ະ١‫ٳࡨু̦ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬াͅ‫ض̳͖࢘ݞ‬ະ١‫ٳࡨু̦ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬াͅ‫ض̳͖࢘ݞ‬ࣱ୼ȁ࢕ၠȆഴ๼ȁဎఊˍȫ࿚ȁȁఴȁࡢ૽‫̯ͥͦͩ࢐́ۼ‬΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋ͈̠̻Ȅඅ೰͈ఈ৪ͅచ̱̀Ȅুࡨͅ‫ུ̳ͥ۾‬൚͈ૂ༭ͬ࡞ࢊഎͅഥో̳̭ͥ͂ͬুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͂ࡤ͐Ȫ૬ന , 1998ȫȃഐഽ̈́ၾ͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͉ୈ૰എ࠲ࢫͬ௯ૺ̳̭̦ͥ͂াऐ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȪ‫ུש‬Ȇୄକ , 1992; Jourard, 1971 ‫ؖ‬൴࿫ 1983ȫȃ̹͘Ȅഐ୨̈́ඤယ͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͉ͅȄ‫ٳ‬া৪͈Υ΄Ξͻή̈́ۜૂͬ૆‫̳ͥا‬Ȅ̜̞͉ͥ‫ٳ‬া৪͈փࡉۜ͞ૂͬྶ‫̳̓̈́ͥͅږ‬Ȅ‫ٳ‬া৪ࡢ૽͂̽̀ͅεΐΞͻή̈́‫ܥ‬ෝ̦̜̺̫̩ͥ́̈́Ȅ‫ٳ‬া৪͂๭‫ٳ‬া৪͈͂‫ͬ߸۾‬อജȆ‫̳̓̈́ͥاޑ‬Ȅඵ৪‫̀̽͂͜ͅ߸۾‬εΐΞͻή̈́‫ܥ‬ෝ̦̜̭̦ͥ͂া
ऐ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȪհ൥ , 1990ȫȃ̷͈̹͛Ȅഐ୨̈́ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͅຈါ̈́ૄ࠯̞̾̀ͅȄఉ̩͈ࡄ‫ݪ‬̧̦࣐̹ͩͦ̀ȃȁুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͬܰ೰̳ͥါ֦͉ͅȄ‫ٳ‬া৪͈଻Ȫ‫ ུש‬, 1987ȫ͞୆ၑഎ‫ܳۓ‬କ੔ȪRohrberg &Sousa-Poza, 1976ȫ̈́̓‫ٳ‬া৪ু૸͈ါ֦Ȅ๭‫ٳ‬া৪̦༐̱̩̀ͥুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈೾ഽȪհ൥ ,1986ȫ͞๭‫ٳ‬া৪͈଻ȪMulcahy, 1973ȫ̈́̓๭‫ٳ‬া৪͈ါ֦Ȅ̜̞͉ͥ‫̯ྟ૶͈߸۾‬Ȫࣞ࿐ ,1992ȫ͞২ٛഎ౷պ‫߸۾‬ȪSlobin, Miller, & Porter, 1968ȫ̈́̓ඵ৪‫͈଻߸۾͈ۼ‬ါ֦̦̜̈́̓ͥȃ̹͘Ḙ͈̠̏̈́͢ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͅ‫̳ͥ۾ͅ૽ͥͩ۾‬ါ֦̺̫̩́̈́Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া̦࣐ͩͦͥે‫͈ޙ‬ါ֦ͅ಍࿒̱̹ࡄ‫̞࣐ͥ̀ͦͩ͜ݪ‬ȃȁ႕̢͊ Skotko & LangmeyerȪ1977ȫ͉Ȅ౳੫̷̸ͦͦͅ൳଻൳আ͈βͺ́ ĳȄĵȄ̜̞͉ͥ
Ĳı έͻȜΠ͈‫ݻ‬ၗͬ౾̞̀ٛდ̵̯̹ͬȃ̷͈ࠫ‫ض‬Ȅ౳଻൳আ͈βͺ͈ાࣣ͉‫ݻ‬ၗ̦߃̩͕̈́ͥ̓ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ඤ࿂଻̦ஃ̩̈́ͤȄ੫଻͈ાࣣ͉ͅ‫ݻͅݙ‬ၗ̦߃̩͕̈́ͥ̓ඤ࿂଻̦૬̩̈́ͥ߹̦࢜ࡉ̹ͣͦȃ̹͘ Chaikin, Derlega, & MillerȪ1976ȫ͉Ȅ઄͈ົ໤͞ચྶ‫̦̓̈́ߓܕ‬ା̞Ȅ༃ٰ͉̦ͅ‫̠̞̫̈́ͥ̀ͦͣ͢ڥ‬ȶ౰̥̞ȷ̲͈ۜ໐‫ؚ͂‬Ȅચྶ‫͞ߓܕ‬ֆঊ̦̈́̓லྎ́Ȅ઄͞༃ͅ௡ૐ̦̞̠̈́̈́͢ȶ႖̹̞ȷ̲͈ۜ໐‫ٳࡨুؚ́͂‬া͈๤‫̹࣐̽ͬڛ‬ȃ̷͈ࠫ‫ض‬Ȅȶ౰̥̞ȷ̲͈ۜ໐‫ؚ͉́‬Ȅȶ႖̹̞ȷ̲͈ۜ໐‫ٳࡨুؚͤ͜͢‬া̦௯ૺ̯̞̹ͦ̀ȃ̯ͣͅခா
Ȫ2000ȫ͉Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া̦࣐ͩͦͥশ‫ۼ‬ఝͅ಍࿒̱ȄĲı:ıı-ĲĶ:ıı ͈ಓ‫ ͂ۼ‬ĲĹ:ıı-ĳĴ:ıı ͈࿡‫ۼ‬͂́ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈๤‫̹࣐̽ͬڛ‬ȃ̷͈ࠫ‫ض‬Ȅಓ‫͉ۼ‬࿻૽ͅచ̱̀ඤ࿂എ̈́ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া̦࣐̞̹͈ͩͦ̀ͅచ̱Ȅ࿡‫͉ͅۼ‬੝చ࿂͈௖਀̜́̽̀͜ඤ࿂എ̈́ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া̦࣐̞̹ͩͦ̀ȃȁ̭͈ͦͣ౶ࡉ͉Ȅે‫͈ޙ‬١ഐ̯Ȅ̜̞͉̜ͥͥે‫޽̞̤̀ͅޙ‬ಫ̲ͬۜͥ೾ഽ͈೩̯̦ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͬ௯ૺ̱̞̀ͥ͂୰ྶ̯̭̦ͦͥ͂ఉ̞ȃSkotko & LangmeyerȪ1977ȫ͈౶ࡉ͉Ȅ౳଻βͺ͈ાࣣ͉௖਀͈͂‫ݻ‬ၗ͈߃̯̽̀͢ͅ١ഐ̯ͬ೩̩̲̹͈ۜͅచ̱Ȅ੫଻βͺ͉‫ݻ‬ၗ͈߃̯− 65 −ີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါͬ١ഐ̲͂ۜȄ̷̦ͦুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ඤ࿂଻ͅ฽‫̹̯͂ͦד‬୰ྶ̧́ͥȃ̹͘ Chaikin et al.Ȫ1976ȫ
͈౶ࡉ͉Ȅȶ౰̥̞ȷ̲͈ۜ໐‫޽ؚ̦༷͈‬ಫ̱̞̹̈́͛Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া̦௯ૺ̯̹ͦ͂୰ྶ̧́ͥȃ̷̱̀ခாȪ2000ȫ͈౶ࡉ͉Ȅ࿡‫޽͉ͅۼ‬ಫഽ̦೩‫̹̳͛ͥئ‬Ȅ੝చ࿂͈௖਀̜́̽̀͜ඤ࿂എ̈́ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া̦࣐̹ͩͦ͂୰ྶ̧͈̜́ͥ́ͥȃȁે‫͈ޙ‬١ഐ̯ͅ‫̳͖ݞͬޣג‬ਹါ̈́ါً̧֦̱ۭ̳̭͈̞͈͈͂̀ͥ͂́̈́͜ Ĳ ̾ͅ‫ޏ۪إ‬̦̜ͥȃ೉୓എ̈́‫̦ڢإ‬ၠ۪ͦͥ‫͉ޏ‬Ȅࡤ‫ݟ‬ତ͞৽۷എ̈́޽ಫ͈ۜ̈́̓ΑΠτΑ฽؊ͬ೩‫̯ئ‬̵̭̦ͥ͂া̯̞ͦ̀ͥȪ઀ಅȆಎఆȆࣞ‫ ޘ‬, 2004ȫȃ༷֚Ȅકཡ৬͈΍ͼτϋ‫͞إ‬γχͼΠΦͼΒ͉̈́̓Ϸ෨ͬࡘઁ̵̯Ȅ୆ఘͅΑΠτΑͬဓ̢ͥ‫خ‬ෝ଻̦̜̭ͥ͂͜াऐ̯̞ͦ̀ͥ
ȪHorii, Yamamura, Katsumata, & Uchiyama, 2004ȫȃȁ઀࢛Ȫ1992ȫ͉Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͅ‫ޙે̳͖ݞͬޣג‬ါ̷֦̱͈͂̀ા͈‫ͤ৾ͬإ‬ષ̬Ȅ١ഐ‫͂إ‬
̱̀·ρΏΛ·‫ڢإ‬Ȅະ١‫̱̀͂إ‬γχͼΠΦͼΒͬဥ̞̀Ȅ‫ٳࡨু̦ޏ۪إ‬াͅ‫ޣג̳͖ݞ‬ͬ࠿൦̱̹ȃ̷͈ࠫ‫ض‬Ȅ౳଻͉١ഐ‫̦إ‬೮া̯̹ͦ໐‫ؚͬ‬ະ١‫̦إ‬೮া̯̹ͦ໐‫͘ࢡؚͤ͜͢‬̱̩̲ۜȄ̹͘١ഐ‫̦إ‬೮া̯̹ͦ໐‫ٳࡨুؚ́‬াͬఉ̩࣐̞̹̽̀ȃ༷֚Ȅ੫଻͉ະ١‫̦إ‬೮া̯̹ͦ໐‫̲̩̱ۜ͘ࢡؚͬ‬Ȅະ١‫̦إ‬೮া̯̹ͦ໐‫ؚ́‬ఉ̩͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া࣐̞̹ͬ̽̀ȃ̭͈ࠫ‫͜ض‬Ȅ౳଻̦١ഐ‫̀̽͢ͅإ‬Ȅ੫଻̦ະ١‫ͬޙે̀̽͢ͅإ‬١ഐ̺̲̹͈̺̳͂ۜ͂ͦ͊Ȅે‫͈ޙ‬١ഐ̯̦ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͬ௯ૺ̱̹ٜ͂৷̧́ͥȃ̱̥̱Ȅ౳଻Ȅ੫଻͂͜ͅȄະ١‫̱̀͂إ‬ဥ̞̹ͣͦγχͼΠΦͼΒুఘ͉ະ١̈́ঁ̺̲̞̹ࠣ͂ۜ̀ȃ̷͈̹͛Ȅະ١ঁฺ̠۪ࠣͬ‫ޏ‬̦੫଻͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͬ௯ૺ̳ͥ‫خ‬ෝ଻̦̜̭ͥ͂͜๛೰̧̞́̈́ȃȁࣱ୼Ȫ2005ȫ͉Ȅ੝చ࿂͈ඵ৪ͥٛ͢ͅდે‫̞̤̀ͅޙ‬Ȅज୘͈෻౾̤͍͢໐‫̦̯ͥྶؚ͈‬΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋͅ‫࠿ͬޣג̳͖ݞ‬൦̱̞̀ͥȃ̷ͦͥ͂͢ͅȄ੝చ࿂͈ඵ৪̦ྶ̞ͥ໐‫ؚ‬́చ࿂͈պ౾ͅ಍୘̳ͥ͂Ȅ௖਀֚͂੣̞̭ͥ͂ͥ͢ͅͅ١ഐ̯͉೩‫͈͈̳ͥ͜ئ‬Ȅ΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋ͉‫ڰ‬อ̜̹́̽ȃ༷֚Ȅඵ৪̦໼ͭ́಍୘̳ͥ͂Ȅ١ഐ̯͉̞͈͈ࣞ͜Ȅ΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋ͈‫ڰ‬อ̯͉೩‫̹̞̱̀ئ‬ȃ̹͘Ȅճ̞໐‫̹̞̀̽̈́ͅض͈ࠫݙؚ̭͉͂ͦ́‬ȃ̭͈̠͢ͅȄুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͅࡠ೰̱̹͈͉̞̦́̈́͜Ȅ۪‫ͅޏ‬١ഐ̯ͬ೩‫͈̥ͣة̵̯ͥئ‬ါள̦‫͘܄‬̭̦ͦͥ͂Ȅ΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋၾͬ௩‫خ̵̯ͥح‬ෝ଻̦̜̭ͥ͂ͬাऐ̳ͥ౶ࡉ̜ͥ͜ȃȁ΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋ͉ࡢ૽͈‫ͅۼ‬୆̲ͥ޽ಫͬ۱გ̳̹࣐̭̦̜ͥ͛ͩͦͥ͂ͥͅ
ȪNewcomb, Turner, & Converse, ĲĺķĶ ࡣศ࿫ , 1973ȫȃ̾ͤ͘Ȅ١ഐ̯ͬ೩‫ฺ̠ͬࠣঁ̵̯ͥئ‬۪‫͉́ޏ‬Ȅ̷͈ે‫̀̽͢ͅޙ‬୆̲ͥ޽ಫͬ۱გ̳̹ͥ͛ͅȄ΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋၾ̦௩‫̳ͥح‬͂͜ࣉ̢ͣͦͥȃ̹͘Ȅ෇౶എ޳࣑ၑაȪHeider, 1958 ఱ‫ޘ‬࿫ 1978ȫͬဥ̞̭ͥ͂́͜Ȅະ١̈́ঁฺ̠۪ࠣͬ‫̦ޏ‬΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋͬ௯ૺ̳ͥι΃ΣΒθͬ୰ྶ̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥȃ΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋ࣐̠ͬၰ৪̦Ȅະ١ঁฺ̠۪ࠣͬ‫ͅޏ‬൳အͅΥ΄Ξͻή̈́ۜૂͬ༴̧̞̞̀ͥ͂Ȅ௖਀ͅࢡփ̲̭ͬۜͥ͂́෇౶എͅΨρϋΑ͈ၻ̞ેఠ̈́ͥͅȃࡽ̞ͅࢡփͬ༴̩ඵ৪‫͈ۼ‬΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋ͉௩‫̦̭̳͂ͥح‬াऐ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȪࣱ୼Ȇ৹ႅ , 2003ȫȃ̳̻̈́ͩȄ− 66 −ະ١‫ٳࡨু̦ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬াͅ‫ض̳͖࢘ݞ‬΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋ࣐̠ͬඵ৪̦ະ١ঁฺ̠۪ࠣͬ‫ͅޏ‬చ̱̀Υ΄Ξͻή̈́ۜૂͬ༴̩̭͂̽̀͢ͅȄၰ৪͈‫ࢡͅۼ‬փഎۜૂ̦୆ͦ͘Ȅ̷͈ࢡփ̦΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋͬ௯ૺ̳ͥ͂ࣉ̢̧̭͈̜ͥ͂́ͥ́ͥ͜ȃȁুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͉ͅȄ‫ٳ‬াඤယ͈ഐ୨̯̩ͬࠧાࣣȄ๭‫ٳ‬া৪͈‫ٳ‬া৪ͅచ̳ͥບ‫ͬث‬೩‫̵̯ئ‬͈ͥ̈́̓‫̜̦ͤ଻ࡏܓ‬Ȫ૬ന , 1998ȫȄ‫ٳ‬া৪͜ે‫ͅޙ‬؊̲̀૥ਹͅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া࣐̠̜̠ͬ́ͧȃ̷͈̹͛Ȅະ١̈́ે‫̀̽͢ͅޙ‬΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋၾ̦௩‫̱̳̀͂ͥ͜ح‬Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া̦௩‫ح‬̳͉ͥ͂ࡠ̞ͣ̈́ȃ͚̱ͧȄະ١̈́ેఠ̦ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͬဲଷ̳̭ͥ͂ͬা̳ࡄ‫̜ͥ͜ݪ‬ȃArcher,Hormuth, & BergȪ1982ȫ͉Ȅ‫ݖ‬ఘഎু‫ેژ‬ఠ̞̠͂ະ١̈́ેఠ̦ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͬဲଷ̳̭ͥ͂ͬা̱̞̀ͥȃ̹͘Ȅ౳଻͉௖਀̥͈ͣಕণ̽̀͢ͅະ١̦ۜࣞͥ͂͘Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ၾ͞૶ྟഽͬ೩‫̵̭̯͂ͥ͜ئ‬া̯̞ͦ̀ͥȪEllsworth & Ross, 1975ȫȃ̱̥̱Ḙ͈̏ͦͣࡄ‫͉ݪ‬Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া࣐̠۪ͬ‫଻̷͈͈͈͜ޏ‬ৗͬ৾ͤષ̬̹͈͉̞́̈́͜ȃ̯ͣͅ઀࢛Ȫ1992ȫ͈ࡄ‫͉́ݪ‬ȄγχͼΠΦͼΒͬဥ̞̹ະ١‫ޙે̦ޏ۪إ‬ါ֦̱͂̀৾ͤષ̬̞͈͈ͣͦ̀ͥ͜Ȅ·ρΏΛ·‫ͬڢإ‬ဥ̞̹١ഐ۪̈́‫͂ޏ‬๤‫̹̱ڛ‬ાࣣ͈ະ١‫̜ͤ́ޏ۪إ‬Ȅ١ഐ͉̩́̈́̀͜ະ١̜̹͉́̽͂ࡠ̞ͣ̈́ȃະ١ঁฺ̠۪ࠣͬ‫ٳࡨু̦ޏ‬াͅ‫࠿ͬض̳͖࢘ݞ‬બ̳̹͉ͥ͛ͅȄ١ഐ‫͈͂إ‬చ๤͉̩́̈́Ȅͤ͢ྶ‫̈́ږ‬ະ١‫ͬإ‬ဥ̞ͥຈါ̦̜ͥȃȁະ١‫̀̽͜࡞͂إ‬အș̈́ਅ႒͈͈̦͜ࣉ̢̦ͣͦͥȄ୶੆̱̹ Horii, et al.Ȫ2004ȫ͈ࡄ‫́ݪ‬͜ঐഊ̯̞̠ͦ̀ͥ͢ͅȄ௧‫ͅ૽͉إ‬ΑΠτΑͬဓ̢ͥࡔ֦͂̈́ͤȄະ١‫̢̦̭́͂ͥ௴͂إ‬̧ͥȃ௧‫͉ͅإ‬Ȅু൲৬͞Ⴅ৬Ȅ̜̞͉ͥࢥম͈‫ޏ۪͈̓̈́إ‬௧‫إ‬Ȅ௉ੰ‫͞ܥ‬஄ి‫̓̈́إ͈ܥ‬͈୆‫ڰ‬௧‫إ‬Ȅ͍̈́ͣͅಕփ̫̹ͬ࢜ͣͦ‫͈إ‬෸ࢃͅુͅంह̳ͥ‫̜ͥ́ࠣঁإ͈̥ͣة‬ճ௧‫إ‬̦̜̈́̓ͥȪ߃൥ , 1986ȫȃȁ̱͜Ȅະ١̈́ેఠ̦ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͬဲଷ̳̠ͥ͢ͅȄະ١ঁ͈ࠣంह̦ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͬဲଷ̳͈̜ͥ́ͦ͊Ȅ௧‫ٳࡨু͉́ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬া͉ဲଷ̯ͦͥ͂ထே̯ͦͥȃ̹͘Ȅະ١͈೾ഽ̦̞ࣞ௧‫͕̜̓ͥ́إ‬Ȅ̷͈߹͉࢜‫̠̜ͧ́ͥ͘ޑ‬ȃ‫ͅݙ‬ະ١ঁ͈ࠣంह̦ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͬ௯ૺ̳͈̜ͥ́ͦ͊Ȅ௧‫ٳࡨু́ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬া͉௯ૺ̯ͦͥ͂ࣉ̢ͣͦͥȃ̷ུ̭́ࡄ‫͉́ݪ‬Ȅ‫͈إ‬ಎ́͜ະ١‫̢ͥͦͣࣉ͂إ‬௧‫ͤ৾ͬإ‬ષ̬Ȅ̞̩̥͈̾ਅ႒͈௧‫ͬإ‬ဥ̞̀Ȅະ١‫ু̦ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬ࡨ‫ٳ‬াͅ‫࠿ͬޣג̳͖ݞ‬൦̳ͥȃ༷ȁȁ༹৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪ȁఱ‫ڠ‬୆౳଻ ĳĸ ྴȄ੫଻ ĳĸ ྴȃ౳੫̷̸ͦͦͬȄࢃ੆̳ͥ‫ ͈ࠣঁإ‬Ĵ ૄ࠯ͅ ĺ ྴ̴̾ȄρϋΘθͅ‫ͤڬ‬൚̹̀ȃ− 67 −ີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါ৘ࡑْࠗȁ଻༆ ĳȪ౳଻Ȇ੫଻ȫȿ‫ ࠣঁإ‬ĴȪ۪‫ޏ‬௧‫إ‬Ȇ୆‫ڰ‬௧‫إ‬Ȇճ௧‫إ‬ȫ͈ ĳ ါْ֦ࠗȃĳ ါ֦͂͜৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪‫ْ̹̜̽́ࠗۼ‬ȃ‫͉ࠣঁإ‬Ȅ߃൥Ȫ1986ȫ͈໦႒ͬ४ࣉͅȄ۪‫ޏ‬௧‫ࢥ̱̀͂إ‬ম࡛ા͈‫إ‬Ȅ୆‫ڰ‬௧‫̱̀͂إ‬௉ੰ‫͞ܥ‬஄ి‫إ͈ܥ‬Ȅճ௧‫̱̀͂إ‬γχͼΠΦͼΒͬဥ̞̹ȃĳķı ԡȿ ĵĳı ԡ͈ࢩ̯͈৘ࡑ৒͈অ༷ͬฒ̞ື́ໞ̞Ȅĵĳı ԡ௰͈༷͈֚ື͈ࢃͧͅΑάȜ΃Ȝͬ ĳࡢ୭౾̱̹ȃ̷͈ΑάȜ΃Ȝ̥ͣ Ķı ȡ ķıdB ́‫ͬࠣঁإ͈࠯ૄڎ‬೮া̱̹ȃਲ௺་ତȁდఴ̱͂̀ȄఱཏȪ1977ȫ̤͍͢઀࢛Ȫ1992ȫͬ४ࣉͅȄӱ૙͓໤͈ࢡ̧࠹̞̞̾̀ͅȄӲࢡ̧̈́‫ْד‬Ȇ‫ڢإ‬Ȇུ̞̈́̓̾̀ͅȄӳু໦͈૸ఘ͈࠹̞̭̞̈́͂ͧ̾̀ͅȄ̤͍͢Ӵ૽୆͈࿒എ̞͈̾̀ͅ ĵ ̾ͬဥ̞̹ȃ̭ͦͣ ĵ ͈̾დఴ̞̾̀ͅ৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪ͅდ̱̞̀ͣ͜Ȅ̷͈ष͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ඤ࿂଻̤͍͢ၾȄ‫͍̤ࠣ͢ঁإ‬৘ࡑ৒ͅచ̳֣ͥયȄ͍̈́ͣͅুࡨ‫ٳ‬াশ͈‫ܨ‬໦ͬ௶೰̱̹ȃȁুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ඤ࿂଻̤͍͢ၾȁুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ඤ࿂଻ͬȶ̩̞̓ͦͣඤ࿂എ́૬̞ඤယͬდ̱̱̹̥͘ȷ̞̠͂ࣜ࿒́Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ၾͬȶ̩̞̹̩̯̓ͦͣͭდ̱̱̹̥͘ȷ̞̠͂ࣜ࿒́௶೰̱̹ȃ৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪͉୶੆̱̹ ĵ ͈̾დఴ̮͂ͅȄুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ඤ࿂଻̤͍͢ၾͬ ĸ ࠯༹́ٝ൞̱̹ȃ̹͘Ȅࡄ‫ݪ‬࿒എͬ౶̯̞̞ͣͦ̀̈́౳੫ ĳ ྴ͈ఱ‫ڠ‬୆̦Ȅ৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪̦დ̱̞̀ͥအঊͬ჏ْ̱̹ΫΟ΂ͬࡉ̦̈́ͣȄ৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪̦ٝ൞̱̹͈͂͜൳အ͈ࣜ࿒ͬဥ̞̀Ȅ৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ඤ࿂଻̤͍͢ၾͬ ĵ ͈̾დఴ̮͂ͅ ĸ ࠯༹́ບ೰̱̹ȃȁ‫͍̤ࠣ͢ঁإ‬৘ࡑ৒ͅచ̳֣ͥયȁ৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪͉Ȅ৘ࡑ৒́೮া̯̞̹ͦ̀‫ࠣͅঁإ‬చ̳֣ͥય̤͍͢৘ࡑ৒஠ఘͅచ̳֣ͥય̱͂̀Ȅ̷̸ͦͦȶະ١Ƚ١ഐȷ̤͍͢ȶࢡ̧Ƚ࠹̞ȷ͈
ĳ ࣜ࿒ͅ ĸ ࠯༹́ٝ൞̱̹ȃ̹͘Ȅ‫ࠣͅঁإ‬ಕփ̫̞̹ͬ࢜̀೾ഽͬ௶೰̳̹ͥ͛ͅȄȶ‫͉إ‬͈̓೾ഽ‫̥̹̱ͤ̈́͘ͅܨ‬ȷ̞̠͂ࣜ࿒ͅ ĸ ࠯༹́ٝ൞̱̹ȃȁুࡨ‫ٳ‬াশ͈‫ܨ‬໦ȁ৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪͉Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬াশ͈‫ܨ‬໦̱͂̀Ȅȶდ̧̳͈ͬͥ͂̓ͅ೾ഽ޽ಫ̱̞̱̹̥̀͘ȷ̤͍͢ȶდ̧̳͈ͬͥ͂̓ͅ೾ഽςρΛ·Ὰ̱̞̱̹̥͘ȷ͈ ĳ ࣜ࿒ͅĸ ࠯༹́ٝ൞̱̹ȃ਀௽̧ȁ‫ͅ࠯ૄڎ͈ࠣঁإ‬؊̲̀Ȅထ͛৘ࡑ৒ͅ‫ͬࠣঁإ‬೮া̱̤̞̹̀ȃ৘ࡑ৪͉৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪ͬ৘ࡑ৒ͅմඤ̱Ȅდఴ̦ܱ̯̹ͦঞ̦ව̹̽ ĵ ͈̾໑ൟȪऒ͈໑ൟ̥ͣਜ਼ͅ ĲȄĳȄĴȄĵ ͂ນͅ੥̥̞̹ͦ̀ȫ̦໼͓̜̀ͥ‫͈ܟ‬ஜ͈ֆঊͅ಍୘̵̯̹ȃȁ৘ࡑ৪͉Ȅ৘ࡑ͈࿒എͬȶდఴ͂დ̱୊͈ΠȜῧ͈‫̭͓͂ͥ಺̞̀̾ͅ߸۾‬ȷ͂୰ྶ̱̹ȃ̹͘Ȅ৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪̦ະຈါͅ޽ಫ̳̭͈̞̠ͥ͂̈́͢ͅȄȶෝႁ͞‫ڠ‬ႁͬΞΑΠ̳͈͉ͥ́͜− 68 −ະ١‫ٳࡨু̦ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬াͅ‫ض̳͖࢘ݞ‬̞͈̈́́Ȅ̸̠̓ςρΛ·Ὰ̱̩̺̯̞̽̀͞ȃȷ͂ັ̫‫̢̹ح‬ȃ̯ͣͅȄȶ̭͈໐‫ؚ͉‬ཡ‫إ‬୭๵̦਱໦̞̹́̈́͛Ȅႋ৒͞࠺໤͈‫̦إ͈ٸ‬໳̢̭̞̀ͥ͂এ̞̳͘ȃდ̱୊͈ΠȜϋ͉ਔս̥ͣ໳̢̭ͥ‫͈̳̞́̀ͦͩ͘࡞̳͂ͥ߸۾͂͜إ‬Ȅࢃ͕̓ਔս̥ͣ໳̢̭̹‫̞̀̾͜ͅإ‬̲̹̭ۜ͂ͬ໳̵̧̥̞̹̺̳̀͘ȃ̹̺̱Ȅ̜̹͈̈́დ̱୊ո‫ܥ͕̓ࢃ͉إ͈ٸ‬٫എͅੰ‫ݲ‬̱Ȅ̜̹͈̈́დ̱୊͈ΠȜϋ̺̫ͬ໦ଢ଼చય̱̳͂͘ȃȷ̬͂࣬Ȅ‫ࠣͅঁإ‬ಕփ̵̫̯̹ͬ࢜ȃȁ̷̱̀৘ࡑ৪͉Ȅĵ ͈̾໑ൟ̷̸͉̜ͦͦͥͅდఴ̦੥̥̹ͦঞ̦ව̞̭̽̀ͥ͂Ȅ̷͈დఴ̞͓̩̾̀̈́ͥͅߓఘഎͅ‫ু́͜ة‬ဇͅȄࢡ̧̺̫̈́დ̳̠͢ͅȄ̷̱̀໑ൟ͉ Ĳ ̴̾̾๔࣢ਜ਼ͅ‫̫ٳ‬ȄĲ ͈̾დఴͬდ̱ਞ̢̥̀ͣষͬ‫̠̫͂ͥ͢ͅٳ‬ঐা̱̹ȃഷಎȄଷࡠশ‫ͬۼ‬౶̵ࣣͣͥ଎͈̠͈͉̩̈́̈́͢͜Ȅ৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪̦დ̱̞̀ͥ‫ۼ‬Ȅ৘ࡑ৪͉໐‫̹̞ͥ̀੄ͅٸؚ͈‬͛ȄĲ ͈̾დఴ̞͈̾̀̓ͅ೾ഽდ̳̥͉৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪ͅහ̯̞̹ͦ̀ȃȁষͅȄ৘ࡑ৪͉৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪̥ͣΫΟ΂́ज़‫̳ͥג‬ઇౄͬංȄდ̳শ̧̺̫́ͥ͜ΫΟ΂΃ιρ̥࢜̽̀ͅდ̳̠͢ջှ̱̹ȃະհͬ৾ͤੰ̩̹͛Ȅȶܱ჏̱̹͈͉͜৘ࡑո‫͈ٸ‬࿒എ͉́ঀဥ̱̞͈̈́́հ૤̱͕̱̞̀ȃȷ̬̹͂࣬ȃ̤̈́Ȅೄ୪૽ͬ௖਀̱̀ͅდ̳͈͉̩́̈́ȄΫΟ΂΃ιρ̥࢜̽̀ͅდ̳̠̱̹͈͉͢ͅȄ৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪͈๭‫ٳ‬া৪ͅచ̳֣ͥયȪࢡփഽȫ͞๱࡞ࢊഎ௖ࡽैဥȪণ஌Ȩ̴̠̏̈́̈́̓ȫ͈‫ͬޣג‬ൡଷ̳̹̜̹ͥ͛́̽ȃȁडࢃͅȄ৘ࡑ৪͉ȶজ̦໐‫̹ͣ੄ؚͬ‬Ȅ໑ൟͬ‫̫̀ٳ‬დ̱ই̩̺̯̞͛̀ȃ஠໐დ̱ਞ̹ͩ̽ͣȄΡͺͬ‫̫̀ٳ‬౶̵̩̺̯̞ͣ̀ȃȷ̬͂࣬ȄΫΟ΂΃ιρ͈჏ْΑͼΛΙͬව̹ͦࢃͅప৒̱Ȅ৘ࡑ৒͈‫́ٸ‬ఞ‫̹̱ܥ‬ȃȁ৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪̦Ρͺͬ‫̫̀ٳ‬დ̱ਞ̢̹̭͂ͬ౶̵ͣͥ͂Ȅ৘ࡑ৪͉৘ࡑ৒ͅවͤȄΫΟ΂΃ιρ͈჏ْΑͼΛΙͬ୨ͤȄ৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪ͅਲ௺་ତͬ௶೰̳̹͈ͥ͛ৗ࿚಺औຘٝͅ൞̵̯̹ȃ৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪̦ٝ൞ͬਞ̢̹̭͂ͧ́ΟήςȜέͻϋΈ࣐̞ͬȄ৘ࡑͬਞၭ̱̹ȃ஠ఘ́࿩ ĳı໦͈৘ࡑ̜̹́̽ȃࠫȁȁ‫ض‬ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ඤ࿂଻̤͍͢ၾȁুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ඤ࿂଻̤͍͢ၾ͉Ȅĵ ͈̾დఴ̷̸̞͈ͦͦ̾̀ບ೰ࣣ̱̹͈ͬࠗͬ͜໦ଢ଼ͅဥ̞̹ȃ̤̈́Ȅĳ ྴ͈۷ख़৪͈ບ೰͈֚౿ၚ͉Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ඤ࿂଻̤̞̀ͅ r =.740
Ȫp<.01ȫȄুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ၾ̤̞̀ͅ r =.810
Ȫp<.01ȫ̜̹́̽ȃ̷̸̞ͦͦࣞ౵̦ං̹͈ͣͦ́Ȅ۷ख़৪ບ೰̱͂
̀ ĳ ྴ͈۷ख़৪͈ບ೰͈໹޳౵ͬ໦ଢ଼ͅဥ̞̹ȃૄ࠯ྀͅȄুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ඤ࿂଻ͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪ͥ͢ͅুࡨບ೰̤͍͢۷ख़৪ບ೰Ȅ͍̈́ͣͅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ၾͅ‫ࡨু̳ͥ۾‬ບ೰͈໹޳౵ͬা
̱̹͈̦ນ Ĳ ̜́ͥȃ̹͘Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ၾͅ‫̳ͥ۾‬۷ख़৪ບ೰͈໹޳౵ͬ଎ Ĳ ͅা̱̹ȃ̷̸̞ͦͦ̾̀ͅȄ଻༆ ĳȪ౳଻Ȇ੫଻ȫȿ‫ ࠣঁإ‬ĴȪ۪‫ޏ‬௧‫إ‬Ȇ୆‫ڰ‬௧‫إ‬Ȇճ௧‫إ‬ȫ͈໦८໦ଢ଼࣐̹ͬ̽ȃ− 69 −ີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါນ Ĳȁুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ඤ࿂଻̤͍͢ၾඤ࿂଻ၾুࡨບ೰۷ख़৪ບ೰

ুࡨບ೰ȁ۪‫ޏ‬௧‫إ‬

16.67 (4.85)

13.56 (2.87)

13.67 (3.30)

ȁ୆‫ڰ‬௧‫إ‬18.78 (5.59)

15.33 (4.97)

17.33 (4.52)

ȁճ௧‫إ‬

17.33 (5.10)

14.11 (3.60)

18.11 (3.48)

ȁ۪‫ޏ‬௧‫إ‬18.67 (5.66)

16.89 (4.28)

18.00 (3.16)ȁ୆‫ڰ‬௧‫إ‬

16.44 (4.62)

14.00 (2.31)

17.67 (3.43)

ȁճ௧‫إ‬

15.67 (4.50)

14.78 (3.43)

18.22 (4.10)

౳଻੫଻() ඤ͉ SDȁুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ඤ࿂଻ȁুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ඤ࿂଻̾ͅ
̞̀Ȅুࡨບ೰Ȅ۷ख़৪ບ೰͂͜ͅȄ̴̞͈ͦ৽࢘‫ैࡽ࢐͍̤͢ض‬ဥ͜ခփ͉̥̹́̈́̽Ȫুࡨບ೰ Fs<Ĳ, n.s. ; ۷ख़৪ບ೰Ȇ଻༆͈৽࢘‫ ض‬F=0.70, n.s. ; ‫ ض࢘৽͈ࠣঁإ‬FȪĳ, ĵĹȫ=0.19, n.s.

ȪĲ, ĵĹȫ; ࢐ࡽैဥ FȪĳ, ĵĹȫ=1.62, n.s.ȫȃȁুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ၾȁুࡨບ೰ͥ͢ͅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ၾ̞̾̀ͅȄ̴̞͈ͦ৽࢘‫ैࡽ࢐͍̤͢ض‬ဥ͜ခփ͉̥̹́̈́̽Ȫ଻༆͈৽࢘‫ ض‬FȪĲ, ĵĹȫ=2.23,n.s. ; ‫ ض࢘৽͈ࠣঁإ‬FȪĳ, ĵĹȫ=1.69, n.s. ; ࢐ࡽैဥFȪĳ, ĵĹȫ=1.65, n.s.ȫȃ۷ख़৪ບ೰ͥ͢ͅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া଎ Ĳȁ۷ख़৪ບ೰ͥ͢ͅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ၾ͈ၾ̞͉̾̀ͅȄ̴̞͈ͦ৽࢘‫͜ض‬ခփ͉̥̹̦́̈́̽ȪFs<Ĳ, n.s.ȫȄ଻༆͂‫͈͂ࠣঁإ‬ခփ̈́࢐ࡽैဥ̦෇̹͛ͣͦȪFȪĳ, ĵĹȫ=3.32, p<.ıĶȫȃ‫ئ‬պ࠿೰͈ࠫ‫ض‬Ȅ۪‫ޏ‬௧‫̞̤̀ͅ࠯ૄإ‬Ȅ੫଻ȪM=18.90, SD=5.51ȫ͈༷̦౳଻ȪM=12.57, SD=4.09ȫͤ͢͜ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ၾ̦ခփͅఉ̥̽
̹ȪFȪĲ, ĵĹȫ=4.95, p<.05ȫȃ‫͍̤ࠣ͢ঁإ‬৘ࡑ৒ͅచ̳֣ͥય
ȁ‫͍̤ࠣ͢ঁإ‬৘ࡑ৒ͅచ̳֣ͥય͉Ȅ֣ય̦εΐΞͻή̜͕́ͥ̓౵̦̩̠ࣞ̈́ͥ͢ͅංത‫̱ا‬Ȅ̷̸ͦͦ ĳ ࣜ࿒͈͒ٝ൞͈ࣣࠗͬ໦ଢ଼ͅဥ̞̹ȃ‫ࠣͅঁإ͈࠯ૄڎ‬చ̳֣ͥય͈໹޳౵
ͬ଎ ĳ ͅȄ৘ࡑ৒ͅచ̳֣ͥય̤͍͢‫̹̞̫̀࢜ࠣͅঁإ‬ಕփ͈೾ഽ͈໹޳౵ͬນ ĳ ͅা̳ȃ̷̸̞ͦͦ̾̀ͅȄ଻༆ ĳ ȿ‫ ࠣঁإ‬Ĵ ͈໦८໦ଢ଼࣐̹ͬ̽ȃ− 70 −ະ١‫ٳࡨু̦ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬াͅ‫ض̳͖࢘ݞ‬ȁ‫ࠣͅঁإ‬చ̳֣ͥયȁ‫ࠣͅঁإ‬చ̳֣ͥય̞͉̾̀ͅȄ଻༆͈৽࢘‫ͅض‬ခփ߹̦࢜෇͛ͣ
ͦȪFȪĲ, ĵĹȫ=2.95, p<.10ȫȄ੫଻͈‫ࠣͅঁإ‬చ̳֣ͥયȪM=5.73, SD=1.42ȫ͈༷̦Ȅ౳଻ȪM=6.73,SD=2.28ȫͤ͢͜Υ΄Ξͻή̜́ͥ߹̦࢜ࡉ̹ͣͦȃ‫ैࡽ࢐͍̤͢ض࢘৽͈ࠣঁإ‬ဥ͉ခփ́
͉̥̹̈́̽ȪFs<Ĳ, n.s.ȫȃȁ৘ࡑ৒ͅచ̳֣ͥયȁ৘ࡑ৒ͅచ̳֣ͥય̞̾̀ͅȄ̴̞͈ͦ৽࢘‫ैࡽ࢐͍̤͢ض‬ဥ͜ခփ͉̥̹́̈́̽Ȫ଻༆͈৽࢘‫ ض‬FȪĲ, ĵĹȫ=0.97, n.s. ;଎ˎȁ‫ࠣͅঁإ‬చ̳֣ͥય‫ ض࢘৽͈ࠣঁإ‬FȪĳ, ĵĹȫ=2.03, n.s. ; ࢐ࡽैဥ FȪĳ, ĵĹȫ=0.14, n.s.ȫȃȁ‫̹̫࢜ࠣͅঁإ‬ಕփ͈೾ഽȁ‫̫࢜ࠣͅঁإ‬ນˎȁ৘ࡑ৒ͅచ̳֣ͥય̤͍͢‫ࠣঁإ‬ȁȁȁ̫̹࢜ͅಕփ̹ಕփ͈೾ഽ̞̾̀ͅȄ̴̞͈ͦ৽࢘‫̤͢ض‬͍࢐ࡽैဥ͜ခփ͉̥̹́̈́̽Ȫ଻༆͈৽࢘৘ࡑ৒ͅచ̳֣ͥય‫ࠣͅঁإ‬̫̹࢜ಕփ౳଻

‫ ض‬FȪĲ, ĵĹȫ=1.40, n.s. ; ‫ ض࢘৽͈ࠣঁإ‬FȪĳ, ĵĹȫ=0.49,ȁ۪‫ޏ‬௧‫إ‬

8.44 (1.17)

2.78 (1.87)

n.s. ; ࢐ࡽैဥ FȪĳ, ĵĹȫ=0.96, n.s.ȫȃ

ȁ୆‫ڰ‬௧‫إ‬

8.56 (1.38)

3.78 (2.70)

ȁճ௧‫إ‬

7.89 (0.88)

3.44 (1.77)ȁ۪‫ޏ‬௧‫إ‬

7.45 (0.97)

4.56 (2.01)ȁ୆‫ڰ‬௧‫إ‬

8.66 (0.69)

4.33 (2.06)

ȁճ௧‫إ‬

8.11 (0.47)

3.22 (1.81)

੫଻ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াশ͈‫ܨ‬໦ȁȶდ̧̳͈ͬͥ͂̓ͅ೾ഽ޽ಫ̱̞̱̹̥̀͘ȷȪո‫ئ‬Ȅ޽ಫഽܱ̳͂ȫ̤͍͢ȶდ̧̳͈ͬͥ͂̓ͅ೾ഽςρΛ·Ὰ̱̞̱̹̥͘ȷ
Ȫո() ඤ͉ SD‫ئ‬ȄςρΛ·Αഽܱ̳͂ȫ̞̠͂ৗ࿚ࣜ࿒ͅచ
̳ͥٝ൞͈໹޳౵ͬૄ࠯༆ͅা̱̹͈̦଎ Ĵ ̤͍͢଎ ĵ ̜́ͥȃ̷̸̞ͦͦ̾̀ͅȄ଻༆ ĳ ȿ‫ ࠣঁإ‬Ĵ ͈໦८໦ଢ଼࣐̹ͬ̽ȃȁ޽ಫഽȁ޽ಫഽ̞͉̾̀ͅȄ̴̞͈ͦ৽࢘
‫͜ض‬ခփ͉̥̹̦́̈́̽Ȫ଻༆͈৽࢘‫ ض‬FȪĲ, ĵĹȫ=2.65, n.s. ; ‫ ض࢘৽͈ࠣঁإ‬FȪĳ, ĵĹȫ=1.33, n.s.ȫȄ଻༆͂‫͈͂ࠣঁإ‬ခփ̈́࢐ࡽैဥ̦෇͛ͣͦ
̹ȪFȪĳ, ĵĹȫ=3.49, p<.05ȫȃ‫ئ‬պ࠿೰͈ࠫ‫ض‬Ȅ୆‫ڰ‬௧‫̞̤̀ͅ࠯ૄإ‬Ȅ੫଻ȪM=6.00, SD=0.67ȫ
͈༷̦౳଻ȪM=4.00, SD=2.00ȫͤ͢͜޽ಫ͈

− 71 −଎ Ĵȁুࡨ‫ٳ‬াশ͈޽ಫഽີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါ೾ഽ̦ခփ̥̹ࣞ̽ͅȪFȪĲ, ĵĹȫ=7.13, p<.05ȫȃ̹͘Ȅ੫଻̤̞̀ͅ‫͈ࠣঁإ‬ခփ̈́ౙ੗৽࢘‫ض‬̦෇̹͛ͣͦȪFȪĳ, ĵĹȫ=4.10, p<.05ȫȃఉਹ๤‫ض͈ࠫڛ‬Ȅ੫଻͉۪‫ޏ‬௧‫࠯ૄإ‬ȪM=4.00, SD=1.94ȫ
ͤ͢͜Ȅ୆‫ڰ‬௧‫͍̤͢࠯ૄإ‬ճ௧‫࠯ૄإ‬ȪM=5.67, SD=1.49ȫ̤̞̀ͅ޽ಫ͈೾ഽ̦ခփ̥ࣞ̽ͅ
̹Ȫ̴̞ͦ͜ p<.05ȫȃȁςρΛ·ΑഽȁςρΛ·Αഽ̞͉̾̀ͅȄ଻༆͈৽࢘‫̦ض‬ခփ̜́ͤȪFȪĲ, ĵĹȫ=6.78, p<.ıĶȫȄ੫଻ȪM=2.93, SD=1.12ȫ͈༷̦౳଻ȪM=3.77,SD=1.29ȫͤ͢͜ςρΛ·Α͈೾ഽ̦ခփͅ೩̥̹̽ȃ̹͘Ȅ‫ͅض࢘৽͈ࠣঁإ‬ခփ߹̦࢜෇ ͛ ͣ ͦ ̹ȪFȪĳ, ĵĹȫ=ĳ.ĸĲ, p<.Ĳıȫȃ ఉ ਹ ๤ ‫ڛ‬͈ࠫ‫ض‬Ȅ۪‫ޏ‬௧‫࠯ૄإ‬ȪM=3.90, SD=1.10ȫͤ͢͜୆‫ڰ‬௧‫࠯ૄإ‬ȪM=3.05, SD=1.35ȫ̤͍͢ճ௧‫࠯ૄإ‬ȪM=3.10, SD=1.20ȫ̤̞̀ͅȄςρΛ·Α͈೾ഽ̦೩̞߹̜̹࢜̽ͅȃ଻༆͂‫إ‬ঁ͈ࠣ͂࢐ࡽैဥ͉ခփ͉̥̹́̈́̽ȪFȪĳ, ĵĹȫ଎ ĵȁুࡨ‫ٳ‬াশ͈ςρΛ·Αഽ=0.47, n.s.ȫȃࣉȁȁख़ȁུࡄ‫͈ݪ‬࿒എ͉Ȅ௧‫̠̞͂إ‬ະ١‫ٳࡨু̦ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬াͅ‫࠿ͬޣג̳͖ݞ‬൦̳̭̜̹ͥ͂́̽ȃȁুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ඤ࿂଻͉ͅȄুࡨບ೰Ȅ۷ख़৪ບ೰͂͜ͅȄ଻༆͞௧‫͈إ‬ਅ႒ͥ͢ͅओ։͉ࡉ̥̹ͣͦ̈́̽ȃ̳̻̈́ͩȄ౳଻Ȅ੫଻͂͜ͅȄ͈̠̓̈́͢௧‫̭̠̞̥̜͂͂͂ͥ́ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬Ȅ͈̓೾ഽඤ࿂എ̈́ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া࣐̠̥̞̠̭ͬ͂͂͂ͅ‫۾‬Ⴒ͉ࡉ̥̹ͣͦ̈́̽ȃ̹̺̱Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ඤ࿂଻͉‫͕̓ͥ̈́ͅྟ૶̦߸۾‬૬ͤ͘Ȅ̷̯ͦ̽̀ͣ͢ͅͅ‫ૺ͜଻߸۾‬ജ̳̭̦ͥ͂াऐ̯
̞ͦ̀ͥȪHendrick, 1981; Worthy, Gary, & Kahn, 1969ȫȃ̾ͤ͘Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ඤ࿂଻͉‫ٳ‬া৪͂๭‫ٳ‬া৪͈͂‫̩ܰޑ̯ͅྟ૶͈߸۾‬೰̯ͦͥȃུࡄ‫͉́ݪ‬Ȅ๭‫ٳ‬া৪̥͈ͣ฽؊ͬ౶̧̭̦̞ͥ͂́̈́ે‫́ޙ‬Ȅྚ౶͈૽ͬచયͅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া࣐̠ͬા࿂̦୭೰̯̤ͦ̀ͤȄুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ඤ࿂଻ͬ૬̠͛ͥ̈́͢‫଼̯ͦࠁ͉߸۾‬ං̥̹̈́̽ȃ̷͈̹͛Ȅ͂͂͜͜ඤ࿂എ̈́ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া̦࣐̩̩ͩͦͅȄ଻༆͞௧‫͈إ‬ਅ႒ͥ͢ͅओ։̦ࡉ̥̹ͣͦ̈́̽͂͜ࣉ̢ͣͦͥȃȁুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ၾͅ‫̱̀͜۾‬Ȅুࡨບ೰͉́଻༆̤͍͢௧‫͈إ‬ਅ႒ͥ͢ͅओ։͉ࡉ̥̹ͣͦ̈́̽ȃ༷֚Ȅ۷ख़৪ບ೰ͥ͂͢ͅȄ۪‫ޏ‬௧‫ࢥ̜ͥ́إ‬ম࡛ા͈‫̧̹̞̱̦͂̀ͅإ‬Ȅ੫଻͈༷̦౳଻ͤ͢͜ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͬఉ̩࣐̞̹̽̀ȃ̭͈ࠫ‫͉ض‬Ȅ۪‫ޏ‬௧‫̦ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬੫଻͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͬ௯ૺ̱̹Ȅ̜̞͉ͥ౳଻͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͬဲଷ̱̹͂ࣉ̢̧̭̜̠ͥ͂́ͥ́ͧ͜ȃ̱̥̱Ḙ͈̠̏͢− 72 −ະ١‫ٳࡨু̦ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬াͅ‫ض̳͖࢘ݞ‬̈́ࠫ‫̹̽̈́͂ض‬ၑဇ̞͉̾̀ͅȄ৘ࡑ४‫ح‬৪͈௧‫ͅޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬చ̳֣ͥયȄ̜̞͉ͥুࡨ‫ٳ‬াশ͈‫ܨ‬໦͂໵̵̀ࣉ̢ͥຈါ̦̜ͥȃȁ௧‫ٳࡨু͍̤͢إ‬া࣐̠۪ͬ‫ޏ‬஠ఘͅచ̳֣ͥયȄ͍̈́ͣͅ௧‫̹̽̈́ͅܨ̦إ‬೾ഽ̞̾̀ͅࡉ͙̀ͥ͂Ȅ௧‫͈إ‬ਅ႒ͥ͢ͅओ։͉ࡉ̥̹ͣͦ̈́̽ȃ̱̥̱Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬াশ͈‫ܨ‬໦͉ͅ௧‫͈إ‬ਅ႒ͥ͢ͅओ։̦ࡉ̹ͣͦȃ౳଻Ȅ੫଻͂͜ͅȄ۪‫ޏ‬௧‫ͤ͜͢إ‬Ȅ୆‫ڰ‬௧‫̜ͥ́إ‬௉ੰ‫͞ܥ‬஄ి‫إ͈ܥ‬Ȅ̜̞͉ͥճ௧‫̜ͥ́إ‬γχͼΠΦͼΒ̦໳̢̭۪ͥ‫ٳࡨু́ޏ‬া̧̱̹ͬ͂ͅȄςρΛ·Α͈೾ഽ೩̞߹̜̹࢜̽ͅȃ̯ͣͅ੫଻͉Ȅ۪‫ޏ‬௧‫͂إ‬๤‫̱̀ڛ‬Ȅ୆‫ڰ‬௧‫͉̞̜ͥإ‬ճ௧‫ٳࡨু́ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬া̧̱̹ͬ͂ͅ޽ಫ͈೾ഽ̦̥̹ࣞ̽ȃȁ̹͘Ȅ੫଻͉౳଻ͤ͢͜௧‫ͬإ‬ະ١̜̞͉ͥࢡ̱̩̞̲̈́͂ۜͥ͘߹̦̜࢜ͤȄুࡨ‫ٳ‬া̧࣐̹͈ͬ̽͂ςρΛ·Α͈೾ഽ͜೩̥̹̽ȃඅͅ୆‫ڰ‬௧‫͉́ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬Ȅ੫଻͉౳଻ͤ͢͜ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া̧࣐̹͈ͬ̽͂޽ಫ͈೾ഽ̦̥̹ࣞ̽ȃ̳̻̈́ͩȄ౳଻ͤ͢͜੫଻͈༷̦Ȅະ١‫ͬإ‬ฺ̠۪‫ٳࡨু́ޏ‬া࣐̠̞̠ͬ͂ે‫ͬޙ‬஠ఘ̱͂̀Υ΄Ξͻῄ̲̞̹ۜ̀ȃȁਲြ̥ͣȄ੫଻͉౳଻ͤ͢͜ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͬఉ̩࣐̠̭̦͂া̯̞ͦ̀ͥȪ‫ ུש‬, 1987; Jourard& Lasakow, 1958 ൝ȫȃུࡄ‫ٳࡨু́ݪ‬া͈ၾͅྶ‫଻̈́ږ‬ओ̦া̯̥̹͈͉ͦ̈́̽Ȅ௧‫ฺ̠ͬإ‬۪‫ٳࡨু́ޏ‬া࣐̠̞̠ͬ͂ે‫ͬޙ‬Ȅ๱ુͅະ١̜̲̹́ͥ͂ۜ੫଻͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া̦ఱ̧̩ဲଷ̯̹͈ͦͅచ̱Ȅ౳଻͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͉ဲଷ̯ͦͥ೾ഽ̦๤‫ڛ‬എ઀̯̥̹̹̺̽͛͂ࣉ̢ͣͦͥȃ̷͈ಎ́͜Ȅ۪‫ޏ‬௧‫͉ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬Ȅ੫଻͂̽̀ͅ޽ಫ͈೾ഽ̦೩̩Ȅ๤‫ڛ‬എະ١͈೾ഽ̦೩̞ે‫̹̹̜͛̽́ޙ‬Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া̦ဲଷ̯ͦͥ೾ഽ̦৻̥̹͈̜̠̽́ͧȃ̳̻̈́ͩȄ۪‫ޏ‬௧‫إ‬ฺ̠۪ͬ‫́ޏ‬੫଻̦౳଻ͤ͢͜ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͬఉ̩࣐̹͈͉̽Ȅ̷͈ે‫̦ޙ‬੫଻͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͬ௯ૺ̱̹̞̠͂ͤ͢͜Ȅ๊֚എͅࡉͣͦͥুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈଻ओ̦ࡐ࡛‫̢ͥͦͣࣉ̺͈̹̱͂ا‬ȃ̷ͦͅచ̱Ȅ୆‫ڰ‬௧‫͞إ‬ճ௧‫͉́ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬Ȅ౳଻͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͉ဲଷ̯ͦͥ೾ഽ̦઀̯̩Ȅ੫଻͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͉ఱ̧̩ဲଷ̯̹̹ͦ͛Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈଻ओ̦ક৐̱Ȅ౳଻͂੫଻̦൳೾ഽ͈ၾ͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া࣐̹͈̺ͬ̽͂ࣉ̢ͣͦͥȃȁ̹̺̱Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬াশ͈‫ܨ‬໦͂ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ၾ͈͂‫͉̞̀̾ͅ߸۾‬Ȅ੫଻͉۪‫ޏ‬௧‫ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬́ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͬఉ̧̩࣐̠̭̦͂́Ȅ̷ͦ̽̀͢ͅ޽ಫ̴̲ͬۜςρΛ·Ά̧̹͂ࣉ̢̧̭ͥ͂́ͥ͜ȃ̳̻̈́ͩȄ௧‫ٳࡨু̀̽͢ͅ଻௺͈̥ͣة͈ޏ̷ฺ۪̠ͬͦ͞إ‬া̦௯ૺ̜̞͉ͥဲଷ̯ͦȨ̷̏ͦ֨ͅ௽̞̀޽ಫ͞ςρΛ·Α͈̈́̓‫ܨ‬໦̦་‫خ̹̱ا‬ෝ଻͜๛೰̧̞́̈́ȃུ̹͘ࡄ‫͉́ݪ‬Ȅ௧‫ͅޏ̷ฺ۪̠ͬͦ͞إ‬చ̳֣ͥય͂Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬াশ͈‫ܨ‬໦͂ͅచ؊‫ࡉ̦߸۾‬̥̹ͣͦ̈́̽ȃ̭͉ͦ௧‫ͅޏ۪͞إ‬చ̳֣ͥયͬεΐΞͻή̥Υ΄Ξͻή̥͈֚ষࡓȄুࡨ‫ٳ‬াশ͈‫ܨ‬໦͜޽ಫ͂ςρΛ·Α͈ষࡓ̱̥́௴̢̞̞̭֦̳̜̠̀̈́͂ܳͥ́ͧͅȃ̯ͣͅȄ౳଻͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͅ௧‫͈إ‬ਅ႒ͥ͢ͅྶ‫̈́ږ‬ओ͉া̯̥̹ͦ̈́̽ȃ௧‫௺̠͈̈́̓ͥͦ͘͢܄ͅإ‬଻̦Ȅ͈̠֣̓̈́͢ય͞‫ܨ‬໦̹̱ͬͣ͜Ȅ̯͉ͣͅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈̠̓̈́͢ͅ‫̥͈̳͖ͅݞͬޣג‬̞̾̀Ȅ଻ओͬࣉၪ̱̦̈́ͣȄ̯ͣͅ࠿൦̳ͥຈါ̦̜ͥȃ− 73 −ີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါȁུ̹͘ࡄ‫͉́ݪ‬Ȅ୶੆̱̹̠͢ͅȄ๭‫ٳ‬া৪͈͂๱࡞ࢊഎ௖ࡽैဥ͈‫ͬޣג‬ൡଷ̳̹ͥ͛ͅȄ๭‫ٳ‬া৪̥͈ͣ฽؊ͬ౶̧̭̦̞ͥ͂́̈́ે‫ٳࡨু́ޙ‬া̦࣐̹ͩͦȃ̷͈̹͛Ȅ෇౶എ޳࣑ၑა́ထே̯ͦͥȄ൳̲చયͅ൳အ͈ఠഽͬ̾͜௖਀ͅ༴̩ࢡփഎۜૂ̈́̓Ȅະ١‫ฺ۪̠ͬإ‬‫́ޏ‬΋ηνΣΉȜΏοϋͬ௯ૺ̳ͥ‫خ‬ෝ଻̦̜ͥ෾ًٚ೾̞͈̾̀ͅ࠿൦̧͉̞̞́̀̈́ȃ̹͘Ȅ‫̜̦ͥ߸۾‬೾ഽૺജ̱̹ඵ৪‫͉́ۼ‬Ȅ̷͈‫̀̽͢ͅ଻߸۾‬ະ١‫ͅޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬చ̳֣ͥય͞‫ܨ‬໦̦։̈́ͤȄুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈̜༷ͤ͜་̩̭̦ͩ̽̀ͥ͂ထே̯ͦͥȃ‫ٳ‬া৪͈๭‫ٳ‬া৪ͅచ̳֣ͥયȄ̜̞͉ͥণ஌͞ΐͿΑΙλȜ̈́̓ͬൡଷ̳̭͉ͥ͂ࣾඳ̦̈́ͥͅȄ‫ٳ‬া৪͂๭‫ٳ‬া৪̦͂ະ١‫ވͬޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬ခ̳̭ͥ͂́୆̲ͥඅခ͈‫࠿̞̀̾͜ͅޣג‬൦̳ͥຈါ̦̜ͥȃȁ̯ͣͅȄ੫଻͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া̞̾̀ͅȄ௧‫͈إ‬ਅ႒ͥ͢ओ։̦ࡉ̹͈͉ͣͦȄ۷ख़৪ບ೰ͥ͢ͅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া͈ၾ͈͙̜̹́̽ȃ̷͈̹͛Ȅఉ̩͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া࣐̹̥ͬ̽๛̥̞̾̀ͅȄ‫ٳ‬া৪ུ૽̦ু‫̢̞̈́࡞͉̹̞̱͂̀ژ‬ȃ̹͘ະ١‫̦ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬Ȅ‫ٳ‬া৪̺̫̩́̈́Ȅ๭‫ٳ‬া৪̱͈͂̀۷ख़৪͜ͅ‫خ̹̱͖ݞͬޣג‬ෝ଻̦̜ͥȃ௧‫̦إ‬๭‫ٳ‬া৪͂̽̀͜ͅະ١̈́ે‫̳੄ͤैͬޙ‬͈̜́ͦ͊Ȅুࡨ‫ٳ‬া࣐൲ͅచ̳ͥ๭‫ٳ‬া৪͈෇౶͜ͅ‫̦̭̳͖͂ݞͬޣג͈̥ͣة‬ထே̯ͦͥȃ̱̹̦̽̀Ȅুࡨບ೰͞۷ख़৪ບ೰̺̫̩́̈́Ȅอდশ‫ૂ͞ۼ‬༭ၾ̈́̓Ȅ‫ݖ‬۷എ̈́ঐດͬဥ̞̀ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͬ࠿൦̳ͥຈါ̦̜ͥȃȁոષ͈̠̈́͢‫ه‬ఴ͉ॼ̯̞͈͈ͦ̀ͥ͜Ȅ௧‫޽̧̯̭ͥͦܳ֨̀̽͢ͅإ‬ಫ̦‫̞ޑ‬ાࣣ͉ͅਲြ͈ࡄ‫́ݪ‬া̯̞ͦ̀ͥ଻ओ̦ࡉ̴ͣͦȄ޽ಫ̦৻̞ાࣣ͉ͅȄਲြ͈౶ࡉ͂൳အͅ੫଻͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬া̦ఉ̥̹̭̥̽͂ͣȄΥ΄Ξͻή̈́‫ܨ‬໦̧̭̳ͬ֨ܳະ١‫͉ޏฺ۪̠ͬإ‬Ȅඅͅ੫଻͈ুࡨ‫ٳ‬াͬဲଷ̳̭̦ͥ͂াऐ̯̹ͦȃ֨ဥ໲ࡃհ൥ୄ঎Ȫ1986ȫ. చ૽‫ٳࡨু̫̤ͥͅ߸۾‬া͈‫ܥ‬ෝհ൥ୄ঎Ȫ1990ȫ. Vȶুࡨ͈উ͈ນ੄ȷ͈౲‫ٴ‬൐‫ނ‬੫ঊఱ‫ܮڠ‬ါაਬ , 36, 167-199.

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ಕˍȫ2006 ාഽີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐௾ު୆− 75 −৅঱ോఱ‫ޗڠ‬