2023 Vol.18

Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth

FeatureTrends Related to CCS Business Environment
Establishment in Japan
Background and Final Summary of the CCS LongTerm Roadmap

2023 Vol.18

Contents
Foreword
RITE’s Contribution to Achieving Carbon Neutrality
Yoshiyuki Shimoda, Director - General, RITE

3

FeatureTrends Related to CCS Business Environment Establishment in Japan
Background and Final Summary of the CCS Long-Term Roadmap

5

R&D Activities
Research & Coordination Group / Office for Expo 2025 Osaka Kansai
Research Efforts to Realize a Carbon-neutral Society

13

Systems Analysis Group
Research Activities in Systems Analysis Group24

Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group
Development of a Biorefinery Technology that Contributes to Carbon Neutrality

35

Chemical Research Group
Challenges Associated with the Advanced Industrialization of CO2 Capture Technologies

46

CO2 Storage Research Group
Technology Demonstration, Knowledge Sharing and Non-technical Support for Implementation
toward Commercial Deployment of Geological CO2 Storage

58

Press Releases

66

Events66

Paper, Presentation and Publication

66

Systems Analysis Group
Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group
Chemical Research Group
CO2 Storage Research Group

Other Activities

66Foreword

RITE Today 2023

RITE’s Contribution to Achieving Carbon Neutrality
Yoshiyuki Simoda
Director - General,
Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE)Over the past few years, the goals for mitigating global warming have changed
significantly. The Paris Agreement adopted in 2015 proposed a previously unexplored
goal of “pursuing effort to limit temperature increase to 1.5°C above preindustrial levels.” In response, the IPCC
released a Special Report on 1.5°C in 2018, setting out pathways to carbon neutrality by 2050 as scenarios forachieving the 1.5°C goal. Following this, the EU and other countries announced the aim of becoming carbon neutral
by 2050. Japan in 2020 also declared its goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050, and in 2021 established the“Sixth Strategic Energy Plan” and revised the “Plan for Global Warming Countermeasures” and the “Long-Term
Strategy under the Paris Agreement.” In 2022, the IPCC published the Working Group III report of its Sixth Assessment
Report.
Looking at these trends alone, it is tempting to assume that the 1.5°C target is easily achievable, but achieving it
is not guaranteed, as suggested by the fact that there was intense debate in Japan before the carbon neutrality
declaration about the feasibility of achieving a target of 80% reduction of greenhouse gases by 2050, which waslargely in line with the 2°C target. Although there have been some positive developments in recent years, such as adecline in the price of renewable energy, there have not been major innovations leading to a significant reduction ingreenhouse gas emissions. These moves to strengthen the mitigation targets have been driven by a strong sense ofurgency in the international community about the increased risk of climate change due to the progression of global
warming, and there is still a significant gap between the targets and viable solutions with current technology. To
bridge this gap, there is an urgent need to create more innovation. In this regard, the situation is very different fromthat in the case of the Montreal Protocol, where the rapid spread of CFC substitutes was achieved to address the
problem of ozone depletion.
I had seen the work of RITE for several years as a member of the Advisory Committee on Science and Technology,
even before my appointment as director of the institute in June 2022. I found it remarkable the insight of those
involved at the time of RITE's founding to devise innovative technology 30 years ago that would only be taken up
later at such a significant turning point, and the steady efforts of RITE staff to develop that technology. The Working
Group III report of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report categorizes scenarios for significant reductions in greenhousegas emissions. The distinctive ones are the IMP-Ren pathway, which heavily utilizes existing solar and wind power,
the IMP-Neg pathway, which uses negative emission technology, and the IMP-LD pathway, which aims for a low
demand for energy. In the IMP-Neg pathway, the CO2 separation and capture technology nurtured by the Chemical
Research Group and the Inorganic Membranes Research Center (integrated into the Chemical Research Group in
April 2023) and the storage technology developed by the CO 2 Storage Research Group are important, while the LD
pathway is a scenario addressed in the EDITS project conducted by the Systems Analysis Group. Research by the
Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group contributes Ren pathway as bioenergy, and also forms an3

Foreword

RITE Today 2023

important part of the LD pathway as a manufacturing alternative to fossil fuel resources. Outside of research, RITE
staff have also made significant contributions to our nation's policy-making and IPCC operations over the past few
years.
For the time being, I believe that the work of steadily implementing the technology we have cultivated over theyears into society and preparation for the challenge of the next innovative anti-global warming technology will be
important tasks for RITE. I ask for the continued support of all those involved.

4

Feature

RITE Today 2023

Trends Related to CCS Business Environment Establishment in Japan－Background and Final Summary of
the CCS Long-Term Roadmap－
Research & Coordination Group
Makoto Nomura, Deputy Group Leader, Chief Researcher
Jun-ichi Shimizu, Associate Chief Researcher

1. Introduction

Japan is working to reduce GHG emissions to achieve

Reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is an im-

carbon neutrality (CN) by 2050 and a 46% reduction in

portant global challenge. Under the Paris Agreement

GHG emissions (compared with the 2013 level) by(effective November 4, 2016), which is the international

FY2030, based on the “Plan for Global Warming Coun-framework for tackling climate change issues in 2020

termeasures,” the “Strategic Energy Plan,” etc. Underand later, efforts will be made to keep the averagethese circumstances, the CCS Long-Term Roadmap

global temperature increase well below 2°C compared

Study Group, which was established in January 2022,with the pre-industrial level, and limit it to 1.5°C as apublished the “Final Summary by the Long-Term CCS

common long-term goal for the world. It also stipulates

Roadmap Study Group” in March 2023 as a result of its

that global GHG emissions should peak out as soon as

year-long activities. This article reports on its overview.

possible, and we should ensure a balance between GHG(Table 1 shows the main policies for carbon dioxide cap-emissions and absorption by forests, etc. in the second

ture and storage (CCS)/carbon capture utilization

half of this century1).

(CCUS) in Japan for the immediate future.)
Table 1 Main policies for CCS/CCUS

Roadmap for Carbon Recycling Technologies (formulated June 7, 2019) 2)
 Carbon recycling technology, which treats CO2 as a resource, separates and recovers it, and reuses it as diverse
carbon compounds, and it is one of the promising options for the future, and we will accelerate innovation in thisarea.
Environment Innovation Strategy (formulated January 21, 2020)3)
 We position carbon recycling and CCUS technologies, which are essential for a significant reduction in CO 2 emissions, as one of the priority areas. Therefore, we will promote the realization of decarbonized and inexpensive energy
supply technologies, and make the greatest possible contribution to the reduction of GHG emissions domesticallyand globally. In particular, we aim to achieve a CO2 separation and recovery cost of 1,000 yen/t-CO2 by 2050 as a
low-cost CO2 separation and recovery technology that will be the foundation for CCUS/carbon recycling.
Policy speech by Prime Minister Suga (October 26, 2020)4)
 He declared, “our country aims to achieve zero overall GHG emissions by 2050, or a carbon-neutral, and decarbonized society by 2050.”
Green Growth Strategy Through Achieving Carbon Neutrality in 2050 (formulated on June 18, 2021) 5)
 This is a further embodiment of the growth strategy (an industrial policy to tackle the challenging goal of achievingcarbon neutrality by 2050) formulated on December 25, 2020.
 The power sector will demonstrate the importance of pursuing all options, such as maximizing the introduction ofrenewable energy and the use of nuclear power, as well as promoting decarbonization through use of hydrogen,ammonia and CCUS.

5

Feature

RITE Today 2023

Long-Term Strategy under the Paris Agreement as Growth Strategy (Cabinet decision on October 22, 2021) 6)
 While the previous long-term strategy was approved by the Cabinet on June 11, 2019, this was the resulting strategy
which later positioned the 2050 carbon neutrality declaration in October 2020 as the basic idea and was decided by
the Cabinet.
 Measures against global warming are not a constraint on economic growth, but the key to transforming the economy and society in a major way, encouraging investment, increasing productivity, and creating a major shift inindustrial structure and strong growth.
 It states that in order to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, we will strive to introduce renewable energy to the
maximum extent possible, promote the implementation of hydrogen and CCUS in society, and try to secure publictrust in nuclear power, so that we can make sustained use on the necessary scale on the premise of ensuring safety.
Plan for Global Warming Countermeasures (Cabinet decision on October 22, 2021)7)
 It presents goals related to the amount of GHG emissions control and absorption, basic matters related to measures
to be taken by businesses, citizens, etc., and measures to be taken by the national and local governments to achieve
the goals.
 It specifies that Japan will aim to reduce GHG gas emissions by 46% by FY2030 compared with the FY2013 level, andthat it will continue to take on the challenge to reach the 50% reduction level.
The 6th Strategic Energy Plan (Cabinet decision on October 22, 2021)8)
 It will lay out a path for energy policy to achieve new reduction targets of carbon neutrality by 2050, namely, a
46% reduction by FY2030, and aim for a further 50%.
 In order to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, we will strive to introduce renewable energy to the maximum extent
possible, promote the implementation of hydrogen and CCUS in society, and try to secure public trust in nuclear
power, so that we can make sustained use on the necessary scale and on the premise of ensuring safety.
 In order to introduce CCS on the premise of commercialization by 2030, the roadmap for CCS implementation will
be drawn up and shared, and efforts will be made to build a model base jointly between the government and private sector for technological development, suitable site development, transportation demonstration, business environment establishment, and network optimization.
 In addition to securing a stable supply of oil, natural gas, and mineral resources, we will develop a new “comprehensive resource diplomacy” to promote, in an integrated manner, the construction of hydrogen and ammonia
supply chains and the securing of suitable sites for CCS using the networks we have cultivated with resource-richcountries through resource diplomacy.

1.1. Positioning of CCS Technologies in the 6th Strategicand demand structure. The initiatives presented are

Energy Plan

based on the basic policy of “S + 3E (safety + stable

The 6th Strategic Energy Plan8), which was approved

energy supply, improved economic efficiency, environ-by the Cabinet in October 2021, has two main objec-

mental compliance)” while advancing measures to com-

tives. One is addressing the issue of climate change. The

bat climate change.

plan lays out a path for an energy policy to realize theIn the 6th Strategic Energy Plan, CCS is positioned asambitious reduction targets of “carbon neutrality bya technology that should be fully utilized together with

2050,” announced by Prime Minister Suga in his policy

CCU to reduce CO2 emissions from industries where de-speech in October 2020, and “reduction in GHG emis-

carbonization at thermal power plants as well as decar-

sions by 46% by FY2030 (compared with FY2013) andbonization using electrification and hydrogen are con-

aim for a higher 50% reduction” announced at thesidered difficult. CCS is also positioned as an important

meeting of the Global Warming Prevention Headquar-technology for securing the necessary resources andters in April 2021. The other objective concerns over-fuel in a stable manner into the future. CCS is thus seen

coming the challenges posed by Japan’s energy supply

6Feature

RITE Today 2023

as one of the “key” options along with renewable en-

3. Overview of the “Final Summary by the CCS Long-ergy, nuclear power, hydrogen and ammonia, and CCU

Term Roadmap Study Group”10)

to achieve both decarbonization and energy stability inThis section provides an overview of the “final sum-

our country. In addition, as a response to the utilization

mary by the CCS Long-Term Roadmap Study Group,”of CCS, it is clearly stated that a long-term road map will

which was published in March 2023.

be prepared and shared with the relevant parties in or-

3.1. Global trends toward CCS commercialization

der to establish the technology, reduce costs, develop

The global situation surrounding CCS has shifted

an environment for suitable land development, andfrom skepticism to policy adoption. In addition to thehave commercialization.

bipartisan Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA),
the United States enacted a 10-year CCS program worth

2. CCS Long-Term Roadmap Study Group

50 trillion yen (the Inflation Reduction Act) in August

As specified in the 6th Strategic Energy Plan, the CCS

2022, which has been described as an “unprecedented

Long-Term Roadmap Study Group was established in

CCS boom,” and has had a major impact on interna-

January 2022 to examine the establishment and cost re-tional opinions. China specified the annual storage

duction of CCS technologies, development of suitableamount of 2 billion tons as its target for 2050, and issites, and development of an environment for commer-

shifting to promoting CCS, including building relation-

cialization, and prepare a long-term CCS roadmap . The

ships with other countries, in addition to domestic de-

CCS Long-Term Roadmap Study Group is comprised ofvelopment. While Germany had been negative about

members from academia, industry, research institutions,the CCUS, it started at the end of last year to accept it

etc., and has held five discussions on a monthly basis

and began to develop domestic policies. Other coun-

after holding its first meeting in January 2022 to publish

tries are also moving toward the introduction of CCS

the Intermediate Summary in May 2022.

policies, ushering in the “era of great competition” for9)

Furthermore, in September 2022, the “CCS business

CO2 storage land. In addition, many ongoing projects

domestic law review working group” to discuss various

are developing aquifer storage areas without enhanced

issues for the establishment of domestic laws on CCS

oil recovery (EOR).

businesses, and the “CCS business cost and implementation scheme review working group” to discuss the

3.2. CCS Long-Term Roadmap

current cost and future cost targets for the entire CCS

3.2.1. Basic philosophy

value chain and how government support should be

The basic philosophy of the CCS Long-Term Roadmap

provided, were established to hold intensive discussions.

is stated as follows; “the purpose of this roadmap is toBased on the findings of these two working groups,

promote sound development of CCS businesses in our

the discussion to prepare the final summary was held atcountry while minimizing social costs by implementing

the 6th meeting of the CCS Long-Term Roadmap StudyCCS systematically and rationally, thereby contributing

Group (joint meeting of CCS business cost and imple-

to economic and industrial development of our country,

mentation scheme review working group and CCS busi-

securing stable energy supply and achieving carbon

ness domestic law review working group) on January 26,

neutrality.”

2023.

7

Feature

3.2.2. Goals of the CCS Long-Term Roadmap

RITE Today 2023

In order to establish a business model that can be ex-

Based on the results of the IEA’s estimate of CO2 re-panded laterally for the spread and expansion of thecovery amount under the global decarbonization sce-

CCS businesses in the future, the government will selectnario and Japan’s share of CO2 emissions, the estimated“advanced CCS businesses” led by business operators

annual CCS storage amount as of 2050 is approximately

and provide more intensive support with the aim of

120 million to 240 million tons. If CCS is to be intro-

starting the businesses by 2030.

duced in 2030, it will be necessary to launch CCS pro-Specifically, support will start for three to five projects

jects every year for 20 years until 2050 to increase thewith different combinations of CO2 recovery sources,

annual storage amount by approximately 6 million totransportation methods, and CO2 storage areas to es-

12 million tons, and postponing the implementation of

tablish diverse CCS business models, and they will aim

CCS will make it difficult to secure the annual storage

to secure an annual storage amount of 6 million to 12

amount necessary to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.

million tons by 2030.

Therefore, with the aim of achieving an annual CO 2

As a model, the project will focus on large-scale op-

storage amount of approximately 120 million to 240

erations and dramatic cost reduction through the clus-

million tons as of 2050, the goal is to establish the busi-

tering of CO2 recovery sources and formation of hubs

ness environment (cost reduction, public understanding,of CO2 storage areas.

promotion of overseas CCS, and legal development),

When selecting a project, matters will be confirmed

and launch CCS businesses by 2030 with a view to com-with a focus on whether business is heading in a direc-

mencing full-fledged operations in 2030 and onward.

tion to gain people’s understanding of CO2 storage areas, and whether it will contribute to the development

3.2.3. Specific actions
The following specific actions will be taken as needed,with the period until the start of the CCS business inof CCS projects in the future, in addition to examining
the early feasibility, scalability and economic efficiencyof the project.

2030 designated as the period of business model development and the period after that as the period offull-scale CCS development.
(1)

Government support for CCS businesses(2)

Initiatives to reduce CCS costs(3)

Promotion of public understanding of CCS busi-

Table 2 Possible sources of CO2 recovery, methods oftransport, and patterns of CO2 storage
Source of CO2
recovery
Thermal power
plantsChemical plants(4)

Promotion of overseas CCS businesses

Cement plants(5)

Examination for the development of the CCS Busi-(6)

Development and review of the “CCS action plan”(1) Government support for CCS businesses① Support for advanced, model-oriented CCS businesses

CO2 storage area

Underground ina land area

Steelworks

nessesness Act

Method oftransportation

Pipelines
Ships

Paper mills
Hydrogen production plants, etc.

Under the seabed(coastal areas)
Under the seabed(offshore)② Promotion of development of suitable sites for
CCS/geological structure survey
While geological structure surveys have been con-8

Feature

RITE Today 2023

ducted for the purpose of oil and natural gas develop-

Although we will provide CAPEX support for thement in the past, they will also be conducted for thelaunch of the CCS businesses for the time being, we will

purpose of CCS starting in FY2023. In the future, Japan

examine the CCS business models for operational sup-Organization for Metals and Energy Security (JOGMEC)

port, which will start in 2030, with reference to the latest

will examine plans for investigation of suitable sites forfindings from the UK and other countries that are ahead

CCS and loan survey data to private companies.

of us.

Research to date has estimated that there are storage

In addition, seamless support measures will be exam-

reservoirs amounting to a total of 16 billion tons at 11

ined from the perspective of ensuring the sustainabilitysites. For the time being, analysis and evaluation of eco-of CCS for CSS businesses after the “advanced CCS busi-

nomic efficiency, etc. have been conducted by private

nesses,” based on the status of cost reduction and de-companies and they are expected to lead to develop-

velopment of the business environment.

ment activities such as exploratory drilling. However,data on coastal areas that are close to CO2 emission
sources and are expected to be lower in transportation
costs, are scarce, making development difficult.

(2) Initiatives to reduce CCS costs
By setting the CCS cost targets for 2050 as one-fourthor lower for the separation and recovery costs, 70% or

In addition, fault risk assessment is one of the im-less for the transportation costs, and 80% or lower for

portant factors when considering suitable sites for CCS.

storage costs, we expect to reduce the overall CCS costs

The International Energy Agency (IEA) will urgently ex-

in 2050 to approximately 60% or less compared withamine development of the method to assess the risks2023. In addition, the target cost of separation and re-from geographic faults, although no previous demon-covery by 2030 will be about half of the 2023 level.

stration project has recognized their relationship withearthquakes.

To achieve these goals, the government will create research and development guidelines and promote research and development as well as demonstration of③ Examination of sustainability of CCS businesses

technologies that can significantly reduce costs.

Table 3 Results of CCS cost reduction estimate under certain conditions (RITE)(Source) The 3rd CCS business cost and implementation scheme review working group (October 31, 2022)

9

Feature(3) Promotion of public understanding of CCS busi-

RITE Today 2023

・

nessesporting and providing data on the composition of

For the time being until 2030, CCUS briefings will begases in the CCS value chain of CO2 separation andheld in each region at the initiative of the national government to provide careful explanations to give people

There are no rules for preparing, measuring, trans-

recovery, transport and storage.
・

There is no mechanism to eliminate or prevent in-

an understanding of the significance and burden of CCS,

terference from third parties in order to ensure

the safety of CCS, the investment effect in the region,

long-term business stability.

the effect of job creation, and the effect of promoting・

While the establishment of CCS needs to be carried

consumption, etc., and dispel concerns about CCS. In

out with the understanding of residents, there is no

areas where CO2 storage sites will be located, a mecha-

state of compliance with security regulations, nonism will be examined to support hubs and clusters cen-mechanism for compensation for damages, etc.,

tering on the CCS operated by local governments or pri-and it is not clear what the business operator

vate entities, related industries, and job creation activi-

should explain to residents.

ties.

・

The security and monitoring responsibilities of thestorage operator are unclear, and the business via-

(4) Promotion of overseas CCS businesses

bility cannot be ensured unless the responsibility is

Since utilization of the promising overseas storage

eliminated.

potential would be one of the leading options, we will

To this end, examination will be made with the fol-start concrete negotiations with several countries onlowing policies:

the premise of CO2 exports from Japan.

・In addition, the government will support the acquisition of interests by Japanese companies through the

Establish the CCS Business Act as a new law as soon
as possible.

・In light of the CCS value chain, the scope of the“Asia CCUS Network” based on the Asia Energy Transi-

Business Act should cover “separation and recov-

tion Initiative (AETI), which is led by Japan, through theery,” “transportation,” and “storage,” and the policy

provision of risk money by JOGMEC, etc. It will also sup-is to require notification in principle in order toport the launch of the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)

lower the barriers to introduction, since “separation

and an international credit system derived from CCS.

and collection” projects are likely to be carried out
by CO2 emitters in many cases, and “transportation”(5) Examination for the development of the CCS Busi-projects can be carried out by various means, suchness ActThe background to the need for measures in the legal
system regarding CCS businesses is explained below.
・

as pipelines and ship transportation.
・On the other hand, since the “storage” business has
many things in common with the oil and natural

The application of laws and regulations to CCS

gas business, the planned policy is to adopt a per-businesses (Mining Act, Mine Safety Act, etc.) is not

mit system and take measures to enable exclusive

clear, and the rules to be followed on the businessuse of the CO2 storage reservoirs. In addition, refer-

operator side and the system of national supervi-ring to mining legislation, the policy is to takesion are ambiguous.

measures such as the establishment of a “common

10Featuresystem for land and sea” and a “new storage busi-

https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/ic/ch/page1w_00011

ness right,” the development of a security system

9.htmland clarification of liability for compensation (no-・

RITE Today 2023

2)

The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (coop-

fault liability), and the limitation of monitoring re-erating ministries and agencies: Cabinet Office, thesponsibility.

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science andIn addition to the measures to provide a legal

Technology, and the Ministry of the Environment),

framework for the export of CO2 to promote over-Roadmap for Carbon Recycling Technologies, Juneseas CCS, the policy is to make recovered CO2 avail-2019

able for sale to promote CCU/carbon recycling.

https://www.meti.go.jp/press/2021/07/20210726007/20210726007.html(6) Development and review of the “CCS action plan”

3)

A CCS action plan will be developed and reviewed in

https://warp.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/12358320/www

a timely manner after a more detailed review of CCS annual storage amount targets, cost targets, technology

Environment Innovation Strategy, January 21, 2020

8.cao.go.jp/cstp/tougosenryaku/kankyo.pdf
4)

Policy speech by Prime Minister Suga at the 203rd

development guidelines and suitable site investigation

session of the Diet, October 26, 2020

plans. Therefore, a panel of experts will discuss the mat-https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/99_suga/state-

ter this fiscal year.

ment/2020/1026shoshinhyomei.html

The “annual storage amount target” will be further re-

5)

Green Growth Strategy Through Achieving Carbon

fined based on the progress of other decarbonization

Neutrality in 2050, Cabinet Secretariat, the Ministry

initiatives, as well as the refinement of the annual stor-of Economy, Trade and Industry, Cabinet Office, theage amount target to be achieved by 2050 by gathering

Financial Services Agency, the Ministry of Internalindustry opinions.

Affairs and Communications, the Ministry of Foreign

With regard to “cost targets/technology develop-

Affairs, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,

ment guidelines,” technical development guidelines will

Science and Technology, the Ministry of Agriculture,

be prepared to achieve the targets after reviewing theForestry and Fisheries, the Ministry of Land, Infra-

CCS cost targets as necessary. Further refinements will

structure, Transport and Tourism, and the Ministry of

be made based on progress in reducing costs.

the Environment, June 18, 2021

With regard to the “suitable site investigation plan,”

https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environ-efforts will be made to estimate the location of suitablesites for CO2 storage in areas where existing data arement/global_warming/ggs/pdf/green_honbun.pdf
6)Long-Term Strategy under the Paris Agreement asavailable, while also examining the possibilities of geo-

Growth Strategy (Cabinet decision on October 22,

logical structure surveys in coastal areas. The methods

2021)

for assessment of risks posed by geographic faults will

https://www.env.go.jp/content/900440767.pdf

also be examined.

7)

Plan for Global Warming Countermeasures (Cabinet
decision on October 22, 2021)

References

https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/energy_environ-1)

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Framework fromment/global_warming/ontaikeikaku/keikaku_hon-

2020: Paris Agreement

bun.pdf

11

Feature

8)

RITE Today 2023

The 6th Strategic Energy Plan (Cabinet decision on
October 22, 2021)
https://www.meti.go.jp/press/2021/10/20211022005/20211022005-1.pdf

9)

The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, CCS
Long-Term Roadmap Study Grouphttps://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/energy_environment/ccs_choki_roadmap/index.html

10) The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, final
summary of the CCS Long-Term Roadmap
https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/energy_environment/ccs_choki_roadmap/20230310_report.html

12

R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2023

Research & Coordination Group
Members (As of Apr. 2023)
Isamu Yagyu, Group Leader, Chief Researcher
Makoto Nomura, Deputy Group Leader, Chief Researcher
Yuji Higuchi, Deputy Group Leader
Takayuki Higashii, Chief Researcher
Tetsuya Deguchi, Associate Chief Researcher
Yoshinori Aoki, Associate Chief Researcher
Jun-ichi Shimizu, Associate Chief Researcher
Kin-ichiro Kusunose, Associate Chief Researcher
Minehiro Takahashi, Manager
Noritaka Mochizuki, Planning Manager

Sou Kuranaka, Planning Manager
Masao Hoshino, Vice Manager, Researcher
Yuka Matsugu, Vice Manager
Yumi Kobayashi, Senior Researcher
Natsuko Yasumoto, Senior Researcher
Yuji Yamashita, Senior Researcher (concurrent)
Nami Tatsumi, Chief
Michiyo Kubo
Mizuki Nagata

Office for Expo 2025 Osaka Kansai
Members (As of Apr. 2023)
Isamu Yagyu, Director
Naoki Kikuchi, Deputy Director
Nobuo Umeda, Deputy Director
Tetsuya Deguchi
Yuji Higuchi
Noritaka Mochizuki
Minehiro Takahashi

Nami Tatsumi
Michiyo Kubo
Junichiro Kugai
Satoru Yokoi
Saeko Mito
Shoichiro Hozumi

Research Efforts to Realize a Carbon-neutral Society
The Research and Coordination Group aims to i)

April, 2023 in order to introduce the carbon neutral

searching for new research topics that enhance the re-technologies such as DAC, CCS as the innovative envi-

search potential of RITE, proposing and implementing

ronmental ones that RITE has been implementing the

new research themes, ii) government support for the re-

Research and Development for many years. The staffs

lation with international organizations such as IPCC (In-comprise the Research and Coordination Group, Chem-

tergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), ISO (Inter-

ical research group and CO2 Storage Research Group tonational Standard Organization), iii) dissemination ofcommunicate with the Japan Association for the 2025

RITE’s technologies and Human development

World Ex-position and so on.

of thefuture generation iv) practical application of technology

In 2022, the Clean Energy Strategy2) was summarizedthrough industrial collaborative R&D, together with thein May, 2022 and showed the feasible paths to reduce

research groups. These efforts lead to a creation of new

greenhouse gas emissions by 46% in FY 2030 from its

policy implementation, R&D and innovation aiming at

FY 2013 levels and realize a carbon-neutral, decarbon-

the global environment and the economy .

ized society by 2050. Also, the Cabinet approved the1)

The office for EXPO 2025 Osaka, Kansai is founded in13

R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2023

Basic Policy for the Realization of GX (Green Transfor-development, ② the concrete approach of energy

mation)3) , so it is outlined at first.

transform of industry, ③the concrete approach of thedecarbonization of the area and life, and ④the policy

1.1. Clean energy strategy

to realize the GX.

In May 2022, Advisory Panel of Experts of the Clean

This transformation for the carbon-neutral society is

Energy Strategy summarized the interim report of theto transform economy, society and industrial structure

Clean Energy Strategy. The Chapter 1, based on Ukraine

consisted of fossil fuel since the Industrial Revolution to

Crisis and electric stringency of energy supply and de-the center of clean energy. The in-vestment for the car-mand, summarizes the policy to secure the energy se-

bon neutral of 2050 is estimated with about 17 trillion

curity and also accelerate the decarburization. The

yen in 2030, and about 150 trillion yen in the next ten

chapter 2 summarizes ①the industrial GX connecting

years under the constant supposition (Table 1, Table 2).

to the decarbonization with the economy growth andTable 1 Investment amount for decarbonization

Investment amount for decarbonization● Calucalated under certain assumptions about the investment amounts in major areas, the investment
amount required for CN in 2050 will be approximately 17 trillion yen in 2030 alone and approximately 150
trillion yen in the next 10 years

Decarbonization-related
investm ent

About 17
trillion yen
per year"Power source decarbonization /fuel conversion"

About 5trillion yen

Decarbonization of
manufacturing processes, etc.

About 2
trillion yen

end- use

About 4
trillion yen

infrastructure development

Research anddevelopment, etc.

About 150 trillion yen in 10 years✓Renewable Energy✓Hydrogen/ammonia✓Manufacture of storage batteries

About 0.3 trillion yen✓Energy saving and decarbonization of manufacturing

About 1.4 trillion yen

About 2 trillion yen
About 0.6 trillion yen

processes✓Introduction of industrial heat pumps, cogenerationequipment, etc.

About 0.5 trillion yen✓Introduction of houses and buildings with high energy-

About 1.8 trillion yen

saving performance✓Introduction of next-generation vehicles

About 1.8 trillion yen

About 4
trillion yen✓System enhancement cost
✓ Infrastructure development for electric vehicles✓ Response to digital society

About 0.5 trillion yen

About 0.5 trillion yen

About 2
trillion yen✓Carbon recycling✓ Development of manufacturing processes that
contribute to carbon neutrality✓Nuclear✓ Implementation of advanced CCS projects

About 0.2 trillion yen
About 3.5 trillion yen

About 0.1 trillion yen
About 0.1 trillion yen
About 0.6 trillion yen

14

R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2023

Table 2 Step-by-step development of the GX League

1.2. The basic policy for the realization of GX

・ The foundation of the Energy Efficiency subsidy

In May, 2023, " Basic Policy for the Realization of GX -which can support investment project of plural years

the roadmap of the next ten years -" was approved by・ For 5 main types of industry, the government shows

the Cabinet. Advisory Panel of Experts of GX summa-

the indication of the non-fossil energy transfor-

rized the policy of the approach in the next ten year

mationthrough GX implementation, to realize the achievement② Main Power Supply of the renewable Energy

of greenhouse gas 46% reduction in FY 2030 and the③ Nuclear Energy utilizationinternational promise of the carbon neutral in 2050, to・ Implementing the next-generation innovation nu-

implement the trans-formation of the energy supply

clear furnace in the site to decommission the nuclear

and demand structure to be connected for stable,

power plantcheap energy supply, to revolutionize industry and so-④ Other important matterscial structure of our country, and to realize the society

・ Toward production and supply network construction

which all nations including the generation can live withof hydrogen / ammonia, the introduction of the sup-hope in the future.

port system based on the price differences of exist-

Specifically, it is summarized as follows.

ing fuel(1) Approach of GX to secure the energy steady supply(2) Realization and implementation of such as "a① Thorough Energy Efficiency Promotion

growth-oriented carbon pricing"15

R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2023

① The forward investment support utilizing GX econ-

thermal power plant with CCS was calculated by RITE

omy shift bonds

based on the specifications of the Power Plant Cost

・ GX economy shift bonds were founded and the for-WG6) published in September 2021, in the case of trans-

ward investment of the 20 trillion yen scale for the

portation costs using a liquefied CO2 transport ship. The

next ten years was supported.

Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry is② GX investment incentive by the growth-oriented
carbon pricing (CP)in charge of summarizing the results of these trial calculations. It should be noted that the prospects for③ Application of new finance technique

technological progress and preconditions required for・ the risk supplement plan (debt guarantees, etc.) in

the cost estimation are arbitrarily set based on existing

the social implementation stage of the GX technol-

literature, etc., so it should be noted that the results ofogy.

the estimation may change depending on future tech-④ International strategy, fair transformation, GX of

nological progress.

small and medium Enterprises
・ Realizing the implementation of "Asian Zero-Emission Community"

2.1.1. Trial calculation
Figures 1 and 2 show the images of the 10 cases cal-(3) A progress evaluation and necessary review

culated. The case of importing raw materials as fossil
fuels such as natural gas and coal and using them in

2. Research activities

thermal power plants with CCS, the case where H2 andIn FY2021 and FY2022 (continuing project), the re-NH3 are produced overseas from natural gas and coalsearch project commissioned by the Ministry of Econ-

respectively, imported, and used in thermal power

omy, Trade and Industry "Survey project on measuresplants, and the case where H2 is produced from domes-

for stable fuel supply (Survey project on improving thetically produced natural gas and used in a thermal

CCS

power plant are calculated.

business

environmentand

implementation

roadmap toward carbon neutrality in 2050)” 4), and conducted a survey report at the “CCS Long-term Roadmap
Review Committee” in FY2022, so the outline will be introduced in the below.

2.1. Hydrogen/Ammonia and trial calculation of thermal power plant cost with CCS5)
In order to understand the positioning of CCS, we calculated the power plant cost when using decarbonizedfuels (hydrogen (H2), ammonia (NH3)) produced by introducing CCS and the power plant cost when CCS is
introduced into thermal power plant. The cost of power
plant using H2 and NH3 was calculated by the Central
Research Institute of Electric Power Industry based
mainly on the results of literature research. The cost of16

R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2023

Fig.1 Trial calculation case of overseas natural gas + CO2 underground storage5)

Fig.2 Trial calculation case of overseas coal, domestic natural gas + CO2 underground storage5)

2.1.2. Trial calculation resultand policy cost. Social costs are CO2 transportation and

The trial calculation results are sorted by capital cost,

underground storage costs in Japan and overseas, in-operation and maintenance cost, fuel cost, social costcluding CO2 transportation and underground storage17

R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2023

costs during H2/NH3 production. Policy costs are costs

reason is that under the conditions set this time, thecovered by taxes, etc. required for each type of powertransportation cost of natural gas and coal is cheapersource, such as the budget for technology development.

than the transportation cost of liquefied H2 and lique-

Regarding the results of this trial calculation, thefied NH3, and the cost of producing H2 and NH3 frompower plant cost of thermal power plant with CCS (nat-natural gas/coal (energy loss, etc.) is higher than theural gas; ①, coal; ⑥) is cheaper than that of H2/NH3

CCS cost added to thermal power plant.

power plant (natural gas; ②～⑤, ⑩, coal; ⑦～⑨). The

Fig.3 Trial calculation case of Power Plant Cost5)

2.2. Overseas examples of frameworks for the spread of

2.2.1. Overseas examples of incentive measures andCCS7)

regulations

We investigated overseas cases to consider the introduction of CCS in Japan.

Regarding incentive policies and regulations for overseas commercial CCS projects, as a result of re-search-

In many cases, the spread of CCS requires incentive

ing projects in Norway, Alberta, Canada, Saskatchewan,

measures that can ensure the predictability of the busi-

the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, andness. In particular, when CO2 storage is aquifer storage,

the Netherlands, direct subsidies to CAPEX and OPEX

unlike enhanced oil recovery (EOR), business profits

mainly consist on combine support. Regarding OPEX

cannot be expected, so sufficient incentive measures

support, except for the United States, which has intro-

are essential.

duced tax credits, many nations have introduced thatemission credits are exempted or granted, and carbon
taxes are exempted, but not direct subsidy.

Since allof these aids are intended for pre-ceding projects, they
are generous subsidies, and the subsidy rate is estimated to be around 100%.

18

R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2023

Table 3 Overseas cases of regulations and incentives7)

Table 4 Features of Overseas regulations and incentives7)

2.2.2. Toward the introduction of CCS in Japan

thought that the total investment amount will be re-Many of the commercial CCS in operation overseas

duced by combining CCS implemented in Japan withare injected into oil fields (locations with a lot of under-

less additional cost for separation and recovery andground information) for the purpose of EOR from emis-

storage site development, making CCS more acceptable.

sion sources that separate high concentrations of CO2

CCS with such a combination can be a powerful candi-

in existing processes8). Based on this situation, it isdate, especially in the early days of its spread.
However, the emission source that separates CO2 at

19

R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2023

high concentration in the existing process is considered

make the reports, based on the literature or the scien-

to be relatively small (scale of tens of thousands of tons

tific observation data and evaluate / examine the scien-per year), which is assumed to be higher than CCS fromtific analysis, social economic influence and counter-a large emission source (scale of several million tons per

measures to control climate change. This outcome is toyear). CCS is an external diseconomy and cost reduction

have a high influence on international negotiations

is essential. Therefore, in order to aim for the wide-

since the scientific basis is also given to the policies of

spread spread of CCS in the future, it is necessary toeach country.

con-sider a hub and cluster that accumulates CO2 emit-

RITE plays the central role of domestic support secre-

ted from multiple emission sources, transports and in-tariat of mitigation measures (WG 3) (Fig. 4). The IPCC

jects it as a shared infrastructure. By adopting a hub andreleased the WG1 contribution to the Sixth Assessment

cluster, we can expect cost reductions through econo-

Report in August 2021, followed by the release of themies of scale, and we can also expect to reduce cross-

WG2 and WG3 Report in February and April 2022 re-chain risk* because multiple businesses participate.

spectively, and the Synthesis Report was released in

1

Whether introducing small-scale emission sources orMarch 2023．The Seventh Assessment cycle will start,

introducing large-scale emission sources, in any case,beginning with the IPCC session scheduled to be held

for the spread of CCS, it is necessary to develop incen-

in July. RITE has also been supporting METI through in-tive measures for business operators working on CCS toformation gathering, analysis, report, advise, etc.

be able to decide investment.

*1 Cross-chain risk: The risk that the suspension of operation of any of the collection, transportation, or storage chains will force the suspension of all chains.

3. Promotion of international partnership3.1. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
The IPCC has been established in 1988 with a view to
conducting a comprehensive assessment from scientific,
technical, and socio-economic perspectives on climate

Fig.4 Committee structure and RITE

change, impact, adaptation and mitigation measures byanthropogenic sources, jointly by the United Nations

3.2. ISO

Environment Program (UNEP) and by the World Mete-

ISO (International Standard Organization) is an or-orological Organization (WMO). The IPCC examines sci-ganization composed of 168 standardization bodies of

entific knowledge on global warming and makes the re-various countries that gives the common standards andports prepared by three WGs, - Physical Science Basispromotes global trade. It can provide safe, reliable and(WG1), Impacts and Adaptation, and Vulnerability

high-quality products/service by utilizing ISO standards.

(WG2), and Mitigation Measures (WG3).
In the IPCC, the experts chosen among each country

In the world, a number of CCS verification projects on
a commercial scale are implemented, and international

20

R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2023

collaboration is under way. International standardiza-

4. Human development and industry collaboration

tion of CCS can contribute to the wide-spread of safe

4.1. Human development

and appropriate CCS as it can ensure internationally

RITE conducts various human resource development

agreed knowledge on safety and environmental aspects.

activities to foster the next generation of re-searchers.

RITE is a domestic deliberation organization on ISO /

Here, human resource development activities are ex-

TC 265 (capture, transportation, and geo-logical stor-

plained separately for elementary, junior high and highage of CO2) and is in charge of a secretariat of WG 1

school students and university/graduate school stu-

(capture). Through these activities, we are actively in-dents.

volved in the international standardization on design,<Elementary, junior and high school students>

construction, operation, environmental planning and

It is important to educate the next generation about

management, risk management, quantification, moni-

the issue of global warming. At RITE, we are: i) accepting

toring and verification, and related activities in the CCS

field trips for elementary, junior and high school stu-

field (Fig. 5).

dents using research facilities; we are working to re-

As of the end of March, 2023, twelve standards re-

spond to class requests. In the class, CCS technology will

lated to the CCS have been published from ISO / TC265.

be picked up from the research conducted by RITE, andCurrently TC265 as a whole are becoming more active

the mechanism of global warming will be explained as

as seven documents are under development including

knowledge, and the possibility of leakage through thethree new projects started in 2022 and two systematicclay layer (shielding layer) even if CO2, which is the main

review projects. In particular, CO2 ship transportation isgreenhouse gas, is stored underground. In addition, ac-attracting attention as a powerful means of transporta-

tivities are based on a learning cycle, such as deepening

tion from emission sources to CO2 storage site. WG7 hasunderstanding through consideration and exchange ofbeen newly established to deal with issues specific toopinions (Fig. 6).

CO2 ship transportation, and the development of standards has been started.

However, in 2022, as in 2021, the number of students
remained at 58 due to the impact of the new coronavirus (54 in 2021), but classes and workshops have resumed, and we plan to actively respond in the future.

Fig.5 ISO/TC265 structure
Fig.6 Human resource development by RITE
（Elementary, Junior and high school students）

21

R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination Group<University & Postgraduate student>

RITE Today 2023

The acquisition of such research results as intellectual

As part of efforts to develop human resources who

property creates opportunities for industrial collabora-

will support next-generation research and technology,tion with companies, etc., and through joint research

RITE promotes educational partner-ships with universi-

and joint applications, further intellectual property isties and graduate schools. We are developing education

generated through a virtuous cycle that contributes toat universities and re-search guidance at research insti-

society. At RITE, we focus on the diverse functions oftutes (Fig. 7). For example, Nara Institute of Science andintellectual property rights and strategically promote

Technology (Nara Institute of Science and Technology)

intellectual property activities while taking into consid-

has set up a university-collaborated laboratory in theeration the market and other research and develop-

bio-science field at RITE. We are promoting researchment trends.

and education aimed at realizing are cycling-oriented

As part of the promotion of intellectual property

and low-carbon society using renewable resources. In

strategies, the "Patent Deliberation Committee" was es-

addition, we have established a collaborative laboratory

tablished with RITE executives as members and thewith the materials creation science area, and are pro-public relations and industry collaboration team as the

moting research and education on CO2 separation andsecretariat. The main agenda is the acquisition andrecovery technology.

management of intellectual property such as patent applications and examination requests, patent rightmaintenance, and intellectual property strategies suchas approval of license agreements.
As of the end of March 2022, of the patents for which
RITE is the sole or joint applicant, 17 domestic applications and 16 foreign applications are pending patentapplications, and the registered rights are maintained.
It holds 72 domestic patents (including 8 under license
to companies) and 52 foreign patents (12 of which arelicensed to companies).

Fig.7 Human resource development by RITE
（University ＆ Post graduate students）

4.2. Intellectual property and industry collaboration
RITE strategically and efficiently acquires and manages intellectual property rights such as pa-tents andknow-how regarding the results of re-search and development, etc., and actively utilizes them for the public
interest. The aim is to advance and improve industrial

Fig.8 Strategic IP management and industrial
collaboration

technology that contributes to the conservation of the
global environment.

22

R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination Group5. Conclusion
In April 2023, RITE established the office for Expo
2025 Osaka Kansai, and is considering exhibiting negative emission technology (Direct Air Carbon Captureand Storage: DACCS) at EXPO 2025 Osaka Kansai.
To realize 2050 Carbon neutrality is almost im-possible with ordinary efforts, and RITE needs to make maximum efforts to spread carbon neutral technologies. In

RITE Today 2023

https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/committee/council/basic_policy_subcommittee/mitoshi/cost_wg/pdf/cost_wg_20210908_01.pdf
7） The third meeting of CCS long-term Roadmap, ANRE,
METI
https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/energy_environment/ccs_choki_roadmap/pdf/003_06_00.pdf
8） GCCSI，The Global Status of CCS 2021

December 2021, RITE conducted the recognition survey

https://www.japanccs.com/wp/wp-content/up-

of DACCS, and found that nearly 70% said they did notloads/2021/10/0-4-GCCSI_Jarad-Daniels.pdf

know anything about DACCS. RITE would like to makemaximum efforts to increase the public recognition of
DACCS technologies at EXPO 2025 Osaka Kansai.
The Research and Coordination Group not only collects domestic & foreign policy and technology information, but promotes the technology development inorder to aim the social implementation in 2050 with Research Group. Thereby, RITE can contribute to theachievement of “a balance be-tween the global environmental protection and economic growth”.

Reference
1） RITE, “The Role of RITE” (http://www.rite.or.jp/about/).
2） Clean Energy Strategy
https://www.japan.go.jp/kizuna/2022/06/clean_energy_strategy.html
3） Basic Policy for the Realization of GX
https://www.meti.go.jp/press/2022/02/20230210002/
20230210002.html
4） The meeting of CCS long-term Roadmap, ANRE, METI
https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/energy_environment/ccs_choki_roadmap/index.html
5） The second meeting of CCS long-term Roadmap,
ANRE, METI
https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/energy_environment/ccs_choki_roadmap/pdf/002_03_00.pdf
6） WG for reviewing the Power Generation Cost

23

R&D Activities ● Systems Analysis GroupRITE Today 2023

Systems Analysis Group
Members (As of Apr. 2023)
Keigo Akimoto, Group Leader, Chief Researcher
Koya Yamada, Associate Chief Researcher
Kenichi Wada, Senior Researcher
Miyuki Nagashima, Senior Researcher
Takashi Homma, Senior Researcher
Fuminori Sano, Senior Researcher
Hironobu Yamakawa, Senior Researcher
Ayami Hayashi, Senior Researcher
Atsuko Fushimi, Senior Researcher
Noritaka Mochizuki, Senior Researcher (concurrent)
Tadashi Kuwatsuru, Senior Researcher

Yuko Nakano, Senior Researcher
Naoko Onishi, Senior Researcher
Teruko Hashimoto, Senior Researcher
Hitotsugu Masuda, Researcher
Teruhisa Ando, Researcher
Jubair Sieed, Researcher
Dahyun Kang, Researcher
Kiyomi Yamamoto, Assistant Researcher
Misako Saito, Assistant Researcher
Sachiko Kudo, Assistant Researcher
Ryoko Minamimura, Assistant Researcher

Research Activities in Systems Analysis GroupThe Systems Analysis Group aims to provide valuableconsequential. Separately, while developing models un-

information about response measures to global warm-

der the ALPS (Alternative Pathways toward Sustainable

ing and energy issues through systematic approaches

Development and Climate Stabilization) project, we de-and analyses at both national and international levels.

veloped quantitative scenarios that are consistent glob-

This article reports research status for the interna-ally, across energy supply and demand sides, and be-tional collaborative model comparison project, com-tween demand side sectors by following the scenario

monly called "EDITS" (Energy Demand changes Induced

protocol in the EDITS project and harmonizing withby Technological and Social innovation, commissioned

other research institutes.

project entrusted by the Ministry of Economy, Trade andIndustry), which has been developing scenarios to support achieving of a society with low energy demand

1.1. Importance of energy demand side measures andscenario trends

through technological and social innovation. For further

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

EDITS project information, refer to RITE Today vol. 17(IPCC) released its 1.5°C Special Report (SR15)1) in 2018.

(2022).

In the report, various emission pathways to achieve
1.5°C were presented, and in particular, the Low Energy

1. Introduction

Demand (LED) scenario2) was the focus of attention. This

Inducing social changes toward the low energy de-shows a much smaller picture of energy consumption

mand society to achieve the 2°C and 1.5°C goals notthan the final energy demand, as would normally be

only on the energy supply side but also on the energy

shown in model analysis. Also, this could contribute notdemand side is crucial. Moreover, it is not just a reduc-only to combating climate change, but also to the sim-tion in demand but a society that brings about a "virtu-

ultaneous achievement of the Sustainable Developmentous cycle between the economy and the environment,"

Goals (SDGs). The study in Ref. 3) also points out thein other words, the actualization of a society that in-fast technological progress of small-scale technologies,

creases wellbeing along with lowering demand iswhich are often found on the demand side. It points out

24

R&D Activities ● Systems Analysis GroupRITE Today 2023

that the distributed small-scale technologies have been
increasingly utilized in recent years due to the energy

Human Needs

Real human needs?
(Innovations will
also change them.)

Technology and social innovations including
digitalization have opportunities inducing tochange this.

Change of Society and
Behavior

Human Activities

liberalization market, technological innovation and dig-

Energy・Material・Information／Human Activities

Energy Efficiency ↑Material Efficiency ↑italization. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6)4) in-

CO2 Emissions／Energy・Material・Information

Low Carbon Energy
Low Carbon Material

ICT replace Ene./Mat.

Mitigation(Emissions reduction)
Historical analyses andmeasures mainly focus on:＋low carbon information

cludes a new chapter dedicated to demand-side
measures, with a survey of current papers and other information, and states that "Demand-side measures andnew ways of end-use service provision can reduce

CO2 Concentration／CO2 Emissions

CCS, CCU

Emission of Non CO2 GHG

Temp. Rise／GHG Concentration

Afforestation, DAC

Climate Control (SRM etc.)

Climate Engineering

Impact of Climate Change／Temp. Rise

Adaptation to Climate Impact

Adaptation

Residual Damage by Climate Change

global GHG emissions in end-use sectors by 40-70% by

Figure 1 Basic structure of global warming countermeas-

2050 compared to baseline scenarios.”, and "Demand-ures and changes in social structure and lifestylesside mitigation response options are consistent withimproving basic well-being for all." (Summary for Policymakers: SPM, C.10).

1.1. Example of evaluation of the feasibility of low energy demand by DX

Figure 1 shows the overall picture of global warming

Digital transformation (DX) and other innovations

measures. Traditionally, social structural and lifestyle

have created potentials to reduce implicit costs and in-changes have been mostly analyzed as exogenous sce-duce the circular and sharing economy through rela-narios. In such cases, however, it was unclear whattively low costs (e.g., Ref. 5)). The IPCC Sixth Assessment

measures would achieve low energy demand. Lifestyle

Report (AR6)4) also presents Figures 2 and 3 as a resultchange is mostly discussed in the context of education,of reports on the effects of each measure on reducing

and while the importance of education is understanda-

energy demand and CO2 emissions from various studies,ble, there has not been enough analytical research on

including the Ref. 5). Although there is a large range ofthe subject due to the long-time scale and uncertainty

estimates, it has been shown that fairly large reductionsof the effects to be shown as a major global effect. Thisin energy demand and CO2 emissions can also be ex-study is novel in that it attempts to quantitatively ana-

pected. On the other hand, these analyses evaluate re-lyze the possibility that technological changes, such as

duction rates for each measure and do not show con-digitalization, will trigger changes in social structure

sistent and quantitative energy reductions or CO2 emis-and lifestyles. Unless there is a change in the baseline

sion reductions across sectors. Also, as noted above, theemissions themselves to a lower level due to advances

IPCC AR6 states that "Demand-side measures and new

in energy demand side technologies, it will be very dif-ways of delivering end-use services could reduce global

ficult to achieve carbon neutrality in 2050 or significant

GHG emissions in the end-use sector by 40 to 70 per-emission reductions.

cent by 2050 compared to the baseline scenario." However, each measure is evaluated by cumulating each of
the measures and is not necessarily estimated acrosssectors using a consistent and quantitative model, including the cost of the measures.

25

R&D Activities ● Systems Analysis GroupRITE Today 2023

such as a circular and sharing economy, induced by DX.
What the EDITS project will explore and attempt to present as a quantitative scenario is not simply a demand
reduction, but a scenario that will bring about "the Virtuous Cycle of Environment and Economy," i.e., a society in which demand is reduced while wellbeing is improved.

2.1. Narrative scenario
In the EDITS project, the Narrative WG presented aqualitative “high wellbeing with low resource use (Highwith-Low)” scenario that considers the drivers shown in
Figure 46).
This scenario is a worldview that combines the advancement of digitalization, innovation through new
Figure 2 Impact of digitalization on energy consumption

combinations, and decent living standards (DLS), andand CO2 emissions (Source: Ref. 4))

assumes that low demand (in energy and various materials and products, etc.) can be achieved while increasing wellbeing. The relationship between the elements isshown in Figure 5.
In previous Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) analyses, final energy consumption is often given exogenously based on population and GDP scenarios, andelasticities are used to estimate final energy consumption under climate change measures. However, industrial and other demands are only a result of consumption behavior that enhances wellbeing. Energy demandis only a derived demand to obtain products and services. The method is highly novel in that it focuses onchanges in consumption behavior to obtain products

Figure 3 Impact of the sharing and circular economy on

and services, estimates the resulting reduction in de-energy consumption and CO2 emissions (Source: Ref. 4))

mand for material products and energy, and then estimates the overall energy supply and demand, as well as

2. Assumptions on analysis scenarios

the resulting CO2 emissions. Through this, the effects ofComprehensive and quantitative analysis of complex

demand-side measures will be visualized and used assystems and clarification of their usefulness and chal-an incentive for social change toward the realization oflenges will be a powerful driving force for society as a“the Virtuous Cycle of Environment and Economy”.

whole to promote a society with low energy demand,26

R&D Activities ● Systems Analysis GroupRITE Today 2023

analyze the effects of the circular and sharing economy
such as a decrease in basic material production or accompanying reduction in energy consumption.
Quantitative assumptions of scenarios based on qualitative scenario drivers shown in Figure 4 are conducted.
Table 1 shows scenario assumptions of circular economy (CE) induced by DX (hereafter in this report, sharing economies shall be included in circular economy
Figure 4 Assumed drivers for qualitative scenario ‘High-and thus described as “CE” as a whole). Table 2 presents

with-Low’ (Source: Ref. 6))

the titles of the scenarios analyzed and their assumptions. For emissions scenarios, the Baseline scenario
without any specific emissions scenario, and the B2DS
scenario that assumes 2°C with >66% probability, areassumed. For B2DS, GHG neutrality by 2050 is assumed
to be achieved within each major developed country including Japan.
As a potential impact of advanced digitalization andinnovation on the demand side, in addition to the CE,
the provision of flexibilities on the electricity demandside which contribute to increased consumption of variable renewable energies (VRE) is considered. More spe-

Figure 5 Relationship among the elements in qualitativecifically, technologies such as BEV, PHEV, heat-pumpscenario ‘High-with-Low’ (Source: Ref. 6))

water heaters, and cogeneration systems are assumed
to be able to provide a capability of more flexible de-

2.2 Assumptions in quantitative scenario analysis

mand adjustment towards VRE (especially PV) supply

The potential for achieving a low-energy demand so-

within the electricity load curve of DNE21+, than theciety as well as the impact on emission reduction ofstandard scenario (“FL” scenario). Grid integration costs

GHG realized by the circular and sharing economy

are assumed to be able to reduce, considering the pos-

mainly induced by DX, are quantitatively estimated us-

sibility of reducing battery storage size in the grid due

ing the global energy assessment model DNE21+. It isto the reverse power flow from BEV and PHEV.

noted that currently only a fraction of spillover effects

In many cases, the demand-side technologies are inis considered for estimates due to the limited availabil-

smaller sizes, called granular technologies. The learning

ity of quantitative data. In addition to that, large uncer-

rates of these technologies tend to be observed as be-tainties exist in the assumed precondition for the model,

ing higher in general, due to their quicker development

leaving us with issues of acquiring and reflecting better

cycles. Although DNE21+ has already assumed larger

data. DNE21+ conducts a bottom-up assessment ofcost reductions for PV, wind power, or EV batteries,

carbon-intensive products such as iron and steel, ce-even in the standard scenario, we have assumed a sce-ment, or chemical products, enabling us to consistently

nario in which the learning rates of these relatively

27

R&D Activities ● Systems Analysis GroupRITE Today 2023

smaller-scale technologies are further higher (“GR” sce-

scenario to be compared with the results of other sce-nario) However, it is noted that this scenario is an exog-

narios.

enous assumption, and should be treated as a reference28

R&D Activities ● Systems Analysis GroupRITE Today 2023

Table 1 Scenario assumptions of circular economy (CE) induced by DX
Changes due to digitalization

Direct impacts

Indirect impacts

Model assumptions (tentative)1) Ride and car-sharing
associated with fully autonomous cars

- Energy consumption
reductions due to ridesharing- Reductions in consumptionof basic materials, e.g., ironand steel, plastics, tire, glass,and concrete, due to reductions in number of cars associated with car-sharing- Reductions in freight shipping => 8)- Iron and steel production: -4% (forcars and multi-story car park)- Plastic production: -1%- Tire production (for cars): -28%
- Glass production (for cars): -28% (corresponding reductions in energy consumption is assumed.)- Cement production: -1% (only for
multistory car park)

2) Virtual meeting andteleworking- Reductions in travel
service demand and theassociated reductions inenergy consumptions intransport sector- Potential reductions in numbers of commercial building,and the resulting reductions iniron and steel, concrete, andothers [Not yet considered]- Reductions in person-km travel bypassenger cars, buses, and aircraft by
10%3) E-publication etc.

- Reductions in paper
consumptions due tolarge deployment epublications etc.

- Potential reductions in
freight services for papers [Notyet considered]- Reductions in paper/pulp by 20%

4) Recycling and reductions in apparels due to
e-commerce and otherdigitalization- Reductions in energy
consumptions for apparel productions- Potential reductions in energy consumption at shopping
centers, and the reductions iniron and steel, concrete due toless building construction, etc.
[Not yet considered]- Reduction in new productions of apparels by 20% (No explicit modeling forapparels in DNE21+, and corresponding
reductions in energy consumption is assumed.)5) Loger life time ofbuildings due to improv.
In city planning- Potential reductions in
cement and steel due tolonger life time of buildings

6) Reductions in foodlosses due to better demand projection- Reductions in nitrogen fertilizer, plastics,
etc. and the resulting
energy consumption reductions- Potential reductions inenergy consumption atsupermarkets etc.
- Red. In CH4 and N2O- Reductions in freight shipping services => 8)- Potential reductions in construction for supermarkets etc.,
and the resulting reductions iniron and steel, concrete, andothers. [Not yet considered]- Potential increases in afforestation due to increase inrooms of land area. [Not yet
considered]- Reduction in petrochemical products
including ammonia by 1%- Reduction in plastics by 1%- Reduction in paper and pulp by 0.5%
- Reduction in transport services by 1%
and others(according to I/O analysis results)- Reduction in CH4 and N2O emissions:
493 MtCO2eq/yr in 2050

7) AM (3D-printing) for
applying aircraft- Reduction in aluminum and steel production- Reduction in electricity for productions- Energy efficiency improvements of aircraft and the energy consumption reductions- Energy efficiency improvements of cars and the energy
consumption reductions [Notyet considered]- Reduction in aluminum and steel productions by 1% and 0.02%, respectively- Reduction in electricity consumption
by 1%- Increase in energy efficiency of aircraftby about 10%8) Reductions in freightshipping services due toreductions in basic materials and products- Energy consumption
reductions in freightshipping- Longer lifetime of building: +40%; therelated reductions in cement (-3%) andsteel (-3%) productions- Reduction in freight shipping demandby 1%

Red: residential sector, Green: commercial sector, Blue: transport sector, Purple: industry sector, Brown: Non-CO2 GHGs etc.

29

R&D Activities ● Systems Analysis GroupRITE Today 2023

Table 2 Assumed scenarios for circular economy (CE) induced by DX

Note) For Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), this study employed the SSP2, middle of the road scenario.
The rebound effects other than the ones associated with the reductions in carbon prices are not considered.

3. Results

in global GHG emissions, respectively, from the stand-Firstly, the results of the Baseline scenarios are pre-ard scenario (Std) that does not assume CE progress.

sented. Figure 6 and 7 show the reductions in global

Even considering only the limited number of CE cases

final energy consumption and in global GHG emissions,and spillover effects, it is indicated that about 6% of therespectively, from the standard scenario (Std) where CE

world’s current total final energy consumption andprogress is not assumed. Although it is in the analysis

around half of the energy saving estimated to be eco-stage considering only limited spillover effects, it is in-nomically efficient under the 2°C target could be addi-

dicated that considerable cross-sectoral energy-saving

tionally saved by CE in 2050. Under the condition where

effects can be expected by realizing the assumed CE.

the emission reduction targets are defined, the as-

The contribution of car sharing and ride sharing, in-sumed CE measures are relatively inexpensive, and the

duced by the realization of fully automated cars, to lowdependence on the technologies recognized as theenergy demand is significant as the effects of DX as-

measures with marginal costs, such as carbon dioxide

sumed in this analysis, including the spillover effects onremoval (CDR) including bioenergy with CCS (BECCS)

the industrial sector. Besides, large impacts can be ex-

and CO2 direct capture and storage (DACCS) can be re-pected by other changes such as virtual meetings. It is

duced. Although the final energy consumption reduc-shown that reducing food loss has the potential totion effect is significant, the CO2 reduction effect is not

greatly promote the reduction of non-CO2 GHGs in par-estimated as large as the energy consumption, because

ticular.

it includes a reduction in CO2 intensity on the energy

Similarly, for the B2DS scenarios, Figure 8 and 9 show

supply side. However, the cost reduction effect is huge.

the reductions in global final energy consumption and30

R&D Activities ● Systems Analysis GroupRITE Today 2023

Final
energy consumption
Final energy
consumption
最終エネルギー消費量[Mtoe/yr] [Mtoe/yr]-1400-1300 -1200-1200-1100 -1000-1000-900-800 -800-700-600 -600-500-400-400-300-200-200
-100

0

0 100

200

2050 2050

20402040

2030
2030

BL-Mobil
BL-Mobil
Industry
BL-Resid
産業部門
民生部門
運輸部門
BL-Resid
BL-Build
Building (Residential & commercial)
BL-Build
BL-Food
BL-Food
Transport
BL-IndBL-IndBL-All_CE
BL-All_CE
BL-All_CE+FL+GR
BL-All_CE+FL
BL-Mobil
BL-Mobil
BL-Resid
BL-Build
BL-Resid
BL-Food
BL-Build
BL-IndBL-Food
BL-All_CE
BL-IndBL-All_CE+FL+GR
BL-All_CE
BL-Mobil
BL-All_CE+FL
BL-Resid
BL-Mobil
BL-Build
BL-Resid
BL-Food
BL-IndBL-Build
BL-All_CE
BL-Food
BL-All_CE+FL+GR
BL-IndBL-All_CE
Figure BL-All_CE+FL
6 Changes in global final energy consumption under CE scenarios (Baseline)

GHG emissions[MtCO2eq/yr]
GHG emissions[MtCO2eq/yr]-14000 -14000-12000-12000 -10000-10000

-8000
-8000

-6000
-6000

-4000
-4000

-2000
-2000

00

2000
2000

鉄鋼部門
Iron & steel
セメント部門Cement2030

BL-BuildBL-Build
BL-Food
BL-Food
BL-IndBL-IndBL-All_CE
BL-All_CE
BL-All_CE+FL+GR
BL-All_CE+FL
BL-Mobil
BL-Mobil
BL-Resid
BL-Resid
BL-Build
BL-Build
BL-Food
BL-Food
BL-IndBL-IndBL-All_CE
BL-All_CE
BL-All_CE+FL+GR
2040

紙パルプ部門Pulp & paper
化学部門
Chemical
その他産業部門
Other industries
道路交通部門Road transport
国内航空部門Domestic aviation
その他国内運輸部門
Other domestic transport
Due to EV
advancement 国際航空部門
Intn'l aviation bunkers
国際海運部門Intn'l marine bunkers
民生部門
Residential & commercial
発電部門
Power generation
その他エネ転部門

BL-All_CE+FL
BL-Mobil
BL-Mobil
BL-Resid
BL-Resid
BL-Build

2050

2040

2030

BL-Mobil
BL-Mobil
BL-Resid
BL-Resid

Other energy coversion
土地利用起源CO2
LULUCF CO2
プロセス起源CO2

2050

BL-FoodBL-Build
BL-IndBL-Food

Process CO2
CO2以外のGHG
Non-CO2 GHG

BL-All_CE BL-Ind
BL-All_CE+FL+GR
BL-All_CE

BL-All_CE+FL

Figure 7 Changes in global GHG emissions under CE scenarios (Baseline)

energyconsumption[Mtoe/yr]
最終エネルギー消費量[Mtoe/yr]
FinalFinalenergyconsumption-3000-3000 -2500-2500 -2000 -2000-1500 -1500-1000 -1000-500 -50000500 500

2030
2030

B2DS-StdB2DS-Std
B2DS-All_CE
B2DS-All_CE

Energy savings induced by carbon prices

BL-All_CE+FL
B2DS-All_CE+FL+GR

Energy savings induced by carbon prices

2040
2040

B2DS-StdB2DS-Std
B2DS-All_CE
B2DS-All_CE

Energy savings induced by carbon prices

BL-All_CE+FL
B2DS-All_CE+FL+GR

Energy savings induced by carbon prices

Reboundeffects due toreductions incarbon prices

2050
2050

B2DS-StdB2DS-Std
B2DS-All_CE
B2DS-All_CE

Energy savings induced by carbon prices

BL-All_CE+FL
B2DS-All_CE+FL+GR

Energy savings induced by carbon prices

Industry産業部門 Building (residential& commercial)
民生部門

Transport
運輸部門Ref.) Global final energy consumption in 2019: 10 Gtoe/yr; baseline final energy consumption in 2050: 14 Gtoe/yr

Figure 8 Changes in global final energy consumption under CE scenarios (B2DS)

31

R&D Activities ● Systems Analysis GroupRITE Today 2023

Reduction in dependency
on CDR options

GHG emissions [GtCO2eq/yr]
-60

-60

-50

-50

-40GHG emissions-30 [GtCO2eq/yr]-20

-40

-30

-20

-10

-10

0

0

10

10

鉄鋼部門
Iron
& steelB2DS-Std

B2DS-Std

セメント部門Cement2040

2040

紙パルプ部門Pulp& paper
B2DS-All_CE

Energy savings induced by carbon prices

B2DS-All_CE+FL+GR
BL-All_CE+FL

Energy savings induced by carbon prices

B2DS-All_CE

化学部門
Chemical
その他産業部門
Other
industries
道路交通部門Road
transport
国内航空部門Domestic
aviation
その他国内運輸部門
Other
domestic transport
国際航空部門Intn'laviation bunkers

B2DS-Std

Intn'lmarine bunkers
国際海運部門

B2DS-Std

Residential
民生部門 & commercial

2050

2050

Power
generation
発電部門
B2DS-All_CE B2DS-All_CE

Energy savings induced by carbon prices

Otherenergy coversion
その他エネ転部門
LULUCFCO2
土地利用起源CO2
Process
CO2
プロセス起源CO2

BL-All_CE+FL

B2DS-All_CE+FL+GR

Energy savings induced by carbon prices

Non-CO2
GHG
CO2以外のGHG
DACCS
DACCS

Ref.) Global GHG emissions in 2019: 59 GtCO2eq./yr; baseline GHG emissions in 2050: 73 GtCO2eq./yr

Figure 9 Changes in global GHG emissions under CE scenarios (B2DS)

Figure 10 shows global final energy consumption per

Table 3 shows the changes in the total energy systems

capita by region. Developed countries are consuming

costs under the CE scenarios compared to those in the

more energy than needed especially on the demand

standard scenarios, and Figure 4 shows the CO2 mar-side, and the realization of low energy demand is in-ginal abatement costs in B2DS. It is estimated that the

duced and the international disparities of energy con-promotion of CE induced by DX will lead to a significant

sumption per capita is reduced in ‘High-with-Low’ sce-

reduction in energy systems costs. In particular, a sig-

nario.

nificant cost reduction in the whole society induced byride-sharing and car-sharing using fully automated cars
can be expected, and also the changes in the residential

3.5

sector, such as teleworking, and the reduction of food

3.0
2.5

loss would have relatively high potential to reduce en-

2.0
1.5

ergy systems costs.

1.0

In addition, as Table 4 indicates, a reduction in mar-

0.5

2015

2030

OECD

2040

ASIA

MAF

LAM

B2DS-All_CE+FL+GR

B2DS-Std

B2DS-All_CE

BL-All_CE+FL

BL-StdBL-All_CE

B2DS-All_CE+FL+GR

B2DS-Std

B2DS-All_CE

BL-All_CE+FL

BL-StdBL-All_CE

B2DS-All_CE

B2DS-All_CE+FL+GR

B2DS-Std

BL-All_CE+FL

BL-Std0.0

BL-All_CE

FInal energy consumption per capita [toe/capita]

4.0

ginal CO2 abatement costs (about 20-30 %) can be expected in achieving long-term targets such as 2°C goal.

2050

REF

World total

Figure 10 Final energy consumption per capita by region

32

R&D Activities ● Systems Analysis GroupRITE Today 2023

Table 3 Reductions in energy systems costs: under CE scenarios (unit: Billion USD/yr)

Annual averagein 2030-2040

Annual averagein 2040-2050

All_CE

All_CE+FL+FL+GR

▲894

▲894

▲963

▲5

▲926

▲928

▲1038

▲74

▲7

▲1971

▲1971

▲2085

▲90

▲14

▲2037

▲2038

▲2266

Scenarios

Mobil

Resid

Build

Food

Ind

All_CE

Baseline

▲547

▲339

▲1

▲57

▲4

B2DS

▲556

▲352

▲0

▲64

Baseline

▲1601

▲459

▲1

B2DS

▲1635

▲477

▲6

Note) The changes in the costs compared those in the standard scenarios for each emissions reduction target.

Table 4 CO2 marginal abatement costs in B2DS (unit: USD/tCO2eq)
B2DS-Std

B2DS_All-CE

B2DS_All-CE+FL

B2DS_All-CE+FL+GR

2040

68−31057−23857−24050−1952050

146−739

123−524122−52260−364Note) The cost ranges are those due to the differences in emissions targets across countries

4. Summary

the Low Energy Demand (LED) scenario addressed inThis fiscal year, as a consistent and quantitative sce-

IPCC SR1.5 is far below the estimate in this analysis.

nario across regions/countries and sectors, modelingThus, it is necessary to quantitatively model various

and preliminary calculations were performed in themeasures which could be induced by DX, as well as so-

DNE21+, the global energy assessment model, lining

cial changes, such as CE that can be influenced deriva-

with the qualitative scenario “high wellbeing with low

tively, and conduct quantitative scenario evaluations.

resource use (High-with-Low)” presented by the Narra-

On the other hand, it is also essential to deepen our un-tive Group. We modeled, analyzed, and evaluated only

derstanding of the reasons why the gaps occur with the

CE that some DX can induce due to the difficulty of

LED scenarios. Further progress in quantitative andquantitative estimation. In addition, as for the spillover

comprehensive analysis, and on the contrary, if gaps still

effects, only limited effects were considered due to theexist, deepening understanding of those gaps will bedifficulty of quantitatively estimating. Despite these, theindispensable for the evaluation in the next IPCC reports.

corresponding energy reduction and GHG emission re-

In addition, it is essential to assess the energy reduction

duction effects were evaluated. Additionally, a reduc-side, proceed with the analysis, including the reboundtion in energy system costs and in CO2 marginal abate-effect, and conduct a more comprehensive evaluation.

ment costs in the B2DS scenario (below 2°C, >66%
probability) were estimated. This can be said to be a

Referencescenario that indicates the possibility of a "virtuous cy-

1） IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 ℃

cle between the economy and the environment" or"high wellbeing with low resource use."
However, the estimate of final energy consumption in(2018)
2） A. Grubler et al., A low energy demand scenario formeeting

the

1.5°C

targetandsustainable

33

R&D Activities ● Systems Analysis GroupRITE Today 2023

development goals without negative emission technologies. Nat. Energy, 3(6), 515–527 (2018)3） C. Wilson et al., Granular technologies to accelerate
decarbonization. Science, 368(6486), 36–39 (2020)
4） IPCC WG3 AR6: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of
Climate Change (2022)
5） C. Wilson, L. Kerr, F. Sprei, E. Vrain, M. Wilson, Potential
Climate Benefits of Digital Consumer Innovations.
Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 45(1) (2020)
6） EDITS WG3 Narratives group (Arnulf Grubler, Greg
Nemet, Shonali Pachauri, Charlie Wilson), The 'Highwith-Low' Scenario Narrative (2022)

34

R&D Activities ● Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology GroupRITE Today 2023

Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group
Members (As of Apr. 2023)
Masayuki Inui, Group Leader, Chief Researcher
Haruhiko Teramoto, Associate Chief Researcher
Kazumi Hiraga, Associate Chief Researcher
Hajime Terasaki, Associate Chief Researcher
Masato Miyamoto, Associate Chief Researcher
Yuya Tanaka, Senior Researcher
Masako Suda, Senior Researcher
Yukihiro Kitade, Senior Researcher
Naoto Kato, Senior Researcher
Satoshi Hasegawa, Senior Researcher
Akira Watanabe, Senior Researcher
Takahisa Kogure, Senior Researcher
Takeshi Kubota, Senior Researcher
Kiyoshi Oi, Senior Researcher
Tetsu Shimizu, Researcher
Akiyoshi Higo, Researcher
Natalia Maria Theresia, Researcher
Norimasa Kashiwagi, Researcher
Jyumpei Kobayashi, Researcher
Ryoma Hashimoto, Researcher
Naoki Saruya, Researcher

Yuki Nozaki, Researcher
Dyah Candra Hapsari Subagyo, Researcher
Takafumi Shimizu, Researcher
Dita Grinanda, Researcher
Miyuki Shintaku, Researcher
Takayuki Kuroishikawa Researcher
Junko Watanabe, Assistant Researcher
Yuko Ikenaga, Assistant Researcher
Shoko Minakuchi, Assistant Researcher
Miyuki Nagamori, Assistant Researcher
Kae Naito, Assistant Researcher
Noriko Ikeda, Assistant Researcher
Kazuyo Yoneda, Assistant Researcher
Mayu Koizumi, Assistant Researcher
Junko Nishi, Assistant Researcher
Kayoko Mori, Assistant Researcher
Motomi Iwashima, Assistant Researcher
Kayo Yoshida, Assistant Researcher
Aya Okada, Assistant Researcher
Maki Faulkner, Assistant Researcher

Development of a Biorefinery Technology that Contributes to Carbon
Neutrality
1. Introduction

cells. Moreover, bioproduction of complex chemical

The global trend toward decarbonization is acceler-

structures containing a large number of carbon atoms

ating, and each country is actively implementing sup-are more competitive than alternative methods of gen-port for green research and development activities anderating these chemicals. At the 4th Conference for the

support for the introduction of advanced green tech-Realization of New Capitalism in March 2022, Prime

nologies. In October 2020, the Japanese government

Minister Kishida positioned "bio-manufacturing" as one

declared that Japan would be "Carbon Neutral byof the five fields of science, technology, and innovation

2050," and therefore aims to reduce greenhouse gasthat will be target for intensive investment in the future.

emissions to net zero by 2050. Because bioprocess

At the conference, it was also stated that "'bio-manu-

manufacturing proceeds under normal temperature

facturing' will be promoted as a research field that canand pressure conditions, CO2 emissions are expected topursue both solutions to the problem of global warm-

be lower than for comparable chemical processes,

ing and economic growth."

which are manufactured under high temperature and

Rapid progress has been made in recent years, in bi-high pressure conditions. In addition, unlike chemicalotechnology, synthetic biology, genome editing tech-processes, "bio-manufacturing" generally involves syn-nology, and in similar scientific fields. Furthermore,thetic processes involving multi-step reactions withintechnological innovation in “bio-digital technology,” a35

R&D Activities ● Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology GroupRITE Today 2023

fusion of biotechnology with (digital) information tech-value-added fragrances, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, fi-nologies (i.e., internet of things, IoT, and artificial intel-

bers, and polymers. (see Chapter 3).

ligence, AI) are also developing at a rapid pace. The an-

In addition, to develop new technologies—and to

ticipated “bio-digital technology” will accelerate the so-

integrate biotechnology and digital technology—wecial implementation of “bio-manufacturing” that canparticipated in the New Energy and Industrial Technol-

convert a wide range of raw materials, including petro-ogy Development Organization (NEDO) “Smart Cell”

leum, biomass resources, and even atmospheric CO2. It

project, the Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Pro-is therefore expected to make a significant contribution

motion Program (SIP), and the NEDO “Bio-Manufactur-to achieving carbon-neutrality and/or carbon-negativ-ing” project. We also promote research and develop-

ity.

ment, for example, by using "Smart Cell Creation techGiven this background, and with the aim of helping

nologies" to improve the efficiency of biosynthesis andthe global environment and the economy to coexist,

the production processes for highly functional chemi-

our group has been developing biorefineries. A biore-cals that are difficult to produce using conventional syn-finery is a biofuel and green chemical production tech-thesis methods. In July 2022, a project to demonstrate

nology that uses renewable resources (e.g., biomass) as

and commercialize the production of fragrances and ca-a raw material for processing by microorganisms. We

rotenoids in collaboration with private companies using

have observed that coryneform bacteria (a typical in-"Smart Cell Creation technologies" was adopted as a

dustrial microorganism) show suppressed growth un-

NEDO bio-manufacturing demonstration project. We

der reducing (anaerobic) conditions, but they maintainare also participating in the NEDO Moonshot Projectnormal metabolic function. Under such conditions,and are working on research and development of ma-these bacteria can metabolize saccharides to produce

rine-degradable multi-lock biopolymers produced us-organic acids and related compounds efficiently. We

ing non-food biomass (see Chapter 4).

therefore developed a growth-arrested bioprocess

In this overview, we first explain our core technology,

called the “RITE Bioprocess.” In addition, we have estab-i.e., the "RITE Bioprocess," as well as our new core tech-lished the essential technologies for industrial imple-

nologies, i.e., "Smart Cell Creation technologies." Next,

mentation of this process, as shown in the "complete

we introduce the development results we will target us-

simultaneous use of mixed sugar derived from non-ing these. We then describe national projects based onfood biomass" and "high resistance to fermentation in-innovation in "bio-digital technologies,” which have

hibitors" sections (see Chapter 2).

made remarkable progress in recent years. Finally, com-Using these technologies, we seek to develop themercialization efforts are introduced.

world’s most highly efficient process for producing biofuel products, including ethanol, isobutanol, and biohy-

2. The core technologies of RITE

drogens, among others, and green chemicals, including

2.1 “RITE Bioprocess”

lactic acid, succinic acid, alanine, valine, tryptophan, shi-

RITE Bioprocess, developed by our group, is a pro-kimic acid, protocatechuic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid,prietary technology that enables highly efficient pro-and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Currently, we focus on theduction of biofuels and green chemicals such as amino

development of production technologies for aromatic

acids and aromatic compounds (Fig. 1). The three fea-

compounds, which are used as raw materials for highertures of RITE Bioprocess are described below (for details,

36

R&D Activities ● Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Groupsee RITE Today 2022).

RITE Today 2023

utilization rate of C5 sugars to that of C6 sugars by introducing a C5 sugar transporter gene in addition to a
C5 sugar metabolism gene (Fig. 3). This has enabled full
simultaneous utilization of C5 & C6 sugars and efficientutilization of cellulosic (non-food biomass) materials.

Fig. 1 Biorefinery concept using the “RITE Bioprocess”

2.1.1. Feature 1: Growth-arrested bioprocess
Anaerobic conditions and the removal of factors essential for proliferation allow the desired series of reactions to take place even when cell proliferation is arrested (Fig. 2). That is, nutrients and energy previously
used for propagation can now be used for the production of the target substance. This has made it possible
to use microbial cells extremely efficiently like a chemical catalyst, realizing a bioprocess with high productiv-

Fig. 3 Feature 2 of the “RITE Bioprocess”

ity equal to or greater than that of ordinary chemical(Simultaneous usage of mixed sugars)

processes.
2.1.3. Feature 3: High tolerance to fermentation inhibitors
RITE Bioprocess has demonstrated high resistanceto fermentation inhibitors because the microorganisms
do not proliferate as described above (Fig. 4). Therefore,
it can be applied to the use of saccharification solutions
containing various fermentation inhibitors, and even to
the production of fermentation inhibitors.

Fig. 2 Feature 1 of the “RITE Bioprocess”(Growth-arrested bioprocess)2.1.2. Feature 2: Complete simultaneous use of C5 andC6 mixed sugars
Most non-food biomass (cellulosic biomass) is composed of a mixture of C5 sugars such as xylose andarabinose and C6 sugars such as glucose.
Our group has succeeded in increasing the

Fig. 4 Feature 3 of the “RITE Bioprocess”(High tolerance to fermentation inhibitors)

37

R&D Activities ● Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group

2.2. New core technologies of RITE

RITE Today 2023

2.2.2. Continuous reaction system

In recent years, biotechnology has become more so-

Our group has developed biotechnological processes

phisticated, and new applications of IT and AI technol-

for the production of various compounds. During thisogy are becoming more common. In multiple national

development, we found that production can cease due

projects, we have collaborated with universities, re-to the cytotoxicity caused by the accumulation of thesearch institutes, and companies to design and breed

target compound itself in the reaction solution. For ex-“biological cells with highly functionally designed andample, the production of catechol, which is under de-controlled functional expression” so-called smart cells

velopment in both the NEDO Smart Cell Project and the(see Chapter 4). Some of these new and useful technol-

NEDO Bio-Manufacturing Project, generated sufficientogies are introduced below.

cytotoxicity to cease production when using a conventional batch method. Therefore, in order to avoid cyto-

2.2.1. Smart Cell Creation technologies

toxicity and maximize high production, we constructed

In general, a “Smart Cell" is a finely designed cell ina continuous reaction system that can selectively re-which protein and RNA expression is controlled by ge-

move and recover the target compound from the reac-

netic modifications. More specifically, our group referstion system. For example, by constructing a continuous

to cells whose functions have been designed using

reaction system that combines resin adsorption andcutting-edge information analysis technology and bi-

membrane separation (shown in Fig. 6). When we ap-

otechnology to maximize the production of target ma-

plied it to catechol production, we achieved a very highterials as “Smart Cells.”

catechol yield.

The technologies that efficiently create smart cells
are called "smart cell creation technologies" or "smart
cell design systems" (Fig. 5). Our group has participated in the NEDO Smart Cell Project (2016-2020) andthe NEDO Bio-Manufacturing Project (2020-ongoing)
and has developed these technologies. We have also
demonstrated the effectiveness of these technologies
by developing highly productive C. glutamicum strains.
Fig. 6 A continuous reaction system using
membrane separation and resin adsorption

2.3. Substances produced by the “RITE Bioprocess”
Fig. 7 shows some of the substances that are currently produced in high quantities by our group. As
Fig. 5 Smart Cell Creation technologies

mentioned above, this process has resulted in highest
recorded production yields for many materials. We are
expanding from ethanol and biohydrogen to butanol
and high-performance bio-jet fuel. We have also expanded from L-lactic acid, D-lactic acid, and amino acids

38

R&D Activities ● Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Groupto high-performance chemicals, including green chemicals that contain aromatic compounds.

RITE Today 2023

3.2. Biohydrogen
Hydrogen is a key energy carrier for realizing carbon
neutrality because (i) its combustion generates only water; (ii) it can be produced from diverse energy sources,
including renewables; (iii) it can be stored in large quantities for long periods; and (iv) it can be distributed andused for power generation, transportation, and industrial processes. However, current-generation hydrogenproduction processes use fossil fuels as a feedstock andtherefore present problematic levels of CO2 emissions.
Therefore, a Basic Hydrogen Strategy was drawn up at
the Ministerial Council meeting on Renewable Energy,

Fig. 7 Substances produced using the “RITE Bioprocess”

Hydrogen, and Related Issues in 2017. This conference
noted the importance of developing innovative tech-

3. Target product development

nologies for CO2-free hydrogen production to build a

3.1. Bio-jet fuelshydrogen society over the medium to long term (i.e., byStarting from ethanol (C2) or butanol (C4), jet fuel2050). Moreover, hydrogen strategies have been devel-(C9-C15) can be produced via chemical conversion.

oped in many countries around the world. For example,

Given the importance of replacing crude oil products

the US Department of Energy launched the “Energy

with plant-derived raw materials for reducing CO2 emis-

Earthshots Initiative,” in which the first “Hydrogen Shot”

sions from aircraft, industry groups are accelerating ef-

was set as a challenging goal, i.e., reducing the cost offorts to produce bio-jet fuels from plant-derived bio-

CO2-free hydrogen by 80% within one decade. Regard-

ethanol or biobutanol. Jet fuel made from bioethanol oring the promising CO2-free hydrogen production path-biobutanol is called ATJ (“Alcohol to Jet”) fuel. Such fuels

ways, fermentative hydrogen production from bio-

have been approved by the American Society for Test-

mass/waste has been under development, as has large-

ing and Materials (ASTM) and can be used for commer-

scale hydrogen production in combination with CCUS

cial flights.

from fossil resources and water electrolysis using re-

Our group has developed a highly efficient bioetha-

newables.

nol and biobutanol production process using the RITE

Fermentative hydrogen production using microbial

Bioprocess. Moreover, this process is the world's mostfunctions (biohydrogen production) can be a sustaina-

productive for the bioproduction of ethanol and isobu-

ble CO2-free hydrogen production technology of thetanol.

future, but a great increase in productivity is needed to

In the future, we will further optimize the RITE Bio-establish an economically feasible biohydrogen pro-

process technology, integrate it with other elemental

duction technology. The key to achieving this is the cre-technologies, and utilize various non-edible raw mate-ation of highly efficient hydrogen-producing microor-rials. Ultimately, we aim to commercially produce jetganisms through advanced biotechnology. Our groupfuel from bioethanol and biobutanol.

has developed a biohydrogen production process witha very high production rate (i.e., max 300 L H2/h/L). This

39

R&D Activities ● Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology GroupRITE Today 2023

process uses the formate-mediated dark fermentative

production processes. Bacterial cells can synthesize var-hydrogen production pathway. Building on thisious aromatic compounds, including amino acids (i.e.,achievement, our group is now working on improving

phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan), folate (vita-hydrogen yield from biomass-derived sugars by inte-

min B9), and coenzyme Q, all of which are derived fromgration with photofermentation (Fig. 8). We have en-

the shikimate pathway. Therefore, by employing thehanced a heterologously expressed hydrogen produc-

metabolically engineered C. glutamicum, our grouption pathway that can utilize the excess reducing power

successfully established a highly efficient bioprocess for

not utilized in the formate-mediated dark fermentative

producing the aromatic compounds from non-foodhydrogen production pathway, and have also suc-feedstocks. These include shikimate, an essential build-ceeded in establishing a photofermentative hydrogening block of the anti-influenza drug Tamiflu; 4-amino-

producing microorganism by engineering regulators ofbenzoate, the building block of a potentially usefulhydrogen metabolism, carbon storage, and acetate me-functional polymer; and aromatic hydroxy acids, having

tabolism.

potential applications in the polymer, pharmaceutical,
cosmetic, adhesive material, and flavor (vanillin) industries.
Since 2022, our group has also participated in the
NEDO “Bio-Manufacturing” project with Takasago International Corporation. We are driving development of an"industrial smart cell" that can produce rose fragrance
and a bioproduction system that can avoid microbial inhibition derived from fragrance materials (Fig. 9).

Fig. 8 Metabolic engineering of dark fermentative andFig. 9 Production of rose fragrance material

photofermentative hydrogen-producing microorganisms

3.3. Green-aromatic compounds
Aromatic compounds are essential industrial chemicals for synthesizing polymers and various value-added
chemicals for use in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical,
flavor, cosmetic, and food industries. Although they are
currently derived from petroleum or natural plant resources, environmentally friendly biotechnological production from renewable feedstocks is desirable to create a sustainable society that is no longer dependent on
petroleum resources and but maintains highly efficient

4. Fundamental technology development (national projects)
4.1. NEDO Bio-Manufacturing Project
We are developing Next-generation production
technologies for the foundation of the bio-manufacturing industry in the "Development of bio-derived product production technology that accelerates the realization of carbon recycling" (NEDO Bio-Manufacturing
Project).
Bio-based material production is expected to saveenergy relative to conventional chemical processes. In

40

R&D Activities ● Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology GroupRITE Today 2023

addition, the use of biomass as a raw material instead

4.2. NEDO Moonshot-type R&D Project （Developmentof fossil resources can greatly contribute to the realiza-of Multi-lock Biopolymers Degradable in Ocean fromtion of a carbon recycling society.

Non-food Biomasses）

During the predecessor of this project, "Develop-

The project is carrying out research and develop-

ment of Production Techniques for Highly Functional Bi-

ment to introduce a "multi-lock mechanism" for plastic

omaterials Using Plants and Other Organisms" (NEDO

degradation. In other words, multiple stimuli such as

Smart Cell Project), our group—in collaboration withlight, heat, oxygen, water, enzymes, microorganisms,

universities, research institutes and companies—devel-

and catalysts should be required to trigger for start

oped technologies to design and construct Smart Cells.

degradation, but prevent degradation and maintain du-

We then demonstrated the effectiveness of these tech-rability and toughness when in use, and when acci-

nologies by constructing hyper producer cells in a shortdentally dispersed in the marine environment, theperiod of time. To further promote the social implemen-multi-lock mechanism is unlocked to enable fast on-de-tation of Smart Cells, the Bio-Manufacturing Project will

mand degradation.

develop production process technologies including upscaling and purification.

Products targeted for practical application in thisproject include tires and textiles, which generate sec-

Our group has been participating in this project,ondary fine debris when used, as well as plastic bottles,

which started in 2020, from the first year, and is devel-fishing nets and fishing tackle that contribute to ghost

oping new technologies to solve the problems associ-fishing, all of which have a negative impact on the en-ated with the practical application of biomanufacturingvironment due to runoff into the ocean.

technologies (Fig. 10).

In FY2022, our research group successfully

In FY2022, we promoted the development of newachieved high production of several monomers re-technologies to help overcome product toxicity. In ad-

quested by some companies by designing artificial met-

dition, we developed information analysis technologies

abolic pathways, constructing high production strains,to determine optimal components of culture media.

and testing production conditions. In the future, we aim

This year, we will develop other useful technologies andto further increase of the production titer through mod-verify their effectiveness. We aim to accelerate the social

ification of the artificial metabolic pathway. In FY2022,

implementation of bio-derived products through thewe succeeded in improving the production concentra-

development of these technologies.

tion of plastic-degrading enzymes by introducing mutations, and achieved remarkable improvement of functionality. In the future, we aim to conduct research anddevelopment, including the development of technology
to artificial control for the timing of the starting point ofdegradation of multi-locked plastics (development of
new technology utilizing degradation enzymes).
(The HP of the project can be found at:

Fig. 10 Social implementation of bio-derived products

http://www.moonshot.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/index.html).

using Smart Cell Creation technologies

41

R&D Activities ● Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology GroupRITE Today 2023

response to market desire—using monomers bio-synthesized from biomass and other cheap raw materials.
To date, ultra-high heat-resistant polymers and polymers used as battery materials have been successfully
developed (Fig. 12). In order to design monomer biosynthetic pathways for constructing such polymers, ourFig. 11 Marine-degradable multi-lock biopolymers

group, in conjunction with external research groups, hasfabricated from non-food biomass

been developing and validating technologies for improving enzymatic function. We have focused on en-

4.3. The Cross-ministerial strategic innovation promo-

zymes involved in the biosynthesis of monomer sub-tion program (SIP)

strates underlying polymers of interest. In greater detail,(Development of biomonomers for high-performance

we are developing technologies for the efficient selec-

plastics)

tion of promising enzyme mutants from the activity

In bio-based material production, production ofdata of many mutant enzymes using machine learning.

the target compound is made possible by a successfully

We are also developing technologies for discovering

constructing a specific biosynthetic pathway for thatnovel enzymes possessing desired functions based oncompound. Biosynthetic pathways are constructed us-

enzyme amino acid sequence data. These techniques

ing multiple enzymes, and the starting compound or

have allowed us to improve the substrate specificity of

substrate is converted via enzymatic reaction to a bio-target enzymes and enhance activity. In 2022, not only

compound, which in turn becomes the substrate for thewere we able to increase productivity by metabolic en-

next enzyme and undergoes conversion. More thangineering and optimization of culture conditions, but

8000 enzymatic reactions are currently known, and by

we also produced monomers from a biomass-derived

combining these in specific ways, biosynthetic pathways

raw material provided by the collaborative consortium

are improved and expanded.

as a substrate. Moreover, we are verifying the effective-

RITE is participating in the theme “Technologies forness of enzyme modification technology by targeting a

Smart Bio-industry and Agriculture” of the SIP, a joint

new enzyme involved in the biosynthetic pathway for

program between industry, academia, and the govern-

aromatic diamine.

ment designed to apply findings from basic research forpractical and industrial applications beyond the scopeof government ministries and traditional disciplines.
The goal of this project is to realize a sustainably growing society and is made possible by manufacturing
technologies that employ bio-capabilities developed byfusing biotechnology and digital resources.
Our group participates in the consortium “Development of Technologies for Functional Design and Production of Innovative Biomaterials.” This consortium

Fig. 12 Synthesis of developing monomers and polymers

aims to synthesize polymers with new functions—infor polymer applications

42

R&D Activities ● Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology GroupRITE Today 2023

5. Future industrialization of our technologies
5.1. Green Chemicals Co., Ltd. (GCC)(Head Office ・ Laboratory: in Kyoto headquarters,
RITE; Shizuoka Laboratory: in Shizuoka plant, Sumitomo
Bakelite Co., Ltd.)(Click here for GCC)In February 2010, The Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE) established the"Green Phenol and High Performance Phenolic Resin
Production Technology Research Association" (GP Association) with and Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd. to develop fundamental technologies related to phenol production and phenolic resin production through the application of bioprocesses that use cellulosic raw materials (non-food biomass).
In May 2014, the GP Association reorganized as"Green Phenol Development Co., Ltd." (GPD). This was
the first example of demutualization of a technology research association.
In April 2018, given that GPD's technology is capableof producing useful compounds in parallel with phenol
production, the trade name of Green Phenol Development Corporation was changed to Green Chemicals Co.,
Ltd., (GCC).
Since GCC's phenol-producing technology andknowledge apply to the production of various other aromatic compounds (Fig. 13), we are developing a bioprocess for other high value-added chemicals and commercializing products that meet customer needs.
We are also making active use of non-food biomass
resources. One of the candidate feedstocks we are focusing on is the squeezed residue (extra-liquid fractions) of orange juice lees. We are currently studying thepotential use of various non-food biomass resourcesthat have not yet received significant attention.

Fig. 13 Major product lineup of Green Chemicals Co., Ltd.

5.2. Green Earth Institute Co., Ltd. (GEI)(Headquarters: Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; ResearchInstitute: Kisarazu City, Chiba, Japan. Mobara City, Chiba,
Japan)(Click here for GEI homepage)
GEI is a RITE-launched venture company establishedon September 1, 2011, to facilitate the quick commercialization of research results based on the RITE Bioprocess (described above). GEI is currently conducting joint
research and commercialization activities with RITE torealize the practical uses of green chemicals and biofuel
production technologies manufactured using microorganisms.
From August 2021, as a member of the core of theGreater Tokyo Biocommunity, as well as the global biotechnology community, GEI is implementing a bio
foundry project (i.e., a NEDO-commissioned business)to build a biorefinery technology platform. This is in linewith a cornerstone of the government's biotechnology
strategy.
The company was listed on the TSE Mothers in December 2021. (Due to the revision of the Tokyo Stock
Exchange's market divisions on April 4, 2022, the nameof the listed financial exchange after that day will be theTokyo Stock Exchange Growth Market.)43

R&D Activities ● Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group

Currently, we are working with GEI to realize com-

RITE Today 2023

6. Closing remarks

mercial production of a different type of amino acid,

In recent years, due to the development of “bio-dig-based on the successful commercial scale production ofital technology” and accompanying research methodol-

amino acids.

ogies, the efficiency of smart cell development has dra-In addition to this, we are working together to de-matically improved, mainly related to the national pro-velop other chemicals that can be used as raw materials

jects introduced in Chapter 4. Moreover, efforts related

for bioplastics and biodegradable resins, with the aim

to smart cell production demonstration have been car-of realizing bio-production that contributes to sustain-ried out, improving their social implementation. As a re-able development, as well as marketing for commercial-sult, a new industry (i.e., the smart cell industry) is being

ization and scaling up for mass production.

created. This is expected to have a large ripple effectnot only on the energy sector but also in industrial sec-

5.3. Joint research with companies

tors related to manufacturing (Fig. 14).

In response to requests from companies, we are

In 2023, our group will continue research and devel-

conducting joint research on the production of many

opment related to the production of green chemicals

substances other than the biofuels and green chemicals.

including aromatic compounds and the production of

For example, we are conducting a joint research andbiofuels such as biohydrogen. We will use the above-

development project with Harima Chemicals, Inc. as amentioned "RITE Bioprocess" and "Smart Cell Creation

NEDO-commissioned project regarding the develop-

Technologies," and will participate in national projects

ment and demonstration of a mass production system

and joint research with companies. Furthermore, we

for highly absorbent natural carotenoids.

would like to contribute to the realization of carbon

We are also collaborating with Takasago International Corporation, again with support from NEDO, toneutrality by developing practical production technologies at scale.

demonstrate a rose fragrance production system using
a continuous flow isolation method and a growth-arrested bioprocess.
We are also conducting joint research projects withmany other companies, but it is not possible to introduce them all in detail here. In many of these cases, torealize early commercialization, research and development can be used to convert one of the company's
products (i.e., substances currently derived from fossil
resources) to a bio-derived version. In addition, we areconducting multiple medium- to long-term research

Fig. 14 Fusion of industrial/energy fields impacted

and development projects to identify processes to gen-by new bio and digital technologies

erate bio-derived versions of the major products ofthese partner companies.

Since the “2050 carbon neutral” declaration in October 2020, inquiries from companies have increased, andthe number of joint research projects with companies

44

R&D Activities ● Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology GroupRITE Today 2023

has also increased. However, our group continues tolook for new research partner companies, in addition to
those introduced in Chapter 5, Section 3. We also notethe possibility that compounds that are difficult to produce in microorganisms can be manufactured in combination with other technologies, as in the abovementioned aromatic compound example. Therefore, if there
is a compound that you want to make bio-derived,
please contact us.
※ “RITE Bioprocess” is a registered trademark of RITE.

45

R&D Activities ● Chemical Research GroupRITE Today 2023

Chemical Research Group
Members (as of Apr. 2023)
Katsunori Yogo
Hidetoshi Kita
Masahiko Mizuno
Hiroaki Matsuyoshi
Naoki Kikuchi
Koji Baba
Firoz Alam Chowdhury
Teruhiko Kai
Kazuyuki Kitamura
Tomohiro Kinoshita
Junichiro Kugai
Kazuya Goto
Masahiro Seshimo
Toshinori Muraoka
Makoto Ryoji
Fuminori Ito
Yusuke Ohata
Takayasu Kiyokawa
Hibiki Koterasawa
Shuhong Duan
Nobuhiko Fuchigami
Vu Thi Quyen
Lie Meng

Group Leader, Chief Researcher
Chief Researcher
Deputy Group Leader, Chief Researcher
Deputy Group Leader, Chief Researcher
Deputy Group Leader, Associate Chief Researcher
Associate Chief Researcher
Associate Chief Researcher
Senior Researcher
Senior Researcher
Senior Researcher
Senior Researcher
Senior Researcher
Senior Researcher
Senior Researcher
Senior Researcher
Researcher
Researcher
Researcher
Researcher
Researcher
Researcher
Researcher
Researcher

Soji Yamaguchi
Hanako Araki
Hiroyuki Ida
Hiromi Urai
Noriko Onishi
Nobuaki Oono
Hidenori Ogata
Kumiko Ogura
Mai Kashima
Kozue Kataoka
Keiko Komono
Rie Sugimoto
Takashi Teshima
Yuko Nara
Yozo Narutaki
Akiyoshi Fujii
Yoichi Fujiwara
Keiko Mori
Misato Mori
Atsushi Yasuno
Naomi Yoshino
Junko Yonezawa

Researcher
Research AssistantResearch AssistantResearch AssistantResearch AssistantResearch AssistantResearch AssistantResearch AssistantResearch AssistantResearch AssistantResearch AssistantResearch AssistantResearch AssistantResearch AssistantResearch AssistantResearch AssistantResearch AssistantResearch AssistantResearch AssistantResearch AssistantResearch AssistantResearch Assistant

Challenges Associated with the Advanced Industrialization of CO2
Capture Technologies
1. Introduction
The research and development of CO2 capture and

CCU. The current research topics of the Chemical Research Group are described as follows.

utilization (CCU) had been conducted separately by the
Chemical Research Group and the Inorganic Membrane

2. Technologies for CO2 capture

Research Center until the last fiscal year. To effectively

The Paris Agreement was adopted at COP 21 in De-

collaborate on the R&D of both polymer and inorganic

cember 2015, and in order to minimize the adverse ef-

membranes, as well as CO2 utilization, we have inte-

fects of climate change, such as abnormal weather, thegrated these two research groups starting from fiscal

rise in global average temperature before the Industrial

year 2023 to establish a more competitive and produc-

Revolution was kept well below 2°C. Pursuing efforts totive organization. In the future, we will focus on prom-

keep the temperature down to 1.5°C was the goal. Afterising CCU technologies for their early-stage practicalthat, in response to the heightened sense of crisis, suchapplications. Additionally, we will increase the activities

as further temperature rises and the enormous naturalof the Strategic Council for Industrialization to support

disasters occurring on a global scale, the Glasgow Cli-

information exchange and technology cooperation onmate Agreement at COP 26 in November 2021 demonstrated the determination to pursue efforts to limit the46

R&D Activities ● Chemical Research GroupRITE Today 2023

temperature rise to 1.5°C with the world's first numeri-scale as a measure to address global warming, it is im-

cal target of 1.5°C. According to the IPCC, the 1.5°C tar-portant to reduce the cost of CO2 capturing from large-

get requires a 45% reduction in CO2 by 2030 comparedscale sources. In parallel, promotion of the standardiza-

to 2010 and net zero by 2050.

tion of CO2 capture technologies is also important. It is

In Japan as well, in response to the 2050 Carbon Neu-

necessary to establish a common evaluation standard

tral Declaration in October 2020 and the Green Growthfor various CO2 capture materials, while keeping pace

Strategy for the 2050 Carbon Neutral Declaration for-with the international trends of this field. CCU (utiliza-

mulated in December 2021 (detailed in June 2021), totion) implementation into society as soon as possible isprevent global warming various efforts are being pro-also highly needed. It is important to develop innova-

moted in each of the technology fields. CCUS (Carbon

tive CO2 utilization and carbon recycle technologies todioxide Capture, Utilization, and Storage) / Carbon Re-

effectively convert CO2 into chemicals and fuels.

cycling is an important innovative technology that ena-

The Chemical Research Group is dedicated to devel-

bles carbon neutrality. In CCUS/carbon recycling, theoping innovative CO2 capture and utilization technolo-

combination of both captured CO2 is recycled as a car-gies and to providing world-leading R&D and innova-

bon resource for fuels and materials (CCU), and the cap-tion results with a special focus on chemical absorption,

tured CO2 storage under the ground (CCS) is expected

adsorption, and the membrane separation process. Our

to have a significant CO2 reduction effect. Furthermore,

research topic covers the development of new materials

it has been shown that CO2 separation and capture

and their innovative manufacturing process and high-technologies are the basis for CCUS, and the targets for

efficiency carbon capture systems and membrane reac-

the technologies are to reduce the cost of CO 2 separa-

tors. As for chemical absorption, the solvent developedtion and capture to 1,000 yen/t-CO2 by 2050 and to es-

in COURSE50 (”Development of Environmental Technol-

tablish CO2 separation and capture technologies forogy for Steelmaking Process” commissioned by thevarious CO2 emission sources. Negative emission tech-

New Energy and Industrial Technology Development

nology, which contributes to the reduction in the con-

Organization [NEDO]) has been put into practical use incentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, is required to

a commercial CO2 capture plant owned by a private Jap-

achieve carbon neutrality. In particular, direct air cap-anese company. For adsorption, pilot-scale tests ofture (DAC) of CO2 from the atmosphere has been at-

solid sorbents with good CO2 desorption performance

tracting attention recently. In the Carbon Recycling

at low temperatures and adsorption systems are being

Technology Roadmap (Ministry of Economy, Trade andconducted in collaboration with private companies in a

Industry) revised in July 2021, DAC was added as a new

project commissioned by NEDO using flue gas fromtechnology field in progress.

coal-fired power plants. Recently, we started to develop

Against this background, it is necessary to promote

new solid sorbents for low-concentration CO2 capture

the practical application of CCUS by proposing optimal

at natural gas-fired power plants. Furthermore, Direct

separation and capture technologies for the various CO2

Air Capture (DAC), which captures CO2 from the atmos-

emission sources and CO2 utilization technologies. In

phere, is proceeding as the NEDO Moonshot Research

particular, in order to introduce and put into practicaland Development Project. With the target of separating

use CCS, which is expected to reduce CO2 on a large

CO2 from a high pressurized gas stream in a low-costand energy-saving process, we have been developing47

R&D Activities ● Chemical Research GroupRITE Today 2023

membranes and membrane elements. They are poten-

and the method is one of the most mature CO2 capture

tially applied in Integrated coal Gasification Combined

technologies. However, energy consumption in the pro-

Cycle (IGCC) and blue hydrogen production.

cess of solvent regeneration and the degradation ofEfforts have also been devoted to establishing thestandardization of CO2 capture. As the only organiza-

amines cause the cost increases in the chemical absorption method.

tion in Japan that is a member of the International Test

Focusing on the fact that the structure of amine mol-Center Network (abbreviated ITCN, a global association

ecules is closely related to these technological issues,of facilities around the world that promote research and

RITE started a new amine solvent: since the COCS pro-development of CO2 capture technology), RITE regularly

ject (METI's Subsidy Project) started in 2004, RITE has

exchanges information with overseas ITCN members. In

been working on the development of a high-perfor-

addition, we were awarded a NEDO project to establish

mance amine solvent that reduces the cost of CO 2 cap-

a common base for evaluating CO2 separation materials

ture.

with standard methods, which started in 2022 and have

In the COURSE50 project (NEDO consignment pro-initiated the establishment of Japan's first Real-Gas Testject) since 2008 with the goal of reducing CO2 emissions

Center in RITE.

by 30% in the steelmaking process, RITE was working

As for effective CO2 utilization technology, we havewith Nippon Steel Corporation to upgrade the chemical

been conducting carbonate fixation utilization amine

absorption method. The chemical absorbent and pro-technology and methanol synthesis utilization dehydra-cess developed by the COURSE50 project were adopted

tion membrane technology. In carbonate fixation, cal-by the energy-saving CO2 capture facility ESCAP® ofcium and magnesium from industrial waste are used

Nippon Steel Engineering Co., Ltd., which was commer-

and, after reacting with CO2, produce high-purity cal-cialized in 2014.

cium or magnesium carbonate. It is an environmentally

ESCAP® Unit 1 was constructed on the premises offriendly manufacturing method due to recycling both

Muroran Works for general industrial use, including

the carbon source and the metal source. In methanol

beverages. This is the world's first commercial facility

synthesis, CO2 emitted from power plants, steel mills,

using the chemical absorption method for combustion

cement and chemical plants is reacted with hydrogen

exhaust gas from a hot stove at a steelworks as a CO2

by a membrane reactor to synthesize methanol at highsource. In 2018, ESCAP® Unit 2 (Fig. 1) started opera-

efficiency. We have been awarded a NEDO project fortion at the Niihama Nishi Thermal Power Station. This is

optimal system development for methanol synthesis

the first commercial facility in Japan to capture CO2 byfrom CO2 jointly with a private company since FY 2021.

the chemical absorption method for combustion exhaust gas from coal-fired power generation as the CO2

3. Chemical absorption method for CO2 capture
In the absorption method, CO2 is separated by using

source. The recovered CO2 is used as a raw material in a
nearby chemical factory.

the selective dissolution of CO2 from a mixed gas into asolvent. In particular, the chemical absorption method
based on the chemical reaction between amine and CO2
in a solvent can be applied to gases with a relatively low
CO2 concentration, such as combustion exhaust gas,48

R&D Activities ● Chemical Research GroupRITE Today 2023

be expected because the heat of vaporization and sensible heat caused by the solvent can be suppressed.

Fig. 1 Equipment of energy-saving CO2 absorption process ESCAP® at Niihama Nishi power station, Sumitomo Joint Electric Power Co., Ltd.

In addition, our research results in COURSE50 showed

Fig. 3 Liquid absorbent and solid sorbent

1) For coal-fired power plants

the possibility of further reducing energy consumption

In 2010, RITE started the development of solidby using the absorption solvent with an organic com-sorbent materials for CO2 capture from the combustion

pound instead of water (Fig.2). We call the new technol-

exhaust gas of coal-fired power plants (METI consign-

ogy “mixed solvent,” which can control the reaction

ment project). In the fundamental research phase (FYmechanism of CO2 absorption and the effect of polari-

2010–2014), we developed a new amine suitable forzation. We are now on a new R&D stage and have con-solid sorbents, and in a laboratory scale test with thetinued to develop novel compounds and optimal for-new amine, we obtained the prospect of capture energy

mulations for practical use under the NEDO Green In-

of 1.5 GJ/t-CO2 or less. This solid sorbent system is an

novation Fund Project for the development of hydrogeninnovative material that enables not only low energy

reduction technology using blast furnaces, which

capture but also a low temperature process at 60°C.

started in 2022.

Compared to other technologies that use amine-basedsolid absorbents, this technology is at the top levelglobally in terms of low-temperature regeneration.
In

thepractical

application

research

phase(METI/NEDO consignment project) from FY 2015 to2019 with Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd., (KHI) as a
Fig. 2 Concept of mixed solvent

partner, scale-up synthesis of solid absorbent (>10 m3),
bench scale test (>5 t-CO2/day), and real-gas exposure

4. Solid sorbent method for CO2 capture

tests at a coal-fired power plant were conducted.

Unlike a chemical absorbent in which amines are dissolved in a solvent, such as water, a solid sorbent is one
in which amines are supported on a porous material,
such as silica or activated carbon. In the process of using a solid sorbent, reduction of CO2 capture energy can49

R&D Activities ● Chemical Research GroupRITE Today 2023

the adsorption and desorption behavior inside the device, which is difficult to observe in practice, and the calculation results are also used in material development.

Fig. 4 Development roadmap of solid sorbent method

Fig. 5 RITE's simulation technology

for CO2 capture2) For natural gas-fired power plant
In 2020, RITE was chosen for the NEDO commis-

In 2022, the Technology Development Project of CO2

sioned project with KHI. In this project, with the coop-

Separation and Capture in the Green Innovation Funderation of Kansai Electric Power Co., Ltd., KHI con-project has been started jointly with Chiyoda Corpora-structed a pilot scale test facility (40 t-CO2/day scale) attion (organizer company) and JERA in order to commer-

the Maizuru power plant and started trial operation in

cialize low-cost CO2 separation and capture processes

the second half of FY 2022.

from natural gas combustion exhaust gas.

RITE manufactured a 100 m scale solid absorbent op-

The CO2 concentration contained in natural gas com-

timized on the basis of the results of the scale-up syn-bustion exhaust gas is around 4%, which is lower thanthesis of solid absorbents and bench-scale tests andthe CO2 concentration in coal combustion exhaust gas

supplied it to the pilot test facility. In the future, we plan

(13%), and the oxygen concentration is as high as

to conduct CO2 capture tests from flue gas from theabout 10%. Therefore, solid sorbent materials with highcombustion exhaust gas emitted from the coal-fired

CO2 absorption performance even at low CO2 concen-

power plant in FY 2023–2024.

trations and high durability against oxidation are re-3

We are also elucidating the material deterioration

quired. RITE is in charge of the development of amines

mechanism, developing the technology to suppress thebased on knowledge and technology accumulated dur-

deterioration of solid sorbents, and studying efficienting R&D histories in this field and the development ofoperating conditions using process simulation technol-

solid sorbent materials composed of developed aminesogy.

and optimal support.

For process simulation technology, we are develop-

This project is a nine-year project from 2022 to 2030.

ing a simulator that can predict the amount of CO2 cap-

After passing through the stage gate in Phase 1 (2022–

tured and the energy used for separation and recovery2024), which focuses on the development of solidwith high accuracy in KHI's moving bed system.

sorbent materials, we plan to proceed to Phase 2 (2025–

In the pilot test, we plan to optimize the operating
conditions using this simulation technology.
In addition, the simulation is useful for understanding2026), where development with bench test equipment
will be carried out, and if it passes through the stagegate, we will proceed to Phase 3, where pilot demonstration tests will be conducted using actual exhaust gas

50

R&D Activities ● Chemical Research Groupat natural gas-fired power plant sites.

RITE Today 2023

We found that novel polymeric membranes composed of dendrimer/polymer hybrid materials (termedmolecular gate membranes) exhibited excellent CO2/H2
separation performance. Fig. 8 presents a schematicthat summarizes the working principles of a moleculargate membrane.

Fig. 6 R&D Schedule

5. Membrane separation
CO2 separation by membranes involves the selective
permeation of CO2 from the pressure difference between the feed side and the permeate side of the membrane. So, CO2 capture at low cost and with low energy
is expected by applying the membrane processes topre-combustion (Fig. 7). For this reason, we are currently developing novel CO2 selective membrane modules that effectively separate CO2 for pre-combustion.

Fig. 8 Schematic illustration of the working principles ofthe molecular gate membrane

Under humidified conditions, CO2 reacts with theamino groups in the membrane to form either carbamate or bicarbonate, which then blocks the passage of
H2. Consequently, the amount of H2 diffusing to theother side of the membrane is greatly reduced, and high(a) IGCC

concentrations of CO2 can be obtained. A poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) polymer matrix is used for pressure durability and to immobilize the dendrimers.
We developed new types of dendrimer/polymer hybrid membranes that provide superior separation of theCO2/H2 gas mixtures. Based on this work, the Molecular
Gate Membrane module Technology Research Associa-(b)Hydrogen production planttion (MGMTRA consists of the Research Institute of In-

Fig. 7 Schematic of the IGCC and hydrogen production

novative Technology for the Earth [RITE] and a private

plant with CO2 capture by CO2 selective membranecompany) is researching new membranes, membrane

modules

elements, and membrane separation systems. So far,two-inch and four-inch membrane elements withenough pressure durability (2.4 MPa) were successfully51

R&D Activities ● Chemical Research GroupRITE Today 2023

prepared. In addition, we conducted pre-combustion
CO2 capture tests of the membrane elements using coalgasification gas.
In the new NEDO project, CO2 Separation Membrane
System Practical Research and Development/Development of CO2-H2 membrane separation systems using
high-performance CO2 separation membrane modules,
we are conducting practical research and development
to improve the separation performance and durabilityof the membrane elements, scale up the membrane
modules, and design membrane systems suitable for
the CO2 utilization process based on previous results.
In the current project, we are modifying the membrane materials to improve pressure durability. The dependence of separation performance on feed gas totalpressure is shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 10

CO2 selective membrane, membrane element, andmembrane module.

Membrane element: The structure with a large membrane
area composed of the membrane, support, and spacer.
Membrane module: The structure in which the membraneelement is placed.

6. CO2 capture technology from the atmosphere
NEDO's Moonshot R&D Program was launched in FY
2020 as one of the systems to support the innovation
action plan of the Innovative Environmental Innovation
Strategy, which aims to establish technologies that enable Beyond Zero by 2050.
RITE is working to develop high-efficiency CO2 cap-

Fig. 9 Dependence of separation performance on feed
gas total pressure.

ture from the atmosphere and carbon circulation technologies in cooperation with Kanazawa University and
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., in "(1) Development ofPressure durability of 3 MPa was obtained by modifi-

technologies to capture, convert, and detoxify green-

cation of the membrane materials. In addition, separa-

house gases" of Goal 4 "Realization of sustainable re-tion performance was improved compared to the pre-source circulation to recover the global environment by

vious membrane, and we have the prospect of obtain-2025."

ing the target performance as membrane materials.

The technology for capturing CO2 directly from the

As for the development of the membrane elements,

atmosphere called Direct Air Capture (DAC) is expected

we succeeded in developing the membrane elements (as one of the negative emission technologies. Six re-= 10 cm, L = 40 cm) (Fig. 10). In the future, we will de-search themes on DAC have been adopted in thevelop membrane elements using the modified mem-Moonshot R&D Project, except RITE’s theme. Fig. 11

branes and develop larger-scale membrane modules.

shows our R&D items and a carbon cycle society as our
goal.

52

R&D Activities ● Chemical Research GroupRITE Today 2023

In order to realize an economically acceptable DAC,
not only material development but also process development is important. RITE uses simulation technology
to efficiently search for optimal operating processes.

Fig. 11 Development of highly efficient DAC and carbon
recycling technologies

RITE is trying to synthesize new amines suitable for
DAC and transform solid sorbent materials into lowpressure drop structured materials. The developed materials are tested in the actual air around RITE. Becauseof the day-to-day variations in the conditions of the local atmosphere, we designed new equipment to control
and test the effects of temperature, humidity, and CO2
concentration in the atmosphere (Fig. 12).

Fig. 13 Schematic image of DAC system evaluation equipment (below) and DAC experimental laboratory in
RITE where equipment is placed (upper)

7. Common evaluation standard for CO2 capture materials
In order to move toward decarbonization, fuel andenergy sources in both the power and industrial sectors
are shifting to renewable energies, but a certain amountof fossil-fuel-based thermal power generation remains
to meet electricity demand, and CO2 emissions are inFig. 12 Lab test equipment for DAC

evitable. Therefore, it is necessary to develop low-energy-consumption and low-cost technologies for CO2

In addition, DAC system evaluation equipment that

capture from low-pressure and low-concentration

can evaluate solid absorbent structures of the size used

mixed gas, for example, a natural gas combustion gas

in actual DAC facilities has been designed and manu-of 10% or less with relatively low CO2 concentration.

factured by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Engineering,

Since 2022, RITE has been conducting the NEDO

Ltd. The equipment is installed on RITE premises andGreen Innovation Fund Project for the establishment ofresearch and development that include scaling up tech-a common evaluation standard for CO2 capture materi-nology have started

53

R&D Activities ● Chemical Research GroupRITE Today 2023

als in collaboration with the National Institute of Ad-

8. Effective methanol synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation

vanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST). Along

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the causes of global

with the vision of the realization of a carbon neutral so-

warming; therefore, this significant reduction is a criticalciety, a common base for CO2 capture materials will be

global challenge and attaches special important to Car-established, and it will support the enhancement of do-bon Capture and Utilization (CCU) technologies. On themestic companies’ global share of the expanded CO2other hand, CO2 hydrogenation as a one of the utiliza-

capture market.

tion technologies produces water, which causes deacti-

The project is scheduled for the nine years from 2022

vation of the catalyst and decreases the reaction rate. In

to 2030 (the first stage: 2022–2024) and will carry out

order to solve these problems, we shed light on meth-

the following R&D items: (a) formulation of standard

anol synthesis using CO2 as the raw material using aevaluation methods using actual gas (installation andmembrane reactor that combines “membrane” andoperation of the test center), (b) establishment of stand-“catalyst.”

ard evaluation methods for development of innovative

Methanol is an important intermediate for chemical

capture materials, (c) development of durability evalua-

products, and demand is expected to grow in the future.

tion methods, and (d) database construction and theMethanol is mainly synthesized using syn-gas (mixture

spread of the standard evaluation methods. RITE willgases of CO and H2); however, synthesis requires highformulate standard performance evaluation methods

temperatures and high pressures. Generally, Cu/ZnO-

using actual gas and develop a test center where threebased catalysts are used with the reaction within the

different CO2 capture technologies can be evaluatedtemperature range of 473–573 K. On the other hand,with natural gas combustion gas. RITE has started to de-the one-pass yield shows low values owing to equilib-

sign CO2 capture test facilities to evaluate CO2 capture

rium limitations. This is remarkable in the methanol syn-for exhaust gas, which assumes flue gases from NGCC

thesis from CO2 hydrogenation represented by the fol-power plants. The test facilities will be set up in FY 2024.

lowing reaction formula.

In recent years, in the development of CO2 capturematerials for carbon neutrality, test centers for CO2 cap-

CO2 + 3H2 ⇄ CH3OH (methanol) + H2Oture technologies have been established throughout
the world, but such a test center has not been organized

A membrane reactor as shown in Fig. 14 can be usedin Japan. Installation and operation of a system of facil-

to solve this problem. The produced water is removed

ities where new CO2 capture materials can be evaluatedfrom the reaction system, then this reaction will be pro-is strongly demanded. RITE will provide the first real gas

moted to the methanol production side.

test center in Japan, which is used by companies andinstitutions involved in the development of CO2 capturematerials. It will contribute to the promotion of domestic CO2 capture materials development so that Japan
will continue to be the world's top operator of CO2 capture technologies.

54

R&D Activities ● Chemical Research GroupRITE Today 2023

RITE developed a unique process over many years.
From 2020, two Japanese private companies and RITE
set up a study group to target steel slag and waste concrete and then use the alkaline earth metals extracted
from these for use with the CO2 emitted from factories
and other facilities. We are cooperating in the development of technology for recovering carbonates, which
are stable compounds, by reacting with CO2 (Fig. 15).

Fig 14 Schematic diagram of membrane reactor formethanol synthesis

At RITE, we successfully developed a novel hydrophilic zeolite membrane, which has higher hydrothermal stability and water/methanol permselective performance compared to the conventional LTA-type zeolite
membrane. This membrane was applied to the membrane reactor for methanol synthesis, and CO2 conver-

Fig. 15 CO2 fixation as carbonatession was achieved at a rate three times higher compared to the conventional packed-bed reactor.
Currently, RITE is conducting the NEDO project, De-

10. Activities and efforts toward commercialization andindustrialization

velopment of Technologies for Carbon Recycling and

The core of the Industrial Collaboration Department

Next-Generation Thermal Power Generation / Develop-of the IMeRC is the Industrialization Strategy Council. A

ment, and the demonstration of technologies for CO2

total of 18 separation membrane and support manufac-

utilization. In this project, our ovel dehydration mem-

turers and user companies (as of January 2022) partici-

brane with a practical length was developed in FY 2022.

pate on this council. Our goal is to establish an inorganic
membrane industry that contributes to innovative envi-

9. CO2 fixationronmental and energy technologies by promoting a

CO2 fixation (CO2 mineralization) has the same basic

common vision for manufacturers and user companies,

concept as enhanced weathering, which is one of theas well as a joint research plan involving national pro-negative emission technologies. It is a technology thatjects and other initiatives.

reacts CO2 with alkaline earth metals and immobilizes it
as a chemically stable carbonate, which is attracting at-

We are promoting a variety of activities, which include
the following:

tention as a CO2 fixation technology that does not affecta) Sponsoring needs and seeds matching meetings

the ecosystem. In recent years, early implementation of

toward the practical use of innovative environmen-

the CO2 fixation by using by-products and waste con-tal and energy technologies that use inorganic

taining alkaline earth metals is expected to build a sus-

membranes, and the establishment and operation

tainable society.

of a research group that will prepare the future55

R&D Activities ● Chemical Research Grouproadmapb) Planning joint implementation projects funded by

RITE Today 2023

with needs and seeds information with comments fromthe IMeRC in the summary.

the government and NEDOc) Acceptance of researchers from council members
to the Research Section of the IMeRC and the im-

11. Conclusion
The Chemical Research Group will continue to ac-

plementation of training workshops

tively participate in the development of technology ford) Offering technical guidance from the IMeRC Advi-

CO2 separation and capture from various CO2 emission

sory Board and Research Section

sources. The chemical absorption process will be en-e) Hosting exclusive technology seminars for council

hanced by the development of practical high-perfor-

membersf) Offering exclusive supply services (Needs and Seeds
Technology Information) to council members

mance chemical solvents. For solid sorbents, we will
steadily conduct a pilot test planned to start FY 2023 ona scale of 40 t-CO2/day captured from flue gas at a coalfired power plant and steadily develop new sorbents for

In 2021, because of the spread of the COVID-19 virus,

natural gas-fired flue gas. Regarding the DAC technol-

we had to refrain from face-to-face activities, but we ac-ogy, we will accelerate its development toward a small-tively promoted study group activities and seminars via

scale on-site demonstration at Expo 2025 Osaka, Kansai.

the Web.

As for membrane separation, in FY 2023, we will com-

Two study groups, the Membrane Reaction Processplete the fabrication of a prototype of a commercial-

Study Group and the Common Infrastructure (Perfor-

size membrane module and develop a plan for a fieldmance Evaluation) Study Group, have started new stud-

test with the aim of moving forward into the develop-

ies. The Membrane Reaction Process Study Group ex-

ment phase. About the Real Gas Test Center, its detailed

amined a computational platform that enables compar-

design will be conducted in FY 2023. We will survey po-

ative studies of performance, energy balance, and cost,

tential users to determine the key configurations de-which are indispensable for the social implementation

sired and to make the center user-friendly for domesticof membrane reactors. The Common Infrastructure

researchers working on CO2 separation materials. It will

(Performance Evaluation) Study Group conducted a

open in FY 2024.

basic study toward standardization of separation mem-

In future, the Chemical Research Group will be fullybrane performance evaluation methods with the aim ofcommitted to the above-mentioned research topics.

promoting the industrialization of inorganic mem-

For carbon capture technologies in a stage very close tobranes.

practical applications, we will conduct scale-up studies

We also held a seminar for council members online.

and tests under real-gas conditions with the aim of es-

There were lectures from universities, member compa-

tablishing the technology at an early stage for early im-nies, and membrane-related companies on the latest

plementation into society. It is necessary to develop

R&D trends and the introduction of needs, seeds, andtechnology that can handle low-concentration CO2

practical development cases of membranes, along withemission sources. The negative emissions technologies,

lively question and answer sessions. In addition, wesuch as DACCS making a significant contribution to sus-

conduct patent and literature searches related to thetainable development scenarios for decarbonization,

content of the lectures, and regularly provide members

will be the focus. As the CO2 concentration decreases,

56

R&D Activities ● Chemical Research GroupRITE Today 2023

the amount of gas to be treated increases and the oxygen concentration also increases. The development ofmaterials at low cost with higher deterioration resistance and its corresponding system is highly Important. We will accelerate the development of thesetechnologies so that we can implement energy-saving
and low-cost CO2 capture technologies into our societies as soon as possible.
Efforts will be devoted for the effective utilization of
the captured CO2 and hydrogen production technologies for that purpose. We will develop technology for
CO2 fixation into carbonates using steel slag and waste
concrete and then explore technology for recycling CO2
into fuel and chemical feedstocks.

57

R&D Activities ● CO2 Storage Research GroupRITE Today 2023

CO2 Storage Research Group
Member (As of Apr. 2023)
Ziqiu Xue, Group Leader, Chief Researcher
Nobuo Umeda, Deputy Group Leader, Chief Researcher
Satoru Yokoi, Chief Researcher
Makoto Nomura, Chief Researcher
Nobuo Takasu, Associate Chief Researcher
Takahiro Nakajima, Associate Chief Researcher
Takeshi Myoi, Associate Chief Researcher
Tsutomu Hashimoto, Associate Chief Researcher
Saeko Mito, Senior Researcher
Tetsuma Toshioka, Senior Researcher
Osamu Takano, Senior Researcher
Keisuke Uchimoto, Senior Researcher
Hironobu Komaki, Senior Researcher
Atsushi Ibusuki, Senior Researcher
Yuji Watanabe, Senior Researcher
Yi Zhang, Senior Researcher
Hyuck Park, Senior Researcher
Jiro Suekuni, Senior Researcher
Yuji Yamashita, Senior Researcher

Ken Asajima, Senior Researcher
Satoko Fuchikami, Vice Manager
Kimiko Nakanishi, Chief
Takayuki Miyoshi, Researcher
Masafumi Kotani, Researcher
Takeya Nagata, Researcher
Rasha Amer, Researcher
Jinrong Cao, Researcher
Ryota Okimoto, Researcher
Tomonari Minezaki, Researcher
Shoichiro Hozumi, Researcher
Junko Hirai, Research AssistantShiori Tsuji, Research AssistantYuko Himi, Research AssistantAkemi Nishide, Research Assistant
Megumi Okumichi, Research Assistant
Megumi Sasaki, Research Assistant
Tokio Sasai, Research Assistant
Nae Hidaka, Research AssistantTechnology Demonstration, Knowledge Sharing and Non-technicalSupport for Implementation toward Commercial Deployment of
Geological CO2 Storage
1. Introduction

Hokkaido.

“CCS Long-Term Roadmap” which was compiled by

CO2 Storage Research Group is working on the prac-

the government in March 2023 says that CO2 geologi-

tical application of CO2 storage technology on the scale

cal storage-scale as of 2050 is 120-240 million tons.

of 1 million tons per year (a project funded by the New

Aiming to start the CCS business in 2030, they are

Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organ-

speeding up the development of the environment for

ization (NEDO), called “Research and Development ofpractical use of CCS, including the legal system. At the

CO2 Storage Technology to implement safe CCS”).

same time as ensuring the safety of the CCS project,

The main purpose of this project is to develop tech-technology development for cost reduction, etc. is also

nology to improve the safety and economic efficiency

required.

of the CCS project and to prepare the conditions for theTechnology development of CO2 geological storage

wide adoption of CCS. We have developed Distributed

technology in Japan started with a small-scale demon-

Temperature Sensing (DTS), Distributed Strain Sensing

stration project (10,000 tons of CO2 injection) in the(DSS) and Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) measure-

suburbs of Nagaoka City, Niigata Prefecture in the early

ment technologies, and microbubble CO2 injection

2000s, and various basic technologies were developed

technology to improve storage efficiency. Currently, weby the early 2010s. After that, a large-scale CO 2 injec-

are proceeding with technical demonstration project attion demonstration project of a total of 300,000 tons

domestic and overseas sites. We are also working on thewas conducted at the off the coast of Tomakomai,

development of methods to improve the social

58

R&D Activities CO2 Storage Research GroupRITE Today 2023

acceptance of CCS technology toward social implemen-(Distributed Strain Sensing: DSS), simultaneously. Thistation.

system can reduce the cost significantly compared with

Regarding optical fiber measurement technology, we

the case which many sensors are installed separately.

are also accumulating know-how such as verification of

Our research group has developed the monitoring

effectiveness and measurement system operation forsystem with the DFOS technology through the labora-

practical application to domestic CCS projects at large-

tory experiments and field measurements. Currently wescale CO2 injection sites in the United States. About thedemonstrate our monitoring systems at various sites inmatching of emission sources and storage sites andJapan and overseas.

about the economic improvement (cost reduction) of

the sensitivities of the newly developed OF cable, anddomestic CCS projects”, we are considering the " Stor-

verify the effectiveness of the DFOS monitoring system

age Resource Management " (SRM) method based onunder the practical environment such as the injection atexisting geological information and underground ex-

multiple wells.

ploration data. In addition to the conventional storage

USA, we demonstrate the integrated monitoring system

potential assessment, we are also developing a CCS costwith DAS, DTS and DSS using the developed OF cables.

estimation tool that enables optimal business planning

The CCS project in ND, USA injects 180,000 tons of

by SRM. In addition, our group has been developing

CO2 annually captured from the ethanol facility into theframeworks for creation of social consensus (Social Li-

deep saline aquifer approximately 2,000 m below

cense to Operate, SLO) which is useful for domestic CCS

ground surface. The CO2 operation was started at mid

projects by advancing conventional Public Acceptanceof June, 2022 and over 100,000 tons of CO2 was stored(PA) and Public Outreach (PO) approaches.

at the end of March, 2023.

At the domestic site, we evaluate

At the CCS site in North Dakota (ND),

Our DFOS system is used for CO2 monitoring in this
2. Major Research Topics and Outcomesproject. Fig. 1 shows the map of the ND CCS site and a

2.1. Optical fiber measurement technology develop-

schematic diagram of the monitoring system with thement and demonstration

DFOS technology. Simultaneous measurement systems

In geological carbon storages, it is required to con-of DAS (acoustic), DTS (temperature) and DSS (strain) is

firm that the injected CO2 is stored subsurface safely.

implemented by installing the developed OF cables at

We need to monitor integrity of wells and CO2 pipelines

four wells (an injection well, an observation well, two

to obtain deformation change due to the increase ofshallow groundwater observation wells) and the CO2

formation pressure, area of pressure propagation andpipeline. Table 1 summarizes the monitoring targets ofleakage detection. The Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing

each measurement system.

(DFOS) technology is highly prospected for this monitoring purpose.
The DFOS measures spatially continuous data along
the optical fiber (OF) cables, as the OF cable itself works
as sensors. A single OF cable with multiple fibers enclosed can be a multi-sensor system to obtain acoustic(Distributed Acoustic Sensing: DAS) temperature (Distributed

Temperature

Sensing:

DTS)

and

strain59

R&D Activities CO2 Storage Research GroupRITE Today 2023

implemented surface orbital vibrators (SOVs), which canacquire data much more frequently. The SOVs are permanent vibration devices that transmit vibrations in thestrata by rotating eccentric weights at high speed. In
addition, there is no need for on-site operators for dataacquisition, as remote operation and automatic controls are available. At the ND site, four SOVs are installedaround the site and operated every day.
Fig. 2 shows DAS results excited by SOVs installed at
the offset of about 60 m and about 1,000 m from theinjection well, respectively. Direct P-waves continuingfrom the upper left to the lower right propagate fromthe surface to the underground (down-going), while
Fig. 1 Monitoring system with O.F. sensing

waves continuing from the upper right to the lower left
represent reflected waves propagating upward from theTable 1 Monitoring targets
DAS (Acoustic)
DTS(Temperature )DSS (Strain)underground (up-going).

Reflected P-waves, which

CO2 plume,are the main signals in VSP data processing, are wellinduced/natural seisimicity

recorded with the good signal-to-noise ratio. The zeroWell/pipeline integrity

offset VSP recordings, which were obtained by the

Geological stability of reservoir/cap
rocksource sweepings at the closest SOVs, are used to detect the CO2 plume immediately after the start of injection, and other VSP recordings with certain offsets are

The borehole seismic with DAS (DAS-VSP) is used atused to capture the area of the CO2 plume. We are cur-two of deep wells to capture a CO2 plume subsurface.

rently conducting time-lapse analysis of repeated VSP

The VSP (Vertical Seismic Profiling) is one of the explo-

recordings.

ration seismic techniques and has advantages for highFig. 3 shows the DTS result at the injection well before

resolution and quality imaging due to the short dis-and after the start of injection. The color contour charttance between the target and receivers compared toclearly shows spatial and temporal temperature

the surface seismic. The OF cable works as the perma-changes. While the temperature distribution along thenent seismic receivers installed behind the well pipe,

well due to the geothermal gradient is consistent before

which reduces the operation time and costs significantly

the start of injection, the temperature drops by about

especially for repeated surveys and also reduces the ac-

20 °C immediately after the start of injection. This rep-

quisition errors due to the gap of the receiver locations.

resents that the low-temperature injected CO2 cools

The OF cable with small dimensions is installable behindsurrounding ground temperature. Moreover, even after

the well pipe even at the injection well.

the start of injection, repeated short-term temperature

Repeated 3D seismic surveys are typically carried out

rises and drops are observed. This indicates the process

every one to several years for the purpose of capturingin which cooled temperature tends to recover to thethe CO2 plume. In order to fill this temporal gap, we

original formation temperature due to the temporary60

R&D Activities CO2 Storage Research Groupsuspension of injection.
Spatially continuous DSS (strain) from the deep un-

RITE Today 2023

well (Brumby 3), an observation well (Brumby 4) andtwo existing wells for the CO2 leakage detection test.

derground to the surface is performed to monitor the

In previous research by CO2CRC, an Australian re-

deformation of the strata caused by the CO2 injection.

search institute, a well was drilled through a shallow

In the ND CCS project, we also monitor ground surface

fault zone and DTS (temperature) was measured using

deformation using the satellite data in order to evaluate

OF cables. As the DTS monitors the temperature

the relation between the ground surface deformation

change at only a small range around the installed ca-

and CO2 injection at the deep strata.

bles, we drilled two new wells with the newly developed OF cables installed for high performance DSS(strain). These OF cables are also available for DTS(temperature) and DAS (acoustic).
A CO2 injection test is scheduled in this summer.
The CO2 will be injected at the injection well (Brumby3) and some of CO2 gas will move toward the groundsurface along the fault zone. We expect that the DFOS
monitoring system at the observation well (Brumby 4)
detects this CO2 migration.

Fig. 2 SOV-DAS records

Fig. 4 Well layout at Otway site

2.2 SRM method development: development of cost estimation toolFig. 3 DTS result before/after start of injection

As the Storage Resource Management (SRM) method
development, we are developing a method for effec-

On the other hand, at the Otway site in southwest-

tively utilizing the underground storage capacity (re-ern Victoria, Australia, a field experiment is underway

source) at the CO2 storage site and a tool for evaluating

for aiming to detect CO2 leakage from shallow faults

the cost of the entire CCS project. The entire CCS projectusing the DFOS monitoring system. Fig. 4 is a cross-includes the stages of CO2 capture, transportation, andsection showing the layout of a newly drilled injection

storage, and we aim to enable cost estimates61

R&D Activities CO2 Storage Research GroupRITE Today 2023

corresponding to various options for CO2 emission

screen, but because they can be easily copied andsources,pasted, they can be imported into Excel or dedicatedtransportation

methods,

andinjectionamounts.

graph creation software, and graphs can be createdfreely. By using the output from this tool, Fig. 6 shows

2.2.1 Features and configuration of the Tool
Our research group is developing the CCS cost estimation tool that allows even non-experts to appropri-

CCS costs by transport volume and by distance in caseof using pipelines and ships. It should be noted that thepipeline here is assumed to be an onshore type.

ately estimate the cost of CCS, and that experts can also
use for various CCS case studies. As for the specifications of the tool, in addition to trial calculations for individual cases, it is equipped with a mechanism that cancollectively process multiple cases. And in addition tocomparison studies for each case, studies that combine
cases are also possible. The features of the tool underdevelopment are described below.
1) User friendly interface: The input interface has
been devised so that the user can enter the necessary
data appropriately without hesitation while looking at
the screen, and can give instructions to execute calculations. If the screen is difficult to understand or the operation is complicated, the user cannot input specifications correctly, which leads to incorrect results or wastes
operation time. Therefore, a easy and clear input interface is important. Fig. 5 shows the case selection screen.
From this screen, it is possible to call up the specification confirmation screen and execute calculations.

Fig. 6 CCS costs by transport volume and distance forpipelines and ships2) Installation of DBMS (database management system): A general-purpose DBMS was installed for the
purpose of easily and safely managing data in eachstudy case for each user. It is also important to install
the DBMS in order to make the interface, data management part and calculation engine independent. Completion of the cost estimation tool does not mean thatthe entire series of development ends. And continuous
maintenance, such as rule changes, rule additions anddata updates are required. This tool aims to improve
maintainability by increasing the independence of eachpart.
3) Developed as a WEB system: No special operationsof software or update are required on the user side, andit can be used only with a browser. Also, because all calculations are processed on the server, they are not af-

Fig. 5 Case selection screen

In addition, the output interface is also important.
Calculation results are output as a table on the web

fected by the capabilities of the user's PC or platform.
Therefore, it is possible to use smartphones and pads inthe meeting room to change specific specifications andto recalculate.

62

R&D Activities CO2 Storage Research GroupRITE Today 2023

2.2.2 Development progress and future development

2.3. Methodology for the Creation of Social Consensus

plans(Social License to Operate, SLO)

Fig. 7 shows the modules that have been installed so

The social consensus, including the local community,

far (red frames) and the modules that are planned to beis essential to implement CCS projects. One of the key

developed (blue frames).

issues in the creation of social consensus (Social License
to Operate, SLO) methodology is how business developers should communicate with residents so that they
understand the need for CCS and support the project.
From the perspective of communication between
business developers and residents, CCS business’s significant character is the extremely low awareness of CCS
among the general public. In a recent awareness survey,
14% of the respondents said they knew about CCS, andFig. 7 Modules installed so far and modules to be developed

For capture, coal-fired power plants and LNG-fired
power plants have already been installed. For transportation, it is possible to calculate “the pattern of land
pipeline” and “the pattern of which, as one of ship transportation, loading from land and transporting it overthe sea and then unloading it on land again”. In the caseof storage, it is possible to calculate the pattern of injecting water from the land into the sub-sea level witha sloping well. From now on, we plan to gradually develop the modules shown on the right side of the figure.
In the coming modules, in addition to the cost calculation of each process, we plan to add calculation functions that extend the basic functions such as sensitivity
analysis and hub & cluster.
In the first stage of development (until the end of
FY2023), we plan to specialize in the trial calculation of
the costs required for CCS. But in the future, we plan todevelop them so that we can also use them for considering business models, by installing functions to calculate economic indicators that take incentives into account, etc.

42% said they had heard the word CCS. It was a situation that almost half of them had never even heard theword CCS. For this reason, the primary purpose of initialcommunication for CCS projects is to raise awareness of
CCS, that is, to make residents get to know CCS.
The Barendrecht project in the Netherlands is a notable CCS project that was canceled due to opposition
from residents. It has been pointed out that the reasons
for residents' opposition were the lack of a lots of important aspects of risk communication, such as the fairness of procedures and trust. However, what is noteworthy here is that it is believed that the residents did
not fully understand the CCS (project). Initially, residents
were not considered as stakeholders and were not adequately informed. In addition, after the residents' opposition became apparent, providing of informationfrom public was regarded by the residents as ``propaganda of the CCS supporters,'' and the providing of information to the residents did not function enough.
Since the residents did not obtain sufficient information,
it is possible that their opposition was not based on
their understanding of CCS or the project. In otherwords, there is a possibility that the opposition was
based on information heard from reliable people (celebrities, media, etc.) or many people. In such cases,

63

R&D Activities CO2 Storage Research GroupRITE Today 2023

decisions may be made based on wrong information. In

with low interest in science and technology increases if

fact, in Barendrecht 's case, the cover of a magazine is

the theme is related to their personal interests or di-illustrated as a picture of a volcanic eruption spewing

rectly related to their lives. From this point, it is consid-

CO2 out into the city, something that cannot happen.

ered necessary to hold two types of communication

One of the importance of raising awareness of CCS in

events in the early stages of CCS projects: events fo-

the early stages of the project is to increase the number

cused on science and technology, and events focusedof people who understand CCS and the CCS project andon matters directly related to people's lives.

can decide whether to approve or disapprove of the
project.

Also, from the viewpoint of easiness for participation,
it is effective to hold the event online. Due to the corona

Literature on communication points out that it is im-

crisis, some of the events that had been held face-to-portant for business developers to listen to the opinions

face until then were now held online, but there is a re-of residents/citizens and engage in dialogue (two-way

port that, thanks to the online event, people who had

communication) rather than giving one-sided explana-less participation in face-to-face events are now partic-

tions (one-way communication). However, this is not

ipating. However, while it is easy to participate in online

necessarily the case for communications in the early

events, it also has the disadvantage that it is easy to notstages of a CCS project. Even if opportunities for dia-concentrate on watching or to stop watching in thelogue are created, there is a risk that many people will

middle.

not positively participate. It has also been pointed out

What has been described so far is only about com-that many people are unwilling to spend their precious

munication at the beginning of the project. And the im-time and effort to cooperate in solving social issues.

portance of two-way communication increases as the

Others may prefer passive (one-way) communication. In

project plan becomes concrete. It is necessary for thecase of two-way communication, they feel that theybusiness developer to have two-way communicationmust express their opinions, and feel a heavy mental

with the residents and reflect the results in decision-burden. For this reason, it is considered important thatmaking, instead of explaining the decisions made by thethe burden of participation is small and that it is easy tobusiness developer to the residents and making them

participate, rather than whether one-way or two-way

accept it. This becomes important for the smooth im-communication, in the early stages of a project.

plementation of the project. In addition, in parallel with

Lectures, exhibitions, and science cafes are held assuch events, public relations activities using the web,scientific events to spread science and technology, es-SNS, pamphlets, etc. are also necessary from the initialpecially to make people who have little interest in sci-stage of the project in order to raise awareness of CCS

ence and technology more familiar with science andand the CCS project.

technology. These scientific events are also suitable for

Our research group is also creating a QA collection

early-stage communication events of CCS projects duethat can be referred to when explaining CCS to residents

to their low participation burden. However, many sci-and answering questions from residents. It is said thatence events are known to have a very low participation

the main fears and concerns that the general public

rate of people who have little interest in science andfeels about CCS are CO2 leakage and triggering oftechnology, on the contrary to their purpose. However,

earthquake. Therefore, the QA collection particularly fo-

even in science events, the participation rate of people

cuses on these two themes. A (Answer) is based on

64

R&D Activities CO2 Storage Research GroupRITE Today 2023

scientific knowledge including the research and devel-

generation handbooks and greenhouse gas emissions

opment results of our research group so far, but we try

calculation, reporting, and publication system, andto make the explanation understandable even without

sorted out as direct emissions. The emission source da-prior knowledge.

tabase contains location information and it can be

In order to reach agreement by residents and citizens,shown on maps. Even if the amounts of emissions from

it is important that they come to understand CCS tech-individual companies is small, grouping emission

nology itself, and it is also important that they come tosources as a regional cluster will be useful in consider-know the benefits of conducting CCS projects. In caseing a hub-and-cluster approach to CCS. By integratingof overseas CCS projects, they introduce the amount of

the emission source map and the potential capacity

investment and the increase in the number of employ-map of CO2 storage sites owned by RITE, we devised

ees which are brought by the implementation of theways to make it easier to visualize the business image.

project. In case of facilities of about 1 million tons/year,

Furthermore, by adding port information, it has become

which they regard as a commercial scale, it is reported

possible to plan transportation routes from emissionthat capital investment’s amount of approximately 100

sources to reservoirs, including not only land routs but

billion yen is expected. It is also reported that the em-

also sea routes. Currently, we are also developing theployment effect is several thousand during construction

CCS cost estimation tool, and are compiling the SLO

and several dozen during operation. In the Unitedmethod so that we can examine the merits of imple-

States, it has also been shown that implementing CCS

menting CCS from an economic point of view as well.

without decommissioning coal-fired power plants is effective in preventing unemployment and the decline of
local industries. In this area, there is a coal mine adjacent to the coal-fired power plant. Since most residents
are involved in power plants and the coal industry, theclosure of coal-fired power plants will have a negative
impact not only on residents, but also on the survival ofmunicipalities. In Japan as well, there are concerns thatthe tax revenues of local governments will decrease
dramatically due to the closure of oil refineries, ironworks, coal-fired power plants, etc., which are sourcesof large amounts of CO 2 emissions. CCS, as a decarbonization option, can contribute to sustainable regional operations, with substantial local benefits.
For the commercialization of CCS, it is necessary toenvision a CCS business model that suits the situationin each region of Japan. We developed an emission
source database to grasp CO2 emissions. CO 2 emissions
were converted from summary results of greenhousegas emissions which are based on thermal power65

Press Releases ・ Events ・ Paper, Presentation and Publication ・Other Activities

RITE Today 2023

Click the link to open the RITE website

Press Releases

EventsPaper, Presentation and Publication
Systems Analysis Group
Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group
Chemical Research Group
CO2 Storage Research Group

Other Activities◆Environmental Education (Facility Visit Program)
Number of

Date

Participants

29 Jul. 2022

Kyoto Prefectural Nishimaizuru High School

15

22 Nov. 2022

Nara Prefectural Narakita Senior High School

17

20 Jan. 2023

Seikaminami Junior High School

7

participants◆Environmental Education (Workshop)
Date
2 ,4, 5, 8,10
Aug. 2022
22 Aug. 2022
23 Feb 2023

Title

Number ofparticipants

Craft and Science Experiment to Learn about the Future Energy

121

Trial Package Tour in Seika Town – Let’s make memories of summer

13

Keihanna Science Festival 2023 – Global Warming and CCS Study
Workshop

25

66

RITE Today

2023 Vol.18

AnnuaI Report

Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth

9-2 Kizugawadai,
Kizugawa-shi, Kyoto

URL: www.rite.or.jp/en
Email: pub_rite@rite.or.jp

619-0292 JAPAN
TEL.+81-774-75-2300