Thatउ୥࢘‫͂ض‬໗ত࢘‫ض‬ࣞȁհȁგȁঊີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါలĶĶ࣢าक़ˎˌˍˍා˔࠮That उ୥࢘‫͂ض‬໗ত࢘‫ض‬That उ୥࢘‫͂ض‬໗ত࢘‫ض‬ࣞȁհȁგȁঊ੝͛ͅ‫͉ͅࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̞̞̀ͥ୯̦ that ̞̠͂༞໲ດে̽̀͢ͅ൵̥̤ͦ̀ͤȄ̷͈༞໐୯͈ಎ̷̥͈ͣ୯͈৽ࢊ̦֊൲̱̹ાࣣȄ̷͈༞໐୯ͬ‫͚܄‬໲̦‫͈ࢊם‬໲̱͂̀ঀဥ̧́ͥ໲͂ঀဥ̧̞́̈́໲̦ంह̳ͥȃ୆଼໲༹͈იழ͙ͬঀဥ̱̀Ḙ͈̏໲༹଻͈֑̞ͬ୰ྶ̳ͥၑა̧̭̳͂֨ܳါ֦ͬ࠿൦ུ̳̭̦ͥ͂ࣂ͈࿒എ̜́ͥȃĲȁ൲ত͈༞໐୯ĲįġĲȁ༞໲ດে ŵũŢŵ ̽̀͢ͅ൵ව̯̞ͦ̀ͥ༞໐୯‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ൲ত͈༞໐ (complement) ̱͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝོ̱̞ࣺ͙̀ͥ͛୯Ȫembedded clauseȫ̦Ȅ༞໲ດে (complementizer) ͈ that ̽̀͢ͅ൵ව̯̞ͦ̀ͥ໲̦ంह̳ͥȃ̭͈Ηͼί͈༞໐୯͉Ȅ৽̱͂̀૽‫࡞͈ۼ‬ဩ͂ࣉ̢ͬഥ̢͈̜ͥ́ͥ͜ȃ1)(1) He said that nine indictments have been returned publicly in such investigations. (Biber,Conrad and Leech (2002:312))(2) Did you know that Kathy Jones had a brother here? (ibidem)(3) She saw that it was a moose with a body as big as a truck. (Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002:315))(4) He looked at the wound and found that it had stopped bleeding. (ibidem)(5) I didn’t agree that he should be compelled to do singing. (Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002:314))(6) I promise that we will take great care of him. (ibidem)(7) I suggested that she sit down on the chair and wait. (ibidem)(8) I wrote WKDW,ZRXOGEHVDWLV¿HGZLWKDQ\ROGIUHLJKWHU(ibidem)(9) He thinks [that she is here]. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:950))(10) He insists [that she be here]. (ibidem)ȁ
(11) He felt that something was going to happen tonight. (Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002:316))(12) One of them mentioned to me [that your secretary might be leaving]. (Huddleston & Pullum(2002:953))(13) I conclude from your silence that you have no objections. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:959))(14) They told us WKDWWKHEDWWHU\ZDVÀDW. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:958))− 193 −ີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါ(15) I hope that this book you will read. (Doherty (1997:200))(16) She prayed that next Wednesday the check would arrive. (Doherty(1997:202))(17) The only problem may be WKDWWKHFRPSRXQGLVGLI¿FXOWWRUHPRYHDIWHUXVH (Biber, Conradand Leech (2002:313))(18) What the students believe is [CP that [IP they will pass the exam]] %RãNRYLü /DVQLN 
ȁ(1) ͅ ̤ ̞ ̀Ȅ ৽ ୯ ͈ ൲ ত said ͈ ༞ ໐ ͂ ̱ ̀ ‫ ܥ‬ෝ ̱ ̀ ̞ ͥ ོ ͛ ࣺ ͙ ୯ ́ ̜ ͥ that nine
indictments have been returned publicly in such investigations ͉Ȅ༞໲ດে that ̽̀͢ͅ൵ව̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ̹͘Ȅ(2) ̥ͣ (18) ̤̞̀͜ͅ൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸ོࣺ͙͛ͥ͛୯̦Ȅ༞໲ດে͈ that̽̀͢ͅ൵ව̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ
ȁ(15) ͈໲̤̞͉̀ͅȄ൲ত hope ͈༞໐୯̜́ͥ that ୯͈൲ত read ͈༞໐̱͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝ̱̞̀ͥྴত߉͈ this book ̦Ȅ༞໐୯͈ that ୯͈໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥȃ(16) ͈໲̤̞͉̀ͅȄ໗ত
߉͈ next Wednesday ̦Ȅ൲ত prayed ͈༞໐୯̜́ͥ that ୯͈໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥȃĲįġĳȁ༞໲ດে ŵũŢŵ ฺ̞ͬͩ̈́༞໐୯‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝ̱̞̀ͥ೰ࠁོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯̦Ȅ༞໲ດে͈ that ̽̀͢ͅ൵ව̯̞̞ͦ̀̈́໲̦ంह̳ͥȃHuddleston & Pullum (2005) ͉Ȅͼϋέ΁ȜζσȆΑΗͼσ́Ȅ̹͘Ȅঀဥອഽ͈ઁ̞̈́ಿ̞൲ত̩ͤ͢͜͢ঀဥ̯ͦͥౣ̞൲ত͈ࢃ́Ȅthat ̦જၞ̯ͦͥ߹ˎ)ȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁȁ
̦̜࢜ͥ͂੆͓̞̀ͥȃ(19) I know that it’s genuine. (Huddleston & Pullum (2005:175))(20) I know it’s genuine. (ibidem)(21) He says [that they are in Paris]. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:951))(22) He says [they are in Paris]. (ibidem)(23) I thoughtWKDWLWZDVDJRRG¿OP %LEHU&RQUDGDQG/HHFK 
(24) I thought it ZDVDJRRG¿OP (ibidem)(25) I guess they didn’t hear anything. (Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002:315))ȁ(20) ̦া̳̠͢ͅȄ৽୯͈൲ত know ͈༞໐̱͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝ̳ͥ೰ࠁོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯ͬ൵ව̳ͥ༞
໲ດে͈ that ͉Ȅજၞ̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥȃ൳အͅȄ(22) ͂ (24) ͂ (25) ͉Ȅ৽୯͈൲ত͈༞໐୯
ͬ൵ව̳ͥ༞໲ດে͈ that ͬજၞ̧̳̭̦̞̠̭ͥ͂́ͥ͂͂ͬা̱̞̀ͥȃˎȁ൲ত͈༞໐୯̥͈ͣ Ÿũ ߉͈֊൲ĳįĲȁ൲ত͈༞໲ດে ŵũŢŵ ฺ̠ͬ༞໐୯̥͈ͣ֊൲ȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ৽୯͈൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ༞໲ດে that ฺ̠ͬ୯͈൲ত͈࿒എࢊ̦Ȅષպ͈୯͒֊൲̱̞̀ͥ͂໦ଢ଼̯ͦͥ໲༹എ̈́໲̦ంह̳ͥȃ− 194 −

That उ୥࢘‫͂ض‬໗ত࢘‫ض‬(26) What did you confess that you had done? (Matthews (1981: 192))(27) Who do you think [that [John saw t ]] (Lasnik and Uriagereka (1988: 94))(28) Whomi do you think [CP that [IP Lord Emsworth will invite ti]]? (Haegeman (1991: 362))(29) Whati do you believe [that Mary painted ti] (Manzini (1992: 56))(26) ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲ত confess ͈༞໐୯͈༞໲ດে that ฺ̠ͬ୯̜́ͥ that you had done ͈൲তdone ͈࿒എࢊ͈ what ͉Ȅષպ͈୯͈໲൮ͅంह̳ͥȃ(26) ͂൳̲̠͢ͅ໲༹എ̈́໲̜́ͥ (27)
͂ (28) ͂ (29) ̞̾̀ͅȄါள̦֊൲̳ͥાࣣȄ̷͈ࢹ଼ள̦֊൲̳ͥஜͅ୸̞̹͛̀պ౾ͅȄ̷͈ࢹ଼ள͈उ୥ tȪtraceȫ̦ॼ̯̳ͦͥ͂ͥउ୥ၑაȪtrace theoryȫͬनဥ̱̀໦ଢ଼̦࣐ͩ
̠ͦͥ͢ͅȄ(26) ͈ wh ݃࿚໲͈ what ̞̠͂ wh ߉͉Ȅ൲ত confess ͈༞໐୯͈ಎ̜ͥͅ൲ত͈done ͈࿒എࢊ͈պ౾̥ͣȄષպ͈୯͒֊൲̱̹͂໦ଢ଼̧́ͥȃఈ༷Ȅ‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດে that ฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯̥ͣȄ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈
৽ࢊ̱͂̀൱̩ါளͬȄོࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅ֊൲̧̳̭̦̞̞̠̭ͥ͂́̈́͂͂ͬা̳
࡞ࢊম৘̦ంह̳ͥȃ
Ȫ30ȫɖ Who did you say that was waiting for me? (McCawley (1988: 474))
Ȫ31ȫɖ Who do you think [that [t saw Bill]] (Lasnik and Uriagereka (1988: 94))
Ȫ32ȫɖ Whoi do you believe [that ti is a painter] (Manzini (1992: 13))Ȫ33ȫɖ This is the man who I think that t will buy your house next year. (Haegeman (2003: 641))(30) ͉൲ত say ͈༞໐୯͈༞໲ດে that ฺ̠ͬ୯̜́ͥ that was waiting for me ͈৽ࢊ̱͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝ̱̞̀ͥ who ̦Ȅષպ͈୯͈໲൮ͅంह̳ͥ໲̜̦́ͥḘ͈̏໲͉๱໲༹എ̈́໲̜́ͥ͂฻
౯̯ͦͥȃ ൳အͅ๱໲༹എ̈́໲̜͙̯́ͥ͂̈́ͦȄउ୥ၑაͬဥ̞̀໦ଢ଼̦̯̞̈́ͦ̀ͥ (31)
͂ (32) ͂ (33) ͂൳̲̠͢ͅȄ(30) ͈ wh ݃࿚໲̤̞̀ͅȄwho ̞̠͂ wh ߉̦൲ত say ͈༞໐୯͈৽ࢊ͈պ౾̥ͣȄષպ͈୯͒֊൲̧̳̭̦̞ͥ͂́̈́ȃĳįĳȁ൲ত͈༞໲ດে ŵũŢŵ ฺ̞ͬͩ̈́༞໐୯̥͈ͣ֊൲ȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ༞໐୯ོ̜ࣺ͙́ͥ͛୯̦Ȅ༞໲ດে͈ that ฺ̞ͬͩ̈́໲̦෇͛ͣͦͥȃ̭͈̠̈́͢൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ༞໲ດে that ฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯͈ಎͅంह̳ͥ൲ত͈࿒എࢊ̦Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯̥ͣષպ͈୯ͅ֊൲̱̞̀ͥ͂໦ଢ଼̳̭ͥ͂
̧̦́ͥ໲༹എ̈́໲̦ంह̳ͥȃ
Ȫ34ȫWhat do you think Lee bought? (Browning (1996: 237))
Ȫ35ȫWho do you think [[John saw t]] (Lasnik and Uriagereka (1988: 94))
Ȫ36ȫWhoi do you believe [Peter likes ti] (Manzini (1992: 13))
Ȫ37ȫWhati do you believe [Mary painted ti] (Manzini (1992: 56))(34) ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲ত think ͈༞໐୯͈൲ত bought ͈࿒എࢊ͈ what ̦Ȅષպ͈୯ͅ֊൲̱̀໲൮

− 195 −ີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါ͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥȃउ୥ၑაͬঀဥ̱̀໲͈ࢹ௮̦া̯̞ͦ̀ͥ (35) ͂ (36) ͂ (37) ̤̞̀ͅȄ༞໐୯͈൲ত͈࿒എࢊ͉ wh ߉͈ࠁͬ৾ͤȄ̷͈༞໐୯͈ಎ̜ͥͅउ୥ t ͈պ౾̥ͣષպ͈୯͈໲൮͈պ౾ͅ֊൲̱̞̀ͥȃࢵͅȄ‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດে that ฺ̞ͬͩ̈́༞໐୯͈৽ࢊ̦Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛
୯̥ͣષպ͈୯ͅ֊൲̱̞̀ͥ͂໦ଢ଼̧́ͥ໲༹എ̈́໲̦ంह̳ͥȃ(38) Who did you say was waiting for me? (McCawley (1988: 474))(39) who do you think [saw Bill] (Chomsky and Lasnik (1977: 450))(40) who did you believe [CP t´[C´ e [IP t would win]]] (Chomsky (1986: 47))(38) ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲ত say ͈༞໐୯͈৽ࢊ who ̦Ȅષպ͈୯ͅ֊൲̱̀໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥȃउ୥ၑაͬঀဥ̱̀໲͈ࢹ௮̦া̯̞ͦ̀ͥ (40) ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲ত believe ͈༞໐୯͈৽ࢊ who͉Ȅ༞໐୯͈ಎ̜ͥͅ৽ࢊ͈պ౾̜́ͥउ୥ t ͈պ౾̥ͣȄષպ͈୯͈໲൮͈պ౾ͅ֊൲̱̞̀ͥȃˏȁŵũŢŵ उ୥࢘‫ض‬ȁΓ·Ώοϋ 2.1 ̤̞̀ͅȄ(41) ̦া̳̠͢ͅȄ‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດে that ฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈੆ࢊ͈൲ত͈࿒എࢊ͉Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅ֊൲̧̳̭̦̦ͥ͂́ͥḘ̏ͦͅచ̱̀Ȅ(42) ͈๱໲༹଻̦া̳̠͢ͅȄ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈৽ࢊ͉Ȅષպ͈୯ͅ֊൲̧̳̭̦̞̞̠̭ͥ͂́̈́͂͂ͬ੆͓̹ȃ̹͘ȄΓ·Ώοϋ 2.2 ̤̞̀ͅȄ(43) ͂ (44) ̦া̳̠͢ͅȄ‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດে that ฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯̥ͣȄ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈੆ࢊ͈൲ত͈࿒എࢊ̷ོ̹͉͈ࣺ͙͛͘୯͈৽ࢊͬȄོࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅ֊൲̧̳̭̦̞̠̭ͥ͂́ͥ͂͂ͬ੆͓̹ȃ(41) ( = (27)) Who do you think [that [John saw t ]] (Lasnik and Uriagereka (1988: 94))(42) ( = (31)) ɖ Who do you think [that [t saw Bill]] (ibidem)(43) ( = (35)) Who do you think [[John saw t]] (ibidem)(44) ( = (40)) who did you believe [CP t´[C´ e [IP t would win]]] (Chomsky (1986: 47))
Chomsky and Lasnik (1977) ͉Ȅ(42) ͈̠̈́͢‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດে that ฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊͬȄષպ͈୯ͅ֊൲̧̳̭̦̞̞̠ͥ͂́̈́͂ম৘ͬȄ(45) ͈ that उ୥έͻσΗȜͬ୭೰̱̀Ḙ͈̏έͻσΗȜ̦ഐဥ̯̹ͦࠫ‫̱̜̀͂ͥ́ض‬୰ྶ̱̹ȃ(45) ɖ [that [NP e]], unless S or its trace is in the context: [NP NP ȁȁ. . . ] 3)
̭͈ (42) ͈๱໲༹଻̦া̳࡛ય͉Ȅthat उ୥࢘‫ض‬Ȫthat-trace effectȫ͂ࡤ͊ͦͥȃȁ‫ͅࢊם‬۷ख़̯ͦͥ that उ୥࢘‫̞̀̾ͅض‬Ȅ%RãNRYLüȪ2011ȫ͉ (46) ͈༞໲ດে͈ that ͬ‫͚܄‬໲͂ (47) ͈༞໲ດে that ͬ‫̞̈́͘܄‬໲͈‫̞֑ͥͦͣ͛ͅ෇ͅۼ‬ಕ࿒̱̀୰ྶ̱̞̀ͥȃ(46) ɖ :KRGR\RXWKLQNWKDWWOHIW0DU\" %RãNRYLü  ȫ− 196 −That उ୥࢘‫͂ض‬໗ত࢘‫ض‬(47) Who do you think C t left Mary? (ibidem)%RãNRYLüȪ2011ȫ͉Ȅ๱໲༹എ̈́໲̜́ͥ (46) ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ༞໲ດে͈ that ̦৽୯͈൲তthink ͈༞໐̱͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝོ̱̞ࣺ͙̀ͥ͛୯ͬ൵ව̱̞̦̀ͥȄఈ༷Ȅ໲༹എ̈́໲̜́ͥ (47)̤̞͉̀ͅȄߗ༞໲ດে (null complementizer) ͈ C ̦৽୯͈൲ত think ͈༞໐̱͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝོ̱̞ࣺ͙̀ͥ͛୯ͬ൵ව̱̞̀ͥ͂໦ଢ଼̳ͥȃ̭͈໦ଢ଼͉Ȅ๊֚എͅ༞໲ດে͈ that ̦જၞ̯̞̯ͦ̀ͥ͂ͦͥպ౾ͅȄߗ༞໲ດে̦ంह̳̳͈̜ͥ͂ͥ́ͥ͜ȃ%RãNRYLü ͉Ȅ(46) ͂ (47) ͈֑̞͉‫ְإ‬ષ͈͈̜́ͤ͜Ȅ̷͈֑̞͉Ȅ(46) ͈༞໲ດে that ͉ࡐहഎ (overt) ̜́ͤȄ(47) ͈༞ːȫ໲ດে͉ߗ (null) ̜̞̠̭̜́ͥ͂͂́ͥȃ̷̱̀Ḙ͈̏‫إ‬୊ࠁ৆ PFȪphonetic formȫ͈֑̞ͬঀဥ̱̀Ȅ(46) ͂ (47) ͈໲༹଻͈֑̞ͬ୰ྶ̳ͥȃࢵͅȄ%RãNRYLü ͉Ȅ(46) ͈๱໲༹଻͉ͅ֊൲͈ޫਫ਼଻ (locality of movement) ̦‫̢ͥࣉ̞̱͂ͥ̀߸۾‬ȃ%RãNRYLü ͉Ȅ(46) ̦֊൲͈ޫਫ਼଻֑ͅ฽̱̤̀ͤȄ̷͈࿚ఴ̭̳͈͉ͬܳ͜༞໲ດে͈ that ̜͙̱̞́ͥ͂̈́̀ͥȃ̹͘Ȅௌै̦֊൲͈ޫਫ਼଻֑ͅ฽̳ͥાࣣ͉ͅȄ̷͈࿚ఴ̭̳ͬܳါளͅɖ֣̦ັ̫̞̠ͣͦͥ͂ၛાͬनဥ̱̞̀ͥȃ
ȁ%RãNRYLü (2011) ͉Ȅ๱໲༹എ̈́ (46) ͈෩୆͉ͅȄwho ͈֊൲͂ PF ̤̫ͥͅॉੰ̦‫۾‬ဓ̱̞̀ͥ͂৽ಫ̳ͥȃ(48) Who do you think [CP who that ɖ who left Mary]" %RãNRYLü (48) ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲ত think ͈༞໐୯ོ̜ࣺ͙́ͥ͛୯͈ CP ͈৽ࢊ͈ who ̦Ȅོࣺ͙͛୯͈ CP ͈ঐ೰ৃȪspeci¿erȫ͈պ౾ͅ֊൲̱̹শͅȄ༞໲ດে͈ that ͅɖ֣̦ັဓ̯ͦͥȃ̹͘Ȅ֊൲̱̹ who ͈΋άȜ͉Ȅwho ́া̯̞̠ͦ̀ͥ͢ͅȄॉੰ̯ͦͥȃ༞໲ດে͈ that ͅັဓ̯̹ͦɖ֣͉Ȅ΋άȜ͈ॉੰ̽̀͢ͅॉੰ̯̞̠̭̦̭̞̹ͦͥ͂͂ܳͣ̈́͛Ȅडਞഎ̈́ PF ນাͅంह
̳̭ͥ͂̈́ͥͅȃ(46) ͉ȄPF ̤̫ͥͅɖ֣͈ంह͈̹͛ȄPF ́ෳੰ̯ͦͥȃ
ȁ(46) ͂చ๤എ̈́ (47) ̞̾̀͜ͅȄ%RãNRYLü ͉ (46) ͈༞໲ດে that ͂൳အͅȄߗ༞໲ດে̦ါ
ள͈֊൲ͅ‫̱̀۾‬࿚ఴ̭̳͈̱ͬܳ͂̀͜୰ྶ̱̞̀ͥȃ(49) Who do you think [CP who C ɖ [IP who left Mary]]" %RãNRYLü (49) ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲ত think ͈༞໐୯ོ̜ࣺ͙́ͥ͛୯͈ CP ͈৽ࢊ͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ who ̦Ȅོࣺ͙͛୯͈ CP ͈ঐ೰ৃ͈պ౾ͅ֊൲̳ͥশͅߗ༞໲ດে C ͬ‫؍‬୨ͥ͂Ȅ̷͈ߗ༞໲ດে C ͅɖ֣̦ັဓ̯ͦͥȃ(49) ͉ (47) ͈ࡐहഎൡࢊࢹ௮̜́ͥ͂୰ྶ̯ͦͥȃ(50) ̦া̳̠͢ͅȄɖ֣̦ັဓ̯̹ͦߗ༞໲ດে C ͉ȄPF ̤̞̀ͅ୪ৃ̱͂̀ષպ͈պ౾̜ͥͅ൲ত think ͅັ‫̯ͥͦح‬̦Ȅɖ֣͉΋άȜ̯̞ͦ̈́͂੆͓̞ͣͦ̀ͥȃ(50) Who do you C+think [CP who C ɖ [IP who left Mary]]" %RãNRYLü (47) ́া̯̞̠ͦ̀ͥ͢ͅȄ(50) ͈ࢹ௮ͅ΋άȜॉੰ͈ܰ௱̦ഐဥ̯ͦȄ֊൲͈൮໐͉̞́̈́΋άȜ͉஠̀ॉੰ̯ͦͥȃ(51) Who do you C+think [CP who C ɖ [IP who left Mary]]? (Boškoviü (2011:33))− 197 −ີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါ(51) ͈डਞഎ̈́ນা͉ͅɖ֣̦ັဓ̯̹ͦါள̦ॼం̱̞̞̹̀̈́͛Ȅ(51) ͉Ȅ(48) ͂։̈́ͤ֊൲͈ޫਫ਼଻֑ͅ฽̱̞̈́͂੆͓̞ͣͦ̀ͥȃBoškoviü ͉Ȅ(47) ͈໲༹଻͉ PF ̤̫ͥͅॉੰ֦̳ܳͥ͂ͅ৽ಫ̱̞͈̜̀ͥ́ͥȃːȁ໗ত࢘‫ض‬Γ·Ώοϋˏ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດে that ฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊͬȄ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅ֊൲̧̳̭̦̞̞̠ͥ͂́̈́͂‫ ͥͦͣ͛෇ͅࢊם‬that उ୥࢘‫ض‬͂Ȅthat उ୥࢘‫ͥͦͣ͛෇̦ض‬໲̷͈͂໲͂చ๤എ̈́໲͈෩୆̞̾̀ͅ੆͓̹ %RãNRYLüȪ2011ȫ͈୰ྶͬা̱̹ȃ̭͈ that उ୥࢘‫͉̞̀̾ͅض‬Ȅ൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝ̱Ȅ‫߸۾‬ত୯͉̞́̈́
༞໲ດে that ฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ̦Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅ֊൲̱̞̦̀ͥȄ‫ם‬ࢊ͈໲̱͂̀ঀဥ̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥ໲̦ంह̳̞̠ͥ͂۷ख़̦̜ͥȃ̭͈ that उ୥࢘‫ဲ̦ض‬ଷ̯̞ͦ̀ͥ͂এͩͦͥΗͼί͈໲ͅࡉͣͦͥ‫ވ‬೒ത͉Ȅ൲ত͈༞໐୯ͬ൵ව̱̞̀ͥ༞໲ດে
that ͅ໗তȪ႒ȫ̦ࢃ௽̳̞̠̭̜ͥ͂͂́ͥȃ(52) Who did she say that tomorrow ＿＿ would regret his words? (Bresnan (1977: 194))(53) I asked whati Leslie said that in her opinion ti had made Robin give a book to Lee. (Culicover(1993: 558)) /HVOLHLVWKHSHUVRQZKR,VDLGWKDWDWQRWLPHZRXOGUXQIRUDQ\SXEOLFRI¿FH 5L]]L  /HVOLHLVWKHSHUVRQZKR,VDLGWKDWRQO\LQWKDWHOHFWLRQUDQIRUSXEOLFRI¿FH 5L]]L (56) Who did you say that without a doubt would hate the soup? (Sobin (2002: 528))(57) This is the linguist who I think that next year t will get appointed in Geneva. (Haegeman (2003:644))(52) ̥ͣ (57) ͈໲͉ͅȄthat उ୥࢘‫̞̈́ͦͣ͛෇̦ض‬ȃ (52) ̤̞̀ͅȄ༞໲ດে that ฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ͈ who ̦Ȅ໗ত͈ tomorrow ͈ࢃ͈‫ئ‬஌̦̥̞֨ͦ̀ͥպ౾̷ོ̥͈ࣺ͙ͣ͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅ֊൲̱̞̀ͥȃ(52) ̞̾̀ͅȄBresnan (1977) ͉༞໲ດে͈ that ͂‫ئ‬஌̦̥̹֨ͦպ౾͈‫ͅۼ‬໗ত̦ంह̳ͥ͂੆͓̞̀ͥȃ̭͈༞໲ດে that ͂उ୥͈‫ͅۼ‬໗ত႒̦ంह̳̭ͥ͂ͤ͢ͅ໲͈໲༹଻͈ഽࣣ̞̦٨஝̯࡛ͦͥય͉Ȅ໗ত࢘‫( ض‬the adverb effect) ͂ࡤ͊ͦͥȃȁ%RãNRYLüȪ2011ȫ͉Ḙ͈̏໗ত࢘‫ ̠̞͂ض‬that उ୥࢘‫ͬض‬۱გ̳࡛ͥયͬȄthat उ୥࢘‫ͬض‬୰ྶ̳̹ͥ͛ͅ୭೰̱̹͈͂͜൳̲ PF ̤̫ͥͅॉੰ̽̀͢ͅ୰ྶ̧́ͥ͂৽ಫ̱̞̀ͥȃ(58) ɖ 5RELQPHWWKHPDQZKR/HVOLHVDLGWKDWWZDVWKHPD\RURIWKHFLW\ %RãNRYLü (59) Robin met the man who Leslie said that for all intents and purposes t was the mayor of the city.
(ibidem)%RãNRYLü ͉Ȅthat उ୥࢘‫ͬض‬۱გ̳ͥ໗ত࢘‫̦ض‬۷ख़̯ͦͥ (59) ͬ୰ྶ̳̹ͥ͛ͅȄ༞໲ດে߉ CP ̦߫ͤ༐̳̞̠͂໦ଢ଼ͬनဥ̱̞̀ͥȃ༞໲ດে߉ CP ̦߫ͤ༐̳̞̠͂໦ଢ଼͉́Ȅ༞໲− 198 −

That उ୥࢘‫͂ض‬໗ত࢘‫ض‬ດে͈ that ͉‫ئ‬պ͈ CP ͈ಎͅ୆଼̯ͦȄષպ͈ CP ͒֊൲̯͙̯ͦͥ͂̈́ͦͥȃ(60) Robin met the man who Leslie said [CP thati [CP for all intents and purposes whoj thati ɖ [IP whojwas the mayor of the city]]] %RãNRYLü (60) ̤̞̀ͅȄwh ߉̦‫ئ‬պ͈ CP ͈ಎ̜ͥͅ༞໲ດে͈ that ͬ‫؍‬୨̽̀֊൲̳̹ͥ͛Ḙ͈̏༞໲ດে that ͅɖ ֣̦ັဓ̯ͦͥȃwh ߉͈֊൲͈ࢃͅḘ͈̏ɖ ֣̦ັဓ̯̹ͦ༞໲ດে that ̦ષպ͈ CP ͒֊൲̳̦ͥȄ༞໲ດে that ͅັဓ̯̹ͦɖ֣͉΋άȜ̯̞ͦ̈́͂໦ଢ଼̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ༞໲ດে that ̦ષպ͈ CP ͒֊൲̱̹ࢃͅ΋άȜ͈ॉੰ̦ഐဥ̯ͦȄ‫ئ‬պ̜ͥͅ wh ߉͂༞໲ດেthat ͈΋άȜ̦ॉੰ̯ͦͥȃ̭͈ॉੰ͈ࠫ‫ض‬Ȅ༞໲ດে that ͂उ୥͈‫ͅۼ‬໗ত႒̦ంह̳ͥ໲
͈डਞນাͅɖ֣̦ॼం̱̞̭̈́͂̈́ͤͅȄ(59) ͈໲͈໲༹଻̦୰ྶ̧́ͥ͂੆͓̞ͣͦ̀ͥȃˑȁ໗ত࢘‫حັ͂ض‬໐͈ஜ౾ȁȁΓ·Ώοϋː͉́Ȅ%RãNRYLü (2011) ͈໗ত࢘‫ͅض‬చ̳ͥ୰ྶͬা̱̹̦Ḙ͈̏໗ত႒͈൱̧
͈໦ଢ଼̞̾̀ͅȄHaegeman (2003) ̦༞໲ດে that ͂उ୥ t ͈‫͈ۼ‬պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ໗ত႒͈ஜ౾͈‫خ‬ෝ଻̞̾̀ͅা̱̹࡞ࢊম৘ͬࣉख़̱̹̞ȃ(61)

This is the linguist who I think that next year t will get appointed in Geneva. (Haegeman (2003:644))(62) ɖ This is the linguist who I think that next year t expects that all his students will have a job. (ibidem)
Haegeman (2003) ͉Ȅ(61) ͂ (62) ͈শͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐ next year ͬஜ౾̯̹ͦັ‫ح‬໐ (fronted adjunct)͙̱̞̞̠̭͂̈́̀ͥ͂͂ͅಕփ̧̳͓̜́ͥȃ(61) ͉́Ḙ͈̏ັ‫ح‬໐̦̭͈ັ‫ح‬໐̦ంह̳ͥ୯͈শͬນ̳ਘૐါள̱ٜ͂̀৷̯̞̠̭̥ͦͥ͂͂ͣȄ୯͈ऒ͈ਔ༏໐͒ౣ̞‫ݻ‬ၗͬ֊൲̱̹͙̱̞͂̈́̀ͥȃఈ༷͈ (62) ͉́Ȅশͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐͈ next year ͉Ȅັ‫ح‬໐͈ next year ̦ంह̳ͥ୯ͤ͢‫ئ‬պ͈୯͈শͬນ̳ਘૐါள̱ٜ͂̀৷̯̞̠̭̥ͦͥ͂͂ͣȄnext year ͉ಿ‫ݻ‬ၗͬ֊൲̱̹Ȫஜ౾̯̹ͦȫ͈̜́ͥ͂͜ Haegeman (2003) ͉৽ಫ̱̞̀ͥȃ໲༹എ̈́ (61) ͈ັ‫ح‬໐͈ next year ͈֊൲͉Ȅ൳͈֚ CP ඤ͈́֊൲̜̦́ͥȄఈ༷Ȅ๱໲༹എ̈́ (62) ͈ັ‫ح‬໐
͈ next year ͈֊൲͉Ȅ‫ئ‬պ͈ CP ̥ͣષպ͈ CP ͈͒ಿ‫ݻ‬ၗ֊൲̜̞̠̭́ͥ͂͂̈́ͥͅȃ̭͈ၛાͅచ̱̀Ȅ(61) ͂ (62) ͈໗ত႒̜́ͥ next year ̞̠͂ັ‫ح‬໐̦Ȅ֊൲͉̩́̈́‫ܖ‬ೲ໐̷̤̞͈̀ͅ୸͛ͥպ౾ͅ୆଼̯̹͈̜̞̠ͦ́ͥ͂͜‫خ‬ෝ଻̜ͥ͜ȃ%RãNRYLüȪ2011ȫ͉́໦ଢ଼̯̞̞ͦ̀̈́ (61) ͂ (62) ͈໲༹଻̧͈֑̞̭̳͈͉ͬ֨ܳ͜‫࠿ͅࢵ̥̜ͬͥ́ة‬൦̳ͥຈါ̦̜ͥȃ̹͘Ḙ͈̏࿚ఴ͉ͅȄდఴ (topic) ͈໦ଢ଼͜‫ͥ͛܄‬ຈါ̦̜ͥ͂এͩͦͥȃȁ

− 199 −ີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါಕ
1. Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002:312)
2. Huddleston & Pullum (2005:176)
3. Chomsky and Lasnik (1977: 456)
4. BoškoviüȪ2011:31ȫ

œŦŧŦųŦůŤŦŴ
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