The Journal of the Society for Art and Science, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 174-185 (2022)

A Study on Impressions of Walking Motion
Ayuko Saito1) (Member)

Shogo Takeuchi1) (Non-Member)

Jun Muramatsu1) (Non-Member)

Satoru Kizawa2) (Non-Member)

Masaki Tamura3) (Non-Member)
1) School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University2) Department of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, NIT (KOSEN), Akita College
3) School of Architecture, Kogakuin University
saito@cc.kogakuin.ac.jp

Abstract
We investigate the impressions of two walking styles (good and poor posture). An optical motion capture system
is used to measure the two walking styles, which are performed by a walking instructor. Furthermore, asubjective evaluation experiment is conducted to examine the impressions of the two walking styles. The results
suggest that the impression of leg motions, in addition to the impression of the trunk posture, may influence theimpressions of walking motion. Walking with good posture, in which a person keeps the trunk upright andclearly flexes and extends the knee and ankle joints, gives the impressions of "beautiful", "elegant", "attractive",and "healthy".
by making you feel “beautiful” and “healthy,” thereby contributing to

1. Introduction

keeping you motivated to continue to go walking. Therefore, it is"Beautiful walking," or walking elegantly while maintaining proper

important to not only walk healthily with good posture, but also to

posture, is gaining popularity, especially among women. Walking is anclarify from a kinematic perspective which body parts need to be

aerobic exercise that aids in the burning of body fat, reduction of

moved and how to move them to look “beautiful” and “healthy.”

peripheral vascular resistance, and improvement of insulin sensitivity.

Human gait has long been researched. The ground reaction force [6],In addition, walking is beneficial for the prevention of lifestyle-related

joint angle [7], joint moment [8], and joint power [9] have all beendiseases such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes [1,2]. Walking

identified as kinematic and kinetic features of walking. For example,

benefits the musculoskeletal system by strengthening the lower limb

the peak ground reaction force and peak joint angle are used asmuscles and maintaining bone mass. Walking at a fast pace and with akinematic and kinetic data for feature extraction in gait comparison

wide stride is an effective way to prevent sarcopenia in the elderly [3].

between hemiplegic gait and normal gait [10]. The joint angle isFurthermore, exercise can potentially improve mental function [4].

different from the ground reaction force and the joint moment because

Rhythmic exercises such as walking, which relax and tense muscles at

it can be recognized by appearance. Therefore, the joint angle may be

a constant tempo, increase serotonin secretion. Serotonin, which is a

closely related to the evaluation of the appearance of walking.

neurotransmitter in the brain, is effective in mitigating anxiety and

The study of gait kinematic parameters that influence the perception

depression [5]. Walking has several health-enhancing effects.

of beauty gave consideration to changes in joint angles [11]. According

However, while it is easy for anyone to walk, it is a monotonous

to the findings, keeping the pelvis anteriorly tilted and the trunk

exercise, and it is important to maintain the motivation to continue

extended while walking is regarded as attractive by others. Several

walking over a long period. To maintain motivation, you can take thestudies have evaluated walking style from an aesthetic point of view byfollowing measures: take a different route than usual, listen to music

using the silhouette of the frontal plane and the difference inwhile walking, and be aware of how you “look” to others. Changing

impression evaluation due to the difference in stride length [12, 13,14].

the walking style with an awareness of how you “look” can be done

Almost all studies that evaluate walking style from an aesthetic point

immediately, anytime, anywhere, and can improve your mental healthof view have focused on the motion and impression of the whole body.

174

The Journal of the Society for Art and Science, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 174-185 (2022)
Almost no studies have been conducted on walking styles focusing on

equipped with 12 cameras (eight Kestrel 2200 cameras and fourindividual parts such as the upper and lower body. It is obvious that

Kestrel 300 cameras). The Helen Hayes marker set was employed totrunk posture influences the impressions of others. However, since

determine the positions of reflective markers for the optical 3D motion

multiple body parts are coordinated during walking, the coordination

analysis system (Figure 1). Style A was defined as keeping the pelvisof body parts may affect the impression of walking. Even if thein a neutral position (forward tilt of approximately 10 - 15°) and the

movement of only the upper body or only the legs does not give thetrunk upright while walking [15]. Style B was defined as keeping theimpression of "health", the "impression fusion effect" that makes thepelvis in a posterior tilting position and being hunched over while

impression of "health" stronger might occur from the movement of thewalking. Figure 2 shows the two walking styles. The participant waswhole body. To verify the "impression fusion effect," it is necessary to

instructed to move the upper and lower limbs naturally and walk withperform kinematic and impression evaluations for each body part sucha natural stride timed using a metronome (90 bpm) along a walking

as the whole body, only the upper body, and only the legs.

path, as shown in Figure 3. The optical 3D motion analysis system had

Therefore, in this study, an optical 3D motion capture system is used
to measure two types walking styles. Keeping the pelvis in a neutral
position and the trunk upright while walking is defined as Style A,
which is often described as good posture. Keeping the pelvis in theposterior tilting position and being hunched over while walking isdefined as Style B, which is often described as poor posture. The
burden on the neck, shoulders, and waist is small during walking
because "Style A" keeps the trunk upright. The burden on the neck,shoulders, and waist is large during walking because "Style B" is astoop and the head protrudes forward. In addition, it is necessary tobalance the lower limbs in the anterior-posterior direction because theupper body is out of balance. Furthermore, trunk posture greatly affects
the impression during walking because the trunk is the largest part of
the human body. The two walking styles are diametrically opposite
from the viewpoint of body burden and visual effects. Therefore, thetwo walking styles were selected based on the trunk posture and pelvic
Figure 1. Marker positions

tilt angle, which are important for maintaining the trunk posture. An
optical motion capture system was used to measure the two walking
styles performed by a walking instructor with runway modelingexperience. To avoid the influence of appearance, we attempted tomeasure only one person. Furthermore, a subjective evaluation
experiment was conducted to examine impressions of the two walking
styles. Further, we performed the two-way ANOVA to show the
relationship between the "impression fusion effect" and the evaluation
words by verifying the interaction between the impressions of bodyparts (whole body, upper body, and legs) and each evaluation term.

(a) Style A

This study aims to describe the relationship between the kinematic(b) Style B

Figure 2. Definitions of the two types of walking styles

characteristics and subjective evaluation of the two walking styles bydemonstrating the features of motions during walking.

2. Walking measurement
2.1 Participants and experiment conditions
The experiment involved a walking instructor with experience as a
runway model. An explanation of the purpose and requirements of thestudy was provided to the participant, after which written informed
consent was obtained. The study was approved by the Kogakuin
University Research Ethics Board.
Figure 3. Reference coordinates and walking path

Kinematic data for the two walking styles were collected using an
optical 3D motion analysis system (MAC3D; Motion Analysis)
175

The Journal of the Society for Art and Science, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 174-185 (2022)
a sampling frequency of 100 Hz.

differences between the two walking styles when the RMSE exceeded
5% of the range of motion of the joints listed in Table 2. The range of

2.2 Experimental results

motion of each joint is the sum of its maximum flexion and maximum

The two walking styles were defined using the pelvic tilt and trunk

extension angles.

angles in the sagittal plane. The lower limb kinematic features during

The RMSE for the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hip joints is 5% orwalking are mainly visible in the sagittal plane. Therefore, the sagittal

less of the total range of motion. The correlation coefficients for thoseplane kinematics were investigated in this study. Figure 4 shows thejoint angles are 0.9 or higher. As shown in Figure 5 (f), (g), the wrist

definitions of the head, trunk, pelvis, upper limb, and lower limb

and hip joint results of Style A are generally consistent with those ofangles. The results for the joint angles are shown in Figure 5. The red

Style B. As shown in Figures 5 (d), (e), the shoulder and elbow joint

and blue solid curves represent the results obtained with Style A andresults of Style A are slightly different from those of Style B. However,Style B, respectively. The results for the head, trunk, and pelvis angles

the waveforms of the shoulder and elbow joint results of Style A are

show the average of six trials. The results for the joint angles of thenearly identical to those of Style B. As a result, we concluded that each

upper and lower limbs show the average for six trials, including the left

movement of those joints had no influence on the impressions of theand right sides. The standard deviations are represented by dashed

two walking styles.

lines. The horizontal axis represents normalized time, where one gait

The RMSE for the head angle is less than 5% of the range of motion.

cycle equals 100%. One gait cycle is shown in Figure 5(a)-(c) from the

The correlation coefficient for the head angle is -0.744. As shown instart of the stance phase to the end of the swing phase of the right leg.

Figure 5 (a), the head angles of both Style A and Style B did not vary

In Figure 5(d)-(i), one gait cycle extends from the beginning of theover one gait cycle. A slight increase and decrease in extension during

stance phase to the end of the swing phase of the right and left legs,

walking with Style A and Style B, respectively, are presumed to be therespectively. In one gait cycle of both walking styles, the toe-off

causes of the negative correlation coefficient. Therefore, we concluded

occurred at around 60%.

that head movement would not affect the impressions of the two

To detect the kinematic differences between the two walking styles,

walking styles.

the root-means-square errors (RMSEs) and correlation coefficients for

The RMSE for the trunk, pelvis, knee, and ankle joints is more than

the joint angle results were compared. Table 1 summarizes the RMSEs

5% of the range of motion, and the correlation coefficients are 0.9 orfor the joint angle results obtained from the two walking styles. Table 2

higher. The waveforms of the trunk and pelvis results of Style A aresummarizes the general range of motion of the joints in the sagittal

nearly identical to those of Style B, as shown in Figure 5(b), (c). The

plane [16]. Table 3 lists the correlation coefficients for the joint angles

range of angles during one gait cycle varies significantly. As shown in

obtained from the two walking styles. The kinematic features were

Figure 5(b), the trunk was kept upright in Style A, whereas theextracted under the assumption that there were particularly large

participant was hunched over in Style B. Figure 5(c) shows that the(a) Head(d) Shoulder and elbow(b) Trunk(e) Wrist
Figure 4. Definitions of the sagittal joint angles
176(c) Pelvis(f) Lower limbs

The Journal of the Society for Art and Science, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 174-185 (2022)
Swing phase

Trunk angle [degree](+ Extension)

0

-10
-20

20

Stance phase

10

±SD
±SD

Style A
Style B

10
0

-20
0

20
40
60
80
100
Normalized state of walking [%]Swing phase

Elbow angle [degree](+ Flexion)

0-20

Stance phase

Swing phase

40
±SD
±SD

Style A
Style B

20
0

20
40
60
80
100
Normalized state of walking [%]

0

20
0

-20

20
40
60
80
100
Normalized state of walking [%](f) Wrist
Stance phase

Swing phase

40

±SD
±SD

Style A
Style B

60
40
20

20
40
60
80
100
Normalized state of walking [%]0(g) Hip

Swing phase±SD±SD

Style A
Style B

20
0

-20

0
-40
0

0

0

Ankle angle [degree](+ Dorsi flexion)

Knee angle [degree](+ Flexion)

Hip angle [degree](+ Flexion)

Stance phase

80

±SD
±SD

Style A
Style B4020(e) Elbow
Swing phase

±SD
±SD

Style A
Style B

20
40
60
80
100
Normalized state of walking [%](d) Shoulder
Stance phase

Swing phase

-20

-20

60

20
40
60
80
100
Normalized state of walking [%](c) Pelvis

Stance phase

40

20

-40
0

0

(b) Trunk±SD±SD

Style A
Style B

40

±SD
±SD

Style A
Style B

-20
0

20
40
60
80
100
Normalized state of walking [%](a) Head
Stance phase

Swing phase

-10

-10

-30
0

Shoulder angle [degree](+ Flexion)

Swing phase

Wrist angle [degree](+ Ulnar flexion)

Head angle [degree](+ Extension)

±SD
±SD

Style A
Style B

10

Stance phase30

Pelvis tilt angle [degree](+ Lean backwards)

Stance phase

20

-40

20
40
60
80
100
Normalized state of walking [%]

0

20
40
60
80
100
Normalized state of walking [%](h) Knee(i) Ankle

Figure 5. The sagittal joint angles during walking obtained from the 3D motion analysis system
Table 1. Root mean square errors for joint angles results obtained from the two types of walking
Head

Trunk

PelvisShoulder

Elbow

Wrist

Hip

Knee

Ankle

3.1

14.2

6.0

5.7

5.13

1.2

1.81

8.8

4.1

RMSE
[degree]Table 2. Joint range of motion [13]
Head

Trunk

PelvisShoulder

Elbow

Wrist

Hip

Knee

Ankle

Flexion[degree]

0~60

0~45

0~15

0~180

0~145

0~25

0~90

0~130

0~20

Extension[degree]

0~50

0~30

0~15

0~50

0~5

0~55

0~15

0

0~45

Table 3. Correlation coefficients for joint angles results obtained from the two types of walking

Correlation
coefficient

Head

Trunk

PelvisShoulder

Elbow

Wrist

Hip

Knee

Ankle

-0.74

0.96

0.93

0.99

0.99

0.99

0.99

0.99

0.94

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The Journal of the Society for Art and Science, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 174-185 (2022)
pelvis was kept in a neutral position (forward tilt of approximately 10 -As stated previously, we found significant kinematic differences in15°) in Style A and at a forward tilt of approximately 0 - 5° in Style B.

the trunk, pelvis, knee, and ankle angles. However, when humans

Because the differences in the results of the two walking styles areperceive beauty by observing the movements of others, they do not

defined by the trunk and pelvis, these results indicate that theobserve only the movement of each body part. The smoothness andparticipant walked in accordance with the definition of the walking

sharpness of such movements may also influence the impression ofstyle. As shown in Figure 5(h), the result of the knee joint of Style A

walking. Therefore, we focused on the trajectory of the reflective

differs significantly from that of Style B. As shown in Figure 5(i), themarkers that were attached to each body part as an index to evaluate its

ankle joint result of Style A differs slightly from that of Style B.

movement in a three-dimensional space.

Because the participant was instructed to move the upper and lower

Figure 6 shows the trajectories of nine markers selected to represent

limbs naturally and walk with a natural stride, the differences between

the movement of each body part. The horizontal axis represents

the two walking styles in the knee and ankle joints could have beennormalized time, where one gait cycle equals 100%. In Figure 6, one

caused by the trunk and pelvis postures. After the experiment, thegait cycle extends from the beginning of the stance phase to the end ofparticipant stated that she kept her knee and foot flexed to maintainthe swing phase of the right leg. The vertical axis shows thebalance because she was hunched over in Style B. Therefore, we

Z-coordinate of the markers [mm]. Because the participant walked

determined that, in addition to the trunk and pelvic postures, the flexed

along the positive direction of the Y-axis over time, the marker

state of the knee and ankle joints in Style B may influence thetrajectories represented in the graph generally match those when theimpressions of the walking style.

markers are observed from the participant’s right side. The red and

1350

1300

1250

1200
0

20
40
60
80
100
Normalized state of walking [%]Stance phase
±SD
±SD

1400

1300
0

Stance phase

20
40
60
80
100
Normalized state of walking [%]

1000
0

±SD
±SD

500

450
0

20
40
60
80
100
Normalized state of walking [%](g) R. Knee

Z-axis coordinate [mm]Z-axis coordinate [mm]Style A
Style B

1000
900
800
0

20
40
60
80
100
Normalized state of walking [%]Stance phase

Swing phase

200

100

0
0

20
40
60
80
100
Normalized state of walking [%](h) R. Ankle

20
40
60
80
100
Normalized state of walking [%](f) R. Wrist

±SD
±SD

Style A
Style B

Swing phase±SD±SD

Style A
Style B(e) R. Elbow

Swing phase

20
40
60
80
100
Normalized state of walking [%]Stance phase

Swing phase

1100

300
550

0

(c) V. Sacral

±SD
±SD

Style A
Style B(d) R. Shoulder
Stance phase

900

1100

1200

Z-axis coordinate [mm]Z-axis coordinate [mm]Style A
Style B

1000(b) Offset

Swing phase

Swing phase±SD±SD

Style A
Style B

20
40
60
80
100
Normalized state of walking [%](a) Top. Head
1500

Z-axis coordinate [mm]

1700

1100

±SD
±SD

Style A
Style B

Stance phase

Swing phase

Z-axis coordinate [mm]

±SD
±SD

Z-axis coordinate [mm]Z-axis coordinate [mm]Style A
Style B

1600
0

Stance phase

Swing phase

Stance phase

150
Z-axis coordinate [mm]Stance phase

1800

Style A
Style B

Swing phase
±SD
±SD

100

50

0
0

20
40
60
80
100
Normalized state of walking [%](i) R. Toe

Figure 6. Z-axis coordinates of markers during walking obtained from the 3D motion analysis system
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The Journal of the Society for Art and Science, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 174-185 (2022)
blue solid curves represent the results obtained with Style A and Styleword can be used to evaluate motions for all videos of the whole body,B, respectively. The results show the average for six trials. The

upper body only, and legs only in two types of walking." After sevenstandard deviations are represented by the dashed lines.

people of participants in the subjective evaluation answered three

As shown in Figure 6(g), the lateral epicondyle marker of the femur

options for 400 adjectives, the number of adjectives was then narrowed(R. Knee) had a significantly different trajectory in the two walking

down from 400 words to 146 words by deleting adjectives with anstyles. Conversely, the other eight markers had similar trajectories inaverage evaluation score of 2.5 or higher. The 146 adjectives were

the two walking styles. The Z-coordinate R. Knee marker changes

further classified into eight groups. The adjectives belonging to themainly because of the movement of the lower limbs. As Figure 5(g)same group had similar meanings. The adjective with the lowest scoreshows that the hip joint angle in Style A is generally consistent within each group was selected as the evaluation word. In addition,that in Style B, the Z-coordinate of the R. Knee marker seemed to be"favorite", which denotes a personal preference, was added as anaffected by the movement of the knee and ankle joints.

evaluation word. Finally, nine words were determined: "favorite",

In Style B, the Z-coordinate of the R. Knee marker was nearly"beautiful", "elegant", "stable", "soft", "calm", "comfort", "attractive",

unchanged throughout the stance phase and only significantly moved

and "healthy." The antonyms on the nine words were then determined.

up and down during the swing phase. Thus, Style B may have given

Table 4 shows the definition for grouping and the words which were

the impression that it was not smooth throughout one walking cycle.

selected as representative words in each group. Table 5 shows the nine

However, the R. Knee marker in Style A gradually moved upward

pairs of antonyms.

throughout the stance phase, and the change from the toe-off (60%) to

The questionnaire survey was based on videos taken from thethe middle of the swing phase (80%) was small. In contrast to Style B,participant’s left side during walking. Figure 7 depicts videos of

Style A may have given the impression of smoothness throughout one

walking with style A. Figure 8 depicts videos of walking with style B.

gait cycle.

In Figure 7, video Ⅰ shows the participant’s whole body, video Ⅱ
shows only her upper body including her hands, and video Ⅲ shows
only her legs. In Figure 8, video i shows the participant’s whole body,

3. Subjective evaluation experimentvideo ii shows only her upper body including her hands, and video iii

3.1 Procedures of subjective evaluationshows only her legs.

The lower limbs motions during walking with the trunk uprightdiffered from those motions during walking with a slight stoop. The

Table4. Definitions for grouping

posture of the trunk and pelvis as well as the movement of the lower
Definitions for grouping

limbs could influence the impression of walking. Thus, in theGroup AGroup Bsubjective evaluation experiment, only the upper body impression andonly the legs impression during walking were evaluated in addition to
the whole-body impression. We have prepared three videos for each ofGroup Cthe two walking styles: the first video captured the participant's entire
Group D

body, the second captured her upper body, and the third captured herlegs. Three videos were used to conduct a questionnaire survey. All

Group E

videos were shot with a video camera which was on the left of theGroup F

walking instructor. The time required for each video was about 10 s. In
each video, the walking instructor who walked about 3 m in theGroup G

forward direction (4 steps in total on the left and right) twice was seen.
Group HA total of 6 videos were used to conduct the survey.

A word that describes external beauty.
A word that describes both external
and internal beauty.
A word that describes the degree ofbalance for movement.
A word that describes the continuityof the movement.
A word that describes the momentumof the movement.
A word that describes thepsychological state of a person.
A word that describes the degree ofinterest.
A word that describes the state of thebody.

Selected
term
beautifulelegant
stablesoft
calm
comfortattractive
healthy

Using the literature and dictionaries, 400 adjectives were selected as
the candidate’s evaluation words [17]. The authors used three options

Table5. Antonyms pairs

to determine whether the collected adjectives were appropriate forunfavorable
ugly
inelegantunstable
hard
grim
discomfort
boredomunhealthy

evaluating the walking style (1: Applicable 2: Neither 3: Not
applicable). Three of the authors and four students who fully
understood the purpose of this research participated in the selection of
the evaluation terms selection experiment. When the seven peopleanswered three options for 400 adjectives, they paid attention to thefollowing two items: "A word is used by students in their 20s," and "A

179

⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔

favorite
beautifulelegant
stablesoft
calm
comfortattractive
healthyThe Journal of the Society for Art and Science, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 174-185 (2022)
The subjective evaluation experiment included 55 students in theirshown in Figure 9. They answered 1 to 5 for each evaluation word (1:early twenties. In determining the sample size, the population

Very XXX 2: Slightly XXX 3: Neither 4: Slightly ○○○ 5: Very○○○) in

parameter was set at 6000 (the total number of students at thethe evaluation sheet within 10 min.

university). We confirmed that n = 50 is required by calculating with a

3.2 Results

margin of error of 10%, reliability of 90%, and response ratio of 80%.
For informed consent, we explained the followings: “The

Fifty valid responses were obtained from 55 students. Figure 10

questionnaire is voluntary,” “You will not face any disadvantages if

depicts the results of the questionnaire. A two-way analysis of varianceyou do not cooperate in this survey,” “There are no anonymous and(ANOVA) was also performed on the results in order to get a detailed

personally identifiable questions,” and “Although the statisticallyanalysis of questionnaire results. The results of the two-way ANOVA

processed questionnaire results will be used for conference

are shown in Figure 11. During walking, multiple body parts arepresentations and academic papers, individual results will not becoordinated. Even if the movement of only the upper body or only thedisclosed.” After giving a brief overview of the survey and anlegs does not give the impression of "health", the "impression fusion

explanation for informed consent, we sent them six URLs for theeffect" that makes the impression of "health" stronger might occur

questionnaire surveys. We did not explain the difference between thefrom observing the movement of the whole body. Therefore, we

videos. Each URL had one walking video and the evaluation sheet

performed the two-way ANOVA to show the relationship between the(a) Whole body (Video I)(b) Upper body (Video II)(c) Lower leg (Video III)

Figure 7. Videos of walking with Style A(a) Whole body (Video i)(b) Upper body (Video ii)
Figure 8. Videos of walking with Style B

Figure 9. Evaluation sheet.
180(c) Lower leg (Video iii)

The Journal of the Society for Art and Science, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 174-185 (2022)"impression fusion effect" and the evaluation words by verifying thelarge. The results indicate that the impression of the legs during

interaction between the impressions of body parts (whole body, upper

walking with Style B approaches much closer to "unfavorable", "hard",

body, and legs) and each evaluation word. The black solid curves

and "boredom". Thus, the main reason for the interaction in the results

represent the results for the whole body. The orange solid curvesof these words might have been affected by the changes in the

represent the results for the upper body. The green solid curves

impressions of the legs in the two types of walking. Although there

represent the results of the legs. The average scores are shown in thewas no significant interaction in the results of "beautiful", "elegant",

vertical axis, and the two types of walking are shown on the horizontal"stable", "calm", and "comfort," the score differences between the two

axis. The correlation coefficient between each evaluation word istypes of walking for the legs videos are also large.

shown in Table 6.

The score difference between the three videos during walking with

The questionnaire results shown in Figure 10 indicate that Style A

Style A is small in the "healthy" results, whereas the score difference

scored higher than Style B. According to the two-way ANOVA results,

between the three videos during walking with Style B is large. The

the interaction between the body parts and the walking styles was

result of the whole-body video of "healthy" had the largest difference

significant in "favorite", "soft", "attractive", and "healthy" (p <0.05).

score between the two types of walking. The result of the legs video ofHere, * denotes an evaluation word with a significant difference (p"healthy" had the second-largest score difference between the two<0.05) in the evaluation scores.

types of walking. The impression given by the appearance of being

In the results of "favorite", "soft", and "attractive", the scorehunched over and the impression given by the appearance of both thedifferences between the two types of walking for the legs videos areknee and ankle joints remaining flexed may have been integrated into(a) Style A (Whole body)(b) Style B (Whole body)(c) Style A (Upper body)(d) Style B (Upper body)(e) Style A (Legs)(f) Style B (Legs)
Figure 10. Questionnaire results

181

The Journal of the Society for Art and Science, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 174-185 (2022)
5
Whole body
Upper body
Leg

Grade point

3

3

Style A

Style B(a) Favorite *Grade point

Grade point

3

1

1

Style A(e) Soft *5
Whole body
Upper bodyLeg

5

Whole body
Upper body
Leg

3
2

2

1

1

Style B(g) Comfort

Whole body
Upper bodyLeg

4
Grade point

3

Style B(f) Calm

4
Grade point

Grade point

Style A

Style B

5

Style A32(d) Steady4

Whole body
Upper body
Leg

4

2

Style B

Style B

5
Whole body
Upper body
Leg

4

2

Style A

Style A(c) Elegant

5
Whole body
Upper body
Leg

3

1

1

Style B(b) Beautiful

5
4

3
2

1

Style A

Whole body
Upper body
Leg

4

2

2
1

4

Grade point

Grade point

45Whole body
Upper body
Leg

Grade point

5

3
2

Style A

1

Style B

Style A(h) Attractive *Style B(i) Healthy *Figure 11. Two-way ANOVA results
Table 6. Correlation coefficient between evaluation words
favorite
beautyelegant
steadysoft
calm
comfortattractive
healthyfavorite
1.00
0.69
0.59
0.50
0.34
0.43
-0.16
0.67
0.63

beautyelegant

steadysoft

calm

comfortattractive

healthy

1.00
0.75
0.58
0.30
0.37
-0.13
0.65
0.69

1.00
0.56
0.27
0.41
-0.04
0.62
0.64

1.00
0.30
0.55
-0.13
0.51
0.48

1.00
0.30
-0.04
0.41
0.35

1.00
-0.12
0.47
0.42

1.00
-0.22
-0.15

1.00
0.72

1.00

the impression of the whole body of Style B, thus leading the whole

coefficient between "beautiful" and "healthy" is 0.69, which is slightly

body to give the unhealthiest impression.

less than 0.7; however, a positive correlation is observed. Therefore,

The evaluation term with the largest score difference between the

keeping the trunk in an upright position and flexing and extending thetwo walking styles in the whole-body video was "healthy", followedknee and ankle joints clearly while walking appear to give impressionsby "beautiful" and "elegant." The evaluation terms with the largestof "beautiful", "elegant", "attractive", and "healthy". Meanwhile,score difference in the upper-body video were "beautiful" andkeeping the pelvis in the posterior tilting position and keeping the knee"elegant", followed by "attractive" and "healthy." The evaluation term

and ankle joints flexed appear to give strong impressions of "ugly",

with the largest score difference in the leg video was "attractive","inelegant", "boredom", and "unhealthy." In particular, the impression

followed by "elegant" and "beautiful". Focusing on values of 0.7 orof the legs appears to differ greatly between the two walking styles.

higher in Table 6, "beautiful" has a strong correlation with "elegant"and "attractive" has a strong correlation with "health". The correlation
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4. Conclusions

answer the questionnaire.

This study investigated the impressions of the two walking styles as

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

a first step toward clarifying the differences between such impressions.

This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of

The findings led to the following conclusions.

Science, KAKENHI Grant JP20K19588.
The authors would like to thank the walking instructor Ms. Tamura

1. The walking measurement revealed that there were differences infor participation in this study.

the joint angle changes of the knee and ankle, as well as in the angle
changes of the trunk and pelvis, between the two walking styles. In

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engineering. He is a member of the Japan Society of MechanicalEngineers.

Ayuko Saito received the Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineeringfrom Akita University in 2016. Since 2016, she has been an Assistantprofessor with the National Institute of Technology, Akita College.

Satoru Kizawa received the Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering

Since 2020, she has been an Assistant professor with Kogakuin

from Akita University in 1999. Since 2016, he has been a Professor

university. Her research interests include motion analysis, sensor

with the National Institute of Technology, Akita College. His research

fusion, and sports and welfare engineering. She is a member of theinterests include motion analysis, robotics, and biomimetics andSociety of Art and Science, the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers,

welfare engineering. He is a member of the Japanese Society forand the Japanese Society for Engineering Education.

Clinical Biomechanics, the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers,
and the Japanese Society for Welfare Education.

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The Journal of the Society for Art and Science, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 174-185 (2022)

Masaki Tamura received the Ph.D. degree in architectural
engineering from The University of Tokyo in 2003. Since 1999, he
had been an Assistant professor with the Tokyo Metropolitan
University. Since 2008, he had been an Associate professor, and since2016, he has been a professor with Kogakuin university. His researchinterests include building materials analysis and evaluation engineering.
He is a member of Architectural Institute of Japan, and The Color
Science association of Japan, Japan Concrete Institute, The Japan
Wood Research Society, and the Japanese Society for Engineering
Education.

185