Advance unedited version

Draft

Resource Book for
the Life Cycle Managementof Fluorocarbons-Good practice portfolio for policy makersAs of 10 November 2021

Climate and Clean Air Coalition
to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (CCAC)

Table of Contents
1.

Background ......................................................................................................................................... 1

2.

Concept of life cycle management of fluorocarbons...................................................................... 33.

How to use the Resource Book ......................................................................................................... 7

4.

Good Practices .................................................................................................................................... 9(a)Production and/or import of refrigerants ................................................................................ 11(b)

Manufacturing and/or import of appliances containing refrigerants................................... 14(c)

Installation of appliances .......................................................................................................... 20(d)

Use of appliances ...................................................................................................................... 24(e)Collection of refrigerants .......................................................................................................... 31(f)

Recycling and destruction........................................................................................................ 35(g)

Cross-cutting measures ........................................................................................................... 43

5.

Reference ........................................................................................................................................... 48

6.

Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... 54

AcronymsAC

air conditioner or air conditioning

ADB

Asian Development Bank

ADF

Advanced Destruction Fee

AP

Approval Permit

BAFA

Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle(Federal Office of Economics and Export Control)

BMU

Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit(Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety)

BNSP

Badan Nasional Sertifikasi Profesi(Indonesian National Agency for Professional Certification)

CAA

Clean Air Act

CCAC

Climate and Clean Air Coalition

CCO

Chemical Control Order

CFC

chlorofluorocarbon

CRP

Conference Room Paper

DENR

Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DME

dimethyl ether

DoE

Department of Environment

ECI

Efficient Cooling Initiative

EE

energy efficient

ELV

End-of Life Vehicles

EoL

end of life

EPR

Expanded Products Responsibility

ExCom

Executive Committee

GEC

Global Environment Center Foundation

GHG

greenhouse gas

GWP

global warming potential

HCFChydrochlorofluorocarbon

HFChydrofluorocarbon

HPMP

HCFC Phase-out Management Plan

HVAC

heating, ventilating, air conditioning

ICS

Instituto Clima e Sociedade(Institute for Climate and Society)

IEA

International Energy Agency

IFL

Initiative on Fluorocarbons Life Cycle Management

IGSD

Institute for Governance & Sustainable Development

JCM

Joint Crediting Mechanism

KCEP

Kigali Cooling Efficiency Programme

LCCP

life cycle climate performance

MEPS

Mandatory Efficiency Performance Standards

MLF

Multilateral Fund

MP

Montreal Protocol

NDC

nationally determined contribution

NEA

Norwegian Environment Agency

ODP

ozone depleting potential

ODS

ozone depleting substance

ODSHAR

Ozone-depleting Substances and Halocarbon Alternatives Regulation

OECC

Overseas Environment Cooperation Center, Japan

OEWG

Open-Ended Working Group (of the Montreal Protocol)

PFC

perfluorocarbon

PHS

Projeto Hospitais Saudáveis (Healthy Hospitals)

POD

Philippine Ozone Desk

PPP

public private partnership

PRO

Producer Responsibility Organization

PSS

product stewardship schemePUpolyurethane

QPS

Quarantine and Pre-Shipment

RAC

refrigeration and air conditioning

RRA

Refrigerant Reclaim Australia

SADC

Southern African Development Community

SGG

synthetic greenhouse gases

SLCP

short-lived climate pollutants

SNAP

Significant New Alternative Policy

SZ CHKT

Slovenský zväz pre chladiacu a klimatizačnú techniku(Sloval Association for Refrigeration, Air Conditioning Technology and Heat Pumps)

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

UNEP

United Nations Environment Programme

UNFCC

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNIDO

United Nations Industrial Development Organization

USEPA

United States Environmental Protection Agency

VRF

Variable Refrigerant Flow air conditioning system

WEEE

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

XPS

extruded polystyrene

1.

Background

The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol in 2016 is a landmark event in the global community forphasing down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). As HFCs have de minimis ozone depleting potential (ODPs), it
has been widely used to rapidly phase out for ozone depleting substances (ODSs) such as
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in air conditioning, refrigeration,
thermal insulating foam, technical and medical aerosol products. HFCs have also been used to phaseout
halons used in fire protection. HFC emissions have increased significantly in recent years in response toincreased demand for cooling services and the phaseout of ODSs under the Montreal Protocol. Many
HFCs are potent greenhouse gases (GHGs) with a global warming potential (GWP) up to 12,400 times(IPCC/AR5, 2013) that of CO2 per mass unit over a 100-year time horizon therefore, it is crucial to control
the emission of HFCs as an effort of climate change mitigation, in the context of the Paris Agreement.
Furthermore, environmentally superior replacements for HFCs are now available or soon to be available.
In implementing the Kigali Amendment, the Parties will set a cap on the production and consumption
amount of HFCs and comply with the designated phase-down schedule. Yet, since the Montreal Protocol,
including the Kigali Amendment, focuses on upstream measures, the downstream issue of the “bank” ofrefrigerants contained in stationary and mobile cooling equipment remains problematic. It is projected that,
despite compliance with the Kigali Amendment, an additional 72 billion t-CO2eq of fluorocarbons will be
released into the air in the next four decades. As the potential impact on climate change is substantial,
addressing HFCs currently trapped in the banks is crucial to achieving 1.5°C target consistent levels of
mitigation in the next few decades and achieving net zero emissions target in the latter half of this century.
The demand for cooling is rapidly growing, especially in the developing world, which in turn is driven by an
expected increase in per capita wealth in developing countries combined with the effect of risingtemperatures due to climate change. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the global stockof air conditioners (ACs) in buildings will grow to 5.6 billion by 2050, up from 1.6 billion today, whichamounts to 10 new ACs sold every second for the next 30 years.1 While this projection has been madewith a relatively longer time span, the rapid growth has already begun, before the Montreal Protocol Parties
initiate their first actions of the phase down. And in many countries, including both developed countries
and developing countries, downstream measures to control emissions of refrigerants have a lot of room
for improvement or simply not in place, and used HFCs, as well as CFCs and HCFCs are released into
the atmosphere. In other words, a risk of emissions of HFCs as well as other types of fluorocarbons areleft unsolved, unless the downstream measures are not taken to treat the bank in an appropriate manner.

1

The Future of Cooling (IEA 2018)1

To address the issue of the fluorocarbons bank Japan and 13 countries and international organizations2established the Initiative on Fluorocarbons Life Cycle Management (IFL) at COP25 of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Spain, Madrid. The IFL promotes controlling
fluorocarbons throughout their life cycle, including refrigerant leakage during equipment use of anddischarges at the time of equipment retirement or replacement. IFL highlights institutionalizing the life cycle
management of fluorocarbons in government policies, and catalyzing stakeholders such as the private
sector and international development partners, with a view to building relevant infrastructure, spur
innovation, create sustainable economic growth and quality jobs. Also, Germany has made efforts throughdeveloping a global roadmap on ODS bank management and supporting some countries to estimate
national ODS banks and future waste streams. Supported by the Kigali Cooling Efficiency Programme(KCEP) by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), developing countries like Brazil,
Colombia, Ghana and others positively introduced policy measures and demonstrated projects to control
fluorocarbons with life cycle management perspectives.
These efforts have led to strengthening and promoting life cycle management of fluorocarbons as part of
the Cooling Sector Engagement Strategy of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) to reduce ShortLived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs), in strong partnership with the Efficient Cooling Initiative (ECI). As a goal
toward 2025, the CCAC aims to raise high-level global awareness of the relevance of the cooling sector
to combating climate change (including by reducing the need for cooling) and mobilize political support for
ambitious actions and the provision of finance beyond that provided by the Multilateral Fund of the Montreal
Protocol to assist developing countries transition towards climate-friendly cooling.
The Resource Book for the Life Cycle Management of Fluorocarbons has been published for the purposeof raising global awareness on the importance of appropriate treatment of fluorocarbons not only by
upstream but also downstream measures. It showcases examples of policy measures relevant to the life
cycle management of fluorocarbons in their respective stages (refrigerant production & import, appliancemanufacturing & import, installation of appliance, collection of refrigerants, reclamation & destruction, as
well as cross-cutting measures).

Chile, France, Japan, Maldives, Mongolia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, United Kingdom, Viet Nam, World
Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB), Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC), and United Nations Industrial
Development Organization (UNIDO).
2

2

Photos: COP25 the 1st Meeting of the Initiative on Fluorocarbons Life Cycle Management

2.

Concept of life cycle management of fluorocarbons(1) Concept of life cycle management
Controlling emissions of fluorocarbons supports both stratospheric ozone and climate protection. Taking
only upstream measures of phase down of production of consumption are not sufficient to reduce theamount of refrigerant released into the atmosphere, because of the problems of refrigerant leakage during
equipment use and refrigerant discharge at end of equipment life. The life cycle management approachhighlights not only selecting energy efficiency equipment with environmentally superior refrigerants, butalso taking care of problems of leakage and release to the atmosphere in all life stages and reducing
amount of production of refrigerants as a whole.

Figure1: Stages of life cycle of fluorocarbons
3

(2) Stages of life cycle
The following are the stages of life cycle of fluorocarbons management(a) Production and/or import of equipment and refrigerants
Regulations can be applied to restrict, encourage or discourage the choice of certain refrigerants, as wellas enforce quota and registration requirements to producers, including tracking the appropriate
downstream measures. For those importing refrigerants, these measures are applied as part of importcontrol.
(b) Manufacturing and/or import of new and used appliances containing obsolete ODS or HFC
refrigerants
Likewise (a) above, regulations and other types of measures are applied at the time of manufacturing
appliances containing refrigerants, such as air conditioners and refrigerators (e.g. introducing energy
efficient or low GWP refrigerants, etc.). Also, if ODS or HFC refrigerants are imported as part of appliances,the control measures are applied to those products.
(c) Installation of appliances
Proper installation of an appliance is key to avoid unnecessary life cycle leakage. In this regard, there arestandards of best practices and quality control for installing appliances including proper placement ofoutside heat exchanges to minimize energy use and length of refrigerant lines. Also as an upstream
measure, promoting selection of low GWP natural refrigerants or next-generation refrigerants offeringsuperior life cycle climate performance (LCCP), taking into account, leakage, GWP, and energy efficiency.
(d) Use of appliances
Preventive maintenance, including leak detection, is a proven way to avoid unnecessary leakage ofrefrigerant, which has the side benefit of maintaining the optimal charge for energy efficiency. For suchactions, training, best practices, and quality control are applied. Also in some countries, a system tomonitor leakage is introduced as an obligation.
(e) Collection of refrigerants
At the end of useful life of appliances, refrigerants should be collected for proper recycle or destruction, toavoid releasing to the atmosphere and equipment should be disassembled and materials recycled to avoid4

redeployment to unsuspecting buyers not realizing that used cooling appliances are inefficient, unreliable,
contain refrigerants that are increasingly scarce, and damage climate and air quality. In some countries,
the collection is an obligation of appliance users, and designated technical regulations, as well as payment
for the cost are defined. Some countries have introduced a refrigerant deposit system to pay for ultimate
refrigerant recycling and destruction costs. Ghana, on behalf of all of Africa, has submitted a Conference
Room Paper (CRP) asking for a Decision by Parties to stop dumping of inefficient new and used appliances
containing obsolete ODS and HFC refrigerants. Also, a certain level of technique is required to operatecollection. In this regard, a licensing system is applied to verify the qualifications of technicians.
(f) Recycling and destruction
After collection of used refrigerants, some of them can be recovered for recycling. Other refrigerants need
to be destroyed in processes such as local cement kilns. Such processes should also be regulated by law
and meet certain standards of safety and technical efficiency. Consideration of the cost coverage isimportant. In this regard, various ways of a business model for supporting recycling and destructions are
implemented such as using obligatory fee collection or, incentivizing destruction by a carbon crediting
mechanism or as a component of nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to the Paris Climate
Agreement.
(g) Cross-cutting actions
As the life cycle management emphasize a comprehensive approach through the different life stages offluorocarbons management, more than one policy measure should be combined and function together
with synergy.

5(3) Various formats of policy measuresTo

implement

life

cycle

managementoffluorocarbons, there are various formats of policy
measures available.
Regulations are a commonly used format to
introduce obligations of key stakeholders (e.g.
refrigerant producers, manufacturers, importers,
users, and chemical waste managers, etc.). By
setting legally binding rules and procedures,
governments oblige those stakeholders to comply
with banning of specific substances, a quota ofimport amount, and other requirements.

Figure 2: Various formats of policy measures

Standards are introduced for ensuring certain quality or quantity of products and services. By providing
standards and specifications, technical requirements and procedures are clarified which the key
stakeholders need to follow.
Transparency/tracking is an approach to visualize activities of the stakeholders and enable monitoringof their compliance with requirements, such as appropriate treatment of fluorocarbons. This may
sometimes involve a registration system with reporting requirements.
Certification/licensing is useful in ensuing the activities of the stakeholders attest to the achievement of
requirements by laws, regulations, and standards as above. One of the common examples is thecertification of authorized technicians of service providers of fluorocarbons treatment.
Financial instruments involve providing incentives by subsidies and disincentives by taxation and fees
for leading to reduction or choices of certain refrigerants. Also, these are used to collect and cover the costfor final treatment of refrigerants, such as through a deposit system. Also, there are efforts to mobilize
private investment for reducing fluorocarbons by linking to carbon market. Extended producer
responsibility financial obligations across the life cycle actors, particularly refrigerant producers andequipment manufacturers, can be also regarded as a financial instruments measure.
These policy measures are not necessarily implemented as stand alone. In many cases, more than one
policy measures are designed to function in combination. In introducing policy measures, policy makers
may choose what are suitable ones to enable feasible and sustainable implementation under respective
national circumstances and equitable distribution of financial and operational responsibility.
6

3.

How to use the Resource Book

(1) Cases of policy measures at stages
In this Resource Book, summaries of case studies are provided along with different stages of fluorocarbons
management as shown in the Figure 3. Cases are selected from representative ones in respective stages.
Also, special attentions are paid to the value of capacity development of developing countries. In thisregard, a balance of selected cases have been considered between developing and developed countries.

Figure 3: Case studies of policy measures at respective life stages of fluorocarbons management

Approximately 2-5 cases per life stages of fluorocarbons are available (in total 24 cases).

7

(2) Cases of policy measures at different stages
The Resource Book explains in the below format of policy measures of fluorocarbons lifecycle
management.

Figure 4: Contents of case studies

A case study contains “case title”, “country name”, and “life stage” of fluorocarbons management. “Keywords” provide hints of important concepts, which readers can find before reading the case. “Summary ofpolicy” explains background, objectives, activities implemented and achievements in a qualitative andquantitative manner. “Diagram of policy” provides a visual image of elements of the policy measures, and“reference information” lists the sources of information, which readers of the Resource Book may wish tofurther consult for more in-depth study.

8

4.

Good Practices(a)Production and/or import of refrigerants

Case 1

Tax on fluorinated gases

Case 2

Importer/exporter license and national customs Malaysia
codes

(b)

Spain

Manufacturing and/or import of appliances containing refrigerants

Conversion from HCFC to non-ODS alternative

Bangladesh, Swaziland, andmaterials

Mexico (supported by UNDP)

Case 2Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP)

United States of America

Case 3

Program
EU F-gas regulation bans for new products and EU
equipment

Case 4

Measures for designated productsCase 1(c)

Japan

Installation of appliances

Case 1Introducing Energy Efficiency Standards and Ghana
Incentives on Refrigerating Appliances and new
actions to stop dumping of new and used coolingappliances containing obsolete ODS and HFC
refrigerants

Case 2(d)

Subsidy program for natural refrigerant equipment

Germany

Use of appliances

Case1

Registration of Service Providers of ODS-using

Philippines

Case 2Equipment
National qualification framework and certification Indonesia
of work competence for RAC technicians

Case 3Training and Certification for personnel who EU
service equipment or recover refrigerants

Case 4

Electronic system links training and certification to Slovakia
reporting and data processing

Case 5

Rebate System on HFC/PFC tax

Norway(e) Collection of refrigerants

Case 1

Obligatory collection of refrigerants

9

Japan

Case 2Danish Refrigerant Industry Environmental

Denmark

Scheme (KMO)
Case 3

Refrigerant take back program

Australia(f) Recycling and destruction

Case 1

Regulations regarding destruction of HCFCs andCanadaCase 2HFCs
End of life management of Fluorinated Gases

Nigeria

Case 3

Voluntary Expanded Producers Responsibility Colombia(EPR) scheme

Case 4

Product Stewardship Scheme (Voluntary Industry New Zealand
Agreement)

Case 5

Destruction of HFCs by the Joint Crediting Thailand and Vietnam with
Mechanism (JCM)
Japan(g) Cross-cutting measures
Case 1

Synergy effect of bulk procurement of EE products Brazil and Morocco

Case 2and collection and destruction of fluorocarbons
Home Appliance Recycling Law, End-of Life Japan
Vehicles (ELV) Recycling Law

10(a) Production and/or import of refrigerants
Restricting the production and import of fluorocarbons is an effective strategy to achieve reduction offluorocarbon use and emissions. Such restrictions have been implemented in several countries. In addition
to CFCs and HCFCs, which are restricted in all countries under the Montreal Protocol, some countries arealso implementing measures against HFCs. Control measures such as import/export licensing system andquota are prescribed in the protocol, but implemented methods can vary between countries with somecountries implementing bans for import/export while some countries are using financial measures such as
tax. In the EU, there is a quota allocation mechanism for companies producing or importing HFCs under
the EU F-gas regulation.
In this chapter, the examples from Spain and Malaysia are presented. Spain has a tax on high GWP
refrigerants with reduced tax rates for recycled and reclaimed refrigerants, and Malaysia restricts theimport of HCFCs and HFCs by approving and registering every importer.

Case 1

Tax on fluorinated gases

Case 2

Importer/exporter license and national customs Malaysia
codes

Spain

11

Case 1: Tax on fluorinated gases
Country: Spain
Lifecycle Management Stage: Production and/or import of refrigerants
Format of Policy Measure: Financial instruments
Key Words: tax, GWP, lower tax rate, tax return
Summary of the policy:
Spain’s tax on fluorinated greenhouse gases entered into force in January 2014 through article 5 of Law
16/2013. It aims to encourage the use of alternative low GWP refrigerants and improve the maintenanceand recycling practices for existing equipment. The tax applies to: 1. Initial sale or delivery of F-gases after
production, import (from 3rd countries) or acquisition (from EU), and 2. The consumption of F-gases byusers, including producers, importers, and purchasers.
The tax covers F-gases with a GWP greater than 150 and it includes HFCs, PFCs and SF6. The tax rates
are set based on the GWP of each gas, with a maximum of EUR 100/kg. Some examples of tax rates areshown in the table below. For recycled and reclaimed F-gases, a lower tax rate is applied. Also, when the
refrigerant is destructed or recycled, the tax is returned to the final consumers who have borne the tax.
After the implementation of the tax, the emissions of F-gases decreased from 16.9 kton CO2-eq in 2014 to
5.9 kton CO2-eq in 2018 (emissions in category “substitutes for substances that deplete the ozone layer”).
The cause of this reduction is said to be the change of actions in the refrigeration and air conditioning
sectors. In these sectors, alternative refrigerants such as CO2 and NH3 were promoted for new installations,and for existing installations, measures such as use of automatic leakages control systems and retrofit oflower GWP refrigerants were implemented.
Examples: Tax rate for some selected gases
F-gases
GWP
HFC-2314800
HFC-32
675
HFC-134a
1430
HFC - 143a
4470

Tax rate (EUR/kg)
100
10.13
21.45
67.05

Information source:
Institute of European Environmental Policy reporthttps://ieep.eu/uploads/articles/attachments/a3977c6e-7f07-4da9-bae2ed3e060593da/ES%20Fluorinated%20Gases%20final.pdf?v=63680923242
UNFCCC document, “A compilation of questions to – and answers by – Spain”
https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/SBI50_ESP_MA_QA.pdf
UNFCCC FCCC/TRR.3/ESP
https://undocs.org/FCCC/TRR.3/ESP
Iberley “Impuesto sobre los Gases Fluorados de Efecto Invernadero” (Spanish)
https://www.iberley.es/temas/impuesto-sobre-gases-fluorados-efecto-invernadero20551?__cf_chl_captcha_tk__=pmd_3I3aHETyQuGRwUaiphybZBu.IH3Vw709Htozv6Fx8CE1631684732-0-gqNtZGzNAzujcnBszQbR

12

Case 2: Importer/exporter license and national customs codes
Country: Malaysia
Lifecycle Management Stage: Production and/or import of refrigerants
Format of Policy Measure: Regulations
Key Words: import and export
Summary of the policy:
Malaysia has ratified the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol in October 2020. All the HFCs usedin Malaysia are imported since HFCs are not produced in the country. Parties to the Montreal Protocol
shall establish and implement a system for licensing the import and export for FCs. A licensing system andcustoms codes assignment for multiple HFCs can be an effective method to identify the accurate volumeof Malaysia's HFC consumption baseline. An accurate baseline is necessary to consider the next strategy
for decreasing the HFCs. In Malaysia, the national customs codes for individual sorts of HFCs wereadditionally allocated, despite original HS code is not allocated for individual sorts HFCs.
In 2020, a new amendment of The Customs (Prohibition of Imports) Order 2020 and Customs (Prohibitionof Exports) Order 2020 was released. Starting from March 1, 2020, the import/export of HFCs must be
approved through Approval Permit (AP) system.
As a result, the import/ export of HCFC and HFC in Malaysia is controlled by the Government of Malaysia
through AP system which is managed by the Department of Environment (DoE) Malaysia. All importers
and exporters must be registered with DoE. Currently, 14 companies involved in import/export of HCFC
and 47 companies involved in import/export of HFC were registered under the DoE.
Developing countries seeking any further assistance from the Multilateral Fund for the HCFC phase out
beyond 2012 must provide confirmation that they have an enforceable national system of licensing andquotas in place for HCFC imports. Therefore, Quota allocation for HCFC import was introduced in 2012,
so consumption of HCFC is decreasing in Malaysia.
The Customs (Prohibition of Imports/ Export) Order 2017 (effective on of April 1, 2017) state that any goods
containing CFCs (substances covered under Montreal protocol) is absolutely prohibited to be imported
into Malaysia (Schedule 1, item No. 16).
E-permit application process:National HS Code Examples
１．Registered Importers apply the system
２．Approved by Department of Environment
３．Acknowledged by Customs Information System

Substance

Tariff code

HFC-322903.39.90.41

HFC-143a2903.39.90.53

HFC-404A

3824.78.00.10

Information source:
Control of Import & Export of Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)
https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/en/info-umum/info-protokol-montreal/kawalan-import-dan-eksporthydrofluorocarbon-hfc/327903
List of importer/exporter
https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Senarai-Pengimport-Pengeksport-HCFCdan-HFC-2020.pdf
13

(b) Manufacturing and/or import of appliances containing refrigerants

Several countries and regions implement measures or programs to limit the amount of fluorocarbons
in the market by managing the manufacturing or import of air conditioning and refrigeration equipment.
There are a variety of methods in this category, and the stringency of the measures varies widely,depending on the situation of the country or region.
For example, in the EU, bans on new equipment are put in place for several types of equipment using
HFCs. Other than bans and restrictions, there are other methods such as the one in Japan, where ameasure is put in place to limit the average GWP of equipment per manufacturer. In the US, their
SNAP program lists acceptable substitutes for ODSs. In addition to these measures implemented bygovernments, this chapter introduces programs to convert HCFC to cleaner alternatives in
Bangladesh, Swaziland and Mexico, supported by UNDP.

Case 1

Conversion from HCFC to non-ODS alternative Bangladesh, Swaziland, andmaterials

Case 2Significant

Mexico (supported by UNDP)
New Alternatives

Policy(SNAP) United States of America

Program
Case 3EU F-gas regulation bans for new products and EU
equipment

Case 4

Measures for designated products

14

Japan

Case 1: Conversion from HCFC to non-ODS alternative materials
Country: Bangladesh, Swaziland, and Mexico (supported by UNDP)
Lifecycle Management Stage: Refrigerant Production, Export, Manufacturing
Format of Policy Measure: Pilot Programme
Key Words: HCFC-141b, non-ODS, low-GWP, insulation foam, cyclopentane, methyl formate, methylal,
MP-MLF, ExCOM, UNDP, UNEP, SADC, LVC
Summary of the policy:
In Bangladesh, HCFC-141b was used in manufacturing insulation foam for domestic refrigerationequipment, amounting to 27% of total national ODP consumption. The manufacturing company and thegovernment requested UNDP assistance to convert HCFC-141b technology to a non-ODS one under theMontreal Protocol.
The company selected cyclopentane as the non-ODS and low-GWP alternative foam blowing agent
following a detailed evaluation of available technology options considering long-term sustainability. The
project was approved by Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund Executive Committee (MP-MLF ExCom) at
its 62nd Meeting in 2010, and the project was implemented during 2011-2013, covering the installation of
new foaming machines, redesign of manufacturing lines including safety systems, training, safe
manufacturing operational techniques.
The project phased out an annual consumption of 183.7 tons of HCFC-141b. The GWP impact of using
cyclopentane instead of HCFC-141b is an annual reduction of GHG emissions over 130,000 tons of CO2
equivalent.
Similar projects were implemented in Swaziland, Mexico, India and other countries.
The project in Swaziland, the rigid PU foam conversion process from HCFC-141b to cyclopentane as a
blowing agent which has zero ODP and low-GWP, was approved by MP-MLF ExCom at its 63rd Meetingin 2011. The products were exported to member countries of the Southern African Development
Community (SADC), thus the project positively impacted the neighboring markets including non-LVC (lowvolume consuming) countries. 100 percent ODS-free production was announced in 2015 supported by
UNDP, UNEP and Germany’s GIZ, and it is an example of the best practice that multilateral cooperation
can achieve.
The project in Mexico to replace HCFC-141b use in foams for shoe sole production to non-ODS was also
approved by MP-MLF ExCom. The pilot project demonstrated the viability of using methyl formate andmethylal as a replacement for HCFC-141b in the production of shoe soles and was completed in 2011.The
new technology is also lower in cost and has easier applications, thus the project helped to meet Mexico’s
ODS phaseout targets while simultaneously minimizing negative economic and social impacts of theindustrial reconversion on local industries.
Information source:
Protecting the Ozone Layer and Reducing Global Warming - Results, Case Studies and Lessons Learned
from UNDP’s Montreal Protocol Programme - :https://www.undp.org/publications/protecting-ozone-layer-and-reducing-global-warming
Proposal of the 62nd Meeting of the Executive Committee (ExCom) of the Multilateral Fund (MLF):
http://www.multilateralfund.org/62/English%20Document/1/6220.pdf
Proposal of the 63rd Meeting of the Executive Committee (ExCom) of the Multilateral Fund (MLF):
http://www.multilateralfund.org/63/English%20Documents%20Lib/1/6352.pdf
15

Case 2: Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program
Country: United States
Lifecycle Management Stage: Manufacturing and/or import of appliances containing refrigerants
Format of Policy Measure: Standards
Key Words: Acceptable substitutes for ozone-depleting substances
Summary of the policy:
The SNAP program was established under Section 612 of the Clean Air Act (CAA), which was enacted tolimit the use of CFCs and HCFCs following the 1987 Montreal Protocol. The SNAP program identifies andevaluates substitutes for ozone-depleting substances. It publishes lists of these substitutes, and by clearly
listing acceptable substitutes, promotes the use of substitutes with less risk to human health and theenvironment. According to Section 612 of the CAA, United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA) must prohibit the use of a substitute where USEPA has determined that there are other available
substitutes that pose a less overall risk to human health and the environment. The SNAP program isdesigned for:
⁻
⁻
⁻
⁻
⁻

Identifying and evaluating substitutes in end-uses that have historically used ozone-depleting
substances (ODS)
Looking at the overall risk to human health and the environment of both existing and new substitutes,
Publishing lists of acceptable and unacceptable substitutes by end-use,
Promoting the use of acceptable substitutes; and,
Providing the public with information about the potential environmental and human health impacts ofsubstitutes.

To determine the acceptability of substitutes, USEPA performs an analysis of risks to human health andthe environment from the use of various substitutes in different industrial and consumer uses that havehistorically used ODSs. Acceptable or unacceptable substances are listed on the EPA website, and the list
evolves according to the decisions by the USEPA. Below are some examples of refrigerants used in remotecondensing units.
Example substitute for remote condensing units
Substitute
Trade
Retrofit/ ODP
Names
New
HCFC-22R/N
0.055
R-404ASUVA HP- R/N
062

R-410A

AZ-20,Suva 9100,
Puron

N

0

GWP

Listing status

1,810
3,920

Acceptable
Unacceptable in retrofit equipment
as of Jul. 20, 2016.
Unacceptable in new equipment asof Jan. 1, 2018.
Acceptable

2,090

Information source:
USEPA, SNAP Program webpage
https://www.epa.gov/snap
USEPA webpage, “Overview of SNAP”
https://www.epa.gov/snap/overview-snap

16

Case 3: EU F-gas regulation bans for new products and equipment
Country and/or region: EU
Lifecycle Management Stage: Manufacturing and/or import of appliances containing refrigerants
Format of Policy Measure: Regulations
Key Words: bans for new products and equipment
Summary of the policy:
To control emissions from fluorinated gases, EU adopted the F-Gas Regulation (842/2006) in 2006. Under
the EU-F-gas regulation, several measures were put in place, including the bans on new products andequipment. Under this measure, the use of F-gas is banned in many new types of products and equipment
where less harmful alternatives are widely available.
The bans affect the following products and equipment: a) Refrigeration, b) Air-conditioning, c) Fire
protection, d) Aerosols, e) Foam insulation, and f) Others (including windows, footwear and car tires). The
ban only applies to new products and equipment, and the table below shows the details of the ban.
According to the European Commission, the F-gas emissions in EU has stabilized at 2010 levels after the
adoption of the F-Gas regulation. The new F-gas regulation (517/2014), which replaced the 2006
Regulation, is expected to reduce F-gas emissions from EU by two-thirds by 2030 compared with 2014
levels.
Bans for new products and equipment
Market Sector Product Description

Scope of banned F- Start Date1
Gases
Refrigeration Non-confined direct evaporation systems
All HFCs and PFCs
2007
Domestic refrigerators and freezers2
HFCs with GWP > 150 2015
Refrigerators and freezers for commercial use HFCs with GWP > 2,500 2020
(hermetically sealed)3
HFCs with GWP > 150 2022
All stationary refrigeration equipment4
HFCs with GWP > 2,500 2020
Multipack central systems for commercial use with F-Gases with GWP > 150 2022
a cooling capacity above 40kW 5
AirMoveable, hermetically sealed air-conditioning
HFCs with GWP > 150 2020
conditioning
Single split systems containing 3 kg or less
HFCs with GWP > 150 2025
Insulating
One component foam aerosols
F-Gases with GWP > 150 2008
foam6
Extruded Polystyrene foam (XPS)
HFCs with GWP > 150 2020
Other foams (including polyurethane)
HFCs with GWP > 150 2023
Fire protection Systems using PFCs
All PFCs
2007
Systems using HFC 23
HFC 23
2016
Aerosols
Novelty aerosols7 and signal horns
HFCs with GWP > 150 2009
Technical aerosols8
HFCs with GWP > 150 2018
Other
Non-refillable containers for bulk product
All F-Gases
2007
applications
Windows for domestic use
All F-Gases
2007
All other windows
All F-Gases
2008
Footwear
All F-Gases
2006
Tires
All F-Gases
2007
1 All start dates from 2015 onwards are January 1st of the year specified
2,3 This ban includes both refrigerant and foam blowing agent
4-8: Some exemptions and detailed conditions apply

Information source:
EC website
https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/f-gas/legislation_en
https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/f-gas_en
EU F-Gas Regulation Guidance Information Sheet17http://www.gluckmanconsulting.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/IS-26-Ban-Summary.pdf

18Case 4: Measures for designated products
Country: Japan
Lifecycle Management Stage: Manufacturing and/or import of appliances containing refrigerants
Format of Policy Measure: Regulation
Key Words: target GWP value, designated products
Summary of the policy:
In order to manage the emissions from fluorinated gases throughout the lifecycle of refrigerants, the Act
on Rational Use and Proper Management of Fluorocarbons was implemented in 2015. Under this act,
“Measures for designated products” aims to manage the use of refrigerant “upstream” by targeting the
manufacturers and importers. Manufacturers and importers of designated products are required to replacehigh-GWP products with products using low-GWP or non-fluorocarbon alternatives.
A target average GWP value and target year is set for each category of product, and the manufacturers
and importers are required to make sure that the average GWP of each shipped product meets the target
within each company by the target year. Designated products and their targets are shown in the tablebelow.
The target GWP value is set, considering the lowest GWP (weighted average by volume) among thedesignated products in the market in Japan. Also, conditions such as safety, energy efficiency, affordability,
etc. are considered. Products are added to the designated products list, depending on the availability ofalternatives. Below are some examples of the designated products and GWP targets as of 2021.
Targets for designated products:
Designated products
Room air-conditioning
Commercial air-conditioning(for offices and stores)

Category 1*
Category 2*
Category 3*

Mobile air- conditioning (for passenger cars ofpassenger capacity less than 11 people.)
Condensing unit and refrigerating unit (except
equipment of the rated capacity of thecompressor 1.5kw or lower.)Refrigerant currently in use(GWP)
HFC- 410A (2090)
HFC- 32 (675)
HFC- 410A (2090)
HFC- 410A (2090)
HFC-134a (1430)
HFC-245fa (1030)
HFC-134a (1430)

Targetvalue
750

Target
year
2018

750
750
100

2020
2023
2025

150

2023

HFC- 404A (3920)
1500
2025
HFC- 410A (2090)
HFC- 407C (1774)
CO2 (1)
Cold storage warehouse (for more than HFC- 404A (3920)
100
2019
50,000m3, new facilities)
Ammonia (lower than 10)
Category 1: Under 3 refrigeration tons of cooling capacity, excluding floor type unit
Category 2: Over 3 refrigeration tons of cooling capacity, excluding floor type unit and category 3
Category 3: Central air-conditioning units using centrifugal chillers
Information source:
Act on Rational Use and Proper Management of Fluorocarbons pamphlet
https://www.env.go.jp/en/earth/ozone/laws/ozone4.pdf
Document by MoE Japan
https://www.env.go.jp/earth/ozone/fluorocarbon_initiative/attach/200928_MOEJ%20presentation%20for%20SPD.pdf
19

(c) Installation of appliances
Installation of appliances are often related to the incentives of consumers. As replacement of oldtechnologies using ODP or high GWP refrigerants tends to be more expensive, and related products
sometimes are less competitive in the market, governments and international programmes to consumers
and business to opt to introduce products which are environmentally friendlier. Apart from government
policy measures, the private sector manufacturers and cooling industrial associations sometimes provide
manuals for service providers to meet standard of installation of appliances.

Case 1Introducing

EnergyEfficiency

Standards

and

Ghana

Incentives on Refrigerating Appliances and new

actions to stop dumping of new and used coolingappliances containing obsolete ODS and HFC
Case 2

refrigerants
Subsidy program for natural refrigerant equipment

20

GermanyCase 1: Introducing Energy Efficiency Standards and Incentives on Refrigerating AppliancesCountry: Ghana
Lifecycle Management Stage: Installation of appliances
Format of Policy Measures: Standard setting
Key Words: Mandatory Efficiency Performance Standards, incentive, Public Private Partnership (PPP)
Summary of the policy:
In Ghana, the used cooling appliance market share was 80%, mostly imported from Europe in 2005. 30%of the total annual generation of imported used cooling appliance went to waste because of inefficient
appliance usage, and almost all of the used cooling appliances used CFCs and HCFCs, which cause
ozone layer depletion and global warming. To reduce CFC and HCFC emissions from new used coolingappliances and to enhance energy efficiency, Ghana introduced Mandatory Efficiency PerformanceStandards (MEPS) and labelling regime, and incentive on new refrigerating appliances with lower and nonODP/GWP appliances. Furthermore, Ghana on behalf of Africa introduced a CRP for the 2021 Meeting of
the Parties to the Montreal Protocol asking for a Decision to help stop dumping of new and used coolingappliances containing obsolete ODS and HFC refrigerants.
1) Mandatory Efficiency Performance Standards (MEPS)
Energy Efficiency (EE) regulations on cooling appliances were introduced as follows.
-

EE Standards and Labelling (Non-Ducted Air-conditioners and Self-Ballasted Fluorescent Lamps)
Regulations, 2005 (LI 1815)
EE Standards & Labelling (Household Refrigerating Appliances) Regulations, 2009 (LI 1958)
EE (Prohibition of Manufacture, Sale or Importation of Incandescent Filament Lamp, Used Refrigerator,
Used Refrigerator-Freezer, Used Freezer and Used Air-Conditioner) Regulations, 2008 (LI 1932)

In connection with these regulations, the dismantling process has been improved through public private
partnership (PPP) and separation of components and scrapyard operations.
2) Incentive on new refrigerating appliances
To promote the phase down of CFCs/HFCs and the introduction of new energy-efficient equipment,
an incentive system on refrigerating appliances (issuing discount coupon when purchasing new energy
efficient equipment) was introduced.
Results of MEPS & Incentive on Refrigerating Appliances showed a significant drop in energy use onrefrigerating appliances and enhancement of replacement from old fridges (See Fig.5 and 6).

Fig.5 Results of MEPS & Incentives on
Refrigerating Appliances– Reduced consumption

Fig.6 Evidence of transformed market through MEPSOver 10,000 used and inefficient refrigerating appliances have been replaced with the same number of
new and efficient ones. Over 47,000 refrigerators and 11,000 ACs illegally imported have been confiscatedand dismantled. 1,500kg of CFC has been recovered and 1.1 million tons of CO2 has been saved.

21

Information sources:
Side events at the 43rd OEWG of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol:
https://www.env.go.jp/earth/ozone/fluorocarbon_initiative/attach/4_Mr.%20Kofi%20Agyarko_OE
WG%2043%20Montreal%20Protocol%20Final%202.pdf
https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30731/AMCEN_17Omnibus.pdf?sequence=7&isAllowed=yAfrica CRP asking help to stop dumping of inefficient new and used cooling appliances containing obsolete
ODS and HFC refrigerants:
https://ozone.unep.org/system/files/documents/COP-12-II-3-Add-1_MOP-33-3-Add-1E.pdf

22Case 2: Subsidy program for natural refrigerant equipment
Country: Germany
Lifecycle Management Stage: Installation of appliances
Format of Policy Measure: Financial instruments
Key Words: natural refrigerants, subsidy
Summary of the policy:
The Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) started a subsidy
program in 2008 to accelerate the adoption of natural refrigerant in refrigeration and air-conditioning
technologies. The program aims to contribute to the government’s climate protection goals by reducing
emission by increased energy efficiency and reduction of Fluorinated gases.
The funding is provided for companies, not-for-profit organizations, local authorities, special purpose
associations, self-employed enterprises, schools, hospitals, and church organizations. In terms oftechnologies covered in this program, in addition to stationary refrigeration and air conditioning systems,
vehicle air conditioning systems in buses and rail vehicles are also covered. The parties interested canapply for funding through the website of the German Federal Office of Economics and Export Control(BAFA).
The amount of funding is calculated using different formulas depending on the equipment category*. BAFA
provides a funding calculation tool on its website so that the applicants can calculate the expected funding.
The maximum of funding is set at EUR 150,000 and 50% of eligible expenditure.
According to the BMU, 3500 refrigeration and air conditioning systems in companies and residentialbuildings were funded by this program in the period between 2008 and end of 2020. The total funding
provided was EUR 223 million. Out of the EUR 223 million, wholesale and retail warehouses received 62%of the funding.
*: Examples funding formula for stationary systems:
F = (A × XB + C) × X
F: Funding amount
X: Variable representing the cooling capacity, the length of refrigerated cabinets in food trade, thestorage capacity or volume.
A, B and C: Specific coefficients that depend on the type of chiller or component
Information source:
BAFA webpage (German)
https://www.bafa.de/DE/Energie/Energieeffizienz/Klima_Kaeltetechnik/klima_kaeltetechnik_node.html
https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/kki_technisches_merkblatt.html;jsessionid=098
488A189D4B8EE9ED7DFDAA8BABCC4.2_cid371?nn=8064164
BMU webpage (German)
https://www.klimaschutz.de/zahlen-und-fakten

23

(d) Use of appliances
Leakage of refrigerants occurs also at the time of using appliances, and monitoring and reducing them areimportant. Maintenance is one way to minimize the leakage of refrigerants, which brings benefits of climatechange mitigation and the Ozone Layer protection, but also keeping energy efficiency at high standard.
Also, once refrigerant is in the market, appliance products are distributed in the market, and they are soldmany times. In this situation, some governments introduced a tracking system to record changed
ownership of refrigerants, to clarify who is responsible for appropriate treatment.

Case1

Registration of Service Providers of ODS-using

Philippines

Case 2Equipment
National qualification framework and certification Indonesia
of work competence for RAC technicians

Case 3Training and Certification for service personnel EU
handling fluorocarbons

Case 4

Rebate System on HFC/PFC tax

Case 5

Electronic system links training and certification to Slovakia
reporting and data processing

Norway24Case 1: Registration of Service Providers of ODS-using Equipment
Country: Philippines
Lifecycle Management Stage: Maintenance, Collection, Reclamation, Reuse
Format of Policy Measure: Regulation/Registration
Key Words: ODS, HCFCs, registration, service providers, DENR, POD, HPMP, MLF, CCO
Summary of the policy:
Under the Montreal Protocol, the Philippines is an Article 5 party, mainly referring to a developing country.
The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) acts as the national coordinator for its
implementation, and the Philippine Ozone Desk (POD) was created to facilitate and coordinate ODS
phase-out projects and policies.
Since the first national program for the phase-out of ODS was prepared in 1993, many projects for the
implementation of the phase-out activities have been approved and supported by the Multilateral Fund
(MLF). As a result, the Philippines achieved phase-out of all ODS by 2010, except for HCFCs and MeBr
for Quarantine and Pre-Shipment (QPS).
Common uses of HCFCs in the Philippines were specified as cooling agent (HCFC-22, HCFC-123), foam
blowing agent (HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b), cleaning agent/solvent (HCFC-141b, HCFC-225), thus
DENR/POD decided to strengthen the legal infrastructure to support the implementation of the HCFC
Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP).
Revised regulations on Chemical Control Order (CCO) for Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) (the DENR
Administrative Order No. 2013-25) in 2013 mainly consists of a ban on the import of ODS, control of importof HCFCs, registration of service providers of ODS using equipment as well as registration of importers,
dealers, retailers, re-sellers of ODS, records keeping, capacity-building program, etc.
Registration and Renewal of Registration of Service Providers of ODS-using Equipment of the revised
regulation under section 10 of the DENR Administrative Order No. 2013-25 are described as follows.
- Service providers of ODS-using equipment must register with the Department through the Bureau todetermine their capability in handling and working on these substances.
- Service providers should have the capability to take effective measures, including the necessary
equipment, technology, training and infrastructure, for the purpose of effectively handling ODS,
including responsible re-use of refrigerants, minimizing their emissions, and ultimately phasing out
their use by replacing ODS with substitutes or alternatives duly recognized and certified by the
Department through the Bureau.
- Service providers shall adhere to the good practices in handling and working with refrigerants set
forth in the Code of Practice for Refrigeration and Airconditioning approved and adopted by the
Department.
- Service providers shall also participate in a system to recover, reclaim, and-reuse refrigerants thatwill be led by the Department.
In addition to the above requirement, a memorandum circular was issued to implement Section 10 of the
DENR Administrative Order No. 2013-25 in 2021, which consists of Scope (Sec.1), Requirement for New
or Renewal of Registration (Sec.2), Duties and Responsibilities of Service Provider (Sec.3), Monitoring,
Inspection, and Good Practices (Sec.4), Validity of Certificate of Registration (Sec.5), etc.
By clarifying the registration system for the service providers of ODS-using equipment, DENR / POD will
become able to oversee the activities of the service providers and keep track of the stock and storage
status of the recovered refrigerant.
By the introduction of the revised policy and regulatory framework, the Philippines achieved the phase-out
schedule which reduces HCFC consumption by 35% from the baseline until 2020 and the schedule is still25

going on to achieve a 100% reduction by 2040. (See Fig.7, Fig.8)

Fig.7 ODS Phase-out Schedule in Philippine

Fig.8 HCFC Reduction Trend in Philippine

Information source:
Revised Chemical Control Order for Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)(DENR Administrative Order No.2004-08):
https://chemical.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/DAO-2004-08-CCO-ODS.pdf
Revised regulations on Chemical Control Order (CCO) for Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) (DENR
Administrative Order No.2013-25):
http://pod.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/DAO-2013-25.pdf
Registration of Service Providers of Ozone-Depleting Substance (ODS) using Equipment (Memorandum
Circular No. 2021-11):
http://pod.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/EMB-MC-2021-11.pdf
List of Registered Importers of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) and Its Alternative Chemicals 20202021:
http://pod.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/REG_IMPORTERS_30JULY2021.pdf
List of Registered Dealers, Re-Sellers & Retailors of ODS
http://pod.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ODSDR2021.pdf

26

Case 2: National qualification framework and certification of work competence for RAC technicians
Country: Indonesia
Lifecycle Management Stage: Use of appliances
Format of Policy Measure: Certification/licensing
Key Words: qualification, technicians
Summary of the policy:
To prepare technicians for knowledge, skills, and good attitude in maintaining RAC equipment andrefrigerants handling safely, the government has issued Ministry of Environment and Forestry decree no.
73 year 2019 on Indonesia national qualification framework and certification of work competence for RAC
technicians. There are 5 levels of competence for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning technicians based on
the decree.
Level
Level 1Assistant
HelperTechnician
Level 2Technician
Operator

Level 3
• AC Residential
Technician• Domestic
Refrigeration
Technician
Level 4
• RAC
Installation
Technician• RAC
MaintenanceTechnician• RAC
Repairment
Technician
Level 5• Senior
Technician• ProjectSupervisor• Chief Engineer//

Example of competencies requirements• Help / assist the technician in preparation of maintenance, installation and repair
of RAC system• Ability to clean indoor and outdoor AC units
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

A minimum degree from vocational school majoring in refrigeration engineering,
At least 1 year working experience in a related field
Ability to use maintenance equipment for servicing and changing electrical andmechanical components in the RAC system
At least 2-year experience in installation, maintenance, and repairment
Ability to check for refrigerant leakage and do refrigerant recycling
Ability to carry out a refrigerant filling process
Ability to install and repair the residential AC system
At least 3-year experience in commercial or industrial HVAC installation /maintenance/repairment
Obtain a recommendation letter from the employer
Ability to install RAC system with various methods, such as flaring, swaging,brazing, etc.
Ability to conduct pressure and leakage test, pipe vacuum, and refrigerant filling
process
Ability to carry out installation, maintenance, and repair for VRF system,
commercial, and industrial RAC system
Ability to manage ammonia and flammable refrigerants
Competency certificate Level 4 for at least 3 years in commercial or industrial
HVAC installation/maintenance/repairment
Obtain a recommendation from the employer
Ability to manage technicians for the installation of RAC system, analysis, andtroubleshooting, and coordinate with relevant people
Ability to do testing and commissioning for chillers, other commercial andindustrial RAC systems, and reporting the progress of the projectIn addition, a mobile application called the MontiR-AC was developed. By using this application,technicians of refrigerator/air conditioners can receive offered works while consumers can search for
qualified technicians in their vicinities. Technicians who are eligible to get servicing work through theMontiR-AC application are technicians that have been certified under Indonesian National Agency forProfessional Certification (BNSP).
Information source:
Ministry of Environment and Forestry decree no. 73 year 2019http://jdih.menlhk.co.id/uploads/files/P_73_2019_REFRIGERASI_DAN_TEKNISI_TAT
A_UDARA_menlhk_11132019084312.pdf
Montir AC Teknisi https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.dep.TeknisiAc&hl=en_US&gl=US
Montir AC Konsumen
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.dep.MontirAcKonsumens&hl=en_US&gl=US
27

Case 3: Training and Certification for service personnel handling fluorocarbons
Country: EU
Lifecycle Management Stage: Maintenance, Collection, Reclamation, Reuse, Destruction
Format of Policy Measures: Regulation/Certification
Key Words: training, certification, minimum requirement, controlled substances, CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs,
ODS, fluorinated greenhouse gases, leak-check, installation, servicing, maintenance, repair,decommissioning, recycling
Summary of the policy:
To reduce the release of controlled substances such as CFCs/HCFCs/HFCs into the atmosphere, provisionon legislation system should be made for the recycling of used controlled substances and the preventionof leakages of controlled substances. From this perspective, the EU has introduced training andcertification systems for service personnel handling equipment that uses controlled substances or recovercontrolled substances.
According to Regulations (EC) No (1005/2009) which controls life cycle management of ODS, EU member
states shall define the minimum qualification requirements for the personnel carrying out activities such as
leak-check or recycling of the controlled substances operating refrigeration, air conditioning or heat pumpequipment, or fire protection systems, etc. (Article 23: Leakages and emissions of controlled substances)
According to Regulations (EC) No 517/2014 which controls life cycle management reducing emissions offluorinated greenhouse gases, EU member states shall establish or adapt certification programs, including
an evaluation system, on the basis of the minimum requirement. EU member states also shall ensure thattraining is available for technicians carrying out activities such as installation, servicing, maintenance,
repair or decommissioning of the equipment, leak checks of the equipment, recycling of fluorinatedgreenhouse gases. The certification programs and training shall cover applicable regulations and technicalstandards, emission prevention, recycling of fluorinated greenhouse gases, safe handling of equipment of
the type and size covered by the certificate, information on relevant technologies to replace or to reduce
the use of fluorinated greenhouse gases and their safe handling. (Article 10: Training and certification)
Similar training or certification system have been introduced in other countries such as the US, Japan, etc.
Information source:
Regulations (EC) No 1005/2009:https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:286:0001:0030:EN:PDF
Regulations (EC) No 517/2014:
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R0517

28

Case 4: Rebate System on HFC/PFC tax in Norway
Country: Norway
Lifecycle Management Stage: Import, Export, Manufacturing, Collection, Reclamation, Reuse, Destruction
Format of Policy Measures: Taxation
Key Words: tax, HFCs, PFCs, rebate, refund, GWP, GWP-weighted tax, destruction

Summary of the policy:
Since around 1990, imports of HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) and PFCs (perfluorocarbons) have been
increasing year by year in Norway, so taxation was introduced with the aim of technological innovation thatuses less HFCs/PFCs per equipment and increased use of alternative refrigerants in 2003.
The tax covers import and manufacture of pure gases in bulk and import of all mixtures of HFCs and PFCs,
both as compounds and mixed with other substances.
The tax is calculated on the basis of the net weight of the taxable gas multiplied by the GWP value of eachtaxable gas. If the type of HFCs or PFCs cannot be documented, the highest GWP value of the producttypes can be applied.
In 2004, HFC / PFC tax rebate system was introduced. If the consumer uses an approved facility to destroy
HFCs and PFCs, the tax will be refunded to the party that delivered the waste. The refund rate is the sameas the tax rate. This scheme is administered by the Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA).
When the party that delivered the waste applies for the refund, an application form stating the type andamount of recovered and destroyed HFCs and PFCs will be sent from the collection company to the NEA
through the destruction company. The refund will be paid by the NEA to the collection company, and therest after deducting expenses such as transportation will be paid to the consumer.
As of 2005, it is estimated that CO2 emissions were 280,000 tons (37%) less and total imports were 3.2
million tons (37%) less than without taxation. In addition, after the introduction of taxation, the rate ofincrease in imports has decreased due to technological innovations to reduce the amount of used
HFCs/PFCs per equipment and increased use of alternative refrigerants.
Similar taxation systems for fluorocarbons have been introduced in Denmark, Slovenia and Spain, withthe highest tax rates in Norway. In addition, only Norway has introduced the system to refund all taxes byprocessing at a designated destruction facility.
Information source:
HFC and PFC tax (The Norwegian Tax Administration):
https://www.skatteetaten.no/en/business-and-organisation/vat-and-duties/excise-duties/about-the-exciseduties/hfc-and-pfc/
Regulations relating to tax system in Norway:
https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2001-12-11-1451/KAPITTEL_3-18#KAPITTEL_3-18

29

Case 5: Electronic system links training and certification to reporting and data processing
Country: Slovakia
Lifecycle Management Stage: Import, Export, Manufacturing, Maintenance, Collection, Reclamation,
Reuse, Destruction
Format of Policy Measures: Certification, and reporting system
Key Words: training, certification, reporting, data processing, leak tightness, leaklog, Slovak Association
for Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps
Summary of the policy:
According to the EU regulation (517/2014) (Article 6: Record keeping, Article 10: Training and certification,
Article 20: Collections of emission data), the Slovak Republic, one of the member countries of EU, has
introduced an electronic system that links training and certification to reporting and data processing. The
system includes a section dedicated to electronic recording of equipment data and information on leaktightness (‘leaklog’) and a section for electronic reporting and certification.
The following assumptions form the basis for the Slovak electronic tool.
- F-gas trade only takes place between certified companies.
- Customers can order services from certified companies only.
- Certificates are valid for a limited time-period only and need to be renewed.
- Completion and submission of the reporting form on refrigerant imports and exports, including
refrigerants contained in products and equipment by certified companies, is a precondition for the
renewal or update of company certificates.
National statistics on refrigerant movements and data on the national emission reporting are compiled
electronically. (See Fig.9)

Fig.9 SZ CHKT introduced a new service named Leaklog.org that enables service companies andoperators to share information about inspections, repairs of cooling equipment. Labels with QR codes
placed on equipment link to logbooks with up-to-date information
Information source:
Slovak Association for Refrigeration, Air Conditioning Technology and Heat pumps:
https://szchkt.org/a/front_page?locale=en_GB, https://leaklog.org/
Electronic Logging and Reporting System based on Company Certification:
https://szchkt.org/a/docs/news/792
http://kgh-kongres.rs/images/2017/Prezentacije/69.pdf
https://www.green-coolinginitiative.org/fileadmin/Publications/2017_Guideline_on_policy_measures_for_the_managment_and_des
truction_of_ozone_depleting_substances.pdf
30

(e) Collection of refrigerants

Collection is an important step for closing the loop of the refrigerant lifecycle. Like leakage
management during use, it requires equipment users, who are not necessarily experts of refrigerants,
to ensure refrigerants in their equipment are collected appropriately. Other than requiring thecollection of refrigerants and certifying technicians by law, some examples of financial instruments
can be found around the world.
There is a deposit scheme by the industry in Denmark that allows equipment users to receive somerefund if used refrigerants are properly collected and brought to destruction or recycling. The schemein Australia, also run by the industry, offers a rebate to the contractors instead of equipment users.
Also, there are some financial instruments that are not introduced in the chapter, such as the tax
rebate by Norway. In Japan collection is compulsory by law, and the whole process from collection todestruction is managed using process management sheets.

Case 1

Obligatory collection of refrigerants

Japan

Case 2Danish Refrigerant Industry Environmental

Denmark

Scheme (KMO)
Case 3

Refrigerant take back program

Australia

31Case 1: Obligatory collection of refrigerants
Country: Japan
Lifecycle Management Stage: Collection of refrigerants, Recycling and destruction
Format of Policy Measure: Regulation, Transparency/tracking
Key Words: specified products, registered fluorocarbons filling/recycling operator, process management
sheetsSummary of the policy:
When managing the lifecycle of refrigerants, management of collection, reclamation/recycling anddestruction is important. Aiming to increase the collection rate of used refrigerants, a measure was
implemented to require users of commercial refrigerators and A/Cs to arrange and pay for the collectionof fluorocarbons though the Act on Rational Use and Proper Management of Fluorocarbons. At the time ofdisposal, recovered fluorocarbons of commercial refrigeration and air conditioning equipment (specified
products) must be delivered to a registered fluorocarbons filling/recycling operator.
In order to manage the process of collection and recycling/destruction, a series of documents called theprocess management sheets are used. At the time of delivery, the equipment user must issue the recycling
request document. When fluorocarbons are delivered to the fluorocarbons filling/recycling operator, thecertificate of receipt is issued to the equipment user. In addition, when the fluorocarbons are delivered torecycling or destruction operators, a reclamation or destruction certificate is returned to the equipmentuser. During FY 2020, 1,465 tons of fluorocarbons were recycled, and 3,961 tons of fluorocarbons weredestructed.
Flow of documents during collection and destruction/reclamation:

Information source:
Act on Rational Use and Proper Management of Fluorocarbons pamphlet
https://www.env.go.jp/en/earth/ozone/laws/ozone4.pdf
Document by MoE Japan
https://www.env.go.jp/earth/ozone/fluorocarbon_initiative/attach/200928_MOEJ%20presentation%20for%20SPD.pdf
http://www.env.go.jp/press/files/jp/116598.pdf
METI Press Release
https://www.meti.go.jp/press/2021/08/20210805001/20210805001.html
32

Case 2: Danish Refrigerant Industry Environmental Scheme (KMO)
Country: Denmark
Lifecycle Management Stage: Collection of refrigerants
Format of Policy Measure: Financial instruments
Key Words: recycle, destruction, deposit-refund
Summary of the policy:
The Danish Refrigerant Industry Environmental Scheme (KMO) is a voluntary deposit-refund scheme, set
up by the Danish refrigerant importers and industry association of authorized refrigeration companies. It
was set up in 1992 to promote the collection of CFCs, HCFCs, and HFC refrigerants and to control theuse of these refrigerants, following Denmark’s ratification of the Montreal protocol.
Equipment users are charged a deposit of DKK 27 per kg of refrigerant, then receive a refund of DKK 10
for recycling and DKK5 for destruction, independent of the GWP value of the refrigerant. Out of the DKK
27 collected from end-users, DKK 22 is transferred to the KMO, while the rest is kept by servicing
companies to cover the reporting costs to the KMO. Out of the DKK 22, DKK 7 covers the running costsof the KMO secretariat, and the rest covers the cost of recycling /destruction of refrigerants.
When refrigerant is collected from the equipment by servicing companies, the used refrigerant is sent to
KMO through servicing companies. Then the refrigerant recycling and destruction is done at KMO and theequipment users receive the refund. This scheme increases the cost by DKK 27/kg for F-gas refrigerantsthat is neither recycled nor destructed, DKK 17/kg for refrigerants that are recycled, and DKK 22/kg forrefrigerants that are destructed.
Flow of deposit and refund:Information source:
Website of Ministry of Environment of Denmark
https://eng.mst.dk/chemicals/chemicals-in-products/legislation-on-chemicals/danish-legislation-onspecific-substances/industrial-green-house-gases/
Document by KMO (Danish)
https://www.kmo.dk/Dokumenter/KMO%20Retningslinier%20pr.%2001-06-2020.pdf

33

Case 3: Refrigerant take back program
Country: Australia
Lifecycle Management Stage: Collection of refrigerants
Format of Policy Measure: Financial Instruments
Key Words: rebate, wholesalers, contractors
Summary of the policy:
Refrigerant Reclaim Australia (RRA) provides a rebate to contractors and refrigerant gas wholesalers for
returned refrigerants through their refrigerant take back program, which started in 1993. For thewholesalers, the rebate part compensates the costs of managing the take back of refrigerants. The
wholesalers’ branch networks act as a collection point for refrigerants, and they also provide cylinders,
decanting services and administration. There are more than 500 wholesaler branches around Australia
that can provide these functions.
For contractors, the rebate is an incentive to recover and return used F-gases. To return refrigerants,
contractors can rent, buy, or take on deposit cylinders from the wholesalers and then return the full
cylinders to the same wholesaler. The returned refrigerants are sent to RRA for destruction or purification
for reuse. The value of the rebates is set by RRA, which is currently set at AUD 3/kg.
According to the website of RRA, since 2013, they have recovered 6,500tons of refrigerant by 2017,
reducing more than 10 million tons of CO2 equivalent emission. The majority of the collected refrigerant
has been destroyed. In between 1993 and 2017, 91% of refrigerant was destroyed, 6% was reclaimed,
1% was stored and 2% was returned to the manufacturer for use as feedstock.
Flow of refrigerant take back program:Information source:
Refrigerant Reclaim Australia website
https://refrigerantreclaim.com.au/educational-tools/
https://refrigerantreclaim.com.au/program-performance/
https://refrigerantreclaim.com.au/about-refrigerants/returning-refrigerants/
Australian Competition & Consumer Commission document
https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/publicregisters/documents/Final%20Determination%20-%2012.05.21%20-%20PR%20-%20AA1000537%20%20RRA.pdf

34

(f)

Recycling and destruction

Recycling and destruction are crucial parts of the life cycle management. As used refrigerants can be usedwith an appropriate chemical process, some countries have set rules to appropriate use without leakage.
In the usual cases, recycled refrigerants can be sold in the market, the revenues can be an incentive fortreatment, which are otherwise released into the atmosphere where regulations are not in place.
Destruction is the end of the lifecycle of refrigerants. In countries where obligations on users are introduced,
they are either incinerated by dedicated plants or in combination with other industrial processes (e.g.,cement production and waste incineration etc.). The cost of destruction, as well as collection andtransportation, become a problem usually. In this regard, the cost recycling measures should beconsidered. Regarding destruction technologies, the Technical and Economic Assessment Panel under
the Montreal Protocol produces a list of approved technologies for destruction of controlled substances.3

3

Case 1

Regulations regarding destruction of HCFCs andCanadaCase 2HFCs
End of life management of Fluorinated Gases

Nigeria

Case 3

Voluntary Expanded Producers Responsibility Colombia(EPR) scheme

Case 4

Product Stewardship Scheme (Voluntary Industry New Zealand
Agreement)

Case 5

Destruction of HFCs by the Joint Crediting Thailand and Vietnam with
Mechanism (JCM)
Japan

Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Fourteenth edition (2020), UNEP

Ozone Secretariat

35

Case 1: Regulations regarding destruction of HCFCs and HFCs
Country: Canada
Lifecycle Management Stage: Import, Export, Manufacture, Maintenance, Collection, Reclamation, Reuse,
Destruction
Format of Policy Measure: Regulations
Key Words: ODSHAR, ODS, HCFCs, HFCs, destruction
Summary of the policy:
In Canada, the Ozone-depleting Substances and Halocarbon Alternatives Regulations (ODSHAR) are themeans by which Canada meets its obligations under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete
the Ozone Layer. The ODSHAR are modernized regulations that repealed and replaced Canada’s Ozonedepleting Substances Regulations (1998), in 2016.
The ODSHAR control the export, import, manufacture, sale and certain uses of ozone-depleting
substances (ODS) and products containing or designed to contain them. These controls include thegradual elimination of ODS, a requirement to obtain written authorizations for certain activities and arequirement to report on the export, import and manufacture of ODS. Several ODS have already phased
out, while HCFCs are in the process of being phased out.
In addition to ODS, the regulations also require that permits be obtained for the import, export andmanufacture of HFCs, and that reports on these activities be submitted.
Regarding the destruction of HCFCs and HFCs, the regulations stipulate as follows.
(ODSHAR: 54(1) Destruction of HCFCs, HCFC no longer needed; 65.05 Destruction of HFCs, HFC nolonger needed)
A person in possession of HCFCs or HFCs that was imported or manufactured under a permit issued
under the regulations and that is no longer needed for the use set out in that permit must, within six months
after the day on which it is no longer needed,(a) ensure that it is sent for destruction to a facility that is operated in accordance with the Handbook for
the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, published by the Ozone
Secretariat, United Nations Environment Programme.
(b) ensure that it is exported for destruction, for use as a feedstock, or laboratory or analytical use.
(c) in the case of recovered, recycled or reclaimed HCFCs or HFCs, ensure that it is sent to a recycling
or reclamation facility.
This is one of the examples that obligate the destruction of HFCs that are no longer needed, within a fixed
period.
Information source:
Ozone-depleting Substances and Halocarbon Alternatives Regulations:
https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/SOR-2016-137.pdf
Ozone-depleting Substances and Halocarbon Alternatives Regulations: general information:
https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/air-pollution/issues/ozonelayer/depleting-substances-halocarbon-alternatives-regulations.html
Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer:
https://ozone.unep.org/sites/default/files/Handbooks/MP_Handbook_2019.pdf

36

Case 2: End of life management of Fluorinated Gases
Country: Nigeria
Lifecycle Management Stage: Maintenance, Collection, Reclamation, Reuse, Destruction
Format of Policy Measures: Pilot Programme
Key Words: indigenous technologies, capacity building, rotary kiln incineration, Kigali Cooling Efficiency
Program (KCEP)
Summary of the policy:
Over the years, Nigeria has been managing the end of life of HCFCs, CFCs and halons through theestablishment of the Ozone Village, a center for promotion and development of indigenous ozone-friendly
technologies and human resources.
The main end of life F-gases managed includes CFC-12 and Halon1211 & Halon1301. The pilot CFC-12
waste project for Nigeria was approved at the 67th Meeting of the Executive Committee (ExCom) of theMultilateral Fund (MLF). UNIDO was the implementing agency. The project aimed at disposing of stocks
of ODS (CFC-12) collected by oil & gas companies from their installations in Nigeria and from chiller
operators. The project also aimed at providing capacity building activities for operators in the waste
management sector and end-users, on the proper handling and management of waste ODS.
The waste CFC-12 was destroyed by a local company using the Rotary Kiln Incineration Technology.

The Rotary Kiln Incinerator
The amount of ODS handled by the project was 84 tons of CFC-12.
In addition to the project, Nigeria intends to also uses the best available locally developed technologies
and to manage the gases (HCFCs and HFCs) that will be replaced, through the Kigali Cooling Efficiency
Program (KCEP) funding window on transforming the market of inefficient RAC equipment, which will
promote a large scale rebate/replacement programme for inefficient RAC equipment.
Information source:
MOP32 side event:
https://www.env.go.jp/earth/ozone/fluorocarbon_initiative/attach/20201127%20Presentation%20by%20Ni
geria.pdf
Proposal of the 67th Meeting of the Executive Committee (ExCom) of the Multilateral Fund (MLF):
http://www.multilateralfund.org/67/English/1/6727.pdf
KCEP (Kigali Cooling Efficiency Program):https://www.k-cep.org/
37

Case 3: Voluntary Expanded Producers Responsibility (EPR) scheme
Country: Colombia (supported by UNDP)
Lifecycle Management Stage: Collection, Recycling, Destruction
Format of Policy Measures: Pilot Programme
Key Words: voluntary, Extended Producer Responsibility, EPR, post-consumer program, household
appliances, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, WEEE, Producer Responsibility Organizations,PRO
Summary of the policy:
A voluntary Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) scheme was established, and it is the first postconsumer program of household appliances in Colombia. In this scheme, it is the duty of the producer(manufacturer or importer) of electrical and electronic equipment to design and implement environmental
management of the appliances, throughout the different stages of the product life cycle. In a broad sense,
the EPR is the principle by which producers maintain a degree of responsibility for all the environmental
impacts of their products throughout their life cycle, from the extraction of raw materials, through production,and until the final disposal of the product as waste in the post-consumer stage.

Red Verde is in charge on behalf of the member companies of the administration, operation and financingof the system of selective collection and environmental management of the appliances when they havefulfilled their life cycle and are discarded by consumers. Voluntary financial contributions come frommanufacturers and importers. During a participatory process involving all stakeholders, the financial
responsibilities were agreed on.
End-users can either deliver old refrigerators to collection points or make use of a pick-up service. The
appliances received are delivered to the facilities of companies with environmental licenses, specialized
in the management of waste electrical and electronic equipment. There the different materials are
separated to direct them to the process of use and final disposal. Unusable elements such as refrigerant
gases are safely extracted and managed through processes that ensure their proper destruction.
In conjunction with creating an EPR framework, national policy for the hazardous waste management andthe management of WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) as well as the related regulations
have been developed by the government. Recently, Columbia has introduced a VAT reduction scheme
promoting replacement to Energy Efficiency, ESM of EOL domestic refrigerators.
38

It is the first post-consumption of household appliances in Latin America that is part of the WEEE Forum,
which represents Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Producer Responsibility
Organizations (PRO).

Information source:
Side event at the 43rd OEWG of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol:
https://www.env.go.jp/earth/ozone/fluorocarbon_initiative/attach/5_2021%20HFC%20Banks%20manage
ment.pdf
Webinar “Closing the loop: Environmentally sound management of End-Of-Life ODS and HFC”:
https://www.minambiente.gov.co/images/AsuntosambientalesySectorialyUrbana/pdf/Unidad_T%C3%A9c
nica_de_Ozono__UTO/eventos/memorias_seminario_uto/tercera_sesion/3_N_Pab%C3%B3n_Experien
ce_developing_and_applying_EPR_mechanisms_in_Colombia.pdf
Red Verde:
https://www.redverde.co/ (Spanish)
https://redverde.co/index.php/noticias/264-red-verde-es-el-primer-posconsumo-de-electrodomesticosde-latinoamerica-que-hace-parte-del-weee-forum (Spanish)

39

Case 4: Product Stewardship Scheme (Voluntary Industry Agreement)
Country: New ZealandLifecycle Management Stage: Refrigerant Production, Import, Export, Manufacturing, Maintenance,
Collection, Reclamation, Reuse, Destruction
Format of Policy Measures: Voluntary scheme
Key Words: product stewardship, Product Stewardship Schemes (PSSs), voluntary industry agreement,
Recycling, Advanced Destruction Fee (ADF), Synthetic Greenhouse Gases (SGG), manufacturers, brandowners, importers, retailers, consumers
Summary of the policy:
In New Zealand, a single product stewardship scheme “Recycling” for the safe disposal of refrigerants has
been established since 1993. It is a voluntary scheme that is accredited by the Ministry for the Environment
under the Waste Minimization Act 2008.
Product stewardship is a “cradle to grave” methodology that helps reduce the environmental impact ofmanufactured products. Under product stewardship schemes (PSSs), producers or manufacturers, brandowners, importers, retailers, consumers and other parties accept responsibility for the environmental
effects of their products – from the time they are produced until the end of their useful life and are recycled
or disposed of.
Product stewardship scheme participants take responsibility for the environmental effects of their products
and take these costs into account when making decisions about the production, purchase and disposal of
their products. Recycling is funded by an Advanced Destruction Fee (ADF) that is paid by most of the bulk
“Synthetic Greenhouse Gases” (SGG) refrigerant importers. This fee funds the aggregation, transport anddisposal of SGG refrigerant deposited at specific locations around the country. The service is free to all
holders of SGG refrigerant, regardless of whether the producer or holder has paid the advanced disposal
fee to Recycling.
Since the establishment of PSSs, Recycling has worked closely with New Zealand Government, providing
data on their activities, as well as representing the refrigeration and air conditioning industry. Recycling
works with various kinds of stakeholders such as refrigeration and air conditioning industry, motor trade
automotive air conditioning sector, refrigerant wholesalers, chemical companies, retail grocers’ association,etc. This allows them to present a balanced view in representing the supply chain, from the importationand supply of refrigerants, through to their application and use for end users.
Since 1993, Refrigerant Recycling NZ has safely collected and destroyed about 430 tons of refrigerant
gases through to 2020. This has had the impact of saving up to 467,000 tons of ozone and reducing thebuild-up of greenhouse gases by up to 1,034,000 tons of CO2 equivalent.
The evolution of refrigerants over time shows HCFCs have significantly reduced as a proportion of therefrigerants destroyed, in favor of HFCs. (See Fig.10) Analysis of refrigerant destroyed by year shows
Recycling typically destroys around 30 tons per year. The destroyed volume ratio of CFCs/HCFCs/HFCs
shows technology change impacting the volume of refrigerant. (See Fig.11)40

Fig.10 Evolution of destroyed refrigerants

Fig.11 Amount of destroyed refrigerants

Information source:
Refrigerant Recycling NZ:
https://www.refrigerantrecycling.co.nz/

41Case 5: Destruction of HFCs by the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)Country: Japan and JCM Partner Countries (Thailand and Viet Nam)
Lifecycle Management Stage: Collection and destruction (with additional efforts of recycling)
Format of Policy Measure: Carbon crediting mechanism
Key Words: incentives, incineration plant, decarbonization technologies, carbon credits

Summary of the policy:
The Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) is a system to cooperate with developing countries for reducing
greenhouse gas emissions by diffusing decarbonization technologies, in which the result of reduction isassessed as contribution by both partner countries and Japan. It is implemented under the Article 6.2 of
the Paris Agreement
Thailand and Viet Nam, where HFC users’ obligations and incentives for collection and destruction wereabsent and HFC emissions were not addressed. In order to facilitate formulating and demonstrating a
network of end-users, commercial facilities, service companies, transportation companies and destruction
operators, the Ministry of the Environment, Japan provided financial and technological support through theJCM.
In the case of Thailand, an existing waste incineration plant was remodeled for fluorocarbons incinerationand destroyed collected 12,512 tCO2e/y of HFCs, together with CFCs and HCFCs in 2018-2020. In Viet
Nam, an independent incinerator was introduced to aim at reducing 6,294 tCO2e/y of HFCs. Some HFCs
and HCFCs were also recovered in a case where the quality of gases meets a quality standard. Bothactions were useful to mitigate climate change, since their release to the astrosphere would have takenplace otherwise.
Carbon credits will be issued for the destroyed amounts of HFCs, which provides incentives for recovering
the cost of collection, transportation and destruction for the private sector. Part of the credits will becollected by the Government of Japan and other parts are shared by project participants from partnercountries and Japan.

Information source:
Global environment Centre Foundation (GEC) Website on the JCM
http://gec.jp/jcm/projects/18fgas_tha_01/
http://gec.jp/jcm/projects/18fgas_vie_01/42(g) Cross-cutting measures
Some policy measures are implemented in combination with others, in order to maximize the impacts ofactions. As refrigerants can be controlled throughout the lifecycle, policy measures at upstream cansupport the final treatment at downstream, Some of them are related to collection of resources by upstream
stakeholders for reserve cost for final treatment by downstream stakeholders.

Case 1

Synergy effect of bulk procurement of EE products Brazil and Morocco

Case 2and collection and destruction of fluorocarbons
Home Appliance Recycling Law, End-of Life Japan
Vehicles (ELV) Recycling Law

43

Case 1: Synergy effect of bulk procurement of EE products, stop dumping, and collection and destructionof fluorocarbons
Countries: Brazil, Morocco
Dr. Suely Carvalho and Dr. Kamyla Borges (Kigali Project, ICS), Mr. Vital Ribeiro (President of the Board,PHS), and Dr. Stephen O. Andersen, Director of Research, IGSD.
Lifecycle Management Stage: Introduction of appliances, Collection, Reclamation, Reuse, Destruction
Coordination of Policy Measures: Pilot Programme
Key Words: bulk procurement, buyers’ club, energy efficient, low-GWP, ODS, HFCs, air conditioners
Summary of the policy:
This good practice focused on the synergy effect of bulk procurement for energy efficient and lower GWPequipment, stopping dumping of inefficient appliances with obsolete ODS and HFC refrigerants, andcollecting significantly larger quantities of ODS and HFCs in “controlled” replacement program including
destruction. The pilot projects were implemented in Brazil and Morocco in economically feasible andprofitable schemes with environmentally sound management.
Overall procedure of the project is designed as follows using “Buyers’ Clubs”.
1st step: Purchase power of large buyers of a specific energy efficient lower GWP product2nd step: Aggregate the demand
3rd step: Negotiate a favorable price with manufactures
4th step: Simplify installation and recover of ODS and/or GHG refrigerant for final disposal/destruction(1) The pilot project: Health Sector in Brazil
There are more than 2,900 public and 4,300 private health institutions, 445,000 patient rooms with split
ACs and refrigerators installed along with central cooling systems in Brazil. Major refrigerants are R-22,
R-410A, R-134a. Detailed assessment was implemented for 33 health institutions and confirms they havereferences to energy efficiency in their corporate sustainability policy.
Energy and cost saving analysis showed there are significant benefits by replacing air conditioners withmodels of superior efficiency. Potential for refrigerant collection and EoL actions showed 1,469 kg recyclingof R-410A and 2,116 kg recycling of R-22 for the 33 health facilities, and 9,356 tons recycling of R-410A
and 13,473 tons recycling of R-22 for the total 6,368 hospitals in Brazil. Refrigerants can be locallydestroyed, for instance, in cement kilns.
(2) The pilot project: Bank & Government Sector in Morocco
Bank and government sectors were selected as a case study. Goals were set to replace older ACs thatwere inefficient when purchased and improperly installed and maintained for energy efficiency with superefficient inverter ACs with lower GWP refrigerants, as well as to replace collect and destroy obsolete ODS
and HFC refrigerants in local cement kilns, combined with materials recycling to prevent deployment ofappliances to other locations.
Benefits of the project are that bulk procurement and buyers’ clubs reduce the purchase price of superiorAC, stop dumping of inefficient appliances and refrigerant destruction in local cement kilns avoids theextraordinary cost of permitting, packaging, and shipping to foreign facilities and values added in local jobs
and profits, etc.
In conclusion, energy savings and corporate environmental responsibility of Buyers’ Club members canbe entry points for successful AC replacement programs, bringing the scale needed for an economicallyfeasible EoL program.
Information source:
44

Presentation materials at the OEWG43 side event:
https://www.env.go.jp/earth/ozone/fluorocarbon_initiative/attach/1_Carvalho_%20Ribeiro_Andersen_Pre
sentation%20Side%20%20Event%20OEWG%20July%2015%202021_final%201.pdf

45

Case 2: Home Appliance Recycling Law, End-of Life Vehicles (ELV) Recycling Law
Country: Japan
Lifecycle Management Stage: Collection, Recycling, Destruction
Format of Policy Measures: Regulations
Key Words: home appliance, End-of Life Vehicles, ELV, automobiles, recycling, collection, recycling,
destruction, recycling ticket
Summary of the policy:
In Japan, the shortage of final disposal sites for waste and the impact of harmful substances on theenvironment have become big issues.
The Home Appliance Recycling Law and the End-of Life Vehicles (ELV) Recycling Law have been
introduced as new recycling mechanisms for home appliances and automobiles. These laws andregulations stipulate the roles of owners, retailers, collectors, manufacturers, etc. of waste home
appliances and automobiles, and the recycling fee is borne by the owners who discharge those waste.
The treatment of fluorocarbons has been integrated as an essential part obligation.
1) Home Appliance Recycling Law
Under the Home Appliance Recycling Law, air conditioners, TVs, refrigerators/freezers, washingmachines/clothes dryers are designated as target products.
The Home Appliance Recycling Law requires the owner to properly discharge and bear the costs(collection/transportation fee and recycling fee) for the waste home appliances, and requires the retailer
to pick up the waste home appliances from the owner and hand it over to the manufacturer, and imposes
obligations on manufacturers to pick up and recycle the waste home appliances including propercollection/recycling/destruction of fluorocarbons.

2) End-of Life Vehicles (ELV) Recycling Law
When disposing of a vehicle, the pick-up company picks up the scrapped vehicle from the final owner andhands it over to a fluorocarbon recycling company or a dismantling company. Fluorocarbon collectors
properly collect fluorocarbons in accordance with standards and deliver them to automobile manufacturers
46

and importers. The target vehicles basically include all cars (light/compact/standard-sized and specialcars), buses and trucks, and the recycling fee is paid by the owner of the vehicle (in principle, it is borne
when purchasing the vehicle).
Violators of the End-of Life Vehicles Recycling Law are subject to a maximum one-year imprisonment or
JPY 500,000 fine. Furthermore, dismantling operators without a license are also in violation of the Waste
Management and Public Cleaning Act and subject to a maximum five-year imprisonment or JPY
10,000,000 fine (JPN 300,000,000 for companies).
After introducing the Home Appliance Recycling Law and End-of Life Vehicles Recycling Law, the amountof fluorocarbons recovered from home appliances and automobiles has increased dramatically.
Information source:Home Appliance Recycling Law:
https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/it_policy/kaden_recycle/shiryousyu/guidebook2019_mihiraki.pdf (Japanese)
End-of Life Vehicles Recycling Law:
https://www.env.go.jp/recycle/car/pdfs/businesses_flier_eng01.pdf
https://www.env.go.jp/recycle/car/pdfs/businesses_flier_eng02.pdf
http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?re=01&dn=1&x=47&y=17&co=1&ia=03&ja=04&yo=&
gn=&sy=&ht=&no=&bu=&ta=&ky=%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A&page=6

47

5.

Reference

Asako Toyozumi. Office of Fluorocarbon Control Policy. Ministry of the Environment, Japan. 2020.
"Japan’s Policy and Legislation on Life Cycle Management of Refrigerant". CCAC Science Policy
Dialogue.
https://www.env.go.jp/earth/ozone/fluorocarbon_initiative/attach/200928_MOEJ%20presentation%2
0for%20SPD.pdf
Australian Competition & Consumer Commission. 2021. Application for revocation of A91515 and thesubstitution of authorisation AA1000537 lodged by Refrigerant Reclaim Australia Limited in respectof its operation of a product stewardship program to recover ozone depleting and synthetic
greenhouse gas refrigerants.". https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/publicregisters/documents/Final%20Determination%20-%2012.05.21%20-%20PR%20-%20AA1000537%
20-%20RRA.pdf
Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle. 2021. "Kälte- und Klimaanlagen Ein Förderprogramm fürgewerbliche Nutzer" (German).
https://www.bafa.de/DE/Energie/Energieeffizienz/Klima_Kaeltetechnik/klima_kaeltetechnik_node.htmlBundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle. 2021. "Technisches Merkblatt (gültig für Anträge ab dem
01.12.2020)" (German).
https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/kki_technisches_merkblatt.html;jsessionid=098488A189D4B8EE9ED7DFDAA8BABCC4.2_cid371?nn=8064164
Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit. "Zahlen und Fakten" (German).
https://www.klimaschutz.de/zahlen-und-fakten
CLASP and IGSD (2020) ‘Environmentally Harmful Dumping of Inefficient and Obsolete Air Conditioners
in Africa Annexes: Room AC Market Profiles for Ten African Countries’:
https://storage.googleapis.com/clasp-siteattachments/Annexes-Room-AC-Market-Profilesfor-TenAfrican-Countries.pdf
Clean Cooling Collaborative. KCEP (Kigali Cooling Efficiency Program). https://www.k-cep.org/
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Environmental Management Bureau. Republic of
the Philippines. 2021. EMB Memorandum Circular No. 2021-11. "Registration of Service Providersof Ozone-Depleting Substance (ODS) using Equipment". http://pod.emb.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2021/07/EMB-MC-2021-11.pdf
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Republic of the Philippines. 2004. DENR
ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER No. 2004 - 08. "REVISED CHEMICAL CONTROL ORDER FOROZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES (ODS) ". https://chemical.emb.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2017/03/DAO-2004-08-CCO-ODS.pdf
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Republic of the Philippines. 2013. DENR
ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER No. 2013 - 25. "Revised regulations on Chemical Control Order (CCO)
for Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)". http://pod.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/DAO48

2013-25.pdf
European Commission. "EU legislation to control F-gases". https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/fgas/legislation_en
European Commission. "Fluorinated greenhouse gases". https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/f-gas_en
Fleming, Peyton (September 9, 2020) ‘A Flood of Polluting Air Conditioners Hampers Africa’s
Climate Efforts’: https://e360.yale.edu/features/a-flood-of-polluting-air-conditioners-hampers-africasclimate-efforts
giz. 2017. "Guideline on policy measures for the management and destruction of ozone depleting
substances". https://www.green-coolinginitiative.org/fileadmin/Publications/2017_Guideline_on_policy_measures_for_the_managment_and_destruction_of_ozone_depleting_substances.pdf
Global Environment Centre Foundation (GEC). "Development of Collection Scheme and Introduction of
Dedicated System for Destruction of Used Fluorocarbons". http://gec.jp/jcm/projects/18fgas_vie_01/
Global Environment Centre Foundation (GEC). "Project on Introduction of Scheme for Fluorocarbons
Recycling and Destruction with Utilization of Existing Waste Incineration Plant".
http://gec.jp/jcm/projects/18fgas_tha_01/
Gluckman Consulting. 2014. "EU F-Gas Regulation Guidance, Information Sheet 26: Bans for New
Products and Equipment ". http://www.gluckmanconsulting.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/IS-26Ban-Summary.pdf
Government of Canada. "Ozone-depleting Substances and Halocarbon Alternatives Regulations: general
information". https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/airpollution/issues/ozone-layer/depleting-substances-halocarbon-alternatives-regulations.html
Iberley “Impuesto sobre los Gases Fluorados de Efecto Invernadero” (Spanish).
https://www.iberley.es/temas/impuesto-sobre-gases-fluorados-efecto-invernadero20551?__cf_chl_captcha_tk__=pmd_3I3aHETyQuGRwUaiphybZBu.IH3Vw709Htozv6Fx8CE1631684732-0-gqNtZGzNAzujcnBszQbR
International Energy Agency. 2018. "The Future of Cooling, Opportunities for energy efficient air
conditioning". https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/0bb45525-277f-4c9c-8d0c9c0cb5e7d525/The_Future_of_Cooling.pdf
Kasper Koefoed-Hansen. UNDP Montreal Protocol Unit. 2021. "ADDRESSING HFC BANKs -A Need to
Accelerate HFC Emissions Reduction –". Side event at the 43rd OEWG of the Parties to theMontreal Protocol.
https://www.env.go.jp/earth/ozone/fluorocarbon_initiative/attach/5_2021%20HFC%20Banks%20man
agement.pdf
KMO. 2016. "Retningslinier for Foreningen Kølebranchens Miljøordning, KMO Vedtaget på KMO’s
generalforsamling i Roskilde, 28-05-2020. ".
https://www.kmo.dk/Dokumenter/KMO%20Retningslinier%20pr.%2001-06-2020.pdf
Kofi Agyarko, Ghana Energy Commission. 2021. "Energy Efficiency Opportunities While Phasing Down
49

HFCs. An Importing Country Perspective". Side event at the 43rd OEWG of the Parties to theMontreal Protocol.
https://www.env.go.jp/earth/ozone/fluorocarbon_initiative/attach/4_Mr.%20Kofi%20Agyarko_OEWG%2043%20Montreal%20Protocol%20Final%202.pdf
LOVDATA. Regulations relating to excise duties. "Ch. 3-18. Tax on hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) andperfluorocarbons (HFCs)". https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2001-12-11-1451/KAPITTEL_318#KAPITTEL_3-18
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. Japan. 2019. Booklet of Home Appliance Recycling Law(Japanese).
https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/it_policy/kaden_recycle/shiryousyu/guidebook2019_mihiraki.pdf
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. Japan. 2021. The result of the amount of chlorofluorocarbons
regenerated and destroyed in 2020 based on the Fluorocarbons Emission Control Law (Japanese).
https://www.meti.go.jp/press/2021/08/20210805001/20210805001.html
Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Indonesia. 2019. decree no. 73.
http://jdih.menlhk.co.id/uploads/files/P_73_2019_REFRIGERASI_DAN_TEKNISI_TATA_UDARA_m
enlhk_11132019084312.pdf
Ministry of Environment And Water. Malaysia. "Control Of Import & Export Of Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)".
Official Portal of Department of Environment. https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/en/info-umum/infoprotokol-montreal/kawalan-import-dan-eksport-hydrofluorocarbon-hfc/327903
Ministry of Environment And Water. Malaysia. List of importer/exporter.
https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Senarai-Pengimport-PengeksportHCFC-dan-HFC-2020.pdf
Ministry of Justice. Japan. Japanese Law Translation System. 2006. "Act on Recycling of End-of-Life
Automobiles".
http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?re=01&dn=1&x=47&y=17&co=1&ia=03&ja=04&yo=&gn=&sy=&ht=&no=&bu=&ta=&ky=%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A&page=6
Ministry of Justice. Japan. Japanese Law Translation System. 2013. "Act on Rational Use andAppropriate Management of Fluorocarbons".
http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?vm=04&re=01&id=3236
Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan. 2016. "Act on Rational Use and Proper Managementof Fluorocarbons". https://www.env.go.jp/en/earth/ozone/laws/ozone4.pdf
Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan. The result of the amount of chlorofluorocarbons
regenerated and destroyed in 2020 based on the Fluorocarbons Emission Control Law (Japanese).
http://www.env.go.jp/press/files/jp/116598.pdf
Ministry of the Environment. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. Ministry of Health, Labor andWelfare. Japan. 2021. Booklet of the Act on Rational Use and Appropriate Management of
Fluorocarbons (Japanese). http://www.env.go.jp/earth/furon/files/int_01-16_201911_rev.pdf
Ministry of the Environment. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. Japan. Flier of End-of Life50

Vehicles Recycling Law. https://www.env.go.jp/recycle/car/pdfs/businesses_flier_eng01.pdf
Ministry of the Environment. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. Japan. Flier of End-of Life
Vehicles Recycling Law. https://www.env.go.jp/recycle/car/pdfs/businesses_flier_eng02.pdf
Montir AC Konsumen.
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.dep.MontirAcKonsumens&hl=en_US&gl=US
Montir AC Teknisi. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.dep.TeknisiAc&hl=en_US&gl=US
Nurudeen Yaru Mahmud. National Ozone Office. Nigeria. 2020. "End of Life Management. Managementof Fluprinated Gases". MOP32 Side event.
https://www.env.go.jp/earth/ozone/fluorocarbon_initiative/attach/20201127%20Presentation%20by%
20Nigeria.pdf
Office of Fluorocarbon Control Policy. Ministry of the Environment. Japan. 2021. "Life cycle Managementof Fluorocarbons". Presentation materials at the OEWG43 side event.
https://www.env.go.jp/earth/ozone/fluorocarbon_initiative/attach/2_210714%20JAPAN_OEWG%20si
de%20event%20presentation.pdf
Peter Tomlein. SZ CHKT Rovinka, Slovakia. 2017. "Electronic Logging and Reporting System based on
Company Certification". http://kgh-kongres.rs/images/2017/Prezentacije/69.pdf
PHILIPPINE OZONE DESK EMB-DENR. 2021. "List of Registered Dealers, Re-Sellers & Retailors of
ODS". http://pod.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ODSDR2021.pdf
PHILIPPINE OZONE DESK EMB-DENR. 2021. "List of Registered Importers of Ozone Depleting
Substances (ODS) and Its Alternative Chemicals 2020-2021". http://pod.emb.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2021/08/REG_IMPORTERS_30JULY2021.pdf
Rebecca Schloemann and Dr. Gabrielle Dreyfus (2020) ‘Environmentally Harmful Dumping of Inefficientand Obsolete Air Conditioners in Africa’ CLASP & IGSD: https://storage.googleapis.com/claspsiteattachments/2020-Environmentally-Harmful-Dumping-of-Inefficient-and-Obsolete-AirConditioners-in-Africa.pdf.
Red Verde. Columbia. https://www.redverde.co/
Refrigerant Reclaim Australia. Educational tools. https://refrigerantreclaim.com.au/educational-tools/
Refrigerant Reclaim Australia. Program performance. https://refrigerantreclaim.com.au/programperformance/
Refrigerant Reclaim Australia. Returning refrigerants. https://refrigerantreclaim.com.au/aboutrefrigerants/returning-refrigerants/
Refrigerant Recycling. New Zealand. https://www.refrigerantrecycling.co.nz/
Sergio Sastre(ENT). "Tax on fluorinated greenhouse gases in Spain".Institute of European
Environmental Policy report. https://ieep.eu/uploads/articles/attachments/a3977c6e-7f07-4da9bae2-ed3e060593da/ES%20Fluorinated%20Gases%20final.pdf?v=63680923242
Slovak Association for Cooling and Air Conditioning Technology. Notified Body for Cooling and Air
Conditioning Technology. https://szchkt.org/a/front_page?locale=en_GB
Suely Carvalho. Kamyla Borges, Kigali Project, ICS. Vital Ribeiro, PHS. Stephen O. Andersen, IGSD.
51

2021. "Towards Economically Sustainable EOL Schemes Case Studies in Brazil and Morocco".
OEWG43 side event.
https://www.env.go.jp/earth/ozone/fluorocarbon_initiative/attach/1_Carvalho_%20Ribeiro_Andersen_Presentation%20Side%20%20Event%20OEWG%20July%2015%202021_final%201.pdf
The Danish Environmental Protection Agency. "Industrial green house gases".
https://eng.mst.dk/chemicals/chemicals-in-products/legislation-on-chemicals/danish-legislation-onspecific-substances/industrial-green-house-gases/
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EURO PEAN UNION. 2009.
"REGULATION (EC) No 1005/2009 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of
16 September 2009 on substances that deplete the ozone layer". https://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:286:0001:0030:EN:PDF
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. 2014.
"REGULATION (EU) No 517/2014 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of
16 April 2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases and repealing Regulation (EC) No 842/2006".
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R0517
The Minister of Justice. Canada. 2021. "Ozone-depleting Substances and Halocarbon Alternatives
Regulations". https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/SOR-2016-137.pdf
The Norwegian Tax Administration. "HFC and PFC tax". https://www.skatteetaten.no/en/business-andorganisation/vat-and-duties/excise-duties/about-the-excise-duties/hfc-and-pfc/
UNDP. 2017. "Protecting the Ozone Layer and Reducing Global Warming - Results, Case Studies andLessons Learned from UNDP’s Montreal Protocol Programme -".
https://www.undp.org/publications/protecting-ozone-layer-and-reducing-global-warming
UNFCCC document, Session SBI50 (2019).“A compilation of questions to – and answers by – Spain”
exported 11 June 2019 by the UNFCCC secretariat.
https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/SBI50_ESP_MA_QA.pdf
UNFCCC FCCC/TRR.3/ESP. 2018. "Report on the technical review of the third biennial report of Spain".
https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=FCCC%2FTRR.3%2FESP&Language=E&DeviceType=Tablet
United Nations Environment Programme. 2010. Proposal of the 62nd Meeting of the Executive
Committee (ExCom) of the Multilateral Fund (MLF).
http://www.multilateralfund.org/62/English%20Document/1/6220.pdf
United Nations Environment Programme. 2011. Proposal of the 63rd Meeting of the Executive
Committee (ExCom) of the Multilateral Fund (MLF).
http://www.multilateralfund.org/63/English%20Documents%20Lib/1/6352.pdf
United Nations Environment Programme. 2012. Proposal of the 67th Meeting of the Executive
Committee (ExCom) of the Multilateral Fund (MLF).
http://www.multilateralfund.org/67/English/1/6727.pdf
United Nations Environment Programme. Ozone Secretariat. 2020. "Handbook for the Montreal Protocol
52

on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer" Fourteenth Edition.
https://ozone.unep.org/sites/default/files/Handbooks/MP-Handbook-2020-English.pdf
United States Environmental Protection Agency. "Overview of SNAP".
https://www.epa.gov/snap/overview-snap
United States Environmental Protection Agency. "Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program".
https://www.epa.gov/snap

53

6.

Acknowledgements

This Resource Book for the Life Cycle Management of Fluorocarbons was published by the CCAC, withthe support of the MOEJ, to strengthen the efforts under the Efficient Cooling Initiative (ECI). The
publication is intended to contribute the awareness of policy makers in the world on the issue offluorocarbon bank, and to accelerating the Ozon Layer protection and climate change mitigation.
The draft was developed by the Team of the Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan (OECC),
supported by Mitsubishi Research Institute (MRI). For case studies, tremendous contributions were madeby CCAC member countries and organizations, as well as other partners, together with those engaged in
the IFL.

54