STATE OF COMMODITY

DEPENDENCE

2023

Geneva, 2023

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THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
State of Commodity Dependence 2023 was prepared by a team consisting of Rodrigo Cárcamo-Díaz (teamleader), Marco Fugazza and Alexandra Laurent, from the Commodity Policy Implementation and Outreach
Section, Commodities Branch of the Division on International Trade and Commodities of UNCTAD.
The document received valuable comments and suggestions from Stefan Csordas, Graham Mott, Janvier
Nkurunziza, and Miho Shirotori.
David Einhorn provided editing of the report; Danièle Boglio provided administrative support; and Magali
Studer prepared the overall design and the cover. Layout of the report was undertaken by Alexandra Laurent.

iii

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abbreviations and Acronyms...................................................................................................v
CHAPTER 1 Key findings........................................................................................................1
1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................2
2. Characterizing commodity dependence during 2019–2021................................................3
2.1. How important are commodity exports as a share of international merchandise trade?........................... 3
2.2. How many commodity-dependent states are there?............................................................................... 4
2.3. What are the commodities exported by commodity-dependent countries?.............................................. 6
2.4. Where are commodity-dependent countries located?............................................................................. 8
2.5. Commodity-dependent regions are also regions
where exports are concentrated on only a few products......................................................................... 8
2.6. Commodity-dependent countries are usually poor and less developed.................................................. 10

3. Recent evolution of commodity prices and net foreign assets
in commodity-dependent countries.........................................................................143.1. Commodity prices have been very volatile ........................................................................................... 14
3.2. Changes in the value of commodity exports in 2019–2021 reflected changes in commodity prices...... 173.3. How have net public assets and international capital flows evolvedin commodity-dependent developing countries during the period?........................................................ 21

4. Conclusions.............................................................................................................28
Bibliography................................................................................................................30
Data appendix.............................................................................................................33
CHAPTER 2 Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles ..............................39
Commodity-Dependent UNCTAD member States and classifications ........................................................... 40
Explanatory notes for statistical profiles ...................................................................................................... 44
List of member States Statistical Profiles..................................................................................................... 61

iv

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
CDC

Commodity-Dependent Country

CDDC

Commodity-Dependent Developing Country

FDI

foreign direct investment

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

HDI

human development index

IMF

International Monetary Fund

LDC

least developed country

LLDC

landlocked developing country

OHRLLS

Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked
Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States

R&D

Research and experimental development

SIDS

Small Island Developing State

SITC 3Standard International Trade Classification Revision 3 (SITC 3)

UNCTAD

United Nations Conference on Trade and Developmentv

CHAPTER 1

Key Findings

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

1. Introduction
A country is dependent on the export of commodities (or “commodity-dependent”) when its merchandise
exports are heavily concentrated on primary commodities. The source of commodity dependence canbe linked to a country’s persistent or structural conditions, such as its resource endowment and factor
composition, institutional framework, geographic situation, history among other factors. Consistent withthe definition previously outlined by UNCTAD, UNCTAD member States are considered to be commoditydependent if more than 60 per cent of their merchandise export value comes from commodities.1,2
It is important to monitor and analyse the evolution of commodity dependence, as this dependence has
been found to have negative implications, in different ways, for a country’s welfare and development.
First, commodity-dependent countries (CDCs), and in particular commodity-dependent developing
countries (CDDCs), are vulnerable to negative shocks that affect the quantities and/or the prices of thecommodities exported. This is in addition to other types of supply or demand shocks that impact theeconomy (Sachs and Warner, 2001; Deaton, 1999; Blattman et al., 2007; Van der Ploeg and Poelhekke,
2009; Frankel, 2010; Van der Ploeg, 2011). All types of shocks to quantities and prices can have both
temporary and persistent effects, depending on the commodity being produced and the nature of theshock. The size and impact of transitory shocks depend on the resilience of the country concerned,
something that is particularly relevant in CDDCs, as well as on the affected economic agents themselves(Cecchetti et al., 2011; De Gregorio, 2013; Rojas-Suarez, 2015). The combination of supply and demand
shocks affecting specific commodities has resulted in commodity prices that are very volatile and show
positive autocorrelation, even on an annual basis (Deaton, 1999; Van der Ploeg and Poelhkke, 2009;
Venables, 2016). Commodity prices are directly linked to the terms of trade of CDCs, so an increase in
the volatility of commodity prices can translate into an increase in the volatility of terms of trade. Termsof trade shocks may harm growth, worsen distribution of income, and raise the odds of highly disruptive
currency crises (Hausmann, 2010), particularly in vulnerable CDDCs.3 Improved institutional quality andfinancial development can both be beneficial to boost resilience to such shocks.
Second, commodity dependence can negatively impact CDCs, and in particular CDDCs, because they
are exposed to the sharp reduction or even reversal of capital inflows (a phenomenon often called a“sudden stop”). Capital inflows into CDDCs that are more closely integrated into international capital
markets are often linked to commodity price trends over multi-year periods (Reinhart et al., 2016), as
well as to the evolution of international financial conditions. This occurs because the economic cycle ofCDCs, and in particular that of CDDCs, is often aligned with persistent commodity price movements, andchanges in national income resulting from changes in the terms of trade result in changes to the perceived“creditworthiness” of national assets (Fernández-Arias and Montiel, 1996). In addition to the effects of“sudden stops” on investment and economic growth (Eichengreen and Gupta, 2016), there can also be
short- and medium-term negative effects on consumption, poverty, inequality and inflation. As commodity
prices often follow persistent, multi-year cycles (Cuddington and Jerret, 2008; Fernandez et al., 2020),
the linkage to capital inflows over multi-year periods for CDDCs more closely connected to international
capital markets can be particularly important.
A strong net foreign asset position, including foreign currency reserves, is likely to play a crucial role inhelping to boost the resilience of CDDCs to negative commodity price shocks—for example, by allowing
more adaptive fiscal and monetary policy responses to the shock. Also, in the event of positive commodity
price shocks, the form and quality of institutions and policy frameworks, which affect resilience to negative
shocks, could determine the adjustment path taken by a country. Relatively high foreign currency reserves
1

UNCTAD has 195 member states. The analysis in this study focuses on those 191 member states for which UNCTADStat had individual trade
data available during the period of analysis. (Specifically, no trade data were available for Monaco, San Marino and the Holy See, and data for
Liechtenstein are merged with data for Switzerland.) See https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/ for more information on data availability and thecharacteristics of UNCTADStat.

2

Commodity dependence is calculated as total commodity exports divided by “allocated” merchandise exports. Allocated trade includes all exportsthat can be attributed to one of the individual 259 product lines in the database. In the individual country profiles in section 2, both allocated andtotal exports are included. See UNCTAD (2019) for a detailed discussion.

3

For example, Avom et al. (2021) show that terms of trade volatility increases growth volatility in African countries.

2THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

and low exposure to foreign debt may also facilitate the implementation of sustainable growth policies
across persistent commodity cycles.
This document is divided into two parts. The first part identifies and characterizes CDCs. It also discusses
the recent evolution of commodity prices, commodity export values, and the net asset position of thesecountries, with a focus on CDDCs as they are often more vulnerable to commodity price shocks. The
second part is dedicated to country-specific commodity-dependence profiles that also include selectedeconomic and social indicators.
The next section looks closely at the state of commodity dependence around the world from 2019–2021,
characterizing it along geographic, income and development status criteria. Section 3 discusses therecent evolution of commodity prices and highlights the very high volatility during 2019–2021. Changes
in the net foreign positions of CDDCs are analysed in conjunction with variations in commodity prices.
Available commodity price information used to decompose the value of commodity exports shows thatrecent changes in the variable were in most cases the result of changes in prices rather than volumes.
Section 3 also considers the consequences that commodity price volatility may have in terms of debt
sustainability. Conclusions are presented in section 4, followed by the data appendix.

2. Characterizing commodity dependence during 2019–2021
2.1. How important are commodity exports as a share of international merchandise
trade?
Before discussing commodity dependence, it is important to consider the relative size of trade incommodities by groups and specific commodities around the world.4 In fact, trade in commodities
constitutes an important part of total international merchandise trade: during 2019–2021, commodities
constituted 28.8 per cent of world exports of goods.5
Table 1 shows the relative importance as a share of total world commodity exports of selected key
commodities or commodity groups: agricultural products, energy products, and minerals, ores andmetals. Energy products accounted for 38.6 per cent of all world commodity exports in 2019–2021,
followed by agricultural products with 35.6 per cent, and minerals, and ores and metals with the remaining
25.6 per cent. Note that the top five commodities by value during the period accounted for more than half
(53 per cent) of all world commodities exports during the period: petroleum and petroleum products (30.2
per cent),6 precious metals (9.7 per cent),7 hydrocarbons gas (5.3 per cent),8 copper (4 per cent)9 and ironore including ferrous waste (3.8 per cent).10

4

All trade-related calculations, including the measure of commodity dependence, are based on UNCTADStat trade data disaggregated at three digits
using the Standard International Trade Classification Revision 3(SITC 3). At the time of this writing, trade information was available for the set ofcountries included in the analysis until 2021. Therefore, the consequences of the war in Ukraine on commodity dependence are not part of theanalysis.

5

Based on UNCTADStat export data for 2019-2021. Exports of all allocated products were considered a proxy for total exports.

6

SITC codes 333, 334 and 335.

7

SITC codes 289, 681 and 971.

8

SITC codes 342, 343, 344 and 345.

9

SITC codes 283 and 682.

10SITC codes 281 and 282.

3

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

Table 1
Commodity exports by value (period mean) and as a share of world commodity exports, 2019–2021
Products
Petroleum and products
Hydrocarbons gas
CoalElectricity
Gold, silver and platinum group metals
CopperIron ore and ferrous waste
Other minerals, ores, and metals
Aluminium
Pearls and precious stones
Oil seeds, vegetable fats and oils
Fruit and preparations
Meat and preparations
Beverages and tobacco
Other raw materials
Fish and prepations
Other food
Vegetables
Dairy products
Animal feed
Other cereals and preparations
Wood and cork
Cocoa and chocolate
Sugar and preparations
Wheat
Maize
CoffeeRice
Animal fats and mixtures
Other tropical products
CottonRubber

Exports in millions ofdollars

Product type

1,646,127.50
289,660.05
121,601.75
43,189.59
526,906.66
216,336.94
206,125.15
183,422.36
152,436.16
119,962.02
185,646.41
175,812.18
167,299.14
161,229.58
155,047.05
154,974.53
141,371.82
114,780.42
97,205.34
89,694.90
82,862.87
75,659.69
52,441.13
48,306.96
48,598.83
41,570.56
41,458.76
26,304.93
26,417.55
22,711.21
18,273.75
13,684.48

EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergyMinerals
Minerals
Minerals
Minerals
Minerals
Minerals
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural

Share of commodites
exports (per cent)
30.2
5.3
2.2
0.8
9.7
4-0
3.8
3.4
2.8
2.2
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.8
2.8
2.6
2.1
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on the UNCTADStat database.

2.2. How many commodity-dependent states are there?
During 2019–2021, 101 of the 191 UNCTAD member States (52.9 per cent) included in the analysis werecommodity-dependent, meaning that commodities constituted more than 60 per cent of the value of theirexports, on average. For an additional 14 countries, commodities constituted more than half of exports
during the period, but below the 60 per cent threshold. This is a small decrease with respect to the 106
commodity-dependent member states in 2012–2014.
Importantly, 95 of 142 developing countries (66.9 per cent) were commodity-dependent during 2019–2021. Figure 1 shows countries’ shares of commodity exports as a share of merchandise exports duringthat period.11
11

The values of exports considered for the calculation of commodity dependence are those exports that can be allocated to a specific export line atthree-digit SITC codes . UNCTADStat statistics on total goods exports are larger than allocated goods exports for most countries and include exportsthat cannot be attributed to specific product lines.

4THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

Figure 1
World commodity dependence: Commodity dependence as a share of allocated merchandise exports, 2019–2021 (per cent)

0–20

20–40

40–60

60–80

80–100Not available

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on the UNCTADStat database.

Figure 2
Commodity dependence by dominant export product group, 2019–2021

Dependence on energy products exports
Dependence on exports of agricultural products
exports of minerals, ores and metals
Non-commodity-dependent
Noncountry
Not available
Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on the UNCTADStat database.

5

Dependence on

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

2.3. What are the commodities exported by commodity-dependent countries?
CDCs usually (but not always) feature a concentration of commodity exports on a group of commodities.
Figure 2 presents the dominant type of commodity exported by each commodity-dependent country
during the period of analysis. In 38 countries, the dominant commodity group was agricultural products,
in 30 countries it was energy products, and in 31 countries it was minerals, ores and metals.12 To provide
more details on the degree to which each country is a commodity exporter, figures 3, 4 and 5 show theexport shares of each country of energy products, minerals, ores and metals, and agricultural products.
By comparing figure 2 with figures 3, 4 and 5, it can be observed that the dominant group of commodity
exports in many cases matches a very large share of exports of one type of commodity, especially in Africa
and in several countries of West and Central Asia.

Figure 3
Exports of energy: Share of allocated merchandise exports, 2019–2021 (per cent)

0–20

20–40

40–60

60–80

80–100Not available

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on the UNCTADStat database.

12

In the case of two countries (Togo and United Arab Emirates), it was not possible to consistently identify the dominant commodity group due to thepresence of large volumes of exports of manufactured products that may partially or totally be re-exports, so they were excluded from the figure.

6

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

Figure 4
Exports of minerals, ores and metals: Share of allocated merchandise exports, 2019–2021 (per cent)

0–20
Source:

20–40

40–60

60–80

80–100Not available

UNCTAD secretariat based on the UNCTADStat database.

Figure 5
Exports of agricultural products: Share of allocated merchandise exports, 2019–2021 (per cent)

0–20

20–40

40–60

60–80

80–100Not available

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on the UNCTADStat database.

7

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

2.4. Where are commodity-dependent countries located?
Figure 6 shows clearly that commodity dependence is predominant in Africa, South America and Oceania,
followed by West and Central Asia. These four regions combined account for 85 of all 101 commoditydependent UNCTAD member States (84 per cent), with close to half of all CDCs being in Africa.13

Figure 6
Commodity dependence by region, 2019–2021 (per cent)Share of all commodity-dependent countries Median commodity dependence in the region
Africa44.6

90.1

West and Central Asia

15.8

74.2

Oceania

11.9

82.8

South America

11.9

87.8

Other Americas

5.9

49.1

Other Asia

5.9

33.3

4

28.6

EuropeSource: UNCTAD secretariat based on the UNCTADStat database.

Africa was also the region with the highest commodity dependence during the period examined (2019–2021), with a median value of commodity exports of 90 per cent of all merchandise exports, closely
followed by South America with 87.8 per cent and Oceania with 85.7 per cent. All 12 countries in SouthAmerica were commodity-dependent during the period, while in Oceania 12 of 14 countries (85.7 percent) and in Africa, 45 of 53 countries (83.3 per cent) were commodity-dependent. Additionally, of the 22
countries of West and Central Asia, 16 (72.7 per cent) were commodity-dependent, with a median shareof 74.4 per cent of their exports being commodities. As shown by figure 6, the rest of the world’s regions
had much lower median commodity export shares, and few countries in these regions were commoditydependent during the period.

2.5. Commodity-dependent regions are also regions where exports are concentrated on
only a few products
Figures 7 and 8 show the degree of export concentration for each country in the world during 2019–2021,
as well as the summary distribution of export concentration in different regions, measured by the adjusted
Theil’s T index.14 In both figures, the very high levels of export concentration of countries in Oceania
and Africa stand out, followed by those in South America and Central and Western Asia, highlighting
the heterogeneity of export concentration across regions.15 Note that while more than three-quarters ofcountries in Asia outside of its Western and Central region and 90 per cent of those in Europe had export
concentrations below the world median level, 86 per cent of countries in Oceania and 81 per cent ofcountries in Africa had exports that were more concentrated that the world median level.
13

Africa accounted for 44.6 per cent of all CDCs and for 47.4 per cent of CDDCs in 2019–2021.

14

Following Cárcamo-Díaz and Nkurunziza (2019), an “adjusted” version of Theil’s T concentration index is computed. Section 2 of that publication
presents the methodology for calculating Theil’s T index, its adjusted version, and other measures of export concentration like the HerfindahlHirschman Index and the Gini coefficient. For all countries, the adjusted index uses the maximum possible number of exported product lines, insteadof varying it over time according to the number of product lines in each period with positive registered data. This addresses the sensitivity of Theil’s
T index to the number of lines exported, which can be a problem due to data measurement error and the possible inclusion of re-exports into export
data of many developing countries.

15

The ranking of these regions according to export concentration, measured by the normalized Hirschman-Herfindahl index, puts Central and West
Asia in third place and South America in fourth, maintaining the rankings for all other regions.

8THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

Figure 7
Export concentration as measured by the adjusted Theil’s T index, 2019–2021

Minimum

Low

Medium low

Medium highHigh

Maximum

Not available

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on UNCTADStat database.
Note:
Sample values for the adjusted Theil’s T index go from a minimum value of 0.81 (corresponding to Italy) to a
maximum value of 5.22 (corresponding to South Sudan). Values in this range were divided into six quantiles, withthe upper probabilities of the “minimum,” “low,” “medium low,” “medium high” and “high” quantiles being 16.6
per cent, 33.3 per cent, 50 per cent, 66.6 per cent and 83.6 per cent, respectively. This allows for clearly seeing
the heterogeneity even within the countries with export concentration values over the sample median (i.e. thosecountries in the “medium high,” “high” and “maximum” brackets).

Figure 8
Summary distribution of export concentration by region as measured by the adjusted Theil’s T index, 2019–
2021
5

Adjusted Theil’s T index

43
Sample median2

1
Oceania

AfricaSouth
AmericaWest andCentral Asia

Other
Americas

Other
Asia

EuropeSource: UNCTAD secretariat based on the UNCTADStat database.
Note:
The boxplots present summary information about a sample’s centre, spread and skewness, while also indicating
observations that may be potential outliers. The “box” of the boxplot is defined by the first and third quartiles ofthe sample in each group and indicates the median of each group with a line within the box. The width of eachbox is proportional to the number of countries in each group. The upper (lower) “whisker” extends from the hinge
to the highest (lowest) value that is within 1.5 times the inter-quantile range of the hinge. See Fox (2015: 41–44)
for further details.

9THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

Figure 9 shows that export-concentrated countries also are mostly commodity-dependent, apart froma few countries that concentrate in exporting textiles, such as Bangladesh and Haiti. This means thatcountries that export only a few products also happen to export products whose prices are very volatile,and which are subject not only to persistent trends and cycles but also to very high short-term volatility.
Figure 9 shows the high positive correlation between commodity dependence and export concentration.
Moreover, the high export concentration and commodity dependence of some energy- and mineralexporting countries (marked in blue and red points, respectively) are particularly visible. As mentioned
earlier, another interesting feature is that several countries where at least 25 per cent of total merchandise
exports are textiles (marked with yellow symbols) have medium or medium-high levels of export
concentration.
In several countries, only one product or group of closely related products accounts for the majority of
total exports. In 35 countries, half of which are in Africa, exports of one product line (at the three-digit
SITC level) account for more than half of all merchandise exports, while in 13 of them, two-thirds of which
are in Africa, a single product line concentrates more than three-quarters of all merchandise exports. All
countries shown in table A.1 in the appendix are also commodity-dependent, and the product line that
accounts for half or more of their merchandise exports is a commodity (at the three-digit SITC level).
Also of note is that in three-quarters of the countries in table A.1, the product accounting for more than
50 per cent of all exports was an energy or mineral product, with a high incidence of petroleum (and its
derivatives) and gold.
As a result of the high dependence of their exports on a few commodity products, these countries are
particularly vulnerable to negative shocks to the price or quantity of this product, with the potential negative
consequences discussed in the introduction to this paper. Again, a point of importance is that countries
with highly concentrated export baskets are both highly vulnerable to a shock affecting their exports andare concentrated on products that are particularly volatile: commodities.

Figure 9

Export concentration and commodity dependence, 2019–2021 (adjusted Theil’s T index)

EnergyMiningAgriculture

Non-commodity-dependentNon-dependent, textiles

Adjusted Theil's T index

5
4
3
2
1
0

0

20

40

60

80

100

Commodity dependence (in percent of exports)
Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on UNCTADStat database.

2.6. Commodity-dependent countries are usually poor and less developed
Another important dimension of commodity dependence is its well-established link with low levels ofdevelopment. Figure 10 shows that during 2019–2021, while only 12.5 per cent of developed countries
were commodity-dependent, 81.2 per cent of landlocked developing countries (LLDCs),16 73.9 per cent of
16

Three countries pertain both to the LDC and SIDC groups, while 14 countries pertain to both the LDC and the LLDC groups. North Macedonia andMoldova are included in both the LDC group and the “Developed” country group in the UNCTADStat database. See https://unctadstat.unctad.org/
EN/Classifications/DimCountries_All_Hierarchy.pdf

10THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

least developed countries (LDCs), 60.5 per cent of small island developing states (SIDS), and 54.7 per centof other developing countries were commodity-dependent. This highlights that commodity dependence
particularly affects the most vulnerable developing countries—namely LDCs, LLDCs and SIDS.

Figure 10
Commodity dependence by development group, 2019–2021 (per cent share by development level; and numberof countries in each group)
54.7%
12.5%

73.9%

24

60.5%

42

12

Non-commodity-dependent
countries

34

Commodity-dependent countries

81.2%

15

6

23

26

29

SIDS

LLDC

Other
developing

6
Developed
countries

LDC

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on the UNCTADStat database.
Note:
The percentage above each column indicates the share of commodity-dependent countries in each group.

Figure 11 classifies each country according to World Bank income categories, showing that almost all
low-income countries (96.4 per cent) are commodity dependent, compared with around a quarter ofhigh-income countries (26.8 per cent). Over half of the countries in the two middle-income categories arecommodity-dependent.

Figure 11
Commodity dependence by income group, 2019–2021 (per cent share by income group; and number ofcountries in each group)
26.8%
59.6%

21

50.9%

27

41

31

96.4%
1

Non-commodity-dependent
countries

27

27

Commodity-dependent countries

Lower-middle

Low

15
High

Upper-middle

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on UNCTADStat and World Bank data.
Note:
The percentage above each column indicates the share of commodity-dependent countries in each group. The
total number of commodity-dependent countries totals 100 and not 101 because the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela is not included in any income group in the World Bank’s World Development Indicators dataset.

11THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

The negative correlation between commodity dependence and income per capita is shown more clearlyin figure 12. The figure also shows the dominant type of product group exported, and separates countries
that are not commodity-dependent between those that are important exporters of textile products (thosewhere textiles are more than 25 per cent of total exports) and those that are not. Of note is that the poorer
non-commodity-dependent countries have textiles or agricultural products as their leading exports. While
not shown, data further indicate that other variables measuring development show similar results whenused in place of the level of income per capita. Notably, a country’s Human Development Index value issignificantly and negatively correlated with export concentration and commodity dependence.

Figure 12
Commodity dependence and GDP per capita, 2019–2021
EnergyMiningAgriculture

Non-commodity-dependentNon-dependent, textiles

GDP per capita (in logs)

5

4

3

2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Commodity dependence (in percent of exports)
Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on UNCTADStat and World Bank data.

The relationship between export concentration and commodity dependence on one side and income
or development levels on the other is possibly not unidirectional. While structural change and export
diversification result in increased income per capita and human development levels, as a country develops
its stock of per capita human and physical capital also increases, factor productivity resulting fromtechnological change increases, institutions improve, structural change accelerates, and the productive
and export sectors diversify.
Looking closer at trade composition shows how several countries that have gone through a structuralchange process, diversifying production and trade and increasing their technological content, haveincreased their level of development. This process of diversification and structural transformation is madedynamic by a strong export-oriented tradable sector that boosts economic growth through specialization,
learning-by-doing and technological upgrading (Alessandria et al., 2021; Herrendorf et al., 2014).
For example, figure 13 shows the evolution of Viet Nam’s exports between 1995 and 2021 according
to their technological composition, using the classification introduced by Lall (2000) as well as the levelof the country’s Human Development Index (HDI). While the increase in high-technology exports was
accompanied by a significant increase in imports of parts (e.g. electronic components), different indicatorsshow a progressive increase in the local content of high-technology exports during the 2019–2021 period.
Total exports from Viet Nam increased from US$5.5 billion in 1995 to US$334.5 billion in 2021, withprimary and resource-based exports increasing from US$2.8 billion to US$37.9 billion during the period.
This shows that while export diversification and structural transformation implies successfully increasing
the size and share of production and export of non-commodities, it does not necessarily mean that the
production and export of commodities and the products based on them cannot also be dynamic. During
the same period, Viet Nam’s HDI value improved from 0.539 in 1995, or 60.9 per cent of the value of thecountry with the highest HDI score at the time (the United States, with 0.885), to 0.703 in 2021, or 73.1
per cent of the value of the country with the highest HDI score at the time (Switzerland, with 0.962).

12

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

Figure 13
Viet Nam’s Human Development Index value and export composition according to technological content,
selected years, 1995–2020
High tech
100

Medium tech

Low techResource

Primary

0.539

0.588

0.633

0.663

0.684

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

0.703

80
60
40
20
2020

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on UNCTADStat and United Nations Development Programme data.
Note:
The number above each column indicates the Human Development Index value for that year.

Figure 14 shows the evolution of the same variables in China during the 1995–2021 period. China’s
exports of primary and resource-based manufactures were halved from 21 per cent of exports in 1995
to 10.5 per cent in 2021. However, the value of exports of these products increased dramatically during
the period, from US$31.3 billion in 1995 to US$352.5 billion in 2021. In 1995, 46.6 per cent of China’s
exports were low-technology manufactures, dominated by textiles, garments and footwear (30.6 per centof exports). By 2021, the share of low-technology exports in total exports had fallen to 28.3 per cent, withthe share of textiles, garments and footwear falling to 11.2 per cent of total exports. Middle- and hightechnology exports increased from 18.6 per cent and 13 per cent of exports in 1995, respectively, to 26.6
per cent and 33 per cent of total exports in 2021. These changes in the composition of exports occurred
while total exports increased from US$148.8 billion in 1995 to US$3,362 billion in 2021. In parallel, theChina’s HDI value increased from 0.535 in 1995, or 60.5 per cent of the value of the country with thehighest HDI score at the time (the United States, with 0.885), to 0.768 in 2021, or 79.8 per cent of thevalue of the country with the highest HDI score at the time (Switzerland, with 0.962).

Figure 14
China’s Human Development Index value and export composition according to technological content, selected
years, 1995–2021
High tech
100

Medium tech

Low techResource

Primary

0.535

0.584

0.638

0.691

0.733

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

0.768

80
60
40
20

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on UNCTADStat and United Nations Development Programme data.
Note:
The number above each column indicates the Human Development Index value for that year 3.

13

2020

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

3. Recent evolution of commodity prices and net foreign
assets in commodity-dependent countries
3.1. Commodity prices have been very volatile
Figure 15 shows the monthly evolution of three commodity price indices between 1995 and early 2023,
deflated by the United States Consumer Price Index, as well as a long-term trend. The figure shows thestart of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2019 with a vertical line. The brisk fall in energy prices
following implementation of travel restrictions around the world, one of the initial responses to the onsetof the pandemic in early 2020, can be clearly observed. However, there were only small reductions inboth minerals and metals and agricultural product price indices, and those reductions rapidly reversed by
mid-2020. During 2021 and early 2022, commodity prices increased, in parallel with the post-COVID-19
economic recovery, followed by the war in Ukraine. Notably, despite the volatility of prices during theperiod, the trend in prices was above historical levels at the time of this writing (March 2023), and evenmore so in December 2021. Figure 15 also shows the very high volatility of the real prices of energy, as
well as those of minerals and metals, during 2020 and 2021.17

Figure 15
Commodity price indices and trends, selected years, from January 1995 to February 2023 (index, 2010 = 100)
150

Energy

100
50

150

Minerals and metals

100
50

150

Agriculture

100
50
1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on World Bank data.
Note:
The trend shown in the figure was calculated by the authors using the Christiano-Fitzgerald filter, with a maximum
oscillation frequency of 128 months, implemented in R by the mFilter package (Balcilar, 2019). In order toaddress the issues with filtering finite series, data for 1960–2023 were used and mirrored.

17

Nominal prices of each commodity were deflated by the United States Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers, according to the United States
Bureau of Labor Statistics.

14

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

Figure 16 reports the coefficient of variation computed for a selected sample of commodities as a measureof price volatility. Calculations using a robust measure of volatility—the quartile coefficient of dispersion—
show qualitatively similar results.
Energy commodities and several metals—including not only base metals such as iron ore, nickel andcopper, but also gold—had the highest real price volatility during 2019–2021,18 with the standard deviationof monthly prices exceeding 40 per cent of the value of the mean in all cases, as shown in figure 16. In
general, agricultural products (including agricultural raw materials such as cotton) had lower volatility, butwith significant dispersion across the group.19

Figure 16
Volatility of the real prices of selected commodities, coefficient of variation (January 1995 to February 2023)
Coal

64.3

Iron ore

55.7

Nickel

51.9

Petroleum

48.9

Natural gas 47.8
Gold

47.6

Copper43.2

Coffee

34.2

Sugar

33.2

Maize

31.9

Cotton31.6

Palm oil

31.3

Soybean oil 30.3
Wheat

29.3

Rice

29

Soybeans

25.1

Cocoa

24.2

Beef

22.9

Aluminium

20.8

Tea

15.7

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on UNCTADStat and World Bank pink sheet monthly data
Note:
Coal corresponds to the “Coal, Australian” series, petroleum to “Crude oil, average,” natural gas to “Natural gas
index,” coffee to “Coffee, Arabica,” rice to “Rice, Thai 5%” and tea to “Tea, average” in the sourced data.

The period under analysis for commodity dependence, 2019 to 2021, was one of the most volatile periods
for commodity prices in recent years. However, different patterns in annual variations emerge. Ten of the
16 commodities reported in figures 17 to 21 faced a negative price shock in 2020 followed by a positive
one in 2021. This pattern was observed for all energy commodities, aluminum, nickel, beef, chicken,
maize and cotton. The opposite pattern is seen for rice. Other commodities such as sugar, wheat, cocoa,
coffee, palm oil, and soybean oil, as well as metals like copper and iron ores, experienced an increase,on average, in both years. Note that tobacco is the only commodity with a negative price shock in both2020 and 2021. As discussed by Kabundi et al. (2022), during the 2020 global recession associated with
the COVID-19 pandemic, changes in commodity prices were closely associated with changes in global
economic activity.
Energy commodities are by far those that faced the widest price variations during 2020 and 2021. The
natural gas average price index fell 26 per cent in 2020, then increased by 187 per cent in 2021. This
represents the largest variation since 1995 for any of the four energy commodities shown in figure 21. As
18

Although not shown in figure 16, silver also had very high real price volatility during the period, similar to gold.

19

In order to control for seasonality in commodity prices, the coefficient of variation of commodity prices was calculated after extracting such cyclicalmovements, obtaining qualitatively similar results.

15

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

for crude petroleum, the corresponding figures are a fall of 32 per cent and an increase of 67 per cent,respectively. Among minerals, the largest swing is found for aluminum, whose average price fell by 5 percent in 2020 and increased by 45 per cent the following year, reflecting the energy-intensive nature ofprimary aluminum manufacturing in the face of the aforementioned volatility in energy prices. Among major
crops, maize showed the largest rebound in its average price in 2021. After decreasing by about 3 percent in 2020, the price for maize increased by 57 per cent in 2021.

Figure 17
Price trends of selected crops, selected years, 1995–2022 (index, 2010 = 100)
Maize

Rice

Wheat

Sugar

200
150
100
50
0

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2022

2020

2022

2020

2022

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on World Bank data.
Note:
Vertical lines correspond to years of global crisis, 2008 and 2020.

Figure 18
Price trends of selected tropical commodities, selected years, 1995–2022 (index, 2010 = 100)
Cocoa

CoffeeTobaccoCotton

200
150
100
50
0

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on World Bank data.
Note:
Vertical lines correspond to years of global crisis, 2008 and 2020.

Figure 19
Price trends of selected food products, selected years, 1995–2022 (index, 2010=100)
Beef

ChickenSoybean Oil

Palm Oil

200
150
100
50
0

1995

2000

2005

2010

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on World Bank data.
Note:
Vertical lines correspond to years of global crisis, 2008 and 2020.

16

2015

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

Figure 20
Price trends of selected metals, minerals and ores, selected years, 1995–2022 (index 2010 = 100)
Aluminium

CopperNickelIron ore

200
150
100
50
0

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2022

2020

2022

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on World Bank data.
Note:
Vertical lines correspond to years of global crisis, 2008 and 2020.

Figure 21
Price trends of selected energy commodities, selected years, 1995–2022 (index, 2010 = 100)
Crude oil

Coal

Natural gas

Liquified gas

200
150
100
50
0

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on World Bank data.
Note:
Vertical lines correspond to years of global crisis, 2008 and 2020.

The successive downswings and upswings observed during 2020 and 2021 translated into an increase in
price volatility for several commodities with respect to the pre-COVID-19 period.20 The largest increases
were for natural and liquefied gas, coal, copper, aluminum and cotton. As for crops, price volatility was
only marginal except in the case of maize.21
In 2022, most commodities faced an increase in their nominal prices. Not surprisingly, the largest positive
variations were for energy commodities, followed by maize and wheat, in parallel with the war in Ukraine.22
Prices decreased for cocoa, rice, copper and iron ore.

3.2. Changes in the value of commodity exports in 2019–2021 reflected changes incommodity prices
Commodity price movements, as mentioned above, had a key role in driving the value of commodities
trade, and hence on the levels of commodity dependence around the world during the period. Figures
22 to 25 report trends of world export values (solid lines) of 16 commodities and their decomposition into20

IMF (2022) illustrates such an increase using weekly price information.

21

See IMF (2021) for a detailed analysis.

22

See UNCTAD (2022, 2023). See also the Agricultural Market Information System’s Market Monitor, various issues, available at www.amis-outlook.
org/amis-monitoring#.ZFaoAqDMK8U. Price increases for energy, fertilizers and agricultural products such as wheat occurred largely during thefirst half of 2022.

17

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

price and volume changes.23 For metals, minerals and ores, variations in the value of exports essentiallyreflected price variations during 2019–2021. Exported volumes of commodities in this group remained
relatively constant on an annual basis during the period. As for energy commodities, global demand fell,
except for liquefied natural gas. In the case of coal, export volume fell by about 40 per cent in 2021.
However, the downward movement of quantities exported had already started in 2019, in parallel withincreasing concerns about the role of coal in greenhouse gas emissions, and the pandemic may haveaccelerated an ongoing structural change in global demand for this fossil fuel.

Figure 22
Decomposition of export value variations: Selected crops, 2017–2021 (per cent)
Maize

Rice

60

Price

60

40

value

40

20

20

Volume

0

0

Value

−20

Volume −20

−40

−40

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2017

Sugar

Wheat

60

60

40

Price

20

Value

0

Volume

2021

2021

Price

0

Volume

−40
2020

2020

20

−40
2019

2019

Value

−20

2018

2018

40

−20

2017

Price

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on the UNCTADStat and World Bank databases.
Note:
Vertical dashed line corresponds to the global crisis of 2020.

As for agricultural commodities, patterns are more heterogeneous, most probably reflecting differences instructural parameters such as import demand elasticities across commodities.24, 25 Export decomposition
results suggest that, except for wheat and cocoa, variations in exported volumes were more pronounced
than in the case of non-agricultural commodities. In the case of rice, there was a similar increase in export
value in both 2020 and 2021. However, while value growth was essentially driven by rising prices in 2020,
it was driven essentially by increasing volumes in 2021 as prices slightly decreased. Exports of wheat
increased during the COVID-19 pandemic despite some significant increases in prices.
Regarding commodity export value trends before the COVID-2019 pandemic, data suggest that during
2017 and 2018 commodity exports (i.e. values at the country-commodity level) were predominantly
characterized by a positive price shock. Negative price shocks became strongly predominant in 2019,23

The following formula is applied: Annual variation in export value = annual variation in (unit) price + annual variation in volume. Annual variations involume are obtained by subtracting annual variation in international prices as reported in the World Bank dataset from annual variations in export
values.

24

Export restrictions on certain commodities introduced by several countries, mostly between March and September 2020, may have had a temporary
impact on international trade of the affected commodities. However, most of the COVID-19-related export restrictions were abandoned by the third
quarter of 2020, and in most cases they covered a relatively small share of international trade flows of affected commodities.

25

See World Bank (2020a, 2020b) for a detailed analysis.

18

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

as shown by decreasing prices of several energy commodities. Negative price shocks also prevailed
over positive ones in 2020, but their incidence was less marked than the year before due to high intrayear volatility driven by effects of the pandemic on food commodities and certain crops, as discussed
earlier. In 2021, 90 per cent of export flows involving certain commodities were characterized by anincrease in prices.

Figure 23
Decomposition of export value variations: Selected tropical commodities, 2017–2021 (per cent)Cocoa

Coffee and coffee substitutes

60

60

40

40

Price

20

Value

20

Value

0

Volume

0

Price

−20
−40
2017

Volume

−20
−40

2018

2019

2020

2021

2017

2018

2019

2020

CottonTobacco, unmanufactured; tobacco refuse

60

60

2021

40

Price

40

20

Value

20

Volume

0

0

Value

−20

Volume −20

Price

−40

−40

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on the UNCTADStat and World Bank databases.
Note:
Vertical dashed line corresponds to the global crisis of 2020.

About 50 per cent of countries recorded higher shares of commodity exports in total merchandise exports
in 2017. That share fell in 2018 and dropped to 40 per cent in 2019, then increased in the following two
years to reach 52 per cent in 2021. Increases in shares in total merchandise exports in 2020 occurredessentially for food products. That trend was to a large extent the result of a negative global trade shockin 2020. Indeed, global demand for several types of manufactures fell relative to global demand forcommodities, at least for those commodities perceived as essential, like food. The share of food products
in total merchandise exports moved from about 3 per cent to almost 4 per cent, while the share oftransportation goods such as motor vehicles fell from more than 10 per cent to about 8.5 per cent. As an
automatic consequence, the relative importance of food commodities in global trade increased. The 2021
increase in the share of commodities in total merchandise exports is not due to a composition effect but
to significant price increases for several commodities, especially energy, during that year. Such a positive
association has not been systematically observed across a longer period. For instance, in 2018 positive
price shocks in most countries led to a decline in commodities shares in total merchandise exports. That
result points to the importance of structural demand parameters such as import demand elasticities in
conjunction with the size of price shocks in defining the evolution of commodity dependence.

19

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

Figure 24
Decomposition of export value variations: Metals, minerals and ores, 2017–2021 (per cent)Aluminium

Copper

60

60

Value

40

Price

Value

20

20
Volume

0

0

−20

−20

−40

−40

2017

Price

40

2018

2019

2020

2021

Iron ore and concentrates

2017

Volume

2018

2019

2020

2021

Nickel

60

Value

60

40

Price

40

Price

20

Value

0

Volume20

Volume

0
−20

−20

−40

−40

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on UNCTADStat and the World Bank databases.
Note:
Vertical dashed line corresponds to the global crisis of 2020.

Figure 25
Decomposition of export value variations: Selected energy commodities, 2017–2021 (per cent)Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated

Petroleum oils, oils from bituminous materials, crude

140

140

100

Price

100

60

Value

60

20

20

−20

−20

Volume

−60
2017

2018

2019

2020

2017

Price

140

100

Value

100

60

60

20

20

−20

Volume −20

−60

−60
2018

2019

2020

Value
Volume

−60

2021

140

2017

Price

2021

2017

2018

2020

2021

Value
Price

Volume2018

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on UNCTADStat and the World Bank data.
Note:
Vertical dashed line corresponds to the global crisis of 2020.

20

2019

2019

2020

2021

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

3.3. How have net public assets and international capital flows evolved in commoditydependent developing countries during the period?
Changes in commodity prices are usually accompanied by changes in the net foreign asset position of
CDDCs. These latter changes result from (i) the impact of commodity price changes on the current accountof the balance of payments, via changes in the terms of trade, and (ii) the impact of commodity pricechanges on the financial account as a result of private and public actors’ decisions on asset acquisition,
which in turn are affected by, among other factors, changes in the perceived solvency of CDDC actors.
During the 2019–2021 period, capital inflows into CDDCs moved in parallel with the evolution ofinternational financial conditions, investor appetite, commodity price trends and other factors that werein turn significantly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic.26 Figures 26a and 26b show the temporary
reduction of capital inflows in 66 CDDCs in 2020. The reduction reflects the temporary tightening in
financial conditions in both developed and emerging markets, as well as the deterioration in risk appetiteand the decline in commodity prices during the first four months of 2020.
Figure 26a shows the reductions in capital inflows in countries exporting all three different types ofcommodities, while Figure 26b shows that reductions in capital inflows occurred in both foreign direct
investment and other capital flows between 2019 and 2020. Both figures also show the rapid recovery ofcapital inflows in 2021, in parallel with increased commodity prices and favourable international financial
conditions.

Figure 26a
Capital inflows in selected commodity-dependent developing countries by dependency group, 2019–2021(billions of United States dollars)

66.0
96.9

32.0

103.0

Mining75.2

Energy91.5

Agriculture

66.0
79.5
2019

48.3
2020

2021

Figure 26b
Capital inflows in selected commodity-dependent eveloping countries by type, 2019–2021 (billions of UnitedStates dollars)
83.6
88.4

47.6
186.1

154

Foreign direct investment

98.7
2019

2020

2021

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on International Monetary Fund data.

26

See the 2019–2022 issues of the International Monetary Fund’s Global Financial Stability Report, available at https://www.imf.org/en/publications/
gfsr

21

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

Figures 27a-c present the correlation between foreign assets to foreign liabilities ratios in each country,
and country-specific weighted averages of commodity prices, for 2019, 2020 and 2021.27
The very functioning of the balance of payments implies that improvements in the current account of
CDDCs due to higher commodity prices are balanced by an increase of claims on foreigners by the private
and/or public sector. Rebalancing may also occur via the accumulation of foreign currency reserves by thecentral bank. Economic agents may also react to changes in the different components of the balance of
payments. In that context, standard theory would predict that countries enjoying windfall revenues due toan increase in commodity prices could experience an improvement in their net foreign asset position via anintertemporal consumption-smoothing effect, and vice versa (Obstfeld and Rogoff, 1995). In other words,
the relationship between net foreign asset positions and changes in commodity prices should be positive.
In practice, such a relationship may not always hold, as Figure 27a suggests, because either the private
sector, the public sector or both change domestic absorption, and/or the preference for domestic versus
foreign assets also changes. Indeed, the quadratic relationship represented by the solid line suggests
instead an inverted-U correlation in 2019 when considering countries exporting all types of commodities.
Reductions in commodity prices are mainly associated with negative changes in asset-to-liability ratios,
while increases in commodity prices improve the net foreign asset position, except for the case of verylarge increases in commodity prices. In that case, asset-to-liability ratios fell during the period. This may
suggest that large increases in commodity prices are associated with changes in domestic absorption,
including via the expansion of public expenditure, and eventually lead to the deterioration of generalmacroeconomic conditions.28
The magnitude of price variations at the country level in both 2020 and 2021 increased substantially withrespect to those observed in pre-COVID-19 years. However, the range of variation in asset-to-liability
ratios diminished. It can also be seen that the strength of the association between price variations andvariations in foreign asset positions increased significantly in 2020 and remained high in 2021.

Figure 27a
Variation in selected commodity-dependent developing countries of commodity prices and net foreign assets,
2019 (per cent)40

Variation of net foreign assets

s
20

0

−20
o
−40
−15

−10

−5
Variation of commodity prices

05

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on International Monetary Fund data.
Note:
Only countries with shares of represented commodity exports in total commodity exports larger than 20 per centare represented in the figure.

27

Commodity exports cover only those commodities for which price information is available.

28

High increases in commodity prices and their association with a fall in the net foreign asset position may find some explanation in the approach
employed by Tornell and Lane (1999) and verified empirically in Arezki and Brückner (2012).

22

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

Figure 27b
Variation in selected commodity-dependent developing countries of commodity prices and net foreign assets,
2020 (per cent)40

Variation of net foreign assets

s
20

0

−20
o
−40
−15

−10

−5
Variation of commodity prices

05

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on International Monetary Fund data.
Note:
Only countries with shares of represented commodity exports in total commodity exports larger than 20 per centare represented in the figure.

Figure 27c
Variation in selected commodity-dependent developing countries of commodity prices and net foreign assets,
2021 (per cent)40

Variation of net foreign assets

s
20

0

−20
o
−40
−15

−10

−5
Variation of commodity prices

05

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on International Monetary Fund data.
Note:
Only countries with shares of represented commodity exports in total commodity exports larger than 20 per centare represented in the figure.

A positive relationship between commodity price variations and net foreign asset variations, in line withstandard theoretical predictions, is obtained for 2020 where commodity prices predominantly fell, althoughwith high intra-year volatility as explained above. The latter fact indicates that net foreign asset positions
may have deteriorated in parallel with increased uncertainty fueled by the COVID-19 pandemic, which
resulted in the worsening of international economic conditions and the deterioration of the fiscal balancesof many CDDCs. In 2021 a negative relationship emerged, on average, between commodity prices andasset-to-liability ratios. While most price variations were positive, the net foreign asset positions of several
CDDCs in the sample deteriorated.

23

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

Figure 28 presents the variation in asset-to-liability ratios and the variation in average commodity prices
observed for a selection of countries from 2017 to 2021. 29

Figure 28
Variations of net international assets position and commodity prices , 2017–2021 (per cent)
Algeria

Benin

Commodity prices (variation)

Commodity prices (variation)

Net foreign assets (variation)

Net foreign assets (variation)

150

150

100

100

50

50

0

0

−50
2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

−50
2017

2019

Commodity prices (variation)

Commodity prices (variation)

Net foreign assets (variation)

Net foreign assets (variation)

150

150

100

100

50

50

0

0

−50
2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

−50
2017

2018

2019

Commodity prices (variation)

Commodity prices (variation)

Net foreign assets (variation)

Net foreign assets (variation)

150

150

100

100

50

50

0

0

−50
2017

−50
2017
2021

2018

2019

2020

2020

2021

2018

2019

2020

2021

2020

2021

Niger

Mongolia

Commodity prices (variation)

Commodity prices (variation)

Net foreign assets (variation)

Net foreign assets (variation)

150

150

100

100

50

50

0

0

Source:2021

Malawi

Kuwait

−50
2017

2020

Ghana

Cameroon

29

2018

2018

2019

2020

2021

−50
2017

2018

2019

UNCTAD secretariat based on International Monetary Fund data.

Results for the whole sample of countries represented in the dataset are shown in figure A.1 of the data appendix.

24

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

In general, it can be seen that the degree of dependence on commodity exports matters more than thedominant type of commodity exported in explaining large variations—whether positive or negative—in
the net foreign asset positions of countries. As mentioned previously, the reaction of net foreigna asset
positions to commodity price variations increased in 2020 and 2021. The outbreak of the COVID-19
pandemic in early 2020 resulted in a decrease in export prices for most countries that year as comparedwith the average of 2019, as discussed above. However, the most affected countries in terms of their net
foreign asset position were those exporting mainly energy commodities. Other strongly affected countries
are heavily dependent on mineral exports, such as Ghana, Mongolia and Niger, or on agricultural exports,such as Benin and Cameroon. Countries with more diversified baskets of commodity exports faced lower
price variations during the first months of the pandemic.
No systematic pattern emerges for 2021. Positive variations in prices observed can be associated witheither an improvement or degradation in net foreign asset positions. No remarkable improvement isobserved except for Malawi, which improved its net foreign asset position after a significant degradationin 2020. As for countries with decreasing ratios, several were dependent on exports of agricultural goods,
like Cameroon. In this country, despite an increase of more than 80 per cent in the average prices of its
commodity export basket, its asset-to-liability ratio fell by almost a fifth. A similar case is Benin, where
despite a rise of about 20 per cent in the average prices of its commodity exports, its net foreign asset
position worsened by about 10 per cent. Only two other countries experienced similar contrasting
patterns, the Russian Federation and Kuwait. Both depend on energy commodities exports.
Higher commodity price volatility, if associated with lower fiscal revenues, can lead to a significant increasein external public debt alongside a reduction in debt maturity.30 Commodity price volatility, especiallyamong CDDCs with high commodity dependence, may affect a country’s capacity to honour both debt
interest payments and the principal’s reimbursement (Eberhardt and Presbitero, 2021). For the 2019–2021 period, there was a negative association between commodity price movements and international
assets positions in most energy-dependent CDDCs where there was a wide variation in prices, such as
Angola, Zambia, Angola and Ghana. In countries where there were more moderate price changes, therelationship does not show any systematic direction. It is positive for countries like Brazil and Paraguay
but negative for countries like Colombia, Nicaragua and São Tomé and Príncipe. Except for Colombia, thelatter countries are dependent on the export of agricultural products.
The decomposition of debt stocks by maturity (i.e. short-term versus long-term) indicates that theadjusting component is short-term debt in most cases, as shown in Figures 29a-d. However, while shortterm debt tends to react positively to large variations in prices for lower commodity-dependent countries,
it reacts negatively in the case of several higher commodity-dependent countries and in particular for
those in the 40 to 60 per cent group. Countries like Ghana, Mozambique and Angola saw their stockof short-term debt either decreasing or at least not growing with the event of large increases in theircommodity export price index. However, other energy-export-dependent countries such as Colombia
and the Russian Federation both saw their stock of short-term debt increase in association with a jump in
their commodity export price index of about 50 per cent. For countries exporting principally non-energy
commodities, the picture is at best mixed, with a much weaker association emerging between shortterm debt stocks and commodity price volatility. While Brazil saw its short-term debt increase, Nicaragua
experienced the reverse.
As mentioned previously, changes in current account positions due to variations in revenues from
commodity exports may also lead to some variations in foreign currency reserves held by central banks,
conditional on a variety of factors such as the de facto exchange rate regime and the strength of demandfor debt denominated in domestic currency, among others. A priori, a positive association would be
expected between commodity prices and international reserve variations, as was observed in mostcountries in the pre-COVID-19 period. Moreover, during that period, the higher the dependence oncommodity exports, the stronger the association. However, as shown in figures 29a-d, the pandemic
period has been characterized by a more nuanced picture. While the association remains positive forcountries with low levels of commodity dependence, such as Brazil, it turns negative in many countries,
particularly those that are heavily dependent on commodities, such as mineral exporters like Zambia.
30

The discussion here focuses on the income side of the fiscal balance without including the analysis of fiscal expenditure, which in several countries
is a key driver of the evolution of net foreign assets. See IMF (2021).

25

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

Figure 29a
Variations in commodity prices, international debt securities by maturity, and international reserves (exceptgold): 20 to 40 per cent commodity export shares, 2016–2021 (per cent)Argentina

Brazil

60

60

40

40

20

20

0

0

−20

−20

−40

−40

−60

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

−60

2016

NicaraguaParaguay

60

60

40

40

20

20

0

0

−20

−20

−40

−40

−60

2016

2017

2018

International short-term debt

2019

2020

2021

−60

2016

International long-term debt

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

International reserves

Commodity prices

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on International Monetary Fund data.

Figure 29b
Variations in commodity prices, international debt securities by maturity, and international reserves (exceptgold): 20 to 40 per cent commodity export shares, 016–2021 (per cent)Bolivia (Plurinational State of)Ecuador

400

400
300

200

200
100

0

0
−200

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

−100

International short-term debt
International long-term debt
International reserves
Commodity prices

2016

2017

2018

International short-term debt
International long-term debt
International reserves
Commodity prices

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on International Monetary Fund data.

26

2019

2020

2021

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

Figure 29c
Variations in commodity prices, international debt securities by maturity, and international reserves (exceptgold): 40 to 60 per cent commodity export shares, 2016–2021 (per cent)Colombia

Mozambique

100

100

50

50

0

0

−50

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

−50

2016

Russian Federation

Saint Lucia

100

100

50

50

0

0

−50

2016

2017

2018

International short-term debt

2019

2020

2021

−50

2016

International long-term debt

Sao Tome and Principe

Ghana

100

100

50

50

0

0

−50

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

−50

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

International reserves

2017

2018

International short-term debt
International long-term debt
International reserves
Commodity prices

International short-term debt
International long-term debt
International reserves
Commodity prices

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on International Monetary Fund data.

27

2019

Commodity prices

2020

2021

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

Figure 29d
Variations in commodity prices, and international debt securities by maturity, and international reserves(except gold): over 60 per cent commodity export shares, 2016–2021 (per cent)
Algeria

Angola

200

200

100

100

0

0

−100

2016

2017

2018

International short-term debt

2019

2020

2021

−100

2016

International long-term debt

Kazakhstan

Zambia

150

150

100

100

50

50

0

0

−50

−50

−100

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

−100

2016

2017

2018

2019

International reserves

2017

2018

2020

2021

Commodity prices

2019

2020

2021

International short-term debt
International long-term debt
International reserves
Commodity prices

International short-term debt
International long-term debt
International reserves
Commodity prices

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on International Monetary Fund data.

4. Conclusions
Commodity dependence is predominantly a developing country problem, as 94 per cent of CDCs aredeveloping countries, and two-thirds of developing countries are commodity-dependent, as opposed toonly 12.5 per cent of developed countries being commodity-dependent. CDCs also tend to be poorer: whilealmost all (96 per cent) low-income countries are commodity-dependent, only 27 per cent of high-income
countries are commodity-dependent, and half of those are petroleum and gas exporters. Commodity
dependence, which is pervasive in Africa, Oceania and South America, also affects a disproportionate
share of countries with special needs: 81 per cent of LLDCs, 74 per cent of LDCs and 61 per cent of SIDS
are commodity-dependent.
CDCs are particularly vulnerable to commodity price volatility, which continues at extremely high levels.
Indeed, commodity prices remain one of the most important factors driving economic aggregates(Schmitt-Grohe and Uribe, 2018). Global shocks to commodity prices account for a significant share of
output fluctuations in CDCs (Fernandez et al., 2017; Ben Zeev et al., 2017). During the 2019–2021 period,
commodity prices were extremely volatile following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and during thesubsequent recovery. In 2022 and early 2023, commodity price volatility remained very high, influenced by
the war in Ukraine and by changes in international financial conditions that followed a generalized increase
in inflationary pressures.

28

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

In the medium and long term, CDCs need to diversify their production and exports in order to reduce
vulnerability to the challenges posed by commodity dependence. However, this requires implementation ofa structural transformation process directed towards reducing the relative importance of the commodities
sector in the export basket and in the economy at large. Such a process requires sustained policy efforts
along different dimensions for an extended period (UNCTAD, 2019). For this reason, CDDCs also needto increase their resilience to negative commodity price shocks in the short and medium terms to better
weather negative commodity price shocks while the longer-term economic and export diversification
efforts proceed. This is particularly important for the most vulnerable CDDCs, such as LDCs, LLDCs and
SIDS. To be successful, several policy areas such as fiscal policy, macro-prudential policy and financial
innovation would need specific attention.
A number of different measures have been proposed to support the resilience of public sector financesin CDDCs and strengthen the capacity of these countries to mitigate (or at least not exacerbate) negative
commodity price shocks (Frankel et al., 2013; Frankel, 2013). Notably, these include the deepening
and diversification of the tax base, forward-looking budgetary practices (including multi-year budgets),
different types of fiscal rules, and the use of asset funds to save temporary (but persistent over several
years) windfalls for times of low commodity prices. However, an important requirement for the successful
implementation of policy measures to boost the resilience of public finances in CDDCs is related to thedegree of social consensus about the advantages, the form and the timing of saving windfalls during
times of high prices. Reaching broad social consensus on the establishment of this type of inter-temporalfiscal policy management can be challenging in CDDCs with low institutionality, a low degree of politicalconsensus and dialogue, and large unsatisfied demand for public services. Section 3 showed that at
different times, commodity price increases were linked to a deterioration of national asset-to-liability ratios,
potentially due to increasing domestic absorption possibly as a result of increases in public expenditure.
Finally, CDDCs need to adopt a long-term view to taking advantage of their natural resource abundanceas an important tool in their efforts to implement a sustainable, consensus-based structural transformationthat helps them meet the Sustainable Development Goals.

29THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

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THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

Data appendix
Table A.1
Countries where one product line was more than half of merchandise exports, mean 2019-2021 (per cent)
Value(Million US
dollars)

ExportShareCountry

SITC
CodeSouth Sudan

333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

900.7

94

Iraq

333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

63’603.3

90

Botswana

667

Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones

5’039.089

Micronesia (Federated States of)

34

Fish, fresh (live or dead), chilled or frozen

50.2

89

Guinea-Bissau

57

Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), freshor dried

199.6

89

Angola333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

26’199.8

88

Chad

333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

2’106.9

88

Mali

971

Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores
and concentrates)

3’795.085

Turkmenistan

343

Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

7’288.1

83

Suriname

971

Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores
and concentrates)

1’599.4

82

Libya

333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

17’445.9

81

Burkina Faso

971

Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores
and concentrates)

3’372.880

Nigeria

333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

36’887.9

77

Congo

333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

4’307.4

74

Azerbaijan

333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

13’167.7

71

Zambia682

Copper

5’997.4

69

Equatorial Guinea

333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

3’200.0

67

Maldives

34

Fish, fresh (live or dead), chilled or frozen

206.2

67

Vanuatu

34

Fish, fresh (live or dead), chilled or frozen

32.0

66

Kuwait333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

36’155.5

65

Kiribati

34

Fish, fresh (live or dead), chilled or frozen

6.3

63

Solomon Islands

247

Wood in the rough or roughly squared

252.5

63

Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of)333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

4’986.7

59

Saudi Arabia

333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

142’822.7

59Saint Lucia

333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

36.7

56

Yemen

333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

314.3

55

Nauru

34

37.0

55

Gabon

333

3’017.6

54

Democratic Republic of the Congo

682

9’010.6

53

Commodity

Fish, fresh (live or dead), chilled or frozen
33
Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude
CopperKiribati
Solomon Islands

Fish, fresh (live or dead), chilled or frozen

6.3

63

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
247
Wood in the rough or roughly squared
Chapter 1: Key findings

34

252.5

63

Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of)333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

4’986.7

59

Saudi Arabia

333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

142’822.7

59

Table A.1 (continued)
Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
Saint Luciawhere one product line was more
333 than half of merchandise exports, mean 2019-202136.7
Countries(per cent) 56
materials, crude
Yemen

333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

314.3

55

Nauru

34

Fish, fresh (live or dead), chilled or frozen

37.0

55

Gabon

333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

3’017.6

54

Democratic Republic of the Congo

682

Copper

9’010.6

53

Kazakhstan

333

Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin.
materials, crude

29’271.0

53

Palau

34

Fish, fresh (live or dead), chilled or frozen

2.1

52

Guinea971

Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores
and concentrates)

3’992.2

52

Guyana971

Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores
and concentrates)

1’454.7

51

Burundi971

Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores
and concentrates)

82.9

50

Malawi121

Tobacco, unmanufactured; tobacco refuse

450.3

50

Source: Author’s elaboration of the basis of UNCTADStat data at 3 digits SITC rev. 3

34

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

Figure A.1
Changes in net foreign assets position and changes in commodities prices, 2017–2021(percentage)(a) 20 to 40 per cent dependence: agricultural products (includes fishing).
Argentina

Benin













   

 

 

 















BrazilEcuador








  




 

 















Iceland

Nicaragua








  




 

 















Paraguay

Uganda













 








 
 







35



   
 









  








      
 
 










  








 
 




 
 




 
 




  











THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings

Uruguay  

 
 


 


Brazil









Source: UNCTAD staff elaboration using International Monetary Fund and World Bank data.

(b) over 40 per cent dependence: agricultural products (includes fishing)
MalawiCameroon  

















  
 
 

 














    









Sao Tome and Principe






  

 
 


 











(c) 20 to 40 per cent dependence: mineral products
Namibia

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)




















 
















 






36











THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings(c) 20 to 40 per cent dependence: mineral products (continued)
Chile

Tajikistan

















 


 
































Uzbekistan







 














(d) over 40 per cent dependence: mineral products

Australia

Ghana


















 















Mongolia

Zambia


































37



 


 



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












 


















THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 1: Key findings(e) 40 to 60 per cent: energy products
Colombia

Mozambique













  

 













 

  









NorwayRussian Federation





 










 

  















  























(f) Over 60 per cent: energy products
Algeria

Angola 

 
  










 

  















KuwaitKazakhstan












 

  

 





















Source: UNCTAD staff elaboration using International Monetary Fund and World Bank data.
Note:
Countries in Figure A1 are grouped by type and degree of commodity dependence reflected by the share in
total merchandise exports of the exports of commodities included in the previous price analysis. For energy
commodities, all exporting countries show a degree of dependence above 40 per cent of total merchandise
exports.

38  










CHAPTER 2Classifications,explanatory notes, andstatistical profiles

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

Commodity-Dependent UNCTAD member States andclassifications
Dependence on agricultural product exports
Dependence on minerals, ores and metals exports
Dependence on Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials exports
Non-commodity dependent economy

Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
AndorraAngolaAntigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
BahamasBahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
BelarusBelgium
BelizeBenin
BhutanBolivia (Plurinational State of)Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
BrazilBrunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
BurundiCabo VerdeCambodia
Cameroon
CanadaCentral African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Costa Rica
Côte d’Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
CyprusCzechia
Democratic People's Republic of
Korea

Southern Asia
Southern Europe
Northern Africa
Southern Europe
Middle Africa
Caribbean
South America
Western Asia
Oceania
Western Europe
Western Asia
Caribbean
Western Asia
Southern Asia
Caribbean
Eastern Europe
Western Europe
Central America
Western Africa
Southern Asia
South America
Southern Europe
Southern Africa
South America
South-eastern Asia
Eastern Europe
Western Africa
Eastern Africa
Western Africa
South-eastern Asia
Middle Africa
Northern America
Middle Africa
Middle Africa
South America
Eastern Asia
South America
Eastern Africa
Middle Africa
Central America
Western Africa
Southern Europe
Caribbean
Southern Europe
Eastern Europe
Eastern Asia

Democratic Republic of the Congo Middle Africa
Denmark

Northern Europe

Djibouti

Eastern Africa

Dominica

Caribbean

Dominican Republic

Caribbean

EcuadorSouth America

40

SIDS (OHRLLS)

LLDC

LDC

European Union 27

Special situations

High

Upper-Middle

Lower-Middle

IncomeLow

RegionDeveloped

EconomyDeveloping

Development

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

Commodity-Dependent UNCTAD member States andclassifications (continued)
Dependence on agricultural product exports
Dependence on minerals, ores and metals exports
Dependence on Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials exports
Non-commodity dependent economy

Egypt
Northern Africa
El Salvador
Central America
Equatorial Guinea
Middle Africa
Eritrea
Eastern Africa
Estonia
Northern Europe
EswatiniSouthern Africa
Ethiopia
Eastern Africa
Fiji
Oceania
Finland
Northern Europe
FranceWestern Europe
Gabon
Middle Africa
GambiaWestern Africa
Georgia
Western Asia
Germany
Western Europe
Ghana
Western Africa
GreeceSouthern Europe
GrenadaCaribbean
GuatemalaCentral America
GuineaWestern Africa
Guinea-Bissau
Western Africa
GuyanaSouth America
Haiti
Caribbean
Honduras
Central America
Hungary
Eastern Europe
Iceland
Northern Europe
India
Southern Asia
Indonesia
South-eastern Asia
Iran (Islamic Republic of)Southern Asia
Iraq
Western Asia
Ireland
Northern Europe
IsraelWestern Asia
Italy
Southern Europe
Jamaica
CaribbeanJapan
Eastern Asia
JordanWestern Asia
Kazakhstan
Central Asia
Kenya
Eastern Africa
Kiribati
Oceania
KuwaitWestern Asia
Kyrgyzstan
Central Asia
Lao People’s Democratic Republic South-eastern Asia
LatviaNorthern Europe
LebanonWestern Asia
LesothoSouthern Africa
Liberia
Western Africa
Libya
Northern Africa
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg

Western Europe
Northern Europe
Western Europe

Madagascar

Eastern Africa

41

SIDS (OHRLLS)

LLDC

LDC

European Union 27

Special situations

High

Upper-Middle

Lower-Middle

IncomeLow

RegionDeveloped

EconomyDeveloping

Development

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

Commodity-Dependent UNCTAD member States andclassifications (continued)
Dependence on agricultural product exports
Dependence on minerals, ores and metals exports
Dependence on Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials exports
Non-commodity dependent economy

MalawiMalaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
MexicoMicronesia (Federated States of)
MonacoMongolia
Montenegro
MoroccoMozambique
MyanmarNamibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
North Macedonia
NorwayOman
Pakistan
Palau
PanamaPapua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
PolandPortugal
Qatar
Republic of Korea
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Russian Federation
RwandaSaint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa

Eastern Africa
South-eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Africa
Southern Europe
Oceania
Western Africa
Eastern Africa
Central America
Oceania
Western Europe
Eastern Asia
Southern Europe
Northern Africa
Eastern Africa
South-eastern Asia
Southern Africa
OceaniaSouthern Asia
Western Europe
Oceania
Central America
Western Africa
Western Africa
Southern Europe
Northern Europe
Western Asia
Southern Asia
Oceania
Central America
OceaniaSouth America
South America
South-eastern Asia
Eastern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Asia
Eastern Asia
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe
Eastern Africa
Caribbean
Caribbean
Caribbean
Oceania

San Marino

Southern Europe

Sao Tome and Principe

Middle Africa

Saudi Arabia

Western Asia

SenegalWestern Africa

42

SIDS (OHRLLS)

LLDC

LDC

European Union 27

Special situations

High

Upper-Middle

Lower-Middle

IncomeLow

RegionDeveloped

EconomyDeveloping

Development

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

Commodity-Dependent UNCTAD member States andclassifications (continued)
Dependence on agricultural product exports
Dependence on minerals, ores and metals exports
Dependence on Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials exports
Non-commodity dependent economy(except for Togo and United Arab Emirates, which are commodity-dependent. See footnote 12)

SerbiaSeychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
SomaliaSouth Africa
South Sudan
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
SwedenSwitzerland
Syrian Arab Republic
Tajikistan
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
TürkiyeTurkmenistan
TuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab Emirates
United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland
United Republic of Tanzania
United States of America
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)Viet Nam
Yemen
ZambiaZimbabwe
Holy See
State of PalestineSouthern Europe
Eastern Africa
Western Africa
South-eastern Asia
Eastern Europe
Southern Europe
Oceania
Eastern Africa
Southern Africa
Eastern Africa
Southern Europe
Southern Asia
Northern Africa
South America
Northern Europe
Western Europe
Western Asia
Central Asia
South-eastern Asia
South-eastern Asia
Western Africa
Oceania
Caribbean
Northern Africa
Western Asia
Central Asia
Oceania
Eastern Africa
Eastern Europe
Western Asia
Northern Europe
Eastern Africa
Northern America
South America
Central Asia
OceaniaSouth America
South-eastern Asia
Western Asia
Eastern Africa
Eastern Africa
Southern Europe
Western Asia

43

SIDS (OHRLLS)

LLDC

LDC

European Union 27

Special situations

High

Upper-Middle

Lower-Middle

IncomeLow

RegionDeveloped

EconomyDeveloping

Development

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

Explanatory notes for statistical profiles
Use of the term “dollar” ($) refers to the United States dollar. Dollars are in current values, unlessotherwise specified.
The term “billion” signifies 1,000 million.
In individual member States’ profiles:
An en dash (–) signifies that the data is zero or negligible.
An en dash between years (for example, 2019–2021) signifies the full period involved, including the initialand final years.
Two points (..) signifies that the data is not available or is not reported separately.
Due to rounding, values may not add up to 100 per cent.
Trade data are based on the classification of commodities in the third revision of the standard international
trade classification, disaggregated to the three-digit level.

Merchandise and commodity export dependence
Merchandise exports
Unit

Millions of dollars-

SourceUNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

Websitehttps://unctad.org/statistics

Date extracted

11 November 2022

Data not available

Liechtenstein (data included with Switzerland), Monaco, San Marino, Holy See

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period

Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports
Unit

Percentage
In some cases, available data corresponding to a reporting country do not allocate
cases, unallocated exports are computed using the following formula: Merchandise export
value reported by the country minus the sum of all individual product lines at the threedigit level. The result obtained is the value of merchandise exports that can be considered
unallocated.

SourceUNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

Websitehttps://unctad.org/statistics

Date extracted

11 November 2022

Data not available

Liechtenstein (data included with Switzerland), Monaco, San Marino, Holy See

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period

44

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

Unit

Index value
the degree of product concentration. The following normalized index is used to obtainvalues between 0 and 1:

Where:
Hj = country or country group index
xij = value of export for country j and product i
andn = number of products (SITC Revision 3 at 3-digit group level).
An index value closer to 1 indicates a country's exports or imports are highly
concentrated on a few products. On the contrary, values closer to 0 reflect exports orimports are more homogeneously distributed among a series of products.
SourceUNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

Websitehttps://unctad.org/statistics

Date extracted

28 November 2022

Data not available

Liechtenstein (data included with Switzerland), Monaco, San Marino, Holy See

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to four digits after the period

Commodity exports
Unit

Millions of dollars
Commodity export data include data for the following:[0] Food and live animals[1] Beverages and tobacco[2] Crude materials, inedible, except fuels[3] Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials[4] Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes[667] Pearls, precious and semi-precious stones[68] Non-ferrous metals[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

SourceUNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

Websitehttps://unctad.org/statistics

Date extracted

11 November 2022

Data not available

Liechtenstein (data included with Switzerland), Monaco, San Marino, Holy See

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period

45

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports
Unit

Percentage
Ratio in percentage of commodity exports to all allocated exports.
Allocated exports are the sum of all individual product lines at the three-digit level.

SourceUNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

Websitehttps://unctad.org/statistics

Date extracted

11 November 2022

Data not available

Liechtenstein (data included with Switzerland), Monaco, San Marino, Holy See

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period

Commodity exports as share of GDP
Unit

Percentage
Ratio of commodity export value to national GDP in current prices. GDP data at current
prices in dollars are converted from GDP data in national currencies using annual period
average exchange rates.

SourceUNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

Websitehttps://unctad.org/statistics

Date extracted

11 November 2022

Data not available

Trade data: Liechtenstein (data included with Switzerland), Monaco, San Marino, Holy See
GDP data in 2021 for: Cuba, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Lebanon, Syrian Arab
Republic, Ukraine, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Zimbabwe. For these countries, theratio for 2019–2021 has been effectively computed on the 2019–2020 period

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP
Unit

Percentage
Total natural resources rents are the sum of oil rents, natural gas rents, coal rents (hardand soft), mineral rents, and forest rents (series code: NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS).

SourceDatabank database, World Development Indicators, World Bank

Websitehttps://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Date extracted

14 November 2022

Data not available

2012–2014 and 2018–2020: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Eritrea, Liechtenstein(data included with Switzerland), Monaco, San Marino, Holy See
2012–2014: Timor-Leste2018–2020: Saouth Sudan, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)Individual years: Andorra (2020), Nauru (2012), Somalia (2012), Syrian Arab Republic(2020), Turkmenistan (2020), Yemen (2019, 2020)

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period

46

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports
Unit

Percentage

Definition

The three commodity groups are defined as follows:[0 + 1 + 2 (less 27 and 28) + 4] Agricultural products[3] Energy[27 + 28 + 667 + 68 + 971] Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold
Allocated exports are the sum of all individual product lines at the three-digit level

SourceUNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

Websitehttps://unctad.org/statistics

Date extracted

11 November 2022

Data not available

Liechtenstein (data included with Switzerland), Monaco, San Marino, Holy See

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period. “Energy” corresponds to
the group “Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials” in the SITC classification
revision 3. The specific codes contained in this group are: 321, 322, 325, 333, 334, 335,
342, 343, 344, and 351.

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported
Unit

Index value (2010 = 100)
The three commodity group price indices are composed as follows:
Agriculture group: rice, wheat, maize, barley, soybeans, soybean oil, soybean meal, palmoil, coconut oil, groundnut oil, coffee, cocoa, tea, timber, other raw materials (cotton,
natural rubber, tobacco)
Energy group: coal, crude oil, natural gas
Metals group: aluminum, copper, iron ore, lead, nickel, tin, zinc
Allocated exports are the sum of all individual product lines at the three-digit level

Source“Pink Sheet” Data, World Bank

Websitehttps://www.worldbank.org/en/research/commodity-markets

Date extracted

16 November 2022

Data not available

Liechtenstein (data included with Switzerland), Monaco, San Marino, Holy See. As thesecountries do not report trade data, the price index for the leading commodity groupexported cannot be attributed.

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period. The group of the maincommodity exported may differ in 2012–2014 and 2019–2021. As a result, the index
value may also be different

47

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports
Unit

Percentage

Definition

Leading commodity exports are the main individual commodities exported, at the threedigit level, except for fishery products and forestry products that comprise several
commodity codes, as follows:[03] Fishery products[034] Fish, fresh (live or dead), chilled or frozen[035] Fish, dried, salted or in brine; smoked fish[036] Crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic invertebrates[037] Fish, aquatic invertebrates, prepared or preserved, not elsewhere specified[24 + 25] Forestry products[245] Fuel wood (excluding wood waste) and wood charcoal[246] Wood in chips or particles and wood waste[247] Wood in the rough or roughly squared[248] Wood simply worked, and railway sleepers of wood[251] Pulp and waste paper
The share of each commodity product in all allocated exports is computed using, as thedenominator, data from all allocated products exports indicator (i.e., the sum of all
individual product lines at the three-digit level).

SourceUNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

Websitehttps://unctad.org/statistics

Date extracted

18 November 2022

Data not available

Liechtenstein (data included with Switzerland), Monaco, San Marino, Holy See

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period. The code between
brackets corresponds to the official SITC revision 3 product code, please see section
2.2.5.

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports
Unit

Percentage
Leading destination markets are the main countries to which commodities are exported
as a share of the exporting country’s total commodity export value in the reference period

SourceUNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

Websitehttps://unctad.org/statistics

Date extracted

22 November 2022

Data not available

Liechtenstein (data included with Switzerland), Monaco, San Marino, Holy See

Comments

following countries are aggregated under European Union (27): Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden. These countries therefore do not appear as48

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

Commodity import dependence
Commodity imports
Unit

Millions of dollars
Commodity import data includes data for the following:[0] Food and live animals[1] Beverages and tobacco[2] Crude materials, inedible, except fuels[3] Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials[4] Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes[667] Pearls, precious and semi-precious stones[68] Non-ferrous metals[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

SourceUNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

Websitehttps://unctad.org/statistics

Date extracted

28 November 2022

Data not available

Liechtenstein (data included with Switzerland), Monaco, San Marino, Holy See

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period

Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports
Unit

Percentage
In some cases, available data corresponding to a reporting country do not allocate
cases, unallocated imports are computed using the following formula: Merchandise
import value reported by the country minus the sum of all individual product lines at thethree-digit level. The result obtained is the value of merchandise imports that can beconsidered unallocated.

SourceUNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

Websitehttps://unctad.org/statistics

Date extracted

28 November 2022

Data not available

Liechtenstein (data included with Switzerland), Monaco, San Marino, Holy See

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period

49

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

Food imports
Unit

Millions of dollars
Data include all three-digit level commodities under the following:[0] Food and live animals[22] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits[4] Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes

SourceUNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

Websitehttps://unctad.org/statistics

Date extracted

28 November 2022

Data not available

Liechtenstein (data included with Switzerland), Monaco, San Marino, Holy See

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports
Unit

Percentage
Ratio of food imports in percentage to all allocated product imports.
Data include all three-digit level commodities under the following:[0] Food and live animals[22] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits[4] Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes
Allocated imports are the sum of all individual product lines at the three-digit level.

SourceUNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

Websitehttps://unctad.org/statistics

Date extracted

28 November 2022

Data not available

Liechtenstein (data included with Switzerland), Monaco, San Marino, Holy See

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period

Energy imports
Unit

Millions of dollars
Data include all three-digit level commodities under the following:[3] Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials

SourceUNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

Websitehttps://unctad.org/statistics

Date extracted

28 November 2022

Data not available

Liechtenstein (data included with Switzerland), Monaco, San Marino, Holy See
Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period. “Energy” corresponds toComments
342, 343, 344, and 351.

50

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports
Unit

Percentage
Ratio of fuel imports in percentage to all allocated product imports.
Data include all three-digit level commodities under the following:[3] Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials
Allocated imports are the sum of all individual product lines at the three-digit level.

SourceUNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

Websitehttps://unctad.org/statistics

Date extracted

28 November 2022

Data not available

Liechtenstein (data included with Switzerland), Monaco, San Marino, Holy See

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period“Energy” corresponds to the group “Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials” in the325, 333, 334, 335, 342, 343, 344, and 351.

Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports
Unit

Percentage
Leading trading partners are the main countries with regard to a country’s commodity
imports as a share of total commodity imports in the reference periods.

SourceUNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

Websitehttps://unctad.org/statistics

Date extracted

28 November 2022

Data not available

Liechtenstein (data included with Switzerland), Monaco, San Marino, Holy See

Comments

following countries are aggregated under European Union (27): Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden. These countries therefore do not appear as51

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

Key socioeconomic indicators
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Unit

Percentage, constant 2015 prices

Definition

The annual average growth rate is computed as the coefficient b in the
exponential trend function y=aebt, as follows:b = ln ( Yt )Yt-1
where t = time; and y = the object of measurement
This method takes all observations in the reference period into account.
Therefore, the growth rate reflects trends that are less influenced by
exceptional values. Growth rates are based on constant GDP (2015 = 100).

SourceUNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

Websitehttps://unctad.org/statistics

Date extracted

01 December 2022

Data not available

Monaco, San Marino, Holy See
2010–2015: South Sudan, Sudan

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period

Unit

Percentage

Unit
Definition

Percentage
The three categories of economic activity are based on the classification in thethirdrevisionof the international
industrial
classification,
as follows:
The three
categories
of economicstandard
activity arebased onthe classificationin theAgriculture
(A
and
B):
Agriculture,hunting
andforestry(A);andfishing(B)third revision of the international standard industrial classification, as follows:
Industry(C–F):
Miningand quarrying(C); manufacturing(D);electricity,
gas andAgriculture(A andB): Agriculture,huntingand forestry (A);andfishing (B)watersupply(E);
andconstruction(F)
Industry (C–F): Mining and quarrying (C); manufacturing (D); electricity, gas andServices(G–P):
and retailwater supply(E);Wholesaleand construction(F)trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles
andpersonal
andhouseholdgoods
hotelsandofrestaurants(H); motorcycles
Services (G–P): Wholesale and retail(G);trade;
repair
motor vehicles,
transport,
storageand communications(I); financial
intermediationand personaland household
goods (G); hotels
and restaurants(H); (J);realestate,rentingandbusiness
activities(K);
transport, storage and communications (I); financial intermediation (J);publicadministration
defence;compulsory
real estate,renting andandbusiness
activities(K); social security (L);education(M);
healthandsocial
work
(N);
other
community,socialpublic administration and defence; compulsory social
security(L); and personal
serviceactivities(O);andprivatehouseholds
withemployed
persons(P).
education (M); health and social work (N); other community, social andpersonal

Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

Definition

Sourceservice activities (O); and private households with employed persons (P).
UNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

SourceWebsiteUNCTADstat
database, UNCTAD
https://unctad.org/statistics

WebsiteDate extracted

1https://unctad.org/statistics
December 2022

Date
Data extracted
not available

1 December
Holy
See 2022

Data
not available
Comments

Holy
Data Seefor this indicator are rounded to the nearest whole number

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to the nearest whole number

52

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

GDP per capita
Unit

Constant 2015 dollars

Definition

GDP at constant prices in dollars divided by the total population. GDP data are converted
from GDP data in national currencies using the annual period average exchange rate of
the base year for all years.

SourceUNCTADstat database, UNCTAD

Websitehttps://unctad.org/statistics

Date extracted

01 December 2022

Data not available

Holy See

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period

Population
Unit

Thousands
The total population comprises people of all ages living in the country during the reference
period, regardless of residency status or citizenship.

SourceWorld Population Prospects 2022, United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, Population Division

Websitehttps://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/

Date extracted

01 December 2022

Data not available–

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Unit

Index value and rank

Definition

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average achievementin key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable
and have a decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized
indices for each of the three dimensions. Index categories have fixed cut-off points
calculated using the quartiles from the distributions of the component indicators,
as follows: an index value of less than 0.550 refers to a low level of human development;
0.550–0.699, a medium level of human development; 0.700–0.799, a high level of humandevelopment; and 0.800 or greater, a very high level of human development.

SourceUnited Nations Development Programme

Websitehttp://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi

Date extracted

1 December 2022

Data not available

2010 and 2021: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Monaco, Nauru, Somalia, Holy See
2010: Marshall Islands, San Marino, South Sudan

Comments

Values for this indicator are rounded to three digits after the period and the rank of thecountry in the reference years is indicated in parentheses.

53THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

Employment-to-population ratio
Unit

Percentage

SourceEmployment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is
employed. Employment is defined as persons of working age who, during a shortreference period, were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services
for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period (i.e., who worked in a job
for at least one hour) or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or toworking-time arrangements. Ages 15 and older are generally considered theworking-age population. (series code: SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.ZS).

SourceDatabank database, World Development Indicators, World Bank

Websitehttps://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Date extracted

1 December 2022

Data not available

Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Kiribati, Liechtenstein, MarshallIslands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Monaco, Nauru, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis,
San Marino, Seychelles, Tuvalu, Holy See, State of Palestine

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period

Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services)
Unit

Percentage

Definition

Employment is defined as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity
to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference
period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement.
The agriculture sector consists of activities in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing,in accordance with division 1 (ISIC 2) or categories A-B (ISIC 3) or category A (ISIC 4).
(Series code: SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS).
The industry sector consists of mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction,and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water), in accordance with divisions 2-5 (ISIC 2) or
categories C-F (ISIC 3) or categories B-F (ISIC 4). (Series code: SL.IND.EMPL.ZS).
The services sector consists of wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels;transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and businessservices; and community, social, and personal services, in accordance with divisions 6-9(ISIC 2) or categories G-Q (ISIC 3) or categories G-U (ISIC 4).
(Series code: SL.SRV.EMPL.ZS).

SourceDatabank database, World Development Indicators, World Bank

Websitehttps://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Date extracted

1 December 2022

Data not available

Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Kiribati, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands,
Micronesia (Federated States of), Monaco, Nauru, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, San Marino,
Seychelles, Tuvalu, Holy See

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to the nearest whole number

54

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services
Unit

Percentage

Definition

Percentage of women in:
The agriculture sector consisting of agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing,in accordance with division 1 (ISIC 2) or categories A-B (ISIC 3) or category A (ISIC 4).
(series code: SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS).
The industry sector consisting of mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, andpublic utilities (electricity, gas, and water), in accordance with divisions 2-5 (ISIC 2) or
categories C-F (ISIC 3) or categories B-F (ISIC 4). (Series code: SL.IND.EMPL.FE.ZS).
The services sector consisting of wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels;transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, andbusiness services; and community, social, and personal services, in accordance withdivisions 6-9 (ISIC 2) or categories G-Q (ISIC 3) or categories G-U (ISIC 4).
(series code: SL.SRV.EMPL.FE.ZS).

SourceDatabank database, World Development Indicators, World Bank

Websitehttps://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Date extracted

1 December 2022

Data not available

Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Kiribati, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands,
Micronesia (Federated States of), Monaco, Nauru, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, San Marino,
Seychelles, Tuvalu, Holy See
The years 2020 and 2021 are not available. As a result, data in the right column are for 2019.

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to the nearest whole number

Proportion of population below international poverty line (Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1), first and last year
available
Unit

Percentage

Definition

The indicator “proportion of the population below the international poverty line” is definedas the percentage of the population living on less than $2.15 a day at 2017 international
prices. (Series code: SI_POV_DAY1).

SourceWorld Population Prospects 2022, United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, Population Division

Websitehttps://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/database

Date extracted

7 December 2022

Data not available

Afghanistan, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei
Darussalam, Cambodia, Cuba, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Dominica, Equatorial
Guinea, Eritrea, Grenada, Kuwait, Libya, Liechtenstein, Monaco, New Zealand, Oman, Palau,
Qatar, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Saudi Arabia,
Singapore, Holy See

Comments–

55

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

Unit

Index value

Definition

The Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income or consumption
among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal
distribution. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies
perfect inequality (Series code: SI.POV.GINI).

SourceDatabank database, World Development Indicators, World Bank

Websitehttps://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Date extracted

6 December 2022

Data not available

Afghanistan, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei
Darussalam, Cambodia, Cuba, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Dominica,
Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Grenada, Kuwait, Libya, Liechtenstein, Monaco, New Zealand,Oman, Palau, Qatar, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San
Marino, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Holy See
For some countries, only one year is available in the data series. For them, the data andthe reference year (indicated in parentheses) are indicated in the right column. These
countries are Guyana, Haiti, Lebanon, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Somalia, Suriname,Turkmenistan, Tuvalu
Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period and the reference year isindicated in parentheses

Comments

Prevalence of undernourishment: Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, 2008 and 2018
Unit

Percentage

Definition

The prevalence of undernourishment is an estimate of the proportion of the population whose
habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required tomaintain a normal active and healthy life. (Series code: SN_ITK_DEFC).

SourceWorld Population Prospects 2022, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division

Websitehttps://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/database

Dateextracted

8 December 2022

Data notavailable

Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bhutan, Burundi, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea,
Eritrea, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Libya, Liechtenstein, Maldives, Marshall Islands,
Micronesia (Federated States of), Monaco, Nauru, Niger, Palau, Qatar, Republic of Moldova, Saint
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Seychelles, Singapore, South Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic,
Tajikistan, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Holy See, State of Palestine

Comments

Data for this indicator are rounded to one digit after the period

Standard international trade classification, third revision[0 to 8 + 961 + 971] All allocated products[0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 68 + 667 + 971] All commodities[034 + 035 + 036 + 037] Fishery products[245 + 246 + 247 + 248 + 251] Forestry products

56

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

Commodity codes

Commodity title[0 + 1 + 2 [less 27 + 28] + 4]

Agricultural products[0 + 22 + 4]

Food, basic[0]

Food and live animals[001]

Live animals other than animals of division 03[011]

Meat of bovine animals, fresh, chilled or frozen[012]

Other meat and edible meat offal

[016]
[017]

Meat, edible meat offal, prepared, preserved, n.e.s.

[022]

Milk, cream and milk products (excluding butter, cheese)[023]

Butter and other fats and oils derived from milk

[024]

Cheese and curd[025]

Birds’ eggs and eggs’ yolks; egg albumin[034]

Fish, fresh (live or dead), chilled or frozen

[035]
[036]

Crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic invertebrates[037]

Fish, aquatic invertebrates, prepared or preserved, n.e.s.

[041]

Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled

[042]

Rice

[043]

Barley, unmilled[044]

Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled[045]

Cereals, unmilled (excluding wheat, rice, barley, maize)

[046]
[047]
[048]
[054]

Vegetables[056]

Vegetables, roots, tubers, prepared, preserved, n.e.s.

[057]

Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[058]

Fruit, preserved, and fruit preparations (no juice)[059]

Fruit and vegetable juices, unfermented, no spirit[061]

Sugar, molasses and honey[062]

Sugar confectionery[071]

Coffee and coffee substitutes

[072]

Cocoa

[073]

Chocolate, food preparations with cocoa, n.e.s.

[074]

Tea and mate[075]

Spices[081]

Feeding stuff for animals (no unmilled cereals)

[091]

57
Margarine and shortening[098]

Edible products and preparations, n.e.s.

[22]

Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits

[059][061][062]

Fruit and vegetable juices, unfermented, no spirit
Sugar,OF
molassesand honey
THE STATECOMMODITY
DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles
Sugar confectionery[071]

Coffee and coffee substitutes

[072]

Cocoa

[073]

Chocolate, food preparations with cocoa, n.e.s.

[074]

Tea and mate

Commodity codes

Commodity title[0+ 1 + 2 [less 27 + 28] + 4][075]

Agricultural
products
Spices[0+ 22 + 4]
[081]

Food,
basic
Feeding
stuff for animals (no unmilled cereals)

[0]
[091]

Food
and live
Margarine
andanimals
shortening

[001]
[098]

Live
animalsotheranimals ofn.e.s.
division 03
Edibleproducts
andthanpreparations,

[011]
[22]

Meat
of bovine
animals, fresh,
Oil seeds
and oleaginous
fruitschilled or frozen

[012]
[222]

Other meat and edible meat offal

[016]
[223]
[017]
[4]

Meat, edible
meat offal,
prepared,Animaland vegetableoils,
fats andpreserved,
waxes n.e.s.

[022]
[411]

Milk,
cream
and fats
milk products (excluding butter, cheese)
Animaloils and

[023]
[421]

Butter and other fats and oils derived from milk

[024]
[422]

Cheese and curd

[025]
[431]

Birds’and eggs’oilsyolks;
Animaleggs
or vegetable
andeggfats,albumin
processed, mixtures, n.e.s.

[034]
[1]

Fish,
fresh and(live tobacco
or dead), chilled or frozen
Beverages

[035]
[111]

Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s.

[036]
[112]

Crustaceans,molluscs and aquatic invertebrates
Alcoholicbeverages

[037]
[121]

Fish,
aquatic
invertebrates, tobacco
preparedrefuse
or preserved, n.e.s.
Tobacco,unmanufactured;

[041]
[122]

Wheat (including
spelt) and meslin, unmilled
Tobacco,manufactured[042][2 less 22, 27 and 28]

Rice
Agricultural raw materials

[043]
[211]

Barley,unmilled
Hides andskins (except furskins), raw

[044]
[212]

Maize
(notraw,
includingsweetcorn),
Furskins,
other thanhides
andunmilledskins of group 211

[045]
[231]

Cereals,
unmilled
wheat,
rice, barley,maize)Natural rubberand(excluding
similar gums,
in primary
forms

[046]
[232]

Synthetic rubber

[047]
[245]

Fuel wood (excluding wood waste) and wood charcoal

[048]
[246]

Wood in chips or particles and wood waste

[054]
[247]

Vegetables
Wood in the rough or roughly squared

[056]
[248]

Vegetables,
tubers,preserved,
n.e.s.
Wood
simplyroots,
worked,and prepared,
railway sleepers
of wood

[057]
[251]

Fruitsandwastenuts (excluding
oil nuts), fresh or dried
Pulp and
paper

[058]
[261]

Fruit,
Silk preserved, and fruit preparations (no juice)

[059]
[263]

Fruit
and vegetable juices, unfermented, no spirit
Cotton

[061]
[264]

Sugar, molasses and honey

[062]
[265]

Sugar confectionery

[071]
[266]

Coffee and coffee substitutes

[072]
[267]

Cocoa

[073]
[268]

Chocolate,foodanimal
preparations
with cocoa,
Wool and otherhair (including
wooln.e.s.
tops)

[074]
[269]

Tea andmate and other worn textile articles
Wornclothing

[075]
[291]

Spices
Crude animal materials, n.e.s.

[081]
[292]

Feeding
stuff for materials,
animals (nounmilled cereals)
Crude vegetablen.e.s.

[091]
[3]

58
Margarine
and lubricants
shortening
Mineral fuels,
and related materials

[098]
[321]

Edibleproductsorand
Coal, whether
not preparations,pulverized, notn.e.s.
agglomerated[22]

Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits

[261]
[263]
[264]

Silk
CottonOF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
THE STATE
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

[265]
[266]
[267]

Commodity codes

Commodity title[0 + 1 + 2 [less 27 + 28] + 4]
[269]

AgriculturalWornclothingproducts
and other worn textile articles[0+ 22 + 4]
[291]

Food,
Crude basic
animal materials, n.e.s.

[0]
[292]

Food
live animals
Crudeandvegetablematerials, n.e.s.

[001]
[3]

Live
animals
than animals
of division
03
Mineralfuels,otherlubricantsand relatedmaterials

[011]
[321]

Meat
of bovineoranimals,
fresh, chilled
or frozen
Coal, whether
not pulverized,
not agglomerated

[012]
[322]

Other meat lignites
and edible
Briquettes,
andmeatpeat offal

[016]
[325]

Coke and semi-cokes of coal, lignite, peat; retort carbon

[017]
[333]

Meat, edibleoils,
meatpreserved,
n.e.s.
Petroleumoilsoffal,
fromprepared,
bituminous
materials,
crude

[022]
[334]

Milk,
creamoils
andormilk
productsminerals(excluding
butter,cheese)Petroleum
bituminous> 70
per cent
oil

[023]
[335]

Butter andpetroleum
other fatsproducts,
and oils derived
from milk
Residual
n.e.s., relatedmaterials

[024]
[342]

Cheese and curd

[025]
[343]

Birds’ eggs and eggs’ yolks; egg albumin

[034]
[344]

Fish,
fresh gases,(live or otherdead),gaseous
chilled orfrozenPetroleumhydrocarbons,n.e.s.

[035]
[351]

Electric current[036]+ 28 + 68 + 667 + 971]
[27

Crustaceans,aquatic
Ores,
metals,molluscs
precious andstonesand invertebrates
non-monetary gold

[037]
[272]

Fish,
invertebrates,
preparedor preserved,
Crudeaquatic
fertilizers(excluding thoseof division56) n.e.s.

[041]
[273]

Wheat sand(including
spelt) and meslin, unmilled
Stone,and gravel

[042]
[274]

Rice
Sulphur and unroasted iron pyrites

[043]
[277]

Barley, unmilled
Naturalabrasives, n.e.s. (including industrial diamonds)

[044]
[278]

Maize
(not including
Other crude
mineralssweet corn), unmilled

[045]
[281]

Cereals,
unmilled(excluding wheat, rice, barley, maize)
Iron ore andconcentrates

[046]
[282]

Ferrous waste, scrape; remelting ingots, iron, steel

[047]
[283]

Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cement copper

[048]
[284]

Nickel ores and concentrates; nickel mattes, etc.

[054]
[285]

Vegetables
Aluminium ores and concentrates (including alumina)

[056]
[286]

Vegetables,roots, tubers,
prepared,orpreserved,
Ores
and concentrates
of uranium
thorium n.e.s.

[057]
[287]

Fruitsandconcentrates
nuts (excluding
oil nuts),
fresh
or dried
Ores andof basemetals,n.e.s.

[058]
[288]

Fruit, preserved,
fruitwaste
preparations(non.e.s.
juice)
Non-ferrous
baseandmetal
and scrap,

[059]
[289]

Fruit
juices,unfermented,
nowaste,spirit scrap
Ores andand vegetableconcentrates
of precious
metals;

[061]
[667]

Sugar,and semi-precious
honey
Pearls,molasses
precious andstones

[062]
[681]

Sugar
confectionery
Silver, platinum,
other metals of the platinum group

[071]
[682]

CoffeeCopperand coffee substitutes

[072]
[683]

Cocoa
Nickel

[073]
[684]

Chocolate,
Aluminium food preparations with cocoa, n.e.s.

[074]
[685]

Tea and mate
Lead

[075]
[686]

Spices
Zinc

[081]
[687]
[091]
[689]
[098]
[971]
[22]

Feeding stuff for animals (no unmilled cereals)
Tin
59
Margarine and shortening
Miscellaneous non-ferrous base metals employed in metallurgy
Ediblenon-monetaryproducts and (excl.
preparations,Gold,
gold oresn.e.s.
and concentrates)[268]

Wool and other animal hair (including wool tops)

Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits

[288]

Non-ferrous base metal waste and scrap, n.e.s.

[289]

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Ores and concentrates
of precious
metals;waste,profiles
scrap
Chapter 2: Classifications,explanatory
notes, andstatistical[667]

Pearls, precious and semi-precious stones[681]

Silver, platinum, other metals of the platinum group[682]

Copper[683]

NickelCommodity
codes
[684]

Commodity
Aluminium title[0+ 1 + 2 [less 27 + 28] + 4]
[685]

Agricultural
products
Lead[0 + 22 + 4]
[686]

Food, basic
Zinc

[0]
[687]

Food and live animals
Tin

[001]
[689]

Live animals otherthan animals
division
03
Miscellaneous
non-ferrous
base ofmetalsemployedin metallurgy

[011]
[971]

Meat non-monetaryof bovine animals,
or concentrates)
frozenGold,(excl.fresh,gold chilledores and[012]

Other meat and edible meat offal[016]
All other products are considered non-commodities and include the following:
[017]
Meat,
edible meat offal, prepared, preserved, n.e.s.
[5] Chemicals and related products,
n.e.s.
[022]
milk products (excluding butter, cheese)[61 + 62 + 63 + 64 + 66 (less 667)Milk,+ 67cream+ 69]and
Manufactures[023]
Butter and other fats and oils derived from milk
[7] Machinery and transport equipment[024][65 + 84] Apparel and textiles

Cheese and curd[025]
[8 (less 84)] Other manufactures Birds’ eggs and eggs’ yolks; egg albumin

Abbreviation: n.e.s., not elsewhereFish,
specified.
[034]
fresh (live or dead), chilled or frozen
Note: Headings are as summarized in the UNCTADstat database
[035]
[036]

Crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic invertebrates[037]

Fish, aquatic invertebrates, prepared or preserved, n.e.s.

[041]

Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled

[042]

Rice

[043]

Barley, unmilled[044]

Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled[045]

Cereals, unmilled (excluding wheat, rice, barley, maize)

[046]
[047]
[048]
[054]

Vegetables[056]

Vegetables, roots, tubers, prepared, preserved, n.e.s.

[057]

Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[058]

Fruit, preserved, and fruit preparations (no juice)[059]

Fruit and vegetable juices, unfermented, no spirit[061]

Sugar, molasses and honey[062]

Sugar confectionery[071]

Coffee and coffee substitutes

[072]

Cocoa

[073]

Chocolate, food preparations with cocoa, n.e.s.

[074]

Tea and mate[075]

Spices[081]

60
Feeding stuff for animals(no unmilled cereals)[091]

Margarine and shortening[098]

Edible products and preparations, n.e.s.

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

List of member States Statistical Profiles
AFGHANISTAN

64

CHILE

98

ALBANIA

65

CHINA

99

ALGERIA66

COLOMBIA

100

ANDORRA67

COMOROS101

ANGOLA

68

CONGO

102

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA

69

COSTA RICA

103

ARGENTINA

70CÔTE D’IVOIRE

104

ARMENIA71

CROATIA105

AUSTRALIA

72

CUBA

106

AUSTRIA73

CYPRUS107

AZERBAIJAN74

CZECHIA108

BAHAMAS75

BAHRAIN

76

DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S
REPUBLIC OF KOREA

109

BANGLADESH

77

BARBADOS78

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
OF THE CONGO110

BELARUS79

DENMARK111

BELGIUM80

DJIBOUTI112

BELIZE81

DOMINICA

113

BENIN

82

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

114

BHUTAN83

ECUADOR115

BOLIVIA (PLURINATIONAL STATE OF)

84

EGYPT

116

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

85

EL SALVADOR

117

BOTSWANA86

EQUATORIAL GUINEA118

BRAZIL87

ERITREA

119

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

88

ESTONIA120

BULGARIA

89

ESWATINI

121

BURKINA FASO

90

ETHIOPIA122

BURUNDI

91

FIJI

123

CABO VERDE92

FINLAND

124

CAMBODIA93

FRANCE125

CAMEROON

94

GABON

126

CANADA95

GAMBIA127

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

96

GEORGIA

128

CHAD

97

GERMANY

129

GHANA

130

61

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

List of member States Statistical Profiles
GREECE131

LUXEMBOURG

164

GRENADA132

MADAGASCAR165

GUATEMALA133

MALAWI

166

GUINEA

134

MALAYSIA

167

GUINEA-BISSAU135

MALDIVES168

GUYANA

136

MALI

169

HAITI

137

MALTA

170

HONDURAS138

MARSHALL ISLANDS171

HUNGARY

139

MAURITANIA172

ICELAND140

MAURITIUS

173

INDIA

141

MEXICO174

INDONESIA142

MICRONESIA (FEDERATED STATES OF)

175

IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)

143

MONACO

176

IRAQ

144

MONGOLIA177

IRELAND

145

MONTENEGRO178

ISRAEL146

MOROCCO

179

ITALY

147

MOZAMBIQUE180

JAMAICA148

MYANMAR

181

JAPAN

149

NAMIBIA

182

JORDAN

150

NAURU

183

KAZAKHSTAN

151

NEPAL

184

KENYA

152

NETHERLANDS (KINGDOM OF)

185

KIRIBATI153

NEW ZEALAND

186

KUWAIT

154

NICARAGUA187

KYRGYZSTAN

155

NIGER

188

NIGERIA189

NORTH MACEDONIA

190

NORWAY

191

OMAN

192

PAKISTAN

193

PALAU

194

PANAMA195

PAPUA NEW GUINEA196

PARAGUAY197

LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC

156

LATVIA

157

LEBANON

158

LESOTHO

159

LIBERIA

160

LIBYA

161

LIECHTENSTEIN

162

LITHUANIA

163

62

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2023
Chapter 2: Classifications, explanatory notes, and statistical profiles

List of member States Statistical Profiles
PERU

198

SWITZERLAND

231

PHILIPPINES199

SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC

232

POLAND200

TAJIKISTAN233

PORTUGAL201

THAILAND

234

QATAR

202

TIMOR-LESTE

235

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

203

TOGO

236

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

204

TONGA

237

ROMANIA

205

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO238

RUSSIAN FEDERATION206

TUNISIA239

RWANDA207

TURKMENISTAN240

SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS

208

TÜRKIYE

241

SAINT LUCIA209

TUVALU

242

SAINT VINCENT AND
THE GRENADINES210

UGANDA

243

SAMOA

211

UKRAINE

244

SAN MARINO

212

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

245

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

213

SAUDI ARABIAUNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN
AND NORTHERN IRELAND

246

214

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

247

SENEGAL

215

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

248

SERBIA216

URUGUAY

249

SEYCHELLES217UZBEKISTAN250

SIERRA LEONE218

VANUATU

251

SINGAPORE

219

VENEZUELA (BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF) 252

SLOVAKIA

220

VIET NAM

253

SLOVENIA

221

YEMEN

254

SOLOMON ISLANDS222

ZAMBIA255

SOMALIA223

ZIMBABWE

256

SOUTH AFRICA

224

SOUTH SUDAN225

HOLY SEE

257

SPAIN

226

STATE OF PALESTINE

258

SRI LANKA

227

SUDAN

228

SURINAME

229

SWEDEN

230

63

AFGHANISTANMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

504.8

899.4

16.2

0.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.28170.3911

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

367.5

867.4

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

86.9

96.7

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

1.9

4.6

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.6

0.7

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

86.9

96.7

Agricultural products

56.4

65.0

Energy10.2

5.4

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

20.3

26.3

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

41.6

63.5

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

20.8

33.2

[263] Cotton[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

10.8

21.4

[321] Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated[054] Vegetables

10.0

8.9

80.7

86.0
32.7

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Pakistan

India

45.6

India

Pakistan

21.7

30.1

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

13.4

23.2

3,141.3

3,121.9

14.3

2.0

1,885.1

1,889.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

26.1

30.6

1,048.5

909.9

14.5

14.7

62.3

46.7

30.7

15.9

Pakistan

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Russian Federation

Pakistan

15.9

15.8

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Kazakhstan

15.6

15.0

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

5.3

1.8

30/11/59

26/14/60

577.0

526.9

31,001.5

38,385.8

0.448 (174)0.478 (180)

41.8

38.2

50/16/34

43/19/39

70/20/10

65/25/10

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

47.8 (2001)

29.8 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

64

ALBANIAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

2,243.4

2,855.1

9.9

9.7

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.28050.2231

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

905.5

773.8

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

44.8

30.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

7.1

4.9

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3.1

1.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

44.7

30.1

Agricultural products

7.1

12.8

Energy26.6

9.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

11.0

7.6

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

30.2

12.2

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

23.7

5.3

[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

[03] Fishery products

4.9

3.7

[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen[054] Vegetables

1.7

3.2

87.1

81.6

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

70.4

66.7

China

China

13.4

8.8

SerbiaSerbia3.3

6.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)

1,632.9

1,560.7

Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

15.1

16.7

Food imports (millions of dollars)

610.7

755.0

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

14.4

14.5

745.5

563.7

17.6

10.8

73.3

71.0

European Union (27)European Union (27)

59.9

55.3

SerbiaSerbia8.6

9.8

Russian Federation

Türkiye

4.8

6.0

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

1.7

2.3

22/26/52

21/24/55

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

3,800.2

4,508.4

Population (thousands)

2,889.8

2,869.80.754 (74)0.796 (67)

Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

45.7

51.7

44/17/39

36/20/43

53/11/36

42/16/42

1 (1996)– (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

27.0 (1996)

30.8 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

4.9 (2001)

3.9 (2020)

65

ALGERIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

66,083.9

32,107.0––

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.52170.4705

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

65,268.5

30,158.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

98.8

93.9

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

31.0

18.7

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

27.3

15.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

98.7

94.0

Agricultural products

0.5

1.0

Energy98.0

92.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

0.2

0.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

88.8

80.3

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

43.0

34.2

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

30.8

32.8

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

15.0

13.3

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

71.7

77.5

European Union (27)European Union (27)

52.9

60.2

United States of America

United States of America

10.7

8.8

United Kingdom

Türkiye

8.1

8.5

16,402.7

9,697.7––

10,301.6

6,778.7

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

18.9

18.1

3,999.1

932.7

7.3

2.5

64.6

59.9

European Union (27)European Union (27)

46.2

37.0

Argentina

Argentina

10.9

12.2

BrazilSouth Africa

7.5

10.6

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

3.3

0.6

10/46/44

13/38/49

4,070.9

3,998.9

Population (thousands)

37,631.7

43,074.4

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.721 (94)0.745 (91)

37.8

35.8

11/31/59

10/30/60

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

3/24/73

3/23/73

6 (1988)

1 (2011)

Gini index, first and last year available

40.2 (1988)

27.6 (2011)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

8.0 (2001)– (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

66

ANDORRA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

100.0

130.1

0.7

9.7

0.18530.1995

8.2

10.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

8.2

8.8

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

0.3

0.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

8.2

8.7

Agricultural products

2.5

1.8

Energy0.1–

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

5.6

6.9

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

5.2

6.3

[282] Ferrous waste, scrape; remelting ingots, iron, steel[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

2.0

4.3

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[282] Ferrous waste, scrape; remelting ingots, iron, steel

1.8

1.3

[24+25] Forestry products[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones

1.4

0.7

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

99.7

98.4

European Union (27)European Union (27)

92.2

77.6

Switzerland

United Arab Emirates

6.5

16.3

TürkiyeMexico

1.0

4.5

567.8

529.4

0.2

0.5

220.9

250.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

14.9

15.6

194.9

137.2

13.1

8.5

96.6

99.6

European Union (27)European Union (27)

93.5

98.3

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

1.7

1.1

Mauritania

United States of America

1.4

0.2

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

-1.3

-1.0

Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/12/87

1/13/1987

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

38,376.3

35,713.1

Population (thousands)

71.2

77.0

0.848 (32)0.858 (40)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)..

..

Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)

..

..

..

..

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)67

ANGOLA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

65,749.3

29,828.4––

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.94550.8723

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

65,749.3

29,315.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

100.0

98.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

48.1

38.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

30.3

26.4

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

100.0

98.2

Agricultural products

0.1

0.4

Energy98.1

94.1

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.8

3.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

99.9

96.0

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

96.7

87.8

[277] Natural abrasives, n.e.s. (incl. industri. diamonds)[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

1.8

4.4

[335] Residual petroleum products, n.e.s., related mater.

[277] Natural abrasives, n.e.s. (incl. industri. diamonds)

1.4

3.7

75.3

83.9

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

50.2

62.6

European Union (27)European Union (27)

15.3

11.4

India

India

9.8

10.0

6,628.9

3,900.1

2.8

0.5

3,873.5

2,433.6

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

15.1

20.6

1,459.3

1,119.4

5.7

9.5

52.8

47.2

European Union (27)European Union (27)

31.4

27.9

BrazilBrazil11.2

10.1

Singapore

Togo

10.2

9.2

4.9

-1.6
8/49/42KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

7/51/42

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

4,198.9

3,207.7

Population (thousands)

25,669.6

32,888.4

0.510 (151)

0.586 (148)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

71.6

70.4

51/8/41

51/7/42

58/1/41

57/1/42

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

21 (2000)31 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

52.0 (2000)

51.3 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

67.5 (2001)

20.8 (2020)

68

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE

2012–20142019–2021

Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)

76.9

26.1

Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

1.8

3.9

0.4642

0.5284

30.6

12.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

40.5

50.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

2.5

0.8

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020--

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

40.6

50.0

Agricultural products

8.7

4.8

Energy30.8

41.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.1

4.0

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

33.9

45.5

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

30.6

41.0

[042] Rice[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

2.0

3.4

[044] Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled[044] Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled

1.3

1.2

72.4

76.9

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Ghana

Suriname

52.3

60.4

Suriname

Dominican Republic

13.4

9.5

Nigeria

United Arab Emirates

6.7

7.0

Commodity imports (millions of dollars)

169.9

232.7

Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

19.9

4.1

Food imports (millions of dollars)

43.3

72.5

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

10.2

12.6

100.5

115.3

23.7

20.1

54.8

71.4

United States of America

United States of America

23.2

57.9

Trinidad and Tobago

European Union (27)

21.2

6.8

China

China

10.4

6.6

1.7

-0.2

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2/17/80

2/24/74

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

14,225.4

15,350.1

88.1

92.4

Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.790 (52)0.788 (71)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)..

..

Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)..

..

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)..

..

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

..

..

69

ARGENTINAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

74,783.2

65,977.4

2.7

23.2

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.16970.2561

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

49,312.6

41,576.8

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

67.8

82.1

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

8.4

9.5

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3.1

2.0

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

67.8

82.1

Agricultural products

56.1

75.5

Energy5.4

3.9

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

6.3

2.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

29.5

40.3

[081] Feeding stuff for animals (no unmilled cereals)[081] Feeding stuff for animals (no unmilled cereals)

16.4

17.8

[421] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fractio.

[044] Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled

6.5

13.4

[044] Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled[421] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fractio.

6.5

9.1

34.4

34.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)

China

15.5

13.3

China

European Union (27)

9.7

12.7

BrazilBrazil9.2

8.1

14,874.0

10,366.4

1.0

1.1

1,495.6

3,733.6

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

2.2

7.3

10,543.7

4,186.1

15.3

8.2

44.5

51.6

United States of America

Paraguay

15.2

20.8

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)Brazil15.0

18.3

BrazilUnited States of America

14.4

12.6

1.0

-1.6

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

7/29/64

7/27/65

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

14,946.4

13,270.0

Population (thousands)

42,170.2

44,884.9

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.834 (37)0.842 (47)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

55.6

52.6

1/24/75–/22/78–/9/91–/9/91– (1980)

1 (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

40.8 (1980)

42.3 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

3.0 (2001)

3.7 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

70

ARMENIAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

1,462.0

2,638.5

0.3

0.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.20930.3050Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,113.6

2,007.8

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

76.4

76.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

10.0

15.0

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.0

1.9

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

76.5

76.1

Agricultural products

26.9

25.8

Energy4.1

1.6

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

45.5

48.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

34.7

47.4

[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen

15.4

30.0

[112] Alcoholic beverages[112] Alcoholic beverages

12.7

9.0

[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones[122] Tobacco, manufactured

6.6

8.3

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

59.5

56.3

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

25.8

22.8

European Union (27)

China

25.4

22.6

China

European Union (27)

8.2

11.0

2,090.8

2,034.7

1.6

0.2

661.3

683.6

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

15.9

13.8

885.1

797.7

21.3

16.2

66.3

73.0

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

43.0

54.3

European Union (27)European Union (27)

17.3

9.7

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

5.9

9.0

4.4

3.2

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

20/29/51

13/28/58

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

3,404.8

4,434.7

Population (thousands)

2,907.9

2,813.3

0.746 (76)0.759 (85)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

48.1

41.9

36/17/47

24/25/51

43/7/50

27/11/62

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

12 (1999)– (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

36.2 (1999)

25.2 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

26.1 (2001)

3.5 (2020)

71

AUSTRALIAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

249,614.2

284,486.4

3.5

11.3

0.26780.3386211,307.7

224,605.1

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

87.7

89.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

13.8

14.9

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

5.1

5.7

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

87.7

89.1

Agricultural products

16.0

14.6

Energy28.0

23.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

43.7

50.8

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

47.6

57.5

[281] Iron ore and concentrates[281] Iron ore and concentrates

25.5

34.7

[321] Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated[321] Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated

16.0

16.0

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

6.1

6.8

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

69.7

69.5

China

China

43.2

49.1

Japan

Japan

17.4

12.2

Republic of Korea

Republic of Korea

9.1

8.3

63,462.6

51,373.8

2.4

2.0

10,761.4

13,442.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

4.7

5.9

39,744.7

23,983.7

17.2

10.6

33.2

30.8
11.6

Singapore

Singapore

15.9

Malaysia

European Union (27)

9.3

9.9

New Zealand

Malaysia

7.9

9.3

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

2.7

1.9

Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2/27/71

2/27/71

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

51,366.9

53,496.1

Population (thousands)

22,918.8

25,503.4

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.923 (4)0.951 (5)

61.3

61.9

3/20/77

3/19/78

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available72

2/8/902/7/911 (1981)

1 (2018)

31.3 (1981)

34.3 (2018)– (2001)– (2020)

AUSTRIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

164,935.8

178,441.5

3.4

4.6

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.0597

0.0663

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

25,843.4

28,235.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

16.2

16.6

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

6.0

6.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.2

0.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

16.2

16.6

Agricultural products

9.1

10.2

Energy3.0

2.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold
Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

4.1

4.2

107.3

93.2

4.3

4.4

[684] Aluminium[111] Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s.

1.5

1.8

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[24+25] Forestry products

1.4

1.6

[24+25] Forestry products[684] Aluminium

1.4

1.1

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

88.5

88.7

European Union (27)European Union (27)

79.4

78.8

Switzerland

United States of America

6.0

5.3

United States of America

Switzerland

3.2

4.6

46,925.3

40,285.0

0.3

2.3

11,852.1

13,161.5

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

6.9

7.2

19,708.2

11,544.2

11.5

6.3

80.0

84.3

European Union 27

European Union 27

68.0

74.3

Switzerland

Switzerland

7.4

6.4

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

4.7

3.7

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

0.9

0.6

Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/29/70

1/28/70

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

44,348.6

45,041.6

Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

73

8,455.6

8,891.4

0.902 (18)0.916 (25)

57.6

57.7

5/26/69

4/25/71

4/13/83

3/12/85– (1987)

1 (2019)23.0 (1987)

30.2 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)

AZERBAIJAN
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

30,891.6

18,524.8

0.4

0.2

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.8616

0.7137

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

30,103.9

17,712.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

97.9

95.8

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

41.2

36.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

27.0

24.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

97.8

95.8

Agricultural products

3.4

5.5

Energy93.4

88.0

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.0

2.3

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

92.9

87.3

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

87.3

71.2

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

4.5

13.8

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

1.2

2.2

70.7

75.9

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

58.0

63.0

Indonesia

Türkiye

7.9

8.9

ThailandRussian Federation

4.8

4.0

2,445.3

3,534.7

0.5

1.8

1,091.8

1,802.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

11.1

15.3

174.5

480.4

1.8

4.1

56.3

48.1

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

27.0

29.2

United Kingdom

Switzerland

16.8

11.3

European Union (27)European Union (27)

12.5

7.7

2.5

0.2
6/52/42KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

6/61/34

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

5,265.1

5,132.4

Population (thousands)

9,550.1

10,254.0

0.727 (87)0.745 (91)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

61.4

60.5

37/14/49

36/15/49

43/6/51

42/6/52

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

12 (1995)– (2005)

Gini index, first and last year available

34.7 (1995)

26.6 (2005)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

17.0 (2001)– (2020)

74

BAHAMAS
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE

2012–20142019–2021

924.3

551.1

4.1

–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.53840.4007

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

383.0

236.8

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

43.2

43.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

3.6

2.1

Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

43.2

43.0

Agricultural products

3.5

9.1

Energy37.4

28.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

2.3

5.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

37.2

35.6

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

28.4

24.4

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[03] Fishery products

5.5

7.2

[335] Residual petroleum products, n.e.s., related mater.

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

3.2

3.9

55.3

71.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

23.0

41.2

Singapore

Dominican Republic

16.8

20.5

Dominican Republic

Angola15.5

9.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)

1,587.4

1,271.7

Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

11.7

–

Food imports (millions of dollars)

190.4

354.4

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

6.2

12.2

1,329.9

774.8

43.6

26.6

73.5

88.4

United States of America

United States of America

47.7

77.5

India

European Union (27)

15.9

6.0

Colombia

Brazil

9.9

4.8

0.6

-1.4

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/14/85

1/14/86

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

30,271.1

28,141.5

383.8

405.4

0.812 (47)0.812 (55)

Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

62.6

60.8

3/16/82

2/14/83–/3/96–/3/97

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

..

..

75

BAHRAINMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

19,978.1

18,184.9

0.6

0.4

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.35990.3262

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

14,072.5

13,101.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

70.8

72.4

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

43.7

35.5

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

23.8

11.0

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

70.8

72.3

Agricultural products

4.5

4.7

Energy42.6

34.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

23.7

33.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

56.8

58.2

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

34.1

28.6

[684] Aluminium[684] Aluminium

17.0

20.6

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[281] Iron ore and concentrates

5.7

9.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

29.9

43.6

European Union (27)

United Arab Emirates

10.6

24.7

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia

10.0

10.5

United Arab Emirates

European Union (27)

9.2

8.4

4,612.0

5,690.6

3.4

3.4

1,023.2

1,198.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

9.6

9.3

2,630.8

2,710.7

24.7

21.0

71.7

70.3

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia

60.1

51.0

United Arab Emirates

Brazil

6.5

11.4

BrazilUnited Arab Emirates

5.1

7.9

Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

3.9

1.3

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020–/48/52–/43/57

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

22,868.5

22,925.0

Population (thousands)

1,244.6

1,483.1

0.808 (48)0.875 (35)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

70.5

69.7

1/35/64

1/35/64–/9/91–/9/91

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

..

..

76

BANGLADESH
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

27,909.9

38,277.9

0.3

0.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.4051

0.3985

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,551.8

1,880.2

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

5.6

4.9

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

1.0

0.6

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.3

0.4

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

5.5

5.0

Agricultural products

4.6

4.4

Energy0.5

0.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

0.4

0.4

107.3

93.2

3.3

2.5

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products

2.1

1.5

[264] Jute, other textile bast fibre, n.e.s., not spun; tow[264] Jute, other textile bast fibre, n.e.s., not spun; tow

0.7

0.8

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[054] Vegetables

0.5

0.3

49.0

51.5

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)

India

23.4

26.2

India

European Union (27)

14.6

18.6

China

China

11.0

6.7

13,016.0

22,817.7

1.2–

5,891.4

11,403.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

16.0

17.8

3,379.8

3,772.7

9.2

5.9

34.8

33.5

India

India

15.4

15.7

Malaysia

Indonesia

10.2

9.2

Singapore

Brazil

9.2

8.6

6.3

7.0

16/27/56

13/31/56

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,118.2

1,641.0

Population (thousands)

153,062.5

166,482.5

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.553 (141)0.661 (129)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

54.2

54.5

45/19/36

38/21/40

65/14/21

58/18/25

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

37 (1983)

14 (2016)

Gini index, first and last year available

25.9 (1983)

32.4 (2016)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

15.9 (2001)

11.4 (2020)

77

BARBADOSMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE

2012–20142019–2021

504.9

379.8

1.8

2.0

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.16750.1882

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

235.8

140.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

47.5

37.6

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

5.1

2.9

Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.5

0.3

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

47.6

37.6

Agricultural products

26.8

30.6

Energy17.9

4.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

2.9

2.8

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

28.2

23.9

[112] Alcoholic beverages[112] Alcoholic beverages

10.8

17.4

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[091] Margarine and shortening

9.1

3.3

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[048] Cereal preparations, flour of fruits or vegetables

8.3

3.2

54.0

46.9

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Trinidad and Tobago

United States of America

27.2

22.2

United States of America

European Union (27)

17.9

13.6

Nigeria

Jamaica

8.9

11.1

1,000.6

697.3

1.8

2.9

282.1

278.0

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

16.3

18.1

539.8

348.2

31.3

22.6

71.5

68.0

Trinidad and Tobago

United States of America

34.8

38.3

Nigeria

Trinidad and Tobago

22.1

19.3

United States of America

European Union (27)

14.5

10.4

Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

-0.2

-3.2

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2/16/83

2/14/84

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

16,714.0

15,085.6

276.5

280.4

0.788 (56)0.790 (70)

Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

57.9

54.6

3/19/78

3/19/78

2/9/892/9/89Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

6.4 (2001)

3.4 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

78

BELARUS
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

39,781.2

34,007.9

2.0

0.7

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.23750.1185

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

18,144.2

13,549.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

46.5

40.1

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

24.7

21.2

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.5

1.8

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

46.5

40.2

Agricultural products

14.6

24.8

Energy30.8

13.9

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.1

1.5

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

31.6

17.3

26.7

10.1

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[022] Milk, cream and milk products (excluding butter, cheese)[024] Cheese and curd

3.0

3.8

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[022] Milk, cream and milk products (excluding butter, chees

2.0

3.5

87.5

83.6

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)

Russian Federation

34.6

42.8

Russian Federation

European Union (27)

30.0

20.5

UkraineUkraine

22.8

20.3

20,402.9

12,222.9

1.0

3.7

3,495.0

4,282.7

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

8.2

11.7

14,493.9

5,064.6

33.8

13.8

93.5

85.7

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

80.8

68.5

European Union (27)European Union (27)

8.5

11.4

UkraineUkraine

4.3

5.9

1.3

1.2
8/36/56

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

8/41/51

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

5,968.3

6,144.9

Population (thousands)

9,692.8

9,651.5

0.790 (52)0.808 (60)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

59.6

61.1

10/32/58

11/30/59

7/21/72

8/19/74

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

22 (1998)– (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

32.0 (1998)

24.4 (2020)– (2001)– (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

79

BELGIUM
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

2012–20142019–2021

314,198.9

314,781.5

2.8

0.6

0.10060.1117110,361.4

87,768.8

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

36.1

28.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

21.3

16.0

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

36.1

28.1

Agricultural products

12.8

12.3

Energy12.9

7.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

10.4

8.3

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

18.1

9.4

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

9.1

4.6

[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones

6.3

3.3

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

2.7

1.6

78.4

76.4
64.5

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

63.1

India

United Kingdom

8.8

6.6

United Kingdom

India

6.5

5.3

135,256.7

97,933.6

1.1

0.2

29,567.7

28,202.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

9.2

8.8

63,380.9

35,971.2

19.7

11.3

75.2

75.6

European Union (27)European Union (27)

63.8

67.0

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

6.0

4.7

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

5.4

3.8

1.2

0.7

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/22/77

1/21/78

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

40,304.1

41,797.4

Population (thousands)

11,067.0

11,534.4

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.912 (9)0.937 (13)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

80

49.1

51.0

1/22/77

1/21/78

1/9/91

1/8/91– (1985)– (2019)25.2 (1985)

27.2 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)

BELIZE
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE

2012–20142019–2021

608.3

379.3

5.7

5.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.24300.2630Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

454.8

314.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

79.3

87.6

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

28.5

18.1

Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3.7

0.9

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

79.3

87.6

Agricultural products

62.7

74.7

Energy15.7

6.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

0.9

6.6

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

41.9

53.5

[03] Fishery products[061] Sugar, molasses and honey

14.6

24.1

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

14.0

16.3

[061] Sugar, molasses and honey[03] Fishery products

13.3

13.1

69.6

68.1

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United States of America

United Kingdom

34.2

33.3

United Kingdom

United States of America

22.4

18.2

European Union (27)European Union (27)

13.0

16.6

Commodity imports (millions of dollars)

355.5

361.6

Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

10.7

6.5

Food imports (millions of dollars)

102.9

120.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

12.7

13.7

191.8

161.8

23.8

18.3

59.5

70.0

United States of America

United States of America

23.7

51.1

UkraineGuatemala

19.5

9.7

MexicoMexico

16.3

9.2

2.4

-1.7

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

15/19/66

12/15/74

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

4,737.1

4,187.3

Population (thousands)

340.9

391.9

0.707 (102)0.683 (123)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

57.6

57.3

18/16/66

17/16/68

4/8/87

5/9/86

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

14 (1993)

18 (1999)

Gini index, first and last year available

60.3 (1993)

53.3 (1999)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

5.8 (2001)

7.4 (2020)

81

BENINMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

1,994.8

3,164.1

0.4

0.2

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.31000.4137

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,690.4

2,908.1

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

85.1

92.1

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

15.8

18.9

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3.7

2.4

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

85.1

92.0
61.4

Agricultural products

43.4

Energy20.5

7.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

21.2

23.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

48.8

69.2

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[263] Cotton

17.3

36.6

[263] Cotton[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

16.0

21.9

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

15.5

10.7

52.0

66.9

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Sierra Leone

Bangladesh

24.5

25.8

China

United Arab Emirates

15.3

23.6

India

India

12.2

17.5

1,235.7

1,791.2

0.3

0.2

916.7

1,327.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

30.8

33.8

213.4

355.6

7.2

9.0

47.5

46.3

European Union (27)

India

18.8

22.1

India

European Union (27)

14.4

13.7

ThailandThailand

14.4

10.5

12.1

5.1

26/21/54

30/17/53

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

865.5

1,152.6

10,162.1

12,466.8

0.492 (160)

0.525 (166)

70.2

70.0

42/18/39

38/18/43

35/17/49

30/16/54

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

53 (2003)

20 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

38.6 (2003)

37.8 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

17.2 (2001)

7.4 (2020)

82

BHUTAN
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE

2012–20142019–2021

549.8

698.1

0.2

–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.3651

0.3428

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

200.4

305.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

36.5

43.7

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

11.0

12.1

Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3.7

2.4

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

36.5

43.7

Agricultural products

7.3

9.0

Energy16.2

15.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

13.0

19.0

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

23.8

27.8

[351] Electric current[351] Electric current

15.4

15.1

[682] Copper[682] Copper

5.1

6.8

[273] Stone, sand and gravel[278] Other crude minerals

3.2

5.9

98.3

98.8

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
India

India

80.4

79.4

Bangladesh

Bangladesh

15.8

16.6

Nepal

Nepal

2.1

2.7

374.3

387.9

1.2

0.2

114.5

138.0

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

12.3

13.4

175.8

155.7

18.8

15.1

95.4

96.1

India

India

91.6

92.8

Republic of Korea

Republic of Korea

2.9

2.1

ThailandThailand

0.9

1.3

5.1

3.0

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

15/45/40

17/40/44

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

2,466.7

3,137.1

Population (thousands)

725.0

770.0

0.581 (135)

0.666 (127)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

62.5

58.6

57/11/32

56/10/34

67/9/24

64/10/26

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

13 (2003)

1 (2017)

Gini index, first and last year available

40.9 (2003)

37.4 (2017)..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

83

BOLIVIA (Plurinational State of)
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

12,465.5

9,015.3

0.4

0.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.46870.3451

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

11,846.9

8,499.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

95.4

94.6

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

39.2

22.0

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

10.4

3.8

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

95.4

94.6

Agricultural products

16.1

18.9

Energy52.4

27.1

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

26.9

48.6

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

64.9

61.8

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

48.0

26.0

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

8.7

22.3

[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

8.2

13.5

66.4

43.4

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
BrazilBrazil34.2

15.8

Argentina

India

19.2

14.2

United States of America

Argentina

13.0

13.4

1,902.1

2,166.0

0.7

1.9

652.9

760.7

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

6.8

8.8

1,021.7

1,184.2

10.7

13.6

57.1

54.4

Argentina

Argentina

26.8

25.1

BrazilBrazil

15.2

14.8

Chile

Peru

15.1

14.5

5.6

1.2

12/36/52

14/30/57

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

2,768.1

3,046.0

Population (thousands)

10,656.6

11,854.9

0.662 (117)

0.692 (118)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

68.2

65.6

29/20/50

31/19/50

29/10/61

30/10/59

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

16 (1997)

3 (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

58.2 (1997)

43.6 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

27.9 (2001)

13.9 (2020)

84

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

5,580.0

7,115.0

0.8

0.7

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.10660.1044

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,961.7

1,882.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

35.4

26.6

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

10.9

9.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.8

0.9

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

35.4

26.7

Agricultural products

14.3

11.4

Energy9.3

8.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

11.8

7.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

14.4

13.1

[684] Aluminium[351] Electric current

5.9

5.8

[24+25] Forestry products[24+25] Forestry products

5.5

4.6

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[684] Aluminium

3.0

2.6

86.7

85.1

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

66.0

60.7

SerbiaSerbia15.5

19.2

Montenegro

Türkiye

5.2

5.3

4,112.9

3,663.5

0.7

0.7

1,541.7

1,587.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

14.9

14.1

1,782.7

1,213.9

17.2

10.8

90.9

87.8

European Union (27)European Union (27)

57.3

62.8

Russian Federation

Serbia17.9

22.4

SerbiaTürkiye

15.6

2.6

1.2

1.9
7/28/65

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

7/26/67

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

4,278.4

5,458.0

Population (thousands)

3,648.0

3,339.1

0.725 (89)0.780 (74)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

31.5

35.6

19/30/51

18/32/50

20/16/64

20/17/63– (2001)– (2011)

Gini index, first and last year available

30.0 (2001)

33.0 (2011)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

3.2 (2001)– (2020)85

BOTSWANA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

7,480.8

5,655.8

0.1

0.2

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.80460.8824

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

7,058.8

5,306.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

94.4

94.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

46.5

30.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.5

0.7

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

94.4

94.0
2.0

Agricultural products

2.2

Energy0.6

0.4

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

91.6

91.6

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

89.0

90.8

81.9

89.2

[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones[284] Nickel ores & concentrates; nickel mattes, etc.

[001] Live animals other than animals of division 03

5.3

0.8

[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

1.8

0.8

60.7

71.3

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United Kingdom

United Arab Emirates

34.2

28.6

European Union (27)European Union (27)

18.2

24.9

South Africa

India

8.2

17.8

4,986.7

4,025.6

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.4

0.3

622.7

740.8

7.7

10.4

1,764.4

912.8

21.7

12.8

83.4

75.8

South Africa

South Africa

57.0

51.0

Namibia

Namibia

15.5

12.7

United Kingdom

European Union (27)

10.9

12.1

Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

5.4

1.6
2/30/67

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3/35/63

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

6,219.2

6,301.5

Population (thousands)

2,196.5

2,522.90.660 (118)

0.693 (117)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

47.9

45.9

23/18/59

20/18/62

18/10/72

15/9/75

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

42 (1985)

15 (2015)

Gini index, first and last year available

54.2 (1985)

53.3 (2015)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

23.7 (2001)

21.9 (2020)

86

BRAZIL
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

2012–20142019–2021

231,139.0

237,040.5

2.1–

0.15210.1844

150,878.6

173,992.1

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

66.7

73.4

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

6.1

10.6

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3.6

3.8

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

66.7

73.5

Agricultural products

39.1

41.3

Energy9.6

13.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

18.0

19.0

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

29.9

36.8

[281] Iron ore and concentrates[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour)

13.2

13.3

[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour)[281] Iron ore and concentrates

9.4

13.1

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

7.3

10.5

54.5

61.1

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

27.4

41.0

European Union (27)European Union (27)

20.1

14.0

United States of America

United States of America

7.0

6.1

68,390.045,501.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)––

11,270.1

10,396.8

4.6

5.2

47,026.1

25,125.4

19.4

12.7

36.1

48.9

United States of America

United States of America

13.9

28.4

Nigeria

Argentina

13.6

10.4

European Union (27)European Union (27)

8.5

10.1

Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

1.4

0.3

Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

5/25/70

6/21/73

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

9,141.6

8,449.9

Population (thousands)

200,846.6

212,464.5

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.723 (92)0.754 (87)

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

58.0

51.5

11/23/66

9/20/71

6/12/82

4/11/85

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

24 (1981)

2 (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

57.9 (1981)

48.9 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

10.7 (2001)

4.1 (2020)

87

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

11,652.3

8,228.1

0.1–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.64950.4818

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

11,110.0

7,078.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

95.5

86.1

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

61.4

46.5

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

23.6

21.9

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

95.5

86.1

Agricultural products

0.2

0.2

Energy95.2

85.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

0.1

0.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

95.3

81.5

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

50.0

35.5

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

45.2

30.5

[282] Ferrous waste, scrape; remelting ingots, iron, steel[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

0.1

15.4

67.4

61.1

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Japan

Japan

43.2

29.0

Republic of Korea

Singapore

15.1

20.2

India

Australia

9.0

11.8

919.8

3,339.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

1.0

–

481.0

672.4

13.5

10.6

326.9

2,550.5

9.2

40.3

82.1

42.8

Malaysia

Malaysia

38.6

16.6

Singapore

Russian Federation

36.6

13.9

ThailandSaudi Arabia

6.9

12.3

-0.5

1.1

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/69/30

1/61/38

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

32,317.7

30,380.9

409.2

439.9

0.828 (40)0.829 (51)

Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

60.7

59.2

1/19/81

2/21/77–/11/89

1/9/90

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

20.0 (2001)

5.9 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

88

BULGARIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

28,532.0

35,470.4

2.6

3.4

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.12620.0838

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

13,754.3

13,565.2

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

49.5

39.6

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

24.7

18.6

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.2

0.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

49.4

39.6

Agricultural products

18.2

17.9

Energy14.8

6.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

16.4

14.9

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

25.2

16.1
8.5

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[682] Copper

12.4[682] Copper[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

10.0

4.7

[041] Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled[041] Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled

2.8

2.9

69.7

75.2

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

49.2

57.0

TürkiyeTürkiye

15.2

11.3

China

China

5.3

6.8

14,201.5

12,998.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

3.2

4.8

2,594.1

3,717.4

7.9

9.8

7,662.9

4,456.8

23.3

11.8

84.2

70.6

Russian Federation

European Union (27)

40.8

43.1

European Union (27)

Russian Federation

39.9

21.6

TürkiyeTürkiye

3.6

6.0

1.0

1.8
4/25/71

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

5/28/67

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

6,578.2

8,083.4

Population (thousands)

7,459.9

7,014.4

0.790 (52)0.795 (68)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

47.1

53.2

7/31/63

7/30/63

4/24/72

4/22/73

6 (2006)

1 (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

35.7 (2006)

40.3 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

4.0 (2001)

3.0 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

89

BURKINA FASOMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

2,458.3

4,231.9––

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.65530.7802

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2,362.3

4,113.1

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

96.1

97.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

17.7

23.7

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

11.1

8.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

96.2

97.2

Agricultural products

26.3

12.5

Energy3.2

0.6

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

66.7

84.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

86.4

89.0

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

64.9

79.7

[263] Cotton[263] Cotton

17.9

5.7

[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour)[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

3.6

3.6

72.5

86.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Switzerland

Switzerland

62.0

69.9

China

India

5.8

11.9

European Union (27)European Union (27)

4.7

4.2

1,456.7

1,783.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.5

0.6

462.3

498.2

12.1

11.4

845.4

1,112.2

22.2

25.5

55.0

53.3

Côte d'Ivoire

Côte d'Ivoire

23.8

23.4

European Union (27)European Union (27)

22.3

17.2

Niger

Niger

8.9

12.7

5.5

5.3

26/28/46

23/29/47

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

615.6

718.1

17,374.8

21,238.9

0.372 (183)0.449 (184)

63.9

61.9

35/29/37

26/25/49

26/30/44

21/25/53

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

82 (1994)

31 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

48.1 (1994)

47.3 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

22.6 (2001)

18.0 (2020)

90

BURUNDI
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE

2012–20142019–2021

123.1

166.2

0.2

0.4

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.59700.5197

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

113.5

157.5

92.4

95.1

Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)
Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

4.5

4.5

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

17.5

12.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

92.4

95.1

Agricultural products

30.9

36.1

Energy0.1

1.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

61.4

57.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

84.4

81.4

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

57.0

50.1

[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes

20.5

21.2

[074] Tea and mate[074] Tea and mate

7.0

10.1

83.2

69.3

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

62.1

49.0

European Union (27)European Union (27)

15.7

12.5

Pakistan

Uganda

5.4

7.8

251.3

304.7

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

1.1

0.6

113.2

124.8

14.7

13.3

109.4

139.2

14.2

14.9

43.3

50.6

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia

20.3

27.2

European Union (27)

United Arab Emirates

13.7

12.6

United Republic of Tanzania

United Republic of Tanzania

9.3

10.9

3.7

3.2

39/17/44

37/19/44

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

266.4

271.8

Population (thousands)

9,971.0

12,045.4

0.405 (180)0.426 (187)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

78.1

77.1

87/3/1086/3/1094/1/5

94/1/5

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

75 (1992)

65 (2013)

Gini index, first and last year available

33.3 (1992)

38.6 (2013)..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

91

CABO VERDEMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)
Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

68.7

56.5

0.4

2.0

0.42400.4679

43.7

43.1

63.9

78.0

2.4

2.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

17.7

12.9

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

63.9

78.0

Agricultural products

57.4

73.7

Energy3.5

0.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

3.0

3.5

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

59.8

73.6

55.3

70.0

[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[081] Feeding stuff for animals (no unmilled cereals)

2.4

1.8

[282] Ferrous waste, scrape; remelting ingots, iron, steel[282] Ferrous waste, scrape; remelting ingots, iron, steel

2.0

1.7

91.3

94.9
89.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

84.0

India

United States of America

3.7

3.3

El Salvador

India

3.6

2.6

359.5

360.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

2.2

2.0

185.8

185.9

25.3

24.6

142.0

143.2

19.4

19.0

86.1

90.1

77.5

82.2

BrazilBrazil5.5

4.8

United Kingdom

China

3.1

3.1

1.3

0.8

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

9/20/70

6/24/70

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

2,907.1

2,999.2

Population (thousands)

536.9

579.8

0.644 (122)0.662 (128)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

52.0

47.0

15/23/62

11/22/68

9/13/78

5/11/83

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

20 (2001)

5 (2015)

Gini index, first and last year available

52.5 (2001)

42.4 (2015)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

14.5 (2001)

17.7 (2020)

92CAMBODIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

7,116.7

16,634.4

0.3

0.2

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.31980.2389Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

946.7

3,672.1

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

13.3

22.1

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

6.1

13.9

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2.2

0.9

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

13.3

22.1

10.5

10.6

Agricultural products
Energy––Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

2.8

11.5

107.3

91.3

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[042] Rice[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

6.4

14.9

2.3

10.2

[231] Natural rubber & similar gums, in primary forms[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

2.1

2.4

[054] Vegetables[231] Natural rubber & similar gums, in primary forms

2.0

2.2

61.8

78.4

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Viet Nam

Singapore

31.0

31.7

Singapore

Viet Nam

17.5

29.7

European Union (27)Thailand

13.3

17.0

3,566.9

7,084.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
ThailandThailand

0.4

0.3

787.4

1,444.1

7.7

6.4

1,240.7

2,441.4

12.2

10.8

83.7

71.3

34.2

35.7

Singapore

Singapore

28.4

22.2

Viet Nam

Viet Nam

21.2

13.3

7.2

4.8

33/26/41

23/36/41

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,049.9

1,431.6

Population (thousands)

14,893.0

16,304.3

0.540 (146)

0.593 (146)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

80.7

79.8

50/20/30

35/28/38

51/20/29

37/26/37

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

23.6 (2001)

6.3 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

93

CAMEROON
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

4,651.8

3,779.7

0.3

0.2

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.39750.3456

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

4,229.1

3,486.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

91.2

92.4

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

13.2

8.5

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

7.9

5.7

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

91.3

92.5

Agricultural products

33.0

39.7

Energy52.3

46.1

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

6.0

6.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

62.7

60.7

39.4

31.9

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[072] Cocoa

12.3

14.9

[24+25] Forestry products[24+25] Forestry products

10.9

13.8

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

66.9

67.4

European Union (27)European Union (27)

47.8

38.1

China

China

11.7

22.0

India

India

7.3

7.3

3,150.6

2,561.7

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.7–

1,171.0

1,309.4

17.1

20.4

1,659.8

900.1

24.2

14.1

60.2

40.5

European Union (27)

34.9

20.0

European Union (27)

Nigeria

19.9

11.6

Thailand

Togo

5.4

9.0

5.2

2.8

15/30/56

16/28/56

Nigeria

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,278.3

1,364.4

Population (thousands)

21,334.0

26,136.6

0.513 (149)

0.576 (151)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

73.4

72.7

49/14/37

43/14/42

55/10/34

48/11/41

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

50 (1996)

26 (2014)

Gini index, first and last year available

44.4 (1996)

46.6 (2014)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

22.9 (2001)

6.7 (2020)

94

CANADA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

461,958.1

445,023.4

3.3

4.7

0.17110.1416238,154.0

220,849.8

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

53.3

52.1

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

13.0

12.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.8

1.9

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

53.4

52.2

Agricultural products

14.7

17.5

Energy27.3

22.6

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

11.4

12.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

25.6

23.1

18.1

15.5

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

4.0

3.8

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[24+25] Forestry products

3.6

3.8

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

82.9

80.8
68.4

United States of America

United States of America

71.3

China

China

6.4

6.8

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

5.3

5.6

112,213.4

95,958.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

1.8

2.3

29,874.2

34,274.8

6.6

7.8

49,737.4

27,730.6

10.9

6.3

60.4

69.7

50.4

57.2

European Union (27)European Union (27)

6.9

8.6

MexicoBrazil

3.1

3.8

2.2

1.1

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2/28/70

2/26/72

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

42,952.3

43,704.1

Population (thousands)

34,876.9

37,688.1

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.911 (12)0.936 (15)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

95

61.6

60.1

2/20/78

2/19/79

1/9/901/8/911 (1981)– (2017)32.4 (1981)

33.3 (2017)– (2001)– (2020)

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

139.2

147.4

0.3

1.6

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.42900.4097

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

130.8

111.4

94.2

76.9

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)
Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

6.4

4.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

11.1

10.0

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

94.2

76.9

Agricultural products

62.9

59.5

Energy0.1

0.1

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

31.2

17.3

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

81.0

67.4

44.0

53.4

[24+25] Forestry products[24+25] Forestry products[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones

20.6

8.7

[263] Cotton[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

16.5

5.4

75.3

69.7

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)

China

34.9

41.5

China

European Union (27)

29.9

16.2

Indonesia

United Arab Emirates

10.5

12.1

140.7

210.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

1.6

1.1

Food imports (millions of dollars)

63.7

113.2

20.6

19.2

59.7

69.3

19.3

11.8

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

67.8

60.8

42.7

27.1

Republic of Korea

Cameroon

14.9

24.2

Cameroon

India

10.2

9.5

-8.9

2.9

36/25/40

33/22/45

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

403.6

374.1

Population (thousands)

4,787.7

5,277.6

0.372 (183)0.404 (188)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

67.9

66.9

72/7/2170/6/24

76/5/1973/5/23

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

82 (1992)

62 (2008)

Gini index, first and last year available

61.3 (1992)

56.2 (2008)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

39.2 (2001)

52.2 (2020)

96

CHAD
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

4,264.6

2,402.1––

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.87450.8708

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

4,230.7

2,360.4

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

99.2

98.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

30.0

20.2

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

23.7

20.7

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

99.2

98.3

Agricultural products

5.6

8.0

Energy93.3

90.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

0.3

0.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

97.6

96.0

87.5

87.8

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[263] Cotton

5.8

5.8

[263] Cotton[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

4.2

2.4

90.7

74.9

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United States of America

China

79.9

30.4

China

United States of America

5.8

22.8

Japan

India

5.0

21.7

882.2

658.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)

0.4

0.5

427.7

298.1

12.6

11.1

224.0

161.4

6.6

6.0

77.0

77.6

European Union (27)

40.8

41.3

Cameroon

Cameroon

26.8

26.5

Gabon

Gabon

9.4

9.9

5.3

–

28/35/37

29/19/52

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

816.0

675.6

12,990.3

16,388.0

0.362 (185)0.394 (190)

61.9

57.8

76/2/2275/2/23

75/1/24

73/1/26

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

58 (2003)

31 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

39.8 (2003)

37.5 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

38.8 (2001)

32.7 (2020)

97

CHILEMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

76,812.1

79,288.8––

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.34400.3506

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

66,318.5

70,019.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

86.4

88.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

24.7

24.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

7.8

4.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

86.3

88.2

Agricultural products

26.5

28.8

Energy1.2

0.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

58.6

58.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

58.1

60.6

[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen

30.5

29.4

[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen[682] Copper

21.2

23.3

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

6.4

7.8

55.8

65.7

[682] Copper

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

28.4

42.3

European Union (27)

United States of America

15.0

14.0

United States of America

Japan

12.4

9.5

24,657.8

20,712.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

0.1–

5,693.5

7,721.6

7.4

10.5

16,748.6

10,765.4

21.7

14.6

53.8

58.8

31.1

31.3

Argentina

Brazil

11.5

14.0

BrazilArgentina

11.2

13.5

3.8

1.4

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4/35/62

4/33/63

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

13,281.7

13,565.8

Population (thousands)

17,426.2

19,157.6

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.813 (45)0.855 (42)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

55.9

51.3

10/24/67

9/22/69

5/11/85

5/10/85

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

15 (1987)

1 (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

56.2 (1987)

44.9 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

3.4 (2001)

2.6 (2020)

98

CHINA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

2,200,027.4

2,816,869.0

0.1

0.9

0.1017

0.0958133,900.0

163,182.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

6.1

5.8

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

1.4

1.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3.2

1.2

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

6.1

5.8

Agricultural products

3.2

3.0

Energy1.5

1.4

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.4

1.4

107.3

93.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

2.5

2.4

1.1

1.2

[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products

0.9

0.7

[684] Aluminium[684] Aluminium

0.6

0.6

36.6

30.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Japan

Japan

14.5

11.5

European Union (27)European Union (27)

11.5

10.8

United States of America

Republic of Korea

10.6

7.8

716,973.9

909,498.5

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Australia

Australia

4.5

0.6

92,993.0

158,902.8

5.1

7.0

314,978.5

341,440.8

17.3

15.1

25.6

31.3

12.0

14.6

BrazilBrazil7.0

9.8

United States of America

Russian Federation

6.6

6.8

7.9

6.0

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

9/44/46

8/39/54

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

6,994.3

10,472.4

Population (thousands)

1,371,235.5

1,423,196.5

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.691 (105)

0.768 (79)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

67.4

65.2

31/30/38

25/27/47

28/27/45

22/23/55

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

72 (1990)– (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

32.2 (1990)

38.2 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

10.0 (2001)– (2020)99

COLOMBIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

57,963.4

37,311.7––

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.45050.2884

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

48,313.0

29,330.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

83.4

78.6

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

12.8

9.7

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

7.2

4.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

83.3

78.6

Agricultural products

11.9

22.0

Energy66.0

48.0

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

5.4

8.6

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

64.3

47.4

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

46.0

28.0

[321] Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated[321] Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated

11.5

11.4

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes

6.8

8.0

64.4

58.9

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

37.9

33.8

European Union (27)European Union (27)

17.0

13.4

China

China

9.6

11.7

13,904.7

12,084.6

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

1.0

1.0

5,512.1

6,736.7

9.2

13.0

6,533.7

3,497.1

10.9

6.7

66.0

62.5

51.4

50.6

Argentina

European Union (27)

8.7

6.7

MexicoBrazil

5.9

5.2

4.7

1.5
7/28/64

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

6/36/58

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

5,891.2

6,228.7

Population (thousands)

46,008.7

50,539.7

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.726 (88)0.752 (88)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

62.9

56.5

17/20/63

16/20/64

7/15/78

7/14/79

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

10 (1992)

11 (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

51.5 (1992)

54.2 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

8.7 (2001)

8.2 (2020)

100

COMOROSMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

22.3

30.7

4.0

0.1

0.60970.5503

15.6

16.2

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

73.2

52.9

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

1.4

1.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.9

1.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

73.2

52.8
51.7

Agricultural products

69.2

Energy0.2–

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

3.8

1.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

68.5

51.9

64.9

50.9

[075] Spices[075] Spices[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[282] Ferrous waste, scrape; remelting ingots, iron, steel

1.8

0.6

[03] Fishery products[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

1.8

0.5

63.5

84.5

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)

India

34.6

48.6

Singapore

European Union (27)

15.1

28.6

India

United Arab Emirates

13.8

7.3

114.9

108.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

3.6

3.6

Food imports (millions of dollars)

94.8

81.1

35.3

29.8

8.2

16.1

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

3.0

5.9

56.7

55.7

19.5

23.0

Pakistan

European Union (27)European Union (27)

United Arab Emirates

19.2

22.0

United Arab Emirates

Pakistan

18.1

10.6

5.7

3.8

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

31/12/57

37/9/54

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,283.3

1,447.3

Population (thousands)

692.0

798.7

0.520 (148)0.558 (156)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

40.7

39.7

40/19/42

34/19/47

39/16/44

32/16/52

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

15 (2004)

19 (2014)

Gini index, first and last year available

55.9 (2004)

45.3 (2014)..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

101CONGOMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

8,854.8

5,813.0

0.1–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.70270.7354

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

7,229.9

5,460.4

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

81.7

94.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

40.6

46.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

38.0

43.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

81.7

94.0

Agricultural products

2.7

4.5

Energy72.9

76.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

6.1

12.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

76.5

89.5

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

69.3

74.1

[682] Copper[682] Copper

4.7

11.4

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[24+25] Forestry products

2.4

4.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

76.9

79.2
62.8

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

China

China

47.3

European Union (27)European Union (27)

20.6

9.7

Australia

India

9.0

6.7

991.0

630.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

0.5

0.5

692.9

448.2

8.1

20.9

149.1

95.4

1.7

4.5

44.9

40.7

34.4

28.4

India

United States of America

5.4

6.8

Brazil

Togo

5.2

5.5

3.2

-5.0

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4/64/31

7/48/44

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

2,426.2

1,552.1

Population (thousands)

4,770.8

5,636.8

0.561 (139)0.571 (153)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

54.2

51.9

36/23/42

34/21/45

36/23/42

32/22/46

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

50 (2005)

35 (2011)

Gini index, first and last year available

47.3 (2005)

48.9 (2011)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

27.0 (2001)

31.6 (2020)

102

COSTA RICA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

11,321.8

12,564.2

1.5

0.6

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.45150.2716

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2,767.8

5,290.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

24.8

42.4

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

5.5

8.4

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.2

0.9

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

24.8

42.3

23.8

40.7

Agricultural products
Energy––Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.0

1.6

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

15.9

26.4

12.4

19.2

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[098] Edible products and preparations, n.e.s.

[098] Edible products and preparations, n.e.s.

1.9

4.5

[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes

1.6

2.7

67.1

66.2

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

30.0

35.2

European Union (27)European Union (27)

21.6

25.9

United Kingdom

Guatemala

15.5

5.1

4,639.7

4,283.0

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

3.3

0.9

1,637.9

2,022.0

9.5

12.1

2,335.4

1,598.1

13.5

9.6

73.9

71.1

65.2

59.4

Chile

European Union (27)

5.0

7.1

MexicoMexico

3.7

4.6

3.7

1.8

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

5/23/71

5/21/74

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

11,016.4

12,324.9

Population (thousands)

4,763.9

5,103.3

0.772 (64)0.809 (58)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

56.5

50.8

10/17/72

12/19/69

3/9/88

4/10/86

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

26 (1981)

2 (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

47.5 (1981)

49.3 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

4.7 (2001)

3.4 (2020)103CÔTE D’IVOIREMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

11,865.7

13,468.9

0.5–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.36700.3828

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

10,223.1

12,332.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

86.6

91.6

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

26.3

19.6

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

5.3

2.9

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

86.6

91.5

Agricultural products

60.5

66.8

Energy21.0

15.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

5.1

9.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

55.6

55.2

[072] Cocoa

35.9

38.0

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

11.6

9.3

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[231] Natural rubber & similar gums, in primary forms

8.1

7.8

54.0

52.1
38.7

[072] Cocoa

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)39.3

United States of America

United States of America

10.3

7.5

CanadaViet Nam

4.4

5.9

5,100.7

5,106.5

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.3–

1,670.8

2,262.9

15.0

19.3

3,041.4

2,348.5

27.2

20.0

70.6

56.8

Nigeria

50.9

29.1

European Union (27)European Union (27)

15.2

22.3

Colombia

United States of America

4.4

5.4

13.2

5.9

20/23/57

22/23/56

Nigeria

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,548.4

2,305.6

Population (thousands)

22,240.2

26,480.4

0.473 (166)0.550 (159)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

55.1

53.7

45/12/43

40/13/47

40/11/49

31/10/58

8 (1985)

11 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

45.5 (1985)

37.2 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

20.4 (2001)

4.4 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

104

CROATIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

12,984.8

18,909.6

0.4

0.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.0891

0.0643

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

4,763.4

6,706.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

36.8

35.6

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

8.2

10.9

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.1

0.7

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

36.9

35.6

Agricultural products

17.3

18.9

Energy13.8

11.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

5.8

4.9

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

15.9

11.9

9.4

4.9

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[24 + 25] Forestry products[24+25] Forestry products

4.4

4.0

[351] Electric current[351] Electric current

2.0

3.0

82.4

85.5

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

56.1

65.3

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina

21.4

14.1

SerbiaSerbia4.9

6.1

8,118.7

8,612.5

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)––

2,475.1

3,383.3

11.3

11.6

4,618.3

3,425.1

21.1

11.7

79.6

81.1

European Union (27)

59.5

70.4

Russian Federation

Azerbaijan

14.9

6.6

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina

5.2

4.1

-0.4

1.5

European Union (27)

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4/25/71

4/25/72

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

11,397.2

13,485.6

Population (thousands)

4,320.1

4,112.90.821 (43)0.858 (40)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

42.9

47.5

11/28/62

6/28/66

10/16/74

4/16/79

1 (2009)– (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

32.6 (2009)28.9 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

6.8 (2001)– (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

105

CUBA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

5,044.4

1,655.1

10.0

16.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.21570.2342

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2,651.9

945.0

58.4

68.2

3.4

1.2

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)
Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)
Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.9

0.8

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

58.3

68.2

Agricultural products

38.7

45.3

Energy7.1

3.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

12.5

19.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

37.3

40.5

[122] Tobacco, manufactured

14.4

18.3

[122] Tobacco, manufactured[061] Sugar, molasses and honey

13.5

12.5

[284] Nickel ores & concentrates; nickel mattes, etc.

[284] Nickel ores & concentrates; nickel mattes, etc.

9.4

9.7

76.7

80.2

[061] Sugar, molasses and honeyThree leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

48.2

44.6

China

China

19.0

30.0

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

9.4

5.6

4,796.1

3,049.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

0.5

2.6

2,935.1

1,990.5

21.4

24.1

1,542.3

817.9

11.3

9.9

53.4

50.5

24.6

19.2

United States of America

European Union (27)

15.2

16.5

European Union (27)

United States of America

13.6

14.9

2.7

-1.0
4/25/71

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4/23/73

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

7,259.6

7,536.9

Population (thousands)

11,315.5

11,308.5

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.780 (60)0.764 (83)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

54.0

53.3

19/18/63

17/17/65

8/12/80

7/10/82

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

– (2001)– (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

106

CYPRUSMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

2,410.5

3,515.0

9.9

4.2

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.25290.3437

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

694.9

1,257.8

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

32.0

37.4

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

2.9

4.9

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

31.9

37.4

Agricultural products

19.4

17.1

Energy4.1

17.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

8.4

3.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

12.0

27.5

4.7

17.2

[024] Cheese and curd[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[024] Cheese and curd

4.1

8.7

[054] Vegetables[054] Vegetables

3.2

1.7

65.1

62.2

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

37.3

27.1

United Kingdom

Libya

22.2

18.9

LebanonUnited Kingdom

5.7

16.2

3,328.4

3,154.6

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.2

1.2

1,024.9

1,128.3

14.1

12.2

1,921.4

1,601.7

26.4

17.4

86.3

83.3

European Union (27)

58.8

66.9

IsraelIsrael22.4

13.4

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

5.1

3.0

Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

-2.4

3.4

European Union (27)

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2/12/86

2/14/84

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

23,128.6

27,206.2

Population (thousands)

1,161.7

1,233.00.857 (31)0.896 (29)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

54.2

58.4

3/18/78

2/18/79

2/8/91

1/7/92– (2004)– (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

30.1 (2004)

31.2 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

5.1 (2001)– (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

107

CZECHIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

164,075.4

206,312.7

0.1

0.2

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.10850.1241

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

19,244.5

19,058.1

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

11.7

9.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

9.2

7.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.5

0.4

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

11.7

9.2

Agricultural products

6.3

5.9

Energy3.1

1.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

2.3

1.6

107.3

93.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[351] Electric current[24+25] Forestry products

2.8

2.4

1.1

1.0

[24+25] Forestry products[351] Electric current

0.9

0.8

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

0.8

0.6

92.0

90.6
85.8

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)89.2

United Kingdom

Japan

1.8

2.8

Japan

China

0.9

1.9

30,108.0

28,196.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)

0.1

0.1

7,888.3

9,362.5

5.4

5.0

13,378.0

9,234.0

9.2

4.9

84.7

80.6

European Union (27)

57.5

64.9

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

21.7

12.9

Azerbaijan

Ukraine

5.4

2.8

1.3

1.8

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3/37/61

2/35/63

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

16,721.5

19,918.9

Population (thousands)

10,511.6

10,532.6

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.870 (26)0.889 (32)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

108

55.1

58.5

3/38/59

3/37/60

2/23/75

2/24/75– (1992)– (2019)

20.7 (1992)

25.3 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)

DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S
REPUBLIC OF KOREAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

4,051.7

167.0

1.1

1.6

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.35790.1943

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2,528.0

37.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

63.1

22.7

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

15.2

0.2

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020..

..

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

63.0

22.7

Agricultural products

7.0

4.9

Energy40.2

12.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

15.8

5.5

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

48.7

16.4

37.5

6.2

[321] Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[281] Iron ore and concentrates[351] Electric current

7.5

6.1

[03] Fishery products[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

3.7

4.0

96.8

87.5
51.9

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

94.0

European Union (27)Senegal

2.1

25.2

India

Ethiopia

0.8

10.4

1,774.5

526.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
China

China

0.4

–

622.9

350.6

12.5

24.8

747.2

33.8

14.9

2.4

85.8

95.8

75.5

88.6

India

Russian Federation

5.2

5.9

ThailandBrazil

5.1

1.3

0.8

-2.2

23/47/30

22/44/34

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

651.8

583.1

24,945.7

25,810.9

..

..

79.9

79.7

46/14/40

44/13/43

50/10/40

47/8/45

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

35.7 (2001)

41.6 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

109

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
OF THE CONGOMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

6,837.7

17,001.5

0.4

0.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.33450.5476

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

6,429.1

13,966.9

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

94.4

82.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

19.7

29.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

25.6

15.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

94.4

82.2

Agricultural products

4.1

1.6

Energy16.7

3.6

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

73.6

77.0

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

57.3

72.9

24.4

53.0
13.7

[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones[682] Copper[682] Copper[689] Miscellaneous no-ferrous base metals for metallur.

17.9[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen

15.0

6.2

80.0

65.8
49.8

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)

China

42.8

China

United Arab Emirates

26.2

8.4

ZambiaSingapore

11.0

7.6

2,443.1

2,124.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

0.7

0.2

1,451.4

1,020.6

22.5

11.9

618.1

453.8

9.6

5.3

56.0

34.3

23.4

15.0

South Africa

United Arab Emirates

19.4

10.1

ZambiaSouth Africa

13.2

9.2

7.9

3.8

21/44/35

21/43/36

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

442.7

490.2

72,247.1

91,396.1

0.429 (176)0.479 (179)

63.1

62.0

68/9/23

64/10/26

75/3/2172/3/25

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

92 (2004)

70 (2012)

Gini index, first and last year available

42.2 (2004)

42.1 (2012)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

32.2 (2001)

39.8 (2020)

110

DENMARK
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

109,107.5

113,921.6

2.2

2.0

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.07580.0810Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

37,201.0

31,950.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

34.8

28.6

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

10.9

8.7

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.3

0.4

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

34.8

28.6

Agricultural products

24.1

22.9

Energy9.1

4.0

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.6

1.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

12.2

9.3

[012] Other meat and edible meat offal[012] Other meat and edible meat offal

4.2

3.8

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[03] Fishery products

4.1

3.4

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

4.0

2.1

79.8

73.5
59.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)61.5

United Kingdom

China

13.2

7.7

NorwayUnited Kingdom

5.1

6.8

26,348.0

25,150.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)

2.6

1.6

11,295.1

11,702.9

12.1

11.3

9,278.9

6,843.2

9.9

6.6

79.3

81.2

European Union (27)

56.3

63.2

NorwayNorway16.6

12.1

United Kingdom

United States of America

6.4

5.8

1.2

1.7

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2/23/75

1/24/74

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

51,851.4

57,359.1

Population (thousands)

5,613.1

5,810.8

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.913 (7)0.948 (6)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

111

57.1

59.0

3/20/78

2/19/79

1/9/90

1/9/901 (1987)– (2019)26.2 (1987)

27.7 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)

DJIBOUTIMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

122.3

3,353.6

2.7

0.3

0.13010.127651.9

1,643.4

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

43.6

49.1

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

2.6

48.2

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.7

0.3

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

43.7

49.2

Agricultural products

25.6

30.1

Energy13.4

12.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

4.7

6.9

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

18.9

18.1

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

7.9

6.6

[001] Live animals other than animals of division 03[278] Other crude minerals

5.5

5.9

[335] Residual petroleum products, n.e.s., related mater.

[335] Residual petroleum products, n.e.s., related mater.

5.5

5.6

82.8

91.1

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Ethiopia

Ethiopia

46.8

57.9

Yemen

Yemen

22.4

25.0

Saudi Arabia

United States of America

13.6

8.2

220.9

1,155.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Indonesia

Ethiopia

2.7

0.5

172.0

823.7

25.4

22.5

19.6

89.8

2.9

2.4

41.2

35.7

19.4

15.8

India

India

11.8

10.9

Ethiopia

Yemen

10.1

9.0

10.9

5.6

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/12/86

1/12/87

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

2,146.3

2,986.2

Population (thousands)

963.0

1,082.00.458 (172)0.509 (171)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

23.9

22.9

30/13/57

25/13/62

28/7/65

22/7/71

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

23 (2002)

19 (2017)

Gini index, first and last year available

40.0 (2002)

41.6 (2017)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

42.0 (2001)

13.5 (2020)112

DOMINICA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

38.4

18.2

–

–

0.41630.4150

9.1

4.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

23.6

25.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

1.8

0.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.1–

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

23.6

25.0

15.6

18.1

Agricultural products
Energy––Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

8.0

6.9

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

20.2

21.8

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

8.3

10.6

[273] Stone, sand and gravel[273] Stone, sand and gravel

7.8

6.7

[054] Vegetables[054] Vegetables

4.1

4.6

69.8

71.3

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

39.1

36.4

Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua and Barbuda

19.4

21.1

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Kitts and Nevis

11.3

13.8

97.1

95.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

1.3

0.3

Food imports (millions of dollars)

47.5

56.4

22.1

21.9

36.6

22.4

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Trinidad and Tobago

17.0

8.7

67.0

71.3

United States of America

34.2

41.7

United States of America

Trinidad and Tobago

27.6

25.0

European Union (27)European Union (27)

5.3

4.6

0.1

-1.7

15/15/70

15/18/67

7,827.8

7,125.4

68.8

71.7

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.711 (99)0.720 (102)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)..

..

Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)..

..

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)..

..

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

3.7 (2001)

6.9 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

113

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

9,549.3

10,952.3

2.0

2.0

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.16420.1970Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

4,044.0

4,594.1

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

43.2

42.8

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

6.4

5.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.8

1.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

43.2

42.8

Agricultural products

23.6

23.9

Energy3.5

0.6

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

16.1

18.3

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

22.8

29.0

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

11.9

15.8

[122] Tobacco, manufactured[122] Tobacco, manufactured

6.0

8.7

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

4.9

4.5

66.9

69.9

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

32.7

36.2

CanadaSwitzerland

20.7

20.7

European Union (27)European Union (27)

13.5

13.0

7,323.1

7,401.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

2.2

2.4

2,286.4

2,830.2

12.9

13.1

4,245.6

3,254.5

23.9

15.1

66.6

71.3

United States of America

43.7

56.7

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)European Union (27)

15.4

11.3

MexicoBrazil

7.4

3.3

4.9

4.0
6/32/62

United States of America

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

6/31/63

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

6,167.1

8,035.6

Population (thousands)

10,093.9

10,941.2

0.708 (101)0.767 (80)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

55.3

58.2

11/18/71

9/19/72

2/10/89

1/9/897 (1986)

1 (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

47.8 (1986)

39.6 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

20.4 (2001)

6.7 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

114

ECUADOR
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

24,844.7

23,128.0

0.1–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.51430.3489Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

23,211.2

21,762.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

93.5

94.1

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

24.5

21.0

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

13.0

6.4

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

93.5

94.1

Agricultural products

35.0

55.5

Energy55.3

32.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

3.2

5.9

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

76.0

70.0
28.4

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

52.6[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products

13.8

25.7

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

9.7

15.9

67.9

57.2
26.4

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

47.0

European Union (27)

China

11.3

15.6

Chile

European Union (27)

9.5

15.2

8,809.7

7,115.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.4

1.4

1,883.9

2,481.1

7.1

11.4

6,195.4

4,000.5

23.4

18.4

64.1

55.4

United States of America

United States of America

44.9

42.3

PanamaEuropean Union (27)

12.7

7.3

European Union (27)

Peru

6.5

5.8

4.5

-0.5
10/35/56

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

9/39/52

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

6,058.6

5,547.8

Population (thousands)

15,602.8

17,459.2

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.736 (83)0.740 (95)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

60.4

60.2

27/19/55

30/17/53

21/11/68

27/10/63

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

17 (1994)

7 (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

53.4 (1994)

47.3 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

21.0 (2001)

15.4 (2020)

115

EGYPT
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

28,336.2

32,716.5

0.7

0.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.16560.1455

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

16,016.0

17,611.7

56.9

54.0

5.7

4.8

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)
Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)
Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

9.8

4.9

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

56.9

54.0

Agricultural products

16.6

17.9

Energy32.2

26.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

8.1

9.9

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

29.9

26.4

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

16.7

11.9

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

8.2

8.5

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

5.0

5.9

48.1

45.3

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

30.5

27.5

India

United Arab Emirates

12.4

8.9

China

India

5.2

8.9

29,286.2

27,915.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

1.7

1.9

13,485.7

13,796.2

19.8

19.0

9,567.9

7,972.2

14.0

11.0

40.8

42.6

24.2

19.7

United States of America

Saudi Arabia

9.1

13.1

Russian Federation

United States of America

7.5

9.8

2.6

4.6

11/38/51

12/35/53

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

3,175.1

3,708.5

Population (thousands)

92,330.0

106,543.0

0.675 (109)0.731 (97)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

42.1

37.9

28/24/48

21/27/52

41/5/54

21/8/71

5 (1990)

3 (2017)

Gini index, first and last year available

32.0 (1990)

31.5 (2017)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

5.2 (2001)

5.1 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

116

EL SALVADORMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

5,386.6

5,854.0

0.8

1.0

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.2017

0.1987

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,456.9

1,403.4

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

27.3

24.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

6.6

5.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.9

0.7

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

27.3

24.2

Agricultural products

22.9

20.6

Energy2.1

2.6

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

2.3

1.0

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

11.5

9.2

[061] Sugar, molasses and honey[061] Sugar, molasses and honey

4.6

4.3

[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes[048] Cereal preparations, flour of fruits or vegetables

4.2

2.8

[048] Cereal preparations, flour of fruits or vegetables[111] Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s.

2.7

2.1

56.3

58.4

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United States of America

Guatemala

25.0

26.0

GuatemalaUnited States of America

18.8

20.6

European Union (27)

Honduras

12.5

11.8

3,748.5

4,172.0

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

2.9

2.9

1,631.1

2,218.4

16.0

18.6

1,711.8

1,433.0

16.8

12.0

66.4

71.5

United States of America

45.7

46.4

Guatemala

Guatemala

14.6

16.2

Nicaragua

Nicaragua

6.1

8.9

2.5

1.2

United States of America

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

7/29/65

6/27/67

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

3,632.4

4,004.5

Population (thousands)

6,173.5

6,288.3

0.659 (120)0.675 (125)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

57.5

54.0

20/21/59

16/23/61

5/18/77

3/18/79

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

19 (1989)

1 (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

54.0 (1991)

38.8 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

7.2 (2001)

7.7 (2020)

117

EQUATORIAL GUINEAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

14,333.3

4,766.7

0.2

0.2

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.69930.6822

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

13,649.2

4,434.1

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

95.4

93.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

62.0

38.2

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

34.5

27.0

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

95.4

93.2

Agricultural products

1.1

2.9

Energy94.2

89.9

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

0.1

0.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

92.4

89.2

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

69.6

67.2

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

20.5

19.1

[342] Liquefied propane and butane[24+25] Forestry products

2.3

2.8

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

60.7

79.9

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

European Union (27)

China

28.0

34.7

China

European Union (27)

18.4

26.0

Japan

India

14.2

19.1

1,406.0

507.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)

4.8

2.4

552.3

319.9

8.9

17.0

485.8

19.6

7.8

1.0

70.8

68.9
60.1

European Union (27)44.1

Côte d'Ivoire

Türkiye

17.9

4.9

Cameroon

Malaysia

8.9

3.9

0.4

-5.3

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/73/26

3/52/46

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

11,804.4

6,103.5

Population (thousands)

1,218.9

1,573.3

0.579 (136)0.596 (145)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

51.3

50.0

38/25/38

40/19/41

44/14/42

43/12/46

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

..

..

118

ERITREAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

462.1

623.6

0.3

–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.35110.2769Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

407.1

568.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

88.3

91.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

17.9

27.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020..

..

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

88.3

91.2

43.9

50.4

Agricultural products
Energy

–

–

44.4

40.8

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

53.2

54.0

19.9

20.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen[054] Vegetables[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[03] Fishery products

18.8

18.8

[03] Fishery products[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

14.5

14.8

74.7

95.8

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

37.6

64.0

India

United Arab Emirates

24.4

16.5

Switzerland

India

12.7

15.3

408.7

445.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

0.7

0.4

351.6

389.5

34.4

36.4

26.4

25.1

2.6

2.3

44.4

45.3

20.4

18.5

TürkiyeTürkiye

12.1

14.2

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

11.9

12.6

3.8

2.4

17/31/52

17/31/51

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

671.9

642.3

Population (thousands)

3,275.2

3,528.6

0.463 (169)

0.492 (176)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

75.4

71.7

66/8/27

63/7/30

72/5/24

68/5/27

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

..

..

119

ESTONIAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

17,970.3

18,669.9

4.5

3.0

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.1206

0.0917

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

5,420.7

6,059.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

31.6

33.5

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

21.8

18.7

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.7

1.2

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

31.6

33.4

Agricultural products

15.4

16.5

Energy13.1

13.9

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

3.1

3.0

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

16.6

17.7

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[24+25] Forestry products

10.0

6.5

[24+25] Forestry products[335] Residual petroleum products, n.e.s., related mater.

4.7

6.3

[351] Electric current[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

1.9

4.9

77.5

72.5

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

55.8

61.5

United States of America

Russian Federation

11.4

5.6

Russian Federation

United States of America

10.3

5.4

6,504.8

5,935.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

5.3

4.6

1,588.7

1,907.8

8.3

9.9

3,668.9

2,396.0

19.2

12.4

88.8

85.8

European Union (27)

53.8

56.4

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

32.5

25.2

United Kingdom

Belarus

2.5

4.2

3.1

3.3

European Union (27)

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4/29/68

3/27/71

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

16,629.3

20,420.8

Population (thousands)

1,320.4

1,328.0

0.861 (29)0.890 (31)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

55.9

59.8

4/31/65

3/29/68

2/17/80

2/17/81

3 (2003)1 (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

37.2 (2003)

30.8 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

3.6 (2001)– (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

120

ESWATINIMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

1,963.2

1,937.9

0.1

0.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.30000.2926

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

783.2

678.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

39.9

35.1

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

16.9

16.0

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3.6

3.4

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

39.9

35.0

Agricultural products

30.5

31.7

Energy2.7

1.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

6.7

2.0

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

26.8

25.6

[061] Sugar, molasses and honey[061] Sugar, molasses and honey

20.6

19.6

[281] Iron ore and concentrates[24+25] Forestry products

3.6

4.4

[24+25] Forestry products[058] Fruit, preserved, and fruit preparations (no juice)

2.6

1.6

77.8

65.2

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
South Africa

South Africa

41.1

42.2

European Union (27)European Union (27)

29.6

14.7

China

India

7.0

8.3

685.3

634.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

4.0

0.6

274.2

243.6

15.9

13.7

313.6

205.0

18.2

11.5

92.7

72.3

South Africa

89.3

54.3

Mauritania

United Arab Emirates

1.8

11.5

Nigeria

European Union (27)

1.6

6.4

3.1

0.6

South Africa

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

10/38/52

9/35/56

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

3,485.0

3,589.8

Population (thousands)

1,115.0

1,175.4

0.503 (156)

0.597 (144)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

38.8

37.5

14/25/60

12/23/64

13/25/63

10/22/68

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

85 (1994)

36 (2016)

Gini index, first and last year available

60.5 (1994)

54.6 (2016)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

10.5 (2001)

11.0 (2020)

121

ETHIOPIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

3,092.7

3,296.8

1.4

1.0

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.35270.3800Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2,618.3

2,638.9

85.9

80.8

5.5

2.8

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)
Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)
Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

14.1

5.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

85.9

80.8

76.6

77.2

Agricultural products
Energy––Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

9.3

3.6

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

62.0

63.8

30.1

37.4

[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour)[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour)

21.1

14.4

[054] Vegetables[054] Vegetables

10.8

11.9

45.8

47.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)

Sudan

20.5

21.3

China

European Union (27)

15.5

15.8

Switzerland

China

9.8

9.9

4,268.5

4,927.7

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)––

1,423.1

2,422.0

10.4

15.5

2,558.3

2,175.1

18.6

14.0

61.1

44.0

Kuwait29.8

24.7

Kuwait

India

23.8

11.7

India

United Arab Emirates

7.5

7.6

10.4

7.2

45/12/43

35/26/39

Saudi Arabia

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

534.3

771.9

95,766.3

115,661.5

0.412 (179)

0.498 (175)

79.4

76.5

71/8/2067/9/24

64/9/27

59/9/32

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

65 (1995)

27 (2015)

Gini index, first and last year available

44.6 (1995)

35.0 (2015)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

47.0 (2001)

24.9 (2020)

122

FIJI
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

1,234.0

868.9

0.9

2.8

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.23610.1990Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

975.4

654.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

79.7

77.4

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

22.5

13.2

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.5

1.3

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

79.8

77.4

Agricultural products

51.2

58.3

Energy20.1

10.9

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

8.5

8.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

44.7

39.9

[111] Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s.

19.9

16.3

[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products

15.0

12.9

[111] Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s.

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

9.8

10.7

48.8

55.7

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

24.3

35.1

Australia

Australia

12.5

14.4

United Kingdom

China

12.0

6.2

1,248.2

826.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Singapore

Singapore

0.7

0.9

416.5

387.0

15.1

17.7

708.9

389.2

25.7

17.8

77.7

75.9

54.3

42.4

Australia

Australia

13.0

18.9

New Zealand

New Zealand

10.4

14.6

3.9

-0.9

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

11/20/69

15/20/65

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

4,654.6

5,116.2

Population (thousands)

912.2

919.9

0.714 (96)0.730 (99)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

57.7

54.2

22/15/63

18/14/68

12/10/78

8/8/842 (2002)1 (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

38.1 (2002)

30.7 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

4.0 (2001)

5.7 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

123

FINLAND
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

73,919.6

73,257.6

3.3

9.2

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.14210.1304

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

19,810.2

17,891.9

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

27.7

26.9

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

7.4

6.4

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.5

0.4

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

27.7

26.9

Agricultural products

9.9

11.0

Energy11.7

8.4

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

6.1

7.5

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

18.6

16.6

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[24+25] Forestry products

11.4

7.7

[24+25] Forestry products[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

5.6

7.1

[682] Copper[682] Copper

1.6

1.8

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

71.8

74.3

European Union (27)European Union (27)

57.9

58.9

China

China

7.2

10.5

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

6.7

4.8

29,360.7

21,323.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

4.4

9.5

5,184.9

5,238.6

7.1

7.6

16,389.8

9,089.8

22.3

13.2

81.0

84.7

European Union (27)

39.9

45.9

European Union (27)

Russian Federation

35.5

32.7

NorwayNorway5.6

6.0

Russian Federation

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

-0.2

1.2

Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3/27/70

3/28/69

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

43,114.5

45,639.0

Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

124

5,426.3

5,525.6

0.911 (12)0.940 (11)

54.4

55.2

4/23/73

4/22/75

2/9/892/9/89– (1987)– (2019)22.2 (1987)

27.7 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)

FRANCE
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

564,368.1

543,358.2

2.5

3.5

0.09140.0806

115,994.6

104,946.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

21.1

20.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

4.2

3.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

21.1

20.0

Agricultural products

14.1

14.5

Energy4.2

2.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold
Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

2.8

2.7

107.3

93.2

6.5

5.4

[112] Alcoholic beverages[112] Alcoholic beverages

2.8

3.3

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

2.7

1.3

[041] Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled[041] Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled

1.0

0.9

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

72.7

73.6

European Union (27)European Union (27)

59.5

59.0

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

8.2

7.6

United States of America

United States of America

5.0

7.0

193,545.9

147,713.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

0.1

1.5

52,921.4

57,038.8

8.0

8.9

107,290.0

59,232.0

16.1

9.3

57.0

65.1

45.6

55.1

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

6.8

5.6

United States of America

United States of America

4.6

4.5

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

0.9

0.6

Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2/20/78

2/19/79

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

37,762.5

39,322.2

Population (thousands)

63,201.5

64,434.0

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.877 (25)0.903 (28)

50.8

50.6

3/21/76

3/20/77

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

125

2/10/88

1/10/89

2 (1984)– (2018)36.9 (1984)

32.4 (2018)– (2001)– (2020)

GABONMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

9,166.0

5,629.2–

0.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.73590.5420Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

8,463.6

5,069.4

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

92.4

90.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

48.0

29.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

31.4

21.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

92.3

90.3

Agricultural products

9.1

19.8

Energy78.3

57.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

4.9

13.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

86.6

84.1

75.1

53.8

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[24+25] Forestry products[24+25] Forestry products

6.7

17.5

[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

4.8

12.9

72.2

73.3

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United States of America

China

44.0

35.3

European Union (27)European Union (27)

19.0

27.8

China

Republic of Korea

9.2

10.3

1,000.1

960.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

–

–

577.4

661.8

14.9

18.8

261.9

142.4

6.8

4.0

64.3

58.8

53.1

42.0

Côte d'Ivoire

Australia

5.7

8.9

India

Thailand

5.5

7.9

5.2

1.3

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4/60/36

6/47/47

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

6,947.5

6,742.5

Population (thousands)

1,869.5

2,267.6

0.664 (113)

0.706 (112)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

38.5

37.9

33/10/56

30/11/59

51/3/46

46/3/52

6 (2005)

3 (2017)

Gini index, first and last year available

42.2 (2005)

38.0 (2017)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

10.7 (2001)

17.2 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

126

GAMBIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

117.0

75.3

1.4

0.6

0.35130.2603

87.5

67.2

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

75.8

89.8

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

6.5

3.6

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

5.6

2.7

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

75.9

89.8

Agricultural products

62.3

75.0

Energy3.3

7.6

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

10.3

7.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

51.3

58.2

[24+25] Forestry products

30.5

32.2

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

16.9

15.0

[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

[03] Fishery products

4.0

11.0

70.0

66.5

[24+25] Forestry products

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

45.2

39.0

India

India

16.9

19.2

European Union (27)

Mali

7.8

8.2

181.1

227.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
BrazilBrazil

0.8

0.2

131.9

177.8

35.8

30.5

36.9

32.9

10.0

5.6

45.7

43.3

17.0

18.6

Côte d'Ivoire

European Union (27)

14.7

14.9

European Union (27)

Côte d'Ivoire

14.0

9.8

0.9

4.1

27/13/59

22/19/59

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

623.6

660.7

Population (thousands)

2,093.0

2,541.6

0.460 (170)0.500 (174)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

53.3

51.5

30/16/54

27/15/58

37/4/58

33/4/63

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

74 (1998)

13 (2015)

Gini index, first and last year available

48.5 (1998)

35.9 (2015)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

17.8 (2001)

21.6 (2020)

127

GEORGIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

2,716.1

3,794.7

0.6

0.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.23930.2468

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,089.3

1,995.4

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

40.3

52.7

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

6.4

11.6

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.8

0.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

40.3

52.7

Agricultural products

26.5

26.6

Energy2.4

0.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

11.4

25.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

20.0

34.0

8.2

19.8

[112] Alcoholic beverages[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[112] Alcoholic beverages

6.2

9.7

[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen[111] Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s.

5.7

4.5

53.3

66.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

32.6

29.0

Russian Federation

China

10.6

20.6

UkraineRussian Federation

10.1

16.4

2,952.8

3,231.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)

Russian Federation

0.6

0.5

1,069.2

1,040.3

13.1

11.3

1,407.2

1,190.1

17.2

13.0

55.5

51.1

29.1

19.1

Azerbaijan

European Union (27)

13.5

17.3

Russian Federation

Azerbaijan

12.9

14.7

4.9

2.9

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

9/21/69

8/24/69

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

3,680.6

4,641.0

Population (thousands)

3,795.2

3,768.1

0.759 (70)0.802 (63)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

54.8

52.2

47/11/42

38/14/48

50/5/45

40/6/54

7 (1996)

6 (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

37.1 (1996)

34.5 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

7.7 (2001)

7.6 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

128

GERMANY
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

1,453,107.4

1,503,345.5

4.4

3.7

0.09320.0864

178,920.3

180,379.1

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

12.9

12.5

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

4.8

4.5

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.1

0.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

12.9

12.5

Agricultural products

6.9

6.6

Energy2.5

2.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

3.5

3.6

107.3

93.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

2.8

2.4

1.3

0.9

[682] Copper[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

0.8

0.8

[684] Aluminium[684] Aluminium

0.7

0.7

80.9

79.1
66.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

66.8

Switzerland

Switzerland

7.5

6.8

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

6.5

6.4

332,035.9

281,682.6

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)

3.9

5.2

83,769.8

87,928.9

7.3

7.3

159,996.1

100,461.9

14.0

8.3

64.9

67.0
53.7

European Union (27)48.1

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

12.5

8.4

United Kingdom

United States of America

4.3

5.0

1.5

0.6

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/30/69

1/30/69

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

39,837.1

42,289.5

Population (thousands)

81,613.7

83,228.9

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.926 (3)0.942 (9)Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

129

57.1

59.5

1/28/71

1/27/72

1/14/85

1/14/85– (1991)– (2018)

29.4 (1991)

31.7 (2018)– (2001)– (2020)

GHANA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

13,137.7

16,005.9

1.3

0.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.42310.4523

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

11,990.6

15,238.9

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

92.5

95.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

20.7

21.5

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

13.3

10.0

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

92.5

95.3

Agricultural products

28.3

25.2

Energy28.3

28.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

35.9

41.3

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

78.3

79.9

32.4

36.7

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

26.5

27.3

[072] Cocoa[072] Cocoa

19.3

15.9

59.9

49.7

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)

Switzerland

31.9

17.2

United Arab Emirates

European Union (27)

14.9

16.4

Switzerland

China

13.1

16.2

4,985.8

3,237.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)

0.8

0.2

2,432.2

2,122.0

14.7

16.2

1,988.6

573.4

12.0

4.4

51.2

37.5
21.8

European Union (27)25.4

Nigeria

China

19.5

8.2

United States of America

Viet Nam

6.2

7.5

7.1

5.0

22/37/41

19/33/48

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,703.3

1,998.2

Population (thousands)

27,192.8

31,852.0

0.574 (138)

0.632 (133)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

65.7

65.5

44/15/41

30/21/49

40/13/48

22/23/55

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

68 (1987)

25 (2016)

Gini index, first and last year available

35.3 (1987)

43.5 (2016)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

14.9 (2001)

4.1 (2020)

130

GREECE
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

35,722.7

40,053.9

2.0

2.8

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.34060.2282

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

23,653.8

23,058.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

67.6

59.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

9.9

11.4

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.2

0.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

67.6

59.2

Agricultural products

19.8

21.9

Energy39.9

28.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

7.9

9.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

44.9

33.5

37.9

25.7

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[684] Aluminium[684] Aluminium

4.1

4.9

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

2.9

2.9

59.4

58.9
47.1

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)38.6

TürkiyeTürkiye

17.2

6.9

LebanonLebanon

3.6

4.9

33,081.2

27,115.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)–3.07,240.3

7,254.8

11.7

11.6

22,557.7

15,942.6

36.4

25.5

61.9

60.9

26.5

30.3

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

23.0

15.6

Iraq

Iraq

12.4

15.1

-3.7

-0.2

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4/17/79

4/16/79

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

18,054.9

18,561.3

Population (thousands)

10,938.9

10,543.1

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.869 (27)0.887 (33)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

131

38.5

42.9

13/16/71

12/15/73

13/7/79

11/8/82

2 (1995)

1 (2019)37.0 (1995)

33.1 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)

GRENADAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

37.1

29.5

3.0

3.9

0.28070.241924.1

20.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

66.8

70.6

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

2.8

1.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

66.8

70.5

Agricultural products

60.7

68.4

Energy0.2

0.1

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

5.9

2.0

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

38.9

46.5

[03] Fishery products

17.0

22.0

[03] Fishery products[075] Spices

12.0

14.8

[046] Meal and flour of wheat and flour of meslin[112] Alcoholic beverages

9.9

9.7

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

54.6

72.0

[075] Spices

European Union (27)

United States of America

24.1

47.6

United States of America

European Union (27)

18.4

16.3

Nigeria

Trinidad and Tobago

12.1

8.0

180.2

185.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

2.5

3.0

Food imports (millions of dollars)

84.3

89.4

25.4

20.9

79.8

70.2

24.0

16.4

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago

68.8

71.6

32.5

32.7

United States of America

United States of America

20.8

32.4

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)European Union (27)

15.5

6.5

3.0

-0.3

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

6/15/79

6/16/78

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

7,585.3

8,377.1

Population (thousands)

116.4

123.2

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.782 (59)0.795 (68)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)..

..

Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)..

..

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)..

..

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

..

..

132

GUATEMALAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

10,360.1

12,227.7

0.9

0.9

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.14010.1477

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

6,392.2

6,999.2

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

62.3

57.7

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

12.0

8.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2.4

1.2

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

62.2

57.8

Agricultural products

50.7

53.8

Energy4.5

2.6

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

7.0

1.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

27.6

24.8

10.6

12.4

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[061] Sugar, molasses and honey[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes

8.7

6.5

[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes[075] Spices

8.2

5.9

57.9

56.2

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

41.8

34.1

European Union (27)European Union (27)

8.5

13.2

El Salvador

El Salvador

7.5

9.0

6,183.3

7,262.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

0.2

0.1

2,215.7

3,229.7

12.6

15.0

3,412.3

3,143.7

19.5

14.6

69.3

70.6

57.5

57.5

MexicoMexico6.3

8.1

Colombia

El Salvador

5.6

4.9

3.8

2.7

11/25/65

10/23/67

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

3,718.9

4,106.8

Population (thousands)

15,275.1

17,235.6

0.605 (129)0.627 (135)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

58.9

56.9

32/19/49

31/19/50

11/16/73

10/17/73

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

50 (1986)

10 (2014)

Gini index, first and last year available

58.3 (1986)

48.3 (2014)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

22.2 (2001)

16.0 (2020)

133

GUINEAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

1,853.8

7,707.2

0.3–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.46890.5938

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,747.8

7,321.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

94.6

95.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

21.1

46.9

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

15.2

7.0

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

94.6

95.0

Agricultural products

7.6

4.1

Energy20.5

3.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

66.5

87.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

82.4

87.5

36.0

51.8
33.8

[285] Aluminium ores and concentrates (incl. alumina)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[285] Aluminium ores and concentrates (incl. alumina)

27.5[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

18.9

2.0

55.7

72.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)

United Arab Emirates

30.6

33.8

India

China

14.7

20.6

Republic of Korea

India

10.4

17.6

1,015.7

1,334.0

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.5

–

387.4

846.5

17.6

22.5

535.7

341.3

24.4

9.1

64.8

71.2

53.1

33.0

European Union (27)European Union (27)

India

India

7.5

19.2

United Kingdom

United Arab Emirates

4.2

19.0

4.6

7.4

19/33/48

25/33/42

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

738.2

974.3

10,922.9

13,041.3

0.415 (178)

0.465 (182)

61.0

58.8

65/5/29

61/6/34

67/2/3162/2/36

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

88 (1991)

14 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

46.8 (1991)

29.6 (2018)..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

134

GUINEA-BISSAUMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE

2012–20142019–2021

150.0

225.7

–

–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.87340.8755

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

147.6

222.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

98.4

98.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

14.3

16.3

Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

17.5

9.9

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

98.4

98.3

Agricultural products

93.6

93.6

Energy4.4

4.4

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

0.4

0.3

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

96.2

96.3

88.3

88.5

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

4.2

4.2

[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products

3.7

3.7

94.5

94.6
83.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
India

India

82.9

Singapore

Singapore

7.2

7.2

United States of America

United States of America

4.4

4.4

105.1

176.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

0.5

0.3

Food imports (millions of dollars)

45.5

89.7

26.1

30.1

34.3

35.1

19.7

11.8

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

77.9

87.7

European Union (27)

50.0

60.3

SenegalSenegal

20.6

15.8

United Kingdom

Pakistan

7.2

11.6

2.6

3.4

45/14/41

32/14/54

European Union (27)

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

571.5

631.4

Population (thousands)

1,675.3

1,993.1

0.443 (187)

0.483 (177)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

67.3

66.3

64/9/27

60/9/3169/6/25

64/6/30

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

43 (1991)

22 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

43.6 (1993)34.8 (2018)..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

135

GUYANA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

1,328.9

2,878.9

1.8

0.5

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.48590.5083

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,259.1

2,733.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

96.4

95.4

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

30.6

45.0

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

13.7

10.7

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

96.5

95.5
31.7

Agricultural products

34.8

Energy0.2

0.1

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

61.5

63.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

73.8

76.5

49.2

50.8

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[042] Rice[042] Rice

14.0

14.9

[285] Aluminium ores and concentrates (incl. alumina)[285] Aluminium ores and concentrates (incl. alumina)

10.5

10.9

67.6

61.2

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
CanadaCanada29.6

33.0

United States of America

United Arab Emirates

29.1

14.7

European Union (27)European Union (27)

8.9

13.6

814.8

785.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago

3.9

1.9

222.2

279.4

12.3

8.0

532.6

434.5

29.5

12.4

65.9

71.7

33.5

46.7

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)United States of America

18.7

19.4

Suriname

Suriname

13.7

5.6

3.4

12.1

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

27/27/46

19/34/47

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

5,557.5

8,761.9

Population (thousands)

745.7

800.0

0.656 (121)0.714 (108)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

136

47.8

44.5

18/25/57

15/25/60

8/11/80

8/11/8129 (1992)

12 (1998)..

45.1 (1998)

6.5 (2001)

4.9 (2020)

HAITIMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

889.8

967.0

2.4

2.9

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.50120.4907

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

103.6

126.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

11.9

13.5

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

0.7

0.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.6

0.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

11.9

13.5

Agricultural products

9.7

11.0

Energy––Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

2.2

2.5

107.3

93.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

6.3

7.5

3.2

4.0

[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products

1.6

2.1

[072] Cocoa[282] Ferrous waste, scrape; remelting ingots, iron, steel

1.4

1.4

75.6

77.6

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

55.8

53.6

China

Canada10.5

15.4

Canada

India

9.2

8.6

1,904.8

1,878.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America––

1,563.1

1,589.6

44.4

44.1

222.4

162.0

6.3

4.5

75.9

75.4

63.0

62.4

European Union (27)European Union (27)

7.0

7.1

Colombia

Colombia

5.9

6.0

2.8

–

20/27/53

20/24/56

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,321.2

1,286.2

Population (thousands)

10,184.7

11,233.3

0.433 (175)

0.535 (163)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

56.7

55.2

31/7/62

29/7/64

15/2/82

13/2/85

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

29 (2012)

Gini index, first and last year available..

41.1 (2012)50.7 (2001)

47.2 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

137

HONDURAS
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

8,103.2

8,895.7

1.6

0.6

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.21940.2573

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

4,251.7

4,340.9

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

53.3

49.1

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

22.5

17.0

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.9

1.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

53.4

49.2

Agricultural products

43.2

43.3

Energy3.0

1.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

7.2

4.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

28.0

27.8

17.2

15.4

[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

5.7

7.3

[03] Fishery products[422] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fract.

5.1

5.0

69.3

73.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

34.1

38.5

European Union (27)European Union (27)

30.1

29.2

Guatemala

Guatemala

5.1

5.3

4,133.6

4,108.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

1.8

0.7

1,488.9

1,896.4

13.6

15.3

2,332.6

1,784.7

21.4

14.4

76.1

78.4

64.5

66.0

Guatemala

Guatemala

7.2

7.3

El Salvador

El Salvador

4.3

5.1

3.5

1.9

13/26/61

12/28/60

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

2,190.1

2,332.8

Population (thousands)

8,876.4

10,039.8

0.597 (131)0.621 (137)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

58.3

56.5

33/20/46

29/21/49

10/21/69

8/19/73

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

40 (1989)

13 (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

59.5 (1989)

48.2 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

21.9 (2001)

15.3 (2020)

138

HUNGARY
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

107,793.6

127,802.7

2.5

1.4

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.10550.1068

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

16,082.2

16,396.2

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

15.3

13.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

11.9

9.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.5

0.3

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

15.3

13.0

Agricultural products

9.9

9.1

Energy3.5

2.4

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.9

1.5

107.3

93.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[081] Feeding stuff for animals (no unmilled cereals)

4.1

2.7

2.0

1.0

[012] Other meat and edible meat offal[012] Other meat and edible meat offal

1.1

0.8

[044] Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

1.0

0.8

86.9

86.7
79.2

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)79.7

SerbiaSerbia4.1

4.1

UkraineUkraine

3.1

3.4

21,325.5

21,272.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)

6.1

2.1

4,688.5

6,461.0

5.0

5.4

12,358.0

9,413.7

13.3

7.8

92.6

89.8

European Union (27)

54.6

70.1

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

35.5

16.0

UkraineUkraine

2.5

3.8

1.9

2.9

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

5/30/65

4/29/67

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

11,804.0

14,932.0

Population (thousands)

9,907.7

9,758.2

0.828 (40)0.846 (46)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

139

47.5

55.5

5/30/65

5/32/63

3/19/78

3/20/77– (2004)– (2019)29.9 (2004)

30.0 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)

ICELAND
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

5,037.5

5,260.8

0.6

0.8

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.44230.4627

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

4,334.3

4,552.8

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

86.5

87.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

26.7

19.0

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

86.5

87.3
48.6

Agricultural products

46.2

Energy1.9

1.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

38.4

37.5

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

79.6

81.0

[03] Fishery products

38.3

41.8

[684] Aluminium[684] Aluminium

37.8

36.6

[081] Feeding stuff for animals (no unmilled cereals)[081] Feeding stuff for animals (no unmilled cereals)

3.6

2.7

81.3

85.6

[03] Fishery products

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

66.3

68.1

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

10.9

11.4

Russian Federation

United States of America

4.1

6.1

2,076.9

2,160.6

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

0.2

–

459.8

668.2

9.1

10.0

864.5

588.6

17.1

8.8

69.7

65.5

29.5

34.4

NorwayNorway24.3

19.0

BrazilBrazil

15.9

12.0

2.7

2.1

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

7/23/70

5/22/73

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

50,416.7

55,130.3

322.6

363.5

0.902 (18)0.959 (3)Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

140

71.2

67.5

5/18/77

4/17/78

2/8/901/7/91– (2003)– (2017)26.8 (2003)

26.1 (2017)– (2001)– (2020)

INDIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

314,573.6

331,184.4

0.9–

0.17700.1161

143,775.8

121,555.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

46.1

36.7

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

7.4

4.2

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3.5

2.0

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

46.1

36.7

Agricultural products

14.1

12.8

Energy19.9

12.9

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

12.1

11.0

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

30.0

21.4

19.3

12.4

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones

8.3

6.6

[042] Rice[042] Rice

2.4

2.5

33.9

35.1

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United Arab Emirates

United States of America

11.8

14.9

United States of America

European Union (27)

11.5

11.0

European Union (27)

China

10.7

9.2

287,157.7

247,086.7

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Saudi Arabia

United Arab Emirates

2.2

0.8

18,340.3

22,009.3

4.0

4.7

163,777.1

130,002.7

35.5

27.8

28.3

27.9

9.9

10.4

United Arab Emirates

Iraq

9.4

9.1

Switzerland

United States of America

9.0

8.4

6.5

3.8

18/31/51

18/28/54

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,439.6

1,926.5

Population (thousands)

1,282,788.2

1,389,677.3

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.575 (137)0.633 (132)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

48.2

43.3

46/24/29

43/25/32

59/18/22

55/17/28

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

56 (1983)

10 (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

32.1 (1983)

35.7 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

18.4 (2001)

16.3 (2020)

141

INDONESIAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

182,873.3

187,465.8––

0.15940.1315

114,055.8

101,564.2

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

62.4

54.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

12.6

9.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

5.5

3.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

62.3

54.2

Agricultural products

24.0

27.6

Energy31.3

18.6

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

7.0

8.0

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

32.7

26.0

12.0

11.6
10.7

[321] Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated[422] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fract.

[422] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fract.

[321] Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated

10.5[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

10.2

3.8

44.0

43.2
25.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Japan

China

18.1

China

India

15.5

9.4

India

Japan

10.5

8.8

67,717.3

52,748.6

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

1.7

0.8

14,732.1

17,696.3

8.1

10.5

40,694.7

21,765.7

22.3

12.9

39.9

36.8

Singapore

Singapore

24.2

16.5

Malaysia

United States of America

8.5

10.6

Republic of Korea

Australia

7.1

9.7

5.5

3.6

14/44/43

14/41/46

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

3,083.1

3,854.4

Population (thousands)

251,739.1

270,685.3

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.664 (113)

0.705 (114)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

64.1

65.0

35/21/44

29/22/49

34/16/50

26/17/57

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

74 (1984)

4 (2021)

Gini index, first and last year available

33.5 (1984)

37.6 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

19.2 (2001)

6.5 (2020)

142

IRAN (Islamic Republic of)
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

97,001.6

57,385.2

8.8

1.6

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.50140.3652

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

72,083.4

39,741.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

81.5

70.4

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

12.7

4.0

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

26.1

28.4

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

81.5

70.4

Agricultural products

5.8

10.6

Energy70.2

52.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

5.5

7.3

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

68.1

48.1

57.0

39.4

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

8.1

4.8

[342] Liquefied propane and butane[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

3.0

3.9

64.1

52.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

36.7

26.8

India

India

14.5

14.2

Japan

European Union (27)

12.9

11.0

14,193.6

13,175.0

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United Arab Emirates

India

1.1

–

9,562.0

9,879.4

17.9

22.9

1,257.8

509.0

2.4

1.2

41.9

38.6

17.1

20.5

India

European Union (27)

14.5

9.6

Türkiye

United Arab Emirates

10.3

8.4

0.2

0.3
13/35/52

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

8/42/50

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

5,241.9

5,026.8

Population (thousands)

77,896.6

86,906.2

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.745 (78)0.774 (76)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

35.9

37.2

18/33/48

17/31/51

23/24/52

19/27/55

9 (1986)

1 (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

47.4 (1986)

40.9 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

4.8 (2001)

4.1 (2020)

143

IRAQ
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

89,539.1

70,360.3

0.1–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.9686

0.8920Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

89,280.2

70,137.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

99.8

99.7

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

39.3

34.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

46.6

38.8

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

99.8

99.7

Agricultural products

0.2

0.3

Energy97.8

95.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.8

4.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

99.6

98.7

97.1

90.4

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

1.8

4.3

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

0.7

4.0

59.4

70.2

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

21.3

26.6

India

India

19.4

24.7

United States of America

European Union (27)

18.6

18.9

21,921.3

21,128.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Türkiye

1.2

0.5

13,520.7

14,175.7

22.3

22.1

3,240.9

2,829.7

5.3

4.4

55.1

56.0

Türkiye

24.3

27.8

Syrian Arab Republic

Syrian Arab Republic

23.4

15.7

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

7.4

12.5

6.8

0.2
4/49/47

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

5/58/38

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

4,391.3

4,323.0

Population (thousands)

34,652.4

42,066.0

0.640 (123)

0.686 (121)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

38.1

35.9

21/23/55

18/23/59

18/17/65

15/16/69– (2006)– (2012)Gini index, first and last year available

28.6 (2006)

29.5 (2012)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

22.1 (2001)

15.9 (2020)

144

IRELAND
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

120,575.8

181,675.0

1.3

0.6

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.23850.2973

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

16,916.3

18,538.9

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

14.2

10.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

7.0

4.2

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020–

0.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

14.2

10.2

Agricultural products

11.7

8.9

Energy1.2

0.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.3

0.8

107.3

93.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[098] Edible products and preparations, n.e.s.

[011] Meat of bovine animals, fresh, chilled or frozen

4.7

3.4

1.9

1.3

[011] Meat of bovine animals, fresh, chilled or frozen[098] Edible products and preparations, n.e.s.

1.8

1.2

[112] Alcoholic beverages[112] Alcoholic beverages

1.1

1.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

80.5

78.6

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

39.9

37.3

European Union (27)European Union (27)

34.7

33.8

United States of America

United States of America

6.0

7.5

19,854.0

18,044.7

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United Kingdom

2.3

2.1

7,521.2

9,170.0

10.1

8.8

8,985.8

5,770.1

12.1

5.5

80.4

83.6

United Kingdom

51.1

45.5

European Union (27)European Union (27)

24.0

29.3

NorwayUnited States of America

5.3

8.8

5.7

7.0

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/27/72

1/39/60

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

47,794.7

80,778.2

Population (thousands)

4,577.3

4,919.70.904 (17)0.945 (8)Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

145

53.3

58.4

6/17/77

4/19/77

2/9/90

1/9/901 (1987)– (2018)35.5 (1987)

30.6 (2018)– (2001)– (2020)ISRAEL
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

66,295.6

56,266.2

1.0

2.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.27650.1580Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

23,512.6

12,172.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

35.8

22.1

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

8.2

2.9

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.3

0.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

35.8

22.0
4.2

Agricultural products

3.8

Energy1.5

0.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

30.5

17.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

31.4

17.5

29.1

15.7

[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

1.4

1.1

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

0.8

0.7

75.2

74.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

44.1

44.4

European Union (27)European Union (27)

24.0

21.4

India

India

7.1

8.2

24,929.4

20,499.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

1.8

2.4

5,641.3

6,817.0

7.9

8.8

5,143.5

5,236.5

7.2

6.8

57.3

55.1

24.5

27.0

United States of America

United States of America

22.5

17.5

India

India

10.2

10.6

3.9

3.1

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/23/76

1/20/78

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

36,398.9

40,445.4

Population (thousands)

7,659.5

8,681.7

0.894 (21)0.919 (22)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

146

59.8

59.8

1/18/81

1/17/82

1/8/91–/8/92– (1986)

1 (2018)36.5 (1986)

38.6 (2018)– (2001)– (2020)

ITALYMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

516,384.2

546,071.6

2.2

2.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.05480.0557

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

86,920.1

91,898.9

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

17.2

17.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

4.1

4.6

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.2

0.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

17.2

17.2

Agricultural products

8.9

10.6

Energy4.7

2.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

3.6

3.8

107.3

93.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

7.1

5.3

4.2

2.4

[112] Alcoholic beverages[112] Alcoholic beverages

1.5

1.8

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[048] Cereal preparations, flour of fruits or vegetables

1.4

1.1

66.7

70.9
54.4

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)50.2

Switzerland

United States of America

10.1

8.8

United States of America

Switzerland

6.5

7.8

183,474.0

148,059.7

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

1.3

1.1

44,615.3

45,376.4

9.4

9.4

93,972.9

55,212.1

19.8

11.5

54.1

55.4

European Union (27)

36.1

41.9

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

12.0

9.3

Libya

Azerbaijan

6.1

4.1

-1.0

-0.3

European Union (27)

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2/23/74

2/24/74

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

30,413.6

30,933.4

Population (thousands)

60,242.7

59,605.7

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.882 (24)0.895 (30)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

147

43.2

44.2

4/27/69

4/26/70

2/14/84

2/13/85– (1986)

2 (2018)32.5 (1986)

35.2 (2018)– (2001)– (2020)

JAMAICAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

1,577.6

1,436.7

0.4

0.2

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.44140.4727

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,379.6

1,344.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

87.8

93.8

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

9.6

9.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.3

0.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

87.8

93.7

Agricultural products

21.9

24.9

Energy22.2

22.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

43.7

46.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

67.8

74.9

[285] Aluminium ores and concentrates (incl. alumina)

41.6

45.0

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

21.2

22.5

[112] Alcoholic beverages[112] Alcoholic beverages

5.0

7.3

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

75.3

69.2

[285] Aluminium ores and concentrates (incl. alumina)

United States of America

United States of America

44.0

46.9

European Union (27)European Union (27)

17.4

13.4

CanadaCanada13.9

8.8

3,345.2

2,536.5

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

1.8

–

986.5

1,029.3

16.2

18.1

2,205.9

1,355.3

36.2

23.8

77.8

66.0

32.4

48.5

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)Brazil

26.2

9.3

Trinidad and Tobago

Colombia

19.2

8.2

0.5

-0.5

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

7/21/73

9/23/68

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

5,042.3

5,009.9

Population (thousands)

2,766.4

2,818.00.704 (103)0.709 (110)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

53.6

57.5

18/15/66

15/16/69

8/6/868/6/865 (1988)

1 (2004)

Gini index, first and last year available

43.2 (1988)

45.5 (2004)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

7.4 (2001)

6.9 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

148

JAPANMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

734,644.9

701,340.0

4.9

6.5

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.12570.1356

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

52,303.0

52,233.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

7.5

8.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

1.0

1.0

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020–

0.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

7.5

7.9

Agricultural products

1.5

1.9

Energy2.2

1.6

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

3.8

4.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

3.8

3.6

1.9

1.2

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[682] Copper[682] Copper[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

1.1

1.2

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

0.8

1.2

54.4

47.3

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

26.4

24.1

Republic of Korea

Republic of Korea

17.0

14.4

Singapore

United States of America

11.1

8.8

426,644.0

276,708.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Australia

Australia

1.3

1.6

64,330.4

61,145.6

7.7

8.8

282,072.2

138,609.8

33.9

19.9

33.9

35.4

12.0

16.0

Saudi Arabia

United States of America

11.8

10.7

United Arab Emirates

Saudi Arabia

10.1

8.8

1.1

-0.1

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/27/72

1/29/70

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

33,989.8

35,730.2

Population (thousands)

127,764.3

125,510.0

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.898 (20)0.925 (19)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

149

56.9

60.3

4/25/71

3/24/72

3/14/82

3/14/83

1 (2008)

1 (2013)34.8 (2008)

32.9 (2013)– (2001)

3.2 (2020)

JORDAN
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

8,060.7

8,537.8

0.2

0.2

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.17800.2342

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2,275.5

2,302.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

28.3

27.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

6.6

5.2

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.8

0.3

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

28.4

27.0

Agricultural products

19.5

13.7

Energy0.3

1.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

8.6

11.5

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

14.9

12.3

6.4

6.6

[054] Vegetables[272] Crude fertilizers (excluding those of division 56)[272] Crude fertilizers (excluding those of division 56)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

6.0

3.0

[001] Live animals other than animals of division 03[054] Vegetables

2.4

2.6

52.1

46.1

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Iraq

India

20.8

20.6

India

Saudi Arabia

16.6

16.1

Saudi Arabia

United Arab Emirates

14.7

9.4

10,983.7

7,747.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

1.6

3.0

3,602.6

3,701.5

16.9

19.8

6,145.0

3,122.7

28.8

16.7

52.4

52.4

Saudi Arabia

32.3

24.9

European Union (27)European Union (27)

13.0

17.4

India

United States of America

7.1

10.0

2.7

1.5
6/27/68

Saudi Arabia

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4/29/67

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

4,667.2

3,822.5

Population (thousands)

7,529.8

10,812.6

0.725 (89)0.720 (102)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

34.8

31.3

3/25/72

2/24/73

1/15/84

1/13/86– (1986)– (2010)Gini index, first and last year available

36.1 (1986)

33.7 (2010)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

9.7 (2001)

16.9 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

150

KAZAKHSTANMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

85,479.6

55,317.3––

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.63580.5088

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

76,066.7

47,468.9

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

89.0

85.8

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

34.3

26.2

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

20.1

18.7

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

88.9

85.9

Agricultural products

3.4

6.5

Energy74.0

63.1

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

11.5

16.3

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

72.2

64.3

65.3

52.9

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

3.6

6.1

[682] Copper[682] Copper

3.3

5.4

77.6

67.7

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

56.5

44.3

China

China

15.1

16.2

Switzerland

Russian Federation

6.0

7.2

9,559.1

7,450.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Russian Federation

Russian Federation

0.2

0.7

3,799.3

3,480.98.5

8.9

4,199.0

1,938.5

9.4

4.9

74.5

75.4

61.4

61.9

European Union (27)European Union (27)

7.0

7.0

Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan

6.1

6.4

4.8

2.6

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

5/37/58

5/36/59

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

10,027.6

11,082.4

Population (thousands)

17,224.9

18,868.6

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.767 (67)0.811 (56)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

67.0

66.1

24/20/57

15/21/64

23/12/65

13/12/75

8 (1996)– (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

35.4 (1996)

27.8 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

6.5 (2001)– (2020)151

KENYA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

5,787.6

6,203.7

0.3

0.2

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.19990.2045

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

3,790.4

4,450.2

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

65.7

71.9

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

6.2

4.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2.7

1.2

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

65.8

71.9

Agricultural products

53.9

57.3

Energy6.8

4.6

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

5.1

10.0

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

36.9

35.6

[074] Tea and mate

19.1

18.7

[292] Crude vegetable materials, n.e.s.

[292] Crude vegetable materials, n.e.s.

11.3

12.3

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

6.4

4.6

39.6

40.8

[074] Tea and mateThree leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

21.9

21.7

United Kingdom

Pakistan

11.0

10.1

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

6.8

9.0

6,475.7

5,671.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.6

0.8

1,986.9

2,465.3

11.7

14.3

3,899.3

2,558.6

23.0

14.8

46.7

34.4

United Arab Emirates

25.0

13.3

United Arab Emirates

Saudi Arabia

14.7

11.4

Saudi Arabia

European Union (27)

7.0

9.7

5.5

3.8

18/21/61

23/18/59

India

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,404.1

1,640.2

Population (thousands)

44,256.4

51,471.4

0.545 (144)0.575 (152)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

72.0

69.4

59/6/35

54/6/3965/2/34

59/2/39

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

26 (1992)

29 (2015)

Gini index, first and last year available

57.5 (1992)

40.8 (2015)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

32.2 (2001)

26.9 (2020)

152

KIRIBATIMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

7.5

10.2

1.0

2.5

0.56310.6136

6.9

8.8

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

91.7

88.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

3.7

4.7

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.1–

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

91.8

88.2

Agricultural products

86.6

83.7

Energy4.4

3.6

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

0.8

0.9

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

85.1

82.3

[03] Fishery products

63.3

63.9

[422] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fract.

[422] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fract.

17.3

11.9

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[223] Oil seeds & oleaginous fruits (incl. flour, n.e.s.)

4.4

6.5

65.0

63.3

[03] Fishery products

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Japan

Japan

42.9

31.5

Viet Nam

Republic of Korea

12.5

15.9

MoroccoThailand

9.5

15.9

46.1

79.6

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

5.9

7.0

Food imports (millions of dollars)

21.3

36.1

21.1

26.5

16.9

25.8

16.8

18.9

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Australia

Singapore

67.8

56.2

25.2

26.9

Fiji

Australia

23.3

18.0

Singapore

Fiji

19.4

11.2

3.6

0.8

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

24/14/62

25/10/65

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,359.7

1,393.4

Population (thousands)

112.5

125.4

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.589 (133)0.624 (136)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)..

..

Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)..

..

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)..

..

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

14 (2006)

2 (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

37.0 (2006)

27.8 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

4.4 (2001)

4.2 (2020)

153

KUWAITMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

111,477.3

55,951.7

0.3

0.3

0.67050.6420100,513.8

47,787.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

90.5

85.7

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

59.0

37.6

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

53.5

39.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

90.5

85.7

Agricultural products

0.9

1.4

Energy89.1

83.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

0.5

0.8

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

88.7

83.2

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

66.8

64.8

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

17.8

12.0

[342] Liquefied propane and butane[342] Liquefied propane and butane

4.1

6.4

50.0

52.9

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Republic of Korea

China

19.0

23.3

India

Republic of Korea

16.3

17.6

Japan

Japan

14.6

12.0

6,274.5

7,409.5

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United Arab Emirates–

0.1

4,258.0

5,265.9

14.4

16.7

207.8

163.3

0.7

0.5

41.8

40.0

European Union (27)

17.2

15.7

European Union (27)

United Arab Emirates

15.4

15.3

India

India

9.3

9.1

3.3

-1.5

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Av+S36+P9:Y36+P7:Y36+S36+P9:Y36+S36+P9:Y36+P7:AA36+P7:Z36+S36+P9:Y36+P7:AB36+P7:AA36+P36:Y37+P36:Y39+P3+P36:Y37
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020–/65/35–/48/51

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

31,457.9

25,017.8

Population (thousands)

3,520.6

4,378.2

0.813 (45)0.831 (50)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

70.3

69.0

2/24/74

2/22/76–/3/97–/3/97

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

2.6 (2001)

2.7 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

154

KYRGYZSTANMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

1,923.8

1,846.0

2.4

0.4

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.33620.4453

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,363.6

1,502.1

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

72.6

81.7

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

19.1

18.0

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4.5

7.7

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

72.7

81.7

Agricultural products

18.7

15.0

Energy9.6

4.6

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

44.4

62.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

48.9

60.7

36.4

46.5

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[289] Ores & concentrates of precious metals; waste, scrap

6.3

9.9

[054] Vegetables[054] Vegetables

6.2

4.4

64.2

75.3

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Switzerland

United Kingdom

38.7

54.7

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

14.6

10.9

United Arab Emirates

Russian Federation

10.9

9.8

2,190.0

1,390.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.3

0.1

682.9

524.4

12.1

11.4

1,204.9

651.7

21.3

14.2

85.1

84.2

Russian Federation

63.1

54.1

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

18.4

24.9

UkraineUzbekistan

3.6

5.2

5.0

1.8

Russian Federation

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

17/26/56

14/31/55

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,058.5

1,176.0

Population (thousands)

5,676.3

6,374.9

0.664 (113)

0.692 (118)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

57.8

52.3

31/21/48

19/25/55

32/11/56

19/15/66

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

38 (2000)

1 (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

31.0 (2000)

29.0 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

15.0 (2001)

5.3 (2020)

155

LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

2,368.9

6,539.6

0.3

3.5

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.27590.2651

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2,023.4

4,857.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

85.6

77.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

17.1

25.6

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

10.9

3.3

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

85.6

76.9

Agricultural products

35.8

24.4

Energy13.3

28.4

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

36.5

24.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

56.6

43.0

24.2

28.2

[24+25] Forestry products[351] Electric current[682] Copper[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen

19.9

7.6

[351] Electric current[24+25] Forestry products

12.5

7.2

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

88.2

90.4

ThailandThailand

37.2

46.5

China

China

33.7

33.9

Viet Nam

Viet Nam

17.3

10.0

1,042.4

1,909.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
ThailandThailand

0.3

1.3

298.2

788.6

8.5

14.4

597.9

789.3

17.0

14.4

93.7

93.8

83.9

78.6

Viet Nam

Viet Nam

7.4

12.0

China

China

2.4

3.2

7.8

5.3

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

20/34/46

18/36/46

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,888.8

2,592.9

Population (thousands)

6,554.7

7,265.8

0.551 (142)0.607 (140)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

77.3

75.9

68/10/22

61/13/26

70/8/2264/9/27

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

24 (1992)

7 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

34.3 (1992)

38.8 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

31.2 (2001)

5.1 (2020)

156

LATVIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

13,264.3

16,363.8

6.2

2.4

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.09050.0841

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

5,366.8

6,315.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

43.1

39.5

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

17.9

17.7

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.1

1.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

43.2

39.5

Agricultural products

30.8

32.4

Energy8.6

4.9

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

3.8

2.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

20.6

19.5

10.2

11.8

[24+25] Forestry products[24+25] Forestry products[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[112] Alcoholic beverages

5.5

4.0

[112] Alcoholic beverages[041] Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled

4.9

3.6

80.6

76.6

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

62.7

57.9

Russian Federation

United Kingdom

12.6

10.9

United Kingdom

Russian Federation

5.4

7.8

5,693.1

5,600.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)

8.7

4.8

1,929.6

2,328.9

12.7

12.6

2,680.9

1,590.8

17.6

8.6

93.6

92.4

European Union (27)

70.3

75.1

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

16.5

12.7

BelarusBelarus

6.8

4.6

3.5

2.0

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4/23/74

4/22/74

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

12,668.5

16,034.0

Population (thousands)

2,042.7

1,906.7

0.824 (42)0.863 (39)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

52.0

56.5

8/24/68

7/24/69

5/13/82

4/12/84

3 (2004)– (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

36.4 (2004)

34.5 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

4.6 (2001)– (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

157

LEBANONMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

5,111.0

4,288.8

0.4

0.5

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.14130.1995

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2,573.5

2,340.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

50.5

54.8

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

5.6

4.0

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

50.6

54.9

Agricultural products

21.0

18.4

Energy3.5

0.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

26.1

35.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

21.7

31.0

13.2

21.5

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones

4.3

6.2

[288] Non-ferrous base metal waste and scrap, n.e.s.

[288] Non-ferrous base metal waste and scrap, n.e.s.

4.2

3.3

38.0

61.7

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Switzerland

Switzerland

14.4

36.6

South Africa

United Arab Emirates

12.0

13.4

Syrian Arab Republic

European Union (27)

11.6

11.7

9,728.7

7,517.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

0.4

0.5

2,861.1

2,243.7

13.7

15.2

4,817.0

3,985.7

23.1

27.0

56.1

57.1

43.4

41.0

United States of America

Russian Federation

6.8

8.5

Russian Federation

United States of America

6.0

7.7

2.3

-8.2

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4/17/79

3/12/85

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

8,508.8

6,536.3

Population (thousands)

5,479.5

5,731.70.770 (65)0.706 (112)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

39.4

37.4

13/26/61

11/24/65

13/14/73

9/13/78

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

– (2011)

Gini index, first and last year available..

31.8 (2011)

7.8 (2001)

10.9 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

158

LESOTHOMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

879.2

964.7

0.1

–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.28330.3583

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

355.0

416.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

40.4

43.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

14.6

16.6

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

5.1

4.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

40.5

43.1

Agricultural products

11.5

7.8

Energy0.1–

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

28.9

35.3

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

32.8

39.1

21.5

33.9

[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones[277] Natural abrasives, n.e.s. (incl. industri. diamonds)[268] Wool and other animal hair (incl. wool tops)

7.0

3.6

[111] Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s.

[046] Meal and flour of wheat and flour of meslin

4.2

1.6

95.7

87.1

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

62.9

66.7

South Africa

South Africa

27.0

14.7

United States of America

Switzerland

5.9

5.7

919.3

820.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
South Africa

South Africa

0.9

0.1

436.6

431.5

18.9

22.1

352.1

261.5

15.3

13.4

97.7

97.8

96.5

94.1

European Union (27)European Union (27)

0.6

2.7

ZambiaZambia

0.6

1.0

3.4

-0.7

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

5/34/60

5/36/59

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,084.2

1,030.5

Population (thousands)

2,064.5

2,240.0

0.467 (168)

0.514 (168)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

49.2

48.6

48/14/38

44/13/42

45/12/43

40/12/48

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

54 (1986)

32 (2017)

Gini index, first and last year available

56.0 (1986)

44.9 (2017)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

20.0 (2001)

34.7 (2020)

159

LIBERIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

487.7

676.4

0.2

0.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.42410.4378

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

321.8

502.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

66.1

74.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

16.9

19.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

27.0

14.3

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

66.1

74.3

Agricultural products

22.8

17.1

Energy6.0

1.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

37.3

55.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

51.0

64.9

[281] Iron ore and concentrates

26.8

29.5

[231] Natural rubber & similar gums, in primary forms[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

16.0

24.3

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[231] Natural rubber & similar gums, in primary forms

8.2

11.1

67.9

70.1

[281] Iron ore and concentrates

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

31.0

42.5

China

Switzerland

24.5

20.0

United Arab Emirates

China

12.4

7.5

Commodity imports (millions of dollars)

143.4

245.1

Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

26.0

9.7

Food imports (millions of dollars)

34.6

37.1

3.4

3.4

101.8

202.7

9.9

18.6

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

58.7

84.5

China

China

42.4

60.5

India

Brazil8.3

12.2

European Union (27)European Union (27)

8.0

11.8

7.4

-0.1

70/12/18

74/9/17KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

525.6

524.1

Population (thousands)

4,379.6

5,037.2

0.460 (170)

0.481 (178)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

75.5

72.4

45/11/44

43/10/47

44/5/51

40/5/55

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

53 (2007)

28 (2016)

Gini index, first and last year available

36.5 (2007)35.3 (2016)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

36.6 (2001)

38.3 (2020)

160

LIBYA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

42,623.3

21,508.7–

0.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.75350.7820Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

41,866.0

21,212.1

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

98.2

98.9

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

55.9

46.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

53.3

37.2

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

98.3

98.9

Agricultural products

0.1

0.2

Energy92.4

91.6

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

5.8

7.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

89.4

92.8

77.3

81.3

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

6.6

5.9

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

5.5

5.6

81.6

82.4

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

67.7

61.7

China

China

8.1

13.5

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

5.8

7.1

6,690.8

6,882.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.9

0.4

3,383.8

3,598.5

15.1

22.2

2,493.4

2,205.4

11.1

13.6

65.7

69.0

European Union (27)European Union (27)

54.7

51.4

Egypt

United Arab Emirates

5.8

11.1

BrazilTürkiye

5.2

6.6

-6.8

-6.0

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2/53/44

4/40/56

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

10,656.8

6,117.0

Population (thousands)

5,929.4

6,611.3

0.739 (79)0.718 (104)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

38.5

38.0

20/25/55

16/24/59

20/18/62

16/17/67

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

..

..

161

LIECHTENSTEIN
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE

2012–20142019–2021

Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)..

..

Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)..

..

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)..

..

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)..

..

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)..

..

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)..

..

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020..

..

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)..

..

Agricultural products..

..

Energy..

..

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold..

..

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)..

..

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Commodity imports (millions of dollars)..

..

Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)..

..

Food imports (millions of dollars)

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

1.6

1.3

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020–/44/56–/44/56

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

164,358.7

174,803.6

36.7

38.6

Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.913 (7)0.935 (16)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)..

..

Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)..

..

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)..

..

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

..

..

162

LITHUANIAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

31,548.9

35,602.0

2.1

1.5

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.17600.0894

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

13,699.8

11,859.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

44.3

33.8

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

29.8

20.2

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.5

0.3

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

44.3

33.8

Agricultural products

20.8

21.1

Energy22.1

10.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.4

2.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

24.4

13.3

20.8

8.6

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[041] Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled[122] Tobacco, manufactured

1.9

2.4

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[041] Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled

1.7

2.3

76.0

69.4
58.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

56.4

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

12.6

5.8

United Kingdom

Ukraine6.9

5.6

15,562.7

12,331.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

2.9

3.0

3,677.2

3,748.2

11.1

10.2

9,965.3

5,855.4

30.1

15.9

91.7

82.1

European Union (27)

55.6

44.9

European Union (27)

Russian Federation

32.4

29.9

Belarus

Kazakhstan

3.7

7.3

3.7

3.3

Russian Federation

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4/31/65

3/28/68

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

12,954.9

17,338.1

Population (thousands)

3,045.8

2,834.3

0.842 (33)0.875 (35)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

163

51.3

57.6

9/25/66

6/26/68

6/16/77

4/17/79

3 (2004)

1 (2019)37.0 (2004)

35.3 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)LUXEMBOURG
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

18,798.5

14,806.9

2.4

2.5

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.11690.1037

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

3,504.3

2,470.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

19.1

17.1

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

5.4

3.2

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.1–

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

19.1

17.2

Agricultural products

10.4

9.9

Energy1.2

0.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

7.5

7.0

107.3

93.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[684] Aluminium[684] Aluminium

6.5

5.2

3.1

2.6

[024] Cheese and curd[682] Copper

1.7

1.3

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[022] Milk, cream and milk products (excluding butter, cheese)

1.6

1.3

91.3

92.6
88.2

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)82.8

Switzerland

China

5.7

2.5

United Kingdom

Switzerland

2.8

1.9

8,183.0

6,433.5

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

4.4

2.9

1,969.7

1,994.4

8.2

8.9

3,084.6

1,886.8

12.8

8.4

95.6

93.8

91.8

91.6

United States of America

United States of America

2.0

1.2

Switzerland

Switzerland

1.9

1.0

2.3

2.1

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020–/12/88–/12/87

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

105,153.1

107,219.8

536.9

624.9

0.912 (9)0.930 (17)Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

164

56.1

57.6

1/12/87

1/11/89

1/4/95–/4/95– (1985)– (2019)26.7 (1985)

34.2 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)

MADAGASCARMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

1,893.9

2,428.8

0.9

0.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.23920.3012

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,272.1

1,792.4

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

67.8

73.9

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

10.4

13.0

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

6.9

5.0

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

67.7

73.8

Agricultural products

33.0

41.7

Energy1.9

0.9

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

32.8

31.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

38.5

47.7

[075] Spices

16.7

28.4

[075] Spices[683] Nickel

13.2

13.9

[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products

8.7

5.4

55.2

62.6
30.7

[683] Nickel

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

37.9

China

United States of America

9.1

20.2

United States of America

China

8.2

11.6

1,350.5

1,383.5

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.6

0.5

521.3

669.8

16.2

17.4

674.1

569.0

21.0

14.8

46.1

38.6

United Arab Emirates

28.3

15.9

Bahrain

India

9.7

15.3

European Union (27)European Union (27)

8.2

7.4

2.7

1.6

28/19/53

25/22/52

United Arab Emirates

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

452.0

448.0

23,277.8

27,879.2

0.492 (160)0.501 (173)

85.6

83.0

68/8/24

64/9/2765/8/27

60/9/31

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

49 (1980)

81 (2012)

Gini index, first and last year available

46.8 (1980)

42.6 (2012)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

33.8 (2001)

48.5 (2020)

165

MALAWI
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

1,244.2

900.1

1.7

–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.4812

0.4988

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,079.8

840.2

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

88.3

93.4

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

16.4

7.2

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

9.4

4.4

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

88.3

93.4

Agricultural products

79.7

92.5

Energy0.1

0.1

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

8.5

0.8

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

64.8

68.6

[121] Tobacco, unmanufactured; tobacco refuse[121] Tobacco, unmanufactured; tobacco refuse

50.1

50.0

[286] Ores and concentrates of uranium or thorium[061] Sugar, molasses and honey

8.4

10.5

[074] Tea and mate[074] Tea and mate

6.3

8.0

45.7

47.0
34.6

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)29.4CanadaSouth Africa

9.3

6.4

South Africa

Kenya

7.0

6.0

654.8

748.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Mozambique

United Arab Emirates

0.9

0.3

200.4

293.0

7.6

9.9

309.1

241.5

11.8

8.1

65.3

49.9

32.7

21.7

South Africa

South Africa

19.3

18.1

ZambiaKuwait

13.3

10.2

9.2

5.2

29/17/54

25/20/55

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

424.7

564.6

15,803.8

19,122.6

0.456 (173)0.512 (169)

73.1

71.1

78/6/17

76/5/18

84/3/1382/3/15

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

59 (1997)

70 (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

65.8 (1997)

38.5 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

23.6 (2001)

17.8 (2020)

166

MALAYSIAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

229,966.9

257,830.9

0.5

0.2

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.17130.2294

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

88,069.4

73,962.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

38.5

28.8

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

27.1

20.7

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

9.0

6.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

38.5

28.8

Agricultural products

13.7

11.7

Energy21.7

12.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

3.1

4.3

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

22.2

14.3

8.3

6.3

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[422] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fract.

7.8

4.6

[422] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fract.

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

6.2

3.4

45.3

40.3

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Japan

China

19.0

18.8

Singapore

Singapore

14.9

12.3

China

Japan

11.4

9.1

67,434.2

66,495.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.5

0.5

14,835.3

17,113.6

7.3

8.1

32,104.8

27,438.0

15.8

13.1

36.3

33.2

Singapore

20.4

12.7

Indonesia

Indonesia

9.0

10.7

Australia

China

7.0

9.7

5.3

2.7

Singapore

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

9/40/50

8/38/55

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

9,019.0

10,647.0

Population (thousands)

29,897.0

33,001.5

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.769 (66)0.803 (62)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

61.7

62.3

13/28/59

10/27/63

8/20/72

6/20/74

4 (1984)– (2015)

Gini index, first and last year available

48.6 (1984)

41.1 (2015)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

2.5 (2001)– (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

167

MALDIVES
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

315.4

310.6

1.7

0.6

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.7922

0.6612

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

299.9

297.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

96.7

96.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

9.1

6.4

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

96.7

96.3

Agricultural products

95.0

87.8

Energy0.1

5.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.6

2.8

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

95.8

93.1

94.2

86.5

[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products[282] Ferrous waste, scrape; remelting ingots, iron, steel[342] Liquefied propane and butane

1.0

4.6

[288] Non-ferrous base metal waste and scrap, n.e.s.

[282] Ferrous waste, scrape; remelting ingots, iron, steel

0.5

2.0

73.2

71.1

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)Thailand

36.5

34.7

ThailandEuropean Union (27)

27.5

28.4

United States of America

United States of America

9.2

7.9

968.7

1,030.0

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

–

–

332.0

469.4

18.9

19.3

520.8

374.8

29.6

15.4

67.1

53.7

United Arab Emirates

43.4

26.3

Singapore

Oman

13.9

15.6

India

India

9.8

11.8

5.7

-0.5

United Arab Emirates

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

6/10/84

7/14/80

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

9,274.0

8,623.5

Population (thousands)

394.1

509.0

0.688 (106)0.747 (90)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

168

50.5

53.1

11/18/71

8/19/73

3/20/77

2/23/75

7 (2002)– (2019)41.3 (2002)

29.3 (2019)

..

..

MALI
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

2,583.3

4,455.7

0.1

0.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.66510.8394

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2,333.6

4,305.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

90.4

96.7

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

17.5

24.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

9.3

8.3

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

90.3

96.7

Agricultural products

22.1

11.0

Energy0.6

0.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

67.6

85.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

83.9

92.3

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

66.8

85.2

[263] Cotton[263] Cotton

15.3

5.6

[001] Live animals other than animals of division 03[001] Live animals other than animals of division 03

1.9

1.5

72.9

84.6

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

41.9

38.8

Switzerland

Switzerland

16.8

28.2

South Africa

South Africa

14.2

17.6

1,378.6

2,375.7

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
SenegalSenegal

0.3

0.3

475.9

756.7

13.2

13.8

801.7

1,471.8

22.2

26.8

66.1

74.4

32.7

45.7

Côte d'Ivoire

Côte d'Ivoire

22.1

18.8

European Union (27)European Union (27)

11.3

9.9

8.3

5.2

39/21/40

39/23/38

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

666.0

821.4

16,768.4

20,898.7

0.404 (181)0.428 (186)

66.0

63.4

67/8/25

62/8/30

67/7/26

63/5/32

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

85 (1994)

15 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

50.4 (1994)

36.1 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

16.2 (2001)

9.8 (2020)

169

MALTA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE

2012–20142019–2021

3,604.0

2,990.7

1.0

1.2

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.41780.2637

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,648.1

823.4

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

46.2

27.9

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

15.6

5.3

Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

46.2

27.8

Agricultural products

4.7

8.2

Energy40.7

18.4

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

0.8

1.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

43.0

23.5

39.7

16.9

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products

1.9

4.7

[098] Edible products and preparations, n.e.s.

[098] Edible products and preparations, n.e.s.

1.3

1.9

46.7

47.4

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

18.8

25.8

Egypt

Japan

16.7

16.7

Republic of Korea

Malaysia

11.2

4.9

3,048.3

2,509.0

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

3.8

3.2

337.7

386.9

5.4

6.1

2,589.1

1,990.9

41.3

31.6

75.2

72.6

European Union (27)

37.6

35.5

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

28.2

31.4

Türkiye

Egypt

9.4

5.7

5.5

3.7

European Union (27)

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/16/83

1/13/86

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

21,620.7

26,655.1

433.8

509.5

0.861 (29)0.918 (23)Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

170

50.7

59.7

1/21/77

1/19/80–/11/89–/9/91

1 (2006)– (2019)28.0 (2006)

31.0 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)

MARSHALL ISLANDSMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

75.6

59.7

0.2

0.2

0.78460.8212

15.5

5.9

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

20.5

9.8

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

8.5

2.4

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

20.5

9.8

Agricultural products

17.9

6.3

Energy2.4

3.4

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

0.2

0.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

20.0

9.2

17.6

6.1

[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

2.2

2.6

[321] Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated[335] Residual petroleum products, n.e.s., related mater.

0.2

0.5

72.3

55.7

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
ThailandThailand

37.9

21.5

China

Angola25.0

19.7

United States of America

China

9.4

14.5

Commodity imports (millions of dollars)

5.5

9.6

Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

23.9

14.1

Food imports (millions of dollars)

0.2

0.3

0.2

0.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

5.1

9.2

4.8

14.4

89.2

86.7

China

48.2

58.0

Nigeria

Brazil31.2

19.8

United States of America

United States of America

9.8

8.9

0.5

2.3

15/14/71

19/13/68

3,501.2

4,807.6

51.8

44.1

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021..

0.639 (131)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)..

..

Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)

..

..

China

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)..

..

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

1 (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available..

35.5 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

..

..

171

MAURITANIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

2,408.7

3,146.1

0.5–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.44970.4387

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2,365.3

3,105.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

98.7

98.8

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

34.6

37.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

17.3

2.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

98.6

98.7

Agricultural products

24.8

32.1

Energy7.7

0.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

66.1

66.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

76.2

84.7

43.1

39.3

[281] Iron ore and concentrates[281] Iron ore and concentrates[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products

22.0

26.1

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

11.1

19.3

77.5

64.6

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

44.7

35.7

European Union (27)European Union (27)

22.1

19.3

Switzerland

Switzerland

10.7

9.6

1,606.4

1,436.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.8

0.7

644.5

803.6

18.4

24.7

904.5

474.0

25.8

14.6

67.2

59.0

European Union (27)

33.8

29.2

European Union (27)

United Arab Emirates

27.1

23.8

BrazilTürkiye

6.3

6.0

4.4

2.4

United Arab Emirates

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

18/38/44

24/29/47

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,501.4

1,549.4

Population (thousands)

3,688.2

4,441.3

0.510 (151)

0.556 (158)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

40.9

39.9

34/18/48

31/18/52

26/18/56

22/17/61

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

41 (1987)

7 (2014)

Gini index, first and last year available

43.9 (1987)

32.6 (2014)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

8.3 (2001)

10.1 (2020)

172

MAURITIUS
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

2,870.6

1,992.0

15.7

14.8

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.23460.2047

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

998.8

770.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

41.3

45.4

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

8.2

6.4

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

41.3

45.4

Agricultural products

36.3

38.2

Energy0.1

0.4

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

4.9

6.8

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

34.0

34.7

[03] Fishery products

18.6

19.4

[061] Sugar, molasses and honey[061] Sugar, molasses and honey

11.7

10.7

[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones

3.8

4.6

78.7

65.3

[03] Fishery products

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

55.2

46.0

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

18.2

11.1

United States of America

Viet Nam

5.2

8.2

2,659.7

2,210.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)––

1,067.9

979.9

19.1

19.6

1,149.0

847.8

20.5

17.0

64.2

53.6

United Arab Emirates

39.7

19.4

European Union (27)European Union (27)

16.7

18.4

South Africa

India

7.7

15.9

3.6

–

India

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4/23/73

3/19/77

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

8,447.1

9,462.1

Population (thousands)

1,289.6

1,297.1

0.755 (72)0.802 (63)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

53.9

53.1

7/27/65

6/24/70

6/19/75

4/15/81– (2006)– (2017)

Gini index, first and last year available

35.7 (2006)

36.8 (2017)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

5.7 (2001)

7.8 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

173

MEXICO
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

382,515.5

457,393.8

2.1

5.5

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.13960.1322

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

88,988.1

75,747.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

23.8

17.5

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

7.0

6.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

5.5

2.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

23.8

17.4

Agricultural products

6.5

8.8

Energy12.7

5.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

4.6

3.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

14.1

8.3

11.1

4.7

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[054] Vegetables

1.6

1.9

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[112] Alcoholic beverages

1.4

1.7

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

85.0

87.1
76.7

United States of America

United States of America

72.1

European Union (27)

China

9.5

7.9

China

European Union (27)

3.4

2.5

69,750.8

78,067.5

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

3.3

6.7

23,244.1

25,651.4

6.3

6.1

32,052.5

35,595.4

8.6

8.5

87.3

87.1

76.6

79.8

European Union (27)European Union (27)

7.0

3.8

Canada

China

3.8

3.6

2.8

0.1

Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3/34/63

4/32/64

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

9,453.3

9,556.0

Population (thousands)

116,517.1

125,518.9

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.746 (76)0.758 (86)

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

57.2

55.8

14/24/62

12/26/62

4/16/80

4/17/79

9 (1989)

3 (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

50.6 (1989)

45.4 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

3.3 (2001)

6.1 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

174

MICRONESIA (Federated States of)
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

39.7

56.7

1.1

0.5

0.76450.877438.0

55.4

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

96.7

98.1

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

11.8

13.7

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

96.7

98.1

Agricultural products

96.6

98.1

Energy––Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

0.1–

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

94.4

96.5

[03] Fishery products

80.4

89.5

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

12.9

6.2

[054] Vegetables[054] Vegetables

1.2

0.8

97.5

99.0
96.3

[03] Fishery products

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
ThailandThailand

93.5

MexicoUnited States of America

2.0

1.9

United States of America

Marshall Islands

2.0

0.8

102.9

93.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

5.2

2.8

Food imports (millions of dollars)

36.4

48.2

21.2

24.9

47.7

29.4

27.8

15.2

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

74.4

68.8

United States of America

45.8

43.9

Republic of Korea

Indonesia

19.4

17.6

Singapore

Australia

9.1

7.4

-0.8

0.3

United States of America

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

28/8/64

25/5/70

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

2,865.3

2,910.7

Population (thousands)

108.4

111.8

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.625 (125)

0.628 (134)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)..

..

Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)..

..

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

175

..

..

9 (2005)

16 (2013)

42.4 (2005)

40.1 (2013)..

..

MONACO
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE

2012–20142019–2021

Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)..

..

Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)..

..

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)..

..

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)..

..

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)..

..

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)..

..

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020..

..

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)..

..

Agricultural products..

..

Energy..

..

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold..

..

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)..

..

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Commodity imports (millions of dollars)..

..

Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)..

..

Food imports (millions of dollars)

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020–/13/87–/14/86

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

156,254.5

178,482.5

35.1

37.0

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021..

..

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)..

..

Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)..

..

Population (thousands)

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)..

..

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

..

..

176

MONGOLIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

4,808.1

8,145.7–

0.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.44920.4309Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

4,668.3

8,013.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

97.1

98.5

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

37.7

56.6

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

19.1

16.8

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

97.1

98.5

Agricultural products

6.7

5.9

Energy26.1

36.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

64.3

56.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

65.9

73.7

[321] Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated

40.0

32.6

[321] Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen

16.8

28.5

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

9.1

12.7

94.6

96.4

[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

88.2

83.5

United Kingdom

Switzerland

3.6

11.6

Switzerland

Singapore

2.7

1.4

2,189.7

2,027.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

–

–

526.1

629.8

8.7

10.3

1,507.9

1,226.6

24.8

20.1

81.2

83.8

Russian Federation

62.3

61.6

China

China

13.1

15.9

Republic of Korea

European Union (27)

5.7

6.3

10.3

3.2

Russian Federation

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

14/35/51

13/43/44

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

3,701.5

4,200.4

Population (thousands)

2,819.2

3,262.40.701 (104)0.739 (96)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

57.3

55.5

31/20/49

25/22/53

30/13/58

23/14/62

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

15 (1995)

1 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

33.2 (1995)

32.7 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

31.1 (2001)

3.6 (2020)

177MONTENEGROMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

467.9

463.0

–

–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.29180.2048

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

382.9

326.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

81.8

70.5

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

8.7

6.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.8

0.7

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

81.9

70.4

Agricultural products

26.3

21.5

Energy19.4

18.9

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

36.2

30.0

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

47.7

39.1

[684] Aluminium

26.1

16.7

[351] Electric current[351] Electric current

16.1

14.1

[112] Alcoholic beverages[24+25] Forestry products

5.5

8.3

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

82.5

71.5

[684] Aluminium

European Union (27)European Union (27)

45.7

40.6

SerbiaSerbia28.7

22.5

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Switzerland

8.0

8.5

1,040.9

981.7

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

–

–

509.3

532.7

21.7

19.4

361.8

280.8

15.4

10.2

90.9

86.9

European Union (27)

47.2

50.4

SerbiaSerbia34.8

29.9

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina

9.0

6.6

1.6

1.1

European Union (27)

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

10/18/72

8/19/72

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

6,043.8

7,028.4

Population (thousands)

633.5

629.7

0.808 (48)0.832 (49)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

41.2

45.7

5/18/77

7/19/73

4/8/88

7/8/86

3 (2012)

3 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

41.2 (2012)36.8 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

9.6 (2001)– (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

178

MOROCCO
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

22,399.5

31,281.7

0.9

0.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.15910.1796

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

7,857.6

9,152.8

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

35.4

29.4

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

7.5

7.5

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4.9

1.2

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

35.3

29.4

Agricultural products

19.8

22.6

Energy5.8

0.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

9.7

6.3

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

16.7

17.0

7.1

7.1

[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products[272] Crude fertilizers (excluding those of division 56)[054] Vegetables

5.1

5.3

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

4.6

4.7

57.6

65.6
58.2

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)47.3

United States of America

India

5.8

3.9

BrazilUnited States of America

4.5

3.5

19,775.8

16,904.7

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

0.1

0.3

5,154.0

6,435.6

11.4

12.5

11,855.7

7,254.0

26.1

14.1

53.1

58.9

30.4

40.1

United States of America

United States of America

11.8

10.9

Saudi Arabia

Russian Federation

11.0

7.9

4.3

2.7

14/29/57

14/29/57

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

2,735.7

3,197.6

Population (thousands)

33,578.0

36,499.2

0.603 (130)0.683 (123)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

43.8

39.3

38/22/40

33/23/44

59/12/29

52/13/35

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

13 (1984)

1 (2013)

Gini index, first and last year available

39.2 (1984)

39.5 (2013)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

6.3 (2001)

5.6 (2020)

179

MOZAMBIQUE
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

4,073.0

4,520.6

1.0

1.5

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.28330.2758

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

3,784.5

4,258.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

93.8

95.7

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

22.2

28.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

13.0

13.4

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

93.9

95.7

Agricultural products

20.5

19.8

Energy34.9

38.4

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

38.5

37.5

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

43.8

47.6

[684] Aluminium

25.9

20.3

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[321] Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated

11.0

19.7

[321] Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

6.8

7.5

70.8

59.7

[684] Aluminium

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

35.4

27.7

South Africa

India

21.1

17.0

China

South Africa

14.3

15.0

4,185.8

3,682.6

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

2.3

0.9

1,083.5

959.6

12.1

12.8

2,558.8

1,754.1

28.5

23.4

47.8

57.9

South Africa

21.4

29.6

India

India

16.9

19.2

Bahrain

United Arab Emirates

9.5

9.1

7.2

2.3

27/19/54

28/26/46

South Africa

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

552.1

582.7

24,872.5

30,735.6

0.402 (182)

0.446 (185)

77.7

75.5

74/7/1970/9/2184/2/1480/3/17

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

83 (1996)

65 (2014)

Gini index, first and last year available

53.6 (1996)

54.0 (2014)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

36.5 (2001)

32.7 (2020)

180

MYANMARMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

10,647.2

16,726.7

5.0–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.34180.2344

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

8,774.1

9,956.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

86.7

59.5

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

13.1

15.4

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

5.8

5.7

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

86.8

59.5

Agricultural products

42.7

30.8

Energy35.1

22.1

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

9.0

6.6

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

55.0

33.5

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

34.1

21.5

[054] Vegetables[054] Vegetables

11.0

7.4

[24+25] Forestry products[03] Fishery products

9.8

4.6

87.2

83.4

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Thailand

China

39.9

47.7

China

Thailand

30.2

29.1

India

India

17.1

6.6

3,342.8

5,715.5

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

4.0–

1,083.8

2,177.8

9.4

12.8

2,016.0

3,095.0

17.5

18.2

73.4

65.3

Singapore

52.1

40.6

Malaysia

Indonesia

12.5

13.1

China

Malaysia

8.8

11.6

7.5

-2.3

29/33/38

21/38/40

Singapore

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,101.3

1,218.0

Population (thousands)

50,433.6

53,232.90.510 (151)

0.585 (149)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

64.6

56.3

52/17/31

49/17/34

50/15/35

42/17/41

6 (2015)

2 (2017)

Gini index, first and last year available

38.1 (2015)30.7 (2017)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

37.6 (2001)

3.1 (2020)

181

NAMIBIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

4,543.3

6,184.1

0.3

0.7

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.25500.2904

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

3,490.9

5,234.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

77.0

85.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

27.9

43.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.5

1.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

77.1

85.2

Agricultural products

26.2

22.3

Energy1.7

1.6

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

49.2

61.3

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

44.2

53.2

[682] Copper

22.9

22.2

[03] Fishery products[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones

14.2

17.8

[286] Ores and concentrates of uranium or thorium[03] Fishery products

7.1

13.2

60.5

67.6

[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

24.4

27.4

Botswana

China

20.4

21.5

South Africa

South Africa

15.7

18.7

2,569.6

3,947.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
South Africa

South Africa

0.8

0.5

722.4

875.0

9.4

11.0

638.8

871.0

8.3

10.9

73.7

66.2

48.2

33.8

Botswana

Zambia14.1

21.8

European Union (27)European Union (27)

11.4

10.6

5.3

-1.3

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

9/30/62

9/29/62

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

4,657.2

4,322.1

Population (thousands)

2,186.1

2,468.1

0.585 (134)0.615 (139)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

49.1

46.1

29/14/56

22/16/62

29/5/66

20/8/72

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

36 (2003)

16 (2015)

Gini index, first and last year available

63.3 (2003)

59.1 (2015)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

13.5 (2001)

18.0 (2020)

182

NAURUMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

55.5

68.0

0.2

0.7

0.71130.5918

48.6

52.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

87.8

77.5

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

39.2

37.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

87.8

77.5

Agricultural products

2.1

55.1

Energy

–

–

85.7

22.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

86.1

77.2

81.4

54.8
22.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold[272] Crude fertilizers (excluding those of division 56)[03] Fishery products[684] Aluminium[272] Crude fertilizers (excluding those of division 56)

3.5[025] Birds' eggs, and eggs' yolks; egg albumin[061] Sugar, molasses and honey

1.2

0.1

76.2

78.4

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Republic of Korea

Philippines

37.7

32.6

India

Thailand

21.1

28.9

New Zealand

India

17.5

17.0

Commodity imports (millions of dollars)

33.3

22.5

Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

16.7

11.5

Food imports (millions of dollars)

12.6

4.5

15.2

11.9

17.4

16.0

20.9

42.6

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

95.7

82.4

Australia

51.3

58.8

Australia

Fiji

43.5

12.4

New ZealandNigeria

0.8

11.2

19.0

1.2

Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2/41/57

2/37/61

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

5,755.2

9,067.9

10.6

12.2

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021..

..

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)..

..

Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)

..

..

Fiji

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

Population (thousands)

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)..

..

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

1 (2012)Gini index, first and last year available..

34.8 (2012)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

..

..

183

NEPAL
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

878.3

1,159.5

1.5–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.13700.1947

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

264.1

578.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

30.5

49.9

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

1.2

1.7

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.9

0.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

30.5

49.8

26.7

47.7

Agricultural products
Energy––Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

3.8

2.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

12.6

29.8

4.9

18.8

[059] Fruit and vegetable juices, unfermented, no spirit[422] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fract.

[075] Spices[075] Spices

4.7

6.1

[054] Vegetables[421] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fractio.

3.1

4.9

86.7

96.4
93.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
India

India

73.4

Bangladesh

United States of America

9.2

2.1

China

Bangladesh

4.1

1.3

3,199.4

5,139.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.3–

1,140.0

2,136.3

17.1

16.8

1,354.2

2,051.8

20.3

16.2

82.0

73.4

India

66.1

66.1

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

12.0

4.4

Argentina

China

3.8

2.9

4.5

5.0

31/15/53

26/15/60

India

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

790.6

1,020.1

27,356.0

29,121.0

0.543 (145)0.602 (143)

81.0

76.7

68/14/18

64/15/21

78/8/15

74/9/17

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

55 (1995)

8 (2010)Gini index, first and last year available

35.2 (1995)

32.8 (2010)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

23.5 (2001)

5.5 (2020)

184

NETHERLANDS (Kingdom of)
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

2012–20142019–2021

666,455.2

739,903.2

5.2

3.8

0.10940.0780259,074.3

234,305.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

41.0

32.9

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

29.8

24.8

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.0

0.3

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

40.9

33.0

Agricultural products

19.1

19.1

Energy18.8

11.1

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

3.0

2.8

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

18.7

11.8

13.3

7.8

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[292] Crude vegetable materials, n.e.s.

3.2

2.4

[292] Crude vegetable materials, n.e.s.

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

2.2

1.6

80.8

80.7
70.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)69.7

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

7.7

7.0

United States of America

United States of America

3.4

3.7

248,097.4

201,686.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

3.1

2.6

59,206.2

72,185.4

10.4

11.2

151,962.5

92,112.0

26.6

14.3

57.5

56.5

European Union (27)European Union (27)

30.5

36.7

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

19.5

12.7

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

7.5

7.1

Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

0.6

1.4

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2/21/77

2/20/78

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

44,096.2

47,554.3

Population (thousands)

16,826.3

17,397.8

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.917 (6)0.941 (10)Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

185

60.4

62.9

2/17/81

2/16/82

1/6/92

1/6/92

1 (1983)– (2019)28.4 (1983)

29.2 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)

NEW ZEALAND
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

39,455.9

50,594.3

3.0

2.6

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.19030.1956

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

29,847.9

40,068.2

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

78.0

81.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

15.8

18.2

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.6

1.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

77.9

81.3

Agricultural products

69.6

76.5

Energy3.9

1.1

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

4.4

3.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

35.0

35.3

20.2

18.9

[022] Milk, cream and milk products (excluding butter, cheese)[022] Milk, cream and milk products (excluding butter, cheese)[24+25] Forestry products[24+25] Forestry products

7.8

8.9

[012] Other meat and edible meat offal[012] Other meat and edible meat offal

6.9

7.6

48.6

57.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

24.1

36.5

Australia

Australia

16.3

11.3

United States of America

United States of America

8.2

9.3

12,118.9

10,448.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.5

1.2

3,837.6

4,515.5

9.6

10.6

6,608.4

3,939.7

16.5

9.3

37.2

42.2

17.8

19.4

Australia

Australia

Singapore

United Arab Emirates

9.9

13.8

Malaysia

European Union (27)

9.5

9.1

3.0

2.4

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

6/23/71

6/22/72

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

37,082.9

40,515.4

Population (thousands)

4,432.3

5,004.6

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.922 (5)0.937 (13)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

63.9

67.3

6/20/73

6/19/75

4/9/87

4/9/87

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

– (2001)– (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

186

NICARAGUAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

4,706.1

5,618.3

1.1

1.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.20730.2290Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2,623.7

3,227.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

56.3

58.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

23.6

24.9

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4.5

1.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

56.3

58.2

Agricultural products

45.7

45.4

Energy0.8

0.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

9.8

12.5

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

26.8

29.5

9.3

11.6

[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[011] Meat of bovine animals, fresh, chilled or frozen

8.9

9.6

[011] Meat of bovine animals, fresh, chilled or frozen[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes

8.5

8.3

58.7

72.5

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

32.3

51.3

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

El Salvador

14.6

10.9

CanadaEuropean Union (27)

11.8

10.3

2,519.0

2,312.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)United States of America

1.4

1.5

931.2

1,062.7

13.9

13.9

1,360.2

920.3

20.3

12.0

62.5

63.1

31.1

45.1

United States of America

Costa Rica

19.1

10.0

Costa Rica

European Union (27)

12.3

8.0

5.4

–

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

19/28/54

17/27/56

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,898.4

1,933.4

Population (thousands)

6,075.0

6,710.0

0.614 (128)0.667 (126)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

61.4

60.2

31/18/51

31/16/53

9/15/76

8/12/79

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

38 (1993)

4 (2014)

Gini index, first and last year available

57.4 (1993)

46.2 (2014)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

27.5 (2001)

18.6 (2020)

187

NIGER
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

1,469.7

1,150.9

16.7

1.6

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.38310.4491

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

790.7

1,023.9

64.6

90.4

7.9

7.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)
Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)
Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

12.1

6.2

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

64.5

90.4

Agricultural products

16.3

18.0

Energy26.5

19.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

21.7

53.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

44.4

69.6

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

22.9

42.2

[286] Ores and concentrates of uranium or thorium[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

16.9

16.5

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[286] Ores and concentrates of uranium or thorium

4.7

10.9

48.9

67.5

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)

United Arab Emirates

24.1

46.0

United States of America

European Union (27)

12.7

11.2

Nigeria

Mali

12.0

10.2

767.3

876.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)

0.8

0.6

434.2

664.2

21.6

26.8

218.1

97.7

10.9

3.9

44.0

35.6

Thailand

20.2

13.2

Nigeria

European Union (27)

18.3

12.5

Thailand

China

5.4

9.9

7.0

5.5

36/25/39

40/21/39

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

464.4

521.2

18,304.4

23,890.8

0.338 (186)0.400 (189)

74.6

72.6

74/7/1973/7/2172/10/18

69/9/21

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

84 (1992)

51 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

36.1 (1992)

37.3 (2018)..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

188

NIGERIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

102,711.0

48,221.2

0.2

0.1

0.78090.7536100,698.8

45,793.4

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

98.2

95.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

19.6

10.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

13.3

9.0

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

98.2

95.0

Agricultural products

3.5

3.5

Energy93.9

89.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

0.8

1.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

92.3

88.4

78.7

76.6
10.6

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

9.5[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[072] Cocoa

4.1

1.2

58.4

63.7

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

30.8

36.8

India

India

16.9

20.8

United States of America

United States of America

10.8

6.1

18,196.0

15,986.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

1.0

0.6

7,877.8

5,083.0

14.4

10.7

8,054.3

9,520.5

14.8

20.1

60.4

56.9

European Union (27)

37.0

45.4

United States of America

United States of America

17.4

6.0

China

Norway

6.1

5.5

5.3

0.8

21/26/53

23/27/50

European Union (27)

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

2,592.6

2,447.7

Population (thousands)

172,402.4

205,827.7

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.482 (164)0.535 (163)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

53.9

49.0

38/12/50

35/12/53

29/12/59

24/13/64

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

48 (1985)

31 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

38.7 (1985)

35.1 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

8.9 (2001)

12.7 (2020)

189

NORTH MACEDONIAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

4,426.1

7,337.4

0.3

0.4

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.18100.2293

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,027.2

1,132.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

23.3

15.5

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

9.7

8.7

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.4

0.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

23.4

15.5

Agricultural products

14.6

8.8

Energy2.6

1.9

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

6.2

4.8

107.3

93.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[121] Tobacco, unmanufactured; tobacco refuse[121] Tobacco, unmanufactured; tobacco refuse

7.3

4.7

3.3

1.8

[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

2.4

1.5

[112] Alcoholic beverages[351] Electric current

1.7

1.4

79.2

77.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

55.8

57.6

SerbiaSerbia19.5

11.5

Bosnia and Herzegovina

United Kingdom

3.9

7.8

2,918.6

3,800.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)

United Kingdom

0.1

0.1

764.2

874.8

11.2

8.9

1,171.9

921.7

17.2

9.4

74.1

79.7

42.1

34.7

United Kingdom

European Union (27)

20.0

34.6

SerbiaSerbia

12.0

10.5

2.3

1.4

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

11/25/63

10/24/66

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

4,459.7

5,171.9

Population (thousands)

2,100.9

2,112.2

0.738 (80)0.770 (78)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

39.3

44.5

18/30/52

14/31/55

19/25/56

13/26/61

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

10 (2009)

3 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

42.8 (2009)33.0 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

7.5 (2001)

3.3 (2020)

190

NORWAY
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

153,638.0

116,155.2

3.2

3.8

0.39210.3430123,601.9

91,146.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

83.1

81.6

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

24.2

21.9

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

9.0

7.0

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

83.0

81.5

Agricultural products

7.9

12.7

Energy69.7

61.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

5.4

7.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

67.6

64.8

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

33.7

27.9

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

27.2

26.2

[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products

6.6

10.7

92.4

89.1

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

60.3

61.2

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

28.3

22.7

United States of America

China

3.8

5.3

20,154.9

20,397.0

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

1.2

0.9

7,028.4

7,379.4

8.0

8.4

5,518.7

4,923.1

6.3

5.6

67.1

68.3

51.0

51.8

CanadaCanada9.6

9.3

BrazilRussian Federation

6.4

7.2

1.8

1.2

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/40/59

2/33/65

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

73,281.3

76,098.3

Population (thousands)

5,049.2

5,362.8

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.941 (2)0.961 (2)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

191

62.9

61.9

2/20/77

2/19/79

1/7/92

1/7/92– (1986)– (2019)

24.6 (1986)

27.7 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)OMAN
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

53,618.7

38,931.3

2.2

0.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.5126

0.2984

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

43,562.2

24,997.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

83.1

64.4

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

55.4

35.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

43.6

25.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

83.1

64.3

Agricultural products

3.4

6.3

Energy73.9

49.6

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

5.8

8.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

73.2

45.0

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

53.1

31.2

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

12.7

8.1

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

7.4

5.7

68.9

63.6
51.1

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

45.7

Japan

India

11.8

7.3

Republic of Korea

Japan

11.4

5.1

9,807.6

8,499.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

1.6

1.2

3,175.1

3,753.7

10.6

13.7

3,776.2

1,762.4

12.6

6.4

51.6

53.7

24.8

31.3

India

Brazil

15.5

11.7

Brazil

India

11.3

10.7

4.7

0.3

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/63/36

2/52/46

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

16,842.1

15,669.1

Population (thousands)

3,668.2

4,567.7

0.788 (56)0.816 (54)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

65.0

67.0

5/35/60

4/32/64–/5/94–/4/96

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

12.3 (2001)

9.8 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

192

PAKISTAN
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

24,818.9

24,927.0

0.4

0.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.18840.2082

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

6,229.9

6,209.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

25.2

24.9

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

2.7

2.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2.2

1.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

25.2

24.9

Agricultural products

21.2

20.3

Energy2.0

1.0

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

2.0

3.6

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

11.7

12.5

8.4

8.7

[042] Rice[042] Rice[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[682] Copper

1.7

2.0

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

1.6

1.7

40.4

41.6

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Afghanistan

China

18.7

21.2

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

12.0

11.0

China

Afghanistan

9.8

9.4

23,626.9

27,275.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

0.1

0.1

4,916.5

7,134.8

10.9

12.7

15,338.4

14,672.8

34.1

26.1

56.8

36.7

29.1

20.0

KuwaitIndonesia

14.2

9.5

Saudi Arabia

Qatar

13.6

7.2

4.1

3.5

25/21/54

24/19/57

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,188.2

1,421.1

Population (thousands)

203,752.0

225,289.1

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.505 (155)

0.544 (161)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

50.1

48.3

42/23/35

37/25/38

74/12/14

65/17/18

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

67 (1987)

5 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

33.3 (1987)

29.6 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

21.1 (2001)

16.9 (2020)

193

PALAUMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

9.1

4.3

1.1

5.5

0.84170.4971

8.3

2.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

91.4

61.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

3.6

0.9

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

91.4

61.3

Agricultural products

88.4

54.1

Energy0.1

0.1

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

2.9

7.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

88.3

58.5

86.3

52.4

[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products[282] Ferrous waste, scrape; remelting ingots, iron, steel[282] Ferrous waste, scrape; remelting ingots, iron, steel

1.1

3.2

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[288] Non-ferrous base metal waste and scrap, n.e.s.

1.0

2.9

99.1

97.8
89.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Japan

Japan

96.7

United States of America

United States of America

1.8

6.8

European Union (27)

Micronesia (Federated States of)

0.6

2.0

88.3

62.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

2.0

5.0

Food imports (millions of dollars)

21.1

22.6

13.6

14.3

49.1

23.6

31.6

15.0

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Singapore

United States of America

85.3

75.9

39.7

38.4

United States of America

Singapore

34.0

20.9

Japan

Republic of Korea

11.7

16.6

Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

2.7

-2.0

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4/9/87

3/11/85

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

14,397.2

14,437.9

17.9

17.9

Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.773 (62)0.767 (80)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)..

..

Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)..

..

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)..

..

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

..

..

194

PANAMA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

14,545.6

10,766.0

1.6

4.9

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.13150.2497

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

3,131.3

5,374.1

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

21.9

52.5

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

6.9

9.0

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.2

0.2

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

21.8

52.5

Agricultural products

8.8

14.7

Energy10.0

8.9

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

3.0

28.9

128.7

91.3

8.9

36.4

4.6

25.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

2.2

6.4

[112] Alcoholic beverages[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

2.1

4.6

49.4

57.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
EcuadorEuropean Union (27)

30.9

23.0

European Union (27)

China

13.0

22.3

United States of America

Ecuador

5.6

11.7

5,632.4

6,344.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

11.2

5.0

Food imports (millions of dollars)

532.3

1,170.3

2.5

6.5

4,726.8

4,656.5

22.4

25.9

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

69.4

66.2

37.9

37.1

Colombia

Ecuador

15.9

17.0

China

Colombia

15.5

12.2

7.6

0.4

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3/25/71

2/28/69

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

12,675.7

13,561.0

Population (thousands)

3,788.2

4,262.80.773 (62)0.805 (61)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

61.1

55.6

16/19/64

14/18/68

8/10/82

8/10/82

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

23 (1989)

1 (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

58.9 (1989)

49.8 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

24.5 (2001)

5.8 (2020)

195

PAPUA NEW GUINEAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

7,024.3

10,373.6

0.2–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.29050.3075

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

6,753.8

10,032.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

96.3

96.8

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

30.8

40.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

13.7

13.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

96.2

96.8

Agricultural products

27.0

23.1

Energy22.9

28.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

46.3

44.9

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

47.0

53.6

21.1

21.8

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

13.0

20.3

[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen

12.8

11.4

71.6

69.4

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Australia

Australia

42.7

33.4

Japan

Japan

16.1

18.6

European Union (27)

China

12.8

17.5

1,555.9

986.7

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Australia

Australia

1.1

–

508.1

401.3

10.9

11.7

951.4

503.1

20.4

14.7

80.0

77.5

43.3

43.2

Singapore

Singapore

25.9

24.5

Malaysia

Malaysia

10.8

9.7

6.2

1.8

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

20/30/50

18/38/44

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

2,246.4

2,512.2

Population (thousands)

8,136.0

9,645.1

0.499 (158)

0.558 (156)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

47.0

46.2

62/10/28

56/13/31

66/3/30

60/5/35

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

53 (1996)

40 (2009)

Gini index, first and last year available

45.8 (1996)

41.9 (2009)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

26.3 (2001)

21.6 (2020)

196

PARAGUAYMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

8,791.6

8,910.1

0.6

0.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.34740.3285

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

7,996.2

7,771.4

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

91.5

87.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

21.4

20.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.5

1.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

91.5

87.3

Agricultural products

67.0

68.2

Energy23.1

17.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.4

1.3

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

60.8

58.9

26.5

27.2

[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour)[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour)[351] Electric current[351] Electric current

22.7

17.8

[011] Meat of bovine animals, fresh, chilled or frozen[011] Meat of bovine animals, fresh, chilled or frozen

11.6

13.9

58.3

67.5

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
BrazilBrazil29.1

29.6

European Union (27)

Argentina

16.3

27.7

Russian Federation

Chile

12.9

10.3

2,955.2

2,781.6

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
BrazilArgentina

–

–

576.3

628.3

4.8

5.2

1,818.6

1,556.9

15.2

13.0

60.3

64.4

25.1

31.7

Argentina

Brazil

18.6

21.9

United States of America

United States of America

16.6

10.8

4.2

2.1

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

12/36/51

11/36/53

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

5,514.4

6,181.0

Population (thousands)

5,964.8

6,574.80.685 (108)0.717 (105)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

66.6

66.4

24/18/58

19/18/63

18/8/73

13/9/79

1 (1990)

1 (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

40.8 (1990)

43.5 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

10.5 (2001)

8.7 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

197

PERU
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

42,527.1

47,689.2––

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.24770.2833

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

37,492.7

43,363.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

88.2

90.9

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

18.9

20.0

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

7.7

4.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

88.2

90.9

Agricultural products

18.1

23.9

Energy12.3

6.4

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

57.8

60.6

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

44.4

48.7

[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen

18.6

25.7

[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

18.0

15.3

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

7.8

7.6

53.1

59.7

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

20.0

32.1

European Union (27)

United States of America

17.0

14.3

United States of America

European Union (27)

16.1

13.3

11,568.9

12,508.6

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)––

4,156.3

5,659.7

9.8

13.1

6,252.3

5,462.3

14.7

12.7

55.3

59.3

United States of America

31.6

41.6

EcuadorArgentina

14.7

13.0

Argentina

Ecuador

9.0

4.7

4.8

1.2
8/34/59

United States of America

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

7/37/56

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

5,911.6

6,193.7

Population (thousands)

29,895.5

33,056.3

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.725 (89)0.762 (84)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

75.2

68.5

28/17/56

27/15/57

26/10/64

26/8/65

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

20 (1997)

6 (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

53.3 (1997)

43.8 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

21.5 (2001)

8.3 (2020)

198

PHILIPPINESMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

56,834.3

70,253.5––

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.22610.3339Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

11,697.4

13,908.9

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

20.6

19.8

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

4.2

3.7

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.6

0.8

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

20.6

19.9

Agricultural products

10.8

10.3

Energy3.1

1.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

6.7

8.3

107.3

93.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

6.7

7.9

2.4

3.2

[284] Nickel ores & concentrates; nickel mattes, etc.

[682] Copper

2.2

2.5

[422] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fract.

[284] Nickel ores & concentrates; nickel mattes, etc.

2.1

2.1

50.6

57.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

19.8

28.3

Japan

Japan

17.3

19.3

United States of America

United States of America

13.6

9.4

23,490.930,232.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)––

6,936.2

13,878.3

10.5

12.4

13,740.2

12,587.2

20.7

11.2

34.5

37.3

China

14.6

14.4

Republic of Korea

Indonesia

11.0

11.8

United States of America

United States of America

8.9

11.0

6.2

3.2

13/31/56

10/30/61

Saudi Arabia

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

2,716.9

3,354.4

Population (thousands)

98,863.2

111,285.3

0.674 (111)0.699 (116)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

59.6

55.4

31/16/53

23/19/58

20/10/69

14/10/77

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

15 (2000)

3 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

47.7 (2000)

42.3 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

18.7 (2001)

5.2 (2020)

199

POLANDMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

199,309.4

274,622.0

0.1

0.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.06440.0639Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

45,816.8

55,655.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

23.0

20.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

8.8

9.0

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3.4

1.3

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

23.0

20.2

Agricultural products

13.9

14.6

Energy4.6

2.0

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

4.5

3.6

107.3

93.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[122] Tobacco, manufactured

5.7

4.5

2.3

1.7

[682] Copper[012] Other meat and edible meat offal

2.0

1.5

[012] Other meat and edible meat offal[682] Copper

1.4

1.4

82.9

82.1
72.6

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)72.2

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

7.2

7.4

Russian Federation

Ukraine3.5

2.1

52,524.4

57,153.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)

2.4

1.7

15,908.3

22,278.5

8.0

8.1

24,484.2

18,158.2

12.3

6.6

80.6

71.3

European Union (27)

39.7

49.0

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

37.6

18.5

NorwayNorway

3.3

3.8

2.6

3.4

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3/33/64

3/32/65

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

11,572.7

14,821.0

Population (thousands)

38,613.8

38,455.3

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.841 (34)0.876 (34)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

200

50.5

54.6

12/31/57

9/32/59

11/16/73

8/17/74

2 (2004)– (2018)38.0 (2004)

30.2 (2018)– (2001)– (2020)

PORTUGALMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

61,589.7

67,932.8

0.1

0.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.08190.0743

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

16,351.1

15,801.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

26.6

23.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

7.3

6.6

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.2

0.2

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

26.5

23.2

Agricultural products

14.1

15.0

Energy9.0

5.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

3.4

2.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

12.0

8.1

8.1

4.6

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[112] Alcoholic beverages[112] Alcoholic beverages

2.1

1.8

[24+25] Forestry products[03] Fishery products

1.8

1.7

79.3

79.1
68.3

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)65.0

AngolaUnited States of America

7.3

7.0

United States of America

United Kingdom

7.1

3.8

29,398.4

25,888.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)––

10,582.5

11,831.6

14.0

13.4

14,466.3

9,382.2

19.2

10.6

63.0

70.4

50.3

58.6

AngolaBrazil

9.0

6.7

BrazilNigeria

3.7

5.1

-1.0

0.9

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2/22/76

2/22/76

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

18,670.4

20,699.6

Population (thousands)

10,492.9

10,292.6

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.829 (39)0.866 (38)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

201

50.4

54.5

10/24/66

6/25/70

8/15/77

4/15/81

1 (2003)– (2019)38.8 (2003)

32.8 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)

QATAR
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

133,810.5

70,547.5

4.0

2.1

0.52140.4383

120,543.8

59,788.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

93.9

86.6

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

61.1

35.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

33.0

17.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

93.9

86.6

Agricultural products–

0.1

Energy92.4

83.6

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.5

2.9

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

84.9

72.5

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

48.0

38.7

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

29.2

19.5

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[342] Liquefied propane and butane

7.7

14.3

67.4

51.5

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Japan

Japan

31.9

18.8

Republic of Korea

Republic of Korea

22.4

17.4

India

China

13.1

15.2

5,058.7

5,337.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United Arab Emirates

European Union (27)

8.7

3.5

2,437.2

2,958.8

9.1

11.1

291.7

340.4

1.1

1.3

38.6

38.0

17.4

18.0

European Union (27)

India

10.9

10.2

Saudi Arabia

Australia

10.3

9.8

6.2

0.2

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020–/70/30–/54/46

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

71,535.6

60,101.3

Population (thousands)

1,975.2

2,768.9

0.834 (37)0.855 (42)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

87.2

87.5

1/52/47

1/54/45–/5/95–/6/94

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

..

..

202

REPUBLIC OF KOREAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

560,182.6

566,516.1––

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.14760.1780Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

80,158.0

68,198.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

14.3

12.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

5.8

4.0

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020–

0.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

14.4

12.1

Agricultural products

2.2

2.4

Energy9.8

6.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

2.4

2.9

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

10.5

7.7

9.2

6.2

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[682] Copper[682] Copper

0.7

0.9

[232] Synthetic rubber[684] Aluminium

0.6

0.6

50.7

48.2

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

20.0

24.2

Japan

Japan

17.2

13.0

Singapore

United States of America

13.5

11.0

254,744.0

201,872.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.0

0.0

24,458.6

32,414.3

4.7

6.1

180,779.7

121,068.9

34.8

22.9

32.8

36.1

United States of America

14.6

14.3

Qatar

Australia

10.1

11.8

Australia

Saudi Arabia

8.1

10.0

3.0

2.3

Saudi Arabia

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2/37/60

2/36/62

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

27,584.9

31,843.1

Population (thousands)

49,865.5

51,813.0

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.890 (22)0.925 (19)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

203

60.4

60.7

6/26/68

5/25/70

6/14/79

5/13/82– (2006)– (2016)31.7 (2006)

31.4 (2016)– (2001)– (2020)

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

2,309.9

2,796.9––

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.14250.1910Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,077.2

1,286.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

46.6

46.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

11.7

10.4

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.3

0.2

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

46.6

46.0

Agricultural products

43.4

43.6

Energy0.8

0.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

2.4

1.9

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

24.0

23.3

9.3

8.8

[112] Alcoholic beverages[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour)[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

8.7

7.9

[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour)[112] Alcoholic beverages

6.0

6.6

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

65.5

73.3

European Union (27)European Union (27)

37.7

48.5

Russian Federation

Türkiye

19.0

13.6

Belarus

Russian Federation

8.9

11.2

1,570.4

1,715.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

9.0

3.2

575.4

724.6

11.8

12.2

714.1

669.9

14.7

11.3

77.2

82.6

48.0

50.9

UkraineRussian Federation

17.4

16.6

Russian Federation

Ukraine

11.9

15.0

4.0

2.4

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

13/25/62

12/26/62

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

2,143.2

2,889.5

Population (thousands)

3,461.7

3,097.90.730 (85)0.767 (80)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

39.8

38.7

29/18/53

21/22/57

25/12/62

17/15/68

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

13 (1997)– (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

36.9 (1997)

26.0 (2019)..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

204

ROMANIAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

64,554.6

78,911.6

3.2

0.7

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.09590.1070Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

13,319.1

14,519.9

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

21.3

18.5

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

7.1

5.6

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2.0

0.9

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

21.3

18.6

Agricultural products

12.2

12.8

Energy5.8

3.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

3.3

2.5

107.3

93.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

8.1

6.1

4.5

2.4

[24+25] Forestry products[044] Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled

1.8

1.9

[041] Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled[122] Tobacco, manufactured

1.7

1.8

62.3

66.1
56.1

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

48.5

TürkiyeTürkiye

9.3

5.6

UkraineRepublic of Moldova

4.5

4.4

16,836.4

21,184.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

3.4

0.5

5,402.5

9,122.3

7.6

9.0

7,658.1

6,987.4

10.7

6.9

83.3

82.5

50.1

62.6

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

16.8

14.9

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

16.4

5.0

3.0

3.5

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

6/37/58

5/30/65

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

8,303.4

11,089.8

Population (thousands)

20,102.2

19,480.9

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.807 (50)0.821 (53)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

205

50.9

51.6

29/28/42

21/30/49

30/20/50

21/21/58

7 (2006)

2 (2019)39.6 (2006)

34.8 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)

RUSSIAN FEDERATIONMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

516,622.0

421,056.5

2.4

7.5

0.37650.2855423,048.7

301,914.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

83.9

77.5

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

19.3

18.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

14.1

12.8

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

84.0

77.6

Agricultural products

5.3

10.2

Energy71.9

54.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

6.8

12.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

68.6

49.4

33.6

28.7
16.5

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

21.7[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[321] Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated

13.2

4.1

71.1

64.5

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

57.2

41.1

China

China

9.0

17.4

Japan

United Kingdom

4.9

6.1

52,660.1

42,963.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

1.6

1.5

34,994.5

26,240.5

11.6

10.3

4,544.0

2,981.2

1.5

1.2

47.9

46.2

31.2

24.1

European Union (27)European Union (27)

BelarusBelarus9.4

13.5

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

7.3

8.6

1.8

1.3

Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4/33/64

4/35/61

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

9,559.7

9,984.8

Population (thousands)

143,795.7

145,652.5

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.796 (51)0.822 (52)KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

59.3

58.7

7/28/65

6/27/67

5/17/78

4/15/81

2 (1997)– (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

38.4 (1997)

36.0 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

4.0 (2001)– (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

206

RWANDA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

672.3

1,375.2

1.4

0.5

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.46090.4464

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

597.0

1,250.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

90.0

91.4

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

7.6

12.0

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

6.4

4.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

90.0

91.4

Agricultural products

34.7

29.5

Energy7.2

4.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

48.1

57.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

69.3

62.4

46.5

45.2
10.6

[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

12.3[074] Tea and mate[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes

10.6

6.7

41.1

68.6

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

United Arab Emirates

17.4

51.3

European Union (27)

Democratic Republic of the Congo

12.2

12.3

Malaysia

European Union (27)

11.5

5.1

729.2

1,064.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
UgandaUnited Republic of Tanzania

1.3

0.6

355.8

428.6

15.3

16.0

281.5

300.0

12.1

11.2

49.0

45.2

20.9

17.1

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

18.0

14.3

Kenya

Kenya

10.2

13.7

7.0

5.0

27/19/54

27/20/53

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

667.8

842.8

10,971.2

12,991.8

0.489 (162)0.534 (165)

82.8

81.5

73/7/2062/9/29

82/3/15

71/3/26

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

75 (2000)52 (2016)

Gini index, first and last year available

48.5 (2000)

43.7 (2016)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

38.5 (2001)

35.8 (2020)

207

SAINT KITTS AND NEVISMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

53.4

53.1

8.7

9.3

0.33370.2899

4.6

5.8

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

9.4

12.1

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

0.5

0.6

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

9.5

12.1

Agricultural products

6.5

10.9

Energy2.3

0.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

0.7

1.0

107.3

93.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[112] Alcoholic beverages[112] Alcoholic beverages

6.5

8.6

2.7

5.9

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[111] Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s.

2.3

1.7

[111] Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s.

[001] Live animals other than animals of division 03

1.6

1.0

55.2

52.9

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)United States of America

24.3

27.1

United States of America

Trinidad and Tobago

20.1

15.9

Trinidad and Tobago

European Union (27)

10.9

9.8

66.4

89.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

–

–

48.4

65.4

19.6

22.6

3.8

4.9

1.5

1.7

72.6

79.1

United States of America

59.0

50.4

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago

9.8

18.4

European Union (27)

Peru

3.8

10.3

2.7

-1.2

United States of America

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/23/76

1/28/71

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

18,069.8

18,957.4

47.7

47.7

Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.759 (70)0.777 (75)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)..

..

Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)..

..

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)..

..

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

..

..

208

SAINT LUCIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

167.7

65.4

0.2

0.4

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.73550.5586

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

151.9

47.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

90.8

72.9

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

9.1

2.6

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

90.8

72.9

Agricultural products

2.8

4.6

Energy86.6

66.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.4

2.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

87.8

68.2

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

75.0

56.4

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

11.6

9.8

[112] Alcoholic beverages[112] Alcoholic beverages

1.2

2.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

93.8

91.1
84.2

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

BrazilBrazil

89.1

Suriname

Suriname

2.4

3.8

Trinidad and Tobago

Dominican Republic

2.3

3.1

512.6

462.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

2.7

2.9

222.8

169.1

35.8

29.4

250.8

272.0

40.3

47.3

91.0

88.6

Brazil65.4

35.3

United States of America

Colombia

18.6

28.8

Trinidad and Tobago

United States of America

7.0

24.4

0.4

-1.8

Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3/12/85

2/12/86

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

10,372.9

9,814.3

173.5

178.9

0.728 (86)0.715 (106)BrazilKEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

54.8

57.3

13/17/70

10/15/75

6/7/87

3/6/91

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

38 (1995)

5 (2016)

Gini index, first and last year available

42.6 (1995)

51.2 (2016)..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

209

SAINT VINCENT AND
THE GRENADINESMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

47.1

42.5

0.7

0.6

0.43680.4691

18.1

26.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

38.8

63.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

2.5

3.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

38.8

63.2

Agricultural products

36.3

17.3

Energy0.3

45.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

2.2

0.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

22.4

53.2

13.5

45.5

[046] Meal and flour of wheat and flour of meslin[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[054] Vegetables[046] Meal and flour of wheat and flour of meslin

4.7

5.0

[081] Feeding stuff for animals (no unmilled cereals)[03] Fishery products

4.2

2.8

59.2

82.5
72.6

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Saint Lucia

Jordan24.0

Barbados

Barbados

19.6

6.3

Trinidad and Tobago

Antigua and Barbuda

15.7

3.6

Commodity imports (millions of dollars)

136.2

129.5

Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

15.6

7.8

Food imports (millions of dollars)

59.3

69.2

19.4

21.9

58.8

38.0

19.2

12.0

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

68.1

70.2

United States of America

31.7

37.1

United States of America

Trinidad and Tobago

26.7

26.8

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)European Union (27)

9.8

6.3

1.2

-0.1

Trinidad and Tobago

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

7/18/75

8/17/75

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

6,839.9

7,359.5

Population (thousands)

107.8

104.8

0.734 (84)0.751 (89)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

52.3

50.8

12/20/68

10/20/70

5/7/88

4/6/89Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

13.4 (2001)

7.6 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

210

SAMOA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

63.0

38.4

15.4

2.0

0.28940.395018.0

29.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

33.8

78.8

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

2.3

3.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.4

0.3

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

33.8

78.8

Agricultural products

30.9

69.2

Energy0.1

8.4

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

2.8

1.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

21.3

59.5

9.9

46.2

[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products[112] Alcoholic beverages[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

7.6

8.3

[422] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fract.

[059] Fruit and vegetable juices, unfermented, no spirit

3.8

5.1

61.3

64.1

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
New ZealandUnited States of America

23.9

29.0

Colombia

New Zealand

20.0

24.8

Australia

Australia

17.4

10.2

184.6

153.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

2.0

1.1

Food imports (millions of dollars)

78.1

75.7

21.7

21.4

87.4

58.5

24.3

16.6

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Singapore

Singapore

75.2

70.5

43.9

37.8

New Zealand

New Zealand

18.6

19.9

United States of America

United States of America

12.7

12.8

0.8

-1.6

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

9/18/72

10/15/75

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

3,615.1

3,564.0

Population (thousands)

199.0

213.5

0.713 (97)0.707 (111)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

39.9

39.1

34/24/42

30/25/45

8/37/54

7/37/56

2 (2002)1 (2013)

Gini index, first and last year available

40.7 (2002)

38.7 (2013)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

3.5 (2001)

4.4 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

211

SAN MARINO
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE

2012–20142019–2021

Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)..

..

Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)..

..

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)..

..

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)..

..

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)..

..

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)..

..

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020..

..

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)..

..

Agricultural products..

..

Energy..

..

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold..

..

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)..

..

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Commodity imports (millions of dollars)..

..

Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)..

..

Food imports (millions of dollars)

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020–/34/66–/38/62

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

46,247.5

43,314.9

33.2

34.1

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021..

0.853 (44)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)..

..

Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)..

..

Population (thousands)

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)..

..

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

..

..

212

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

14.1

14.9

0.5

0.8

0.49270.4372

8.8

8.1

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

63.0

54.4

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

2.9

1.7

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3.4

2.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

63.0

54.4

Agricultural products

56.0

54.0

Energy5.3–

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.7

0.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

58.1

50.6

51.2

27.0
18.0

[072] Cocoa[072] Cocoa[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[422] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fract.

5.3[073] Chocolate, food preparations with cocoa, n.e.s.

[111] Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s.

1.5

5.6

91.9

93.9

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

81.5

80.5

Burkina Faso

Serbia

7.6

10.3

Türkiye

Switzerland

2.8

3.1

89.4

84.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

–

–

36.2

39.5

23.4

26.2

38.3

30.7

24.8

20.4

93.1

81.1

European Union (27)

52.1

50.1

AngolaAngola39.2

21.2

United States of America

Togo

1.9

9.9

4.6

3.1

European Union (27)

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

12/17/72

13/14/73

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,492.8

1,703.9

Population (thousands)

191.8

216.8

0.554 (140)0.618 (138)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

47.3

45.5

23/18/59

19/18/63

11/4/85

9/3/88Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

20 (2000)16 (2017)

Gini index, first and last year available

32.1 (2000)

40.7 (2017)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

14.7 (2001)

13.5 (2020)

213

SAUDI ARABIAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

368,227.4

244,165.4

0.1

0.2

0.72630.5680306,690.0

181,439.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

83.4

74.4

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

41.1

23.4

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

46.0

24.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

83.4

74.4

Agricultural products

1.3

2.2

Energy81.2

69.4

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

0.9

2.8

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

80.7

69.1

74.1

58.6

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

4.9

8.4

[342] Liquefied propane and butane[342] Liquefied propane and butane

1.8

2.0

47.3

46.2

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Japan

China

16.9

21.1

United States of America

Japan

16.1

13.8

China

Republic of Korea

14.3

11.4

37,107.9

33,286.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)–

3.6

21,719.1

20,131.0

13.5

14.9

1,800.7

4,338.5

1.1

3.2

39.0

42.6

21.5

19.7

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

9.8

16.1

Brazil

India

7.7

6.8

4.8

0.2

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2/60/38

2/46/52

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

19,325.5

18,572.8

Population (thousands)

31,150.835,806.3

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.816 (44)0.875 (35)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

51.0

56.0

5/23/72

2/25/73–/2/98–/2/98Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

4.9 (2001)

3.7 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

214

SENEGALMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

2,647.6

4,436.7

0.4

0.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.24100.2582

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,885.3

3,372.8

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

71.5

76.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

9.9

13.5

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3.8

2.9

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

71.4

76.4

Agricultural products

31.7

31.0

Energy20.4

21.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

19.3

23.9

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

48.0

50.0

19.8

20.8

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

14.1

16.7

[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products

14.0

12.5

56.8

56.9

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Mali

Mali

20.5

28.2

European Union (27)

Switzerland

20.2

16.5

Switzerland

European Union (27)

16.1

12.2

3,592.7

3,767.7

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

0.7

1.6

1,313.1

1,562.5

20.4

18.6

2,018.6

1,886.9

31.3

22.4

63.5

59.5

34.3

36.9

Nigeria

Russian Federation

18.1

11.5

United Kingdom

Nigeria

11.1

11.1

4.0

5.0

15/26/59

17/26/57

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,181.0

1,403.7

Population (thousands)

13,414.3

16,219.4

0.468 (167)

0.511 (170)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

42.5

43.2

35/13/52

30/13/57

31/6/63

25/5/70

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

70 (1991)

9 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

54.1 (1991)

38.1 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

24.1 (2001)

7.5 (2020)

215

SERBIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

13,561.1

21,566.7

0.8

1.5

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.09570.0791

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

4,490.9

6,481.1

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

33.4

30.5

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

8.5

10.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2.3

1.3

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

33.3

30.5

Agricultural products

22.2

20.8

Energy4.1

2.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

7.0

7.0

107.3

93.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[044] Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled[044] Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled

8.7

8.3

3.2

2.9

[682] Copper[682] Copper

3.0

2.8

[058] Fruit, preserved, and fruit preparations (no juice)[058] Fruit, preserved, and fruit preparations (no juice)

2.5

2.6

76.9

68.5

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

55.8

49.2

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina

12.9

11.4

Montenegro

China

8.1

7.8

5,774.6

6,965.7

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

8.0

11.4

1,294.3

1,928.0

7.0

7.5

3,108.6

2,621.3

16.9

10.2

78.9

73.8

European Union (27)

39.6

47.9

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

30.6

17.9

Kazakhstan

Iraq

8.6

7.9

1.2

3.2

European Union (27)

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

8/31/60

8/31/61

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

4,774.8

5,969.8

Population (thousands)

7,579.3

7,378.00.767 (67)0.802 (63)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

38.4

48.6

21/26/54

16/27/57

19/17/64

13/19/68

5 (2012)

2 (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

39.9 (2012)34.5 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

3.1 (2001)

3.3 (2020)

216

SEYCHELLESMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

540.7

471.1

1.3

0.7

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.59330.4157

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

492.7

365.2

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

92.3

78.1

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

39.6

28.2

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.1

0.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

92.3

78.1

Agricultural products

76.4

52.4

Energy15.1

25.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

0.8

0.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

89.5

74.7

[03] Fishery products

73.1

47.8

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

15.1

25.4

[081] Feeding stuff for animals (no unmilled cereals)[122] Tobacco, manufactured

1.3

1.5

85.0

62.0

[03] Fishery products

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

48.2

30.1

United Kingdom

United Arab Emirates

20.3

20.0

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

16.5

11.8

490.2

418.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

8.2

1.1

251.3

193.6

25.3

17.8

193.5

159.2

19.5

14.6

80.3

69.8

United Arab Emirates

42.0

39.2

European Union (27)European Union (27)

35.3

25.3

South Africa

South Africa

3.1

5.3

4.9

0.4

United Arab Emirates

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3/15/82

2/15/83

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

12,937.8

13,862.7

96.0

104.9

Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.776 (61)0.785 (72)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)..

..

Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)..

..

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

217

..

..

1 (2013)

1 (2018)46.8 (2013)32.1 (2018)..

..

SIERRA LEONEMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

1,530.3

585.0

0.4

0.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.46620.2709Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,234.1

509.1

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

80.9

87.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

27.0

12.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

8.3

7.8

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

81.0

87.2

Agricultural products

8.7

29.5

Energy0.1

0.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

72.2

57.0

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

69.0

46.1

[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

45.8

20.9

[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones[24+25] Forestry products

16.7

12.7

[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

[281] Iron ore and concentrates

6.5

12.5

89.8

77.0

[281] Iron ore and concentrates

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

European Union (27)

60.3

38.8

European Union (27)

China

23.7

34.0

United States of America

United Arab Emirates

5.9

4.3

1,042.3

668.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Côte d'Ivoire

European Union (27)

0.4

–

308.3

519.2

18.8

28.6

584.0

29.8

35.5

1.6

63.0

36.3

39.4

17.1

European Union (27)

China

12.7

11.2

Benin

India

10.9

8.0

6.9

3.2

51/18/31

61/5/33

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

701.8

618.6

Population (thousands)

6,876.9

8,140.5

0.427 (177)0.477 (181)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

55.3

53.4

59/6/35

54/7/39

58/1/41

51/2/47

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

67 (1989)

26 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

40.2 (2003)

35.7 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

50.7 (2001)

27.4 (2020)

218

SINGAPOREMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

416,988.3

411,813.0

6.3

2.6

0.25090.2393

111,507.9

92,999.4

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

28.5

23.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

36.5

25.4

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

28.5

23.2

Agricultural products

2.9

4.4

Energy21.7

13.4

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

3.9

5.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

24.1

18.6

20.8

12.3

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

2.4

4.1

[098] Edible products and preparations, n.e.s.

[098] Edible products and preparations, n.e.s.

0.8

2.2

54.0

40.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Malaysia

Malaysia

21.9

14.7

Indonesia

China

20.3

13.2

Australia

Indonesia

11.8

12.0

146,279.4

108,738.5

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Malaysia

Malaysia

2.4

1.7

10,269.6

11,209.8

2.7

3.1

110,784.7

67,817.4

29.6

19.0

27.6

30.3

10.8

12.2

United Arab Emirates

China

8.6

9.4

Indonesia

Indonesia

8.2

8.7

4.5

1.8

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020–/26/74–/26/74

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

52,405.0

58,084.1

Population (thousands)

5,429.2

5,886.3

0.910 (15)0.939 (12)Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

67.4

67.0

–/19/81–/16/84–/14/86–/11/89

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

..

..

219

SLOVAKIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

83,636.8

93,659.0

0.1

0.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.17080.2409Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

11,570.8

9,034.1

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

13.8

9.7

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

11.8

8.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.3

0.3

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

13.8

9.6

Agricultural products

5.8

4.7

Energy5.3

2.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

2.7

2.2

107.3

93.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

5.9

3.1

4.2

1.6

[24+25] Forestry products[24+25] Forestry products

0.9

0.8

[351] Electric current[684] Aluminium

0.8

0.7

97.5

96.2
92.2

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

94.8

UkraineUkraine1.8

2.7

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

0.9

1.2

18,188.7

16,468.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)

0.2

0.7

3,643.5

4,362.2

4.6

4.7

9,238.3

6,930.4

11.7

7.5

92.7

90.1

European Union (27)

47.4

54.8

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

42.2

32.8

UkraineUkraine

3.1

2.5

2.2

1.6

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3/33/64

2/32/66

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

15,244.5

17,813.8

Population (thousands)

5,411.9

5,454.6

0.840 (35)0.848 (45)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

51.1

55.9

3/36/60

3/36/61

2/20/78

1/20/78– (2004)– (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

27.1 (2004)

23.2 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

6.1 (2001)

3.8 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

220

SLOVENIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

34,042.2

49,042.5

15.8

17.4

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.15680.1983

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

4,921.1

5,816.8

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

17.2

14.4

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

10.2

10.4

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.2

0.2

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

17.1

14.4

Agricultural products

6.1

6.1

Energy6.4

4.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

4.6

4.1

128.7

93.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)
Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

8.6

6.5

3.8

2.6

[684] Aluminium[684] Aluminium

2.4

2.5

[351] Electric current[351] Electric current

2.3

1.4

89.8

89.8
83.7

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)83.7

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina

3.6

3.4

SerbiaSerbia2.5

2.7

9,510.4

9,200.0

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

11.8

13.7

2,167.7

2,609.3

7.4

6.3

4,383.8

3,161.0

15.0

7.6

81.5

78.7

72.4

71.5

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

6.2

4.7

United States of America

Serbia

2.9

2.5

0.2

2.6

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2/32/66

2/33/65

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

20,047.8

23,468.9

Population (thousands)

2,070.8

2,114.90.890 (22)0.918 (23)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

221

52.0

55.3

9/31/60

4/34/62

9/18/73

3/21/76– (2004)– (2019)24.8 (2004)

24.4 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)

SOLOMON ISLANDSMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

471.2

403.6

0.2

0.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.62190.6123

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

463.5

391.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

98.6

97.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

36.5

24.5

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

19.7

20.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

98.6

97.0

Agricultural products

85.7

89.4

Energy0.1

0.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

12.8

7.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

88.1

86.3

64.4

64.5
14.4

[24+25] Forestry products[24+25] Forestry products[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[03] Fishery products

12.5[03] Fishery products[422] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fract.

11.2

7.3

81.7

83.3

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

60.4

65.2

Australia

European Union (27)

13.6

13.7

European Union (27)

India

7.8

4.3

243.2

208.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

8.0

4.1

Food imports (millions of dollars)

77.4

88.4

16.0

17.0

146.0

86.1

30.3

16.5

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

78.1

52.1

Singapore

57.3

20.5

Australia

Republic of Korea

16.3

16.1

New ZealandAustralia

4.5

15.5

3.4

2.0

Singapore

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

34/17/49

34/16/50

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

2,160.1

2,161.8

Population (thousands)

575.1

683.2

0.550 (143)0.564 (155)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

85.3

84.7

42/9/49

37/12/51

43/4/53

38/6/57

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

51 (2005)

27 (2012)

Gini index, first and last year available

46.1 (2005)

37.1 (2012)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

13.3 (2001)

18.1 (2020)

222

SOMALIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

523.3

420.0

0.7

–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.72040.4792

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

484.7

403.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

93.2

96.1

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

29.5

21.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

22.0

14.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

93.2

96.1

88.6

66.7

Agricultural products
Energy––Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

4.6

29.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

85.6

76.5

[001] Live animals other than animals of division 03[001] Live animals other than animals of division 03

73.8

41.7

[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

7.4

28.3

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour)

4.5

6.5

82.1

76.7

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Saudi Arabia

United Arab Emirates

46.4

37.6

Oman

Oman

19.5

31.8

United Arab Emirates

Saudi Arabia

16.2

7.2

651.0

596.0

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

0.5

0.2

536.2

368.7

43.1

31.2

16.0

17.0

1.3

1.4

70.4

71.5

35.5

49.3

Oman

India

19.5

15.0

India

Oman

15.4

7.2

2.9

1.6

60/7/32

60/7/32

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

106.6

96.6

12,653.7

16,254.6

..

..

27.9

27.3

81/3/16

80/2/17

86/1/1384/1/15

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

71 (2017)

Gini index, first and last year available..

36.8 (2017)70.6 (2001)

53.1 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

223

SOUTH AFRICA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

95,492.7

99,106.8

0.1

0.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.13160.1741

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

55,418.8

63,037.4

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

58.1

63.7

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

14.9

18.4

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4.9

3.7

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

58.0

63.6

Agricultural products

11.5

11.9

Energy10.7

8.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

35.8

42.9

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

23.9

31.0

8.1

13.8

[281] Iron ore and concentrates[681] Silver, platinum, other metals of the platinum group[681] Silver, platinum, other metals of the platinum group[281] Iron ore and concentrates

8.0

9.7

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

7.8

7.5

43.7

48.4

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

19.5

25.1

European Union (27)European Union (27)

14.9

12.9

Japan

United States of America

9.4

10.4

33,476.2

21,438.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

6.2

5.0

6,023.8

5,846.8

6.3

7.4

22,786.4

10,892.2

23.7

13.7

42.3

38.0

European Union (27)

21.6

17.1

Nigeria

Nigeria

12.5

12.1

European Union (27)

Saudi Arabia

8.2

8.7

2.2

-0.3
2/29/69

Saudi Arabia

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2/30/68

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

5,700.9

5,379.0

Population (thousands)

53,509.958,437.3

0.675 (109)0.713 (109)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

39.9

36.8

5/23/72

5/22/72

3/12/84

4/12/84

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

34 (1993)

21 (2014)

Gini index, first and last year available

59.3 (1993)

63.0 (2014)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

3.9 (2001)

6.9 (2020)

224

SOUTH SUDANMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

2,181.4

960.9

–

–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.99640.9338

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2,178.4

959.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

99.9

99.9

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

17.9

6.5

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

17.2

..

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

99.9

99.8

Agricultural products

0.1

2.9

Energy

99.8

93.8

–

3.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

99.8

98.5

99.8

93.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)–

2.9[223] Oil seeds & oleaginous fruits (incl. flour, n.e.s.)[081] Feeding stuff for animals (no unmilled cereals)

–

1.9

99.9

96.5
88.3

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

98.5

India

United Arab Emirates

1.0

4.9

Japan

United States of America

0.5

3.4

99.0

308.5

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

6.6

0.9

Food imports (millions of dollars)

26.7

254.7

12.7

26.1

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

5.2

5.4

2.5

0.6

86.7

83.0

Uganda64.3

61.0

United States of America

Kenya

14.0

17.4

European Union (27)

Rwanda

8.4

4.6

..

0.7

5/58/38

4/49/47

UgandaKEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

419.4

589.6

10,899.2

10,520.8..

0.385 (191)

65.0

62.6

61/18/20

60/16/23

76/9/15

73/9/18

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

35 (2009)

67 (2016)

Gini index, first and last year available

46.3 (2009)44.1 (2016)..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

225

SPAINMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

307,812.8

346,951.4

4.2

6.0

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.09140.0954

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

86,564.1

96,485.2

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

29.4

29.6

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

6.4

7.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.1–

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

29.4

29.5

Agricultural products

17.3

19.6

Energy7.6

5.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

4.5

4.2

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

10.7

9.9

5.6

4.2

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

3.0

3.3

[054] Vegetables[054] Vegetables

2.1

2.5

73.0

74.7
61.9

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)60.4

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

7.5

7.0

United States of America

China

5.1

5.7

131,859.7

107,089.6

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

0.2

4.7

33,051.7

38,216.8

9.7

10.6

76,178.9

45,222.6

22.5

12.6

41.2

45.5

25.8

33.7

Algeria

United States of America

8.3

6.4

Russian Federation

Nigeria

7.1

5.5

-0.3

0.2

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

3/22/75

3/22/75

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

24,588.5

26,330.7

Population (thousands)

46,669.4

47,220.1

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.868 (28)0.905 (27)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

226

44.4

48.9

4/20/76

4/20/76

2/9/892/9/891 (1980)

1 (2019)34.5 (1980)

34.3 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)

SRI LANKA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

10,223.4

12,004.1––

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.20730.1860Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

3,542.9

3,996.2

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

34.7

33.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

4.8

4.9

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.1

0.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

34.7

33.4

Agricultural products

28.9

28.0

Energy1.2

2.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

4.6

2.9

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

21.4

16.7

15.0

11.4

[074] Tea and mate[074] Tea and mate[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones[075] Spices

3.7

2.9

[075] Spices[03] Fishery products

2.7

2.4

33.3

35.3

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

18.0

16.3

India

India

8.4

12.4

Russian Federation

United States of America

6.9

6.7

7,288.9

6,362.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

0.3–

2,114.9

2,417.2

11.6

12.8

4,142.2

2,976.2

22.6

15.8

47.7

43.6

17.3

17.5

India

India

15.5

17.4

Singapore

Malaysia

14.9

8.7

6.0

2.0
9/29/63

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

8/31/60

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

3,480.1

4,188.2

Population (thousands)

21,074.1

21,682.1

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.737 (81)0.782 (73)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

50.9

46.8

30/26/44

25/28/47

33/26/41

28/26/47

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

17 (1985)

1 (2016)

Gini index, first and last year available

32.5 (1985)

39.3 (2016)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

16.7 (2001)

3.4 (2020)

227

SUDANMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

4,402.1

4,098.3––

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.57740.3294

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

4,292.3

3,995.6

97.5

97.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)
Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

6.3

9.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

10.6

10.8

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

97.5

97.5

Agricultural products

15.9

62.2

Energy30.6

6.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

51.0

28.8

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

85.4

57.1

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

50.2

26.1

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[001] Live animals other than animals of division 03

29.3

16.0

[001] Live animals other than animals of division 03[054] Vegetables

5.9

15.0

83.8

72.0

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

51.1

40.3

China

Saudi Arabia

26.4

19.1

Saudi Arabia

Egypt

6.3

12.5

3,281.5

3,160.7

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
India

0.9

–

2,252.2

2,155.2

23.6

22.8

777.8

630.2

8.2

6.7

27.7

36.8

United Arab Emirates

9.7

15.4

Australia

Russian Federation

9.1

13.1

European Union (27)

India

9.0

8.3

..

1.8

32/19/49

21/22/57

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

2,094.4

2,111.8

Population (thousands)

35,580.1

43,839.0

0.486 (163)0.508 (172)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

41.0

39.1

43/16/41

38/17/45

59/4/37

52/5/43

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

19 (2009)

15 (2014)

Gini index, first and last year available

35.4 (2009)34.2 (2014)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

21.5 (2001)

12.8 (2020)

228

SURINAMEMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

2,272.3

1,953.9

31.0

0.2

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.49490.8025

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,510.8

1,898.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

96.3

97.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

28.0

50.6

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

21.1

8.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

96.3

97.3

Agricultural products

11.9

12.2

Energy13.9

2.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

70.5

82.8

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

83.2

90.2

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

60.1

82.0

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[24+25] Forestry products

13.6

5.1

[285] Aluminium ores and concentrates (incl. alumina)[03] Fishery products

9.5

3.1

65.7

85.0

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United Arab Emirates

Switzerland

33.7

43.5

Switzerland

United Arab Emirates

18.9

32.6

European Union (27)European Union (27)

13.1

8.9

682.8

419.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Trinidad and Tobago

European Union (27)

3.3

1.7

228.8

190.1

11.6

12.5

374.5

156.8

19.0

10.4

70.9

57.0

41.4

23.9

European Union (27)

Antigua and Barbuda

17.5

17.4

United States of America

United States of America

12.0

15.6

2.6

-2.2

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

10/38/52

9/36/55

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

9,149.2

7,721.5

Population (thousands)

561.0

603.6

0.723 (92)0.730 (99)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

50.5

49.5

8/25/67

8/24/68

5/8/87

5/8/88Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

18 (1999)

Gini index, first and last year available..

57.9 (1999)

11.8 (2001)

8.2 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

229

SWEDEN
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

168,202.8

168,437.3

4.6

3.7

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.09230.0924

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

39,141.7

37,780.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

24.4

23.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

6.8

6.7

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.0

0.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

24.4

23.3

Agricultural products

9.9

11.1

Energy8.9

6.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

5.6

5.9

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

13.4

11.8

7.4

4.7

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[24+25] Forestry products[24+25] Forestry products

3.9

4.3

[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products

2.1

2.8

81.9

79.9

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

57.9

59.4

United Kingdom

Norway14.8

10.6

NorwayUnited Kingdom

9.2

9.9

47,354.0

39,778.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

3.4

4.6

14,786.8

15,728.3

9.4

10.0

23,815.0

15,553.8

15.2

9.9

80.7

83.2

44.8

48.1

NorwayNorway20.4

29.9

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

15.5

5.2

1.9

1.4

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2/25/73

2/25/74

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

49,030.9

52,722.6

Population (thousands)

9,602.9

10,317.5

0.910 (15)0.947 (7)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

230

58.7

59.4

2/19/79

2/18/80

1/8/91

1/7/92– (1981)– (2019)22.9 (1981)

29.3 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)

SWITZERLAND
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

327,153.0

337,241.2

1.2

0.6

0.29830.2645

122,713.5

95,968.2

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

38.0

28.6

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

17.1

12.4

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

38.0

28.6
3.1

Agricultural products

3.0

Energy1.5

0.8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

33.5

24.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

32.9

24.0

30.2

22.0

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[681] Silver, platinum, other metals of the platinum group[681] Silver, platinum, other metals of the platinum group

1.6

1.0

[351] Electric current[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes

1.2

0.9

60.7

64.4

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

27.4

26.1

India

India

23.9

20.5

United Kingdom

United States of America

9.5

17.8

136,344.2

114,380.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)0.1–

9,581.2

10,744.7

3.2

3.6

15,947.7

8,498.2

5.4

2.9

66.5

53.4

European Union (27)

33.0

30.3

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

24.0

15.2

United States of America

United States of America

9.5

7.9

1.8

1.3

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/26/74

1/26/74

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

83,507.8

87,357.3

Population (thousands)

8,043.4

8,607.3

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.942 (1)0.962 (1)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

231

64.5

64.5

4/22/75

3/20/77

3/11/87

2/10/88

1 (1982)– (2018)36.0 (1982)

33.1 (2018)– (2001)– (2020)

SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

1,976.9

710.4

0.2

0.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.25880.2907

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,312.9

482.5

66.6

68.0

4.0

2.2

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)
Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)
Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

10.6

3.2

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

66.6

68.0

Agricultural products

55.6

62.6

Energy7.9

3.9

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

3.1

1.5

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

36.8

39.5

27.8

30.7

[111] Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s.

[111] Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s.

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[054] Vegetables

4.6

4.6

[054] Vegetables[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

4.3

4.2

82.5

87.4
80.7

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Iraq

Iraq

71.0

European Union (27)

Saudi Arabia

8.0

3.5

Saudi Arabia

Türkiye

3.5

3.2

4,567.7

2,471.1

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)

Russian Federation––

2,277.2

1,363.3

21.6

21.9

1,625.2

651.2

15.4

10.5

44.8

57.1

22.3

20.9

TürkiyeEuropean Union (27)

11.6

20.5

Russian Federation

Argentina

10.8

15.7

-15.8

1.5

21/30/49

21/30/49

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,159.1

988.9

Population (thousands)

21,954.5

20,418.6

0.660 (118)

0.577 (150)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

232

39.8

39.0

13/26/61

10/23/67

10/8/82

7/8/853 (1996)

1 (2003)35.2 (1996)

37.5 (2003)..

..

TAJIKISTANMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

1,166.6

1,577.0

4.3–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.41930.3179Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

949.5

1,273.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

85.0

80.8

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

11.0

15.7

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.8

5.4

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

84.9

80.9

Agricultural products

22.2

20.0

Energy5.0

4.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

57.7

56.6

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

63.0

51.6

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

43.1

21.0

[263] Cotton[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

12.9

15.4

[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

[263] Cotton

7.0

15.1

66.2

54.0

[684] Aluminium

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
TürkiyeTürkiye

38.8

19.1

China

Switzerland

15.0

18.5

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

12.4

16.5

1,610.0

1,440.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

1.6

0.6

651.6

672.3

16.2

19.0

621.1

539.6

15.5

15.3

79.5

87.4

35.9

39.9

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

30.0

39.4

China

Uzbekistan

13.6

8.0

7.4

7.0

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

25/27/48

23/34/43

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

867.3

1,224.2

Population (thousands)

8,047.3

9,439.2

0.636 (124)

0.685 (122)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

38.4

37.5

50/16/34

45/16/39

67/6/28

60/7/33

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

62 (1999)

6 (2015)

Gini index, first and last year available

29.5 (1999)

34.0 (2015)..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

233

THAILANDMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

228,548.2

245,593.1––

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.07900.0770Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

64,288.9

69,453.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

28.1

28.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

15.7

13.4

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

2.9

1.7

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

28.1

28.3

Agricultural products

17.8

18.4

Energy6.0

3.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

4.3

6.6

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

11.2

8.5

4.8

3.7

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[231] Natural rubber & similar gums, in primary forms[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

3.4

2.5

[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products

3.1

2.4

34.6

36.4
19.2

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

16.1

Japan

Japan

10.6

8.8

United States of America

United States of America

7.9

8.4

87,028.8

74,914.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates––

11,787.3

14,967.6

4.9

6.5

49,373.4

36,203.3

20.4

15.7

32.5

24.2

17.7

10.0

Saudi Arabia

China

8.3

7.5

Switzerland

United States of America

6.5

6.7

3.1

1.4

11/37/52

8/34/58

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

5,508.4

6,205.3

Population (thousands)

69,364.8

71,392.5

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.737 (81)0.800 (66)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

70.7

66.2

39/21/40

31/23/46

37/19/45

28/20/52

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

23 (1981)– (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

45.2 (1981)

35.0 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

17.3 (2001)

8.8 (2020)

234

TIMOR-LESTE
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

21.4

354.5

0.3

0.1

0.53490.2384

16.5

200.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

77.5

56.6

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

1.2

10.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

..

41.4

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

77.5

56.7

Agricultural products

14.0

22.7

Energy61.8

29.0

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.7

5.0

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

73.4

43.3

42.1

21.3
15.8

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[342] Liquefied propane and butane[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes

19.2[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes[342] Liquefied propane and butane

12.2

6.3

72.7

63.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Japan

Australia

52.4

26.8

European Union (27)

New Zealand

11.7

18.8

Republic of Korea

United States of America

8.6

17.4

399.8

340.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Viet Nam

Viet Nam

1.8

1.0

199.4

211.8

25.5

28.9

110.5

55.4

14.1

7.6

63.0

63.6

27.8

33.5

Australia

Malaysia

18.3

15.5

Malaysia

Australia

16.8

14.7

4.2

5.8

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

22/16/62

16/24/60

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,284.6

1,578.9

Population (thousands)

1,149.5

1,290.4

0.619 (126)0.607 (140)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

64.5

63.6

46/11/43

39/16/44

46/7/47

39/8/53

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

22 (2001)

8 (2014)

Gini index, first and last year available

35.9 (2001)

28.7 (2014)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

41.5 (2001)

26.2 (2020)

235

TOGO
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

1,385.6

1,189.6

0.1

0.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.24640.2389Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

959.7

767.9

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

69.3

64.7

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

19.4

10.5

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

16.6

4.4

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

69.4

64.7

Agricultural products

16.6

23.4

Energy18.6

29.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

34.2

12.0

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

41.2

30.0

22.4

17.4

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour)

9.6

7.1

[272] Crude fertilizers (excluding those of division 56)[335] Residual petroleum products, n.e.s., related mater.

9.3

5.5

42.7

34.2

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Switzerland

India

20.5

14.8

European Union (27)

China

12.7

11.1

India

Benin

9.5

8.3

1,378.5

1,242.0

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

0.2

0.9

218.6

274.3

8.9

11.6

1,108.1

911.4

45.1

38.7

65.3

60.4

European Union (27)

49.7

26.9

United States of America

India

10.9

22.9

Ghana

Republic of Korea

4.8

10.7

Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

11.5

4.1

28/19/53

22/23/55

Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

609.6

806.7

Population (thousands)

7,016.7

8,343.0

0.477 (165)

0.539 (162)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

57.1

55.3

42/13/46

32/19/48

40/13/46

27/18/55

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

61 (2006)

28 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

42.2 (2006)

42.4 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

31.3 (2001)

18.8 (2020)

236

TONGA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

17.2

17.2

2.0

4.0

0.33630.338814.0

14.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

83.4

84.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

3.2

2.8

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

83.4

84.3

Agricultural products

77.9

81.5

Energy0.1–

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

5.4

2.8

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

65.6

68.0

[054] Vegetables

32.9

33.2

[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products

25.4

28.5

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

7.3

6.3

66.3

68.2

[054] Vegetables

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
New Zealand

New Zealand

29.9

29.2

United States of America

United States of America

18.7

24.5

Japan

Australia

17.7

14.6

109.6

118.7

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

3.2

2.4

Food imports (millions of dollars)

48.3

63.8

24.3

26.5

50.1

38.9

25.2

16.1

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Singapore

New Zealand

74.1

70.9

33.5

29.3

New ZealandSingapore

21.4

23.8

Fiji

Fiji

19.3

17.9

1.8

1.3

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

19/19/61

22/18/60

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

3,669.7

4,229.3

Population (thousands)

107.3

105.2

0.713 (97)0.745 (91)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

237

48.3

44.7

24/30/46

19/31/50

2/50/48

2/45/53

3 (2000)

1 (2015)37.7 (2000)

37.6 (2015)..

..

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

15,348.6

7,110.5

1.0

1.4

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.35270.2997

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

9,760.1

3,381.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

64.2

48.3

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

36.3

15.2

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

14.4

8.2

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

64.2

48.3

Agricultural products

2.3

5.1

Energy60.7

42.1

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.2

1.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

57.3

40.9

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

27.2

21.8

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

22.5

12.1

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

7.6

7.0

50.9

58.4

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

30.0

34.0

Argentina

European Union (27)

11.3

17.0

European Union (27)Guyana9.6

7.4

6,204.0

2,034.7

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Gabon

United States of America

1.5

2.9

957.9

831.7

8.9

15.1

4,498.5

660.6

41.7

12.0

62.9

65.7

31.8

46.1

Colombia

European Union (27)

17.7

10.9

Russian Federation

Brazil

13.5

8.7

0.9

-2.9

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/50/50

1/39/60

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

17,151.1

14,163.1

Population (thousands)

1,435.5

1,520.8

0.790 (52)0.810 (57)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

59.3

55.2

4/28/68

3/27/70

1/13/86

1/12/86– (1988)

2 (1992)

Gini index, first and last year available

42.6 (1988)

40.3 (1992)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

10.0 (2001)

7.5 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

238

TUNISIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

16,942.6

15,148.5

0.1–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.14910.1379Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

4,426.1

2,892.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

26.2

19.1

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

9.6

7.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

5.6

2.0

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

26.2

19.0

Agricultural products

9.5

11.8

Energy15.1

5.4

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.6

1.8

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

17.9

10.1

10.0

4.1

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[421] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fractio.

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

4.9

3.9

[421] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fractio.

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

3.0

2.2

76.0

68.8
53.7

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)55.1

Switzerland

Libya

12.6

9.5

United Kingdom

United States of America

8.3

5.6

8,081.2

6,620.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.6–

2,239.1

2,096.1

9.2

10.1

4,370.6

3,193.0

17.9

15.3

61.1

59.8

European Union (27)

36.7

38.4

Algeria

Algeria

15.2

16.1

Azerbaijan

Ukraine

9.2

5.3

2.2

0.1
11/24/65

European Union (27)

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

9/30/61

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

3,671.8

3,629.2

Population (thousands)

11,237.8

12,105.3

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.720 (95)0.731 (97)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

39.8

38.8

16/33/51

14/33/53

13/34/54

9/33/58

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

12 (1985)– (2015)

Gini index, first and last year available

43.4 (1985)

32.8 (2015)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

4.4 (2001)

3.1 (2020)

239

TURKMENISTANMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

16,933.3

8,765.2––

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.82270.8214

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

15,836.2

8,102.9

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

93.6

92.5

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

40.3

17.7

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

32.3

20.8

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

93.6

92.5

Agricultural products

2.9

2.1

Energy90.2

89.6

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

0.5

0.8

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

90.6

89.0

83.4

83.2

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

4.7

4.2

[263] Cotton[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

2.5

1.6

87.7

88.9

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Ukraine

China

42.7

52.0

China

Ukraine

41.0

33.5

European Union (27)European Union (27)

4.0

3.4

1,154.1

484.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Russian Federation

Russian Federation

4.3

0.3

730.4

333.3

7.7

9.8

99.7

36.1

1.0

1.1

54.3

59.1

21.4

25.7

TürkiyeTürkiye

19.9

20.9

European Union (27)European Union (27)

13.1

12.5

4.8

-1.9

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

9/65/27

12/46/42

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

6,188.4

5,142.6

Population (thousands)

5,509.6

6,204.5

0.711 (99)0.745 (91)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

45.6

43.9

26/37/37

21/40/39

25/34/41

19/36/45

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

43 (1998)

Gini index, first and last year available..

40.8 (1998)

6.8 (2001)

3.5 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available240TÜRKIYE
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

160,149.2

191,903.3

1.3

1.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.07740.0653

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

39,449.8

40,539.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

25.0

21.4

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

4.3

5.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.6

0.4

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

25.0

21.4

Agricultural products

11.6

11.9

Energy5.2

3.7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

8.2

5.8

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

11.7

7.0

4.8

3.1

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

4.2

2.5

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

2.6

1.5

45.6

47.6
33.5

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

25.9

Iraq

Iraq

11.5

8.7

Iran (Islamic Republic of)United Kingdom

8.2

5.4

67,725.4

69,597.6

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)

15.0

11.3

11,317.9

14,531.1

5.3

7.0

21,380.1

14,485.4

10.1

7.0

50.7

43.5

European Union (27)

27.1

21.2

Russian Federation

Russian Federation

14.6

16.2

United States of America

United States of America

9.0

6.1

6.9

4.0

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

8/31/61

7/32/61

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

10,025.4

12,436.2

Population (thousands)

75,937.6

83,807.5

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.749 (75)0.838 (48)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

241

45.6

44.0

23/27/51

18/25/57

35/16/49

25/16/59

2 (1987)– (2019)43.5 (1987)

41.9 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)

TUVALU
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.4

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.24600.2070Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

0.03100.0410Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

16.3

19.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

0.1

0.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

16.3

18.9

Agricultural products

12.6

14.5

Energy1.7

4.4

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

2.0–

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

12.5

16.2

8.7

10.5

[03] Fishery products[098] Edible products and preparations, n.e.s.

[098] Edible products and preparations, n.e.s.

[03] Fishery products

2.5

3.0

[288] Non-ferrous base metal waste and scrap, n.e.s.

[342] Liquefied propane and butane

1.2

2.7

100.0

100.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Fiji

Fiji

79.0

54.3

New ZealandAustralia

13.8

40.3

Australia

New Zealand

7.3

5.5

Commodity imports (millions of dollars)

3.5

8.8

Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)

33.3

14.0

Food imports (millions of dollars)

1.2

3.0

7.4

10.3

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Fiji

Fiji

1.3

3.6

7.8

12.4

81.2

79.4

49.1

34.7

Australia

China

18.3

28.6

New ZealandAustralia

13.8

16.1

3.6

5.1

Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

22/7/71

10/16/73

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

2,909.0

4,252.3

10.9

11.0

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.616 (127)0.641 (130)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)..

..

Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)..

..

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)..

..

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

4 (2010)Gini index, first and last year available..

39.1 (2010)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

..

..

242

UGANDA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

2,342.4

3,968.6

2.6

0.2

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.1816

0.3624

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

1,603.4

3,427.7

70.3

86.6

5.2

8.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)
Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)
Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

10.5

7.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

70.3

86.6

Agricultural products

67.3

45.1

Energy1.1

5.0

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.9

36.5

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

30.2

55.4

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

19.6

36.1

[03] Fishery products[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes

5.5

15.2

[121] Tobacco, unmanufactured; tobacco refuse[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

5.1

4.1

51.9

68.1

[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)

United Arab Emirates

30.7

42.4

Kenya

European Union (27)

13.5

15.8

Sudan

Kenya

7.7

9.9

1,842.8

3,452.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
India

Kenya

2.3

1.2

587.0

919.5

10.1

11.3

1,010.3

945.5

17.3

11.6

53.3

41.8

27.8

14.7

Kenya

United Republic of Tanzania

14.8

14.5

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

10.8

12.6

4.1

4.4

28/29/44

25/29/46

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

741.0

816.5

34,775.3

43,673.8

0.502 (157)

0.525 (166)

68.4

66.3

70/7/23

72/7/2175/4/2177/3/20

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

59 (1989)

42 (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

44.4 (1989)

42.7 (2019)..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

243

UKRAINE
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

61,976.1

55,051.8

0.6

0.4

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.12290.1620Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

26,216.8

31,592.9

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

42.6

57.6

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

16.0

18.6

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

4.3

2.0

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

42.6

57.6

Agricultural products

29.1

44.6

Energy4.6

1.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

8.9

11.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

17.5

28.9

6.0

10.4

[421] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fractio.

[421] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fractio.

[044] Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled[044] Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled

6.0

9.7

[281] Iron ore and concentrates[281] Iron ore and concentrates

5.5

8.8

51.0

56.0

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

30.6

32.8

Russian Federation

China

12.2

17.8

China

India

8.2

5.4

30,785.4

19,144.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Russian Federation

European Union (27)

0.5

0.6

5,986.9

5,252.9

8.4

8.6

20,848.7

10,691.3

29.1

17.5

78.2

62.9

47.4

31.2

European Union (27)

Russian Federation

20.0

19.3

BelarusBelarus

10.7

12.4

-2.2

1.7

10/27/63

11/26/63

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

2,332.0

2,285.2

Population (thousands)

45,352.8

44,050.3

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.764 (69)0.773 (77)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

51.8

50.7

18/26/56

14/25/61

17/15/68

11/14/75

4 (1992)– (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

29.7 (1992)

25.6 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

3.0 (2001)

2.8 (2020)

244

UNITED ARAB EMIRATESMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

354,794.6

383,294.9

0.7

0.6

0.33770.2402259,603.0

244,039.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

73.7

64.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

66.7

61.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

27.0

15.4

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

73.6

64.0

Agricultural products

3.7

5.3

Energy49.6

35.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

20.3

23.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

53.3

44.2

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

34.4

21.5

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

10.5

12.1

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

8.4

10.6

45.6

41.6

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
Japan

India

21.9

18.1

India

Japan

15.4

14.2

Republic of Korea

China

8.4

9.3

90,804.6

103,020.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
India

3.3

1.9

17,350.5

19,907.1

6.3

6.9

15,900.6

20,119.9

5.8

7.0

35.9

23.7
10.7

India

19.9

European Union (27)European Union (27)

10.0

7.8

Switzerland

Saudi Arabia

6.0

5.2

5.0

1.0

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/55/44

1/44/55

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

37,250.5

41,381.2

Population (thousands)

8,708.2

9,250.1

0.835 (36)0.911 (26)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

78.1

74.8

3/35/63

1/34/64–/6/94–/5/95– (2013)– (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

32.5 (2013)26.0 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

2.8 (2001)

5.6 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

245

UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN
AND NORTHERN IRELAND
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

513,471.0

444,854.1

5.6

4.7

0.12700.1052

159,870.9

121,201.7

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

33.0

28.6

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

5.6

4.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.8

0.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

33.0

28.5

Agricultural products

7.0

7.4

Energy12.6

8.1

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

13.4

13.0

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

19.7

14.8

8.4

6.9

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

6.1

4.7

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[681] Silver, platinum, other metals of the platinum group

5.1

3.2

77.7

70.3

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
European Union (27)European Union (27)

49.3

46.7

Switzerland

Switzerland

20.3

15.4

United States of America

United States of America

8.1

8.2

203,184.5

225,858.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)

5.5

1.7

54,203.6

54,855.5

8.4

8.3

88,192.8

53,398.1

13.7

8.1

59.2

53.8

European Union (27)

41.1

33.1

NorwayUnited States of America

13.2

10.9

Russian Federation

Norway

4.9

9.8

2.1

0.3

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/21/78

1/20/80

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

43,504.2

45,433.9

Population (thousands)

64,052.1

66,908.4

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.912 (9)0.929 (18)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

246

58.1

60.2

1/19/80

1/18/81

1/8/92

1/8/92

1 (1986)– (2017)31.9 (1986)

35.1 (2017)– (2001)– (2020)

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIAMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

4,862.4

5,823.7

0.4

0.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.31790.3676

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

4,227.1

5,129.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

87.3

88.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

9.2

7.6

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

6.0

3.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

87.3

88.1

Agricultural products

37.1

37.5

Energy2.0

1.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

48.2

49.1

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

45.1

49.2

34.0

38.4

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[289] Ores & concentrates of precious metals; waste, scrap[121] Tobacco, unmanufactured; tobacco refuse

6.1

6.0

[121] Tobacco, unmanufactured; tobacco refuse[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

5.0

4.8

43.2

41.1

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
India

India

16.8

17.2

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

13.4

14.2

European Union (27)South Africa

12.9

9.8

4,745.3

2,859.5

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.9

0.8

1,011.0

790.0

8.3

8.4

3,325.8

1,421.8

27.3

15.1

53.0

45.6

United Arab Emirates

30.5

18.0

Switzerland

Democratic Republic of the Congo

13.1

14.0

United Arab Emirates

India

9.4

13.6

6.4

6.3

28/27/44

29/31/40

India

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)
Population (thousands)
Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

870.3

1,076.1

48,531.0

60,794.1

0.493 (159)

0.549 (160)

82.2

81.3

69/6/25

65/6/28

72/3/25

67/3/30

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

69 (1991)

45 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

35.3 (1991)

40.5 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

33.1 (2001)

22.6 (2020)

247

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

1,580,754.1

1,609,222.2

9.2

8.7

0.09340.0890422,949.1

469,287.2

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

29.5

31.9

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

2.5

2.1

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.8

0.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

29.5

32.0

Agricultural products

12.3

12.2

Energy10.3

13.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

6.9

6.3

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

11.4

11.2

7.5

5.3

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

2.1

4.2

[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour)[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour)

1.7

1.7

41.0

40.4

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
CanadaMexico16.0

14.4

MexicoCanada13.3

13.8

European Union (27)European Union (27)

11.7

12.2

633,779.3

491,018.6

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Canada3.0

4.3

102,071.6

140,848.0

4.5

5.6

393,268.4

187,880.9

17.2

7.4

44.9

52.8
30.5

Canada26.3

MexicoMexico10.4

11.7

Saudi Arabia

European Union (27)

8.2

10.6

2.1

1.6

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1/20/79

1/19/81

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

54,049.7

58,777.2

Population (thousands)

318,007.3

335,045.0

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.911 (12)0.921 (21)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

248

57.8

57.8

1/20/79

1/20/79

1/9/90

1/9/901 (1986)

1 (2019)37.4 (1986)

41.5 (2019)– (2001)– (2020)

URUGUAY
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

8,980.2

8,019.2

0.2–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.21630.2584

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

6,917.4

6,567.1

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

77.2

81.9

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

12.0

11.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

1.3

2.0

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

77.2

81.9

Agricultural products

74.7

79.3

Energy0.9

1.9

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.6

0.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

39.4

45.1

[011] Meat of bovine animals, fresh, chilled or frozen

18.1

25.1

[011] Meat of bovine animals, fresh, chilled or frozen[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour)

15.4

11.1

[042] Rice[24+25] Forestry products

5.9

8.9

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)

49.7

61.2

[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour)

China

China

19.9

35.9

BrazilBrazil16.0

14.6

European Union (27)European Union (27)

13.8

10.6

3,866.1

2,666.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
BrazilBrazil

––1,092.7

1,194.6

9.6

13.7

2,342.9

1,082.7

20.6

12.4

49.7

54.9

19.3

22.2

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)United States of America

15.3

17.0

Argentina

Argentina

15.0

15.7

5.0

0.1

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

9/23/69

8/20/72

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

15,789.6

17,109.9

Population (thousands)

3,376.2

3,428.9

0.787 (58)0.809 (58)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

61.1

55.9

9/21/70

8/19/73

4/10/86

4/9/88

1 (2006)– (2020)

Gini index, first and last year available

45.9 (2006)

40.2 (2020)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

3.6 (2001)– (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

249

UZBEKISTANMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

11,562.6

14,100.8

0.2

0.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.24250.3268

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

8,173.7

10,401.3

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

70.8

74.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

11.7

17.2

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

15.6

15.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

70.8

73.9

Agricultural products

31.6

14.5

Energy13.4

19.0

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

25.8

40.4

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

41.0

54.3

18.9

29.7
17.7

[263] Cotton[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

11.4[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[682] Copper

10.7

6.9

47.6

57.3

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

Switzerland

20.5

22.7

Russian Federation

China

16.0

18.8

European Union (27)

United Kingdom

11.2

15.8

2,045.3

4,100.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Russian Federation

2.0

1.4

1,070.3

1,918.3

8.4

8.9

335.5

1,003.1

2.6

4.6

70.4

71.7

Kazakhstan

42.3

33.9

European Union (27)

Russian Federation

19.4

30.1

United States of America

Turkmenistan

8.7

7.7

7.5

4.8

34/25/41

28/34/38

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

2,371.0

3,116.0

Population (thousands)

29,735.0

33,254.6

0.673 (112)0.727 (101)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

58.0

54.3

27/23/50

26/23/51

25/14/61

24/14/62

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

59 (1998)

82 (2003)

Gini index, first and last year available

44.7 (1998)

35.3 (2003)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

17.9 (2001)– (2020)250

VANUATUMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)
Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)
Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

2012–20142019–2021

49.3

49.0

0.7

0.4

0.69740.643339.0

42.5

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

79.7

87.1

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

4.9

4.7

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

0.8

0.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

79.7

87.2

Agricultural products

78.7

86.4

Energy0.7

0.5

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

0.3

0.3

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

73.3

78.5

69.6

68.2

[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products[292] Crude vegetable materials, n.e.s.

[058] Fruit, preserved, and fruit preparations (no juice)

2.4

7.4

[072] Cocoa[223] Oil seeds & oleaginous fruits (incl. flour, n.e.s.)

1.3

2.9

83.5

74.8

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
ThailandThailand

56.3

40.1

Japan

Japan

22.7

26.8

Viet Nam

Republic of Korea

4.5

7.9

110.1

115.2

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Singapore

Singapore

–

–

48.2

51.0

17.0

16.6

47.3

47.2

16.7

15.4

72.8

73.6

35.7

36.2

Australia

Australia

22.1

23.1

Fiji

Fiji

15.1

14.3

1.6

0.9

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

27/8/65

23/11/66

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

2,816.2

2,640.7

Population (thousands)

260.4

308.1

0.591 (132)0.607 (140)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

68.0

67.5

63/8/29

57/14/29

64/7/29

57/13/31

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

15 (2010)

10 (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

37.4 (2010)32.3 (2019)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

7.5 (2001)

11.9 (2020)

251

VENEZUELA (Bolivarian Republic of)
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

85,681.2

8,521.6

0.1

0.3

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.76080.5678

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

81,044.3

6,248.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

94.7

73.5

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

21.8

6.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

15.7

..

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

94.8

73.6

Agricultural products

0.4

3.8

Energy92.8

68.1

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.6

1.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

92.5

69.3

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

76.1

58.7

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

15.8

8.4

[335] Residual petroleum products, n.e.s., related mater.

[03] Fishery products

0.5

2.2

77.2

73.6

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
United States of America

India

43.2

40.9

China

China

17.0

20.7

India

United States of America

17.0

12.0

10,664.0

1,498.8

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
United States of America

United States of America

5.0–

7,506.7

1,097.7

17.4

17.5

1,986.5

214.4

4.6

3.4

52.7

51.3

24.6

21.2

BrazilBrazil17.8

19.7

Argentina

Argentina

10.3

10.5

0.4

-20.4
3/54/42KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

5/45/50

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

12,586.2

3,940.3

Population (thousands)

29,653.6

28,765.1

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021

0.755 (72)0.691 (120)

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

59.2

48.2

7/21/71

8/15/77

1/10/89

1/7/927 (1981)

7 (2006)

Gini index, first and last year available

55.6 (1981)

44.8 (2006)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

14.9 (2001)

22.9 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

252

VIET NAM
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

132,259.7

293,523.2

0.4

0.8

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.15670.1694

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

35,507.2

40,836.9

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

26.9

14.0

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

20.8

15.0

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

8.1

3.5

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

27.0

14.0

Agricultural products

18.3

11.4

Energy7.7

1.3

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.0

1.3

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

13.6

6.3

5.8

3.1

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude[03] Fishery products[03] Fishery products[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

5.2

2.0

[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes

2.6

1.1

43.5

50.9

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

20.3

26.8

Japan

United States of America

12.5

13.5

United States of America

European Union (27)

10.8

10.6

31,592.6

58,823.0

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
China

0.4

0.7

10,426.1

21,495.4

8.0

7.7

10,642.2

16,224.8

8.1

5.8

31.6

29.3
10.5

China

12.5

Singapore

United States of America

10.9

9.5

United States of America

Australia

8.1

9.3

5.8

5.6

20/37/43

16/38/46

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,898.1

2,667.2

Population (thousands)

89,785.5

96,215.7

0.663 (116)

0.703 (115)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

75.8

73.2

47/21/32

37/27/35

49/17/34

38/23/38

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

45 (1992)

1 (2018)

Gini index, first and last year available

35.7 (1992)

35.7 (2018)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

19.7 (2001)

5.7 (2020)

253

YEMENMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

5,536.3

572.7

0.9

0.1

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.58950.5282

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

5,363.8

537.4

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

97.7

93.9

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

16.1

1.9

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

14.6

4.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

97.8

93.9

Agricultural products

5.7

21.9

Energy90.8

59.2

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

1.3

12.8

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

128.7

75.4

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

88.8

73.1

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

51.6

54.9

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied[03] Fishery products

31.6

10.4

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

5.6

7.8

68.4

62.0

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

35.8

42.3

ThailandSaudi Arabia

16.9

10.3

Republic of Korea

Thailand

15.8

9.4

5,617.6

2,456.5

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
European Union (27)

United Arab Emirates

10.3

0.7

3,620.1

1,741.9

33.1

36.1

1,455.9

537.2

13.3

11.1

38.1

40.7

16.0

26.2

India

Saudi Arabia

11.6

8.0

United Arab Emirates

India

10.5

6.5

-9.9

-3.2

15/36/49

19/21/60

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020
GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,647.0

639.3

Population (thousands)

26,604.8

31,911.4

0.510 (151)

0.455 (183)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

32.0

32.0

28/15/57

28/10/62

45/13/42

42/13/45

8 (1998)

20 (2014)

Gini index, first and last year available

35.0 (1998)

36.7 (2014)

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

26.7 (2001)

41.4 (2020)

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

254

ZAMBIA
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

9,977.8

8,650.5

0.5–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.65210.6763

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

8,691.8

7,671.0

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

87.5

88.7

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

33.4

37.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

12.1

11.6

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

87.5

88.7

Agricultural products

13.9

9.0

Energy1.2

1.0

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

72.4

78.7

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

72.5

75.1

67.3

69.4

[682] Copper[682] Copper[044] Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

2.6

3.6

[121] Tobacco, unmanufactured; tobacco refuse[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones

2.6

2.1

64.5

65.7

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
China

China

29.9

33.9

Switzerland

Switzerland

25.9

22.6

United Arab Emirates

Namibia

8.7

9.1

2,835.5

2,234.0

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
Democratic Republic of the Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo

0.5

0.5

495.3

408.0

5.1

6.3

1,113.4

720.3

11.5

11.1

69.3

72.7

31.0

30.6

South Africa

United Arab Emirates

20.7

24.3

KuwaitSouth Africa

17.6

17.9

5.3

1.8
3/39/58

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

9/35/57

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,269.3

1,233.0

Population (thousands)

14,991.2

18,653.8

0.529 (147)

0.565 (154)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

68.1

64.2

55/10/35

50/11/40

61/4/35

55/4/41

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

57 (1991)

61 (2015)

Gini index, first and last year available

60.5 (1991)

57.1 (2015)..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

255

ZIMBABWE
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

4,021.5

4,902.8

1.9

0.8

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.29280.3906

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

3,441.6

4,293.4

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

87.2

88.2

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

18.5

17.3

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

5.5

6.1

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

87.3

88.2
31.4

Agricultural products

42.4

Energy2.1

0.9

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

42.8

55.9

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

90.6

91.3

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

48.0

67.0

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)

25.7

35.4

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excl. gold ores and concentrates)[121] Tobacco, unmanufactured; tobacco refuse

13.4

20.2

[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones[284] Nickel ores & concentrates; nickel mattes, etc.

8.9

11.4

72.3

77.8

[121] Tobacco, unmanufactured; tobacco refuse

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
South Africa

South Africa

48.0

40.6

China

United Arab Emirates

12.2

29.4

United Arab Emirates

China

12.0

7.9

2,513.2

1,836.4

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)

0.6

0.5

1,352.6

794.0

20.2

14.0

819.9

824.7

12.2

14.6

66.2

77.2

South Africa

36.4

49.1

ZambiaSingapore

21.9

17.1

United Kingdom

Zambia

7.9

11.1

6.9

0.9
9/23/68

South Africa

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

9/27/64

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

1,415.0

1,325.7

Population (thousands)

13,412.0

15,514.40.512 (150)

0.593 (146)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)

79.7

79.6

67/8/25

66/7/27

72/2/26

69/2/29

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available

22 (2011)

40 (2019)

Gini index, first and last year available

43.2 (2011)50.3 (2019)..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

256

HOLY SEE
MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE

2012–20142019–2021

Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)..

..

Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)..

..

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)..

..

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)..

..

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)..

..

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)..

..

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020..

..

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)..

..

Agricultural products..

..

Energy..

..

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold..

..

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)..

..

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Commodity imports (millions of dollars)..

..

Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)..

..

Food imports (millions of dollars)

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE

Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021

..

..
..

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020..

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)..

..

Population (thousands)

0.6

0.5

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021..

..

Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)..

..

Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)..

..

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)..

..

Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available..

..

Gini index, first and last year available..

..

Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

..

..

257

STATE OF PALESTINEMERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE
Merchandise exports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated exports as share of merchandise exports (percentage)

2012–20142019–2021

875.6

1,149.9

0.4–

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl–Hirschman index)

0.17270.1667

Commodity exports (millions of dollars)

319.2

395.6

Commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

36.6

34.4

Commodity exports as share of GDP (percentage)

2.4

2.4

Total natural resource rents as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020––

Exports by commodity group as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

36.6

34.4

Agricultural products

26.3

22.4

Energy0.3

0.1

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold

10.0

11.9

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported (base year = 2010)

107.3

93.2

Three leading commodity exports as share of all allocated product exports (percentage)

12.7

11.4

5.0

3.9

[282] Ferrous waste, scrape; remelting ingots, iron, steel[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried[122] Tobacco, manufactured[282] Ferrous waste, scrape; remelting ingots, iron, steel

3.9

3.8

[054] Vegetables[421] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fractio.

3.9

3.7

88.8

78.9

Three leading destination markets for commodity exports as share of commodity exports (percentage)
IsraelIsrael

75.6

63.2

JordanJordan10.3

10.9

European Union (27)

United Arab Emirates

2.9

4.7

3,157.3

3,972.9

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE
Commodity imports (millions of dollars)
Unallocated imports as share of merchandise imports (percentage)
Food imports (millions of dollars)
Food imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)
Energy imports (millions of dollars)
Energy imports as share of all allocated product imports (percentage)Three leading trading partners for commodity imports as share of commodity imports (percentage)
IsraelIsrael0.2

0.1

1,108.1

1,844.9

21.4

27.2

1,754.0

1,658.2

33.9

24.4

92.0

86.5

87.4

77.9

European Union (27)European Union (27)

2.4

4.5

TürkiyeTürkiye

2.2

4.1

4.4

0.3

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
Average annual percentage change of GDP (constant 2015 prices), 2010–2015 and 2015–2021
Value added of agriculture/industry/services as share of GDP (percentage), 2012–2014 and 2018–2020

9/22/69

8/22/70

GDP per capita (constant 2015 dollars)

3,102.1

2,980.5

Population (thousands)

4,233.1

4,965.5

0.687 (107)

0.715 (106)

Human Development Index (value and rank), 2010 and 2021
Employment-to-population ratio (percentage)
Employment distribution by economic activity (agriculture/industry/services; percentage)
Share of women in agriculture/industry/services (percentage)
Proportion of population below international poverty line (percentage): Goal 1, indicator 1.1.1, first and last year available
Gini index, first and last year available
Prevalence of undernourishment (percentage): Goal 2, indicator 2.1.1, first and last year available

258

..

..

11/28/62

6/30/64

22/10/68

7/8/86

1 (2004)

1 (2016)34.0 (2004)

33.7 (2016)..

..