2002
Blue Planet Prize
Professor Harold A. Mooney(U.S.A.)

Professor James Gustave Speth(U.S.A.)

Professor, Department of Biological Sciences,
Stanford University

Dean and Professor, School of Forestry andEnvironmental Studies, Yale University

The Forest:
Our planet is the mother of alllife. She cares for all new life
with love and affection. In 2002,
at the 11th annual Blue Planet
Prize Awards Ceremony, theopening film tried to show oureffort at rediscovering the treasure trove of wisdom composedby myriad creatures that inhabit
it; the forest, and through them
the joy of living.

5

His Imperial Highness Prince Akishino congratulates the laureates

Their Imperial Highnesses
Prince and Princess Akishinoat the Congratulatory Party

Hiromichi Seya,chairman of theFoundation delivers
the opening address

Dr. Jiro Kondo,
chairman of theSelection
Committee
explains therationale for thedetermination of
the year's
winners

Blue Planet Prize Commemorative Lectures

Howard H. Baker
Jr., Ambassadorof the UnitedStates of America
to Japan,congratulates thelaureates

The prizewinners receive their trophies from Chairman Seya

Prof. Harold A. Mooney

6

Prof. James Gustave Speth

Profile

Professor Harold A. MooneyProfessor, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University
Education and Academic and Professional Activities
1932
Born on June 1 in California, USA
1957
Graduates from the University of California at Santa Barbara
1960
Obtains doctorate at Duke University
1960
Associate Professor, University of California at Los Angeles
1961
Ecological Society of America, Mercer Award
1968-1975 Associate Professor, Stanford University
1975-present Professor, Stanford University
1976Paul S. Achilles Professor of Environmental Biology
1983
Merit Award, Botanical Society of America
1990
Ecology Institute Prize for Terrestrial Ecology
1992
Max Plank Research Award
1996
Eminent Ecologist Award, Ecological Society of America
2000
Nevada Medal of Science Award
2000-2003 Senior Fellow, by courtesy, Institute for International Studies, Stanford
University

Professor Mooney entered the University of California at Berkley as a political science major,
but dropped out of school for economic reasons and got a job on a freighter traveling down thewest coast of the Americas. While transiting the Panama Canal, he read in a magazine about
a “Plant Hunter for the United States Department of Agriculture,” which led to a major change
in his career path. Professor Mooney, who had a strong interest in plant life through his activities in the mountains of California, was extremely attracted to an occupation in which bothplant exploration and adventurous travel would be possible. So he returned to the Universityof California at Santa Barbara in order to study botany.
In 1957, he researched the physiological processes of Arctic-Alpine plants over a vast
natural range extending from Alaska to the Rocky Mountains. He studied photosynthesis andrespiration of the plants using an infrared gas analyzer and equipment that he helped to design
and was able to demonstrate the physiological basis for ecotypic differentiation. He showedthat plants adapted their physiological processes to their local environments.
After he obtained his doctorate in 1960, he embarked on research into convergent evolution that showed that different plant species develop the same physiological characteristics
in response to the same severe environments. He earned acclaim for demonstrating that similarities between different species were not limited to form, which had already been demon-

7strated, but also extended to function. He accomplished this by comparing the ecology andphysiological characteristics of plants in the drought-limited Mediterranean climates in thegeographically disparate California and Chilean coastal regions and Mediterranean Basin.
In the 1970s, he took a broader approach to examine not only carbon gain but carbon use
by plants in an area of California ranging from the desert to the White Mountains and applieda cost-benefit approach to clarify how carbon resources are allocated to different sites in plants.
He had a significant impact on later studies into plant physiological ecology and advanced
research into carbon gain and use in plants by showing in a detailed cost analysis how plants
obtain carbohydrates and nitrogen, and how they distribute and store them to obtain the greatest effect with the lowest expenditure of energy. To date, he has authored over 400 scientificbooks, papers and articles.
In the latter half of the 1980s, he pursued research into the effect of the invasion of different plant species on naturally occurring species under the auspices of the ScientificCommittee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), setting up the first global evaluation ofinvasive plant species. He regarded the acceleration of problems related to invasive species due
to increased international commerce with grave concern, recognized the need for joint research
between naturalists and social scientists, and launched the “Global Invasive Species Program”
with many international institutions as partners.
Professor Mooney has been active in building up worldwide communities and networksof ecologists and scientists in recent years, especially with problems related to biodiversity andglobal warming. He played a central role in the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program(IGBP), having an influential part in setting the guidelines for the formulation of environmental policies. He has advanced numerous international research programs as Secretary Generaland Vice-President of the International Council for Science (ICSU). Furthermore, he is working to solicit the interest of the general public in many scientific topics through the media andother channels. He continues to work toward the development of new environmental sciencesthat will be required for the continued existence of humankind.

8EssayEcologists, their Science and Careers,
and their Role in Society
Professor Harold A. Mooney
July 2006
Gareth Edwards-Jones (2006) recently wrote an essay on “Sustainable development: What’s
ecology got to do with it?” He tells a very interesting story of his own career experience relating how he attended a meeting of the British Ecological Society Easter Symposium some 20
years ago when the very distinguished ecologist, John Harper asked this question in a speech,“What if a bomb went off in this auditorium right now and killed 250 of the world’s best population biologists? Would it have any impact on the future of the planet and the developmentof the human race?” Harper answered his own question by saying, “Not one jot!” That was adramatic statement, and as an ecological practitioner at that time I probably would have madea similar remark in a speech in my own country. I thought times had changed though, and thatthe ecological community was much more engaged in societal issues so I was saddened to readfurther in Edwards-Jones’ essay that he had planned to attend a symposium on “Ecological
Limits to Sustainable Development” at this year’s British Ecological Society Easter meeting
but learned that the symposium had been cancelled for lack of interest.
Gareth Edwards-Jones speculates as to why there was such a lack of interest in thisrecent symposium proposal, and he proposes that career development seems to take such alarge role in our time allocation that little is left for venturing to the big questions relating to
the relevance of what ecologists know, and learn, to societal development. There certainly is
no escaping the fact that, in academia at least, the pressure for peer recognition and hence job
security is intense. A number of years ago a large group of senior ecologists wrote a short pieceon this dilemma (Bazzaz, et al. 1998). They contended that times had changed and that academic ecologists should now add a third task to their job description. The traditional tasks were
1) to conduct high quality research and 2) to make the results available to their peers by publishing it in the technical literature. To these they would add the additional task of 3) informing the general public (who in the end pay for the work performed) of the social relevance of
their efforts. They addressed Edwards-Jones’ concern for the lack of motivation, or more
specifically reward, for doing so, other than personal satisfaction. The Bazzaz et al. paper
called for more formal recognition, within academia, not only for the production of high quality research, but also for success in informing the public of the relevance of the research products to human well being. Making the latter case is not too difficult since the work of ecologists is central to understanding how community and ecosystem processes lead to the9ecosystem services upon which society depends.
I do certainly see changes happening in the attitudes of individual scientists and this isa very hopeful sign. I will illustrate the changes that I see with two examples. In recent years
there has been the development of a global scientific assessment process. Leading scientists
from around the world donate their time and expertise to critically evaluate the literature, relating these finding to the crucial environmental issues of our time, and noting the certainty of ourknowledge. One of these assessments is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or
IPCC. This group has made a series of assessments through time to determine what effect theemissions of greenhouse gases has on climate change. The resulting documents are very
authoritative since so many international scientists are involved and the review process is very
stringent. The change in attitude that I perceived was the recognition by the participants thatthey had been selected by their peers for involvement in an important task. Rather than hiding
these activities from one’s promotion papers it was actually highlighted. This is a real change
in perception by the scientists on the importance of this “extracurricular” work for the benefit
of society, as well as for their own career development.
Another recent global environmental assessment was the Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment, or MA. The program used the IPCC template, to a large extent, and with similar
results—a very large international group of leading scientists produced the first global assessment of the status of the Earth’s ecosystems and their capacity to deliver ecosystems goods andservices to society. An innovation of the assessment was the involvement of young scholars as
fellows for this work, in addition to the established scientists. A wonderful group of young
scholars, graduate students and recent graduates, became fully engaged in the work and werevery excited and rewarded by doing so. The important point is that evidently they did not get
negative feedback from their mentors that it was not appropriate at their stage in career development to become engaged in this work; quite to the contrary, it was a plus to their career aswell as serving an important societal role.
The second example I use to illustrate the change in attitude about involvement of scientists in outreach to society is a training program in the United States called the Aldo Leopold
Leadership Program. This program is designed specifically to give young scientists the tools
they need in order to communicate their scientific findings to a larger audience through newspaper and magazine articles, and in interviews with journalists from radio, print or television,as well as how to engage with decision makers about the relevance of their work to society.
Each year 20 fellows are chosen. The pool of applicants has been truly outstanding throughout the length of the program, which is now more than 5 years. Obviously, the desire to communicate the best of science findings to the general public is great, and the applicants again see
their selection for the program as a plus for their career and their role in society. The pool was
originally set for young scholars who had just attained tenure at their place of employment sothat they would not have job security as a barrier to involvement. However, through time many
exceptions have been made since some absolutely outstanding pre-tenure scientists haveapplied because they thought that the program was important to what they wanted to accomplish in their careers. Again, I see this as a very definite change from the perceptions that
Edwards-Jones noted at his science meeting.

10However, the issue of scientists at an annual professional society meeting being
attracted to events that address societal problems directly is another matter. Although largechanges in attitude have indeed occurred, I do not see the kinds of fundamental changes in attitude that I spell out above applying to these events. Scientists at these meetings gravitate tothose sessions that are most relevant to their own personal research so they can keep up with
the increasingly fast moving pace of virtually all science endeavors. They look to other venues
for the science/society interface, such as in the United States, the annual meeting of the
Association for the Advancement of Science, which often includes many policy relevant
issues, and is well attended by communicators of science from the media.
Professional Societies
There has been a rather dramatic change in the activities of ecological societies in thepast few decades which also speak to the changing vision of the role of ecologists with the general public. For years the membership of these professional groups resisted formal interaction
with society at large but now some, like the Ecological Society of America, have very substantial and active public outreach and policy offices.
Universities
Universities are very slow to evolve however, although the increasing development ofinterdisciplinary programs and large research teams give an indication of some fundamental
restructuring that is occurring and is a recognition of the complexities of the problems thatsociety faces, which need new approaches. Nonetheless, it is still devilishly difficult to pursue
and get funding for interdisciplinary work, and promotions are still, at most universities, generally decided by individual research output in prestigious journals with teaching performanceand public service lower on the list. With funding harder to get for research support, it is easy
to understand that the prime driving force for career development is likely to be: production ofvery good science with little time left for the extra step of outreach, hence a real basis for
Edward-Jones’ concern. Further, there is some disdain, in many academic quarters, for those
who address relevant societal issues and who attempt to communicate to the general public.
Thus, there is not only no reward but there is almost punishment for devoting time to communicating to others rather than immediate peers. These attitudes are disappearing though and the
motivation of individuals and how they can best contribute to science and society are becoming more predominant.
Professional Society Role
In summary, I think the community of scholars working on environmental issues isbeginning to accept the challenge of communicating their work to society at large and that
there are large changes occurring in scientist involvement in efforts to do so. Still though, there
is not a universal agreement that such outreach is an appropriate role for scientists, many ofwhom still seem to think that placing their results in a good scientific journal fulfills their contract with society and that somehow society will find these results without further help. These
attitudes though seem to be fading somewhat, however it is true that academic institutions have11

been slow in recognizing and rewarding those who are conscientious and skillful in conveying
their work to others outside of the literally handfuls (most commonly) of people that will readabout it in a scientific journal.
As we continue to mine the Earth’s resources, to an ever greater extent, it is vital that scientists who understand the consequences of the potential disruptions to ecosystem functioning and services, make these results widely available to society at large. Ecologists must
assume the responsibility for not only increasing public awareness and understanding of theseissues but also provide tools and approaches that will lead to a more sustainable future.
I think now we can be confident that the times have changed since John Harper’s rather
gloomy assessment of the relevance and engagement of the work of ecologists, including histarget population biologists, to the welfare of society. If this is not the case it certainly needs
to be so, and quickly.
References
Bazzaz, F., G. Ceballos, M. Davis, R. Dirzo, P. R. Ehrlich, T. Eisner, S. Levin, J. H. Lawton, J.
Lubchenco, P. A. Matson, H. A. Mooney, P. H. Raven, J. E. Roughgarden, J. Sarukhan,
G. D. Tilman, P. Vitousek, D. H. Wall, E. O. Wilson, and G. M. Woodwell. 1998.
Ecological science and the human predicament. Science 282:879.
Ewards-Jones, G. 2006. Sustainable development: What's ecology got to do with it? Bulletin of the British
Ecological Society 37:22-23.

12Lecture

The Sorcerer’s Apprentice and the New Biological Order
Professor Harold A. Mooney
It is a privilege to have come to Japan and to address this audience on a few of the many issues
that humanity is facing as we fundamentally alter the nature of the earth system and theresource base upon which we all depend. I, along with many others, extend an appreciation to
the Asahi Glass Foundation for their dedication to the search for solutions to global environmental problems, by the establishment of the Blue Planet Prize, as well as by conducting theirannual global surveys on opinions of environmental experts on the status and future of Planet
Earth.
Before I embark upon the substance of my address I provide a little background on myown career, which provides the foundation for the work I will tell you about.
My early career centered on the study of the physiological adaptations of plants to theirenvironments. This work brought me to embark on investigations in many of the world’s major
ecosystems from deserts to Polar Regions to the tropics. What my students and I learned was
how closely ecologically tuned plants are to their local environmental conditions and of themany mechanisms that they have evolved to cope with local limitations of resources.
We also learned that a given environmental suite of conditions brought forth similar
adaptive modes in organisms no matter what their evolutionary history might have been.
Specifically, comparable climates in places distant in the world produced similar adaptationsin the biota through convergent evolution.
These findings have shaped my own appreciation of the evolutionary constraints on
how plants utilize their resources and hence on what the limitations are on the utilization of natural systems by humans in different parts of the world. We also found some universal mechanisms that plants employ to capture and utilize resources no matter what habitats they may
reside. These findings enabled us to predict how plants deploy the resources they have captured
to compete under differing conditions of environmental stress be it limiting water, nutrients or
predator pressure.
Early involvement in international environmental science, through the International
Biological Program (IBP), led me to appreciate the power of scientists from around the world
working together to identify and help solve problems of universal importance to society. The
IBP focused on the limitations to primary productivity in the earth’s diverse ecosystems andin doing so laid the foundations for systems ecology. Subsequently, I participated in a numberof programs coordinated by the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment(SCOPE)—a group of international scientists dedicated to assessing the status of the global
environment and highlighting emerging issues.
Through SCOPE I became engaged in a number of global issues, including fire ecology,
invasive species, on which I concentrate in this address, and the significance of biodiversity on

13

the ecosystem functioning and the services that it provides to society, which I also touch on
briefly. Through other venues (primarily ICSU-the International Council for Science) I also
became involved in the design of global research programs on earth system functioning and thescience of biodiversity. All of these activities have impressed upon me the rapidly growing
extent of human activity on the functioning of the earth system and of the urgency of educating all of us on the consequences of these changes and the options that we have, and must pursue, for building a sustainable biosphere.
Introduction to the Sorcerer’s Apprentice
We are witnessing a dramatic transformation in the nature and functioning of the biotic
resources that sustain us all. These changes in biological diversity are occurring at all levels—from the very genetic structure of organisms to the configuration of organisms on the landscape. Many of these changes are to the benefit of humanity, and are intentionally driven, butothers are detrimental and inadvertent. In this essay I examine what is happening, what is driving these changes, and what the potential consequences of these changes are to societies? I
particularly examine how fast these changes are occurring and how the increased tempo ofchange leaves us with limited options for corrections of trajectories that we may find unfavorable. The complexities of the biological order challenge our current understanding of theunderlying forces driving and sustaining them and thus we must proceed with caution as werearrange biotic landscapes, and the individual organisms constituting them, to provide for theactivities of human societies. I conclude with a description of how scientists, at last, havemounted a comprehensive global survey of the current status of biological systems, how they
are being modified and the most likely consequences of these changes and the options that wehave for influencing favorable outcomes.
The Sorcerer’s Apprentice
One of the most compelling movie sequences ever filmed was an episode in Fantasia
where Mickey Mouse plays the sorcerer’s apprentice. In this sequence, based on the poem by
Goethe, and set to music by Paul Dukas, Mickey, the apprentice, using the power of the hat of
the absent sorcerer, commands a broom to do his menial task of fetching water from a fountain to fill a large vat. He then falls asleep and upon awakening he finds that the broom has beenvery efficient and has filled the vat to overflowing. Mickey, lacks the full knowledge of the sorcerer and cannot make the broom stop. He then, uses an axe to cut the broom into pieces. Thenthe nightmare occurs of the pieces replicating themselves into new full brooms and resuming
the task of bringing in more water, creating a flooding disaster. The sorcerer returns, and withhis knowledge of how to reverse magic spells, he turns to broom back to an inanimate object
and thus no longer a threat.
What is frightening about this episode is the self-replication of a tool that has gonewrong. A mistake is made, but then it is compounded by replication of the mistake. The one
making the mistake, based on his incomplete knowledge, is helpless to reverse this com-14

pounding error and disaster follows.
Unfortunately this exact same story is played out all over the world today, not by
Mickey Mouse, but by real people, again seeking a simple solution for solving a task. The tool
they invoke is an organism possessing some apparently useful property, which by its nature
already has the power of self-replication. The potential for disaster is thus closer at hand thanfor Mickey, who only upon trying to correct his mistake compounds it by conveying self-replication upon an inanimate object.
How Organisms Used to Move Among Continents
I use this fable to introduce the topic of the movement of biological material across biogeographic borders and the consequences, both good and bad that can ensue. Before the Ageof Exploration, the exchange of biotic material among continents was a rare event limited tocases of organisms floating, or rafting, in the seas and surviving journeys over great distances,or small seeds being carried, inadvertently, by migrating birds. Some microscopic organisms
however are transported long distances by wind (Figure 1). The rarity of successful long distance journeys of organisms can be appreciated by the few numbers of species that were shared
among continents prior to the age of exploration.

Figure 1. Long distance transport of pathogens. Purposeful and accidental human-mediated transport of organisms is the principal source of invasive species although some spores of pathogens can be transported long distancesin the air stream [1]. Red arrows indicate most likely long-distance aerial transport of disease and blue arrows most
likely human transport(figure content reprinted with permission from Brown and Hovmoller. 2002. Science
297:537. Copyright 2002. AAAS. Permission for the reproduction of the base map by C. Lukinbeal).

The Destruction of Global Biogeographic Barriers
The result of this lack of mixing meant that each continental area of the world developed
a rich and unique biota. As evolution proceeded, complex interactions developed between
predator and prey, herbs and herbivores, fungi and their hosts, and the other manifold two-way

15

biological interactions that occur. Populations of a given species were held in check by competition with similar organisms as well as the action of predators and pathogens. Co-evolutionary forces resulted in the development of survival strategies against specific enemies aswell as the unique means of defense against these enemies such as chemical toxins of all sorts.
All of this changed with the first explorers who traversed the oceans, generally seeking
economic rewards, directly or indirectly, such as gold or natural resources such as spices andherbs. Even from the first, the issue of the very good, as well as the very bad inadvertent consequences accompanied these interchanges. As a result of the “Columbian Encounter,” biotic
riches of lasting value were transported to Europe, such as corn, beans, and tomatoes. At thesame time this encounter inadvertently introduced diseases from Europe into the Americas that
resulted in the death of millions of Amerindians resulting, in large part, in the subjugation of
the survivors. Today the extent of biotic exchange is enormous across continents as shown in
Table 1.
A world sampling of the numbers of naturalized species

Table 1. The extent of the global exchange of plant species (from [1-4]).

The New Sorcerer’s Apprentices—All of Us
Good Intent
Thus even in the early stages of humans breaching the age-old biographic barriers that
separated the continents, good and bad results could be seen. In the case noted above the good
was “purposeful introductions” and the bad was accidental introductions. However, later thecases of the bad became augmented and many of these detrimental examples were cases of
purposeful introductions that did not work out as originally envisioned. These thus are examples of the work of the Sorcerer’s Apprentice—the deeds of well-intentioned people withimperfect knowledge and control over the self-replicating agents that they employed to do theirwork. Examples abound—the introduction of the Nile Perch into Lake Victoria to augment the
food supply of the local population, which entrained a series of events that actually resulted inless food from the lake for local people, promoted deforestation, eutrophied the lake, and drastically impacted local biodiversity. Other examples include the introduction of biocontrol
agents such as the cane toad and the mongoose which have caused enormous damage either
ecologically or economically, or the introduction of erosion control plants, such as the kudzu

16vine that did that job but unfortunately also has had a very large inadvertent impact on forest
growth [5] [6].
Once established, these good deeds gone wrong are very difficult to correct because of
the self-replication of the error. The sorcerer does not exist with the knowledge to right thewrong that has been inadvertently entrained. Thus brute force has to be applied and the tools
at our disposal are primitive, costly and really not all that effective.
Our only hope in these cases is to use much greater caution in order to avoid such mistakes to begin with. However the pressures to repeat the mistakes are great and are getting
greater as I discuss below.
Accidents Happen Once the Walls are Down
Of course it is not only cases of good deeds gone wrong that concern us but also the factthat opportunities for inadvertent accidents are increasing. No one purposefully brought the
Zebra mussel into the Great Lakes (it came in released ballast water) (Figure 2) or the
Formosan termite into the United States, yet both of these organisms are causing billions ofdollars of damage. Again, no one purposefully introduced the ctenophore (Mnemiopsis leidyi)
into the Black Sea, yet it arrived, again by ballast water, and successfully wiped out the commercial fishery of that region [7] (Figure 3).

Figure 2. The explosive invasion of the zebra mussel into the United States(source-http://nas.er.usgs.gov/mollusks/maps/current_zm_map.jpg).
The Destruction of a Fishery
In 1982 Mnemiopsis leidyi(left) invaded the Black Sea evidently as a result of the discharge of ballast water from theUnited States. This invasion
contributed to a sharp decreasein local fisheries. A subsequent
inadvertent introduction andinvasion by a predator of theMnemiopsis is leading to arecovery of the fishery.
Figure 3. The dramatic impact of invasive species on fisheries (from [7, 8]). Photo of Mnemiopsis leidyi by E.
Prosser Armstrong and used with permission.
17

We are still woefully inadequate in our capability to predict which organisms, of all thatare crossing biogeographic barriers, will successfully establish, and spread, once they do arrive[9]. We do know that quite often those species that are successful are so in part because they
have escaped their co-evolved pests and competitors.
Given the cases of introductions, both purposeful and inadvertent, that have gone on tocreate ecological and economic havoc in their new homes, there is the obvious need for considerable precaution in purposefully introducing new organism as well as protecting borders
against inadvertent introductions.
The Forces Against Caution
The forces that work against caution include:
Ignorance
Many individuals of modern societies are becoming detached from understanding the natural base that sustains us all. They are unaware of the detrimental consequences of certain alteration of landscapes through human activities much less the potentially devastating effects ofintroducing new biotic material into a region. Thus the issue of invasive species is not high on theagenda of individuals much less of decision making-bodies that respond to public pressures.
Lack of capacity
Certain nations that have suffered the devastating effects of large numbers of invasive
species have instituted elaborate systems for intercepting potentially invasive species. Thesesystems are costly and require highly trained people to operate. They are however cost-effective in the long run since interception of even one potentially damaging invasive species canhave large economic impacts. It has been demonstrated that interception is cheaper and more
successful than eradication, which may not even be possible even if desired once an invasive
species becomes established. Unfortunately not all nations have the economic means to establish surveillance systems at their borders, nor a pool of trained people to run them. Thus infection spots of invasive species are maintained in many nations that could have been avoided bymore effective border control.
Increasing global connectivity
The job of border control is made extremely difficult by the increasing numbers ofpotential intercontinental transport vectors (ships and airplanes and the goods and humans
that accompany them) that cross borders every day. Even with a highly developed inspection
system the US agricultural border stations can only sample a small fraction of these shipmentsthat arrive every day. There are now over 45,000 registered cargo-carrying vessels in the world
and the ballast water that they carry inadvertently deposits organisms in places far distant frompoints of origin. It is estimated that as many as 7000 species of marine life are transported daily
around the world in ballast water on any given day [10].

18Global trade promotion
Trade without caution. In recent years there has been a large effort to decrease barriers
to international trade as is embodied in the efforts of the World Trade Organization. The resultof this aggressive policy is the agreement that if a nation has some concern about the potential
detrimental impact of an import they must do the risk assessment analysis to demonstrate thisdanger. Thus the burden of proof is on the potential victim, not the potential perpetrator ofenvironmental damage, or the one who will profit from the potential trade, leaving the costs ofmediating any undesirable consequences to the general public. This runs counter to the concept of the precautionary principle that was developed to protect society against potential hazards embodied in poorly understood ecological interventions.
Even before aggressive promotion of international trade there have been dangers of theintercontinental exchange of first class mail containing seeds that are not subject to inspection orof the transport of potentially invasive horticultural material through traditional exchange routes.
Adding to the potential dangers of the institutionalized and routine promotion of global tradeis the illicit illegal movement of potentially invasive organisms, through promotion on the internet.
The Forces For Caution
What are the forces working to counter the movement of organisms across biogeographic borders? There are a number of treaties that address the movement of unwanted organisms away from points of origins. These include the IPPC, Intergovernmental Plant Protection
Convention, which is directed principally at pests of agricultural plants and CITES,
Convention for International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, focusedon trade of endangered species. The Convention of Biological Diversity had no directive
toward trade restriction although it recently adopted a decision to “evaluate introduction pathways.”
National Protection Plans
Various nations and regions have trade restrictions and border inspection of biologicalmaterial to varying degrees. Some are very restrictive, such as New Zealand. Other areas, suchas the Galapagos Islands, even though they have extraordinary biodiversity to protect, have
until recently, had no restrictions on imported biological material with very sad consequences
toward which millions of dollars are now being expended to correct (Figure 4).

19

The numbers of introductions now match the numbers of native species

Figure 4. Time course of plant introductions into the Hawaiian and Galapagos Islands. There are now as many
established plant species on these islands, as there are native species (Data from [11-13]).

The Consequences of the New Biology
Sharing global resources
As noted earlier the benefits of the exchange of biotic materials across borders havebeen immense, particularly in agriculture, animal husbandry, horticulture, and fisheries. With
more rapid and distant trade these benefits are increasing in terms of the availability of biological products year round, everywhere.
The changing course of evolution and ecological interactions
There is a cost to this convenience, a dark side to the movement of organisms, that is,
the potential for the release of those that can cause undesired and continuing damage becauseof the Sorcerer’s apprentice effect and its magnification as fundamental ecological and evolutionary processes are disrupted. There is wide documentation of how new organisms entering
into new territory are not only evolving to fit the new conditions but are also changing the evolutionary trajectory of those impacted native species. New hybrids are being formed that are
swamping out native distinctiveness. New complex food chains are being established thatmake it very difficult to manage these systems without undesired consequences (Figure 5).
Ecosystems are always in a state of flux however these disruptions can totally alter their natureand bring them to a new functional status [14].
We are building new and complex ecosystems

Figure 5. Invasive species are building new food webs in ecosystems adding to the complexity of control efforts.
Removing one invasive species may lead to the explosive development of another (from [15]).

20

Enhancement and disruption of ecological services
Of course, purposeful introductions can enhance the ecosystem services, in addition toproviding useful goods, which can aid human societies, such as erosion control, soil nitrogenenrichment, toxic cleanup, water clarification and so forth. Even accidental introductions, suchas zebra mussels, can provide services such as water clarification, but unfortunately also many
unwanted effects such as species extinctions and clogging water works. But even those introduced species that may provide useful services may escape and do great unintentional damage,as was the case with kudzu vine that originally was introduced for erosion control.
It is the disruption of ecological services provided by natural ecosystems that are ofmost concern and unfortunately examples abound around the world many of which are accompanied by very large economic consequences. These include the destruction of important forest trees by invasive diseases, the devastation of crops by invasive pests and pathogens, theclogging of water ways by pernicious water plants, the promotion of large and unseasonal fires
by weedy grasses, the acceleration of the loss of water from watersheds, rendering rangelands
less productive [16].
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
What we have learned then from the movement of biological material around the worldis that great benefits and riches have been gained at the same time great damages and economic
losses have been incurred. This is actually part of the larger story of human modifications of
natural ecosystems—great benefits have been gained in terms of food and fiber production,
control of floods and fires to a certain degree, and so forth but at the same time fundamental
changes have occurred to these systems that threaten their long term sustainability such as thelosses and extinction of biodiversity and loss of topsoil. As in the classic movie, “The Good,the Bad and the Ugly” there are sometimes difficulties in distinguishing the good from the badin these modification states in natural systems since in part these assessments depend somewhat on the beholder and their own particular interests, which are often based on very shortterm considerations. What may be of benefit to one segment of society is a detriment toanother. However, the point that I would develop further below is that our analysis of good andbad, in terms of human well-being gained from natural resources, is often incomplete since it
generally only considers a modification of a single resource in isolation from that occurring toother resources and hence the total net gains and losses, or goods and bads, are not perceived
and hence are not a guiding force for resource management.
Dangerous Ignorance and Tinkering in the Dark
So, thus far what I have said is that we are fundamentally changing the very nature of
biological systems that have evolved through the millennia by deleting species and parts ofecosystems as well as by adding new species where they have not previously occurred. In
addition we are altering, in a major way, the many drivers of ecosystem functioning by modi-21

fications such as inadvertently adding nutrients [17]. We know that these changes are having
dramatic impacts on the capacity of ecosystems to sustain human populations, both positively
and negatively. At the same time we are relatively ignorant on how ecosystems, with their coevolved members operate, much less how they will respond to the addition of new players
introduced purposefully or accidentally. At the most fundamental level we haven’t evendescribed the myriad species that inhabit the earth or is there much possibility that will be able
to do so using traditional methods because of the sheer size of the task but also because of theloss of technical capacity to do so. We have very little capacity to account for the numbers ofcritical organisms and how their abundances and ranges are changing, except for the largest of
mammals and birds. We are generally ignorant of the role that species play in ecosystems
except in the most general way. For example we often cannot predict a priori what the consequences will be of the removal of many species to the operation of ecosystems, or of additions,as noted earlier. We are often caught off guard by outbreaks of pests. In sum, being an ecologist is a life full of surprises because of our lack of basic knowledge added to the general complexity of ecosystems such as the non-linearity of their responses to perturbations induced,
either naturally, or due to human activities. It is not that such knowledge is unobtainable; it isjust that it is hard to come by, and gaining such knowledge has not been a high priority in manynations. This knowledge takes scientists, time and resources. As noted above we not only lackfocus and resolve on these issues but we also are losing the capacity to attack the problems. As
society shifts more attention to the promises of new technology, such as molecular engineering, it is losing capacity, not only in identifying the pieces of ecosystems but also in studying
how these pieces function, since the field of physiology, both plant and animal, is being
neglected.
We are putting substantial resources into human health but not into learning about thefundamental ecological foundation in which humans derive their livelihoods and well-being.
In the U.S. for example, a nation which spends a great deal of money on science, 90% more isspent on human health research and development than on natural resources and the environment. This ratio is even more skewed when considering basic research alone [18].
It is small wonder that ecologists have embraced the precautionary principle so readily
in dealing with proposed interventions in ecosystems. It is not that they are trying to stopchange it is just that they still lack the capacity to offer knowledge on outcomes with a highdegree of certainty and because of the nature of complex systems; such knowledge may neverbe fully obtainable. Why are they concerned with the proposition to fertilize the oceans inorder to sequester more carbon? Why are they concerned with unrestricted free trade of live
biological materials? The primary reason is that we cannot predict the full outcome of theseinterventions and hence cannot be confident of the proposed long-term benefits.
The Task Before Us—Lifting the Darkness
The job of getting the information we need to understand and better manage our natural
world is daunting. However it is encouraging that there are the beginnings of a commitment toassess our current knowledge base on the operation of biotic systems and on their capacity to22deliver the goods and services upon which societies depend. This effort is certainly overdue
and as was noted recently, we have been ‘flying blind’ in making environmental decisions
since our knowledge base is so poor. We have, however, made enormous strides in the past couple of decades in understanding the basic operation of the earth as a coupled system—how theatmosphere interacts with the earth and how the earth’s climate system is regulated and interacts with biogeochemical cycles. This information was crucial in assessing the potential
impacts of the activities of humans on global climate change. However we, as yet, do not havecomparable capacity to understand fully the consequences of these climatic changes, muchless the other global changes that are occurring, on the operation of ecological systems in timeand space. In order to get this information we need a comprehensive evaluation of the piecesof ecosystems, how they interact as a functioning whole and how they respond to perturbations. This information is now becoming available. This last decade has seen a concerted effort
to learn the role of biodiversity in the functioning of ecosystems and the development of anunderstanding the role of ecosystem functioning in providing the goods and services uponwhich societies depend [19]. The task thus is to bring this information together on functioning
and services and to in turn relate these to how humans are altering the fundamental capacity of
ecosystems to provide these services.
Recently, a global analysis, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment was conducted on
the status of the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide [21]. The results were notencouraging in many ways since it was concluded that virtually all of the Earth’s ecosystems
have been transformed by human action and that the past 50 years has seen the most rapid rateof change in history. Accompanying these changes has been a great loss in the capacity of thesesystems to provide clean water, erosion control, disease regulation, pollinator services, to say
nothing of the losses of biodiversity and cultural values. A consequence of many of these perturbations, accompanied by a globalized economy, is the fostering of invasive species, such as
pests and emerging diseases, which in turn often degrade services even further.
Conclusion
We are engaged in massively disrupting and degrading those ecosystems upon whichsocieties have been built and whose services we depend upon. An important element of these
disruptions is the homogenization of the Earth’s biota and the increasing occurrence of invasive species that cause great economic damage as well as ecological perturbations. These invasive species are not subject to “recall” once they become established. It is important that wefully appreciate and understand what we need to do in order to sustain those natural and managed ecosystems that sustain humans and the role that invasive species can cause in ecosystem
functioning and service provision. The escalation of those elements fostering the transportand establishment of invasive species lend some urgency to our task.
References
1. Brown, J.K.M. and M.S. Hovmoller, Aerial dispersal of pathogens on the global and continental scales and its
impact on plant disease. Science, 2002. 297: p. 537-541.

23

2. Vitousek, P.M., et al., Introduced species: A significant component of human-caused global change. New
Zealand Journal of Ecology, 1997. 21(1): p. 1-16.
3. Eldredge, L.G. and S.E. Miller, Numbers of Hawaiian species: Supplement 2, including a review of freshwater
invertebrates. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 1997. 48: p. 3-22.
4. Hobbs, R.J. and H.A. Mooney, Broadening the extinction debate: Population deletions and additions in
California and Western Australia. Conservation Biology, 1998. 12(2): p. 271-283.
5. Enomoto, T., Naturalized weeds from foreign countries into Japan, in Biological Invasions of Ecosystem by
Pests and Beneficial Organisms, E. Yano, et al., Editors. 1999, National Institute of Agro-Environmental
Sciences: Tsukuba, Japan. p. 1-14.
6. Bright, C., Life Out of Bounds. 1998, New York: W. W. Norton. 287.
7. Baskin, Y., A Plague of Rats and Rubber Vines. 2002, Washington, DC: Island Press. 377.
8. IMO, Opportunistic settlers and the problem of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi invasion in the Black Sea.
1997: London.
9. Kideys, A.E., Fall and rise of the Black Sea ecosystem. Science, 2001. 297: p. 1482-1484.
10. NRC, Predicting Invasions of Nonindigenous Plants and Plant Pests. 2002. 198.
11. Carlton, J.T., Introduced Species in the U.S. Coastal Waters: Environmental Impacts ad Management Priorities.
2001, Arlington, Virginia: Pew Oceans Commission. 28.
12. Eldredge, L.G. and S.E. Miller, Numbers of Hawaiian species: Supplement 3. with notes on fossil species.
Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 1998. 55: p. 4-15.
13. Tye, A., Rising numbers of Introduced Plant Species in Galápagos. 2001, Galápagos Report 2000-2001,
Fundación Natura - WWF. p. 94-95.
14. Wester, L., Origin and distribution of adventive alien flowering plants in Hawai`i, in Alien plant invasions in
native ecosystems of Hawai`i: management and research, C.P. Stone, C.W. Smith, and J.T. Tunison, Editors.
1992, University of Hawaii Press: Honolulu. p. 99-154.
15. Mooney, H.A. and E.E. Cleland, The evolutionary impact of invasive species. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, 2001. 98: p. 5446-5451.
16. Zavaleta, E.S., Hobbs, R.J. and Mooney, H.A., Maximizing the benefits of eradication: Why invasive species
removal should be viewed in a whole-ecosystem context. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2001. 16: p. 454459.
17. Mooney, H.A., Invasive alien species-the nature of the problem, in Invasive Alien Species: Search for Solutions,
H.A. Mooney, et al., Editors. in press, Island Press: Washington, D.C.
18. Vitousek, P.M., et al., Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences. EcologicalApplications, 1997. 7: p. 737-750.
19. NSF, Science and Engineering Indicators–2002. 2002, National Science Foundation: Arlington, Virgina.
20. Mooney, H.A., et al., eds. Functional Roles of Biodiversity: A Global Perspective. 1996, John Wiley: Chichester
21. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis, 2005, Island Press,
Washington, DC. 160.

24

Major Publications
Professor Harold A. Mooney
Books
Ecological Studies. Analysis and Synthesis, Vol. 7. Mediterranean-type Ecosystems. 1973. Springer-Verlag,
Berlin. 390 pp. F. di Castri and H.A. Mooney (eds.).
Convergent Evolution in Chile and California. Mediterranean Climate Ecosystems. 1977. Dowden, Hutchinson andRoss, Stroudsburg, PA. 224 pp. H.A. Mooney (ed.).
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Environmental Consequences of Fire and Fuel Management in Mediterranean
Ecosystems. 1977. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report WO-3, Washington, DC. 498 pp. H.A.
Mooney and C.E. Conrad (technical coordinators).
Fire Regimes and Ecosystem Properties. 1981. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report WO-26.
Washington, DC. 594 pp. H.A. Mooney, T.M. Bonnicksen, N.L. Christensen, J.E. Lotan, and W.A. Reiners(eds.).
Components of Productivity of Mediterranean-Climate Regions –– Basic and Applied Aspects. 1981. Dr. W. Junk
Publishers, The Hague. 279 pp. N.S. Margaris and H.A. Mooney (eds.).
Disturbance and Ecosystems. Components of Response. 1983. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York. 292 pp.
H.A. Mooney and M. Godron (eds.).
Physiological Ecology of Plants of the Wet Tropics. 1983. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague. 243 pp. E. Medina,
H.A. Mooney, and C. Vazquez Yanes (eds.).
Physiological Ecology of North American Plant Communities. 1985. Chapman and Hall, New York, London. 351
pp. B.F. Chabot and H.A. Mooney (eds.).
Sulfur Dioxide and Vegetation. Physiology, Ecology and Policy Issues. 1985. Stanford University Press, Stanford,
CA 593 pp. W.E. Winner, H.A. Mooney and R.A. Goldstein (eds.).
Research Agenda for Ecological Effects of Nuclear Winter. 1985. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
UCRL-53588. J.R. Kercher and H.A. Mooney (eds.).
Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii. 1986. Springer-Verlag, New York. 321 pp. H.A.
Mooney and J.A. Drake (eds.).
Grassland Structure and Function: California Annual Grassland. 1989. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht,
The Netherlands. L.F. Huenneke and H.A. Mooney (eds.).
Biological Invasions. A Global Perspective. 1989. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. 525 pp. J.A. Drake, H.A.
Mooney, F. di Castri, R.H. Groves, F.J. Kruger, M. Rejmanek, and M. Williamson (eds.).
Remote Sensing of Biosphere Functioning. 1990. Springer-Verlag, New York. 312 pp. R.J. Hobbs and H.A.
Mooney (eds.).
Plant Physiological Ecology. Field Methods and Instrumentation. 1989. Chapman and Hall, London. 457 pp. R.W.
Pearcy, J.R. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, and P.W. Rundel (eds.).
Introduction of Genetically Modified Organisms into the Environment. 1990. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. 224
pp. H.A. Mooney and G. Bernardi (eds.).
Jasper Ridge: A Stanford Sanctuary. 1990. Stanford Alumni Association, Stanford, CA. 174 pp. B. Bocek, N.
Chiariello, P. Ehrlich, H.A. Mooney, J.H. Thomas, and P.M. Vitousek.
Response of Plants to Multiple Stresses. 1991. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego. 396 pp. H.A. Mooney, W.E.
Winner and E.J. Pell (eds.).
Ecosystem Experiments. 1991. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. H.A. Mooney, E. Medina, D.W. Schindler, E.-D.
Schulze and B.H. Walker (eds.)
Trace Gas Emissions by Plants. 1991. Academic Press, San Diego. T.D. Sharkey, E.A. Holland and H.A. Mooney(eds.).
The Biology of Vines. 1991. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. F.E. Putz and H.A. Mooney (eds.).
Earth System Responses to Global Change: Contrasts between North and South America 1993. Academic Press,
San Diego. 365 pp. H.A. Mooney, E.R. Fuentes and B.I. Kronberg (eds.).
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. 1993. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. E.-D. Schulze and H.A. Mooney (eds.).
Design and Execution of Experiments on CO2 Enrichment. Ecosystems Research Report 6. 1993.
Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. E.-D. Schulze and H.A. Mooney (eds.).

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Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests. 1995. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. S.H. Bullock, H.A. Mooney and
E. Medina (eds.).
Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems. 1996. Academic Press, San Diego. G.W. Koch and H.A. Mooney(eds.).
Functional Roles of Biodiversity: A Global Perspective. 1996. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. H.A. Mooney, J.H.
Cushman, E. Medina, O.E. Sala and E.-D. Schulze (eds.).
The Globalization of Ecological Thought. 1998. Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany. H.A. Mooney.
Carbon Dioxide and Environmental Stress. 1999. Academic Press, San Diego. Y. Luo and H.A. Mooney (eds.).
Methods in Ecosystem Science. 2000. Springer Verlag, New York. O.E. Sala, R.B. Jackson, H.A. Mooney and
R.W. Howarth (eds.).
Invasive Species in a Changing World. 2000. Island Press, Washington, DC. 384 pp. H.A. Mooney and R.J. Hobbs(eds.).
Terrestrial Global Productivity. 2001. Academic Press, San Diego. 573 pp. J. Roy, B. Saugier and H.A. Mooney.
Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change. Volume 2. The Earth System: Biological and Ecological
Dimensions of Global Environmental Change. 2002. T. Munn (editor in chief). Wiley and Sons Ltd,
Chichester. 625 pp. H.A. Mooney and J.G. Canadell (volume editors).
Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology. 2002. Springer-Verlag, New York. 472 pp. F.S. Chapin, P.A. Matsonand H.A. Mooney.
Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment. 2003. Island Press, Washington, DC. 266 pp.
Conceptual Framework Working Group of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, H.A. Mooney (contributor).
Invasive Alien Species. A New Synthesis. 2005. Island Press, Washington, DC. 369 pp. H.A. Mooney, R.N. Mack,
J.A. McNeely, L.E. Neville, P.J. Schei and J.K. Waage (eds.).
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. 2005. Island Press,
Washington, DC. 160 pp. H.A. Mooney (core writing team member).
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Biodiversity Synthesis. 2005. World
Resources Institute, Washington, DC. 100 pp. H.A. Mooney (synthesis team member).

Chapters in Books
Some approaches to the teaching of ecology in America. 1967. pp. 179-187. In: The Teaching of Ecology. J.L.
Lambert (ed.). British Ecological Society. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford and Edinburgh. H.A.
Mooney.
The influence of conditioning temperature on subsequent temperature-related photosynthetic capacity in higher
plants. 1970. pp. 411-417. In: Prediction and Measurement of Photosynthetic Productivity. Centre for
Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen. H.A. Mooney and A.T. Harrison.
Some requirements for a physiological model to predict the carbon gain of plants under natural conditions. 1973.
pp. 147-162. In: Terrestrial Primary Production. B. Dinger and W. Harris (eds.). Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, EDFB-IBP 73-6. H.A. Mooney and A. Gigon.
Plant communities and vegetation. 1973. pp. 7-17. In: A Flora of the White Mountains: California and Nevada.
R.M. Lloyd and R.S. Mitchell (eds.). University of California Press, Berkeley. H.A. Mooney.
Structure and function of the California chaparral –– an example from San Dimas. 1973. pp. 83-112. In: EcologicalStudies. Analysis and Synthesis, Vol. 7. Mediterranean-type Ecosystems. F. di Castri and H.A. Mooney(eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. H.A. Mooney and D. Parsons.
Plant ecological research in the White Mountains. 1973. pp. 38-40. In: 25 Years of High Altitude Research. White
Mountain Research Station. University of California, Berkeley. H.A. Mooney.
Plant development in mediterranean climates. 1974. pp. 255-267. In: Phenology and Seasonality Modeling. H.
Lieth (ed.) Springer-Verlag, New York. H.A. Mooney, D. Parsons, and J. Kummerow.
Plant forms in relation to environment. 1974. pp. 113-122. In: Handbook of Vegetation Science. Part VI.
Vegetation and Environment. B. Strain and W. Billings (eds.). W. Junk Publishers, The Hague. H.A. Mooney.
The origin and structure of American arid-zone ecosystems. The producers: interactions between environment,
form, and function. 1974. pp. 201-209. In: Proceedings First International Congress of Ecology. The Hague,
Netherlands. P. Miller and H.A. Mooney.
Environmental effects. 1974. pp. 45-74. In: Herbicide Report, Environmental Protection Agency SAB 74-001.

26

Washington, DC. D. Pimental, E. Kenega, F. Slife, H.A. Mooney, R. Odum, and L. Stickel.
Plant physiological ecology –– a synthetic view. 1975. pp. 19-36. In: Physiological Adaptation to theEnvironment. F.J. Vernberg (ed.). Intext Publlishers, New York. H. Mooney.
Photosynthetic adaptation to high temperature. 1975. pp. 138-151. In: Environmental Physiology of Desert
Organisms. Neil Hadley (ed.). Halsted Press, New York. H.A. Mooney, O. Bjorkman, and J. Berry.
The water factor and convergent evolution in Mediterranean-type vegetation. pp. 402-505. In: Water and Plant Life.
Problems and Modern Approaches. 1976. O.L. Lange, L. Kappen, and E.D. Schulze (eds.). Springer-Verlag,
Berlin. E.L. Dunn, F.M. Shropshire, L.S. Song, and H.A. Mooney.
Phenology, morphology, and physiology. 1977. pp. 26-43. In: Mesquite. Its Biology in Two Desert Ecosystems.
B.B. Simpson (ed.). Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. H.A. Mooney, B.B. Simpson,and O.T. Solbrig.
Introduction. 1977. pp. 1-12. In: Convergent Evolution in Chile and California. Mediterranean Climate
Ecosystems. H.A. Mooney (ed.). Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. H.A. Mooney,
O.T. Solbrig, and M.L. Cody.
The producers –– their resources and adaptive responses. 1977. pp. 85-143 In: Convergent Evolution in Chile andCalifornia. Mediterranean Climate Ecosystems. H.A. Mooney (ed.). Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross,
Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. H.A. Mooney, J. Kummerow, A.W. Johnson, D.J. Parsons, S. Keeley, A. Hoffman,
R.I. Hays, J. Giliberto, and C. Chu.
Summary and Conclusions. 1977. pp. 193-199. In: Convergent Evolution in Chile and California. Mediterranean
Climate Ecosystems. H.A. Mooney (ed.). Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. H.A.
Mooney and M.L. Cody.
Qualitative phenology. 1977. pp. 102-120. In: Chile-California Mediterranean Scrub Atlas. A Comparative
Analysis. N.J.W. Thrower and D.E. Bradbury (eds.). Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg,
Pennsylvania. H.A. Mooney and J. Kummerow.
Quantitative phenology. 1977. pp. 121-125. In: Chile-California Mediterranean Scrub Atlas. A Comparative
Analysis. N.J.W. Thrower and D.E. Bradbury (eds.). Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg,
Pennsylvania. H.A. Mooney and J. Kummerow.
Shrub structure analysis. 1977. pp. 144-147. In: Chile-California Mediterranean Scrub Atlas. A Comparative
Analysis. N.J.W. Thrower and D.E. Bradbury (eds.). Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg,
Pennsylvania. J. Giliberto, H.A. Mooney, and J. Kummerow.
Biomass, energy and mineral characteristics. 1977. pp. 162-164. In: Chile-California Mediterranean Scrub Atlas.
A Comparative Analysis. N.J.W. Thrower and D.E. Bradbury (eds.). Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross,
Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. H.A. Mooney, J. Kummerow, C. Chu, and R.I. Hays.
Southern coastal scrub. pp. 472-489. In: Terrestrial Vegetation of California. 1977. M.G. Barbour and J. Major(eds). John Wiley & Sons. H.A. Mooney.
The carbon cycle in Mediterranean-climate evergreen scrub communities. 1977. pp. 107-115. In: Proceedings of
the Symposium on the Environmental Consequences of Fire and Fuel Management in Mediterranean
Ecosystems. H.A. Mooney and C.E. Conrad (technical coordinators). USDA Forest Service General Technical
Report WO-3, Washington, DC. H.A. Mooney.
Biological wind prospecting. 1978. pp. 43-89. In: Ecologist/Meteorologist Workshop 1976. DOE Conference
7608116, Washington, DC. E.W. Hewson, H.A. Mooney, R. Pielke, J. Reed, N. Rosenberg.
Environmental and evolutionary constraints in the photosynthetic characteristics of higher plants. 1979. pp. 316337. In: Plant Population Biology. O.T. Solbrig, S. Jain, G.B. Johnson, and P.H. Raven (eds.). Columbia
University Press, New York. H.A. Mooney and S.L. Gulmon.
Seasonality and gradients in the study of stress adaptation. 1980. pp. 279-294. In: Stress Physiology of Plants. Neil
Turner and Paul Kramer (eds.). J. Wiley and Sons. H.A. Mooney.
Primary production in mediterranean-climate regions. 1981. pp. 249-255. In: Mediterranean-type Shrublands. F.
di Castri, D.W. Goodall, and R.L. Specht (eds.). Elsevier Science Publishing, Amsterdam. H.A. Mooney.
Phenological development of plants in Mediterranean-climate regions. 1981. pp. 303-307. In: Mediterranean-Type
Shrublands. F. di Castri, D.W. Goodall, and R.L. Specht (eds.). Elsevier Science Publishing, Amsterdam. H.A.
Mooney and J. Kummerow.
Adaptations of plants to fire regimes. Introduction and integrating summary. 1981. pp. 181 and 322-323. In: Fire
Regimes and Ecosystem Properties. H.A. Mooney, T.M. Bonnicksen, N.L. Christensen, J.E. Lotan, and W.A.

27

Reiners (eds.). USDA. Forest Service General Technical Report WO-26, Washington, DC. H.A. Mooney.
Photosynthesis and allocation. An overview. 1981. pp. 32. In: Components of Productivity of Mediterranean-climate Regimes. Basic and Applied Aspects. N.S. Margaris and H.A. Mooney (eds.). Dr. W. Junk Publishers,
The Hague. H.A. Mooney and J. Vieira da Silva.
Stomatal opening at dawn: possible roles of the blue-light response in nature. pp. 391-407. 1981. In: Plants andthe Daylight Spectrum. H. Smith (ed.). Academic Press, London. E. Zeiger, C. Field, and H.A. Mooney.
Applied and basic research in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems. 1982. pp. 8-12. In: Dynamics and Managementof Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems. C. Eugene Conrad and W.C. Oechel (technical coordinators). USDA
General Technical Report PSW-58. H.A. Mooney.
Physiological constraints on plant chemical defenses. 1983. pp. 21-36. In: Plant Resistance to Insects. P.A. Hedin(ed.). American Chemical Society Symposium Series 208, Washington, DC. H.A. Mooney, S.L. Gulmon and
N. Johnson.
Carbon-gaining capacity and allocation patterns of Mediterranean-climate plants. 1983. pp. 103-119. In:
Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems. The Role of Nutrients. F.J. Kruger, D.T. Mitchell, and J.V.M. Jarvis (eds.)
Springer-Verlag, Berlin. H.A. Mooney.
Terrestrial plant communities. 1983. pp. 177-222. In: CO2 and Plants. E.R. Lemon (ed.). AAAS Selected
Symposium 84. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. B.R. Strain, F.A. Bazzaz, H. Mooney, et al.
Productivity of desert and Mediterranean-climate plants. 1983. pp. 205-23l. In: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology.
New Series, Volume 12D. O.L. Lange, P.S. Nobel, C.B. Osmond, and H. Zeigler (eds.). J. Ehleringer and H.A.
Mooney.
Plant form and function in relation to nutrient gradients. 1983. pp. 55-76. In: Mineral Nutrients in Mediterranean
Ecosystems. J.A. Day (ed.). H.A. Mooney, J. Kummerow, E.J. Moll, G. Orshan, M.C. Rutherford, and J.E.
Sommerville.
The determinants of plant productivity –– natural versus man-modified communities. 1983. pp. 146-158. In:
Disturbance and Ecosystems. Components of Response. H.A. Mooney and M. Godron (eds.). Springer-Verlag,
Berlin and New York. H.A. Mooney and S.L. Gulmon.
Photosynthetic characteristics of wet tropical forest plants. 1984. pp. 113-128. In: Physiological Ecology of Plantsof the Wet Tropics. E. Medina, H.A. Mooney, and C. Vazquez Yanes (eds.). Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The
Hague. H.A. Mooney, C. Field, and C. Vazquez-Yanes.
Measuring gas exchange of plants in the wet tropics. 1984. pp. 129-138. In: Physiological Ecology of Plants of the
Wet Tropics. E. Medina, H.A. Mooney, and C. Vazquez-Yanes (eds.). Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague.
H.A. Mooney, C. Field and C. Vazquez-Yanes.
The study of plant function - the plant as a balanced system. 1984. pp. 305-323. In: Perspectives on Plant
Population Ecology. R. Dirzo and J. Sarukhan (eds.). Sinauer Associates., Sunderland, MA. H.A. Mooney and
N.R. Chiariello.
Progress and promise in plant physiological ecology. 1984. pp. 5-17. In: Trends in Ecological Research for the
1980's. J.H. Cooley and F.B. Golley (eds.). Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York and London. H.A.
Mooney.
Chaparral. 1985. pp. 213-231. In: Physiological Ecology of North American Plant Communities. B.F. Chabot and
H.A. Mooney (eds.). Chapman and Hall, New York and London, H.A. Mooney and P.C. Miller.
Measuring and assessing SO2 effects on photosynthesis and plant growth. 1985. pp. 118-132. In: Sulfur Dioxide
and Vegetation. Physiology, Ecology and Policy Issues. W.E. Winner, H.A. Mooney and R.A. Goldstein (eds.).
Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. W.E. Winner, H.A. Mooney, K. Williams and S. von Caemmerer.
Costs of defense and their effects on plant productivity. 1986. pp. 681-698. In: On the Economy of Plant Form andFunction. T.J. Givnish (ed.). Cambridge University Press. S.L. Gulmon and H.A. Mooney.
The photosynthesis-nitrogen relationships in wild plants. 1986. pp. 25-55. In: On the Economy of Plant Form andFunction. T.J. Givnish (ed.). Cambridge University Press. C. Field and H.A. Mooney.
Biological responses at the community level. Background and Experimental Program. 1985. pp. 32-38. In:
Research Agenda for Ecological Effects of Nuclear Winter. J.R. Kercher and H.A. Mooney (eds.). Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory UCRL-53588. F.A. Bazzaz, P. Vitousek, H.A. Mooney, and R. Herrera.
Invasions of Plant and Animals into California. 1986. pp. 250-269. In: Ecology of Biological Invasions of North
America and Hawaii. H.A. Mooney and J.A. Drake (eds.). Springer-Verlag, New York. H.A. Mooney, S.P.
Hamburg, and J.A. Drake.

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Resilience at the individual plant level. 1986. pp. 65-82. In: Resilience in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems. B.
Dell, A.J.M. Hopkins and B.B. Lamont (eds.). Dr. W. Junk Publ., Dordrecht. H.A. Mooney and R.J. Hobbs.
Photosynthesis. 1986. pp. 345-373. In: Plant Ecology. M.J. Crawley (ed.). Blackwell Scientific Publications. H.A.
Mooney.
The impact of environmental stress on plant performance in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems: differing levels ofanalysis. 1987. pp. 661-668. In: Plant Response to Stress. J.D. Tenhunen, F.M. Catarino, O.L. Lange, andW.C. Oechel (eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. H.A. Mooney.
Lessons from Mediterranean-climate regions. 1988. pp. 157-165. In: Biodiversity. E.O. Wilson (ed.). National
Academy Press, Washington, DC. H.A. Mooney.
Stomatal responses to SO2 and O3. 1988. pp. 255-271. In: Air Pollution and Plant Metabolism. S. Schulte-Hostede,
N.M. Darrall, L.W. Blank, A.R. Wellburn (eds.). Elsevier, London. W.E. Winner, C. Gillespie, W.-S. Shen, and
H.A. Mooney.
Carbon gain, allocation, and growth as affected by atmospheric pollutants. 1988. pp. 272-287. In: Air Pollution
and Plant Metabolism. S. Schulte-Hostede, N.M. Darrall, L.W. Blank, A.R. Wellburn (eds.). Elsevier, London.
H.A. Mooney and W.E. Winner.
Compensating effects to growth of changes in dry matter allocation in response to variation in photosynthetic characteristics induced by photoperiod, light and nitrogen. 1988. pp. 287-298. In: Ecology of Photosynthesis in
Sun and Shade. J.R. Evans, S. von Caemmerer, and W.W. Adams III (eds.). CSIRO, Australia. M. Küppers,
G.W. Koch, and H.A. Mooney.
The California annual grassland: an overview. 1989. pp. 213-218. In: Grassland Structure and Function:
California Annual Grassland. L.F. Huenneke and H.A. Mooney (eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht, The Netherlands. L.F. Huenneke and H.A. Mooney.
Biological Invasions: a SCOPE program overview. 1989. pp. 491-506. In: Biological Invasions. A Global
Perspective. J.A. Drake, H.A. Mooney, F. di Castri, R.H. Groves, F.J. Kruger, M. Rejmanek, and M. Williamson(eds.). John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. H.A. Mooney and J.A. Drake.
Photosynthesis and plant productivity –– scaling to the biosphere. 1989. pp. 19-44. In: Photosynthesis. W.R.
Briggs (ed.). Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York. H.A. Mooney and C.B. Field.
Growth, carbon allocation and cost of plant tissues. 1989. pp. 327-365. In: Plant Physiological Ecology. Field
Methods and Instrumentation. R.W. Pearcy, J.R. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, and P.W. Rundel (eds.). Chapman
and Hall, London. N.R. Chiariello, H.A. Mooney and K. Williams.
Chaparral physiological ecology –– paradigms revisited. 1989. pp. 85-90. In: California Chaparral: Paradigms
Re-Examined. S. Keeley (ed.). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, CA. H.A. Mooney.
The release of genetically designed organisms in the environment: lessons from the study of the ecology of biological invasions. 1990. pp. 117-129. In: Introduction of Genetically Modified Organisms into the Environment.
H.A. Mooney and G. Bernardi (eds.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. H.A. Mooney and J.A. Drake.
Measuring photosynthesis under field conditions: past and present approaches. 1990. pp. 185-205. In:
Measurement Techniques in Plant Science. Y. Hashimoto, P.J. Kramer, H. Nonami, and B.R. Strain (eds.).
Academic Press, San Diego, CA. C.B. Field and H.A. Mooney.
Fostering global participation in the understanding of the earth as a system. 1991. pp. 262-269. In: ManEnvironment and Development: Towards a Global Approach. P.Blasi and S. Zamagni (eds.). Nova SpesInternational Foundation Press, Rome. H.A. Mooney.
Partitioning response of plants to stress. 1991. pp. 129-141. In: Response of Plants to Multiple Stresses. H.A.
Mooney, W.E. Winner and E.J. Pell (eds.) Academic Press, Inc., San Diego. H.A. Mooney and W.E. Winner.
Consequences of evolving resistance to air pollutants. 1991. pp. 177-202. In: Ecological Genetics and Air
Pollution. G.E. Taylor, Jr., L.F. Pitelka, and M.T. Clegg (eds.). Springer-Verlag, New York. W.E. Winner, J.S.
Coleman, C. Gillespie, H.A. Mooney, and E.J. Pell.
Reserve economy of vines. 1991. pp. 161-179. In: The Biology of Vines. F.E. Putz and H.A. Mooney (eds.).
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. H.A. Mooney and B.L. Gartner.
Biodiversity from communities to ecosystems. 1992. pp. 73-82. In: From Genes to Ecosystems: A Research
Agenda for Biodiversity. O.T. Solbrig (ed.). IUBS, Paris. R. Andersen, E. Fuentes, M. Gadgil, T. Lovejoy, H.
Mooney, D. Ojima, and R. Woodmansee.
Terrestrial systems. 1992. pp. 173-186. In: An Agenda of Science for Environment and Development into the 21stCentury. J.C.I. Dooge, G.T. Goodman, J.W.M. la Riviere, J. Marton-Lefevre, T. O'Riordan and F. Praderie

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(eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. H.A. Mooney and W.G. Sombroek.
Biodiversity components in a changing world. 1993. pp. 30-33. In: Proceedings of the Norway/UNEP Expert
Conference on Biodiversity. O.T. Sandlund and P.J. Schei (eds.). Directorate for Nature Management andNorwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway. H.A. Mooney.
Vegetation in western North America, past and future. 1993. pp. 209-237. In: Earth System Responses to Global
Change: Contrasts between North and South America. H.A. Mooney, E.R. Fuentes and B.I. Kronberg (eds.).
Academic Press, San Diego. S.C. Keeley and H.A. Mooney.
North-south comparisons: vegetation. 1993. pp. 265-266. In: Earth System Responses to Global Change:
Contrasts between North and South America. H.A. Mooney, E.R. Fuentes and B.I. Kronberg (eds.). Academic
Press, San Diego. H.A. Mooney.
Ecosystem function of biodiversity: a summary. 1993. pp. 497-510. In: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. E.D. Schulze and H.A. Mooney (eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. E.-D. Schulze and H.A. Mooney.
Restoration ecology and invasions. 1993. pp. 127-133. In: The Reconstruction of Fragmented Ecosystems. D.A.
Saunders, R.J. Hobbs and P.R. Ehrlich (eds.). Surrey Beatty and Sons, Australia. R.J. Hobbs and H.A. Mooney.
Photosynthesis, storage, and allocation. 1994. pp. 133-146. In: Ecophysiology of Photosynthesis. E.-D. Schulze
and M.M. Caldwell (eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. K. Fichtner, G.W. Koch, and H.A. Mooney.
Resource webs in mediterranean-type climates. 1994. pp. 73-81. In: Plant-Animal Interactions in MediterraneanType Ecosystems. M. Arianoutsou and R.H. Groves (eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
H.A. Mooney and R.J. Hobbs.
Human impact on terrestrial ecosystems –– what we know and what we are doing about it. 1993. pp. 11-14. In:
Proceedings of the XVII International Grassland Congress. New Zealand Grassland Association, Tropical
Grasslands Society of Australia, New Zealand Society of Animal Production, Australian Society of Animal
Production, New Zealand Institute of Agricultural Science. H.A. Mooney.
Potential impacts of asymmetrical day-night temperature increase on biotic systems. 1994. pp. 467-484. In:
Asymetric Change of Daily Temperature Range. Proceedings of the International Minimax Workshop. G.
Kukla, T.R. Karl and M.R. Riches (eds.). US Department of Energy CONF-9309350. H.A. Mooney, G.W.
Koch and C.B. Field.
Comparative view on design and execution of experiments at elevated CO2. 1993. pp. 407-413. In: Design andExecution of Experiments on CO2 Enrichment. Ecosystems Research Report 6. E.-D. Schulze and H.A.
Mooney (eds.). Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. E.-D. Schulze and H.A. Mooney.
Drought responses of neotropical dry forest trees. 1995. pp. 243-276. In: Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests. S.H.
Bullock, H.A. Mooney and E. Medina (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. N.M. Holbrook, J.L.
Whitbeck and H.A. Mooney.
Effects of episodic rain events on Mediterranean-climate ecosystems. 1995. pp. 71-85. In: Time Scales of
Biological Responses to Water Constraints: The Case of Mediterranean Biota. J. Roy, J. Aronson and F. diCastri (eds.). SPB Academic Publishing. R.J. Hobbs and H.A. Mooney.
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: basic principles. 1995. pp. 275-325. In: Global Biodiversity Assessment.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. H.A. Mooney, J. Lubchenco, R. Dirzo and O.E. Sala, et al.
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: ecosystem analyses. 1995. pp. 327-452. In: Global Biodiversity
Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. H.A. Mooney, J. Lubchenco, R. Dirzo and O.E. Sala, etal.
The Jasper Ridge CO2 experiment: design and motivation. 1996. pp. 121-145. In: Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial
Ecosystems. G.W. Koch and H.A. Mooney (eds.). Academic Press, San Diego. C.B. Field, F.S. Chapin III,
N.R. Chiariello, E.A. Holland and H.A. Mooney.
Stimulation of global photosynthetic carbon influx by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.
1996. pp. 381-397. In: Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems. G.W. Koch and H.A. Mooney (eds.).
Academic Press, San Diego. Y. Luo and H.A. Mooney.
Response of terrestrial ecosystems to elevated CO2 a synthesis and summary. 1996. pp. 415-429. In: Carbon
Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems. G.W. Koch and H.A. Mooney (eds.). Academic Press, San Diego. G.W.
Koch and H.A. Mooney.
Opening address of ICSU. 1996. pp. 23-25. In: Biodiversity, Science and Development. Towards a New
Partnership. F. di Castri and T. Younes (eds.). CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon. H.A. Mooney.
Biotic interactions and the ecosystem function of biodiversity. 1996. pp. 153-161. In: Biodiversity, Science and30

Development. Towards a New Partnership. F. di Castri and T. Younes (eds.). CAB International, Wallingford,
Oxon. H.A. Mooney.
Ecosystem physiology: overview and synthesis. 1996. pp. 13-19. In: Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems.
B. Walker and W. Steffen (eds.). University Press, Cambridge. H. Mooney
The SCOPE Ecosystem Functioning of Biodiversity program. 1996. pp. 1-6. In: Functional Roles of Biodiversity:
A Global Perspective. H.A. Mooney, J.H. Cushman, E. Medina, O.E. Sala and E.-D. Schulze (eds.). John Wiley& Sons, Chichester. H.A. Mooney, J.H. Cushman, E. Medina, O.E. Sala and E.-D. Schulze.
What we have learned about the ecosystem functioning of biodiversity. 1996. pp. 475-484. In: Functional Rolesof Biodiversity: A Global Perspective. H.A. Mooney, J.H. Cushman, E. Medina, O.E. Sala and E.-D. Schulze(eds.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. H.A. Mooney, J.H. Cushman, E. Medina, O.E. Sala and E.-D. Schulze.
Photosynthesis. 1997. pp 1-27. In: Plant Ecology (second edition). M.J. Crawley (ed.). Blackwell Science Ltd.
H.A. Mooney and J.R. Ehleringer.
Ecosystem services: a fragmentary history. 1997. pp 11-19. In: Nature's Services. G. Daily (ed.). Island Press.
H.A. Mooney and P.R. Ehrlich.
Ecosystem function of biodiversity: the basis of the viewpoint. 1997. pp 341-355. In: Plant Functional Types.
T.M. Smith, H.H. Shugart and F.I. Woodward (eds.). Cambridge University Press. H.A. Mooney.
Interactive effects of carbon dioxide and environmental stress on plants and ecosystems: a synthesis. 1999. pp 393408. In: Carbon Dioxide and Environmental Stress. Y. Luo and H.A. Mooney (eds.). Academic Press, San
Diego. Y. Luo, J. Canadell and H.A. Mooney.
Ecosystem physiology and responses to global change. 1999. pp 141-189. In: The Terrestrial Biosphere andGlobal Change. B. Walker, W. Steffen, J. Canadell and J. Ingram (eds.). Cambridge University Press. H.A.
Mooney, J. Canadell, F.S. Chapin III, J.R. Ehleringer, Ch. Korner, R.E. McMurtrie, W.J. Parton, L.F. Pitelka andE.-D. Schulze.
Biological invasions and global change. 1999. pp 139-148. In: Invasive Species and Biodiversity Management.
O.T. Sandlund, P.J. Schei and A. Viken (eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. H.A. Mooneyand A. Hofgaard.
A global strategy for dealing with alien invasive species. 1999. pp 407-418. In: Invasive Species and Biodiversity
Management. O.T. Sandlund et al. (eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. H.A. Mooney.
Knowledge about the ecosystem functioning of biodiversity. 1999. pp. 48-50. In: Proceedings of the Norway/UN
Conference on the Ecosystem Approach for Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity. P.J. Schei, O.T. Sandlund
and R. Strand (eds.). Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management and Norwegian Institute for Nature
Research, Trondheim, Norway. H.A. Mooney.
Addressing the complex problem of invasive species. 2000. pp. 30-33. In: Best Management Practices forPreventing and Controlling Invasive Alien Species. G. Preston, G. Brown and E. van Wyk (eds.). Working for
Water Programme, Cape Town. H.A. Mooney and L. Neville.
Global change and invasive species: where do we go from here? 2000. pp. 425-434. In: Invasive Species in a
Changing World. H.A. Mooney and R.J. Hobbs (eds.). Island Press, Washington. H.A. Mooney and R.J.
Hobbs.
Phenology, growth and allocation in global terrestrial productivity. 2001. pp. 61-82. In: Terrestrial Global
Productivity. J. Roy, B. Saugier and H.A. Mooney, (eds.). Academic Press, San Diego. R.B. Jackson, M.J.
Lechowicz, X. Li and H.A. Mooney.
Estimations of global terrestrial productivity: converging toward a single number? 2001. pp. 543-557. In:
Terrestrial Global Productivity. J. Roy, B. Saugier and H.A. Mooney, (eds.). Academic Press, San Diego. B.
Saugier, J. Roy and H.A. Mooney.
Mediterranean-climate ecosystems. 2001. pp. 157-199. In: Global Biodiversity in a Changing Environment.
Scenarios for the 21st Century. F.S. Chapin III, O.E. Sala and E.Huber-Sannwald (eds.). Springer-Verlag, New
York. H.A. Mooney, M.T. Kalin Arroyo, W.J. Bond, J. Canadell, R.J. Hobbs, S. Lavorel and R.P. Neilson.
Biological Diversity, Evolution and Biogeochemistry. 2001. pp. 279-284. In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles in
the Climate System. E.-D. Schulze, M. Heimann, S. Harrison, E. Holland, J. Lloyd, I. Prentice and D. Schimel(eds.). Academic Press, San Diego. H.A. Mooney.
Biological and Ecological Dimensions of Global Environmental Change. 2002. In: Encyclopedia of Global
Environmental Change. Volume 2. The Earth System: Biological and Ecological Dimensions of Global
Environmental Change. H.A. Mooney and J.G. Canadell (volume editors). Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester.

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J.G. Canadell and H.A. Mooney.
The debate on the role of biodiversity in ecosystem functioning. 2002. pp. 12-17. In: Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Functioning Synthesis and Perspectives. M. Loreau, S. Naeem, P. Inchausti (eds.). Oxford University Press.
H.A. Mooney.
Invasive alien species: the nature of the problem. 2005. pp. 1-15. In: Invasive Alien Species. A New Synthesis.
H.A. Mooney, R.N. Mack, J.A. McNeely, L.E. Neville, P.J. Schei and J.K. Waage (eds.). Island Press,
Washington DC. H.A. Mooney.
Invasive species in a changing world: the interactions between global change and invasives. 2005. pp. 310-331. In:
Invasive Alien Species. A New Synthesis. H.A. Mooney, R.N. Mack, J.A. McNeely, L.E. Neville, P.J. Schei
and J.K. Waage (eds.). Island Press, Washington DC. R.J. Hobbs and H.A. Mooney.
A global strategy on invasive alien species: synthesis and ten strategic elements. 2005. pp. 332-345. In: Invasive
Alien Species. A New Synthesis. H.A. Mooney, R.N. Mack, J.A. McNeely, L.E. Neville, P.J. Schei and J.K.
Waage (eds.). Island Press, Washington DC. J.A. McNeely, H.A. Mooney, L.E. Neville, P.J. Schei and J.K.
Waage.

ArticlesAn apparent frost hummock-sorted polygon cycle in the alpine tundra of Wyoming. 1959. Ecology 40:16-20.
W.D. Billings and H.A. Mooney.
The annual carbohydrate cycle of alpine plants as related to growth. 1960. American Journal of Botany 47:594-598.
H.A. Mooney and W.D. Billings.
Comparative physiological ecology of arctic and alpine population of Oxyria digyna. 1961. Ecological Monographs
61:1-29. H.A. Mooney and W.D. Billings.
Effect of low carbon dioxide concentration of apparent photosynthesis of alpine and sea-level races of Oxyria. 1961.
Science 133:1834. W.D. Billings, E. Clebsch, and H.A. Mooney.
Alpine and subalpine vegetation patterns in the White Mountains of California. 1962. American Midland Naturalist
68:257-273. H.A. Mooney, G. St. Andre, and R.D. Wright.
Comparative physiological ecology of coastal, subalpine and alpine population of Polygonum bistortoides. 1963.
Ecology 44:812-816. H.A. Mooney.
The gas exchange capacity of plants in relation to vegetation zonation in the White Mountains of California. 1964.
American Midland Naturalist 72:281-297. H.A. Mooney, R.D. Wright, and B. Strain.
Bark photosynthesis in ocotillo. 1964. Madroño 17:230-233. H.A. Mooney and B. Strain.
Extended dormancy of chaparral shrubs during severe drought. 1964. Madroño 17:161-163. R.A. Harvey and H.A.
Mooney.
Photosynthetic acclimation of plants of diverse origin. 1964. American Journal of Botany 51:825-827. H.A.
Mooney and Marda West.
The pinyon woodland zone in the White Mountains of California. 1965. American Midland Naturalist 73:225-239.
G. St. Andre, H.A. Mooney, and R.D. Wright.
Substrate-oriented distribution of bristlecone pine in the White Mountains of California. 1965. American Midland
Naturalist 73:257-284. R.D. Wright and H.A. Mooney.
Comparative physiological ecology of an arctic and an alpine population of Thalictrum alpinum L. 1965. Ecology
46:721-727. H.A. Mooney and A.W. Johnson.
Transpiration rates of alpine plants in the Sierra Nevada of California. 1965. American Midland Naturalist 74:374386. H.A. Mooney, R.D. Hillier, and W.D. Billings.
Effects of altitude on carbohydrate content of mountain plants. 1965. Ecology 46:750-751. H.A. Mooney and W.D.
Billings.
Field measurements of the metabolic responses in bristlecone pine and big sagebrush in the White Mountains ofCalifornia. 1966. Botanical Gazette 127:105-113. H.A. Mooney, Marda West, and R. Brayton.
Photosynthesis and respiration rates of Rocky Mountain alpine plants under field conditions. 1966. American
Midland Naturalist 75:34-44. W.D. Billings, E.C.C. Clebsch, and H.A. Mooney.
Population variability of Cercocarpus in the White Mountains of California as related to habitat. 1966. Evolution
20:383-391. R. Brayton and H.A. Mooney.
The influence of soil type on the distribution of two closely related species of Erigeron. 1966. Ecology 47:950-958.

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H.A. Mooney.
Photosynthetic efficiency at reduced carbon dioxide tensions. 1966. Ecology 47:490-491. H.A. Mooney, B.R.
Strain, and Marda West.
La Vegetacion costera del Cabo de los Molles, Provincia de Aconcagua. 1966. Boletin Universidad Chile 75:2732. H.A. Mooney and F. Schlegel.
Population variability in temperature-related photosynthetic acclimation. 1967. Oecologica Plantarum 2:1-13. H.A.
Mooney and Frances Shropshire.
Altithermal timberline advance in the western United States. 1969. Nature 213:980-982. V.C. LaMarche and H.A.
Mooney.
Wintertime photosynthesis of bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) in the White Mountains of California. 1967. Ecology
48:1044-1047. E.D. Schulze, H.A. Mooney, and E.L. Dunn.
The relationship of terpene composition and the distribution of populations of Bursera microphylla A. Gray
(Burseraceae). 1968. Britonnia 20:44-51. H.A. Mooney and W.A. Emboden.
Carbon dioxide concentration gradients above the soil surface at high elevations. 1968. American Midland
Naturalist 79:436-440. H.A. Mooney, B.R. Strain, and Marda West.
Transpiration intensity as related to vegetation zonation in the White Mountains of California. 1968. American
Midland Naturalist 80:407-412. H.A. Mooney, R. Brayton, and Marda West.
The ecology of arctic and alpine plants. 1968. Biological Review 43:481-529. W.D. Billings and H.A. Mooney.
The behavior of Larrea divaricata (creosote bush) in response to rainfall in California. 1969. Journal of Ecology
57:37-44. S.R.J. Woodell, H.A. Mooney, and A.J. Hill.
Dark respiration of related evergreen and deciduous Mediterranean plants during induced drought. 1969. Bulletin
Torrey Botanical Club 96:550-555. H.A. Mooney.
The effect of sea water on the carbon dioxide exchange of he halophytic Limonium californicum (Bioss.) Heller.
1970. Annals of Botany 34:117-121. S.R.J. Woodell and H.A. Mooney.
Convergent evolution of Mediterranean-climate evergreen sclerophyll shrubs. 1970. Evolution 24:292-303. H.A.
Mooney and E.L. Dunn.
Photosynthetic systems of Mediterranean-climate shrubs and trees of California and Chile. 1970. American
Naturalist 104:447-453. H.A. Mooney and E.L. Dunn.
Vegetation comparisons between the Mediterranean-climatic areas of California and Chile. 1970. Flora 159:480496. H.A. Mooney, E.L. Dunn, F. Shropshire, and L. Song.
The comparative water economy of representative evergreen sclerophyll and drought deciduous shrubs of Chile.
1971. Botanical Gazette 132:245-252. H.A. Mooney and J. Kummerow.
A mobile laboratory for gas exchange measurements. 1971. Photosynthetica 5:128-132. H.A. Mooney, E.L. Dunn,
A.T. Harrison, P.A. Morrow, B. Bartholomew, and R.L. Hays.
Drought relationships and distribution of two Mediterranean-climate California plant communities. 1971. Ecology
52:869-875. A.T. Harrison, E. Small, and H.A. Mooney.
The physiological ecology of diverse populations of the desert shrub, Simmondsia chinensis. 1972. Journal of
Ecology 60:41-57. H.A. Al-Ani, B. Strain, and H.A. Mooney.
Recent climatic change and development of the bristlecone pine (P. longaeva Bailey) krummholz zone, Mt.
Washington, Nevada. 1972. Arctic and Alpine Research 4:61-72. V.C. LaMarche and H.A. Mooney.
The vegetational gradient on the lower slopes of the Sierra San Pedro Martir in northwest Baja California. 1972.
Madroño 21:439-445. H.A. Mooney and A.T. Harrison.
Land-use history of California and Chile as related to the structure of the sclerophyll scrub vegetation. 1972.
Madroño 21:305-319. H.A. Mooney, E.L. Dunn, F. Shropshire, and L. Song.
Carbon dioxide exchange of plants in natural environments. 1972. Botanical Review 38:455-469. H.A. Mooney.
Photosynthetic adaptations to high temperatures: A field study in Death Valley, California. 1972. Science 175:786789. O. Bjorkman, F.W. Pearcy, A.T. Harrison, and H.A. Mooney.
Photosynthetic performance of two desert species with C4 photosynthesis in Death Valley, California. 1972.
Carnegie Institution Year Book 71:540-550. R.W. Pearcy, O. Bjorkman, A.T. Harrison, and H.A. Mooney.
Carbon balance of plants. 1972. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 3:315-346. H.A. Mooney.
Photosynthetic characteristics of three species of sagebrush as related o their distribution patterns in the White
Mountains of California. 1972. American Midland Naturalist 88:479-484. M. West and H.A. Mooney.
Carbohydrate storage cycles in two California Mediterranean-climate trees. 1973. Flora 162:295-304. H.A.

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Mooney and R.I. Hays.
Physiological adaptation to diverse environments; approaches and facilities to study plant response in contrasting
thermal and water regimes. 1973. Carnegie Institution Year Book 72:393-403. O. Bjorkman, M. Nobs, J. Berry,
H.A. Mooney, F. Nicholson, and B. Catanzaro.
Photobleaching in high and low elevation plants at different radiation intensities. 1974. American Midland
Naturalist 91:254-256. H.A. Mooney, A.T. Harrison, and S.L. Gulmon.
Seasonal variation in the production of tannins and cyanogenic glucosides in the chaparral shrub, Heteromeles arbutifolia. 1974. Oecologia 15:65-76. W.A. Dement and H.A. Mooney.
Seasonal carbon allocation in Heteromeles arbutifolia, a California evergreen shrub. 1974. Oecologia 14:295-306.
H.A. Mooney and Celia Chu.
Morphological changes within the chaparral vegetation type as related to elevational gradients. 1974. Madroño
22:281-285. H.A. Mooney, S.L. Gulmon, and D.J. Parsons.
Comparative photosynthetic capacities of intertidal algae under exposed and submerged conditions. 1974. Ecology
55:450-453. W.S. Johnson, A. Gigon, S. Gulmon, and H.A. Mooney.
Volatilization of terpenes from Salvia mellifera. 1974. Nature 252:119-120. B.J. Tyson, W. Dement, and H.A.
Mooney.
Photosynthetic mechanisms and paleoecology from carbon isotope ratios in ancient specimins of C4 and CAM
plants. 1974. Science 185:610-612. J. Troughton, P. Wells, and H.A. Mooney. (See also Carnegie Institution
Year Book 73:812-816.)
Drought adaptations in two California evergreen sclerophylls. 1974. Oecologia 15:205-222. P.A. Morrow and H.A.
Mooney.
Comparative carbon balance and reproductive modes of two Californian Aesculus species. 1974. Botanical Gazette
135:306-313. H.A. Mooney and B. Bartholomew.
Seasonal changes in net photosynthesis of Atriplex hymenelytra shrubs growing in Death Valley, California. 1974.
Oecologia 17:111-121. R.W. Pearcy, A.T. Harrison, H.A. Mooney, and O. Bjorkman.
Growth responses of plants from habitats with contrasting thermal environments. I. Transplant studies in the Death
Valley and the Bodega Head experimental gardens. 1974. Carnegie Institution Year Book 73:748-757. O.
Bjorkman, M. Nobs, H.A. Mooney, J. Troughton, J. Berry, F. Nicholson, and W. Ward.
Growth responses of plants from habitats with contrasting thermal environments. II. An analysis of the temperaturedependence of growth under controlled conditions. 1974. Carnegie Institution Year Book 73:757-767. O.
Bjorkman, B. Mahall, M. Nobs, H.A. Mooney, J. Troughton, J. Berry, F. Nicholson, and W. Ward.
Seasonal changes in the leaf characteristics of the desert shrub Atriplex hymenelytra. 1974. Carnegie Institution Year
Book 73:846-852. H.A. Mooney, O. Bjorkman, and J. Troughton.
Arid climates and photosynthetic systems. 1974. Carnegie Institution Year Book 73:793-805. H.A. Mooney, J.
Troughton, and J. Berry.
Environmental limitations of photosynthesis on a California evergreen shrub. 1975. Oecologia 19:293-301. H.A.
Mooney, A. Harrison, and P. Morrow.
Yearly variation in the phenology of California annuals. 1975. American Midland Naturalist 94:209-214. Norman
Slade, J. Horton, and H.A. Mooney.
Photosynthetic responses of plants from habitats with contrasting thermal environments. Comparison of photosynthetic characteristics of intact plants. 1975. Carnegie Institution Yearbook 74:743-748. O. Bjorkman, H.A.
Mooney and J. Ehleringer.
The adaptation to serpentine soils in California of the annual species Linanthus androsaceus (Polemoniaceae). 1975.
Bull. Torrey Botanical Club 102:232-238. S. Woodell, H.A. Mooney, and H. Lewis.
Mechanism of monoterpene volatilization in Salvia mellifera. 1975. Phytochemistry 14:2555-2557. W.A. Dement,
B.J. Tyson, and H.A. Mooney.
High photosynthetic capacity of a winter annual in Death Valley. 1976. Science 194:322-324. H.A. Mooney, J.
Ehleringer, and J.A. Berry.
Leaf pubescence: effects on absorptance and photosynthesis in a desert shrub. 1976. Science 192:376-377. J.
Ehleringer, O. Bjorkman, and H.A. Mooney.
Some contributions of physiological ecology to plant population biology. 1976. Systematic Botany 1:269-283. H.A.
Mooney.
Photosynthetic capacity of in situ Death Valley plants. 1976. Carnegie Institution Year Book 75:410-413. H.A.

34

Mooney, O. Bjorkman, J. Ehleringer, and J. Berry.
Environmental adaptation of the Atacaman desert cactus Copiapoa haseltoniana. 1977. Flora 166:117-124. H.A.
Mooney, P.J. Weisser, and S.L. Gulmon.
Frost sensitivity and resprouting behavior of analgous shrubs of California and Chile. 1977. Madroño 24:74-78.
H.A. Mooney.
Water use by plants. 1977. Pacific Horticulture 38:7-11. S.L. Gulmon and H.A. Mooney.
The energy balance of leaves of the evergreen desert shrub Atriplex hymenelytra. 1977. Oecologia 29:301-310.
H.A. Mooney, J. Ehleringer, and O. Bjorkman.
Spatial and temporal relationships between two desert shrubs, Atriplex hymenelytra and Tidestromia oblongifolia in
Death Valley, California. 1977. Journal of Ecology 65:831-838. S.L. Gulmon and H.A. Mooney.
Carbon isotope ratio measurements of succulent plants in southern Africa. 1977. Oecologia 30:295-305. H.A.
Mooney, J.H. Troughton, and J.A. Berry.
Variable carbon isotope ratios of Dudleya species growing in natural environments. 1977. Oecologia 30:307-311.
J.H. Troughton, H.A. Mooney, J.A. Berry, and D. Verity.
Photosynthetic acclimation to temperature in the desert shrub, Larrea divaricata. I. CO2 exchange characteristics
of intact leaves. 1978. Plant Physiology 61:406-410. H.A. Mooney, O. Bjorkman, and J. Collatz.
Photosynthetic acclimation to temperature and water stress in the desert shrub, Larrea divaricata. 1977. Carnegie
Institution. Year Book 76:328-335. H.A. Mooney, O. Bjorkman, and J. Collatz.
Photosynthetic capacity and carbon allocation patterns in diverse growth forms of Eucalyptus. 1978. Oecologia
36:103-111. H.A. Mooney, P.J. Ferrar, and R.O. Slatyer.
The color of flowers. 1978. Pacific Horticulture 39:10-12. S.L. Gulmon and H.A. Mooney.
Leaf hairs: effects on physiological activity and adaptive value to a desert shrub. 1978. Oecologia 37:183-200. J.R.
Ehleringer and H.A. Mooney.
Correlation of photosynthetic unit size and density with photosynthetic capacity. 1978. Carnegie Institution. Year
Book 77:234-237. P.A. Armond and H.A. Mooney.
Nutrient relations of the evergreen shrub, Adenostoma fasciculatum in the California chaparral. 1978. BotanicalGazette 140:109-113. H.A. Mooney and P.W. Rundel.
The carbon gain benefits of solar tracking in a desert annual. 1978. Plant, Cell and Environment 1:307-311. H.A.
Mooney and J.R. Ehleringer.
Convergence versus nonconvergence in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems. 1978. Annual Review of Ecology and
Systematics 9:265-321. M.L. Cody and H.A. Mooney.
Resistance to water transfer in desert shrubs native to Death Valley, California. 1979. Physiologia Plantarum
46:139-146. F. Manuel Sanchez-Diaz and H.A. Mooney.
The water relations of some desert plants in Death Valley, California. 1979. Flora 168:405-427. W.H. Bennert and
H.A. Mooney.
Photosynthesis and microclimate of Camissonia claviformis, a desert winter annual. 1979. Ecology 60:280-286. J.
Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, and J. Berry.
Spatial relationships and competition in a Chilean desert cactus. 1979. Oecologia 44:40-43. S.L. Gulmon, P.W.
Rundel, J.R. Ehleringer, and H.A. Mooney.
The study of the physiological ecology of tropical plants--current status and needs. 1980. BioScience 30:22-26.
H.A. Mooney, O. Bjorkman, A.E. Hall, E. Medina and P.B. Tomlinson.
Alstroemerias. 1980. Pacific Horticulture 41:27-29; 46-49. S.L. Gulmon and H.A. Mooney.
Further observations on the water relations of Prosopis tamarugo of the northern Atacama Desert. 1980. Oecologia
44:177-180. H.A. Mooney, S.L. Gulmon, P.W. Rundel, and J. Ehleringer.
Ecology of SO2 Resistance: I. Effects of fumigations on gas exchange of deciduous and evergreen shrubs. 1980.
Oecologia 44:290-295. W.E. Winner and H.A. Mooney.
Ecology of SO2 Resistance: II. Photosynthetic changes of shrubs in relation to SO2 absorption and stomatal behavior. 1980. Oecologia 44:296-302. W.E. Winner and H.A. Mooney.
Architecture and thermal relations of Veratrum californicum, a snowbank emergent. 1980. Madroño 27:113-121.
N. Chiariello, C. Field, H.A. Mooney, and J. Seemann.
Environmental controls on the seasonality of a drought-deciduous shrub, Diplacus aurantiacus, and its predator, thecheckerspot butterfly, Euphydryas chalcedona. 1980. Oecologia 45:143-146. H.A. Mooney, P.R. Ehrlich, D.
Lincoln, and K. Williams.

35

Photosynthetic plasticity of populations of Heliotropium curassavicum L. originating from differing thermal
regimes. 1980. Oecologia 45:372-376. H.A. Mooney.
Atmospheric water uptake by an Atacama Desert shrub. 1980. Science 209:693-694. H.A. Mooney, S.L. Gulmon,
J. Ehleringer, and P.W. Rundel.
Orientation and its consequences for Copiapoa [Cactaceae] in the Atacama Desert. 1980. Oecologia 46:63-67. J.
Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, S.L. Gulmon, and P. Rundel.
Ecology of SO2 resistance: III. Metabolic changes of C3 and C4 Atriplex species due to SO2 fumigation. 1980.
Oecologia 46:49-54. W.E. Winner nd H.A. Mooney.
Patterns of drought response in leaf-succulent shrubs of the coastal Atacama Desert in northern Chile. 1980.
Oecologia 46:196-200. P.W. Rundel, J. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, and S.L. Gulmon.
Materials and methods for carbon dioxide and water exchange analysis. 1980. Plant, Cell and Environment 3:371375. A.J. Bloom, H.A. Mooney, O. Bjorkman, and J. Berry.
Response and adaptation to water stress in Nerium oleander. 1980. Carnegie Institution Year Book 79:150-157. O.
Bjorkman. W.J.S. Downton, and H.A. Mooney.
Rates of emission of H2S from plants and patterns of stable sulphur isotope fractionation. 1981. Nature 289:672673. W.E. Winner, C.L. Smith, G.W. Koch, H.A. Mooney, J.D. Bewley, and H.R. Krouse.
Photosystems II photosynthetic unit sizes from flourescence induction in leaves. Correlation to photosynthetic
capacity. 1981. Plant Physiology 67:570-579. S. Malkin, P.A. Armond, H.A. Mooney, and D.C. Fork.
Parallel evolution of leaf pubescence in Encelia in coastal deserts of North and South America. 1981. Oecologia
49:38-41. J. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, S.L. Gulmon, and P.W. Rundel.
Temporal and spatial variability in the interaction between the checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas chalcedona and its
principal food source, the California shrub, Diplacus aurantiacus. 1981. Oecologia 50:195-198. H.A. Mooney,
K.S. Williams, D.E. Lincoln, and P.R. Ehrlich.
Photosynthetic capacity in relation to leaf position in desert versus old-field annuals. 1981. Oecologia 50:109-112.
H.A. Mooney, C. Field, S.L. Gulmon, and F.A. Bazzaz.
Constraints on leaf structure and function in reference to herbivory. 1982. BioScience 32:198-206. H.A. Mooneyand S.L. Gulmon.
Mediterranean-type ecosystems -- research progress and opportunities. 1982. South African Journal of Science
78:5-7. H.A. Mooney.
A portable system for measuring carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange of leaves: technical report. 1982. Plant,
Cell and Environment 5:179-186. C. Field, J.A. Berry, and H.A. Mooney.
Ecology of SO2 resistance. IV. Predicting metabolic responses of fumigated shrubs and trees. 1982. Oecologia
52:16-21. W.E. Winner, G.W. Koch, and H.A. Mooney.
Physiological adaptation and plasticity to water stress of coastal and desert populations of Heliotropium curassavicum L. 1982. Oecologia 52:370-375. J. Roy and H.A. Mooney.
Construction and maintenance costs of Mediterranean-climate evergreen and deciduous leaves. I. Growth and CO2
exchange analysis. 1982. Oecologia 53:208-213. J. Merino, C. Field, and H.A. Mooney.
Endomycorrhizal role for interspecific transfer of phosphorus in a community of annual plants. 1982. Science
217:941-943. N. Chiariello, J.C. Hickman, and H.A. Mooney.
Habitat, plant form, and plant water relations in Mediterranean-climate regions. 1982. Ecologia Mediterranea(Marseille) 8:481-488. H.A. Mooney.
Comparative photosynthetic characteristics of coastal and desert plants of California. 1982. Bol. Soc. Bot. Mexico
42:19-33. H.A. Mooney, J. Berry, O. Bjorkman, and J. Ehleringer.
Environmental controls on stomatal conductance in a shrub of the humid tropics. 1983. Proceedings National
Academy of Sciences 80:1295-1297. H.A. Mooney, C. Field, C. Vazquez-Yanes, and C. Chu.
Leaf age and seasonal effects on light, water, and nitrogen use efficiency in a California shrub. 1983. Oecologia
56:348-355. C. Field and H.A. Mooney.
Photosynthetic characteristics of plants of a California cool environment. 1983. Oecologia 57:38-42. H.A. Mooney,
C. Field, W.E. Williams, J.A. Berry, and O. Bjorkman.
Stomatal responses to humidity of coastal and interior populations of a California shrub. 1983. Oecologia 57:148150. H.A. Mooney and C. Chu.
Relationship between form, function, and distribution of two Arctostaphylos species (Ericaceae) and their putative
hybrids. 1983. Acta Oecologia/Oecologia Plantarum 4:153-164. C.T. Ball, J. Keeley, H. Mooney, J. Seemann,

36and W. Winner.
Phenology and resource use in three co-occurring grassland annuals. 1983. Oecologia 58:33-42. S.L. Gulmon, N.R.
Chiariello, H.A. Mooney, and C.C. Chu.
Extinction, substitution, and ecosystem services. 1983. BioScience 33:248-254. P.R. Ehrlich and H.A. Mooney.
Photosynthetic characteristic of South African sclerophylls 1983. Oecologia 58:398-401. H.A. Mooney, C. Field,
S.L. Gulmon, P. Rundel, and F.J. Kruger.
Long-term biological consequences of nuclear war. 1983. Science 222:1293-1300. P. Ehrlich, et. al.
Compromises between water-use efficiency and nitrogen-use efficiency in five species of California evergreens.
1983. Oecologia 60:384-389. C. Field, J. Merino, and H.A. Mooney.
Construction and maintenance costs of mediterranean-climate evergreen and deciduous leaves. II. Biochemical
pathway analysis. 1984. Acta Oecologica/Oecologia Plantarum 5:211-229. J. Merino, C. Field, and H.A.
Mooney.
The seasonal dynamics of leaf resin, nitrogen, and herbivore damage in Eriodictyon californicum and their parallels
in Diplacus aurantiacus. 1984. Oecologia 61:398-402. N.D. Johnson, C.C. Chu, P.R. Ehrlich, and H.A.
Mooney.
Collaborative research in the Mediterranean-climate regions. Intecol Bulletin 1984:10:51-55. H. A. Mooney.
La fisiologia ecologica de la plantas de los tropicos humedos. 1983. Ciencia 34:123-125. E. Medina, H.A. Mooney,
and C. Vazquez Yanes.
Herbivory on Diplacus aurantiacus shrubs in sun and shade. 1984. Oecologia 64:173-176. D.E. Lincoln and H.A.
Mooney.
Plant-water relationships in an extreme desert. 1985. National Geographic Society, Research Reports 19:423-426.
H.A. Mooney and S.L. Gulmon.
Allocation to reproduction in the chaparral shrub, Diplacus aurantiacus. 1985. Oecologia 66:309-316. P. Alpert,
E.A. Newell, C. Chu, J. Glyphis, S.L. Gulmon, D.Y. Hollinger, N.D. Johnson, H.A. Mooney, and G. Puttick.
Ecology of SO2 resistance V. Effects of volcanic SO2 on native Hawaiian plants. 1985. Oecologia 66:387-393.
W.E. Winner and H.A. Mooney.
Comparative water relations of adjacent California shrub and grassland communities. 1985. Oecologia 66:522-529.
S.D. Davis and H.A. Mooney.
The carbon balance of flowers of Diplacus aurantiacus (Scrophulariaceae). 1985. Oecologia 66:530-535. K.
Williams, G.W. Koch, and H.A. Mooney.
Vegetative regrowth following cutting in the shrub Baccharis pilularis ssp. consanguinea (DC) C. B. Wolf. 1985.
American Journal of Botany 72:514-519. R. J. Hobbs and H. A. Mooney.
Resource limitation in plants -- an economic analogy. 1985. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16:363392. A.J. Bloom, F.S. Chapin III, and H.A. Mooney.
Community and population dynamics of serpentine grassland annuals in relation to gopher disturbance. 1985.
Oecologia 67:342-351. R.J. Hobbs and H.A. Mooney.
The nitrogen balance of Raphanus sativus X raphanistrum plants. I. Daily nitrogen use under high nitrate supply.
1985. Plant, Cell and Environment 8:713-720. E.-D. Schulze, G. Koch, F. Percival, H.A. Mooney and C. Chu.
The Decade of the Tropics. Some Remarks on the Initial Program Design. 1985. Biology International 12:5-6. H.A.
Mooney.
Recommendations on the workshop on the future development of plant physiological ecology. 1986. Bulletin of the
Ecological Society of America. 67:48-58. J.R. Ehleringer, R.W. Pearcy, and H.A. Mooney.
The International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP). Terrestrial ecosystems and atmospheric interactions.
1986. Biology International No. 13:12-20. F. di Castri, P. Crutzen, V. Kovda, G. Megie, H. Mooney, P. Sellars,
and R. Webster.
Water use patterns of four co-occurring chaparral shrubs. 1986. Oecologia 70:172-177. S.D. Davis and H.A.
Mooney.
Resource sharing among ramets in the clonal herb, Fragaria chiloensis. 1986. Oecologia 70:227-233. P. Alpert and
H.A. Mooney.
Community changes following shrub invasion of grassland. 1986. Oecologia 70:508-513. R.J. Hobbs and H.A.
Mooney.
Tissue water relations of four co-occurring chaparral shrubs. 1986. Oecologia 70:527-535. S.D. Davis and H.A.
Mooney.

37

Biomass accumulation and resource utilization in co-occurring grassland annuals. 1986. Oecologia 70:555-558.
H.A. Mooney, R.J. Hobbs, J. Gorham, and K. Williams.
Plant physiological ecology today. 1987. BioScience 37:18-20. H.A. Mooney, R.W. Pearcy, and J. Ehleringer.
A field portable gas-exchange system for measuring carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange rates of leaves during fumigation with SO2. 1986. Plant, Cell and Environment 9:711-719. C.J. Atkinson, W.E. Winner, and H.A.
Mooney.
Midday wilting in a tropical pioneer tree. 1987. Functional Ecology 1:3-11. N.R. Chiariello, C.B. Field, and H.A.
Mooney.
Gopher mound soil reduces growth and affects ion uptake of two annual grassland species. 1987. Oecologia 72:284290. R.T. Koide, L.F. Huenneke, and H.A. Mooney.
Ecology of Biological Invasions. 1987. Environment 29(5):11-15;34-37. H.A. Mooney and J.A. Drake.
Contrasting morphological and physiological traits of Heliotropium curassavicum L. plants from desert and coastal
populations. 1987. Acta Oecologica/Oecologia Plantarum 8(22):99-112. J. Roy and H.A. Mooney.
Revegetation of serpentine substrates: response to phosphate application. 1987. Environmental Management
11(4):563-567. R.T. Koide and H.A. Mooney.
Leaf and shoot demography in Baccharis shrubs of different ages. 1987. American Journal of Botany 74(7):11111115. R.J. Hobbs and H.A. Mooney.
Exchange of materials between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. 1987. Science 238:926-932. H.A.
Mooney, P.M. Vitousek, P.A. Matson.
A system for controlling root and shoot and environment for plant growth studies. 1987. Environmental andExperimental Botany. 27:365-377. G. Koch, W.E. Winner, A. Nardone, and H.A. Mooney.
Spatial variation in inoculum potential of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi caused by formation of gopher
mounds. 1987. New Phytologist. 107:173-182. R.T. Koide and H.A. Mooney.
Ecologists and the Global Change Program. 1988. Trends in Ecology and Evolution (3)1:4-5. H.A. Mooney.
Estimation of tissue construction cost from heat of combustion and organic nitrogen content. 1987. Plant, Cell andEnvironment 10:725-734. K. Williams, F. Percival, J. Merino, and H.A. Mooney.
Effects of fertiliser addition and subsequent gopher disturbance on a serpentine annual grassland community. 1988.
Oecologia 75:291-295. R.J. Hobbs, S.L. Gulmon, V.J. Hobbs, and H.A. Mooney.
Gas exchange and SO2 fumigation studies with irrigated and unirrigated field grown Diplacus aurantiacus andHeteromeles arbutifolia. 1988. Oecologia 75:386-393. C.J. Atkinson, W.E. Winner, and H.A. Mooney.
Compensating effects to growth of carbon partitioning changes in response to SO2-induced photosynthetic reduction
in radish. 1988. Oecologia 75:502-506. H.A. Mooney, M. Küppers, G. Koch, J. Gorham, C. Chu, and W.E.
Winner.
The nitrogen balance of Raphanus sativus X raphanistrum plants. II. Growth, nitrogen redistribution and photosynthesis under NO3 deprivation. 1988. Plant, Cell and Environment 11:755-767. G.W. Koch, E.-D. Schulze,
F. Percival, H.A. Mooney and C. Chu.
Seed weight and seed resources in relation to plant growth rate. 1988. Oecologia 76:158-159. H.S. Choe, C. Chu,
G. Koch, J. Gorham, and H.A. Mooney.
Topographic position effects on growth depression of California Sierra Nevada pines during the 1982-83 El Niño.
1988. Arctic and Alpine Research 20(3):352-357. J.K. Armstrong, K. Williams, L.F. Huenneke, and H.A.
Mooney.
Effects of applications of fungicide, phosphorus and nitrogen on the structure and productivity of an annual serpentine plant community. 1988. Functional Ecology 2:335- 344. R.T. Koide, L.F. Huenneke, S.P. Hamburg, and
H.A. Mooney.
Relationships among leaf construction cost, leaf longevity, and light environment in rain-forest plants of the genus
Piper. 1989. American Naturalist 133:198-211. K. Williams, C.B. Field., and H.A. Mooney.
Leaf, stem, and metamer characteristics of vines in a tropical deciduous forest in Jalisco, Mexico. 1989. Biotropica
21:41-49. A.E. Castellanos, H.A. Mooney, S.H. Bullock, C. Jones, and R. Robichaux.
The planned introduction of genetically engineered organisms: ecological considerations and recommendations.
Introduction. 1989. Ecology 70:297. H.A. Mooney and P.G. Risser.
Carbon isotope ratios of plants of a tropical dry forest in Mexico. 1989. Functional Ecology 3:137-142. H.A.
Mooney, S.H. Bullock, and J.R. Ehleringer.
Carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis in within-species phytochemical variation of Salix lasiolepis. 1989. Journal of38Chemical Ecology 15:1117-1131. P.W. Price, G.L. Waring, R. Julkunen-Tiitto, J. Tahvanainen, H.A. Mooney,
and T.P. Craig.
Water contents of wood of tropical deciduous forest species during the dry season. 1989. Bol. Soc. Bot. Mexico
48:113-118. E.-D. Schulze, H.A. Mooney, S.H. Bullock, and A. Mendoza.
Responses of wild plants to nitrate availability. Relationships between growth rate and nitrate uptake parameters, acase study with two Bromus species, and a survey. 1989. Oecologia 79:542-550. E. Garnier, G.W. Koch, J.
Roy, and H.A. Mooney.
The dependence of plant root:shoot ratios on internal nitrogen concentration. 1989. Annals of Botany 64:71-75.
S.A. Levin, H.A. Mooney, and C.B. Field.
Effects of multiple stresses on radish growth and resource allocation. I. Responses of wild radish plants to a combination of SO2 exposure and decreasing nitrate availability. 1989. Oecologia 81:124-131. J.S. Coleman, H.A.
Mooney and J.N. Gorham.
Anthropogenic stress and natural selection: variability in radish biomass accumulation increases with increasing SO2
dose. 1990. Canadian Journal of Botany 68:102-106. J.S. Coleman, H.A. Mooney, and W.E. Winner.
Effects of soil resources on plant invasion and community structure in Californian serpentine grassland. 1990.
Ecology 71:478-491. L.F. Huenneke, S.P. Hamburg, R. Koide, H.A. Mooney, and P.M. Vitousek.
Looking ahead. 1990. Bulletin Ecological Society of America 71:4-5. H.A. Mooney and J. Lubchenco.
Leaf chamber methods for measuring photosynthesis under field conditions. 1990. Remote Sensing Reviews
5(1):117-139. C.B. Field and H.A. Mooney.
Water transport properties of vine and tree stems in a tropical deciduous forest. 1990. American Journal of Botany77(6):742-749. B.L. Gartner, S.H. Bullock, H.A. Mooney, V.B. Brown, and J.L. Whitbeck.
Response of radish to multiple stresses. I. Physiological and growth responses to changes in ozone and nitrogen.
1990. New Phytologist 115:439-446. E.J. Pell, W.E. Winner, C. Vinten-Johansen, and H.A. Mooney.
The ecology and economics of storage in plants. 1990. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 21:423-47. F.S.
Chapin III, E.-D. Schulze, and H.A. Mooney.
Effects of nitrogen on photosynthesis and growth rates of four California annual grasses. 1990. Acta Oecologica
11(4):453-468. J.C. Hull and H.A. Mooney.
Predicting ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 concentrations. 1991. BioScience 41:96-104. H.A. Mooney, B.G.
Drake, R.J. Luxmoore, W.C. Oechel, and L.F. Pitelka.
Emergence of the study of global ecology: is terrestrial ecology an impediment to progress? 1991. EcologicalApplications 1:2-5. H.A. Mooney.
Effects of rainfall variability and gopher disturbance on serpentine annual grassland dynamics. 1991. Ecology
72:59-68. R.J. Hobbs and H.A. Mooney.
Toward the study of the earth's metabolism. 1990. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 71:221-228. H.A.
Mooney.
The phytogeography and ecology of the coastal Atacama and Peruvian deserts. 1991. Aliso 13:1-49. P.W. Rundel,
M.O. Dillon, B. Palma, H.A. Mooney, S.L. Gulmon and J.R. Ehleringer.
The sustainable biosphere initiative: an ecological research agenda. 1991. Ecology 72:371-412. J. Lubchenco,
A.M. Olson, L.B. Brubaker, S.R. Carpenter, M.M. Holland, S.P. Hubbell, S.A. Levin, J.A. MacMahon, P.A.
Matson, J.M. Melillo, H.A. Mooney, C.H. Peterson, H.R. Pulliam, L.A. Real, P.J. Regal, P.G. Risser.
Plant physiological ecology -- determinants of progress. 1991. Functional Ecology 5:127-135. H.A. Mooney.
Biological response to climate change: an agenda for research. 1991. Ecological Applications 1:112-117. H.A.
Mooney.
Acclimation to ozone stress in radish: leaf demography and photosynthesis. 1991. New Phytologist 118:417-423.
A.A. Held, H.A. Mooney and J.N. Gorham.
Greenhouse economics: learn before you leap. 1991. Ecological Economics 4:1-10. G.C. Daily, P.R. Ehrlich, H.A.
Mooney and A.H. Ehrlich.
Kompensatorische und verstärkende effekte zwischen photosynthese und wachstum. 1991. Verhandlungen delBesellschaft für Ökologie 19:307-320. M. Küppers, G. Koch, B.I.L. Küppers, C. Chu and H.A. Mooney.
A sustainable biosphere: the global imperative. 1991. Ecology International, Number 20. Publication of theInternational Association of Ecology (INTECOL). B.J. Huntley, E. Ezcurra, E.R. Fuentes, K. Fujii, P.J. Grubb,
W. Haber, J.R.E. Harger, M.M. Holland, S.A. Levin, J. Lubchenco, H.A. Mooney, V. Neronov, I. Noble, H.R.
Pulliam, P.S. Ramakrishnan, P.G. Risser, O. Sala, J. Sarukhan, and W.G. Sombroek.

39

Controls of biomass partitioning between roots and shoots: atmospheric CO2 enrichment and the acquisition andallocation of carbon and nitrogen in wild radish. 1992. Oecologia 89:580-587. C.C. Chu, J.S. Coleman and
H.A. Mooney.
Carbohydrate, water and nitrogen storage in vines of a tropical deciduous forest. 1992. Biotropica 24:134-139. H.A.
Mooney, C. Chu, S.H. Bullock and R. Robichaux.
Lack of nitrogen cycling in the Atacama Desert. 1992. Nature 359:316-318. J.R. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, P.W.
Rundel, R.D. Evans, B. Palma and J. Delatorre.
Seasonal patterns of acid fluctuations and resource storage in the arborescent cactus Opuntia excelsa in relation tolight availability and size. 1992. Oecologia 92:166-171. M.T. Lerdau, N.M. Holbrook, H.A. Mooney, P.M.
Rich and J.L. Whitbeck.
Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to the changing atmosphere: a resource-based approach. 1992. Annual Review
of Ecology and Systematics 23:201-235. C.B. Field, F.S. Chapin III, P.A. Matson and H.A. Mooney.
Response of radish to multiple stresses. II. Influence of season and genotype on plant response to ozone and soil
moisture deficit. 1993. New Phytologist 123:153-163. E.J. Pell, J.P. Sinn, N. Eckardt, C. Vinten Johansen, W.E.
Winner and H.A. Mooney.
The AMIGO framework: understanding and measuring global change at a regional scale. 1993. Bulletin of the
Ecological Society of America 74: 249-250. R.G. Lawford, E.R. Fuentes, H.A. Mooney, J.C. Castilla and O.E
Sala.
Science and sustainable use. 1993. Ecological Applications 3:564-66. H.A. Mooney and O.E. Sala.
Patterns of stem photosynthesis in two invasive legumes (Spartium junceum, Cytisus scoparius) of the California
coastal region. 1993. American Journal of Botany 80(10): 1126-1136. E.T. Nilsen, D. Karpa, H.A. Mooney
and C. Field.
Terrestrial ecosystem production: a process model based on global satellite and surface data. 1993. Global
Biogeochemical Cycles 7(4): 811-841. C.S. Potter, J.T. Randerson, C.B. Field, P.A. Matson, P.M. Vitousek,
H.A. Mooney and S.A. Klooster.
The impact of rising CO2 concentrations on the terrestrial biosphere. 1994. Ambio 23: 74-76. H.A. Mooney and
G.W. Koch.
Compensation as a plant response to ozone and associated stresses: an analysis of ROPIS experiments. 1994.
Journal of Environmental Quality 23: 429-436. E.J. Pell, P.J. Temple, A.L. Friend, H.A. Mooney and W.E.
Winner.
Growth and reprodouction of Arabidopsis thaliana in relation to storage of starch and nitrate in the wild-type and in
starch-deficient and nitrate-uptake-deficient mutants. 1994. Plant, Cell and Environment 17: 795-809. W.
Schulze, E.-D. Schulze, J. Stadler, H. Heilmeier, M. Stitt and H.A. Mooney.
Future directions of global change research in terrestrial ecosystems. 1994. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9: 371372. H.A. Mooney and F.S. Chapin III.
Modelling optimal plant biomass partitioning. 1994. Ecological Modelling 75/76: 309-320. A E. Kastner-Mareschand H.A. Mooney.
CO2 alters water use, carbon gain, and yield for the dominant species in a natural grassland. 1994. Oecologia 98:
257-262. R.B. Jackson, O.E. Sala, C.B. Field and H.A. Mooney.
Predicting responses of photosynthesis and root fraction to elevated CO2: interactions among carbon, nitrogen, andgrowth. 1994. Plant, Cell and Environment 17: 1195-1204. Y. Luo, C.B. Field and H.A. Mooney.
Toward a national strategy on biological diversity. 1995. Preface, Science and Biodiversity Policy Supplement to
BioScience (S-3). H.A. Mooney and C.J. Gabriel.
Stomatal responses to increased CO2: implications from the plant to the global scale. 1995. Plant, Cell andEnvironment 18: 1214-1225. C.B.Field, R. B. Jackson and H.A. Mooney.
Mapping the land surface for global atmosphere-biosphere models: toward continuous distributions of vegetation'sfunctional properties. 1995. Journal of Geophysical Research 100 (D10):20867-20882. R.S. DeFries, C.B.
Field, I. Fung, C.O. Justice, S. Los, P.A. Matson, E. Matthews, H.A. Mooney, C.S. Potter, K. Prentice, P.J.
Sellers, J.R.G. Townshend, C.J. Tucker, S.L. Ustin and P.M. Vitousek.
Growth, photosynthesis and storage of carbohydrates and nitrogen in Phaseolus lunatus in relation to resource availability. 1995. Oecologia 104: 17-23. H.A. Mooney, K. Fichtner and E.-D. Schulze.
Resource heterogeneity generated by shrubs and topography on coastal sand dunes. 1996. Vegetatio 122: 83-93. P.
Alpert and H.A. Mooney.

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Spatial and temporal variability in California annual grassland: results from a long-term study. 1995. Journal of
Vegetation Science 6: 43-57. R.J. Hobbs and H.A. Mooney.
Long-term CO2 stimulation of carbon influx into global terrestrial ecosystems: issues and approaches. 1995. Journalof Biogeography 22: 797-803. Y. Luo and H.A. Mooney.
Effects of CO2 and nutrient enrichment on tissue quality of two California annuals. 1996. Oecologia 107: 433-440.
C.C. Chu, C.B. Field and H.A. Mooney.
Elevated CO2 increases belowground respiration in California grasslands. 1996. Oecologia 108: 130-137. Y. Luo,R.B. Jackson, C.B. Field and H.A. Mooney.
Effects of water stress and soil texture on the performance of two Bromus hordeaceus ecotypes from sandstone andserpentine soils. 1996. Acta Oecologica 17: 307-317. H. Freitas and H. Mooney.
Rooting depth, water availability, and vegetation cover along an aridity gradient in Patagonia. 1996. Oecologia 108:503-511. E.-D. Schulze, H.A. Mooney, O.E. Sala, E. Jobbagy, N. Buchmann, G. Bauer, J. Canadell, R.B.
Jackson, J. Loreti, M. Oesterheld and J.R. Ehleringer.
A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes. 1996. Oecologia 108: 389-411. R.B. Jackson, J.
Canadell, J.R. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, O.E. Sala and E.-D. Schulze.
Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale. 1996. Oecologia 108: 583-595. J. Canadell, R.B.
Jackson, J.R. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, O.E. Sala and E.-D. Schulze.
Modeling the exchanges of energy, water, and carbon between continents and the atmosphere. 1997. Science 275:
502-509. P.J. Sellers, R.E. Dickinson, D.A. Randall, A.K. Betts, F.G. Hall, J.A. Berry, G.J. Collatz, A.S
Denning, H.A. Mooney, C.A. Nobre, N. Sato, C.B. Field and A Henderson-Sellers.
Ecosystem services: benefits supplied to human societies by natural ecosystems. 1997. Issues in Ecology Number
2, Ecological Society of America. G.C. Daily, S. Alexander, P.R. Ehrlich, L. Goulder, J. Lubchenco, P.A.
Matson, H.A. Mooney, S. Postel, S.H. Schneider, D. Tilman and G.M. Woodwell.
Plant-soil carbon belowground: the effects of elevated CO2. Introduction. 1996. Plant and Soil 187 (2): 107. B.
Tinker and H. Mooney.
Adapting GePSi (Generic Plant Simulator) for modeling studies in the Jasper Ridge CO2 project. 1997. EcologicalModelling 94: 81-88. Y. Luo, C.B. Field and H.A. Mooney.
A global budget for fine root biomass, surface area, and nutrient contents. 1997. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 94:7362-7366. R.B. Jackson, H.A. Mooney and E.-D. Schulze.
Human Domination of Earth's Ecosystems. 1997. Science 277:494-499. P.M. Vitousek, H.A.Mooney, J. Lubchenco,
J.M. Melillo.
AIBS presidents revisit the past. 1994: a broader base. 1997. BioScience 47:655-56. H.A. Mooney.
Disproportional increases in photosynthesis and plant biomass in a Californian grassland exposed to elevated CO2:a simulation analysis. 1997. Functional Ecology 11:696-704. Y. Luo, J.-L. Chen, J.F. Reynolds, C.B. Field and
H.A. Mooney.
The fate of carbon in grasslands under carbon dioxide enrichment. 1997. Nature 388:576. B.A. Hungate, E.A.
Holland, R.B. Jackson, F.S. Chapin III, H.A. Mooney and C.B. Field.
Ecosystem consequences of changing biodiversity. 1998 BioScience 48:45-52. F.S. Chapin II, O.E. Sala, I.C.
Burke, J.P. Grime, D.U. Hooper, W.K. Lauenroth, A. Lombard, H.A. Mooney, A.R. Mosier, S. Naeem, S.W.
Pacala, J.Roy, W.L. Steffen and D. Tilman.
Ecosystem Management for Sustainable Marine Fisheries. 1998. Special Issue. Ecological Applications(8)1,Supplement:S1. H.A. Mooney (guest editor).
Ecosystem water fluxes for two grasslands in elevated CO2: a modeling analysis. 1998. Oecologia 113:537-546.
R.B. Jackson, O.E. Sala, J.M. Paruelo and H.A. Mooney.
Broadening the extinction debate -- population deletions and additions in California and Western Australia. 1998.
Conservation Biology 12:271-283. R.J. Hobbs and H.A. Mooney.
Downward flux of water through roots (i.e. inverse hydraulic lift) in dry Kalahari sands. 1998. Oecologia 115:460462. E.-D. Schulze, M.M. Caldwell, J. Canadell, H.A. Mooney, R.B. Jackson, D. Parson, R. Scholes, O.E. Sala
and P. Trimborn.
The terrestrial carbon cycle: implications for the Kyoto Protocol. 1998. Science 280:1393-1394. IGBP Terrestrial
Carbon Working Group (H.A. Mooney, member).
Mangrove biodiversity and ecosystem function. 1998. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7:3-14. C.B.
Field, J.G. Osborn, L.L. Hoffman, J.F. Polsenberg, D.D. Ackerly, J.A. Berry, O. Bjorkman, A. Held, P.A.

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Matson and H.A. Mooney.
What are we doing about the loss of biodiversity? 1998. Science International 68. International Council for Science,
Paris. H.A. Mooney.
Nature's subsidies to shrimp and salmon farming. 1998. Science 282:883-884. R.L. Naylor, R.J. Goldburg, H.A.
Mooney, M. Beveridge, J. Clay, C. Folke, N. Kautsky, J. Lubchenco, J. Primavera and M. Williams.
Ecological science and the human predicament. 1998. Science 282:879. F. Bazzaz, G. Ceballos, M. Davis, R. Dirzo,
P.R. Ehrlich, T. Eisner, S. Levin, J.H. Lawton, J. Lubchenco, P.A. Matson, H.A. Mooney, P.H. Raven, J.E.
Roughgarden, J. Sarukhan, G.D.Tilman, P. Vitousek, B. Walker, D.H. Wall, E.O. Wilson and G.M. Woodwell.
Invasive species pose threat to global biodiversity. 1999. Biodiversity 9 (1):1-3. H.A. Mooney.
Does global change increase the success of biological invaders? 1999. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14 (4): 135139. J.S. Dukes and H.A. Mooney.
Carbon isotope ratios of Atacama Desert plants reflect hyperaridity of region in northern Chile. 1998. Revista
Chilena de Historia Natural 71:79-86. J.R. Ehleringer, P.W. Rundel, B. Palma and H.A. Mooney.
Ecologists, Advocacy and Public Policy. 1999. EcoEssays Series, Number 3. National Center for Ecological
Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara. H.A. Mooney and P.R. Ehrlich.
Biographical Memories. Paul Jackson Kramer. 1999. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 143:340343. H.A. Mooney.
Ecosystem metabolism and the global carbon cycle. 1999. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14:249. J. Canadelland H.A. Mooney.
The Global Invasive Species Program (GISP). 1999. Biological Invasions 1: 97-98. H.A. Mooney.
Providing science advice for policy. 1999. Science International Special Issue, September. International Council
for Science, Paris. H.A. Mooney.
International ecosystem assessment. 1999. Science 286: 685-686. E. Ayensu et al. (including H. Mooney).
On the road to global ecology. 1999. Annual Reviews 24:1-31. H.A. Mooney.
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: maintaining natural life support processes. 1999. Issues in Ecology.
Number 4, Ecological Society of America. S. Naeem, F.S. Chapin III, R. Costanza, P.R. Ehrlich, F.B. Golley,
D.U. Hooper, J.H. Lawton, R.V. O’Neill, H.A. Mooney, O.E. Sala, A.J. Symstad and D. Tilman.
Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. 2000. Science 287: 1770-1774. O.E. Sala, F.S. Chapin III, J.J.
Armesto, E. Berlow, J. Bloomfield, R. Dirzo, E. Huber-Sanwald, L.F. Huenneke, R.B. Jackson, A. Kinzig, R.
Leemans, D.M. Lodge, H.A. Mooney, M. Oesterheld, N.L. Poff, M.T. Sykes, B.H. Walker, M. Walker and D.H.
Wall.
Carbon metabolism of the terrestrial biosphere: a multitechnique approach for improved understanding. 2000.
Ecosystems 3: 115-130. J.G. Canadell, H.A. Mooney, D.D. Baldocchi, J.A. Berry, J.R. Ehleringer, C.B. Field,
S.T. Gower, D.Y. Hollinger, J.E. Hunt, R.B. Jackson, S.W. Running, G.R. Shaver, W. Steffen, S.E. Trumbore,
R. Valentini and B.Y. Bond.
A global distribution of biodiversity inferred from climatic constraints: results from a process-based modeling study.
2000. Global Change Biology 6: 507-523. A. Kleidon and H.A. Mooney.
Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. 2000. Nature 405: 1017-1024. R.L. Naylor, R.J. Goldburg, J.H.
Primavera, N. Kautsky, M.C.M. Beveridge, J. Clay, C. Folke, J. Lubchenco, H. Mooney and M. Troell.
An International Biodiversity Observation Year. 2001. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16 (1): 52-54. D. Wall,
H. Mooney, G. Adams, G. Boxshall, A. Dobson, T. Nakashizuka, J. Seyani, C. Samper and J. Sarukhan.
Effects of aquaculture on world fish supplies. 2001. Issues in Ecology. Number 8, Ecological Society of America.
R.L. Naylor, R.J. Goldburg, J.H. Primavera, N. Kautsky, M.C.M. Beveridge, J. Clay, C. Folke, J. Lubchenco,
H. Mooney and M. Troell.
Contrasting effects of elevated CO2 on old and new soil carbon pools. 2001. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33: 365373. Z.G. Cardon, B.A. Hungate, C.A. Cambardella, F.S. Chapin III, C.B. Field, E.A. Holland and H.A.
Mooney.
Sustainability science. 2001. Science 292: 641-642. R.W. Kates, W.C. Clark, R. Corell, J.M. Hall, C.C. Jaeger, I.
Lowe, J.J. McCarthy, H.J. Schellnhuber, B. Bolin, N.M. Dickson, S. Faucheux, G.C. Gallopin, A. Grubler, B.
Huntley, J. Jager, NS. Jodha, R.E. Kasperson, A. Mabogunje, P. Matson, H. Mooney, B. Moore III, T.O’Fiordan,
U. Svedin.
The evolutionary impact of invasive species. 2001. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98: 54465451. H.A. Mooney and E.E. Cleland.

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Is Aquaculture a net loss? 2001. Conservation Biology 2 (4):24-25. R. Naylor, R. Goldburg, M. Troell, M.
Beveridge, J. Clay, C. Folke, N. Kautsky, J. Lubchenco, H. Mooney and J. Primavera.
Grassland responses to global environmental changes suppressed by elevated CO2. 2002. Science 298: 1987-1990.
M.R. Shaw, E.S. Zavaleta, N.R. Chiariello, E.E. Cleland, H.A. Mooney and C.B. Field.
Preaching to the unconverted. Guest Editorial. 2003. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9 (1): 455. H.A.
Mooney and W.V. Reid.
Additive effects of simulated climate changes, elevated CO2, and nitrogen deposition on grassland diversity. 2003.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100: 7650-7654. E.S. Zavaleta, M.R. Shaw, N.R. Chiariello,
H.A. Mooney and C.B. Field.
Grassland responses to three years of elevated temperature, CO2, precipitation, and N deposition. 2003. Ecological
Monographs 73(4): 585-604. E.S. Zavaleta, M.R. Shaw, N.R. Chiariello, B.D. Thomas, E.E. Cleland, C.B. Field
and H.A. Mooney.
The millennium ecosystem assessment: what is it all about? 2004. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19: 221-224.
H.A. Mooney, A. Cropper and W. Reid.
Carbon dynamics of and old-growth forest. 2004. Ecosystems 7:421-426. T.H. Suchanek, H.A. Mooney, J.F.
Franklin, H. Gucinski, and S.L. Ustin.
Native harvester ants threatened with widespread displacement exert localized effects on serpentine grassland plantcommunity composition. 2005. Oikos 109(2): 351-359. H.A. Peters, N.R. Chiariello, H.A. Mooney, S.A.
Levin and A.E. Hartley.
Confronting the human dilemma. How can ecosystems provide sustainable services to benefit society? 2005.
Nature 434: 561-562. H. Mooney, A. Cropper and W. Reid.
Ecosystem services of tropical dry forests: insights from long-term ecological and social research on the pacific coastof Mexico. 2005. Ecology and Society: 10 (1): Art. 17. J. M. Maass, P. Balvanera, A. Castillo, G.C. Daily, H.A.
Mooney, P. Ehrlich, M. Quesada, A. Miranda, V.J. Janamillo, F. Garcia-Oliva, A. Martínez-Yrizar, H. Cotler,
J. López-Blanco, A. Pérez-Jiménez, A. Búrquez, C. Tinoco, G. Ceballos, L. Barraza, R. Ayalo and J. Sarukhan.
Herbivore control of annual grassland composition in current and future environments. 2006. Ecology Letters 9: 8694. H.A. Peters, E.E. Cleland, H.A. Mooney and C.B. Field.
Gastropod herbivory in response to elevated CO2 and N addition impacts plant community composition. 2006.
Ecology 87(3): 686-694. E.E. Cleland, H.A. Peters, H.A. Mooney and C.B. Field.
Ecosystem services: a vital term in policy debates. 2005. Science and Development Network, Editorial, August 1,
2005. W. Reid,R. Watson and H. Mooney.

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