That उ୥࢘‫حັ͂ض‬໐ŕũŢŵġउ୥࢘‫حັ͂ض‬໐ࣞȁհȁგȁঊ੝͛ͅȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ൲ত͈༞໐୯̦that̞̠͂༞໲ດে̽̀͢ͅ൵̥ͦȄ̷͈༞໐୯͈ಎ̷̥͈ͣ୯͈৽ࢊ̦า̧੄̯̹ͦાࣣȄ̷͈༞໐୯ͬ‫͚܄‬໲̦‫͈ࢊם‬໲̱͂̀ঀဥ̧́ͥ໲͂Ȅঀဥ̧̞́̈́໲̦ంह̳ͥȃ୆଼໲༹͈იழ͙ͬঀဥ̱̀Ḙ͈̏໲༹଻̧͈֑̞̭̳ͬ֨ܳါ֦ͬ࠿൦ུ̳̭̦ͥ͂ࣂ͈࿒എ̜́ͥȃˍȅོࣺ͙͛୯̥͈ͣา̧੄̱ĲįĲȁ༞໲ດেŵũŢŵฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯̥͈ͣา̧੄̱ȁȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ൲ত͈༞໐Ȫcomplementȫ͈պ౾ͬ୸ོࣺ͙͛ͥ͛୯Ȫembedded clauseȫ̦Ȅ༞໲ດেȪcomplementizerȫ͈thatฺ̞ͬͩ̈́໲̦෇͛ͣͦͥȃ ‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ
୸͛ͥ༞໲ດেthatฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯͈৽ࢊ̦Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯̥ͣષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥ͂໦ଢ଼̯ͦͥ໲̦ంह̳ͥȃȪˍȫWhat did he think had happened?ȪHuddlestonȪ1984: 370ȫȫȪˎȫwho do you think [saw Bill]ȪChomsky and LasnikȪ1977: 450ȫȫȪˏȫwho did you believe [CP tɌ[CɌe [IP t would win]]]ȪChomskyȪ1986: 47ȫȫȪːȫWho did you say was waiting for me?ȪMcCawleyȪ1988: 474ȫȫ
Ȫ1ȫ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲তthink͈༞໐୯͈৽ࢊwhațȄષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃȪ2ȫ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲তthink͈༞໐୯͈৽ࢊwho̦Ȅષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃȪ3ȫ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲তbelieve͈༞໐୯͈৽ࢊwho̦Ȅષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃȪ4ȫ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲তsay͈༞໐୯͈৽
ࢊwho̦Ȅષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃȁ൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ༞໲ດেthatฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯͈ಎͅంह̳ͥ൲ত͈࿒എࢊ̦Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯̥ͣષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥ͂໦ଢ଼̯ͦͥ໲̦ంह̳ͥȃȪˑȫWho do you think [[John saw t]]ȪLasnik and UriagerekaȪ1988: 94ȫȫȪ˒ȫWhoi do you believe [Peter likes ti]ȪManziniȪ1992: 13ȫȫȪ˓ȫWhat do you think Lee bought?ȪBrowningȪ1996: 237ȫȫ

Ƚ177Ƚີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါȪ˔ȫWhati do you believe [Mary painted ti]ȪManziniȪ1992: 56ȫȫȪ5ȫ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲তthink͈༞໐୯͈༞໲ດেthatฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯͈ಎͅంह̳ͥ൲ত
saw͈࿒എࢊ̜́ͥwho̦Ȅષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ
Ȫ6ȫ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲তbelieve ͈༞໐୯͈thatฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯͈ಎͅంह̳ͥ൲তlikes͈࿒എࢊ͈who̦Ȅષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ
Ȫ7ȫ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲তthink͈༞໐୯̜́ͥthatฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯͈ಎͅ
ంह̳ͥ൲তbought͈࿒എࢊ͈whațȄષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃȪ8ȫ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲
তbelieve ͈༞໐୯̜́ͥthatฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯͈ಎͅంह̳ͥ൲তpainted͈࿒എࢊ͈
whațȄષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ
ȁȪ1ȫ̥ͣȪ4ȫ̦া̳̠͢ͅȄ‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດেthatฺོ̞ࣺͬͩ̈́͛
͙୯̥ͣȄ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈৽ࢊ̱͂̀൱̩ါளͬȄོࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦͂́ͥȃ̹͘ȄȪ5ȫ̥ͣȪ8ȫ̦া̳̠͢ͅȄ‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດেthatฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯̥ͣȄ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈৽ࢊͅచ̳ͥ੆ࢊ͈൲ত͈࿒എࢊ̱͂̀൱̩ါளͬȄོࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦͂́ͥȃȪ1ȫ̥ͣȪ8ȫ͈‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດেthatฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯̥ͣȄ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈৽ࢊ̷ོ̹͉͈ࣺ͙͛͘୯͈੆ࢊ͈൲ত͈࿒എࢊͬȄષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦̞̠̭̜͂́ͥ͂͂́ͥȃ࡞̢̞۟ͥ
͂ȄȪ1ȫ̥ͣȪ8ȫ͈༞໲ດেthatฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯͈୯͈৽ࢊ͂Ȅ੆ࢊ͈൲ত͈࿒എࢊ͈า̧੄̱Ȫ֊൲ȫ͉ͅȄ֑̞̦෇̞̞̠̭̜͛ͣͦ̈́͂͂́ͥȃĲįĳȁ༞໲ດেŵũŢŵฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯̥͈ͣา̧੄̱ȁȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸ོࣺ͙͛ͥ͛୯̦Ȅ༞໲ດে͈thatฺ̠ͬ໲̦෇͛ͣͦͥȃ‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ͉Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯̥ͣષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦̞͂́̈́͂໦ଢ଼̯ͦͥ໲̦ంह̳ͥȃȪ˕ȫɖWho do you think [that [t saw Bill]]ȪLasnik and UriagerekaȪ1988: 94ȫȫȪ10ȫɖWho did you say that was waiting for me?ȪMcCawleyȪ1988: 474ȫȫȪ11ȫɖWhoi do you believe [that ti is a painter]ȪManziniȪ1992: 13ȫȫ
Ȫ12ȫɖThis is the man who I think that t will buy your house next year.ȪHaegemanȪ2003:641ȫȫ
Ȫ9ȫ͈൲তthink͈༞໐୯̜́ͥ༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊwho͉Ȅષպ͈୯ͅา
̧੄̧̳̭̦̞͂́̈́ȃȪ10ȫ͈൲তsay͈༞໐୯̜́ͥ༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽
ࢊwho͉Ȅષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦̞͂́̈́ȃȪ11ȫ͈൲তbelieve ͈༞໐୯̜́ͥ༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊwho͉Ȅષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦̞͂́̈́ȃȪ12ȫ͈൲তthink͈༞໐୯̜́ͥ༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊwho͉Ȅષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦̞͂́̈́ȃ

Ƚ178Ƚ

That उ୥࢘‫حັ͂ض‬໐ȁఈ༷Ȅ൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈ಎͅంह̳ͥ൲ত͈࿒എࢊ͉Ȅષպ͈୯͈͒า̧੄̱̞͉̾̀ͅȄ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈৽ࢊ͉͂։̞̠̭̈́ͥ͂͂ͬা̳࡞ࢊম৘̦ంह̳ͥȃ༞໲ດে͈thatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈ಎͅంह̳ͥ൲ত͈࿒എࢊ̦Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯̥ͣષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥ͂໦ଢ଼̯ͦͥ໲̦ంह̳ͥȃȪ13ȫWho do you think [that [John saw t]]ȪLasnik and UriagerekaȪ1988: 94ȫȫ
Ȫ14ȫWhat did you confess that you had done?ȪMatthewsȪ1981: 192ȫȫ
Ȫ15ȫWhati do you believe [that Mary painted ti]ȪManziniȪ1992: 56ȫȫ
Ȫ16ȫWhomi do you think [CP that [IP Lord Emsworth will invite ti]]? ȪHaegemanȪ1991:362ȫȫȪ13ȫ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲তthink͈༞໐୯͈༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈ಎͅంह̳ͥ൲তsaw͈࿒എࢊ̜́ͥwho̦Ȅષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃȪ14ȫ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲তconfess ͈༞໐୯͈thatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈ಎͅంह̳ͥ൲তdone͈࿒എࢊ͈whațȄષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯ͦ
̞̀ͥȃȪ15ȫ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲তbelieve͈༞໐୯̜́ͥthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈ಎͅంह̳ͥ൲
তpainted͈࿒എࢊ͈whațȄષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ
Ȫ16ȫ̤̞̀ͅȄ൲তthink ͈༞໐୯̜́ͥthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈ಎͅంह̳ͥ൲তinvite͈࿒എࢊ͈whom̦Ȅષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ
ȁȪ9ȫ̥ͣȪ12ȫ̦া̳̠͢ͅȄ‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯
̥ͣȄ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈৽ࢊ̱͂̀൱̩ါளͬȄོࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̳̭͉͂́
̧̞̈́ȃఈ༷ȄȪ13ȫ̥ͣȪ16ȫ̦া̳̠͢ͅȄ‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯̥ͣȄ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈৽ࢊͅచ̳ͥ੆ࢊ͈൲ত͈࿒എࢊ̱͂̀൱̩ါளͬȄོࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦͂́ͥȃȪ9ȫ̥ͣȪ16ȫ̦া̳̭͉͂Ȅ‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯̥ͣȄ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈৽ࢊ̱͂̀൱̩ါள͉Ȅོࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭͉̞̦͂́̈́Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈੆ࢊ͈൲ত͈࿒എࢊ͉Ȅષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦̞̠̭̜͂́ͥ͂͂́ͥȃ࡞̢̞۟ͥ͂Ȅ1.1́੆͓̹Ȫ1ȫ̥ͣȪ8ȫ͈༞໲ດেthatฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯̥͈ͣȄ̷͈୯͈৽ࢊ͂੆ࢊ͈൲ত͈࿒എࢊ͈า̧੄̱Ȫ֊൲ȫ͈࡛ય͂։̈́ͤȄ
Ȫ9ȫ̥ͣȪ16ȫ͈൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯̥͈ͣȄ̷͈୯͈৽ࢊ͂੆ࢊ͈൲ত͈࿒എࢊ͈า̧੄̱Ȫ֊൲ȫ͉ͅȄ֑̞̦ంह̳̞̠̭̜ͥ͂͂́ͥȃˎȅŵũŢŵउ୥࢘‫ض‬
ȁ1.1͉́Ȅ‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດেthatฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯̥ͣȄ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈৽ࢊ̷ོ̹͉͈ࣺ͙͛͘୯͈੆ࢊ͈൲ত͈࿒എࢊͬȄོࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧
੄̧̳̭̦̞̠̭͂́ͥ͂͂ͬ੆͓̹ȃ1.2͉́Ȅ‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດেthatȽ179Ƚີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ͉Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦̞̦͂́̈́Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈੆ࢊ͈൲ত͈࿒എࢊ͉Ȅષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦̞̠̭͂́ͥ͂͂ͬ੆͓̹ȃ
Ȫ17ȫȪ =Ȫ1ȫȫWhat did he think had happened?ȪHuddlestonȪ1984: 370ȫȫ
Ȫ18ȫȪ =Ȫ5ȫȫWho do you think [[John saw t]]ȪLasnik and UriagerekaȪ1988: 94ȫȫ
Ȫ19ȫȪ =Ȫ9ȫȫɖWho do you think [that [t saw Bill]]ȪLasnik and UriagerekaȪibidemȫȫ
Ȫ20ȫȪ =Ȫ15ȫȫWhati do you believe [that Mary painted ti]ȪManziniȪ1992: 56ȫȫȪ17ȫ͂Ȫ18ȫ͉Ȅ‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດেthatฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯̥ͣȄ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈৽ࢊ̷ོ̹͉͈ࣺ͙͛͘୯͈੆ࢊ͈൲ত͈࿒എࢊͬȄོࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦̞̠̭͂́ͥ͂͂ͬা̳႕̜́ͥȃ
Ȫ19ȫ͉Ȅ‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯̥ͣȄ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈৽ࢊ̱͂̀൱̩ါளͬȄོࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭͉̞̞̠̭͂́̈́͂͂ͬা̳႕̜́ͥȃ
Ȫ20ȫ͉Ȅ‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯̥ͣȄ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈৽ࢊͅచ̳ͥ੆ࢊ͈൲ত͈࿒എࢊ̱͂̀൱̩ါளͬȄོࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦̞̠̭͂́ͥ͂͂ͬা̳႕̜́ͥȃȁȪ17ȫ̥ͣȪ20ȫ͉́͘Ȅ‫͈ࢊם‬༞໲ດেthat͈ంह͈ခྫོࣺ͙͂͛୯̥͈ͣࢹ଼ள͈า̧੄̱Ȫ֊൲ȫ͈‫خ‬๛͈‫ͬ߸۾‬া̳ങ߿എ̈́႕̱͂̀া̱̹͈̜́ͥ͜ȃȪ17ȫ̥ͣȪ20ȫ͈̠̻́͘Ȅ༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯̥ͣȄ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈৽ࢊ̱͂̀൱̩ါளͬȄོࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̱̹͂໦ଢ଼̯ͦͥȪ19ȫ͈͙̦Ȅ‫͈ࢊם‬໲̱͂̀ঀဥ̧̞̞̠́̈́͂ম৘̦ంह̳ͥȃါள̦า̧੄̯ͦͥȪ֊൲̳ͥȫાࣣȄ̷͈ࢹ଼ள̦า̧੄̯ͦͥஜͅ୸̞̹͛̀պ౾ͅȄ̷͈ࢹ଼ள͈उ୥Ȫtraceȫ̦ॼ̯̳ͦͥ͂ͥउ୥ၑაȪtrace theory ȫͬनဥ̳ͥ͂Ȅ
Ȫ19ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅ൲তthink͈༞໐୯̥ͣࢹ଼ளwho̦า̧੄̯̹ͦȪ֊൲̱̹ȫࠫ‫ض‬Ȅwho̦า̧੄̯ͦͥȪ֊൲̳ͥȫஜͅ୸̞̹͛̀պ౾ͅउ୥̦ॼ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃउ୥͉ȄtȄt̹͉͘ti͂ၞܱ̯ͦͥȃȁChomsky and LasnikȪ1977ȫ͉Ḙ͈̏Ȫ19ȫ̦া̳࡛યͬȪ21ȫ́া̯ͦͥέͻσΗȜ̦ഐဥ̯͈̱ͦͥ͂̀͜୰ྶ̱̹ȃ̭̭͈́୰ྶ͈̹͛Ȅո‫́ئ‬Ȫ19ȫͬ߫ͤ༐̱̀া̳ȃ
Ȫ19ȫȪ =Ȫ9ȫȫɖWho do you think [that [t saw Bill]]ȪLasnik and UriagerekaȪ1988: 94ȫȫ
Ȫ21ȫ ɖ[that [NP e]], unless S or its trace is in the context: [NP NP ȁȁ. . . ]1ȫȪ21ȫ͉that́൵ව̯ͦͥ‫߸۾‬୯͉̭͈ͅέͻσΗȜ̦ഐဥ̯̞̞̠̭ͦ̈́͂͂ͬা̱̞̀ͥȃ
Ȫ19ȫ̦‫͈ࢊם‬໲̱͂̀ঀဥ̧̞̞̠́̈́͂࡞ࢊম৘͉Ȅ
Ȫ19ȫ͉ͅȪ21ȫ͈that उ୥έͻσΗȜ̦ैဥ̱̀ෳੰ̯̱ͦͥ͂̀୰ྶ̯̹ͦȃ̭͈that उ୥έͻσΗȜ̦ैဥ̱̀ෳੰ̯ͦͥ͂୰ྶ̯࡛ͦͥય͉Ȅthat उ୥࢘‫ض‬Ȫthat-trace effectȫ͂ࡤ͊ͦͥȃȪ22ȫȪ =Ȫ10ȫȫ ɖWho did you say that was waiting for me?ȪMcCawleyȪ1988: 474ȫȫȪ23ȫ
Ȫ =Ȫ11ȫȫ ɖWhoi do you believe [that ti is a painter]ȪManziniȪ1992: 13ȫȫ

Ƚ180Ƚ

That उ୥࢘‫حັ͂ض‬໐ɖThis is the man who I think that t will buy your house next year.ȪHaegeman
Ȫ24ȫ
Ȫ=Ȫ12ȫ
ȫ

Ȫ2003: 641ȫȫ
1.2́া̱̹Ȫ9ȫո‫͈ٸ‬Ȫ10ȫȄȪ11ȫȄȪ12ȫ̳͓̀͜Ȅ‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດে
thatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ͉Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦̞̞͂́̈́͂
̠ম৘ͬা̳͈̜́ͤ͜Ḙ͈̏ͦͣ႕͜ͅthatउ୥࢘‫ͥͦͣ͛෇̦ض‬ȃˏȅ໗ত࢘‫ض‬ȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̩༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ͉Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯
ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦̞̞̠͂́̈́͂thatउ୥࢘‫̭̠̞ͬ͂͂ͥͦͣ͛෇̦ض‬Ḙ̏ͦ́͘ͅা̱̹ȃ̱̥̱̦̈́ͣȄ൲ত͈༞໐̱͂̀൱̧Ȅ‫߸۾‬ত୯͉̞́̈́༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ̦Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞̦ͦ̀ͥȄ‫͈ࢊם‬໲̱͂̀ঀ
ဥ̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥ໲̦‫ͅࢊם‬ంह̳̞̠ͥ͂۷ख़̦̯̞̈́ͦ̀ͥȃ
Ȫ25ȫWho did she say that tomorrow ȒȒ would regret his words?ȪBresnanȪ1977: 194ȫȫ
Ȫ26ȫ Which doctor did you tell me that during an operation ȒȒ had had a heart attack?
ȪibidemȫȪ27ȫRobin met the man {Opi that/whoi} Leslie said that for all intents and purposes ti was
the mayor of the city.ȪCulicoverȪ1993: 557ȫȫ
Ȫ28ȫ I asked whati Leslie said that in her opinion ti had made Robin give a book to Lee.
ȪCulicoverȪ1993: 558ȫȫȪ29ȫ Leslie is the person who I said that under no circumstances would run for president.
ȪibidemȫȪ30ȫLeslie is the person who I said that at no time would run for any public ofÀce.ȪRizzi
Ȫ1997: 315ȫȫ
Ȫ31ȫ Leslie is the person who I said that only in that election ran for public ofÀce. ȪRizziȪ1997: 316ȫȫȪ32ȫWho did you say that without a doubt would hate the soup?ȪSobinȪ2002: 528ȫȫȪ33ȫ This is the linguist who I think that next year t will get appointed in Geneva.
ȪHaegemanȪ2003: 644ȫȫȪ25ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ͈who ̦Ȅ‫ئ‬஌̦̥̞֨ͦ̀ͥպ౾̷ོ̥͈ࣺ͙ͣ͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȪ֊൲̱̞̀ͥȫȃȪ26ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ͈which doctor ̦Ȅ‫ئ‬஌̦̥̞֨ͦ̀ͥպ౾̷ོ̥͈ͣ
ࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃȪ27ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛
୯͈৽ࢊ͈who̦Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃȪ28ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ༞

Ƚ181Ƚ

ີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါ໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ͈whațȄ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯ͦ̀
̞ͥȃȪ29ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ͈who̦Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͢
ͤષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃȪ30ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ͈
who̦Ȅ ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃȪ31ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ͈who̦Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃȁȪ32ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ͈who̦Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅ
า̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ
Ȫ33ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ͈who̦Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯ͤ͢ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ̭͈ͦͣ࡞ࢊম৘͉Ȅ
Ȫ25ȫ̥ͣȪ33ȫ͈໲͉ͅȄthatउ୥࢘‫̭̠̞̞ͬ͂͂̈́ͦͣ͛෇̦ض‬া̱̞̀ͥȃ
ȁȪ25ȫ̥ͣȪ33ȫ͈໲̤̞̀ͅthatउ୥࢘‫ဲ࡛ͬ੄͈ض‬গ̱̞͈͉̀ͥ͜Ȅ൲ত͈༞໐୯ͬ
൵ව̱̞̀ͥ༞໲ດেthatͅࢃ௽̳ͥ໗তȪ႒ȫ̜̞̠́ͥ͂৽ಫ̦̯̞̈́ͦ̀ͥȃȪ25ȫ͂Ȫ26ȫ
̞̾̀ͅȄBresnanȪ1977ȫ͉༞໲ດে͈that͂‫ئ‬஌̦̥̹֨ͦպ౾͈‫ͅۼ‬໗তȪadverbȫ̦ంह̳ͥ͂੆͓̞̀ͥȃȪ25ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ໗ত͈tomorrow̦൲ত͈༞໐୯ͬ൵ව̱̞̀ͥ
༞໲ດেthatͅࢃ௽̱̞̀ͥȃȪ26ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ໗ত႒͈during an operation ̦൲ত͈༞໐୯ͬ൵ව̱̞̀ͥ༞໲ດেthatͅࢃ௽̱̞̀ͥȃȪ27ȫ͂Ȫ28ȫ̞̾̀ͅȄCulicoverȪ1993 ȫ͉༞໲ດেthat ͂IP͈‫ͅۼ‬໲໗ত႒Ȫsentential adverbialȫ̦̜ͥ͂੆͓̞̀ͥȃȪ27ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ໗ত႒͈for all intents and purposes ̦൲ত͈༞໐୯ͬ൵ව̱̞̀ͥ༞໲ດেthatͅࢃ௽̱̞̀ͥȃȪ28ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ໗ত႒͈in her opinion ̦൲ত͈༞໐୯ͬ൵ව̱̞̀ͥ
༞໲ດেthatͅࢃ௽̱̞̀ͥȃ̹͘ȄCulicoverȪ1993ȫ͉Ȫ29ȫ̞̾̀ͅ๛೰എ໗ত႒
Ȫnegativeadverbialȫ͈ంहͅ࡞‫̞̱ͥ̀ݞ‬ȃ
Ȫ29ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ໗ত႒͈under no circumstances ̦൲ত͈༞໐୯ͬ൵ව̱̞̀ͥ༞໲ດেthatͅࢃ௽̱̞̀ͥȃRizziȪ1997 ȫ͉ȄȪ30ȫ̞̾̀ͅ
๛೰ါள̦ஜ౾̯̞ͦ̀ͥ͂੆͓̞̀ͥȃȪ30ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ໗ত႒͈at no time ̦൲ত͈༞
໐୯ͬ൵ව̱̞̀ͥ༞໲ດেthatͅࢃ௽̱̞̀ͥȃȪ31ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ໗ত႒͈only in thatelection ̦൲ত͈༞໐୯ͬ൵ව̱̞̀ͥ༞໲ດেthatͅࢃ௽̱̞̀ͥȃSobinȪ2002ȫ͉ȄȪ32ȫ̞̾̀ͅ໗ত߉Ȫadverbial phraseȫ̦༞໲ດে͈ࢃ͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥ͂੆͓̞̀ͥȃȪ32ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ໗ত႒͈without a doubt ̦൲ত͈༞໐୯ͬ൵ව̱̞̀ͥ༞໲ດেthatͅࢃ௽̱̞̀ͥȃȪ33ȫ̞̾̀ͅȄHaegemanȪ2003 ȫ͉শͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐Ȫtemporal adjunctȫ̦ஜ౾̯̞ͦ̀ͥ͂੆͓̞̀ͥȃȪ33ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ໗ত͈next year ̦൲ত͈༞໐୯ͬ൵ව̱̞̀
ͥ༞໲ດেthatͅࢃ௽̱̞̀ͥȃȁ̭ͦ́͘ࡉ̧̹̠̀͢ͅȄࢹ଼ள̦า̧੄̯̹ͦȪ֊൲̱̹ȫࢃͅॼ̯ͦͥउ୥̦༞໲ດে
thatͅࢃ௽̳ͥ͂๱໲༹എ̈́໲͂฻౯̯ͦͥ໲̦෩୆̳̦ͥȄ༞໲ດেthat͂उ୥͈‫ͅۼ‬໗ত႒̦ంह̳ͥ͂Ȅ̷͈໲͈໲༹଻͈ഽࣣ̞̦٨஝̯ͦͥȃ̭͈࡛ય͉Ȅ໗ত࢘‫ض‬Ȫthe adverb
effectȫ͂ࡤ͊ͦͥȃ

Ƚ182Ƚ

That उ୥࢘‫حັ͂ض‬໐

Ȫ34ȫWho do they think that might visit the Pope?ȪSobinȪ2002: 557ȫȫ
Ȫ35ȫWho do they think that next year might visit the Pope?ȪSobinȪ2002: 558ȫȫ
SobinȪ2002ȫ͉ȄȪ34ȫ͂Ȫ35ȫ͈໲༹଻̞̾̀ͅ಺औ࣐̹ͬ̽ࠫ‫ͬض‬া̱̞̀ͥȃ༞໲ດেthatͅ໗ত႒̦ࢃ௽̱̞̞̀̈́Ȫ34ȫ̞̾̀ͅȄ๭ࡑ৪͈56ΩȜΓϋΠ̦ະ‫خ‬ෝȪimpossibleȫ
͂฻౯̱Ȅ22ΩȜΓϋΠ̦ၻ̞Ȫgoodȫ͂฻౯̱Ȅ22ΩȜΓϋΠ̦ఉ໦Ȫmaybeȫ͂฻౯̱̹
͂༭̱̞࣬̀ͥȃ̭͈ࠫ‫ͅض‬చ̱̀Ȅ༞໲ດেthatͅ໗ত߉next year̦ࢃ௽̱̞̀ͥȪ35ȫ
̞͉̾̀ͅȄ๭ࡑ৪͈82ΩȜΓϋΠ̦ၻ̞Ȫgoodȫ͂฻౯̱Ȅ18ΩȜΓϋΠ̦ఉ໦Ȫmaybeȫ
͂฻౯̱Ȅະ‫خ‬ෝȪimpossibleȫ͂฻౯̱̹๭ࡑ৪͉̞̥̹̈́̽͂༭̱̞࣬̀ͥȃːȅ໗ত࢘‫حັ͂ض‬໐͈ஜ౾ȁ
ȁ1.2͈Ȫ9ȫ̥ͣȪ12ȫ͈໲̦๱໲༹എ̈́໲̜́ͥ͂฻౯̯̞̠̭̦ͦͥ͂͂া̳̠͢ͅȄ‫ם‬ࢊ͈൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ༞໲ດেthatฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ͉Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯̥ͣષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̳Ȫ֊൲̳ͥȫ̧̭̦̞̦͂́̈́Ȅఈ༷Ȅ3͈Ȫ25ȫ̥ͣȪ33ȫ͈́͘໲͂Ȫ35ȫ
͈໲̦া̳̠͢ͅȄ൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ༞໲ດেthat͂ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̹ͦȪ֊൲̯̹ͦȫࢹ଼ள͈उ୥͈‫ͅۼ‬໗ত႒̦ంह̳ͥ͂Ȅ̷͈໲͈໲༹଻͈ഽࣣ̞̦٨஝̯̞̠ͦͥ͂۷ख़̧̦̭̯̹ͦ́̈́ͦ̀͘ͅȃ̭͈໗ত႒͈൱̧͈໦ଢ଼̞̾̀ͅȄHaegemanȪ2003ȫ̦໗ত႒͈ஜ౾͈‫خ‬ෝ଻͈۷ത̥ͣȄ૧̱̞౶ࡉͬা̱̞̀ͥȃȪ36ȫɖThis is the linguist who I think that t will get appointed in Geneva.ȪHaegemanȪ2003: 644ȫȫȪ37ȫ This is the linguist who I think that next year t will get appointed in Geneva.Ȫibidemȫ
Ȫ38ȫɖThis is the linguist who I think that t expects that all his students will have a job.Ȫibidemȫ
Ȫ39ȫɖThis is the linguist who I think that next year t expects that all his students will havea job.Ȫibidemȫ
HaegemanȪ2003ȫ͉ȄȪ36ȫ̥ͣȪ39ȫ͈໲༹଻͈֑̞ͬthatउ୥࢘‫حັ͂ض‬໐Ȫadjunctȫ͈ஜ౾̽̀͢ͅ୰ྶ̳ͥȃȪ36ȫ͂Ȫ37ȫ͈໲༹଻͈֑̞͉Ȅ๱໲༹എ̈́໲Ȫ36ȫ͉ͅthatउ୥࢘‫̦ͥͦͣ͛෇̦ض‬Ȅঀဥ̧́ͥ໲Ȫ37ȫ͉ͅ༞໲ດেthat ͂उ୥t͈‫ͅۼ‬শͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬
໐͈next year̦ంह̳̞̠̭̜ͥ͂͂́ͥȃ
Ȫ37ȫ͈শͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐next year ͬHaegemanȪ2003ȫ͉ஜ౾̯̹ͦັ‫ح‬໐Ȫfronted adjunctȫ͂ࡤ͐ȃࢵͅḘ͈̏ັ‫ح‬໐̦̭͈ັ‫ح‬໐̦ంह̳ͥ୯͈শͬນ̳ਘૐါள̱ٜ͂̀৷̯̞̠̭̥ͦͥ͂͂ͣȄ୯͈ऒ͈ਔ༏໐͒ౣ̞‫ݻ‬ၗͬ֊൲̱̹̞̠͂փྙ̭͈́ັ‫ح‬໐͉ౣ‫ݻ‬ၗͬஜ౾̯̹ͦັ‫ح‬໐Ȫshort fronted adjunctȫ͂ࡤ͊ͦͥȃষͅȄȪ38ȫ͂Ȫ39ȫͅಕ࿒̳ͥ͂Ȅၰ༷͂͜๱໲༹എ̈́໲͂฻౯̯̞̠̭̦ͦͥ͂͂া̯̞̦ͦ̀ͥȄ༷͈֚Ȫ39ȫ͉ͅȄthatउ୥࢘‫͉̹͘ࡘࠚͬض‬ક̴̳͉͈শͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬
໐͈next year̦ంह̳ͥȃȪ37ȫ͈শͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐next year͂։̈́ͤȄȪ39ȫ͈শͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬
໐͈next year͉Ȅັ‫ح‬໐͈next year̦ంह̳ͥ୯ͤ͢‫ئ‬պ͈୯͈শͬນ̳ਘૐါள̱ٜ͂̀

Ƚ183Ƚ

ີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါ৷̯̞̠ͦͥ͂ȃ̭͈փྙ́Ȫ39ȫ͈শͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐͈next year͉ಿ‫ݻ‬ၗͬஜ౾̯̹ͦັ‫ح‬໐Ȫlong fronted adjunctȫ͂ࡤ͊ͦȄౣ‫ݻ‬ၗͬஜ౾̯̹ͦັ‫ح‬໐͂։̈́ͥ૦ͥໍ̞ͬা̳͂
HaegemanȪ2003ȫ͉৽ಫ̱̞̀ͥȃ
ȁȪ37ȫ͈শͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐͉Ȅౣ‫ݻ‬ၗͬஜ౾̯̹ͦັ‫ح‬໐̜́ͤthatउ୥࢘‫ͬض‬۱გ̳̦ͥȄఈ༷ȄȪ39ȫ͈শͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐͉Ȅಿ‫ݻ‬ၗͬஜ౾̯̹ͦັ‫ح‬໐̜́ͤthatउ୥࢘‫ͬض‬۱გ̱̞̞̠̈́͂HaegemanȪ2003ȫ͈໦ଢ଼͉Ȅ୯͈ऒ͈ਔ༏໐͈͒ါள͈֊൲̳̻̈́ͩஜ౾ͅ಍࿒̱̞͈̜̀ͥ́ͥ͜ȃ
Ȫ40ȫThis is the man who I think that, next year, t will buy your house.ȪHaegemanȪ2003:641ȫȫȪ41ȫɖThis is the man who I think that, your house, t will buy next year.Ȫibidemȫ
Ȫ42ȫ
Ȫ=Ȫ39ȫȫɖThis is the linguist who I think that next year t expects that all his students
will have a job.ȪHaegemanȪ2003: 644ȫȫ໲༹എ̈́໲Ȫ40ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅশͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐next year̦ஜ౾̯̤ͦ̀ͤḘ͈̏ັ‫ح‬໐͉ౣ‫ݻ‬ၗͬஜ౾̯̹ͦັ‫ح‬໐̜́ͥȃ๱໲༹എ̈́໲Ȫ41ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ໲༹ࣜȪargumentȫ͈yourhouse̦ஜ౾̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ൳အͅȄ๱໲༹എ̈́໲Ȫ42ȫ̤̞͉̀ͅȄশͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐next year̦ஜ౾̯̞̦ͦ̀ͥḘ͈̏ັ‫ح‬໐͉໲༹എ̈́໲Ȫ40ȫ͈ັ‫ح‬໐͈next year͂։̈́ͤȄಿ‫ݻ‬ၗͬஜ౾̯̹ͦັ‫ح‬໐̜́ͥȃHaegemanȪ2003ȫ͉Ȅ໲༹̦ࣜஜ౾̯̞ͦ̀ͥȪ41ȫ͂শͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐̦ಿ‫ݻ‬ၗͬஜ౾̯̞ͦ̀ͥȪ42ȫ̦‫ͅވ‬๱໲༹എ̈́໲͂฻౯̯̞̠̭ͦͥ͂͂͂Ȅಿ‫ݻ‬ၗ֊൲͈ࠫ‫ض‬ஜ౾̯̹ͦশͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐͉ஜ౾̯̹ͦ໲༹ࣜ͂଻ৗͬ‫ܜ‬໦‫ވ‬ခ̳̞̠̭ͥ͂͂ͬआ‫̱̀͂ݶ‬ȄȪ40ȫͅ෇͛ͣͦͥౣ‫ݻ‬ၗ֊൲͈ࠫ‫ض‬ஜ౾̯̹ͦশͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐͂ȄȪ42ȫͅ෇͛ͣͦͥಿ‫ݻ‬ၗ֊൲͈ࠫ‫ض‬ஜ౾̯̹ͦশͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐ͬߊ༆̧̳͓̜́ͥ͂৽ಫ̱̞̀ͥȃȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅশͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐̦໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ໲̦ంह̳ͥȃȪ43ȫNext year there will be an improvement in the functioning of the railways.
ȪHaegemanȪ2003: 643ȫȫ
Ȫ44ȫNext year the prime minister believes that there will be a deÀnite improvement in
the functioning of the railways.Ȫibidemȫ
শͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐next year̦໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥȪ43ȫ͂Ȫ44ȫ͈ၰ༷‫ވ‬Ȅ໲༹എ̈́໲͂
̱̀฻౯̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃȪ44ȫ͈শͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐next year͉ȄȪ43ȫ͂։̈́ͤȄ‫ئ‬պ͈୯͈শͬ
ྶܱ̳ͥ͂HaegemanȪ2003ȫ͉੆͓̞̀ͥȃȪ44ȫ͂൳အͅȄັ‫ح‬໐͈next year̦ంह̳ͥ
୯ͤ͢‫ئ‬պ͈୯͈শͬນ̳ਘૐါள̱ٜ͂̀৷̯ͦͥȪ39ȫ͉Ȅ๱໲༹എ̈́໲̜́ͥ͂฻౯̯
̞ͦ̀ͥȃ༞໲ດে͈that͂า̧੄̯̹ͦȪ֊൲̱̹ȫါள͈उ୥͂শͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐̦‫̽ͩ۾‬̞̯̀ͥ͂ͦͥȪ37ȫ͂Ȫ39ȫ͂Ȅশͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐̦໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥȪ43ȫ͂Ȫ44ȫ͈ඵਅ႒͈ࢹ௮̤̞̀ͅȄ൳̲শͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐̦։̹̈́̽૦ͥໍ̞ͬা̱̞̀ͥȃȪ43ȫ͂Ȫ44ȫ

Ƚ184Ƚ

That उ୥࢘‫حັ͂ض‬໐͈শͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐next year͉Ȅ‫ܖ‬ೲ໐́໲൮͈պ౾ͅ୆଼̯͈͉̩ͦͥ́̈́Ȅ֊൲͈ࠫ‫ض‬Ȅ໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ͂‫ب‬೰̳ͥ͂Ȅ໲͈໲༹଻͈֑̞ͅ‫۾‬ဓ̱̞͈͉̀ͥȄশͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐͈֊൲‫ݻ‬ၗ͈֑̞̜́ͥ͂໦ଢ଼̱Ḙ͈̏໦ଢ଼ͬआ‫̳ͥ͂ݶ‬শͬນ̳ັ‫ح‬໐͈໦႒༹༷͉ͅࢵͅ࠿൦̧̳͓࿚ఴത̦̜̞̠̭ͥ͂͂̈́ͥͅȃಕˍȅChomsky and LasnikȪ1977: 456ȫœŦŧŦųŦůŤŦŴBresnan, J.Ȫ1977ȫȨVariables in the Theory of Transformations,ȩin P.W.Culicover, T.Wasow, andA.Akmajian, eds., Formal Syntax, Academic Press, New York.
Browning, M. A.Ȫ1996ȫ
ȨCP Recursion and that-t Effects,ȩLinguistic Inquiry, 27, 237-255.
Chomsky, N.Ȫ1986ȫBarriers, The MIT Press, Cambridge.
Chomsky,N. and H. LasnikȪ1977ȫȨFilters and Control,ȩLinguistic Inquiry, 8, 425-504.
Culicover, P. W.Ȫ1993ȫȨEvidence against ECP Accounts of the That-t Effect,ȩLinguistic Inquiry, 24,557-561.
Haegeman, L.Ȫ1991ȫIntroduction to Government & Binding Theory, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
Haegeman, L.Ȫ2003ȫ
ȨNotes on Long Adverbial Fronting in English and the Left Periphery,ȩ
Linguistic Inquiry, 34, 640-649.
Huddleston, R.Ȫ1984ȫIntroduction to the Grammar of English, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.
Lasnik, H. and J. UriagerekaȪ1988ȫA Course in GB Syntax, The MIT Press, Cambridge.
Manzini, M. R.Ȫ1992ȫLocality, The MIT Press, Cambridge.
Matthews, P. H.Ȫ1981ȫSyntax, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
McCawley, J. D.Ȫ1988ȫThe Syntactic Phenomena of English, The University of Chicago Press,Chicago.
Rizzi, L.Ȫ1997ȫȨThe Fine Structure of the Left Periphery,ȩin L. Haegeman ed., Elements ofGrammar, Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Sobin, N.Ȫ2002ȫȨThe Comp-trace effect, the adverb effect and minimal CP,ȩJournal of Linguistics,
38, 527-560.

Ƚ185Ƚ