1[ 52.3 ] c2[ 2 * pi ] c3[ c1 * 1.e-8 ]This “set” definition can be written in anywhere. Defined user-constants can be used as numerical values in yourinput file. User-constants can be re-defined any time, and these values are kept until re-defined. In the 3rd case ofabove example (c3), another user-constant c1 is called in a user-constant definition. In the case, the value in which
the user-constant c1 keeps at that time, is used. So even if you re-define the c1 below the c3 definition, the valueof c3 defined here is not changed. pi is set to the value of π by default.

3.5 Using mathematical expressions
Mathematical expressions can be used in your input file. It is Fortran style. Available functions are shown in
Table 3.3.
For example,
param = c1 * 3.5 * sin( 55 * pi / 180 )3.5 Using mathematical expressions

15

Table 3.3: Intrinsic Function.

FLOAT
MOD
COS

INT
NINT
COSH

ABS
SIGN
SIN

Intrinsic
EXP
SQRT
SINH

Function
LOG
ACOS
TAN

LOG10
ASIN
TANH

MAX
ATAN

MIN
ATAN2

As above example as a single numerical value is expected after param =, you can put blanks in the expressions.
However it is not allowed that multiple numerical values are aligned in some sections. In such region, you canclose the expressions using { }, like { c1 * 2 / pi }.

3 INPUT FILE

16

3.6 Particle identification
Available particles in PH I TS are identified as in Table 3.4. These particles can be specified by the symbol or the
kf-code. The particles which is not specified the symbol in Table 3.4, are specified by only kf-code.
The other particles identified as type 11 can be defined by the kf-code as shown in followings, and these
decay-channels and life-times are also shown in below.
By adopting the QMD code, nucleus can be treated in PH I TS . The writing form of nuclide is as 208Pb, 56Fe.
The writing style Pb, Fe, etc., means all isotopes (This can not be used as projectile). Nucleus can be described by
kf=Z * 1000000 + A for the kf-code.
In the previous version of PH I TS , the photon was called “gamma” but it is called “photon” in the newer version.

Table 3.4: List of the transport particles.
ityp
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

symbolprotonneutron
pion+
pion0
pion−
muon+
muon−
kaon+
kaon0
kaon−
other
electronpositronphotondeuterontriton3he
alphanucleusallkf-code
2212
2112
211
111
−211
−13
13
321
311
−321
below
11
−11
22
1000002
100000320000032000004
Z*1000000+A−

particle nameprotonneutron
π+
π0
π−
µ+
µ−
K+
K0
K−
other particlee−e+γ
deuterontriton3Heαnucleusall particles

ityp
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

symbol
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−

kf-code+ − 12+ − 14
−2212
−2112
−311
+ − 221331+ − 3122+ − 3222+ − 3212+ − 3112+ − 3322+ − 3312+ − 3334

particle name
νe νe
νµ νµ
p
n
K0
ηη
η′
Λ0 Λ0
Σ+ Σ+
Σ0 Σ0
Σ− Σ−
Ξ0 Ξ0
Ξ− Ξ−
Ω− Ω−

3.6 Particle identification

17

Table 3.5: Decay channel and life time
π
π+
π−
µ+
µ−
K0
0

K+
K−
η

η′

Λ0
Σ+
Σ0
Σ−
Ξ0
Ξ−
Ω−

→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→

γ
µ+
µ−
e+
e−
π+
π0
γ
µ+
π+
µ−
π+
γ
π0
π+
π+
π+
π0
π+
γ
p
n
p
n
Λ0
n
Λ0
Λ0
Λ0
Ξ0
Ξ−

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

γ
νµ
νµ
νe
νe
π−
π0
γ
νµ
π−
νµ
π−
γ
π0
π−
π−
π−
π0
π−
γ
π−
π0
π0
π+
γ
π−
π0
π−
K−
π−
π0

+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+

νµ
νµ

π0
π0
γ
η
η
γ

blanking fraction
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
68.61%
31.39%
other63.51%
other63.51%
other
38.9%
31.9%
23.7%
other
44.1%
20.5%
30.1%
other
64.1%
other
51.57%
other
100%
100%
100%
100%
67.8%
23.6%
other

life time (sec)02.6029e−82.6029e−82.19703e−6
2.19703e−6
8.922e−11

1.2371e−8
1.2371e−8002.631e−10
7.99e−1101.479e−10
2.90e−10
1.639e−10
8.22e−11

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

18

4

Sections format

4.1 [ T i t l e ] section
In the section, you can define a title of your calculation. Any numbers of title lines are allowed. Blank lines
are skipped in this section.

[ T i t l e ]This is a test calculation of PHITS.
Any number of title lines are allowed.
..........

4.2 [ P a r a m e t e r s ] section

19

4.2 [ P a r a m e t e r s ] section
The various parameters of PH I TS can be defined in this section. The format is as below.

[ P a r a m e t e r s ]para1 = number | file.namepara2 = number | file.name..........

You can change the order of parameters. Each parameter has the default value. So undefined parameters use
the default values.
Parameters and default values are shown in followings. (D= ) means the default value.

4.2.1 Calculation mode
Table 4.1: parameter 1
parameter
icntl

value
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
= 2
= 3
= 4
= 5
= 6
= 7
= 8
= 9
= 10
= 11
= 12

explanation
basic control option
normal PH I TS calculation
nuclear reaction calculation, (under development)
output a CGVIEW input file
output only input echo for checking memory usage, and library, and file links
output a MARS-PF input file
no reaction, no ionization. all regions are made be void for geometry check,and volume and area calculations
source check, source particles can be tallied by [t-product]
execute [t-gshow] tally (graphical output)
geometry output of xyz mesh tally with gshow option (graphical output)
execute [t-rshow] tally (graphical output)
geometry output of reg mesh tally with rshow option (graphical output)
execute [t-3dshow] tally (graphical output)
re-calculate from dumpall file, dumpall file is specified by file(15)The function of nuclear reaction calculation specified as icntl=1 is under development.
By setting icntl=12, PH I TS re-calculates whole transport by reading the information from dumpall file, whichis created by dumpall=1 option. The re-calculation can describe whole transport events which were calculated
before. One needs the same input file as used in the previous calculation. maxcas and maxbch cannot be changed,
but are read from the file. It is very powerful when you want to calculate diﬀerent tallies which are not used in theprevious calculation. However, please be careful that the calculation with dumpall=1 may create huge dumpall
file. This option is only available for GG geometry.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

20

4.2.2 Number of history and Bank
Table 4.2: parameter 2parameter
irskipvalue(D=0)
irskip>0
irskip<0

rseed

maxcasmaxbchmaxbnkistdev(D=0.0)rseed<0rseed=0
rseed>0(D=10)(D=10)(D=10000)
(D=0)
=-2
=-1
=0
=1
=2

ireschk

(D=0)
=0
=1

explanation
random number control
begin calculation after skipping histories
by number of irskip (for debug)
begin calculation after skipping random numbers
by number of irskip (for manual parallel computing)initial random number option
get a initial random number from starting time.
6647299061401 (default)
use rseed as initial seed of random number
Number of history per 1 batch. The upper limit is 2147483647.
Number of batch. The upper limit is 2147483647.
size of bank array
Control parameter for calculation procedure of statistical uncertainties
and the restart mode.
The restart calculation mode is activated, but if there is no past tally
result, a new calculation is started with istdev=2.
The restart calculation mode is activated, but if there is no past tally
result, a new calculation is started with istdev=1.
istdev is automatically set to 1 for memory-shared parallel
computing, and 2 for the other cases.
A new calculation is started. Statistical uncertainties are estimatedfrom the variances of each batch result.
A new calculation is started. Statistical uncertainties are estimatedfrom the variances of each history result. You cannot select this option
in the memory-shared parallel mode.
Control parameter for tally consistency check.
Check consistency between new and old tally settings.
No check. This option is useful when you set a very complex tallywhose settings are not fully written in the tally output file.

In the PH I TS parallel calculation, number of batch should be an integer multiple of (all number of PE −1). If
not, PH I TS converts automatically the batch number as it becomes an integer multiple and as the total number ofhistory becomes almost same with given total histories. In this case, some comments are output at the end of an
input echo.
The procedure for calculating statistical uncertainties was revised from version 2.50. The function to restart
the PH I TS calculation based on the tally results obtained by past PH I TS simulations was implemented in order toincrease the history number when the number is not enough. In this mode, the initial random seed is also read fromthe past tally file.
In the calculation of statistical uncertainties, you can select two modes, “batch variance mode” and “history
variance mode” , which calculate the standard deviations using variances between tally results of each batch andhistory, respectively. In both modes, standard deviation σ is calculated by
v
u
u
u
N
u
∑
u
u
t
(xi wi /w̄)2 − N X̄ 2
σ=l=1

N(N − 1)

(1)where N is the total batch number (istdev=1) or the total history number (istdev=2), xi and wi are tally results
and the source weight of each sample, respectively, and X̄ and w̄ are the mean values of the tally results and source
weights of N samples, respectively. The ratio of σ to X̄ is written as relative error in the tally output file. When

4.2 [ P a r a m e t e r s ] section

21

you use the shared-memory parallel computing, you can select only the batch variance mode, since it is impossible
to calculate the tallied quantities history by history using the shared-memory parallel computing. The standard
deviations calculated by the batch variance mode vary with the combination of maxcas and maxbch, even for thesame total history number. In principle, larger maxbch gives more reliable statistical uncertainties in the batch
variance mode, but it may take longer computational time. We recommend setting maxbch to more than 10 toobtain reliable results. On the other hand, in the history variance mode, the standard deviation depends only on the
total history number, and they are independent of the combination of maxcas and maxbch. Therefore, the history
variance mode (istdev = 2) is recommended to be selected except for the memory-shared parallel computing.
However, the computational time occasionally becomes extremely long in the history variance mode, especiallyin the case of tallies using a lot of memories, e.g. xyz mesh tally with very fine structure. In the tallies forcalculating the variance of deposition energies by each history such as [t-deposit] tally with output=depositand [t-deposit2], the standard errors instead√of the standard deviations are outputted as the relative errors. The
relative standard errors can be estimated by 1/ K where K is the number of history contributing to the result of
the tally. This calculation procedure is independent of the istdev parameter.
Relative errors are generally outputted in the “r.err” column, which is placed in the rightmost column of thetally results. In the case of 2D-plot such as tallies with axis=xy or rz, errors are output in another file named“* err” , where “*” indicates the file name specified in the tally. For example, when file=tally.out, the nameof the error file is “tally err.out” . This error file has the same format of the conventional tally output file. Hence,
you can obtain a graph for the error in 2D-plot through a conversion process by AN GE L .
Note that the true value is not always within the error because PH I TS calculates the standard deviation or the
standard error. Furthermore, PH I TS does not estimate systematic errors due to the nuclear reaction model.
When istdev<0, the restart calculation mode is activated, but if there is no past tally result, a new calculationis started with istdev = abs(istdev); namely the batch and history variance modes are selected for istdev =-1 and -2, respectively. In the case of the restart calculation, the variance mode is automatically determined fromthe past PH I TS calculation. You have to set the same tally parameters as written in the past tally results, but you
can add new tallies in the restart calculation. The procedure for the restart calculation is given below:(1) Check whether the file specified by resfile in each tally section exists or not. The default file name of“resfile” is that given by file parameter.
(2) If there is no resfile for a tally, it is regarded as new one. If “resfile” for all tallies cannot be found, a new
calculation is started with istdev = abs(istdev).
(3) If resfile exists, PH I TS reads from the file about the information on the variance mode istdev, total weightresc2, total history number resc3, history number per batch maxcas, and the next random seed rijklst,
and results and relative errors of the past calculation.
(4) Check the consistency between tally parameters given in the current and past PH I TS input files. If they are
not consistent each other, PH I TS stops the calculation and output an error message. It should be noted thatthe consistencies of not all tally parameters are checked in this process.
(5) Check the consistency of istdev and maxcas (in the batch variance mode only) among the resfiles. If they
are consistent, the restart calculation is performed using those valued. If the inconsistency is found, thecalculation is stopped.
(6) Change the initial random seed to rijklst obtained from the first resfile. If rijklst written in resfiles are
diﬀerent from one another, a warning message is outputted.
(7) When the restart calculation is finished, the tally results are outputted in the file specified by file=. In thecase that “resfile” is not specified, the past tally results are overwritten.
Important notice:
I. All past tally results should be calculated in the same variance mode: i.e. istdev in all “resfile” should be
the same.
II. maxcas written in the input file is not used in the restart calculation of the batch variance mode.
III. The consistencies of input parameters except for those given in the tally sections are not checked. Hence,
you have to make them identical by yourself in the restart calculation.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

22

4.2.3 Cut oﬀ energy and switching energy
Table 4.3: parameter 3
parameteremin(1)emin(2)emin(i)

esmin
esmax
cmin(i)value(D=1.0)(D=1.0)(D=1.0)i = 3-10(D=2.0)(D=1.e+9)i = 12-19
i = 15-19(D=0.001)(D=300000)(D=emin(i))

dmax(i)i = 15-19(D=emin(i))

emin(11)emin(i)explanation
proton cut oﬀ energy (MeV)
neutron cut oﬀ energy (MeV)
cut oﬀ energy for i-th particle (MeV)(i; particle id, see Table 3.4)
cut oﬀ energy for others (MeV)
cut oﬀ energy for i-th particle (MeV)(i; particle id, see Table 3.4)
energy unit is [MeV/nucleon]
minimum energy for range calculation for the charge particles (MeV)
maximum energy for range calculation for the charge particles (MeV)
nuclear reaction cut oﬀ energy for i-th particle (MeV)
any nuclear reactions under cmin(i) are not treated
for these nucleus, energy unit is [MeV/nucleon]
maximum energy of library use for i-th particle

A value itself given by these parameters is included in a lower limit, and not included in a upper limit. For
example, a proton at just the energy of emin(1) is not cut oﬀ.
PH I TS uses libraries in the energy region emin < energy < dmax. If you set emin ≥ dmax, any libraries are notused. The maximum energies for proton, neutron, photon, and electron are 3 GeV, 3 GeV, 100 GeV, and 10 GeV,
respectively, in this version.
We create the range table of charge particles in esmin < energy < esmax. If you want to use much larger
energy, you should set esmax.

4.2 [ P a r a m e t e r s ] section

23

Table 4.4: parameter 4
parameter
ejamnuvalue(D=20.)

ejampi(D=20.)

eisobar(D=0.0)eqmdnu(D=20.)

eqmdminejamqmd
inclg(D=10.0)(D=3500.0)
(D=1)
=0
=1
=2
(D=1.0)(D=3000.0)
(D=0)
=0
=1
(D=1.0)(D=3500.0)
(D=0)
=0
=1

einclmineinclmaxincelfeielfmineielfmax
irqmd

explanation
switching energy of nucleon nucleus reaction calculationfrom Bertini (or QMD) to JAM model (MeV)
switching energy of pion nucleus reaction calculationfrom Bertini to JAM model (MeV)
maximum energy (MeV) of isobar calculation
when isobar is defined (isobar=1)
switching energy of nucleon nucleus reaction calculationfrom Bertini to QMD model (MeV)
minimum energy of QMD calculation [MeV/nucleon]switching energy from JQMD to JAMQMD [MeV/nucleon]
Control parameter for use of INCL.
Not use of INCL.
Use of INCL in a proton, neutron, pion, d, t,3 He, or α induced reaction.
Use of INCL in a proton, neutron, or pion induced reaction.
Minimum energy of INCL calculation (MeV/u).
Maximum energy of INCL calculation (MeV/u).
Control parameter for use of INC-ELF.
Not use of INC-ELF.
Use of INC-ELF in a proton or neutron induced reaction.
Minimum energy of INC-ELF calculation (MeV).
Maximum energy of INC-ELF calculation (MeV).
Control parameter for use of JQMD or R-JQMD.
Use of JQMD in nuclear reactions.
Use of R-JQMD in nuclear reactions.

Below eqmdmin, we do not consider the nuclear reactions of d, t, α, and nucleus. Since the applicability of
QMD is restricted in low energy region and the range of nucleus is very short in the normal material, one do notneed consider the low energy reactions of nucleus for usual case. High energy heavy ion collisions are treatedby JAMQMD above 3.5GeV/u in default. This switching energy can be changed by e jamqmd. Even for nucleon
induced collisions, you can calculate the collisions by JAMQMD by changing eqmdnu, e jamnu and e jamqmd.
INCL (Intra-Nuclear Cascade of Liège) is a nuclear reaction model for nucleons (proton and neutron), pions,and light-ions (d, t,3 He, or α) induced reactions. From version 2.50, INCL is used by default for these reactions
if you don’t explicitly specify the nuclear reaction model. In the case of using results obtained by INCL in yourpublication, please refer a document3 shown below.
INC-ELF(Intra-Nuclear Cascade with Emission of Light Fragment) is a nuclear reaction model for nucleons
induced reactions. In the case of using results obtained by INC-ELF in your publication, please refer a document4
shown below.
JQMD and R-JQMD are the nuclear reaction models. In particular, heavy-ions induced reactions can be described by these models. In PH I TS Ver. 2.7 and later, users can use R-JQMD in alternative to the conventional
JQMD. R-JQMD describes reactions, particularly peripheral collisions, more reasonably than JQMD. Users should
be aware that R-JQMD may take twice or more CPU time than JQMD.

3 A. Boudard, J. Cugnon, J.-C. David, S. Leray, and D. Mancusi, Phys. Rev C87, 014606 (2013).
4 Y. Sawada, Y. Uozumi, S. Nogamine, T. Yamada, Y. Iwamoto, T. Sato, and K. Niita, Nucl. Instr. & Meth. B 291, 38-44 (2012).

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

24(1MeV)(=emin)(3.0GeV)emin(i)dmax(i)einclmax

NucleonLibrary

INCL (inclg=1)

JAM(1MeV)(3.0GeV)emin(i)einclmax

Pion

JAM

INCL (inclg=1)(10MeV/u)(3.5GeV/u)

eqmdminejamqmd

Nucleus(d, t, 3He, α)

JQMDINCL (inclg=1)

Kaon, Hyperon

JAMQMD
JAM

Figure 4.1: Map of Nuclear Reaction Models.

4.2.4 Cut oﬀ time, cut oﬀ weight, and weight window
Table 4.5: parameter 5parametertmax(i)
wc1(i)
wc2(i)
swtm(i)wupn

value(D=1.e+9)i = 1-20(D=-0.5)(D=wc1/2)(D=1.0)(D=5)

wsurvn(0.6*wupn)

mxspln(D=5)

mwhere(D=0)

explanation
cut oﬀ time for i-th particle (nsec)(i; particle id, see Table 3.4)
minimum weight for i-th particle
cutoﬀ weight for i-th particle
minimum source weight for i-th particle
maximum value of weight window= minimum value in [Weight Window] section × wupn
wupn ≥ 2
survival weight value
1 < wsurvn < wupn
maximum number of split, maximum multiple number of survival
mxspln > 1
where the weight window takes place-1: at nuclear reaction, 0:both, 1: at region crossing

Cut oﬀ time should be specified as tmax(i)= [nsec] for each particle. After elapsing the cut oﬀ time, theparticle is killed. It is not eﬀective to results for high energy particle transport, but it is useful for low energy
particle transport calculation.
Weight of a particle is changed by the importance, forced collisions, implicit captures, and weight windowfunctions. When the weight takes lower value than user-defined weight cut oﬀ, the particle is judged if it is killed
or not by the Russian roulette method. This function is not available for particles defined in the weight window.
In the Russian roulette method, when the weight WGT is lower than the product of WC2 and ratio R of two
importances between at source point and at current point, WC2 × R (i.e., when WGT < WC2 × R), the particle
survives with a probability, WGT/(WC1×R), which is a function of own weight WGT . Then the weight is changed
as WGT = WC1 × R. Unless, the particle is killed. If the WC1 and WC2 are given as negative, |WC1| × S WT M
and |WC2| × S WT M are set as WC1 and WC2.
If there are any particles and regions which are not set importance, these importances are set as 1

4.2 [ P a r a m e t e r s ] section

25

4.2.5 Model option (1)Table 4.6: parameter 6
parameter
ielas

ielms
inmed

nevap

ismm

value
(D=2)
= 0
= 1
= 2
(D=100)
(D=1)
= 0
= 1
= 2
(D=3)
= 0
= 1
= 2
= 3
(D=0)
= 0
= 1

igamma

(D=0)
= 0
= 1
= 2
= 3

isobar

(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=3)
= 1
= 2
= 3

ipreeqlevel

explanation
elastic scattering option
exclude elastic scatterinclude neutron elastic scatterinclude neutron and proton elastic scatter
number of angle group for elastic scattering
nucleon-nucleon cross section options for Bertini model
free (nmtclb25.dat)
Cugnon old (nmtclb95.dat)
Cugnon new (nmtclb30.dat)
options for Evaporation model
without evaporation modelusing DRES modelusing SDM modelusing GEM model
Control parameter of Statistical Multi-fragmentation Model (SMM)
SMM is not used.
SMM is used. When a JQMD calculation is performed, switchingtime from JQMD to GEM changes from 100fm/c, which is the default
value, to 75fm/c.
γ decay option for residual nuclei
without γ decay
with γ decay
with γ decay based on EBITEM modelwith γ decay and isomer production based on EBITEM model
Until ver. 2.73, file(14)=trxcrd.dat is requiredfor igamma=1-3.
options for isobar model
without isobarwith isobar
options for pre-equilibrium model (when nevap=1)
without pre-equilibrium modelwith pre-equilibrium modellevel density option when nevap=1
8/A
with Baba’s parameterswith Ignatyuk’s parameters

It is noted that inmed=1 is the default value.
Using the Statistical Multi-fragmentation Model (SMM), the accuracy of calculating the production cross sections of light and medium-heavy fragments is improved in collisions of heavy ions such as Pb and Hg or forincident energies over 100 MeV/u. It should be noted that the computational time becomes long using this model.
See the documents5 6 below for detail.
When igamma=3, you can obtain information on the isomer production using [t-yield] with axis=chartor dchain. See the document7 for detail.

5 T. Ogawa, T. Sato, S. Hashimoto, and K. Niita, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 723 (2013) 36-46.
6 J.P. Bondorf, A.S. Botvina, A.S. Iljinov, I.N. Mishustin, and K. Sneppen, Physics Reports 257 (1995) 133-221.
7 T. Ogawa, S. Hashimoto, T. Sato, and K. Niita, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 325 (2014) 35-42.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

26

4.2.6 Model option (2)Table 4.7: parameter 7
parameter
ieleh

value
(D=0)
= 0
= 1

ipnint

(D=0)
= 0
= 1

imucap(D=0)

imuintemuminemumaxnpidk

imagnfielctfandit

icxsni

icrhi

= 0
= 1
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=200.0)(D=1.0e+6)
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
= 2
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
= 2
(D=1)
= 0
= 1
= 2

explanation
options for electron and positron transport
no slowing down, no reaction, in the energy region above dmax(12)make e=dmax(12), and weight=e/dmax(12)in the energy region above dmax(12)Options for photo-nuclear reaction.
This reaction mechanism is not taken into account.
This reaction mechanism is taken into account.
(Until ver. 2.30, this parameter was ipngdr.)
Options for capture reaction of negative-muon. Characteristic X-ray
production from muonic atoms and nuclear absorption are considered.
This reaction mechanism is not taken into account.
This reaction mechanism is taken into account.
Options for muon-induced nuclear reaction based on the virtual photon theory.
This reaction mechanism is not taken into account.
This reaction mechanism is taken into account.
Minimum energy of muon-induced nuclear reaction (MeV).
Maximum energy of muon-induced nuclear reaction (MeV).
treatment of minus charged decay particles below cut oﬀ energy
make absorbed by force
make decayed
Magnetic field
without Magnetic fieldwith Magnetic field
Electro-Magnetic field
without Electro-Magnetic fieldwith Electro-Magnetic field∆ angular distribution for Bertini
50% isotropic, 50% forward
all isotropic
all forward
Option for reaction, elastic, and total cross sections in nucleon-nucleus collisions.
Pearlstein-Niita’ formula
KUROTAMA model
Sato’ formulaoption for total cross section for Nucleus-Nucleus collision
Shen formulaNASA formula
KUROTAMA model

If a particle, which has decay channel, takes lower energy than cut oﬀ, the particle decays completely. In suchdecay particles, minus charged particles with npidk = 0, are forced to take reaction for the purpose of forced
absorption. If it is not absorbed, then the particle is made decayed.
KUROTAMA model gives reaction cross sections of nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus for wide incident
energy region. See the document8 dbelow for detail. You have to refer this document when you use the results
obtained by the KUROTAMA model in your publications.
Cross sections of the muon-induced nuclear reaction depend on emumin. If you change emumin, values of thecross sections also change in the whole energy range.
8 K. Iida, A. Kohama, and K. Oyamatsu, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 76, 044201 (2007).

4.2 [ P a r a m e t e r s ] section

27

4.2.7 Model option (3)Table 4.8: parameter 8
parameter
idwba

gravx
gravy
gravz
ndedx

ih2o

nspredascat1
ascat2
nedispe-mode

value
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=0)
(D=0)
(D=0)
(D=2)
= 0
= 1
= 2
(D=-1)
< 0
> 0
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
= 2
= 10
(D=13.6)(D=0.088)
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
= 10
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
= 2

explanation
Option for DWBA spectra
without discrete spectra of DWBA
with discrete spectra of DWBA
x-component of gravity direction
y-component of gravity direction
z-component of gravity direction
option for dE/dx of charged particle and nucleus
SPAR for nucleus, NMTC for the others
ATIMA for nucleus and proton, NMTC for the others
SPAR for nucleus, proton, pion, and muon, NMTC for the others
Water (only for H2O) Ionization Potential option for ATIMA
default, 75 eV
Ionization Potential for water(eV)
Option for Coulomb diﬀusion (angle straggling)
without Coulomb diﬀusion
with Coulomb diﬀusion by the NMTC original modelwith Coulomb diﬀusion by Lynch’s formula based on the Moliere theory9
with Coulomb diﬀusion by ATIMA
S 2 parameter in Lynch’s formula for nspred = 2.
ϵ parameter in Lynch’s formula for nspred = 2.
energy straggling option for charged particle and nucleus
without energy straggling
with Landau Vavilov energy straggling
with energy straggling for ATIMA
option for event generator mode
Normal mode.
Event generator mode Ver.1.
Event generator mode Ver.2.
Until ver. 2.73, file(14)=trxcrd.dat is required for e-mode=1,2.

When you set idwba = 1, discrete spectra calculated by DWBA (Distorted Wave Born Approximation) areadded to neutron and proton spectra obtained with other nuclear reaction model, for the following reactions.
7

Li(p, n)7 Be reactions for 30–400 MeV
Be(p, n)9 B reactions for 10–50 MeV
6,7
Li(d, n)7,8 Be and 6,7 Li(d, p)7,8 Li reactions for 10–50 MeV
9Be(d, n)10 B and 9 Be(d, p)10 Be reactions for 5–25 MeV
12,13C(d, n)13,14 and 12,13 C(d, p)13,14 C reactions for 10–50 MeV
9gravx, gravy, gravz represent directions of gravity. The gravity force acts on neutrons below 1 eV. For an
example, for gravx=1, gravy=0, gravz=0 case, the direction of the gravity is negative direction of x-axis.
It should be noted that the default option for ndedx was ndedx=0 until PH I TS ver. 2.00.
The option for ATIMA is under development, and it takes very long cpu time to calculate.
See Sec. 4.2.21 for event generator mode. At this moment, a part of event generator mode Ver.2 in the OpenMP
version of PHITS is not available.

9 σ=S

√
2

X/X0
pβ [1 + ϵ log10 (X/X0 )]: Eq.(4) in G.R. Lynch and O.I. Dahl, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res, B 58, 6-10 (1991).

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

28

4.2.8 Model option (4)Table 4.9: parameter 8
parameter
usrmgtusrelst

value
(D=1)
= 1
= 2
(D=1)
= 1
= 2

explanation
option for user subroutine of time dependent magnetic fieldusrmgt1.f is used, which includes Wobbler magnet.
usrmgt2.f is used, which includes Pulse magnet.
option for [elastic option]
usrelst1.f is used, which is for Bragg scattering
usrelst2.f is used, which is a sample program

4.2.9 Output options (1)Table 4.10: parameter 9
parameter
infout

value
(D=7)

nrecover

= 0
= 1
= 2
= 3
= 4
= 5
= 6
= 7
= 8
(D=0)

explanation
Option to specify output information in file(6)See notes under this table for the following numbers.
I
I, II
I, III
I, IV
I, II, III
I, II, IV
I, III, IV
I, II, III, IV, VI
I, II, III, IV, V, VI
Number of output of warning messages when the recovery
of lost particles succeeds.

Parameter infout controls output information in the summary file (file(6)). The information is divided
into the following 6 categories. You can select the output information infout.
I Basic information
LOGO（except for PHITS developers）, calculation process, source, geometry error, random seed, and CPU
summary
II Input echo
III Information on memory usage and batch
IV Information on transport particles
V Detailed information（variance reduction, number of scattered particles for each region, and that for eachmaterial）
VI PHITS developers
The information is outputted in the following order.
(1) LOGO (Category I. Note that only information of developers is category VI.)
Version of PHITS, developers, job title, and starting time4.2 [ P a r a m e t e r s ] section

29(2) Input echo (Category II)
Echo of input file(3) Information on used memory (Category III)
Amount of used memory for geometry, material, tally, bank, and others(4) Information on batch (Category III)
Number of history by each batch and CPU time(5) Information on calculation process (ncol) (Category I)
Number of geometry boundary crossing, reactions, termination by energy cut-oﬀ, etc.
(6) Information on variance reduction (Category V)
Particle weights changed by importance, weight window, and forced collision options(7) Number of scattered particles for each region (Category V)(8) Number of scattered particles for each material (Category V)(9) Number of transport, produced, stop, and leakage particles (Category IV)(10) Number of source particles and their weight (Category I)(11) Geometry error (Category I)
Number of lost particles and their kind(12) Random seed (Category I)
Initial random seed and the next initial random seed(13) CPU summary (Category I)
Total computation time and number of calling each calculation process.
Meaning of each item is as follows: (When icput=0, the information on the computation time except for“total cpu time” is not outputted, and items of “transport” and “set data” are not outputted.)• total cpu time: total computation time
• transport: time for particle transport• set data: time for setting input parameters• analysis: number of data processing• nevap: number of evaporation• dexgam: number of de-excitation• nreac: number of nuclear reaction• dklos: number of particle decay• hydro: number of nucleon-nucleon scattering• n-data: number of using neutron data library• h-data: number of using proton data library• p-data: number of using photon data library• e-data: number of using electron data library• p-egs5: number of photon interaction with EGS5
• e-egs5: number of electron interaction with EGS5
• photonucl: number of photo-nuclear reaction• muon: number of muon-induced nuclear reaction• elast: number of elastic scattering• ncasc: number of nuclear reaction model• bertini: number of using Bertini model• isobar: number of using isobar model4 SECTIONS FORMAT

30• JAM: number of using JAM model• QMD: number of using JQMD model• JAMQMD: number of using JAMQMD model• INCL: number of using INCL model• INCELF: number of using INC-ELF model
When infout=8, information on calculations of each nuclear reaction models is outputted in detail.
• count: number of using the model with each incident particle• real: number of success for the model calculation• %: probability of the model calculation

4.2.10 Output options (2)Table 4.11: parameter 10
parameter
incut

igcut

ipcut

inparaigparaippara

value
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
= 2
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
= 2
= 3
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
= 2
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
= 3
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
= 3
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
= 3
/wk/uname/explanation
neutron output options below cut oﬀ
no output
output in the ncut file specified as file(12)output in file(12) with time information
γ-ray and electron output options below cut oﬀ
no output
output γ-ray data in the gcut file specified as file(13)output γ-ray in file(13) with time information
output γ-ray, electron, and positron data in file(13)proton output options below cut oﬀ
no output
output in the pcut file specified as file(10)output in file(10) with time information
ncut file name options in the parallel calculation/wk/uname/file-name of file(12)/wk/uname/file-name of file(12)+(PE number)file-name of file(12)+(PE number)gcut file name options in the parallel calculation/wk/uname/file-name of file(13)/wk/uname/file-name of file(13)+(PE number)file-name of file(13)+(PE number)pcut file name options/wk/uname/file-name of file(10)/wk/uname/file-name of file(10)+(PE number)file-name of file(10)+(PE number)/wk/ is the default directory nameuname is a user-name read in from environment variable LOGNAME

It is noted that the default of incut and igcut were changed to be 0.
In the parallel computing, files corresponding to each PE (Processor Element) are created for writing the output.
If you set inpara, igpara, or ippara=0 or 1, a file is made in the directory named by /wk/uname/ on each of
the nodes. If you set inpara, igpara, or ippara=1 or 3, the each PE number is put at the end of the filename.
The each PE writes down its result on only the corresponding file.

4.2 [ P a r a m e t e r s ] section31

4.2.11 Output option (3)Table 4.12: parameter 11
parameter
itall

value
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
= 2

itstep

(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
= 2
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=1)
= 0
= 1

imout

jmout

kmout

mataddexplanation
options for tally output after every batchno outputin same filein diﬀerent files
file name = specified file name + batch number
option for timing of tally for changing momentum, like magnetic field
tally at reaction or surface cross (normal)
tally at each step of the transport
option for specifying the output format of [material] section
e.g. mat[12], 208Pb.33ce.g. mat[12], Pb-208.33c
e.g. m12, 82208.33c (MCNP type)
option for specifying the output format of material density in [material] section
no conversion
converting particle density
option of nuclear data information
no display
writing in input echo
treatment of diﬀerent densities in same material in GG
same material number
using new material number

Normally, the tallies are called at the reaction point or at the surface crossing. Thus the particle track in themagnetic field, for an example, is shown as a straight line between collisions or between one collision and surface
crossing. If you specify itstep = 1, the trajectory is described correctly as a curve. The maximum step for themagnetic field is set by deltm.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

32

4.2.12 Output option (4)Table 4.13: parameter 12parameter
iggcm

ivout
ipout

icput

ipara

nwsors

value
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=0)
= 0
(D=1)
(D=0 for GG)
= 0

(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=0)

explanation
option of GG warnings
no echoin input echo
volume display options in the input echoin [volume] section
importance display options in the input echo
in [importance] section
this function is only available when all particles
are set for the same importance value
CPU time count options
without countwith countparameter display options
only described parameters
all parameters
write down the information on nwsors source particles on file(6)CPU time counting is not available by default, for saving calculation time. If you want to know CPU time foreach process, set icput=1.
If you set ipara=1, you can confirm all parameters in the PH I TS code.

4.2 [ P a r a m e t e r s ] section

33

4.2.13 Output option (5)Table 4.14: parameter 13
parameter
ivoxeldumpall

idpara

value
(D=0)
=0
=1
=2
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
= -1
(D=3)
= 0
= 1
= 3
/wk/uname/explanation
read and write voxel data in binary
not using file(18)read from voxel data in binary file(18)write down voxel data in binary on file(18)dumpall option
no dumpwrite down all information on file(15) as binary data
write down all information on file(15) as ASCII data
dumpall file name option in the parallel calculation/wk/uname/file-name of file(15)/wk/uname/file-name of file(15)+(PE number)file-name of file(15)+(PE number)/wk/ is the default directory nameuname is a user-name read in from environment variable LOGNAME

For time shortening, you can use ivoxel parameter. When you perform PH I TS calculation with ivoxel=2,
voxel data are output in file(18) in binary and then the calculation is stopped (continued until ver. 2.30). From
the next calculation with ivoxel=1, a process of the data output is omitted and the calculation time is shortened.
By icntl=12, PH I TS re-calculates whole transport by reading the information from dumpall file, which is created if you use the dumpall option. The re-calculation can describe whole transport events which were calculated
before. One needs the same input file as used in the previous calculation. maxcas and maxbch cannot be changed,
but are read from the file. It is very powerful when you want to calculate diﬀerent tallies which are not used in
the previous calculation. However, please be careful that the calculation with the dumpall option may create huge
dumpall file. This option is only available for GG geometry.
In the parallel computing, files corresponding to each PE (Processor Element) are created for writing andreading dumped data. If you set idpara =0 or 1, a file is made in the directory named by /wk/uname/ on eachof the nodes. If you set idpara =1 or 3, the each IP number is put at the end of the filename. The each PE writes
down its result on only the corresponding file, and reads it from the same file in the re-calculation.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

34

4.2.14 About geometrical errors
Table 4.15: parameter 14
parameter
nlost
igerr
igchk

value
(D=10)
(D=0)
(D=0)

deltb

(D=1.e-5)

deltm
deltc
delt0

(D=20.12345)(D=2.012345)(D=0.1)

deltg
deltt

(D=1.0)(D=1.0)explanation
acceptable value against lost particle (per 1 PE)
number of recovery for region error=0: no region check=1: check region setting flight mesh to deltb after region-crossing
flight mesh (cm) after region-crossing with igchk=1
It is also a distance from a region boundary
where particle is created by the importance, and the forced collision
A maximum of flight mesh (cm).
A maximum of flight mesh (cm) for charged particles with nedisp=1.
A minimum of flight mesh (cm) with nspred=1 or imagnf=1.
Note that when you want to describe a scattering process on thin films
less than 1cm, you should set delt0 to be 1/10 of its thickness.
A maximum of flight mesh (cm) on the magnetic field.
A maximum of flight time (msec) on the time dependent magnetic field.

4.2 [ P a r a m e t e r s ] section

35

4.2.15 Input-output file name
Table 4.16: parameter 15
parameterfile(2)file(3)value(D=cgview.in)(D=cgview.set)

file(4)file(6)(D=marspf.in)(D=phits.out)

file(7)
file(11)file(12)file(13)
file(10)file(15)
file(18)
file(20)
file(21)(D=c:/phits/data/xsdir.jnd)(D=nuclcal.out)(D=fort.12)(D=fort.13)(D=fort.10)(D=dumpall.dat)(D=voxel.bin)(D=c:/phits/XS/egs/)(D=c:/phits/dchain-sp/data/)

explanation
CGVIEW input file name when icntl=2
CGVIEW setup file name when icntl=2
This file becomes CGVIEW setup
MARS-PF input file name when icntl=4
Summary output file name. If not specified, standard
outputcross section directory file namenuclear reaction output file namecut oﬀ neutron output file namecut oﬀ γ-ray output file namecut oﬀ proton output file namedump file name for dumpall=1 option
file name when you use ivoxel=1, 2
Directory containing the library data for EGS5
Directory containing the library data for DCHAIN-SP

file(7) must be written with full pathname.
From ver. 2.74, file(14) parameter is not necessary to be specified in PHITS input file even setting igamma≥1.

4.2.16 Others
Table 4.17: parameter 16
parameterinucr

idam(i)rdam(i)

value
(D=1)
= 1
= 2
= 3
= 4
= 5
= 6
integer
real*8i = 1 - 100

explanation
nuclear reaction options
double diﬀerential cross section calculation
total, elastic, non-elastic cross section output
non-elastic cross section calculation
angular distribution of elastic scattering
pp, np, π-p cross section output
pp, np, π-p, cross section calculation
user defined integer variable
user defined real variable
These values can be used in the PH I TS codeby common /userp/ idam(100), rdam(100)

Nuclear reaction calculation mode by icntl=1 is under developing at present.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

36

4.2.17 Physical parameters for low energy neutron
The following parameters correspond to PHYS (Energy Physics Cutoﬀ Card) for neutron less than 20 MeV.
Table 4.18: parameter 17
parameter
emcnf

value
(D=0.0)

iunr
dnb

(D=0)
(D=-1)=-1= 0> 0

explanationthreshold energy for neutron capture (MeV)
implicit capture is considered above this energy
analog capture is considered below this energy
fixed 0 at present
number of delayed neutron by fission
natural sampling
no delayed neutron
number of neutrons4.2 [ P a r a m e t e r s ] section37

4.2.18 Physical parameters for photon and electron transport based on
the original model
Table 4.19: parameter 18
parameter
emcpf
ides

nocoh

iphot

ibad

istrg

bnum

xnum

enum

numb

value
(D=100)
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=1)
= 0
> 0
(D=1)
= 0
> 0
(D=1)
= 0
> 0
(D=0)
= 0
> 0

explanation
maximum energy for the detail model for photon (MeV)electron creation options by photon
create electron or brems.photon
not create electron
coherent scattering options for photonwith coherent scattering
without coherent scattering
photon creation options by electron
create photon
not create photon
angular distribution option for brems.
full brems. tabular angular distribution
simple brems. angular distribution approximation
straggling
sampled straggling for electron energy loss
expected-value straggling for electron energy loss
brems. photon
not create brems. photon
number of analog brems. photons
x-ray photon
not create x-ray photon
number of analog x-ray photons
secondary electron
not create secondary electron
number of analog secondary electrons
brems. process
nominal brems. production
produce brems. on each substep

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

38

4.2.19 Parameters for EGS5
Table 4.20: parameter 19
parameter
negs

value
(D=0)
= 0

= 1
iegsout

(D=0)
= 0

= 1
= 2
iegsrand(D=-1)< 0= 0> 0
iedgfliaugeriraylrlpolar

(D=1)
= 0
= 1
(D=1)
= 0
= 1
(D=1)
= 0
= 1
(D=0)
= 0
= 1

explanation
Option for the usage of EGS5
do not use EGS5, i.e. use the original model for photon,
electron, and positron transport. Parameters given in
Table 4.19 are activated only in this modeuse EGS5 for photon, electron, and positron transport. You
have to specify file(20) in this mode.EGS5
Option for controlling the EGS5 output files
Delete all EGS5 output files when PHITS calculation isfinished. Some files remains when you terminate the PHITS
calculation by yourself.
Keep egs5.inp, pegs5.dat and pegs5.msfit, and delete the others.
Keep all EGS5 output files. See EGS5 manual10 for the detail ofeach file.
Option for random number used in EGS5. If you set 0 or positive
value to this parameter, you cannot use the MPI parallelization
nor the restart-calculation function.
use random number generated by PHITS
use random number generated by EGS5 with the default initial
random seed (314159265)
use random number generated by EGS5 with the initial random
seed = iegsrandOption for K and L-edge fluorescent photons
Do not explicitly treat K and L-edge fluorescent photons
Explicitly treat K and L-edge fluorescent photons
Option for K and L-edge Auger electrons
Do not explicitly treat K and L-edge Auger electrons
Explicitly treat K and L-edge Auger electrons
Option for coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
Do not consider coherent scattering
Consider coherent scattering
Option for linearly polarized photon scattering(NOT valid at this moment)
Do not consider linearly polarized photon scattering
Consider linearly polarized photon scattering

The maximum number of material is limited to 100 in this mode, and the maximum number of element canbe used in one material is limited to 50. If this value is too small, or too large due to memory problem, change
MXMED parameter in src/include/egs5 h.f, and re-compile PHITS. When you use EGS5, the default values of theminimum and maximum energies for electron, positron, and photon transports are changed to emin(12,13)=0.1,
emin(14)=0.001, and dmax(12-14)=1000.0. You can also change these values by explicitly setting theseparameters. Note that the default values of several EGS5 parameters are diﬀerent from those employed in theoriginal EGS5 code.
[t-track] and [t-cross] tallies with setting axis=eng may give unnatural energy distribution. This is due
to transport algorithm of EGS5, and is not error. In this case, set large mesh size for the energy.
From ver. 2.76, photo-nuclear reaction can be considered in using EGS5. Therefore, an input file with negs=1
and ipnint=1 gives a diﬀerent result from that calculated by the previous version of PHITS.

10 H. Hirayama et al., SLAC-R-730 (2005) and KEK Report 2005-8 (2005).

4.2 [ P a r a m e t e r s ] section

39

Table 4.21: parameter 20
parameter
incohr

value
(D=1)
= 0
= 1

iprofr

(D=1)
= 0
= 1

impacr

(D=1)
= 0
= 1
(D=0)
= 0
= 1
(D=0)

ieisplneisplibrdstiprdstiphteriboundiaprim

(D=1)
= 0
= 1
(D=1)
= 0
= 1
(D=1)
= 0
= 1
(D=1)
= 0
= 1
(D=1)
= 0
= 1
= 2

explanation
Option for incoherent scattering function
Do not use incoherent scattering function for Compton scattering
Use incoherent scattering function for Compton scattering (iboundautomatically becomes 1)
Option for Doppler broadening of Compton scattering energies
Do not consider Doppler broadening
Consider Doppler broadening (incohr and ibound automatically
become 1)
Option for EII（Electron impact ionization）
Do not consider EII
Consider EII
Option for splitting of x-rays generated by electron-impact ionization
No splitting
SplittingNumber of electron-impact ionization x-rays for splitting
when ieispl=1
Option for determining of bremsstrahlung polar angle
Angle given by m/E
Sampling
Option for determining of polar angles of pair electrons
Angle given by m/k
Sampling
Option for determining angular distributions of photoelectrons
Emission in direction of incident photon
Sampling
Option for Compton cross section
Use free Compton cross section
Use bound total Compton cross section
Option for correcting bremsstrahlung cross section
Use Motz et al. empirical
Normalize integrated cross section to ICRU-37 radiative stopping power
No correction

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

40

4.2.20 Dumpall option
By icntl=12, PH I TS re-calculates whole transport by reading the information from dumpall file, which is created if you use the dumpall option. The re-calculation can describe whole transport events which were calculated
before. One needs the same input file as used in the previous calculation. maxcas and maxbch cannot be changed,
but are read from the file. It is very powerful when you want to calculate diﬀerent tallies which are not used in
the previous calculation. However, please be careful that the calculation with the dumpall option may create huge
dumpall file. This option is only available for GG geometry.
The dumped data written in binary can be not used on the other computer. The data sequence and meaning are
given in the following.
(1) NCOL
NCOL is an intrinsic variable in the program and denotes identification of process.
NCOL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

start of calculation
end of calculation
end of a batchsourcedetection of geometry error
recovery of geometry error
termination by geometry error
termination by weight cut-oﬀ
termination by time cut-oﬀ
geometry boundary crossing
termination by energy cut-oﬀ
termination by escape or leakage(n,x) reaction(n,n’x) reaction
sequential transport only for tally

When NCOL=1, 2, 3, the output is finished. The followings are for NCOL≥4.
(2) NOCAS, NOBCH, RCASC, RSOUIN
These four data are written only for NCOL=4 and their meaning are,
NOCAS
NOBCH
RCASC
RSOUIN::::current history number in this batchcurrent batch number
real number of NOCAS+maxcas*(NOBCH-1)
sum of the weight of source particle(3) NO, MAT, ITYP, KTYP, JTYP, MTYP, RTYP, OLDWT
These mean
NO
MAT
ITYP
KTYP
JTYP
MTYP
RTYP
OLDWT

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

cascade id in this history
material id
particle typeparticle kf-code
charge number of the particle
baryon number of the particle
rest mass of the particle (MeV)
weight of the particle at (x,y,z)(a) QSThis data is written only for ITYP=12, 13, namely electron and positron. QS is dE/dx for electrons.
QS:

dE/dx of electron at (x,y,z)4.2 [ P a r a m e t e r s ] section(4) IBLZ1, IBLZ2, ILEV1, ILEV2
These mean
IBLZ1
IBLZ2
ILEV1
ILEV2

:
:
:
:

cell id at (x,y,z)cell id after crossing
level structure id of the cell at (x,y,z)level structure id of the cell after crossing(a) ILAT1
This is a variable of level structure of cell. The next data are written only for ILEV1>0 as
write(io) ( ( ILAT1(i,j), i=1,5 ), j=1,ILEV1 )(b) ILAT2This is a variable of level structure of cell. The next data are written only for ILEV2>0 as
write(io) ( ( ILAT2(i,j), i=1,5 ), j=1,ILEV2 )(5) COSTH, UANG(1), UANG(2), UANG(3), NSURF
These variables mean as follows. These had come to be output from ver. 2.30.
COSTH
UANG(1,2,3)
NSURF

:
:
:

cosine of an angle of incidence in a surface crossing
x,y,z component of a normal vector of its surface, respectively
internal number of the surface
Note that this is diﬀerent from the surface number defined in the [surface] section(6) NAME, NCNT(1), NCNT(2), NCNT(3)These mean
NAME
NCNT(1,2,3)::

collision number of the particle
values of counter 1, 2, and 3(7) WT, U, V, W
These mean
WTU, V, W::

weight of the particle at (xc,yc,zc)
unit vector of momentum of the particle(8) E, T, X, Y, Z
These meanE
T
X, Y, Z:::

energy of the particle at (x,y,z) (MeV)time of the particle at (x,y,z) (nsec)
position coordinate of the preceding event point (cm)(9) EC, TC, XC, YC, ZC
These meanEC
TC
XC, YC, ZC:::

energy of the particle at (xc,yc,zc) (MeV)time of the particle at (xc,yc,zc) (nsec)
position coordinate of the particle (cm)(10) SPX, SPY, SPZ
These mean
SPX, SPY, SPZ:

unit vector of spin direction of the particle41

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

42(11) NZSTThis is charge state of the particle.

(12) NCLSTSThis variable is written only for NCOL=13, 14, collision case, and means the number of produced particle
and nucleus. The next data are written for NCLSTS>0 case.

(a) MATHZ, MATHN, JCOLL, KCOLL
These mean
MATHZ
MATHN
JCOLL
KCOLL

:
:
:
:

Z number of the mother nucleus
N number of the mother nucleus
reaction type id1
reaction type id2

JCOLL and KCOLL indicate the following meaning.
JCOLL
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
KCOLL
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

nothing happen
Hydrogen collisions
Particle Decays
Elastic collisions
High Energy Nuclear collisions
Heavy Ion reactions
Neutron reactions by data
Photon reactions by data
Electron reactions by data
Proton reactions by data
Neutron event modedelta ray production
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

normalhigh energy fission
high energy absorption
low energy n elastic
low energy n non-elastic
low energy n fission
low energy n absorption(b) ICLUSTS, JCLUSTS, QCLUSTS, JCOUNT
These variables have a array and denote the information on the produced particle and nucleus.
do i = 1, NCLSTS
write(io) ICLUSTS(i)write(io) ( JCLUSTS(j,i), j=0,7)
write(io) ( QCLUSTS(j,i), j=0,12)
write(io) ( JCOUNT(j,i), j=1,3)
end doThese mean

4.2 [ P a r a m e t e r s ] section

ICLUSTS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

kind of particle
nucleus
protonneutronpion
photonkaon
muon
others

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

JCLUSTS(i)
i=0
=1
=2
=3
=4
=5
=6
=7
QCLUSTS(i)
i=0
=1
=2
=3
=4
=5
=6
=7
=8
=9
= 10
= 11
= 12

43

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

angular momentum
proton number
neutron number
itypstatus of the particle 0: real, <0 : deadcharge number
baryon number
kf code
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

impact parameterpx (GeV/c)py (GeV/c)pz (GeV/c)√etot = p2 + m2 (GeV)
rest mass (GeV)
excitation energy (MeV)
kinetic energy (MeV)
weighttime (nsec)
x coordinate (cm)y coordinate (cm)z coordinate (cm)44

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

4.2.21 Event Generator ModeFor Event Generator mode, one should define dmax(2) appropriately, since we need the information fromthe data base as mentioned above. In the special statistical decay model, we use the detail information on thelevel structure near the ground state for particle and photon emission. For this, we need igamma=1-3. We havedeveloped the special statistical decay model based on GEM. Then one should need to specify nevap=3. In
this mode, the eﬀect of thermal motion of materials is not considered. It means that we always assume T=0 in thismode. These parameters are automatically set if you specify e-mode=1 or 2 (unless explicitly specified, igamma=2
is selected). For consistency reason, the combination igamma=1 and e-mode=1 is also supported.
Event generator mode Ver.2 is the improved version of the legacy version (i.e. event generator mode Ver.1).
In reactions emitting multiple neutrons, previous event generator mode samples the first ejectile neutron from thecross-section data and emission of the subsequent particles is simulated by the statistical decay model. While,ver.2 samples all the ejectile neutrons from the cross-section data and the statistical decay model is used merely tosimulate prompt gamma-ray production. As for capture reactions, previous event generator mode assumes that thetarget nucleus absorbs incident neutron and particle emission is simulated by the statistical decay model. In thiscase, ejectile particle species are fully determined by the statistical decay model. While ver.2 selects the ejectile
particle species depending on the reaction channel (i.e. in (n, α) reaction, emission of only one alpha particle andgamma-rays are allowed).
By this mode, we can obtain the following new observables, which cannot be detected without this mode. First,
the deposition energy distribution in [t-heat] tally is available for low energy regime below dmax(2). Second,in [t-yield] and [t-product], we can tally the yield and product quantities below dmax(2). Third, the heatfrom neutrons is usually obtained from Kerma factors in the data base region. In this mode, the heat from neutronsis zero, but the heat is calculated from energy loss of all charged particles and nucleus. Fourth, DPA values isobtained even for the energy below dmax(2) without DPA data base.

4.3 [ S o u r c e ] section

45

4.3 [ S o u r c e ] section
You can set source information in this section. The source type is specified by the number of “s-type = N”.
Table 4.22: source typesource types-type = 1
s-type = 4
s-type = 2
s-type = 5
s-type = 3
s-type = 6
s-type = 7
s-type = 8
s-type = 9s-type = 10s-type = 11s-type = 12
s-type = 13s-type = 14s-type = 15s-type = 16s-type = 17s-type = 18
s-type = 19s-type = 100

explanation
cylinder (or circle, pencil)
cylinder with energy distribution
rectangular solid (or rectangle)
rectangular solid with energy distribution
Gaussian (x,y,z independent)
Gaussian with energy distribution (x,y,z independent)
generic parabola (x,y,z independent)
generic parabola with energy distribution (x,y,z independent)
sphere or spherical shell
sphere or spherical shell with energy distribution
uniform distribution in a phase space vertical with beam direction
reading the data from decay-turtle output
Gaussian (x-y plane)
Gaussian with energy distribution (x-y plane)
generic parabola (x-y plane)
generic parabola with energy distribution (x-y plane)reading dump filecone
cone with energy distribution
user definition source
edit the usrsors.f and compile the PH I TS

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

46

4.3.1

<Source> : Multi-source

By this multi-source function, one can define plural sources specified by s-type. Each source begins <source>= number, which defines the relative weight of the multi-sources. By totfact = , a global normalization is defined. Note that you should not write <source> in the next line of the line where reg parameter was written.
Table 4.23: multi-source
parameter<source> =totfact =iscorr =explanation
defines a multi-source, the relative weight is defined by this number(D=1) global normalization factor
If this is given by a positive number, the source particle is generated
according to this ratio. If negative, the same particle is generated ineach multi-source section changing the weight according to the ratio.
(D=0) Multi-source correlation option.
0: Normal multi-source.
1: Correlated multi-source. In this case, sources from each multi-sourcegroup are generated as an event. This option is useful for estimating
detector response by nuclear reactions producing several secondary
particles. Note that the locations of all sources generated in an event are
not the same, unlike in the case of iscorr=2,3.
2: Correlated multi-source. In this case, the locations of all sources
generated in an event are the same. This mode is useful for simulating a
nuclear reaction occurred at arbitrary locations.
3: Correlated multi-source. In this case, the locations of all sources
generated in an event are the same, and the directions of second sourceis opposite to the first one. This mode is useful for simulating a particle
decayed into 2 particles at arbitrary locations.
You have to specify the multiplicity of each source in an integer value
as its <source> parameter, and sum of the multiplicities as the totfact
parameter. For example, if you would like to simulate (X, 1p2n) reaction
as an event, you have to set <source> = 1 and 2 for proton and neutron
sources, respectively, and totfact = 3.

4.3 [ S o u r c e ] section

47

4.3.2 Common parameters
Common parameters for each source type are shown below. The order of the parameters in the source section isfree. If a parameter has a default value (D=***), the parameter can be omissible. The energy of d, t, α and nucleus
is specified by [MeV/nucleon].
Table 4.24: common source parametersparameter
proj =
t-type = 0, 1, 2

t0 =
tw =
tn =
td =
tc =
sx =
sy =
sz =
reg =

ntmax =
trcl =
wgt =factor =izst =

explanation
projectile : see Table3.4 for specification(D=0) time distribution
0: no time-distribution, t=0.0
1: rectangle distribution
2: Gaussian distribution(D=0.0) center of time when t-type = 1 (ns)
FWHM of time distribution (ns)number of time distribution
interval of time distribution (ns)
(D=10×tw) cut oﬀ time when Gaussian distribution t-type=2 (ns)(D=0) x-component of spin
(D=0) y-component of spin
(D=0) z-component of spin
(D=all) The source region can be restricted within overlaps between regions
defined by each s-type and those specified by this parameter.
The format is as reg = { 1 - 5 } 10 34. You can use the lattice and universe
frame as reg = ( 6 < 10[1 0 0] < u=3 ). See the section about tally
region specification for details.
(D=1000) maximum re-try number when reg is specified.
(D=none) transform number, or definition of transform(D=1.0) weight of source particle(D=1.0) Normalization factor of source particle. PH I TS multiplies all results oftally by factor. When you use multi-source, you should use totfact insteadof factor. When you don’t use multi-source, totfact * factor is an actual
normalization factor.
(D=charge of particle specified with proj=) Charge state of source particle.
This has an eﬀect only on a motion in the magnetic and electric fields definedin [magnetic field] and [electro magnetic field] sections.
The charge number defined with izst doesn’t change while the particle moves.
It should be noted that particles produced from nuclear reactions are not aﬀectedby the value of izst; the charge of the produced particle is given as its atomic
number.

48

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

A projectile direction is specified by 3 parameters: dir, phi,z
and dom. The relation between these is shown in Fig. 4.2. The direccosθ=dir ψ=dom
tion is noted by a thick arrow. The dir is a direction cosine against
the z axis. The phi is an azimuthal angle from the x axis in degree. If
you do not set it, a value of the azimuthal cosine is selected randomly.
θUsing the parameter dom spreads out the direction determined by dir
and phi by solid angle 2π(1 − cos ψ), where ψ = dom given in degree.
In the PH I TS calculation, the angle is given randomly within the solid
angle.
When you set dir=all, the direction of the source beam becomesyisotropic. If you want to use any angular distribution, a subsection x
started from a-type is required, in which you should give the distriφ=phibution by numerical data or analytic functions.
In s-type=9 and 10, the definition of dir is diﬀerent. In
Figure 4.2: Source direction and parames-type=11 and 12, you can set only dir= 1 or −1.
ters dir, phi, dom.
You can use the transform of coordinate by trcl parameter which
specify the transform number or the definition of transformation itself. The relation of wgt and factor is reciprocal.
If the spin is not defined or zero, the neutron goes into the magnetic field without spin. In this case, the initial
spin of neutron is determined at the entrance of the magnetic field by the direction of the magnetic field and thepolarization factor. If the spin is defined in this section, the neutron goes into the magnetic field with the spin
direction irrespective of the direction of the magnetic field nor polarization.

4.3 [ S o u r c e ] section

49

4.3.3 Cylinder distribution source
Parameters for cylinder source are shown below. The order of parameters is free. If a parameter has a default
value (D=***), the parameter can be omissible.
Table 4.25: parameters for cylinder sources-type = 1, 4
x0 =
y0 =
z0 =
z1 =
r0 =
r1 =
dir =

phi =
dom =
e0 =

cylinder or circle source(D=0.0) x coordinate of center position of cylinder source (cm)
(D=0.0) y coordinate of center position of cylinder source (cm)minimum z of cylinder source (cm)maximum z of cylinder source (cm), (when z1=z0, circle plane source)
radius of cylinder source, (when r0=0.0, pencil source) (cm)
(D=0.0) inner radius for inner void of cylinder
direction cosine of projectile against z axis
If you set all, it is isotropic
If you set data, a-type subsection is necessary(D=none; random) azimuthal angle (degree)。
(D=0.0) solid angle (degree)。
= -1 ; cos2 bias distribution
projectile energy (s-type=1) (MeV)

4.3.4 Rectangular solid distribution source
Parameters for rectangular solid source are shown below. The order of parameters is free. If a parameter has adefault value (D=***), the parameter can be omissible.
Table 4.26: parameters for rectangular solid sources-type = 2, 5
x0 =
x1 =
y0 =
y1 =
z0 =
z1 =
dir =

phi =
dom =
e0 =

rectangular solid and rectangle source
minimum x coordinate (cm)maximum x coordinate (cm)minimum y coordinate (cm)maximum y coordinate (cm)minimum z coordinate (cm)maximum y coordinate (cm), when (z1=z0), rectangle source
direction cosine from z axis
If you set all, isotropic
If you set data, a-type subsection is necessary(D=none; random) azimuthal angle (degree)。
(D=0.0) solid angle (degree)。
= -1 ; cos2 bias distribution
projectile energy (s-type=2) (MeV)4 SECTIONS FORMAT

50

4.3.5 Gaussian distribution source (x,y,z independent)
This Gauss distribution is consist of independent Gaussian in each x, y, z direction. Parameters for Gaussian
source are shown below. The order of parameters is free. If a parameter has a default value (D=***), the parametercan be omissible.
Table 4.27: parameters for Gaussian sources-type = 3, 6
x0 =
x1 =
y0 =
y1 =
z0 =
z1 =
dir =

phi =
dom =
e0 =

Gaussian source(D=0.0) x coordinate of Gaussian center (cm)
FWHM in x direction (cm)
(D=0.0) y coordinate of Gaussian center (cm)
FWHM in y direction (cm)
(D=0.0) z coordinate of Gaussian center (cm)
FWHM in z direction (cm)direction cosine from z axis
If you set all, isotropic
If you set data, a-type subsection is necessary(D=none; random) azimuthal angle (degree)。
(D=0.0) solid angle (degree)。
= -1 ; cos2 bias distribution
projectile energy(s-type=3) (MeV)

4.3.6 Generic parabola distribution source (x,y,z independent)
This generic parabola distribution is consist of independent parabola in each x, y, z direction. Parameters forgeneric parabola source are shown below. The order of parameters is free. If a parameter has a default value(D=***), the parameter can be omissible.
Table 4.28: parameters for generic parabola distributions-type = 7, 8
x0 =
x1 =
y0 =
y1 =
z0 =
z1 =
rn =
dir =

phi =
dom =
e0 =

generic parabola source(D=0.0) x coordinate of X-parabola center (cm)X-parabola width(cm)(D=0.0) y coordinate of Y-parabola center (cm)Y-parabola width(cm)minimum z of parabola (cm)maximum z of parabola (cm)(D=2) order of generic parabola
direction cosine from z axis
If you set all, isotropic
If you set data, a-type subsection is necessary(D=none; random) azimuthal angle (degree)。
(D=0.0) solid angle (degree)。
= -1 ; cos2 bias distribution
projectile energy (s-type=7) (MeV)4.3 [ S o u r c e ] section

51

4.3.7 Gaussian distribution source (x-y plane)
This source is a Gaussian distribution in x-y plane. Parameters for Gaussian source are shown below. The
order of parameters is free. If a parameter has a default value (D=***), the parameter can be omissible.
Table 4.29: parameters for Gaussian sources-type = 13, 16
x0 =
y0 =
r1 =
z0 =
z1 =
dir =

phi =
dom =
e0 =

Gaussian source(D=0.0) x coordinate of Gaussian center (cm)
(D=0.0) y coordinate of Gaussian center (cm)
FWHM in x-y plane (cm)minimum z coordinate (cm)(D=z0) maximum z coordinate (cm)direction cosine from z axis
If you set all, isotropic
If you set data, a-type subsection is necessary(D=none; random) azimuthal angle (degree)(D=0.0) solid angle (degree)= -1 ; cos2 bias distribution
projectile energy(s-type=13) (MeV)

4.3.8 Generic parabola distribution source (x-y plane)
This source is a generic parabola distribution in x-y plane. Parameters for generic parabola source are shown
below. The order of parameters is free. If a parameter has a default value (D=***), the parameter can be omissible.
Table 4.30: parameters for generic parabola distributions-type = 15, 16
x0 =
y0 =
r1 =
z0 =
z1 =
rn =
dir =

phi =
dom =
e0 =

generic parabola source(D=0.0) x coordinate of X-parabola center (cm)
(D=0.0) y coordinate of Y-parabola center (cm)parabola width in x-y plane (cm)minimum z of parabola (cm)maximum z of parabola (cm)(D=2) order of generic parabola
direction cosine from z axis
If you set all, isotropic
If you set data, a-type subsection is necessary(D=none; random) azimuthal angle (degree)。
(D=0.0) solid angle (degree)。
= -1 ; cos2 bias distribution
projectile energy (s-type=15) (MeV)4 SECTIONS FORMAT

52

4.3.9 Sphere and spherical shell distribution source
Parameters for sphere and spherical shell source are shown below. The order of parameters is free. If aparameter has a default value (D=***), the parameter can be omissible.
Table 4.31: parameters for sphere and spherical shell sources-type = 9, 10
x0 =
y0 =
z0 =
r1 =
r2 =
dir =

e0 =

sphere and spherical shell source(D=0.0) x coordinate of sphere center (cm)
(D=0.0) y coordinate of sphere center (cm)
(D=0.0) z coordinate of sphere center (cm)inside radius (cm). If r1=0, sphere source
outside radius (cm)direction
dir = 1.0 : outgoing from the center with normal line direction
dir = -1.0 : inverse direction with dir=1.0
dir = all : isotropic
dir = -all : inverse direction against dir=1.0, and with cosine distribution.
This is used for volume and area calculation with cos2 bias
Dir = iso : uniform distribution on a circle of radius r2 on a sphericalshell of radius r1 with the direction toward the center of the sphere.
In the case of r1=r2, the result is almost the same as dir = -all, but aneﬀect of the weight on it is not included. Therefore, using the condition,
you can obtain the variance of deposition energies on the [t-deposit]
tally with output = deposit.
projectile energy (s-type=9) (MeV)

When you use the source type s-type=9 for volume and area calculation, you should set as dir = -all, r1= r2 . And, dir = iso also gives the same result.

r2
r1

Figure 4.3: Schematic image of the source in the case of dir=iso.

4.3 [ S o u r c e ] section

53

4.3.10 s-type = 11This is a uniform distribution source in a phase space which is vertical with beam direction. Parameters forthis source type are shown below. The order of parameters is free. If a parameter has a default value (D=***), theparameter can be omissible.
Table 4.32: parameters for s-type = 11
uniform distribution in a phase space vertical with beam direction(D=0.0) x coordinate of beam center (cm)ratio of (maximum radius)/(minimum radius) for x direction (cm/mrad)(D=0.0) y coordinate of beam center (cm)ratio of (maximum radius)/(minimum radius) for y direction (cm/mrad)minimum z (cm)maximum z (cm)
gradient of ellipse in a phase space on x direction (rad)gradient of ellipse in a phase space on y direction (rad)emittance (π cm × mrad )direct cosine (1 or -1 only)
projectile energy (MeV)s-type = 11
x0 =
x1 =
y0 =
y1 =
z0 =
z1 =
rx =
ry =
wem =
dir =
e0 =

4.3.11 s-type = 12
In this source type, decay-turtle output is read as source. Parameters for this source type are shown below. The
order of parameters is free. If a parameter has a default value (D=***), the parameter can be omissible.
The input file is rewinded and re-used from the first particle again, if all of source in decay-turtle is read before
the calculation finishes.
Table 4.33: parameters for s-type = 12
s-type = 12
x0 =
y0 =
z0 =
dir =
file =

decay-turtle reading(D=0.0) x coordinate oﬀset of beam (cm)
(D=0.0) y coordinate oﬀset of beam (cm)
(D=0.0) z coordinate oﬀset of beam (cm)direction cosine(1 or -1 only)
decay-turtle filename (with full pathname)

The format of decay-turtle is double precision, and ascii, and each record is asxp, xq, yp, yq, e0, wt0, pz0

Table 4.34: decay-turtle data
variable
xp, ypxq, yqe0
wt0
pz0

explanation
incoming position of beam particle (cm)angle against vertical face with beam direction (mrad)
momentum of beam particle (GeV/c)weight of beam particle
polarizing of beam particle (be not in use)

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

54

4.3.12 Cone shape
Parameters for cone shape source are shown below. The order of parameters is free. If a parameter has a default
value (D=***), the parameter can be omissible.
Table 4.35: parameters for cone shapes-type = 18, 19
x0 =
y0 =
z0 =
x1 =
y1 =
z1 =
r0 =
r1 =
r2 =
dir =

phi =
dom =
e0 =

Cone shape(D=0.0) x coordinate oﬀset of top of cone (cm)
(D=0.0) y coordinate oﬀset of top of cone (cm)
(D=0.0) z coordinate oﬀset of top of cone (cm)x-component of vector from top to bottom (cm)y-component of vector from top to bottom (cm)z-component of vector from top to bottom (cm)
(D=0.0) distance between top and upper end of source
locations on lateral surface (cm)distance between top and lower end of source
locations on lateral surface (cm)angle between generatrix and lateral surface (degree)
direction cosine from z axis
If you set all, isotropic
If you set data, a-type subsection is necessary(D=none; random) azimuthal angle (degree)。
(D=0.0) solid angle (degree)。
= -1 ; cos2 bias distribution
projectile energy (s-type=18) (MeV/u)4.3 [ S o u r c e ] section

55

4.3.13 Reading dump fileIn this source type, the data of the dump file is read in as source. Parameters for the type = 17 are shown
below. The order of parameters is free. If a parameter has a default value (D=***), the parameter can be omissible.
The dump file is rewinded and re-used from the first data again, if all of source in the dump file is read before
the calculation finishes.
Table 4.36: parameters for dump file sources-type = 17
file =
dump =(next line)(omissible)

x0 =
x1 =
y0 =
y1 =
z0 =
z1 =
sx =
sy =
sz =
dir =

phi =
dom =
e0 =
e-type =wgt =factor =(omissible)
t-type =reg =ntmax =
trcl =

reading dump filedump filename (with full pathname)number of dump data. if it is negative, data is written by Ascii.
identification of dump data
If below parameters are specified, these values have priority
over the dump data. If the dump data does not include the following data,
one should specify the parameters.
minimum x coordinate (cm)maximum x coordinate (cm)minimum y coordinate (cm)maximum y coordinate (cm)minimum z coordinate (cm)maximum z coordinate (cm)(D=0) x-component of spin
(D=0) y-component of spin
(D=0) z-component of spin
direction cosine from z axis
If you set all, isotropic
If you set data, a-type subsection is necessary(D=none; random) azimuthal angle (degree)(D=0.0) solid angle (degree)= -1 ; cos2 bias distribution
projectile energy (MeV)
type of energy distribution(D=1.0) weight of source particle(D=1.0) normalization of source particle
one can also specify below parameters(D=0) time distribution(D=all) specify the region(D=1000) maximum re-try number when reg is specified(D=none) transform number, or definition of transform4 SECTIONS FORMAT

56

By the parameter of “dump =”, the number of the dump data in one record is specified. If this number is given
by positive number, the data is read as binary data. If negative, the data is read as asci data. In next line, the data
sequence of one record is described. The relation between the physical quantities and id number is the followings,
Table 4.37: id number of dump data (1)physical quantities
id number

kf
1

x
2

y
3

z
4

u
5

v
6

w
7

e
8

wt
9

time
10

c1
11

c2
12

c3
13

sx
14

sy
15

sz
16

Table 4.38: id number of dump data (2)physical quantities
id number

name
17

nocas
18

nobch
19

no
20

Here kf means the kf-code of the particles (see Table 3.4), x, y, z are coordinates (cm), u, v, w denote the unit
vectors of the direction of the particle, e is the energy (MeV, or MeV/nucleon for nucleus), wt is the weight, timeis the initial time (ns), c1, c2, c3 are the values of counters, and sx, sy, sz are the unit vectors of the directionof spin, respectively. name is a collision number of the particle, nocas is a current history number of this batch,
nobch is a current batch number, no is a cascade id in this history. These are assumed as real*8 for the binary data,n(1p1e24.15) data format for the ascii data.
For an example, one record has 9 data as
kf

e

wt

x

y

z

u

v

w

6

7

To read this data, we write the parameters as
dump = 9
1 8 9

2

3

4

5

4.3 [ S o u r c e ] section

57

4.3.14 User definition source
If you edit usrsors.f, you can use your original source function by s-type=100. If the following parameters areset, these values have the priority. If a parameter has a default value (D=***), the parameter can be omissible.
Table 4.39: the parameters can be specified in s-type=100
s-type = 100

x0 =
x1 =
y0 =
y1 =
z0 =
z1 =
sx =
sy =
sz =
dir =

phi =
dom =
e0 =
e-type =wgt =factor =t-type =reg =ntmax =
trcl =

user definition source
If below parameters are specified, these values have priority
over the user defined data.
minimum x coordinate (cm)maximum x coordinate (cm)minimum y coordinate (cm)maximum y coordinate (cm)minimum z coordinate (cm)maximum z coordinate (cm)(D=0) x-component of spin
(D=0) y-component of spin
(D=0) z-component of spin
direction cosine from z axis
If you set all, isotropic
If you set data, a-type subsection is necessary(D=none; random) azimuthal angle (degree)。
(D=0.0) solid angle (degree)。
= -1 ; cos2 bias distribution
projectile energy (s-type=7) (MeV)
type of energy distribution(D=1.0) weight of source particle(D=1.0) normalization of source particle(D=0) time distribution(D=all) specify the region(D=1000) maximum re-try number when reg is specified.
(D=none) transform number, or definition of transform4 SECTIONS FORMAT

58

We show a sample program of usrsors.f as following. In the first comment part, there is a list of the variables
which is necessary to define the source. Next there is a list of kf-code which specifies the source particle. In thelast part of the comment, the random number functions, one is an uniform random number, the other is a Gaussian
random number, are shown. The first part of the program is an example of the initialization, which describes theopen and close the data file. The remaining part shows a list of the variables which user should define in thissubroutine.
List 4.1
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
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18:
19:
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:
27:
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29:
30:
31:
32:
33:
34:
35:
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37:
38:
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41:
42:
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53:

• usrsors.f************************************************************************
subroutine usrsors(x,y,z,u,v,w,e,wt,time,name,kf,nc1,nc2,nc3,&sx,sy,sz)*
sample subroutine for user defined source.
**
variables :**x, y, z : position of the source.
**u, v, w : unit vector of the particle direction.
**e: kinetic energy of particle (MeV).
**wt: weight of particle.
**
time: initial time of particle. (ns)**name: usually = 1, for Coulmb spread.
**kf: kf code of the particle.
**
nc1: initial value of counter 1**
nc2: initial value of counter 2**
nc3: initial value of counter 3**
sx,sy,sz : spin components**----------------------------------------------------------------------**
kf code table**kf-code: ityp : description**
2212 :
1 : proton**
2112 :
2 : neutron
*
*
211 :
3 : pion (+)
*
*
111 :
4 : pion (0)**-211 :
5 : pion (-)
*
*
-13 :
6 : muon (+)**
13 :7 : muon (-)
*
*
321 :
8 : kaon (+)
*
*
311 :
9 : kaon (0)**-321 : 10 : kaon (-)**
kf-code of the other transport particles
*
*
12 :
nu_e
*
*
14 :
nu_mu
*
*
221 :
eta
*
*
331 :
eta’
*
*
-311 :
k0bar**-2112 :
nbar**
-2212 :
pbar**
3122 :
Lanbda0**3222 :
Sigma+**
3212 :
Sigma0**3112 :
Sigma**
3322 :
Xi0**
3312 :
Xi**
3334 :
Omega**----------------------------------------------------------------------**
available function for random number**
unirn(dummy) : uniform random number from 0 to 1**
gaurn(dummy) : gaussian random number**
for exp( - x**2 / 2 / sig**2 ) : sig = 1.0 *************************************************************************
implicit real*8 (a-h,o-z)*----------------------------------------------------------------------parameter ( pi = 3.141592653589793d0 )4.3 [ S o u r c e ] section

54:
55:
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94:

59

data ifirst / 0 /save ifirstcharacter filenm*50*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
example of initialization*----------------------------------------------------------------------if( ifirst .eq. 0 ) thencfilenm = ’input.dat’cinquire( file = filenm, exist = exex )cif( exex .eqv. .false. ) thencwrite(*,*) ’file does not exist => ’, filenmccall parastop( 887 )cend ifcopen(71, file = file(i), status = ’old’ )cclose(71)
ifirst = 1

end if*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
example for 3 GeV proton with z-direction*----------------------------------------------------------------------x = 0.0
y = 0.0
z = 0.0
u = 0.0v = 0.0
w = 1.0
e = 3000.0
wt = 1.0
time = 0.0
name = 1
kf = 2212
nc1 = 0nc2 = 0nc3 = 0sx = 0.d0
sy = 0.d0
sz = 0.d0*----------------------------------------------------------------------returnend

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

60

4.3.15 Definition for energy distribution
In the energy distributed source type s-type = 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 14, and 16, or s-type = 17, 100 with e-type
parameter, energy distribution parameters are required as shown below. For d, t, α and nucleus, this energy isexpressed in units of [MeV/nucleon].
For e-type = 1,4,11,14, the source intensity in each energy bin should be given in the energy integrated
value. For e-type = 21,24,31,34, you should give the source intensity in each energy bin as the energy diﬀerential value expressed in [particles/MeV]. For e-type = 2,3,5,6,7,12,14,15,16, you can define the energy
diﬀerential spectrum using various functions. For e-type = 8,9,18,19, you can define the source intensity
discretely.
If a parameter has a default value (D=***), the parameter can be omissible.
Table 4.40: parameters for source energy distribution (1)parametere-type = 1, (11)ne =e-type = 4, (14)ne =p-type = 0, 1

explanation
You can specify any energy distribution by giving data set of energy bins e(i)and integrated values of the particle generation probability w(i) by hand.
The number of the particle generation in the bin is proportional to w(i), andthe specified energy distribution is statistically described.
For 11 case, energy is given by wave length (Å).
Number of energy group.
If it is given by positive number, source particles are generated so that theenergy diﬀerential fluxes in the unit of [1/MeV] become constant in eachbin. On the other hand, if ne is negative, the fluxes in the unit of [1/Lethargy]
become constant in each bin.
Data must be given from the next line by the format as(e(i),w(i),i=1,ne), e(ne+1).
The integrated number of the particle generation in the each energy bin
is proportional to w(i).
You can specify the same energy distribution as is the case ofe-type = 1, (11). Unlike e-type = 1, (11), the distribution
is described by giving data set of energy bins e(i) and weightsof the source particle w(i) by hand. The number of source
particles generated in each bin is the same for all energy bin,but integrated values of the weight of source particles are adjusted
to be proportional to w(i).
You can also change the number of source particles generated in each bin
by specifing p(i).
For 14 case, energy is given by wave length (Å).
Number of energy group.
If it is given by positive number, source particles are generated so that theenergy diﬀerential fluxes in the unit of [1/MeV] become constant in eachbin. On the other hand, if ne is negative, the fluxes in the unit of [1/Lethargy]
become constant in each bin.
Data must be given from the next line by the format as(e(i),w(i),i=1,ne), e(ne+1).
In default (p-type=0), equal number of particle is generated in each cell.
The integrated number of source particles generated in each bin
is proportional to p(i).
(D=0) generation option
for 0, p(i)=1 for all i is assumed without the following datafor 1, p(i) must be given from the next line by the format as (p(i),i=1,ne)

For neutron optics, we prepare an alternative option to specify the energy as wave length. If you specify etype=11, 12, 14, you can use wave length (Å) as an energy unit. For the other case, you can use the mathematicalexpressions as e0=8.180425e-8/13**2, which gives the energy of neutron with 13Åwave length.

4.3 [ S o u r c e ] section

61

Table 4.41: parameters for source energy distribution (2)parametere-type = 21, (31)ne =e-type = 24, (34)ne =p-type = 0, 1

explanation
You can specify any energy distribution by giving data set of energy bins e(i)and diﬀerential probabilities of the particle generation dφ/dE(i) by hand.
The integrated number of the particle generation in the bin is proportional todφ/dE(i)*{e(i+1)-e(i)}, and the specified energy distribution
is statistically described.
For 31 case, energy is given by wave length (Å).
Number of energy group.
If it is given by positive number, source particles are generated so that theenergy diﬀerential fluxes in the unit of [1/MeV] become constant in eachbin. On the other hand, if ne is negative, the fluxes in the unit of [1/Lethargy]
become constant in each bin.
Data must be given from the next line by the format as(e(i),dφ/dE(i),i=1,ne), e(ne+1).
The integrated number of the particle generation in the each energy bin
is proportional to dφ/dE(i)*{e(i+1)-e(i)}.
You can specify the same energy distribution as is the case ofe-type = 21, (31). Unlike e-type = 21, (31), the distribution
is described by giving data set of energy bins e(i) and weightsof the source particle w(i) by hand. The number of source
particles generated in each bin is the same for all energy bin,but integrated values of the weight of source particles are adjusted
to be proportional to w(i)*{e(i+1)-e(i)}.
You can also change the number of source particles generated in each bin
by specifing p(i).
For 34 case, energy is given by wave length (Å).
Number of energy group.
If it is given by positive number, source particles are generated so that theenergy diﬀerential fluxes in the unit of [1/MeV] become constant in eachbin. On the other hand, if ne is negative, the fluxes in the unit of [1/Lethargy]
become constant in each bin.
Data must be given from the next line by the format as(e(i),w(i),i=1,ne), e(ne+1).
In default (p-type=0), equal number of particle is generated in each cell.
The integrated number of source particles generated in each bin
is proportional to p(i).
(D=0) generation option
for 0, p(i)=1 for all i is assumed without the following datafor 1, p(i) must be given from the next line by the format as (p(i),i=1,ne)4 SECTIONS FORMAT

62

Table 4.42: parameters for source energy distribution (3)parametere-type = 8, (18)ne =e-type = 9, (19)ne =p-type = 0, 1

explanation
You can specify any energy distribution by giving data set of energy points e(i)and probabilities of the particle generation w(i) by hand.
The number of the particle generation at the point is proportional to w(i), andthe specified energy distribution is statistically described.
For 18 case, energy is given by wave length (Å).
Number of energy points.
Data must be given from the next line by the format as(e(i),w(i),i=1,ne).
The number of the particle generation at the each energy point is proportionalto w(i).
You can specify the same energy distribution as is the case ofe-type = 8, (18). Unlike e-type = 8, (18), the distribution
is described by giving data set of energy points e(i) and weightsof the source particle w(i) by hand. The number of source
particles generated in each point is the same for all energy point,
but integrated values of the weight of source particles are adjusted
to be proportional to w(i).
You can also change the number of source particles generated in each pointby specifing p(i).
For 19 case, energy is given by wave length (Å).
Number of energy points.
Data must be given from the next line by the format below.
In default (p-type=0), equal number of particle is generated at each point.
(e(i),w(i),i=1,ne)
The number of source particles generated in each pointis proportional to p(i).
(D=0) generation option
for 0, p(i)=1 for all i is assumed without the following datafor 1, p(i) must be given from the next line by the format as (p(i),i=1,ne)4.3 [ S o u r c e ] section

63

Table 4.43: parameters for source energy distribution (4)parametere-type = 2, (12)
eg0 =
eg1 =
eg2 =
eg3 =
e-type = 3
nm =

et0 =
et1 =
et2 =
e-type = 7

nm =

et0 =
et1 =
et2 =
p-type = 0, 1

explanationDiﬀerential spectrum dφ/dE(i) is given by Gaussian distribution.
For 12 case, energy is given by wave length (Å).
center of Gaussian distribution (MeV)
FWHM of Gaussian distribution (MeV)
minimum cut oﬀ for Gaussian distribution (MeV)
maximum cut oﬀ for Gaussian distribution (MeV)Diﬀerential spectrum dφ/dE(i) is given by Maxwellian distribution:f (x) = x1.5 exp(−x/T )(D=-200) number of energy group
If it is given by positive number, linear interpolation is assumed in a bin.
If negative, logarithmic interpolation is assumed in a bin.
temperature parameter T (MeV)
minimum cut oﬀ for Maxwellian distribution (MeV)
maximum cut oﬀ for Maxwellian distribution (MeV)
You can specify the same energy distribution as is the case ofe-type = 3. Unlike e-type = 3, the number of source particles
generated in each bin is the same for all energy bin, but integrated valuesof the weight of source particles are adjusted to be proportional
to f (x) = x1.5 exp(−x/T ).
You can also change the number of source particles generated in each bin
by specifing p(i).
(D=-200) Number of energy group.
If it is given by positive number, linear interpolation is assumed in a bin.
If negative, logarithmic interpolation is assumed in a bin.
In default (p-type=0), equal number of particle is generated in each cell.
The integrated number of source particles generated in each bin
is proportional to p(i).
temperature parameter T (MeV)
minimum cut oﬀ for Maxwellian distribution (MeV)
maximum cut oﬀ for Maxwellian distribution (MeV)(D=0) generation option
for 0, p(i)=1 for all i is assumed without the following datafor 1, p(i) must be given from the next line by the format as (p(i),i=1,ne)4 SECTIONS FORMAT

64

Table 4.44: parameters for source energy distribution (5)parametere-type = 5, (15)f(x) =

nm =

eg1 =
eg2 =
e-type = 6, (16)f(x) =

nm =

eg1 =
eg2 =
p-type = 0, 1

explanationDiﬀerential spectrum dφ/dE(i) is given by f(x).
For 15 case, energy is given by wave length (Å).
Any analytical function of x, Fortran style.
x denotes energy (MeV/u). One can use intrinsic functions and constants C.
e.g. f(x) = exp(-c1*x**2)
number of energy group
If it is given by positive number, linear interpolation is assumed in a bin.
If negative, logarithmic interpolation is assumed in a bin.
Integrated number of source particles generated in each cell is proportional to f(x)minimum cut oﬀ for energy distribution (MeV)
maximum cut oﬀ for energy distribution (MeV)
You can specify the same energy distribution as is the case ofe-type = 5, (15). Unlike e-type = 5, (15), the number of source
particle generated in each bin is the same for all energy bin, but
integrated values of the weight of source particles are adjusted to be
proportional to f (x).
You can also change the number of source particles generated in each bin
by specifing p(i).
For 16 case, energy is given by wave length (Å).
Any analytical function of x, Fortran style.
x denotes energy (MeV/u). One can use intrinsic functions and constants C.
e.g. f(x) = exp(-c1*x**2)
number of energy group
If it is given by positive number, linear interpolation is assumed in a bin.
If negative, logarithmic interpolation is assumed in a bin.
In default (p-type=0), equal number of particle is generated in each cell.
The integrated number of source particles generated in each bin
is proportional to p(i).
minimum cut oﬀ for energy distribution (MeV)
maximum cut oﬀ for energy distribution (MeV)(D=0) generation option
for 0, p(i)=1 for all i is assumed without the following datafor 1, p(i) must be given from the next line by the format as (p(i),i=1,nm)

4.3 [ S o u r c e ] section

65

4.3.16 Definition for angular distribution
If you set dir = data, angular distribution parameters are required as shown below. If a parameter has adefault value (D=***), the parameter can be omissible.
Table 4.45: parameters for source angular distribution (1)parametera-type = 1, (11)na =a-type = 4, (14)na =q-type = 0, 1

explanation
You can specify any angular distribution by giving data set of angle bins a(i)and integrated values of the particle generation probability w(i) by hand.
The number of the particle generation in the bin is proportional to w(i), andthe specified angular distribution is statistically described.
For 1 case, angle is given by cosine, for 11 case, given by degree
Number of angular group.
Data must be given from the next line by the format as(a(i),w(i),i=1,na), a(na+1).
You can specify the same angular distribution as is the case ofa-type = 1, (11). Unlike a-type = 1, (11), the distribution
is described by giving data set of angle bins a(i) and weightsof the source particle w(i) by hand. The number of source
particles generated in each bin is the same for all angle bin,but integrated values of the weight of source particles are adjusted
to be proportional to w(i).
You can also change the number of source particles generated in each bin
by specifing q(i).
For 4 case, angle is given by cosine, for 14 case, given by degree.
Number of angular group.
Data must be given from the next line by the format as(a(i),w(i),i=1,na), a(na+1).
In default (q-type=0), equal number of particle is generated in each cell.
The integrated number of source particles generated in each bin
is proportional to q(i).
(D=0) generation option
for 0, q(i)=1 for all i is assumed without the following datafor 1, q(i) must be given from the next line by the format as (q(i),i=1,na)

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

66

Table 4.46: parameters for source angular distribution (2)parametera-type = 5, (15)g(x) =

nn =
ag1 =
ag2 =
a-type = 6, (16)g(x) =
nn =

ag1 =
ag2 =
q-type = 0, 1

explanation
Angular distribution dφ/dΩ(i) is given by g(x).
For 5 case, angle is given by cosine, for 15 case, given by degree.
Any analytical function of x, Fortran style.
x denotes angle. One can use intrinsic functions and constants C.
e.g. g(x) = exp(-c1*x**2)
Number of angular group.
minimum cut oﬀ for angular distribution
maximum cut oﬀ for angular distribution
You can specify the same angular distribution as is the case ofa-type = 5, (16). Unlike a-type = 5, (16), the number of source
particle generated in each bin is the same for all angle bin, but
integrated values of the weight of source particles are adjusted to be
proportional to g(x).
You can also change the number of source particles generated in each bin
by specifing q(i).
for 6 case, angle is given by cosine, for 16 case, given by degree
any analytical function of x, Fortran style
one can use intrinsic functions and constants C.
Number of angular group.
In default (q-type=0), equal number of particle is generated in each cell.
The integrated number of source particles generated in each bin
is proportional to q(i).
minimum cut oﬀ for angular distribution
maximum cut oﬀ for angular distribution(D=0) generation option
for 0, q(i)=1 for all i is assumed without the following datafor 1, q(i) must be given from the next line by the format as (q(i),i=1,nn)

4.3 [ S o u r c e ] section

67

4.3.17 Example of multi-source
We introduce an example of multi-source, which includes energy distribution and angular distribution describedby analytic functions. The list of third multi-source is shown below.
List 4.2
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:
27:
28:
29:
30:
31:
32:
33:
34:
35:
36:
37:
38:
39:
40:
41:
42:
43:
44:
45:
46:
47:
48:
49:

• Example of multi-source[ S o u r c e ]totfact = 3<source> = 9.72
s-type = 4
proj = protonz0 = 2z1 = 29r0 = 5r1 = 4
dir = 0.0
e-type = 6
eg1 = 1.e-6
eg2 = 1.e-3
nm = -200
set: c10[1.e-4]
f(x) = x**(1.5)*exp(-x/c10)<source> = 1
s-type = 4
proj = photonz0 = 1z1 = 2r0 = 5dir = -1e-type = 5
eg1 = 1.e-3
eg2 = 5.e-1
nm = 200
set: c10[1.e-1]
set: c20[1.e-1/2.35482]
f(x) = exp(-(x-c10)**2/2/c20**2)<source> = 1
s-type = 4
proj = neutronz0 = 29z1 = 30
r0 = 5e-type = 6
eg1 = 1.e-2
eg2 = 1.e+3
nm = -200
set: c10[92.469]
set: c20[5.644e+10]f(x) = c10/c20*exp(-sqrt(x*(x+1876))/c10)*(x+938)/sqrt(x*(x+1876))
dir = dataa-type = 5
ag1 = 0ag2 = 1nn = 200g(x) = exp(-(x-1)**2/0.3**2)

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

68

In this example, there are three source subsections started from <source>. In the first source subsection, we
define a cylinder source from z=2cm to z=29cm with 5cm radius, and we set r1=4. This r1=4 means that theregion inside the cylinder with radius 4cm is not included. In the next source, it is also a cylinder source fromz=1cm to z=2cm with 5cm radius without r1. This is a normal thin cylinder. The last one is also a thin cylinderfrom z=29cm to z=30cm with 5cm radius. The numbers defined after each <source> denote the relative weightof the multi-source. In this example, the relative weight is determined by the relative volume ratio of each source.
This means that the source particles are generated uniformly in each source volume. The coordinate distributionof the generated source particles is shown in Fig. 4.4 using [t-product] tally with output=source, and icntl=6.

x [cm]

4
2
10−3

0
−2
−4

Number [1/cm3/source]

6

−6
0

10

20

30

z [cm]

6

6

z=1.5cm

10−3

0
−2
−4

2
y [cm]y [cm]

2

10−3

0
−2
−4

−6

−6
−6

−4

−2

0
x [cm]

2

4

6

−6

−4

−2

0
x [cm]

Figure 4.4: Multi-source, coordinate distribution

2

4

6

Number [1/cm3/source]4
Number [1/cm3/source]

4

z=15cm4.3 [ S o u r c e ] section

69

The source particles of the multi-source are proton, photon and neutron. In each subsection, the energy distribution of the source particle is defined as Maxwellian, Gaussian, and user defined analytical function by using
the expression of those function with Fortran style. The first Maxwellian distribution is just equivalent to theexpression by e-type=7 ase-type = 7
et0 = 1.e-4
et1 = 1.e-6
et2 = 1.e-3

The second Gaussian distribution is also equivalent to the expression by e-type=2 ase-type = 2
eg0 = 1.e-1
eg1 = 1.e-1
eg2 = 1.e-4
eg3 = 5.e-1

These energy distributions are shown below by using [t-product] tally with output=source, and icntl=6. The
result of each particle is shown in Fig. 4.5 with diﬀerent colors.

10−1

Number [1/source]

10−2
10−3

protonphoton10−4neutron

10−5
10−6
10−6 10−5 10−4 10−3 10−2 10−1 100 101 102 103
Energy [MeV]
Figure 4.5: Multi-source, energy distribution

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

70

The first source has an angular distribution defined by dir=0, which means 90 degrees direction with respect toz-axis, the second one has dir=-1, 180 degrees direction, and the third one has an angular distribution defined bya-type description in which we used an analytic function for an angular distribution. The angular distribution of
the third one is shown in Fig. 4.6 by using [t-cross] tally.

Angular distribution

0.00150.00100.00050.0000
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6
cos(θ)

0.8

Figure 4.6: Multi-source, angular distribution

1.0

4.3 [ S o u r c e ] section

71

4.3.18 Duct source option
For the simulation of neutrons through the long beam-line from the moderator of spallation neutron source or
the reactor to the detector room, we have prepared the following duct source options to reduce the variance of thecalculations. The beam current transported through the beam-line decreases proportional to the inverse square of
the distance from the moderator. This means that the current crossing the wall of the beam-line, which is called as”wall current”, at 100 m point is six order of magnitude smaller than that at 1 m point from the source if we assume
isotropic distribution of the source direction. To reduce this variance, we have introduced a special options of thesource function in which the wall current of the simulation particles is equalized at any point of the beam-line bychanging the importance weight of the particles to simulate a real situation of the current inside the beam-line.
We set the duct source options for s-type = 1, 4, 2, 5, circle and rectangle source, by dom = -10. The
parameters for the duct source options are summarized in Table 4.47.
Table 4.47: parameters for duct source options
parameter
dom = -10
dl0 =
dl1 =
dl2 =
dpf =
drd =
dxw =
dyw =

explanation
specify the duct source
starting z position of the beam-line from z0 (cm)
starting z position of the duct source from z0 (cm)ending z position of the duct source from z0 (cm)
portion of pass through particles at dl2
radius of circle beam line for s-type = 1, 4 (cm)x size of rectangle beam line for s-type = 2, 5 (cm)y size of rectangle beam line for s-type = 2, 5 (cm)We assume circle or rectangle beam-line for s-type = 1, 4 or s-type = 2, 5, respectively. z1 = z0 and
dir = 1 are also assumed, the latter means the direction of the beam-line. If you want to change the directionof the beam-line, you should use the transformation trcl = number of transformation. The source particles are
generated within the circle or rectangle region at z0 defined by r0 or x0, x1, y0, y1, for s-type = 1, 4 ors-type = 2, 5, respectively. The direction of the particle is determined by the wall position where it reaches
within dl1 and dl2 so as to equalize the wall current at any point within this region changing the importance ofthe particle. Overall normalization factor is defined as a number of the source particles which pass the entrance ofbeam-line at dl0 originated within the same region at the source position z0 as that at dl0. We normally set the
number to be unit for one history if all duct wall position from dl0 to dl2 can see the source region at z0. If thesource region at z0 is larger than the area of the beam-line at dl0, the source particle from the outer region at z0
is not counted as the normalization number at dl0. This means that the extra region at z0 increases the current
in the beam-line without changing the normalization factor. In the above argument, we assume isotropic angular
distribution of the source particles within the small solid angle which covers the whole beam-lin.

z0

dl0

dl1

dl2

True
dyw
dxw
False

Figure 4.7: Schematic image of the duct source.

We show some example of the duct source option in the following. In the first example, we use the rectangle
source and beam-line, the same size of the source and beam-line dimensions. Here we show the input for the ductsource option,

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

72

List 4.3
1
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:
27:
28:
29:
30:

• duct source option, example 1[ S o u r c e ]set: c1[200]$dl0set: c2[500]$dl1
set: c3[5000]$dl2
set: c4[5.0]$x*2 at z0
set: c5[5.0]$y*2 at z0
set: c10[5.0]$dxw
set: c20[5.0]$dyw
set: c30[0.001] $dpf
s-type = 2
proj= neutrone0= 20.0x0= -c4/2
x1= c4/2y0= -c5/2
y1= c5/2
z0
= 0.0
z1
= 0.0
dir
= 1.0
phi
= 0.0
dom = -10
dl0 = c1
dl1 = c2dl2 = c3
dxw = c10
dyw = c20
dpf = c30

In the first part of above source section, we define some constants which are necessary for the duct source option,
dl0, dl1, dl2, size of source, dxw, dyw, dpf. In the second part, we define the position and xy region of thesource, direction of the beam-line and the energy of source particle. In the third part, we define the duct source
options. We calculated particle transport in the beam-line from 5 m up to 50 m by this duct source and the current,
wall current by using the cross tally. The results are shown in Fig. 4.8 compared with an ideal case in which thecurrent and the wall current are proportional to 1/L2 and 1/L3 , respectively. The cross marker in the figure indicatesthe position of dl0 and show that the current at this point is unit. The results of the duct source option agree very
well with the analytical results.

101

Current [n/source]

1 / L2100

1 / L3Current, PHITS

10−1

Wall Current, PHITS

10−2
10−3
10−4
10−5
10−6
0

1000

2000

3000
z [cm]

4000

5000

Figure 4.8: duct source option, example 1
In the next example, we changed only the size of the source from the previous example.

4.3 [ S o u r c e ] section

List 4.4
1
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:
27:
28:
29:
30:

73

• duct source option, example 2[ S o u r c e ]set: c1[200]$dl0set: c2[500]$dl1
set: c3[5000]$dl2
set: c4[10.0]$x*2 at z0
set: c5[10.0]$y*2 at z0
set: c10[5.0]$dxw
set: c20[5.0]$dyw
set: c30[0.001] $dpf
s-type = 2
proj= neutrone0= 20.0x0= -c4/2
x1= c4/2y0= -c5/2
y1= c5/2
z0
= 0.0
z1
= 0.0
dir
= 1.0
phi
= 0.0
dom = -10
dl0 = c1
dl1 = c2dl2 = c3
dxw = c10
dyw = c20
dpf = c30

Figure 4.9 shows how the extra region of the source increases the current and the wall current. By this function,
you can automatically treat the margin area of the moderator to the size of the cross-section of beam-line.

101

1 / L210

1 / L3Current, PHITS

10−1

Wall Current, PHITS

Current [n/source]

0

10−2
10−3
10−4
10−5
10−6
0

1000

2000

3000
z [cm]

4000

5000

Figure 4.9: duct source option, example 2

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

74

4.4 [ M a t e r i a l ] section
4.4.1 Formats
Material is defined in this section. There are two formats for material definition as shown below. First, theconventional format as[ M a t e r i a l ]MAT[ m ]nucleus density
nucleus density
nucleus density
nucleus density
MAT[ m ]keyword=value .....
nucleus density
nucleus density
MTm S(a,b) identifier ....
MAT[ m ]......
.......
......
.......

In addition, other definition format can be used as[ M a t e r i a l ]Mm nucleus density
nucleusnucleus density
nucleusMm
keyword=value .....
nucleus density
nucleusnucleus density
nucleusMTm S(a,b) identifier ....
Mm......
.......
......
.......

densitydensitydensitydensity

Here m can be specified up to material number 9999 unless over-defined.

4.4.2 Nuclide definition
The nucleus can be defined by various format as 208Pb, Pb-208, 82208. Hydrogen is defined as 1H, H-1,
1001. You can use natural isotope ratio if you use no-mass style as Pb, 82000.
If you want to use nuclear data, add library number (double-digit) and data class (a character a-z) after nuclide
definition after period as 208Pb.24c, Pb-208.24c, 82208.24c. (Note that the format of the natural isotope
ration cannot be used when the library has no information on it.) In the case that you do not add such extension,
PH I TS searches the cross section directory file file(7) (D=xsdir) from the top line for the library number
id corresponding to the nuclide, and use its data library. You can specify library number id on each material
number, not on each nuclide, by NLIB, PLIB, ELIB, HLIB parameters in Table 4.48. Note that the specification
with the above extension have higher priority than that with these parameters. Information on used data library
in a PH I TS calculation is written in the summary output file file(6) (D=phits.out) when kmout=1 is set in[parameters] section .

4.4 [ M a t e r i a l ] section

75

If you want to use “carbon”, you should use 6000, 6012 or 12C. Because “c” doubles as a comment mark.

4.4.3 Density definition
Two units are available for density definition. if density takes positive value, it means particle density as [1024atoms/cm3 ] else if negative value, mass density [g/cm3 ]. These densities can be re-defined in the [cell] section.
So if you have density definition in the [cell] section, you don’t need to set density, alternatively you can set
composition ratio here.

4.4.4 Material parameters
For the region in which you use nuclear data, you can set material parameters for each material as the style
keyword=value. Anywhere you can write this parameters in the material subsection. Parameters are shown below.
Table 4.48: material parameterparameter
GAS

ESTEP
NLIB
PLIB
ELIB
HLIB
COND

value
D = 0
= 0
= 1
= n
= id
= id
= id
= id
< 0
= 0
> 0

4.4.5

explanation
density eﬀect correction to electron stopping power
appropriate for material in the condensed (solid or liquid) state usedappropriate for material in the gaseous state usedmake sub step number n for electron transport
it is ignored when n is smaller than built-in default valuechange default neutron library number idchange default photon library number idchange default electron library number idchange default proton library number id
conductor settings
non-conductor(Default) non-conductor if there exist at least 1 non-conductor, otherwise conductor
conductor if there exist at least 1 conductor

S (α, β) settings

In the transport of low-energy neutrons, S (α, β) library may be required. This library can be set as follows:
MTm materialID
where m is the material number, and materialID is ID number written in “xsdir” such as lwtr.20t. See\XS\tsl\tsl-table for detailed information for these data.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

76

4.4.6 Examples
Some examples are shown below.
List 4.5
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:

• material example (1)[ M a t e r i a l ]MAT[ 1 ]
1H
1.0000000E-04
208Pb
1.7238000E-02
204Pb
4.6801000E-04
206Pb
7.9430000E-03
207Pb
7.2838000E-03
MAT[ 2 ]1H
1.0000000E-09
14N
4.6801000E-05
16O
7.9430000E-06

By default, the order is nuclide, then density. You can specify them in reverse by putting the “den” and “nuc” as,List 4.6
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:

List 4.7
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:

• material example (2)[ M a t e r i a l ]dennuc
MAT[ 1 ]1.0000000E-04
1H
1.7238000E-02
208Pb
4.6801000E-04
204Pb
7.9430000E-03
206Pb
7.2838000E-03
207Pb
MAT[ 2 ]1.0000000E-09
1H
4.6801000E-05
14N
7.9430000E-06
16O<------• material example (3)[ M a t e r i a l ]m1
80196.49c 5.9595d-5
80198.49c 3.9611d-3
80199.49c 6.7025d-3
80200.49c 9.1776d-3
80201.49c 5.2364d-3
80202.49c 1.1863d-2
80204.49c 2.2795d-3
c...Be...
m3
4009.37c 1.2362E-1
mt3
be.01
c
...h2o (25C)...
m4
1001.37c 6.6658d-2
8016.37c 3.3329d-2
mt4
lwtr.01c...b4c (natural boron; 25%-density)...
m5
6012.37c 6.8118d-3
5011.37c 2.1825d-2c...liquid-h2 (20K)...
m6
1001.49c 3.1371d-2
1011.49c 1.0457d-2
mt6
orthoh.00
parah.00

4.5 [ C e l l ] section

77

4.5 [ C e l l ] section
4.5.1 Formats
In this section, cells can be defined by surfaces described in the [surface] section. The format for thedefinition is based on the General Geometry (GG). You should set a cell as a closed space, and you can make avirtual space for particle transport calculation by combining the defined cells. In PH I TS , an outer region must be
explicitly defined as a cell.
Only C and $ can be used as a comment mark, but the # cannot be used as a comment mark here, since thischaracter is used for the cell definition. File including and variable definition can be used in this section. If you
want to use continuation lines, it is enough to put more than 4 blanks at the line head instead of the line sequential
mark at the end of line.
The [cell] is defined in order by the data: cell number, material number, material density, cell definition, andcell parameter as keyword style. These are explained in Table 4.49. The format is shown below.

[ C e l l ]cell numbermat.

numbermat.

densitycell def.

cell parameter

LIKE n BUT cell parameter format and repeated structure with lattice can be used. See Sec. 4.5.5 in which
we describe how to use them with some examples. The cell parameters are listed and explained in Table 4.50.
Table 4.49: cell definition format
item
cell number
material number
material density

cell definition

LIKE n BUT
cell parameter

explanation
You can use any number from 1 to 999999.
Set 0 for void, −1 for the outer region, or material number defined in [material]
section.
If the cell is void or the outer region, no input. When the given value is positive or
negative, it is particle density [1024 atoms/cm3 ] or mass density [g/cm3 ], respectively.
A material density defined in the [material] section is renormalized to the particle
density given here. Thus diﬀerent density materials, which have the same composition
with original one, can be set in this section. A new parameter matadd is prepared inorder to add diﬀerent material number.
Cell geometry is defined by both surface numbers in the [surface] section
and Boolean operators, ⊔(blank)(AND), :(OR), and #(NOT). Parentheses ( and ) can bealso used. See Sec. 4.5.2 for detail.
A cell using this format is the same as the n cell, except only parameters described
after BUT.
This format is keyword=value. As keyword, VOL(volume), TMP(temperature),
TRCL(transform), U(universe), LAT(lattice), and FILL can be used.
In the LIKE n BUT format, MAT(material) and RHO(density) can be used in addition.

When you define some cells having diﬀerent densities from each other with the same material number, the cells
come to be with other material number except for the first cell.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

78

Table 4.50: cell parameter
item
VOL
TMP
TRCL
U
LAT
FILL
MAT
RHO

explanation
Volume (cm3 ) of the cell is given.
Temperature (MeV) of the material in the cell is given.
Coordinate transform for position of the cell is done using coordinate transform number definedin the [transform] section or the transform format.
Universe number. Number of the universe including the cell is defined. You can use any number
from 1 to 999999. See Sec. 4.5.3 for detail.
Lattice number. Setting LAT=1 or 2, you can define quadratic prism or hexangular prism,
respectively. See Sec. 4.5.4 for detail.
Set universe numbers to fill the cell with the universe.
This is used with LIKE n BUT MAT=m format. You can define the same cell except that its
material number is m.
This is used with LIKE n BUT RHO=x format. You can define the same cell except that its
density is x.

4.5.2 Description of cell definition
Cells are defined by treating regions divided by surfaces defined in the [surface] section. When you describe
the definition, you need a concept, “surface sense”, to make a distinction between two regions divided by thesurface corresponding to an equation, f (x, y, z) = 0, and Boolean operators, ⊔(blank)(AND), :(OR), and #(NOT),
to treat some regions.
The “surface sense” defines one region including a point (x0 , y0 , z0 ), which gives f (x0 , y0 , z0 ) > 0, as “positive sense”, and the other region as “negative sense”. Then, you write only the surface number in the celldefinition space when you want to use a region of positive sense, and write it with minus symbol, −, when aregion of negative sense. An example for this sense is shown below.
List 4.8
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:

• [cell] section example (1)[ C e l l ]
1
0 -10
2 -1
10
[ S u r f a c e ]10 SZ 3 5

The 10th surface represents a sphere with a radius of 5cm. Because the inside of this sphere is negative sense, the
1st cell is defined by −10. The outer region is explicitly defined as the 2nd cell. This example gives the virtual
space as shown in Fig. 4.10.
10x [cm]

5

0

void

1

−5
−10
−10

−5

0
z [cm]

5

10

Figure 4.10: Result of the [cell] section example (1).

4.5 [ C e l l ] section

79

When you treat some regions to make the cell definition, Boolean operators are used. Symbols ⊔(blank), :,and # denote intersection (AND), union (OR), and complement (NOT), respectively, as the operators. Parentheses,( and ), can be used to combine some regions. The second example in this section uses ⊔(blank) and #.
List 4.9• [cell] section example (2)

1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:

[ C e l l ]1
0 11 -12 13
2 -1 #1[ S u r f a c e ]11 PX -612 PX
613 PY -614 PY
615 PZ -6
16 PZ
6

-14

15

-16

In the cell definition in the 2nd line, the three numbers without minus symbol correspond to regions of positive
sense of the 11th, 13th, and 15th surfaces, and those with minus correspond to regions of negative sense of the
12th, 14th, and 16th surfaces. Then, a region surrounded by the 6 surfaces is defined with ⊔(blank) as the 1st cell,which is the inside of a 12cm cube. The outside of the cube is defined by the complement operator # as the outerregion. Figure 4.11 shows the result of this example.
10x [cm]

5

0

1

void

−5
−10
−10

−5

0
z [cm]

5

10

Figure 4.11: Result of the [cell] section example (2).
The next example uses : and parentheses. The sphere in the 1st example and the cube in the 2nd example are
combined.
List 4.10
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:

• [cell] section example (3)[ C e l l ]1
0 -10 : (112 -1 #1[ S u r f a c e ]
10 SZ
3 5
11 PX -612 PX
613 PY -614 PY
615 PZ -6
16 PZ
6

-12

13

-14

15

-16)

A part surrounded by the parentheses in the 2nd line corresponds to the region of the 1st cell in the example (2).
In this example, a region combined inside of the cube and that of the sphere in the example (1) is defined with theunion operator : as the 1st cell. The result is shown in Fig. 4.12.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

80

10x [cm]

5

0

1

void

−5
−10
−10

−5

0
z [cm]

5

10

Figure 4.12: Result of the [cell] section example (3).

In the next example, division of a cube into two regions by a spherical surface is shown.
List 4.11
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:

• [cell] section example (4)[ M a t e r i a l ]mat[1] 1H 2 16O 1[ C e l l ]
1
0
-10
2
1 1.0
10 (11
3 -1#1 #2[ S u r f a c e ]
10 SZ
3 5
11 PX -612 PX
613 PY -614 PY
615 PZ -6
16 PZ
6

-12

13

-14

15

-16)

This [surface] section is the same of the example (3). In the 5th line, the 2nd cell is defined with ⊔(blank) as anoverlap region between the outside of the sphere, which is the 10th surface, and the inside of the cube defined by
the parentheses. The cell is filled with water defined in the [material] section, and its situation is shown in Fig.
4.13. The inside of the sphere is the 1st cell and void.
10x [cm]

5

0

void

2

−5
−10
−10

water

1

−5

0
z [cm]

5

10

Figure 4.13: Result of the [cell] section example (4). The 1st and 2nd cells are filled with void and water,
respectively.

4.5 [ C e l l ] section

81

4.5.3 Universe frame
In PH I TS , you can define some universes with a cell parameter U. A region of main space for particle transport
calculation is filled with a corresponding region in any universe. This function is very useful to set repeatedstructures introduced in Sec. 4.5.5.
An example using three spaces (one main space and two universes) shown in Fig. 4.14 is explained below. The
main space includes two rectangular solids. One universe has a cylinder filled with water, and the other universe
has an iron cylinder surrounded by water. The 1st cell is filled with a region of the universe 1, and the 2nd cell isfilled with that of the universe 2.
(a) Main space10x [cm]

5

0

1

2

void

−5
−10
−10

−5

0
z [cm]

510(c) Universe 2
10

5

5

0

void
water

101

x [cm]

x [cm](b) Universe 1
10

0

−5

iron

−5
102

−10
−10

water

201

202

−5

0
z [cm]

5

−10
−10

10

−5

0
z [cm]

5

10

Figure 4.14: (a) Two rectangular solids. (b) Cylinder filled with water. (c) Iron cylinder in water.

List 4.12• [cell] section example (5)

1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:

[ M a t e r i a l ]mat[1] 1H 2 16O 1
mat[2] Fe 1
[ C e l l ]1 0
11 -12 13
2 0
11 -12 13
101 1 1.0 -10 13 -14102 0#101 U=1
201 2 10.0 -10 13 -14
202 1 1.0 #201 U=2
9 -1
#1 #2
[ S u r f a c e ]10 CY
511 PX -612 PX
613 PY -614 PY
615 PZ -6
16 PZ
6
17 PZ
0

-14
-14
U=1
U=2

15
17

-17
-16

FILL=1
FILL=2

4 SECTIONS FORMAT82

The universe 1 and 2 are defined in the 7th, 8th lines and the 9th, 10th lines, respectively, using cell parameter
U. These universes have a similar structure that a cylinder is put at the origin of the coordinate space, but theircomponents of inside or outside of the cylinder are diﬀerent from each other as shown in Fig. 4.14. In the 5th and6th lines, the 1st and 2nd cells are, respectively, defined as regions filled with the corresponding part of the each
universe using cell parameter FILL. The result of this example is shown in Fig. 4.15. One sees that the 1st cellconsists of the 101st and 102nd cells in the universe 1, and the 2nd cell consists the 201st and 202nd cells in theuniverse 2.
10x [cm]

5

0

101

void
water

201

iron

−5

102

−10
−10

−5

202

0
z [cm]

5

10

Figure 4.15: Result of the [cell] section example (5).

You cannot use an undefined region in the universe. If the 102nd cell is not defined in the 8th line as a void
region, you cannot fill the 1st cell with the universe 1. In addition, you should know that all universes have thesame definition for the coordinate system; position of the origin, directions of x, y, and z-axes, and scale of thespace in any universe agree with those in the other universe. If the diﬀerent value is used for PX in the 14th, 15thlines, the cube does not include a part of the cylinder as shown in Fig. 4.16.
10x [cm]

5

102

202

101

0

void
water

201

iron

−5
−10
−10

−5

0
z [cm]

5

10

Figure 4.16: Result of the [cell] section example (5) except that the region is shifted in the x-direction.

4.5.4 Lattice definition
For making repeated structures, a cell parameter LAT (lattice parameter) is very useful. In this section, definitionof a unit structure of the lattice and its simple usage are explained showing some examples. See Sec. 4.5.5 formore practical description.
Quadratic prism and hexangular prism shown in Fig. 4.17 can be used as a unit structure by LAT=1 and LAT=2,
respectively. You make one universe having the repeated structure of the lattice. Then, you fill any region withthe universe. It is noted that the each unit must also be filled with another universe, which is defined with any

4.5 [ C e l l ] section

83

material or void. The numbering each component of the units in Fig. 4.17 corresponds to the order of the surface
number written in the cell definition, and the lattice coordinate system, which will be explained below, depends on
the order.

3
2

LAT=1

5
2

1

3
1

LAT=2

6

4

4

Figure 4.17: Unit structure of lattice.
An example using quadratic prism (LAT=1) is shown below.
List 4.13
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:

• [cell] section example (6)[ M a t e r i a l ]mat[1] 1H 2 16O 1[ C e l l ]1
0
11 -12
13 -14 15 -16 FILL=1
101
0
-26
25 -2221 LAT=1 U=1 FILL=2201
1 1.0 -90 U=2
2 -1#1[ S u r f a c e ]11 PX -612 PX
613 PY -614 PY
615 PZ -616 PZ
6
21 PX -222 PX
223 PY -224 PY
225 PZ -2
26 PZ
2
90 BOX -10 -10 -10 20 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 20

In the 5th line, a unit cell with LAT=1 is defined using 4 surface numbers. Setting U=1, the universe 1 is defined byrepeated structures of this unit, which is filled with the universe 2 defined in the 6th line. Because a cross sectionof the unit in the x-z plane has a square 4 cm on a side, the 1st cell defined in the 4th line as a 12 cm cube has
9-blocks as shown in Fig. 4.18. It is noted that the unit has an infinite length in the y direction in the universe 1
because of using only 4 surfaces. If you want to define a prism having a finite length, you have to add -24 23 to
20 definition in the 5th line.
the cell
1015x [cm]

5

10(-1,1,0) (0,1,0) (1,1,0)

0(-1,0,0) (0,0,0) (1,0,0)−5(-1,-1,0) (0,-1,0) (1,-1,0)

water

5

−10
−10
0
0

5

10

15

20

−5

0
z [cm]

5

10

Figure 4.18: Result of the [cell] section example (6) in 3D (left) and 2D (right) images.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT84

To distinguish cells in the repeated structure, each cell is on the lattice coordinate (s, t, u) as shown in the rightpanel of Fig. 4.18. Note that directions of this coordinate correspond to those of the usual coordinate (x, y, z),
and are defined by the order of the surface number written in the cell definition. When you specify any cell using
mesh=reg in tally sections, you can use the lattice and universe styles as (201 < 101[-1 0 0] < 1), where thelattice coordinate is represented by [s t u]. See Sec. 5.1.2 for this format as well. You can see lattice coordinates
by the [t-gshow] tally with output=7 or 8.
The next is an example using hexangular prism (LAT=2).
List 4.14
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:

• [cell] section example (7)[ M a t e r i a l ]mat[1] 1H 2 16O 1[ C e l l ]1
0
11 -12 13 -14 15 -16 FILL=1101
0-31 32 -33 34 -35 36 -24 23
201
1 1.0 -90 U=2
2 -1#1[ S u r f a c e ]11 PX -612 PX
613 PY -614 PY
615 PZ -616 PZ
623 PY -2
24 PY
2
set: c1[2]31 PZ [ c1*cos(pi/6)]
32 PZ [-c1*cos(pi/6)]
33 P
1 0 [ 1/tan(pi/3)] [ c1]34 P
1 0 [ 1/tan(pi/3)] [-c1]35 P
1 0 [-1/tan(pi/3)] [ c1]36 P
1 0 [-1/tan(pi/3)] [-c1]
90 BOX -10 -10 -10 20 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 20

LAT=2

U=1

FILL=2A hexagon with LAT=2 is defined in the 5th line using 6 surfaces defined in the 17th-23th lines. The hexagonal
prism is restricted in the y-direction by -24 23 in the cell definition, and is filled with the universe 2, namely,
water as written in the 6th line. The 1st cell has the repeated structure defined as the universe 1. Figure 4.19 shows
the result of this example. One can see that some prisms near edges of the 1st cell, which is defined as a 12 cm
cube, are only partly used. Directions of the lattice coordinate shown in the right panel depend on the order of thesurface number written in the cell definition. When you specify any cell using mesh=reg in tally sections, you
can use the lattice and universe styles as (201 < 101[-2 0 0] < 1), where the lattice coordinate is represented
by [s t u]. See Sec. 5.1.2 for this format as well. You can see lattice coordinates by the [t-gshow] tally with
20
output=7
or 8.
10
15

5

(-3,2,0) (-2,2,0) (-1,2,0) (0,2,0) (1,2,0)x [cm](-2,1,0) (-1,1,0) (0,1,0) (1,1,0)
10

0(-2,0,0) (-1,0,0) (0,0,0)(-1,-1,0) (0,-1,0) (1,-1,0)

−5
5

−10
−10
0
0

5

10

15

20

water

(1,0,0) (2,0,0)(2,-1,0)(-1,-2,0) (0,-2,0) (1,-2,0) (2,-2,0) (3,-2,0)−50z [cm]

5

10

Figure 4.19: Result of the [cell] section example (7) in 3D (left) and 2D (right) images.

4.5 [ C e l l ] section

85

4.5.5 Repeated structures
You can use some simple procedures in PH I TS to make repeated structures, where the same or similar units are
put repeatedly. Using a lattice parameter explained in Sec. 4.5.4 is one of them, and another is the LIKE n BUT
cell parameter format.
LIKE n BUT cell parameter
Using this format, you can make a little diﬀerent cell from original one. Only elements corresponding to cellparameters written after BUT are diﬀerent from the n cell. Cell parameters that can be used in this format are shownin Table 4.50. In the following example, two cell parameters TRCL and MAT are used.
List 4.15
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:

• [cell] section example (8)[ M a t e r i a l ]mat[1] 1H 2 16O 1
mat[2] Fe 1
[ C e l l ]1
0-10 13 -14 #2 #3 #4
2
1 1.0
11 -12 13 -14 15 -16
3
LIKE 2 BUT TRCL=1
4
LIKE 2 BUT TRCL=2 MAT=2
5 -1#(-10 13 -14)
[ S u r f a c e ]10 CY
1011 PX -212 PX
213 PY -214 PY
2
15 PZ -2
16 PZ
2
[T r a n s f o r m ]*tr1
3 0 -5*tr2
0 0 6 30 90 120 90 0 90 60 90 30

1

A 4 cm cube filled with water is defined in the 6th line, and is put at the origin of the coordinate system. Insideof this cube is the 2nd cell regarded as the original cell in this example. In the 7th and 8th lines, respectively,
the 3rd and 4th cells are defined with the LIKE n BUT format, where n = 2. Figure 4.20 shows the result of
the example. The coordinate system of the 3rd cell is transformed using the cell parameter TRCL=1, where thecoordinate transform number 1 is defined in the 19th line in the [transform] section. That of the 4th cell is alsotransformed with TRCL=2. Moreover, the material inside of the cell is replaced with iron defined as the material
number 2 in the 3rd line.
105x [cm]

3
void

0
−5
−10
−10

4

2

iron
water

1

−5

0
z [cm]

5

10

Figure 4.20: Result of the [cell] section example (8).

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

86

Nesting structure with lattice
A nesting structure can be used on the basis of universe frame in Sec. 4.5.3. For example, the universe 1 isfilled with the universe 2, and the universe 2 is filled with the universe 3. Moreover, the 3rd can be also filled withanother universe. Then, you can define the nesting structure. The maximum number of the nesting level is 10,
which corresponds to a parameter mxlv given in a file param.inc.
In the next example, there are nine square poles defined with LAT=1, and three of these have a diﬀerent structurefrom the others.
List 4.16
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:

• [cell] section example (9)[ M a t e r i a l ]mat[1] 1H 2 16O 1
mat[2] Fe 1
[ C e l l ]1
0
11 -12
13 -14 15 -16 FILL=1
101
0
-26
25 -2221 LAT=1 U=1
FILL=-1:1 -1:1 0:0
2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2201
1 1.0 -90 U=2301
2 10.0 -10 U=3302
010 U=32 -1#1[ S u r f a c e ]
10 CY
1.5
11 PX -612 PX
613 PY -614 PY
615 PZ -616 PZ
6
21 PX -222 PX
225 PZ -2
26 PZ
2
90 BOX -10 -10 -10 20 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 20

Definition of the 1st cell and the unit of lattice in the 5th and 6th lines, respectively, is the same of that in the[cell] section example (6). However, a format of the cell parameter FILL written in the 7th and 8th lines
is diﬀerent. In the 7th line, regions treated in this calculation are given in the lattice coordinate system. The
numbers in the next line correspond to the universe number filling each lattice at (s, t, u), where the order is(−1, −1, 0), (0, −1, 0), (1, −1, 0), (−1, 0, 0), . . . , (1, 1, 0); i.e., a lattice at (−1, −1, 0) is filled with the universe 2 andthat at (1, −1, 0) is filled with the universe 3. The universe 2 is defined in the 9th line as space filled with water.
On the other hand, the universe 3 defined in the 10th and 11th lines has an iron cylinder at the origin. The result of
this example is shown in Fig. 4.21. One can see that three lattices at (1, −1, 0), (0, 0, 0), and (−1, 1, 0) have the iron
cylinder. When you specify any cell using mesh=reg in tally sections, you can use the lattice and universe styles
as (302 < 101[0 0 0] < 1), where the lattice coordinate is represented by [s t u]. See also Sec. 5.1.2 forthis format.
10

5(-1,1,0)(0,1,0)(1,1,0)(-1,0,0) (0,0,0)(0,0,0)(1,0,0)x [cm](-1,1,0)

0
−5
−10
−10

water
void
iron

(-1,-1,0) (0,-1,0) (1,-1,0)(1,-1,0)−50z [cm]

5

10

Figure 4.21: Result of the [cell] section example (9).

4.5 [ C e l l ] section

87

More complex example is shown below.
List 4.17
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:
27:
28:
29:
30:
31:
32:

• [cell] section example (10)[ M a t e r i a l ]mat[1] 1H 2 16O 1
mat[2] Fe 1
[ C e l l ]1
0
11 -12
13 -14 15 -16 FILL=1
101
0
-26
25 -2221 LAT=1 U=1
FILL=-1:1 -1:1 0:0
2 2 3(1 0 1) 2 3(1 0 1) 2 3(1 0 1) 2 2201
1 1.0 -90 U=2
301
0
-36
35 -3231 LAT=1 U=3
FILL=-1:0 -1:0 0:0
4 2 2 4401
2 10.0 -10 U=4402
010 U=42 -1#1[ S u r f a c e ]
10 CY
0.5
11 PX -612 PX
613 PY -614 PY
615 PZ -616 PZ
6
21 PX -222 PX
225 PZ -226 PZ
2
31 PX -132 PX
135 PZ -1
36 PZ
1
90 BOX -10 -10 -10 20 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 20

The virtual space made by this input is shown in Fig. 4.22. The nine square poles are defined with the lattice
parameter. Furthermore, three of these consist of 4 units of the other lattice. The (1 0 1) in the 8th line denotes
the transformation of the coordinate system that the origin is shifted by 1cm in the x- and z-direction. When you
specify any cell using mesh=reg in tally sections, you can use the lattice and universe styles as (402 < 301[-1-1 0] < 101[0 0 0] < 1), where the lattice coordinate is represented by [s t u]. See also Sec. 5.1.2 for thisformat.
10x [cm]

5
water

0

void
iron

−5
−10
−10

−5

0
z [cm]

5

10

Figure 4.22: Result of the [cell] section example (10).

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

88

Voxel phantom
In PH I TS , you can make a virtual space using voxel phantom for calculation on complex structures, such as
the human body or organism. First, a little cube is defined as a unit of the lattice with LAT=1. Second, you set a
repeated structure of a large size using the unit. Third, you fill each unit with any universe, which is itself filledwith biological matter, such as compounds of carbon and water.
In an example below, a 10 cm cube consisting of 2cm cubes (voxels) of 5 × 5 × 5 = 125 is described.
List 4.18
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:

• [cell] section example (11)[ M a t e r i a l ]mat[1] 1H 2 16O 1
mat[2] Fe 1
[ C e l l ]1
0
11 -12
13 -14 15 -16 FILL=1101
0 -20 LAT=1 U=1
FILL=-2:2 -2:2 -2:2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 3 2 2 3 3 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 4 4 4 3 2 3 3 3 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2201
0-90 U=2301
2 10.0 -90 U=3401
1 1.0 -90 U=4
2 -1#1[ S u r f a c e ]11 PX -512 PX
513 PY -514 PY
515 PZ -516 PZ
520 BOX -1 -1 -1 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2
90 BOX -10 -10 -10 20 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 20

2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2

As a unit of voxel, a 2 cm cube is defined in the 24th line. Furthermore, the 1st cell that is inside of a 10 cm cube has
a repeated structure through definition in the 5th line. The region of the lattice coordinate space is determined in the
7th line. The order of voxel in the 8th-12th lines is as follows: (−2, −2, −2), (−1, −2, −2), . . . , (2, 2, 2) represented
by the lattice coordinate. 2 in the 8th-12th lines means the universe 2, which is void, and 3 and 4, namely theuniverse 3 and 4, correspond to iron and water, respectively. Figure 4.23 represents the result of this example thatis a distorted iron box including water its inside. When you specify any cell using mesh=reg in tally sections, you
can use the lattice and universe styles as (401 < 101[0 0 0] < 1), where the lattice coordinate is represented
by [s t u]. See also Sec. 5.1.2 for this format. It is noted that you cannot use formats as (301 < 101[-2:2-2:2 -2:2] 20< 1) because not all the 101[-2:2 -2:2
-2:2] cell have the 301st cell.
20

15

15

10

10

5

5

0

0

0
5
10
15
5
10
15
20
Figure 4.23: Resultsof the[cell] section
example(11) in020 3D images.
The structurein theright panel
is removed
its iron surface from the original one in the left panel.

4.5 [ C e l l ] section

89

For time shortening, you can use ivoxel in the [parameters] section. When you perform PH I TS calculation
with ivoxel=2, voxel data are output in file(18) in binary and then the calculation is stopped. From the next
calculation with ivoxel=1, a process of the data output is omitted and the calculation time is shortened. If you
use a very huge voxel data, using infl may become to be convenient.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

90

4.6 [ S u r f a c e ] section
4.6.1 Formats
Surface is defined in this section. Only C and $ can be used as a comment mark, but # can not be used as
a comment mark here. The file including and variable definition can be set in this section. If you want to use
continuation lines, it is enough to put more than 4 blanks at the line head instead of the line sequential mark at theend of line.
The order of format is, surface number, coordinate transform number, surface symbol, and surface definition.
You can use mathematical expressions and user defined variables in the surface definition. Surface definitionby macro body can be used. Surface number is limited from 1 to 999999. You can also use reflective and whiteboundary conditions by writing ”*” and ”+”, respectively, before the surface number. For example, ”*10” indicatesthat surface 10 is a reflective boundary.
Formats and examples are shown below[ S u r f a c e ]surface number

transform number

surface symbol

surface definition

Table 4.51: surface definition format
item
surface number
coordinatetransform number
surface symbol
surface definition

explanation
1 ∼ 999999
if no coordinate transform, no input,
else with coordinate transform, use number n of
TRn in [transform] section
surface symbol in surface card list, or symbol of macro body1 ∼ 15 inputs depends on surfaces

4.6.2 Examples
List 4.19
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:

• [surface] section example (1)[surface]
1
cz
2
cz
3
cz
4
cz
5
pz
6
pz
7
pz
8
pz
9
pz
10
pz

5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
55.0
60.0

4.6 [ S u r f a c e ] section

91

Table 4.52: surface card
surface symbol
P
PX
PY
PZ
SO
S
SX
SY
SZ
C/X
C/Y
C/Z
CX
CY
CZ
K/X
K/Y
K/Z
KX
KY
KZ

SQ

GQ

TX

type
plane

spherecylindercone

ellipsehyperboloid
paraboloid
cylindercode
ellipsehyperboloid
paraboloid
ellipse torus
torus

TY

explanation
multi-purpose
vertical with X-axis
vertical with Y-axis
vertical with Z-axis
origin is center
multi-purpose
center on X-axis
center on Y-axis
center on Z-axis
parallel with X-axis
parallel with Y-axis
parallel with Z-axison X-axis
on Y-axis
on Z-axis
parallel with X-axis
parallel with Y-axis
parallel with Z-axison X-axis
on Y-axis
on Z-axis

equationAx + By + Cz − D = 0
x−D=0
y−D=0
z−D=0
x2 + y2 + z2 − R2 = 0(x − x̄)2 + (y − ȳ)2 + (z − z̄)2 − R2 = 0(x − x̄)2 + y2 + z2 − R2 = 0
x2 + (y − ȳ)2 + z2 − R2 = 0
x2 + y2 + (z − z̄)2 − R2 = 0(y − ȳ)2 + (z − z̄)2 − R2 = 0(x − x̄)2 + (z − z̄)2 − R2 = 0(x − x̄)2 + (y − ȳ)2 − R2 = 0
y 2 + z2 − R2 = 0
x 2 + z2 − R2 = 0
x2 + y2 − R2 = 0√22√(y − ȳ) + (z − z̄) − t(x − x̄) = 0
2 + (z − z̄)2 − t(y − ȳ) = 0
(x
−
x̄)
√
(x −√x̄)2 + (y − ȳ)2 − t(z − z̄) = 0
22√y + z − t(x − x̄) = 0
2 + z2 − t(y − ȳ) = 0x√x2 + y2 − t(z − z̄) = 0

parallel with
X-, Y-,or Z- axis
non parallel with
X-, Y- andZ-axisA(x − x̄)2 + B(y − ȳ)2 + C(z − z̄)2 +2D(x − x̄) + 2E(y − ȳ) + 2F(z − z̄)+G = 0Ax2 + By2 + Cz2 + Dxy + Eyz+Fzx + Gx + Hy + Jz + K = 0

parallel with
X-, Y-, orZ-axis(x − x̄)2 /B2 +√2( (y − ȳ) + (z − z̄)2 − A)2 /C 2 − 1 = 0(y − ȳ)2 /B2 +√2( (x − x̄) + (z − z̄)2 − A)2 /C 2 − 1 = 0(z − z̄)2 /B2 +√( (x − x̄)2 + (y − ȳ)2 − A)2 /C 2 − 1 = 0

TZ
P

plane

defined bycoordinates

input numeric value
A BC DD
D
DRx̄ ȳ z̄ R
x̄ R
ȳ R
z̄ R
ȳ z̄ Rx̄ z̄ Rx̄ ȳ RR
R
R
x̄ ȳ z̄ t2 ± 1x̄ ȳ z̄ t2 ± 1x̄ ȳ z̄ t2 ± 1
x̄ t2 ± 1ȳ t2 ± 1z̄ t2 ± 1
±1 is only needed for
1 sheet code
A BC DEF G x̄ ȳ z̄
A BC DE
FGHJKx̄ ȳ z̄ A B C
x̄ ȳ z̄ A B C
x̄ ȳ z̄ A B C
x1 , y1 , z1 , x2 , y2 , z2 ,x3 , y3 , z3

The cone defined by x̄, ȳ, or z̄ has two sheets as the center being the coordinate of the top along the direction ofeach axis. If you set to be 1 for ±1, the upper sheet is used, and the lower sheet is used in the case of −1. When thevalue is not given, both sheets are used. It should be noted that you have to use a plane passing the top when you
define a region in [cell] section using only one side of the cones; you have to use three surface, a plane passing
the top, a side sheet of the cone, and an underside of the cone, in the definition.
You can define a plane by setting x,y,z-coordinates of 3 points. In this case, a region including the origin is ofnegative sense.
When you use TX,TY,TZ to define ellipse torus or torus, you cannot transform their coordinates by setting[transform] section.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

92

4.6.3 Macro body

Table 4.53: macro body card
symboltype

BOXoptional BOX(all angles are 90◦ )RPP

rectangular solid(each surface is vertical with xyz)

SPH

sphere(same with general sphere S)

RCC

cylinder

RHP
or
HEX

optional hexangular prism
prism

REC

right elliptical cylinder

TRC

truncated right-angle cone

ELL

ellipsoid

WED

wedge

numerical input
V x Vy Vz
A1x A1y A1z
A2x A2y A2z
A3x A3y A3z
Xmin Xmax
Ymin Ymax
Zmin Zmax
V x Vy Vz
R
V x Vy Vz
H x Hy HzRv1 v2 v3
h1 h2 h3
r1 r2 r3
s1 s2 s3
t1 t2 t3
V x Vy Vz
H x Hy Hz
V1x V1y V1z
V2x V2y V2z
V x Vy Vz
H x Hy Hz
R1
R2
If Rm > 0,V1x V1y V1z
V2x V2y V2zRm
If Rm < 0,
V1x V1y V1z
V2x V2y V2z
Rm
V x Vy Vz
V1x V1y V1z
V2x V2y V2z
V3x V3y V3z

explanationbase point coordinate
vector from base point to first surface
vector from base point to first surface
vector from base point to third surface
minimum x and maximum x
minimum y and maximum yminimum z and maximum z
center coordinate
radiuscenter coordinate of bottom facevector from V x Vy Vz to center coordinate of top faceradiusbase point coordinate
height vector from base point
vector from base point to first surface
vector from base point to second surface
vector from base point to third surface
center coordinate of bottom facevector from V x Vy Vz to center coordinate of top face⃗
major axis vector of ellipse orthogonal to H
⃗ and V⃗1minor axis vector of ellipse orthogonal to H
center coordinate of bottom face of coneheight vector from V x Vy Vz
radius of bottom faceradius of top facecoordinate of the first focus
coordinate of the second focus
major axis length
center coordinate of ellipsoid
major axis vector
minor axis length
coordinate of the top
vector to the first triangle facevector to the second triangle faceheight vector

You cannot set R2 to 0 in definition of TRC. If you want to define a usual cone, i.e. not truncated cone, using
TRC, you should set R2 to a small value.

4.6 [ S u r f a c e ] section

4.6.4 Examples
List 4.20
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:

• [surface] section example (2) corresponding the [cell] section example (2)[surface]1rpp -15 15 -5 5 0 60
2rpp -5 5 -5 5 0 20
4rpp -15 15 -5 5 0 20
5rpp -20 20 -5 5 0 40
6rpp -20 20 -5 5 0 20
7rpp -20 20 -5 5 40 60
3c/y
0 10 493

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

94

4.6.5 Surface definition by macro body
When you use a surface defined by a macro body in the cell definition, “-” means inside of the macro body and“+” means outside of the macro body. Each surface composing a macro body, can be used in the cell definition. In
that case, you should write macro body number with “.” and surface number. Surface number is shown below.
Table 4.54: surface number in macro bodysymbolBOX

RPP

surface number
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6

SPH
RCC

RHP
or
HEX

REC

TRC

ELL
WED

1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5

explanation
surface vertical with the end of A1x A1y A1z
surface vertical with the origin of A1x A1y A1z
surface vertical with the end of A2x A2y A2z
surface vertical with the origin of A2x A2y A2z
surface vertical with the end of A3x A3y A3z
surface vertical with the origin of A3x A3y A3z
surface at Xmax
surface at Xmin
surface at Ymax
surface at Yminsurface at Zmax
surface at Zmin
sphere surface
side face of cylindersurface vertical with the end of H x Hy Hz
surface vertical with the origin of H x Hy Hz
surface vertical with the end of r1 r2 r3
opposite face for surface 1
surface vertical with the end of s1 s2 s3
opposite face for surface 3
surface vertical with the end of t1 t2 t3
opposite face for surface 5
surface vertical with the end of h1 h2 h3
surface vertical with the origin of h1 h2 h3side face of cylindersurface vertical with the end of H x Hy Hz
surface vertical with the origin of H x Hy Hz
side face of conesurface vertical with the end of H x Hy Hz
surface vertical with the origin of H x Hy Hz
This is defined as normal surface.
surface including top and bottom hypotenuses⃗ 2 and V⃗3
surface including V⃗⃗3surface including V1 and V⃗⃗⃗3
surface including V1 , V2 and the end of V⃗⃗⃗3
surface including V1 , V2 and the origin of V

4.7 [ T r a n s f o r m ] section

95

4.7 [ T r a n s f o r m ] section
4.7.1 Formats
You can define the coordinate transform in this section. Only C and $ can be used as a comment mark. File
including and variable definition can be set in this section.
The coordinate transformation defined in this section can be used in [source] section, [surface] section,[cell] section, r-z, xyz mesh of tally and the magnetic field.
Formats and examples are shown below.

[ T r a n s f o r m ]T Rn
O1 O2 O3 B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

B8

B9

M

Table 4.55: transform definition
itemnexplanationtransform number 1 ∼ 9999
∗T Rn means that Bi is not a cosine
but an angle.(degree)transposition vector
rotation matrix= 1 means that transposition vector isin sub coordinate systemdefined in main coordinate system.
= −1 means that transposition vector isin main coordinate systemdefined in sub coordinate system.

O1 O2 O3
B1 ∼ B9
M

Default values are shown below.

T Rn

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

4.7.2 Mathematical definition of the transform
The mathematical definition in terms of transposition vector and rotation matrix is the following,
In the case of M = 1,
 ′   x   B1 y′  =  B4
 ′  
B7
z

B2
B5
B8


  
B3   x   O1   
B6   y  +  O2   
O3z
B9

In the case of M = −1,
 ′   x   B1 y′  =  B4
 ′  
B7
z

B2
B5
B8

  
B3   x   B1
  
B6   y  −  B2
  
B3
z
B9

B4
B5
B6



B7   O1 
B8   O2 


O3
B9

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

96

Here,
B1
B2
B3

=
=
=

cos(x′ , x)cos(x′ , y)cos(x′ , z)

B4
B5

=
=

cos(y′ , x)cos(y′ , y)

B6
B7
B8

=
=
=

cos(y′ , z)cos(z′ , x)cos(z′ , y)B9=cos(z′ , z)

In the case of M = 1, the object used this transform function is rotated and then translated. On the other hand, inthe case of M = −1, the rotation is performed after the translation. The rotation is performed about the origin of
the xyz coordinate system. Note that the direction of the translation setting M = 1 and −1 is opposite each other.

4.7.3 Examples (1)List 4.21
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:

• [transform] section example (1)[ T r a n s f o r m ]*tr1
0.0000000E+00
1.3500000E+02
9.0000000E+01
2.2500000E+02*tr20.0000000E+00
3.0000000E+02
9.0000000E+01
3.0000000E+01

0.0000000E+00
9.0000000E+01
0.0000000E+00
9.0000000E+01
0.0000000E+00
9.0000000E+01
0.0000000E+00
9.0000000E+01

1.4000000E+03
4.5000000E+01
9.0000000E+01
1.3500000E+02
2.5800000E+03
2.1000000E+02
9.0000000E+01
3.0000000E+02

1

1

In this example, tr1 rotates the coordinate by 135 degrees around y axis, and transports 140 cm to z direction,
while tr2 rotates 300 degrees around y axis, and transports 258 cm to z direction. Because of TRn with ∗, you cangive angles (in units of degree) directly for Bi , (i = 1, . . . , 9).

4.7.4 Examples (2)List 4.22
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:

• [transform] section example (2)[ T r a n s f o r m ]set: c10[90] $ angle of around Z (degree)
set: c20[30] $ angle of around Y (degree)
set: c30[0]$ angle of around X (degree)
tr1

0 0 0
cos(c10/180*pi)*cos(c20/180*pi)
sin(c10/180*pi)*cos(c30/180*pi)+cos(c10/180*pi)*sin(c20/180*pi)*sin(c30/180*pi)
sin(c10/180*pi)*sin(c30/180*pi)-cos(c10/180*pi)*sin(c20/180*pi)*cos(c30/180*pi)-sin(c10/180*pi)*cos(c20/180*pi)
cos(c10/180*pi)*cos(c30/180*pi)-sin(c10/180*pi)*sin(c20/180*pi)*sin(c30/180*pi)
cos(c10/180*pi)*sin(c30/180*pi)+sin(c10/180*pi)*sin(c20/180*pi)*cos(c30/180*pi)
sin(c20/180*pi)-cos(c20/180*pi)*sin(c30/180*pi)
cos(c20/180*pi)*cos(c30/180*pi)
1

In this example, tr1 rotates the coordinate by c10 degree around z axis, c20 degree around y axis and finallyc30 degree around x axis. You can set c10, c20, c30, and rotate the coodinate to any direction as you want.

4.8 [ I m p o r t a n c e ] section

97

4.8 [ I m p o r t a n c e ] section
The importance for GG cell can be defined in this section. If the importance is not defined, it is set as “1.0”.
Maximum 6 [importance] sections are allowed to be defined in a input file.

[ I m p o r t a n c e ]part = proton neutron
reg
imp
1
1.000000
11
5.000000( { 2 - 5 } 8 9 )2.000000( 11 12 15 )
3.000000( 6<10[1 0 0]<u=3 )6.000000....
........
....
........

Particle is defined as part = at the first line. If the “part” is not defined, default value is defined as part =all. The format to describe particles is the same as in tally definition. However, it can distinguish ityp only, eachnucleus is not specified.
If you want to change the order of region number (reg) and (imp), set as “imp reg”. You can use the skip
operator non. Even if you use the GG, you should write not cell but reg here.
You can use the format like ( { 2 - 5 } 8 9 ), and you can use the lattice and universe style as( 6 < 10[1 0 0] < u=3 ). But you need to close a value by () if it is not a single numeric value.
The importance of bottom level is a product by each importance at each level. In PH I TS , importance ofa specific cell at bottom level can be defined by above format. By using the format, we can define diﬀerent
importance into each lattice. If the importance is double-defined, the first defined importance is valid.
If you set large importance to particles which have strong penetration through matter such as neutrino, PH I TS
calculation takes time too much. If you define part=all, neutrino is included. You must give attention about it.
Some rules can be used to define an importance of a cell in a repeated structures and lattices. For example,
cells 5, 6, and 7 on a bottom level are included by cells 11, 12, and 13 on upper level, we can define the importance
as
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:

[ Importance ]reg( 5 6 7 < 11 )( 5 6 7 < 12 )( 5 6 7 < 13 )( 11 12 13 )

imp
2.0
4.0
8.0
1.0

1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:

[ Importance ]reg( 5 6 7 )
11
12
13

imp
1.0
2.0
4.0
8.0

or

Above two definitions give same results, but in the latter case, the importance for cells 5, 6, and 7 are displayed as
1.0 at the importance summary.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

98

4.9 [ Weight Window ] section
The weight window function can be defined in this section. Maximum 6 [weight window] sections areallowed to be defined in a input file.

[ Weight Window ]part = proton neutroneng = 5( tim = 5 )6.00e-7 3.98e-1 1.00e+0 7.00e+0 5.00e+4
reg
ww1
ww2
ww3
1
0.010000
0.100000
0.001000
110.005000
0.050000
0.000300( { 2 - 5 } 8 9 )0.001000
0.010000
0.000100( 11 12 15 )
0.000500
0.005000
0.000030( 6<10[1 0 0]<u=3 )0.000010
0.001000
0.000010....
........
........
........
ww4
ww5
0.010000
0.100000
0.005000
0.050000
0.001000
0.010000
0.000500
0.005000
0.000010
0.001000........
........

Particle is defined in the first line as part = . part = all means all particles. The format to describe particles
part = is the same format as in tally definition. However, it can distinguish ityp only, each nucleus is not
specified.
Next you define the energy mesh or time mesh. First, you define the number of mesh by eng = or tim =and, in next line, the values of each mesh (e1 , e2 , e3 , ....). Minimum value of weight window for each mesh should
be defined in the followings. Each minimum values are like ww1, ww2, ww3, .... where wwi is a window minimum
value for a mesh ei−1 < E < ei . e0 = 0 and t0 = −∞ is assumed. If there exists no eng = / tim = definitions,energy / time mesh are not prepared. In this case, you should set only ww1.
Region number (ref) must be written at the first column. As above example, you can make another table forwwi definitions. From second table, the region definition can be skipped as the example. You can use the skip
operator non in this section. Even if you use GG, you should write the symbol not cell but reg in the section.
You can use the format ( { 2 - 5 } 8 9 ), and you can use the lattice and universe style as ( 6 < 10[1 0
0] < u=3 ). But you need to close a value by () if it is not a single numeric value.
If you set large weight window to particles which has strong penetration through matter such as neutrino, PH I TS
calculation takes time too much. If you define part=all, neutrino is included. You must give attention about it.

4.10 [ V o l u m e ] section

99

4.10 [ V o l u m e ] section
Volume for GG cell (cm3 ) can be defined in this section. If the volume is double defined, the value defined inthis [volume] section is used. The volume is utilized in the tally sections. If you do not set volume, it has 1.0 cm3
volume.

[ V o l u m e ]reg
1
11( { 2 - 5 } 8 9 )( 11 12 15 )
16
....
....

vol
1.000000
5.000000
2.000000
3.000000
6.000000........
........

You can use the format ( { 2 - 5 } 8 9 ) for a group. In this case, you need to close a value by () if
it is not a single numeric value.
You can not use the lattice and universe style as ( 6 < 10[1 0 0] < u=3 ). If you want to set cell volume
in detail, use the volume definition in the tally section.
If you want to change the order of region number (reg) and volume (vol), you can set as “vol reg”. You
can use the skip operator non. Even if you use GG, you should write the symbol not cell but reg here.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

100

4.11 [ T e m p e r a t u r e ] section
Free-Gas Thermal Temperature (MeV) for GG cell can be defined in this section. This section corresponds to
TMP card but you can not set time definition. This value can be set in the [cell] section when you use GG, If thetemperature is double defined, temperatures defined in this [temperature] sections are used. If you do not set
this, the default value is 2.53 × 10−8 MeV.

[ T e m p e r a t u r e ]
reg
tmp
1
1.0*1.e-811
5.0*1.e-8( { 2 - 5 } 8 9 )2.0*1.e-8( 11 12 15 )3.0*1.e-8
16
6.0*1.e-8....
........
....
........

You can use the format ( { 2 - 5 } 8 9 ). In this case, you need to close a value by () if it is not asingle numeric value.
You can not use the lattice and universe style as ( 6 < 10[1 0 0] < u=3 ).
If you want to change the order of region number (reg) and temperature (tmp), you can set as “tmp reg”.
You can use the skip operator non. Even if you use GG, you should write the symbol not cell but reg here.

4.12 [ Brems Bias ] section

101

4.12 [ Brems Bias ] section
Energy bias of the bremsstrahlung process can be defined for each material in this section. This corresponds
the BBREM card.
In the bremsstrahlung process, many low energy photons are generated. In case that you are interested in highenergy photon, you can define bias for each energy in order to improve statistics for interest energy region.

[ Brems Bias ]material = all or number of materials
m1 m2 m3 ........
numbias{1-45}
1.0
46
2.0
47
3.0
48
4.0
49
5.0

First, you define the material for bias setting. If you set all, the next line is not necessary, else if you set numericalvalue, material numbers for the value should be listed in the next line.
Biases should be defined for the group from 1 to 49. Large number corresponds high energy. The bias isrelative value.
If you want to replace the order of group number (num) and bias (bias), you can set as “bias num”. You can
use the skip operator non.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

102

4.13 [ Photon Weight ] section
Photon production weight for GG cell can be defined in this section. This corresponds the PWT card.
When the photon production weight Wi for cell i takes positive value, photon is generated if its weight islarger than Wi × I s /Ii . Unless, the photon is treated by the Russian roulette method. In this case, I s and Ii are theimportance of neutron for source and creation point cells, respectively.
In the case the photon production weight Wi for cell i takes negative value, photon is generated if its weighttakes larger than Wi × W s × I s /Ii . Unless, the photon is treated by the Russian roulette. In this case, W s is a weightof neutron before nuclear reaction.
If Wi = 0, one photon is generated by neutron reaction. If Wi = −1.0e6, photon creation is ignored in the cell.
By the default, Wi = −1.

[ Photon Weight ]reg
1
11( { 2 - 5 } 8 9 )( 11 12 15 )
16
....
....

pwt
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.9
........
........

You can use the format ( { 2 - 5 } 8 9 ). In this case, you need to close a value by () if it is not a single
numeric value.
You can not use the lattice and universe style as ( 6 < 10[1 0 0] < u=3 ).
If you want to change the order of region number (reg) and weight (pwt), you can set as “pwt reg”. You
can use the skip operator non. Even if you use GG, you should write the symbol not cell but reg.

4.14

4.14

[ Forced Collisions ] section

103[ Forced Collisions ] section

The forced collisions are used for improving tally statistics or thin target analysis by enlarging the collision
probabilities. When specified particle comes into a region defined as the forced collision region, the particle isdivided into two particles. One has a weight by (penetration probability) × (its weight), this particle pass throughto the next region. The other has a weight of (1 - penetration probability) × (its weight), and it is forced to collidewith a target in the region. The collide position is decided by cross sections and random number. Regions andfactors for the forced collisions can be defined in this section. Non-defined regions are set factor zero.
Maximum 6 [forced collisions] sections are allowed to be defined in a input file.

[ Forced Collisions ]part = proton neutron
reg
fcl
1
1.000000
110.500000( { 2 - 5 } 8 9 )0.200000( 11 12 15 )0.300000( 6<10[1 0 0]<u=3 )-0.500000....
........
....
........

You set particle as part = in the first line. The default is part = all. part = is the same format as in tallydefinition.
If you want to replace the order of region number (reg) and (fcl), you can set as “fcl reg”. You can use
the skip operator non. Even if you use GG, you should write the symbol not cell but reg here.
You can use the format ( { 2 - 5 } 8 9 ), and you can use the lattice and universe style as( 6 < 10[1 0 0] < u=3 ). But you need to close a value by () if it is not a single numeric value. By
using this format you can set diﬀerent forced collision factor for each lattice. If the same cell is re-defined, thevalue, which is defined at first, is used.
The forced collision factor fcl means, 0: no forced collision, | f cl| > 1: is an error, and | f cl| ≤ 1 : multiply
forced collision probability by f cl, instead the weight is reduced by 1/ f cl times.
We have two options between the multi scattering and the weight cut oﬀ in the forced collision region. Whenf cl < 0, secondary particles produced by forced collisions are treated by the normal process. In this case, weightcut oﬀ is not performed. When f cl > 0, the forced collision is also applied to secondary particles. In this caseweight cut oﬀ is performed. Even if a particle is killed by this weight cut oﬀ, of course the particle is tallied before
killed.
There is a possibility that all particles are killed by this weight cut oﬀ if you set the weight cut oﬀ and theforced collisions without consideration. You should give attention about it.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

104

4.15 [ M a g n e t i c F i e l d ] section
4.15.1 Charged particle
You can set a magnetic field in the PH I TS calculation. Cell number (reg), magnetic field type (typ), half
distance of magnets (gap)(cm), magnetic field intensity (mgf), transformation (trcl) and time dependence (time)should be defined as[ Magnetic Field ]
reg
typ
1
4
2
4
3
2
4
2
( 150 < 61 )4
( 150 < 62 )4
( 150 < 63 )4
( 150 < 64 )4
( 150 < 65 )4
( 150 < 66 )
4
...
...
...
...

gap
10.00000
10.00000
10.00000
10.00000
13.00000
13.00000
13.00000
13.00000
13.00000
13.00000........
........

mgf-5.956540
6.416140-7.611980
3.516000
7.880140-7.440800
9.441010-8.295220
3.694830-2.099350........
........

trcl
3
1
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
...
...

time
non
non
0.0
pi/2
non
non
non
non
non
non
...
...

The column of trcl is omissible. The zero for trcl means no transformation. The time is a parameter of user
defined time dependent magnetic field. The column of time is also omissible. The “non” for time means no timedependence. Two subroutines, usrmgt1.f and usrmgt2.f are included in the source as user defined subroutines forthe time dependent magnetic field. The former is for Wobbler magnet, and the latter is for pulse magnet for neutron
optics. You can choose these two subroutine by usrmgt=1, 2 in the parameter section. For the Wobbler magnet,“time” means phase of the magnet, starting time for pulse magnet, respectively.
In the above expression, reg is region number, typ can take 2 or 4 for dipole electromagnet, or quadrupoleelectromagnet respectively.
mgf denotes the strength of the magnetic field (kG), and trcl is the coordinatetransformation number defined in [transform] section.
You can use the format ( { 2 - 5 } 8 9 ), and you can use the lattice and universe style as( 6 < 10[1 0 0] < u=3 ). But you need to close a value by () if it is not a single numeric value.
By using this format, you can set diﬀerent magnetic field for each lattice. If a cell is re-defined, the value,
which is defined at first, is used.
In the case of dipole magnet, the distances gap make no sense, but set any numeric. The magnetic field isavailable not only in the void region, but also in the material where the normal reaction can be occurred.
z-axis is assumed to be the center of the magnetic field. The direction of the magnetic field is positive directionof y-axis for dipole, i.e. the positive charge particle is bent to positive direction of x-axis when it goes to positive
direction of z-axis. For quadrupole, the positive particle is converged in x-axis, diverged in y-axis when it goes topositive direction of z-axis. You need the coordinate transformation by trcl for diﬀerent geometrical situation.
When you specify charge number of the projectile particle with izst in [source] section, the motion of theparticle with the number in the magnetic field is described. Using izst, PH I TS can simulate the motion of theparticle with charge states. The charge number defined with izst doesn’t change while the particle moves. It
should be noted that particles produced from nuclear reactions are not aﬀected by the value of izst; the charge ofthe produced particle is given as its atomic number.

4.15 [ M a g n e t i c F i e l d ] section

105

4.15.2 Neutron
The definition of the magnetic field for neutron is almost the same as for charged particles. Here we describe
the detail of the magnetic field for neutron.

[ Magnetic Field ]
reg
typ
gap
1
60
0.00000
261
0.00000
3106
5.00000
4104
0.00000
5102
0.00000
6101
3.00000
7103
0.00000...
...
........
...
...
........

mgf
35000.035000.07130.03.5
0.20
7130.035000.0........
........

trcl
3
1
0
0
0
2
0
...
...

polar
non
1
0
non
non
1
-1
...
...

time
non
non
non
5.0
non
non
non
...
...

We can not take into account of the gravity nor additional dipole magnet. For 60 case, it is assumed that the
spin always keeps parallel or anti-parallel to the magnet field. For 61 case, we solve the coupled equation of motion
between the spin and the magnetic field. Then the spin flip can be occurred in the region with weak magnetic field.
The strength of the magnetic field is specified in the unit of [T/m2 ] in mgf column.
For the types above 100, we consider the coupled equations of the spin and the magnetic field. In addition, theeﬀects of the gravity and additional dipole field can be taken into account. 106 is sextupole, 104 quadrupole, and102 dipole, respectively. The strength of additional quadrupole magnet (z-direction) is give by the column of gap
in the unit of [T].
For 101 type, the magnetic field is defined by the user program file, usrmgf1.f. In this user program, the datameasured by the neutron optics group in JAERI are read from the file and used the calculation. The strength of thisfield is renormalized by the value of mgf.
For 101 type, the magnetic field is also defined by the user program file, usrmgf3.f. In this user program, there
is a simple sextupole magnet field as same as in 106 type.
The neutron goes into the magnetic field with the initial spin if it is defined in the source section. If not, theinitial spin is defined at the moment when the neutron goes into the magnetic field. The ratio of the number ofparallel and anti-parallel spin to the magnetic field is determined by the polarization defined by the polar column.
non in polar column means 0 polarization. The polarization is defined asP=ϕ+ − ϕ−,ϕ+ + ϕ−here, ϕ+ and ϕ− are the number of the parallel and anti-parallel particles.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

106

4.16 [ Electro Magnetic Field ] section
You can set uniform electric and magnetic fields in any region. Defining parameters in this section and setting
ielctf=1 in [parameters] section, PH I TS can simulate a motion of a charged particle in the fields. You can set
the electric and magnetic fields together. It is noted that you cannot use a quadrupole magnet, which can be definedin [Magnetic Field] section.
Cell number (reg), strength of the electric and magnetic fields (elf and mgf, respectively), direction of thetwo fields (trcle and trclm) should be defined. Units of elf and mgf are kV/cm and kGauss, respectively. You
should set the coordinate transformation number trcl, which are defined in [transform] section, to trcle andtrclm. When trcle is 0, the direction of the electric field is positive direction of x-axis. When trclm is 0, thedirection of the magnetic field is positive direction of y-axis. trcle and trclm are not omissible. If you set elf
or mgf to 0, or you don’t need change the direction of the field, you should set trcle and trclm to 0. Set theparameters as follows.

[ Electro Magnetic Field ]
reg
elf
mgf
trcle
1
100
1
1
2
100
1
1

trclm
2
2

If you set itstep=1 in [parameters] section, you can depict clearly the track of the particle using [t-track]tally.
When you specify charge number of the projectile particle with izst in [source] section, the motion of theparticle with the number in the electro-magnetic field is described. Using izst, PH I TS can simulate the motion of
the particle with charge states. The charge number defined with izst doesn’t change while the particle moves. It
should be noted that particles produced from nuclear reactions are not aﬀected by the value of izst; the charge ofthe produced particle is given as its atomic number.

4.17 [ C o u n t e r ] section

107

4.17 [ C o u n t e r ] section
The counter function can be defined in this section. Three counters can be used in tally sections. The countercounts when (1) a particle comes into specified region, (2) a particle goes out specified region, (3) a particle takes
scattering in specified region, and (4) a particle reflects back on a certain boundary of the region. You can set one
progress value of the counter from -9999 to 9999, or zero set (10000). Counter values are attached to particles.
Secondary particles produced in the collisions have the same counter value of parent. Capacity of the counter isfrom -9999 to 9999. Counter changes only this range. You can set the counter for each particle by using part =definition, and you can exclude some particles from the counter actions by *part = definition.

[ C o u n t e r ]counter = 1
part = neutron proton
reg
in
out
coll
ref
1
1
10000
0
0
11
1
10000
0
0
counter = 2*part = proton deuteron triton 3he alpha nucleus
reg
in
out
coll
( { 2 - 5 } 8 9 )-1
01
counter = 3
part = 208Pb
regcoll( 11 12 15 )5
( 6<10[1 0 0]<u=3 )100....
........
....
........

If you want to change the order of region number (reg), (in), (out), (coll), and (ref), set as “reg collin out ref”. You can use the skip operator non. At least one must be defined in the “in out coll ref”. If
nothing is defined, it is assumed no counter. Numeric gives one progress value of the counter. 10000 means zeroset. The initial counter value of source particle is zero.
You can use the format ( { 2 - 5 } 8 9 ), and you can use the lattice and universe style as( 6 < 10[1 0 0] < u=3 ). But you need to close a value by () if it is not a single numeric value.
In the definition of part = , you can specify particles up to 20 particles. For nucleus, you can use the expression like 208Pb and Pb. The later case, Pb, denotes all isotopes of Pb.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

108

4.18 [ Reg Name ] section
Region names and their font sizes for graphic output by [t-gshow], [t-rshow], and [t-3dshow] are definedin this section. When you set the gshow or rshow option in the other tallies, this definition is applied. By default,a region name is set to its region number.

[ Reg Name ]
reg
1
2
3
4
{ 5 - 8 }
....
....

name
cover
body
{cell 2}{cell 3}tube........
........

size
1
0.5
2
2
3

If you want to replace the order of region number (reg), region name (name), and font size (size), set as “regsize name”. You can use the skip operator non. At least one of name and size must be defined. If nothing isdefined, it is assumed to be default. You can use the format { 4 - 7 }, but the ( { 4 - 7 } 9 10 ) format can
not be used. If you need to use blanks in the name definition, the name must be closed by { } as the example.
Therefore, you cannot use { and } in the name definition. If you want to use ( and ), you should write \( and \),respectively. The maximum number of characters of a name that you can define is 30. You can specify a font size
as a relative value to the default size.

4.19 [ Mat Name Color ] section

109

4.19 [ Mat Name Color ] section
Material names, size and colors for graphical output by gshow and 3dshow tallies are defined in this section.
By default, the name is set as material number and the color is set automatically.

[ Mat Name Color ]
mat
0
1
2
3
{ 4 - 7 }
....
....

name
void
air
{mat 2}{mat 3}Fe........
........

size
1
0.5
2
2
3

color
lightgrayyellowgreen
orangeyellow{ 0.067 0.600 1.00 }mossgreen

If you want to replace the order of material number (mat), (name), (size), and (color), set as “mat color
size name”. You can use the skip operator non. You must define at least one parameter in “name” and “color”.
If no definition, the default values are used.
You can use the format { 4 - 7 }, but the ( { 4 - 7 } 9 10 ) format can not be used. If you need to use
blanks in name definition, the name must be closed by { } as the example. If you want to use ( ), you should write\( \). In the name, you cannot use { } . The maximum number of characters of a name that you can define is
30. The color definition is based on the format in AN GE L . Set color by symbol ( r bbb yy), name ( red orangeblue), or HSB numeric H(hue) S (chroma) B(brightness). In the case HSB numeric definition, close each numericby { }. If only one HSB numeric is defined, chroma and brightness are set 1.
Color symbols, names, and HSB numerics are shown from next page.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

110

Table 4.56: gray scaleÿÿÿÿÿÿ

W
O
K
J
F
E

HSB
−1.0
−0.8
−0.6
−0.4
−0.2
−0.0

ÿÿ ÿÿ
ÿ

ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ

ÿ

Table 4.58: Color definition by names and HSB numerics

ÿÿÿÿ

ÿÿÿÿ

white
lightgraygraydarkredredpink

darkgraypastelpink

matblack
blackorangebrown
darkbrown
pastelbrownorangeyellow

Table 4.57: Color definition by symbols

ÿÿÿÿÿÿ

R
RR
RRR
Y
YY
YYY
G
GG
GGG
C
CC
CCC
B
BB
BBB

HSB
1.000
0.933
0.867
0.800
0.733
0.667
0.600
0.533
0.467
0.400
0.333
0.267
0.200
0.133
0.067

ÿÿ ÿÿ
ÿ

ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ

ÿ

ÿÿÿÿ
red
orangecamel
pastelyellow
yellow
pastelgreen−
yellowyellowgreen

−
−
green

darkgreengreen
mossgreen
bluegreen

−
−
cyan

pastelcyan

−
−
blue
violetmagentacyanblue

pastelblue
cyan
blue
violetpurplemagentawineredpastelmagenta
pastelpurple
pastelviolet

ÿÿ ÿÿ
ÿ

ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ

ÿ

HSB
1.000 1.000 0.600
1.000 1.000 1.000
1.00 0.500 1.000
0.900 0.500 1.000
0.933 1.000 1.000
0.900 1.000 0.500
0.900 1.000 0.300
0.900 0.600 0.500
0.867 1.000 1.000
0.800 0.700 0.700
0.800 0.700 1.000
0.800 1.000 1.000
0.700 0.600 1.000
0.700 1.000 1.000
0.600 1.000 1.000
0.600 1.000 0.600
0.500 1.000 0.300
0.500 1.000 1.000
0.400 0.400 1.000
0.250 0.400 1.000
0.400 1.000 1.000
0.400 1.000 0.500
0.200 1.000 1.000
0.133 1.000 1.000
0.100 1.000 0.500
0.067 1.000 1.000
0.002 0.800 0.700
0.067 0.600 1.000
0.100 0.400 0.500
0.133 0.400 1.000

4.20 [ Mat Time Change ] section

111

4.20 [ Mat Time Change ] section
By this section, you can change the material of certain cells to the other material as a function of time. Thisfunction is useful to describe a shutter of beam line, T0 chopper and the other devices for neutron optics. The unitof time is nsec.

[ Mat Time Change ]
mat
time
1
50.0
2
100.0
3
1000.0....
........
....
........

change11
120

In the above example, the material 1 is changed to material 11 at t=50.0 nsec, 2 to 12 at 100 nsec and 3 to void
at 1000 nsec. If you want to replace the order of the initial material (mat), time (time) and the final material(change), set as ”mat change time”. You can use the skip operator non. These three columns are always
necessary to define the mat time change function.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

112

4.21 [ Super Mirror ] section
The reflection of low energy neutron by super mirror is defined by this section. We assume the following
empirical formula to describe the reflectivity of the super mirrors.
{R
if Q ≤ Qc
R = 10
(1
(1
R
−
tanh
[(Q
−
mQ
)/W])
−
α(Q
−
Q
))
if
Q > Qc0cc2where Q is the scattering vector (in Å−1 ) defined by
Q = |ki − k f | =4π sin θ.
λThe value of m is a parameter determined by the mirror material, the bilayer sequence and the number of bilayers.
Qc is the critical scattering wave vector for a single layer of the mirror material. At higher values of Q, thereflectivity starts falling linearly with a slope α until a cutoﬀ at Q = mQc . The width of the cutoﬀ is denoted W.
These parameters are defined as[ Super Mirror ]
r-in
r-out
{2001-2020}
3001
2500
3500
2600
3600
....
....
....
....
....
....

mm
3
3
3
..
..
..

r0
qc
am
0.99 0.0217 3.0
0.99 0.0217 3.0
0.99 0.0217 3.0
...
....
...
...
....
...
...
....
...

wm
0.003
0.003
0.003
...
...
...

The reflection surface is defined by the surface between r-in and r-out. You can use the format ( { 2 - 5 }8 9 ), and you can use the lattice and universe style as ( 6 < 10[1 0 0] < u=3 ) in these definitions. The
remaining parameters in above expression denote m by mm, R0 by r0, Qc by qc in Å−1 , α by am in Å, and W by wmin Å−1 .
We restrict this function only to neutrons for the case that its energy is less than 10 eV or sinθ is greater than
0.001, the latter is due to roughness of the surface.

4.22 [ Elastic Option ] section

113

4.22 [ Elastic Option ] section
In this section, you can set some parameters for user defined elastic option for low energy neutrons. By thisfunction, you can change angle distributions of elastic collisions of data based neutron reactions. We prepare two
sample routines, usrelst1.f and usrelst2.f. You can choose one of these two by usrelst=1, 2 in the parameter section.
You should define the regions to which this function is applied and 4 parameters as,[ Elastic Option ]
reg
1
2
3
....
....

c1
5
1
3
...
...

c2
1
1
1
...
...

c3
3.3
1.1
0.3
...
...

c4
0.4
0.7
0.8
...
...

If you want to replace the order of region number (reg), (c1 c2 c3 c4), set as “reg c3 c2 c1 c4”. You can
use the skip operator non. You can use the format { 4 - 7 }, but the ( { 4 - 7 } 9 10 ) format can not be
used.
The sample routine of usrelst1.f is for Bragg scattering based on the data base, and usrelst2.f for any type ofangular distribution described by an analytic formula.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

114

4.23 [ T i m e r ] section
The timer function can be defined in this section. The timer controls the time of each particle when (1) aparticle comes into specified region, (2) a particle goes out specified region, (3) a particle takes scattering inspecified region, and (4) a particle reflects back on a certain boundary of the region. You can set the time to bezero(-1), stopped(1) or nothing(0).
[ T i m e r ]
reg
in
1
0
11
1
....
....
....
....
....
....

out
-1
0
....
....
....

coll
0
0
....
....
....

ref
0
0
....
....
....

If you want to replace the order of region number (reg), (in), (out), (coll), and (ref), set as “reg coll inout ref”. You can use the skip operator non. At least one must be defined in the “in out coll ref”. If
nothing is defined, it is assumed no action.
You can use the format ( { 2 - 5 } 8 9 ), and you can use the lattice and universe style as( 6 < 10[1 0 0] < u=3 ). But you need to close a value by () if it is not a single numeric value.

4.24 [ delta ray ] section

115

4.24 [ delta ray ] section
In this section, you can set parameters used in the function to generate knocked-out electrons so-called δrays, which are produced along the trajectory of a charged particle in materials, as secondary particles. In the
PH I TS calculation, an energy transfer to the material is estimated by Linear Energy Transfer (LET; dE/dx), andis assumed to be deposited only on the particle trajectory. However, it is well known that owing to a high energy
δ-ray the energy deposition is spread far away from the orbit of the primary particle. You can take the eﬀect of
δ-rays into account using this function. The production cross sections of δ-rays from those particles in liquid water
were calculated using the model proposed by Butts and Katz,6) considering the relativistic collision dynamics.
You can set a threshold energy Eth (MeV) for each region except outer void to control the production of δrays. As the secondary particle, δ-rays with energies above Eth are explicitly generated and transported. For lower
energies than Eth , the deposition energies from δ-rays are included in LET. A minimum energy of Eth you can
set is 0.001MeV (= 1keV). It is noted that in case of very low Eth or setting of a material thiner than 10µg/cm2 ,a behavior of the charged particle slightly changes. This is because the eﬀective stopping power of the charged
particles becomes smaller than its real value due to too many delta-ray productions. A default value of Eth is
1.e + 10, i.e. δ-rays are not produced in the PH I TS calculation except for setting the Eth parameter in this section.
The region number and Eth are given by reg and del, respectively. Set these parameters as follows.
[ delta ray ]
reg
del
1
0.1
11
1.0
....
....
....
....

You can use the format ( { 2 - 5 } 8 9 ). But you need to close a value by () if it is not a single numericvalue. You cannot use the lattice and universe style as ( 6 < 10[1 0 0] < u=3 ). If you want to replace theorder of region number (reg) and the threshold energy (del), set as “del reg”. You can use the skip operator
non. Even if you use GG, use the symbol not cell but reg here.

4 SECTIONS FORMAT

116

4.25 [ Multiplier ] section
In this section, you can define a multiplier set, which consists of factors depending on energies of particles, tomultiply results of the [t-track] tally. When you use this set, you have to define multiplier subsections in
the [t-track] section. For example, you can utilize this function for dose estimation using any dose conversion
factor.
In one [multiplier] section, you can define only one multiplier set. The maximum number of the [multiplier]section defined in an input file is 100. Format of this section is as follows.

[ Multiplier ]number = -201
interpolation = log
ne = 10
20.0
2.678
30.0
7.020
50.0
18.50
100.0
24.26
200.0
16.13
500.0
10.51
1000.010.55
2000.010.98
5000.012.10
10000.0
12.45

The ID number of the set is determined by number, which must be between −299 and −200, and is used in the[t-track] section. You can choose which log-log or lin-lin as the interpolation method of the given data table,
by setting interpolation = log or lin, respectively. The number of the energy point is given by ne, and data
sets for the point and the factor are defined, respectively, below ne. Note that the data of the energy point should
be in ascending order.
When you use the multiplier set defined in this section, you have to use multiplier option of the [t-track]
section. The basic format is given as (C k), where C is a normalization factor and k is the ID number of the set.
It is noted that k should be negative. Format of the multiplier subsection is given as follows.

multiplier = number of materialpart = neutron
emax = 1000
mat
mset1
mset2
1
( 1
-201 ) ( 2 -202 )2( 1.2 -201 ) ( 3 -202 )
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....

The line of multiplier = specifies the number of material where the multiplication is considered. You can use
all instead of the number. For this case, one should also use all for mat column below. The second line of part= defines the particles considered. The maximum number of the particle is 6 and all can be also used, which isdefault. The multiplication aﬀects only these considered particles. The third line of emax = defines the maximum
energy of the multiplication. If emax is omitted, it is automatically defined as the maximum energy given in the[multiplier] section. The number of mat column is the material number which is considered to be multiplied.
The columns of mset1, mset2 define the multiplier set. The maximum 6 multiplier can be set. For each set, theresult is printed out. You can define several multiplier subsections in one [t-track] section, but you should
set the number of the multiplier sets to be equal in each subsection.

117

5

Common parameters for tallies
PH I TS has the following tally functions.

Table 5.1: Tally sections
name[t-track][t-cross][t-heat][t-deposit][t-deposit2][t-yield][t-product][t-dpa][t-let][t-sed][t-time][t-star][t-dchain][t-userdefined][t-gshow][t-rshow][t-3dshow]

explanation
Track length tally definition
Surface crossing tally definition
Heat developing tally definition
Deposit tally definition
Deposit2 tally definition
Residual nuclei yield tally definition
Produced particle tally definition
DPA tally definition
LET tally definition
SED tally definition
Time tally definition
Star density tally definition
Dchain tally definition
User defined tally definition
Region surface display definition for graphical plot
Physical quantity region display definition for graphical plot
3D graphical geometry plot definition

Common parameters used in these tallies are described below.

5.1 Geometrical mesh
In the tallies shown by Table 5.1, GG region mesh (reg), r-z scoring mesh (r-z), and xyz scoring mesh (xyz)can be used for geometrical mesh of tallying area.
You can choose one mesh frommesh =[ reg,

r-z,

xyz ]

5.1.1 Region mesh
The region mesh defined by the region number or the cell number can be written bymesh = reg
reg = 1 2 3 4 5 ( 10 11 ) 50

each region number or cell number is separated by blank. If you want to combine some regions, use(following format can be used for defining sequential region numbers.

). The5 COMMON PARAMETERS FOR TALLIES

118

mesh = reg
reg = { 1 - 5 } ( 10 11 ) ( 6 < 10[1 0 0] < u=3 )In the format {n1 - n2} (n1 is smaller than n2), you can specify regions from n1 to n2. You can’t specify like( n1 - n2 ). Styles ( {} ) and ( all ) can be used, but { () } can not be used. You can use
the lattice and universe style as ( 6 < 10[1 0 0] < u=3 ). By using above format, you can tally from eachlattice individually. And if you set region as reg = all, all regions become tallying region. However, cells which
do not belong to bottom level, are not included.

5.1.2 Definition of the region and volume for repeated structures and lattices
When you define regions including repeated structures and lattices, you must close your definition by ().
A level structure is indicated by <. In the case an intermediate level has the lattice structure, you can specify
lattices using [] represented by the lattice coordinate (s, t, u), after the cell number as 160[1:2 3:6 1:1].
In this example, lattices, which from 1 to 2 in s direction, 3 to 6 in t direction, and 1 in u direction, are defined.
Or you can specify individually as 160[1 3 4, 2 3 4, 3 3 4]. The style () in one level can be used to
combine some regions. See next example.
List 5.1
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:

• mesh = reg example (1)mesh = reg
reg = (all)({ 201 - 205 })( 161 < 160[1:2 3:6 1:1] )( (201 202 203 204) < (161 162 163 ) )( ( 90 100 ) 120 < 61 ( 62 63 ) )This region mesh definition is echoed as
List 5.2
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:

• mesh = reg example (2)mesh = reg# mesh type is region-wise
reg = ( all ) ( { 201 - 205 } ) ( 161 < 160[ 1:2 3:6 1:1 ] ) ( ({ 201 - 204 } ) < ( { 161 - 163 } ) ) ( ( 90 100 ) 120 < 61
( 62 63 ) )volume# combined, lattice or level structure
non
reg
vol
# reg definition
1 100018.1000E+01 # ( all )2 100025.0000E+00 # ( { 201 - 205 } )3 100031.0000E+00 # ( 161 < 160[ 1 3 1 ] )4 10004
1.0000E+00 # ( 161 < 160[ 2 3 1 ] )5 10005
1.0000E+00 # ( 161 < 160[ 1 4 1 ] )6 10006
1.0000E+00 # ( 161 < 160[ 2 4 1 ] )7 100071.0000E+00 # ( 161 < 160[ 1 5 1 ] )8 10008
1.0000E+00 # ( 161 < 160[ 2 5 1 ] )9 10009
1.0000E+00 # ( 161 < 160[ 1 6 1 ] )10 10010
1.0000E+00 # ( 161 < 160[ 2 6 1 ] )11 10011
4.0000E+00 # ( ( { 201 - 204 } ) < ( { 161 - 163 } ) )12 10012
2.0000E+00 # ( ( 90 100 ) < 61 )13 10013
1.0000E+00 # ( 120 < 61 )14 10014
2.0000E+00 # ( ( 90 100 ) < ( 62 63 ) )15 10015
1.0000E+00 # ( 120 < ( 62 63 ) )In the input, it looks only 5 regions defined, but in the input echo, you can see 15 regions are defined for tally. In
this input echo, region numbers are defined automatically starting from 10001, and the volume of each cell is set 1
because of no [volume] definition.

5.1 Geometrical mesh

119

We explain the detail of 15 regions appears in the volume description of this input echo.
First for ( all ), 81 cells are defined in the bottom level, so the volume of ( all ) is set 81. If the volumeof the cell is defined correctly in the [volume] section, you don’t need to define the volume here again.
Next for ({ 201 - 205 }), this combined region has volume 5 in the echo, since this combined regions have
5 cells of bottom level. This is also not required to re-define here if the volume is set in the [volume]section.
For ( 161 < 160[1:2 3:6 1:1] ), the region 161 is included as a lattice in region 160. In this expression
in the lattice coordinate system, 8 lattices of the region 160 from 1 to 2 in s direction, 3 to 6 in t direction, and 1 inu direction, are used for the tally. In the echo, the number of regions in bottom level is echoed 1. In the case, youhave to specify the volume by yourself by the volume definition below.
For ( (201 202 203 204) < (161 162 163 ) ), some regions are defined in each level, but these are all
closed by ( ), so it means one region as a whole. In this case, given volume by the echo is not correct, so set
volume manually by the volume definition below.
For ( ( 90 100 ) 120 < 61 ( 62 63 ) ), there are two independent regions in each level, so 4 regions
are defined here. In this case given volume by the echo is not correct too, so set volume manually in the [volume]
section.
You can set volume as below.

mesh = reg
reg = 1 2 3 4 ( 5 < 12 ) ( {13 - 17} )volumereg
vol1
1.000025.000036.000041.000010001
6.000010002
5.0000In above example, region numbers from 1 to 4 are set normally as you can see, but regions ( 5 < 12 ) and ({13 - 17} ) have numbers 10001 and 10002. These big values are given in an input echo automatically. You can
see and paste this settings from the input echo.
If you want to change the order of region number (reg) and volume (vol), set as “vol reg”. You can use theskip operator non.
In the input echo, numbered entry is given in non column. When axis = reg, the numbered entry is used asa value of X axis. Even if you use GG, use the symbol not cell but reg here.
When you define regions in the bottom level, set same region twice as ( 3000 < 3000[1:2 3:61:1] ).

5.1.3 r-z mesh
When you use the r-z scoring mesh, first, oﬀsets for x and y coordinate of the center of cylinder can be definedasmesh = r-zx0 = 1.0y0 = 2.0

This can be omissible. Then, define r and z mesh as

5 COMMON PARAMETERS FOR TALLIES

120

mesh
= r-z
r-type = [1-5]..........
..........
z-type = [1-5]..........
..........

Mesh definition is described later.

5.1.4 xyz mesh
When you use the xyz scoring mesh, set x, y, and z mesh as

mesh
= xyz
x-type = [1-5]..........
..........
y-type = [1-5]..........
..........
z-type = [1-5]..........
..........

Mesh definition is described later.

5.2 Energy mesh
Energy mesh begins as

e-type = [1-5]..........
..........

”e1-type” and ”e2-type” are also used in DEPOSIT2 tally. Mesh definition is described later.

5.3 LET mesh
LET mesh begins asl-type = [1-5]..........
..........

5.4 Time mesh

121

Mesh definition is described later.

5.4 Time mesh
Time mesh is defined ast-type = [1-5]..........
..........

Mesh definition is described later.

5.5 Angle mesh
Angle mesh in cross tally is defined asa-type = [1, 2, -1, -2]..........
..........

If a-type is defined by positive number, this mesh denotes cosine mesh. If a-type is defined by negative
number, the mesh denotes angle mesh. Mesh definition is described later.

5 COMMON PARAMETERS FOR TALLIES

122

5.6 Mesh definition
There are 8 kinds of mesh definition as e-type, t-type, x-type, y-type, z-type, r-type, a-type
and l-type. The format is common for every mesh types. So only the e-type definition is described below. For
other types, replace “e” into “t”, “x”, “y”, ... and “a”. For example, replace “ne” as “nt, nx, ny, ... , na”,
“emin” as “tmin, xmin, ymin, ... , amin”, and so on.

5.6.1 Mesh type
You can use 5 kinds of mesh type as shown below.
Table 5.2: mesh typemesh type
1
2
3
4

5

explanation
give number of groups and mesh points by data
give number of groups, minimum and maximum values.
mesh is divided equally by linear scale.
give number of groups, minimum and maximum values.
mesh is divided equally by log scale.
give mesh width, minimum and maximum values.
mesh points are given by linear scale.
Number of groups is set automatically as resulting maximum
value becomes same with given value, or takes larger value withsmall excess as possible.
give minimum and maximum values and log value of mesh width
mesh points are given by log scale.
Number of groups is set automatically as resulting maximum
value becomes same with given value, or takes larger value withsmall excess as possible.

It is noted that you can use only 1, 2 (-1, -2) mesh types in a-type definition. Each mesh type format is shownin followings.

5.6.2 e-type = 1
When you use e-type=1, set number of group, then numerical data ase-type = 1
ne = number of groupdata(1) data(2) data(3) data(4)data(5) data(6) data(7) data(8).........
.........
data(ne+1)

You can use multi lines without any symbols for line connection.

5.6 Mesh definition

5.6.3 e-type = 2, 3
When you use e-type = 2, 3, set number of group, minimum value, and maximum value ase-type = 2, 3
ne = number of groupemin = minimum value
emax = maximum value

5.6.4 e-type = 4
When you use e-type=4, set mesh width, minimum value, and maximum value ase-type = 4
edel = width of meshemin = minimum value
emax = maximum value

5.6.5 e-type = 5
When you use e-type= 5, set mesh width, minimum value, and maximum value ase-type = 5
edel = log( width of mesh )emin = minimum value
emax = maximum value

In the case, mesh width is for log scale, i.e., edel = log( Mi+1 / Mi ).

123

5 COMMON PARAMETERS FOR TALLIES

124

5.7 Other tally definitions
5.7.1 Particle definition
You can define particles aspart = proton neutron pion+ 3112 208Pb

orpart = protonpart = neutron
part = pion+
part = 3112
part = 208Pb

See Table 3.4 for particle identification. You can also use the kf code number.
If you define all particles aspart = all

Maximum 6 particles can be define in a tally. If you want to tally more particles, use another tally sections of
the same kind of tally.
If you want to tally some particles as a group, you can use ( ) as the following. The maximum number inside
the ( ) is 6.

part = ( proton neutron ) all pion+ 3112 208Pb

In this case, as the first group, the sum of proton and neutron contribution is tallied, the second is the sum of all. 5groups of the particle are printed out in this tally.
For nucleus, you can use the expression like 208Pb and Pb. The later case, Pb, denotes all isotopes of Pb.

5.7.2 axis definition
X axis value for output is described here. There are many kinds of axis shown as (depend on kinds of tallies
or geometrical meshes),eng, reg, x, y, z, r, t, xy, yz, zx, rz,cos, the, mass, charge, chart, dchain
let, t-eng, eng-t, t-e1, e1-t, t-e2, e2-t, e12, e21axis = eng

5.7 Other tally definitions

125

You can set multiple axis per one tally byaxis = eng

x

y

or,

axis = eng
axis = xaxis = y

If you define multiple axes, output results are written in diﬀerent files. So you need to specify multiple output files
as shown in the next subsection when multiple axes are defined.
It should be noted that you can define only one axis in a [t-yield] section from ver. 2.50. This restriction
was implemented to calculate statistical uncertainties correctly. If you want to define several axes in the [t-yield]
tally, you have to set the corresponding number of [t-yield] sections in a input file.

5.7.3 file definition
The format to define name of output file is,file = file.001

file.002

file.003

As described before, when you set multiple axis, set output files for each axis like following example.

file = file.001
file = file.002
file = file.003

5.7.4 resfile definition
The format to specify a file name of past tally in the restart calculation is,
resfile = file.001
where the file name must be written with full pathname. Even if several resfile parameters are set in a tally
section, only the earliest one is used. resfile is set to file by default. In this case, results of the past tally are
overwritten.

5.7.5 unit definition
Set output unit as5 COMMON PARAMETERS FOR TALLIES

126

unit = number

The unit number and its meanings are described in each tally explanation.

5.7.6 factor definition
You can set normalize factor by this format.

factor = numberThis value is multiplied to output values. When you use the [t-gshow] tally, this factor defines line thickness
instead.

5.7.7 output definition
Set output type as

output = name of output

Details are described in each tally explanation.

5.7.8 info definition
This option defines whether detailed information is output or not. Set 0 or 1 asinfo = 0, 1

5.7.9 title definition
This option is for title astitle = title of the tally

It is omissible, and in this case, default is used.

5.7.10 ANGEL parameter definition
In order to add AN GE L parameters in tally output, define as5.7 Other tally definitions

127

angel = xmin(1.0) ymin(1.3e-8)

Defined parameter is converted to the AN GE L format asp: xmin(1.0) ymin(1.3e-8)

See AN GE L manual for details.

5.7.11 2d-type definition
When you define 2 dimensional output as axis = xy, you must set this 2d-type option as

2d-type =1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

These 2d-types give the format of data arrange.

• 2d-type = 1, 2, 3, 6, 7
Data are written by below format (the example is written by Fortran style).
( ( data(ix,iy), ix = 1, nx ), iy = ny, 1, -1 )10 data are written in a line. Also a header for the AN GE L input is inserted. The AN GE L header is inserted by
2d-type = 1 for contour plot, 2d-type = 2 for cluster plot, 2d-type = 3 for color plot, 2d-type = 6
for cluster and contour plot, 2d-type = 7 for color and contour plot.
• 2d-type = 4
Data are written by below format
do iy = ny, 1, -1
do ix = 1, nx( x(ix), y(iy), data(ix,iy) )end doend do3 data of x(ix), y(iy) and data(ix,iy) are written in a line.
• 2d-type = 5
Data are written by below formaty/x ( x(ix), ix = 1, nx )do iy = ny, 1, -1( y(iy), data(ix,iy), ix = 1, nx )end donx + 1 data are written in a line, and total ny + 1 lines. It is useful to use in the tabular soft like Excel.

5 COMMON PARAMETERS FOR TALLIES

128

5.7.12 gshow definition
This option can be used in all tallies without [t-gshow] and [t-rshow]. If you set gshow option with xyz mesh,xy, yz, or xz axis, and 2d-type = 1, 2, or 3, AN GE L can create a graphical plot with region boundary and material
name, or region name, or lattice number on the two dimensional output. You can also obtain graphical plots
directory from the PH I TS calculation by the “epsout” option.

gshow =

0, 1, 2, 3, 4

In above example, 0 means no gshow option, 1 means gshow with region boundary, 2 means gshow with region
boundary and material name, 3 means gshow with region boundary and region name, 4 means gshow with region
boundary and lattice numbers. When you increase the resolution of the plot by resol parameter, the indicationof region name, material name and lattice number on the graph are sometimes disturbed. In this case, you should
increase the mesh points instead of resol.
You can see your geometry plot on a graph without transport calculation by setting icntl = 8 in the [parameters]
section, and this gshow option. You should check whether regions are correct, and a xyz mesh resolution is goodor not, before long time calculation.

5.7.13 rshow definition
You can use rshow definition in all tallies except for [t-cross] and [t-gshow] tallies. This option is available with region mesh, xy, yz, zx axis. This option makes a two dimensional plot in which each region is coloredwith the amount of its region’s output value. And region boundaries, material name, or region name numbers arealso displayed. The xyz mesh definition is required after this rshow definition.

rshow = 1, 2, 3
x-type = [2,4]..........
..........
y-type = [2,4]..........
..........
z-type = [2,4]..........
..........

rshow = 0 means no rshow option, 1 means rshow with region boundary, 2 means rshow with region boundaryand material name, 3 means rshow with region boundary and region name numbers. If rshow =0, xyz meshdefinition is not required, comment out it. When you increase the resolution of the plot by resol parameter, theindication of region name, material name and lattice number on the graph are sometimes disturbed. In this case,
you should increase the mesh points instead of resol.
If you use the rshow option with “reg” mesh, there is no output for the values of each region. In this case, you
can not re-plot the figure because of no original data. When this rshow option is used, usually axis is set as xy,
yz, and zx. But you should use in addition axis = reg in order to save results into another file, for re-plotting.
You can re-plot figures from saved data and [t-rshow] tally function.
You can execute this option without transport calculation by using icntl =10 in the [parameters] section.
For icntl =10, PH I TS makes a two dimensional plot for the tallies with reg mesh, xy, yz, zx axis and rshow = 1,2, 3. In the figure, diﬀerent colors are used for diﬀerent materials. You should check whether regions are correct
and a xyz mesh resolution is good or not, before long time calculation.

5.7 Other tally definitions

129

5.7.14 x-txt, y-txt, z-txt definition
If you want to change x, y, and z axis titles in the output figure, use these option. These title can not be definedin the AN GE L parameter.
x-txt = x axis title
y-txt = y axis title
z-txt = z axis title

5.7.15 volmat definition
The volmat parameter corrects a volume where xyz mesh crosses region boundaries. This option is eﬀectivein the case that mesh is xyz, and the material parameter is defined. This corrected volume is calculated by theMonte Carlo method for specified material. volmat denotes the number of scanning parallel to x, y, and z axis
respectively for the Monte Carlo calculation. So If you set too large volmat, the calculation takes long time. You
need to take care of it. If volmat is given by negative value, all xyz mesh is scanned. If positive value, the scanning
is not performed when 8 apexes of the mesh are included in the same material.

5.7.16 epsout definition
If you set epsout =1, output file is treated by AN GE L automatically and an eps file is created. This eps filename is named by replacing the extension into “.eps”. With itall = 1 setting, the eps file is created after every
batch calculation. You can monitor the PH I TS results in real time, by displaying the eps file with the ghostview andby setting refresh function for a file updating by typing “w” key on the ghostview.

5.7.17 counter definition
You can make a gate to the tallying quantities by using the counter defined by [counter] section. Set minimum ctmin(i) and maximum value ctmax(i) for each counter. The “i” is the counter number from 1 to 3. By
default, ctmin(i) = -9999, and ctmax(i) = 9999. When multiple counters are specified, the common part ofthese terms are tallied.

5.7.18 resolution and line thickness definitions
You can increase the resolution of the region boundaries in the gshow, rshow, and 3dshow with keeping xyz
mesh by resol. Default value is 1, it is same as xyz mesh resolution. If you set resol = 2, the resolution
becomes 2 times for each side. It is useful to draw smooth line for xyz mesh. Also you can obtain clear graphics
by set resol larger for the 3dshow. Even if you set resol larger, memory usage is not changed.
The width shows the line thickness for gshow, rshow, and 3dshow. Default value is 0.5.

5.7.19 trcl coordinate transformation
By this trcl option, you can transform the coordinate of the r-z, and xyz mesh. There are two ways to define
the transformation as below.

trcl = number
trcl = O1 O2

O3

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

B8

B9

M

5 COMMON PARAMETERS FOR TALLIES

130

The first definition is to specify the transformation number defined in [transform] section. The next one is todefine the transformation directly here with 13 parameters as same as in [transform] section. If the data are notwritten in a line, you can write them in multiple lines without the line sequential mark. But you need to put morethan 11 blanks before data on the top of the sequential lines.
In the 3dshow tally, trcl can be used to transform the box. This will be explained in the [t-3dshow] tally
section.

5.7.20 dump definition
In the [t-cross], [t-time], [t-product] tallies, information on the particles can be dumped on the file.
By the parameter of “dump =”, the number of the dump data in one record is specified. If this number is given
by positive number, the data are read as binary data. If negative, the data are read as ascii data. In next line, the data
sequence of one record is described. The relation between the physical quantities and id number is the followings,
Table 5.3: id number of dump data (1)physical quantities
id number

kf
1

x
2

y
3

z
4

u
5

v
6

w
7

e
8

wt
9

time
10

c1
11

c2
12

c3
13

sx
14

sy
15

sz
16

Table 5.4: id number of dump data (2)physical quantities
id number

name
17

nocas
18

nobch
19

no
20

Here kf means the kf-code of the particles (see Table 3.4), x, y, z are coordinates (cm), u, v, w denote the unit
vectors of the direction of the particle, e is the energy (MeV, or MeV/nucleon for nucleus), wt is the weight, timeis the initial time (ns), c1, c2, c3 are the values of counters, and sx, sy, sz are the unit vectors of the directionof spin, respectively. name is a collision number of the particle, nocas is a current history number of this batch,
nobch is a current batch number, no is a cascade id in this history. These are assumed as real*8 for the binary data,n(1p1e24.15) data format for the ascii data.
For an example, one record has 9 data as
kf

e

wt

x

y

z

u

v

w

6

7

To read this data, we write the parameters as
dump = 9
1 8 9

2

3

4

5

When you use this dump parameter, axis and file are restricted to one axis and one file, and unit is always
1. The dumped data are written on a file named “*** dmp”, where “***” indicates the file name specified by“file=***”. The normal output of the tally is written on “***” . From this file, you can get the information on
the total normalization factor. (In the former version of PHITS (before 2.66), the normal output was written on
a configuration file (.cfg), and the dumped data were written on “***” .) In the parallel computing, files to thenumber of (PE−1) corresponding to each PE (Processor Element) are created for writing and reading dumped data.
If you set idpara=0 or 1, a file is made in the directory named by /wk/uname/ on each of the nodes. If you set
idpara=1 or 3, the each IP number is put at the end of the filename. The each PE writes down its result on only
the corresponding file, and reads it from the same file in the re-calculation.

5.8 Function to sum up two (or more) tally results

131

5.8 Function to sum up two (or more) tally results
After version 2.74, PHITS has a function to sum up two (or more) tally results. There are two methods for
sum up; one is to integrate the tally results considering the history number of each simulation, while the other isto add the tally results weighted by user defined ratios. The former can be used for the parallel calculation on
computers in which MPI protocol is not installed. On the other hand, the latter is suit for the simulation with
diﬀerent source terms whose intensities cannot be fixed before the simulation, such as that for Intensity-Modulated
Radiation Therapy (IMRT).
In order to use this function, you have to satisfy the following conditions:• icntl is set to 13 in [parameters] section• The parameters for each tally results such as mesh, axis and part are identical to one another• “sumtally” subsection is defined in the tally section that outputs one of the summing up tallies.
“sumtally” subsection is ignored when icntl parameter is not set to 13 in [parameters] section. At this moment,“sumtally” works only for [t-track] and [t-deposit] tallies, and only one “sumtally” subsection can be defined in a
PHITS input file. These limitations will be removed in the forthcoming version.
“sumtally” subsection should be defined between the lines of sumtally start and sumtally end written
in the tally section that outputs one of the summing up tallies. The parameters used in “sumtally” subsection aresummarized in Table 5.5.
Table 5.5: Parameters used in “sumtally” subsection
nameisumtally =value
1(default), 2

nfile =
(next line)

Numberfilename value

sfile
sumfactor

filename（Omissible、D=1.0）

description
Summing up procedure
1: Integration of tally results
considering history number of each simulation
2: Sum of tally results weighted by user
defined ratios
Number of summing up files
Summing up file name, weighted value
Sum of the weighted values is automaticallynormalized to sumfactor for isumtally=2
Output file nameNormalization factor

For example, if you have two tally results “result-1.out” and “result-2.out” that were obtained from maxcas= 100 and maxbch = 10 and 20, respectively, and you would like to obtain their summing up results considering
their histories, you have to write:
List 5.3
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:

• example 1 for isumtally=1
sumtally start
isumtally = 1$(D=1) sumtally option, 1:integration, 2:weighted sum
nfile = 2
$ number of tally files
result-1.out 1.0
result-2.out 1.0
sfile=result-s.out $ file name of output by sumtally option
sumfactor = 1.0$ (D=1.0) normalization factor
sumtally end

Using this sumtally subsection, you can obtain the results for maxcas = 100 and maxbch = 30. Please be
sure that the initial random seeds for calculating “result-1.out” and “result-2.out” should be diﬀerent from eachother, otherwise you would get biased results for certain random numbers. The most recommended method forchanging the initial random seed is to use irskip parameter. The weighted value for each tally outputs are5 COMMON PARAMETERS FOR TALLIES

132

generally set to 1 for isumtally = 1, unless you would like to change the weight of source particles. The output
file obtained from this sumtally section, “result-s.out”, can be used for restart calculation by setting istdev < 0.
For isumtally = 2, the weighted summation of the tally results, X̄, is calculated by the following equation:X̄ = F

N
∑
rj
j=1

r

X̄ j

(2)

where F is the normalization factor defined by sumfactor, N is the number of summing up files defined by∑
nfile, X̄ j is the j-th tally results, r j is the weighted value of j-th tally, and r is the sum of r j , i.e. r = Nj=1 r j . The
uncertainty of the summation value, σX , can be calculated byvut N ( )∑ rj 2σX = F
(3)
σ2X j
r
j=1
where σX j is the standard deviation of j-th tally results.
If you have two tally results “result-l.out” and “result-r.out”, and you would like to sum up them weighted byfactors of 2.0 and 3.0, respectively, you have to write:
List 5.4
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:

• example 2 for isumtally=2
sumtally start
isumtally = 2$(D=1) sumtally option, 1:integration, 2:weighted sum
nfile = 2
$ number of tally files
result-l.out 2.0
result-r.out 3.0
sfile=result-s.out $ file name of output by sumtally option
sumfactor = 5.0$ (D=1.0) normalization factor
sumtally end

You can obtain the same results by using multi-source function, but it is more convenient to use sumtallysubsection when you would like to change the weighted values for several cases. It should be mentioned that thesum of the weighted values is automatically normalized to sumfactor for isumtally=2. The output file obtained
from this sumtally section, “result-s.out”, cannot be used for restart calculation.

133

6

Tally input format

6.1 [ T - T r a c k ] section
Using the [T-Track] tally, you can obtain the fluence in any specified region. In this tally, track length isevaluated whenever particles pass through the specified region as shown in Fig. 6.1, and the sum of the track
lengths in the unit of (cm) is scored. Then, particle fluence in the unit of (/cm2 /source) is determined from thescored track lengths divided by the volume of the region and the number of the source particles.

V

track length
Figure 6.1: [T-Track] tally: track length (solid line) is calculated.
For an example, you can get information on the detector response in the specified region by utilizing this tally.
Multiplying the fluence by a cross section (in the unit of cm2 ) of the detector, you can estimate the number ofcounts in the response.

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

134

Table 6.1: [t-track] parameter (1)namemesh =

value
reg, r-z, xyz

part =
material =all (default),
particle name(omissible)
all,number of materials(next line)
e-type =2 5 8
1, 2, 3, 4, 5

t-type =1, 2, 3, 4, 5(omissible)
1, 2, 3, 4

unit =

11, 12, 13, 14

axis =

file =
resfile =multiplier =factor =title =
angel =
2d-type =eng, reg, x, y, z, r,
xy, yz, xz, rz
tfile name(omissible, D=file)number of material(omissible)(omissible, D=1.0)(omissible)(omissible)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
(omissible)

explanationgeometry mesh
you need geometry mesh subsection below this option
maximum 6 particles in a [t-track]
You can specify materials for scoring.
all : default (same as no definition)
When you set number of materials,
define these material numbers in the next line.
You can set number of materials by negative.
In the case, specified materials are not included
for scoring.
material numbers
energy mesh
You need energy mesh subsection below this option
time mesh
You need time mesh subsection below this option
1: [1/cm2 /source]
2: [1/cm2 /MeV/source]
3: [1/cm2 /Lethargy/source]
4: [cm/source]
11: [1/cm2 /nsec/source]
12: [1/cm2 /MeV/nsec/source]
13: [1/cm2 /Lethargy/nsec/source]
14: [cm/nsec/source]
x axis value of output data
2 dimensionaltime axis
Define file names as same number of axis
Define a file name of the past tally in the restart calculation.
Even if several axis parameters were defined, you should
specify only one resfile.
multiplier for each material
You need multiplier subsection below this option
normalization factor
title
angel parameters
options for 2 dimensional plot

“Lethargy ” in unit = 3 or 13 is a natural logarithmic unit of energy, and defined by ln(Eref /E) using areference energy Eref and a particle’s energy E. If you set these units, you can obtain results per Lethargy, which
are calculated by Lethargy widths, ln(Ehigh /Elow ), at each energy bins given in the energy mesh subsection. Here,
Ehigh and Elow are maximum and minimum values of the energy bins, respectively.
If you set unit = 1, 2, 3, 11, 12 or 13, you obtain the mean particle fluence in the specified region,
which is calculated from the sum of the track lengths per source divided by the volume of the region. Noted thatfor reg mesh you have to set the volume in the [Volume] section. If you do not, you obtain the particle fluence forvolume = 1cm3 , i.e. the sum of the track lengths per source. For r-z and xyz mesh, the volume is automaticallycalculated. If you set unit=4 or 14, you obtain the sum of the track length per source.

6.1 [ T - T r a c k ] section

135

Table 6.2: [t-track] parameter (2)namex-txt =
y-txt =
z-txt =
gshow =

value
(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)0 (default), 1, 2, 3, 4

rshow =

0 (default), 1, 2, 3

ginfo =

0 (default),
12

resol =

1 (default)

width =

0.5 (default)

volume(omissible)

reg vol
iechrl =volmat =72 (default)(omissible, D=9)

epsout =0 (default), 1

ctmin(i) =ctmax(i) =trcl =(omissible, D=-9999)(omissible, D= 9999)(omissible)

gslat =

1(default), 0

explanation
x axis title
y axis title
z axis title
When mesh=xyz, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), region name (3),and LAT number(4) are plotted by the option.
When mesh=reg, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), and region name (3)are plotted by the option.
You need xyz mesh section below this option.
No geometry check in the case of gshow or rshow>0
Check geometry and draw its two-dimensional view
with error information
Check geometry, draw its two-dimensional view,
and outputting a geometry error file (.err)
The option multiplies region line resolution
by resol times with gshow or rshow option.
The option defines the line thickness
for gshow or rshow option.
The option defines volume for each region
for reg mesh. You need volume definitions
below this option.
Default values are given in input
echo in the case of no definition.
volume definition. See 5.1.2
Number of maximum column for volume input echo
The option corrects a volume value for each meshwhen material is defined by xyz mesh.
(0 means no correction)
Value of volmat means the number of scansfor one side of xyz meshIf epsout is set to 1, results are plotted
into eps files. This eps file name isnamed by replacing the extension into “.eps”.
minimum value for i-th countermaximum value for i-th counter
coordinate transformation number or definition
for r-z or xyz mesh
1: show lattice boundary in gshow, 0: no6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

136

Using multiplier option in this tally, you can multiply results of the [t-track] tally by factors depending
on energies of particles. If you define a data set in [multiplier] section, any factors can be used. The basic
format is given as (C k), where C is a normalization factor and k is the ID number of the set. It is noted that kshould be negative. Format of the multiplier subsection is given as follows.

multiplier = number of materialpart = neutron
emax = 1000
mat
mset1
mset2
1
( 1
-201 ) ( 2 -202 )2( 1.2 -201 ) ( 3 -202 )
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
The line of multiplier = specifies the number of material where the multiplication is considered. You can use
all instead of the number. For this case, one should also use all for mat column below. The second line of part= defines the particles considered. The maximum number of the particle is 6 and all can be also used, which isdefault. The multiplication aﬀects only these considered particles. The third line of emax = defines the maximum
energy of the multiplication. If emax is omitted, it is automatically defined as the maximum energy given in the[multiplier] section, or dmax(i), i = 1, 2, or 14 when you use nuclear data library. The number of matcolumn is the material number which is considered to be multiplied. The columns of mset1, mset2 define themultiplier set. The maximum 6 multiplier can be set. For each set, the result is printed out. You can define several
multiplier subsections in one [t-track] section, but you should set the number of the multiplier sets to beequal in each subsection.
Some parameter sets built-in PH I TS can be used. If you set k = −1, a value of 1/weight is used as the multiplication factor. For k = −2, a value of 1/velocity is used. For k = −120, material density is used. Therefore, you
can obtain mass in the region setting icntl=5. With k = −101, −102, −112, or −114, the conversion factor of proton, neutron, electron, or photon, respectively, is used. These conversion factors were estimated with a conditionof Antero-Posterior geometry (AP) irradiation.7) The unit of the dose conversion factors is (µSv/h)/(n/sec/cm2 ).
It should be noted that the interpolation method of conversion factor has been changed in PH I TS ver. 2.00 fromlinear-linear to log-log.
You can also use the following format like FM card of MCNP.

multiplier = number of materialpart = proton
emax = 150
mat
mset1
mset2
1
( 0.1236 1 1 -4 ) ( 0.0 )2( 0.0060 2 1 -4 ) ( 0.0 )3( 0.0032 3 1 -4 ) ( 0.0 )
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
multiplier = number of materialpart = neutron
emax = 150
mat
mset1
mset2
1
( 0.1236 1 1 -4 : -6 -8 ) ( 1.0 -1 33 0.543 )2( 0.0060 2 1 -4 : -6 -8 ) ( 1.0 -1 34 0.321 )3( 0.0032 3 1 -4 : -6 -8 ) ( 1.0 -1 35 0.678 )
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....

In above example, the mset1 is for heat and the mset2 is zero for proton, attenuator set for neutron.

6.2 [ T - C r o s s ] section

137

6.2 [ T - C r o s s ] section
Using the [T-Cross] tally, you can obtain the current or flux (actually fluence) on any specified surface. In
this tally, whenever a particle crosses the surface, current is simply added by 1, while flux is added by 1/ cos θ,
where θ is the angle between the direction of the particle trajectory and the normal vector to the surface. In PH I TS
, the current and flux each other are similar but diﬀerent physical quantity. The diﬀerence is due to the surface
element, which is used to calculate the number of the crossing particle per unit area. The current is evaluated withdivision by the area of the surface S shown in Fig. 6.2. On the other hand, the flux is done with division by S cos θ.
The value of S is given in the geometry mesh subsection as area for reg mesh. The S is calculated automaticallyfor r-z and xyz mesh.

derection ofparticle trajectory

Scosθ
S
θ

Figure 6.2: Relation between the two areas S and S cos θ.
Since the flux in this tally is evaluated with weight of 1/ cos θ, the result is equivalent to that obtained from the[t-track] tally for an extremely thin region. Consequently, you can obtain information on the detector responsein the specified surface by utilizing the [t-cross] tally. Multiplying the flux by a cross section (in the unit of
cm2 ) of the detector, you can estimate the number of counts in the response.

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

138

Table 6.3: [t-cross] parameter (1)namemesh =

value
reg, r-z, xyz

part =all (default),
particle name1, 2, 3, 4, 5

e-type =a-type =t-type =unit =

1, 2, -1, -2
The option is required
for a-curr and oa-curr
1, 2, 3, 4, 5(omissible)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16

axis =

eng, reg, x, y, z, rcos, the, txy

explanationgeometry mesh
you need geometry mesh subsection below this option
maximum 6 particles in a [t-cross]energy mesh
You need energy mesh subsection below this option
angle mesh (1, 2 :cos, -1, -2 :degree)
You need angle mesh subsection below this option
time mesh
You need time mesh subsection below this option
1: [1/cm2 /source]
2: [1/cm2 /MeV/source]
3: [1/cm2 /Lethargy/source]
4: [1/cm2 /sr/source]
5: [1/cm2 /MeV/sr/source]
6: [1/cm2 /Lethargy/sr/source]
11: [1/cm2 /nsec/source]
12: [1/cm2 /MeV/nsec/source]
13: [1/cm2 /Lethargy/nsec/source]
14: [1/cm2 /sr/nsec/source]
15: [1/cm2 /MeV/sr/nsec/source]
16: [1/cm2 /Lethargy/sr/nsec/source]
x axis value of output data
angle (cos, the) and time (t) mesh2 dimensional

There may be cases where results of tally are not correct, when a surface of mesh in r-z or xyz agrees withthat of the defined cell.
You can obtain current for specified angles using the angle mesh shown in Fig. 6.3. In the cases of unit=4,
5, 6, 14, 15, or 16, the output is given as a quantity per unit steradian (sr) calculated by using the mesh sizeof the angle-bin defined in the angle mesh subsection.

θFigure 6.3: Schematic image of the tally using the angle mesh.
“Lethargy ” in unit = 3, 6, 13 or 16 is a natural logarithmic unit of energy, and defined by ln(Eref /E)
using a reference energy Eref and a particle’s energy E. If you set these units, you can obtain results per Lethargy,
which are calculated by Lethargy widths, ln(Ehigh /Elow ), at each energy bins given in the energy mesh subsection.
Here, Ehigh and Elow are maximum and minimum values of the energy bins, respectively.

6.2 [ T - C r o s s ] section

139

Table 6.4: [t-cross] parameter (2)namefile =
resfile =value
file name(omissible, D=file)

factor =title =
angel =
2d-type =(omissible, D=1.0)(omissible)(omissible)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
(omissible)
flux
current
f-currb-curro-curroutput =x-txt =
y-txt =
z-txt =
gshow =

ginfo =

of-currob-curr
a-curroa-curr(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)0 (default), 1, 2, 3, 4

0 (default),
12

resol =

1 (default)

width =

0.5 (default)

epsout =0 (default), 1

ctmin(i) =ctmax(i) =trcl =(omissible, D=-9999)(omissible, D= 9999)(omissible)

dump =

number of data

(next line)
gslat =

data sequence1(default), 0

explanation
Define file names as same number of axis
Define a file name of the past tally in the restart calculation.
Even if several axis parameters were defined, you should
specify only one resfile.
normalization factor
title
angel parameters
options for 2 dimensional plot
flux by surface crossing
current by surface crossing
forward current by surface crossing
backward current by surface crossing
omni current by surface crossing
omni means the energy integrated
omni forward current by surface crossing
omni backward current by surface crossing
angle mesh current by surface crossing
angle mesh omni current by surface crossing
x axis title
y axis title
z axis title
When mesh=xyz, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), region name (3),and LAT number(4) are plotted by the option.
No geometry check in the case of gshow>0
Check geometry and draw its two-dimensional view
with error information
Check geometry, draw its two-dimensional view,
and outputting a geometry error file (.err)
The option multiplies region line resolution
by resol times with gshow option.
The option defines the line thickness
for gshow option.
If epsout is set to 1, results are plotted
into eps files. This eps file name isnamed by replacing the extension into “.eps”.
minimum value for i-th countermaximum value for i-th counter
coordinate transformation number or definition
for r-z or xyz mesh
For mesh=reg, the information is dumped on the file.
If dump is negative, data is written by ascii,
if positive, by binary.
define the data sequence.
1: show lattice boundary in gshow, 0: no6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

140

Output options, output=f-curr, b-curr, of-curr, ob-curr, can be used in xyz or r-z mesh. Note that in xyz meshthese options are available only for z-direction.
In the [t-cross] tally, you can use the dump option only with reg mesh, and only with reg axis. If the dump
option is set, the meshes of e-type, a-type and t-type have only the meaning of the maximum and minimum
values. The output option is set to be current, a-curr or oa-curr. When you use this dump parameter, axis andfile are restricted to one axis and one file, and unit is always 1. The dumped data are written on a file named“*** dmp”, where “***” indicates the file name specified by “file=***”. The normal output of the tally is written
on “***” . From this file, you can get the information on the total normalization factor. To do so, you had betterset one mesh for e-type, a-type and t-type. (In the former version of PHITS (before 2.66), the normal output
was written on a configuration file (.cfg), and the dumped data were written on “***” .)If you set mesh = reg for geometry mesh in this section, you must define crossing surface by region number
for in- and out- region as an example below.

mesh = reg
reg = number of crossing surfaces
r-in
r-out
area
2
8
10.0
3
8
5.0
( 4 5 ) ( 4 5 )2.0(13<5) (14<5)
7.0(13<6) (14<6)
7.0(13<7) (14<7)
7.0
...
...
....
...
...
....

The default order for this definition is “r-in r-out area”. If you want to change the order, define as“r-in r-out area”. You can use the skip operator non. You can use the format ( { 2 - 5 } 8 9 ), and you
can use the lattice and universe style as ( 6 < 10[1 0 0] < u=3 ). But you need to close a value by ()
if it is not a single numeric value. If you set output = flux, obtained flux is one way from r-in to r-out. If you
want to set both way flux, set as the third line of above definition.
If you set mesh = r-z, two kinds of crossing surface are defined. One is the number of “nz+1” crossing
surfaces for z defined by ri − ri+1 . The other is the number of “nr+1” crossing surfaces for r defined by zi − zi+1 . If
r-surface coincides with the surface of outer void, the flux on this surface is not tallied.
If you set mesh=xyz, the number of “nz+1” crossing surfaces for z are defined by xi − xi+1 and y j − y j+1 . In
this case, x and y crossing surfaces are not defined. When you set mesh = rz, xyz, crossing particles are detectedin both ways at defined surface. The forward definitions are, positive direction in z surface, and from center tooutside in r surface.

6.3 [ T - H e a t ] section

141

6.3 [ T - H e a t ] section[ T - H e a t ] gives deposit energy for optional region. Deposit energy by low energy neutron, photon, andelectron can be also tallied in this tally. The heat from neutrons is usually obtained from Kerma factors with
nuclear data. For e-mode=1, the heat from neutrons is zero, but the heat is calculated from energy loss of all
charged particles and nuclei. The heat from photons is usually obtained also from Kerma factors with nuclear data.
For electron=1 with electron transport, we do not use the Kerma factors of photon, but obtain the heat from theenergy loss of electrons.
Table 6.5: [t-heat] parameter (1)namemesh =

value
reg, r-z, xyz

axis =

reg, x, y, z, r,
xy, yz, xz, rz
file name(omissible, D=file)

file =
resfile =material =(omissible)
all,number of materials(next line)
output =

2 5 8
heat
simpleexplanationgeometry mesh
you need geometry mesh subsection below this option
x axis value of output data
2 dimensional
Define file names as same number of axis
Define a file name of the past tally in the restart calculation.
Even if several axis parameters were defined, you should
specify only one resfile.
You can specify materials for scoring.
all : default (same as no definition)
When you set number of materials,
define these material numbers in the next line.
You can set number of materials by negative.
In the case, specified materials are not included
for scoring.
material numbers
total: Total deposit energy.
total: Total deposit energy.
ncut, gcut, pcut: Deposit energies of neutrons, photons, and protons
below cut oﬀ energy when you set incut>0, igcut>0, ipcut>0,
respectively.
leakage: Kinetic energy of particles going out to the outer region.
And, total: Total deposit energy.
recoil: Kinetic energy of residual nuclei when you set cut oﬀ
energy emin(15-19).
ionization: Deposit energy by energy-loss of charged particles.
low neutron: Deposit energy calculated by neutron Kerma factors.
photon: Deposit energy by Kerma factors.
(If electron=1, contributions of electrons below cut oﬀ energy.)
others: Excitation energy of residual nuclei. When you set
igamma=1, this value comes to be 0 owing to photon emission.

Neutrons, photons, and protons below cut oﬀ energy, are not tallied in the ncut, gcut, and pcut component,
but in the stopped particle if incut=0, igcut=0, and ipcut=0 in the parameter section. When incut>0, igcut>0,
and ipcut>0, they are tallied in the ncut, gcut, pcut part.

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

142

Table 6.6: [t-heat] parameter (2)nameoutput =(continued)

value
all

part =

particle name(omissible)

unit =(omissible)
0, 1, 2

x-txt =
y-txt =
z-txt =
gshow =

(omissible, D=1.0)(omissible)(omissible)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)0 (default), 1, 2, 3, 4

rshow =

0 (default), 1, 2, 3

ginfo =

0 (default),
1

factor =title =
angel =
2d-type =2resol =

1 (default)

width =

0.5 (default)

explanation
In addition to above,
Contributions of d, t,3 He, α, and residual nuclei to recoil.
Contributions of p, π+ , π− , and the others to ionization.
(Contributions of particles specified by part are output.
However, they are not plotted in eps file.)
stopped particle: Kinetic energy of stopped proton, neutron,
π+ , π− , and the other particles in materials.
(Contributions of particles specified by part are output.
However, they are not plotted in eps file.)
others: Remaining excitation energy and fission component.
When axis is 2 dimensional, all is the same as simple.
Only total, recoil, ionization, low neutron, electron, and others
are output.
When you set output=all, deposit energies for ionizationand stopped particle specified here are output. It should be
noted that the results are not plotted in eps file.
ionization and stopped particle are used as output
0: [Gy/source]
1: [MeV/cm3 /source]
2: [MeV/source]
normalization factor
title
angel parameters
options for 2 dimensional plot
x axis title
y axis title
z axis title
When mesh=xyz, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), region name (3),and LAT number(4) are plotted by the option.
When mesh=reg, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), and region name (3)are plotted by the option.
You need xyz mesh section below this option.
No geometry check in the case of gshow or rshow>0
Check geometry and draw its two-dimensional view
with error information
Check geometry, draw its two-dimensional view,
and outputting a geometry error file (.err)
The option multiplies region line resolution
by resol times with gshow or rshow option.
The option defines the line thickness
for gshow or rshow option.

6.3 [ T - H e a t ] section

143

Generally speaking, heat is an energy of ionization of charged particles. However, in the transport simulation,
cutoﬀ energy of the particle is set and the transport is stopped below the energy. Then there exist some componentsof heat, i.e. recoil, stopped particle, and others, in the output of the heat tally. These components may change as
the parameters of the transport are changed.
Table 6.7: [t-heat] parameter (3)namevolumevalue(omissible)

reg vol
iechrl =volmat =72 (default)(omissible, D=9)

epsout =0 (default), 1

electron =0 (default), 1

ctmin(i) =ctmax(i) =trcl =(omissible, D=-9999)(omissible, D= 9999)(omissible)

gslat =

1(default), 0

explanation
The option defines volume for each region
for reg mesh. You need volume definitions
below this option.
Default values are given in input
echo in the case of no definition.
volume definition. See 5.1.2
Number of maximum column for volume input echo
The option corrects a volume value for each meshwhen material is defined by xyz mesh.
(0 means no correction)
Value of volmat means the number of scansfor one side of xyz meshIf epsout is set to 1, results are plotted
into eps files. This eps file is namedby replacing the extension into “.eps”.
electron contribution options
0: using photon KERMA factors(electron and positron should NOT be transported,
otherwise their deposition energies are double counted)
1: calculating by ionization loss
(electron and positron transports are required)minimum value for i-th countermaximum value for i-th counter
coordinate transformation number or definition
for r-z or xyz mesh
1: show lattice boundary in gshow, 0: no

When you set unit = 0, you can obtain results in the unit of [Gy/source]. When you set mesh = reg, you
should define volumes of each cells in [volume] section or by setting volume parameter of the [t-heat] section.
Because absorbed dose is intensive variable, PH I TS does not output “sum over”in output files for unit = 0. It
should be noted that when a region includes more than two materials, dose in the region does not equal to averagevalue of the region. For example, when two material with masses M1 & M2 , and absorb energies E1 & E2 ,
E2
E1
2
+M
in this tally, though its average dose is ME11 +E
respectively, PH I TS gives M
+M2 .
1
2

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

144

6.4 [ T - Deposit ] section
This tally is very similar to [t-heat] and scores dose and deposit energy distributions. The diﬀerence from[t-heat] is that this tally only counts an energy loss of charged particles and nuclei. Thus, you must use the event
generator mode (e-mode = 1) if you would like to transport low-energy neutrons. In this tally, you can multiply
any factor as a function of LET(dE/dx) in a certain material to the dose or deposit energy. This function is realized
by user defined subroutine usrdfn1.f and usrdn2.f. As examples, the default program of usrdfn1.f returns the dose
equivalent calculated from deposit energy multiplied with the Q(L) relationship defined in the ICRP60, while thatof usrdfn2.f simply does the energy loss without multiplying any factor. You can change and add any factor in thisroutine. In addition, using the time mesh with [timer] section, you can simulate a TOF (time of flight) detector
and plot 2-dimensional graph of the correlation between the deposit energy and the TOF. After version 2.70, thedetector resolution can be considered in the calculation of event-by-event deposition-energy distributions using
output = deposit.

material =Table 6.8: [t-deposit] parameters(1)value
explanation
reg, r-z, xyz
geometry mesh
you need geometry mesh subsection below this option
all (default),
maximum 6 particles in a [t-deposit]
particle name(omissible)
You can specify materials for scoring.
all,
all : default (same as no definition)
number of materials When you set number of materials,
define these material numbers in the next line.
You can set number of materials by negative.
In the case, specified materials are not included
for scoring.

(next line)
letmat =2 5 8(omissible)

dedxfnc =(omissible, D=0)

e-type =1, 2, 3, 4, 5

t-type =1, 2, 3, 4, 5(omissible)
dose
depositnamemesh =
part =

output =material numbers
material id for LET(dE/dx).
If omitted, real material is assumed.
If you select the material that is not used in your geometry,
you have to define its material density in [material] section.
If you would like to calculate LET in water, you have todefine water with 1 g/cm3 in [material] sectiont.
When you set letmat < 0, PHITS automatically calculates
dE/dx for water with 1 g/cm3 for electrons and positrons.
Please see “particletherapy” in the recommendation setting
in more detail.
0: without, 1: use usrdfn1.f, 2: use usrdfn2.f
As examples, the default program of usrdfn1.f returns the dose
equivalent calculated from deposit energy multiplied with theQ(L) relationship defined in the ICRP60, while that of usrdfn2.f
simply does the energy loss without multiplying any factor.
energy mesh
You need energy mesh subsection below this option.
time mesh
You need time mesh subsection below this option.
score the energy loss of charged particles and nuclei
score deposit energy distribution
You need e-type subsection.

6.4 [ T - Deposit ] section

145

Table 6.9: [t-deposit] parameter (2)nameunit =

value
0, 1, 2, 3, 4

axis =

eng, reg, x, y, z,r, txy, yz, xz, rz
t-eng, eng-t
file name(omissible, D=file)

file =
resfile =x-txt =
y-txt =
z-txt =
gshow =

(omissible, D=1.0)(omissible)(omissible)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)0 (default), 1, 2, 3, 4

rshow =

0 (default), 1, 2, 3

ginfo =

0 (default),
1

factor =title =
angel =
2d-type =2resol =

1 (default)

width =

0.5 (default)

explanation
0: Dose [Gy/source]; only for output=dose
1: Dose [MeV/cm3 /source]
2: Dose [MeV/source]
3: Number [1/source]; only for output=deposit
4: Number [1/nsec/source]; only for output=deposit
x axis value of output data
2 dimensional
Define file names as same number of axis
Define a file name of the past tally in the restart calculation.
Even if several axis parameters were defined, you should
specify only one resfile.
normalization factor
title
angel parameters
options for 2 dimensional plot
x axis title
y axis title
z axis title
When mesh=xyz, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), region name (3),and LAT number(4) are plotted by the option.
When mesh=reg, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), and region name (3)and LAT number(4) are plotted by the option.
You need xyz mesh section below this option.
No geometry check in the case of gshow or rshow>0
Check geometry and draw its two-dimensional view
with error information
Check geometry, draw its two-dimensional view,
and outputting a geometry error file (.err)
The option multiplies region line resolution
by resol times with gshow or rshow option.
The option defines the line thickness
for gshow or rshow option.

In this tally, one can only score the energy loss of charged particles. So you cannot get the sum of the energy
loss for a specific particle which goes into the tally region by using part = in this tally section. In order to tallythe energy loss for each projectile particle going into the tally region, you should define the counter with part =in [counter] section and ctmin, ctmax in this tally section.
When you set unit = 0 with output = dose, you can obtain results in the unit of [Gy/source]. When you
set mesh = reg, you should define volumes of each cells in [volume] section or by setting volume parameter ofthe [t-heat] section. Because absorbed dose is intensive variable, PH I TS does not output “sum over”in output files
for unit = 0. It should be noted that when a region includes more than two materials, dose in the region does notequal to average value of the region. For example, when two material with masses M1 & M2 , and absorb energies
E2
E1
2
+M
in this tally, though its average dose is ME11 +E
E1 & E2 , respectively, PH I TS gives M
+M2 .
1
2

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

146

Table 6.10: [t-deposit] parameter (3)namevolumevalue(omissible)

reg vol
iechrl =volmat =72 (default)(omissible, D=9)

epsout =0 (default), 1

ctmin(i) =ctmax(i) =trcl =(omissible, D=-9999)(omissible, D= 9999)(omissible)

gslat =
dresol1(default), 0(omissible, D=0.0)

dfano(omissible, D=0.0)

explanation
The option defines volume for each region for reg mesh.
You need volume definitions below this option. Default
values are given in input echo in the case of no definition.
volume definition. See 5.1.2
Number of maximum column for volume input echo
The option corrects a volume value for each meshwhen material is defined by xyz mesh.
(0 means no correction)
Value of volmat means the number of scansfor one side of xyz meshIf epsout is set to 1, results are plotted
into eps files. This eps file is namedby replacing the extension into “.eps”.
minimum value for i-th countermaximum value for i-th counter
coordinate transformation number or definition
for r-z or xyz mesh
1: show lattice boundary in gshow, 0: no
Parameter for representing the detector resolution.
Valid only for output = deposit. When you set dresol=σr
and dfano=F, deposition energy E of each event is √fluctuatedby following the Gaussian with standard deviation σ2r + FE.
Parameter for representing the detector resolution.
Valid only for output = deposit. When you set dresol=σr
and dfano=F, deposition energy E of each event is √fluctuatedby following the Gaussian with standard deviation σ2r + FE.

When output = deposit, a result with part=all does not equal to a sum of results obtained by setting
part= individual particles. When output = dose, a result with part=all equal to a sum of results obtained by
setting part= individual particles.

6.5 [ T - Deposit2 ] section

147

6.5 [ T - Deposit2 ] section
This tally scores deposit energy distribution in two regions and plot the correlation between two deposit energies. By this, one can simulate, for an example, dE, E counters and plot the correlations in 2-dimensional graph. In
this tally, as in the [t-deposit] tally, you can multiply any factor as a function of LET(dE/dx) in a certain material
to the dose or deposit energy. This function is realized by user defined subroutine usrdfn1.f and usrdn2.f. As
examples, the default program of usrdfn1.f returns the dose equivalent calculated from deposit energy multipliedwith the Q(L) relationship defined in the ICRP60, while that of usrdfn2.f simply does the energy loss without
multiplying any factor. You can change and add any factor in this routine. In addition, using the time mesh with[timer] section, you can simulate a TOF (time of flight) detector and plot 2-dimensional graph of the correlation
between the deposit energy and the TOF.
Table 6.11: [t-deposit2] parameters(1)namemesh =
reg =part =
letmat1 =

value
reg
r1 r2
all (default),
particle name(omissible)

letmat2 =(omissible)

dedxfnc1 =(omissible, D=0)

dedxfnc2 =(omissible, D=0)

e1-type =1, 2, 3, 4, 5

e2-type =1, 2, 3, 4, 5

t-type =1, 2, 3, 4, 5(omissible)
1, 2

unit =
axis =

file =
resfile =eng1, eng2, t,e12, e21, t-e1, t-e2
e1-t, e2-t
file name(omissible, D=file)

explanationgeometry mesh, only reg
Two region numbers should be written.
maximum 6 particles in a [t-deposit2]
material id for LET(dE/dx) of region r1
If omitted, real material is assumed.
material id for LET(dE/dx) of region r2
If omitted, real material is assumed.
If you select the material that is not used in your geometry,
you have to define its material density in [material] section.
If you would like to calculate LET in water, you have todefine water with 1 g/cm3 in [material] sectiont.
When you set letmat < 0, PHITS automatically calculates
dE/dx for water with 1 g/cm3 for electrons and positrons.
Please see “particletherapy” in the recommendation setting
in more detail.
for region r1, 0: without,
1: use usrdfn1.f, 2: use usrdfn2.f
for region r2, 0: without,
1: use usrdfn1.f, 2: use usrdfn2.f
As examples, the default program of usrdfn1.f returns the dose
equivalent calculated from deposit energy multiplied with theQ(L) relationship defined in the ICRP60, while that of usrdfn2.f
simply does the energy loss without multiplying any factor.
energy mesh for region r1
You need energy mesh subsection below this optionenergy mesh for region r2
You need energy mesh subsection below this option
time mesh
You need time mesh subsection below this option
1: Number [1/source]
2: Number [1/nsec/source]
x axis value of output data
2 dimensional
Define file names as same number of axis
Define a file name of the past tally in the restart calculation.
Even if several axis parameters were defined, you should
specify only one resfile.

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

148

Table 6.12: [t-deposit2] parameter (2)namefactor =title =
angel =
2d-type =x-txt =
y-txt =
z-txt =
volumevalue(omissible, D=1.0)(omissible)(omissible)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)

reg vol
iechrl =epsout =72 (default)
0 (default), 1

ctmin(i) =ctmax(i) =(omissible, D=-9999)(omissible, D= 9999)

explanation
normalization factor
title
angel parameters
options for 2 dimensional plot
x axis title
y axis title
z axis title
The option defines volume for each region
for reg mesh. You need volume definitions
below this option.
Default values are given in input
echo in the case of no definition.
volume definition. See 5.1.2
Number of maximum column for volume input echo
If epsout is set to 1, results are plotted
into eps files. This eps file is namedby replacing the extension into “.eps”.
minimum value for i-th countermaximum value for i-th counter

This tally only scores the energy loss of charged particles. So you cannot get the sum of the energy loss fora specific particle which goes into the tally region by using part = in this tally section. In order to tally theenergy loss for each projectile particle going into the tally region, you should define the counter with part = in[counter] section and ctmin, ctmax in this tally section.

6.6 [ T - Y i e l d ] section

149

6.6 [ T - Y i e l d ] section[ T - Y i e l d ] gives information on produced nuclei informations. Products by neutrons in the energy below
dmax(2) are not scored, but scored with e-mode=1.
Table 6.13: [t-yield] parameter (1)namemesh =

value
reg, r-z, xyz

special =D=0 (omissible)

part =all (default),
particle name(omissible)
all,number of materials

material =(next line)
mother =2 5 8(omissible)
all,number of mother nuclei(next line)

208Pb Pb

nucleus =(omissible)
all,number of nuclei(next line)

208Pb Pb

elastic =0, 1(default)

unit =

1, 2

ndata =

0(default), 1

explanationgeometry mesh
you need geometry mesh subsection below this option
When special > 0, nuclear reactions are repeatedmore than once in order to increase statistics.
maximum 6 particles in a [t-yield]
projectile particle of the reaction
You can specify materials for scoring.
all : default (same as no definition)
When you set number of materials,
define these material numbers in the next line.
You can set number of materials by negative.
In the case, specified materials are not included
for scoring.
material numbers
You can specify mother nuclei.
all : default (same with no definition)
When you set number of mother nuclei,
define their mothers in the next line.
You can set number of mothers by negative.
In this case, specified mothers are not included
for scoring.
Nucleus if you specify with mass.
Without mass, all isotopes of Pb
If you want to specify multiple mother groups,
use multiple [t-yield] tallies
You can specify output nuclei.
all : default (same with no definition)
When you set number of nuclei,
define their nuclei in the next line.
Nucleus If you specify with mass.
Without mass, all isotopes of Pb
Contribution of a recoil nucleus in elastic collisions
0: without this contribution, 1: with this contribution
1: [1/source]
2: [1/cm3 /source]
If you set 1, nuclear production cross section data
are used for nuclear irradiation in cases of proton induced
reactions on α, 14 N, 16 O targets as shown below.

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

150

The following nuclear reactions are included in the available nuclear data for ndata=1
4

He(n, x)3 H
N(n, x)14 C
16O(n, x)11 C
16
O(n, x)15 O
14N(p, x)13 N
16O(p, x)11 C
14

14

N(n, x)3 H
N(n, x)13 N
16O(n, x)14 C
4He(p, x)3 H
14
N(p, x)14 O
16O(p, x)14 C
1414N(n, x)7 Be
O(n, x)3 H
16
O(n, x)15 C
14N(p, x)7 Be
16
O(p, x)3 H
16
O(p, x)13 N
16

14N(n, x)11 Be
O(n, x)7 Be
16
O(n, x)13 N
14N(p, x)11 Be
16
O(p, x)7 Be
16
O(p, x)14 O
16

14N(n, x)10 C
O(n, x)11 Be
16O(n, x)16 N
14N(p, x)10 C
16
O(p, x)11 Be
16
O(p, x)15 O
16

14N(n, x)11 C
O(n, x)10 C
16
O(n, x)14 O
14N(p, x)11 C
16
O(p, x)10 C
16

Table 6.14: [t-yield] parameter(2)nameaxis =

value
reg, x, y, z, r,
xy, yz, xz, rz
mass
chargechartdchainfile =
resfile =file name(omissible, D=file)

output =(omissible)
product (default)
cutoffinfo =
factor =title =
angel =
2d-type =0, 1(omissible, D=1.0)(omissible)(omissible)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)

x-txt =
y-txt =
z-txt =

explanation
x axis for output
2 dimension
Mass distribution. If the case nucleus isspecified, isotope distribution.
Charge distribution. Nucleus can not be specified.
Nucleus chart (x:N, y:Z)。
Nucleus can not be specified
for dchain-sp output. All isotopes are output
only mesh = reg
For this tally, only one axis parameter is defined in a[t-yield] section.
Define a file name to output.
Define a file name of the past tally in the restart calculation.
Even if several axis parameters were defined, you should
specify only one resfile.
change the timing of the score.
Nuclei produced by nuclear reaction are tallied.
Nuclei stopped by energy cutoﬀ are tallied.
If nuclei are not transported, this is the same as productWith stable nuclei and magic number for chart.
normalization factor
title
angel parameters
options for 2 dimensional plot
x axis title
y axis title
z axis title

If you specify output=cutoff, the parameters of part, mother are neglected.
When igamma=3 in [parameters] section, you can obtain information on the isomer production based on
EBITEM model by setting axis=chart, dchain in this tally.

6.6 [ T - Y i e l d ] section

151

Table 6.15: [t-yield] parameter (3)namegshow =value
0 (default), 1, 2, 3, 4

rshow =

0 (default), 1, 2, 3

ginfo =

0 (default),
12

resol =

1 (default)

width =

0.5 (default)

volume(omissible)

reg vol
iechrl =volmat =72 (default)(omissible, D=9)

epsout =0 (default), 1

ctmin(i) =ctmax(i) =trcl =(omissible, D=-9999)(omissible, D= 9999)(omissible)

gslat =

1(default), 0

explanation
When mesh=xyz, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), region name (3),and LAT number(4) are plotted by the option.
When mesh=reg, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), and region name (3)are plotted by the option.
You need xyz mesh section below this option.
No geometry check in the case of gshow or rshow>0
Check geometry and draw its two-dimensional view
with error information
Check geometry, draw its two-dimensional view,
and outputting a geometry error file (.err)
The option multiplies region line resolution
by resol times with gshow or rshow option.
The option defines the line thickness
for gshow or rshow option.
The option defines volume for each region
for reg mesh. You need volume definitions
below this option.
Default values are given in input
echo in the case of no definition.
volume definition. See 5.1.2
Number of maximum column for volume input echo
The option corrects a volume value for each meshwhen material is defined by xyz mesh.
(0 means no correction)
Value of volmat means the number of scansfor one side of xyz meshIf epsout is set to 1, results are plotted
into eps files. This eps file is namedby replacing the extension into “.eps”.
minimum value for i-th countermaximum value for i-th counter
coordinate transformation number or definition
for r-z or xyz mesh
1: show lattice boundary in gshow, 0: no6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

152

6.7 [ T - P r o d u c t ] section[ T - P r o d u c t ] tallies particles and nuclei produced by nuclear reaction, decay, and fission, and also tallies
source particles. The diﬀerences from [t-yield] are that you can get the energy distribution and time distributionof produced particles and nuclei. This tally is not available for low energy neutron, photon, and electron. For
e-mode=1, however, particles and nuclei produced by reactions due to neutron with the library can be obtained.
Table 6.16: [t-product] parameter (1)namemesh =

value
reg, r-z, xyz

part =all (default),
particle name(omissible)
all,number of materials

material =(next line)
mother =2 5 8(omissible)
all,number of mother nuclei(next line)

208Pb Pbe-type =1, 2, 3, 4, 5

t-type =1, 2, 3, 4, 5(omissible)
1, 2, -1, -2a-type =explanationgeometry mesh
you need geometry mesh subsection below this option
maximum 6 particles in a [t-product]
You can specify materials for scoring.
all : default (same as no definition)
When you set number of materials,
define these material numbers in the next line.
You can set number of materials by negative.
In the case, specified materials are not included
for scoring.
material numbers
You can specify mother nuclei.
all : default (same with no definition)
When you set number of mother nuclei,
define their mothers in the next line.
You can set number of mothers by negative.
In this case, specified mothers are not included
for scoring.
Nucleus if you specify with mass.
Without mass, all isotopes of Pb
If you want to specify multiple mother groups,
use multiple [t-product] tallies.
energy mesh
You need energy mesh subsection below this option.
time mesh
You need time mesh subsection below this option.
angle mesh (1, 2 :cos, -1, -2 :degree)
You need angle mesh subsection below this option.

6.7 [ T - P r o d u c t ] section

153

Table 6.17: [t-product] parameter (2)nameunit =

value
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16

21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26

31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36

explanation
1: [1/source]
2: [1/cm3 /source]
3: [1/MeV/source]
4: [1/cm3 /MeV/source]
5: [1/Lethargy/source]
6: [1/cm3 /Lethargy/source]
11:[1/nsec/source]
12:[1/cm3 /nsec/source]
13:[1/MeV/nsec/source]
14:[1/cm3 /MeV/nsec/source]
15:[1/Lethargy/nsec/source]
16:[1/cm3 /Lethargy/nsec/source]
21: [1/SR/source]
22: [1/cm3 /SR/source]
23: [1/MeV/SR/source]
24: [1/cm3 /MeV/SR/source]
25: [1/Lethargy/SR/source]
26: [1/cm3 /Lethargy/SR/source]
31:[1/nsec/SR/source]
32:[1/cm3 /nsec/SR/source]
33:[1/MeV/nsec/SR/source]
34:[1/cm3 /MeV/nsec/SR/source]
35:[1/Lethargy/nsec/SR/source]
36:[1/cm3 /Lethargy/nsec/SR/source]“Lethargy ” in unit = 5, 6, 15, 16, 25, 26, 35 or 36 is a natural logarithmic unit of energy, anddefined by ln(Eref /E) using a reference energy Eref and a particle’s energy E. If you set these units, you can obtain
results per Lethargy, which are calculated by Lethargy widths, ln(Ehigh /Elow ), at each energy bins given in theenergy mesh subsection. Here, Ehigh and Elow are maximum and minimum values of the energy bins, respectively.

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

154

Table 6.18: [t-product] parameter (3)nameaxis =

file =
resfile =output =valueeng, reg, x, y, z, r,
xy, yz, xz, rz
tfile name(omissible, D=file)x-txt =
y-txt =
z-txt =
gshow =

sourcenuclear (default)
nonelaelastic
decay
fission(omissible, D=1.0)(omissible)(omissible)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)0 (default), 1, 2, 3, 4

rshow =

0 (default), 1, 2, 3

ginfo =

0 (default),
1

factor =title =
angel =
2d-type =2resol =

1 (default)

width =

0.5 (default)

volume(omissible)

reg vol
iechrl =72 (default)

explanation
x axis value of output data
2 dimensionaltime axis
Define file names as same number of axis
Define a file name of the past tally in the restart calculation.
Even if several axis parameters were defined, you should
specify only one resfile.
source particle
particles from nuclear reaction including elastic
particles from nonelastic collisionparticles from elastic collisionparticles from decay
particles from fission
normalization factor
title
angel parameters
options for 2 dimensional plot
x axis title
y axis title
z axis title
When mesh=xyz, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), region name (3),and LAT number(4) are plotted by the option.
When mesh=reg, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), and region name (3)are plotted by the option.
You need xyz mesh section below this option.
No geometry check in the case of gshow or rshow>0
Check geometry and draw its two-dimensional view
with error information
Check geometry, draw its two-dimensional view,
and outputting a geometry error file (.err)
The option multiplies region line resolution
by resol times with gshow or rshow option.
The option defines the line thickness
for gshow or rshow option.
The option defines volume for each region
for reg mesh. You need volume definitions
below this option.
Default values are given in input
echo in the case of no definition.
volume definition. See 5.1.2
Number of maximum column for volume input echo

6.7 [ T - P r o d u c t ] section

155

Table 6.19: [t-product] parameter (4)namevolmat =value(omissible, D=9)

epsout =0 (default), 1

ctmin(i) =ctmax(i) =trcl =(omissible, D=-9999)(omissible, D= 9999)(omissible)

dump =

number of data

(next line)
gslat =

data sequence1(default), 0

explanation
The option corrects a volume value for each meshwhen material is defined by xyz mesh.
(0 means no correction)
Value of volmat means the number of scansfor one side of xyz mesh.
If epsout is set to 1, results are plotted
into eps files. This eps file is namedby replacing the extension into “.eps”.
minimum value for i-th countermaximum value for i-th counter
coordinate transformation number or definition
for r-z or xyz mesh
For mesh=reg, the information is dumped on the file.
If dump is negative, data are written by ascii,
if positive, by binary.
define the data sequence.
1: show lattice boundary in gshow, 0: noIn the [t-product] tally, you can use the dump option. If the dump option is set, the meshes of e-type andt-type have only the meaning of the maximum and minimum values. When you use this dump parameter, axis
and file are restricted to one axis and one file, and unit is always 1. The dumped data are written on a file named“*** dmp”, where “***” indicates the file name specified by “file=***”. The normal output of the tally is written
on “***” . From this file, you can get the information on the total normalization factor. To do so, you had betterset one mesh for e-type, a-type and t-type. (In the former version of PHITS (before 2.66), the normal output
was written on a configuration file (.cfg), and the dumped data were written on “***” .)This [t-product] can tally the source particles. By using this function, you can modify the dump file. You
can read a dump file and write the information on a new dump file with some modification by setting the dump
parameter and output = source in this tally section, and icntl = 6 in the parameter section.

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

156

6.8 [ T - D P A ] section[ T - D P A ] gives DPA (Displacement Per Atom) value. This is the number of displaced atoms per a target
atom, and represents the radiation damage in materials irradiated by energetic particles. The result by this tally
includes the contribution of Coulomb scattering cross section for the charged particle transportation. DPA by low
energy neutron can be also obtained by using libraries. In this case, you must specify the library. If you use
e-mode=1, you can get the DPA values without the DPA library.
Table 6.20: [t-dpa] parameter (1)namemesh =

value
reg, r-z, xyz

part =all (default),
particle name(omissible)
all,number of materials

material =(next line)
mother =2 5 8(omissible)
all,number of mother nuclei(next line)

208Pb Pb

unit =(mother is not eﬀectivein library use)
1, 2

axis =
file =
resfile =eng, reg, x, y, z, r,
xy, yz, xz, rz
file name(omissible, D=file)

explanationgeometry mesh
you need geometry mesh subsection below this option
maximum 6 particles in a [t-dpa]
You can specify materials for scoring.
all : default (same as no definition)
When you set number of materials,
define these material numbers in the next line.
You can set number of materials by negative.
In the case, specified materials are not included
for scoring.
material numbers
You can specify mother nuclei.
all : default (same with no definition)
When you set number of mother nuclei,
define their mothers in the next line.
You can set number of mothers by negative.
In this case, specified mothers are not included
for scoring.
Nucleus if you specify with mass.
Without mass, all isotopes of Pb.
If you want to specify multiple mother groups,
use multiple [t-dpa] tallies.
1: [DPA/source*1.e+24]
2: [DPA/source]
x axis value of output data
2 dimensional
Define file names as same number of axis
Define a file name of the past tally in the restart calculation.
Even if several axis parameters were defined, you should
specify only one resfile.

6.8 [ T - D P A ] section

157

Table 6.21: [t-dpa] parameter (2)nameoutput =

value
dpa

all

x-txt =
y-txt =
z-txt =
gshow =

(omissible, D=1.0)(omissible)(omissible)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)0 (default), 1, 2, 3, 4

rshow =

0 (default), 1, 2, 3

ginfo =

0 (default),
1

factor =title =
angel =
2d-type =2resol =

1 (default)

width =

0.5 (default)

volume(omissible)

reg vol
iechrl =volmat =72 (default)(omissible, D=9)

epsout =0 (default), 1

library =number of materials(omissible)

explanation
total: total DPA value
cutoﬀ1: DPA value when energies of charged particles
produced by reactions are below cutoﬀ energy (emin)
cutoﬀ2: DPA value when energies of charged particles
transported in materials are below cutoﬀ energy (emin)transpt: DPA value when charged particles are transported
library: DPA value from neutron library
add d, t, 3 He, α, and nucleus contributions as PKA,
with “simple”
normalization factor
title
angel parameters
options for 2 dimensional plot
x axis title
y axis title
z axis title
When mesh=xyz, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), region name (3),and LAT number(4) are plotted by the option.
When mesh=reg, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), and region name (3)are plotted by the option.
You need xyz mesh section below this option.
No geometry check in the case of gshow or rshow>0
Check geometry and draw its two-dimensional view
with error information
Check geometry, draw its two-dimensional view,
and outputting a geometry error file (.err)
The option multiplies region line resolution
by resol times with gshow or rshow option.
The option defines the line thickness
for gshow or rshow option.
The option defines volume for each region
for reg mesh. You need volume definitions
below this option.
Default values are given in input
echo in the case of no definition.
volume definition. See 5.1.2
Number of maximum column for volume input echo
The option corrects a volume value for each meshwhen material is defined by xyz mesh.
(0 means no correction)
Value of volmat means the number of scansfor one side of xyz mesh.
If epsout is set to 1, results are plotted
into eps files. This eps file is namedby replacing the extension into “.eps”.
Define DPA library for each material.
Format is shown later.

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

158

Table 6.22: [t-dpa] parameter (3)namectmin(i) =ctmax(i) =trcl =

value(omissible, D=-9999)(omissible, D= 9999)(omissible)

gslat =

1(default), 0

explanation
minimum value for i-th countermaximum value for i-th counter
coordinate transformation number or definition
for r-z or xyz mesh
1: show lattice boundary in gshow, 0: no

Format of library specification

library = number of materialpart = proton
emax = 3000
mat
fac
lib
mt
1
1.0
41
445
2
1.0
42
445
3
1.0
43
445
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
library = number of materialpart = neutron
emax = 3000
mat
fac
lib
mt
1
1.0
41
444
2
1.0
42
444
3
1.0
43
444
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....

Define particles for library use by part =. Neutron and proton are available in this version. The emax defines
the maximum energy of data from libraries. If you skip part definition, neutron is set. If you skip maximum
energy set, the maximum energy of the library is defined. The mat is the material number for library use, the fac
is a normalization factor, the lib is material number which contains the library, and the mt is DPA record numberin the library. In the library made by Dr. Harada, mt=445 for proton, mt=444 for neutron. The fac and mt areomissible. If you skip the mt definition, 444 is used. Material number defined by the lib should be defined in the[material] section. The y-type data are assumed for library data reading as shown below.
m41
m42
m43

4009.12y 1
13027.12y 1
26054.12y 3.3066d-04
26057.12y 1.2542d-03

26056.12y 5.2290d-02
26058.12y 1.5963d-04

You can change the order “mat fac lib mt “ like “mat lib mt fac”. You can use the skip operation non.

6.9 [ T - L E T ] section

159

6.9 [ T - L E T ] section
By the LET tally, you can get the information on track length and dose as a function of LET(dE/dx) of acertain material. This tally counts an energy loss of charged particles and nuclei, and thus, you must use the Event
Generator mode (e-mode = 1) if you would like to transport low-energy neutrons. Note that this tally does notconsider the contribution of the electron and positron below their cutoﬀ energy (emin) to the result.
Table 6.23: [t-let] parameters(1)namemesh =

value
reg, r-z, xyz

part =
material =all (default),
particle name(omissible)
all,number of materials(next line)
letmat =2 5 8(omissible)

l-type =1, 2, 3, 4, 5

explanationgeometry mesh
you need geometry mesh subsection below this option
maximum 6 particles in a [t-let]
You can specify materials for scoring.
all : default (same as no definition)
When you set number of materials,
define these material numbers in the next line.
You can set number of materials by negative.
In the case, specified materials are not included
for scoring.
material numbers
material id for LET(dE/dx).
If omitted, real material is assumed.
If you select the material that is not used in your geometry,
you have to define its material density in [material] section.
If you would like to calculate LET in water, you have todefine water with 1 g/cm3 in [material] sectiont.
When you set letmat < 0, PHITS automatically calculates
dE/dx for water with 1 g/cm3 for electrons and positrons.
Please see “particletherapy” in the recommendation setting
in more detail.
LET mesh
You need LET mesh subsection below this option
It is noted that the LET spectrum may have unnatural peaks
when you set a very fine mesh, e.g., 20 meshes per oneorder of magnitude.

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

160

Table 6.24: [t-let] parameter (2)nameunit =

value
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

axis =
file =
resfile =let, reg, x, y, z, r,
xy, yz, xz, rz
file name(omissible, D=file)x-txt =
y-txt =
z-txt =
gshow =

(omissible, D=1.0)(omissible)(omissible)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)0 (default), 1, 2, 3, 4

rshow =

0 (default), 1, 2, 3

ginfo =

0 (default),
1

factor =title =
angel =
2d-type =2resol =

1 (default)

width =

0.5 (default)

explanation
1: Track [cm/(keV/µm)/source]
2: Dose [MeV/(keV/µm)/source]
3: Track [cm/ln(keV/µm)/source]
4: Dose [MeV/ln(keV/µm)/source]
5: Track [cm/source]
6: Dose [MeV/source]
7: Track [1/cm2 /(keV/µm)/source]
8: Dose [MeV/cm3 /(keV/µm)/source]
9: Track [1/cm2 /ln(keV/µm)/source]
10:Dose [MeV/cm3 /ln(keV/µm)/source]
11:Track [1/cm2 /source]
12:Dose [MeV/cm3 /source]
x axis value of output data
2 dimensional
Define file names as same number of axis
Define a file name of the past tally in the restart calculation.
Even if several axis parameters were defined, you should
specify only one resfile.
normalization factor
title
angel parameters
options for 2 dimensional plot
x axis title
y axis title
z axis title
When mesh=xyz, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), region name (3),and LAT number(4) are plotted by the option.
When mesh=reg, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), and region name (3)are plotted by the option.
You need xyz mesh section below this option.
No geometry check in the case of gshow or rshow>0
Check geometry and draw its two-dimensional view
with error information
Check geometry, draw its two-dimensional view,
and outputting a geometry error file (.err)
The option multiplies region line resolution
by resol times with gshow or rshow option.
The option defines the line thickness
for gshow or rshow option.

6.9 [ T - L E T ] section

161

Table 6.25: [t-let] parameter (3)namevolumevalue(omissible)

reg vol
iechrl =volmat =72 (default)(omissible, D=9)

epsout =0 (default), 1

ctmin(i) =ctmax(i) =trcl =(omissible, D=-9999)(omissible, D= 9999)(omissible)

gslat =

1(default), 0

explanation
The option defines volume for each region
for reg mesh. You need volume definitions
below this option.
Default values are given in input
echo in the case of no definition.
volume definition. See 5.1.2
Number of maximum column for volume input echo
The option corrects a volume value for each meshwhen material is defined by xyz mesh.
(0 means no correction)
Value of volmat means the number of scansfor one side of xyz mesh.
If epsout is set to 1, results are plotted
into eps files. This eps file is namedby replacing the extension into “.eps”.
minimum value for i-th countermaximum value for i-th counter
coordinate transformation number or definition
for r-z or xyz mesh
1: show lattice boundary in gshow, 0: no6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

162

6.10 [ T - S E D ] section
Calculation of the probability density of deposition energies in microscopic sites, called as lineal energy yor specific energy z, is of great importance in estimation of relative biological eﬀectiveness (RBE) of charged
particles. However, such microscopic probability densities cannot be directly calculated by PH I TS simulation
using [t-deposit] or [t-heat] tallies, since PH I TS is designed to simulate particle motions in macroscopic scale, andemploys a continuous-slowing-down approximation (CSDA) for calculating the energy loss of charged particles.
We therefore introduced a special tally named [t-sed] for calculating the microscopic probability densities using amathematical function that can instantaneously calculate quantities around trajectories of charged particles. The
function was developed on the basis of track structure simulation, considering productions of δ-rays and Auger
electrons. Note that the name of SED derives from “Specific Energy Distribution”. Details of the calculation
procedure are given elsewhere.8, 9)
Using this tally, we can get information on probability densities of y and z in water. We can also calculate theprobability densities in diﬀerent materials, although the accuracy has not been checked yet. Similar to [t-let], thedose is only counted in an energy loss of charged particles and nuclei, and thus, we must use the event generator
mode (e-mode = 1) if we would like to transport low-energy neutrons. The deposition energy in microscopic
sites can be expressed by deposit energy ε in MeV, lineal energy y in keV/µm or specific energy z in Gy. The
definitions of these quantities are given in ICRU Report 36.10) Usage of [t-sed] is similar to that of [t-let].
Table 6.26: [t-sed] parameters(1)namemesh =

value
reg, r-z, xyz

part =
material =all (default),
particle name(omissible)
all,number of materials(next line)
letmat =2 5 8(omissible)

se-unit =1, 2, 3

cdiam =

(omissible, D=1.0)

explanationgeometry mesh
you need geometry mesh subsection below this option
maximum 6 particles in a [t-sed]
You can specify materials for scoring.
all : default (same as no definition)
When you set number of materials,
define these material numbers in the next line.
You can set number of materials by negative.
In the case, specified materials are not included
for scoring.
material numbers
material id for LET(dE/dx).
If omitted, real material is assumed.
If you select the material that is not used in your geometry,
you have to define its material density in [material] section.
If you would like to calculate LET in water, you have todefine water with 1 g/cm3 in [material] sectiont.
When you set letmat < 0, PHITS automatically calculates
dE/dx for water with 1 g/cm3 for electrons and positrons.
Please see “particletherapy” in the recommendation setting
in more detail.
Unit of deposition energy in microscopic site
1: deposit energy ε in MeV
2: lineal energy y in keV/µm
3: specific energy z in Gy
Diameter of the microscopic site in µm.
You can select the value from 0.001 to 2.0.

6.10 [ T - S E D ] section

163

Table 6.27: [t-sed] parameters(2)namese-type =value
1, 2, 3, 4, 5

unit =

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

axis =

sed, reg, x, y, z, r,
xy, yz, xz, rz
file name(omissible, D=file)

file =
resfile =factor =title =
angel =
2d-type =x-txt =
y-txt =
z-txt =

(omissible, D=1.0)(omissible)(omissible)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)

explanationε, y or z mesh (unit is defined by se-unit).
You need energy mesh subsection below this option(specified in ne, emin, emax etc.).
If you encounter ‘Warning: Z bin is not enough!’, then you
have to change emin, emax and ne parameters. This warning
indicates that the microdosimetric function cannot calculate
the y (or z) distribution because of too small range or too poor
resolution of its mesh. For example, you have to set
se-type =3, emin = 0.01, emax = 10000.0, ne = 60
or more for calculating y distribution for cite diameter = 1 µm.
(cdiam = 1.0, se-unit = 2)
1: Track [cm/(keV/µm)/source]
2: Dose [MeV/(keV/µm)/source], corresponding to y ∗ f (y)3: Track [cm/ln(keV/µm)/source]
4: Dose [MeV/ln(keV/µm)/source], corresponding to y ∗ d(y)5: Track [cm/source]
6: Dose [MeV/source]
The units are for the case of se-unit=2. For se-unit=1 and 3,(keV/µm) is replaced by (MeV) and (Gy), respectively.
x axis value of output data
2 dimensional
Define file names as same number of axis
Define a file name of the past tally in the restart calculation.
Even if several axis parameters were defined, you should
specify only one resfile.
normalization factor
title
angel parameters
options for 2 dimensional plot
x axis title
y axis title
z axis title

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

164

Table 6.28: [t-sed] parameters(3)namegshow =value
0 (default), 1, 2, 3, 4

rshow =

0 (default), 1, 2, 3

ginfo =

0 (default),
12

resol =

1 (default)

width =

0.5 (default)

volume(omissible)

reg vol
iechrl =volmat =72 (default)(omissible, D=9)

epsout =0 (default), 1

ctmin(i) =ctmax(i) =trcl =(omissible, D=-9999)(omissible, D= 9999)(omissible)

gslat =

1(default), 0

explanation
When mesh=xyz, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), region name (3),and LAT number(4) are plotted by the option.
When mesh=reg, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), and region name (3)are plotted by the option.
You need xyz mesh section below this option.
No geometry check in the case of gshow or rshow>0
Check geometry and draw its two-dimensional view
with error information
Check geometry, draw its two-dimensional view,
and outputting a geometry error file (.err)
The option multiplies region line resolution
by resol times with gshow or rshow option.
The option defines the line thickness
for gshow or rshow option.
The option defines volume for each region
for reg mesh. You need volume definitions
below this option.
Default values are given in input
echo in the case of no definition.
volume definition. See 5.1.2
Number of maximum column for volume input echo
The option corrects a volume value for each meshwhen material is defined by xyz mesh.
(0 means no correction)
Value of volmat means the number of scansfor one side of xyz mesh.
If epsout is set to 1, results are plotted
into eps files. This eps file is namedby replacing the extension into “.eps”.
minimum value for i-th countermaximum value for i-th counter
coordinate transformation number or definition
for r-z or xyz mesh
1: show lattice boundary in gshow, 0: no6.11 [ T - T i m e ] section

165

6.11 [ T - T i m e ] section
Using this tally, we can get information on the number of particles of energy cut oﬀ, escape, and decay in thetime mesh (nsec). We can also obtain energy spectra of these particles. Especially, this is the only tally to giveenergy spectra of the particles which can not be transported in PH I TS , since they are assumed as cut oﬀ particles
in the code.
Table 6.29: [t-time] parameter (1)namemesh =

value
reg, r-z, xyz

part =
material =all (default),
particle name(omissible)
all,number of materials(next line)
t-type =2 5 8
1, 2, 3, 4, 5

e-type =1, 2, 3, 4, 5

unit =

1, 2, 3, 4

axis =

eng, reg, x, y, z, r,
xy, yz, xz, rz
file name(omissible, D=file)

file =
resfile =output =factor =title =
angel =
2d-type =allcutoffescapedecay(omissible, D=1.0)(omissible)(omissible)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
(omissible)

explanationgeometry mesh
you need geometry mesh subsection below this option
maximum 6 particles in a [t-time]
You can specify materials for scoring.
all : default (same as no definition)
When you set number of materials,
define these material numbers in the next line.
You can set number of materials by negative.
In the case, specified materials are not included
for scoring.
material numbers
time mesh
You need time mesh subsection below this optionenergy mesh
You need energy mesh subsection below this option
1: [1/source]
2: [1/nsec/source]
3: [1/nsec/cm3 /source]
4: [1/nsec/cm3 /MeV/source]
x axis value of output data
2 dimensional
Define file names as same number of axis
Define a file name of the past tally in the restart calculation.
Even if several axis parameters were defined, you should
specify only one resfile.
energy cut oﬀ, escape, and decay particles
energy cut oﬀ particles
escape particles
decay particles
normalization factor
title
angel parameters
options for 2 dimensional plot

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

166

Table 6.30: [t-time] parameter (2)namex-txt =
y-txt =
z-txt =
gshow =

value
(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)0 (default), 1, 2, 3, 4

rshow =

0 (default), 1, 2, 3

ginfo =

0 (default),
12

resol =

1 (default)

width =

0.5 (default)

volume(omissible)

reg vol
iechrl =volmat =72 (default)(omissible, D=9)

epsout =0 (default), 1

ctmin(i) =ctmax(i) =trcl =(omissible, D=-9999)(omissible, D= 9999)(omissible)

dump =

number of data

(next line)
gslat =

data sequence1(default), 0

explanation
x axis title
y axis title
z axis title
When mesh=xyz, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), region name (3),and LAT number(4) are plotted by the option.
When mesh=reg, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), and region name (3)are plotted by the option.
You need xyz mesh section below this option.
No geometry check in the case of gshow or rshow>0
Check geometry and draw its two-dimensional view
with error information
Check geometry, draw its two-dimensional view,
and outputting a geometry error file (.err)
The option multiplies region line resolution
by resol times with gshow or rshow option.
The option defines the line thickness
for gshow or rshow option.
The option defines volume for each region
for reg mesh. You need volume definitions
below this option.
Default values are given in input
echo in the case of no definition.
volume definition. See 5.1.2
Number of maximum column for volume input echo
The option corrects a volume value for each meshwhen material is defined by xyz mesh.
(0 means no correction)
Value of volmat means the number of scansfor one side of xyz meshIf epsout is set to 1, results are plotted
into eps files. This eps file is namedby replacing the extension into “.eps”.
minimum value for i-th countermaximum value for i-th counter
coordinate transformation number or definition
for r-z or xyz mesh
For mesh=reg, the information is dumped on the file.
If dump is negative, data is written by ascii,
if positive, by binary.
define the data sequence.
1: show lattice boundary in gshow, 0: no6.11 [ T - T i m e ] section

167

In [t-time] tally, you can use the dump option only with output = cutoff. If the dump option is set, themeshes of e-type and t-type have only the meaning of the maximum and minimum values, and unit is set to be
1. When you use this dump parameter, axis and file are restricted to one axis and one file, and unit is always
1. The dumped data are written on a file named “*** dmp”, where “***” indicates the file name specified by“file=***”. The normal output of the tally is written on “***” . From this file, you can get the information on the
total normalization factor. To do so, you had better set one mesh for e-type, a-type and t-type. (In the former
version of PHITS (before 2.66), the normal output was written on a configuration file (.cfg), and the dumped data
were written on “***” .)By this dump option, you can create similar files to ncut, gcut and pcut files for the sequential calculations of
the other transport code.

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

168

6.12 [ T - S t a r ] section[ T - S t a r ] gives star density which is the distribution of the nuclear reactions. Reactions for electron bylibraries are not included.
Table 6.31: [t-star] parameter (1)namemesh =

value
reg, r-z, xyz

part =all (default),
particle name(omissible)
all,number of materials

material =(next line)
mother =2 5 8(omissible)
all,number of mother nuclei(next line)

208Pb Pb

nucleus =(omissible)
all,number of nuclei(next line)

208Pb Pbe-type =1, 2, 3, 4, 5

t-type =1, 2, 3, 4, 5(omissible)
1, 2

unit =
axis =
file =

eng, reg, x, y, z, r,
xy, yz, xz, rz
file nameexplanationgeometry mesh
you need geometry mesh subsection below this option
maximum 6 particles in a [t-star]
projectile particle of the reaction
You can specify materials for scoring.
all : default (same as no definition)
When you set number of materials,
define these material numbers in the next line.
You can set number of materials by negative.
In the case, specified materials are not included
for scoring.
material numbers
You can specify mother nuclei.
all : default (same with no definition)
When you set number of mother nuclei,
define their mothers in the next line.
You can set number of mothers by negative.
In this case, specified mothers are not included
for scoring.
Nucleus if you specify with mass.
Without mass, all isotopes of Pb.
If you want to specify multiple mother groups,
use multiple [t-star] tallies
You can specify output nuclei.
all : default (same with no definition)
When you set number of nuclei,
define their nuclei in the next line.
Nucleus if you specify with mass.
Without mass, all isotopes of Pb.
energy mesh
You need energy mesh subsection below this option.
time mesh
You need time mesh subsection below this option
1: [1/cm3 /source]
2: [1/cm3 /MeV/source]
x axis value of output data
2 dimensional
Define file names as same number of axis.

6.12 [ T - S t a r ] section

169

Table 6.32: [t-star] parameter (2)nameresfile =value(omissible, D=file)

output =x-txt =
y-txt =
z-txt =
gshow =

alldecay
elastic
nuclearfissionabsorption
heavyion(omissible, D=1.0)(omissible)(omissible)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)0 (default), 1, 2, 3, 4

rshow =

0 (default), 1, 2, 3

ginfo =

0 (default),
1

factor =title =
angel =
2d-type =2resol =

1 (default)

width =

0.5 (default)

volume(omissible)

reg vol
iechrl =volmat =72 (default)(omissible, D=9)

epsout =0 (default), 1

explanation
Define a file name of the past tally in the restart calculation.
Even if several axis parameters were defined, you should
specify only one resfile.
star density for all reactions
star density for decay reaction
star density for elastic reaction
star density for non-elastic + Hydrogen + HI
star density for fission
star density for absorption
star density for Heavy Ion reaction
normalization factor
title
angel parameters
options for 2 dimensional plot
x axis title
y axis title
z axis title
When mesh=xyz, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), region name (3),and LAT number(4) are plotted by the option.
When mesh=reg, axis=xy,yz,xz,
region border (1), material name (2), and region name (3)are plotted by the option.
You need xyz mesh section below this option.
No geometry check in the case of gshow or rshow>0
Check geometry and draw its two-dimensional view
with error information
Check geometry, draw its two-dimensional view,
and outputting a geometry error file (.err)
The option multiplies region line resolution
by resol times with gshow or rshow option.
The option defines the line thickness
for gshow or rshow option.
The option defines volume for each region for reg mesh.
You need volume definitions below this option.
Default values are given in input echo
in the case of no definition.
volume definition. See 5.1.2
Number of maximum column for volume input echo
The option corrects a volume value for each meshwhen material is defined by xyz mesh.
(0 means no correction)
Value of volmat means the number of scansfor one side of xyz meshIf epsout is set to 1, results are plotted into eps files.
This eps file is named by replacing the extension
into “.eps”.

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

170

Table 6.33: [t-star] parameter (3)namectmin(i) =ctmax(i) =trcl =

value(omissible, D=-9999)(omissible, D= 9999)(omissible)

gslat =

1(default), 0

explanation
minimum value for i-th countermaximum value for i-th counter
coordinate transformation number or definition
for r-z or xyz mesh
1: show lattice boundary in gshow, 0: no6.13 [ T - D c h a i n ] section

171

6.13 [ T - D c h a i n ] section
This tally is used for generating input files for DCHAIN-SP. Figure 6.4 illustrates the flowchart of the connection calculation between PH I TS and DCHAIN-SP.
PHITS
Nuclear reaction andtransport calculations

DCHAIN-SP

DCHAIN-SP data library•Neutron activation cross sections

with 175 group energy structure•Decay data library including

gamma-ray spectrum

Files produced by [T-dchain]

nuclear production yieldneutron energy spectrum with 175

group energy structure below 20 MeV

basic input file of DCHAIN-SP
information about link to the folder
having DCHAIN-SP data library•Data library about ratio of electron

capture and beta+ decay

DCHAIN-SP

Calculation of
production yield

Execution usingshell script

Calculated results

At arbitrary time
Production yieldRadioactivity(Bq)Decay heat(W)Gamma-ray spectrum

Figure 6.4: Concept of the connection calculation between PH I TS and DCHAIN-SP.
In the PH I TS calculation, [t-dchain] automatically creates [t-track] and [t-yield] as well as the input
file of DCHAIN-SP. The [t-track] tally calculates the neutron energy spectra below 20 MeV with 1968-energygroup structure. The [t-yield] tally calculates the nuclear production yields by protons, heavy-ions, mesons andneutrons with energies above 20 MeV.
In the DCHAIN-SP calculation, the neutron energy spectra are multiplied with the activation cross section contained in the DCHAIN-SP data library. Then, the total activations are estimated by adding these results and those directly calculated by PH I TS using the [t-yield] tally. After that, DCHAIN-SP evaluates radioactivity, nuclide, decay heat and gamma energy spectrum at irradiation and cooling time. Please see the “\phits\recommendation\dchain”
folder in more detail. You have to refer the document11 below when you use the results obtained by this tally inyour publications.
By setting ”e-mode=1” in the [parameters] section, you can also calculate the yields of radioactive nuclides
produced by low-energy neutron reaction below 20 MeV, using PH I TS instead of the activation cross sections contained in the DCHAIN-SP data library. However, the accuracy of the event generator mode in terms of calculating
the residual-nuclide yields has not been verified in comparison to that of the DCHAIN-SP data library. Thus, werecommend to set ”e-mode=0” (default) in the PH I TS calculation using [t-dchain]. Note that the activations
from the originally activated target are not included in the DCHAIN-SP calculation.

11 Tetsuya Kai, et al., “DCHAIN-SP 2001: High Energy Particle Induced Radioactivity Calculation Code” , JAEA-Data/Code-2001-016(2001) in Japanese6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

172

Table 6.34: [t-dchain] parameter
namemesh =

value
reg

file =

file nametitle =
timeevo =(next line)(omissible)
numbertime factor

outtime =(next line)

amp =target =numbertime(omissible,D=1.0)0, 1(omissible,D=0)

explanation
Geometry mesh (Currently ONLY region mesh reg can be specified).
You need to write the geometry mesh subsection below this option.
(reg = cell number)
Input file name of DCHAIN-SP.
You can use any extention except for .dtrk, .dyld, .dout.
Title.
Number of irradiation and cooling steps in DCHAIN-SP calculation.
Time step of irradiation and/or cooling.
Normalized factor for beam intensity.
Time should be calculated from the end of last step, not from the startof the first irradiation. The allowable units are seconds, s, minutes, m,hours, h, days, d and years y. One (or more) blank character must beplaced between the number indicating the time and the units.
*See the example of input for [t-dchain] tally in List 6.1.
Number of output timing in the DCHAIN-SP calculation.
Output timing.
If a positive value is given as output timing, it is calculated from thestart of the first irradiation step. If a negative value is given as output
timing, it is calculated from the end of last irradiation step. The format
for specifying the timing is the same as that for timeevo, except forthis positive and negative rule. You cannot specify timing after all steps
defined in timeevo is finished.
If you would like to output the timming when no radioactive nuclide
exists, e.g. 0.0 m, you have to set ”iprtb2=0” in the [t-dchain]
section.
Power of source (source/second)
OFF:0 need not to write information of target.
Information of target is automatically determined from [Material],[Cell], and [Volume] sections.
ON:1 need to write information of target.
*If you want to add nuclides that are not defined in [Material]
section in the DCHAIN-SP calculation, and/or you do not set thevolume in [Volume] section, you should write target=1 and give therelated information in List 6.2.
*See the example of target subsection for target=1 in List 6.2.

In addition to these parameters, you can also specify the DCHAIN-SP parameters in [t-dchain] section. The
specifiable parameters are:imode, jmode, idivs, iregon, inmtcf, ichain, itdecs, itdecn, isomtr, ifisyd, ifisye, iyild, iggrp, ibetap,
acmin, istabl, igsdef, iprtb1, iprtb2, rprtb2, iprtb3, igsorg, ebeam, prodnp
The meanings of these parameters are given in the manual of DCHAIN-SP.

6.13 [ T - D c h a i n ] section

List 6.1
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:

173

• Example of input for [t-dchain] tally.
mesh = reg
reg = 100
file = testDC.spd
title = [t-dchain] test calc.
amp = 1.0E12
timeevo = 4
3.0 h
2.0 h
3.5 h
15.5 h<-region mesh<-cell number<-file name of DCHAIN-SP input<-source power (source/sec)<-number of irradiation and cooling steps<-irradiation for 3 hours<-cooling for 2 hours<-irradiation for 3.5 hours<-cooling for 15.5 hours

1.0
0.0
1.0
0.0

outtime = 33.0 h-1.0 h
-3.0 h<-number of output timing<-3 hours later from the 1st irradiation start time<-1 hour later from the end of the last irradiation step<-3 hour later from the end of the last irradiation step

Calculation steps for irradiation and cooling time: timeevo

start

irradiation cooling irradiation

0

3h

2h

3.5h

cooling15.5h

Last irradiation time

3h
-1h
Output times of calculation results:outtime-3h

Not allowed to set

Figure 6.5: Relation between steps for irradiation and cooling time and output time.

List 6.2
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

• Example for the setting of target material compositions and volumes for target=1.
.......
target = 1
non
reg
vol
1
1
8000.0tg-list = 2
H-1
6.689E-02
O-16 3.345E-02
2
2
2000.0tg-list = 1
Fe-56 8.385E-02<-target material composition ON<-omissible<-serial number, cell number, volume<-number of the nuclides<-Element ID, Atomic Number,and Density of the atom (10ˆ24/cmˆ3)<-serial number, cell number, volume<-Number of the nuclides

The symbol of the chemical element has to be connected with atomic number by the character ‘-’for indicating
an isotope.
Important notices for using [t-dchain]:• Only one [t-dchain] tally per PH I TS input file is allowed.
• The following parameters must be defined in the [Parameters] section:– jmout=1: display the atomic number density of materials.
– file(21): set the place of the data folder for DCHAIN-SP.
• You have to define the volume of each tally region in the [Volume] section.
Files generated by [t-dchain] are listed below.
• Basic input file of DCHAIN-SP: file name is set in [t-dchain] tally.

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT174• Neutron energy spectrum with 1968 group energy structure below 20 MeV calculated by created [t-track]:“n.flux” . When more than two regions are set, each file name is n.flux 01, n.flux 02, · · · , f.flux XX.
• Nuclear production yields calculated by created [t-yield]: “nmtc yield” .
• Information about the link to the folder having DCHAIN-SP data library: “dch link.dat” .
• Files for restart calculation of PH I TS : ***.dtrk, ***.dyld, *** err.dyld, ***.dout

6.14 [ T-Userdefined ] section

175

6.14 [ T-Userdefined ] section
This tally is used for estimating and outputting the physical quantities that cannot be calculated by the othertallies. In order to use this tally, you have to change “usrtally.f” and re-compile PH I TS by yourself.
When [T-Userdefined] is defined in your input file, PH I TS calls subroutine “usrtally” at every momentin the PH I TS simulation, namely at the same timing for calling the dumpall option. A subroutine for output all
information is written in the default “usrtally.f” . You can output only your required information by revising thefile.
In [T-Userdefined], you can use two parameters, one is file for specifying a file name, and the otheris udtparai (i = 0 − 9) for specifying a numerical value. These parameters can be used in the subroutine “usrtally” without recompiling PH I TS .
Table 6.35: [t-userdefined] parameter

List 6.3
1:
2:
3:
4:

name
file =

value
file nameudtparai =(i = 0 − 9)(omissible)

explanation
Output file names used in subroutine usrtally.
The maximum number of files that you can use is 50.
(Device numbers of these files are from 151 to 200.)
Parameters used in subroutine usrtally.
You can define from udtpara0 to udtpara9.

• Example of input for [T-Userdefined] tally.
file = output1.dat
file = output2.dat
udtpara0 = 10.0
udtpara3 = 20.0<-its device number is iudtf(1)=151<-its device number is iudtf(2)=152<-udtpara(0)<-udtpara(3)You can use the following parameters in subroutine usrtally.
(1) NCOL:
This is an intrinsic variable in the program and denotes identification of process.
NCOL
1 : start of calculation
2 : end of calculation
3 : end of a batch
4 : source
5 : detection of geometry error
6 : recovery of geometry error
7 : termination by geometry error
8 : termination by weight cut-oﬀ
9 : termination by time cut-oﬀ
10 : geometry boundary crossing
11 : termination by energy cut-oﬀ
12 : termination by escape or leakage
13 : (n,x) reaction
14 : (n,n’x) reaction
15 : sequential transport only for tally(2) npe, me:
These are the number of used PEs (Processor Elements) and ID number of each processor, respectively, inthe distributed-memory parallel computing.
(3) ipomp, npomp:
These are ID number of each core and the total number of used cores, respectively, in the shared memory
parallel computing.

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

176(4) iusrtally:
This is a parameter to control whether subroutine usrtally is used or not. If [t-userdefined] isdefined in an input file, this parameter is set to be 1.
(5) iudtf(50):These are device numbers of output files defined with file=. For example, if there is the earliest file definedin [t-userdefined], its device number is iudtf(1)=151.
(6) udtpara(0:9):
These correspond to parameters defined with udtparai (i = 0 − 9). For example, udtpara(0) equals to
udtpara0.
(7) NOCAS, NOBCH, RCASC, RSOUIN:
NOCAS
NOBCH
RCASC
RSOUIN::::current history number in this batchcurrent batch number
real number of NOCAS+maxcas*(NOBCH-1)
sum of the weight of source particle(8) NO, IDMN, ITYP, KTYP, JTYP, MTYP, RTYP, OLDWT:
NO
IDMN
ITYP
KTYP
JTYP
MTYP
RTYP
OLDWT

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

cascade id in this history
material id
particle typeparticle kf-code
charge number of the particle
baryon number of the particle
rest mass of the particle (MeV)wight of the particle at (x,y,z)(9) QS:This is dE/dx for electrons at (x,y,z).
(10) IBLZ1, IBLZ2, ILEV1, ILEV2:
IBLZ1
IBLZ2
ILEV1
ILEV2

:
:
:
:

cell id at (x,y,z)cell id after crossing
level structure id of the cell at (x,y,z)level structure id of the cell after crossing(a) ILAT1:
This is a variable of level structure of cell.
(b) ILAT2:This is a variable of level structure of cell.
(11) COSTH, UANG(1), UANG(2), UANG(3), NSURF:
COSTH
UANG(1,2,3)
NSURF

:
:
:

cosine of an angle of incidence in a surface crossing
x,y,z component of a normal vector of its surface, respectively
internal number of the surface(This is diﬀerent from the surface number defined in the [surface] section.)(12) NAME, NCNT(1), NCNT(2), NCNT(3):NAME
NCNT(1,2,3)::

collision number of the particle
values of counter 1, 2, and 3

6.14 [ T-Userdefined ] section(13) WT, U, V, W:
WT
U, V, W::wight of the particle at (xc,yc,zc)
unit vector of momentum of the particle(14) E, T, X, Y, Z:
E
T
X, Y, Z:::

energy of the particle at (x,y,z) (MeV)time of the particle at (x,y,z) (nsec)
position coordinate of the preceding event point (cm)(15) EC, TC, XC, YC, ZC:
EC
TC
XC, YC, ZC:::

energy of the particle at (xc,yc,zc) (MeV)time of the particle at (xc,yc,zc) (nsec)
position coordinate of the particle (cm)(16) SPX, SPY, SPZ:
SPX, SPY, SPZ:

unit vector of spin direction of the particle(17) NZST:This is charge state of the particle.
(18) NCLSTS:
This variable means the number of produced particle and nucleus.
(a) MATHZ, MATHN, JCOLL, KCOLL:
MATHZ
MATHN
JCOLL
KCOLL

:
:
:
:

Z number of the mother nucleus
N number of the mother nucleus
reaction type id1
reaction type id2

JCOLL and KCOLL indicate the following meaning.
JCOLL
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
KCOLL
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

nothing happen
Hydrogen collisions
Particle Decays
Elastic collisions
High Energy Nuclear collisions
Heavy Ion reactions
Neutron reactions by data
Photon reactions by data
Electron reactions by data
Proton reactions by data
Neutron event modedelta ray production
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

normalhigh energy fission
high energy absorption
low energy n elastic
low energy n non-elastic
low energy n fission
low energy n absorption

177

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

178(b) ICLUSTS, JCLUSTS, QCLUSTS, JCOUNT:
These variables have a array and denote the information on the produced particle and nucleus.
ICLUSTSkind of particle
0 : nucleus
1 : proton
2 : neutron
3 : pion
4 : photon
5 : kaon
6 : muon
7 : others
JCLUSTS(i)
i=0
=1
=2
=3
=4
=5
=6
=7
QCLUSTS(i)
i=0
=1
=2
=3
=4
=5
=6
=7
=8
=9
= 10
= 11
= 12

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

angular momentum
proton number
neutron number
itypstatus of the particle 0: real, <0 : deadcharge number
baryon number
kf code
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

impact parameterpx (GeV/c)py (GeV/c)pz (GeV/c)√etot = p2 + m2 (GeV)
rest mass (GeV)
excitation energy (MeV)
kinetic energy (MeV)
weighttime (nsec)
x coordinate (cm)y coordinate (cm)z coordinate (cm)

6.15 [ T - G s h o w ] section

179

6.15 [ T - G s h o w ] section[ T - G s h o w ] gives graphical geometry output for region boundary by xyz mesh. You can obtain theseresults without transport calculations with icntl =7 option in the [parameters] section.
Table 6.36: [t-gshow] parameter
namemesh =

value
xyz

axis =
file =
output =resol =
width =
title =
angel =
x-txt =
y-txt =
epsout =xy, yz, xz
file name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 (default)
0.5 (default)(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)0 (default), 1

trcl =(omissible)

gslat =
ginfo =

1(default), 0
2 (default),0
1
2

explanationgeometry mesh, only xyz mesh
you need geometry mesh subsection below this option
2 dimensional
Define file names as same number of axis
region boundary
region boundary + material color
region boundary + material nameregion boundary + material color + material nameregion boundary + region nameregion boundary + material color + region nameregion boundary + LAT number
region boundary + material color + LAT number
The resolution in displaying region lines is multiplied by this value.
The thickness of displayed region lines.
title
angel parameters
x axis title
y axis title
If epsout is set to 1, results are plotted
into eps files. This eps file is namedby replacing the extension into “.eps”.
coordinate transformation number or definition
for r-z or xyz mesh
1: show lattice boundary in gshow, 0: no
Region error checkNo geometry check
Check geometry and draw its two-dimensional view
with error information
Check geometry, draw its two-dimensional view,
and outputting a geometry error file (.err)

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

180

output=7,8 can be used only when cells in bottom level are the lattice themselves, and they give lattice
number in the format as (4,1,2). For example, Fig. 4.18 in Sec. 4.5.4 is generated by the input shown below.
List 6.4
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:

• [t-gshow] example[ T - gshow ]mesh = xyz
x-type = 2
nx = 100xmin = -10.
xmax = 10
y-type = 1
ny = 1-5.0 5.0
z-type = 2nz= 100zmin = -10.
zmax = 10.
axis = xz
output = 8
file = cell-example6.dat
epsout = 1

6.16 [ T - R s h o w ] section

181

6.16 [ T - R s h o w ] section[ T - R s h o w ] gives graphical geometry output for region boundary with color plot region in proportion
to physical quantity of the region. Usually, the results obtained by other PH I TS calculation using the reg mesh
are used as the input data for this value of physical quantity. You must run PH I TS with icntl =9 option in the[parameters] section, in order to execute this tally.
You can give color variation by the linear scale or the log scale by the AN GE L parameter, zlog or zlin. Default
is zlin.
Table 6.37: [t-rshow] parameter
namemesh =

value
xyz

axis =
file =
output =xy, yz, xz
file name12
3
4
1 (default)
0.5 (default)(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)

resol =
width =
title =
angel =
x-txt =
y-txt =
z-txt =
reg =value
reg valiechrl =epsout =72 (default)
0 (default), 1

trcl =(omissible)

gslat =
ginfo =

1(default), 0
2 (default),0
1
2

explanationgeometry mesh, only xyz mesh
you need geometry mesh subsection below this option
2 dimensional
Define file names as same number of axis
region boundary
region boundary + material nameregion boundary + region nameregion boundary + LAT number
The resolution in displaying region lines is multiplied by this value.
The thickness of displayed region lines.
title
angel parameters
x axis title
y axis title
z axis title
region definition
value definition with same format as volume definition
see section 5.1.2
Number of maximum column for volume input echo
If epsout is set to 1, results are plotted
into eps files. This eps file is namedby replacing the extension into “.eps”.
coordinate transformation number or definition
for r-z or xyz mesh
1: show lattice boundary in gshow, 0: no
Region error checkNo geometry check
Check geometry and draw its two-dimensional view
with error information
Check geometry, draw its two-dimensional view,
and outputting a geometry error file (.err)

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

182

For example, you can obtain Fig. 6.6 by the [t-rshow] tally shown below from the example (6) in Sec. 4.5.4.

[ T - rshow ]mesh = xyz
x-type = 2
nx = 100xmin = -10.
xmax = 10.
y-type = 1
ny = 1-5.0 5.0
z-type = 2
nz = 100zmin = -10.
zmax = 10.
axis = xz
output = 1
file = cell-example6-rshow.dat
epsout = 1
reg = (201<101[-1 1 0]<1) (201<101[0 1 0]<1) (201<101[1 1 0]<1)(201<101[-1 0 0]<1) (201<101[0 0 0]<1) (201<101[1 0 0]<1)(201<101[-1 -1 0]<1) (201<101[0 -1 0]<1) (201<101[1 -1 0]<1)
value
non
reg
val
# reg definition
1 1000001
1.0000E+00 # ( 201 < 101[ -1 1 0 ] < 1 )2 1000002
2.0000E+00 # ( 201 < 101[ 0 1 0 ] < 1 )3 1000003
3.0000E+00 # ( 201 < 101[ 1 1 0 ] < 1 )4 1000004
4.0000E+00 # ( 201 < 101[ -1 0 0 ] < 1 )5 1000005
5.0000E+00 # ( 201 < 101[ 0 0 0 ] < 1 )6 1000006
6.0000E+00 # ( 201 < 101[ 1 0 0 ] < 1 )7 1000007
7.0000E+00 # ( 201 < 101[ -1 -1 0 ] < 1 )8 1000008
8.0000E+00 # ( 201 < 101[ 0 -1 0 ] < 1 )9 1000009
9.0000E+00 # ( 201 < 101[ 1 -1 0 ] < 1 )10

5

Values

1:
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• [t-rshow] examplex [cm]

List 6.5

0

−5

−10
−10

−5

100

0
z [cm]

5

Figure 6.6: Example of [t-rshow].

10

6.17 [ T - 3 D s h o w ] section

183

6.17 [ T - 3 D s h o w ] section[ T - 3 D s h o w ] gives a graphical geometry output by 3 dimensional view. You can execute this tally with
icntl =11 option in the [parameters] section without transport calculations.
Table 6.38: [t-3dshow] parameter (1)nameoutput =

value
0
1
2
3 (default)(omissible)
all,number of materials

explanation
draft
only region boundary
without region boundary
region boundary + color
You can specify materials for display.
all : default (same as no definition)
When you set number of materials,
define these material numbers in the next line.
You can set number of materials by negative.
In the case, specified materials are not included
for display.

(next line)
x0 =
y0 =
z0 =
e-the =
e-phi =
e-dst =
l-the =
l-phi =
l-dst =
w-wdt =
w-hgt =
w-dst =

2 5 8
(D=0.0)(D=0.0)(D=0.0)(D=80)(D=140)(D=w-dst*10)(D=e-the)(D=e-phi)(D=e-dst)(D=100)(D=100)(D=200)w-mnw =
w-mnh =
w-ang =
heaven =mirror =(D=100)(D=100)(D=0.0)
(D=y)
(D=0)

material numbers
Coordinates of original point for view point
and light source. Center of screen is definedby this point and view pointview point angle θ(degree) with z axis
azimuthal angle for view point ϕ(degree) with x axis
distance between view point and the origin (cm)light source angle θ(degree) with z axis
azimuthal angle for light source ϕ(degree) with x axis
distance between light source and the origin (cm)width of screen frame (cm)height of screen frame(cm)screen frame distance from the origin (cm)A straight line drawn between the center of screen frame
and the origin crosses screen surface vertically,and passes through the view point.
number of mesh for horizontal direction
number of mesh for vertical direction
angle of frame (degree)
topside direction; set x, -x, y, -y, z, or -z=-1; mirror transformation in horizontal direction

material =6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

184

Polar
coordinates

Eye Point(e-the,e-phi,e-dst)

Picture Flame

Polar
Coordinates

Light source(l-the,l-phi,l-dst)
e-dst
w-dst
w-hgt
(w-mnh)w-wdt(w-mnw)

w-mnw 㽢 w-mnh 䠙 #Pixel
100 㽢 100 (default)

Origin (x0,y0,z0) XYZ-coordinates
Figure 6.7:
3dshow tally: origin (x0,y0,z0), eye point (e-the,e-phi,e-dst), light source(l-the,l-phi,l-dst), and picture flame (w-wdt,w-hgt,w-dst).

6.17 [ T - 3 D s h o w ] section

185

Table 6.39: [t-3dshow] parameter (2)nameline =value
0 (default), 1

r-out =

(D=50000)

shadow =bright =dark =
box =box
matinbox =(D=0)(D=0.8)(D=0.2)(D=0)
10 numbers(omissible)
all,number of materials(next line)
reginbox =258(omissible)
all,region numbers

resol =
width =
file =
title =
angel =
x-txt =
y-txt =
z-txt =
epsout =1 (default)
0.5 (default)
file name(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)(omissible)0 (default), 1

explanation
When output = 1, 3
0: material boundary + surface boundary
1: material boundary + surface boundary + region boundary
radius of outer void including view point,
and light source(cm)shadow level (0:no shadow, 2 is recommended)brightness limit (1:max, 0:no brightness)darkness limit (1:no darkness, 0:max)number of penetration box, maximum 5
box definition (see below)
materials in the box for display
all : default (same with no definition)
When you set number of materials,
define these material numbers in the next line.
You cannot set number of materials by negative.
material numbers
regions in the box for display
all : default (same with no definition)
If the matinbox is defined for this region,
this region is not displayed.
The resolution in displaying region lines is multiplied by this value.
The thickness of displayed region lines.
Define file names as same number of axis
title
angel parameters
x axis title
y axis title
z axis title
If epsout is set to 1, results are plotted
into eps files. This eps file is namedby replacing the extension into “.eps”.

Definition rules for reg=, and reginbox = are the same as that for the region mesh in section 5.1.1.
For saving calculating time, an outer region defined by the radius r-out is introduced additionally. You haveto use a larger r-out value when you use large geometry, or you want to put the light source and view point far
away. This new definition of the outer region can be seen in input echo. Therefore, you can not use an input echo
by icntl=11 as an input for next calculation.
Shadow is not created if the view point and light source are set same position.

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT

186

6.17.1 box definition
Maximum 5 penetration boxes can be defined. Defined boxes become transparent. To define the box, you first
set three points as b0 (x0 ,y0 ,z0 ), b1 (x1 ,y1 ,z1 ), and b2 (x2 ,y2 ,z2 ). We define the 4-th point b3 from b0 by L cm on thevertical direction of the plane defined by these three points, i.e. ( b2 - b0 ) direction. In this box definition, you can
use the coordinate transformation as trcl = transform number or trcl = (........) before the definition of
the points.
This function may fail when a void region is included in the penetration box. In this case, please fill the void
region with a material of very low density, e.g. air.
The box definition is shown below. Each relations are also shown in Fig. 6.8.

box = 2box
x0 y0 z0x1 y1 z1x2 y2 z2 Lbox
trcl = 2x0 y0 z0x1 y1 z1x2 y2 z2 Lbox
*trcl = (0 0 0
0.0 0.0 0.0-5.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 5.0

0 90 90

90 60 150

90 30 60

5.0

( x1 , y1 , z1 )( x3 , y3 , z3 )L

( x0 , y0 , z0 )( x2 , y2 , z2 )Figure 6.8: Example of box definition.

-1)

6.17 [ T - 3 D s h o w ] section

187

6.17.2 3dshow example
List 6.6
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• [t-3dshow] example[cell]
1 0 -1 fill=1
2 0 -41 42 -43 44 -45 46 u=1 fill=5
22 0 -41 42 -43 44 -45 46 u=1 trcl=(0 0 20) fill=6
23 like 22 but trcl=(0 0 40) fill = 7
5 0 -21 22 -23 24 -25 26 u=5 lat=1 fill=3
6 0 -21 22 -23 24 -25 26 u=6 lat=1 fill= -1:1 0:0 0:0 2 2(0 0 5) 2
7 0 -21 22 -23 24 -25 26 u=7 fill= -1:1 0:0 0:0 2 3 2 lat=1
3 1 3.97300E-02 3 u=2
4 6 4.18280E-02 -3 u=2
13 5 8.47130E-04 -3 u=3
14 3 1.23620E-01 3 u=3
8 -1 +1[surface]1rpp -15 15 -5 5 -5 55
21
px
5
22
px
-5
23
py
5
24
py
-5
25
pz
15
26
pz
-5
41
px
15
42
px -15
43
py
5
44
py
-5
45
pz
15
46
pz
-5
5
rpp -20 20 -5 5 -5 35
6rpp -20 20 -5 5 -5 15
7rpp -20 20 -5 5 35 55
3c/y
0 10 4In above geometry, the whole body is rectangular solid, and it has rectangular solid lattices including cylinders
inside. You can make graphical plot for the geometry by the 3dshow as,

List 6.7
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• [t-3dshow] example[t-3dshow]
output = 3
heaven = x
resol = 2
width = 0.1
x0 = 0y0 = 0z0 = 25e-the = 70
e-phi = 50
e-dst = 1000
l-the = 50l-phi = 25
l-dst = 2000
w-wdt = 60
w-hgt = 40
w-dst = 150
file = dshow.dat

6 TALLY INPUT FORMAT188

The output result is ,You can add region boundary by option line=1 as,

You can see how lattices are set up. Next, let material number 5 be transparent, and add shadows bymaterial = -1
5
shadow = 2

6.17 [ T - 3 D s h o w ] section

Let’s define a box.
box = 1
box
0
100
0

10
10
10

30
30
100 100

The defined box part becomes transparent, and you can see inside of the body.

In the last example, add
reg = ( 3 < 6[0 0 0] )matinbox = 1
6

Regions defined by reg = (3 < 6[0 0 0] ) become transparent, and material number 6 becomes visible.

You can display any complex structures as you like combining with these options.

189

7 VOLUME AND AREA CALCULATION BY TALLY FUNCTION

190

7

Volume and Area calculation by tally function

Sometimes, you need to obtain values of region volumes and areas of crossing surface for tally definitions. You
can obtain these values by using the tally itself by Monte Carlo method.
In order to calculate volume and area by Monte Carlo method, you have to calculate the flux pass through theregion or the crossing surface by making use of the spatially uniform trajectories. You can set such source bysetting s-type=9 with r1=r2 and dir=-all in [source] section. You have to set the radius r1 of the sphereto include the region or surface that you want to calculate its volume or area. In addition, set an area of the source
πr12 to totfact.
When you obtain the volume, you should set [t-track] tally with mesh=reg and unit=4. When you obtain
the area, you should set [t-cross] tally with mesh=reg, unit=1 and output=flux.
Using the above setting, you can perform Monte Carlo integration by executing PHITS with icntl=5. Pleasesee a lecture note “phits-lec03-en.ppt ” in the folder /phits/lecture/lec03 in more detail.
An example using the spherical shell source is shown below.
List 7.1
1:
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• Source example for volume, and area calculation[ S o u r c e ]s-type =9proj =
proton
e0 =
500.0
x0 =
0.0
y0 =
0.0
z0 =
30.0
r1 =
18
r2 =
18
dir =
-all
totfact = 18**2*pi

In this example, a sphere with the center (0, 0, 30) and radius 18 cm, is defined. Decide the center and radius inwhich an interest region or crossing surface is included in the sphere. You can set any projectiles and energies.
List 7.2
1:
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7:
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9:
10:

• Tally example for volume calculation[ T - T r a c k ]mesh = reg
reg = 1 2 3 4 5e-type = 2
emin = 0.
emax = 1000.0
ne = 1
axis = reg
unit = 4
file = volume.dat

A tally example for volume calculation is shown above. As the example, define an interest region, set 1 to a groupenergy region including the source energy, set the unit=4. In the case the volume input is set 1 automaticallybecause of unit=4, so you do not need the volume section here.
You can obtain a volume value by this tally, and you can used it as input data for volume definition in youractual calculation. Furthermore, you can calculate the mass (volume×density) in the region if you use multiplierin [t-track]. Actually, you add the following lines to the above [t-track] section.
multiplier = allpart = allemax = 1.0e10
mat mset1
all ( 1.0 -120 )Here, multiplier −120 is a function to multiply the track length by the material density. See 6.1 [t-track] section
for detail.

191

List 7.3
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• Tally example for area calculation[ T - C r o s s ]mesh = reg
reg = 3r-in
r-out
( 1 2 ) ( 1 2 )( 2 3 ) ( 2 3 )( 3 4 ) ( 3 4 )e-type = 2
emin = 0.
emax = 1000.0
ne = 1
axis = reg
unit = 1
file = area.dat

area
1.0000E+00
1.0000E+00
1.0000E+00

A tally example for area calculation is shown above. As the example, define an interest surface, set 1 to a groupenergy region including the source energy, set the unit=1. You can obtain a area value by this tally, and you canused it as input data for area definition in your actual calculation.

8 PROCESSING DUMP FILE

192

8

Processing dump file

You can write down the information on transport particles on dump file by [t-cross], [t-time], [t-product] tallies.
If you set the dump file as a source, you can calculate the sequential transport. Furthermore, you can get the
information which cannot be obtained by the tally functions in PH I TS by processing the dump file. To process thedump file, however, you need to make program to process the dump file. In the following, we show a program toprocess the dump file as an example of such program.
The following program is a simple program which converts the ascii dump file to binary dump file, and viceversa. The following simple program could help you to make a program to process the dump file. The source
program dump-a.f is attached in the holder “src” and the execute file dump a.exe in Windows system is include in
the holder “bin”.
List 8.1
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• source code of dump-a.f***************************************************************************
This program exchanges the binary data and the ascii data**of dump file.
****modified by K.Niita on 2005/08/15
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
************************************************************************
implicit real*8 (a-h,o-z)*----------------------------------------------------------------------dimension isdmp(0:30)
dimension jsdmp(0:30)
data isdmp / 31*0 /data jsdmp / 31*0 /character chin*80
character chot*80
logical exex
character dmpc(30)*4
data dmpc / ’ kf’,’
x’,’
y’,’
z’,’
u’,’
v’,’
w’,
&
’
e’,’ wt’,’ tm’,’ c1’,’ c2’,’ c3’,&
’ sx’,’ sy’,’ sz’,’ n0’,’ nc’,’ nb’,’ no’,
&
’
’,’
’,’
’,’
’,’
’,’
’,
&
’
’,’
’,’
’,’
’/
dimension dmpd(30)dimension dmpp(30)data dmpp / 2112.,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
1.0,
&
100.,
1.0,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
&
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
1.0,
1.0,
1.0,
&
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
&
0.0,
0.0,
0.0/
*----------------------------------------------------------------------in = 5
io = 6
id = 20
ia = 21iserr = 0*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
user program frag : 0 => no, 1 => with user program*----------------------------------------------------------------------iuser = 0*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
read ascii or binary frag*----------------------------------------------------------------------write(io,*) ’ ** 0 => read binary to ascii’
write(io,*) ’ ** 1 => read ascii to binary’read(in,*,end=993) iasb*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
read the name of input dump file*----------------------------------------------------------------------write(io,*)write(io,*) ’ ** put the file name of input dump file’

193

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read(in,’(a80)’,end=998) chininquire( file = chin, exist = exex )if( exex .eqv. .false. ) thenwrite(io,*) ’ ** Error : the file does not exist’
goto 999
end ifif( iasb .eq. 0 ) thenopen(id, file = chin,&
form=’unformatted’,status = ’old’ )else
open(id, file = chin,&
form=’formatted’,status = ’old’ )end if*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
read the number of data and data sequence*----------------------------------------------------------------------write(io,*)write(io,*) ’ ** put the number of data in a record’read(in,*,end=997) isdmp(0)write(io,*)write(io,*) ’ ** put the ID numbers of data in a record’read(in,*,end=996) ( isdmp(i), i = 1, isdmp(0) )do k = 1, isdmp(0)if( isdmp(k) .gt. 20 .or.
&
isdmp(k) .le. 0 ) goto 992
jsdmp(isdmp(k)) = k
end dowrite(io,*)write(io,’(’’ # dump data : ’’,30(a4))’)&( dmpc(isdmp(j)), j = 1, isdmp(0) )*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
read the name of output dump file*----------------------------------------------------------------------write(io,*)write(io,*) ’ ** put the file name of output’read(in,’(a80)’,end=998) chotinquire( file = chot, exist = exex )if( exex .eqv. .true. ) thenwrite(io,*)write(io,*) ’ ** Warning : the file already exists’write(io,*) ’ ** Do you want to overwrite ?’write(io,*) ’ ** Yes <= 0, No <= 1’read(in,*,end=995) iyes
if( iyes .ne. 0 ) goto 999
end ifif( iasb .eq. 0 .or. iuser .ne. 0 ) thenopen(ia, file = chot,&
form=’formatted’,status = ’unknown’ )else
open(ia, file = chot,&
form=’unformatted’,status = ’unknown’ )end if*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
read the number of records to read*----------------------------------------------------------------------write(io,*)write(io,*) ’ ** put the number of records to read’
write(io,*) ’ ** all <= 0, or positive integer’read(in,*,end=994) irec*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
start reading the data*----------------------------------------------------------------------write(io,*)write(io,*) ’ ** start read and write the data’*----------------------------------------------------------------------jrec = 0100
jrec = jrec + 1
if( irec .gt. 0 .and. jrec .gt. irec ) goto 500
687
continueif( iasb .eq. 0 ) thenread(id,end=688,err=690)

8 PROCESSING DUMP FILE

194

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&

( dmpd(isdmp(k)), k = 1, isdmp(0) )else
read(id,’(30(1p1d24.15))’,end=688,err=690)&( dmpd(isdmp(k)), k = 1, isdmp(0) )end ifgoto 689
688
if( irec .gt. 0 ) thenrewind id
goto 687
else
goto 500
end if690
continueiserr = iserr + 1
write(io,’(’’ ** Error in dump file no =’’,i5)’) iserrgoto 687
689
continue*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
user program here*----------------------------------------------------------------------if( iuser .ne. 0 ) thendo k = 1, 20
if( jsdmp(k) .gt. 0 ) dmpp(k) = dmpd(k)end dokf = nint( dmpp(1) )x = dmpp(2)y = dmpp(3)z = dmpp(4)u = dmpp(5)v = dmpp(6)w = dmpp(7)e = dmpp(8)wt = dmpp(9)t = dmpp(10)n1 = nint( dmpp(11) )n2 = nint( dmpp(12) )n3 = nint( dmpp(13) )sx = dmpp(14)sy = dmpp(15)sz = dmpp(16)n0 = nint( dmpp(17) )nc = nint( dmpp(18) )nb = nint( dmpp(19) )no = nint( dmpp(20) )end if*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
write data on the file*----------------------------------------------------------------------if( iuser .eq. 0 ) thenif( iasb .eq. 0 ) thenwrite(ia,’(30(1p1d24.15))’)&( dmpd(isdmp(k)), k = 1, isdmp(0) )else
write(ia)&( dmpd(isdmp(k)), k = 1, isdmp(0) )end ifend if*----------------------------------------------------------------------goto 100*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
end of process*----------------------------------------------------------------------500
continue
write(io,*) ’ ** end of read and write the data’write(io,’(’’ ** number of processed records is ’’,&i8)’) jrec-1
write(io,*)close( id )close( ia )goto 999*-----------------------------------------------------------------------

195

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992 continue
write(io,*) ’ ** Error : ID should be 1 - 20’
goto 999
993 continue
write(io,*) ’ ** Error : the ascii or binary frag is wrong’goto 999
994 continue
write(io,*) ’ ** Error : the number of records is wrong’goto 999
995 continue
write(io,*) ’ ** Error : the answer should be 0 or 1’
goto 999
996 continue
write(io,*) ’ ** Error : the ID numbers is wrong’goto 999
997 continue
write(io,*) ’ ** Error : the number of data is wrong’goto 999
998 continue
write(io,*) ’ ** Error : file name is wrong’goto 999
999 continue
stop
end

The input parameters are read from normal input, i.e. from console, in an interactive way. When you executethe program, it asks you as,** 0 => read binary to ascii** 1 => read ascii to binary

You put 0 for binary, 1 for ascii. Next it asks you the name of target dump file.
** put the file name of input dump file

You put the name of target dump file.
** put the number of data in a record

The program ask you the number of data in a record. You put positive number for both ascii and binary.
** put the ID numbers of data in a record

You put ID for the data. See kind of dump data and ID, in Tables 5.3, 5.4.
** put the file name of output

You put the file name of output. If the file already exists, the program asks you whether the file can be overwritten
or not.
Next, the program asks you how many records are processed.
** put the number of records to read** all <= 0, or positive integer

If this number is larger than total record number, the program turns back to the top of the data. Finally, the numberof records actually processed is shown.
When you make a program based on this program, you should change iuser to 1 at 35 line in above list. Thenthe program does not write the converted data on file. In this case, the output is written by ascii.
In 150-169 lines, there are variables “kf, x, y, z, u, v, w, e, wt, t, n1, n2, n3, sx, sy, sz, n0, nc, nb, no”. Herekf means the kf-code of the particles (see Table 3.4), x, y, z are coordinate (cm), u, v, w denote the unit vectorof the direction of the particle, e is the energy (MeV, or MeV/nucleon for nucleus), wt is the weight, time is theinitial time (ns), c1, c2, c3 are the values of counters, and sx, sy, sz are the unit vector of the direction of spin,
respectively. By using these variables, you can make a program to obtain desired quantities.

9 OUTPUT CUTOFF DATA FORMAT

196

9Output cutoﬀ data format

The information for neutron, photon, electron, positron, and proton below the cut oﬀ energy can be written in
the output file (file(12), file(13), and file(10)), in order to continue these transport calculation by other Monte Carlocodes such as MCNP and EGS4. The data are written in binary. The format is shown below.

rd, rn, ( data(i), i = 1, nint(abs(rd)) )rd, rn, ( data(i), i = 1, nint(abs(rd)) )................
................

First, in the case of incut = 1, and no importance option (rd<0)
rd, rn, x, y, z, ( e(i), u(i), v(i), w(i), i = 1, n )rd, rn, x, y, z, ( e(i), u(i), v(i), w(i), i = 1, n )................
................

Next, incut =1 with importance option (rd>0),
rd, rn, x, y, z, ( e(i), u(i), v(i), w(i), wt(i), i = 1, n )rd, rn, x, y, z, ( e(i), u(i), v(i), w(i), wt(i), i = 1, n )................
................

incut = 2 and no importance option (rd<0),
rd, rn, x, y, z, ( e(i), u(i), v(i), w(i), t(i), i = 1, n )rd, rn, x, y, z, ( e(i), u(i), v(i), w(i), t(i), i = 1, n )................
................

incut = 2 with importance option (rd>0),
rd, rn, x, y, z, ( e(i), u(i), v(i), w(i), wt(i), t(i), i = 1, n )rd, rn, x, y, z, ( e(i), u(i), v(i), w(i), wt(i), t(i), i = 1, n )................
................

where n = nint(rn), x, y, z is a coordinate (cm), e(i) is an energy (MeV), u(i), v(i), w(i) is an unit
vector of momentum, wt(i) is an weight, and t(i) is time (ns). In the case igcut =3, the particle identifier p(i)is written instead of t(i) in the case of incut =2.
p(i) = 3.0 is photon, p(i) = 4.0 is electron, and p(i) = 5.0 is positron.

197

10

Region error check

When you make a complex geometry, it is diﬃcult to set up the geometry without any mistakes such as double
defined and undefined regions. Thus, a function for automatically detecting double defined or undefined regions
was implemented after version 2.67. This geometry check function works when you specify a tally for generating
the two-dimensional view of your geometry; namely [t-gshow], [t-rshow], and other tallies with setting axis
= xy, yz, or xz and gshow (icntl=8) or rshow (icntl=10) options.
A parameter ginfo assigned to each tally controls this geometry check function; ginfo = 0 for no geometry
check, ginfo = 1 for checking geometry and drawing its two-dimensional view with error information (see Fig.
10.1), and ginfo = 2 for checking geometry, drawing its two-dimensional view, and outputting a geometry error
file that specifies the xyz coordinates of the error location. The default value of ginfo for tallies depicting thetwo-dimensional geometry is 2.
Figure 10.1 shows an example of the two-dimensional view with geometry errors. Double defined regions are
painted in black, and undefined regions are in purple. When undefined region is detected, its surrounding regions
may disappear from the figure.

Figure 10.1: Output including geometry errors.

When ginfo=2 and PHITS detects a geometry error, a geometry error file named “***.err” is outputted (***
indicates the original tally output file name without extension). In this file, the (x,y,z) coordinates together with theoverlapping cell numbers are written as follows:
Errors of cell definition in EPS Page No. =1
Overlapped Cell IDs x, y, z coodinates(Cells 0
0 indicate undefined region)
100
102-4.847761E+00 1.234568E-11 -1.211940E+00
00-4.241791E+00 -2.500000E+00 -8.079602E-01
The first line indicates that cell number 100 and 102 are overlapped at the point of x = -4.847761E+00, y =1.234568E-11, z = -1.211940E+00. The second line indicates that undefined region is detected at the point of x =-4.241791E+00, y = -2.500000E+00, z = -8.079602E-01.
You can easily find geometry errors using this geometry check function. It should be noted that this function
can detect geometry error only when the error occurs on the grid points of the xyz mesh of the tally. Thus,
geometry errors outside the tally region cannot be detected. Even in the tally region, a small error region may also
be undetected because the error region might not contain any grid point.

198

11

11 ADDITIONAL EXPLANATION FOR THE PARALLEL COMPUTING

Additional explanation for the parallel computing

There are two types of parallel computing method; one is the distributed-memory parallel computing using
MPI protocol, and the other is the shared-memory parallel computing using OpenMP architecture.
You canperform the parallel PH I TS calculation using both methods. In addition, the hybrid of them can be also utilized. To
execute distributed-memory parallel computing, you have to install MPI protocol in your computer. On the other
hand, there is no required software for the shared-memory parallel computing. You have to make each executable
file according to the type of the parallel computing. See Sec. 2.4 in detail.
In the distributed-memory parallel computing, jobs are distributed to each CPU core in unit of batch. When alljobs assigned to each core are finished, the main core gathers their results. In this mode, all cores individually use
the memory equivalent to that used in single processing. Thus, the total RAM memory in the computer system mustbe larger than that used for single processing multiplied by the core number. Therefore, this parallel computing
type is not suitable for the calculation requiring a large memory such as that using voxel phantom.
In the shared memory parallel computing, jobs are distributed to each CPU core in the unit of history. Then,
all cores share a large part of memories used in PH I TS , except for those defined as “thread private” variable.
Therefore, the memory required in this parallel computing is almost the same as that in single processing. A
disadvantage of this parallel computing in comparison to memory-distributed one is the slower computationaltime due to the competition of accessing the shared memories. This disadvantage becomes very important forcalculations frequently updating memories such as those using the [t-sed] tally.

11.1 Distributed memory parallel computing
11.1.1 How to execute
The PH I TS calculation using the distributed memory parallel computing with MPI-protocol can be executed by
the following command;
mpirun -np 8 phits_lin.exe
where “phits lin.exe” indicates the PH I TS -executable file name. The number of PE (Processing Element) should
be set after “-np” . You can send this command using the parallel computing submission protocol such as “qsub” .
In this case, the name of the PH I TS input file should be written in a text file named “phits.in” whose 1st line is:file = input_file_namewhere “input file name” is the name of the PH I TS input file. This rule is only eﬀective for the distributed memory
parallel computing. You can also write file=phits.in at the 1st line, and add the contents of PH I TS input fileafter the 2nd line of “phits.in” . Please see Sec. 2.4 in more detail.

11.1.2 Adjustment of maxcas and maxbch
In the distributed-memory parallel computing, jobs are distributed to each CPU core in unit of batch. Hence,
the number of batch (maxbch) should be a multiple of PE−1 (one of PEs is used for control). If not, PH I TS
automatically changes maxbch to be a multiple of PE−1, and adjusts the number of history per batch maxcas tomake the total history number equivalent to that you set in the input file. In this case, some comments are outputtedat the end of the input echo.
In the case of the restart mode (istdev<0), adjustment of maxcas is not performed, since it should be set tothe same as written in the past tally results.

11.1.3 Treatment of abnormal end
When PH I TS stops by abnormal end in a PE, the PE is removed from operation. Finally, a total result byremained PE is given as a final result. In this case, you should pay attention for the ncut file. The ncut isincomplete.

11.2 Shared memory parallel computing

199

11.1.4 ncut, gcut, pcut and dumpall file definition in the PHITS
For the parallel calculation, ncut, gcut, and pcut can be defined in an input file as normally asfile(12) = temp/ncut.dat
In 1 PE calculation, specified ncut.dat is written normally, but in multi PE calculation, ncut.dat is written separately
in each node as/wk/j9999/temp/ncut.dat
where “j9999” is your user-name which is read in automatically from the environmental variable LOGNAME. By
default, your user-name is put in the LOGNAME in the UNIX system.
Before parallel calculation, make j9999 directory under the /wk directory for each node. If you want to makencut file in a directory not named by your user-name, change environmental variable LOGNAME before parallel
calculation. In the case, confirm there exists the directory you specified under the /wk.
inpara, igpara, and ippara are prepared for writing options. By default, they have zero value. If you givevalue 1, output files are given IP numbers as/wk/j9999/temp/ncut.dat.005
where 005 is the IP numbers.
If you give 3 into inpara, igpara, and ippara, the default file path/wk/j9999/
is not added. 3 puts IP number at the end of file as same as 1.

11.1.5 Read in file definition in the PHITS
Read in files for PH I TS are the Decay-Turtle source file. It gives only small eﬀect to network traﬃc. But thisis, sometimes, 100MB size and is read in every events. It gives a large eﬀect to network traﬃc. So you should
copy the Decay-Turtle data file and put them in each PE as /wk/j9999/turtle/sours.dat, and define as file
= /wk/j9999/turtle/sours.dat in the PH I TS input.

11.2 Shared memory parallel computing
11.2.1 Execution
The PH I TS calculation using the shared memory parallel computing can be executed by the following command;
phits_lin.exe < phits.inp
where “phits lin.exe” indicates the PH I TS -executable file compiled with OpenMP option, and “phits.inp” does the
PH I TS input file. You can use any name for the PH I TS input file, namely the restriction of the PH I TS input file nameto “phits.in” is not valid in this case. To specify the number of cores for the parallel computing, an environment
variable “OMP NUM THREADS” should be defined. It should be noted that this variable should be set to the real
number of CPU-cores, not the number of total cores in the case of using the hyper-threading technology, since theparallel computing using this technology does not work in the PH I TS calculation. You can change the environment
variable by the following way;
set OMP_NUM_THREADS=4 (for Windows)
export OMP_NUM_THREADS=4 (for Mac and Linux)
In order to execute memory-shared parallel computing PH I TS using “sendto” command, you have to specify the
number of cores that you want to use in the 3rd line of \phits\bin\phits.bat” . When you use 4 cores, you have towrite as follows:
set PHITS_PARALLEL=4

200

11 ADDITIONAL EXPLANATION FOR THE PARALLEL COMPUTING

It should be noted that in the parallel computing of hybrid type you have to set individually the environment
variable on all nodes.
From version 2.73, an installed executable file of the OpenMP version is available only on the 64-bit Windows
system. An error due to a heap memory shortage sometimes occurred on Windows OS, when the executable fileof the OpenMP version for 32-bit is used with many cores. However, you can avoid the error by the executable filefor 64-bit.

11.2.2 Important notices for shared memory parallel computing
If you use only 1 core for the memory-shared parallel computing PH I TS , it takes approximately twice as muchtime as that in the single processing. Therefore, it is meaningless to select the memory-shared parallel computing
in the case that your computer has only 1 or 2 cores.
The following functions are still in inapplicable to the shared memory parallel computing.
(1)(2) Runtime execution of AN GE L from PH I TS by setting epsout=1. (Only for Intel Fortran compiled PH I TS on
Windows.)
In order to avoid the 1st problem, the PH I TS executable file for memory-shared parallel computing contained in thecurrent PH I TS package was compiled by replacing “a-angel.f” by “a-angel-winopenmp.f” , which outputs the filenames specified by tallies with epsout=1 into “angel-temporary.inp” . Then, “phits.bat” automatically executes
stand-alone version of AN GE L “angel.bat” , employing “angel-temporary.inp” as the input file.
If segmentation errors occur in executing memory-shared parallel computing PH I TS on Linux, it may due tothe overuse of the stack memory. In that case, you have to increase the stack size using the command below:
export OMP_STACKSIZE=1G
This command sets the stack size to 1GB.
In principle, the results obtained from single processing and shared-memory parallel computing should be thesame. Thus, if you found inconsistencies between the results obtained by the two modes, please let us know. It
may be a bug in the programming.

201

12

FAQ

12.1 Questions related to parameter setting
Q1.1 How can we precisely simulate motion of low-energy neutrons? How can we use nuclear data library in
PH I TS ?
A1.1 In general, nuclear reaction models such as Intra-Nuclear Cascade (INC) or Quantum molecular dynamics(QMD) cannot simulate reaction processes attributed to induced neutrons below 20 MeV because of complex resonance structures. Therefore, nuclear data libraries are very useful for the simulation. To utilize
the data library, emin(2) and dmax(2) in the [parameters] section have to be set appropriately, e.g.
emin(2)=1.0e-10 and dmax(2)=20.0.
Q1.2 How can we simulate motion of photons, electrons and positrons?
A1.2 As the default setting of PH I TS , photons, electrons and positrons are immediately cutoﬀ when they are created. In order to transport these particles, you have to obtain their atomic data libraries such as “jphlib01” and“jellib01” (These libraries are included in the PH I TS package from version 2.52). In addition, you have to
set emin(12-14) and dmax(12-14) in the [Parameters] section. The typical minimum and maximum
values of these parameters are 1.0e-3 and 1.0e3 for emin(12-14) and dmax(12-14), respectively, althoughdmax(14) can be extended up to 1.0e5. However, if you set emin(12) and emin(13) to 1.0e-3, computational time becomes very long. Thus, the recommended emin(12) and emin(13) in most cases are 1.0e-1.
Please see “recommendation” in more detail.
Q1.3 What is the setting of nuclear reaction models giving the most accurate result?
A1.3 In general, the default models give the best results in most cases from version 2.50. It should be noted thatyou have to use nuclear data library to simulate neutrons below 20 MeV (see A1.1).
Q1.4 What kind of simulation does event-generator mode suit for?
A1.4 Event generator mode suits simulations by which the event-by-event information is necessary to be obtained, e.g. detector response calculations and design of semi-conductor devices. It is also useful for thesimulation that must determine energy and type of charged particles produced by low-energy neutron interactions. In concrete, event generator mode generally suits does the simulations using [T-Deposit],[T-LET], [T-SED], [T-Yield] and/or [T-Product] tallies. On the other hand, it is not suit for the simulations only using [T-Track] and/or [T-Cross] tallies, such as shielding calculation. See “4.2.21 Event
Generator Mode” section in more detail.
Q1.5 When should I change the mode for the statistical uncertainty (the setting of istdev)？
A1.5 We generally recommend the history variance mode (istdev=abs(2)), where the statistical uncertainty
depends on the total history number (maxcas*maxbch), except for the case of shared-memory parallel computing, where only the batch the batch variance mode (istdev=abs(2)) can be selected. However, thecomputational time occasionally becomes extremely long in the history variance mode, especially in thecase of tallies using a lot of memories, e.g. xyz mesh tally with very fine structure. When you performthe PH I TS calculation with such conditions, please change to the batch variance mode and set maxbch to be
more than 10.

12.2 Questions related to error occurred in compiling or executing PHITS
Q2.1 I got an error in compiling PH I TS . How can I compile PH I TS ?
A2.1 The status of most variables used in PH I TS was changed from “static” to “dynamic” . Consequently, PH I TS
2.50 or later cannot be compiled by old Fortran compilers such as f77 and g77. Therefore, Fortran compilers recommended by PH I TS oﬃce are Intel Fortran Compiler 11.1 (or later) and gfortran 4.71 (or later).
See “2.4 Compilation using makefile for Linux&Mac” section in detail.
Q2.2 Segmentation fault occurred during the execution of PHITS.
A2.2 It might be due to the overflow of the memory used in PH I TS . In that case, you have to increase the maximum
size of memory acceptable to PH I TS . The maximum size is defined as mdas parameter in param.inc in
the src directory. Thus, you have to increase this number, and re-compile PH I TS . You may also have toincrease latmax parameter if you would like to use a huge lattice structure such as voxel phantom. See
Manual “2.9 Array sizes” in more detail.

12 FAQ

202

Q2.3 An error occurred when I try to use infl: in my PH I TS input file.
A2.3 When infl: command is used in your PH I TS input file (let name input.dat), you have to type file =input.dat at the first line of input.dat file. Or you have to make another input file (let name phits.in)
whose first line is file = input.dat, and use phits.in as the input file of the PH I TS . For example
phits_c.exe < phits.in > output.dat
See Manual “2.7 Executable file” section in more detail.
Q2.4 An error occurred when I try to execute PH I TS on Linux or Unix console, but I can execute it on Windows
using the same input file.
A2.4 Many reasons are considered to cause the error, but the most probable one is the diﬀerence of “returncode” used in Linux (or Unix) and Windows. If you prepare your input file in your Windows computer, andtransfer to your Linux (or Unix) system using FTP software, you have to check the status of transfer mode;
i.e. you have to select “ASCII mode” in your FTP software.
Q2.5 Can PH I TS be executed on Cygwin?
A2.5 Yes, you can. You can find the Cygwin option in “makefile” of PH I TS .

12.3 Questions related to Tally
Q3.1 What is the diﬀerence between [t-heat] and [t-deposit] tallies?
A3.1 The values calculated by [T-Heat] includes the deposition energy estimated using the Kerma approximation as well as the energy of cutoﬀ neutrons and photons. On the other hand, the value calculated by[T-Deposit] includes only the deposition energy from charged particles due to their ionization energy
loss. Thus, if you do not employ Event-Generator mode in your simulation, you have to select [T-Heat]tally. [T-Deposit] is useful for calculating deposition energy weighted by user defined function, such as
Q(L) relationship for calculating dose equivalent. See Manual “6.4 [T-Deposit]” section in more detail.
Q3.2 The track length or fluence of heavy ions calculated by [t-track] or [t-cross] is strange.
A3.2 It might be due to the miss-define of the energy mesh in the tally section. The energy of heavy ions should
be defined in MeV in the tally section, although it should be written in MeV/nucleon in the [Parameters]
section.
Q3.3 Results obtained by [T-LET] and/or [T-SED] tally are strange.
A3.3 You have to check the density of material selected by letmat. If you select the material that is not usedin your geometry, you have to define its absolute atomic densities (1H 6.893407e-2 16O 3.446704e-2) in[Material] section.
Q3.4 How can we estimate the statistical uncertainty from the tally output?
A3.4 Version 2.50 or later, the standard deviations or standard errors are correctly outputted in the tally results.
See “4.2.2 Number of history and bank” section in detail.
Q3.5 Can I use “dump” function when I execute PH I TS in the distributed memory parallel computing?
A3.5 From version 2.30, it works. Please ask PH I TS oﬃce about its detailed usage.
Q3.6 Tally results in a box obtained using ”mesh=reg” and ”mesh=xyz” are inconsistent with each other.
A3.6 PHITS automatically calculate the volume of tally regions only in the cases of mesh = xyz or r-z. Thus, if
you set ”mesh = reg” and you do not specify [volume] section, the volume of the tally region is assumed tobe 1 cm3 .

12.4 Questions related to source generation
Q4.1 How can we normalize PH I TS outputs when I use the isotropic source (s-type=9 or 10, dir = -all)?
A4.1 If there is nothing inside the sphere of the isotropic source, the fluence inside the sphere is normalized to
1/π/r12 (/source), where r1 is the radius of the sphere. Thus, if you would like to convert the tally output(/source) to the unit fluence, you have to multiply the result with πr12 . It should be noted that the weightcontrol method is employed in generating the isotropic source, and thus, the event-by-event information
cannot be derived from the simulation using the isotropic source. If you would like to obtain event-by-event
information for isotropic irradiation, you have to set dir = iso in the [source] section. You have to
update PH I TS if you want to use this function.

12.4 Questions related to source generation

203

Q4.2 Source particle does not created in the cell where it should be.
A4.2 If you set the source generating surface (or point) exactly on the surface of a certain cell, PH I TS sometimes
miss-identify the cell where it should be. In this case, please move the source surface a little bit diﬀerent
from the cell surface.
Q4.3 Is it possible to directly specify the source spectrum using energy diﬀerential flux?
A4.3 Version 2.60 or later, you can define the spectrum using e-type=21,24,31,34. See “4.3.15 Definition forenergy distribution” section in detail.

13 CONCLUDING REMARKS

204

13

Concluding remarks

We have developed multi-purpose particle and heavy ion transport Monte Carlo code system PH I TS to simulate
the particle induced nuclear reactions up to 200GeV and the nucleus-nucleus collisions. The event generator mode,
which was recently incorporated in PH I TS , can calculate, as an example, LET distributions of particles in matteror energy-deposition distributions event by event, and correlations between energy depositions in diﬀerent regions
on a µ-scale. This mode opens a various possibility to calculate the eﬀects of particle radiation on biological andnon-biological materials, e.g. risk for single event upsets in electronic devices.
Newly introduced tally: [t-sed] makes possible to estimate RBE of charged particles by considering the productions of δ-rays and Auger electrons based on track structure simulation. This method gives to users in various
research fields a hint beyond hierarchy from microscopic to macroscopic structures. Usually it is very diﬃcult
to connect simulation codes in the diﬀerent structure levels, because of huge CPU time. However, this method
overcomes the diﬃculty by making functions fitting the results of a simulation code and incorporating anothercode.
PH I TS has been developed under the collaboration of JAEA, RIST and KEK. The code is to be further improvedin future under collaboration of these institutes together with other universities/institutes all over the world. The
following items are considered to be implemented in near future:(1) Microscopic treatment of ionization process without using the continuous slowing down approximation(2) High-energy photo-nuclear reaction model applicable to energies above 20MeV(3) Transports of high-energy electrons, positrons and photons by incorporating the EGS5 code11)
Request for future improvements as well as report of bugs and defects are very much welcome. More information
on PH I TS is available from its web site: http://phits.jaea.go.jp.

REFERENCES

205

Acknowledgement
We would like to thank the developers of NMTC/JAM, Hiroshi Takada, Shin-ichro Meigo, Makoto Teshigawara, Fujio Maekawa, Masahide Harada and Yujiro Ikeda for their collaborations.

References
1) H. Iwase, K. Niita, T. Nakamura : Development of general-purpose particle and heavy ion transport Monte
Carlo code , J. Nucl. Sci. and Technol. 39, 1142 (2002).
2) K. Niita, T. Sato, H. Iwase, H. Nose, H. Nakashima, L. Sihver :code system , Radiation Measurements 41, 1080 (2006).

PHITS- a particle and heavy ion transport

3) K. Niita, et al. : High Energy Particle Transport Code NMTC/JAM , JAERI-Data/Code 2001-007, Japan
Atomic Energy Research Institute (2001).
4) Y. Nara, N. Otuka, A. Ohnishi, K. Niita, S. Chiba : Relativistic nuclear collisions at 10A GeV energies fromp+Be to Au+Au with the hadronic cascade model , Physical Review C61, 024901 (1999).
5) K. Niita, S. Chiba, T. Maruyama, H. Takada, T. Fukahori, Y. Nakahara and A.Iwamoto : Analysis of the(N,xN ) reactions by quantum molecular dynamics plus statistical decay model , Physical Review, C 52,
2620 (1995).
6) J. J. Butts and Robert Katz, “Theory of RBE for Heavy Ion Bombardment of Dry Enzymes and Viruses”,
Radiation Research 30, 855-871 (1967).
7) Y. Sakamoto, O. Sato, S. Tsuda, N. Yoshizawa, S. Iwai, S. Tanaka, and Y. Yamaguchi : ”Dose conversion
coeﬃcients for high-energy photons, electrons, neutrons and protons”, JAERI-1345, (2003).
8) T. Sato, R. Watanabe and K. Niita, Development of a calculation method for estimating the specific energy
distribution in complex radiation fields , Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 122, 41-45 (2006).
9) T. Sato, Y. Kase, R. Watanabe, K. Niita and L. Sihver, Biological dose estimation for charged-particle therapy
using an improved PHITS code coupled with a microdosimetric kinetic model , Radiat. Res. 171, 107-117(2009).
10) International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Microdosimetry (ICRU report;36). Maryland: ICRU, 1983.
11) H. Hirayama et al :The EGS5 code system , SLAC-R-730 (2005) and KEK Report 2005-8 (2005).

Index<source>, 46∆ angular distribution, 26
γ decay, 35[brems bias], 12, 101[cell], 3, 12, 13, 75, 77–80, 82–88, 91, 93, 97, 98, 100,172
[counter], 12, 107, 129[delta ray], 5, 12, 115[elastic option], 12, 113[electro magnetic field], 12, 47, 106[end], 13, 14[forced collisions], 12, 103[importance], 12, 32, 97[magnetic field], 12, 47, 104, 106[mat name color], 12[mat time change], 111[material], 3, 12, 31, 74, 76, 77, 80, 82–88, 158, 172[matnamecolor], 109[multiplier], 5, 12, 116, 136[parameters], 12, 19, 74, 89, 106, 131, 150[photon weight], 12, 102[reg name], 12, 108[source], 1–4, 12, 45, 104, 106, 190[super mirror], 12, 112[surface], 12, 13, 41, 77–80, 82–88, 90, 93, 176[t-3dshow], 13, 19, 108, 117, 183[t-cross], 3, 5, 13, 38, 117, 128, 137, 190[t-dchain], 4, 13, 117, 171[t-deposit2], 13, 21, 117, 147[t-deposit], 2, 3, 13, 21, 117, 144, 162[t-dpa], 13, 117, 156[t-gshow], 13, 19, 84, 108, 117, 128, 179, 180[t-heat], 3, 13, 117, 141, 162[t-let], 13, 117, 159, 162[t-product], 3, 5, 13, 19, 117, 152[t-rshow], 13, 19, 108, 117, 128, 181, 182[t-sed], 13, 117, 162, 198[t-star], 13, 117, 168[t-time], 3, 5, 13, 117, 165[t-track], 5, 13, 38, 106, 116, 117, 133, 136, 171, 190[t-userdefined], 13, 117, 175[t-yield], 13, 25, 117, 125, 149, 171[temperature], 12, 100[timer], 12, 114[title], 12, 18[transform], 12, 78, 85, 90, 91, 95, 96[volume], 12, 32, 99, 119, 172[weight window], 12, 98
AN GE L , 129
2d-type, 127, 128, 134, 140, 143, 145, 148, 150, 155,
158, 161, 163, 165, 170
3dshow, 129
a-curr, 140a-type, 2, 3, 47–51, 55, 57, 65, 66, 121, 122, 138
abnormal end, 198
abort, 10
absorption, 26, 170
ag1, 66
ag2, 66
all, 116, 134, 136, 138, 141, 144, 149, 152, 158, 159,
162, 165, 168, 170
amp, 172
andit, 26
angel, 134, 140, 143, 145, 148, 150, 155, 158, 161, 163,
165, 170, 179–182, 185
AN GE L , 10, 21, 126, 127, 129, 181, 200
angle, 138angle mesh, 121angle straggling, 27
area, 140, 190, 191
ascat1, 27
ascat2, 27
ATIMA, 27axis, 21, 25, 38, 124, 125, 127, 128, 134, 135, 138, 140,
141, 145, 147, 148, 150, 152, 155, 156, 158,
161, 163, 165, 167, 168, 170, 179–182, 190,
191b-curr, 140
Baba, 25
bank, 20
basic motion, 19
batch, 10, 20, 31, 129, 198
batch.now, 10
Bertini, 23, 25, 26
bias, 101
blank, 12, 13, 15, 117bnum, 37
Boolean operator, 77–79
BOX, 83, 84, 86–88, 92
bremsstrahlung, 37, 101
C/X, 91
C/Y, 91
C/Z, 91
cdiam, 162
cell definition, 77–79, 83, 84
cell number, 77, 117, 118
cell parameter, 77, 78, 81, 85
CGVIEW, 19, 35
charge, 124, 150
chart, 25, 124, 150
cluster plot, 127
cmin(i), 22
color, 109, 111
color plot, 127
comment mark, 13, 77, 90, 95

206

INDEX

compilation, 7, 9, 10
compile, 45
COND, 75
contour, 127
coordinate transform number, 85, 90
cos, 124, 138, 152
cosine, 49–51, 53, 95
Coulomb diﬀusion, 27
counter, 56, 129, 130
CPU time, 32
cpu time, 32
ctmax, 129, 135, 140, 143, 146, 148, 151, 155, 158, 161,
164, 167, 170
ctmin, 129, 135, 140, 143, 146, 148, 151, 155, 158, 161,
164, 167, 170
Cugnon, 25
current, 137, 140
cut oﬀ energy, 4, 22, 26, 30, 35, 196
cut oﬀ time, 24
cut oﬀ weight, 24
cutoﬀ, 165
CX, 91
CY, 82, 85–87, 91
CZ, 91
data file, 35, 199
dchain, 1, 25, 35, 124, 150
decay, 155, 165, 170
decay-turtle, 45, 53, 199
dedxfnc, 144
dedxfnc1, 147
dedxfnc2, 147delayed neutron, 36
delt0, 34delta-ray, 4, 5, 12, 115, 162
deltb, 34deltc, 34deltg, 34deltm, 34deltt, 34density, 3, 31, 74–77
deposit, 21, 143
deposit energy, 162
detail model, 37
dfano, 146dipole electromagnet, 104dir, 48–55, 57, 190
direction cosine, 53
distributed memory parallel computing, 175, 198
dl0, 71
dl1, 71dl2, 71dmax(i), 4, 22, 149dnb, 36
dom, 48–51, 54, 71
DPA, 5dpa, 156, 158

207

dpf, 71
drd, 71
DRES, 25
dresol, 146
duct source, 71
dump, 3, 5, 45, 55–57, 130, 140, 192
dumpall, 3, 5, 33, 35, 40
DWBA, 3, 27
dxw, 71
dyw, 71
e-dst, 183
e-mode, 1, 2, 27, 44, 141, 149, 152, 156e-phi, 183e-the, 183
e-type, 3, 55, 57, 60–64, 120, 122, 123, 134, 138, 144,
152, 165, 168, 190, 191
e0, 49–55, 57, 190
e1-t, 124, 147
e1-type, 147e12, 124, 147e2-t, 124, 147
e2-type, 147e21, 124, 147
EBITEM, 4, 25, 150
EEDL, 5eg0, 63eg1, 63, 64
eg2, 63, 64
eg3, 63, 64
EGS5, 2, 35, 38, 200
eielfmax, 23
eielfmin, 23
einclmax, 23
einclmin, 23
eisobar, 23
ejamnu, 23
ejampi, 23
ejamqmd, 23
elastic, 170
elastic scattering, 25, 35
electron, 37, 141, 143elf, 106
ELIB, 75
ELL, 4, 92
emax, 116, 136
emcnf, 36
emcpf, 37emin(i), 22, 159
emumax, 26
emumin, 26
energy cut oﬀ, 165
energy mesh, 120, 134, 138, 152, 165, 168
energy straggling, 27
eng, 38, 98, 124, 125, 134, 138, 152, 165, 168
eng-t, 124, 144
eng1, 147

INDEX

208

eng2, 147
ENSDF, 4eps, 10, 129, 135, 140, 143, 146, 148, 151, 155, 158,
161, 164, 167, 170, 179, 181
epsout, 129, 135, 140, 143, 146, 148, 151, 155, 158,
161, 164, 167, 170, 179, 181, 185, 200
eqmdnu, 23
escape, 165
ESTEP, 75
et0, 63et1, 63et2, 63
evaporation model, 25
event generator mode, 27
Excel, 127
execution, 7, 8
f-curr, 140
fac, 158
factor, 47, 126, 134, 140, 143, 145, 148, 150, 155, 158,
161, 163, 165, 170, 191
FAQ, 201
fcl, 103
file, 21, 125, 134, 140, 141, 145, 147, 150, 155, 156,
161, 163, 165, 168, 172, 175, 179–182, 185,
190, 191
file(20), 2
FILL, 77, 78, 82–84, 86–88
fission, 155, 170
flight mesh, 34
fluence, 133, 137
flux, 137, 140, 190
Fortran, 7, 9, 14, 127, 200
gamma decay for residual nuclei, 25
gap, 104
GAS, 75
gcut, 30, 141, 199
GEM, 25
GG, 12, 31, 32, 97–100, 102, 103, 117, 119
GG(General Geometry), 77
ghostview, 129
ginfo, 135, 140, 143, 145, 151, 155, 158, 161, 164, 167,
170, 179, 181, 197
GQ, 91
gravity, 27
groups, 122
gshow, 19, 108, 128, 129, 135, 140, 143, 145, 151, 155,
158, 161, 164, 167, 170
gslat, 135, 140, 143, 146, 151, 155, 158, 161, 164, 167,
170, 179, 181
heat, 141
heaven, 183
heavyion, 170
HEX, 92
HLIB, 75

HSB, 109
iaprim, 39
iauger, 38
ibad, 37
ibod, 13
ibound, 39
ibrdst, 39
icntl, 19, 35, 131, 179, 190
icput, 32
icrhi, 26
ICRU Report, 162
icxsni, 26
idam(i), 35
idbg, 13ides, 37
idpara, 33
idwba, 27
iechrl, 135, 143, 146, 148, 155, 158, 161, 164, 167, 170,
181
iedgfl, 38
iegsout, 38
iegsrand, 38
ieispl, 39
ielas, 25
ielctf, 26, 106
ieleh, 26ielms, 25
igamma, 2, 25, 35, 150
igchk, 34
igcut, 30, 141igerr, 34
iggcm, 32
Ignatyuk, 25
igpara, 30, 199
ih2o, 27
imagnf, 26, 34, 104
imout, 31
impacr, 39
importance, 32, 97
imucap, 26
imuint, 26
INC-ELF, 5, 23
incelf, 23
INCL, 4, 5, 23
inclg, 23
include, 14
include files, 11
incohr, 39
incut, 30, 141, 196
infl, 10, 14
info, 126, 150
infout, 3, 28
inmed, 25
inner void, 77
inpara, 30, 199
input echo, 19, 31, 32

INDEX

installation, 7, 8Intel Fortran, 1interpolation, 116
inucr, 35
ionization potential, 27
ipara, 32
ipcut, 30, 141
iphot, 37
iphter, 39
ipngdr, 26, 35
ipnint, 26, 38
ipout, 32
ippara, 30, 199
iprdst, 39
ipreeq, 25
iprofr, 39
iprtb2, 172
iraylr, 38
ireschk, 20
irqmd, 2, 23
irskip, 20
iscorr, 46
isobar, 25
istdev, 4, 20, 198
istrg, 37
isumtally, 131
itall, 10, 31
itstep, 106
iunr, 36
ivout, 32
ivoxel, 33, 35, 89izst, 47, 104, 106

209

lattice coordinate system, 83, 84, 86–88, 118, 119let, 124, 144, 147, 161
letmat, 144, 159, 162
letmat1, 147
letmat2, 147
level, 25
level density, 25
level structure, 119lib, 158
library, 19, 22, 74, 75, 156, 158, 168
LIKE n BUT, 85
LIKE n BUT, 77, 85
line, 183
Line Connecting, 13line connection, 122
lineal energy, 162
Linux, 7little, 85
lost particle, 34
lpolar, 38
Lynch’s formula, 27

Mac, 7, 8
macro body, 4, 90, 92, 94
magnetic field, 26, 31, 104
make, 9, 10
MARS-PF, 19, 35
mass, 124, 150
mass density, 75, 77
MAT, 77, 78, 85
mat, 31, 74, 76, 109, 111, 116, 136, 158
matadd, 31, 77
material, 101, 129, 134, 135, 141, 143–145, 149, 151,
JAM, 2, 4, 23
152, 155, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162, 164, 165,
JAMQMD, 2, 23
167, 168, 170, 183
JENDL, 5material name, 128
jmout, 31
material number, 31, 74, 75, 77, 78, 85, 101, 109, 116,
JQMD, 2
128, 135, 136, 140, 143, 145, 151, 155, 158,
161, 162, 167, 170, 179, 181
K/X, 91
maxbch,20,
198
K/Y, 91
maxbnk,20
K/Z, 91
maxcas, 20, 198
kf code, 124
maximum, 63, 64, 92
kf-code, 16
maximum value, 122, 123
kmout, 31, 74
MCNP, 31, 136, 196
KUROTAMA, 2, 5, 26
mesh, 4, 84, 86–88, 117–120, 123, 134, 135, 138, 140,
KX, 91
141, 144, 145, 147–150, 152, 155, 156, 158,
KY, 91
159, 161, 162, 164, 165, 167, 168, 170, 172,
KZ, 91
179–182, 190, 191
mesh definition, 120–122, 128
l-dst, 183
mesh type, 122l-phi, 183
mesh width, 122, 123
l-the, 183
mgf, 104, 106
l-type, 159
minimum, 63, 64, 92
Landau, 27
minimum value, 34, 122, 123
LAT, 77, 78, 82–84, 86–88, 179
lattice, 4, 47, 78, 82, 84–88, 97–100, 102–104, 107, 114, mirror, 183
115, 118, 119, 140
Moliere, 27

INDEX

210

mother, 149, 152, 156, 168
MPI, 5, 9, 198mset, 116, 136
mt, 158
multi-source, 46, 47, 67
multiplier, 4, 5, 116, 136, 190muon capture, 26muon capture reaction, 1
Muon-induced nuclear reaction, 2
muon-induced nuclear reaction, 26
mxlv, 86na, 2, 65
name, 108, 109, 111
NASA, 26naz, 13ncut, 30, 141, 198, 199
ndata, 149, 150
ne, 61, 62, 116
nedisp, 27, 34
negs, 2, 38
neispl, 39
nesting structure, 86
neutron capture, 36
neutron optics, 60
nevap, 25
nfile, 131
NLIB, 75
nlost, 34
nm, 3, 63, 64
nn, 2, 3, 66
no ionization, 19
no reaction, 19
nocoh, 37
non, 104, 108
npidk, 26
nspred, 1, 27, 34
ntmax, 55, 57
nuclear, 155, 170
nuclear data, 3, 31, 74, 75, 150
nucleus, 149, 150
nuclide, 16, 74, 76, 152, 156, 168
num, 101
numb, 37
number of group, 123
number of history, 19, 20

p-type, 60–64
parallel, 33, 199
parallel calculation, 30
parallel computing, 5, 9, 20, 198
param.inc, 3, 11
parameters section, 10, 11, 141, 179
part, 97, 98, 103, 107, 114, 116, 124, 134, 136, 138,
143, 144, 147, 152, 156, 159, 162, 165, 168particle definition, 124particle density, 3, 31, 75, 77
pcut, 30, 141, 199
PE, 10, 20, 30, 31, 33, 198, 199phi, 48–51, 54
photo-nuclear, 2–5, 26
photon, 37, 102, 141
PHYS, 36
PLIB, 75
polarization, 105
Pulse magnet, 28
pwt, 102PX, 79, 80, 82–88, 91
PY, 79, 80, 82–88, 91
PZ, 79, 80, 82–88, 91
pz0, 53
q-type, 65, 66
q:, 14
QMD, 16, 23
qp:, 14
quadrupole electromagnet, 104r, 124, 134, 138, 141, 145, 149, 152, 156, 161, 163, 165,168
r-in, 140, 191
R-JQMD, 2, 23
r-out, 140, 191
r-type, 120, 122r-z, 117, 119, 120, 140
r0, 49, 54
r1, 49, 51, 52, 54, 92, 94, 190
r2, 52, 54, 92, 94, 190
random number, 19, 20
RBE, 162
RCC, 92
rdam(i), 35
REC, 4, 92
reg, 19, 47, 55, 57, 84, 86–88, 97–100, 102–104, 106–o-curr, 140
109, 113, 114, 117–119, 124, 128, 134, 135,
oa-curr, 140
138, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146–149, 151, 152,
ob-curr, 140
155, 156, 158, 161–165, 167, 168, 170, 172,of-curr, 140
181–183, 190, 191
Open MP, 5, 9
regionboundary,
128, 179, 181
OpenMP, 198
regionerror,
34
output, 21, 84, 126, 140, 141, 144, 150, 155, 158, 165,
region mesh, 117
170, 179–183, 190
region name, 108, 128
outtime, 172
region number, 97, 99, 102, 103, 107, 114, 117–119
P, 84, 91
repeated structure, 77, 81–85, 88, 97, 118

INDEX

resfile, 125, 134, 140, 141, 145, 147, 150, 155, 156, 161,
163, 165, 170
residual nuclei, 25, 35, 149, 199
resol, 129, 135, 140, 143, 145, 148, 151, 155, 158, 161,
164, 167, 170, 179, 181, 185
resolution, 128
restart calculation, 4, 20, 125, 134, 140, 141, 144, 147,
150, 155, 156, 161, 163, 165, 170, 198
RHO, 77, 78
RHP, 92rijk, 10rn, 50, 51
RPP, 92
rseed, 20
rshow, 19, 108, 128, 129, 135, 143, 145, 151, 155, 158,
161, 164, 167, 170rx, 53ry, 53rz, 21, 124, 134, 141, 145, 150, 152, 155, 156, 161, 163,
165, 168

211

SX, 91sx, 47, 55–57, 130
SY, 91sy, 47, 55–57, 130
symbol, 16
SZ, 78–80, 91
sz, 47, 55–57, 130t, 124, 152, 165t-e1, 124, 147t-e2, 124, 147
t-eng, 124, 144t-type, 47, 55, 57, 121, 122, 147, 152, 165
t0, 47tab, 13target, 172
tc, 47td, 47tg-list, 172
the, 124, 138
the Moliere theory, 27
S, 91
tim, 98
s-type, 45, 47–55, 57, 60, 190
time mesh, 121, 152, 165
S (α, β), 75
timeevo, 172
scoring mesh, 117, 119, 120
title, 126, 134, 140, 143, 145, 148, 150, 155, 158, 161,
SDM, 25
163, 165, 170, 179, 181
se-type, 163tmax(i), 24
se-unit, 162
TMP, 77, 78
SED, 162
tmp, 100, 102sed, 163tn, 47
sfile, 131
totfact, 46, 47, 190
shared memory parallel computing, 5, 7, 9, 175, 198, transform, 129, 186199transform number, 95
Shen, 26
TRC, 4, 92
simple, 141, 156
TRCL, 47, 77, 78, 85, 129, 135, 140, 143, 146, 151,
SMM, 5
155, 158, 161, 164, 167, 170, 179, 181, 186
SO, 91
trcl, 106
source, 155trcle, 106
source check, 19
trclm, 106
special, 149
trxcrd.dat, 2, 35
specific energy, 162
tw, 47
SPH, 92
TX, 91
spin, 56, 105, 130
TY, 91
SQ, 91typ, 104
standard output, 35
TZ, 91star density, 168
statistical uncertainties, 20, 125
U, 47, 77, 78, 81–84, 86–88, 97–100, 102–104, 107,
114, 115, 118, 140
straggling, 37
udtpara, 175
sum tally, 1, 2, 131
sumfactor, 131unit, 125, 126, 134, 138, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 153,
155, 156, 161, 163, 165, 168, 190, 191
surface, 90, 140
universe, 47, 78, 81–84, 86–88, 97–100, 102–104, 107,
surface definition, 90
114, 115, 118, 140
surface number, 77, 83, 84, 90, 94
UNIX, 10surface sense, 78
usrelst, 28
surface symbol, 90, 91
usrmgt, 28
switching energy, 22
swtm(i), 24
usrsors.f, 7, 45

212

usrtally.f, 175

INDEX

y0, 49–55, 57, 119, 183, 190
y1, 49, 50, 53–55, 57
Vavilov, 27
yp, 53
VOL, 77, 78
yq, 53
vol, 99, 118, 119, 135, 143, 146, 148, 151, 155, 158, yz, 124, 128, 134, 135, 138, 140, 141, 145, 150, 152,
161, 164, 167, 170
155, 156, 158, 161, 163, 165, 167, 168, 170,
volmat, 129, 134, 135, 143, 146, 151, 155, 158, 161,
179, 181
164, 167, 170
volume, 32, 99, 118, 119, 135, 143, 146, 148, 151, 155, z, 124, 134, 138, 141, 145, 149, 150, 152, 156, 161, 163,
158, 161, 164, 167, 170, 181, 190
165, 168
volume and area calculation, 19, 52, 190
z-txt, 129, 134, 140, 143, 145, 148, 150, 155, 158, 161,
volume correction, 129
163, 167, 170, 181, 185
voxel, 33, 88
z-type, 120, 122, 128, 180, 182
z0, 49–55, 57, 183, 190
w-ang, 183
z1, 49–51, 53–55, 57
w-dst, 183zlin, 181
w-hgt, 183zlog, 181
w-mnh, 183
ZP, 91
w-mnw, 183zx, 124, 128
w-wdt, 183
wc1(i), 24
wc2(i), 24
WED, 4, 92
weight cutoﬀ, 103
weight window, 24, 98
wem, 53
width, 129, 135, 140, 143, 145, 151, 155, 158, 161, 164,
167, 170, 179, 181, 185
Windows, 2, 7, 9, 10, 14, 200
Wobbler magnet, 28, 104
wt0, 53
wwi, 98
x, 124, 125, 134, 138, 141, 145, 150, 152, 156, 161,
163, 165, 168
x-ray, 37
x-txt, 129, 134, 140, 143, 145, 148, 150, 155, 158, 161,
163, 167, 170, 179, 181, 185
x-type, 120, 122, 128, 180, 182
x0, 49–55, 57, 119, 183, 190
x1, 49, 50, 53–55, 57
xnum, 37
xp, 53xq, 53xsdir, 35, 74
XY, 91xy, 21, 124, 127, 128, 134, 135, 138, 140, 141, 145, 150,
152, 155, 156, 158, 161, 163, 165, 167, 168,
170, 179–182
xyz, 4, 19, 117, 120, 128, 140, 179xz, 135, 140, 141, 150, 155, 156, 158, 161, 163, 165,
168
y, 124, 125, 134, 138, 141, 145, 150, 152, 156, 161, 163,
165, 168y-txt, 129, 134, 140, 143, 145, 148, 150, 155, 158, 161,
163, 167, 170, 179, 181, 185
y-type, 120, 122, 128, 180, 182

PHITS
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Ver. 2.76 User’s Manual
2011/08/18
2011/12/02
2012/08/23
2012/12/27
2013/08/22
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PH ITS development members：
Koji Niita1 , Norihiro Matsuda2 , Shintaro Hashimoto2,† , Yosuke Iwamoto2 , Hiroshi Iwase3 ,Tatsuhiko Sato2 , Takuya Furuta2 , Tatsuhiko Ogawa2 , Shinichiro Abe2 , Hiroshi Nakashima2 ,Tokio Fukahori2 , Keisuke Okumura2 , Tetsuya Kai2 , Satoshi Chiba4,2 , and Lembit Sihver5
1

Research Organization for Information Science & Technology (RIST)Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
3High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)4Tokyo Institute of Technology (TITech)
5
Chalmers University, Sweden†
Editor of this user’s manual from ver. 2.30
2