A NEW INTRODUCTION TO OLD NORSEPART III: GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF NAMESA NEW INTRODUCTION
TO OLD NORSEPART IIIGLOSSARY AND INDEXOF NAMESCOMPILED BYANTHONY FAULKESFOURTH EDITIONSUPPLEMENT I: GLOSSARY AND INDEX OFNAMES TO EAST NORSE TEXTSSUPPLEMENT II: GLOSSARY AND INDEX OFNAMES TO RUNIC TEXTSCOMPILED BYMICHAEL BARNES

VIKING SOCIETY FOR NORTHERN RESEARCH
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON

2007

© VIKING SOCIETY FOR NORTHERN RESEARCH

ISBN: 978-0-903521-70-3
First published 2001
Second edition with corrections and additions 2002
Third edition with corrections and additions 2005
Fourth edition with corrections and additions and two supplements 2007
Reprinted 2008
Reprinted 2011 with further corrections

Printed by Short Run Press Limited, Exeter

GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF NAMES
References to the Grammar are to paragraphs (e.g. Gr 3.5.2.1; ex. = exercise)and those to texts are to the number of the text followed by the line number(e.g. II:62). A second occurrence of the same word in a line is indicated by (2).
Syntactical explanations and common pronouns and conjunctions arereferred to the appropriate paragraphs in the Grammar for full information.
Cross-references are given for verbal and nominal forms where the vowel inthe first syllable differs from the head-word form, except for some forms involving the alternation of a and ƒ.
Principal parts of verbs are identified by pres., past, past pl., subj., pp. For
pres. and past, the 3rd person sg. is given, for past pl. the 3rd person pl., forpp. the nom. m. sg., except for those verbs that are more often found in the n.
form (supine), where the nom./acc. n. sg. is given. See Gr 3.9.7.1.
In the alphabetical order the acute accent is disregarded; d and › are treatedas one letter, ﬂ comes after y and is followed by æ, œ, ƒ and ø, and ∂ is notdistinguished from e. Words from Text XXII with lengthened or diphthongised
vowels before -ng are not listed separately from words without these changes.

Abbreviations
acc.
act.
adj.
adv.
art.
aux.
comp.
conj.
dat.
def.
f.
gen.
imp.
impers.
indic.
inf.
interrog.
m.
n.
neg.
nom.
num.
pass.

accusative
activeadjective
adverb(ial)articleauxiliarycomparative
conjunction
dativedefinitefeminine
genitive
imperativeimpersonal
indicative
infinitive
interrogative
masculine
neuternegativenominative
numeralpassive

pl.
pos.
poss.
pp.
prep.
pres. (part.)
pret.-pres.
pron.
refl.
rel.
sf.
sg.
sm.
sn.
subj.
sup.
sv.
vb.
wf.
wk.
wm.
wn.
wv.

pluralpositive
possessive
past participle
preposition
present (participle)
preterite present
pronounreflexive
relativestrong feminine
singularstrong masculine
strong neutersubjunctive
superlativestrong verb
verb
weak feminine
weak
weak masculine
weak neuter
weak verb

For abbreviated bibliographical references see NION II, p. x.

6

A New Introduction to Old Norseá1 prep. (Gr 3.7.4); with acc. on I:18, 77, II:27, VI:251, XXII:5/3,
XXVII:7; onto II:30, III:86, VI:272, X:47, XIX:80, XXI:120,
XXV:77, XXVI A: 28, 38, XXVI B:11, 27; over VIII:120; in, to
XXV:97; to II:46, VI:6, VIII:18, X:110, XXI:14, XXII:33/1,
XXIII:84, XXVI A:9, 16 (to or at); at I:119, XXII:49/1, XXV:72,
92, XXVI A:30, B:194; in III:9, XXII:24/1, XXIII:70; into I:2, II:74,
VI:10, VII B:76, XXI:181, XXII:44/3 (postposition); for X:29, XXI:52;
with dat. in I:121, 129, II:23, VI:19, VIII:5, 7, IX:37, XVI:122,
XIX:4, XXI:38, 94, XXII:52/3, XXIII:33, 60, XXVI B:98, XXVII:2,
26 (i.e. over); on I:27, 76, II:66, V:171, VI:36, 312, IX:19, X:6, XI:48,
XIX:44, XXI:15, XXII:45/4, XXIII:6, XXV:1, 12, 99, XXVI A:15,
B:116, 229; upon XXI:129; from in/on VIII:78, 116; at III:84, V:3,
VII B:25, IX:53, XV:33 (in a place-name, cf. Gr 3.1.8 ex.), XXII:35/1,
XXVII:38; í smáﬂarma á ﬁorvaldi at ﬁorvaldr’s guts XXI:175–80,
textual note; in relation to, against VII B:30; about I:72; for XXII:26/1,
XXVII:39; as adv. (Gr 3.7.7) I:55 (see leita), 130 (see halda), III:54(see horfa), VI:111 (see sjá), VIII:19 (see leggja), X:49 (see láta),X:64 (see leggja), XXII:34/3 (see leggja); on it XXI:27, i.e. on her
breast XXI:142 (1), 159, XXVI A:52, were on it XXI:46; in them
XXVI B:88; in it VII B:61, about this VI A:32; á upp on it at the top
XXI:45; er hon stó› á which it stood on XIII:6, 38; var á ve›r gottit was fine weather (on that day) XV:48; á braut see braut; á mi›li,
á milli see milli; á mót(i) see mót2; á at sjá see sjá;2
á see eiga
á3 f. river, stream (Gr 3.1.7.5 (2), 3.1.8.(16), 3.1.9 ex. 8) XXI:87, 169;
yfir ár across the rivers XXVI A:4; with suffixed def. art. XXI:89,vi› ána ni›ri down by the river VII B:59, eptir ánni, me› ánnialong the river VII B:75, 80, XXI:130-a neg. suffix with verbs not V:54, IX:100, X:77, 95, 97, 108, 124, 168,
XXV:5ábóti m. abbot XIV:180, 181
ábyrg›ar(h)lutr m. matter involving responsibility XXVI B:104
A›alból n. ‘chief dwelling, manor’ Gr 3.1.8 ex.
á›r adv. before, earlier, previously I:25, 54, 69, III:45, IV:76, VIII:45,
94, 99, 140, 160, 165, XI:39, 40, XV:32, XVI:37, XIX:39; already
XXVI A:75; just now XXVI A:47; just before III:58; first X:149,
XIV:68, XXI:175–80, textual note; at first XV:123; næstr á›rpreceding XXVII:33; kvámu á›r had already come VIII:108; asGlossary and Index

7

conj. (Gr 3.8.2.4) before II:38, III:104, 114, IV:83, V:6, VIII:42, 60,
XIV:70, 100 (. . . ﬂá), XVI:7, 123, 157, XIX:108, XXI:44, XXVI
B:35, XXVII:7, 34, 49, until XXV:65; á›r en as conj. before, until
VI:73, 310, XI:72, XIV:5, XVI:189, XXIV:13a›ra, a›rar, a›rir see annarráeggjun f. instigation, urging VI:5 (dat. with af, parallel to atkalli)
af prep. with dat. (Gr 3.7.3); from, of I:31, II:25, VI:19, 212, X:9, 31,
148, XI:38, 43, XV:12, 71, XVI:15, XIX:3, 7, XXI:15, 33, 83,
XXIV:68, XXVI A:8, 44, 61, 90, 153, 220, XXVII:37; by VIII:150,
178, XXII:7/4; from among II:63, VI:213, VII A:33, 78 (2); from on
VI:221, 259; off I:124, V:145, 147, VI:256, X:79, XV:84, XIX:34,
XXI:56, XXII:48/2, XXIV:46, XXVI A:31, B:90; away from V:162;
beyond XXII:13/4; out of III:81; tíu vikur váru/eru af sumri ten
weeks of summer were/have passed VIII:92, XXVII:29; by, becauseof III:13, 53, 114, VIII:182; by means of, with XIV:2, XXII:58/2; asa result of VI:5, 254, 315, 366, VII A:66, VIII:151, XXI:179,
XXII:54/4, 55/4, 58/4; for XXII:3/4; caused by XXIII:107; as aconsequence of VI:324, VII B:86; consisting of II:55; made of
XIII:31; about, concerning VI:107, XXII:24/3; with II:29, V:131,
VI:152, XXII:31/2, 40/2; af ﬂessu for this reason II:116; af ﬂví fromthis VIII: 23; af ﬂví at, af ﬂví . . . at (Gr 3.8.2.2) because VI:289,
314 (see ﬂví), VII A:35–36, VIII:22, XXI:160; as adv. (Gr 3.7.7)
II:6 see ﬂar; off II:59, X:49, 50, 114, 158, XXV:98, XXVI A:60;
away VIII:40; of them II:64, 74, of it (them) VIII:154, 157; from it
II:99, XXI:76; (some) of it XXI:75; with it XVI:29; by it, as a resultof it VIII:127; from among them VII A:78 (1); about it XXVI B:23;
ﬂá er . . . af those from whom XXVII:34; bera af see beraafarkostr m. harsh treatment Gr 3.3.5 ex. 9áfenginn adj. pp. strong (of drink) II:12
afhuga adj. indeclinable with dat. ver›a afhuga having one’s mind
turned from, have out of one’s mind XIV:52
afi m. grandfather XIV:129
afl n. strength II:29, VII B:9; the majority XXVII:13; me› ƒllu afli
with all his strength XIV:78
afla (past afla›i, pp. aflat) wv. with gen. and dat. bring (about), cause
something for some one XXII:53/4
aflangr adj. very long XXIII:11, 46
afro› n. cost, price, penalty XXVI B:53

8

A New Introduction to Old Norseágjarn adj. covetous, ambitious, impetuous; acc. sg. n. as noun anambitious (etc.) person XXIII:91
ágæti n. glory, renown; til síns ágætis nƒkkut something in which
they take pride, something which brings them fame (by which they
are remembered?) XXVI A:85
ágætliga adv. splendidly, excellently XVI:178ágætr adj. excellent, famous VII A:49; sup. n. ágætast most excellent(i.e. because it relates to divinity or theology) XXIV:31
áhyggja f. concern, responsibility XXIV:63, 64; anxiety XXIV:73
aka (pres. ek, past ók, pp. ekinn) sv. drive (Gr 3.6.9.3 ex. 1) IX:47,
52, 84ákafliga adv. extremely VII A:97, XVI:89, XXIII:31, 106; furiously
Gr 3.5.3 (3)ákafr adj. furious, violent, vehement, impetuous XXIII:2; n. as adv.
ákaft violently I:100; sup. n. as adv. sem ákafast as hard as hecould II:154ákall n. invocation XXIV:33, 42
Áki m. King Sveinn’s steward XVI:45, 47, 56, 66, 67
akkeri n. anchor XXI:47
ákve›inn adj. pp. agreed, appointed Gr 3.3.9 ex. 27, II:38, IV:70, 102(understand var); n. ákve›it IV:110
ál f. strap, saddle-strap; vi› álar sér to his saddle-straps V:157
ala (pres. elr, past ól, past pl. ólu, pp. alinn) sv. nourish (thoughts or
feelings) IV:59; breed, rear, bring up XXV:105
albúinn adj. (pp., cf. búa) completely ready XVI:136
albygg›r adj. (pp.) fully settled, fully colonised, occupied VIII:56
aldinn adj. ancient; acc. sg. f. wk. ƒldnu IX:127
aldr (gen. aldrs) m. age; generation XIV:166; at aldri in age XIV:34,
89; á fulltí›a aldri in adulthood XIV:167; vi› aldr advanced inyears III:65, XXI:11
aldrbót f. ‘life-betterment’, advancement, fame, glory VI:204 (objectof fekk)
aldri adv. never II:34, III:36, IV:14, 74, V:3, XII:27, XIX:42, XXVI A
56, 64, 81, XXVI B:49, 172, 214; not at all, not in the least XXVI
A:83
Aldrian m. young son of King Attila XI:44, 45
aldrigi adv. never VI:119, 184, XIV:67, 74, XVI:74
aldrlag n. death XXV:29

Glossary and Index

9áleng›ar adv. for the future, indefinitely XVI:116
alin f. (pl. álnar) ell (a measure of length; in early Icelandic = 49 cm.,
later 54–57 cm.; ells of homespun were used as a standard ofcurrency) XXVII:37 (gen. pl., cf. Gr 3.4.2 (5))álit n. face, looks XXIII:61
álfr m. elf IX:23, X:57, 67, 147, XXV:2
alldjarfliga adv. very boldly I:138
alld‡rr adj. very fine, very worthy VI:264
allfró›ligr adj. very wise, very sensible XXIV:22
allfrægr adj. much spoken of, very famous II:60
allfúss adj. very eager (til for it, to do it) I:125
allkátr adj. very merry, very cheerful XI:62
alllítill adj. very small; ekki alllítill fyrir sér of no small importanceor ability I:55
allr adj. all Gr 3.3.9 ex. 12, 18, I:83, II:80, 127, VI:43, 151, 274, 366,
IX:53, 54, 96, 118, XII:14, XIII:14, XIV:165, XV:31, XIX:8,
XXI:108 (2), XXII:2/4, XXIII:19, XXIV:4, 40, XXVI A:119, B:46;
the whole IX:49; acc. sg. m. allan II:153, VI:286, X:27 (sc. vetr),
all over I:24, every XXIII:35, the whole XXVI B:4, 91, his whole
XXIII:103; dat. sg. m. ƒllum XXII:61/4; f. ƒll the whole VII B:22,
entirely XIII:5, XIV:10; acc. sg. f. alla IV:30 (with hƒll), IX:126(with ætt), XI:47, XVI:11, XXVI A:62, all over XIV:10; alla stofuna
the whole room XXVI B:28; dat. sg. f. allri all XIII:36, every VI:318,
XXIV:74; n. allt all I:113, III:86, VI:148, 294, XVI:90, XXII:34/3,
the whole VI:275, VII A:128, 169, XVI:76, XXVI A:63, B:29, thewhole of VIII:42, his whole XXVI A:3; everything II:152, V:106(subject of koma?), VIII:93, XIII:16, XV:57, XXVI B:14, 65(anything); everywhere III:107; allt ﬂat er, allt ﬂat es, ﬂat allt er
everything that VI:22, VII A:130, VIII:84, XII:64, XIV:107,
XXIV:25; ﬂetta allt all this XXVII:30; allt saman altogether
XIV:145, the whole business XVI:57; allt eitt all the same XIV:117;
gen. sg. n. alls of everything XV:9, XXI:161, alls ﬂess (gen. with
ﬂurfa) all that (care) XI:71 (or alls adv. entirely?); dat. sg. n. ƒlluII:29, it all, everything; ﬂví ƒllu er everything that XV:147; ƒllusaman everything together III:60; me› ƒllu altogether, entirely I:93,
XIV:76, XVI:142; pl. allir they all, everyone I:86, VI:100, 111, 298,
VIII:137, XII:74, XIII:7, XXIV:69; allir menn everyone XXVI A:76,
XXVII:7; allir er all those who V:144; ﬂeir allir, allir ﬂeir they all

10

A New Introduction to Old Norse

V:69, 143, VI:131, XXVI B:16; ﬂeir allir er, allir ﬂeir er all those
who XXIV:33, XXVI A:6; vér allir, allir vér we all V:64, VI:91;
acc. pl. m. alla all X:38, XXVI B:10, XXVII:26, every X:149, ﬂá
alla them all XIX:69, 84, alla ﬂá er all those who XII:58; f. pl. allar
IV:82, XXVII:38, they all XI:50; n. pl. ƒll II:11, III:88, VI:86, 223,
305, VII A:35, XI:50, XIX:97, XXVI B:221, XXVII:27, complete
II:61, the whole I:50, them all XXII:4/2, XXVI B:195, ƒll váru ﬂau
they were all XV:40, ƒll ein all the same XXI:192; gen. pl. allra
IV:70, VI:193, VII A:123, VIII:44, X:133, XXII:65/4, of all XIX:104,
til allra ﬂeirra to all those who XXIV:81, with sup. of all Gr 3.5.3(12), with num. all told, in all X:48; dat. pl. ƒllum I:17, 84, VIII:179(everyone), XXII:9/2, XXVI A:105, B:121, XXVII:39, they/them
all XXI:76, XXII:13/4, XXVI B:30, allum XXIV:60, dat. ofcomparison than/to all XXIV:16, allum ﬂeim er for all those who
XXIV:68; n. as adv. allt all the way, right VII A:3, 153; allt í heilann
right to the brain XXVI A:18; allt saman altogether, the whole of
XXIII:54; allt um all over, over the whole of VII B:24; allt ﬂar sem
everywhere where XXI:91; gen. sg. n. as adv. alls in all V:82, VI:49,
VIII:193, XV:133, at all VI:211, alls fyrst first of all IX:5, alls engi
no . . . at all XXI:108; alls/allz as conj. since VI:329, XXV:92
allsannr (n. allsatt) adj. very true XI:184
allsárliga adv. very bitterly XI:8
allsherjarfé n. public property VIII:53 (not recorded elsewhere)
allsherjargo›i m. supreme priest/chieftain XIX:113 (his chief duty
was to open or hallow the proceedings of the Alﬂingi every year)
allskƒruligr adj. very splendid, magnificent XV:79
allstórr adj. very large VI:127
allsvaldandi adj. (pres. part.) ‘all-ruling’, almighty XXIV:18
allumveginn = ƒllumveginn adv. on all sides VI:276 (cf. megin)
allvaldr m. all-powerful one, ruler (King Óláfr; subject of vá) VI:159
allﬂarfliga adv. most earnestly II:34
allﬂurr adj. very dry X:54 ( f. with fura)almáttigr adj. almighty; almáttkum Gu›i to almighty God XIV:65
almenning f. (land) where common rights exist (Laws II 29 note 19,414) VIII:54
álna(r) see alinÁlptafjƒr›r enn sy›ri m. fjord in south-east Iceland XIX:28
álptahamr m. swan-shape, swan form X:7
alroskinn adj. (pp.) quite grown up VII B:6

Glossary and Index11

alsnotr adj. very clever, absolutely clever IX:102
alsvartr adj. completely black, pure black IX:90
Alvini m. (spelled Alfvini in K and some other manuscripts; variants:
Alvini, Alfini) fictional Englishman VII A:76, 80, 97, 99, 102, 104, 106
alvitr adj. all-wise, absolutely wise; as a byname X:9; Alvitr f. as apersonal name X:11, 18, 30, 59
alvæpni n. full armour; me› alvæpni fully armed VIII:110, XXVI B:11
Alﬂingi n. general assembly (legislative and judicative assembly for
the whole of Iceland held annually in late summer at ﬁingvƒllr)
VIII:42, 44, 53, 54, 95, 97, 99, 182, XV:4, 137, XIX:108, XXVII:29,
49; á Alﬂingi hér here at the Alﬂingi XXVII:39
alﬂ‡›a f. general public; at alﬂ‡›u tali according to the common
reckoning VIII:149
ambátt/ ambótt f. handmaid IX:79, 102; female slave XIX:100
amen interjection (ecclesiastical Latin, ultimately from Hebrew) ‘sobe it’ XIII:49
áminna (past áminnti, pp. áminnt) wv. remind, admonish; pres. part.
áminnandi insistent XIV:137
amma f. grandmother; in address XXVI B:171
ámunr adj. with dat. reminiscent of, similar to X:83
án prep. with dat. (Gr 3.7.6) without, lacking; án rá›i with gen. without
consultation with VI:16; ﬂóttisk varla án felt he hardly lacked V:114
ána see á3ánau› f. hardship, torment (of Hell?) XXII:49/4
anda›r adj. (pp.) dead VII A:75
andask (past anda›isk, past pl. ƒndu›usk) wv. refl. die III:131, VII
A:92, XIV:168, 171
anddyri n. entrance, porch III:12 (with suffixed def. art.), III:21 (withsuffixed def. art.), III:48 (with suffixed def. art.)
andi m. spirit; heilagr andi the Holy Spirit XIII:48, XIV:101
andligr adj. spiritual XIV:147
andlit n. face VII A:85, XII:11, 50, XXIII:54; with suffixed def. art.
his face XXVI B:92
andskoti m. enemy, adversary IV:40 (pl. subject of sitja ok hvetja),
VIII:106
andsvar n. reply, answer; pl. VII A:40, 44, 51, XXIV:2, 49, responsibility XXIV:73
andvaka adj. sleepless Gr 3.3.8.5 (6)andver›a see ƒndver›a

12

A New Introduction to Old Norse

angra (past angra›i, pp. angrat) wv. with dat. distress XXVI B:176
ann see unna
annar(r) (f. ƒnnur, n. annat) pron. adj. (Gr 3.4.1) other, another, asecond II:20, 81, 148, VI:67, 274, VII A:62, 103, VIII:16, 40, 62,
XIX:2, 89, XXII:18/1, XXIV:8, 36, XXVI A:40, B:102, 226; thesecond X:4, XV:98; next XV:81, XIX:9, XXVI B:125; another (man)III:57, 85; other XXVI B:148; any other II:6, VII B:14; different
XXVI B:138; engi annarr no one else XXVI A:66; sá annarr ersome other person who XXIV:70; sá annarr (kostr) . . . hinn annarr
the first (choice) . . . the second/other XXVI B:103; f. ƒnnur another
XV:133, annr VI:31; n. annat other XII:68, next XV:82, (i.e. li›)other troops, more men VI:222; annat sumar for the following
summer XXVII:39; eigi annat nothing else I:102; margt annat
much else VIII:178; annat . . . en something other than V:137,
anything other than XII:11, 60, XVI:35; annat li› hans the rest of
his troops VII B:60, annat li› ﬂeira the rest of their party XXI:86,
annat li›it the other troop XXI:147; gen. annars another XXVI
B:124, something else XXVI B:78; eigi annars ván no otherexpectation VIII:90; eigi annars en no differently than if VI:257;
einskis annars en nothing else than XXI:129; ens annars hundra›sof the second hundred (Gr 3.4.2 (9)) VIII:148, XXI:18; annars dags
tomorrow X:106; annars sta›ar elsewhere XIV:179, XXI:47, XXVI
B:208; acc. m. sg. annan I:146 (another), II:31 (the other), VIII:111(the next), X:110 (the other), XI:47 (the other), XXVI B:77 (another),
XXVII:50 (another); annan veg in any other way XXVI B:65; dat.
sg. m. ƒ›rum II:70, XXVII:11, a second II:153, the other XXV:46;
gen. sg. f. annarrar VII A:47; dat. sg. f. annarri (help) the other
XXV:48; dat. sg. n. ƒ›ru V:1, 147, XXVI A:117; øngu ƒ›ru en
nothing else than XVI:36; m. pl. a›rir others VII A:81, XIV:181,
XVI:34, 187, XXIII:32, XXVII:16, 46, other VII A:36, 161, VIII:81,
IX:58, XIV:105, the other VI:270, XXIII:83, the others XXVII:19;
acc. pl. m. a›ra VII A:68, VII B:10, other XXIV:78, the other XXVI
A:60, another XXVI A:88, the others VIII:114, other people
XXIII:81; ﬂá luti a›ra the other things XXIV:49; f. pl. a›rar others
XXVI B:126, other, different IV:13; n. pl. ƒnnr VI:303; annr ﬂau
the other VI:74, annur ﬂau those other XXIV:83; sem ƒnnur likethe others VIII:143; skip hans ƒll ƒnnr all his other ships VI:223;
gen. pl. annarra VII A:155, of others (other people) XXIII:73, 85;

Glossary and Index

13

einnhverr annarra anyone else XXIV:63; hverr ma›r annarra anyother man VIII:150; enginn annarra no one else I:126; dat. pl.
ƒ›rum other XXVI B:31, others, other people VII A:51, XXV:30,
XXVI B:33; one (of two): ƒ›ru(m) megin on one side III:6, XII:52,
on the other side XXI:205; annarr/annat/ƒnnur . . . annarr/annat/ƒnnur one . . . the other III:31–32, XIX:62–63, XXI:203, ƒ›rum . . .
ƒ›rum IV:8–9, XII:52–58; annarr/annat ﬂessara/ﬂeira . . . annarr/
annat one of them . . . the other XII:19–20, XXI:49–50 (cf. Gr 3.2.1(1), 3.9.6.1); á a›ra hli› (with dat.) . . . en á a›ra on one side ofsomeone . . . and on the other XI:74; annarr at ƒ›rum, hvern atƒ›rum one after another VIII:113, XI:10; hverjum at ƒ›rum each(group, rank) after the other XI:58; hverr vi› annan with each other
VI:150; hverr annan each other II:44; hverr ƒ›rum (poss. dat.)
II:130; hvárr ƒ›rum each to the other III:17
annask (past anna›isk, past pl. ƒnnu›usk) wv. -sk form take care of;ƒnnu›usk um were occupied with XIV:134
ánni see á3annmarki m. fault, wickedness XIV:105, 106
annr = ƒnnur, see annarr
annt n. adj. with dat. desirous; er annt til (someone) wants (something)
XXI:64
aptann m. evening XV:67, XVI:98; ﬂenna aptan this evening XXVI
B:21, ﬂenna aptan inn sama that same evening XXVI B:19
aptr adv. back I:32, 42, 116, III:123, 124, V:78, 95, VI:14, 272, VII
A:42, 106, IX:29, X:12, 59, XVI:12, 39, 87, XIX:30, 74, 88, XXI:43,
165, 180, 193, XXVI B:195; backwards II:159, VI:215, XXVI B:92,
215, leaning backwards? XXIII:102; aft VI:268, 285, to the rear of
the ship VI:279; fallinn aptr closed XV:104
ár1 f. oar VI:125
ár2 n. year XIX:48, 50
ár3 adv. early XXV:3
Arabíagull n. Arabian gold XII:31
árabur›r m. protection XV:126
árbakki m. bank of the river VII B:83 (with suffixed def. art.)ar›r (gen. ar›rs) m. plough; with suffixed def. art. XIX:64
arfasáta f. heap of chickweed; arfasátu ﬂá er the heap of chickweed
which XXVI B:117
arfr m. inheritance II:79

14

A New Introduction to Old Norse

argr adj. effeminate, perverted IX:66; dastardly, wicked XXII:30/4(‘some wicked Búfinnar’)
Ari Ingimundarson n. 1226–1258; one of the incendiaries at Flugum‡rr III:71, 107árma›r m. steward XVI:44, 55 (with suffixed def. art.)
armgrjót n. ‘arm-rock’, stones of the arm, gold rings or jewels, wealth
VI:307 (gen. with ógrœ›ir)armleggr m. arm V:21, XXIII:82
armr1 adj. miserable, wretched IX:114
armr2 m. arm Gr 3.1.7.1 ex. 3, 3.1.7.2
arn- see ƒrn
Arnardóttir f. daughter of ¯rn Bjƒrnólfsson XIX:11, 39
arnarhamr m. eagle shape, eagle form II:41, 53 (with suffixed def.
art.), 154, 155
Arnarhváll m. a hillock in Reykjarvík XIX:92Árni Ármó›sson m. XXII:18/1, 40/1; Árna synir = Finnr andﬁorbergr XXII:40/1
Árni beiskr m. III:52, 64, 67
Arnljótr gellini m. a robber XXII:27/2, 39/1
arnsúgr m. ‘eagle-sucking’ or ‘eagle-noise’, the wind (or its sound)caused by an eagle’s wings II:53
áróss m. river-mouth, mouth of a river XXI:88, 169
árr m. messenger, servant, user; árr oddflag›s is a kenning for an
unnamed warrior VI:333 (subject of var samr)ásamt adv. together XV:32
Ásbrandr ﬁorleiksson m. XXVI A:71
Ásgar›r m. the home of the Æsir II:3, 45, 62, IX:70; the fortification
round the home of the Æsir II:36, 39, 55, 157
Ásgrindr f. pl. the gates of the (home of the) Æsir II:60
Ásgrímr m. died in the fire at Flugum‡rr III:75
ásjáandi m. (pres. part.) onlooker (cf. sjá); enginn ásjáandi ma›r
no person looking at it XII:11
ásjána f. look, face; ásjánu ﬂína the sight of your face IV:79 (objectof meina mér)asni m. ass, donkey; dat. pl. ƒsnum XXIII:60
Áss m. a god, one of the Æsir, q.v.; = ﬁórr IX: 8 (i.e. the speaker), 65ássendi m. end of roof-beam (projecting at the gable; cf. brúnáss)
XXVI A:59

Glossary and Index15

ást f. love (vi› of or for someone) XII:36, 39, XIV:93, 97; pl. affections
IX:117, love XIV:90, noteástarﬂokki m. feeling(s) of love XII:83Ástrí›r f. daughter of Búrizleifr VI:23, 44, 46, 47
Ástrí›r af Djúpárbakka f. wife of Grímr Njálsson XXVI B:143, 146ástsamligr adj. loving, affectionate XII:83ástsæld f. popularity VIII:151ástsæll adj. beloved, popular (vi› with) XIV:113; comp. ástsælli af
more popular with VIII:150
ástvinr m. close friend VI:321, XIV:155Ásum see ÆsirÁsynja f. a goddess, female Áss; pl. Ásynjur II:10, IX:54
at1 prep. with dat. (Gr 3.7.3) at II:91, X:45, XVI:109, 111, XIX:10,
XXI:45, XXV:110, XXVI A:13, B:2, XXVII:27 (2), 30; in VI:24,
246, 308, VIII:147, XIX:65, XXII:61/4; of VIII:30; to I:23, 28, II:7,
III:29, 39, VI:244, 285, VII B:70, IX:131, XI:30, XVI:130, XIX:23,
XXI:87, XXII:28/1, 37/4, XXV:35, 54, 101, XXVI A:101, B:155; into
I:128, IX:82, X:136; towards, up to I:17, 39, 116, 138, VI:135, XIX:60,
83 (2), XXI:35 (2), XXVI A:32; in, over XIX:48; after VIII:113; against
IV:45 (i.e. of), VI:289, XXVI A:6; beside IX:89; with respect to, by
II:64, XVI:2, XXV:55; in XXIII:96, XXIV:65; with, in XXV:28;
with regard to VI:226, 357 (with or›i), XII:10, as regards XII:21,(of) XXV:17, 18; according to VI:330, VIII:8, 61, 149; (swear) by
X:150; in, to be gained from I:66; about, concerning I:58; from V:85,
VI:18; for IX:90; for, in search of IV:32, X:34, 35; with, (while engaged)
at XXV:71; engaged in, busy with XIX:83 (1); as IV:91, IX:30, 43,
87; in accordance with VIII:42, 44, 173; at ﬂví sem in accordancewith how VIII:38; at ﬂví er/es about how VIII:144, according towhat VIII:14, 73; in ‘dat. absolute’ construction (Gr 3.9.7.3)
VIII:195, at óbygg›u landi while the land was uninhabited XIX:104;
of time at, in II:37, 38, 138, IX:93 (to?), towards I:73, at the beginningof XV:14; with gen. at the house of VIII:172, X:79 (Gr 3.1.5 (13));with acc. at ﬂat after that X:26; as adv. about it I:3, in it II:77, XV:21,
XXIV:5, of them XIV:41, er . . . at in which XIV:126; busy, employed
XIV:133, XVI:131; hér at to this I:54; at ﬂar er to where VI:271
at2 conj. that (Gr 3.1.2.1, 2) I:6, 27, 29, 46, 51, 54, 74, 83, 94, 113,
115, 116, 119, 125, 134, 136, 143, 144, 145, II:16 (after ﬂar), 19, 22(after mál, saying that), 63, 145, VI:75, 147, 151, 203, 335, 346

16

A New Introduction to Old Norse(with ﬂess 342), VIII:2, 15, 23, X:42, 109, 152, XV:20, 23, XVI:31,
XIX:10 (2), XXI:50, XXII:47/2, XXIII:1, XXIV:1 (2), 11, XXV:67,
103, XXVI A:2, 35, B:33, XXVII:2, 25; as rel. (Gr 3.8.2.1, p. 212)
which XXVI A:117, such that XII:27, XIV:96 (2)?, XVI:125 (1), in
which, by which I:124; so that III:111, V:109 (2), VIII:90, XIII:46,
XIV:72, XXIV:26? 42 (2)? 45? 51? 83, XXVI B:20; in such a way
that, so that XIV:33, 96 (2), XXII:60/2; when, if I:79; attu = at ﬂúthat you XXVI B:218; til at in order that XXVI B:65; ﬂeir at suchthat VI:82; ﬂat at that which, what XXV:80; after svá I:17, 26, 36,
43, 97, 109, II:5, 73; ﬂó . . . at though, even if IX:15
at3 particle with inf. to I:33, 34, 52, 53, 63, 84, 86, 89, 93, II:11, 35,
69, IV:5, 20, 56, VI:20, 160, 331, VII A:32, VIII:3, 6, IX:3, 44,
X:12, 13, 19, XIX:12, 24, XXI:2, XXII:1/2, XXIII:36, XXIV:1 (1),8, XXV:9, XXVI A:9, XXVII:17, 18; in order to IX:120, XXII:33/2,
XXV:42; intending to II:62 (see taka), 94; engaged in: at hir›alooking after XIV:135, at lúka finishing XXVI A:3
at4 adv. with comparative because of this; at lengrum the longer V:18;
ﬂess at meir all the more VII A:43; at heldr the rather, all the more
XXVI A:105; eigi at sí›r none the less VI:212-at neg. suffix with verbs V:149, VI:138, 177, 246, 348, X:152, 170,
XXV:33, 35, 62
át1 n. eating VIII:141
át2 see eta
atbur›r m. event, what had happened II:106, VIII:144; acc. pl. atbur›i
IV:77
atfer› f. attack VII B:87
atflutning f. supplies, provisions; til atflutninga fetching supplies
XIV:136
atganga f. attack V:137, VII B:73 (with suffixed def. art.), VII B:74
atgeirr m. halberd, thrusting spear XXVI A:30, 35, 69
atgørvi f. ability VII B:9
athugaleysi n. heedlessness, carelessness XXIII:44
athugasamr adj. attentive, careful, thoughtful, reflective XXIII:12
athugi m. attentiveness XIV:22; me› athuga with devotion XIV:62, 161athœfi n. conduct, way of behaving XII:74
átján num. eighteen Gr 3.4.1
átjándi num. adj. eighteenth Gr 3.4.1
atkall n. demand VI:5atkvæ›i n. expression XXIV:3; mode or form of address XXIV:41, 52, 62

Glossary and Index

17

Atli Bu›lason m. Attila the Hun, former husband of Gu›rún XXV:28(cf. Attila)
Atli enn mjóvi m. XIX:6, 15, 24. Cf. Landnámabók, ÍF I 370–76, andFlóamannasaga, ÍF XIII 231–45
atmælasamr adj. given to finding fault, abusive XXI:12
atrei› f. ride XXVI A:1
atseta f. residence I:2
atsókn f. attack VI:315; with suffixed def. art. his attack V:141
átt1 see eiga
átt2 f. family line; seggja átt the race of men; gen. with sætt (i.e.
among) VI:56
átta1 num. eight (Gr 3.4.1) VII B:33, IX:28, 95, 104, XIX:50, XXVI A:75
átta2 see eigaáttartala f. genealogy (perhaps collective) VIII:4
átti1 ordinal num. eighth X:27
átti2, áttir see eiga
Attila m. (indeclinable) king of the Huns (died AD 453) XI:14, 38, 44,
51, 52, 53, 55, 57; cf. Atli Bu›lasonáttrœ›r adj. 80 years old VIII:29
attu = at2 ﬂúáttu, áttum, áttusk see eigaátu see eta
au›igr adj. wealthy Gr 3.3.8.5 (1), 3.3.9 (10), (20), XV:3
au›it pp. with gen. fated XXVI B:78
au›kenndr adj. pp. easily recognised VI:290
au›n f. wilderness, uncivilised wasteland XXV:105au›na (pres. au›nar, past au›na›i, pp. au›nat) wv. impers. withgen. something is granted by fate; ef ﬂess vildi au›na if it were
granted by fate III:92 (unless au›na is here a f. noun and the subject,meaning fate); eptir ﬂví sem au›nar as fate determines I:85
au›r1 adj. empty VI:269, X:32 (with sali); acc. with sá Tranu okbá›a Na›ra fljóta VI:306
au›r2 m. wealth VI:351 (gen. with kenni)Au›r f. wife of ﬁór›r Ingunnarson XV:49, 64, 69, 70, 71, 83, 84, 86,
91, 98, 103, 106, 109, 115, 119, 120
au›ræ›i n. pl. property, wealth, XIV:9
au›sóttr a. (pp., cf. sœkja) easily won, soon granted (with dat., tosomeone; vi› by) XV:78
au›sær adj. easy to see V:46

18

A New Introduction to Old Norse

Au›unn m. a young Icelander, apparently a member of farmer
ﬁorsteinn’s household XVI:1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, 18, 36, 41, 47, 60,
75, 78, 97, 99, 105, 107 (honum Au›uni Gr 3.9.6.1), 115, 117, 121,
130, 132, 136, 146, 162, 165, 169, 172, 176, 181, 188, 189, 191
au›veldliga adv. easily XIII:24, 45
au›veldr adj. easy; compliant, tractable XXIII:70; comp. n. as adv.
ﬂví au›veldara mun okkr it will be the easier for us V:67au›œfi n. pl. wealth, income VIII:161, 162
auga n. eye Gr 3.1.8.(30); pl. II:74, IX:108, X:83, XIV:26, note, XXI:68,
XXIII:21, 24, 29; pl. with suffixed def. art. augun XXIII:33; í augumin his looks XII:57; mínum augum with my own eyes XIV:172
augs‡n f. sight; mér í augs‡n into my sight XVI:75
auka (pres. eykr, past jók, past pl. jóku, pp. aukinn) sv. increase,
add to V:161; auka vi›, auka ﬂar vi›r add to it VIII:3, 40; jók nú
miklu á it was now become much worse XVI:99; past with suffixed
1st person pron. jókk with dat. object VIII:4; pp. gengr barni aukinis great with child X:166
aumr adj. poor, needy XXII:31/4
aungr = øngr, see engi
aura, aurar, aurum see eyrir
austan adv. from the east, westwards VI:60, 64, XXVI B:15; i.e. to
Iceland VIII:91; fyr austan east of VIII:18
Austfir›ingafjór›ungr m. the Eastern Fjords Quarter (of Iceland)
VIII:165
Austfir›ir m. pl. the Eastern Fjords (of Iceland) VIII:50
Austma›r m. easterner, Norwegian Gr 3.1.9 ex.12, XXVI A:29
austr n. the east; ór austri from the east XXI:169; as adv. eastwards
VI:21, 352, VII A:162, X:34, XVI:42, XXVI A:4, 10, Gr 3.5.3 (8);i.e. to Norway VIII:84; in the east VIII:41 (of Iceland), 69 (ofGreenland); i.e. in Norway VIII:87
Austrvegr m. ‘the eastern route’, the countries east of the Baltic XVI:129
austrœnn adj. from the east, i.e. Norwegian VIII:35
auvir›isma›r m. worthless wretch, contemptible person XXI:133Ávaldamon m. a native king in North America XXI:203
ávalt adv. constantly X:98, 143, always XIV:31, XXVII:2
ávant adj. n. with gen. someone (is) lacking IX:92áverki m. wound III:86, XV:107, 111, 113; gen. pl. til áverka vi›
hann for the wounding or butchering of him III:106ávƒxtr m. increase, interest XIV:123; dat. pl. áv∂xtum fruit XXIV:37

Glossary and Index

19ba›, ba›at see bi›ja, -atbá›ir (n. bæ›i, gen. beggja) pron. adj. both (Gr 3.4.1) II:139, III:26,
XII:54, XV:108, XVI:57, XXVI A:69, 74; we both I:64 (with vitHƒttr), I:65 (with vit), XXVI B:204; ok bá›ir ﬂeir as were theyboth VII B:69; n. (Gr 3.9.6.1) okkr bæ›i us both XXVI B:164; ﬂaubæ›i XXVI B:165; acc. m. bá›a II:28, VI:309, okr bá›a both of us
XXV:38, ﬂá bá›a both of them III:94, VII A:137; gen. beggja vinir
friends of both of them VII B:57; ykkur beggja of you both X:167;
dat. bá›um XXII:48/2, ﬂeim bá›um them both III:63 (see note)bá›u see bi›jabagall m. crozier VIII:23
bak n. back XXV:50; at baki with dat. behind someone III:18; á bakon horseback III:120, XV:98, 110; á bak ﬂeim behind them V:86;
fell á bak aptr fell over backwards XXVI B:92; af baki off one’s
horse XV:101; with suffixed def. art. á bakinu on its back I:76
baka (past baka›i, pp. bakat) wv. bake XXVI B:111
bakbor›i m. port side of ship; á bakbor›i ﬂeim on their port side XXI:168
bakki m. bank XXI:170
Bakki m. farm in northern Iceland III:2
bál n. fire XXVI B:107, 120 (pl.)
baldr adj. bold (or m. lord) XXV:91
Baldr m. a god, one of the Æsir, son of Ó›inn; dat. Baldri II:66
ballr adj. dangerous, destructive, fatal; n. pl. bƒll XXV:95
bana (pres. banar, past bana›i, pp. banat) wv. with dat. kill I:15, 21
banamenn m. pl. slayers VII B:82
banasár n. mortal wound III:56, XXVI A:116
banasótt f. mortal sickness, last (final) illness XIX:111
bani m. death I:44, 88, 131, II:47, V:102, 103, 129, VI:132, XXVI
A:77; vi› bana close to death XXVI A:89; ; cause of death, slayer
IV:42, V:156, XXV:23; ver›a at bana with dat. cause the death ofsomeone X:153, XIX:77 (understand of him); ﬂat sé ﬂeira bani it
would be (lead to) their death XXVI B:66; ﬂat er várr bani thatwill lead to our deaths XXVI B:86bann n. ban, prohibition XXII:5/3
banna (pres. bannar, past banna›i, pp. bannat) wv. with dat. of
person(s) forbid I:83, VIII:26, XIV:76, 79, XXI:114; banna at gera
forbid its being done, forbid the practice XIV:85
banvænn adj. likely to die, appearing mortally wounded, deadly sick
VII A:54

20

A New Introduction to Old Norsebar see bera
bardagi m. battle (Gr 3.1.7.1, 3.1.8 (9)) VI:85, VII A:53, VII B:88;
fight VII A:100
bar›a, bar›i1 see berja
bar›i2 m. a ship with a projection at the front for ramming; Bar›i asname of a ship (= Járnbar›inn) VI:234 (object of lag›i), VI:251(object of fœr›u›); with suffixed def. art. Bar›inn VI:273
bar›isk, bar›r, bar›usk, barizk see berja
barma (past barma›i, pp. barmat) wv. complain, lament XXI:66,
textual notebarn n. child VIII:140, X:166; pl. bƒrn XXVI B:3; bƒrn tvau two
were children XXI:199; dat. pl. bƒrnum children XXVI B:134
barndómr m. childhood XIV:167
barsmí›ir f. pl. fighting VIII:127
báru see berabast n. bast (rope), rope made of the inner bark of a tree X:47, with
suffixed def. art. X:79
bátr m. (rowing) boat XIX:70, 81, XXI:22, 33
batt see bindabau› see bjó›a
Baugi m. a giant II:130, 131, 134, 135, 138, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145,
146, 147, 149
bauglestir m. ‘ring-damager’, one who breaks or uses up, i.e. gives
away (gold) rings, a kenning for generous man (= Kormakr) IV:94(nom. phrase used in address)baugr m. ring; arm-ring X:47, 56, 82, 97, 122; collective sg. X:111;
descriptive gen. with serkjar, shirt made of rings, mail-coat VI:261;
or baugr He›ins serkjar, the circle of He›ins shirt (gen. withverkendr) = shield?
baukr m. (= bu›kr) small box (for herbs) XII:17; the form baukr isgenerally only found in 17th-century texts; the form bau›k in line
18 appears to be a compromise between the two.
bazt adv. sup. best VI:224
be›it see bi›jabe›r m. bed XV:109, XXV:23
beggja see bá›irbei› see bí›abei›a (pres. bei›ir, past beiddi, pp. beiddr) wv. 1. with acc. and gen.

Glossary and Index

21

ask (someone for something) XV:20. 2. -sk form bei›ask (with acc.
and gen.) ask (someone for something) for oneself, request, demand
II:138, III:19; beiddiz at stirred himself up for, spurred himself to
XXV:71 (see note)bei›ir m. demander, ruler; in kenning for shield-user, man, warrior (=Bjƒrn), bei›ir mei›s mor›vandar V:154
bein n. 1. leg III:113. 2. bone I:35, 52, XXVI B:177
beina (past beindi, pp. beindr) wv. assist; beina at (me› ﬂér) lend(you) a hand V:68, XXVI B:203
beinahrúga f. pile of bones I:6, 32; with suffixed def. art. I:7, 13
beini m. hospitality XIV:138
beiskr adj. bitter; as nickname III:52, 64, 67
beit see bíta
beita (past beitti, pp. beitt) wv. cause to bite; beita á ve›r with dat.
sail (ﬂeim their ships; unless ﬂeim goes with hólmanum) close to
the wind VI:124, XXI:31
bekkr m. bench, seating platform I:29; acc. pl. bekki IX:86. Cf. pallr
belgr m. animal skin, pelt XXI:115; bellows X:157 (acc. pl.); skinbag (i.e. the limbless body of Jƒrmunrekkr) XXV:94, 95 (see note)bella (pres. bellir, past belldi, pp. bellt) wv. deal in, utter IX:39
belti n. belt II:125
ben f. wound Gr 3.1.7.3–5 ex. 4
benda (past bendi, pp. bendr) wv. (Gr 3.6.9.3 ex. 4) indicate, give aforeboding (mér to me) V:17
bera1 (pres. berr, past bar, past pl. báru, past subj. bæri (Gr 3.6.5.2),
pp. borinn) sv. (Gr 3.6.6) 1. carry I:22, 89, 99, II:5, 55, III:49, VI:114,
XI:45, XII:6, 67, XIX:110, XXI:56, 206, XXVI B:174; berr ﬂácarries them, moves them XXIII:104; bear XXIV:63; put XXVI B:27;
take XXVI B:117; wear X:79, 96, XII:28; hold VII A:160; berr sik
holds itself XXIII:76; bear (witness) VI:324; overcome, overpower
X:130; bera rá›um overrule XXVI B:69; bera ofrli›i overpower(or outnumber?) XXI:145; bera sigr win victory VI:185; imp. pl.
berum let us carry (it) XXI:101; beri› bring IX:120; subj. beri
were/is carrying XXIII:102; 1st person past bárum we (i.e. I?) bore
(vb. after ﬂá er) VI:208; pp. hefr borit has been drawn XXVII:10;
haf›u borit had borne them (Gr 3.9.5.1) VI:304; (vera) borinn becarried VII A:54, (be) taken X:94, 95, (be) born (with dat., to someone)
X:73, XXV:8 (i.e. she was his daughter); pres. part. berandi (able)

22

A New Introduction to Old Norseto be carried (with dat., by someone) I:132; bera af surpass
XXII:13/4; bera ni›r af stick out underneath further (or force themaway down?) XXIII:21; bera at bring up III:2, put on III:127; beraat eld make use of fire, set fire to it (the house) XXVI B:103; pp.
borit fram served out (with var line 93) IX:94; bera fyrir serve to
XXVI B:21; bera ﬂar í put into them III:3; bera í pour on XXVI
B:114; bera eld í set it on fire, set fire to it XXVI B:119; bera millitake from one to the other, mediate, negotiate VII B:57; bera saman
ok compare with II:41; borinn til born for XXII:1/4; bera um takethem round XXVI A:59; bera upp announce, set forth, make known
VIII:111; bera sik vel comport oneself well XXVI B:33, bear up
well III:130. 2. impers. with acc. bar hann he appeared IV:15; berrﬂá they are carried (by wind and currents) XXI:167; bar at . . .
skjƒldinn the shield was driven against XXVI B:91; ﬂat bæri frá it
was outstanding, extraordinary VIII:112; bera fyrir appear (tosomeone in a dream) V:16; bera til come about, happen XIII:12,
XXI:119, XXIV:1; ﬂik skal út bera you shall be carried out XXVI
B:169; bar vi› was carried, i.e. passed, against or in front of XXVI
A:30; with dat. berr ﬂér it behoves you, you ought XXIV:85; -sk
form at berask happen, turn out XVI:182
bera2 f. she-bear X:53 (dat. of respect, Gr 3.9.6.2)
berar see berr1
ber›isk see berja
berfjall n. bear-skin X:56
berfœttr adj. barefooted III:22, 62
berg n. cliff XIX:85
Bergljót f. daughter of Jarl Hákon VII B:5, 77 (see note), 80
bergrisi m. mountain giant VII A:160
bergsalr m. rock-hall, cave VII A:142
Bergﬂóra Skarphe›insdóttir f. Njáll’s wife XXVI B:19, 156, 161,
163, 165
Bergﬂórr Hrafnssonr m. lawspeaker 1117–22, died 1123 VIII:170, 171,173, 181
Bergﬂórshváll m. Njáll’s home in the south of Iceland XXVI B:2, 40, 106berhƒgg n. pl. open blows, in the phrase ganga í berhƒgg vi› comeout openly against (um with) XV:141
berja (pres. berr, past bar›i, pp. bar›r/bari›r) sv. 1. (Gr 3.6.9.2 (3),(6), 3.6.10) beat, strike I:52 (pelt), VII A:23, 105, XII:58, 61;

Glossary and Index

23

overcome, defeat XXV:82; berja í móti attack XXII:45/2; bar›a(pp. acc. pl. m.) chastised XIV:103. 2. -sk form berjask (Gr 3.6.10)
fight VI:90, 94, 97, VII A:6, VIII:110, XXI:135; past bar›isk wasfighting VIII:146, bƒr›usk fought XXI:125; past subj. ber›isk werefighting VI:257; pp. hƒf›u barizk had been fighting XIX:16; atberjask vi› to fight against VI:166; past pl. bar›usk vi› VI:185
berliga adv. plainly, fully, absolutely XII:8
Bern f. Verona XI:43, 46, 56
bernskliga adv. childishly, like a child XXIV:24
berr1 adj. bare, exposed XV:62; naked XXI:47
berr2 see bera1
berserkr m. berserk Gr 3.1.9 ex. 8
Bersi Véleifsson, Hólmgƒngu-Bersi m. first husband of Steinger›r
XVIII:122rb31
bestibyrsíma X:65 see note
betr adv. comp. better (Gr 3.5.2) I:88, II:126, V:138, 160, VI:121,
X:131, XVI:111, XXI:135, XXIV:14, 28, XXVI A:42, B:71; betr
. . . en better than XXIV:21; betr en more than XXIV:19; er betr it
will be better VI:80
betri adj. comp. better (Gr 3.3.8.3) VIII:175, X:128, XI:68, XV:123,
XIX:29; finer XV:11; n. (as adv.?) XXVI B:172; betra er oss will
be better for us VI:83
beztr adj. sup. (Gr 3.3.8.3) best I:3, VI:214, VII A:80, 123, X:175;
finest XII:8, 31; er bezt megu vera the best that can be XI:60; inn
bezti a very fine XIV:175; einn inn bezta klerk one of the best
scholars XIV:27
bezt adv. sup. (Gr 3.5.2) best, most advantageously XVI:173, XXVI
B:72, most finely XIX:110, 112; manna bezt very well, as well as
any V:31; njót manna bezt use it best of anyone I:137 (see njóta)bí›a (past bei›, past pl. bi›u, pp. bi›inn) sv. wait V:89, VI:104, 109,
XIV:100; linger XXV:62; bí›um let us wait VI:65; with gen. wait
for V:110 (inf. with skyldi), X:39, XV:67, be waiting for VII B:41;bi›a ﬂess er wait until VI:98, XXVI B:197; with suffixed neg. andpron. and acc. object bí›ka ﬂess bót I shall not see (experience)
redress for this X:97bi›ja (past ba›, past pl. bá›u, pp. be›inn, n. be›it) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.1(5), (10)) 1. with acc. and gen. ask, beg (someone for something;
and with dat., for someone) II:34, 40, 113 (sér for themselves), III:40,

24

A New Introduction to Old Norse67, VI:18, VIII:183, IX:115, XVI:43, 45, XXV:35, XXVI A:27; bi›jasér matar beg for one’s food XVI:91; impers. skal ﬂik ﬂessa eigi
lengi bi›ja you shall not be asked for this for long (i.e. repeatedly)
XXVI A:86; pray (for something) XIII:8; imp. bi› ﬂú ask, tell X:176;
pp. demanded IX:128, pressed for it VIII:186; with gen. of person
ask for someone’s hand in marriage IV:101, XV:3, 7, 77, pp. VII
A:77, 93. 2. pray XXIV:41; bi›r ek I pray XXII:65/3; bi›ja fyrir
sér pray for oneself, i.e. say one’s prayers III:9; bi›ja bœnar sinnar
say one’s prayer, make one’s request XXIV:16. 3. with acc. and inf.
order/tell/ask (someone to do something) I:22, 41, 91, 114, 117,
II:128 (sér to them), 147; III:91, IV:48, 99, VI:15, VII A:34, 111,
VIII:116, XV:101, XVI:86, 183, XXI:37, 39, 43, XXVI B:8, 30;ba› øngvan mann said no one was to XXVI B:37; ba›at hyggja
told (them) not to think VI:177; ba›/bá›u ﬂá/hann told them/him
VI:102, XXI:70, 71, XXVI B:195; ba› ﬂá ﬁorkel nefju told ﬁorkell
nefja and his companions VI:120; bi›ja (vera) vel kominn bid
welcome XI:9, XVI:107; command VII A:106; pray XXII:50/3
bifask (past bif›isk) wv. refl. shake IX:49
bikkja f. bitch; with def. art. or demonstrative pron. as an insulting orcontemptuous form of address cur I:92
bil n. moment (of time); í ﬂví/ﬂessu bili at that moment IV:64, V:129,
VII B:79, XXVI A:68
bilt adj. n. as adv. startled, afraid; var› ﬂeim bilt they hesitated, theirhearts failed them IV:15
binda (past batt, past pl. bundu, pp. bundinn) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.1 (3, 6,10), 3.6.9.2 (2)) bind, tie, fasten V:157 (vi› to; see Gr 3.9.5.1); tie
up VII A:104, 105, X:65, XXV:76, 82, tether XXVI B:42; with dat.
with, in something: imp. bittu IX:46; bindu vér let us tie IX:59 (Gr
3.6.9.1 (13)); bindi menn let men tie XXII:15/3 (vi› to); batt sér
brought on himself XXII:52/2; binda um tie (a cord or a strip ofcloth) round II:69 (with the cord in the dat., ƒ›rum enda II:70),
XXI:116, wrap up, bandage XV:114; -sk form for pass. bindask
láta let oneself be tied IX:67
birg›ir f. pl. sustenance, provisions XXI:82
Birgir m. king of Denmark’s reeve VII A:137, 142
birni see bjƒrn
Birni see Bjƒrn Arngeirsson
birta (past birti, pp. birt) wv. brighten, illuminate; reveal XXIII:38,

Glossary and Index

25

87; birti revealed it (fyrir to) XII:76; -sk form birtisk was revealed,
was made manifest XIII:40
birti f. brightness XXIII:27, 33
biskup m. bishop III:32 (as title), XXVII:15 (er biskup sá . . . me› erwith whom the bishop . . . who)bíta (past beit, past pl. bitu, pp. bitinn) sv. bite (Gr 3.6.6) IX:99, 100;
cut II:126, 144, V:117, 145, 150, 155; ok bíta vel and that it cut well
XXI:151; bíta (á) bite into, pierce, penetrate I:77, XXV:92; ekki
beit á it did not make an impression on XXII:44/3
bitrligr adj. sharp, keen V:113
bittu see binda
bjálfi m. fur, (animal) skin with fur on it XXII:30/1 (dat. with an animalskin); with suffixed def. art. hans bjálfan á on/into that skin coat of
his XXII:44/3
bjalla f. bell VIII:23, XII:46
bjarg (pl. bjƒrg) n. rock IX:83; with suffixed def. art. II:144, 145,
147; cliff XXI:80
bjarga (past barg, past pl. burgu, pp. borginn) sv. with dat. save
XXII:65/3
bjarnar see bjƒrn
Bjarnar see Bjƒrn Arngeirsson
bjarnd‡r/bjarnd‡ri n. an animal in the form of a bear, a (wild) bear
XVI:11, 17, 63, 134, XXI:28
Bjarney f. ‘Bear Island’ XXI:28
Bjarneyjar f. pl. ‘Bear Islands’ XXI:20, 21
Bjarni Bergﬂórsson m. XIV:183
Bjarni Grímólfsson m. XXI:5, 66, 86, 162
Bjartey f. XXVI A:114
bjartliga adv. brightly, clearly XXIII:24
bjartr adj. bright, shining XXII:50/1, 62/3; n. pl. bjƒrt II:5
bjó see búa
bjó›a (pres. b‡›r, past bau›, past pl. bu›u, pp. bo›inn) sv. 1. offer
XV:115, XIX:24, XXII:21/3; with dat. and acc. offer someone
something I:60, II:62, 113, III:15, XXII:65/2, XXVI B:157; pres.
part. bjó›andi offering it XII:50. 2. with dat. invite II:102, 103,
V:24, XVI:115, 169; challenge VII A:98; bjó›a út summon, muster,
levy VI:20, VII A:126. 3. with dat. ask, command I:86, 119, VII
A:146, B:22 (inf. with vill), XIV:62, 68, XV:97; charge XII:65,

26

A New Introduction to Old Norse

XIV:59, 60; pp. (impers. pass., Gr 3.9.3) bo›it bidden (by nature or
instinct) XXVI B:212
bjoggu, bjuggu see búa
bjórr m. beer; instrumental dat. with beer X:130
bjúgleikr m. curvature, crookedness XXIII:21
bjúgr adj. curved, bent, crooked XXIII:18, 90, 103; pl. as substantive
bjugir cripples XXII:57/4
bjúgleitr adj. crooked-looking XXIII:55
bjƒllu, bjƒllur see bjallabjƒrg1 f. means of subsistence, keep, maintenance XVI:7, 123bjƒrg2 see bjarg
bjƒrn (gen. bjarnar, dat. birni Gr 3.1.7.2 (2), 3.1.7.3–5 ex. 1) m.
bear XIX:67 (with suffixed def. art.), XXV:91; as word-play on thename of Bjƒrn Arngeirsson Hítdœlakappi V:63
Bjƒrn Arngeirsson Hítdœlakappi m. V:16, 27, 30, 33, 45, 47, 56,
65, 67, 77, 84, 85, 88, 91, 95, 97, 98, 103, 109, 111, 115, 119, 124,
126, 130, 134, 136, 142, 146, 159, 169; gen. sg. Bjarnar V:title, 98,
100, 129, 145, 157, 161; dat. sg. Birni V:1, 3, 93, 94, 114, 147, 169(poss. dat. with skƒr)Bjƒrn Gilsson m. bishop at Hólar 1146–62 XIV:178, 183
Bjƒrn Óláfsson m. died in the fire at Flugum‡rr III:75
Bjƒrn stallari (digri) m. XXII:17/3, 45/1
Bjƒrnólfr Hrómundarson m. Icelandic settler XIX:2, 4
bjƒrtum see bjartr
bláhvítr adj. blue and white (striped) XXV:24
blaka (past blaka›i, pp. blakat) wv. flap; pres. part. XII:33
blanda (pres. blendr, past blett, past pl. blendu, pp. blandinn) sv.
with dat. mix II:98, XXI:157
blandask (past blanda›isk, pp. blandazk) wv. -sk form mix oneself,
become mixed; blandask vi› be involved in, have dealings with,have to do with XXI:13
blár adj. (Gr 3.3.9 ex. 3) dark, blue-black; acc. m. sg. blán XXI:127
blása (pres. blæss, past blés, past pl. blésu, pp. blásinn) sv. blow
II:145, 148; with dat. spit, belch forth VII A:152
Bláskógahei›r f. heath near ﬁingvƒllr XV:47
Bláskógar m. pl. woods near ﬁingvƒllr VIII:48
blau›r adj. cowardly XXV:51
blauthær›r adj. (pp.) soft-haired XXIII:3
blautr adj. soft XXIII:88, 98

Glossary and Index

27

bleikr adj. pale XXIII:32; grey (of a wolf) XXII:41/2; me› bleikum
with pale or grey patches XXIII:106 (a word may be missing, or
perhaps the word is here a noun, = bleikja f. white colouring)
blendu see blanda
blés(u) see blása
bley›i f. cowardice; er engum manni blœy›i at it is not cowardice
for any man to VI:167
blezan f. blessing XIV:148
blí›i f. friendliness; me› blí›i graciously XVI:188
blí›r adj. happy; cheerful, friendly XII:50; kindly XIV:49 (with dat.
towards), XXII:1/3 (vi› towards); sup. XXII:62/4; n. as adv. ﬂeim
man vera blí›ara it will be pleasanter for them, they will find it ispleasanter VI:188
blik n. gleam, flash; in kenning for sword randa blik (that which
flashes against shields; gen. with rjó›andi, forming a kenning for
warrior) VII B:46
blíkja (past pl. bliku) sv. shine, flash, gleam X:44
blindr adj. blind; dat. sg. with brœ›r, i.e. even if he were blind IV:93;
pl. blindir blind people XXII:57/3
bló› n. blood I:101, II:96, 117, XXII:58/4, XXIII:37, XXV:84;
instrumental dat. bló›i with blood X:157; with suffixed def. art.
II:98, III:86; bló› eitt nothing but blood XXVI B:29
bló›gagl n. ‘goose of blood’, kenning for raven (or other carrion bird);
pl. V:170
bló›rás f. loss of blood XV:112
bló›slitr m. the colour of blood XXIII:33
bló›ugr adj. bloody VI:196
blóm n. flower XXII:62/3
blómi m. flowering; sta›it me› slíkum blóma . . . sem stó› flourish
as well as it did XIV:74–75; glory, blessedness, salvation XXII:25/2
blót n. (heathen) sacrificial feast XIX:41
blóta (pres. blœtr Gr 3.6.5.2, past blét, past pl. blétu, pp. blótinn)
wv. worship, sacrifice (to heathen gods) (Gr 3.6.9.3) VIII:141,
XIX:42, 78
blótbolli m. sacrificial bowl, cup used in heathen sacrifices VI:189
blótskapr m. heathen worship, pagan sacrifice XIV:77 (pl.)
bl‡ n. lead XIV:10
blæss see blásablœy›i = bley›i

28

A New Introduction to Old Norsebóandaherr m. peasant army VII B:89 (with suffixed def. art.)
bóandi = bóndi; gen. pl. with suffixed def. art. VII B:74bo› n. feast, banquet (which might last several days) Gr 3.1.9 ex. 3,
XIX:13 (with suffixed def. art.)bo›a (past bo›a›i, pp. bo›at) wv. proclaim, preach XXI:38
bo›i m. submerged rock, shoal II:104; breaker over a shoal XV:149
Bo›n f. name of a vat II:98, 118, 153bo›or› n. commandment XIV:44 (dat. pl. object of hl‡›a)bogastrengr m. bowstring XXVI A:69, 79
bogi m. bow XXV:76; with suffixed def. art. his/my bow XXVI A:64, 82
bógr m. shoulder; acc. pl. with def. art. II:28; dat. sg. bœgi I:97, X:151(withers)bók (pl. bœkr) f. book (Gr 3.1.7.2 and (6), 3.1.8 (19)) VIII:23, 172,
XIV:32, 90, 91, 178; embroidered coverlet XXV:24
bokki m. buck; in an ingratiating form of address I:9, 11, 21, 39
bóklistir f. pl. literary skills, book-learning XIV:186
bókmál n. the Latin language; at bókmáli in Latin XVIII:97
bolr m. trunk (of the body): ganga á milli bols ok hƒfu›s i.e. sever
the head from the body (the understood subject is probably the blowor the weapon, rather than ﬁór›r) V:147
bóndali› n. band of peasants, farmers VII B:79 (with suffixed def. art.)
bóndi (nom. pl. bœndr) m. farmer, peasant (Gr 3.1.7.2, twice) VII
A:111, 115, 117, 120, B:24, 27, 29, 70, 87, XXII:12/2, XXVI A:8;
as title XXVI A:14, in address XXVI B:157
bora1 (past bora›i, pp. borat) wv. bore (a hole in) II:144, 147; pp. n. II:145
bora2 f. hole XII:16
bor› n. board III:53, 54 (with suffixed def. art.), 64 (with suffixed def.
art.); table XXVI B:27; with suffixed def. art. XVI:59, XXVI B:29,
35 (pl.: they would have been trestle tables); til bor›s to table, to
eat XI:44; ﬂar innan bor›s on board that ship VI:82; side (of aship) X:150, nom. pl.with suffixed def. art. bor›en VI:267; dat. pl.
with suffixed def. art. VI:256; bor›i hæstr highest in the side, highest
sided VI:224; fyrir bor› overboard VI:294, 299, XIX:52
bor›hús n. a cupboard or closet (in which the movable tables, trestles
and related items were kept when not in use for meals) III:78bor›i m. tapestry, embroidery IV:57 (gen. pl.)bor›mikill adj. high-sided (of a ship) VI:234
borg f. fortification, fortress, castle XXV:82, 87; with suffixed def.
art. (Gr 3.1.9 ex. 7) I:116, II:56; city XI:3, 10, 61, 62, 76

Glossary and Index

29

borgarveggr m. wall of fortification II:57 (with suffixed def. art.);city wall XI:49
borgfirzkr adj. from Borgarfjƒr›r VIII:63
borin, borinn, borit see berabót (pl. bœtr) f. compensation Gr 3.1.7.2 (3); redress (with gen., forsomething) X:97; cure XXII:57/3
bóta see bœtrbotn m. head, upper end (of a fjord) XIX:60 (with suffixed def. art.)
brá see breg›abrá› f. meat, food XXII:41/1
brá›r adj. quick XVIII:122rb12; n. brátt as adv. soon, quickly II:43,
III:5, 130, V:60, VII A:55, XVI:16, XXI:64
brag› n. 1. moment; á skƒmmu brag›i in a brief period of time
XIV:73. 2. movement; lítit brag› mun ﬂá at it must be a very slightthing, there can’t be much sign of it XV:52. 3. device; especially inpl. brƒg› stratagems (til ﬂess er in order to bring about what) XIV:90,
note; ﬂat brag›s taka adopt this as our strategy XXVI B:105
brag›a (past brag›a›i, pp. brag›at) wv. impers. brag›ar there is
movement I:95
brágeisli m. ‘eyelash-ray (of light)’, kenning for eye; dat. pl. object ofrennda ek IV:34
Bragi m. god of poetry (one of the Æsir) II:9, 13, 14, 77, 88, 123
bragnar m. pl. men XXII:1/3, 8/1, 57/2, XXV:84
bragníng(r) m. ruler, king XXII:12/1, 52/1, 65/4
bráhvítr adj. with white eyelashes X:176
brandr1 m. firebrand, piece of burning wood XXVI B:193 (withsuffixed def. art.)
brandr2 m. sword(-blade) XXII:5/4, 16/4, 50/1; collective sg. dat. as
instrumental with their swords XXII:20/4
branga f. battle XXV:71
brann see brenna2
brásk see breg›a; brast see bresta
brátt see brá›rbrattr (f. brƒtt) adj. steep Gr 3.3.9 ex.14
braut1 f. path, way XXV:51; road XXV:59; á braut on the road
XXV:99; á braut, í braut adv. away II:42, IV:27, VI:10, VII A:155,
VIII:22, 83, XVI:74, 126, 137, XXI:179, XXVI A:15, 107, B:85; ábraut af away from, i.e. out from, up from XXII:60/3; cf. brottbraut2 see brjóta

30

A New Introduction to Old Norsebrautgangr m. separation; brautgangs descriptive gen. such that it
would be grounds for divorce XV:27
brautgangssƒk f. grounds for divorce, accusation warranting divorce
XV:62
breg›a (past brá, past pl. brug›u, pp. brug›it) sv. with dat. move
I:96 (pp. with fær); put VI:295; change II:51; bring to an end VI:364;
break off, fail to fulfil IV:111; prevent (the fulfilment of something),
cause to fail IV:86; breg›a á move against, strike II:129; subj. okbreg›i á tending (if it tends) towards XXIII:109; breg›a sver›i/saxi draw a sword I:95, V:57, 115, VII B:68, XV:107; imp. pl.
breg›i› sver›um draw your swords VI:170; breg›a upp lift up,
raise XXI:112; brá grƒnum vi› drew back his lips (i.e. grimaced or
grinned) at it XXVI B:95; subj. hann bryg›i sér vi› he was taken
aback by, was affected by, flinched at or in the face of XXVI A:76;
impers. with dat. brá mƒnnum mjƒk vi› people were very taken
aback by XXVI B:35; refl. breg›ask change oneself, turn II:148,
154; pres. bregzk vi› jerks away in response to II:30; with dat.
breg›ask fail someone XXI:79; pp. n. brug›it drawn IV:9
brei›a (past breiddi, pp. breiddr) wv. spread VIII:120, XIII:3, XXVI
B:180; inf. be spread out IX:63? see brei›r
Brei›afjƒr›r m. fjord in western Iceland VII A:156, 167
Brei›dalr m. valley in south-eastern Iceland Gr 3.1.8
Brei›fir›ingafjór›ungr m. the Brei›afjƒr›r Quarter (of Iceland)
VIII:166
brei›firzkr adj. from Brei›afjƒr›r VIII:65
brei›r (n. breitt Gr 3.3.8.2–5 ex. 4) adj. broad IX:63 (see also brei›a),
XXI:104; with gen. of the amount of breadth XXI:118; wide XV:92;
comp. brei›ara broader XXI:117; comp. n. as adv. brei›ara withlarger bites IX:100
brekvísi f. importunate demand, insistent begging for things (vi› fromsomeone) XV:24
brenna1 f. (house-)burning III:80 (with suffixed def. art.)
brenna2 (past brann, past pl. brunnu, pp. brunnit) sv. intransitive
burn, be consumed by fire (Gr 3.6.5.2) III:88, IX:83, 109, X:54,
XIII:5, 17, 20; brann upp ƒll was completely burned down XIV:10;
ok brunnit and it was burned XXVI B:201; brenna inni be burnedin the house XXVI B:74, 157, 170
brenna3 (past brenndi, pp. brenndr) wv. transitive burn Gr 3.6.10,

Glossary and Index

31

XIII:10, 14, 16, XXVI B:125; brenna inni burn (someone) in theirhouse VIII:50, XXVI A:65, B:64, 104, 162; brennu vér hann inni let
us burn him in his house XXVI A:55; brennt gull refined gold XII:19
brennumenn m. pl. burners XXVI B:1, textual notebresta (past brast, past pl. brustu, pp. brostinn) sv. intransitive burst
Gr 3.6.6; brast it (i.e. the king’s sword, see note) shattered XXII:44/4
brestr m. break, crack X:126
Bretland n. Wales VII A:7
breyta (past breytti, pp. breyttr) wv. change; breytt hafa to have itchanged XXVII:20; intransitive with adv. behave (in a certain way)
IV:37, act XXVI B:204
breytiliga adv. strangely, unexpectedly IV:104
brezkr adj. British (i.e. Welsh? The word usually refers to Celtic
peoples, but occasionally appears to refer to the English) VII A:23
brig›a adv. extremely XXII:16/3
brim n. surf VII A:163
bringusár n. wound in the chest XV:122
Brísingar m. pl. a family or people IX:50 (see note), 60, 73
brjóst n. breast, chest IX:63, 76, 123, XIV:100, XXIII:77, XXV:84(collective sg.); á brjósti honum on his breast XII:43; with suffixed
def. art. its chest XII:17, her breast XXI:141, the chest XXIII:80
brjóstkringla f. round brooch for the breast X:121, 165
brjóstvit n. mother-wit XIV:36
brjóta (pres. br‡tr, past braut, past pl. brutu, pp. brotinn) sv. break(transitive) Gr 3.6.5.2; go against, force (stifle), crush XIV:116; br‡tr
ﬂú should you wreck XVI:139; pres. subj. ﬂótt ﬂú brjótir though
you should wreck XVI:142; past subj. bryti were to break, violate
VII B:29; impers. with acc. be wrecked VII A:135, XVI:177 (past subj.);skipit braut í spán the ship was broken to pieces XV:152; pp. er
brotit haf›i which she had broken X:123; brjóta upp break into IV:35
Brodd-Helgi (ﬁorgilsson) m. 10th-century Icelander who lived at Hofin Vápnafjƒr›r VII A:116
bró›ir (dat. sg. brœ›r, pl. brœ›r) m. brother (Gr 3.1.7.2 (7)) II:109,
131, 139, III:75, IV:4, 16, 65, 67, VI:13, VIII:50, 183, X:3, 111,
XI:6, 17, XIV:105, XV:119, 140, XXV:94 (in address), 99, XXVI
A:71; as title for a monk XIV:26, note, 166; gen. sg. bró›ur V:98,
VI:17; dat. sg. brœ›r IV:93 (Fró›i’s (half-)brother = Kormakr; withmik festa), XI:30; nom. pl. ﬂeir brœ›r the brothers XXVI B:5,

32

A New Introduction to Old Norseﬂeir Hólmsteinn brœ›r Hólmsteinn and his brothers XIX:16; acc.
pl. brœ›r XXV:36, XXVI B:139; gen. pl. brœ›ra XI:2, XXV:87;
dat. pl. brœ›rum I:149
bró›urson m. nephew II:112 (probably an error for son, which iswhat appears in other manuscripts; cf. II:114)
bróka, brókum see brœkr
Bróka-Au›r f. ‘breeches-Au›r’, nickname XV:53
brókabeltispungr m. purse on the belt of one’s breeches III:30
brosa (past brosti, pp. brosat) wv. smile (at at this) XV:26
brotit see brjóta
brotna (past brotna›i, pp. brotnat) wv. intransitive break, be broken
IV:11, V:117, IX:83, XXI:151, XXVI A:74
brott, á brott, á brottu, í brott, á brutt adv. away III:38, 94, 117,
IV:17, 70, V:110, 141, 163, VI:354, VII A:106, 117, 152, 158, XI:42,
XV:110, XVI:84, XIX:70, XXI:105, 142, XXVI B:204, 217; off
XIX:100; fara í brott leave IV:52
brú (pl. br‡r) f. bridge Gr 3.1.7.2 ex. 4, 3.1.8 ex.
brú›fé (gen. brú›fjár) n. ‘bride-fee’, bridal gift IX:115, 128
brú›kaup n. (= brullaup) wedding XV:14
brú›r f. bride IX:46, 99, 100, wife X:96, 153; acc. sg. brú›i (Gr
3.1.8 (17)) IX:120
brug›it, brug›izk, brug›u see breg›abrullaup n. wedding IV:110 (with suffixed def. art.), VI:7, XV:78
brullaupsstefna f. date for a wedding IV:102
brún (pl. br‡nn) f. eyebrow XXIII:18, gen. pl. XXIII:22, with suffixed
def. art. XXIII:21
brúnáss m. roof beam (longitudinal beam along the middle of thesloping roof lying on the tops of one of the two lines of pillars)
XXVI A:25
bruni m. burning, fire XIII:42
brunnit, brunnu see brenna2
brúnn adj. brown (dat. with beru) X:53; n. as substantive nƒkkut
brúnu brownish colour XXIII:109
brúnvƒlr adj. frowning V:4
Brúsi Sigur›sson m. XXII:16/3
brutt see brottbrutu see brjóta
bryg›i see breg›aGlossary and Index

33

bryggja f. quay, jetty XVI:128
br‡na (past br‡ndi, pp. br‡ndr) wv. sharpen, hone II:124 (subj.), 125
brynflag› n. giantess or trollwife of the mail-coat, kenning for battleaxe VI:235
Bryngvet f. Ísƒnd’s maidservant or lady-in-waiting XII:48, 84
brynja f. coat of mail (chain-mail) II:61, III:28, 95 (with suffixed def.
art.), X:43, XI:4, 16, 19, 27, XXII:56/2; í brynju in his coat of mailXXV:91
Brynjubítr m. ‘mail-coat biter’, name of a sword III:29, 98
Brynjudalsá f. river flowing into the head of Hvalfjƒr›r XIX:97
brynjurokkr m. mail-gown, coat of mail XXII:20/3 (collective)br‡nn see brún
br‡r see brú
bryti1 m. steward, bailiff, reeve VII A:137, XXVI B:174, with suffixed
def. art. XXVI B:180; as surname III:76
bryti2 see brjóta
brytja (past brytja›i, pp. brytjat) wv. chop XXII:41/1
br‡tr see brjóta
brœ›r, brœ›ra, brœ›rum see bró›irbrœkr f. pl. breeches XV:49, 98
brƒgnum see bragnarbrƒngu see branga
brƒtt see brattr
bú n. farmstead, dwelling (Gr 3.1.8 ex.) II:42, XXVI A:109; establishment XV:12, XVI:9búa (pres. b‡r, past bjó, past pl. bjoggu/bjuggu, pp. búinn, búit/bút)
sv. (Gr 3.6.9.1 (9), 3.6.9.3 and ex. 6) 1. live, dwell XV:2, 35, XIX:95,
101; past II:1, IV:1; er fyrir bjuggu who dwelt there alreadyXXI:154; inhabit, live in IX:70; live together, keep house X:11; b‡ris included XIV:90. 2. prepare XVI:131, XIX:79, XXI:3; fit out VII
A:34, XIV:9, XIX:26; array, station, position VI:163; búa til prepare
for XXVI B:109, get things ready for V:28, fit out for (going to)
XIX:43; búa sik til get ready for I:119; búa um prepare for burial,
lay out VII B:84; búa um okkr/sik arrange us/myself, dispose us/
myself XXVI B:175, 189; búum um let us arrange it I:109; pp.
búinn constructed I:19, fitted out VII A:80, 81 (pl. búnir), ready
IV:7, XXII:8/2; svá búin thus equipped (i.e. without figureheads)
VI:83; lítt til búinn ill-equipped, quite unable XXVI B:160; pl.

34

A New Introduction to Old Norsebúnir, búnar ready, prepared XI:15, 74, XIX:45; finished XII:3;
clothed, attired XVI:95, fitted out XXI:44; pp. n. vel búit wellequipped (Gr 3.9.2) VI:68; var til búit had been prepared XII:7,
was ready XIX:57; er búit vi› there will be a danger, you may expect
XVI:53; bút svá sé it looks as if it is, maybe it is, probably it is
XXVI A:23; svá búit as adv. phrase in these circumstances, without
more ado I:64. 3. -sk form prepare oneself, get ready VI:115, XIX:14;
get ready to leave XVI:126; b‡zk gets ready XXI:140; um búask
protect oneself all round I:15; past pl. bjoggusk/bjuggusk í/á brott
got ready to go, started to leave III:117, XXI:154; bjoggusk ﬂar
fyrir set themselves up there XIX:71; bjoggusk ﬂar um settled
themselves in there, camped there XXI:56
búandakirkjugar›r m. the farmer’s churchyard, the householder’schurchyard XXVII:40
búandi (pl. búendr) m. farmer, freeholder VIII:165, XVI:3
bú› f. booth, a shelter for use during the summer assembly VIII:119,
XV:58; shelter, temporary dwelling (on an expedition) XXI:106, 145bu›kr m. small box (for herbs); see baukr
bu›lúngr m. king XXII:50/2, 64/1
bu›u see bjó›abúfé n. livestock XV:77; farm animals XXI:134
Búfinnar m. pl. ‘farm Finns’, settled (not nomadic) Finns, i.e. Lapps
XXII:30/4
búinn see búa
bukkskinn n. (billy-)goatskin XII:56
búna, búnar, búnir see búa
búna›r m. adornment, attire XII:49
bundinn, bundu see binda
búr n. store-house; with suffixed def. art. III:81, 96, 97, 108
bur›r m. birth VIII:13, 149
Búrizleifr m. king of Vindland (Boleslav I Chrobri, r. 992–1025) VI:3,
7, 18, 24, 46, 47
burr m. son VI:336 (gen. with ævi), IX:4; acc. pl. buri XXV:36; buriﬂá those boys XXV:76
burt, í burt adv. away I:33, 65, 87, 89 (cf. brott); í burtu (gone)away XII:77
búsmali m. cattle, especially milch-cows VII A:111
bústa›r m. dwelling-place Gr 3.1.8 ex.; a site for a home XIX:94

Glossary and Index

35

bút, b‡ see búa
b‡›r see bjó›abygg› f. dwelling, abode; settlement XV:42; bygg› hennar her staying,
her to stay IV:68; sér til bygg›ar as its dwelling XIV:101
byggva/byggja (past bygg›i, pp. bygg›r) wv. settle (on or in) VII
A:169, VIII:17, XIX:47, 53, 98, 101; live in VIII:72; live XII:74;
pp. n. byggt settled VIII:35, inhabited VIII:71 (supine), 158, XXVI
A:102; -sk form byggjask be settled VIII:7, 64
byggvendr m. pl. inhabitants VII A:24b‡r1 see búa
b‡r2 (gen. b‡jar) m. = bœr; town VII B:32, 33; with suffixed def. art.
VII B:49, 52
byr›r f. load II:55, Gr 3.1.7.3–5 ex.1
byrja (past byrja›i, pp. byrjat) wv. 1. begin, set out on XXII:12/1 2.
impers. with dat. be fitting, be proper (til for this, in these circumstances) XXIV:4
byrr m. (fair, favourable, following) wind; adv. acc. lítinn byr with aslight wind VI:26, 122
byskup m. bishop VIII:1, 159, 187, 191, XIV:24; as title VIII:9, 150,
158, 182, 196, XIV:1, 169
byskupligr adj. episcopal XIV:116, 148
byskupsdómr m. bishopric, diocese VIII:163, XIV:170
byskupsstóll m. bishop’s see, bishopric VIII:163
bystr adj. (pp.) bristled; fierce, violent, hostile XXII:45/1; Hárekr
. . . bystr the fierce Hárekr XXII:8/1
b‡zk see búa
bæ›i1 conj. both I:133, III:13, 22, V:112 (understand váru), VII A:50,
155, VIII:2, 11, 69, XII:67, XIII:41, XIV:13, XVI:44, XXI:68,
XXII:21/3, XXIV:50, XXVI B:57, 125; var bæ›i at it was the caseboth that XIV:17
bæ›i2 see bá›irbægja (past bæg›i, pp. bægt) wv. 1. cause to give way. 2. -sk form
ger›isk bægja vi› = bæg›isk vi› did strive against, contend with
VII A:12
bæri see bera1bœgi see bógrbœjarbruni m. farm-burning, burning of a farm XXVI B:106bœkr see bók

36

A New Introduction to Old Norsebœn f. prayer XIV:62, 121, XXIV:16, 17, 27; fyrir bœn ﬂeira at theirentreaty XXVI B:145
bœnahald n. (saying of) prayers, praying XIV:162
bœndr see bóndibœr (gen. bœjar) m. farmstead VII A:129, XV:134, XXVI A:8, with
suffixed def. art. XXVI A:9, B:44; (in Norway) town VII B:34, with
suffixed def. art. VII B:78; settlement, city XXV:61; cf. b‡r2bœta (past bœtti, pp. bœtt) wv. repair; pres. ek bœti I shall mend
X:126bœtr f. pl. atonement, compensation I:60, IV:70 (gen. pl.)bƒ› f. battle VI:260, 311
bƒ›frœkn adj. bold in battle XXV:99
Bƒ›varr bjarki (Bjarnarson) m. I:1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 13, 20, 22, 25,
32, 35, 36, 38, 41, 42, 57, 59, 61, 63, 68, 71, 73, 79, 87, 88, 89, 91,
94, 95, 99, 100, 102, 104, 108, 123, 139, 143, 149bƒ›vaz (past bƒ›va›iz) wv. -sk form become eager for battle, become
belligerent XXV:71
Bƒ›vildr (dat. and acc. Bƒ›vildi) f. daughter of Ní›u›r X:3, 78, 82,
96, 121, 122, 137, 165, 166, 176, 178
bƒl n. misfortune, affliction XXV:3; evil, harm XXV:94
bƒll see ballrbƒllóttr adj. ball-shaped, round like a ball XXIII:9bƒlva (past bƒlva›i, pp. bƒlvat) wv. curse 3.6.9.2 (6)bƒlvan f. curse, cursing III:37
Bƒlverkr m. ‘mischief-causer’, assumed name of Ó›inn II:133, 136,
137, 140, 141, 145, 148, 150
bƒnd n. pl. bonds, a term for the heathen gods; bergsalar bƒnd is akenning for giants, but here seems to refer to landvættir VII A:143bƒr›usk see berjabƒrn see barnbƒrr m. conifer, tree, in kenning for warrior (King Óláfr), dá›ƒflganbƒr dolga fangs (acc. in acc. and inf. construction after mennkvá›u; Gr 3.9.4) VI:176
Credo in Deum (Latin) ‘I believe in God’, the Creed XIV:65, 69, 70
dá› f. deed; ability to fight XXII:48/4 (pl.); manliness, courage, valour
XXII:9/4 (pl.), 41/3, XXV:21
dá›ƒflugr adj. mighty in deeds (with bƒr) VI:176
dagan f. dawn III:120 (í dagan just dawning)Glossary and Index37

dagleygr m. day’s flame or fire, i.e. the sun V:22 (gen. with hilmis)
dagr (dat. sg. degi) m. day Gr 3.1.7.2, XIV:80, XXI:49, XXV:19;
acc. of time einn dag, einnhvern dag one day II:50, IV:6, VII B:51,
XV:47, XVI:128; hvern dag every day XI:71, XIV:61; ﬂann dag
that day V:126; allan daginn all day XIV:66, the whole day XXVI
B:4; ﬂann dag allan all that day VI:286, VIII:121; ﬂenna dag on
this day, today VI:90; annan dag eptir the next day VIII:111; annars
dags tomorrow X:106; nƒkkura daga a few days VII B:49; dat. sg.
degi (Gr 3.1.7.2) VIII:197; á hverjum degi every day XIV:70; um
daginn during the whole day IV:47; í dag today V:10, 122, 134,
XIV:12, XV:87; in pl. time VIII:7; á várum dƒgum in our time XIV:168
Dagr Hringsson m. XXII:54/1
dáligr adj. miserable XXII:6/3
Dálkr of Húsafell m. enemy of Bjƒrn Hítdœlakappi V:87, 113, 117,
159; dat. with part of the body V:116
dalr m. valley (Gr 3.1.7.1) II:18, IV:49, V:2; hollow XXVI B:42; dat.
sg. with suffixed def. art. IV:52, VII A:151
Dalsfjƒr›r m. fjord in western Norway XIX:4
Danaherr m. army of Danes VI:119
Danakonungr m. king of the Danes VI:1, 21, 30, 34, 39, 107, 183,
VII A:125, 126, 132, 134, 170, VIII:146
Danir m. pl. Danes, the Danes VI:94, 209, VII A:136; dat. pl. Danum
VI:96, 222Danmƒrk f. Denmark VI:45, VII A:136, VIII:128, 189, XVI:92; gen.
Danmarkar VI:12, 25, Danmerkr VII A:169, XVI:13, 30, 42, 157
danskr adj. Danish VI:245; á danska tungu in the area where theDanish language (i.e. Old Norse) is spoken, in Scandinavia VI:317
dapr adj. sad XXII:56/3
dapreyg›r adj. dim-sighted V:31
darr (pl. dƒrr) n. spear XXII 41/4, 54/2, 56/4
datt see detta
dátt adj. n. in phrase gera sér dátt vi› become friends with, makefriends with IV:4, XV:18
dau›adagr m. the day of one’s death; til dau›adags until their dying
day VI:304, until his dying day VI:324
dau›i m. death III:31, VI:364, XXII:6/3, 39/4, 53/2, XXIV:39, XXVI
B:75
dau›r adj. dead III:77, V:96, VI:327 (acc. with hungrdœyfi, parallel

38

A New Introduction to Old Norseto e›a ﬂó kvikvan), VIII:61, XIX:74, XXI:139, XXII:48/3, XXVI
A:19, 104, B:92,133; saztu yfir dau›um you sat over him dead
XXV:26; sízt mína sonu dau›a since my sons died X:144; (vann)tvá dau›a caused two (men) to be dead, i.e. killed them XXVI A:100;
n. dautt I:98, 100, 139
daufr adj. deaf; pl. daufir deaf people XXI:57/3
degi see dagrdeila (past deildi, pp. deilt) wv. dispute, quarrel XIV:160
detta (past datt, past pl. duttu, pp. dottinn) sv. (Gr 3.6.5.2) drop, fall I:98,
XXVI B:194
dey›a (past deyddi, pp. deyddr) wv. kill; dey›a sik mortify oneself
XIV:122
deyja (past dó, past pl. dó, pp. dáinn) sv. die (Gr 3.6.9.1 (8), 3.6.9.3)
II:79, IV:66, VII A:20, XVI:52 (fyrir ﬂér on you), XXI:179,
XXII:54/4, XXV:39, 108, XXVI B:173
digr adj. stout VIII:31
dirf› f. boldness (til for, to) VII B:26
dís f. lady; goddess, valkyrie or norn (perhaps a guardian spirit?) V:20
(subject of bendir, though pl.; cf. I:27, note; Gr 3.9.8.2), XXV:100
djákni m. deacon III:118
djarfr adj. bold I:30, XXIII:27, 75; acc. sg. m. djarfan a bold person
XXIII:91
Djúpárbakki m. farm in southern Iceland, east of Sí›a XXVI B:143
Djúpdœlir m. pl. people of Djúpidalr in northern Iceland VIII:37
djúpr adj. deep; á djúpum sæ on the open sea VI:316
djƒfull m. devil Gr 3.1.7.3–5 ex. 1; cf. 3.1.7.4 (1)dó see deyja
dolgstœrandi m. (pres. part.) ‘hostility increaser’, warrior (here King
Haraldr; dat. with hugnar) VII B:17
dólg/dolg n. hostility; battle (gen. pl.) VI:175; gen. sg. with runna VI:242
dólgr/dolgr m. enemy; Frísa dolgr = Earl Eiríkr VI:201
dómandi m. judge (Gr 3.1.7.2 (7)); pl. dómendr II:8
dómr m. judgment; sentence XXII:36/4; decision; me› leyndum Gu›sdómi, at leyndum dómi Gu›s by the inscrutable decree of God
XIII:13, XIV:11; relic(s) (of a saint) XXII:62/1
dómsuppsƒguváttr m. witness of the announcement of judgment
XXVII:42
dóttir (pl. dœtr) f. daughter (Gr 3.1.7.2 (7), 3.1.8 (22)) II:61, 116,
VI:23, 38, 47, VII B:6, VIII:11, IX:88, X:2, 8, 58, 74, 78, XV:4

Glossary and Index

39

dóttursonr m. grandson (daughter’s son) VIII:49
Drafdittr m. Irish slave XIX:37 (Drafdrittr in other manuscripts;
perhaps from draf n. refuse, drittr m. dirt)
draga (pres. dregr, past dró, past pl. drógu, pp. dreginn) sv. (Gr
3.6.9.1 (4), 3.6.9.3) 1. draw XVI:146, XXI:176, XXV:53, pull
XIX:64, i.e. row VI:120; draga fram bring out II:143, bring forward,
propose VII B:14; draga (sver›) draw or wield? XXII:40/2; 1st
person pl. pres. dragum upp let us hoist VI:166; draga á tálar
entrap, betray VI:145; impers. make, cause (by pulling) II:53; ef oss
dregr undan if we escape, get away XXVI B:67; lítt dró enn undanvi› ﬂik there was no escaping you XXVI B:94; pp. acc. pl. m. dregna
threaded, drawn X:47. 2. wear X:23
drakk see drekka
drap, drápu see drepa
dráp n. slaying, killing VI:42, VIII:60, 149
draumr m. dream V:13, 23; acc. pl. with suffixed def. art. V:7
dregna see draga
dreifask (past dreif›isk) wv. -sk form scatter; spread out XIX:68
dreingr see drengr
drekahafu› n. dragon’s head (as figurehead) VI:99; pl. ok á
drekahafu› and on it dragon’s heads VI:110
dreki m. dragon VII A:151; dragon-ship, large warship usually with adragon’s head on the prow and/or stern VI:78
drekka1 (past drakk, past pl. drukku, pp. drukkinn) sv. drink I:101,
103, II:99, 151, 152, IX:97, 101, XI:59, XII:71; imp. drekk XVI:159;
inf. with skyldi II:4; pp. (impers. pass., var understood) II:13 (‘there
was much drinking’; Gr 3.9.3)
drekka2 f. drink II:117
drengiliga adv. manfully III:130, VI:303, Gr 3.5.1–3 ex. 6 (b)drengiligr adj. valiant VI:254, 315
drengr/dreingr m. (valiant) man, manly man I:133, XI:4; (i.e. thepoet, Bjƒrn) V:18; (i.e. ﬁorfinnr ﬁvarason) V:59; gó›r drengr a finefellow XIX:77; ﬂeir drengir . . . at such valiant men that VI:81; inpl. warriors, nom. pl. dre(i)ngir VI:239 (subject of slitu), XXII:56/3,
acc. pl. dre(i)ngi VI:175, 280 (acc. with hét á), XXII:54/1; gen. pl.
drengja V:55, VI:157, 266 (gen. with vanr)
drengskapr m. nobility XI:51
drepa (past drap, past pl. drápu, pp. drepinn/drepit) sv. (Gr 3.6.5.2)
1. strike IX:125, 127; drepa á touch, stroke XXV:70; with dat. drepa

40

A New Introduction to Old Norsefótum í stumble against III:64. 2. kill I:46, 47, 51, 142, II:59, 96,
VII A:57, VIII:12, 86, XVI:73, XIX:21, 34, 65, 84, 86, XXI:158,
XXVI A:11, 92; slaughter XXI:134; hef›i drepit had killed it
XIX:66; imp. with suffixed pron. dreptu I:125. 3. -sk form pp. inreciprocal sense (Gr 3.6.5.3) hƒf›u drepizk had killed each other II:132
dreyma (past dreym›i, pp. dreym›r) wv. dream V:8; impers. withacc. of dreamer and of what is dreamed hvat dreym›i ﬂik? what
did you dream? V:12; pp. V:25
dreyri m. blood XXII:16/4, XXV:25; clotted blood XXI:157
drífa (past dreif, past pl. drifu, pp. drifinn) sv. drift I:28, be driven,
surge, throng VII B:42, XIX:23 (Gr 3.9.8.2), XXI:73; hurry X:100;
rush XXII:33/1
drjúgari adj. comp. more lasting, i.e. more successful; ver›a drjúgari
en do better than, get the better of XXI:78
dró, drógu see draga
dropi m. drop II:140; pl. flecks? XXIII:30
drós f. lady X:20
drótt f. troop, following of a king or earl VI:362 (gen. with stjóri);men VI:155, 247 (subject of vann)dróttinn m. lord VI:363 (acc. in acc. and inf. construction; verb to beunderstood), IX:19, 41, X:41, 66, 142; the Lord, = God, dat. dróttni,
Dróttni XXII:2/2, 63/1; Dróttinn the Lord (Jesus) XIII:3, XIV:52,
XIX:49; Dróttinn várr XIII:30; Dróttinn minn God XXIV:18
dróttinssvikari m. traitor, one who betrays his lord XXII:6/4
dróttinvandr adj. loyal to their lord (refers to herr) VII B:18
dróttning f. queen (Gr 3.2.7.4 (3)) VII A:73, XII:24; the queen X:80;
as title XI:1, 2, XII:22
drukkinn adj. (pp.) drunk XVI:100
drukkna (past drukkna›i, pp. drukknat) wv. drown (intransitive)
XV:151
dr‡gja (past dr‡g›i, pp. dr‡gt) wv. carry out, engage in; suffer? X:18,
30
drykkja f. drink, drinking, feasting, banquet II:6, 14, XVI:96
drykkjuma›r m. drinker XXIII:28
drykkr m. drink, draught I:37, II:134, 152, 162, 163, VI:9, XII:51, XIV:68
drœyri = dreyri m. blood VI:231
Dufﬂakr m. Irish slave XIX:36, 65 (Irish Dubthach)Dufﬂaksskor f. overgrown sloping ledge in a cliff on Vestmannaeyjar
XIX:85Glossary and Index

41

duga (past dug›i, pp. dugat) wv. be of use, be valiant I:117; be helpful
XXVI A:57; duga ekki be useless V:127; with dat. dugir illa does
not benefit, does no good for VII B:13
dugr m. valour, effectiveness I:124
dúkr m. cloth XIII:31, 37
dun›i see dynja
dura, durum, durunum see dyrr
duttu see detta
dvelja (past dval›i, past pl. dvƒl›u, pp. dvalinn) wv. 1. delay (imp.)
VII A:114. 2. -sk form refl. stay I:64 (understand munu vit), VII
A:67, 107, B:49, XXI:104; wait XXVI B:43; pp. dvalizk XVI:88
dvergr m. dwarf II:95, 102, XII:42; pl. with suffixed def. art. II:99
Dyflinn f. Dublin VII A:74
dyg› f. virtue XIII:22; valour; faithfulness, fidelity XXII:41/3
dyggr adj. trustworthy, faithful XXIII:30
d‡ja (past dú›i) wv. (transitive) shake (up and down) IX:3
dynja (past dun›i) wv. roar, boom, whirr IX:16
dynr m. noise; in kenning for battle, dynr hjalma VI:206dynsæ›ingr m. ‘noise-seagull’; in the kenning Heita d‡rbliks dynsæ›ingar ‘seagulls of the noise of the gleam of Heiti’s beast’;seagulls of battle means carrion birds, eagles or ravens VI:327 (gen.
pl. with hungrdœyfi; a six-element kenning!)d‡pri adj. comp. deeper (cf. djúpr) Gr 3.3.8.2
d‡r n. (wild) animal, beast I:74, 80, 81, XVI:13; pl. game X:4, XXI:27,
94, 159; dat. of comparison d‡rum than wild animals XXI:40; with
suffixed def. art. I:84, 90, 91, 94, 97, 98, 100, 101, 109, 112, 116,
119, 121, 125, 131, 138, 139, 142, XVI:14, 161; d‡rit eitthvert abeast of a kind XVI:21; d‡rin wild animals; in kenning for ship,ægis d‡r V:39, Heita d‡r- VI:328d‡ramergr m. animal marrow XXI:157d‡rblik n. ‘beast-gleam’; Heita d‡r, beast of the sea-king, is a kenningfor ship; the gleam of the ship is a shield, since shining shields were
fastened along the sides of viking ships VI:328 (gen. with dynsæ›inga; the noise, dynr, of the shield is battle)d‡r› f. glory XIV:190; ﬂat er ﬂá væri meiri Gu›s d‡r› en á›r suchthat then (i.e. with it) would be to the greater glory of God than
before (without it) XIV:14
dyr›ill m. ‘short tail’; as a nickname perhaps means ‘dandy’ VI:165d‡r›ligr a. glorious XIV:44

42

A New Introduction to Old Norsed‡rka (past d‡rka›i, pp. d‡rkat) wv. glorify; ok d‡rki ﬂeir and (that)they may glorify XIV:56d‡rligr adj. splendid XI:4; sup. most splendid XI:59
dyrr f. or n. pl. door(way) (Gr 3.1.7.2) IV:13; with suffixed def. art.
II:109, III:15, 53, VII B:70, XXVI B:82, 84; gen. pl. dyra IV:9,
XXII B:127, with suffixed def. art. dyranna (= of the doorway)
XII:58; dat. pl. durum XV:103, dyrum XXVI B:121, 155, -dyrum
IV:10, XIV:25, with suffixed def. art. durunum III:40, 51, dyrunum
XXVI B:107d‡rr adj. precious II:114 (Gr 3.3.5), X:20, splendid VII A:21 (gen.
pl.), B:17, XXII:19/2, textual note; high XXII:2/1; worthy, noble,
glorious XXII:53/2, 60/4; expensive XV:17; dear (?) VI:362 (withstjóri); n. pl. as substantive precious objects, treasures X:100; sup.
d‡rastr most precious or expensive XII:15, 26
d‡rshjarta n. with suffixed def. art. the animal’s heart I:103dœgr n. day (12 hours); pl. i.e. lucky and unlucky days? XIV:80; innæstu dœgr á›r during the preceding 24 hours XXVII:33; tvaudœgr for 24 hours, but in this text it is likely that dœgr has become
just an alternative to dagr, so that tvau dœgr would mean two days(of 24 hours) XXI:21, 26, 30, ﬂrjú dœgr three days XXI:44, 66, áhinu fjór›a dœgri on the fourth day XXI:66
dœma (past dœm›i, pp. dœm›r) wv. converse X:146; judge, adjudge, impose by judgment XXVII:39 (1); skal dœma (impers.) shall be fixed,
enjoined by judgment XXVII:39 (2); er fé lætr dœma who has money
awarded him by judgment XXVII:41;dœmi n. example XIV:121, XXV:102; eptir hans dœmum following
his example XIX:106; vita dœmi til know examples of it or precedents for it XIX:110dœtr see dóttir
dƒglíng(r) m.king XXII:2/1
dƒgum see dagrdƒrr see darr
døkkjarpr adj. dark chestnut, dark brown XXIII:7
døkkna (past døkkna›i, pp. døkknat) wv. be darkened XIII:18
døkkr adj. dark Gr 3.3.8.5 (5)Eadmundr m. St Edmund (841–69), martyr, king of the East Angles
VIII:12, 60, 149e›a, e›r conj. or (Gr 3.8.1) I:124, II:1, 47, 83, 131, III:110, VI:40,

Glossary and Index

43

320, 328, 354, VII A:46, B:8, 33, VIII:3, XII:28, XIII:37, XIV:58,
XV:10, 65, XVI:129, 167, XXI:118, XXIII:85, XXIV:46, 76, XXVI
A:84, 110, XXVII:11, 33; and VIII:33, X:155; e›a . . . ella orotherwise, or else XIX:11; linking a question to a statement (Gr
3.8.1) II:75, V:11, XXVI B:109; linking two parts of a question (Gr3.8.1) I:10, VII A:90, XII:78, XVI:33, XXVI B:130e›la f. adder VII A:152e›li n. nature XIV:118, XXIII:1
ef conj. if (Gr 3.8.2.4) I:34, 137, II:48, 107, 108, III:33, IV:22, 51, V:45,
VI:14, 82 (or whether?), 86, 147, VII B:82, VIII:124, 142, IX:52, 67,
117, XIV:170, XV:17, 52, XVI:25, XIX:67, 78, XXI:40, 134, XXIII:7,
18, 57, XXV:74, XXVI A:45, 53, B:23, 48, XXVII:4, 7, 13, 28, 32;
ef . . . ok . . . ﬂá XXVII:8 (see ok and note 4); if (as a result) IX:12;
whether VII A:120, XV:113; to see if II:142, X:40, in case XXVI B:87
efna (past efna›i, pp. efnat) wv. perform, fulfil XVI:156
efni n. state VIII:124; material(s) XII:7; reason XXIV:61; koma til
efnis come to pass, come about XIII:33; mjƒk í annat efni onto avery different course, into a very different direction XIV:48
efri adj. comp. upper XII:29, hin efri the upper one XXIII:57; topmost
XII:31
efst adv. highest XXI:93
egg1 f. edge X:151, XXII:48/2, XXV:54; pl. eggjar i.e. weapons,swords V:150, (neither) sharp weapons XXV:93
egg2 n. egg XXI:55 (with suffixed def. art.)
eggja (past eggja›i, pp. eggjat) wv. (Gr 3.6.9.2 (6)) incite, urge I:95,
IV:5, VI:273, VII B:71, 79, XXII:36/1, XXVI B:139
eggmó›r adj. wearied by edges (swords), i.e. slain by swords XXV:107(with val)
eggver n. sea-birds’ breeding ground, sea-birds’ eggs XXI:84
Egill m. brother of Vƒlundr X:4, 10, 12, 21, 32, 34
ei adv. not XI:11, XXII:15/1, 40/3, XXIV:12, 41
Ei› n. isthmus, neck of land in Vestmannaeyjar XIX:82
ei›r m. oath X:149
Ei›r (of Hur›arbak) m. father of ﬁór›r and ﬁorvaldr V:87, 93
eiga1 (pres. á, pres. pl. eigu, past átti, pp. átt) pret.-pres. vb. have,own (Gr 3.6.7) II:49, 135, III:32, IV:2, 107, V:30, 58, 59, VI:30, 41,
67, 80, 90, VII A:112, 123, 135, VIII:48, IX:91, X:2, 48, 71, 155,
XVI:9, 21, 151, XIX:26, 64, XXVII:14, 35; possess XI:24, XV:9

44

A New Introduction to Old Norse(after skyldi), 132; XVI:52, 65; ok á and owned it (Gr 3.9.5.1)
XVI:17; en . . . áttu and it belonged to XXI:119; saman eiga share
XXVI B:188; hann á he receives, there are due to him XXVII:38;
áttu do you have XVI:20; hold (a meeting) II:44, VII B:51, VIII:42,
XXVII:33; hold, engage in VII A:5, 45; marry VI:8, VII A:78, 88,
XIX:10; be married to VI:24, 31, 38, 48 (pp. acc. f. sg. átta), VII
B:5, 6, X:154, XV:34, er hann haf›i á›r átta to whom he had
previously been married XIV:128; 3rd pl. hverir eigu to whom
belong VI:190; pres. subj. eigi lengra til are further off from V:82,
at hon eigi that she may have XV:55, ﬂó at nau›syn eigi til though
they have urgent business requiring it XVI:34, eigim XV:23; pastátti had owned X:80, was married to XIX:107; átti sér son had a
son XXVI A:113; slíkt sem hon átti what she had to (do) XV:118;átti skammt til was a short distance away from V:86; eigu skammt
hingat are not far off, will not be long in coming V:65; reciprocal
past pl. áttusk ﬂeir vi› had with each other, exchanged, shared (Gr
3.6.5.3, 3.9.8.3; cf. I:15, note) II:13, wrestled with each other, fought
I:104; past subj. ætta, ætti had VIII:67, XVI:183, owned VII A:118,
XV:11, should have (possess) XV:16; past subj. impers. ætti ought
IV:97; supine átt been concerned in, been involved in II:15; eiga(at) with inf. have to, need to V:42, 115, VI:36, have the duty to (of)
VIII:168, XIII:7, XXII:1/2; á at has to XXIV:64, XXVII:27, should(be) XV:61, is to be XXVII:18; eigu at are to, shall (be) XXVII:17,
must, may XXVII:50; átt/átti at ought to VI:19, XV:89
eiga2 f. possession VII A:107, VIII:19; alla eigu sína everything hepossessed XVI:11, cf. XVI:25
eigandi (pl. eigendr) m. pres. part. (3.1.7.2 ex. 4, 3.1.8 (10)) (its)owner V:95
eigi1 neg. adv. not I:15, 36, 37, 66, 85, 93, 102, 107, 147, II:23, 24, 37,
58, 68, 91, III:10, 68, 88, IV:16, V:14, 62, VI:5, 129, 184, 325, 357,
VII A:44 (at hann væri eigi of his being), VIII:22, 28, 57, 90, 110,167, X:12, 69, XI:26, XII:39, XIII:17, XV:4, XVI:23, 33, XIX:37,
78, XXI:64, 74, XXIII:26, 36, XXIV:2, 47, XXVI A:7, 27, B:8, 50,
XXVII:13, 32, 41; not then XXVII:20; no XVI:28; eigi meira no
more VII A:37; eigi minna no fewer VI:222; eigi at sí›r none theless VI:212; nema eigi except not, but not VI:224
eigi2 see eiga
eiginkona f. wife VI:16 (sér to himself)Glossary and Index

45

eign f. property XIV:127, 134; possession XIX:25; gen. pl. VI:1, 2;
alla eign all he possessed XVI:71
eigna (past eigna›i, pp. eignat) wv. assign; inf. e›a eigna or assigning
XIV:80; -sk form eignask gain possession of, get VI:22, 148, 302
eik f. oak II:22 (with suffixed def. art.)
eilífr adj. eternal XIII:8, 45
Eilífr ¯nundarson m. enemy of Gunnarr XXVI A:49
Eina(r) Gilsson m. fourteenth-century Icelandic poet XXII:heading
Einarr ﬂambarskelfir (Eindri›ason) m. 11th-century Norwegianchieftain VI:301 (see note), VII B:1, 2 (see note), 3, 4, 9, 10, 23, 24,
25, 29, 30, 32, 35, 38 (acc. with sék ganga), 47, 49, 50, 53, 55, 61,
64, 77, 78, 84, 86
Einarr ﬁorgrímsson m. one of the incendiaries at Flugum‡rr, later
killed on his own farm by Óláfr gestr III:55, 59, 119
einart adv. incessantly, without stopping or immediately, boldly?
XXII:40/2
eindagi m. settlement day; dœma eindaga á ﬂeim fix as settlement
day for them (to be paid) XXVII:39
Eindri›i m. son of Einarr ﬂambarskelfir and Bergljót VII B:6, 7, 50,
62, 64, 68, 82, 84
einfalda (past einfalda›i, pp. einfaldat) wv. use in the singular, use asingular form in XXIV:6 (subj.), 56; -sk form skal einfaldaz should
be used in the singular XXIV:51
einfaldr adj. single, simple XXIV:46, 53; singular XXIV:41, 58
einfœtingaland n. the land of the unipeds XXI:191
einfœtingr m. uniped (a mythical kind of man with only one verylarge foot) XXI:174, 175, 179, 185 (object of eltu)einfœttr adj. (pp.) one-legged, on one leg XII:54
eingadóttir f. only daughter X:167
eingi = engi
einhverju, einhverjum see einnhverreinmæli n. private discussion II:96
einn (n. eitt) num. pron. adj. one (Gr 3.4.1) I:47 (one of), II:50, 64,
81, 97, 134, VI:49, VIII:82, 164, X:2, 50 (sc. ring), 57 (sc. ring),
182, XIV:172, XV:20, XVI:128, XXI:166, 172, 182, XXIV:34, 36,
XXVI B:224, XXVII:19; a single, any I:79, V:38, VII A:98; thesame IV:41, VII A:118, VIII:125, 134, XV:9, XXI:192, XXVII:7; acertain I:74, II:1, 90, III:77, IV:13, 49, 55, VI:10, 11, 28, 58, 61,

46

A New Introduction to Old Norse

165, VII A:70, 73, 75, 111, B:52, X:86, XIV:155, XVI:11, 130,
XXI:53, 67, 159, 181, XXVI B:229; as indefinite art. a XI:2, XII:10,
16, 17, 27, 41, 79, XIII:1, 15, 19, XXVI A:25, B:179, 219; a single(‘this one ox’) II:18, XIX:64; one person III:92, IX:95?; einn inn
bezta klerk one of the best scholars XIV:27; only XV:86; alone,
only VI:119, IX:92 (gen. sg. f. einnar), X:89, XV:8 (1), XXIV:80,
sjá einn that alone XVI:125; alone, on one’s own I:142, II:51,
VI:158, IX:24, 95 (or acc. one with oxa), X:36, XV:8 (2), 74, XXVI
A:2, 9; to oneself II:136; with gen. pl. the only one (left) V:27; einnhei›inna manna alone of (among) heathen men XIX:109; eitt oneof them (of the ships) VI:98, 110; ﬂat eitt that alone XV:80; ﬂateina only that, that alone XXI:146 (‘that must have been the only
troop’); hálft eitt only half XVI:65; ein(n) ﬂeira one of them X:21,
XXI:149; sú var ein (sƒk) that was one (cause of resentment) VI:30;
af vi›i einum entirely of wood XXVI A:24; mér einum me (whenI am) on my own IV:44; ﬂér einum to you alone X:124; firi sér
einum . . . ok for himself alone and for, just for himself and XXIV:63;
ne einn = neinn no, not any XIV:93; einn fyrir (only) one to face,
only one against them XXVI B:60; einn/einir saman on his own
XXVI A:50, on their own XXIV:78; eitt saman alone, only XXIII:80;
einir tveir just the two of you X:106; only VII A:129; alone, only,
nothing but I:31, III:22, 29, 102, V:124, VII A:141; eitt rá› the only
thing to do III:122, V:75 (okkr for us); él eitt only a passing storm
XXVI B:123; gull eitt nothing but gold, pure gold VI:111; vax eittnothing but wax (i.e. a pliable person, weakling) VII A: 141; n. eittas substantive one thing, the same thing (i.e. the same fate) III:26,
XXVI B:164; allt eitt all the same V:106, XIV:117; dat. sg. n. einu
one XXV:49; ok einu and one with sjau tigum VI:50; ﬂví at einu
only then XIV:141; nom. pl. einir ér only you XXV:15; tveir einir
only two, just two XXV:81; einar only, nothing but XXI:168; gen.
pl. einna manna of anyone, of all the men V:104; allra nema einna
all except only? all except a few? X:133; einna mestir greatest of
all I:78; gen. sg. n. as adv. eigi at eins . . . heldr ok not only . . . but
also XIV:190, nema ﬂví at eins at except only if XXIV:70; dat. sg.
n. as adv. einu only VII B:87; gen. pl. as intensive adv. einna (= byfar) miklugi gørr very much more extensively XXVII:32
einnhverr (n. eitthvert) pron. (Gr 3.2.3) a certain, one IV:6; someone
XXVI A:27; einnhverr y›var any of you XXI:135; einnhverr

Glossary and Index

47

annarra anyone else, other people XXIV:63; einnhverr hagastr
one of the most skilful XIV:16; d‡rit eitthvert a beast of a kind
XVI:21; dat. sg. m. einhverjum some I:5, a certain, one I:69;
einhverju sinni one time, sometime (the phrase belongs in thefollowing at-clause) XVI:115
einsetukona f. anchoress XIV:129
einsetuma›r m. hermit VII A:48 (with suffixed def. art.), VII A:58, 64
einskipa adj. with one ship Gr 3.3.8.5 (6)einskis see ekki2
einstœ›r adj. standing alone, lonely XXV:16
Eir f. name of a goddess or a valkyrie; dat. with at (for, in search of)
ﬂeiri Eir hárgeirs, kenning for woman (= Steinger›r; cf. SnE, Skáldskaparmál ch. 31) IV:32; in kenning for valkyrie vápn-Eir V:49
Eiríkr Hákonarson (Hákonarsunr) m. earl in Norway (died c.1024)
VI:40, 65, 71, 79, 88, 94, 102, 117, 127, 146, 163, 192, 215, 217,
221, 227, 269, 275, 285, 302
Eiríkr (enn) rau›i (ﬁorvaldsson) m. Eiríkr the Red VIII:64 (complement), 74, XXI:7, 8, 10, 14, 41, 174, 208
Eiríkr (Bjarnarson) m. king of the Swedes, father of Óláfr enn sœnski
VIII:147
Eiríksfjƒr›r m. a fjord in south-west Greenland (Tunulliarfik) VIII:66
eirvƒndr m. copper wand or rod XII:29
eiskra (past eiskra›i, pp. eiskrat) wv. howl or roar with rage XXV:41
Eitill m. son of Atli and Gu›rún XXV:29
eitr n. poison VII A:152
eitt see einn
eitthvert see einnhverr
ek1 pron. first person I (Gr 3.2.1) I:9, 11, 15, 16, 19, 53, 54, 56, 59, 63,
66, 79, 83, 85, 105, 107, 121, 127, 128, 131, 144, 147, VI:344, 357,
360, VIII:1, 101, IX:6, 14, 27, 40, 52, 67, 79, 91, 100, X:70, 126,
XI:7, XVI:23, XXI:78, 134, XXII:15/1, XXIV:11, 81, XXV:16, 74,
XXVI A:35, B:23; referring to writer XIV:171, 172 or poet XXII:4/2,
27/2, 44/2, 55/2, 65/2, 3; duplicating suffixed -k IX:12, X:93, 183,
184, XVI:69; duplicating suffixed -k and with suffixed neg. -a or -at
VI:138, 246, IX:100, X:95, 97, 124; see -k
ek2 see aka
ekkert neg. pron. adj. n. no I:18
ekki1 neg. adv. not I:18, 22, 33, 55, 63, 66, 68, 77, 78, 79, 105, 107,

48

A New Introduction to Old Norse

128, 132, 141, II:6, 20, 21, 159, III:67, IV:68, 75, 110, V:13, 77, 89,
VI:170, 188, 288 (2), VII A:41, 114, 164, XI:16, 68, XIII:17, XV:7,
12, 42, XVI:137, 167, XXI:70, 121, XXII:44/3, 55/3 (or ekki2?),
XXIV:46 (? or ekki2), 85, XXV:102, XXVI B:4, 31, 59, 62, 75,
228; sumir ekki others (that there was) not III:111
ekki2 neg. pron. n. nothing (Gr 3.2.4) III:124, VI:288 (1),VII A:163,
B:73, 39, XI:39, XII:66, XIV:14, XV:78, XVI:47, XXI:60, 95,
XXIV:9, XXV:64, XXVI A:38, 42, B:79, 97; no, not a, not any I:81,
VI:112, VIII:121, XI:36, XV:21, XXII:55/3 (or ekki1), XXIV:46 (?
see ekki1), XXV:109; ﬂat ekki hús no single building XIV:157; ekkimeira skip no greater ship VI:118; none (no men) VI:222; ekkid‡rsins none of the bear, no bear at all XVI:54; ekki nema nothing
but XIV:162; gen. einskis nothing XXI:58; einskis annars nothingelse XXI:129; enskis over no part (af of) II:135; enskis metask bevalued at nothing, be deemed worthless XXVII:17; with partitivegen. (Gr 3.4.2.(5)) ekki fleira nothing else II:64, VII A:42. Cf. engi
ekkja f. widow XIV:111
él n. storm; él eitt only a passing storm (only one storm?) XXVI B:123;
él stála VI:337 and darra él XXII:41/4 are kennings for battle
eldask (past eldisk) wv. grow old; 1st person pres. eldumk VI:203
eldhús n. kitchen III:88; the main living-room of a medieval house
XIX:96; a large public room with fires in it XV:103
elding f. lightning XIII:4, 13
eldistokkr m. blazing brand (piece of wood) XXVI B:226
eldr m. fire III:47 (with suffixed def. art.), IX:109, XI:15, 18, XIII:8,
15 (with suffixed def. art.), 25, XXV:89, XXVI B:64, 107; bera eld
at bring fire to it III:2; bera (ﬂar) eld í, leggja ﬂar eld í, slá eldi íset fire to (it) II:57, III:3, 4, XXVI B:119
eldsbrunalitr m. colour of burning, scorch mark XIII:37
eldsbruni m. burning of fire XIII:44
eldshiti m. fiery heat XIII:9
eldsligr adj. fiery XXIII:107
ella adv. else, otherwise XIX:11, alternatively XXVI A:12
elli f. old age Gr 3.1.8 ex., XIV:171
ellifu num. eleven (Gr 3.4.1) VI:44
elligar adv. otherwise I:65
ellri adj. comp. elder (Gr 3.3.8.3) IV:2; older XIV:158, 162elska (past elska›i, pp. elska›r) wv. love XIV:105; pp. elska›r loved
Gr 3.3.9 (11), (16)Glossary and Index49

elta (past elti, pp. eltr) wv. chase V:77, XXI:183
elztr adj. sup. oldest Gr 3.3.8.3
em see veraembætti n. office XIV:116
en1 conj. 1. but, and (Gr 3.8.1); I:16, 18, 26, 27, 32, 53, 59, 66, 68, 77,
84, 102, 121, 141, 145, II:3, 17, III:1, IV:2, 43, V:38, 169, VI:3, VII
A:142, VIII:2, 16, IX:63, 76, 107, 130, X:11, 24, XI:15, 68 (1),
XIII:5, XIV:120, XV:5, 24, XVI:36, XIX:2, 9, 12, XXI:14, XXIII:2,
19, XXIV:4, XXV:23, 111, XXVI A:3, 35, 100, B:29, 64, XXVII:3,
8,19; while VI:86, XIV:189; whereas VIII:159. 2. with comp. than
(Gr 3.8.2.4) I:64, 70, 136, III:14, IV:15, V:41, 83, 133, 161, VI:8,
27, 65, 74, 97, 118, 189, 340, VII A:36, 160, B:14, VIII:5, 150, 162,
164, 175, 192, 196, XI:68 (2), XIII:37, XIV:115, XV:32, 123,
XVI:155, XIX:29, XXI:117, 135, 164, XXII:28/2, XXIII:53, 57, 77,
XXIV:9, 13, 29, 69, 84, XXVI A:63, B:33, 173, XXVII:29; thanthat he VII A:37; after annarr/annat/annars XII:11, 60, XIV:48,
XVI:37, XXI:129, than that, but that VIII:91, than if VI:257,(different) from what XXVI B:138
en2 see enn2, inn2
enda1 (past enda›i, pp. endat) wv. impers. with acc. end I:149
enda2 conj. (and) moreover VIII:131, XXVII:50; and also that XIV:18
endask (past endisk) wv. refl. with dat. serve, help, be of use to V:80
endi m. end II:31, 70 (dat. with batt), XII:29 (with suffixed def. art.),
XIII:48, XXVI A:60 (with suffixed def. art.)
endlangr/ennlangr adj. the whole length of IX:107, X:46, 75, 140;me› endlƒngu landi along the whole length of the coast VII A:162
endr adv. again IX:131
engi, enginn, eingi, øngr, aungr neg. pron. no one (Gr 3.2.4) II:93,
100, III:70, V:133, IX:7, XII:9, 63, 79, XIV:111, XXII:23/2, XXVI
A:66, B:85, XXVII:31, none XXVI B:76; acc. sg. m. øngvan I:3;
dat. sg. m. engum V:15; gen. sg. n. engis at nothing XXVI B:70;
dat. sg. n. engu/øngu nothing VII B:63, XXI:69, XXVI A:107, fornothing XXI:152; øngu ƒ›ru to nothing else XVI:36; cf. ekki2; dat.
pl. of comparison øngum ﬂessum than none of these (with lægri)XIV:185; sá kom náliga engi there was almost no one came XIV:96;
engi sá er none such that VII A:93; enginn annarra no one else
I:125; enginn . . . ﬂeir er no one who XII:59; as adj. e(i)ngi/enginn
no XXII:2/3, 64/3, no, not any I:114 (n. pl. with líkindi), 124, VI:75,
XII: 11, XIII:22, XV:11, 15; not a XV:3; engi/enginn ma›r no one

50

A New Introduction to Old Norse

I:111, VI:167, 316, IX:29, X:88, XII:73, XIV:106 (pl.), XV:150;
alls engi snjár no snow at all XXI:108; engi var› (til) there was no(. . . available) VII B:74, 88; acc. sg. m. engan/øngan/øngvan no,
not any 1:54, VI:212, VII B:71, XII:5, XXI:136, XXVI B:162;
øngvan/engan mann no one XXIV:19, XXVI B:37, XXVII:17; acc.
sg. f. øngva I:121, XIX:11, aungva XXII:24/3; gen. sg. n. engis no
XIII:36; dat. sg. m. øngum after neg. any X:109; m. pl. øngvir noneof them XXI:80; acc. pl. m. enga VII A:169; f. pl. engar no, not any
XXI:46, n. pl. engi no XXI:204, XXVI B:6, (after neg.) any of
XXIV:3engill m. angel XIII:12
engisax n. ‘meadow-sword’, ‘meadow-chopper’, i.e. scythe; subjectof hneit vi› IV:21
Englakonungr m. king of the English VIII:12
England n. England VII A:2, 9, 10, 70, 71, 75, 97, 107
Englar m. pl. the English VII A:11
enn1 adv. in addition, further, again II:86, 147, V:47 (i.e. a second),
VI:93, 186, 190, 341, 350, 351, 359, XIV:130, XVI:164, XIX:22,
XXIV:76; still V:77 (2), VI:71, VIII:90, XI:71, XIV:179, XVI:143,
171, XIX:96, XXIV:4, 47, XXVI A:41, B:94, XXV:29; for ever
XXV:34; also V:71, XXVII:2; yet I:18, V:77 (1), VI:67, 72; anyfurther VIII:85; a little longer VI:65; enn fleiri still more V:70, 74;
Hvat er enn fleira? What else was there? XVI:168; enn meira still
more XV:55; enn ﬂá still at that time VIII:119
enn2 (f. en, n. pl. en) def. art. (Gr 3.3.5) the, see inn2
enni n. forehead XII:27, XXIII:51; enni ﬂat er a forehead which
XXIII:13
ennlangr = endlangr
enskis see ekki2
enu see inn2
Epistolarum gen. pl. of Latin epistola f. letter; as title of Ovid’s work
Heroides (Liber Epistolarum Heroidum) XIV:90
epli n. apple; acc. pl. II:36, 39
eptir prep. (Gr 3.7.4) with acc. after (of time) I:28, 98, 104, 110, III:11,
130, IV:35, V:161, VI:298, 323, VII B:57, 86, VIII:13, 60, 169,
XIV:170, XXV:109; eptir ﬂat after this XV:57, 137, XIX:23, 31,
XXVI A:43; eptir ﬂat er as conj. after VI:302; with dat. after I:26,
148, II:48, 149, III:49, VI:167, XXI:137, 180; to fetch V:89, VI:6,

Glossary and Index

51

XV:116, XVI:18; behind III:64, XVI:16; along VII B:75, 80, XXVI
B:219; along, through III:35, V:78, VII A:153; in accordance with
XII:48, XIV:120, XVI:135, XIX:106, XXIII:1; nƒkkvot eptir sem
somewhat in accordance with what XVI:55; eptir ﬂví sem as I:85,
86, IV:110, as much as, to the extent that I:117; (in the likeness) of
XII:47, 61; as adv. back II:70; to the rear XXV:14; after, behind VII
A:111 (see koma), XXVI B:204, 211; about XXIV:8; afterwards(after him?) VI:43; after, following VIII:121, 173, 179, 187, 190;
annan dag eptir the next day VIII:111; et næsta sumar eptir, annat
sumar eptir, um sumarit eptir the following summer VIII:176,
XV:82, XVI:9; eptir um várit, um várit eptir the following spring
XV:124, XIX:14; of vetrinn eptir (for) the following winter XVI:8;vera eptir be left, remain VI:218, stay behind VIII:98, 107, XXI:166,
XXVI A:113; vera ﬂar eptir stay behind there XXI:162; halda eptir
keep VII A:76; ganga eptir be fulfilled VII A:32; lifa eptir survive,
be still alive VI:299
er1 I:26, 36, 53, 81, 90, 94, 125, 133, II:1 (1), 2, 60, VI:105 (1), 340,
VIII:5, 6, 30, IX:23, X:94, XV:73, 88, XVI:32, XXIII:13 (2), 35 (2,3), XXV:7, XXVII:16 (1), 45: see vera
er2 conj. (Gr 3.8.2.1) when, where, that, who, which, etc. I:6, 30, 55,
95, 130, II:1 (2), 3, 4, 8, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23 (ﬂví er), 40, 47, 49, 52, 54(twice), 68, 110, III:3, 23, 27, 45, 77, 109 (while; see note), IV:6, 8,
111, V:3, 29, 32, 42, 86 (while), VI:1, 19, 24, 26, 33, 35, 42, 60(while), 75 (1), 93, 105 (2), 120, 136 (as), 153 (when), 173 (which),
182, 190, 193, 219 (as), 255 (1; when), 270 (when), 293 (who), 315(whereby), 316 (which), 317 (1; that), 317 (2; who), 334 (who), 342(when), VII A:43, 63 (by which), B:87 (so that), VIII:4 (which), 6(which), 9 (whom), 10 (who), IX:1 (when), 7 (which), 103 (who),
124 (when), X:5 (which), 48, 50 (which), 72 (when), 77 (who), 79(which), 87 (which), 103 (when), 104 (which), 116 (which), 123(which), 160 (which), 168 (which), 178 (what), 180 (what), XI:35(which), XII:69 (that), XIV:26, note (who), 107 (which), 180 (who),
183 (who), 185 (who), XV:38 (who), 47, 71, 106, 111 (when), XVI:4(who), 14 (when), 34 (where), 39 (when), 59 (whom), 100 (1) (since),
XIX:8, 13 (when), 26 (which), 36 (who), 44 (when), 64 (while), 77(that), 85 (where), 98 (so that), XXI:5, 16 (which, that), 31 (where),
42 (when), 44 (which), 49 (when), 79 (which), 80, 93 (when), 132,133 (that), 138 (when), 146 (which), 152 (when, if), 197 (when),

52

A New Introduction to Old Norse

XXII:title, 24/2 (which), 32/4 (who), XXIII:4, 35 (1) (which),
XXIV:3 (which), 16 (1) (who), 49 (which), 75 (2) (those who? when
they? see note), 76 (2) (when), XXV:8, 22 (when), 35 (which), 39(who), 94 (when, in that), 97 (2) (when), 99 (whom), XXVI A:6, 8(who), 32 (where), 47 (when), 52 (which), 104 (who), 106 (2) (when,that), 113 (who), B 99 (1) (whom), 104 (2) (when), 112 (that), 113(1) (which), 149 (1) (when), 150 (who), 187 (2) (that or when?),
189 (where or how), 224 (who), XXVII:2 (2) (who), 21 (1) (atwhich), 35 (who); nú . . . er now that XXVI B:83; ﬂar er where
I:146; ﬂess er var such as there was XVI:6; ﬂeim . . . er to those
who V:132; ﬂat er which III:100, 102, XII:64, a . . . which XXIII:13;
ﬂat . . . er what XXVI A:66; ﬂeir er they who IV:57, VI:255; ﬂærer which IX:96; sá . . . er one . . . in respect of whom III:68; er . . .
ﬂau those which, such as VIII:175 (see ﬂau); er . . . í in which
XXVII:5, er . . . í hag in whose favour XXVII:10
ér pron. pl. 2nd person Gr 3.2.1, XVI:112, XXV:15 (note that this is
not a dual form; perhaps Erpr is included), 92; in address to the kingXXV:68, 69; with imp. vb. X:84
era, erat see vera
erendi see erindi
erfi›i n. toil, trouble, labour IX:36, 40
erfi›r adj. difficult; awkward, demanding, hard to please XV:15; n.
as substantive or adv. var honum erfitt he was exhausted III:13;
hefir oss erfitt veitt it has proved difficult for us XXVI A:102
erfingi m. heir Gr 3.1.7.5 (4)erindi, erendi, ørindi n. pl. 1. errand, message, mission (Gr 3.1.7.3–5
ex. 4, 3.1.8 (28)) VIII:112; ﬂannug var ﬂá mikit erendi margra
manna many people had important reasons for going there at thosetimes XIV:42. 2. result of an errand, news IX:36, 40
Erlingr Skjálgssunr (of Sóli, south-west Norway, modern Sole) m.
son of ﬁórólfr skjálgr (‘squinting’) VI:80
ermr f. sleeve XXI:46
erni(r) see ƒrn
Erpr1 m. son of Atli and Gu›rún XXV:28
Erpr2 m. son of Jónakr, half-brother of Ham›ir and Sƒrli XXV:49, 98
ert, ertu, eru, erum, erumk, erut see vera
es1 = er1 VIII:5 (2), 14 (2)es2 = er2 VIII:5 (1), 11 (1), 11 (2; when), 14 (1), 19 (where), 30, 33, 65, 93

Glossary and Index53

et = it, see inn2
eta (past át, past pl. átu, pp. etinn) sv. eat (Gr 3.6.9.3) I:103, IX:95, 104,
XII:71, XXI:75
ey f. island (Gr 3.1.7.5 (4), 3.1.8 (15)) II:1, XV:153, XXI:27, 53; acc.
sg. with suffixed def. art. eyna XXI:54, 61; dat. sg. eyju X:137; dat.
sg. with suffixed def. art. eyjunni VII A:31, eynni XII:4; pl. eyjar
VII A:9, 129, XIX:71, 80; dat. pl. with suffixed def. art. í eyjunum
i.e. on Vestmannaeyjar XIX:83
ey›a (past eyddi, pp. eyddr) wv. (Gr 3.6.9.1 (7)) lay waste I:80, VII
A:128; with dat. destroy VII A:15; -sk form eyddisk would be laid
waste VIII:127ey›imƒrk f. wilderness; pl. ey›imerkr desolate (forest) land II:17,
XXI:168
Eyfir›ingafjór›ungr m. the Quarter of the people of Eyjafjƒr›r(northern Iceland) VIII:167
eyg›r adj. (pp.) having eyes of a certain kind; eyg›r mjƒk with largeeyes XXI:104
Eyjafjƒr›r m. fjord in the north of Iceland VII A:153, 166, VIII:38
Eyjar f. pl. = Landeyjar, the district where Njáll’s farm Bergﬂórshváll
was located, adjoining Fljótshlí› where Gunnarr’s farm Hlí›arendi
was XXVI A:3
Eyjólfr Valger›arson m. 10th-century Icelander who lived at Mƒ›ruvellir in Eyjafjƒr›r VII A:166
Eyjólfr ﬁorsteinsson (ofsi) m. (c.1224–1255) the leader of the
incendiaries at Flugum‡rr III:1, 82, 121
eyra n. ear XIV:21, XXIII:44
eyrir (pl. aurar) m. (Gr 3.1.7.2) ounce (of silver; one eighth of amƒrk2) VIII:27; í lausum aurum in movable property VIII:161; in
pl. money, treasures, gold X:68
eyrr f. sand- or gravel-bank XXI:88
eyverskr adj. of the islands (probably the Hebrides) VII A:20
fá1 (pres. fær, past fekk, past pl. fengu/feingu, pp. fenginn) sv. (Gr
3.6.9.1 (8), 3.6.9.3) get, obtain I:61, II:49, III:70, 96, VI:11, 22,
XIII:47 (pres. part. fáandi), XV:82; fekk hann af he got from it
XXVI A:50; find XXI:177; with suffixed neg. ﬂú ne færat you will
not get XXV:35; receive VI:298, 299, VII A:40, 53, XII:86, XV:111,
XIX:21, XXII:57/3, XXVI A:76; win (1st person past fekk) VI:202,
XIX:35; suffer XXII:6/3, 56/3, 60/2, XXVI A:45, B:98; take (a54

A New Introduction to Old Norsesickness), begin to suffer from VI:323, XIX:55; fá bana be killed
I:44, 131, V:102, 129; find, use, manage III:92; be able III:93; pastsubj. fengi might get II:137; at eigi fengi that he did not get XIV:112;
with dat. of person provide someone with something VI:44, XVI:51,
hand over to, give to someone VIII:42, XXII:31/3; imp. fá mér giveme XXVI A:78; with gen. gain, win XXV:108; with f. gen. obtain (apromise of) marriage with someone IV:99, marry VI:31 (supine
fengit; understand haf›i), VII A:69, 107, X:10, XIX:39; fekk at
got provisions for XIX:41; fá í hƒnd with dat. of person, hand tosomeone III:30; fá í vald with gen. put in someone’s hands, handover to someone XII:65; fá til provide as, hand over for XXI:41,
subj. fái til but put forward for XXVII:16; fá til with inf. get, provide(someone to do something) XIV:153; with pp. get (something done)
I:20, manage to (do something) I:96, XIV:72, 87, 96, XVI:34, 143,
XXVI B:97; fá mik sótt overcome me XXVI A:81; impers. hvergi
fær there is nowhere to be found XXII:3/3; ei fær tƒlu á komit
they cannot be numbered XI:11, ekki fær nú at gert at (with inf. )nothing can now be done about XI:39; -sk form subj. fekksk was
granted, was brought about VIII:185; fengisk would be got, would
be gained VI:148; pp. fengizk been found XIV:110
fá2 see fár
fa›ir m. father (Gr 3.1.7.2 (3, 7), 3.1.8.8) II:77 (subject), III:32, 79,
VI:3, 33, VIII:37, 46, 191, XIV:110, XIX:4, 114, XXIV:1, XXVI
B:72; acc. fƒ›ur X:177, XIV:56, XXVI B:139; ok fƒ›ur and (saidtheir) father (was called) XXI:202; gen. fƒ›ur II:62, IV:64, 99,
X:138, XXVI B:74, 113, fa›r VI:42, 95; dat. fƒ›ur IV:109, VII
B:9, XXVI A:117, fe›r X:127, XIII:48
fa›mr m. outspread arms, embrace X:22; í fa›mi sér in his arms
XI:45; as a measure, fathom (approximately 6 foot) XIX:62 (cf.
Gr 3.4.2 (7))
Fáfnir m. name of a dragon; = dragon-ship (dreki; here = Ormr inn
langi) VI:237
fagna (past fagna›i, pp. fagnat) wv. with dat. welcome; rejoice in
XXII:57/4, XXIII:73, 85; impers. pass. (Gr 3.9.3) II:3
fagna›r m. joy XIV:148
fagr (f. fƒgr, n. fagrt) adj. beautiful (Gr 3.3.8.4 (1)) II:65, IX:9 (withtúna), 44 (with Freyju), X:22, XIV:162; fagrt var at it was beautiful
to XXI:58; fair, fine VI:26, XI:5, dat. sg. n. fƒgru XVI:130; n. pl.
fƒgr XXII:18/3; dat. pl. fƒgrum II:12

Glossary and Index

55

fagrfer›ugr adj. virtuous XXIII:24
fagrliga adv. beautifully, finely, splendidly XIV:43, 176; sup. ok ﬂetta
hús væri sem fagrligast gƒrt ok búit and that this building might
be as beautifully built and fitted out as could be XIV:15
fagrvari›r adj. (pp.) fair-robed, beautifully dressed, with beautiful
adornments X:177
fái see fá1
fáir see fárfáklæddr pp. lightly clad, having few clothes on III:61
fal see fala
fala (past fala›i, past pl. fƒlu›u, pp. falat) wv. offer to buy, ask (ordemand) to buy II:126
fála f. giantess, whose horse is a wolf (SnE, Gylfaginning 46/26)
XXII:41/2
falda (pres. feld, past felt, past pl. feldum, pp. faldinn) sv. put a woman’shead-covering on someone, cover someone’s head XXVI B:144
fall n. fall (in battle), death IV:Chapter 5, heading, VI:323, 366, VII B:50,
77, 86, XVIII:121vb28
falla (pres. fellr, past fell, past pl. fellu, pp. fallinn, fallit) sv. (Gr
3.6.5.2, 3.6.6) 1. fall I:139, II:110, V:101, IX:62 (hang down),
XXII:49/4, XXVI A:19, 74; fall down III:57, 65, V:96, 130, 146,
VII A:104, B:92, 198; collapse III:73, XXVI A:90; fall dead IV:66;(fall in battle) VI:212, 221, 223, 267, 317, VIII:145, XIX:18,
XXI:144, XXV:110; fellu Danir mest the Danes had the most losses
VI:209; of water, flow V:43, XXI:87, 169; er út fell when it (thetide) went out XXI:93; fell ﬂar á there came to be about it XV:19;
falla aptr close (intransitive) XV:104; falla at fall towards or close
to XXVI B:220; falla (í)frá die XXIV:67, 71; falla í fullting me›
join in supporting XXVII:15; falla til fall at XVI:105; supine fallit
VI:294, 319; pp. fallinn at deprived of, bereft of XXV:17. 2. -sk
form with dat. fallask fail someone, escape someone’s memory
IX:38; fallask hendr one’s hands fail one, one is at a loss VII B:70;
refl. láta fallask let oneself drop II:56, 71
falsgu› m. false god XXIV:35
fálu see fela
fám see fár
fámálugr adj. of few words, reserved XXI:12
fámennr adj. having few men; with few companions XV:116; comp.
fámennari having fewer troops, be outnumbered VI:293

56

A New Introduction to Old Norse

fang1 n. embrace; í fang sér in his arms XII:82; pl. fƒng provisions
XI:60, XXI:83 (= matfƒng); means, opportunity (á for it) XIV:142
fang2 n. tunic; in kenning for coat of mail dólga fang VI:175
fánga (past fánga›i, pp. fángat) wv. = fá1, receive XXII:39/4
fann, fannsk, fannt see finna
far1 n. range, subject, ground; of et sama far on the same subject,
covering the same ground, or possibly in the same way VIII:3
far2 see farafár (n. fátt) adj. 1. few Gr 3.3.9 ex. 13; pl. fáir VI:117, few people
I:23, 144; n. pl. fá VI:71 (with stór skip); dat. pl. fám VIII:17, 143,
XIV:72; firi fá menn for few people XXIV:64; vi› fá menn
accompanied by a few men VII B:60; n. as substantive fátt few I:3,
little II:66, few things XXV:7; fátt er til there is little choice VII
B:20; finnask fátt um see finna. 2. cold, hostile; var/var› fátt umme› there was/came to be coolness (little warmth) between VII B:3,
XIX:12fara (pres. ferr Gr 3.6.5.2, past fór, past pl. fóru, past subj. fœri, pp.
farinn/farit) sv. go (Gr 3.6.6, 3.6.9.3 ex. 2, 3.6.10) I:1, 32, 33, 87,
93, 98, 110, II:16, 17, 36, 109, 123, III:94, IV:50, V:2, VI:11, 14, 50,
VIII:50, X:43, XI:5, XV:30, 34, XIX:6, 71, XXI:32, XXII:26/3,
XXVI A:10, B:38; travel XVI:2, 42, 88; pass IV:103; sail VI:122,
136, VIII:65, XXI:7, 86, 122; come I:39, VI:72 (supine farit), 100,
X:77, XVI:39; be coming VI:69; turn out VI:292, VII A:57; happen
XXVI B:25; fare, suffer VII A:104; with acc. of route, travel along
V:42; pres. ferr will go I:84; fari› you are going V:167; fƒrum
(we) shall go I:65, let us go V:78, let us go along (with acc. of route)
V:75; farum let us go VI:63, 78; ok fara and (they are) coming (inf.
after sé?) V:74; imp. far, far ﬂú, farﬂú go I:125, V:89, XVI:153;
past ﬂat fór this went on, took place XXII:58/2; fóru they went
XXVI A:107, men went XXV:66; fóru vér we have travelled
XIX:98; pres. subj. farir XVI:38; past subj. fœri was going III:65,
VIII:28, 32, was moving I:116, travelled VIII:15, went (on) VIII:106;
ok fœri hann and he was to go XXVI A:9; at ﬂú fœrir that you
went V:10, that you should go XVI:126; fœri were behaving, werecarrying on, acting XXVI B:36; pp. farit travelled (supine) V:43,
gone on XXI:168; hafi eigi farit had not gone on XXI:163; hvert
hon hef›i farit where she had been XV:120, ﬂar farit passed thatway VIII:70; finished, done for, come to nothing IV:48, gone, beenGlossary and Index

57

used up XVI:53; with gen. fara lei›ar sinnar go (on) one’s way XXI:51;
with dat. fara málum bring a lawsuit XV:81; fara af leave VI:25,
VII A:27, XVI:123, XIX:3, subj. fœra af left XVI:123; take off
XI:15; ﬂá var af farit then was past XV:149; fara aptr return VII
A:42; fara at approach V:87, go to it, start to do it III:106 (inf. after
skyldi), go against XIX:20, XXVI A:6; hversu at skyldi fara how
they were to go about it XXVI A:7; fara at with inf. go to, start to
V:91, XV:96, XIX:82; fara eptir go after or behind, follow, pursue
V:70; fara frá leave III:91; fara fram come about VIII:177; fór
betr fram went on better XXVI B:71; fara me› (me›r) with dat.
use, deal in VI:344, travel by VII A:109; go about something XIV:95;
hversu farit haf›i me› what had passed between XVI:65; farame›(r) with acc. behave with, act with VI:211, XIV:164, go about
with XXI:206; fara leynt me› keep it secret XII:73; fara ór landi
brott leave the country VII A:106; fara til approach X:88; fƒrum
til let us go up (to it) I:108; til hafa farit have come there XV:116;
fara um go across, go by VI:73, fóru vel went well XIX:8; impers.
fór it went III:116, fór svá fram this went on XXVI A:40, fór svá
this happened VII B:30, so it went on XXI:116, fjarri fór ﬂat (itwas) far from it XXVI B:226, fœri (past subj.) it went III:33, ferr it
moved, the motion was XXI:98; ferr vel/illa with dat. someone
behaves well/badly XXVI A:87, vel mun ﬂér fara you will act well
XXVI B:141; -sk form perish Gr 3.6.10; farizk vel at gone well in
it VIII:93; impers. fersk ﬂeim vel they get on well, they have agood voyage XVI:8
farar see fƒr
farmr m. cargo XVI:172, XXI:56
farskostr m. means of transport, conveyance II:118
fasta (past fasta›i, pp. fastat) wv. fast, abstain from food XIV:121
fastna (past fastna›i, pp. fastnat) wv. betroth; pp. f. fƒstnu› IV:102, XV:7
fastr adj. (stuck) fast I:94; f. fƒst (vi› to) II:31; n. as adv. fast hard
I:95, V:104, 134; tightly, fast VII A:104, XI:20; svá fast so hard
I:97, XV:99, 109; thus hard, hard like this V:133
fátt see fárfátœkr adj. poor XIV:109, 110; fátœkar konur beggar-women XXVI
B:5
fávitugr adj. foolish, not clever or sensible XXIII:80
faxi m. ‘maned one’, horse VII A:141

58

A New Introduction to Old Norsefé (gen. fjár) n. property, valuables VI:18, 22, VII A:136, VIII:153,
156, XV:31, 76 (with suffixed def. art.), XIX:36; possessions
XXII:49/3; wealth XII:68; livestock I:80, 84, 113; cattle, domestic
animals XXI:57, 62, 95; money VIII:43, XIV:150, XV:7, 8, XVI:6,53, 144, XIX:31, XXII:21/3; payment of money or equivalent
XXVII:41; with suffixed def. art. féit the money XVI:90, fjárins of hismoney XVI:43; fénu the goods, cargo XVI:139; fénu ƒllu all themoney XVI:183fe›gar m. pl. father and son XIX:25
fe›r see fa›irfeginn adj. with dat. pleased with someone (i.e. to see them, because
they were there) III:25
fegr› f. beauty VII B:8, XII:21, 48
fegri adj. comp. fairer, more beautiful X:127, XII:13
feigr adj. doomed, near death, under the influence of death XXV:39,
XXVI B:73, 83
feingu see fáfeitir m. fattener, feeder VII B:19 (folkstara feitir is a kenning for awarrior, here King Haraldr, who kills his enemies and provides foodfor carrion birds; dat. with l‡tr)
feitr adj. fat XXIII:48, 86, 99; n. feitt XXI:177, XXIII:54
fekk see fáfela (past fal, past pl. fálu, pp. fólginn/folginn) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.3) 1.
hide, conceal II:82 (understand it, gold, as object (Gr 3.9.5.1)); pp.
II:85, IX:26, 27. 2. entrust, commit XIX:111, XXVI B:182; fela í
hendi with dat. commit to someone’s charge XIV:124, 174
félagi m. comrade, friend I:108, 124; companion XII:5, 72
félagsfé n. shared possessions, joint goods XIX:44 (understand haf›i)
félauss adj. without money XVI:142, 177
feldr m. cloak VIII:120
félítill adj. poor XVI:2
fell see falla
fella (pres. fellir, past felldi, pp. felldr) wv. fell, cause to fall, kill
I:131, V:106 (past subj.), VI:147 (past subj.), VII B:69; fella saman
fit together XII:6; búit saman at fella finished being fitted together
XII:3
fellr, fellu, fellusk see falla
felmsfullr adj. fearful, panic-stricken XIX:84

Glossary and Index

59

fen n. fen, muddy ground; pool of water in a forge for tempering steel
X:115, 159
féna›r m. livestock XXI:108
fengi, fenginn, fengisk, fengit, fengizk, fengu see fáfengr m. booty II:162
fer› f. journey, expedition II:2, 38, XV:129, XVI:86, XXI:4, 17,
XXII:12/1; fara fer›ar sinnar go on one’s way XVI:87; til fer›aon journeys, as messengers XIV:136; going, departure VII A:114;
gera fer› sína make one’s way, set out VI:20
ferhyrndr adj. (pp.) square XXIII:16, 67
ferja f. ferry, large rowing-boat, transport boat XV:130
ferr see fara
ferri = fjarri
fersk see fara
fertøgr adj. forty years old VIII:188
féskipti n. division of property XV:31, 75
festa (past festi, pp. festr) wv. 1. stick, fix XI:36; fasten, make fast;gird on XXV:57; inf. festa (I would) fasten XXV:77; festum let us
fasten XXVI A:60; til at festa me› for securing XXVI A:58. 2.
betroth IV:94 (sik oneself), VII A:96 (sér to oneself). 3. impers.
with acc. festa á stick fast to, make an impression on (ekki festi ái.e. everything glanced off it) VI:288. 4. -sk form festisk establishedhimself, became more powerful VII B:12
festarmál n. pl. betrothal, engagement VI:37fi›r see finna
fi›ri n. feathers (collective) II:58
fimm num. five (Gr 3.4.1) VII A:129, B:33, VIII 27, XXI:155, 198,
XXII:4/1, XXVII:33; fimm saman five in all, in a group of five
XXVI B:13
fimmtán num. fifteen (Gr 3.4.1) V:32, VIII:72, XV:4, XXVI B:11
fimmtándi num. fifteenth (Gr 3.4.1); me›r fimmtánda mann i.e.
with fourteen others, in a party of fifteen VI:270 (Gr 3.4.2 (8))
fim(m)ti num. adj. fifth Gr 3.4.1, XXIV:37
fingr (gen. fingrar, pl. fingr) m. finger XXI:117, XXIII:83, 87
fingrgull n. gold (finger-)ring III:30, 31 (with suffixed def. art.), XII:37
fingrgullssteinn m. ring-stone XII:31
finna (pres. finnr/fi›r, past fann, past pl. fundu/funnu, pp. fundit/
funnit/funnir) wv. 1. find, discover (Gr 3.6.9.2 (2), 3.6.9.3) II:39,

60

A New Introduction to Old Norse

VIII:69, IX:103, X:6, 32; XII:13, XVI:185, XIX:27, 32, 73, 82, 91,
XXI:22 (2), 51, XXII:46/2, XXV:59; visit, see IV:20, 33 (inf. with
fúsir at), 68, 76, VII A:62; meet VII A:43, XVI:103, 139, 144, 149,
XXI:143, XXV:43; meet with XXI:198; sight, come across XXI:22(1); discover XII:74, XXI:193, find out, know XXII:22/4; realise
II:146, XV:144; feel XIV:117; notice VI:203; ef ﬂú finnr eigi if you
don’t notice it XV:52; fann eigi fyrr en did not notice until, the firstthing [he] knew was that XXVI A:62, similarly XXVI B:119; hafa
ﬂat funnit thought it up XXIV:59; pres. finn ek opt I have often
seen, noticed VII B:42; ﬂar fi›r ﬂú there you will find X:157; finnr
eigi cannot see IV:26; past subj. fyndi met XV:85; it fyndi› you
have been to see X:109; finna á with dat. notice in someone, fromsomeone’s behaviour or demeanour III:34; finna til notice XV:51;
adduce, call to mind, find to say XXIV:48; find for it, adduce
XXIV:61, 76; finna til saka bring forward as the offence, give as
reason XV:69. 2. -sk form for pass. finnsk is found XXIII:60, fannsk
was found III:48, was discovered VIII:64, fundusk were found
VIII:52, subj. fyndisk were found III:105; in reciprocal sense
finnask meet each other VII A:100, XIX:15, XXVI A:6; impers.
finnsk mikit um with dat. of person one is greatly affected by III:34,
XXVI B:30, finnsk fátt um with dat. of person one loses interest in
something, one becomes unconcerned about something IV:105;
fannsk mƒnnum fátt um people made no comment about, people
took no notice of XIX:11
Finnakonungr m. king of the Lapps X:3
Finnason m. son of Finni XIV:28
Finnr Árnason m. XXII:17/1
firar m. pl. men; gen. pl. among men, human X:22
Fir›afylki n. Fir›ir (a district in western Norway; Fjordane) XIX:23
fir›i see fjƒr›r
fir›r see firra
firi, firir see fyrir
firra (past fir›, pp. fir›r) wv. with dat. remove from, free from XXII:59/2
first adv. with dat. furthest from V:87
fiskr m. fish XXI:92; pl. helgir fiskar halibut XXI:93
fit f. webbed foot X:134 (see note)fja›ra see fjƒ›r
fja›rhamr m. feather-form, bird-shape IX:11, 16
Fjalarr m. a dwarf II:95, 107

Glossary and Index

61

Fjalir f. pl. district in western Norway (south-west Fiordane) XIX:4
fjall n. (Gr 3.1.7.1, 2) mountain (collective) VIII:20, XII:2 (withsuffixed def. art.), XIII:1; pl. fjƒll II:17, VII A:130, 148, XXI:58,
192, XXV:41; with suffixed def. art. VII A:154, 160, XV:84; dat. pl.
fjarri fjƒllum far from the mountains X:70
fjándma›r m. enemy V:11
fjándskapr m. hostility, animosity XV:17, 142
fjár see fé
fjara f. (Gr 3.1.7.1) foreshore VIII:20
fjar›m‡ill m. ‘fjord-lump’ is a kenning for rock (in the sea) or skerry;gen. with trƒ› VI:250
fjárfar n. money matters IV:104
fjar›skorinn adj. (cf. skera) indented with fjords XXI:52
fjárhald n. economic affairs II:131
fjárhlutr m. property, valuables XIX:79
fjárrán n. robbery, theft XV:127
fjarri, ferri adv. far off XXV:39; by no means, out of the question
I:51; eigi fjarri tekit by no means rejected XV:5; fjarri skyldu
fara should by no means be done XV:117; fjarri fór ﬂat (it was) far
from it XXVI B:226; with dat. far from X:70, 94; what is far from
VI:340 (with geta)
fjárskipti n. division of property Gr 3.1.8 ex.
fjarst adv. sup. furthest away; sem fjarst the furthest away possible VI:214
fjór›i num. (ordinal) adj. fourth (Gr 3.4.1) VI:127, VIII:194, XXI:66,
XXIV:37, XXVII:44
fjór›ungr m. Quarter (of Iceland) VIII:163, XXVII:9, 11; ór ﬂeim
fjór›ungi . . . er hann haf›i sí›arst heimili í from the Quarter inwhich he last had his home XXVII:4
fjór›ungsma›r m. man who lived in a certain Quarter of Iceland;
ﬂeir fjór›ungsmenn er . . . í hag the men of the Quarter in whose
favour XXVII:9
fjórhyrndr = ferhyrndr adj. square XXIII:32
fjórir num. four (Gr 3.4.1) III:110 (ﬂrír e›a fjórir), V:83, VI:198,
VII A:27, VIII:190, XII:60, XXI:18, 144, 164; n. fjƒgur VI:110,
123, XIV:145, XIX:50
fjórtán num. fourteen (Gr 3.4.1) VIII:72
fjúka (pres. f‡kr, past fauk, past pl. fuku, pp. fokinn) sv. fly, beblown II:148fjƒ›r f. feather XII:32; gen. pl. fja›ranna in the feathers (see litr) XII:33

62

A New Introduction to Old Norsefjƒgur see fjórirfjƒl f. board, flat piece of wood VII B:61
fjƒl› f. multitude, abundance IX:91, 130, X:104fjƒl›i m. a large number VII A:111, 155, 158, XI:61, XIII:12; multitude
XXI:94, 110, 122, 159
fjƒlkunnigr adj. skilled in magic II:2, IV:1, XV:40
fjƒlkynngi f. witchcraft, sorcery XV:127, 136fjƒll, fjƒllum see fjallfjƒlmenni n. a large following, a large number of men VII B:31;
fjƒlmenni mikit a very large number of people XIV:42; hvatfjƒlmenni ﬂat var what the huge crowd had been XXI:145fjƒlmennr adj. having a large following, well attended VII B:40 (acc.
with Einar ﬂambarskelfi); full of people XIV:144
fjƒr n. life IV:46 (object of sœki), XXII:49/3
fjƒrbaugsgar›r m. lesser outlawry VIII:142fjƒrbaugsma›r m. a man subject to the lesser outlawry VIII:99
fjƒr›1 adv. in the former (year), last year VI:230fjƒr›r (acc. fjƒr›2, dat. fir›i) m. fjord (Gr 3.1.7.1) VII A:150 (withsuffixed def. art.), 153, B:76; XIX:60, XXI:53; fjord (and the valley
leading into it; with suffixed def. art. ﬂar í fir›inum ‘in that fjord’,‘in that district’) IV:69; ﬂar inn á fjƒr› into that fjord VII A:157;
inn me› fir›inum in along the fjord XXI:55; vestr ﬂar í fjƒr›um(from) the Western Fjords (of Iceland) XVI:2; as first part of compound fjƒr›jƒr› ‘land of fjords’, i.e. Norway, separated by tmesis
VI:248fjƒrlausn f. deliverance (from death), ransom II:119fjƒru see fjarafjƒturr m. fetter X:63; part of the forge? X:115, 159
flá (past fló, past pl. flógu, pp. fleginn) sv. flay Gr 3.6.9.3
flabellum n. (Latin word) fan XIII:19
flag› n. giantess XXV:54 (see note)flaug see fljúga
flaugun f. flight, flying; á fƒr ok flaugun a-coming and a-going, inbustle, commotion XXVI B:14
fleiri adj. comp. (Gr 3.3.8.3) more (in number) II:37, V:49, 74, VII
B:31, XIV:140, XV:65, XXII:28/1, XXIV:10, 42; any more, anyothers XIX:37; in addition XVI:168; more numerous VIII:81; more
people V:67; váru inir fleiri those ones were more numerous

Glossary and Index

63

XIV:146; fleiri ﬂeir others of them III:71, XIX:85; e›a fleiri or
more (i.e. lƒgmenn) XXVII:33; ekki fleira no more, no other III:55,
nothing else II:64, VII A:42; fleiri en more than, other than, otherbesides VI:65; enn fleira yet more XXIV:47, with yet more XVI:171;
ﬂví fleira with more than that XVI:175; n. as substantive fleira
more, other things I:135, XXVI B:23, 26
flekklauss adj. unspotted, immaculate XIII:42
flekkr m. spot, small patch (of ground) XXI:172
flestr adj. sup. most (Gr 3.3.8.3) VII B:13; nom. pl. flestir most ofthem VI:299, XXI:18 (subject of váru), most men, the majority
XXVII:8; n. pl. ﬂau váru flest they were most(ly), most of themwere VIII:38
flík f. piece of cloth; pl. flíkr flags (probably) XXI:206
fljóta (pres. fl‡tr, past flaut, past pl. flutu, pp. flotinn) sv. float; drift,
lie in the water without sail VI:109, 307 (with sá Trana ok bá›aNa›ra); fljóta í swim (of bedclothes) in, be soaked in XXV:25
fljótliga adv. quickly XXIII:102
Fljótsdalshei›r f. a high moor in eastern Iceland Gr 3.1.8 ex.
Fljótshlí› f. area in southern Iceland XXVI B:10
fljótvirkr adj. fast-working, fast-acting XXIII:101
fljúga (pres. fl‡gr Gr 3.6.5.2, past flaug/fló Gr 3.6.9.1 (2), past pl.
flugu, pp. floginn) sv. fly I:76, II:30, 32, 42, 54, 154, 155,
V:163, IX:16, X:11, 17; fló upp á land it flew up inland XXI:127
fló see fljúga
fló› n. high tide, flood tide XXI:93
flokkr m. 1. herd II:18; flock V:166; band of men, gang VII A:52;
troop, army XXII:20/1, 27/4; party XXVI B:12; with suffixed def.
art. company, army, force VI:221, their men, their followers XXVI
A:14. 2. a poem comprising a series of stanzas without refrains VI:200
Flosi ﬁór›arson m. leader of the burners XXVI B:1, textual note, 40,
44, 47, 52, 83, 87, 88, 97, 98, 115, 120, 128, 129, 132, 149, 153,
155, 156, 161, 195
floti m. assembly of ships, fleet VI:29, 35, 83; with suffixed def. art.
VI:60, 191
flótti m. flight, running away VI:170, 180; koma á flótta take to flight
VI:155
flugr m. flight, flying II:53 (with suffixed def. art.), II:59 (with suffixed
def. art.), II:155

64

A New Introduction to Old Norse

flugstyggr m. who shuns flight, who is reluctant to flee VI:367
flugu see fljúga
flúr n. flower-shaped ornament XII:29
flutu see fljóta
flutti, fluttar, fluttr see flytja
fl‡gr see fljúga
fl‡ja (past fl‡›i, pp. fl‡i›r) wv. flee VI:305, VII A:130, XIX:19
flytja (past flutti, pp. fluttr Gr 3.3.8.5 (2), 3.6.9.1 (7)) wv. carry,transport II:112, 115, V:117 (pp. with var› forming passsive),
XV:131; bring II:119; move (one’s home) IV:70; flytja upp carryashore XVI:155; flytja fram propose, argue for, present a case VII
B:26, deliver XIV:45, perform, repeat XIV:61, 161, present XIV:115;
flytja vi› present to, perform to, offer to XXIV:18
flæma (past flæm›i, pp. flæmt) wv. cause to flee, drive away, cast out(supine with haf›u) VI:42flær›samr adj. false XXIV:41
flœ›arsker n. skerry, rock covered at high tide II:113
fnasa (past fnasa›i) wv. snort IX:48
fól n. fool XXIV:5 (pl.)
fólginn, fólgit see fela
fólk n. people II:89, VII A:130, XIV:75, 113, XXVI B:135, 148: ﬂat
fólk these people XXI:113; fyrir fólkinu before the people XIV:32
folkhar›r adj. strong in battle (with the implied subject of fœr›u›,you, Eiríkr jarl) VI:251
Fólkher m. kinsman of (Gunnarr and) Hƒgni XI:21, 76
folkstari m. ‘battle-starling’, kenning for carrion bird, eagle or raven,gen. with feiti VII B:19
fór, fóru see farafor›a (past for›a›i, pp. for›at) wv. with dat. save V:76
for›um adv. in the past, once upon a time XXIV:35
forgƒnguma›r m. leader VII B:71, 88
forkirkja f. porch of a church III:85 (with suffixed def. art.)
forku›r f. strong desire Gr 3.1.7.4 (5)forkunnar adv. exceptionally Gr 3.5.3 (9), II:65
forlƒg n. pl. future, destiny XIX:41
formáli m. prayer(s) III:10
formera (past formera›i, pp. formera›r) wv. form, fashion, shape
XIII:30 (Latin formare)Glossary and Index

65formæli n. prayer; exhortation XIV:31, 125, 141
forn adj. ancient VIII:141, 175, X:14, XXIII:1; old (from early times)
XXV:112; fornir menn men of olden times XIV:79; comp. fornari
older, earlier, longer ago XXV:7
forneskja f. heathen practices, witchcraft XIV:77
forrá› n. pl. management; hafa til forrá›a have administration of
VII A:128; til forrá›a fyrir for the administration of XIV:126
Forseti m. a god (one of the Æsir) II:9
forsjá f. prudence; af forsjá out of prudence XIV:33
forsjáll adj. prudent, foresighted XXIII:12, 39
forstjóri m. leader (fyrir over) VII B:24
fortƒlur f. pl. arguments, representations, persuasive speeches VII
A:66, XXVI B:126
fóru see faraforvitna (past forvitna›i, pp. forvitnat) wv. enquire into, want to know
about XXIV:26; impers. with acc. slíks sem mik forvitnar whatever
I want (am curious) to know XIV:23;-sk form refl. desire to know
VII A:65; enquire, find out I:114
forvitni f. curiosity (á about something) VII A:32
forvitnisbót f. cure for curiosity I:123
fóstbró›ir (pl. -brœ›r) m. foster-brother or sworn brother (in pl. canalso refer to two men brought up in the same household) VIII:41,
XIX:6, 9, 38
fóstra (past fóstra›i, pp. fóstra›r) wv. foster, bring up; ﬂar váru
ﬂeim fóstru› bƒrn there their children were being fostered, brought
up XXVI B:3
fóstrfa›ir m. foster-father, tutor? guardian? VI:10
fóstri m. fosterer, foster-father VIII:9; foster-son, foster-brother;
fosterling XXVI A:22 (in address to dog)
fóstrland n. native country XII:5
Fótar-¯rn, ¯rn m. III:121 (see note), 125
fótkistill m. box-pedestal XII:41
fótleggr m. leg XXIII:96
fótr m. (Gr 3.1.7.2 and (2), (4), 3.1.8 (7)) foot, leg III:57 (with suffixed
def. art.), V:116 (with dat. of owner), XXV:47, XXVI B:153 (leg);sem fótr ƒ›rum as, like one foot (helps) the other XXV:46; acc. sg.
um fót sér round his leg V:56, with suffixed def. art. fótinn the leg
XXIII:97; gen. sg. Fótar- used as a nickname III:121; dat. sg. fœti66

A New Introduction to Old Norse

XXV:47, fœti ni›r koma put down one’s foot XXI:55; pl. fœtrII:32 (i.e. Loki’s), II:64, III:23 (with dat. of person (poss. dat.)),X:115, 159, XXIII:99 (probably feet rather than legs), 100, XXV:88(probably legs rather than feet; obj. of sér); undir fœtr sér under
her feet XII:44; with suffixed def. art. and dat. of person XXVI A:31;
gen. pl. fóta IV:18, XXI:46 (legs), til fóta konungi at the king’s
feet XVI:105; dat. pl. fótum II:64, III:64, X:63, XII:41, 60; á fótum
on one’s feet, up V:1; fœtr linna Loddu lƒg›is is a kenning forsword-blades (legs of swords) IV:81(object of hafa at vinna)
fótstallr m. pedestal XIII:38
frá1 prep. with dat. (Gr 3.7.3) from I:89, 107, 147, III:58, VIII:28, 80,
XIII:8, 25, XVI:186, 191, XIX:48; away from III:60, V:10, VIII:115,
XXII:9/3 (after noun); of direction, of V:168; denoting origin or
residence, of XXVI A:21; about I:149, II:14, 78, III:90, V:1, VI:353,
VIII:128, XIV:184; concerning VII A:124, B:1, 11, 23, X:1, 16, XI:1,
XXVI B:1, textual note; about XIV:19; absent, excluded III:20; frá
sér from him, down; í frá away from VI:153; ﬂar út í frá out there
beyond VI:191; frá ﬂví er from where V:43, about that which
XXIV:75 (see note 6); koma frá see koma; as adv. away XXVI
A:41, 48, free VI:217; ﬂar frá from this III:39; í frá away VI:210,
227; upp frá above XXI:106; ﬂar út í frá out there beyond VI:186;bæri frá see bera; falla frá see falla; næmi frá see nema2; cf. ífráfrá2 see fregna
fram adv. forward VI:242, XVI:103, XXII:21/1, XXVI B:71; (to go)
forward, (to) advance VI:258; ahead XXV:59; on(wards) XXI:167;
forward on a ship, towards the prow VI:268, 275; (down) to thefront XXIII:51; out IX:94 (see bera), (from one’s clothing) II:143,(towards the entrance of a building) III:24, (into view, from behindthe headland) VI:93; fram at (with ﬂraut) on to XXII:33/4; of timeon, by IV:111, back VIII:10, into the future IX:58; fyrir fram withacc. along, past II:104; um fram beyond, in greater measure than
VII B:10, XXIII:35; um fram hátt beyond moderation XXIII:62;
fram fara, fara fram see fara; koma fram see koma
framan adv. from the front, i.e. towards the rear, aft VI:271; framaní on the front of XII:27; framan á as prep. with dat. or acc. on thefront of III:85, 113; framan at up to from the front XXVI B:88; réttframan í hann straight in his face I:43
framar adv. comp. more, further XXII:32/2

Glossary and Index

67

framarliga adv. greatly, fully XIII:36
frami m. boldness, courage; at eigi haf›i frama til at that he did nothave the courage to XVI:101
framvíss adj. prescient, having knowledge of the future V:20
fránn adj. sharp X:94; gleaming (with leggbita) VI:243, glittering X:83
franzeis m. Frank, Frankish person XIV:155
frásaga f. story VI:320frásƒgn f. story, narrative, account II:16; description V:85
fregn f. intelligence, news I:45; knowledge XXII:24/3
fregna (past frá, past pl. frágu, pp. freginn) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.3 and ex. 8)
hear (of), learn (of) XXII:27/2, 44/2, 55/2, 4; pp. in agreement withdirect object (ógn) V:19
freista (past freista›i, pp. freistat) wv. with gen. try II:141; find out
II:137, VII A:147
freknóttr adj. freckled V:31
frelsa (past frelsa›i, pp. frelsat) wv. free, deliver XIII:25, 45
frelsi n. freedom XIX:100
fremja (past fram›i, pp. framit) wv. promote, perform, do XXIII:36;
fremja gunni wage war VI:156
fremr adv. comp. further off, further back (in time), earlier; hálfu
fremr twice as far off, twice as early XXV:7
fremri adj. comp. superior (to) XXIV:16; foremost XXVI B:92
frétt f. intelligence, reply, oracle XIX:42
frétta (past frétti, pp. frétt) wv. 1. hear, get intelligence (til about)
VI:331, XXII:11/2; pp. frétt heard, learned XXVI B:37. 2. frétta(eptir) ask (about) XXIV:8
Freydís f. daughter of Eiríkr rau›i XXI:132, 136, 162
Freyja f. a goddess (of fertility, i.e. a sex-goddess) VIII:102, IX:9, 11,
13, 30, 43, 44, 46, 48, 87, 92, 104, 108, 112; one of the Vanir,though here described as an Ásynja II:10, 48
Freyr m. a god, one of the Vanir, though here described as one of theÆsir II:8
fri›arma›r m. man of peace V:69
fri›ill m. lover X:138
frí›leikr m. handsomeness VII B:8
fri›artákn n. sign of peace, token of peace XXI:100
fri›r m. peace VI:239 (object of slitu), 366, VIII:129, 131 136 (withsuffixed def. art.), XVI:72, 187, XXII:51/3; quarter, truce II:34;

68

A New Introduction to Old Norsefara me› fri›i travel peacefully VII A:71; í gó›um fri›i very
peacefully XI:62
frí›r (n. frítt) adj. handsome VII A:95, XXII:19/2; beautiful XII:12;
magnificent XXII:1/1; comp. VII A:36; sup. VII A:34
fri›stefna f. peace-conference II:89
Frigg f. a goddess, one of the Ásynjur, wife of Ó›inn II:10
Frísir m. pl. Frisians VI:201
frjáls adj. free Gr 3.3.8.4 (1); n. frjálst freely, without restraint XII:68;
comp. frjálsari more free XIV:124
frjósa (past frøri, past pl. frøru, pp. frørit) sv. freeze Gr 3.6.9.3 and ex. 11
Fró›adóttir f. daughter of Fró›i Vémundarson XIX:107
Fró›i m. son of ¯gmundr and half-brother of Kormakr; gen. withbrœ›r IV:96
fró›leikr m. knowledge, learning, information II:101, XXVII:32(honum in him, i.e. his knowledge)
fró›r adj. well informed, learned II:101
frón n. land, earth XXII:59/1 (instrumental, ‘with earth’)frú f. lady; vár frú Our Lady, the Virgin Mary XIII:10, 26; in address
XI:28, 33
fr‡ja (past fr‡›i) wv. taunt; with dat. and gen. taunt someone for lackof something, challenge someone’s something V:152
fræg› f. fame, renown; pl. famous deeds XXII:2/4
frægiligastr adj. sup. most likely to bring renown I:145frægr adj. renowned (af for) VII A:35, XI:50; famous, bringing fame,glorious (with si›r) VI:160; comp. frægri af more renowned for
XXII:3/3; sup. frægastr most famous, most renowned VI:317,
XIX:104; f. frægust the most famous VI:314frækn (frœkn) adj. valiant, brave XXII:17/1
frændi (pl. frændr) m. relative, kinsman III:36, 41, 91, IV:111, V:161,
VI:105, VII B:81, XI:55, XII:76, XIV:131, 182, XIX:17, XXV:17, 46
frœ›a (past frœddi, pp. frœddr) wv. instruct XIV:187
frœ›ama›r/frœ›ima›r m. man of learning, scholar II:99; writer
XXIII:1
frœ›i n. knowledge, learning II:94; in pl. history, learned work VIII:5;
spells XV:143
frœ›inám/frœ›inæmi n. acquisition of knowledge, learning, study,
education XIV:174, 185frœknastr adj. sup. boldest XXVI B:94

Glossary and Index69frœknliga adv. bravely XXVI A:88
fugl m. bird VII A:154, 155, XII:32, XXIII:69; fowl, sea birds(collective sg.) XXI:54
fuku see fjúka
Fulla f. a goddess, one of the Ásynjur II:11
fullafli adj. having complete power (refers to Einarr ﬂambarskelfir,
the implied subject of bí›r) VII B:41
fullgƒrr adj. (pp., cf. gera) completed XII:9; fullgƒrt at completewith XII:33 (with fugl, cf. note 3)
fullhugi m. dauntless, courageous man V:131
fullkomliga adv. perfectly XIII:44
fullleiksa adj. indeclinable hafa fullleiksa have enough to do, have
one’s hands full V:144
fullr adj. full Gr 3.3.9 ex. 23, XI:61; fullr af full of VII A:149, XI:10,
XII:17, XVI:141, XXI:92, complete VI:226, XXIV:48; n. fullt
rounded, bulging XXIII:97; til fulls thoroughly (done), adequate
XIV:141, fully, absolutely XXIV:34, 47
fulltí›a adj. full-grown Gr 3.3.8.5 (6); á fulltí›a aldri in adulthood
XIV:167
ful(l)ting n. help XIV:73, XXV:46; support XXVII:15
fulltingsmenn m. pl. supporters VIII:105
fulltrúi m. patron; with suffixed def. art. my patron XXI:79
fultingja (past fulting›i, pp. fullting›r) wv. help XXV:44
fundit see finna
fundr m. find II:162; meeting, encounter V:92, VI:197; rendezvous(with gen. with; gen. object of haf›i kraf›a) VI:57; á hans fund tomeet him, to see him VII A:45, XIV:96, 112; á fund, til fundar withgen. to meet, to see someone, to the home of someone VI:7, 15,
XVI:14, 44, XIX:24, to engage (battle) with someone XXII:33/1,
sœkja á fund go to visit someone XIV:139; til konungs fundar
until your meeting with the king XVI:51; til fundar vi› to see, tospeak to someone XXVI A:103; ætla›i til fundar vi› planned to go
to meet XVI:94
fundu, funnit, funnu see finna
fura f. pine-wood X:54; fir (tree) XXV:17
fur›u adv. wonderfully, amazingly VII A:119; fur›u mikit skip anamazingly large ship VI:112
Fur›ustrandir f. pl. ‘amazing strands or coastline’ XXI:34, 42

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fúss adj. eager; nom. pl. complement of erum referring to the implied
pl. subject (Kormakr, ‘authorial’ we) IV:33
fylgd/fylg› f. support, help, service, attendance XXII:21/3; company,
assistance: til fylg›ar vi› to accompany or assist someone XXI:41
fylg›arma›r m. follower III:52
fylgismær (dat. -mey) f. female attendant, maidservant XII:48
fylgja (past fylg›i, pp. fylgt) wv. with dat. follow, accompany III:91,
V:36, 88, VI:242 (inf. in acc. and inf. construction after kvá›u), VII
A:151, 158, VIII:74, XII:4, XV:46, XXII:17/2; keep up with XV:99,
XXI:136; come with XXI:6; serve VI:201; take, convey VI:6, 13;
go with VI:45, XI:44, XIV:36; be attached I:42; belong to XXIII:34,
apply to VIII:117; ﬂar fylgir there goes with it, in addition XI:25;
impers. pass. er ﬂeim fylgt they are conducted XI:14; -sk form
fylgjask stick together XXVI B:76
fylkir m. leader of troops, war-leader, ruler XXII:11/1, 28/1, 64/3
fylla (past fylldi, pp. fyllt) wv. fill; fulfil, carry out XIV:50; impers.
fylldi af was filled with it XII:14
fyllr f. fill (of food or drink) II:25, 117; with gen. fyllr hilmis stóls thefilling of the throne (gen. object of bí›r; i.e. he is waiting to fill thethrone himself) VII B:41
fyndi, fyndi›, fyndisk see finna
fyr prep. with acc. or dat. (= fyrir) before, in front of IX:94, X:55,
XVI:58, XXII:21/1, 38/2; for XVI:6, 44, in return for XXII:36/4;
instead of IX:129, 130; as a result of XXII:58/3; in the face of, in
despite of (= dat. of disadvantage) XXV:69; in complex prepositions
with acc. (Gr 3.7.1) fyr austan east of VIII:18; fyr innan inside
IX:18; fyr . . . ne›an beneath IX:28; fyr útan outside IX:17, except
for VIII:3, X:50; fyr vestan west of VIII:19; as adv. for it XVI:71;
fyr ﬂikkja í be displeased about it XVI:84; ﬂar fyr with its help, bymeans of it XXII:37/3; see also sjá, ﬂykkja
fyr›ar m. pl. poetical word for men; gen. pl. V:19, XXV:28/2
fyrir/firir/firi prep. (Gr 3.7.4) 1. with dat. in front of III:111, IV:5(see sitja), VII B:89, XXI:88, XXVI B:121; before XIV:55, 188,
XXI:26, XXVI B:104; fyrir sér in front of her XXI:138; before, inthe face of I:33, V:38; at the head of XXII:8/1; for XXIV:63, 64 (2);firi ﬂér for you XXIV:13, 25, firi mér for me XXIV:54; fyrir ﬂeim
before them, for them XI:15; over VI:181; off (the coast of) VI:28,
X:87, on the coast of XVI:138; because of III:11, XXVI A:110;

Glossary and Index

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presaging V:8; fyrir honum to him, in addressing him II:133, forhim (equivalent to dat. of disadvantage) XXVI B:90, similarly fyrir
ﬂeim XXVI B:114, fyrir hánum on his side, from his troop VI:226,
fyrir ﬂér on your hands, on you XVI:52; fyrir litlu a short while
before XV:38; minni firi sér of less consequence XXIV:75 (cf.
mikill); ver›a minni firi sér be diminished, lose their power andimportance XXIV:69; alllítill fyrir sér of very little importance orpower I:55; fyrir ﬂví at as conj. (Gr 3.8.2.2) because II:100, 118,
VI:27, 123, 224, 289, XI:70; firi ﬂví . . . at for this reason . . . that,in order that XXIV:32–33, 40–41, 51–52; fyrir ﬂví at heldr ﬂótt
any the more because of this that, even though VII B:55. 2. withacc. for II:134, IV:100, 105, V:155, VI:34, 136, VII A:79, XIX:3,
XXIV:21; on behalf of XXII:32/3, XXIV:64 (1); fyrir oss forourselves XXVI B:102; before I:45, 50, 57; to the entrance of VII
A:150, 153, in front of VII B:70, XXVI:84; over VI:294, 299,
XIX:52; fyrir land along the coast XIX:55; past XXI:42; in returnfor I:60, XXI:78, XXVII:38, in exchange for XXI:115; fyrir sik infront of himself XXVI A:72; fyrir ﬂá (from) in front of them V:87,
for them, on behalf of them VII B:25; because of, as a result of
XXIV:52; fyrir hvat why XV:52; at firi ﬂat so that for that, so thatin relation to it, so that as a result? XXIV:26; firi ﬂat at because, asa result of the fact that XXIV:42; of time, before XV:97, XXVI B:41;
in complex prepositions with acc. (Gr 3.5.1, 3.5.3 (7), 3.7.1) fyrirnor›an to the north of VII A:148, XXVI A:13; fyrir sunnan southof V:151, XXVI A:96; sunnan fyrir from the south round XXI:111;
fyrir vestan west of XV:36, XIX:91, west of it XXI:167; fyrir innan
inside II:60, XV:132 (see innan); fyrir ne›an below III:57, XIX:92(see hei›r); fyrir ofan above XXI:172, XXVI B:118, fyrir . . . ofan
down over XXI:80; fyrir útan beyond, outside IV:49, beyond, westof XIX:97, without VI:21; sunnr fyrir in the south off VI:207; su›rfirir southwards along XXI:86, south past XXI:105; vestr fyrir west
along (the coast) VII A:153, west past XV:146; fyrir fram along
II:104; fyrir sakar ﬂess er for this reason, that VI:316. 3. as adv.
there, in front III:110, 112, XXVI B:47, in front VII A:145 (withvar› line 140), there present IX:102; there already XXI:154, to befound XI:17, in residence XVI:15; in the way, in its path V:128; eigi
lokan fyrir the bolt was not across XV:105; in advance VII A:64;
ahead VI:26, XXVI A:28; past VI:59, 61, past it, along its/the coast

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

XXI:22, 155; for it, as a punishment VIII:87; in return XVI:48; for
it XXI:118; einn fyrir only one to face XXVI B:60; sem . . . var fyrir
where . . . was positioned XXVI B:89; út fyrir out in the sea off it
XXI:53; fyrir útan round the outside, round the edge (of the shore)
VII A:163, round the seaward side of the island(s), on the open sea
VI:87; úti fyrir out in front of the house XXVI B:49; ﬂeim er úti
váru fyrir those who were out there (on that side) XXVI B:221;
ﬂar fyrir in front of them XVI:A:25, in front (of the doorway) there,
in front of it III:82, 83, ahead there XXVI A:16; vera ﬂar fyrir be(already) present there VII B:32, XI:11; ﬂar . . . firi about that
XXIV:57; gaf ﬂar firir gave for it XVI:11; ﬂar fyrir . . . at for thisreason . . . that XII:35
fyrirrúm n. ‘forward place’, the position on a warship in front of theraised stern section; with suffixed def. art. VI:268, 285
fyrr adv. comp. previously, earlier, before III:16, VI:8, VII B:52,
VIII:186, XIV:103, XV:45, 141, 150, XVI:99, XXIV:24, the last time
XVI:155; above (in a book) VII B:5, XV:35, XIV:154, XV:35; fyrrsƒg› aforesaid, aforementioned XIII:34: var fyrr had previously
been XXII:9/1; viku fyrr a week earlier VIII:96; fyrr en as conj.
before V:41 (lines 38–39 belong in the clause fyrr en introduces),
VI:92, 115, VIII:73, 106, XIV:171, XXVII:29; until XV:100; eigi
fyrr en not before, not until XXVI A:63, B:119, 133
fyrri1 adj. comp. former, first (of two) Gr 3.3.5 ex. 6, XXVII:44, earlier
XXIV:82
fyrri2 adv. first, in front XXVI B:206, 210; before XXII:64/4
fyrst/fyst adv. first III:73, V:93, VIII:1, 7, 15, 18, 35, IX:5 (adj. n.?),
XIV:64, XXIV:31; at first I:35; firstly VI:254, XIV:43; to begin with
VI:267, XI:58, 145
fyrstr adj. sup. (Gr 3.4.1) first II:152, VIII:171, 181, IX:125,
XXII:14/2, XXIV:77; the first XIV:180; the first one VIII:192;
bygg›i fyrstr landit was the first to settle in the country XIX:105(Gr 3.9.8.1); inn fyrsti the first XI:73, hit fyrsta XXI:196; wk. n.
acc. as adv. it fyrsta, hit fyrsta first of all, to begin with II:28, 63
f‡sa (past f‡sti, pp. f‡st) wv. with acc. and gen. give encouragement
to someone for, encourage someone into something VIII:67; impers.
with acc. f‡sti hann he was eager VII A:43; braut f‡sir mik I wantto leave XVI:79; ﬂá f‡sti einskis annars en they desired nothingelse but XXI:129; ﬂat er mest f‡sir til what he most longs for XXVIGlossary and Index73

B:20; pres. part. f‡sandi desirous, importunate VI:39; -sk form f‡sask
with gen. be eager for, desire something XXI:13; f‡sask á become
eager for X:29; f‡sask í brott be eager to leave, want to leave XVI:84f‡si f. desire XIV:116
fyst see fyrst
f‡st f. desires, eagerness XXIII:2
fæ›a see fœ›afælask (past fældisk) wv. -sk form be frightened (vi› by it, by this)XXI:120, 142,
fær, færat see fáfæra see fœrafæri, færri adj. comp. fewer Gr 3.3.8.2–5 ex. 4, V:83fæstr adj. sup. very few I:136; sem fæstum sinnum as infrequently
as possible XXIV:12
fœ›a/fæ›a (past fœddi, pp. fœddr) wv. feed, give food to, Gr 3.6.9.3
ex. 5; fœddu sik sjálfir provided for their own maintenance XIV:151;-sk form fæddisk there has been born XXII:64/3; fœ›ask af feed
on, rejoice in, exult in? XIV:106
fœra1/færa (past fœr›i/fær›i, pp. fœr›r/fœrt/fært) wv. bring II:46,
IX:30 (subj.), XI:23, 25, XIV:47; present XVI:50, 63, 167; take (withdat. to someone) V:159; imp. pl. fœri› IX:87; past fœr›u› you
brought VI:250; fær›i presented, delivered XXII:63/1; fœra fram
perform, discharge XIV:43, 125; færa upp raise up XXI:126; -sk
form fœr›usk ﬂar á upp got up onto it XV:142
fœra2 see farafœri, fœrir see fara and fœrafœrr adj. passable, safe (with dat., for) VII A:165; til fœrr capable of,able to do XXIV:25
fœti, fœtr see fótrfœzla f. food XIV:147
fƒ›ur see fa›ir
fƒ›urbró›ir m. (paternal) uncle III:32, VIII:10
fƒ›urgjƒld n. pl. compensation for one’s father’s death II:114
fƒ›urlauss adj. fatherless, orphan XIV:111
fƒ›ursystir f. (paternal) aunt XIX:107 (see note 6)fƒgr, fƒgru, fƒgrum see fagrfƒgnu›r m. joy Gr 3.1.7.1, 3.1.8 (6)fƒlr (fƒlv-) adj. pale Gr 3.3.8.1, 3.3.8.2–5 ex. 4, 3.3.9 (6), (20)74

A New Introduction to Old Norsefƒlu›u see falafƒng, fƒngum see fang1
fƒr (gen. sg. farar) f. journey; fate III:69; movement I:121; coming
XI:2; going, departure X:138; migration VIII:25, 67; expedition
XXVI B:50; á fƒr a-travelling XXVI B:14; dat. pl. fƒrum1 travels,
movements V:13, XV:121, XIX:21; í fƒr me› travelling with, incompany with XV:45
fƒrull (fƒrl- ) adj. rambling 3.3.8.2–5 ex. 4fƒrum2 see farafƒrunautr m. companion; ok hans fƒrunauta(r) and those who werewith him XV:144, 154fƒruneyti n. following VII A:67, XXI:5; company; allt fƒruneyti hanseveryone with him XV:152
fƒstnu› see fastnafƒstudagr m. Friday; acc. of time on the Friday XXVII:6; fƒstudag
inn fyrra í ﬂingi on the first Friday of the Assembly XXVII:44fƒstuígangr m. the beginning of Lent; gen. pl. fƒstuíganga(hald) the(dates) of the observance of the beginnings of fasting, i.e. the dateof the beginning of Lent XXVII:30-g = -kgá (past gá›i, pp. gát) wv. with gen. give heed or thought to XXI:58,
care about XXV:27
gaf see gefa
gafl m. gable, gable-wall X:45, XXV:110
gaflveggr m. gable wall XXVI B:29 (with suffixed def. art.)
gaft, gaftu, gáfu see gefa
gagn n. advantage, help, use; koma at gagni do (him) any good
XXII:40/4
gagnvart prep. with dat. opposite Gr 3.7.3, XXI:205
gakk see ganga
Galarr m. a dwarf II:95, 109
galdr m. magic; pl. galdrar incantations, sorcery XIV:77, XV:143
gáleysi n. heedlessness, wantonness, irresponsibility XIV:164
gálgi m. gallows XXV:77
gall see gjalla
galt, galzk see gjalda
gamall (f. gƒmul, pl. gamlir) adj. (3.3.8.1, 3, 5 (1), 3.3.9 (8), (14),3.3.9 ex. 7, 16) old II:44, III:22, 46, V:32, VIII:16 (Gr 3.4.2 (7)),

Glossary and Index

75

XXVI B:159; enn gamli as nickname XIX:17, 107; with the numberof years in the gen. XV:4; tólf vetra gamall at the age of twelve
XIV:174
gaman (dat. sg. gamni Gr 3.1.7.3–5 ex. 4) n. delight, pleasure; jƒtni
at gamni for the giant’s pleasure IX:90
ganga1 (pres. gengr, past gekk, past pl. gengu/gingu/geingu, pp.
gengit/gingit) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.1 (3, 4, 12), 3.6.9.3) walk, go I:3, 7, 25,
57, 68, 84, 89, 93, 121, II:45, 55, III:12, 41, V:34, 147, VII A:151,
IX:89, X:33, 137, XI:8, 74, XVI:128, XIX:33, XXI:102, XXII:27/3,
XXIII:102, XXIV:46, XXV:40, XXVI A:14, 32, B:44, XXVII:21;
come I:96, X:177; lead XV:83; flow (of water) XXI:93; with gen. ofdestination go to, approach IX:9; with acc. walk through Gr 3.1.9
ex. 14 (cf. fara), X:46, 75; pres. gengr is going X:166; gƒngum let
us go X:111; imp. gakk come XI:28, gakk ﬂú go X:156, you go
XXVI B:136, gakktu XXVI B:143, you come XXVI B:161; pastsubj. gengi II:110, IV:8, XV:102, XVI:94; haf›i ﬂangat á gengit(men, li›it; Gr 3.9.5) had boarded it VI:225; ganga á intrude on
XXVII:35; ganga á hƒnd with dat. submit to someone, join someone’s band XXII:10/1; ganga at come up/over, approach XXI:77,
go against, attack I:138, XXVI B:101, enter upon, begin II:7, intervene VII B:57, ganga framan at approach from the front XXVI
B:88; ganga eptir follow XXI:137, be fulfilled VII A:32, be provedtrue XXVI B:25; ganga frá leave, be finished with III:60; impers.
skal eigi frá ganga there will be no going away, no finishing with it
XXVI B:133; ganga fram come forward XVI:101, 105, advance,
attack XXII:43/2; subj. gangi sá nú fram let that one now comeforward XVI:103; at gánga fram at to come on to XXII:33/4; ganga
í wear XXI:205; ganga í mót advance, oppose, go against the enemy,
meet the enemy VI:256; gánga oss í móti are/will be fighting against
us XXII:32/4; ganga ór go from, leave VI:271; ganga saman close,
engage XXI:125; ganga sleitum see sleita; ganga í sundr break in
two V:100; ganga sundr be broken VI:56; ganga til at result in,lead to XXIV:43; impers. with dat. hvernug honum mundi ganga
til how successful he would be in obtaining VII A:46; ganga undan
get away, escape V:107; láta undan ganga let off VII B:54; ganga
undir undergo, accept XIV:99; ganga upp go ashore VII A:159,
VII B:34, 40 (inf. with sé ek Einar), XVI:15, go aboard VI:269,
273; be used up XVI:89; ganga upp á board, go aboard VI:189,

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220; nú er ﬂeim út at ganga ƒllum er now it is for all those to go
out to whom, now all those are to go out to whom XXVI B:135;
gengr vel with dat. someone gets on well, things go well for someone
XIV:107; ganga yfir befall III:26, VIII:85, XXVI B:164; impers.
gekk ﬂví this went on XXVI B:194, subj. gangi eigi it be impossible
XXVI B:209; as aux. with inf. go to, begin to X:53; -sk form gangask
í gegn confront each other, enter into conflict VIII:133; pp. var ofgenginn had gone IV:21, fram genginn departed (from life) VI:361,
sem inn var gengit where one went in, i.e. at the entrance XII:53
ganga2 f. going; visit IV:60
gangr m. movement, activity; snarpra sver›a gangr is a kenning forbattle (subject of ger›isk) VI:241
Gangr m. a giant II:81
gangtamr adj. trained in its paces (of horses) XXV:13
gapa (past gap›i, pp. gapat) wv. with dat. open wide XXI:67
Gar›afylja f. ‘Filly of Gar›ar’; Gar›ar is a common farm-name in
Iceland, and the nickname may refer to Hallfrí›r’s place of birth orabode III:128
Gar›aríki n. Russia VII A:37
gar›r m. courtyard XI:74, XXV:40; with suffixed def. art. II:156, VII
B:60, 61; in Iceland, farmyard or hayfield enclosure IV:49; pl. with
suffixed def. art. buildings or enclosures XXVI A:13; farmyard, farm
enclosure, farmyard wall; hér at gar›i beside this enclosure IX:89;
ór gar›i off the premises III:121; (in Norway and other continental
countries) premises, house (in a town) VII B:35, XI:49; pl. courts,
dwelling, abode IX:17; gen. of place mi›ra gar›a in the middle ofthe courts IX:34
garpr m. brave man, soldier XXII:13/2,19/4, 22/1, 28/1, 32/3
Garpsdalr m. valley in Gilsfjƒr›r XV:2, 14
Garpsdalsgo›i m. go›i of Garpsdalr XV:2
gat see geta
gata (pl. gƒtur Gr 3.1.7.1 ex. 3) f. path; acc. ﬂá gƒtu along that path V:42
gátu, gátum see geta
Gauka-ﬁórir m. robber XXII:23/3
Gaular f. pl. district in Norway south-east of Trondheim XIX:7
gaumr m. heed, attention I:24, 54, XXI:136
Gautland n. Götaland (southern Sweden) XIV:28
gaztu see getaGlossary and Index77

gefa (pres. gefr, past gaf, past pl. gáfu, past subj. gæfi, pp. gefinn,
pp. n. gefit) sv. give II:25, 127 (vi› in exchange), III:17, IV:100,
VI:3, VII A:112, VIII:43, 66, IX:14, X:78, 107, XVI:14, XIX:100,
XXI:24, 38; give away XVI:150; pay I:23, 54; imp. gef I:130 (til forthis purpose), XVI:152, XXII:32/3; gaftu you have given XV:23;
subj. gæfir were giving XVI:76; annat mun ﬂér betr gefit you are
better disposed to other things, you are more talented at other things
V:138; gefa af sér give out, proclaim XXIII:50; gefa (ﬂar) firir/
fyrir give for it XVI:11, XXI:118; firir at gefa to give in return
XVI:48; gáfu fé me› sér gave money with themselves (i.e. for theirmaintenance), brought money with them (on entry to the foundation)
XIV:150; pp. f. gefin given in marriage XXVI B:163; impers. gefa
be found, be obtainable XXI:61; gaf ﬂeim it was given them, they
were enabled XXI:81
Gefjun f. a goddess, one of the Ásynjur II:10
gegn1 adj. advantageous; worthy, reliable VII B:15
gegn2 adv. (cf. Gr 3.7.3) against VIII:133 (see ganga); í gegn against
it VIII:180 (or prep. with ﬂví); in opposition VIII:81; as prep. withdat. against XXII:34/1
gegna (gegndi) wv. with dat. mean, signify, be caused by II:22; meet,
pay, discharge VIII:168; amount to (= sæta) XXII:55/2; be suitablefor XXVI B:72
gegnum, í gegnum prep. with acc. through (Gr 3.7.1) VI:21, XXVI
A:70, 72
gegnvart prep. opposite Gr 3.7.3
geigr m. hurt, injury XXVI A:45
geil f. lane, sunken path between fields or enclosures XXVI A:16
Geila f. daughter of Búrizleifr VI:47
geimi/geimr m. sea XXII:64/2
geirr m. spear VI:308, VII A:25, XXV:92; dat. (instrumental) geiri
with a spear XXVI A:95
Geirr go›i Ásgeirsson m. XXVI A:4, 110, 112
Geirrø›r m. Irish slave XIX:36
geirvarta f. nipple XII:16, XV:62, 108; honum í geirvƒrtur as far as
his nipples III:103
geisli m. shaft of light XXII:60/3
geit f. (she-)goat II:69, XXIII:69 (gen. pl. with rƒdd)Geitdalr m. valley in eastern Iceland Gr 3.1.8 ex.

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geitskƒr f. (or geitskor f. or geitskór m.?) nickname (= ‘goat-hair’?)
VIII:41
gekk see ganga
gella (past gelldi) wv. roar, bellow VII A:158
Gellini m. = Arnljótr gellini
gellir m. ‘bellower’, a nickname VII A:167
Gellisson m. son of Gellir ﬁorkelsson (1017–73) VIII:10, 34, 74
geingu see ganga1
gengi1 f. support, following, troop VI:157 (gen. object of misstu)
gengi2, genginn, gengit, gengr, gengu see ganga1
genja f. large frightening creature; a kind of axe; as nickname III:47(perhaps with reference to the first meaning, or to an axe that theman owned)
gera/gjƒra/gøra/gørva (pres. gerir/gørir, past ger›i/gør›i/gjƒr›i, pp.
gerr/gjƒrr/gƒrr/gert/gjƒrt/gƒrt/gjƒrvir) wv. (Gr 3.6.7) 1. do I:10,
53, 77, 86, 88, 110, 115, 118, 142, II:68, 69, 73, 111, 144, IV:12,
VI:122, VII A:101, VIII:185, X:86, XII:84, XIV:85, XV:89, 90, 97,
XVI:74, 127, 160, 47/1, XIX:105, XXVI B:74, 145, 213; gera nú
svá now do so XXI:72; imp. gør I:15, ger ﬂú eigi do not do XXVI
A:47, ger›u honum make (for) him XV:27; gerum vér let us do
XXVI B:72; subj. geri should do VII A:101, ok gera ek ﬂat where
I might (or so that I may) do it XV:65; perform, hold VI:7; make
I:11, 16, 29, 145, II:74 (af of them), VI:146, VIII:1, 31, 129, 174,
XII:16, XV:13 (see ógetit), 18 (see dátt), 30, XVI:116, XIX:65,
XXI:45, 92, XXVI B:107, provide, hold (with dat., for someone)
XIX:9; gerum let us make XI:38; gør›i was doing XII:78, wasmaking XII:77; gjƒr›i svá did so XXI:72, svá gjƒr›u ﬂeir they did
so XXI:102; gjƒr›u› ﬂér you did XXVI B:70; ger›u they carriedout XXVI A:43; get ready XVI:113; devise X:99; set, calculate, pay
VIII:154, 157; enact VIII:172; perform XIII:20; build VI:113, X:5,
156, XIV:11, 152, XV:142, XIX:62, 102, XXI:106; bring about VII
A:17, XXII:26/1; put up, i.e. fight XXII:39/2; cause VI:39, XV:126;
gera fer› sína make one’s way, set out II:2, VI:20; gera kost withdat. give someone a choice XXVI A:11; gera or› send word
VIII:104, 122; gera or› á make remarks/comments about XXVI
B:32; gera annat rá› make another plan, try another course of action
XXVI B:101; af gera do with it XVI:29; gjƒra af banish, exile,
outlaw from XXI:157; gera at do something about XI:40, attend toGlossary and Index

79

XV:24, make into VI:16; fengu/gátu ekki at gert achieved nothing
XXVI A:38, B:97; margir hlutir a›rir at gjƒrvir sí›an many otherrepairs or improvements (have been) done on it since XIV:13; slíkt
hafa at gƒrt had acted in such a way in this matter XV:118; gera
eptir make in the likeness of XII:61; gera rá› fyrir look after
XXI:71; gøra mót with dat. act against, oppose someone XIX:21;
honum í móti gjƒra do anything (or go) against him XIV:113; gera
til earn I:61, direct at XV:145; gera mikit um make much of it
V:72; gera sér mikit um be much concerned about, care much about
VI:318; gøri› betr vi› mik act better towards me, treat me better
XXIV:21; ekki vi› ﬂví gera to do nothing to prevent it XXVI B:79;
pp. gerr built XXVI A:24, done, committed XXVI B:140; gƒrrprepared, brewed (with dat., for) XII:51; f. ger, gjƒr made, fashioned
XIII:2, 14, built XIV:6; gjƒr as adj. fulfilled, complete II:72; acc. f.
gƒr›a made, constructed I:20; n. gert/gƒrt/gjƒrt made XII:59;
XIII:19, XXI:45, XXII:30/4; vel gƒrt well made XII:12; gjƒrt/gƒrt
done XIV:138, XVI:178; m. pl. gervir (are) made (i.e. lit) XI:15,
gƒrvir at ready to, on the point of XXV:40; f. pl. gƒrvar made, i.e.
told VI:321; as aux. with inf. as meaningless periphrasis X:40, imp.
geri› XXII:22/2, with suffixed neg. -t, ger›ut did not VI:261; impers.
gjƒrir hann he becomes XVI:89. 2. -sk form gørask become
XVI:169; ger›isk, gjƒr›isk/ger›usk/gør›usk became I:73, II:43,
XIV:22, 48, XXI:35, it became XXI:60; sem ger›isk however it
might turn out (or if it happened?) IV:95; ger›isk/gjƒr›isk took
place VI:238, there came XXI:59; there came to be (with dat., insomeone, i.e. someone came to have) VII A:32; gør›isk would takeplaceVIII:127, turned out, worked VIII:130; gør›isk af ﬂví cameabout as a result of this VIII:113; haf›i gƒrzk, haf›i í gƒrzk hadtaken place XV:121, 140; gjƒr›isk til set about, took the trouble to
XVI:70; gƒr›umz we forced ourselves (we were forced?) XXV:101(see note and Gr 3.6.4, 3.6.5.3); used as auxiliary with inf. ger›iskbægja vi› = bæg›isk vi› did contend with VII A:11; with suffixed
neg. ger›ut did not XXV:64
ger›/gjƒr› f. doing, deed; í ƒllum sínum ger›um/gjƒr›um ineverything he does XXIII:19, 42; activity XXIII:40
Ger›r f. a goddess, one of the Ásynjur II:10
gerla adv. (= gƒrla) extensively, completely, fully, comprehensively
XXVII:31

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Gernoz m. brother of Gunnarr and Grímhildr XI:54
gerr1 adv. comp. more clearly, more completely VIII:5
gerr2 see gera
gersemi/gersimi/gjƒrsimi/gørsimi f. treasure, jewel, precious gift
VIII:131, X:88, 105; valuable thing XV:15, XVI:11, 34, 140, 145,
167, XXI:151
gerv- see gera
gerzkr adj. from Gar›aríki, Russian VII A:38
gestahús n. visitors’ quarters III:78
gestr m. guest XIV:138; a rank of retainer at the Norwegian court (Gr
3.1.9 ex. 6) III:119 (see MS 284)
Gestr Oddleifsson m. XV:43, 45, 58 (see note 6)
geta (past gat, past pl. gátu, pp. getinn) sv. 1. get; with suffixed 2nd
person pron. gaztu did you get X:67 (Gr 3.6.9.1 (10)); geta af gain
(knowledge) from, learn from XXVII:34; geta at with dat. obtainfrom VIII:97; ﬂat geta at get to do it XXVII:12; as aux. with pp.
manage (to do something; Gr 3.9.7.1) III:62, VI:10, XV:99, XXVI
A:38; get ek ei I cannot XXII:15/1, ﬂá aldri sótta geta never manage
to defeat them XXVI B:49, getum ﬂá eigi me› vápnum sótta will
never be able to defeat them with weapons XXVI B:100; as aux.
with at and inf. geta at get to do something, happen to do something
XXI:110. 2. with gen. mention, speak of VI:173, XIV:130, XXIV:81;
getum eigi let us not speak of them XI:38; ﬂess er vi› getit it isfurther said/told XVI:10; tell VI:339, 348 (inf. in nom. and inf.
construction with ﬂykkjat; Gr 3.9.4); er getit with gen. someone ismentioned (vi› in connection with) VI:199. 3. guess, gauge, predict
XXVI B:177. 4. -sk form impers. getask vel at with dat. (one) thinks
well of someone, likes someone: haf›i honum vel getizk atmanninum he had thought well of the man VII B:53
geyja (past gó) sv. bark at; abuse, blaspheme VIII:101
geyma (past geym›i/geymdi, pp. geymdr) wv. take care of XXII:58/1;
with gen. geyma ﬂess at make sure that XXVI B:85
geysaz (past geysti) wv. -sk form rush XXII:39/1, surge XXII:34/1
geysigrimmligr adj. very, exceedingly terrible XXII:30/3
geysistrí›r adj. extremely severe; n. as adv. geysistrítt very harshly(or as substantive, very harsh treatment?) XXII:36/3
geystr adj. (pp.) rushing furiously XXII:38/1
geyst adv. (or adj. (pp.) n.) furious(ly), at great speed I:116

Glossary and Index

81-gi intensive suffix; miklugi gørr more extensively by far, by verymuch XXVII:32. Cf. XXV, note 25.
gildi n. feast, banquet II:7
gildr adj. fine, worthy XXI:133, XXII:11/3; with gen. great, mighty,
doughty in XXII:42/1
gilja (past gilja›i, pp. gilja›r) wv. beguile, seduce XIV:90, note
Gillingr m. a giant II:102, 103, 105, 112
Gilsfjƒr›r m. fjord in north-west Iceland XV:3
gimfastr adj. X:37, see noteGimsar f. (?) pl. estate near Trondheim, Norway (modern Gimsan)
VI:67
gimsteinn m. precious stone, jewel XII:26
gin n. mouth (of animal), maw XXIII:63
gingu, gingit see ganga
gipt f. good fortune, grace XIV:36
gipta1 (past gipti, pp. gipt) wv. give in marriage Gr 3.9.1, VII A:75, 91;-sk form for passive be married (to) or refl. marry oneself (to) VII A:93
gipta2 f. luck (= gæfa) XVI:33
giptuma›r m. person of good luck (= gæfuma›r) XVI:125
girnd f. desire, lust XIII:43
Gíslher m. brother of Gunnarr and Grímhildr XI:30, 33, 54
Gísli Finnason m. XIV: 28, 154
gista (past gisti, pp. gist) wv. lodge, stay (overnight) XV:44
Gizurr gla›i (the Cheerful) m. III:15, 19Gizurr hvíti Teitsson m. VIII:80, 88, 111, XXVI A:4, 32, 33, 42, 52,
56, 66, 101, 110, 112, 118
Gizurr Ísleifsson m. bishop 1082–1118 VIII:150, 158, 181, 185, 188,
193, 195, 196
Gizurr ﬁorvaldsson m. 1208–68 III:6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 17, 20, 27, 29, 34,
35, 90, 91, 94, 96, 99, 101, 109, 111, 114, 122, 125, 126, 130
gjá f. ravine Gr 3.1.7.3–5 ex. 4, VIII:52
gjafar see gjƒfgjald n. tax (Gr 3.1.7.1 ex.5) VIII:30
gjalda (pres. geldr, past galt, past pl. guldu, pp. goldinn) wv. pay(Gr 3.6.9.1 (3)) VII A:169, VIII:27, 32, XIV:123, XXVI B:53; handover XIX:25; give XXVII:19; repay with XV:16; -sk form past galzk
was paid VIII:30
gjalla (pres. gellr, past gall, past pl. gullu) sv. resound, clang VI:240,

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XXII:18/4; bellow; ok gall hátt vi› and it bellowed loudly at thesame time XXI:119
gjarn adj. eager (with gen., for something) VII A:22
gjarna/gjarnan adv. (Gr 3.5.2) willingly, gladly I:31, V:78, VII A:121,
XXIV:25; eagerly, is keen to XXIII:81
gjó›r m. osprey; gjó›r geira hrí›ar, osprey of battle VII A:26, is akenning for a carrion bird, eagle or raven (dat. of respect, ‘in or forthe raven’; cf. note to I:12); when his hunger is diminished a battle
has taken place
Gjúki m. father of Gu›rún, Gunnarr and Hƒgni XXV:8, 77 (see note 4)gjƒf f. gift II:163, IV:100 (pl. gjafar), XVI:188; with suffixed def. art.
XVI:135, 188gjƒld see gjaldgjƒr, gjƒra, gjƒr›i, gjƒr›isk, gjƒr›u›, gjƒrr see geragjƒr› see ger›gjƒrningr m. sorcery XIV:77
gjƒrsamliga adv. particularly XXIV:36
gjƒrsimi = gersemigjƒrst adv. sup. most accurately, most intimately XIV:51
gjƒrt, gjƒrvir see geragla›r (f. glƒ› Gr 3.3.8.1 ex.3) adj. glad, cheerful VI:309 (with hann,subject of rau›); happy XXII:23/4 (acc. sg. m. ‘the happy Gaukaﬁórir’); wk. form as nickname III:15, 19
Gla›st‡randi m. (pres. part.) horse-steersman or -captain (in apposition to Gunnarr) XXVI A:95. Gla›r is the name of a mythical horse(see SnE, Skáldskaparmál 90/2 and 463), Gla›r kjalar sló›a ‘horseof the keel’s path, i.e. of the sea’ is a kenning for ship, whose
steersman is a seafarer, meaning Gunnarr
glam n. din, clash XXII:38/3 (randa glam probably a kenning for battle)
glaumr m. merriment, revelry XXV:63
gle›i f. joy Gr 3.1.7.4 (4), XII 86; happiness, entertainment? XXII:3/4
gle›imark n. sign of cheerfulness, indication of cheerfulness XXIII:50
gle›ja (past gladdi, pp. gladdr) wv. gladden Gr 3.6.9.1 (7)glepja (past glap›a, pp. glap›r) wv. 1. confuse, confound. 2. -sk formpres. for pass. glepsk will be disturbed, destroyed VI:366
gleyma (past gleym›i, pp. gleym›r) wv. with dat. forget XII:39 (imp.)
gleypa (past gleypti, pp. gleypt) wv. swallow I:91
glíkligr (= líkligr) adj. likely, probable; n. as substantive glíkligs (gen.
object of geta) what is likely VI:349

Glossary and Index

83

glita (past glita›i, pp. glita›r) wv. glitter XXI:173
glófi m. glove VI:37
glotta (past glotti) sv. grin (at at it) XXVI B:96
gluggr m. window (opening) III:4 (acc. pl. with suffixed def. art.); ok
gluggar and (there were) windows XXVI A:24
Glúmr Geirason m. poet, father of ﬁór›r Ingunnarson XV:34
gl‡ n. joy XXV:27
gl‡stamr adj. ‘joy-hindered’, joyless XXV:2
glæsiligr adj. splendid; n. ok mjƒg glæsiligt and (it was) a very
splendid one (see Gr 3.9.2) VI:62glœpr m. misdeed, crime XIV:99
glƒ› see gla›r
gløggr adj. clear-sighted, perceptive XXIII:19
Gná f. name of a goddess; in kennings for woman (= Steinger›r; cf.
SnE, Skáldskaparmál ch. 31): Gná steina (object of meina) IV:55;
Gná bor›a (object of var›a) IV:57
gnau› f. noise, din XXII:56/1; hjƒrva gnau› ‘din of swords’ may bea kenning for battle
gnaustan f. clashing; malma gnaustan is a kenning for battle VI:352
gnísta (past gnísti, pp. gníst) wv. with dat. gnash XII:57
gnógr adj. enough; n. as substantive gnógt enough XXVI A:53
gnóttir f. abundance, plenty (alls of everything; cf. Gr 3.9.8.2 andXXI:18, 32 and note 3) XXI:161
gn‡stœrandi pres. part. increaser of the clash (of battle), warrior XXVI
A:95, textual notego› n. (heathen) god, see gu›
go›barn n. divinely descended child or offspring XXV:77
go›borinn adj. (pp.) as substantive one born of gods, descended from a
god XXV:58
go›gá f. ‘barking at gods’, blasphemy VIII:99
go›i m. one of 36–39 priest-chieftains in pre-Christian Iceland VII A:167,
VIII:11; as title XV:35, 41, XXVI A:4
gó›mannliga adv. like a good man, conscientiously XIV:19
Go›mundr ﬁorgeirssonr m. lawspeaker 1123–1134 VIII:171
gó›r (n. gott Gr 3.3.8.4 (3b)) adj. good (Gr 3.3.8.3, 3.3.9 ex. 21, 24)
V:59, VI:89, 365 (with grams), VIII:68, XI:46, XV:24, XIX:98,
XXI:51, XXII:37/1, XXIV:67, XXV:108, XXVI B:102; n. gott kostum
with good qualities XXI:177; acc. sg. m. gó›an XIX:77; wk. dat. sg.
m. gó›a XXII:16/2; acc. sg. f. gó›a XIV:38 (cf. Gr 3.9.2); gen. sg. f.

84

A New Introduction to Old Norsegó›rar satisfactory XXIV:23; acc. m. pl. gó›a XIV:15; fine V:56,
XVI:3, 188; happy XV:80; noble-minded I:133; kind (complementof yr›i mér) IV:96; wk. form gó›i XI:69; n. gott as substantive svá(mikit) gott such (great) goodness, such a (great) favour or kindness
XVI:151, 184
gó›si›ugr adj. well-conducted, well-bred XXIII:8
Golaﬂingslƒg n. pl. the early law of the assembly at Gola (Gula),
western Norway VIII:39
gólf n. the unboarded floor down the middle of a medieval hall, theground X:76; with suffixed def. art. um ﬂvert gólfit i.e. across theroom I:35, vi› gólfit close to the floor III:7
Gotar m. pl. Goths; gen. pl. Gotna XXV:84, 106, partitive gen. (Gr
3.2.6 (20)) XXV:81, = Gothic XXV:13; gen. pl. gota Goths, men,horses (uncertain which) XXV:64 (see note)gotnar m. pl. poetical word for men VI:348 (subject of ﬂykkjat mér,
Gr 3.9.4), VII B:21 (dat. with vill bjó›a)gott see gó›r
grá›r m. greed, hunger VII A:25 (a battle sates the hunger of carrion birds)
grá›ugr adj. greedy XXIII:13, 62, 88, 90, XXV:104
grafa (pres. grefr, past gróf, past pl. grófu, pp. grafinn) sv. dig Gr
3.6.5.2
grafir see grƒfGrágás f. ‘grey (wild) goose’, the name given to the Icelandic LawBook under the Commonwealth XXVIII:title
grammatica f. (Latin word) grammar, i.e. the Latin language XIV:21,
154, 186
gramr m. hostile, fierce one; ruler; = Óláfr Tryggvason VI:282, 330,
343, 364, acc. after hygg ek with inf. misstu (Gr 3.9.4) VI:156;lof›a gramr is a kenning for king (here King Óláfr) VI:335; = Óláfr
helgi XXII:1/3, 13/4, 22/1, 27/4, 34/2; himna gramr = God XXII:51/4
grand n. injury; dat. object of hœtir IV:23; injury XXII:59/2
granda (past granda›i, pp. grandat) wv. with dat. injure, damage
XIII:21, 26, XXII:52/4
Grani Gunnarsson m. son of Gunnarr of Hlí›arendi XXVI B:12,50, 110
Grani m. a horse X:69, see notegranni m. neighbour Gr 3.1.7.1
grannr adj. thin Gr 3.3.8.1

Glossary and Index85

grár adj. grey Gr 3.3.8.5 (3, 4), 3.3.9 (5, 15, 20), XXV:13
gras n. herb XII:17; pl. grƒs plants, herbage, pasture XXI:59
Grásteinn inn mikli (‘Greystone the Great’) m. a rock in Hítardalr
V:79, 97
gráta (pres. grætr (Gr 3.6.5.2), past grét, pp. grátinn) sv. weep (Gr
3.6.6) II:107, XI:31; bewail, weep for XI:8, 71, XXV:38; hvat grætr
ﬂú what are you weeping for XI:33; imp. grát ﬂú XXV:36; pres.
part. grátandi X:137, XII:45
grátligr adj. tearful XXIII:71
grátr m. weeping; at gráti so as to cause you to weep, to your sorrow
XXV:35
greddir m. feeder; úlfa greddir feeder of wolves, warrior (whoprovides corpses for the wolves to eat), i.e. Óláfr Tryggvason VII A:15
Gregóríus septimus m. Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) VIII:189
grei›a (past greiddi, pp. greiddr) wv. prepare, put in order; grei›afyrir um keep in repair XIV:135
grei›r adj. smooth, clear of obstacles; n. as adv. gekk ﬂat greitt itwent smoothly XV:76
grein f. branch; type; me› ƒllum greinum in every way XIII:42;
disagreement IV:103
greina (past greindi, pp. greindr) wv. describe, give details V:105;
specify XXII:22/3
greip see grípa
greni n. lair, hole (of a fox) XXVI B:68
greru see gróa
grét see gráta
grey n. (female) dog IX:20 (dat. pl. for his dogs); bitch, cur VIII:102;
pl. grey norna bitches of the Norns, she-wolves XXV:104
gri› n. pl. truce, quarter II:90, III:16, 17, 67, 70, 82, 96, VI:298; with
suffixed def. art. VI:299; ganga til gri›a be given quarter III:118
gri›amark n. symbol of truce II:92
gri›ungr m. bull VII A:157, XXI:119
Gríma f. Hebridean woman, wife of Kotkell XV:37, 38, 135
Grímhildr f. wife of Atli, sister of Gunnarr and half-sister of Hƒgni
XI:2, 5, 13, 17, 19, 22, 23, 28, 30, 42, 52, 71
grimm›arnáttúra f. fierce nature, fierceness XIII:36
grimmr adj. fierce XII:57, XXIII:5, 23
Grímr m. ﬁór›r Kolbeinsson’s farmhand V:128

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Grímr geitskƒr m. 10th-century Icelander VIII:41
Grímr Njálsson m. XXVI B:2, 16, 18, 24, 35, 96, 193
Grímsnes n. area in southern Iceland XXVI A:115
grind f. fence; pl. pen, fold I:114
grípa (past greip, past pl. gripu, pp. gripinn) sv. grasp II:29, V:126;
seize in the jaws, bite XXVI A:17
gripakaup n. the purchase of an ornament XV:20; pl. the buying of
ornaments XVI:15
gripr m. precious object, precious possession II:40 (í in them), III:33,
VI:113; (domestic) animal Gr 3.1.8 ex.; pl. fine ornaments XV:10
grjót n. rock, stones (collective) XXII:35/4, 44/4; with suffixed def.
art. II:32, XXI:152
gróa (pres. grœr, past greri, pp. gróit) sv. grow; heal XV:122
Gróa Álfsdóttir f. (acc., gen., dat. Gró; Gr 3.1.7.5 (2)) died in thefire at Flugum‡rr III:7, 12, 21 (gen.), 25, 29, 30 (dat., henni Gró),
34 (dat.), 39, 40, 42, 47 (acc.)
gróf f. pit XXVI B:230
gruna (past gruna›i, pp. grunat) wv. impers. with acc. of person andacc. of thing suspect, guess; be suspicious about XXVI B:228; mik
grunar I suspect, I feel sure XVI:103; gruna›i ﬂá they guessed
VI:124grund f. ground XXII:60/3
Grund f. see Hrund
grunsem›arfullr adj. suspicious XXIII:71
gr‡ta (past gr‡tti, pp. gr‡tt) wv. throw stones (á at); imp. pl. gr‡ti›
ér á stone XXV:92
grænn see grœnn
grætr see grátagrœ›a (past grœddi, pp. grœddr) wv. heal XI:40
Grœnland n. Greenland VIII:64, 67, 74; XVI:10, 63, XXI:14, 38,208Grœnlenzkr adj. Greenlandic, of Greenland; Grœnlenzkir menn
Greenlanders, people of Greenland XI:18
Grœnlendingar m. pl. Greenlanders, Norse settlers in Greenland VIII:71grœnn/grænn adj. green XI:5, XXII:38/4
grœti n. pl. weeping XXV:2
grƒf (pl. grafir) f. pit, trench XXI:92, 93
grƒftr m. burial XIX:79

Glossary and Index87grƒn f. moustache; lip XXVI B:95; as nickname III:15, 49
gu›, go› n. and m. (heathen) god XIV:81; m. sg. XXIV:36, cf. fleirigu› en einn XXIV:44; m. pl. gu›ar XXIV:41, gu›a XXIV:35; n.
pl. IV:95 (subject of yr›i gó› mér), XXIV:42, with suffixed def. art.
II:88, 91
Gu› m. God III:10, VII A:64, 66, XIII:7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 23, 25, 35, 39,
43, XIV:2, 3, 11, 14, 65, 73, 117, 118, 123, 125, 177, 190, XVI:118,
XIX:111, XXI:63, 81, XXII:26/4, 50/4, XXIV:16, 18, 33, 34, 40,
52, XXVI B:104, 124; Gu›i á hendi into God’s hand XXVI B:182
gu›dómr m. divinity, theology; er til gu›dómsins er which relate totheology XXIV:28 (cf. note 2 and Gr 3.9.8.2)
Gu›laugr piltr (boy, lad) m. died in the fire at Flugum‡rr III:76
gu›ligr/gu›legr adj. godly, divine XIV:97, XXIV:33, 43
Gu›mundr Fálkason m. III:118
Gu›mundr (ofsi) m. a relative and follower of Gizurr ﬁorvaldsson
III:35; hann Gu›mundr the aforementioned Gu›mundr III:91
Gu›mundr m. son of ﬁorveig IV:2, 66
Gu›rí›r ﬁorbjarnardóttir f. XXI, note 22
Gu›rún Gjúkadóttir f. XXV:8, 21, 35, 38
Gu›rún Ósvífrsdóttir f. XV:3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 29,
30, 31, 46, 48, 52, 55, 58, 59, 60, 67, 77, 78, 80, 93
gu›vefr m. costly fabric; pl. clothing made of this XXV:58
guldu see gjalda
gull n. gold II:82 (with suffixed def. art.), IX:14, X:37, 69, XII:19, 30;
an object made of gold X:126, XVI:148; dat. sg. with suffixed def.
art. II:79; gull eitt nothing but gold, pure gold VI:111; pl. pieces ofgold (jewellery or rings) III:24
gullau›igr adj. rich in gold II:78
gullband n. golden band or collar IX:20
gullhringr m. gold (arm-)ring VII A:122, X:78, XXVI A:52
gullhyrndr adj. (pp.) golden-horned, with gilded horns IX:89
Gullinhjalti m. ‘Goldenhilted’, name of a sword I:130, 148
gullinn adj. golden VI:240; n. gullit XXV:73
gulllauf n. gold leaf XII:31 (pl., with suffixed def. art.)
gullmalinn pp. (of mala) ground in a golden mill? XII:17
gullsmi›r m. goldsmith XII:2
gullu see gjalla
gulr adj. yellow XXIII:6, 26

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gumi m. man XXV:101
gumnar m. pl. men XXII:23/3; acc. pl. gumna the men XXV:92
Gunnarr m. 10th-century Icelander VIII:50
Gunnarr m. brother of Grímhildr XI:28, 31, 45, 53, 74; son of Gjúki
XXV:27
Gunarr Hámundarson m. at Hlí›arendi XXVI A:2, 6, 21, 22, 24, 25,
27, 29, 34, 37, 39, 41, 44, 49, 62, 63, 65, 69, 71, 73, 75, 76, 85, 88,
89, 96, 116, 118, B:60, 62
Gunnarr Lambason m. XXVI B:12
Gunnarr Úlfljótsson m. 10th-century Icelander VIII:37
Gunnarr enn spaki (ﬁorgrímsson) m. lawspeaker 1063–65 and 1075
VIII:169
gunnheilagr (-helgi) adj. inviolable in battle, i.e. he against whom
one should not fight (because he is one’s brother) or inviolate,invincible XXV:101
Gunnhildr f. daughter of Búrizleifr VI:2, 5
Gunnhildr f. daughter of Sigur›r s‡r, King Haraldr’s father VII B:7
Gunnlaugr Leifsson m. monk at ﬁingeyrar XIV:26, note, 167
Gunnlƒ› f. a giantess II:116, 150
gunnr f. battle; acc. gunni VI:156, dat. gunni VI:308
Gunnr f. a name for a valkyrie; in kennings for woman (= Steinger›r;
cf. SnE, Skáldskaparmál ch. 31): Gunnr herkis sunds IV:28; ﬂeiri
Gunni sƒlva that woman (dat. object of unna) IV:61
Gy›a f. queen of Óláfr Tryggvason VII A:69, 73, 79, 84, 88, 94, 96, 107Gy›a f. mother of ﬁorsteinn XVI:191
gylltr adj. pp. gilded XII:8; acc. sg. m. gylltan VI:287; n. gyllt VI:99
gæfa1 f. luck, good fortune; dat. sg. with suffixed def. art. V:62; success
I:146. Cf. gipta2
gæfa2, gæfir see gefagæfuma›r m. person of good luck, a successful person XVI:40, 190
gær, í gær adv. yesterday XXV:5; some other day XXV:108
gæra f. (sheep)skin (with the fleece on it) III:3, 59, 60 (dat. sg. with
suffixed def. art.)gæta (past gætti, pp. gætt) wv. with gen. look after, take care of, pay
attention to II:159; watch XV:84, look after XV:101; gæta sín takecare of him XXII:50/4; gæta sín vi› guard oneself from XIV:92; gættu
eigi annars regarded it no differently, took no more care VI:257
gæzla f. keeping, guardianship; til gæzlu sjálfum sér as protection
for himself XIV:63; ﬂar til gæzlu in charge of it II:116

Glossary and Index89gœ›i n. well-being, good fortune VI:364 (dat. object of brá)gƒfga (past gƒfga›i, pp. gƒfga›r) wv. worship XXIV:40
gƒfugligr adj. magnificent, splendid II:11; comp. nobler in appearance
VII A:36gƒfugr adj. noble XIV:127, 132, XVI:151, XXIV:79; sup. gƒfgastr Gr
3.3.9 ex. 28
gƒgnum adv. and prep. with acc. through II:145, 147; í gƒgnum
postposition (Gr 3.7) X:17
gƒmul see gamallgƒngum see ganga1gƒngur see ganga2gƒr, gƒr›a, gƒr›umz see geragƒrla adv. clearly V:81, XXIV:12. Cf. gerlagƒrr, gƒrt, gƒrva, gƒrvar, gƒrvir, gƒrzk pp. see gera
gør, gøra, gørask, gør›a, gør›i(r), gør›isk, gør›u, gør›usk, gøri›,gørir, gørva see gera
gørr (= gerr1) adv. comp. more extensively, more fully; einna miklugi
gørr XXVII 32 see einna; cf. gerla
gørsimi see gersemi
há1 interrog. interjection = hvat XXIV:9
há2 see hár1
haf1 n. sea VI:167, XVI:154, XXIV:37; open sea XIX:44, 71, 80; with
suffixed def. art. á hafet, í hafit out to sea VI:121, VII A:10; ocean
VII A:164
haf2 see hafa
hafa (pres. hefr/hefir, past haf›i, past pl. hƒf›u/haf›u, past subj.
hef›i, pp. haft) wv. have (Gr 3.6.7) I:30 (2), 69, 118, II:79, 88, 136(it, i.e. the mead, understood as object), III:17, 54, VI:19, 20, 49,
118, VII A:61, IX:40, 41, X:58 (it, i.e. the missing ring, understoodas object; Gr 3.9.5.1), XI:35, XIV:178, XV:31, XVI:13, XXI:10,
103, XXII:3/1, XXIII:80, XXV:32, XXVI A:85, B:56, XXVII:5;
put, place III:111; take VII A:52, X:10, XIX:43; receive XXVII:37;
get II:67; meet (a certain kind of weather) XXI:198; bring V:116;
carry, bear XXIII:45; wear, have on V:28, 56, 159 (á sér on himself),
XXI:44; use II:6, VII A:37, XV:82, 83, 130, XXI:16; keep VI:2, VII
B:3, 31, VIII:3, XXVII:45; accept VIII:6; hold II:51, VIII:46, 59,
62, 170, XXVII:43; maintain I:34; carry on VIII:128 (pp. haft); keep
to XIV:60; behave, act I:22; pres. hefr it has I:76 (1; Gr 3.9.5);
hefir ﬂú do you have IX:36; hƒfum vér we have II:81; hƒfum allir

90

A New Introduction to Old Norselet us all have VIII:134; hafi ﬂit you have (Gr 3.6.9.1 (14)) I:52, 54;
past pl. haf›u VI:58, 146, 304; imp. haf sƒ›lat hesta tvá have twohorses saddled XV:95; pres. subj. at ek hafa that I should have III:68;
hafir may have XVI:53; hafi had I:74, may have I:135, has VI:85,
may gain, win VIII:134; hafi hann let him have IX:60; hafi ekkishould not have (or should have no, see ekki1, ekki2) XXIV:46;
hafi á sér have in them XXIII:33; past subj. ef ek hef›a if I had
XXI:134, hef›ir ﬂú you would have XXV:96, ﬂú hef›ir you had
XXV:96, ﬂó at hann hef›i even if he got VI:4; hafa af inherit from
VII B:8, 9; hafa menn at have people employed XIV:133; hafa
fyrir receive in return for, exchange for XXI:78, 115; haf›i fyrir
ﬂeim put before them, presented to them XXVI B:126; hafa í include
in XIV:140; hafa me› sér take away with one XIX:87, XXI:201,
bring with her II:40; haf›i haft me› sér had brought with him III:2;
hƒf›u me› sér had brought with them XXI:57, kept with them XXI:95;
hafa ﬂar me› sér take along with one III:25; hafa til have available,
have for it I:118, use as a pretext, bring as a charge for VIII:100, use
for XXII:37/2 (cf. Gr 3.9.5.1), with at and inf. XXVI A:58; hafa
um use, say about it XXIV:9; hafa kyrrt um sik keep quiet I:110;
hafa út bring out VIII:35, haf›i út had brought out XI:17; hafa
ﬂa›an take away from there, get to go along VII A:68; impers. haf›inær it came close VIII:110; pp. forming pass. var haf›r was brought,
was presented VII B:52; as aux. with supine forming present or past
perfect (Gr 3.9.7.1) I:4, 15, 16, 17, 18, 25, 29, 30 (1), 31, 46 (pres.
subj.), 48 (past subj.), 53, 55, 65, 76 (2), 111, 113 (pres. subj.), 115(past subj.), 129, 140, 141, 142, 145, II:15, 39, 75, 86, 100, III:10, 104,
114, 119, IV:8, 48, V:15 (hafi pres. subj.), 57, 77, 96, 116, 125, 132,
159, VI:3, 33, 42 (past pl. haf›u), 72, 281, 304 (haf›u), VIII:29,
IX:128, X:132, XI:23, XV:24, 26, note, 114 (past subj.), XVI:4,
XIX:16, 27, 39, XXI:5, 9, 177, XXII:4/1, 13/1, 30/3, XXIV:59,
XXV:6, 106, XXVI A:47, 50, 63, XXVII:10, 18, ﬂér hafi› you have
XXIV:23, hafi ﬂar eptir verit remained behind there XXI:162, ok
hafi eigi farit lengra and that they did not travel further XXI:163(similarly XXI:164, 165), hefir ﬂat that has (never) V:15, hefr haft
has had (held) XXVII:43, haf›i haft had held VII B:4, had been
holding XXVI B:151, hƒf›u haft had used VII B:78, hef›i veitt
had given XXVI A:116; with pp. in agreement with the direct object(Gr 3.9.7.1) IV:97, V:19, 63, VI:48, 55, IX:26, 27, XXII:29/1,
XXV:69; as aux. with inf. hafa at vinna will have to overcome IV:80

Glossary and Index91

hafin, hafizk see hefja
Hafli›i Másson m. died 1130 VIII:172
hafna1 (past hafna›i, pp. hafnat) wv. with dat. forsake, renounce IV:83
hafna2 see hƒfnháflœ›r f. high tide XXI:89
hafr (pl. hafrar) m. (billy) goat IX:81
Hafra-Fasti m. robber XXII:23/4
haft see hafa
hafu› see hƒfu›hafviti m. beacon of the sea, kenning for gold VI:281
hagi m. pasture VIII:55
hagleikr m. skill XII:8, 25, 47, 63
hagliga adv. neatly, nicely IX:64; skilfully XII:23, 59
hagligr adj. skilful, skilfully made (at in respect of) XII:10; sup. XII:30
hagr1 m. state, situation VIII:124; í hag with dat. in someone’s favour
XXVII:10; pl. condition, nature I:135
hagr2 adj. skilful; sup. hagastr most skilful XIV:16; hagastr ma›r
the most skilful of men X:14; n. as adv. sem ek hagast kunna asskilfully as I knew how X:92
haka f. chin XXIII:64; acc. hƒku XXIII:65
Haki m. a Scot, Scotsman XXI:39
Hákon Ívarsson m. 11th-century Norwegian (great-grandson of Hákon
Hla›ajarl) VII B:81, 82
Hákon Sigur›arson Hla›ajarl m. the Great (inn ríki), ruler in Norwayc.970–95 VI:42, VII A:125, 127, 169, B:5, 8
Hákonarson/-sunr m. son of Hákon Hla›ajarl VI:41, 192, VIII:148
halda (pres. heldr, past helt, past pl. heldu, pp. haldinn, n. haldit) sv.
(Gr 3.6.9.1 (3, 10) 1. last VIII:131 (intransitive); with dat. hold I:32,
VII B:88 (i.e. fight; eigi goes with this verb too), XII:37, 49, XV:12(i.e. not lose), XXVI B:150 (imp. pl.); keep hold of, hold on to XVI:143,
149, 177 (subj.); maintain, keep up VI:225; hold a course: heldu
skipunum steered the ships, sailed XXI:35; with acc. hold, uphold
XXII:2/1; keep, preserve VIII:176; maintain XIII:22; halda tal af
depend on the words of, value what is said by (or hold conversations
with?) XXI:15; halda á hold on to I:130, III:12, V:99; helt á washolding XIX:33; halda á brottu paddle away XXI:142; (subj.) haldi
sér ﬂó aptr and yet (if he) holds himself (leaning) backwards (i.e.
with legs sloping backwards, body sloping forwards?) XXIII:102;
halda at make one’s way towards I:116 (could also be heldr1); halda

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

eptir make one’s way in pursuit of V:60, with dat. keep VII A:75 (eptir
is adv. here); halda inn me› sail in along XXI:55; helt ﬂar saman
there held it together there XXI:46; halda til make one’s way to, lay
one’s course for VII A:2, 3, XV:131; helt til was the reason XV:80;
halda undan get away XXI:130, retreat XXI:132; past subj. heldi
undan made off VI:310; halda upp with dat. maintain, discharge
XXIV:72, halda upp svƒrum be spokesman VII B:25. 2. -sk form
haldizk remained in force, remained valid, continued to be observed
XIV:57; haldask vi› (vi›r) stand firm VI:210, hold out VI:268
háleitliga adv. loftily; fervently III:9 (á marga vega i.e. showing manykinds of devotion or eloquence)háleyskr adj. of Hálogaland (in northern Norway) XXII:10/3
hálfa f. region, part; af Gu›s hálfu on behalf of God XIV:3
Hálfdan enn svarti (Go›rø›arson) m. 9th-century Norwegian king
Gr 3.1.8 ex., VIII:8
hálfljóst adv. half-light, twilight (in the morning) III:131
hálfr adj. half III:79, VIII:32; XVI:52, XXI:94; hálft eitt only half
XVI:65; hálfar allar half of all XXVII:38; dat. sg. n. with comp.
hálfu ríkari twice as powerful XI:39; hálfu fremr twice as far off(in time) XXV:7
hálfsextøgr adj. 55 years old; vetri mi›r en hálfsextøgr 54 years old
VIII:192
hali m. tail; hala sínum with his tail XII:61
háll adj. slippery Gr 3.3.8.4 (1)hallandi m. (pres. part.) one who causes something to sink, waster; inkenning for (generous) man (Eiríkr jarl), gen. sg. hallands hafvita
distributor of gold VI:282 (gen. with skei›um; anomalous strong
declension)
hallar see hƒllHallbjƒrn slíkisteinsauga m. son of Kotkell XV:39, 138
Halldórr m. Irish slave XIX:37
Halldórr Gu›mundarson m. III:81, see note
Halldórr He›insson Garpsdalsgo›i m. XV:2
Halldórr ókristni, úkristni (‘unchristian’) m. Icelandic poet, early
eleventh century VI:49, 229, 276
Hallfre›arsta›ir m. pl. farm in eastern Iceland Gr 3.1.8 ex.
Hallfre›r/Hallfrø›r vandræ›askáld (‘troublesome poet’) m. Icelandic poet (died c.1007) VI:153, 172, 258, 304, 322, 324, VII A:10

Glossary and Index

93

Hallfre›r m. father of Hrafnkell Gr 3.1.8 ex.
Hallfrí›r Gar›afylja f. III:128
Hallger›r Hƒskuldsdóttir f. wife of Gunnarr at Hlí›arendi XXVI A:26, 78
hallir see hƒllHallr Gizurarson m. the bridegroom, who died from wounds themorning after the fire III:51, 53, 55, 59, 60, 61, 64, 131
Hallr Órœkjusonr m. VIII:51
Hallr (ﬁórarinsson) m. of Haukadalr (995–1089) VIII:184
Hallr ﬁorsteinsson m. of Sí›a (Sí›u-Hallr), c.950–1020 VIII:78, 116
Hallsteinn go›i m. XV:35, 41, 127, 129
Hallsteinsnes n. farm in north-western Iceland XV:35
Hallveig Fró›adóttir f. XIX:107
hallvitjandi m. hall-visitor; dat. pl. hallvitjƒndum poss. dat. in genericsense referring to Kormakr (i.e. it was his shield) IV:19
hálmﬂúst n. flail (hálmr m. straw); sem í hálmﬂústum like with flails,
like the sound of flails XXI:97
halr m. man XXII:62/2, XXV:51, 63, 65
háls m. 1. neck II:130, III:85 (with suffixed def. art.), X:25, XXIII:74;
á hálsinn Helga on Helgi’s neck XXVI B:153; ok hendr um hálsand (laid) his arms round her neck XII:82. 2. ridge XV:86
Hamall ﬁormó›arson m. XIX:114
hamarr m. hammer IX:2, 12, 26, 41, 56, 71, 120, 124, 130; dat. sg.
hamri (see Gr 3.1.7.5 (1)) IX:8, 131, instrumental X:98; crag: gen.
pl. hamra XXI:130; hammer? back of an axe? crag, precipice?
XXIII:12
hamarsgnípa f. peak of a crag XXI:67
Ham›ir m. son of Gu›rún and King Jónakr XXV:20, 75, 85, 94, textual
note, 96, 111
Ham›ismál n. pl. ‘speeches of Ham›ir’ XXV:112
hamfarir f. pl. travelling in a changed shape VII A:146 (í by means of)hamingja f. good fortune VII A:47
hamla f. oar-thong, thole-strap, a loop to hold the oar in position against
the rowlock when rowing; síga á hƒmlur pull against the oar-thongs,
i.e. draw backwards, row astern VI:214
hamr m. shape, form VII A:141
Hámundr Bjarnarson m. XIV:129, 130
hana pron. acc. her, it (Gr 3.2.1) I:16, II:69, XV:21
hand- see hƒnd94

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handleggr m. arm V:99, 100
hand-Vi›rir m. Vi›rir is a name for Ó›inn; ‘Vi›rir of the hand’, ‘handgod’ means T‡r, the god whose hand was bitten off by the wolf
Fenrir (SnE, Gylfaginning ch. 34); his grand, ‘injury’, is the loss ofa hand, which is what Kormakr thinks he is being threatened with
IV:23
hanga (past hekk, past pl. hengu, pp. hanginn) sv. hang (Gr 3.6.9.3)
V:157, XXIII:59
hann, hans pron. (Gr 3.2.1, 3.3.9 ex. 15) he, him, it, his, its etc. I:4, 5,
13, 22, 24, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 98, 102, 104, 149, II:1, 3, III:91 (seeGu›mundr (ofsi)), IV:10 (= it, the scythe-blade), VI:5, VII A:30
(2; in apposition to Óláfr), VIII:14 (i.e. Edmund’s), IX:1, 5, 29 (it,i.e. the hammer), 34, 42, 107, XI:25, 38 (in apposition to Attila
konung), XV:2, 26, 36, 38, XIX:10, XXI:7, 66 (in apposition toﬁorhall), XXII:5/1, XXV:32, XXVI A:8, 17 (in apposition to
ﬁorkel), 19, 35, B:46, 156, XXVII:5, 22; hann Au›unn this Au›unn
XVI:6; = Ormr enn langi VI:265; = King Óláfr VI:331; theaforementioned VIII:120; hans of his XXII:30/2, 44/3; til hans to
him XXIV:17, 41; var . . . hans it was . . . of him XXII:29/3
hannyr›ir f. pl. handwork, needlework, embroidery XIV:189
hánum = honum
happ n. good luck XXI:143
hár1 (f. há, n. hátt, pl. hávir Gr 3.3.9 ex. 29) adj. high Gr 3.3.8.5 (3),
X:54 (with vi›r), XXV:82; tall X:170, XXVI B:149; long XXII:61/4;
acc. sg. f. háva I:17; n. as adv. hátt high II:32, VI:114, XXIII:101,
high up VI:290, XXIII:44, 52, loud(ly) I:14, II:71, 107, XXI:120,
206, XXVI A:18, noisily I:22, in a loud voice VI:169; hátt upp out
loud XXI:124
hár2 n. hair XII:20 (with suffixed def. art.), XXI:103, XXII:61/3, XXIII:4,
22 (pl.), 78, 80 (with suffixed def. art.), XXVI A:78; hárit his hair
XXVI B:222
Haraldr Gormsson m. king of Denmark (died c.986) VI:2, 33, VII
A:124, 125, 126, 139, 146
Haraldr (Sigur›arson) har›rá›i (‘harsh-ruler’) m. king of Norway
1046–66 VII B:3, 7, 11, 12, 34, 36, 86, XVI:16, 32, 71, 156, 157,
160, 166, XXII:14/3, 15/2
Haraldr hárfagri Hálfdanarson m. Norwegian king c.885–935 Gr
3.1.8 ex., VIII:7, 16, 26, 29, 60, 75, XIX:47

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95

Haraldsson m. son of Haraldr bluetooth Gormsson (died c.986) VIII:146
har›huga›r adj. (pp.) tough-minded IX:124
har›la adv. very, extremely VI:209, XXII:14/1, XXIII:89, absolutely
XXII:7/2
har›r (f. hƒr›) adj. (Gr 3.3.8.1, 3.3.9 (2)) hard XXII:35/4 (dat. sg. n.
hƒr›u); fierce (of battles) VI:195, 212, 254, 285, XXI:125; firm(ones) XXIII:94; violent I:43; strong XXI:131; harsh XIV:99,
XXII:36/4; tough XXII:42/4, XXV:52; resistant XXII:30/1, 56/2; íhar›a (i.e. raun?) into a hard (time), into a harsh trial VI:230; comp.
har›ari Gr 3.3.9 (18); sup. har›astr V:137 (Gr 3.3.9 (12, 17)); n.
as adv. hart hard V:117, i.e. fast V:66, 166, XXI:189, violently
VI:271, XXII:39/1; sup. sem har›ast as hard as we can VI:78
har›snúinn adj. (pp.) ‘hard-twisted’, powerful, virulent XV:143; wellknit, staunch XXVI B:57
Hárekr ór ﬁjóttu Eyvindarson m. XXII:8/1, 36/1
hárfagri adj. finehaired, nickname VIII:7, 16, 61, 75, XIX:48
hárfer› f. the hairstyle XXIII:6
hárgeirr m. ‘hair-spear’, kenning for comb IV:32
harka (past harka›i, pp. harkat) wv. impers. it goes badly (um withsomething), something goes badly V:7
harma (past harma›i, pp. harmat) wv. grieve for, sorrow over
XIV:107; impers. with acc. of person and acc. of thing cause(someone) to sorrow, grieve (someone) XI:7, 34
harmdau›i m. sorrowful death; mƒrgum mƒnnum harmdau›ilamented by many XXVI A:120
harmr m. grief III:131, VI:324, XII:36, XXVI B:187; sorrow XII:39,
84, 88; injury, wrong(s) X:132
harmﬂrunginn adj. (pp.) weighed down by grief XIV:111
hárr adj. hoary, grey II:43
hart see har›rháski m. danger I:84
háss adj. hoarse III:129
Hásteinn m. son of Atli enn mjóvi XIX:7, 24. Cf. Landnámabók, ÍFI 371–76 and Flóamanna saga, ÍF XIII 232–37, where he is called
Hallsteinnhásæti n. high seat, throne XI:53; pl. II:7, XI:57
hátí› f. festival XIV:139
hátt see hár1

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hatta see hƒttr
hátta (past hátta›i, pp. háttat) wv. arrange, fashion; at mér muni
svá háttat that I am of that nature I:134
Hattar see Hƒttr
Hattargri›i m. Hƒttr’s protector I:59
hattr m. hood XXI:45
háttr m. manner, way (of doing something) XIII:30, XXIII:70; dat.
sg. me› sama hætti in the same way XII:21, me› hverjum hætti
in what way, by what means, how XIV:90, note; custom XIV:158;
nature XXIII:35; measure, moderation; um fram hátt beyond
measure XXIII:62; pl. behaviour, way of life XIV:48, 60
hau›rmen n. necklace of the land, kenning for sea (hau›r is a poeticalword for land, see SnE, Skáldskaparmál 303)
haufu› see hƒfu›haugr m. (grave-)mound IX:19, XV:154
Haugsnes n. headland on Skálmarnes XV:155
Haukadalr m. in south-west Iceland VIII:184 (north of Geysir)
haust n. autumn I:76 (acc. of time), V:52, VII A:70 (with suffixed def. art.),
XXI:196, XXVI A:2 (with suffixed def. art.)háva, hávir see hár
háva›ama›r m. noisy, rowdy, assertive person IV:3
he›an adv. from here XXVI B:176; from this country (Iceland) VIII:65,
88, XVI:8, (from Denmark) XVI:126
He›inn m. legendary king, whose shirt is a coat of mail VI:262
hefi, hefir, hef›a, hef›i see hafa
hefja (pres. hefr, past hóf, past pl. hófu, pp. hafinn/hafit) sv. (Gr
3.6.9.1 (5)) 1. begin (cf. Gr 3.9.3 (a)) II:16; hefja upp begin VIII:123,
XIV:1. 2. lift, raise XXII:7/4, hefja upp XXIII:70; hefja í sundr
open III:11. 3. -sk form (refl.) originate II:86 (pp. hafizk); hófsk
lifted himself X:136, 173
hefna (past hefndi, pp. hefndr) wv. with gen. avenge II:62, V:98, 115,
VI:36 (á on), 94, VII A:132, B:72, X:132, XXV:9, 42, XXVI B:113,
139, 160; hefna mín avenge me XXVI B:218; imp. hefndu vár envér ﬂín you avenge us and we (shall avenge) you XXVI B:80; withacc. punish XXII:4/4, 23/1, hefndi punished it XXII:5/4; with dat.
and acc. punish someone for something XXII:14/4
hefr see hafa and hefja
hei›inn (hei›n-) adj. heathen (Gr 3.3.8.5 (1), 3.3.9 (20)) VI:8, VIII:22,
109, 114, 119, XIV:80, XIX:109, XXIV:35

Glossary and Index97

hei›ni f. heathen practice(s) VIII:143, XXII:5/3
hei›r1 f. (Gr 3.1.7.4 (2), 3.1.8 (17)) heath, moor V:151, VIII:54; fyrirne›an hei›i below the the heath (i.e west of Mosfellshei›i andHellishei›i in south-west Iceland); ofan um hei›i down overHellishei›i XIX:94
hei›r2 m. honour XXII:9/4, 45/3; glory XXII:64/1; haldr hei›r withdat. hold someone in honour XXII:2/1
heilagr (helg-) adj. (Gr 3.3.8.4 (3c), 3.3.8.2–5 ex. 4, 3.3.9 ex. 24)
holy, blessed XIII:22, 48, XIV:5, 30; saintly XXII:61/3; sacred
XIV:35; acc. sg. m. helgan XXII:62/1, f. heilug XIV:73, heilƒg
XXIV:46, acc. sg. f. helga XXII:25/1; dat. sg. m. helgum divine
VII A:48, XXIV:27; pl. helgir menn saints: heilagra manna sƒgur
lives of saints XIV:189; helgir dagar holy days XIV:58; helgirfiskar halibut XXI:93; strong form as title blessed XIV:120; wk.
form inn helgi Jón St John XIV:17; acc. sg. m. inn helga (the)Saint V:57, enn helga VIII:12, gen. sg. hins helga XIII:11; sup.
helgasta hans his most holy XIV:100
heili m. brain; with suffixed def. art. its brain XXVI A:18
heill1 adj. whole, healed, recovered VII A:55; healthy, thriving X:148;
safe, unharmed I:114, XIII:5, 35; at least, good, complete VIII:166;
united, undivided X:72; ver›a heill recover VII A:55; far heill
farewell XVI:153; as greeting sittu heill ‘sit in health’, hail as you
sit XI:23; eigi heil pregnant, with child XXI:137
heill2 f. (good) fortune Gr 3.1.8 ex.; pl. omens, auspices XIX:41
heilsa f. (restoration to) health XXII:57/4
heim1 adv. home II:38, 52, 115, IV:67, XI:72, XII:3, 79, XV:12, 30,
110, XXVI B:18; in (to the dwelling) IX:81, to the buildings
XIV:150; to the house XXVI A:28, B:84; back I:78, 93, 110, VII
A:105, X:10, XII:70 (i.e. to the shieling XV:910, XXI:71 (i.e. tothe camp); back home XXVI B:4, 24; koma heim get back home
XIX:8, visit, pay a call I:115, i.e. to Valhƒll or Hel, to death V:23;
heim á bœinn (at bœnum) up to the farm (i.e. to Gunnarr’s farm)
XXVI A:9, 14, (i.e. to Njáll’s farm) B:44; sœkja heim attack(someone) in their home XXVI B:63
heim2 see heimr
heima adv. at home II:51, IV:50, X:72, XV:135, XXVI A:27, 34, 109,
118; in the house V:27, in his house XXVI A:3; when at home VII
B:31; in the precinct XIV:25
heimakona f. female household servant III:128

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heimama›r m. member of a household, servant, workman XXVI B:46
heimamannligr adj. human (domestic servant’s, member of household’s?) XXIII:37
heiman adv. from home, out (into the world) II:16, 123, from the house
IV:63; fara heiman set out (from home) V:112; haf›i heiman haft
had brought with him from home V:116; heim ok heiman to andfrom his home XII:79
heimbo› n. invitation to stay; at heimbo›i as a guest II:95
Heimdallr m. a god (one of the Æsir) II:9, IX:57
heimili n. home XXVII:5
heimkynni n. home, household XIV:148
heimr m. world II:94, XII:12, XIII:40, XIX:49, XXII:3/2, XXIV:37;
pl. i.e. where someone dwells IX:18, 32; nor›r í heima into northernlands XXII:64/4; ﬂessa heims ok annars in this world and the next
XXVI B:125
heimska f. foolishness XXIII:41, 45, 69
heimskligr adj. foolish XXII:7/3
heimskr adj. foolish XXIII:9, 92
heimta (past heimti, pp. heimt) wv. get back, recover IX:29, 71 (ﬂérfor yourself); heimta at claim from, recover from VI:18; draw, pull(i.e. row) VI:122
hein f. whetstone II:125; with suffixed def. art. II:126, 128
heipt f. fury (in battle), hostility (gen. with n‡ta) VI:277
heit n. vow promise XIX:10
heita1 (pres. heitr, past hét, past pl. hétu, pp. heitit) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.3)
with dat. of person and dat. of thing 1. threaten; impers. pass. (Gr
3.9.3) II:46. 2. promise VII A:122, VIII:89, XV:90, XVI:41 (withtwo datives), 156, XXII:36/2 (with two datives), XXVI B:171 (withtwo datives), 180; heita gó›u make fair promises I:86; with acc. (!)
vow XXV:80; pp. ﬂví heitit honum promised him this XXVI B:163.
3. heita á call upon (to do something), command VI:115, 277; pray
to XXI:63
heita2 (pres. heitir, past hét, past pl. hétu, pp. heitit) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.3)
be called I:9, 59, 147 (subj.), 147 (inf.), II:77, 89, 92, 97, 102, 115,
130, III:83, 128, IV:1, 107, V:128, VI:29, VII A:10, 94, 123, 129,
137, VIII:51, X:2, 87; XIII:1, XIV:16, 185, XV:2, 53, XVI:2, 45,
XIX:36, XXI:39, 203, XXII:27/2, 37/1, XXVI A:114; be named
I:148, VIII:15, 36, 65; hét was called XXVI A:8; . . . hét ma›r,

Glossary and Index99

ma›r hét . . . there was a man called . . . XV:38, XIX:2, XXI:7; hét
kona hans his wife was called XV:38; ok hét ma›r and one was aman called III:78; hétu were the names of XIX:72; heitir has beencalled, is known as XV:33, 152, 155; ﬂar heitir the place is called
XIX:84, the place has been called XIX:86; ﬂar sem heitir/heita ina place called II:115, XIX:82; ﬂar er nú heitir in the place now
called XIX:54; pp. var um heitin was called XXV:10
heiti n. name II:122; pl. your names XXII:22/2
Heiti m. a sea-king, legendary viking VI:325
heitr adj. hot XXV:89; comp. acc. sg. m. (or n. as adv?) heitara hotter
XXVI B:111 (‘you will not need it hotter for baking’)
heitstrenging f. vowing XIX:11
Hekja f. Scottish woman XXI:39
helda, heldi see halda
heldr1 adv. (comp.) (Gr 3.5.2) rather, somewhat Gr 3.5.1–3 ex. 6 (d), I:8,
71, 116 (could also be heldr2; cf. ÍF XIII 350), III:19, 27, V:7, VI:230,
VII B:2. XV:13, XVI:80, 91, XXI:11, 137, XXII:58/2; rather XIV:45,
XXVI A:12; but rather XXIII:52, XXIV:78; most X:99; instead,rather I:81, 142, VIII:6, XXII:25/1, XXIV:9, 10; enn heldr still more
XXIV:4; eigi heldr not either I:93; heldr mega einn it would beeasier for one (rather than two) III:92; heldr vildu they would rather
XXVI B:63; heldr . . . ﬂar it was rather that XXVI B:226; heldr enrather than I:64 (emphasising the comp. nær), III:13, with betr V:161,
XVI:111, XXIV:15, 58; any more than VI:8; heldr . . . en rather
than, instead of VIII:163, XXIV:32, 51, any more . . . than XIII:37;
fyrir ﬂví at heldr ﬂótt any the more because of this that, even though
VII B:55; eigi at eins . . . heldr ok not only . . . but also XIV:191
heldr2 pres. of halda
heldu, heldusk see halda
Helga Arnardóttir (daughter of ¯rn) f. sister of Ingólfr XIX:4, 11, 39
Helga Njálsdóttir f. wife of Kári XXVI B:148
helga, helgan, helgastr, helgi, helgir, helgum see heilagr
heljask (past helja›isk) wv. -sk form work oneself to death (á at)
XV:94
Helgi Njálsson m. XXVI B:2, 15, 24, 35, 72, 96, 138, 143, 146, 149,
151, 153
hella f. flat stone, slab of rock XXI:23
hellir m. cave Gr 3.1.9 ex. 14, XXI:204

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Hellisdalr m. valley to the north-west of Hítardalr V:75
Helluland n. ‘land of flat rocks’ XXI:25
hellusteinn m. flat stone XXI:139
helmingr m. half XV:31; helmingr alls half of everything, half their
total assets XV:9
helt see halda
helvíti n. Hell XIII:25
helzt adv. sup. (Gr 3.5.2) most; best XXVII:34; exceedingly I:105;
most of all XXI:113; allra helzt especially XIV:142
henda (past hendi1) wv. 1. catch in the hand II:129. 2. befall, happen
to (at in it, in this) XXIV:5; lát ﬂek ﬂat henda let that happen to
you XXIV:12
hendi2, hendr see hƒndhennar, henni pron. her, it, etc. (Gr 3.2.1), XI:17, XIV:188, XV:47,
XXI:138, 143, XXVI B:142, 150; henni to her XI:9, poss. dat. XIII:3
hepta (past hepti, pp. hept) wv. obstruct XVI:70
hér adv. here I:10, 80, 144, V:59, VI:69, VII B:37, 82, XI:29, XV:64,
XVI:76, XXV:39, XXVI A:104, 110, B:61, 117; (i.e. at the Alﬂingi)
XXVII:39, 40; in this country VIII:21, 22, 83, 85, XVI:122; to thiscountry (Iceland) XIX:104; in this book, as follows X:15; á landi
hér, hér á landi in this country VIII:43, 151; in this I:52; . . . er hér
it is (I am) . . . III:67; hér at to this I:54, beside this IX:89; hér til up
to now V:77, for this XV:27; hér um about this I:50, 86; hér . . . ﬂarer Hƒttr er here where Hƒttr is, i.e. out of Hƒttr I:146
hera› n. district XIV:142 (sc. Skagafjƒr›r?), XIX:98, XXVI B:14 (withsuffixed def. art.); í hera›i in one’s own district or area XV:65
hera›flótta adj. (Gr 3.3.8.5 (6)) fleeing the district, exiled from the
district IV:73
hera›sma›r m. person from the district, local inhabitant (here of
Skagafjƒr›r) III:1
herbergi n. lodgings, quarters VII A:105, B:77 (sg.), XVI:16; building,house XII:52, XIII:34; chamber XIV:63
her›a (past her›i, pp. hert) wv. harden, temper; with suffixed pron.
X:93; give power to, carry out forcefully (or multiply, promote)
XXII:12/4
her›ar f. pl. shoulders, XXIII:81; sér mi›il her›a between hisshoulders XI:35; mikil um her›ar broad across the shoulders XXVI
B:149

Glossary and Index101

her›imei›r m. ‘promoting tree’; her›imei›ar hrí›ar mána vi›arhau›rmens trees that promote battle, kenning for warriors (Gunnarr’s
attackers) XXVI A:99 (object of vann sára)
herfang n. booty XIX:44
herfer› f. military expedition, raid VII A:109
herfiligr adj., wretched, horrible, shameful XXVI B:31
herja (past herja›i, pp. herjat) wv. raid, make raids (on) VII A:2, 3,
126, 128, XIX:32, XXII:10/2
herkir m. poetical term for fire; sunds herkir is a kenning for gold(see SnE, Skáldskaparmál ch. 33) IV:29
herklæ›ask (past herklæddisk) wv. refl. arm oneself, put on armour;
3rd person subj. as imp. (‘let men arm themselves’) VI:170
herli› n. troops XXII:36/1
herma (past hermdi, pp. hermdr) wv. repeat XXIV:13
herna›r m. warfare, raiding VII A:1, 27; raiding expedition(s), viking
raid(s) XIX:6, 14
herr m. host VI:58, 86, 194, 349; men V:35 (gen. with víti), VII B:15;
army VI:211, VII A:20, 127; with suffixed def. art. XXII:33/1
herra m. lord XIV:171; used in address to a king or earl (vocative)
I:140, VI:79, 88, 166, XVI:23, 28, 36, my lord XXIV:10
hersir m. lord, a man of high rank in early Norway Gr 3.1.7.3–5 ex. 4;
cf. 3.1.7.5 (1)herskip n. warship VI:152
Hersteinn m. son of Atli enn mjóvi XIX:7, 18, 20, 22
hertrygg› f. warlike confidence VI:177 (gen. with hnekkir)
hervápn n. pl. weapons of war, armour II:61
hervegr m. military road, high road XXV:12
Hervƒr f. a valkyrie X:9, 73
Hestlœkr m. stream in southern Iceland XXVI A:115
hestr m. horse (Gr 3.1.8 (1)) I:2, XI:10, XV:44, 95, XXIII:60, XXVI
B:43; with suffixed def. art. XV:101; af hesti from horseback X:170;
steed XXII:41/2 (to prepare food for a giantess’s steed (wolf) is tokill men in battle)hét, hétu see heita1, heita2
hetja f. hero XV:3
hey n. hay II:124
heygja (past heyg›i, pp. heyg›r) wv. bury (in a haugr); ok sé hérheyg›ir and that they be buried here XXVI A:104

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heyja (past há›i, pp. hát/háit) wv. perform, conduct Gr 3.6.9.3; hold,fight (a battle) XXII:33/2, 54/2
heyra/høyra/hœyra (past heyr›i/høyr›i/hœyr›i, pp. heyrt) wv. hear
(Gr 3.6.6) I:4, II: 22, III:9, 10, 37, 104, VII A:43, B:68, XIII:23,
XIV:45, XXVI B:128; hear of (it) XIII:7, XVI:33; høyri ek do I
hear XXIV:20; imp. with suffixed pron. heyr›u/ høyr›u hear IX:6,
XXIV:19, listen XXI:190; imp. pl. høyri› XXIV:20; past pl. hœyr›u
VI:117; at heyra to be heard XIV:162; vildi eigi hœyra at hann myndi
hafa would not hear of his having VI:319; heyra til listen XIV:20,
hear (anything) from/of XXV:64; impers. hefir heyrt til hans there
has been heard from him XXVI B:200
heyverk n. pl. haymaking XXVI A:3
higat = hingat
Hildibrandr m. son of Reginbaldr and foster-father of ﬁi›rekr af Bern
XI:56, 65, 75
hildíngr m. king XXII:62/1
Hildr f. a nun XIV:129
hilmir m. lord, ruler VII B:43, XXII:3/3, 9/3, 33/1, 51/3; dagleygjar
hilmir = God (or Ó›inn; see note) V:22 (gen. with Ilmr)
himinn (pl. himnar Gr 3.1.7.3–5 ex. 4) m. the sky II:74; heaven
XXII:63/4; pl. heaven XIV:56; gen. pl. himna skies XXII:2/2, 25/2,
51/4
himintungl n. pl. heavenly bodies XIV:36
himnaríki n. the kingdom of heaven, the heavens XXIV:36
hindrvitni f. superstition XIV:79
hingat, higat adv. here, to this place I:76, IV:97, V:65, XI:28; thisway XXVI B:205; to this country (Iceland) VIII:25, 28, 36; higat/
hingat til lands into this country VII A:91 (England), VIII:190(Iceland); hingat í Nóreg here to Norway XVI:172
hinn1 pron. (Gr 3.2.2) the other man I:69; dat. sg. f. hinni the other
V:101; m. pl. hinir those (others) XIV:146, the others XXI:102; n.
pl. ok hin with the others II:41; hinn er, hin er that one who V:151,
IX:115, the one who VI:334 (with árr), XXIV:71; hinn annarr
the other, the second (choice) XXVI B:103; n. hitt that IV:22,
VI:325; this other thing, this on the contrary XVI:119, this on theother hand XXVI A:35; but this XV:55, XXV:20, 78; the others(sc. fólk, the man and the two women) XXI:200; dat. sg. n. hinu
but it was this that XXVI B:171

Glossary and Index103

hinn2 def. art. = inn2 (Gr 3.3.5) the I:136, IV:2 (with comp.), XIII:11,
XIV:156 (with sup.), XXI:77, 170, 175, XXVI A:115; with ordinal
numerals XXI:194, XXIV:36–38; hins verra (for) what was worse
XXI:13; hinum er to him that XXIV:83; f. hin XXIII:57; n. hit
II:63, XIV:143 (with sup.), XXI:165, 196; hit ‡tra on the outer(seaward) side VI:59; dat. sg. n. hinu XXI:66, XXIV:82; acc. pl.
hin VI:217, 220 (hin skipin, Gr 3.3.5); dat. pl. hinum I:2, XIV:44, 104
hir› f. following of a king or earl; with suffixed def. art. XVI:95, 102, 109
hir›a (past hir›i, pp. hirt) wv. keep, put for safe keeping II:115; lookafter; at hir›a looking after XIV:135; mind, care about XXVI A:83
hir›ir m. shepherd Gr 3.1.7.5 (1)hir›ma›r m. king’s man, courtier I:47, with suffixed def. art. I:48;
fyrir hir›mann minn for my follower I:60; pl. hir›menn I:34, 59,
105, 117, with suffixed def. art. I:44, XVI:100
hirta (past hirti, pp. hirtr) wv. chastise XIV:2, discipline XIV:163
hirting f. chastisement XIV:41
hirtingasamr adj. severe, strict in discipline XIV:49
Hísargafl m. (part of an) island off the coast of Norway XIX:15
hit see hinn2
Hítará f. river in Hítardalr (western Iceland) V:43
Hítdœlakappi m. champion of the men of Hítardalr (western Iceland)
V:titlehiti m. heat III:13, 53, XIII:19, 22
hitt1 pron. n., see hinn1
hitta (past hitti, pp. hitt2) wv. 1. meet Gr 3.6.9.1 (7), 3.6.9.3 ex. 4,
XV:87, XVI:99, 102; see, visit IX:44; come upon, find IX:12; reach,arrive at XXI:198; meet in battle VI:82, 130. 2. -sk form reciprocal
meet each other VII B:58; supine hizt á had an encounter, comeinto collision VI:293
hizt see hitta
hjá prep. with dat. (Gr 3.7.3) by, with II:151, XII:5, 71, XXVI B:172;
next to I:2, 26, III:7, VII B:85; by, near X:7, XIII:2, XXI:140, XXVI
A:25; (í) hjá by the side of VI:290, XI:31, XII:45, situated close to
VIII:103; as adv. ﬂar hjá nearby III:99
hjaldrvitju›r m. battle-frequenter, warrior (here King Haraldr; gen.
with herr) VII B:16
hjaldrﬂorinn adj. bold in battle VI:310 (with ﬁorketill)
hjalli m. ledge (on a hillside) V:89 (with suffixed def. art., i.e.

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Hvítingshjalli); second element of compound separated V:171, see
Hvítingshjalli; dat. pl. with suffixed def. art. hjƒllunum V:45
hjalmfaldinn adj. (pp.) helmeted (of a valkyrie, Ilmr) V:24
hjálmr/hjalmr m. helmet II:61, V:171, VI:206, 236, 287, XI:20, 26;
und hjálmum wearing helmets XXV:67
hjálp f. help; healing XXII:57/2
hjálpa, earlier hjalpa (past halp/hjalp, past pl. hulpu, pp. hólpinn/
holpinn) sv. with dat. help I:28; at hjálpa helping XIV:98; benefit,
bring salvation to VII A:50
hjálpræ›i n. helping advice; leggja til hjálpræ›i me› sér plan with
her a way to save her VI:15
hjalt n. hilt (usually pl., hjƒlt) III:99 (with suffixed def. art.), V:40
Hjalti1 m. ‘Hilted’, name given to Hƒttr I:147; as nickname VIII:62
Hjalti2 m. priest at Hólar XIV:131
Hjalti Skeggjasonr m. Icelander, 10th–11th century VIII:79, 88, 98,
107, 111
hjar›hundr m. shepherd’s dog, herdsman’s dog VII A:115
hjarta n. heart Gr 3.1.7.1, XIII:21; with suffixed def. art. its heart
I:98, the heart XII:16
hjó, hjoggu see hƒggva
hjón n. pl. household XXVI B:19, 21
hjónskapliga adv. in conjugal fashion XII:74
hjú n. pl. married couple, household, family X:72
hjƒllum see hjallihjƒlt see hjalthjƒr› f. herd Gr 3.1.7.3; animals generally XXII:53/1
hjƒrr m. sword XXII:56/1
Hjƒrleifr m. = Leifr Hró›marsson XIX:35, 38, 42, 43, 54, 59, 62,
63, 65, 67, 74, 75, 76, 79
Hjƒrleifshƒf›i m. headland on south coast of Iceland XIX:60, 73, 76, 88
hla› n. pavement (in front of the homestead) XXVI B:47 (with suffixed
def. art.)hla›a (pres. hle›r, past hló›, past pl. hló›u, pp. hla›inn) sv. 1. load.
2. with dat. lay down; lower (sails); pres. pl. la›a VI:104, past pl.
ló›u VI:125, 135
Hla›gu›r f. a valkyrie X:8, 73
hlaupa/laupa (pres. hleypr/leypr, past hljóp/ljóp, past pl. hljópu/
ljópu/hlupu, pp. hlaupinn, n. hlaupit) sv. (Gr 3.6.5.2, 3.6.6) 1. run,Glossary and Index105

jump, leap III:49, 54, IV:62, V:127, VI:294 (past ljóp), 298 (past pl.
ljópu), VII A:116, B:67, 68, XV:110, XIX:70, 84, XXI:43, 49, 119,
120, 142, 179, 180, XXVI A:16, 38, 68, B:89, 203, 206, 221; flee
XIX:81; imp. hlauptu út you jump out XXVI B:203, 210; hlaupa
fram charge XXII:38/1; hlaupa fyrir jump over XIX:85; hlaupa
út rush out, (try to) escape III:27; jump out III:45, 64. 2. pp. -sk
form lœypizk run off, escape VI:10
hlaut see hljóta
hle›i m. shutter XXV:78
Hlei›argar›r m. palace of the Danish kings; modern Lejre in Denmark I:1
Hlér m. alternative name for Ægir II:1
Hlésey f. ‘Hlér’s island’, = Læsø in the Kattegat off Denmark II:2
hleypa (past hleypti, pp. hleypt) wv. transitive with dat. cause to run;hleypa ofan í thrust down into III:98
hleypr see hlaupahli› f. side XI:55, XXI:45; with suffixed def. art. á hli›ina onto hisside XV:106; á hli› at his side V:29
hlí› f. slope, hillside Gr 3.1.8 (13)Hlí›arendi m. ‘end of the slope’, Gunnarr’s home in southern Iceland
XXVI A:1, 10, 13, 21, XXVI B:60
hlíf f. shield XXII:18/4, 40/4
hlífa (past hlíf›i, pp. hlíft) wv. with dat. protect I:17, XIII:23
Hlín f. name of a goddess; Hlín línu is a kenning for a woman (=Steinger›r; cf. SnE, Skáldskaparmál ch. 31) IV:89 (the nom. phrase
is used to address her)hljó› n. silence; sound; koma á hljó› become aware, hear it rumoured,find out XIV:88; af hljó›i in silence, on the quiet (secretly) XXII:58/2
hljó›lyndr adj. taciturn, uncommunicative XXI:12
hljó›r adj. quiet, silent I:83
hljóp, hljópu see hlaupa
hljóta (past hlaut, past pl. hlutu, pp. hlotinn) sv. (3.6.6 ex. 4) get,suffer V:154, IX:129; hljóta at with inf. get as one’s lot XXVI A:112,
have to, be forced to XXII:54/3
hló, hlógu see hlæja
Hlórri›i m. a name for ﬁórr IX:26, 27, 56, 123
hlupu see hlaupa
hluta (past hluta›i, pp. hlutat) wv. cast lots XXVI A:112; impers.
skal ﬂá hluta lots are then to be drawn (as to, to decide) XXVII:9

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hluti m. part, share XVI:6
hlutr/lutr m. 1. thing II:4 (váru ‘were’ is understood in this sentence),
II:93, VII A:98, XIII:47, XIV:13, 59, 82, 115, XVI:167; í mƒrgum
gó›um hlutum in many good ways XIV:4; sjá einn var svá hlutrinn
at that alone was the thing (i.e. reason) such that XVI:126; nom. pl.
hlutir XXIV:43; acc. pl. hluti XXIV:28, events (object of sag›i
fyrir) VII A:31, 60, 64, ﬂá luti a›ra the other things XXIV:49. 2.
part; sá hlutr that part (of something) XXIII:96; (enn) meiri hlutr
manna the majority of people VIII:177, XXVII:27, similarly
XXVII:46; mestr lutr manna the greatest portion of men, themajority of people VI:319; share II:160; eiga hlut í be involved insomething IV:101. 3. lot; the lot XXVII:10hl‡›a (past hl‡ddi) wv. listen; er til hl‡ddu who were listening to
him XIV:34, 37; with dat. listen to, hear XIV:43, 151; impers. hl‡›ir
it will do; ﬂar mundi hl‡›a it would work VIII:91hl‡›inn adj. with dat. obedient to, compliant to VIII:155hl‡›ni f. obedience XIV:119hl‡ri m. brother XXII:14/1
hlæja (pres. hlær, past hló, past pl. hlógu, pp. hleginn) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.3)
laugh II:72, XVI:109, 111; past hló IX:123, XXV:70, ló vi› laughed(at it) VI:76; past pl. hlógu XXV:23; pres. part. hlæjandi laughing
X:136, 173hlœgja (past hlœg›i) wv. cause to laugh, make laugh II:69; ﬂat hlœgir
mik that gladdens me XXVI B:217
Hlƒ›vér m. legendary king (= Louis, Ludwig) X:8, 58, 73 (dat.)
hnakki m. nape of the neck XII:20 (with suffixed def. art.)
hné see hníga
hneigjask (past hneig›isk) wv. -sk form bend XXIII:21
hneit see hníta
Hneitir m. ‘cutter’, St Óláfr’s sword XXII:37/1, 48/1
hnekkir m. one who halts or checks, puts an end to; hertrygg›arhnekkir i.e. successful battle-leader (who destroys the enemy’s
confidence; subject of ba›at hyggja) VI:178
hníga (past hné, past pl. hnigu, pp. hniginn) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.3 ex. 1)
sink down, i.e. fall (in battle) V:171, VI:362, XXII:37/4, 45/3,
XXV:56, 111
hníta (past hneit, past pl. hnitu, pp. hnitinn) sv. strike (vi› against)
IV:18; hníta saman strike against each other (i.e. in battle) VI:231

Glossary and Index107

Hnitbjƒrg n. pl. a mountain II:116, 120
hnot (pl. hnøtr/hnetr) f. nut (Gr 3.1.7.2) II:51, 54 (with suffixed def. art.)hnykkja (pres. hnykkir, past hnykkti, pp. hnykkt) wv. with dat. pull,
snatch I:13
hoddlestir m. ‘hoard-harmer’ i.e. ‘hoard diminisher’ means ‘generousman’, here ﬁorsteinn Kuggason (gen. with sveit seggja) V:53
hof n. (heathen) temple VIII:43
Hof n. farm in southern Iceland XXVI A:5
hóf 1 see hefja
hóf 2 n. moderation; what is reasonable II:127 (object of gefa); reason,
restraint (at in it) XV:21; ætla hóf fyrir sér know what is sensible
for oneself, keep within one’s capabilities VI:168; at sama hófi tothe same degree, just as good X:12; á sitt hóf in respect of herself orto the same extent, equally or proportionately? XV:61
hófsk see hefja
hógliga adv. gently; sup. sem hógligast as gently as he could III:111
hola f. hollow, hole XXI:204
Hólabyskup m. bishop of Hólar in Hjaltadalr XIV:177
Hólakirkja f. the church at Hólar in Hjaltadalr XIV:176
Hólar1 m. pl. bishop’s see in Hjaltadalr, inland from Skagafjƒr›r,
northern Iceland VIII:192, XIV:5, 12, 143, 166, 184
Hólar2 m. pl. = Álfhólar, farm on Eyjar (Landeyjar) XXVI B:3, 4
hold n. flesh X:53, XII:20 (with suffixed def. art.)
holdgan f. incarnation XIX:49
holdgróinn adj. (pp.) rooted in the (same) flesh XXV:48
hóll m. hill VII A:149
Hóll m. farm in Saurbœr, western Iceland XV:44
hólmganga f. duel, a fight to settle a dispute VII A:98, 99
hólmgƒnguma›r m. fighter of duels VII A:77
hólmi m. islet, small island VI:28, 29; with suffixed def. art. VI:60,
123, 124, 125, 133, 135, 136
hólmr m. = hólmi X:86, 179, 181; acc. sg. with suffixed def. art.
hólmenn VI:121
Hólmr m. Bjƒrn Hítdœlakappi’s farm in Hítardalr, western Iceland
V:74, 87, 158
Hólmsteinn m. son of Atli enn mjóvi XIX:7, 10, 13, 16, 18
hólmsƒk f. a cause for duelling, a reason for holding a duel V:115
holr adj. hollow, cupped I:41

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Hólsmenn m. pl. the people of Hóll XV:82
holt n. wood X:77; ?stony hill XXV:16; low hill or ridge XXI:91
hon/hún f. pron. she, it (Gr 3.2.1) I:17, 18, 19, IX:105, 129, X:3, 59,
75, XI:8, 31, XIII:5, 24, XV:26, XXI:13 (it, i.e. Christianity), 136,
XXVI A:80, 105, B:23; hún it XIV:12
honum/hánum pron. dat. sg. (Gr 3.2.1) (to) him I:27, 32, 37, 66, 68,
74, 92, 94, 113, VIII:26, XI:31, XV:25, XIX:34, XXI:15, XXIV:68,
XXVI A:11, 33, B:74, XXVII:32; hánum VI:97, 187, 243 (dat. withfylgja, = Eiríkr jarl), IX:43, 61, X:40, 183, 184, XXIV:81, it VI:115;
honum Au›uni him, Au›unn XVI:107; firir honum ﬁóri for thisﬁórir XVI:5; poss. dat. í andlit honum into his face VII A:86, í
smáﬂarma honum into his guts XXI:175, ór hƒndum honum fromhis hands VII A:103, tenn hánum his teeth X:81
Hóp n. ‘lagoon’; place-name formed with prep. (Gr 3.1.8 ex.) XXI:90,
164, 193
horfa (past horf›i, pp. horft) wv. 1. face (in a certain direction) XII:21,
XV:105, XIX:60; gaze XXI:67; horfa á look at I:119, look at
something, look ahead III:54; horfa til tend towards XIV:90, note,refer to XXIV:3, 4, 83; horfa upp be turned upwards XV:151. 2.
-sk form with reciprocal sense horf›usk ﬂeir at they faced eachother III:8 (Gr 3.9.8.3)
horfit, horfinn see hverfa
horn n. corner I:5 (with suffixed def. art.); horn (musical instrument)
XXV:65hornungr m. bastard XXV:52
hósti m. cough XXVI B:200
hosur f. pl. hose, drawers, trousers V:56
hót1 n. pl. threats (with dat., against someone) XXII:7/3
hót2 n. a little, somewhat; dat. as adv. with comp. XXII:32/2
hrafn m. raven (Gr 3.1.7.4) V:164, 165
Hrafn m. father of Bergﬂórr VIII:170
Hrafn Hœngsson m. lawspeaker 930–49 VIII:58, 62
Hrafna-Flóki m. Flóki Vilger›arson XIX:27. He was one of the first
viking explorers of Iceland (see ÍF I 36–39), and used ravens to
help him find it.
Hrafnkell (dat. Hrafnkatli) Hallfre›arson m. Gr 3.1.8 ex.
hráki m. spittle II:91
Hrani (Ko›ránsson) m. III:107, see noteGlossary and Index

109

hrapalliga adv. hurriedly, headlong, in a hurry III:66
hrata (past hrata›i, pp. hratat) wv. fall; hrata ofan tumble down
XXVI A:31
hrau› see hrjó›ahraustge›r adj. bold-minded; enn hraustge›i the bold-minded one(ﬁorsteinn Kuggason) V:52
hraustleikr m. valour, vigour, courage, manliness XV:146
hraustligr adj. valiant, brave-sounding, encouraging; comp. XXVI B:126
hraustr adj. tough, bold, valiant I:117, 123, 133, V:114. XXII:11/3;
pl. as substantive raustir valiant ones VI:293
hraut see hrjóta
hre›jar f. pl. scrotum, testicles II:70
hreimr m. cry, noise, shriek; as nickname III:44
hreinfer›ugr adj. pure, chaste XIV:185
hreinliga adv. purely, absolutely XXIII:29; svá hreinliga sem as purea life as XIX:112
hreinn1 m. reindeer; acc. pl. (with haf›i kraf›a) in kenning for ships,
húnlagar hreina VI:54
hreinn2 adj. pure Gr 3.3.9 (3), XIII:28, 41; comp. hreinni Gr 3.3.8.4(1), 3.3.9 (20); sup. hreinstr Gr 3.3.9 (20)
Hreinn Styrmisson m. abbot at ﬁingeyrar from 1166 (died 1171)
XIV:151
hremma (past hrem(m)di, pp. hrem(m)dr) wv. clutch, hold firmly
XXII:35/3
hressask (past hresstisk) wv. refl. recover III:130
hreysti f. toughness, courage, boldness I:128; valour XI:50
hrí›/rí› f. 1. (period of) time, while: um hrí› for a while IV:103,
V:44, XVI:77, XIX:17, 71, XXVI A:40, B:194, for a time, once
XXVI B:139; acc. in adv. phrase nƒkk(u)ra hrí›, skamma hrí›,litla hrí› for a short time I:4, III:104, XV:54, for a while XXVI
A:111, for a certain period XIV:166. 2. storm XV:144; hjalms hrí›(object of vann), geira hrí›, odda hrí› are kennings for battle
VI:237, VII A:25, XXII:55/1; also hrí› mána vi›ar hau›rmens
storm of shields XXVI A:99 (gen. with her›imei›a). 3. attack, onset,
assault XXVI A:43; gen. (object of væntir mek) ﬂeirar rí›ar atsuch a battle that VI:91
hrinda (past hratt, past pl. hrundu, pp. hrundit) sv. push; past subj.
hryndi III:47

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hringja (past hring›i, pp. hringt) wv. (cause to) ring (with dat.) XII:46(pres. part.); hringja til tí›a ring (a bell) for divine services XIV:160
hringr m. ring, circle V:109, XXIII:32 (i.e. iris?); (gold) ring IX:116,
130, XVI:146, 182; with suffixed def. art. XVI:150, 183
hrís n. brushwood X:54 (instrumental dat.)
hrista (past hristi, pp. hrist) wv. (transitive) shake IX:3
hrjó›a (pres. hr‡›r, past hrau›, past pl. hru›u, pp. hro›inn/ro›inn,n. hro›it/ro›it) sv. strip, clear (of men, by killing them); pp. ro›inn,n. ro›it VI:217, 227, 275; váru ro›in had been cleared VI:305;
impers. hrau› af splinters or sparks flew off? XXII:48/2; -sk form
for pass. ru›usk were stripped VI:219, 223
hrjóta1 (pres. hr‡tr, past hraut, past pl. hrutu, pp. hrotinn) sv. fly,
be flung II:146, splash III:86
hrjóta2 (pres. hr‡tr, past hraut, past pl. hrutu, pp. hrotinn) sv. roar,growl (vi› in response) XXV:90; past subj. sem bjƒrn hryti as abear would have roared (growled) XXV:91
Hróaldr Geirsson m. XXVI A:114, 116
Hróaldr Hrómundarson m. Icelandic settler XIX:2, 5
Hróaldr ¯zurarson m. of Brei›á XXVI B:88, 91
Hró›marr Hróaldsson m. XIX:5
hró›rgla›r adj. glad of fame XXV:78 (see note 22)
Hrólfr kraki m. legendary Danish king I:28, 45, 50, 106, 132
Hrómundr Gripsson m. XIX:2. He is the subject of a fornaldarsaga
hrópa (past hrópa›i, pp. hrópat) wv. slander, defame falsely XII:42,
62, 89hrósa (past hrósa›i, pp. hrósat) wv. with dat. praise, glory in X:122;
boast of XXVI A:116, 117
hross n. horse V:6, VIII:55, XXV:13; acc. pl. with suffixed def. art.
V:45, 46, 67, 91; gen. pl. with suffixed def. art. hrossanna V:28;
dat. pl. with suffixed def. art. V:89
hrossakjƒt n. horseflesh VIII:141(h)rossæta f. horse-eater, one who eats horseflesh; acc. pl.with suffixed
def. art. VI:188
hrotti m. sword; dat. as instrumental hrotta with my sword XXII:15/1
hrukku see hrøkkva
Hrund f. name of a valkyrie IV:88; written Grund XVIII:122rb11
Hrungnir m. a giant IV:18
hryg› f. sorrow XII:36

Glossary and Index

111

hryggiliga adv. sadly, unhappily XIII:33
hryggr adj. sad XII:87; mournful XXIII:20, 71
hrynja (past hrundi, pp. hrunit) wv. jangle IX:61
hryndi see hrinda
hræ n. corpse; in pl. (with suffixed def. art.) the remains of the body VIII:52hræ›ask (past hræddisk) wv. be afraid of, fear I:105 (subj.), 107,
XXVI B:75; ræddusk were afraid VI:321; ræddisk vi› was in fearof VI:131
hræddr adj. pp. frightened, afraid I:26, 36, 90, II:47; fearful XXIII:93;ræddr VI:77hræ›iligr adj. dreadful, fearful XXII:56/1
hræd‡r n. carrion animal XXIII:35 (gen. pl. with hátt)hræra see hrœra
hræzla f. fear XIV:115
hrœra (hræra) (past hrœr›i, pp. hrœrt) wv. move (transitive), wield
XXII:12/3; -sk form move (intransitive) XXI:173, XXIII:34, XXVI
B:176
hrœriligr adj. movable, changeable XXIII:42
hrøkkva/røkkva (past hrƒkk, past pl. hrukku, pp. hrokkinn) sv.
fall back; hrøkkva frá withdraw, draw back XXVI A:41; røkkva
undan draw back, give way, retreat VI:272; swing, be wielded V:41;
curl (of hair) XXIII:5hú› f. hide (of an animal) XXVI B:179 (with suffixed def. art.)hú›keipr m. skin boat (i.e. canoe), boat made of animal hide XXI:96, 110
hug›a, hug›i, hug›u see hyggja
hugframr adj. valiant at heart VI:311 (with ﬁórketill)
hugfullr adj. full of courage, brave XXIII:80, 106, valiant XXV:65
hugga (past hugga›i, pp. huggat) wv. comfort, console XIV:111
huggan f. comfort, consolation XII:86, 87, XIV:112
huggó›r adj. kind-hearted XIV:198
huglei›a (past hugleiddi, pp. hugleiddr) wv. consider, bear in mind
XXIV:76
hugléttr adj. light of heart; comp. n. as adv. henni mundi hugléttara
she would be happier, comforted II:107
hugna (past hugna›i, pp. hugnat) wv. with dat. please VII B:15
hugpr‡›i f. courage, valour V:131, 152
hugr m. thought, mind IX:123, XIII:41, XIV:93, XXIII:2, 5, 15, 26(with suffixed def. art.), 30, 59, 61 (pl., thoughts?); attitude XXIII:22;

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heart, courage I:118, XXV:96; í hug (honum) in his mind III:13,
27; kom honum ﬂat í hug at it occurred to him that XIX:81, kemr
mér í hug has come into my mind XXVI B:116; erum hugr á mymind is on IV:28; eigi er honum hugr at he has no mind to, nodesire to XII:72
hugreifr adj. glad of mind VI:278 (with ﬂengill)hugsa (past hugsa›i, pp. hugsat) wv. think, consider XXIII:36; think
about, ponder XXII:32/1; plan XXIII:74
hugsunarmikill adj. thoughtful XXIII:2
hugumstórr adj. great of heart, courageous XXV:20, 85
hugvit n. intelligence, understanding, good sense XXIII:4, 89, 109
hugvitr adj. clever, intelligent XXIII:30
hul›i, huldr/hulit/hult see hylja
hún = hon
Húnaland n. the land of the Huns XI:38, 70
hunang n. honey II:98
hundr m. dog VII A:115 (with suffixed def. art.), 116 (with suffixed
def. art.), 119, 123, XXVI A:9 (with suffixed def. art.); poss. dat.
XXVI A:18 (with suffixed def. art.); as nickname XXII:8/3, 42/1
Hundr m. = ﬁórir hundr XXII:30/1, 45/2
hundra› n. (Gr 3.4.1, 2 (5, 6)) hundred VIII:13, 148 (see tegr),
XIV:139; hundra› heilt a good hundred, or perhaps a full hundred,i.e. 120? VIII:166; fjorir tigir annars hundra›s 140 (Gr 3.4.2 (9))
XXI:19; pl. hundru› VII A:116, VII B:33, X:48, XI:11, XIV:140,
XIX:50; = 120 XXV:81, XXVII:37
hungrdœyfir m. ‘hunger-allayer’; he who allays the hunger of carrion
birds is a successful warrior who provides dead bodies for them toeat (here = King Óláfr) VI:326 (object of skal ek lœyfa)húnlenzkr adj. Hunnish, from Hunland XXV:42
húnlƒgr m. mast-top liquid, kenning for the sea; gen. with hreina
VI:54 (húnn1 m. was a four-sided structure fixed to the top of amast, crow’s-nest)
húnn2 m. cub; young boy X:114, 148, 158; one of the pieces used in aboard-game IV:33
hur› f. door XV:103, with suffixed def. art. XV:104
hurfu see hverfa
hús n. building XI:61, XII:14, XIV:15, 26, 157, XXVI A:58 (pl.);with suffixed def. art. room IV:35, 36; house X:5, XIV:152 (pl.),
XV:102, XX1:204, home V:10; acc. of what is travelled over (withGlossary and Index113

rennda ek) IV:34; pl. with suffixed def. art. III:5, 35, 88; pl. buildings,
farmstead XXVI A:15, B:61, with suffixed def. art. XXVI A:37,
38, B:87, 88, 118
húsbak n. back of the building XXV:111
húsfreyja f. mistress of the house, housekeeper XIV:127; in address
lady XXVI B:161
húsganga f. (people going on a) visit V:3
húskarl m. farmhand V:2, 26, 128; servant, workman XXVI B:134;
in Norway, member of a king’s or jarl’s bodyguard or following
VII B:44
hva›an, hva›an af adv. (Gr 3.8.2.3) where from, from what origin
I:128, II:86, VII A:63; hva›an af sem as conj. from wherever VII A:61
hválf n. vault XII:10; vaulted room XII:64
Hvalfjƒr›r m. ‘whale-fjord’, fjord in western Iceland XIX:97
hválfhús n. vaulted building or chamber XII:7, 67, 80
hváll m. hillock, knoll; with suffixed def. art. (i.e. Bergﬂórshváll)
XXVI B:42
hvalr m. whale XXI:73, 74 (see hvat); dat. pl. hvƒlum XXI:75
hvalslíki n. the form of a whale VII A:147
Hvammsdalr m. valley in western Iceland above Saurbœr XV:82
hvar1 adv. conj. where (Gr 3.8.2.1, 3) II:54, 156, III:97, VI:120, 126,
IX:99, X:67, XXVI B:175; as to where XII:78, as to what VIII:40;
hvar sem wherever XXII:19/4
hvar2 adv. in each place, everywhere; sex eru hvar saman they are
all in groups of six V:81
hvarf 1 n. disappearance II:43
hvarf 2 see hverfa
hvarfa (past hvarfa›i, pp. hvarfat) wv. intransitive turn round, wave
about XXV:73
hvárgi pron. neither Gr 3.2.4, XXVI B:102; n. lag›i hvártki til
supported neither side (in the dispute), contributed nothing on eitherside V:162; n. as adv. hvárki/hvórki . . . né neither . . . nor XII:76,
XIV:75, XXII:3/4, 53/3, XXIII:51, XXIV:8–9, XXVI A:77, B:85;
hvárki . . . ok eigi XXIV:52; svá . . . at . . . hvárki without either VI:9
hvárr pron. each (of two) (Gr 3.2.5, 3.8.2.3) III:16, XI:46; hvárr okkar
each of us XXVI B:216; sitt skip hvárr each his own ship XIX:43; pl.
hvárir which (side) XXVI B:54, each (side) VII A:100, VIII:114,
XXVII:14; hvárr sem whichever III:17; at hváru according to both,in either case VI:330; ykru hváru to each of you XXV:34

114

A New Introduction to Old Norsehvárt interrog. adv. (Gr 3.8.2.3) whether I:48, 112, 114, VI:325, XXVI
A:27, 84; introducing a direct question (Gr 3.9.1) XI:23, XV:64,
XXVI B:109, 224, hvárt launa›i hann did he reward XVI:179,
hvárt er (ﬂat) can it be XV:49, XVI:32, is . . .? XXVI A:34, B:128;
hvárt sem, hvárt er as conj. whether VIII:154, XIV:45, XV:9, XXVI
B:176, XXVII:11
hvártki = hvárki, n. of hvárgi
hvártveggja pron. each of the two; n. hvárttveggja II:71, III:116,
both (i.e. that he is dead and alive) VI:332 (object of sannliga segja),
XVI:186; acc. sg. í hvárntveggja flokkenn on each side, in each force
VI:220; gen. sg. til hvárstveggja for each of these two things XIV:29;
dat. sg. n. hvárutveggja XXI:83; nom. pl. hvárirtveggju each side,both sides II:90, VIII:134, 137; dat. pl. af hvárumtveggja from eachof the two sides, from both sides VI:212; n. as adv. hvártveggja both
XXIV:72, hvárttveggja on both sides VI:293, in each case XV:63
hvass (f. hvƒss) adj. sharp Gr 3.3.9 (4); keen, bold (of the heart ormind) XXII:19/3; comp. hvassari Gr 3.3.9 (20); comp. n. as adv.
hvassara more keenly IX:99; sup. hvassastr Gr 3.3.8.5 (2), 3.3.9(20), 3.3.9 ex. 26
hvat pron. what (Gr 3.2.5, 3.8.2.3); I:10, 111, 112, 135, 140, II:44,
IV:29, V:11, 16, VII A:45, IX:6, 23, X:148, XII:78, XV:59, XVI:80,
168, XXI:99, XXIV:11, XXVI B:45; what for XI:33; to what extent,
how VIII:155, XXV:47; with gen. hvat rá›s what plan XXVI B:48,
hvat manna what (kind of) people XV:88, hvat hvala what kind ofwhale XXI:74; hvat sem whatever XXI:136; hvat er whatever is
XXIII:35; as interjection what? XXIV:9
hvatr adj. quick; n. as adv. hvatt vigorously, swiftly X:99
hvatki pron. whatever Gr 3.2.5; hvatki es as conj. VIII:5
hvatti see hvetja
hvé adv. how (Gr 3.8.2.3) V:80, VIII:112, IX:56, XVI:72, XXV:44.
XXVI A:93
hveiti n. wheat XXI:50
hveitiakr (gen. -akrs) m. wheat-field XXI:90
hvelfa (past hvelf›i) wv. impers. with dat. overturn, capsize II:104
hvelpr m. whelp, puppy; as nickname XV:81
hvenær adv. when Gr 3.8.2.3
hverfa (past hvarf, past pl. hurfu, pp. horfinn/horfit) sv. turn III:38,
39 (i.e. in the narrative), V:78, XXI:181; fall XXVII:9; hverfa at

Glossary and Index

115

attend VIII:47; hverfa braut/á brott/á brutt go away IV:27, go
off, disappear XIX:100, XXI:65; hverfa frá turn away, leave off,
give up XXVI A:48, B:64, 103; hverfa saman gather together
VIII:109; pp. horfinn disappeared, gone XIX:82; with dat. surrounded by, blessed with XXI:14; horfinn frá turned away from,turned against XXII:9/3
hverft adv. changeably, unpredictably, suddenly XXVI B:36
hvergi adv. nowhere, not at all V:10, 110, VIII:160, XIII:6, XXII:3/3,
XXVI B:176; in no way XV:123, after a neg. anywhere at all IX:7
hvernig, hvernug adv. (Gr 3.8.2.3) how II:122, III:107; as to how VII
A:46
hverr (n. hvert) pron. 1. who, which, what (Gr 3.2.5) I:7, 56, 121,
III:65, VI:106, 181, XV:114, XVI:59, 106, XXIV:14, XXVII:6, 18;
hverr ma›r what kind of person, who VII A:86; f. hver what XXVI
B:8; acc. sg. m. hvern which IV:88 (with skapfrƒmu›), VII A:78;
as rel. which XIV:26, note, whom XIV:169, í hvern into which
XXVII:9, hvern er whoever, anyone who XIV:187, hvern veg how
V:84; dat. sg. m. hverjum (to) whom V:135, what XIV:90, note; n.
hvert what V:105; hvert nafn . . . var what the name . . . was VII
A:90; gen. sg. n. hvers of what II:76, XXVI A:28, for what XXV:35;
dat. sg. n. hverju what I:74, V:8, with gegna II:22, with what, how
XV:26, XVI:161; m. pl. hverir who VI:186, 190, X:64, XXVII:42; f.
pl. hverjar what (kind of) I:60; hverr er whoever II:99, 160, XXIV:18.
2. each V:23, VI:162, VIII:27, 31, 43, XIV:63, XIX:84, XXVI B:20,
XXVII:34; every XI:48, 49, XII:76, XVI:43, XXI:91, 112, XXIV:17,
29, XXVII:26; every, any II:140, V:4; all (the) XXV:4; each one/
person XXV:30; everyone XXVI A:85; hverr ma›r annarra anyother man VIII:150; hverr ma›r . . . er anyone who XXVII:35, 41;
hverjum to each, to everyone XIX:78; hverjum manni to every
person XXVI B:212; n. hvert each VII A:134, XXVII:37, each one(ship) VI:217, every XI:61, XII:86, hvert ﬂat every single XIII:34;
acc. sg. m. mann hvern er everyone who XXV:97; duga hvern each
one to be valiant I:117 (after ba›, parallel to hir›menn vera hrausta),hvern dag every day XIV:61; hverr . . . annan (ƒ›rum) each other
II:44, 129, VII B:71; hverr vi› annan with each other VI:149; hverr
at ƒ›rum one after the other (did so) XXI:150; hvern at ƒ›rum
one after another XI:9; hverjum at ƒ›rum (with) each ones (group,rank) after the other(s) XI:58; hverjum sem einum each and every

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

XIII:42; á ﬂremr sumrum hverjum over every three summers;
hverr . . . sína (sitt) each his own, i.e. in turn II:80, III:106; sér
hvern each one separately VII A:84
hversdagligr adj. daily, everyday XIV:60, usually XXI:12
hversu adv. how Gr 3.8.2.3, XI:7, 18, 66, XV:76, 85, XVI:39, 65,
132, XXIV:27, XXVI A:6, B:55, 175; hversu . . . sem however XV:17
hvert1 adv. (Gr 3.8.2.3) whither, to what place V:165, XV:119
hvert2 see hverr
hvessa (past hves(s)ti, pp. hves(s)t) wv. sharpen X:92; stir up, excite:hvessa darra él (i.e. battle) is to fight energetically XXII:41/4
hvetja (pres. hvetr, past hvatti, pp. hvattr) wv. whet, sharpen IV:39;
urge, incite, goad XXV:8; with suffixed pron. hvƒttumk at incitedme to it XXV:100
hví adv. conj. (Gr 3.2.5, 3.8.2.3) why V:143, IX:24, 108, XVI:38,
XXIV:26, 55, XXVI A:66, B:36
hvíla1 f. bed III:24 (with suffixed def. art.), XXVI B:167, 174 (withsuffixed def. art.)hvíla2 (past hvíldi) wv. rest, lie quiet VIII:120; hvíla sik = hvílask
rest oneself XXVI B:230; -sk form hvílask have a rest X:19, 141
hvíld f. rest XXVI A:40
hvílugólf n. bed closet, bed space XV:93
Hvítingshjalli m. a ledge on a hillside in Hítardalr, western Iceland
V:5, 42, 45; hjalli Hvítings V:172
hvítr adj. white VI:104, X:25, XII:34, XXI:101, 205, XXIII:88, 106,108, XXV:12; shining V:37, XI:4, 19, XXII:20/4, XXV:72; sup.
IX:57; wk. form as nickname (‘white-haired’) VIII:80, XXVI A:4, 42
Hvítramannaland n. the land of the white men XXI:206
hvórki see hvárgihvƒlum see hvalrhvƒss see hvasshvƒt f. incitement, bait XXV:62
hvƒttumk see hvetja
hyggja1 (past hug›i, past pl. hug›u, pp. hug›r, n. hugat) wv. think(Gr 3.6.9.2 (3)) I:54, II:19, 33, 68, III:122, V:63, VI:154, 183, 297,
X:58, XII:59, 74, XIV:7, XXIV:44; hygg (hug›a) ek with acc. andpp. (adj.) (verb to be understood) I think (thought) VI:360, X:70,
XXV:102; 1st sg. pres. with suffixed pron. -k and suffixed neg. -at,hykkat I do not think (with acc. and inf.) VI:246; subj. hyggi may

Glossary and Index

117

think (that) I:109; hyggja á think of VI:171; ba›at hyggja á told
(them) not to think of VI:177; hyggja at pay attention, watch III:61,
observe XXVI B:48, consider XVI:72 (imp.)
hyggja2 f. thought XXII:19/3; mind, wit XXV:32
hyggjandi f. intellect, forethought XXV:96
hykkat see hyggja
hylja (past hul›i, pp. huldr/hulit/hult) wv. transitive hide III:100;
pp. huldr hidden, covered XXII:59/1, hult covered XXIII:78, 79
hylli f. favour IX:118
hyrna f. point, horn, corner of an axe-blade; with suffixed def. art.
hyrnan sú in fremri the foremost (i.e. upper) point of the axe-blade
XXVI B:91h‡rr adj. gentle, friendly X:77h‡ski n. household, family XXIV:64
hæ›iligr adj. disgraceful XIV:84
hægri see hœgri
hæll m. heel; á hæla with dat. on someone’s heels VII B:43, XXVI
B:206
hæra adv. (n. adj.) comp. (Gr 3.3.8.5 (3)) higher VII A:160
hæri adj. comp. higher XXIV:16
hæstr adj. sup. highest VI:224, XXIII:89, noblest? XXII:51/3
hætta1 f. danger V:63
hætta2 (past hætti, pp. hættr1) wv. with dat. leave off, stop V:141,
XXVI B:196
hætta3 (past hætti, pp. hættr2) wv. with dat. risk, endanger XXI:192
hætti see háttrhættr3 adj. dangerous XVI:138 (with dat. for); n. as adv. with dat.
and vi› one (is) in danger of something; vi› engu mun mér ﬂáhætt I shall then be in no danger VII B:63; hætt er it is problematical,
doubtful, unreliable, uncertain VI:331hœfa (past hœf›i, pp. hœft) wv. with dat. 1. befall, happen (to someone) I:94. 2. suit, be suitable for XXIII:61; befit (be proper to?)XXIII:63hœfiligr adj. proper, fit XXIII:53, 87hœgr adj. gentle (with dat. to) XIV:49, mild, easy? XXIII:8
hœgri/hægri adj. comp. right (as opposed to left) III:57, 86, XII:28,
XV:108, XXII:63/3; á hœgra veg sér on his right hand side XI:53;
sup. n. as adv. hœgst most suitable X:93

118

A New Introduction to Old NorseHœngr m. = Ketill hœngr, Icelandic settler VIII:58
Hœnir m. a god (one of the Æsir) II:9, 17hœta (past hœtti, pp. hœtt) wv. with dat. of person and thing threaten
someone with something IV:22 (the subject is understood: Narfi or
ﬁorkell)hœve(r)skr adj. courtly, well-bred, polite XXIV:58
hœyra = heyrahƒf›askip n. ship with figurehead(s) at prow and/or stern; dragonship VI:68
hƒf›i1 m. headland; with suffixed def. art. XIX:61, 80
hƒf›i2 see hƒfu›hƒf›ingi (acc. sg., gen. sg., acc. pl., gen. pl. hƒf›ingja) m. chief, leader
VI:181 (fyrir over), VII B:72 (gen. sg.); ruler, prince VI:35, 162(gen. pl.), 317, XXIV:67; nom. pl. hƒf›ingjar rulers, leaders VI:29,
58, 91, 198, XXIV:64; chieftains, leading men VIII:46, 81, 183,
XXVI B:63; with suffixed def. art. VI:59; ﬂeir hƒf›ingjarnir thechieftains VI:126 (Gr 3.3.5)
hƒf›u see hafa; hƒf›um see hƒfu›hƒfn f. 1. harbour (Gr 3.1.7.1, 2) VI:58, VII A:70, XVI:138. 2. grazing,
feed VIII:55
hƒfu› (dat. sg. hƒf›i) n. head II:110 (henni poss. dat.), V:147, 148,
157, IX:64, XII:46, XVIII:9, haufu› his (Jƒrmunrekkr’s) head XXV:98;
acc. pl. hƒfu› X:114, 158, hafu› figureheads VI:76; with suffixed
def. art. his head III:7, VII A:160, XXVI B:154; á hƒf›i on his head
III:28, V:29, on their heads XXI:104, with gen. on the head of
XXIII:6; á hƒfu›/hƒf›i sér on his/her head XI:20, XII:25; at hƒf›i
Helga on (round/over) Helgi’s head XXVI B:146; í hƒfu› in myhead X:145; í hƒfu› honum at his head III:56, V:102, in his head
XXI:139; í hƒfu› hundinum on/into the dog’s head XXVI A:18;
um hƒfu› sér round their heads XXI:116; yfir hafu› sér above hishead VI:295; yfir hƒfu› ﬂeim over their heads XIII:3; til hƒfu›sﬂér to kill you IV:38; dat. pl. hƒf›um figureheads VI:77, with
suffixed def. art. hƒf›unum with their heads (i.e. they were lying
head to head) III:8
hƒfu›dúkr m. head-cloth (-scarf) or hood XXVI B:144
hƒfu›smátt f. opening for the head, neck (of a garment) XV:28, 62hƒfugr adj. heavy; f. pl. hƒfgar X:62; n. œrit hƒfugt hard enough
XIV:92Glossary and Index

119hƒfum1 see hafahƒfum2 see hafhƒgg n. blow I:17, 18, 33, III:106, V:98, IX:130, XXII:42/3; annathƒgg with a second blow VII A:103; dat. sg. (Gr 3.1.7.3–5 ex. 4) íƒ›ru hƒggvi with the second blow V:147; gen. pl. hƒggva V:146;
with suffixed def. art. II:30, V:100hƒggfœri n. striking distance, range (of a sword) I:139hƒggormr m. poisonous snake, viper XXIII:66
hƒggva1 (pres. høggr, past hjó, past pl. hjoggu, pp. hƒggvit/hƒggit)sv. (Gr 3.6.5.2, 3.6.9.3) strike III:56, 57, 72, 106, V:116, 122, 124,
125, 129, 147, VII A:24, XXVI A:17; strike with the edge of a weapon
VII B:67, XXII:15/1, cut XXVI A:68; with dat. of the weapon VII
A:102; cut, cut down V:27; hƒggva á strike (a blow) on XXVI B:153;
hƒggva af cut off XXVI B:90; hƒggva frá, hƒggva í frá cut free,
cut away (cf. line 169) VI:217, 227; hjó í hacked at XXI:151; høggrme› with it strikes XXI:150; hƒggva til strike at I:138, III:85, V:98,
145, XXII:44/1; hƒggva til manns struck at a man XXVI B:152
hƒggva2, hƒggvi see hƒggHƒgni m. son of Gjúki, (half-)brother of Gunnarr XI:19, 23, 25, 37,
46, 50, 55, 66, 69, 75, XXV:21
hƒku see hakahƒll (gen. hallar) f. hall I:3, IV:30 (object of merkir), XI:48; himnahƒll heaven XXII:2/2; with suffixed def. art. (Gr 3.1.9) I:79; acc. sg.
with suffixed def. art. hƒllina II:5, XI:17, XVI:96, gen. sg. with
suffixed def. art. hallarinnar I:46, dat. sg. hƒllu XXV:63; dat. sg.
with suffixed def. art. hƒllinni I:23, 70, 89, XI:47, hƒllunni (Gr
3.1.7.4 (3)) I:28, pl. with suffixed def. art. hallirnar XI:14; innan
hallar within your hall, i.e. in your household X:155hƒnd (gen. sg. handar, dat. sg. hendi, nom. pl. hendr, gen. pl. handa)
f. hand (Gr 3.1.7.2 (3)) I:6 (with suffixed def. art.), XII:28, 54,
XIV:191 (with suffixed def. art.), XXII:35/3, XXIII:87, XXV:48,
XXVI A:69; hand or arm XXII:15/3, XXV:88; arm XV:108 (withsuffixed def. art.), XXII:50/2, XXVI A:52; leggja hƒnd sína yfir
lay one’s arm over (someone’s shoulders) XI:47; sú hƒndin the onearm XV:123; hendi with his hand XXV:70, hinni hendinni in theother hand (cf. Gr 3.3.5) V:101; Várar hendi by the hand of Vár
IX:122; ﬂinnar handar on your part XVI:73; hægri hƒnd righthand (side) XXII:63/3; pl. hendr II:31 (understand váru fastar),

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II:33 (= arms; subject of munu slitna), VII B:71 (see fallask); dat.
pl. hƒndum arms (object of orpit) XXV:88, in her arms IV:65; takahƒndum seize, take hold of XXVI A:11, capture X:15; á hendi on
my arm XVI:182; á hendi with dat. into someone’s hands or care
XIV:174; á hendi ﬂeim Gu›i into the hands of that God XIX:111;
ganga á hƒnd with dat. submit to someone, join someone’s band
XXII:10/1; á hendr against XV:81; sér á hƒndum on his hands(arms) X:62; af hendi sér from his arm XVI:146; ﬂér af hƒndum
from your hands IX:116; af hendi with gen. on someone’s part II:72;
henni í hƒnd into her hand III:31; tók í hƒnd honum took him by thehand XVI:106; í hƒnd ﬂegar on the spot XIV:118; í hƒnd sér in his
hand XXVI B:219; sér í hendi in his/her hand XII:49, XXV:73; íhendr against or from XXI:195; í hendi (he had) in his/her hand
III:29, 54, 95, V:29, VII A:160, XXI:50; ór hendi from, i.e. while
held in, my hand V:40; ór hƒndum honum from his hands VII A:103;
komsk ór hƒndum ﬂeim escaped them XXVI A:91; til handa henni
for her XV:10; Gu›i til handa into God’s hands XXII:26/4; undir
hendi sér under his arm XXVI B:152; undir hennar hendi in her
hands, under her care XIV:188
hƒr›, hƒr›u, hƒr›um see har›rHƒr›a-Kárason m. son of Hƒr›a-Kári VIII:39Hƒr›a-Kári m. ninth-century Norwegian XIX:17Hƒrn f. a name for the goddess Freyja; Hƒrn húns is a kenning for
woman (= Steinger›r; playing board-games being conceived as oneof the activities proper to a woman, cf. SnE, Skáldskaparmál ch.
31); object of erum fúsir at finna IV:33
hƒttr m. hat, hood (Gr 3.1.7.1 ex. 5, 3.1.7.2 (2)) V:29
Hƒttr (gen. Hattar) m. a farmer’s son visiting Hlei›argar›r I:9, 11,
13, 21, 26, 29, 35, 36, 38, 73, 81, 87, 90, 99, 100, 107, 108, 123,
127, 129, 130, 134, 141, 146, 147; vit Hƒttr Hƒttr and I I:64; ﬂeir
Hƒttr he and Hƒttr I:70
høggr see hƒggva
høyra see heyraí prep. (Gr 3.7.4) with dat. in, on I:7, 53, 69, 70, 94, 96, 98, 114, 125,
II:1, III:74 (with skálanum), VI:290, 311, VIII:5, 14, IX:123, X:2,
XI:2, XIX:3, 18, XXI:16, 104, XXII:3/2, 18/4, XXIII:2, XXIV:17,
XXV:16, XXVI A:3, 22, B:68, XXVII:40; í ﬂví in this, as a result of
this VI:220, at that moment XXVI A:16; dressed in III:28; of, from

Glossary and Index

121(a place) IV:107, VIII:184, XI:11; with acc. into I:32, 45, 84, 92,
139, II:5, 18, 39, 42 (understand fl‡gr), VI:256, IX:24, 84, X:5,
XI:17, XV:9, XXI:169 (2), XXII:26/3 (with skírnarbrunn), 27/4,
49/4, 51/1, XXV:58, 89, XXVI A:15, B:230, XXVII:9, 15 (1), 18;
to I:3, IV:3, V:158, VIII:92, IX:47, XI:3, 14, XV:50 (2), XVI:129,
XXI:83, 88, 169; in, on II:7, 22, IX:121, X:85, XXII:62/2, XXVII:22;
on I:29, V:89, XIX:6; onto XIX:71 (1), XXI:61; of time, at, on II:20,
III:120, VIII:8, 16, 20, XII:38, XV:35; as adv. into it II:91, in it
III:99, IV:11 (Gr 3.7.7), in them XV:50 (1), inside X:103, in theaffair IV:101, in this matter V:135; ok í and in them XXI:156; ﬂar í
into it XIX:33; er . . . í in which II:40, IV:35, XIII:16, XXVII:5; íbrott see brott; í burt see burt; í frá see frá, ífrá; í gegn see gegn2;í gƒgnum see gƒgnum; í hjá see hjá; í mót, í móti see mót2; í me›alsee me›al; í nánd see nánd; í sundr see sundrí› f. deed XXV:1
I›i m. a giant II:81i›inn adj. diligent (at ﬂví in this) XIV:95i›ja1 (past i›ja›i, pp. i›jat) wv. do, be busy with I:111i›ja2 f. activity, business XIV:135
i›jufullr adj. active, hard-working XXIII:2i›na (past i›na›i, pp. i›nat) wv. work, do; eigi væri nƒkkut i›nat ísome work was not done in, was not used for some work XIV:157
i›uliga adv. constantly XIII:46
I›unn f. a goddess, one of the Ásynjur, wife of Bragi II:10, 50; acc.
I›unni II:38, 42; gen. I›unnar II:43, 45, 52; dat. I›unni II:35, 48
ifa (past ifa›i, pp. ifat) wv. doubt, have doubts (um about) VII A:51
(subj.)
ifi m. doubt (at hann væri eigi as to whether he was not, i.e. of his
being) VII A:44ífrá, í frá adv. = frá; segja ífrá tell, narrate XIV:88; vísa ífrá with dat.
refuse XXIV:54; falla (í)frá die XXIV:67, 71
íhuga (past íhuga›i, pp. íhugat) wv. consider, wonder XVI:59; think
about XII:87, XXI:145íhugi m. concern; var ﬂeim inn mesti íhugi á honum they were greatly
worried by him I:72
il f. sole of the foot XXI:23
illa1 adv. (Gr 3.5.2) badly Gr 3.5.3 (1), III:68 (see líka), VII A:97 (seelíka), VII B:13 (see duga), XV:70 (see líka), XVI:147 (see ver›a);

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badly, badly affected (vi› by) II:43, 107; illa at ﬂola be badly affected
XXVI B:121; láta illa yfir express disapproval of something IV:77,
be dismayed by XIX:75; mælask illa fyrir be spoken ill of, becondemned XXVI A:119; wickedly XXVI A:87; with difficulty
XXVI B:58, 60
illa2 see illr (Gr 3.3.5 ex. 5)
illger›ir/illgjƒr›ir f. pl. evil doings, deeds XXIII:27, 45, 73, 85
illgirni f. ill-nature, malice XXIII:49
illgjarn adj. malicious, ill-natured XXIII:73, 85, 104; m. acc. sg. an
ill-natured person XXIII:91, 100
illiliga adv. horribly, hideously XXI:128
illiligr adj. evil-looking XXI:103illmæli n. slander I:124 (ﬂat at in which)illr (n. illt) adj. (Gr 3.3.5 ex. 5, 3.3.8.3) bad I:52; evil XIV:82, XXIII:26(acc. pl. m.); ﬂá er vár fƒr ill then our journey will have turned out
poorly (will have been wasted) XXVI B:50; enn illi the evil/wicked
XXII:8/4; ﬂykkja illar be displeased with (something) V:3 (f. acc.
pl.); n. illt I:30 (dismal, dismayed), II:131 (poor), V:59, nasty, ugly
(with hár) XXI:103; n. as substantive illt evil, harm I:31, IV:12,
XXIII:74; til ills for poor reward, to poor advantage XIX:98; n. as
adv. illt er it is bad IX:25, XXV:51; vera illt til with gen. somethingis difficult to obtain II:17, difficult to find XVI:138; gjƒr›isk illt til
matarins food became difficult to find XXI:60; var› ƒllum illt af
it made them all ill XXI:76
illú› f. evil intent X:103, 113
ilmr m. smell, scent XII:13, 19
Ilmr f. name of a goddess used in kennings for females; in kenning forvalkyrie, hjalmfaldin armleggjar orma Ilmr helmeted lady of armrings V:22; acc. Ilmi as a half-kenning (i.e. there is lacking the usual
genitive of an attribute of a human being) for Steinger›r IV:20
imbrudagahald n. the observance of Ember Days XXVII:29
ímóti see mót2 (Gr 3.7, 3.7.3)
ímun/ímƒn f. battle XXII:33/2
in1 adv. with comp. the (more) IX:100, 101, XV:55
in2 see inn2
ina see inn2
Ingibjƒrg Sturludóttir f. III:21, 39, 40 (dat., for Ingibjƒrg), 49
Ingólfr m. Icelandic settler VIII:15, 45, XIX:4, 18, 31, 38, 39, 42, 44,
47, 52, 54, 72, 74, 75, 79, 80, 83, 84, 87, 88, 94, 96, 100, 102, 104, 107

Glossary and Index

123

Ingólfsfell n. mountain in the south-west of Iceland VIII:19, XIX:91
Ingólfshƒf›i m. headland in the south-east of Iceland VIII:17, XIX:54
Ingunn f. XIV:185
Ingunn ﬁórólfsdóttir f. mother of ﬁór›r XV:33, 124, 130, 133
Ingunnarsta›ir f. pl. farm in Króksfjƒr›r, western Iceland; á Inngunnarstƒ›um (cf. Gr 3.1.8 ex.) XV:33
inir see inn2
inn1 adv. in I:3, II:5, 56, 148, IV:20, VII A:150, B:64, IX:114, 120,
X:33, 75, XI:17, XII:58, XXI:89, XXVI B:59, 81, 135; i.e. into thehall XVI:100, 102, 109; i.e. towards the shore VI:135, 136, VIII:97,
XXI:52, 169, i.e. away from the open sea XXI:55, 83; inland XIX:60;
inside XXVI B:165; inn í inside into XXVI B:215; ﬂar inn into it(the lopt) XXVI B:117; sem inn var gengit where one went in, i.e.
at the entrance XII:52
inn2, enn def. art. = hinn (Gr 3.3.5) the with following adj. V:37, 52,
57, VI:270, VII B:37, 48, X:44, 55, XXII:20/4, 50/2, XXV:20, 45,
90, 99, XXVI B:19, XXVII:20; with comp. inn fyrra the first
XXVII:44, inn meiri the greater XXVII:46; with sup. I:72, VII B:10,
XI:58, 73; with ordinal num. VI:161, X:27, 28; enn illi the Wicked
XXII:8/4, inn mikli the Great V:79, enn langi the Long VI:64, 66;
enn helgi the Saint(ly) VIII:12, XIV:11, enn digri the Stout VIII:31,
enn hárfargi the Fine-haired VIII:61; flokk enn svarta your black
flock V:166; kóngsins skáld it frí›a the handsome poet of the king
XXII:19/2; gen. sg. m. ens VIII:7, 8, ens mjóva XIX:7, ens gamla
XIX:107; dat. sg. m. inum II:152, III:86, enum VIII 74; f. in IX:102,
114, X:24, XXV:19, en X:9, XXVI B:92; acc. sg. f. ina IX:127, XXVI
A:43, B:13; dat. sg. f. inni XXV:82; n. it, et I:81, II:28 (with sup.),
IV:31, 63, VI:127, VIII:3, IX:60, XI:20, XXII:42/2, 62/3, XXIII:89(with sup.), XXVII:5, 44; dat. sg. n. inu IX:73; m. pl. enir VIII:109;
inir mestu very great XV:40; acc. pl. m. ena XXI:42, enu XXI:42,
textual note (cf. C–V under hinn); f. pl. inar XXV:24; n. pl. en
VI:190, in XI:7, XXV:2, 112, XXVII:33; dat. pl. III:51; ﬂetta it this
XI:5, ﬂetta et mikla skip the large ship (Gr 3.3.5) VI:104, 125, ﬂat it
mikla men IX:50; ﬂræll minn inn bezti my best servant (Gr 3.3.5)
X:175; ormi ﬂeim inum frána to (those of) the glittering serpent
X:83; mæki ﬂann enn snarpa this sharp sword here XXII:15/4; usedin addressing an insult to someone in vánda kerling you evil old
woman IV:75
inna (past innti, pp. innt) wv. tell XXII:22/2; speak XXII:46/4; ﬂér

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

inni› you mean (or imp. speak: ‘go a little further in your speech’?)
XXII:32/2
innan adv. inside XIV:9; from inside, i.e. out (from behind the island)
VI:136; as prep. with gen. (Gr 3.7.2) within X:155, XIV:142; inside
XXV:87, ﬂar innan bor›s on board that ship VI:82; of time within
VII A:55; innan at with dat. on the inner shore of, on the side (ofthe island) facing the mainland VI:58; fyr/fyrir innan with acc.
inside II:60, IX:18, fyrir innan fjƒr›u round by the heads of thefjords XV:133, see fyr innan, fyrir innan
innar adv. comp. further in (away from the door) I:70, III:35
inni adv. inside, indoors III:14, IV:41, XXVI A:53, B:120; in his house
VIII:50, XXVI A:55, B:64; in the house XXVI B:74; in their house
XXVI B:104; ﬂar inni inside it XII:14
innri adv. comp. inner; et innra hús the inside of the house IV:31
inu, inum see inn2Írar m. pl. the Irish VII A:22 (along with eyverskan her, the object oflét deyja)Írland n. Ireland VII A:6, 74, 91, 108, 109, XII:52, XIX:32, 35
írskr adj. Irish VIII:23, 24
Ísland n. Iceland VII A:132, 134, 146, VIII:7, 16, 20, 33, 35, 42, 56,
64, 73, 76, 144, 157, 158, 159, 168, XIV:8, XVI:119, 122, 123, 177, 190,
XIX:27, 42, 47, 51, 52, 114Íslandsfer› f. journey to Iceland XVI:189, XIX:31, 43
Ísleifr Gizurarson1 m. son of Gizurr ﬁorvaldsson; died in the fire at
Flugum‡rr III:74
Ísleifr Gizurarson2 m. son of Gizurr hvíti, bishop 1056–80 VIII:9Ísleifr Grímsson m. XIV:182
Ísleifr Hallsson m. XIV:169Íslendingabók f. Book of the Icelanders VIII:1
Íslendingar m. pl. Icelanders VII A:133
íslenzkr adj. Icelandic (Gr 3.3.9 ex. 2) VII A:135, XVI:17, 62
Ísodd f. wife of Tristram XII:71, 75,ístra f. paunch; acc. with suffixed def. art. ístruna my paunch XXI:177Ísƒnd f. wife of King Markis, beloved of Tristram XII:22, 36, 38, 50,
51, 81, 86
it1 see inn2
it2 pron. dual 2nd person Gr 3.2.1, X:109, XVI:51 (i.e. Au›unn andthe bear), 53; it Vƒlundr you and Vƒlundr X:179

Glossary and Index

125Ívarr m. son of Ragnarr Lo›brók VIII:12
ívi›gjarn adj. malicious (with harma?) X:133
íﬂrótt f. craft, art, skill II:86, XIV:20
íﬂróttama›r m. skilled person XIV:22
já adv. yes I:127
jafn/jamn adj. equal, the same Gr 3.1.7.3, 3.3.8.4 (1); acc. sg. m.
jamnan with dat. equal to XXIV:83; n. jafnt vi›r sik justly
proportioned? XXIII:52; n. as adv. jafnt sem just as IV:76
jafna (past jafna›i, pp. jafnat) wv. trim, cut to an even length IX:21
jafnan/jamnan adv. always XI:35, XII:80, XV:49, XXI:13, XXIV:29;
constantly XXI:154; continually, repeatedly Gr 3.5.3 (2), I:53,
XV:58; all the time XV:60, 85, XXII:4/3; generally I:76, XXVI A:58
jafnberr adj. so exposed (i.e. as now) I:33
jafnfjá›r adj. of equal means, of the same means XV:11
jafnfrí›r adj. as beautiful, as fine; n. jafnfrítt VI:112
jafngó›r adj. as good; acc. sg. m. one (an emerald) as good XII:28
jafningi m. equal I:145
jafnlangt adv. as far XXIII:83
jafnmargr adj. equally many, the same number II:80, VII A:117; pl.
jafnmargir of equal number, equal in number XXVII:14; acc. pl.
m. jafnmarga sér the same number as themselves XIX:69
jafnmenni n. equal (in rank or status) XV:6
jafnmikit adj. n. as subst. as much, the same amount XXI:118
jafnsítt adv. with dat. as low as, at the same level as XII:16
jafnskjótt adv. immediately, at once VII B:67; jafnskjótt sem as soon
as XXVI B:193
jafnskƒruliga adv. as outstandingly, prominently, splendidly, boldly(sem as) XXVI B:101
jalda f. mare VII A:144 (gen. with líki)
jammaki (jafnmaki) m. equal XXIV:84
jamnan see jafnan and jafn
jamvel (jafnvel) adv. as well (sem as) XXIV:71
jar›a (past jar›a›i, pp. jar›a›r) wv. bury VII B:85
jar›ar see jƒr›jar›hús n. underground chamber XIX:32
jarknasteinn m. precious stone X:118, 162
jarl m. (in England) earl VII A:75, 92; (in Norway) ruler next in rank
to a king VI:198, VII B:44 (poss. dat. with á hæla), VIII:147; =126

A New Introduction to Old Norse

Eiríkr jarl VI:55 (subject of haf›i um kraf›a; see note), 236, 248;
ok jarl enn ﬂri›ja (with vá vi›, parallel to jƒfra tvá) and a jarl(who was) the third VI:161; viceroy, subject ruler VI:34; as title
VI:24, 33, 40, 65, 103, 163, 217, 269, 275, 302, VII A:125, 169,
B:5, 8, XIX:6, 15; with suffixed def. art. jarlenn VI:73, 96, 100,
271, 272, 273, jarlsins XIX:10, jarlenum VI:298
járn n. iron; pl. weapons XXV:93
Járnbar›inn m. name of a ship (with an iron strengthening or
projection on the prow for ramming) VI:192, 228
járnstafr m. iron pole, iron staff VII A:160, XII:54
jarpr adj. brown, dark-brown, reddish brown XXV:72
jarpskammr adj. (as subst.) short (reddish) brown(-haired) one XXV:44
jartegn f. or n. sign, token VIII:155; miracle XIII:7 (pl.), 20
játa/játta (past játti/játa›i) wv. with dat. or acc. agree (to something)
II:27, 125, III:20, VII A:66, B:20, VIII:137, XVI:36
Jóan (Jón) ¯gmundarsonr m. bishop at Hólar 1106–1121 VIII:191
jó› n. child X:155
Johannes m. Latin form of Jón XIV:120
jók see auka
jól n. pl. 1. feast; the wolf’s feast is the carrion resulting from a battle;‘at the wolf’s feast’ means therefore ‘in battle’ V:51. 2. Yule,
midwinter feast later identified with Christmas I:73
jólaaptann m. Yule-Eve, Christmas Eve I:82
Jóm n. a district in present-day Poland VI:24
Jón af Bakka m. one of the incendiaries at Flugum‡rr, subsequently(late January 1254) killed on his own farm III:2
Jón prestr Halldórsson m. III:93, 95
Jón svarti m. XIV:183
Jón ¯gmundarson m. bishop at Hólar 1106–21 XIV:1, 5, 11, 13, 24,
47, 57, 140, 153, 169, 174; cf. Johannes XIV:120
Jónakr m. father of Ham›ir and Sƒrli XXV:93
jór m. horse XV:12
jungfrú f. young lady, maiden XIV:185
júngr (= ungr) adj. young XXII:14/1
Júnii (Latin) gen. of June VIII:197
junkherra m. young lord, prince XI:54
jurtakyn n. pl. varieties of aromatic herbs XII:14
jƒfurr m. prince, ruler; acc. sg. (object of vann) VI:247, XXII:34/4;

Glossary and Index

127

dat. sg. jƒfri XXII:17/2; nom. pl. jƒfrar X:64; acc. pl. jƒfra kings
VI:158Jƒkulsdalr m. valley in eastern Iceland Gr 3.1.8 ex.
jƒldu see jaldajƒr› f. earth, ground III:99, 100 (with suffixed def. art.), IX:28, 83,
XXI:200; the earth XXIV:37; land VII A:23, XXII:53/3, dat. sg.
jƒr›u XXII:37/4; a piece of ground XXVI A:104; adv. gen. sg.
jar›ar on earth IX:7; til jar›ar to the ground I:98, V:96; as second
part of compound fjƒr›jƒr› ‘land of fjords’, i.e. Norway, separated
by tmesis VI:248
Jƒr› f. a goddess, personification of the earth, mother of ﬁórr IX:4Jƒrmunrekkr m. (Ermanaric, Ostro-Gothic king, d. AD 375) XXV:11,
66, 70, 86, 89
Jƒtunheimar m. pl. giantland, the world of giants II:48, 49, IX:24,
47, 52, 80, 84, 105, 113jƒtunn m. giant; with suffixed def. art. XII:6, 53; as title II:41, 50, 59,
61; gen. sg. IX:103, 126; dat. sg. jƒtni II:102, dat. of respect for the
giant IX:90; nom. pl. jƒtnar VII A:161, IX:70, 86; acc. pl. IX:94
gen. pl. jƒtna II:82, 84, IX:18, 114-k/-g suffixed 1st person pron. with verbs V:153, VIII:2, 4, XVI:63,
64; duplicating ek IX:12, X:93, 159, 183, 184, XVI:69; duplicating
ek and with suffixed neg. VI:138, 246, IX:100, X:95, 97, 124, vilkat
ek I do not want XXV:33
kaf n. plunge, dive; with suffixed def. art. í kafit under water VI:296
kafna (past kafna›i, past pl. kƒfnu›u, pp. kafnat) wv. become choked,
suffocate II:100, III:78
kala (pres. kell, past kól, past pl. kólu, pp. kalinn) sv. impers. withacc. one gets very cold (frozen, frostbitten) III:62, X:145
kaldr adj. cold XXII:51/2; f. kƒld X:145; n. kalt var it was cold III:103;
svá var honum kalt or›it he had become so cold III:126
kalendas f. pl. (Latin word) kalends, the first day of a month VIII:197
kálfr m. calf; as nickname VII B:7
Kálfr Árnason m. XXII:8/4, 9/1, 29/1, 52/1 (see note 2; but at 52/1 it
may be Kálfr Arnfinnsson that is referred to, see ÍF XXVII 385,
note 2)
Kálfr Brandsson m. III:129
Kálfr illviti (the Ill-willed) m. enemy of Bjƒrn Hítdœlakappi V:60,
85, 93, 105, 129, 158, 162

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kalla (past kalla›i, past pl. kƒllu›u/kalla›u, pp. kalla›r/kallat Gr
3.3.8.4 (2)) wv. (Gr 3.6.6) 1. call I:59, II:82, 86, 95, VI:126, VII
A:37, VIII:21, IX:66, XXI:28 (2), 45, call him XXII:18/2 (Gr 3.9.5.1);
call out II:33, X:66, XI:43; shout XI:132; declare XIV:91; kalla›u svá
at they claimed that XXIV:35; sem er at kalla such as to call it (aday) XIV:81; kalla á call out to X:110, XXVI B:155, call on, invoke
XXIV:45; declare (something or someone to be) I:88, II:131, VII A:136,
XIX:56; pres. 1st pl. kƒllum II:83, 116, 160; past 3rd pl. ok kƒllu›u
and they called it/them (Gr 3.9.5.1) XXI:24, 28 (1), 34, kƒllu›u ﬂar
called that place XXI:33; imp. pl. kalli› summon I:55; pp. er/es/var/váru kalla›r/kƒllu›/kallat is/was known as II:2, III:128, IV:107,
VIII:18, 30, 37, 49, 52, XV:153, is called XIV:90; svá verit kalla›abeen called that XV:54; ﬂetta er kƒllu› this is called XXV:112 (verbin agreement with complement; see Gr 3.9.8.2); ok ﬂá var kallat and(which) then (thereafter) was called XIX:27; er sí›an kƒllu› hassince been called XXVI B:230; sí›an var hann kalla›r after that
he was known as XIX:35; ﬁórhallr var kalla›r a certain ﬁórhallr was
known as XXI:9; kalla›ar, kalla›r said to be XXIII:94, XXVI A:57;
impers. kalla má one may say XXVI B:13. 2. -sk form kallask iscalled XXIII:96; kalla›isk claimed that she, declared that she VI:19
kann see kunna
kanna (past kanna›i) wv. investigate, explore VIII:42, XXI:22
kappi m. man of valour, fighting man VII A:76; warrior, champion
I:29, 45, 77, 146
kappmæli n. pl. dispute; ﬂreyta kappmæli enter into a dispute, start
to argue VII B:28
kappsamligr adj. provocative, rash V:160
kapulánn m. chaplain XIV:155
Káragróf f. ‘Kári’s pit or hollow’ XXVI B:231
Kári Sƒlmundarson m. Njáll’s son-in-law XXVI B:46, 76, 78, 81,
85, 92, 96, 193, 202, 208, 213, 219, 221, 228
karl m. (old) fellow, churl IV:41; man, male XIV:145, XV:60
Karli m. slave XIX:72, 92, 98, 103
karlkona f. masculine woman XV:70
karlma›r m. man V:114; male XIV:84, XV:61, XI:39, XXIII:1
karlmannligr adj. manly; karlmannligt mark a sign of manliness
XXIII:52
Karlsefni n. = ﬁorfinnr (m.) karlsefni ﬁór›arson XXI:2, 3, 17, 41, 50,

Glossary and Index

129

66, 74, 86, 98, 114, 119, 126, 129, 143, 163, 166, 172, 190, 197,
199; af Karlsefni of Karlsefni’s troop XXI:144. The name, originallya nickname, means ‘the makings of a man’, a promising lad
Karlshafu› n. (Eiríksson), one of Óláfr Tryggvason’s followers VI:300
kasta (past kasta›i, past pl. kƒstu›u, pp. kastat) wv. with dat. throw(Gr 3.6.9.1 (7)) I:35, 43, 92, II:74 (understand them, the eyes asobject (Gr 3.9.5.1)), II:128, XIX:58, XXI:80, 152, XXII:35/4(impers. pass.), XXVI A:70, B:144, 220; cast (anchor) XXI:47; throw
overboard XV:147; put aside, reject, apostatise from VII A:125; castoff (imp.) XXII:25/3; throw off XXVI B:151; lay aside XVI:97;
kasta sér throw oneself XXVI B:229
kastali m. castle, fortress I:46 (with suffixed def. art.), XII:70
katlar see ketill
Katli see Ketill
kátr adj. cheerful, merry, full of good cheer XI:60, 69
kaup n. bargain, agreement II:140; payment, reward (til for it) I:121;
wages, salary XIV:18 (with suffixed def. art.), 29; sér til kaups as
his payment II:134
kaupa (past keypti, pp. keypt) wv. (Gr 3.6.9.3) buy II:127, XV:10,
XVI:11, XXI:113; keyptak I bought XVI:64; sem ﬂú keyptir as
you bought it for XVI:22; kaupa at make a bargain with VIII:118
kaupma›r (pl. kaupmenn) m. merchant Gr 3.1.9 ex.14
kaupstefna f. market, trading XXI:113
kaus see kjósa
keiplabrot n. pl. pieces of (small) boats VIII:69
keipr m. small boat, canoe; = hú›keipr XXI:120 (with suffixed def. art.)kell see kalakem, kemr, kemsk see koma
kenna (past ken(n)di, pp. ken(n)dr) wv. 1. with acc. and dat. teach
II:94, XIV:20, 26, 154, 186, XXI:201, XXV:51; preach VIII:78;
kennir (he or it) teaches, shows XIV:90, note. 2. perceive, feel III:112;
impers. with gen. ﬂar sem holta kenndi where ridges could be seen
XXI:91. 3. recognise I:136, V:85, VI:79, 289, VII A:113 (understandthem as object, Gr 3.9.5.1), 119, XVI:105, XXI:75; know XVI:59,
XXI:74; -sk form kendiz ei there was not found XXII:40/3. 4. withacc. and dat. impute to, accuse of, blame on XII:89. 5. denote, referto (ﬂá them; me› by) XXIV:74; kenndr called, known as XXII:43/3;
kenna vi› name after VIII:52, XIX:86, 101, XXII:19/1

130

A New Introduction to Old Norse

kennima›r m. teacher XIV:175; pl. kennimenn clerics, clergymen
VIII:179, XIV:165, 182
kenning f. teaching, preaching; pl. XIV:31, 35, 36, 39, 151
kennir m. one who knows, experiences, deals in (with gen.), in kenningfor man (here = the poet, Hallfrø›r) kennir au›ar VI:351 (dat.
with segir)
keppa (past keppti, pp. keppt) wv. contend, compete; -sk form inreciprocal sense contend with each other VII A:98
ker n. vat II:90, 97, 157, III:99; with suffixed def. art. III:101, 109;ﬂar í kerit into that cask III:102; pl. with suffixed def. art. kerin
II:97, 158; cup, goblet XII:49, 50 (with suffixed def. art.), XXV:73
kerling f. old woman (Gr 3.1.8 (14)) IV:75
Ketilbjƒrn (Gizurarson) m. son of Gizurr ﬁorvaldsson; died in thefire at Flugum‡rr III:74
Ketilbjƒrn (Ketilsson) m. Icelandic settler VIII:80
ketill (pl. katlar) m. pot (Gr 3.1.7.2 ex. 4, 3.1.8 (3)) II:97
Ketill kálfr m. of Hringunes (modern Ringnes) in Norway VII B:7
Ketill ór Mƒrk m. son-in-law of Njáll and one of the burners; son of
Sigfúss Sighvatsson, brother of ﬁráinn Sigfússon XXVI B:184, 186
Ketill sútari (cobbler) m. died in the fire at Flugum‡rr III:76
Ketill (dat. Katli) ﬁorsteinsson m. 1074/75–1145, bishop at Hólar
1122–45; married to Gróa, daughter of Bishop Gizurr Ísleifsson
VIII:1, XIV:177
keyptak, keypti see kaupa
keyra (past keyr›i, pp. keyrt) wv. drive; impers. keyrir skipit theship was driven XV:145
Kíarr m. legendary king (perhaps = Caesar) X:9, 74
kinnhestr m. blow or slap on the cheek XV:21, XXVI A:83 (withsuffixed def. art.)
kinn (pl. kinnr) f. cheek XXI:104 (with suffixed def. art.), XXIII:22, 48
kippa (past kippti, pp. kippt) wv. with dat. snatch, pull quickly
I:69, III:60, XXVI B:184
kirkja f. church XIII:1, XIV:6, 61; til kirkju to the church III:46, 50,
122, to church XVI:94; with suffixed def. art. III:83, 84, 86 (i.e. thewall of the church), XIII:4; gen. sg. with suffixed def. art. III:61
kirkjudyrr m. pl. church-entrance XIV:25
kirkjugar›r m. churchyard XIV:152
kirkjugjƒr› f. building of a church XIV:14
kirkjuskot n. recess in the side of a church XVI:93

Glossary and Index

131kista f. chest, box X:102, 112
kjafal m. a kind of tunic (cf. Old Irish cabhail ‘body of a shirt’) or
hooded cloak (Old Irish cochall) XXI:45 (see note)
Kjalarey f. island in Brei›afjƒr›r XV:153
Kjalarnes1 n. promontory north of Reykjavík in the south-west of
Iceland VIII:45, XIX:108
Kjalarnes2 n. promontory in North America XXI:33, 167
kjósa (pres. k‡ss, past kaus/køri, past pl. køru, pp. kørit/kosit) sv.
(Gr 3.6.9.3 and ex. 11) choose (sér for oneself) II:63, 64 (at by),
II:66, III:19, VII A:80, 88, XXVI A:12; kjósa y›r mat choose foodfor yourselves XXVI B:20; inf. with myndir ﬂú IV:91 (ﬂér for
yourself; at as); kaustu you have chosen IV:97; mundum sízt til
kjósa would least have chosen (to be killed) XXVI B:99; past subj.
køri might choose III:42; pp. undarliga kosit a strange thing to choose,a strange choice XVI:120
kjƒlr m. keel XXI:33, XXVI A:94; with suffixed def. art. XV:151, 152Kjƒlr m. area in central Iceland XXVI A:96
kjƒt n. flesh; dat. sg. with flesh XXIII:79
kjƒtmikill adj. fleshy; f. pl. kjƒtmiklar fleshy ones (cheeks) XIII:93kjƒtsfullr adj. full of meat, meaty, fleshy XXIII:54, 94
kjør n. choice (af from what was available) VII A:78
klakklaust adv. without harm, unscathed XVI:35
klámhƒgg n. obscene blow, shaming blow, a blow in the rear; dat. sg.
(instrumental) klámhƒggvi V:126 (see note)
klefi m. small room, closet (often apparently a partitioned-off alcoveof a larger room, used for sleeping or storage; here presumably thesame as the lopt) III:76 (with suffixed def. art.)
klerkr m. cleric, scholar XIV:27, 175
Klifsandr m. an area of sand in Hítardalr west of Hítará V:78, 163, 168
Klifsdalr m. valley between Hellisdalr and Hítardalr V:75
Klifsjƒrvi m. a sandbank in Hítardalr west of Hítará V:78
kló f. claw; dat. pl. klóm II:51
klofna (past klofna›i, pp. klofna›r) wv. intransitive split XXVI A:74
klókr adj. clever, skilful XXII:40/3
klóra (past klóra›i, pp. klóra›r) wv. with dat. scratch XXI:68
klyfja›r adj. (pp.) pack-saddled Gr 3.3.9 ex. 19
kl‡pa (past kl‡pti, pp. kl‡pt), wv. pinch XXI:68
klæ›a (past klæddi, pp. klæddr) wv. dress; pp. klæddr clothed, clad
XII:24, 30; -sk form klæddiz clothed himself XXII:30/1

132

A New Introduction to Old Norseklæ›i n. cloth XXI:113; article of clothing XXI:44; in pl. clothes
III:127, VII A:81, XVI:113, XXI:205; klæ›in ƒll á Kára all theclothes Kári had on XXVI B:221klækiligr adj. lewd, indecent XIV:84
klækishƒgg n. shameful blow, base blow V:123
Klœngr ﬁorsteinsson m. bishop at Skálaholt 1152–76 XIV:88, 173
kná (past knátti) wv. can; past subj. knætta could XXV:74
knappr m. button XXI:46
knarrasmi›r m. ‘ship-builder’, nickname (see knƒrr) XXII:43/3
kné n. knee (Gr 3.1.7.5 (2), (3), 3.1.8 (29)) II:71, III:57, IX:62, XXII:21/1;
acc., object of sní›a XXII:49/1; dat. sg. with suffixed def. art. knénu
XXIII:97; pl. lap IX:121; gen. pl. knjá XIX:83; dat. pl. í knjám henni
on her lap XIII:3; hann stó› á knjám he was down on his knees
V:130, svá at hann stó› á knjám while still down on his knees V:142
kneppa (past kneppti, pp. kneppt) wv. fasten, button; pp. ok kneppt
and it was buttoned XXI:46
knésfótr m. the back of the knee X:86kno›a (past kno›a›i, pp. kno›at) wv. knead XIX:56
knú›i see kn‡ja
knúta f. knuckle-bone I:39; with suffixed def. art. I:42
Knútr m. brother of Au›r XV:81kn‡ja (past knú›i, pp. knúinn) sv. drive forward, force onward XV:99
knætta see knáknƒrr m. (merchant) ship XVI:172knƒttr m. ball XXI:127kó›u see kve›a
kol n. coal, charcoal; cinders, ashes XXI:111
kól see kala
Kolbeinn grƒn (moustache) Dufgusson m. died January, 1254 III:15,
16, 20, 40, 42, 49, 70, 71, 107
Kolbjƒrn m. Óláfr Tryggvason’s marshal VI:291, 295
Kolbjƒrn (veljungr) m. died in the fire at Flugum‡rr III:75
Kolbrún f. = ﬁorbjƒrg kolbrún Glúmsdóttir XXII:19/1. She lived in
the Western Fjords of Iceland. Her nickname kolbrún (‘coal-brow’)is from her black hair and eyebrows
Kolli inn prú›i (the Splendid, the Elegant) m. supposed to be son ofBjƒrn Hítdœlakappi’s enemy ﬁór›r Kolbeinsson V:86, 93, 103, 133,
134, 139, 141

Glossary and Index

133

kollóttr adj. bald XVI:91
Kolr m. a slave in 10th-century Iceland VIII:51
Kolr ﬁorsteinsson m. one of the burners XXVI B:114
Kolsgjá f. ‘Kol’s Rift’, a ravine or small gorge, possibly at ﬁingvƒllr
VIII:52 (see Björn ﬁorsteinsson, Thingvellir. Iceland’s National
Shrine, tr. Peter Foote (1987), 37)
koma (pres. kemr/kømr, past kom, past pl. kómu/kvámu, pp.
kominn, n. komit, m. pl. komnir Gr 3.3.9 (7)) sv. 1. come (Gr
3.6.9.3 and ex. 12) I:1, 6, 74, 78, 115, 139, II:18, 38, 41, 52, III:21,
IV:6, V:119, VI:5, 14 (pp. f. komin), 230, VIII:18, 88, 95 (kvámu
they used to come), 103, IX:17, 18, X:40, XI:17, 43, XIII:4, XV:9,25, XVI:14, XIX:57, XXI:14, XXII:27/1, 43/4, XXV:19, 95, XXVI
A:52, B:5, 24, XXVII:28; of time, arrive I:82; imp. kom come
XVI:39; imp. pl. komi› come X:106; pres. subj. komir come XI:72;
past kom it went XXVI A:18; 2nd sg. past komst I:144; past subj.
kœmi/kvæmi came III:114, VI:45, VIII:73, XVI:87, XIX:54, shouldcome XIV:142, should go V:158; pp. em kominn have come
XVI:62, var komit was come, had arrived XVI:17, sé kominn iscome I:46, mun kominn must be come XXVI B:15; pp. m. pl.
komnir come, reached V:163, arrived XXV:68; koma á hit, strike
V:96, 99, land on I:18 (supine), get on to VI:272; kom á it struck
XXVI A:49, it struck/hit him on III:85, XV:108; ei fær tƒlu á komit
one cannot put a number on them, they cannot be numbered XI:12;
koma á, koma á lei› with dat. bring about, arrange IV:72, VII
B:58 (impers. pass., Gr 3.9.3), XII:69; koma á flótta take to flight
VI:155; koma á óvart with dat. take someone by surprise XXVI
A:7; kvámu á›r had already come VIII:108; koma af abolish
XIV:87; ﬂví haf›i eigi or›it af komit me› ƒllu that had not been
entirely abolished XIV:78; koma aptr come back XXI:43, kvámu
eigi aptr did not return X:12; koma at reach, get hold of II:122,
IX:131, arrive, come up III:2, IV:11, come to IV:52, approach, comeup to XIX:17, get up to, reach XXI:141; get to IV:10, V:93, VI:274(var komnir: vb. sg. in agreement with first part of a subject placed
after the vb., see Gr 3.9.8.2), XIX:83, get into I:128 (pp. f. komin);vér kómum at we came here XXVI B:10; er ﬂeir kómu/kvámu
at when they got there (to Gunnarr’s home) XXVI A:26, where
they came ashore XXI:31; ﬂá kom Flosi at then Flosi came up
XXVI B:153; komnar at come there XXVI B:5; kæmi (past subj.)

134

A New Introduction to Old Norsehlíf at gagni that his shield was of use, was any help (to him)
XXII:40/4; kom at ﬂeim ƒrunum got at them with arrows XXVI
A:39; koma eptir follow VII A:111; komnir frá descended from
VIII:38; var kominn frá was descended from XVI:191; koma framcome about, happen XXVI B:79; ok vera eigi fram komna andthat they have not (yet) taken place, not yet happened, not yet
brought into effect XXIII:26; koma ﬂví fram at bring it about that
VIII:156; koma fyrir/firir come before, reach I:45; come into thepresence of XVI:18; koma skildi fyrir sik bring one’s shield infront of one XXVI A:72; koma heim approach the house XXVI
B:87, get back home XIX:8; koma í arrive at VII A:9, 28, X:5, getinto III:61, hit XXVI B:152; koma í sta› take his place XXIV:70;
koma me› with acc. bring V:53, XXII:54/1; koma ni›r with dat.
put down XXI:55; ﬂar er ni›r kom where it came down XXI:128;
koma nær with dat. approach XIII:17; koma ofan land III:45; komofan í came down onto (i.e. the top of his shield) XXVI B:91; koma
ór escape from VI:338, 348 (inf. with myndi), vera kominn ór tohave escaped from VI:338, e›a [frá hánum] brott of komnum(pp. dat. sg. m.) ór or about him having escaped from, or that hehad escaped from VI:354, komit ór (which had) flowed from
XXV:84; koma saman vi›r meet near (or meet with?) XXIII:18;
komnir saman assembled VI:28; koma til arrive, come up V:113,
be born XXI:196, reach VI:11, XIX:73, attend VII A:72, be requiredby, concern XIV:116; kvámu til came for it, prescribed (i.e. inaccordance with his instructions) VIII:185; ok til ﬂess er kominn
at and (who) has reached a position where he deserves to, and (who)deserves to XXIV:61; vel kominn welcome XI:9, 70, XVI:107; ek
kem boganum vi› I can make use of my bow against them XXVI
A:82; sér vi› koma employ himself for, involve himself in XIV:31;
koma ﬂar arrive there XXVI B:41. 2. impers. ﬂar kom at, kom
ﬂar at it came to this that, the outcome was that IV:101, XXVI
A:91, it reached the point where VI:213; honum fyrir allt eitt koma
it would all come to the same thing for him V:106; kom svá it cameabout, it turned out, came to the point (that) VII B:13, 28, 58; var
komit it was come (or [people] had arrived) IX:93; of kvæmi vi›
with dat. were brought concerning it, it was prosecuted using(witnesses) VIII:142. 3. with dat. bring II:35, VII A:128, introduce
VIII:76, lead VII A:50, get (someone somewhere) III:63; pp.
(impers. pass.) komit would be brought VIII:124; honum var svá

Glossary and Index135nær komit it was such a close thing for him, it so nearly happened
for him II:158; koma sér get oneself VI:296. 4. -sk form manage
to come, get I:34, III:24 (fram out, i.e. towards the door), V:79,
110 (pres. subj.), XVI:34, 148, XXVI B:85 (pres. subj.), 204;
komisk vel út may easily get out XXVI B:208; er komask máttithat it was possible to take VII A:130; komsk eigi could not get
V:97; komask at with dat. get up to, get at XXVI A:64, gain
possession of, win VI:248; komask fyrir reach, be revealed to,
become known to I:50; komask í manage to get into III:87, 101;
komask inn í get into XXI:89; komsk ór hƒndum ﬂeim escapedthem XXVI A:90; komask til (manage to) reach III:46, manage to
get to IV:65; kvæmisk (past subj.) til lei›ar should be able to comeabout, should be brought about XVI:49; komsk undan got away
XXI:200; komask vi› be touched or moved XIV:37; pp. komizk
got V:97; fá eigi komizk do not manage to get XVI:34
kompása (past kompása›i, pp. kompása›r) wv. accomplish, complete
XII:3
kómu see koma
kona (gen. pl. kvenna) f. woman III:127, IV:1, VII A:90, 95, VIII:33,
IX:96, X:6, XIV:90, note, 145, XV:6, 11, 23, 59, 61, 133, XIX:11,
XXIII:2, 61, XXVI B:141; wife II:103, 106, III:7, V:5, VI:2, VII B:77,
X:119, XII:71, XV:38, 49; lady XI:49; female XIV:84, XXI:39; with
suffixed def. art. VI:4; pl. konur women, wives XIX:70, 87, XXVI
B:5, 114, 134; ok tvær konur and two were women XXI:199
konar m. gen. sg. in phrase nakkvars konar some kind of (i.e. someterm for) II:118; ﬂess konar of that kind, of the same kind VIII:70,
that kind of XIV:22; alls konar all kinds of XI:60, XII:25, 32, XXI:57
kóngr m. = konungr XXII:1/1
konungaævi n. pl. lives of kings VIII:4
konungr m. king, the king I:1, 2, 47, 57, 60, 62, 66, 77, 82, 86, 112,
114, 116, 117, 119, 128, 135, 141, 144, VI:51, 105, 198, 264, VII
A:35, 137, B:22 (subject of vill bjó›a), 27, 51, 54, VIII:29, 32,
X:2, XI:48, XVI:15, XIX:48, XXI:38, 202, XXIV:1; as title I:45,
50, 106, 132, V:57, VI:3, 6, 7, 15, 38, 142, 215, VII A:1, 146, B:3,
4, 7, 11, 12, 35, 85, 86, X:8, 14, 78, XI:14, XVI:14, XXI:37; inaddress, as vocative I:134; with suffixed def. art. I:80, VI:9, 45,
136 (gen. pl.), 289, 291, 292, 297, 323, VII B:66,VIII:26, 84,
XXIV:6; dat. sg. konungi to the king XVI:50, for the king X:87
konungsdóttir f. king’s daughter, princess VII A:91

136

A New Introduction to Old Norsekonungsgar›r m. king’s premises, residence, palace VII B:59, 78
konungsmenn m. pl. the king’s men VII B:70
koparr m. copper XII:41, 59
Kormakr (¯gmundarson) m. IV:5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16, 26, 35, 38,
47, 49, 52, 62, 67, 68, 75, 76, 77, 87, 97, 99, 100, 101, 110
Kormakr bryti (steward, bailiff) m. died in the fire at Flugum‡rr III:76
kóróna f. crown XII:25
kórr m. choir, chancel; í kórinn from in the chancel XIV:162
kosit see kjósa
kosta (past kosta›i, pp. kostat) wv. put forth effort; kosta rásar run
at great speed XXI:180
kostgæfi f. care, concern XIV:97
kostr m. opportunity, chance VI:90, XIV:45, XVI:185, XXVI B:212;
choice, alternative XXVI B:102; gera kost with dat. give someone
a choice XXVI A:11; charge, expense XIV:147; pl. qualities: gottland kostum a land with fine qualities XXI:177; terms (of marriage
agreement) XV:5
Kotkell m. a Hebridean XV:37, 38, 126, 134, 139, 142; dat. Kotkatli
XV:135kraf›a see krefja
kraptlauss adj. lacking strength XXIII:29
kraptr m. strength, power XXIII:75, 107
krás f. delicacy, dainty IX:96
krefja (past kraf›i, past pl. krƒf›u, pp. kraf›r) wv. (Gr 3.6.6) withgen. and acc. demand (something from someone/something)
X:102,112; order, summon (ships to a rendezvous), pp. um kraf›ain agreement with direct obj. (hreina, acc. pl.) VI:55 (Gr 3.9.7.1)
krellr m. strength, spirit, valour I:124
kringlóttr adj. round, circular XXIII:14, 46
kristinn adj. Christian VII A:64, 71, XIV:60; n. kristit VII A:71; m.
pl. kristnir VIII:21, 139; XIX:112, XXVI B:105; wk. pl. kristnu
VIII:114, 116
kristna (past kristna›i, pp. kristnat) wv. convert (to Christianity)
XXII:4/1
kristni f. Christianity VII A:126, VIII:73, 76, 78, 85, 144, XIV:2, 30,
74, 125, XIX:113, XXI:38; with suffixed def. art. VIII:90, 117,
XIV:79, 176
Kristr m. Christ VIII:14, 149, XXI:78, XXII:62/3

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137

Króksfjƒr›r m. fjord in north-western Iceland XV:33
kroppinskeggi m. a nickname, ‘crop-beard’? ‘crooked beard’? VIII:48, 49
kroppr m. body II:30 (with suffixed def. art.), II:31
kross m. cross, crucifix XIV:61
krƒf›u see krefjakul›i m. cold(ness) III:62, 114, 130
kumrskr adj. Cumbrian VII A:26
kunna (pres. kann, past kunni) pret.-pres. vb. know (Gr 3.6.7) II:93,
X:154, XIV:68, XV:21 (at in it), 27, XXI:74; know to be VIII:9;
know how to II:161, VII B:38, X:92, with suffixed pron. X:183; beable, can XI:34, XXIV:28, XXVI B:7, 53; respond: kunna illa be
distressed II:106; feel XVI:75; kunni could XII:9; hann betr kunni
he was wilier (than she) X:130; kann vera at, vera kann at maybe
V:72, XXI:100; kann ﬂat vera at it may be that XVI:40; Nú kannsvá til at bera at If it should happen that XXIV:1; ef svá kann til atver›a at if it should come about that XXIV:7; subj. kunnim eigi
are not able V:104; kynni knew how to, was able II:101, might beable to VII A:147; kann ek eigi margt at I take little notice of (donot greatly understand? am not greatly bothered by?) VI:357; kunna
vel til have good knowledge of, good understanding of VII B:26;
kunna at with inf. be able to, can XII:11, 63, kunnu sér at vera
knew how to be, were sensible enough to be XIV:163
kunnasta f. ability; acc. kunnustu (Gr 3.1.7.1) XVI:135
kunnigr adj. cunning X:119, 139, 163; knowledgeable, skilled in
magic; dat. sg. m. kunngum VII A:146; familiar: honum var ví›akunnigt he had knowledge of many places, he was widely experienced
XXI:16
kunningi m. acquaintance; acc. pl. kunningja I:31
kunnr adj. (well) known, renowned X:74; comp. better known VIII:4
kurteiss adj. courtly XI:49
kva› see kve›a
kvaddi see kve›ja
kvá›u see kve›akváma f. coming, visit IV:3, XXV:86; leggja kvámur sínar direct
one’s visits IV:98
kvámu see koma
kván f. wife IX:43, 87, X:40, 139, 152, 154, 163
kvánfang n. marriage XVIII:122rb31

138

A New Introduction to Old Norsekvánga›r adj. (pp.) married XXI:196
kvánlauss adj. without a wife, unmarried XXI:195
kváran Irish surname; cúarán (m.) in Old Irish means a shoe or sock
VII A:74
Kvasir m. a wise being created by the gods II:92, 100, 117kvaz, kvazk see kve›a
kve›a (pres. kve›r, past kva›, past pl. kvá›u/kó›u, pp. kve›inn) sv.
1. cry out I:14. 2. say, declare, speak, utter, express (especially inverse) I:91, IV:17, 26, 77, 87, V:16, 148, VI:137, 258, 341, 350, VII
B:36, VIII:100, 121, 132, IX:5, 13, X:80, 90, 125, 134, XII:38,
XIV:86, XXV:20; compose and deliver (a poem) XXII:heading;speak aloud, recite XXI:182; chant XV:143; with acc. and inf. (Gr
3.9.4) III:42, 92, 123, IV:5 (inf. understood), 11, 14, V:6, 9, 105,
VI:337, VIII:67, 93, XV:21, 85, XXI:69, kvá›u ﬂar engi hús said
there were no houses there XXI:204, (menn) kvá›u, kó›u they said
VI:176, 242, XXV:52, kva› mik (inf. understood) said I would be
XVI:176, kva› svá vera skyldu said so it should be XXVI B:18,
81; kve›a á give orders XXVI A:107; var kve›it á it was determined(to be), stipulated as, agreed to for XVI:7; kve›a af summon from
IV:12; kve›a svá at or›i utter this, express oneself thus XXIV:9; er
at oss kve›inn has been allotted to us XXVI B:187; kve›a um
relate X:15; kva› vi› cried out (at it), howled at it XXVI A:18. 3.
refl. pres. kvezk says that he II:136, IV:68, XVI:21, 47, 116, XXI:70,
past kvazk, kvaz said that he/she II:23, 47, 135, III:33, V:7, 8, 158,
VII A:38, XV:6, 51, 115, XXV:45, said he was XV:113, XXVI B:129,
155; eigi kvazk hann hafa he said he had never III:10; kvá›usk
said that they II:127, said they were XXVI B:5; reciprocal kve›ask
at exchange verses, recite verses to each other XIV:83
kve›ja1 (pres. kve›r, past kvaddi, past pl. kvƒddu, pp. kvatt) wv. 1.
greet, salute I:57, XVI:18, 157, XXII:21/2. 2. with gen. summon,convoke VII A:79 (impers. pass., Gr 3.9.3)
kve›ja2 f. greeting, salutation XVI:19, 158
kveld n. evening XI:59, XV:25; with suffixed def. art. (Gr 3.1.9) II: 4,
IV:52, XXVI B:43; í kveld this evening VI:115, XXVI B:20, 25;
um kveldit in the evening XV:90, XVI:94, that evening XXVI B:4;
acc. of time hvert kveld every night XIV:70, ekki kveld through noevening, not for one evening XXV:109
kvelda (past kvelda›i, pp. kveldat) wv. impers. kveldar it becomes
evening I:28

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139

kveldsƒngr m. evensong XVI:98
kvelja (past kval›i, pp. kvalit) wv. kill? torment; with neg. suffix at
ﬂú kveljat (imp. for subj.) that you will not torment X:152
kvenna see kona
kvennafólk n. womenfolk XXVI B:121 (with suffixed def. art.)
kvennama›r m. women’s man, womaniser XXIII:28
kvennligr adj. womanly, feminine XXIII:61
kvenskikkja f. woman’s cloak XXVI B:144
kvensligr (i.e. kvenskligr) adj. feminine XXIII:98
kvennvá›ir f. pl. women’s clothes IX:62
kvernsteinn m. millstone II:110
kveykja/kveykva (past kveykti, pp. kveykt) wv. kindle; kveykvi›ﬂér you are lighting or are you lighting? XXVI B:109; arouse,awaken XXV:4; kveykja upp til ﬂess inflame, arouse to it XIV:93;
kveykva vi› kindle (the fire) with or set fire to it with XXVI B:117
kvezk see kve›akvi›lingr m. little poem VIII:100, XXI:182
kvi›r1 m. belly XXII:51/1, XXIII:77 (with suffixed def. art.); fyrirkvi›i sér in front of his belly III:111
kvi›r2 m. verdict, sentence, decree XXV:109
kvikligr adj. lifelike XII:23
kvikr adj. alive I:109, XII:12, 33; acc. sg. m. kvikvan with hungrdœyfi,parallel to dau›an VI:328
kvistr m. twig, branch XXV:17, 107
kvistskœ›r adj. damaging to branches; f. as subst. in kvistskœ›a thebranch-damaging girl XXV:19
kvæ›i n. poem Gr 3.1.7.5 (1), XIV:86, 94
kvæmi, kvæmisk see komakvæn f. wife IX:30
kvƒddu see kve›ja1kvƒl f. torment Gr 3.1.7.1
Kymraland n. Cumberland VII A:7
kyn n. family, origin II:76, XVI:2; kind: alls kyns all kinds of X:88,
margra kynja of many kinds VIII:161; engis kyns no kind of XIII:36
kynligr adj. strange; wondrous XXI:187; ﬂótti henni kynligt hvar
was mystified about where XII:78
kynna (past kynnti, pp. kynnt) wv. make known (pres. part.) XIV:190
kynni see kunnak‡r f. cow Gr 3.1.7.2 and (3, 5), 3.1.8 (21); pl. VII A:112, IX:89

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

kyrr adj. quiet I:83; at rest XXIII:25; hafa kyrrt um sik keep quiet
I:110; n. pl. látum vera kyrr let (something) be quiet, i.e. let us not
speak of XI:37; n. as adv. kyrrt uneventful IV:103, XV:124; er/var
ﬂó kyrrt yet there was no trouble XV:14, 70
kyrtill m. tunic V:56, XI:18, XXVI A:29; with suffixed def. art.
kyrtillinn his tunic XII:56k‡s see kjósa
kyssa (past kyssti, pp. kysstr) wv. kiss IX:106, XI:9, 30, XII:81, 86;
subj. after nema VII B:47 (to kiss the mouth of the axe = be executed)
kæmi see komakærleikr m. intimacy XV:19 (pl.)
kærr adj. dear; kærr me› friendly towards XII:72, highly valued by,close to, intimate with XXII:9/2
kœmi see komakœnliga adv. skilfully, ably; svá fór hann kœnliga me› ﬂví he went
about this so skilfully XIV:96
kƒld see kaldrkƒllu›, kƒllu›u, kƒllum see kallakƒngurváfa f. spider XXIII:94kƒnnu›u see kannakƒstu›u see kastakƒttr m. cat Gr 3.1.7.2 (3)kømr see koma
køri see kjósa
lá see liggjala›a = hla›a
lag n. thrust (gen. pl. with mildr) XXII:42/3; í ƒ›ru lagi on the other
hand V:1; í mesta lagi to the greatest degree, hardest of all V:104
Lagarfljót n. lake in eastern Iceland Gr 3.1.8 ex.
lag›ar, lag›i, lag›isk, lagit see leggjalágr (n. lágt) adj. low Gr 3.3.8.2; low down XXIII:52
lagsma›r m. companion, fellow; gen. pl. lagsmanna II:37
lagt see leggja
lágu see liggja
lamb n. lamb Gr 3.1.7.1 ex. 5
Lambadalr m. valley on the west side of Sælingsdalr XV:82, textual
note, 83lam›i see lemja

Glossary and Index

141

land (pl. lƒnd Gr 3.1.7.1) n. land VII A:126, 169, VIII:48, 52, XIX:54(2), XXI:22, 59, 177, XXII:5/2, 64/2, XXVI A:102; his land
XXII:34/4; estate XIV:134, XV:33; country VI:42, 86, VII A:7, 35,
B:46, VIII:64, X:70, XI:50, XVI:33, 138, XIX:27, XXII:4/1,
XXVII:2; with suffixed def. art. the country VII A:2, 72, 148, 156,
B:12, VIII:66, 67, XVI:15, XIX:28, 29 (2), 105, the land XIX:29(1), XXI:24, 92; coast II:104, XXI:167; shore II:106; á land ashore
VII A:111, 150, VIII:18, XV:154, XVI:148, XIX:54, 59, XXI:43,103; upp á land in from the sea XXI:128; á landi ashore, on dry
land VI:257, XV:147, 148; er á var landinu which was in the country
VII A:135; á landi hér in this country (Iceland) VIII:43, 125, 140,
164; ﬂar . . . á landi in that country (Greenland) VIII:69; á landinu
on the landward side? XXI:146; af landi from off the land XXI:169;
af landi ofan from inland to the shore XXI:49; af hvárutveggja
landinu from the land on both sides XXI:84; kominn frá landi put
out from the shore XV:139; fyrir landi off the coast X:87; fyrir
land (fram) along the coast II:104, XIX:55, XXI:86; í landi in the
country (with allar ﬂjó›ár) IV:84, i.e. from in the country VII A:143;me› landi along the coast VII A:168, XVI:42; me› endilƒngu landi
along the whole length of the coast VII A:162; millim landanna
between the (two) countries VII A:164; ór landi abroad VI:20, outof the country, so as to make him leave the country VI:142; til lands
to the shore XXI:33; til síns lands to their own country XXI:155;
higat til lands into this country VII A:92; pl. lƒnd estates VIII:154
landau›n f. depopulation VIII:26
landaurar m. pl. ‘land-ounces’, land dues VIII:30
landhallt adv. keeping close to the shore VI:122
landher›r f. ‘land-shoulder’, mountain; gen. with l‡›a VI:345
landi m. countryman VIII:87
landnámama›r/landnámsma›r m. settler VIII:45, 58, XIX:104, 105
landnor›r adv. north-east; landnor›r frá to the north-east of V:168
landskostir m. pl. qualities of the land, resources XXI:43; landskostir
gó›ir good land XXI:51, 153
landsmenn m. pl. people (inhabitants) of the country (Iceland) VIII:44,
53, 150; the people of those countries (Norway and Denmark)
VIII:129
landsnytjar f. pl. produce of the land XXI:57
landsréttr m. the law of the land VII B:29

142

A New Introduction to Old Norselandsu›r n. south-east; í landsu›r to the south-east XXI:27
landtaka f. reaching land, making the shore XV:148
landvéttr/landvættr f. guardian spirit of a country VII A:149 (seenote), 158
langorf n. a long (scythe-)handle; í langorfi on a long handle IV:9
langskip n. long ship, viking ship VI:112, VII A:165, VII B:33
langr (f. sg. and n. pl. lƒng) adj. long (Gr 3.3.8.1, 2) VIII:129, IX:37,
X:52, XXI:32, XXIII:14, 22, 64; wk. form in name enn langi VI:64,
66; f. lƒng VI:212; mjƒk langir very long ones XXIII:99; n. langt along time VI:98, XIV:184, XXV:6, XXVI B:124, a long way (intime) VIII:10, over a long distance, from far away XXVI B:5; stíga
langt take long strides XXIII:101; langt var at it took a long timeto XXI:34; lángt af (by) far, by a long way XXII:13/4; dat. pl. as
adv. lƒngum for long periods XIV:122, XV:19, 58
las see lesaláskat see liggja
lasta (past lasta›i, pp. lastat) wv. blame, criticise, find fault with
XXII:23/2
láta (pres. lætr, past lét, past pl. létu, pp. látinn) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.1 (10),3.6.9.3 ex. 7) 1. lose III:72, XXII:49/3; loose, let go (of); imp. láttu
ﬂér af hƒndum hand over IX:116; put, let go XXI:42; put aside
XI:16; put, keep XXI:31; láta einn leave on one’s own XV:74; láta
á put (them, i.e. the rings) on X:49; láta af leave off, keep back
X:50; láta eptir leave behind VIII:23, (intransitive) give way, allow
oneself to be drawn back II:70; láta í haf put out to sea XVI:154(1). 2. with inf. let, allow II:91, V:13, 26, VI:88 (imp. lát), 109, VII
B:54, VIII:132, XI:37, XIV:86, XVI:71; imp. pl. láti› y›r let yourself
XXIV:11; 2nd person sg. past lézt XVI:186; láta ver›a be allowed
to happen VIII:126; imp. lát ﬂek ﬂat henda let that happen to you
XXIV:12; cause (something to be done), have (something done) I:47,
II:5, 96, VI:6, 13, 104, 113, 214, 217, 227, VII A:169, B:55, 60, 84,
VIII:86, 158, 165, 194, IX:74, X:107, XII:1, 64, XIV:6, 188, XV:131,
141, XVI:154 (2), XIX:62, 79 (lét búa . . . ok sjá fyrir), 102, 108;
látum let us make IX:61; ok léti hann and made him XXVI A:8; lét
sik bera had himself carried XIX:110; láta drepa have (someone)
killed VIII:12; oss brenna láta have us burned XXVI B:125; félætr dœma has money awarded him by judgment XXVII:41; létgjƒra honum laug had a bath prepared for him XVI:113; lét taka

Glossary and Index143

hann hƒndum had him captured X:15; cause, make (someone orsomething do something) I:87, 102, 103, VII A:19, 64, XIX:64,
XXII:6/3, 18/3, 37/3, 39/3, XXV:56, 73; lætr byrja fer› has an
expedition mounted XXII:12/1; láta hanga let something hang (Gr
3.9.5.1) V:157; láta falla drop II:110; láta sjá sik let oneself beseen XVI:94; láta svæla mik let myself be suffocated XXVI B:67;
láta vera have accepted, have followed, have done VII B:14; with
inf. understood let there be: láta hƒggva á milli leave (space) between
blows, pause between blows V:146; with -sk inf. let oneself dosomething II:27, 56, 71; læt bindask let myself be tied IX:67; lét
skírask had himself baptised VIII:79; láta vígjask let oneself beordained VIII:184. 3. behave; utter; láta herfiligum látum behave
in a shameful way, utter shameful sounds XXVI B:31; láta sem act
as if I:36; impers. sound lét í sem it sounded like XXI:97; láta vi›
answer, respond to, grant (a prayer) XXI:64; lét illiliga vi› it madea horrible noise XXI:128; láta vel yfir express satisfaction about it
XV:121; láta illa yfir express disapproval of something IV:77, bedismayed by XIX:75; láta at give as one’s opinion that VI:320;
láta sem declare that, give as one’s opinion that, speak as if I:124;
sem létu as they said they would XXVI B:101. 4. with acc. and inf.
(Gr 3.9.4) say, declare II:142, VI:121; lét vera declared there was
VI:96; -sk form látask say that one V:159, lézk said that he XVI:47;
with impers. vb. lætr sér hafa vel sofnat said he had fallen asleep
easily XI:66; with inf. understood declare it to be VIII:85, declarethere to be VIII:90. 5. -sk form (cf. 4 above) lose, be defeated VI:293;
be lost, die, perish, past lézk III:77, 79, XIX:85, past pl. létusk
III:76, past subj. létisk VI:226 (fyrir hánum on his side)
latínubók f. book written in Latin XIV:188
latínusaga f. saga written in Latin XIV:26, note (with suffixed def. art.)
latti see letja
látum1 see lætilátum2 see láta
lauf n. leaf XII:32, XXV:18; thin plate of metal XII:27
Laufey f. a goddess (perhaps), mother of Loki IX:68, 78
laug f. bath Gr 3.1.8 (11), XVI:113
Laugamenn m. pl. the people of Laugar XV:83
Laugar f. pl. ‘hot springs’, Ósvífr’s farm in western Iceland XV:30,
46, 77, 79, 85, 87, 101, 120

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Laugardalr m. valley about 20 km east of ﬁingvƒllr (and outside theAssembly boundaries) VIII:98
lauk see lúka
laun1 f. secrecy; á laun in secret VIII:141
laun2 n. pl. reward XVI:5
launa (past launa›i, pp. launat) wv. with dat. of the person and of thepayment repay, reward IV:73, XVI:163; ﬂví launar ﬂú mér . . . erthat is how you reward me . . . for XXVI B:112; with acc. repay,
give reward for: ok launa bjarnd‡rit in reward for the wild bear
XVI:134; with dat. of the person and acc. of what the repayment isfor XVI:40, 151, 185; with acc. of what is being paid for and dat. of
payment XV:26; with dat. of person and of the payment and acc. ofwhat the payment is for XVI:161; launa í hƒnd ﬂegar repay out ofhand, on the spot XIV:118
laundyrr f. pl. secret doorway XXVI B:88
laungetinn adj. (pp.) ‘secretly begotten’, illegitimate XXVI A:114
lausaaurar m. pl. movable property, chattels VIII:154
lausafé n. movable property, chattels XV:132, XIX:70
lausama›r m. unattached person, a man without legal domicile III:77
lauss adj. free II:35, 36; quit, free of obligation XVI:179; lauss frá
quit of, free from XXVII:45; with gen. without, deprived of, lacking
X:61, 143; lausir aurar movable property VIII:161; ver›a lauss withdat. ‘become loose for someone’: ﬁorgrími var› lauss skjƒldrinn
ﬁorgrímr dropped his shield XXVI A:31
laust see ljósta
lausung f. looseness (of living), lying, unreliability XXIII:11
laut see lúta
lax m. salmon IX:95
Laxárdalr m. valley in eastern Iceland Gr 3.1.8 ex.
le›rhosa f. leather bag or purse XVI:141, 176
lé›u see ljá
leggbiti m. ‘leg-biter’, name for a sword (gen. with sennu) VI:243
leggja (past lag›i, past pl. lƒg›u, pp. lagi›r/lag›r/lagit/lagt) wv. (Gr
3.6.9.3) 1. put III:4, 7, X:115; with suffixed pron. X:159; place
VI:216; lay IX:121, XI:46, XII:82, XXII:5/3, 62/2, XXVI B:147;
thrust, stab I:97, III:109, V:103 (past subj. leg›i stabbed), VII B:67,
XXII:51/1; metaphorically lay (see li›r): 1st person pl. referring to
the speaker IV:24 (‘I shall not lay’); appoint, make, arrange (anGlossary and Index145

appointment) II:89, VII A:99; land, come ashore VI:12; put (a ship;in dat. if expressed), sail VI:133, 162, 210, XXI:52, 169, with acc.
position VI:235; direct: pp. f. pl. lag›ar (in agreement with direct
object) IV:98; lay down (á ﬂat about this) VIII:158; á lƒg› laid
down about it VIII:157; leggja á place on, impose X:64; put into it
XXII:34/3; leggja á at hjálpa devote to helping XIV:98; leggja áhendr with dat. impose on someone XIV:98; leggja eigu sína á
take possession of VIII:19; leggja at (with dat.) thrust, stab at
XV:107, attack VI:218, 255; leggjum at let us attack VI:78; lagit atvelli laid to the ground, felled XXVI A:101; leggja fyr put in trust
for XVI:6; leggja fyrir urge (someone to do something), lay down(something as someone’s duty) V:136; leggja ofan pull down XIV:6;
imp. (or 3rd person pl. subj.?) leggi saman (let them) position side
by side VI:169; leggja til contribute, give (or support) an opinion
V:162, contribute to, endow (with) VIII:160, XIV:9, set apart for,devote to VIII:53, put forward, offer VI:15, XXVI A:57, lay or place
upon XVI:117, 118, 170, lay down, provide XVI:123, sail to, put
out to XIX:44, advance (ships) to, engage in (sea battle) VI:81 (pres.
subj. leggim; see note), 84, 198, XIX:15, approach, make for, attack(in ships) VI:103, thrust, lay on XV:109, leggja til hans (with dat.)thrust at him (with a weapon) XXVI A:71, B:89; pres. part. vel til
leggjandi properly to be offered XXIV:74; leggja undir sik
subjugate, conquer VI:33; leggja upp put away, swallow II:28; leggja
út thrust out XXVI A:30, with weapon in dat. XXVI B:96; leggja
ríkt vi› see ríkr. 2. impers. is being blown XXVI B:205. 3. -sk
form leggjask make one’s way, set off VII A:152; position itself, bepositioned VI:228; leggjask ni›r lie down III:6, VIII:120; lítit
lag›isk fyrir gó›an dreng it didn’t take much to finish a fine fellow
off (i.e. he came to a shameful end) XIX:77
leggr m. bone (of arm or leg; collective) I:27; with suffixed def. art. I:42;
stem XII:30
lei›1 f. way XVI:38, XXVI B:13; á lei› til away towards III:60; á ﬂá
lei› sem in the same way as V:8; alla lei› all the way XI:47; dat. sg.
lei›u path X:69; lei› sína on one’s way I:1, VII B:76; sína lei› fara
go his own way XXVI B:216; fara lei›ar sinnar go on one’s way
XXI:52; koma á lei› with dat. bring something about XII:69 (cf.
koma 3); komask til lei›ar manage to come about XVI:49
lei›2 see lí›a

146

A New Introduction to Old Norselei›a (past leiddi, pp. leiddr, n. leitt) wv. lead, bring I:2, 25, XXIV:48;
lei›a eptir sér pull behind oneself, take with one XVI:15; lei›irhann eptir sér inn takes him in with him XVI:108; í lƒg leitt madelaw VIII:153; conduct, escort VII A:105; pp. leiddr brought XXV:37;
var leiddr was being helped III:122
lei›ask (past leiddisk) wv. -sk form impers. with dat. and acc. onegets tired of something II:111
lei›i n. tomb VII B:85; grave XXII:60/4
lei›rétta (past lei›rétti, pp. lei›réttr) wv. correct; pp. acc. sg. m.
lei›réttan XIV:97 (Gr 3.9.7.1)
leifa (past leif›i, pp. leift) wv. leave behind XI:26
Leifr Eiríksson m. XXI:37, 39, 41
Leifr Hró›marsson m. Icelandic settler XIX:5, 6, 12, 16, 17, 20, 21,
25, 31 34. See Hjƒrleifr
leiga1 f. hire, wages II:138
leiga2 (past leig›i, pp. leigt) wv. rent XVI:16
leika (past lék, past pl. léku, pp. leikinn) sv. play Gr 3.6.5.2, 3.6.6;
swing to and fro, rock back and forth XXV:50; transitive treat XXVI
A:22
leikma›r m. layman XIV:131
leikr m. game XIV:83; bout, attempt; á n‡ja leik for a fresh attempt, ‘fora new go’ VIII:90; málma leikr kenning for battle XXII:55/4
leit see líta
leita (past leita›i, pp. leitat) wv. search III:108, 116; investigate, findout, discover XXI:43; with gen. look for, try to find III:43, IV:112(sér for themselves), V:167, X:13, XIX:26, 67, 73, 82, XXI:2, 65, 166;
seek XIX:41; leita sér seek out for oneself XXI:57; leita sér lífs try
to preserve one’s life XXVI B:212; impers. with gen. hvar beina
okkarra er at leita where our bones are to be sought (for burial) XXVI
B:177; leita á attack, assault I:55; seek to go: leita innar make one’s
way further in III:35; leita til make one’s way to III:96; leita undan
try to get away XI:180; leita út try to get out III:13, 37; impers. withgen. mundi eigi út leitat would not be sought outside XXVI A:53
leitt see lei›a
lék see leika
lemja (past lam›i, pp. lami›r) wv. batter IX:126
lendr ma›r m. ‘landed man’, one who held land in fief from the king,and acted as his local lieutenant, military leader and counsellor; next

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in rank to a jarl in Norway; pl. lendir menn landowners VII B:2(see note), 87
lengi adv. for a long time (Gr 3.5.2) I:18, 102, 104, IV:62, VI:239,
123, XIV:175, XV:56, 122, XIX:102, XXI:9, XXVI A:43, 91, B:168;
i.e. for ever VI:266 (with vanr man, line 263), XXVI A:86, 87; along way XXI:87, 168; mjƒk lengi for a very long time V:142, VII
A:67; svá lengi for such a long time X:60
lengr adv. comp. (any) longer, further (Gr 3.5.2) I:20, 147, III:14,
126, XXI:164, XXVII:46; lengr e›a skemr for a longer or shortertime XXVI A:84; eigi lengr not any longer XXI:192
lengri adj. comp. (Gr 3.3.8.2, 3.3.9 ex. 6; cf. langr) longer, lasting fora longer time XV:10; eiga lengra til have further to go to, be further
off from V:82; greater in length XXIII:77, 84; n. as adv. lengra (Gr
3.5.3 (10)) further V:90, XXI:163, XXIII:85; dat. pl. as adv. at
lengrum the longer (because of this) V:18
lengst adv. longest (Gr 3.5.2) VI:268; for a very long time XXI:70(svá lengst for such a very long time?)lengstr adj. sup. longest XXIII:83 (weak nom. pl. m., see Gr 3.3.2)
león n. lion XII:59
leppr m. lock (of hair) XXVI A:78
lesa (pres. les(s), past las, past pl. lásu, pp. lesinn) sv. gather; read Gr
3.6.9.1 (11), XIV:90, note, 91; las was reading XIV:90; hon lét lesa
fyrir sér she had them read to her XIV:188
lét, léti, létisk see láta
leti f. laziness, sloth XXIII:47
letja (past latti, pp. lattr) wv. 1. (try to) dissuade (someone from doing
something), urge someone not to do something V:26; hinder, stop
XVI:137. 2. refl. be dissuaded; láta ekki letjask not let oneself be
dissuaded V:26
létta (past létti, pp. létt) wv. with dat. lighten XIV:102
léttbærr adj. easy to bear (with dat. for someone) XIV:39
léttleiki m. irresponsibility, lack of seriousness, lack of earnestness
XXIII:51
léttr adj. light; friendly or cheerful XXIII:70; sup. léttasti Gr 3.3.8.1
létu, létusk see láta
leyfa/lœyfa (past leyf›i, pp. leyf›r) wv. 1. praise VI:326, XXV:21. 2.
with dat. permit; impers. pass. ﬂeim ƒllum er leyft er all those towhom it is permitted XXVI B:136

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

leyna (past leyndi, pp. leynt) wv. 1. conceal XXVI B:8; leyndi hid it(fyrir from) XII:75; pp. leyndr hidden (i.e. from men) XIII:13,
XIV:11; n. as adv. leynt secretly; fór hann leynt me› he kept it
secret XII:73. 2. -sk form hide oneself; leynask í burt steal away I:87
leyniliga adv. secretly; lœyniliga VI:14
leynistígr m. secret path XII:79
leypr see hlaupa
leysa (past leysti, pp. leystr) wv. (Gr 3.6.9.1 (7)) 1. make free, unfasten
V:111; open XXV:94; solve XXII:26/2; free, release, redeem, deliver
XIII:8, XXVI A:12; discharge, carry out XIV:18. 2. -sk form leysask
ﬂví undan get oneself out of it in this way VIII:117
leysingr m. freedman VIII:48
lézk see látali› n. help, support IV:51, 65 (me› of, for), VII B:27; following,companionship V:34, VII B:33, 34; people, (members of a) household, (work)men XXVI A:3, B:142; troop, band V:55, VI:265, 274,
275, VII B:44 (subject of drífr), XXI:128, 129, 146, XXVI B:55;
troops, army, force VI:20, 40, 44, 152, 153, 163, 164, 166, 167, 182,
184, 195, 214, VII A:53, 57, 128 (with suffixed def. art.), 132, 168,
B:35, 56, XXII:28/4; fleet, sea-force VI:136; men VI:115, 221 (withsuffixed def. art.), 223, 225 (with suffixed def. art.), 294, VII B:61,
63 (with suffixed def. art.), 75; li›i sínu members of their expedition
XXI:192; mikit li› a large number of men VI:213; annat li› hans/ﬂeira the rest of his troops VII B:60, the other members of theirparty XXI:86; li›it the (remainder of the) expedition XXI:166
lí› n. strong drink; the strong drink of giants is poetry (see II:88–163)
VI:344 (dat. with ek fer me›r)lí›a (pres. lí›r, past lei›, past pl. li›u, pp. li›inn) sv. 1. pass (of time)
II:21, IV:110, XVI:78, 135, XXI:30, 44, 122; impers. lí›r á withacc. something draws to a close XVI:128; til ﬂess er mjƒk lei› ákveldit until it was nearly dark XXVI B:43; lei› at it came close to,approached I:73; pp. li›it/li›nir passed XXI:49, XXV:6; var li›it
had passed (Gr 3.9.8.2) XIX:48. 2. travel XXV:41; pres. part. lí›andi
gliding, travelling on skis X:52
li›r m. limb; joint I:27 (collective); metaphorical phrase leggja fyrli› put aside, abandon IV:24
li›veizla f. help, support VI:23
líf n. life III:31, 72, XIV:120, XVI:186, XXII:48/4, XXVI A:12, 56,
81, B:212; gen. sg. as adv. alive III:118

Glossary and Index

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lifa (past lif›i, pp. lifat) wv. live I:31, V:124, VIII:131, XIII:48,
XIV:120, XIX:112, XXI:70, XXV:109, XXVI B:160, be alive
VI:335, VII B:4, XXIV:70, XXV:15, i.e. are not forgotten VI:179;
lif›i (subj.) were alive XXV:98; lifa eptir survive, be still alive
VI:299, XXVI B:80, 173; pres. part. lifandi alive XII:23, 34, 60,
82; at sér lifanda with himself living, while he was still living
VIII:195 (Gr 3.9.7.3)
lifna›r m. (conduct of) life, way of life XIII:28
lífsgri› n. pl. quarter, sparing of one’s life II:113
liggja (pres. liggr, past lá, past pl. lágu, pp. legit) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.3) 1.
lie I:6, 92, 99, 100, II:151, III:8, 59, 68, V:169, XII:44, XXII:48/3,
XXIII:47, XXV:59, 84; lie at anchor or beached VI:58, 86, VII A:30,
70; lie, i.e. be positioned VI:182, 186, 191; be situated XIX:80; ﬂeir
lágu they (i.e. their ships) lay, were lying XXI:47, 174; be placed
XXIII:32; lie in bed XV:122; sleep XXI:204; liggr is lying XXVI
A:44, lá was lying XXI:140, XXVI A:15, 52, B:179, lágu were lying
XXVI A:58; liggja á lie upon them, oppress them, trouble them
XXI:154; lét hann liggja fyrir sér he placed in front of himself
XIV:32; er ﬁór›r lá í which ﬁór›r was lying in XV:104; liggja til
lead to V:42, be appropriate XVI:69; liggja vi›r/vi› lie (bepositioned) close by VI:215, lie (at anchor) on XXI:170; liggja vi›
be at stake, depend on it XXVI A:81; liggr ﬂér nƒkkut vi› does
anything depend on it for you, is it important to you XXVI A:80;
subj. liggi vi› were at stake, depended on it XXVI A:56; impers.
mƒrgum lá vi› bana many were at the point of death XXVI A:89;
pres. part. as noun liggjandi one who is lying down IX:39. 2. -sk
form past with suffixed neg. -at: láskat . . . at (line 153) it did not
fail (to happen) that V:149
lík n. corpse VII B:84 (pl.), XV:153, 154, XXII:58/1
líka1 (past líka›i, pp. líkat) wv. with dat. please I:68, VIII:179, XII:68;
impers. with dat. líkar it pleases someone, someone is pleased VIII:2,
XII:1; líkar illa with dat. someone is displeased or annoyed VII
A:97, XV:70; mér líkar eigi illa I am not displeased III:68
líka2 see líkr
líkami, líkamr m. body XII:11, XIII:22, 41, XXII:59/3, 61/1; his body
XXII:63/2, XXIII:38, 75, 83; with suffixed def. art. his body
XXIII:103
líkamligr adj. bodily Gr 3.3.9 ex. 25, XIV:147; fleshly, physical
XIV:92, 115

150

A New Introduction to Old Norselíkamslosti m. carnal relations XII:72
líki n. likeness, appearance, form II:51, 149, VII A:145 (dat. with í)
líkindi n. pl. likelihood, signs (til of this) I:115
líking f. likeness, form XII:41, 53
líkligr (= glíkligr) adj. likely, to be expected VI:292, XV:86, XXI:134
líkna (past líkna›i, pp. líknat) wv. with dat. show mercy or compassion
to XIV:104
líkneski n., líkneskja f. image, statue XII:10, 77, 84, XIII:2, 5, 10, 14;with suffixed def. art. XII:87, XIII:8, 15 (poss. dat.), 20; ein líkneskja
eptir a statue of XII:47
líkns‡nir f. pl. merciful appearance, compassionate glances IV:90
líkr adj. like (with dat.) XII:22; f. lík XXIII:69; acc. pl. m. líka (to be)like XXIII:66; nom. pl. f. líkar (with dat.: ‘like those of a spider’?)XXIII:95; n. as adv. ﬂví líkt sem looking as if XII:44; sup. n. líkast
most likely IV:72; lét ﬂví líkast í sem it sounded just like XXI:97;
sup. n. as adv. ﬂví líkast sem looking just as if XII:43
limr m. limb XII:12
lín n. linen, linen garment; brú›ar lín bridal head-dress (made of linen)
IX:46 (dat. = with, in); flax, linen thread X:7, 20
lína1 f. (a woman’s) headdress IV:89, IX:106
lína2 f. line, rope XXI:205, textual note
lindbaugr m. serpentine arm-ring X:38
lindi m. belt V:29, X:91; af linda sér from his belt V:112
línklæ›i n. pl. linen underclothes, shirt and breeches III:28, 45 (withsuffixed def. art.), 102
linnr1 m. poetical word for snake IV:81; linnr Loddu lƒg›is is akenning for sword (snake of blood or snake of the shield; cf. SnE,
Háttatal st. 6)
linnr2 m. poetical word for fire; linnr ƒlstafns is a kenning for a(golden) ornament on an ale-cup IV:85
linr adj. gentle, mild XIV:39
list f. art, artifice XII:15
líta (pres. lítr, past leit, past pl. litu, pp. litinn) sv. 1. look I:5; see
XXI:110; litu they saw XXII:53/3; líta á ﬂat/ﬂetta consider this
XVI:52, 55; líta í look inside X:113; líta sem look like XXII:20/2;
líta til look in that direction II:23, look for XXIV:29; líta vi› look at
XXVI A:33. 2. -sk form mér lízk svá sem it seems to me that XXVI
B:48; hversu lízk (impers.) ﬂér á how do you like XVI:132; pastsubj. litisk seemed VIII:175

Glossary and Index151

litarapt n. complexion, colour XV:24
litask (past lita›isk) wv. refl. litask um look around IV:16 (see I:15,
note; Gr 3.9.8.3), XXI:96; fagrt var ﬂar um at litask it was beautiful
to look around one there, i.e. there were beautiful views there XXI:58
lítill (n. lítit) adj. small (Gr 3.3.8.3, 3.3.8.4 (3a)) III:113, V:54, XV:52,
little V:121, XII:45, XXIII:10, 14, 45; acc. sg. m. lítinn gentle, notstrong VI:26, 122; acc. sg. f. litla short (of time) XV:54; dat. sg. m.
litlum XXIII:58; pl. litlir XXIII:91, 92; ok eigi lítill and no small
one (litotes) II:24; n. lítit small, little V:34, VI:11, 152, a small one
III:99; n. as substantive little VI:19, VII B:61 (?—see op), a mean
thing XIX:77, of lítit too little XV:121, lítit til not much to be hadin the way of XXI:62; dat. sg. n. as substantive fyrir litlu a shortwhile before XV:38; litlu, lítlu as adv. of degree with comp. a little
III:51, IV:68, V:172, XXI:73, 179, XXIII:85; gen. sg. as adv. (withmeira) little IV:25
lítillátliga adv. humbly XIV:100
lítillátr adj. humble XXIII:84
lítillæti n. humility XIV:33; insignificance, lack of power? XXIII:75
litlastofa f. (both parts of this compound inflect, the first part as a
weak adjective (Gr 3.3.4)) the small room (which might be used asa living room or for audience or reception) III:36, 77, 88
litr1 m. colour V:46; at lit in colour XXI:127; ƒllum litum with allcolours (in them) XII:26; me› alls konar litum fja›ranna with all
kinds of colours in the feathers, with feathers of all colours XII:32
litr2 adj. coloured; lítt litr having little colour XXIII:91, textual notelítt adv. little, not much (Gr 3.5.2) III:54, VI:199, i.e. not at all V:35,
VI:252, XV:14, XVI:139, 144, XXI:13, 14, XXIII:91, textual note,
XXV:21, XXVI B:94, 159
líttat adv. just a little XXIII:89
litu see líta
lízk see líta
ljá (past lé›i, pp. lé›r, n. lét) wv. (Gr 3.6.9.3) with dat. of person andgen. of thing lend II:48, IX:11, XV:44
ljár m. scythe II:125 (probably acc. pl.); with suffixed def. art. II:129;
scythe-blade IV:9, 10 (with suffixed def. art.)ljó›i m. prince X:57
ljóp, ljópu = hljóp, hljópu, see hlaupa
ljóri m. skylight, hole in the roof for smoke to escape VII B:61 (withsuffixed def. art.)

152

A New Introduction to Old Norseljós n. light, lamp II:6, III:108, XIV:55; metaphorically joy, hope,encouragement IV:91 (object of lúka mér)ljóss adj. light, bright, X:22; fair X:39, XXIII:7; n. as adv. ljóst clearly
V:167
ljósta (pres. l‡str, past laust, past pl. lustu, pp. lostinn) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.1(10)) hit I:38; strike VII A:102, XV:150; impers. (with dat.) laust ácame down XV:144; laust eldinum í (something) caught fire II:58;(with acc.) something was struck XIII:4, 33; supine lostit VI:37
ljótr adj. ugly II:66; evil XIV:95
ljúfr adj. beloved, dear (with dat., to someone) XI:38; n. as adv. ﬂeim
var ljúft at it was pleasant for them to, they were happy to XXII:10/2
ljúga (pres. l‡gr, past laug, past pl. lugu, pp. logit) wv. lie, tell a lie;logit vera be untrue, be false VI:321
ló = hló, see hlæja
lo›a (past loddi, pp. lo›at) wv. stick, lodge XIV:21
lo›brók f. nickname, ‘shaggy breeches’ VIII:12
Lodda f. a river-name (the Lud) or the name of an island IV:80; Lodda
lƒg›is is then a kenning either for blood (liquid of the sword) or forshield (island of the sword, that on which the sword rests)lo›i m. fur (or coarse wollen) cloak XXV:57
lo›inn adj. shaggy, hairy XII:56 (cf. Gr 3.9.2)
lo›kápa f. shaggy cape VII A:82
ló›u see hla›alofa1 (past lofa›i, pp. lofat) wv. with dat. allow II:151, XII:3; withacc. and dat. permit something to someone XXVI B:130; sá er lofat
er to whom it is permitted XXVI B:137
lofa2 (past lofa›i, pp. lofat) wv. praise XIII:7, XXI:143
lof›ar m. pl. poetical word for men, warriors VI:335
lof›úngr m. ruler, king XXII:13/3
lófi m. palm (of the hand); with suffixed def. art. acc. sg. lófann his
palm I:41, acc. pl. lófana his palms III:111, dat. pl. lófunum III:112
loga (past loga›i, pp. logat) wv. flame, be in flames III:45, XXVI
B:120, 127, 221; blaze III:50, 88; pres. part loganda burning,flaming XXVI B:219
lóga (past lóga›i, pp. lógat) wv. with dat. part with XVI:184
logi m. flame; dat. sg. loga with fire IX:83
logit see ljúga
lok1 n. end; und lok i.e. to death VI:363

Glossary and Index

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lok2 n. lid XII:49
loka f. bolt XV:105 (with suffixed def. art.)
lokarspánn m. wood-shaving (from a plane) II:55; acc. pl. -spánu
II:57
lokit see lúka
Loki m. a god (one of the Æsir) II:9, 16, 29, 34, 36, 38, 46, 51, 53, 69,
71, IX:6, 16, 31, 68, 78
lokkr m. lock (of hair) XIII:6
lokrekkja f. bed-closet, enclosed bed, private bedroom XV:104, with
suffixed def. art. XV:105
Lón n. area on the south-east coast of Iceland VIII:41
lopt n. 1. sky XXIV:38; at lopti, í lopt into the air II:128, X:136, 173;
í lopt upp upwards (to the sky) XV:105, XXI:67; á lopti (whilestill) in the air V:95, IX:37, XXVI B:195. 2. loft, upper room (asmall room standing on the cross-beams of the building) III:73 (withsuffixed def. art.) XXVI A:25, B:116
Loptr enn gamli m. son of Ormr Fró›ason XIX:107
loptsvalir f. pl. balcony VII B:35
lostasemi f. lustfulness XIII:22 (gen. sg.)
lostinn, lostit see ljósta
lúka (pres. l‡kr Gr 3.6.5.2, past lauk, past pl. luku, pp. lokinn) sv. 1.
shut IV:13; lokit um with dat. closed something round, surroundedwith VI:284 (supine with hƒf›u). 2. with dat. bring to an end
VIII:137, finish XII:70, XIV:72; at lúka finishing XXVI A:3. 3.
impers with dat. something ends IV:65; orrostunni var lokit thebattle was over VI:302; er lokit is finished, used up XVI:123; lokit
mun will be over XXII:47/4; ﬂví lauk svá the outcome of it was
XXI:3; skal nú yfir lúka me› oss things must now come to an end
between us, our dealings are going to come to a final issue XXVI
B:133. 4. with acc. and dat. impart something to someone IV:90;
subj. (optative) lúki let (men) repay XXII:36/3. 5. -sk form lúkask
upp open, lúkask aptr close XXIII:40
luk›i see lykja
lukla see lykill
lukt see lykja
lund f. manner; á ﬂá lund in this way, as follows II:90, VI:172; á nƒkkura
lund in some way XIV:97; mind, temper, feelings XXII:33/3
lunda›r adj. (pp.) disposed, inclined XII:75

154

A New Introduction to Old Norselúta (pres. l‡tr, past laut, past pl. lutu, pp. lotinn) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.2 (1))
bend down IX:106; with dat. bow down to VII B:19, XXII:61/2;
lúta ni›r lean forward XXIII:102
lutr = hlutr
lutskipti (= hlutskipti) n. share of booty VI:148l‡›r m. people XXVI B:136; dat. sg. l‡› to/for people XXII:53/4; pl.
men VI:265, XXII:61/1, folk XXII:31/4, troops XXII:13/3 (acc. pl.),24/4; l‡›ir landher›ar is a kenning for (mountain) giants VI:344
lygi f. lie IX:39 (acc. sg., object of bellir)
lyginn adj. lying, mendacious XXIII:73
lyk›/lykt f. end, conclusion XXII:26/1; at lyk›um eventually, in theend VII B:28; til lyk›a finally; vega at honum til lyk›a deal him
the final blow V:111
lykill m. key Gr 3.1.7.2 (1), 4 (1); acc. pl. lukla IX:61, (with suffixed
def. art.) lyklana (at to) XII:67; gen. pl. lukla X:102, 112
lykja (past luk›i/lukti, pp. luk›r/luktr) wv. close XXIII:42, join theends of X:38
l‡kr see lúka
lyng/l‡ng m. heather; ground 48/3
lypta (past lypti, pp. lypt) wv. with dat. lift XI:18; raise XXII:47/3
lypting f. poop, the raised after-deck of a viking ship VI:290; with
suffixed def. art. VI:275, 286, 289l‡sa (past l‡sti, pp. l‡str) wv. with dat. proclaim, announce V:158(past subj.), declare publicly VI:322, XIII:7; publish XXVII:7; subj.
l‡si ljós y›art let your light shine XIV:55; impers. l‡sti it shone II:6,
XIX:33l‡sigrund f. ‘shining ground’ IV:84; l‡sigrund (vocative) linns ƒlstafns
is a kenning for woman (the one who carries the ornamented alecup, cf. SnE, Skáldskaparmál ch. 31, = Steinger›r)lysta (past lysti) wv. impers. with acc. (understood) one desires IX:106
lystiliga adv. pleasantly, gracefully I:57
lystr adj. (pp.) desirous, inclined XXII:8/3, 52/3
l‡talauss adj. without fault or blemish XXIII:15
l‡tr see lútalæg› f. hollow, low ground XXI:91
lægri adj. comp. lower Gr 3.3.8.2, 3.3.9 ex. 15, XXII:47/3; with dat.
of comparison engum ﬂessum var hon lægri to none of these wasshe inferior XIV:186

Glossary and Index

155lægstr adj. sup. lowest VI:267
lær n. thigh, ham II:28; á lærum sér on her thighs III:127læra (past lær›i. pp. lær›r) wv. teach; pp. lær›r taught XIV:180; cf.
lær›rLæradalr m. Lærdal, an inland valley in western Norway VII A:130
lærdómsma›r m. man of learning XIV:156
lærifa›ir (pl. -fe›r) m. (religious) teacher, theologian XXIV:28
lær›r adj. (pp., cf. læra) learned; lær›ir menn clerics VII A:68
læring f. instruction XIV:153
lærisveinn m. disciple XIV:53; pupil, student XIV:168, 172, 178læstyggr adj. shunning injury or deceit VI:336 (with burar)læt, lætr see látalæti (dat. látum) n. pl. behaviour; noise XXVI B:31
lœkr m. stream XXI:91, XXVI B:228
lœyfa = leyfalœyniliga = leyniligalœypizk see hlaupa
lƒg n. pl. law, laws VIII:94, 116, 141; the law XXVII:3; gen. laga VII
B:26; hafa í lƒgum make law, adopt into the laws VII A:133;
constitution VIII:36, 124, 134, 135; úr lƒgum vi› ‘out of the laws
with’, not under the same laws as VIII:114Lƒgberg/Lƒgbergi n. Law Rock VIII:100, 111, 115, 122, XV:68,
XXVII:22, 23, 27, 49
lƒg›ir m. sword-name, ‘thruster, stabber’ IV:80
lƒg›, lƒg›u see leggjalƒgma›r m. man learned in the law, legal expert XXVII:33
lƒgmál n. pl. legal prescriptions, laws XXII:6/1
lƒgr m. liquid II:118, 120; sea, water XXII:53/3
lƒgrétta f. legislature, legislative assembly; Law Council (see HOIC
63–66; Laws II 384 and references there; cf. also Text XXVII)VIII:176, XXVII:18; session of the Law Council XXVII:21
lƒgréttufé n. pl. Law Council funds XXVII:38 (see note)lƒgréttuma›r m. member of the Law Council XXVII:8, 46
lƒgréttuseta f. seat on the Law Council XXVII:14
lƒgsaga f. lawspeaking, the office of lawspeaker in the medieval Icelandic commonwealth VIII:58, 62, 169; lawspeakership XXVII:9, 43lƒgsƒguma›r m. lawspeaker, the president of the Alﬂingi VIII:46, 118,
152, XIX:109, XXVII:3, 43

156

A New Introduction to Old Norselƒgsƒgumannsﬂáttr m. the Lawspeaker’s section (of the law) XXVII:1
lƒgﬂáttr m. section of the law; acc. pl. lƒgﬂáttu alla all sections of
the law XXVII:25
lƒmb see lamblƒnd see landlƒng, lƒngum see langrlƒstr m. vice XIV:95
má see megama›r (pl. menn) m. (Gr 3.1.7.1; cf. 3.1.7.4 (5)) man, person I:27, 29,
46, 55, 111, 137, II:1, 13, III:79, V:30, 144, VI:165, VIII:15, 32, 35,
43, IX:29, X:14, 88, 170, XII:11, XV:2, 36, XVI:2, XIX:2, 102,
XXI:7, XXII:27/1, XXVII:19, 35; a man XIX:33, XXV:109; sá ma›r
nokkurr er some man who XXVII:2; sem ﬂú ert ma›r til as a man
like you would XXVI B:112; as indefinite subject ma›r someone
XV:106, one XIV:68, XXIV:15, i.e. (blind) people XXII:58/3; with
suffixed def. art. ma›rinn the man VII B:52, XXIII:82, a man, aperson XIV:64; follower I:62, 63; acc. mann man XVI:70, XIX:34,
XXI:138, husband II:63, VI:8, VII A:80, person II:92, XV:97,
someone III:19, 42, XXVII:4, with suffixed def. art. the man I:47,
51, VII B:54, 56; øngvan mann no one XXVI B:37; gen. manns
I:123, II:64, VII A:33, VIII:9, XXII:61/3; partitive gen. (Gr 3.2.6(20)) XXII:29/1; dat. manni VI:167, VII A:42, with suffixed def.
art. VII B:53, XXVI B:153; ﬂeim manni for, by that person I:132;
pl. menn people, men I:28, 52, 73, 83, 109, 114, 124, 136, III:74,
IV:53, 54 (subject of sitja ok meina), 78, 101, VI:6, 42, 117, 244,
318, 339, VIII:21, 22, 33, 67 (object of f‡sa), X:14, XI:64, XIII:45,
XIV:90, note, XV:12, 39, XIX:24, XXI:2, XXII:15/3, 53/1, XXIII:3,
XXV:81, XXVI A:16, 75, B:25, XXVII:6, 18, persons XXI:23, 38,
40, followers I:85, XXVI B:88; menn kvá›u they said VI:174; segja
menn it is said VII B:36; allir menn everyone VI:289; with suffixed
def. art. mennirnir, menninir VI:219, 267, 268; gen. pl. manna
I:3, II:134, VI:357 (with veifanar or›i), XI:11 (Gr 3.4.2 (5)),
XXII:57/1, XXV:3, XXVI B:55, partitive gen. (Gr 3.2.6 (20))
XXVII:12, 27, with a numeral (Gr 3.4.2 (5)) XXI:18, emphasisinga sup. I:137 (see njóta), manna bezt vígr a very good fighter V:31;
dat. pl. mƒnnum people I:70, 71, II:94, 161, VII A:32, XI:10, XIX:12,
XXVI A:119, B:131, XXVII:3, men XXV:69, followers I:84, VII
A:33, XXII:7/4; mannum VI:194, in his men VI:97

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157

magn n. strength, power X:84 (dat. of respect, see sní›a); af magni
with strength, powerfully XXII:40/2
Magnús biskup (Gizurarson) m. bishop of Skál(a)holt 1216–37 III:32
Magnús (Óláfsson) m. the Good, king of Norway 1035–46 VII B:4, 85
magr (acc. sg. m. magran) adj. thin XVI:89
mágr m. relative by marriage; son-in-law XXI:7; brother-in-law XI:14,
54, XIX:43, in address XXVI B:76, 217; father-in-law XXVI B:185;
ﬂeir mágar the brothers-in-law (ﬁorkell hvelpr, Knútr, ﬁór›r
Ingunnarson) XV:44
maki m. match, equal XIV:110
makligr adj. fitting, deserving XVI:73
mál n. 1. speech II:22, 83, VIII:137, XXI:201 (i.e. to speak), XXVII:24;
words VI:173, IX:103, X:168, XXII:32/1, XXV:33; mál mitt what
I say XXVI B:128; discussion IX:54; talk XXVII:35; information,account VI:339 (dat. with ferri), XIV:72, 130; narrative XXVI B:2.
2. business, affair, matter IV:66, VII A:95, 99, XV:128; subject,
question XXIV:26; proposal, argument VII B:14; suit XV:4, 78; case
VIII:134; affairs: snúa sínu máli til Gu›s miskunnar submit one’s
fate to God’s mercy, put oneself in God’s hands XXI:81; pl. lawsuit:
fara málum á hendr bring a lawsuit against XV:81; mi›la mál
make a compromise VIII:133; máli skipta make a difference, be ofimportance VII B:55
máldagi m. terms of (marriage) settlement XV:8
málgan see málugr
malmr/málmr m. metal; in pl. = weapons, in kennings for battle,
malma gnaustan VI:352, málma leikr XXII:55/4
malmﬂing n. ‘metal-assembly’, parliament of weapons, kenning forbattle VI:206
máló›i adj. (Gr 3.3.8.5 (6)) furious in speech, using violent language
IV:12
málspeki f. wisdom in speech, eloquence XXIV:38
málstofa f. council-chamber VII B:59, 66
málugr adj. talkative XXIII:88
man1, mankat see munu
man2 see munamána›r/mánu›r m. month; hálfan mánu› for a fortnight XXI:94;
acc. pl. mánu›r tólf XXII:59/4, tvá mánu›u XXI:165; á tólf
mánu›um in twelve months, i.e. every year XIV:143

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

Manar see Mƒnmáni m. moon X:44; as nickname VIII:46; máni vi›ar hau›rmens‘moon of the ship’, kenning for shield XXVI A:98
mann, manna, manni, mannum see ma›r
mannamál n. people’s talk, people talking III:37, 104
mannfátt adj. n. as adv. short of men; er oss eigi mannfátt we are not
short of men V:108
mannfjƒl›i m. multitude of men XIII:27
manngi pron. no one (Gr 3.2.4) VIII:180
mannliga adv. like a man XVI:124
mannraun f. trial (of manhood) III:131
manns see ma›r
mannshƒnd f. person’s hand I:6
mannska›i m. manslaughter, losses XXVI B:98, 140
mannskœ›r adj. dangerous to men, causing many casualties, bloody
VI:209mannsmót n. sign of manliness (at in) VII A:85
mannspjall n. loss of men, destruction of men VI:220
mannsverk n. the labour performed by a single man; níu mannsverk
the work of nine men II:138
manntal n. number of men; at manntali in number of men VI:226
mannvit n. (human) intelligence II:100, XXIV:38; common sense (gen.
with vant) XXV:97
manskæri n. pl. mane-shears, shears for cutting horses’ manes V:28,112mansƒngr m. love-song XIV:86; mansƒngr mikill a good deal oflove-poetry XIV:90
mant, mantu see munu
mánu›r, mánu›u see mána›r
Már m. father of Hafli›i VIII:173
Már Hamalsson m. XIX:114
margd‡rr adj. very splendid VI:347 (with st‡rir)margfalda (past margfalda›i, pp. margfalda›r) wv. multiply; use aplural in XXIV:2 (subj.), 42 (subj.); use in the plural XXIV:55; pp.
margfalda›u plural XXIV:86; -sk form en margfaldaz rather thanbe used in the plural XXIV:51
margfaldr adj. manifold XXIV:73; plural XXIV:52, 58, 74
margr (f. mƒrg, n. mart/margt) adj. many (Gr 3.3.8.3, 3.3.8.4 (3b))

Glossary and Index

159

II:4, III:9, IV:101, VI:28, 90, 155 (with drótt), 320, VII A:161,
VIII:81, 125, XIV:145, 168, XVI:148, XXI:10, 23, XXIV:34;
plentiful, numerous XXI:24, 54; much XV:19; many a XI:3, 4,
XXII:24/2, 37/3 (with ﬂegn); margr ma›r many a man XXII:54/3;
margr ma›r ﬂar many a man who was there VI:131; er sá númargr er there is now many a one who XXVI B:100; margs manns
ﬂeira er of many a man who VI:303; mƒrgum manni to many aman XVI:166; n. mart, margt much, a great deal of IV:12, VI:196,
XV:77, a great many XXVI B:142, 148; as substantive IV:86,
VIII:178, many things VII A:62; with partitive gen. seggja mart
many warriors XXII:39/3; as adv. much (at with regard to) VI:357,
a lot XXI:3; pl. margir many people XIV:187, XXVI B:53, manyof them XXVI B:99, ﬂeir margir many of them III:123, hans margir
many of his XXII:30/2; acc. pl. m. marga many people XXIV:66;
n. pl. mƒrg many III:113, V:132, VI:72 (understand skip), XI:11,
numerous XXIII:23; dat. pl. mƒrgum II:14, VII A:32, XII:83, XXVI
A:89, 119, B:96, (to) many people XIV:186, XXII:36/2, me›mƒrgum along with (among) or for many (other) people XXIV:72
margreifi m. marquis XI:56
margspakr (f. margspƒk) adj. wise about many things VIII:11
María f. St Mary the Virgin XIII:2, 5, 43; Medieval Latin gen. Marie(= Classical Latin Mariae) XIII:14, 30
mark n. mark, token, sign VII A:52, XIV:66, XXIII:11, 45, 53, 60;
symbol, image, figure XIV:63; pl. til merkja as proof XXVI B:24
marka (past marka›i, pp. marka›r) wv. mark; pp. n. pl. mƒrku›VII A:118
markir see mƒrkMarkis m. king in England XII:52, 62
Markland n. ‘forest land’ (cf. mƒrk1) XXI:29, 198
Markús (Skeggjason) m. lawspeaker from 1084 to 1107 (when hedied) VIII:152, 169
Marnar see Mƒrnmarr m. horse IX:21 (poss. dat.), X:151, XXV:39, 42, 50
mart see margr
mat1 see meta
mat2 see matr
matask (past mata›isk) wv. refl. take food, eat a meal V:2 (breakfast),
XVI:97

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A New Introduction to Old Norsematfƒng n. pl. supply of food; lítit til matfanga not much food to befound XXI:62; nƒkkut til matfanga something to eat XXI:63
mátkum see máttugr
matmál n. mealtime XXVI B:41
matr m. food XXVI B:20, 27, 29 (with suffixed def. art.); acc. sg. mat
I:37, 66, VI:9, XIV:67, at mat eating XIX:83; gen. sg. matar II:17,
V:167 (object of leita), XVI:43, 91, with suffixed def. art. XXI:60
matsveinn m. cook XXI:75
máttak, mátti, máttu see megamáttr (dat. sg. mætti) m. might, strength Gr 3.1.7.2 ex. 4, XXII:24/1(‘our strength’), XXIII:15
máttugr adj. mighty; dat. pl. mátkum XXV:69
máttuligr adj. 1. mighty. 2. possible XXIII:36? 3. = mátuligr XXIII:36?
mátuliga adv. properly, fittingly, appropriately XXIII:8, 67
mátuligr adj. proper, appropriate, suitable XXIII:16
me›, me›r prep. (Gr 3.7.4) 1. with dat. with I:43, 87, II:4, 12, 45,
III:35, 85, IV:50, V:94, VI:9, 34, 37, VIII:107, IX:25, 52, 79, XI:26,
XIV:26, note, 93 (me›r), XIX:6, XXI:7, 72, XXII:9/1, XXIII:16,
17, 108, 109, XXV:76, XXVI A:9, 17, B:74; together with VI:274(me›r), 278, VIII:152, XIII:22, XXII:49/3, along with XIV:127,
XXIII:78, me› mƒrgum along with many others XXIV:72; verame› stay with, live with IV:109, XVI:116, XXVI A:117, be insomeone’s employment VII B:53; var me› was staying with XXI:37;
among XI:70, XXIV:59; amid, along XXVI B:222; between XIX:7,
XXVI B:213, XXVII:13; (made) out of XIII:14, 19; hvat er me›
what’s up with IX:23; me› sér with him XVI:13, XXVI A:15, alongwith himself III:19, to go with herself III:42, between themselves
II:89, VII A:99, with them X:10, XIV:146, as well XXIV:78, hafame› sér take with one XIX:87, have with one XXI:156; along VII
A:162, 168, XXI:55, 130, along the shore of VI:136; me› landi/
landinu along the coast XVI:42, XXI:31; me› sjó along the coast
XIX:72, 90; alongside III:6; among II:82, XI:70; me› ﬂeim Haraldi(Áka) between him and Haraldr (Áki) VII B:3, XVI:66; as a resultof XIII:13; by XIII:24, 25; by means of, using II:122, XXII:5/4,
XXIV:10; me› henni by (or in?) her XIII:23 (see tendra); me›vápnum carrying arms, armed V:70; me› valdi by force VII B:56;
me› ƒllu altogether, entirely I:93, XIV:76; me› ﬂví at according as
VIII:2, since, it being the case that XXIV:22, 29, 72. 2. with acc.

Glossary and Index

161

carrying II:36, 54, VI:265 (me›r), taking V:34, 166 (i.e. in, consistingof?), VI:163, 270 (me›r), 285 (me›r), VII A:130, B:34, XVI:33,
XIX:70, XXI:5; bringing V:55, VII B:60, XXII:54/1, having withus VI:86; together with VIII:98; as well as XXVI A:14; wearing
VI:291 (me›r). 3. as adv. (Gr 3.7.7) with (her) II:42, with it XXI:140,
150, XXII:31/4, along them XXI:35; til at festa me› for securing. . . with XXVI A:58; ﬂar me› along with it I:42, and in addition
XIV:44, er . . . me› with whom XXVII:15
me›al/mi›il, á me›al, í me›al prep. with gen. among, between Gr
3.7.2, XI:35, XXVI A:73; okkar í me›al between us (i.e. between
our deaths) XXVI A:23; á me›al ﬂeirra between them XXVI B:147;
as adv. ﬂar me›al between them (the eyebrows) XXIII:20
me›allag n. average; til me›allags so so, not too well XI:68; dat. sg.
as adv. me›allagi moderately, not very XV:36
me›alskinnslitr m. middling, average skin-colour XXIII:108
me›an adv. meanwhile III:19; as conj. (Gr 3.8.2.1) while II:6, III:18,
V:111, XIV:75, XVI:97, XXIV:70; as long as V:124, VI:225, VII
B:4, VIII:131, 158, XXVI A:82, 102, B:172, 212
me›r = me›mega (pres. má, past mátti, past subj. mætti, pp. mátt) pret.-pres.
vb. be able, can (Gr 3.6.7, 3.6.10) I:91, II:57, 68, 142 (pres. subj.
megi), III:11, 92, 101, IV:86, 106, V:80 (2), 92, 143, XI:60, XIII:24,
45, XXII:28/2, XXV:81, XXVI B:23, 79, XXVII:12, 34; have thepower to X:184 (with suffixed pron.); inf. might XVI:182, could
XXVI B:129; ekki vera mega could not be true III:123; má can
XXIII:36, is able XXIV:48; ﬂat er hann má as much as he can
XII:1; má ek may I XXVI B:74; vel má ek I am content to XXVI
B:74; eigi má ek ﬂat vita I cannot see, I am not sure V:80; with
suffixed 2nd person pron. máttu you can I:125, VII A:52, you may/must XV:87, XVI:52, you will be able XXVI B:177; vér megum
we shall be able VI:82; megum vér/vit we can XXI:177, XXIV:47;
eigi megum vera we cannot stay XXVI A:109; megu ﬂér (Gr 3.6.9.1(14)) you will be able VI:130; megu ﬂér vel you may well XXVI
B:197, megum vit vel we might as well XXIV:48; megu eigi cannot
XXVI B:65; mátti/máttu could XII:73, XIII:23, XIV:30, XXI:23,
has been able XIV:167; varla mátti hann sjá he could scarcely
bear to look at XIV:108; pres. subj. megi can XXVI B:128, could
XXV:47, may XXIV:52, (impers.) one may XXII:22/4; past subj.

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A New Introduction to Old Norsemætta/mætti might XIV:124, XVI:49, XXIV:44, could XXVI B:31,
was able VII A:113, would be able XV:11, mættim could V:79, eigimætti should not be able XIII:21, ﬂér mætti› you could XXI:134,
with suffixed pron. mættak I might IX:13; impers. (Gr 3.9.3 (c)) má
can one I:135, one can VIII:70, it may XVI:143, kalla má one might
say XXVI B:13, vera má it could be, maybe I:143, ﬂat er nú má
sjá that which now can be seen VI:118, mátti one could VIII:23,
XII:8, 13, XXI:55, mátti ekki one could not XXII:55/3, mátti eigi
it was not possible XXI:88, er komask mátti which could be taken
VII A:131
megin adv.; ƒ›ru(m) megin on one side III:6, XII:52, on the otherside XXI:205, on one side . . . on the other side IV:9; with gen. on
the other side of XII:47, 58; inum hœgra megin on the right handside III:86; ƒllum megin on all sides V:81
meginland n. mainland VIII:97, with suffixed def. art. XXI:84, (asopposed to the sandbanks, line 88) XXI:107
megn n. ‘main’, strength XXII:24/1; might XXII:34/3
mei›a (past meiddi) wv. maim VIII:86
mei›mar f. pl. treasures IX:91
mei›r m. tree; gallows XXV:60; ƒrva mei›r kenning for warrior,person XXII:2/3; mei›r mor›vandar is also a kenning for man or
warrior V:154, but since here the phrase is dependent on bei›i, it
must be a kenning for shield, wood of the slaying-wand; in kenningfor seafarer, King Óláfr mætr mei›r unnviggs VI:53
mein n. harm, injury VI:40; vera til meins with dat. cause harm tosomeone XIV:109
meina (past meina›i, pp. meinat) wv. prohibit; with dat. and acc.
deny someone access to someone IV:54, deny someone the sight ofsomeone IV:78
meinlæti n. punishment, self-chastisement, self-denial XIV:102
meiri adj. comp. more (Gr 3.3.8.3) IV:25, IX:101, X:71, XV:32; greater
XIV:14, XXII:55/3, XXIV:84, XXVII:27, 46, stronger VI:27; larger
VI:74, VII A:36, VIII:176, XXIII:57; ekki meira skip no greater
ship VI:118; n. meira as substantive VII A:37, VIII:31, XVI:155,
more XXI:118, XXIV:9; n. as adv. faster Gr 3.5.1–3 ex. 6 (e); more
highly, as more important XXVI B:113; ﬂví meira . . . er meira themore . . . the more IV:58–59; in meira the more XV:55
meir(r) adv. comp. more (Gr 3.5.2) VIII:57 (i.e. more settlement),Glossary and Index

163

196, X:168, XIV:114; more so V:133; meir skammir en shorter
than XXIII:87; ﬂess at meir all the more VII A:43; in place of
substantive or adj. VIII:162
meistari (dat. pl. meistƒrum) m. master XIV:164, of a classicalauthority XXIII:66, as title XIV:90, note, lord XI:56, 75; scholar
XIV:154 (acc. pl.); teacher XIV:168 (gen. pl.)mek = mik
mektugr adj. mighty, splendid, important XIV:182
melrakki m. (arctic) fox XXI:24, XXVI B:67
men (gen. pl. menja) n. (ornamental) neck-ring (of precious metal),
torque V:159, IX:50, 60, 73; in pl. treasures, jewellery IX:91, X:104
menmyr›ir m. ‘neck-ring murderer’, ‘neck-ring destroyer’, giver ofneck-rings, generous man; here = the speaker, Bjƒrn Hítdœlakappi V:36
menn, menninir, mennirnir see ma›r
menntr adj. (pp.) educated, accomplished XIV:187
ment f. skill, accomplishment XXII:3/1
mér pron. 1st person dat. me, to me (Gr 3.2.1) I:15, 17, 21, 60, 130, 134,
IV:96 (with gó›), VI:332, 348, VIII:4, IX:11, 30, 92, 109, X:93, 149,
XI:23, XV:23, XVI:27, XXI:79, 134, XXII:22/2, 65/3, XXIV:23, 30,
XXVI A:78, B:28; (for) myself I:11, to me, for me I:53, IX:87, X:145,
XXVI A:79; from me (with fjarri) X:94; poss. dat. (Gr 3.9.6.2)
XVI:75, 119
merki n. 1. significance, something remarkable (at in it) II:77 (pl.). 2.
miracle; pl. with suffixed def. art. fyr merkin slík as a result of
miracles like these XXII:58/3. 3. standard, banner VII B:74, 88,
XXII:38/2 (with suffixed def. art.). 4. remains, traces XIV:26
merkiligr adj. noteworthy, important XIV:179
merkja1 (past merkti, pp. merktr) wv. mark; sign XIV:66; mark out,
distinguish, make remarkable IV:29; show, signify XXIII:46; pp.
(in agreement with object, Gr 3.9.7.1) marked out for, assigned toi.e. filled with? XXII:29/2; signify, symbolise XII:35; (they) mean,
indicate (that) XXIII:18, 26, 27, 42; merkir (it) denotes, indicates
XXIII:22, 23, 97
merkja2 see markmerkr adj. noteworthy, significant XXII:16/1; outstanding XXII:17/4;
mest1 adv. sup. most, mostly (Gr 3.5.2) VI:23, VIII:133, XI:34, XIV:33;
mainly VI:254, very much XXII:31/2, most of all VI:316, XIII:47,
XXVI B:20; to the greatest extent, principal VII B:24; ﬂat var mest til

164

A New Introduction to Old Norseat this was the main reason why VI:46; mest um vera it was at its
greatest, most significant V:9; fellu Danir mest the Danes had the most
losses VI:209; sem mest as hard as possible, as fast as possible II:52
mestr (n. mest2) adj. sup. greatest (Gr 3.3.8.3, 3.3.9 ex. 11, 17) I:72,
81, V:25, 104, VI:41, 319, XXII:3/2; the greatest, very great
XXII:57/2; largest VI:193, VII A:34; mest (sc. li›) the largest number
VI:213; mestr hluti the major part XVI:6; inn mesti a most V:131,a very great XIV:22, 156, 176, XVI:190; einna mestir greatest of
all I:78; inir mestu very great XV:40; miklu mest by far the greatest
VI:98, 110; haf›i mest gƒr verit was the biggest to have been built
XIV:8
meta (past mat, past pl. mátu, pp. metinn) sv. value, put a price onsomething II:126; pp. metnar priced XV:17; adjudge, adjudicate
XVI:57; -sk form metask be valued, be deemed XXVII:17
mettr pp. fed, finished one’s meal XXVI B:25
mey, meyjar, meyjum see mær
Michael m. Latin form (gen. Michaelis) of a Hebrew name, St Michael
the Archangel XIII:11
Michial m. = Michael XIII:29; cf. Mikjáll
Mi›fjƒr›r m. a fjord (and the valley leading into it) in Húnavatnss‡sla,
north-western Iceland IV:2
mi›i see mjƒ›r
mi›il see me›almi›ja f. middle XXVI B:202
mi›la (past mi›la›i) wv. mediate; mi›lum let us mediate VIII:133
mi›li see milli
mi›r1 (n. mitt, dat. mi›jum) adj. mid, middle (of) (Gr 3.3.8.2–5 ex.
4) IX:34, XII:10; á hann mi›jan at his middle XXVI A:30; ﬂatkom á ﬁorvald mi›jan it struck ﬁorvaldr in the middle V:96; í mittﬂing in the middle of the Assembly, halfway through the Assembly
XXVII:40; um mitt skipit amidships VI:267
mi›r2 adv. comp. less XXIII:64; vetri mi›r en one year short of VIII:192
mi›skipa adv. amidships VI:269
mi›vikudagr m. Wednesday; acc. of time on the Wednesday XXVII:40
mik/mek pron. 1st person sg. acc. (Gr 3.2.1) me I:18, 59, VI:91, 114,
IX:51, X:65, 168, XI:7, XV:24, XVI:103, XXIV:19, XXVI A:81,
B:67, 70; myself IV:94; vi› mik/mek to(wards) me XXIV:21, withme XXIV:26

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mikilhuga›r adj. high-spirited, of great courage XXIII:16, 23, 57;
ambitious, aiming high XXIII:101
mikill (n. mikit) adj. big, large, great (Gr 3.3.8.3, 3.3.8.4 (3a),3.3.8.2–5 ex. 4, 3.3.9 (9), ex. 3, 24) I:6, 75, 146, III:86, V:28, 86,
113, VI:1, 20, 30, 35, 36, 131, 274, VII A:151, 154, 157, B:33, VIII:25,
155, XI:61, XV:15, 108, XVI:17, XIX:22, 26, 32, XXIII:9, 17, 44,
63, XXIV:68, XXVI A:50, B:98; much, a great deal of III:5, V:131,
VI:22, XIV:36, XV:127, XVI:53, 85, 151, XIX:34, 36; extensive
XXI:27, 59; very (great) IV:3, XIV:42; broad XXVI B:149; strong
XXI:53; hard XXI:60; great (in abstract sense) XXVI A:101; inn
mikli the Great V:79; with dat. mikill vexti of great size III:22,
V:30, XXI:11; mikill fyrir sér mighty, of great importance or power,a great person II:75; acc. sg. m. mikinn I:77, VII A:115, XI:25,
XXI:122; dat. sg. m. myklum (Gr 3.3.8.4 (3 a)) I:44, miklum
VI:356; acc. sg. f. mikla II:29, VII A:102, XVI:11, 34, XXII:54/3,
XXVI B:187; dat. pl. miklum XXVI A:19; nom. sg. n. wk. mikla
VI:104, IX:50; n. mikit V:98, 100 (heavy, powerful), 130, VI:61,
68, 85, 112, 220, VII A:163, 164, XXVI B:55, mikit li› a large
number of men VI:213; mikit as substantive or adv. a great deal I:129,
141, much III:34, IV:86, V:72, VI:322, XVI:109, XXVI B:30, great
pains, great importance VI:318; gen. sg. n. as substantive mikils
much, a great deal XXV:97 (with vant), XXVI A:106; dat. sg. n.
miklu XIX:41, a great deal of XXIII:78, 79; dat. sg. n. as substantive
miklu XV:23; dat. sg. n. as adv. with comp. myklu (Gr 3.3.8.4 (3 a))much II:126, miklu VI:74, VII B:31, X:128, XXVI B:23, 172,
miklugi very much XXVII:32 (see -gi), with sup. by far VI:98, 110
mikillátr adj. proud Gr 3.3.5 ex. 7
mikilleikr m. size XII:22, XXIII:16
mikilú›ligr adj. imposing in appearance, of great demeanour I:46
Mikjáll m. St Michael the Archangel XIII:1 (see Michael)
mildi f. kindness, generosity XXIII:79
mildíng(r) m. generous man, king XXII:3/1, 53/2
mildr adj. gracious Gr 3.3.9 ex. 30; kind or generous XIV:109,
XXII:11/1, 16/1; with gen. liberal with, profuse with XXII:42/3;
good, pure, free from sin? XXI:59/3
milli/mi›li, á milli/mi›li, í milli, millim, í millum prep. with gen.
(Gr 3.7.2) between IV:103, V:97, 147 (2), VI:216, VII A:163, B:30,
57, VIII:20, 32, 127 (among), 129 (2), XIV:159, XV:86, 93, XIX:96,

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

XXI:46, 55; á milli/mi›li sín, sín á milli/millum between themselves
II:21, VI:147, VII A:96, between each other VIII:129, with eachother XXI:113; í millum sín between them XXVI B:181; í milli . .
. landa ﬂessa between these (two) countries XVI:33; láta hƒggva ámilli leave a pause between blows V:147; milli ok between him and
XI:31, between it (Brynjudalsá) and XIX:97; á mi›li as adv. between
VIII:110; sendask á mi›li send each other, exchange VIII:131
mín1 pron. 1st person gen.(3.2.1) my, me XXVI B:218; til mín to me
I:56, XXIV:11, to see me XVI:39
mín2, mína, mínar, mínir, minn, minna, minnar, minni, míns, mínu,
mínum poss. adj. my (Gr 3.3.9 (21)) I:16, 60, 62, 84, 85, VIII:9, 10,
IX:12, 117, X:96, 132, 144, 148, 153, 175, XI:6, XXI:78, XXII:15/3,
XXIV:11, 18, 19, 22, XXV:15, XXVI A:79, B:21, 70, 74; n. mitt,mítt V:37 (with sver›), XVI:186, XXVI A:56, 81
minda, mindi, mindu see munu
minna1 (past minnti, pp. minnt) wv. remind; -sk form minnask,
minnask á call to mind, remember XI:7, XII:85, 88; with gen. remember to say XIV:69
minna2 see mín2
minni1 adj. comp. less, smaller Gr 3.3.8.3, XXIII:53, XXIV:69 (enthan); eigi minni ván not less expectation, more than likely V:62,
VI:96; fewer, smaller VII B:42 (with húskarla li›); eigi minna no
fewer (li›, men) VI:222; lesser, lower in rank XXIV:85; minni firi
sér of less consequence XXIV:75; n. as substantive VIII:31
minni2 see mín2
minning f. memory, remembrance XII:39
minnka (past minnka›i, pp. minnkat) wv. lessen; er minnka tók
when (the cloth) began to run short XXI:116
minnr, minnst adv. comp., sup. less, least Gr 3.5.2; sup. very little,
hardly at all X:144
minnstr adj. sup. smallest Gr 3.3.8.3
míns, mínu, mínum see mín2
minﬂak n. gruel XIX:57, with suffixed def. art. XIX:58 (Old Irish
menadach ‘gruel made with meal and water, or occasionally butter’)Minﬂakseyrr f. a small tongue of land on the south coast of Iceland(now unidentifiable) VIII:18, XIX:59
misbjó›a (cf. bjó›a) sv. with dat. offend; impers. pass. (Gr 3.9.3) sér
mun ﬂykkja misbo›it will feel themselves offended, will feel
resentment XV:66

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miskunn f. mercy, grace XIII:25, XXI:81; with gen. for XXII:62/4
miskunna (past miskunna›i, pp. miskunnat) wv. have mercy on(imp.) XXIV:19
miskunnsamliga (mys-) adv. mercifully XIV:104; sympathetically
XIV:137
miskunnsamr adj. merciful, sympathetic XXIII:3, XXVI B:124
mislíka (past mislíka›i, pp. mislíkat) wv. displease XVI:125mismælt pp. (cf. mæla); ver›r mismælt with dat. someone makes aslip of the tongue V:125
missa1 (past missti, pp. misst) wv. with gen. miss, fail to catch II:58;
fail to hit II:150; lack, be short of VI:1, feel the lack of VII B:81;
lose XXIV:69, with acc. I:85; pp. mikils misst lost much, suffered agreat loss XXVI A:107; past inf. (Gr 3.9.4) misstu felt the lack of(ﬂar til for that (battle)) VI:154; impers. with gen. eins manns missi
one man is missed, lost XXIV:67, missir vi› (someone) dies (while
in office) XXVII:4
missa2 f. loss XXIV:68
missagt pp. (cf. segja) wrongly told VIII:5
misseri n. season, a period of six months; pl. ﬂau misseri that year XIX:91
misseristal n. calendar (object of upp at segja) XXVII:28
mitt1 see mi›r1
mitt2, mítt see mín2
mjór (n. mjótt) adj. narrow XXIII:13; thin, slender; weak form as
nickname enn mjóvi XIX:7; n. as adv. nƒkkut mjótt me›al rathera thin space between XXIII:20
mjƒ›m f. hip XXIII:84 (with suffixed def. art.)mjƒ›r (gen. mja›ar) m. mead II:12, 98, 119, IX:97, 101; dat. sg.
mi›i II:122, 135 (Gr 3.1.8 (4)); with suffixed def. art. II:114, 115,
dat. sg. mi›inum II:135, 141mjƒk adv. very (Gr 3.5.2) I:7, II:2, 78, III:52, 129, IV:1, V:8, 142,
VI:61, 96, VII A:67, B:4, VIII:25, 86, XII:78, XV:40, XVI:85,
XXIII:9, 13, 21, 41, XXV:52; much VI:340 (with verr), VII B:86;
very much, a great deal II:13, III:50, VI:3, 39, 154, VII B:28, XIV:37,
XXI:195, XXIII:5, XXVI B:36, 202; to a great extent VI:194,
XXIII:79; nearly, almost III:82, 100, XV:50, XXIII:42, 83; very far
XXVI B:43; hard, vehemently VII B:79; strongly VIII:186; veryfrequently, generally VII A:32; continually (or very with réttan)
XXIII:76; eyg›r mjƒk with very large eyes XXI:104; hon rétti mjƒklatínubœkr she spent a lot of time correcting Latin books XIV:188

168

A New Introduction to Old Norsemjƒl n. meal, flour XIX:56
Mjƒllnir m. the name of ﬁórr’s hammer (‘masher, grinder’) IX:121
mó see mór
mó›ir (acc. mó›ur) f. mother (Gr 3.1.7.2 (7)) V:136, VI:37, XIII:23,
XV:124, 132, XVI:6, 122, XXI:202, XXV:33, XXVI A:26, 47, 79,
114; gen. sg. mó›ur XIII:14; dat. sg. mœ›r X:128, mó›ur XIV:174;
XXVI B:3
mó›r adj. weary (af from, as a result of) III:53
mó›urfrændr m. pl. kinsmen on the mother’s side, mother’s family
VII B:8
mold f. soil, earth XXV:56
mon, monum = mun, munum, see munu
mór m. poetical word for horse, once a proper name (see SnE,
Skáldskaparmál 88, 89) VII A:138; mór Marnar is a kenning for shipmor› n. killing, slaughter VI:358 (with er sannfregit), VII A:14,
XXV:28, 42; murder VIII:47; at mor›i i.e. in battle VI:52
mor›kunnr adj. famed for slaying VII A:139
mor›vƒndr m. ‘slaying wand’, kenning for sword V:153
morginn/morgunn m. morning V:2; of/um morgin in the morning
X:6, XXV:3; einn morgin one morning XXI:96, 172; with suffixed
def. art. um morguninn in the morning, next day I:112, of morguninn
eptir the next morning VIII:121
morgna (past morgna›i, pp. morgnat) wv. become morning, dawn XI:64
Mosfell n. in Grímsnes, south-west Iceland VIII:81, XXVI A:118
mosi m. moss I:92 (with suffixed def. art.)
mót1 n. manner; degree; me› mestu móti most forcefully V:25; me›ƒllu móti of every shape and kind XXI:94
mót2: móti, á mót, í mot, í móti, ímóti, á móti prep. with dat., tilmóts vi› with acc. towards (Gr 3.7.3, 4) V:44, 47, 163, VI:136, VII
A:154, 157, 159; against VI:194,VII B:13, XV:29, XXII:7/1, 12/2;
to oppose, to attack VI:70; to meet I:94, 122, VIII:104, 108, XI:8;
honum í móti against him XIV:113; oss í móti against us XXII:32/4;
taka í móti meet, take hold of XXVI B:184; at móti as adv. against
him, in opposition to him XV:129; í mót as adv. towards them, tomeet them XXI:101, 102, 124; í móti as adv. in return XVI:188,
ﬂar í móti in return for that XVI:50; mæla ekki í móti make noobjection XV:78; til móts vi› to meet XXVI B:16, to oppose VI:205,
to go against, to attack XIX:15

Glossary and Index169

mót3 n. meeting V:121, VII B:51; gathering XXII:57/1; with suffixed
def. art. VII B:51, 52, 56
mu›r/munnr (acc. munn) m. mouth (Gr 3.1.7.4 (5)) III:11, XXIII:61,
with suffixed def. art. XII:13, 21; øxar mu›r the biting edge of theaxe VII B:48; dat. sg. munni XXI:68, XXIII:58, 59 (with suffixed
def. art.), XXIV:66
múgr/múgi m. crowd, mob XXII:12/2; múgi manns a crowd of men
XXII:29/1; with suffixed def. art. múginn XXII:34/1
mun see munu
muna (pres. man, past mun›i/mundi, past subj. myn›i/myndi, pp.
munat) pret.-pres. vb. remember (Gr 3.6.7) III:70, VIII:10, XIV:167,
XV:150; muna ﬂér hold against you, remember against you, i.e.
take vengeance on you for XXVI A:83
muna›semi f. lustfulness XIV:90, notemunda see munu
mundjƒkull m. ‘ice of the hand’, kenning for silver (or gold), theshining metal of rings worn on the hand; or ‘icicle of the hand’,kenning for sword VI:346 (gen. with st‡rir)mundri›i m. hand-grip V:99 (dat. sg. with suffixed def. art.)
mundu see munu
munhug› f. lustfulness XXIII:55
munklífi n. monastery XIII:1; with suffixed def. art. XIII:2, 29
munkr m. monk III:58, XIII:6, 12; with suffixed def. art. III:62
munn, munni see mu›r
munnfyllr f. mouthful II:80
munnnám n. taking in the mouth, use of the mouth; me› or›um
munnnáms verbally, orally XIV:191
munnr see mu›r
munntal n. ‘mouth-count’, ‘mouth-tale’ II:82
munr1 m. desire, delight; at mun with dat. to the delight of XXV:54
munr2 m. difference, importance; fyrir øngan mun by no means,
under no circumstances XXVI B:162
munu (pres. man/mun/mon, past mundi/mindi) pret.-pres. vb. (Gr
3.6.7) will (expressing belief or probability) II:19, 22, 25, 33, 40,
77, V:8, 46, 90, 136, VI:72, 114, VII B:45, IX:66, 70, XVI:52, XXVI
A:81, B:15, 24 (2); will be I:39, II:66, VII B:63; (expressing intention)
1st person sg. mun ek, ek mun I shall I:107, 127, III:67, IV:50,
V:78, 89, IX:79, XVI:51, XXVI B:21, 206, I shall do so XXVI B:210,

170

A New Introduction to Old Norseek man, man ek VI:88, 129; with suffixed pron. and neg. mankat I
shall not VI:138; 2nd person sg. munt will (in a prophecy) VII A:49,
52, 2nd person sg. with suffixed pron. mantu/muntu you will I:20,
IV:75, V:124, VII A:50, XI:71, will you IX:11; attu mun that you
will XXVI B:218; 3rd person sg. man/mun it must be VI:69, will
VI:86, 118, XIV:130, XXII:23/2, XXV:44, XXVI B:23, 72, it will
XXIV:79, must XXI:146, XXVI B:199, will be VI:263, XXVI A:87,
102, B:24, it will be XXVI B:33, 69, must be VI:330; XXVI B:15;
mun ﬂat that will be XVI:24; mun ﬂá at there must be in it XV:52;
man/mun vera must be VI:93, can be VI:112, it will be XXVI B:123,
ﬂeim man vera it will be for them, they will find it is VI:188; eigi
man hafa will not have VI:89; mon/mun (nú) ver›a will turn out
to be VIII:135, will now take place XXVI B:213; eigi man ﬂetta
vera that will not be VI:71; hvat mun what can XXI:99; hví mun
eigi ﬂat til why should that not be possible XVI:38; svá mun enn itwill be so still V:77; mun ætlat will be intended I:39; pres. pl.
munum we shall XXV:39, vér monum we will VIII:135; vit
munum we shall XXVI B:214; munu vit (Gr 3.6.9.1 (13)) we shall
I:63, munu vér we will XXVI B:101, we shall XXVI B:40, 52; ﬂér
munu› you will XXVI B:69; eigi munu they (the eyes) will not
XXIII:36; past munda/mundi would I:91, VIII:85, XXI:135, XXVI
A:27 (1), 105, should XXVI A:27 (2), was likely XXVI A:2, might
III:19, XIX:81 (must?), might have II:158, ﬂar mundi there would
be there XXI:153; mundum would have XXVI B:99; mundu would
XXIV:28, XXVI A:7, 11, would be XXVI B:4, must have been
XXI:157; past pl. with suffixed neg. mundut ver›a skƒp it could
not have been fated VI:342; impers. past mundi it would VIII:91, it
would be II:107 (henni for her), XIV:92, ﬂar mundi there would
there XXI:61; pres. subj. myni would be XXV:80, muni will I:37,
must be I:55; ﬂú munir you will XVI:33; muni vera (that) it mustbe I:109, can be, will be I:125; sá muni vera ma›rinn that must be
the man or there must be such a man XVI:103; impers. (that) it will
I:89, (that) it will be I:134; ﬂeim muni illa sœkjask it will be hard
work for them XXVI B:58; mynim should XXV:103, vér munim
we shall XXVI B:49; past subj. mynda, mindi, myndi, mundi,
myndir would IV:88, V:5, VI:13, VII B:54, IX:14, XV:5, XVI:125,
XXV:76; it would VI:97; might, could XVI:59; must VI:319, 321,
VII A:60, 119, should VI:346, VIII:110; myndir ﬂú ﬂá must youGlossary and Index

171

then have XXV:21; minda hafa would have XVI:163; launa mindi
hann he will have rewarded you XVI:171; with suffixed 1st person
pron. at myndak that I should V:153 (followed by ver›a); past subj.
pl. mundi, myndi would I:144, III:2, must VI:124, should XXVI A:65,
myndu hafa must have VI:134; past inf. mindu, myndu, mundu(Gr 3.9.4) after kva›, kvá›u, kvaz, kvazk, kvezk, lézk would II:47,
136, III:42 (eigi mundu should not be), VIII:67, XV:116, 122 (would
have), XVI:47, 116, XXV:45
munú› f. lust XIV:92
mús (pl. m‡ss) f. mouse Gr 3.1.7.2, 4 (1)musteri n. minster, monastic church XIII:2 (with suffixed def. art.)
mygla (past mygla›i, pp. myglat) wv. go mouldy XIX:58
mykiskán f. sheet of dung XXI:160
mykl- see mikill
mynda, myndi1, myndir, myndu see munu
myndi2 see munamyni/mynim see munu
mynni n. mouth (of a river), estuary VI:207
M‡rar f. pl. district between Hítardalr and Borgarfjƒr›r V:39
myr›a (past myr›i, pp. myr›r) wv. (Gr 3.6.9.3 ex. 4) murder VIII:51,
XIX:69, 88
myr›ir m. slaughterer VI:283, VII A:140; the ‘slaughterers of theWends’ are Óláfr Tryggvason and Haraldr Gormsson
myrkr1 adj. dark, obscure; acc. m. sg. myrkvan X:29; n. as predicative
adj. or adv. myrkt II:121 (‘so as to be obscure’), dark XIX:33; myrkt
er it is dark VII B:66
myrkr2 n. darkness XXII:53/1
myrkvi›r m. dark forest X:17; cf. X:29
myskunnsamliga see miskunnsamligam‡ss see músmæfingr adj. slender-fingered (one) XXV:79
mækir m. sword X:94, 151, XXII:15/4, XXV:54
mæla (past mælti, pp. mælt) wv. 1. speak, say I:14, 20, 21, 38, 60, 62,
79, 82, 100, 104, 123, 128, 130, 132, 135, 139, 144, II:21, 24, 65,
75, 85, 121, III:70, IV:37, V:10, 58, 105, VI:63, 76, IX:6, XI:5, 69,
XIV:52, XV:21, 64, XVI:22, XIX:76, XXI:77, 98, 176, XXIV:1, 11(Norwegian form ﬂér mæltur you spoke), XXVI A:22, 33, 66, 78,
B:47; utter, give vent to (imp. pl.) XXVI B:123; announce XXVII:30;

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A New Introduction to Old Norsewith suffixed neg. mæltira ﬂú you could not have spoken X:168;
pp. mælt expressed II:12; mæla málum sínum make their speeches
XXVII:23; mæla firir/fyrir argue to, propose to XVI:56, make apronouncement, announce XIX:53; mæla (í) gegn oppose VIII:82,
177, 179; mæla (ekki/eigi) í móti speak against, oppose VII B:13,
raise (no) objection XV:29, 78; mæla svá mean as follows XIV:55;
mæla til stipulate, demand as II:134, mæltu til samfara me› sér
arranged between themselves to go out together XIX:8; mæla mikit
um make a big thing of something IV:86 (imp. mæl); mæla vi› say
to VII B:62, XI:28, XII:85, XVI:78, XXV:79, XXVI B:76, speak to,address V:88, VI:127, 128, 165; inf. in acc. and inf. construction
after kvá›u (Gr 3.9.4), mæla vi› spoke to VI:173; impers. pass.
vera mælt til to address XXIV:57, sem vi› er mælt who are being
addressed XXIV:60, ef til hƒf›ingja ver›r mælt if rulers are
addressed XXIV:79; vel er mælt, vel var ﬂat mælt that is (was)well spoken XVI:124, 171; vas ﬂat mælt í lƒgum it had been
declared in the laws VIII:94, it was declared (made) law VIII:139;er mælt (it) is prescribed: XXVII:2, 25; mæla skal are to be spoken(addressed) XXIV:15. 2. -sk form mælask illa fyrir be ill spokenof, be condemned XXVI A:119; with reciprocal sense ﬂat vi› mælzk
at made this compact together that III:16
mæling f. measuring (at of) II:79
mær f. maiden, girl X:22; virgin XIII:41; acc. mey IX:101, young
woman (i.e. Svanhildr) XXV:69, with suffixed def. art. meyna X:176;
gen. meyjar IX:121; nom. pl. meyjar X:17, 29; dat. pl. meyjum tomaids, female servants X:108mærr adj. eminent, splendid one XXV:50
mæta see mœtamæti n. pl. treasure, valuables X:71mætr adj. glorious, worthy VI:52 (with mei›r); excellent XXII:50/2, 58/4
mætta, mætti1, mætti›, mættim see megamætti2 see máttrmœ›a (past mœddi, pp. mœddr) wv. weary, exhaust (transitive)
XIV:171, XV:112
mœ›i f. exhaustion, weariness XXVI A:90mœ›r see mó›irMœrr f. district in Norway (Nor›mœrr–Raumsdalr–Sunnmœrr;modern Møre and Romsdal) XVI:9

Glossary and Index

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mœta/mæta (past mœtti/mætti, pp. mœtt) wv. with dat. meet VII
A:52, 56, IX:34; strike against IV:10 (hann = ljáinn), XXII:44/4;-sk form mœtask meet (each other) XII:20; ﬂar sem landit mœttisk
ok fló›it gekk efst where the land and the tide (when it) flowed
highest met XXI:92
mœtir m. meeter, one who encounters or attends; in kenning for warrior(Óláfr Tryggvason) mœtir malmﬂings VI:205
Mƒ›ruvellir m. pl. farm in Hƒrgárdalr, northern Iceland III:84
mƒgr m. boy, young man X:104, XXV:56, 79; son XXII:18/1
mƒn f. (Gr 3.1.8.12) mane (collective) V:6, IX:21 (with poss. dat. pl.,i.e. for)Mƒn f. (Isle of) Man VII A:5, 18
mƒnnum see ma›r
Mƒr›r Valgar›sson m. enemy of Gunarr XXVI A:2, 7, 55, 59, 64
mƒrg, mƒrgum, see margrmƒrk1 f. forest; pl. markir VII A:130
mƒrk2 f. mark, 8 ounces of silver VIII:32, XXVII:35
Mƒrk f. farm in southern Iceland XXVI B:184
mƒrku› see markaMƒrn f. name of a river (Marne?); in a kenning for ship VII A:138
mƒrum see marrná (pres. náir, past ná›i, pp. nát) wv. with dat. get hold of II:142,
158; ná›u eigi could not (go) XVI:187; ná til get within range of
V:95; with inf. manage, be able I:33, XXII:46/2, past subj. næ›i
I:34; impers. ef ﬂví um náir if that can be done XXVII:28; -sk form
as meaningless aux. ná›uz at líta sem did look like XXII:20/1
náborinn adj. (pp.) closely related XXV:37
ná› f. grace, salvation (often in pl.) XXII:1/4, 51/4
naddfár n. ‘spike-damage, spear-hatred’, fighting with spears VI:260(gen. with bƒ›)naddskúr f. ‘point-shower’, shower of pointed missiles (spears,
arrows), i.e. battle VII A:13
na›r (gen. na›rs) m. adder, serpent; = Ormr enn langi VI:259; bá›ir
Na›rar = Ormr enn langi and Ormr enn skammi VI:309 (objectof sá fljóta au›a, parallel to Tranu); unda na›r is a kenning forsword XXII:40/1 (sg. for pl.)nafarr m. auger, tool for boring II:143, 144 (with suffixed def. art.),
II:145; dat. (of instrument) nafrinum (with suffixed def. art.) II:150

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nafli m. navel XII:57
nafn n. name (Gr 3.1.7.1 ex. 3) VIII:66, 68, XV:55, XXI:24, XXIV:43,
45; gen. sg. nafs XXIV:33; dat. sg. nafni1 I:58, VII A:37
nafni2 m. namesake III:18
nagl (pl. negl) m. (finger-)nail XXII:61/3, XXIII:88, 90
nakinn adj. naked XII:57
nakkvarr/nokkurr/nokkverr/nokkvorr/nƒkkurr/nƒkkverr, nƒkkurn,
nokkverra/nƒkkura, nƒkkuru, nokkurir/nƒkkurar/nƒkkurir,nƒkkurum; n. nakkvat/nokkut/nƒkkut/nƒkkvot pron. adj. (Gr
3.2.3) some, (a) certain I:5, 23, II:18, 39, 70, VII A:31, XIV:166,
XV:113, XVI:151, 184, XXI:130, XXIV:1, XXVI A:16, B:230; alittle I:4; any I:84, XXVII:8, 16, XXVI B:87, 130 (2); (a) rather
XXVI B:7; a kind of XXI:172; sá ma›r nokkurr er some man who
XXVII:2; nƒkkura hrí› for a while XXVI A:111; ƒ›rum . . .
nokkurum some other XXVII:12; n. nƒkkut something XIV:157,
XXI:69, XXVI A:85, anything XXVI A:80; nƒkkut af a bit of I:103,
XXI:61; nƒkkut til something for XXI:63; nakkvat something,some part VIII:134; nokkut some kind of III:92; pl. some V:164,
VI:124, 134, VII A:5, XVI:45, 78, a few V:106, VII B:49, XIV:172,
several VI:73, VII B:30; any VII A:84; eru nokkurir if there are
any XXVII:16; nƒkkurir . . . nƒkkurir some of them . . . someothers XXIII:31–32; n. as adv. nƒkkut somewhat, rather V:4,
XIV:102, XXIII:5, 11, 20, 71, 105; a little, in passing XXIV:82; atall, in any way I:113, XXVI B:130; nƒkkut svá a little bit XXIII:59,
somewhat, rather XXIII:67; á nƒkkut brúnu to a brownish colour
XXIII:109; nƒkkvot eptir sem somewhat in accordance with what
XVI:55; dat. sg. n. as adv. nƒkkuru a little XV:97, with comp.
somewhat XIV:140, by a small amount XXIII:57
nálgask (past nálga›isk) wv. -sk form gain IV:90, notenáliga adv. nearly, almost XI:10, 61 (with hvert); náliga engi, engi náliga
almost no one XIV:96, 113; ekki náliga hardly any XIV:157
nám n. learning XIV:23; study: ﬂá er náms var› í milli between periodsof study, in the intervals of study XIV:159; til náms at study, being
educated XIV:166
nam, námu see nema2
nánd f. neighbourhood; í nánd nearby I:23; as prep. with dat. roundabout VI:152
Nanna f. a goddess, one of the Ásynjur, wife of Baldr II:11

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Narfi m. a member of ﬁorkell of Tunga’s household IV:9, 50, 62
nári m. groin; with suffixed def. art. his groin XXVI A:17
nasir see nƒsnátt see nótt (Gr 3.1.7.2 (6))
náttserkr m. nightshirt III:21, 29
náttsta›r m. night’s lodging II:130
náttúra f. nature, constitution XXIII:107
náttúrligr adj. natural, innate XXIII:1
nau›/nau›r f. need, necessity, distress X:28, XXII:56/3, 59/2; pl.
difficulties, harm I:40; constraints, bonds X:62; trouble, affliction
XXII:53/4
nau›igr adj. against one’s will, unwillingly, under compulsion I:88,
XXVI A:9; dat. sg. f. nau›gri VI:6
nau›syn f. necessity, need; ﬂó at nau›syn eigi til though they haveneed for it, though they are on urgent business XVI:35
nau›synjalauss adj. unnecessary, lacking good reason; n. as substantive
at nau›synjalausu without legitimate excuse XXVII:50
nau›synlegr adj. necessary XXIV:51
nautaflokkr m. herd of cattle VII A:115 (acc. pl. with suffixed def. art.)
naut n. pl. cattle VII A:116, 117
ne neg. adv. not IV:24, XXV:27, 92, followed by suffixed neg. -t on the
vb. XXV:31, 35; ne einn = neinn no, (not) any; after neg. any at all
XIV:93né neg. conj. nor (Gr 3.8.1) X:169; and (did) not X:98; or in a rhetoricalquestion XXV:48; after a neg. or I:37, VI:9, IX:8, 101, X:108, 153,
171, XII:63, 74, XXV:5, XXVI B:31; ne . . . né not . . . nor . . . nor
XXV:93; after hvárki XII:77, XIV:75, XXII:3/4, 53/3, XXIII:52,
XXIV:9, XXVI A:77, B:85
ne›an adv. from below X:171; see also fyr ne›an, fyrir ne›an (Gr 3.7.1)
ne›ri adj. comp. lower (one) XXIII:57
nef n. nose, beak VI:140, XXIII:51, with suffixed def. art. XXIII:18,72; as nickname III:8; fyrir nef hvert for every nose, i.e. one foreach person VII A:134
nefja f. upturned nose; as nickname VI:105, 300, 304
nefna (past nefndi, pp. nefndr) wv. name VI:138, VIII:113, XIV:172,
XV:68, XXII:4/2; call XIX:56; nefna sik say one’s name is, give
one’s name as VII A:86; nefndu mó›ur sína said their mother’sname was XXI:201; pp. II:1, 8, XIX:37; es nefndr is named as,

176

A New Introduction to Old Norse(his) name is given as VIII:48; er . . . er nefnd whose name was . . .
VII A:73, 76; nefnt called me/us XXII:23/3; refl. nefndisk said his
name was II:133
negl see nagl
negla (past negldi, pp. negldr) wv. rivet; pp. X:43 (i.e. the rings on
the chain mail were riveted)neisa f. shame, disgrace VI:85
neita (past neitti, pp. neitt) wv. with dat. refuse I:63, VII A:89, VIII:82
nema1 conj. unless (Gr 3.8.2.4) II:35, III:42, VII B:47, IX:30, 71,
XVI:151, 184, XXVII:20; except I:132, III:88, VIII:33, X:88, 124,
133, XII:6, XXI:58, 89, XXVI A:8, 110, B:30; but VI:319, but that
I:135; nema eigi except not, but not VI:223; ekki nema nothing but
VII A:163, XIV:162; nema ﬂví at eins at except only if XXIV:70;
fátt nema little but VII B:20
nema2 (past nam, past pl. námu, pp. numinn) sv. take Gr 3.6.9.1 (6);appropriate, settle VIII:65, XIX:96; learn, receive instruction (in)VII A:68, XIV:187; hear, catch, understand, take in XXIV:8 (subj.);amount to VIII:26; with acc. and dat. deprive someone of something
X:135; af nema take away VIII:40, abolish VIII:143; nema sta›/
sta›ar stop XV:100, 109, XXVI A:14, B:47; past subj. næmi frá
exempted VIII:33; as aux. nema at begin to IX:3, X:122, XXII:28/3;
nam (at) did (meaningless periphrasis) X:21, XXII:6/1, 14/3, 16/3, 43/2
nenninn adj. eager, tireless, undaunted VI:360 (with dróttin)
nes n. ness, headland, peninsula XIX:97, XXI:31, 105 (with suffixed
def. art.)
nestbaggi m. provision-bag Gr 3.1.9 ex. 4
neyzla f. use, benefit VIII:53
nezla f. buttonhole or loop for button XXI:47
Níarar m. pl. unidentified people X:41, 66, 142ní› n. insult, slander, insulting poem VII A:132, 137, 137 (with suffixed
def. art.)ní›a (past níddi, pp. níddr) wv. insult, slander; supine nítt lampooned
VIII:84; pp. agreeing with direct object (Gr 3.9.7.1) hƒf›u hannníddan had slandered him with VII A:133
ní›ingligr adj. knavish, dastardly; ní›íngligt var hans it was dastardlyof him XXII:29/3
ní›ingr m. villain, scoundrel; á ní›ingi on the scoundrel (i.e. he canbe recognised by this feature) VI:141ni›r1 adv. down I:70, 92, 98, 139, II:32, 56, III:6, 102, V:91, 101 (i.e.

Glossary and Index177

to the ground), VI:257, 259, VIII:120, XII:57, XV:50, XVI:159,
XXI:128, 152, 200, XXIII:102, XXVI A:20, 28, B:167; on the ground
XXI:55; ni›r af out below, underneath or away downwards?
XXIII:21; ni›r frá down from XXIII:51, below XXIII:59; setjani›r settle (transitive), establish XV:41ni›r2 m. kinsman, relative XXV:37 (acc. pl. ni›ja)ni›rbjúgr adj. bent downwards VI:140ni›ri adv. below (i.e. below the town) VII B:59
ni›rlútr adj. leaning down, bowed down (i.e. forwards?) XXIII:15
Ní›u›r/Ní›a›r (gen. Ní›a›ar, dat. Ní›a›i) m. legendary king X:2,
14, 16, 41, 66, 78, 91 (dat. of respect), 99 (for Ní›u›r), 101, 117,
119, 135, 139, 142, 161, 163, 174, 180
ní›vísa f. insulting or slanderous verse VII A:134
Niflungar m. pl. used of the royal family of Burgundians (and theirmen), especially Gunnarr and his brothers XI:8, 15, 43, 64, 73, 76
Niflungaskattr m. the Niflungs’ treasure XI:24
niflúngr adj. king XXII:20/1, 29/4
níta1 vb. torment, afflict? X:169
níta2 (past níta›i/nítti, pp. nítat/nítt) wv./sv. with dat. refuse, reject
XXVII:16
nítján num. nineteen Gr 3.4.1
nítt see ní›a
níu num. nine (Gr 3.4.1) II:124, 132, 134, 137, III:78, VII B:33,
VIII:170, XXI:96; níu (hundru›) i.e. 1080 VIII:167
níundi ordinal num. ninth (Gr 3.4.1) VIII:13, X:28
Njáll ﬁorgeirsson m. XXVI B:27, 36, 37, 39, 46, 55, 59, 69, 122, 127,
129, 135, 141, 155, 156, 157, 159, 163, 167, 173, 174, 179, 185
Njálssynir m. pl. the sons of Njáll XXVI B:85
Njar›ar see Njƒr›rnjósn f. information (af about) XIX:21
njósna (past njósna›i, pp. njósnat) wv. spy (out), find out by spying
XV:95
njóta (past naut, past pl. nutu, pp. notit) sv. 1. with gen. have the useof, benefit from; megum vér varla njóta it is not much benefit to
us XXI:178; imp. njót manna bezt use it best of anyone, i.e. better
than anyone else (the formula used when giving a gift) I:137; líttn‡tr ﬂú ﬂá ﬂess you will then have benefitted very little from this
XVI:144; enjoy the love of IV:74; past subj. nyti should enjoy III:33.
2. -sk form njótask enjoy each other’s love IV:106

178

A New Introduction to Old NorseNjƒr›r m. a god, personification of the sea IX:88 (gen.); one of the
Vanir, though here described as one of the Æsir II:8, 67
Nóatún n. pl. ‘enclosure or field of ships’, kenning for the sea, Njƒr›r’s
ocean home (nór m. is a poetical word for ‘ship’) II:67, IX:88
nokkurr = nakkvarr
nokkut = nakkvat see nakkvarr
nokkverra, nokkvorr see nakkvarr
nor›an adv. from the north; nor›an af from the northern side of III:73;
fyrir nor›an with acc. to the north of VII A:148
nor›anve›r n. wind from the north (adv. acc., see sigla) XXI:21, 26
Nor›imbraland n. Northumbria, province of England from the
Humber to lowland Scotland VII A:3
Nor›imbrar m. pl. Northumbrians VII A:14 (gen. with mor›i)Nor›lendingafjór›ungr m. the Northern Quarter (of Iceland) XIV:74,
165
Nor›lendingar m. pl. people of the north (of Iceland) VIII:164
Nor›menn m. pl. Norwegians VI:185, 195, VIII:21; gen. pl. Nor›manna VI:360 (with dróttin); dat. pl. Nor›mannum VI:210
nor›r adv. north, northwards II:49, VII A:3, 4, to the north XXI:180;in the north XXII:64/4; on the northerly side, to the north XIX:29;
nor›r fyrir northwards along (the coast) XXI:155, northwards past
XXI:167
Nor›rlƒnd n. pl. Northlands, Scandinavia and the Baltic countries;
dat. pl. Nor›rlandum VI:314
Nóregr m. Norway VI:15, 32, VII A:127, VIII:76, XVI:12, 63, 130,
154, 155, 173, XIX:30, 38, 48, XXII:1/2
Nóregskonungr m. king of Norway VI:149
norn f. Norn, one of the three Fates of northern mythology (SnE,
Gylfaginning ch. 15) XXV:104, 109
Norvegr m. Norway VIII:7, 25, 32, 36, 128, 148norrœnn/nórœnn adj. Norwegian (Gr 3.3.5 ex. 4) VIII:15
nótt/nátt (gen. sg. and nom. acc. pl. nætr) f. night (Gr 3.1.7.2 and(6)) VII A:55, 59, VIII:196; í nótt tonight I:83, in the night, i.e. lastnight V:16; nú í nótt last night V:25; ﬂá/ﬂessa nótt that night XI:62,
66; acc. sg. with suffixed def. art. um nóttina during the night I:87,
113, V:7, nóttina eptir the following night VIII:121; pl. (with num.,acc. of time) nætr II:151, VI:8; nætr ok daga night and day XIV:121;átta nóttum for eight nights IX:104; nóttum by night X:43

Glossary and Index179

nú adv. now I:15, 16, 20, 21, 34, 38, 39, 45, 55, 68, 76, 82, 83, 90, 95,
96, 101, 105, 110, 148, II:1, 82, III:70, 88, IV:29, 48, V:9, 25, VI:61,
63, 203, 355, 361, VIII:5, 30, IX:6, X:77, 96, XV:12, 23, XIX:54,
XXI:145, 193, XXII:9/3, XXIV:22, 54, XXV:35, XXVI A:54, 83,
B:13, 100; next V:145, X:66, XI:3 (2), 33, XVI:7, XXI:161; just
now XVI:62 (2), XXI:78; lately XVI:62 (1); today XXV:5, 108; so
XXI:107, 208, XXIV:40; nú eigi not this time V:107; nú er now he
is XII:62/3, nú . . . er now that XXVI B:83; as conj. followed byinverted vb. + subject and a main clause beginning with ﬂá or ok
but if XXIV:1, XXVII:12, 16, 45
numin see nema2
nunna f. nun XIV:129n‡genginn pp. newly gone, just gone III:58n‡hvattr pp. (see hvetja) freshly sharpened V:112n‡lunda f. strange thing XXVI B:7n‡mæli n. innovation, new pronouncement, new law (see Laws II 388
and references, 445–46) VIII:172, 174n‡r adj. new, fresh (Gr 3.3.8.5 (5)) VIII:90 (acc. sg. m. wk. n‡ja), XI:3
nyti see njóta
n‡ta (past n‡tti, pp. n‡ttr) wv. make use of, eat, consume XXI:80
n‡tr1 adj. helpful, valuable (with gen., in something), acc. pl. withsína drengi VI:277; øngu n‡tr good for nothing, worthless XXI:152n‡tr2 see njóta
nytsamligr adj. useful, beneficial XXIII:66
nytsem› f. usefulness; til nytsem›ar var was of some use XIV:157
næ›i see nánæmi see nema2næmleikr m. quickness to learn XIV:22
næmr adj. quick at learning, attentive XIV:19
nær1 adv. pos. and comp. close, near by II:59, 158, III:55, VI:139; svá
nær at near enough to XXVI B:128; nearly III:57, 131; closely,
accurately XXVI B:177; almost V:104, XXII:20/2; haf›i nær it cameclose VIII:110; as prep. with dat. (Gr 3.7.3) close to V:122, VI:125,
XIII:17, XXIII:47, XXV:37, nearly VII B:33, XXVI B:47, present
at, involved in VI:42; ﬂví nær . . . næstr almost immediately after?
or about that time . . . next after? VIII:58; comp. with dat. nærcloser to I:64, XXI:107
nær2 conj. when Gr 3.8.2.3

180

A New Introduction to Old Norsenærri adv. near XII:67; ﬂar nærri nearby XIII:34
nærsta see næsta
næst adv. sup. closest; next XIV:170; ﬂví næst next I:90, V:119,
VI:109, XI:43, XV:143, XXI:180; as prep. with dat. næst next to
XIV:7, after (in time) XIV:130; næst oss closest to us VI:182
næsta/nærsta adv. 1. nearly, almost V:143, XXII:29/3; ﬂví var næsta
it was close to that, almost, practically so I:49. 2. fairly, pretty, i.e.
very, exceptionally I:123næstr adj. sup. with dat. next VIII:189; next after VIII:58, 62, following
XXVII:5; in næstu dægr á›r on the preceding day, during thepreceding 24 hours XXVII:33; wk. dat. næsta the next, nearest XXVI
A:8; er ﬂar var næstr who was closest (to it) XXVI B:224; et næsta
(sumar) eptir the following summer VIII:91, 176, 187; ﬂá . . . etnæsta sumar á›r, á›r . . . et næsta sumar the previous summer
VIII:94, 99; closest to someone V:84, 145, VI:210, XI:9, next tosomeone II:13; er ﬂessu væri næstr who was most involved in it,
most responsible for it VI:148; ﬂar næstr next to him XI:54
nætr see nóttnœfr adj. clever; skilled in fighting, valiant (with allvaldr) VI:158nœrir m. nourisher; sá naddskúrar nœrir ‘that nourisher of battle’ isa kenning for warrior, the king VII A:13
nƒfnum see nafnnƒkkurn, nƒkkurar, nƒkkurir, nƒkkurr, nƒkkut, nƒkkverjar,nƒkkvot see nakkvarr
nƒs f. nostril XXI:68, XXIII:50; pl. with suffixed def. art. nasirnar his
nostrils III:7
óáheyriligr adj. which ought not to be listened to, unacceptable XIV:85
óbrenndr adj. pp. unburned VII A:129
óbygg› f. wilderness, uninhabited area XXI:16
óbygg›r adj (pp.) unsettled, uninhabited; at óbygg›u landi when theland was uninhabited (Gr 3.9.7.3) XIX:105óbœttr adj. pp. unatoned for (understand ver›i shall be) IV:73
ó› see va›a
Oddbjƒrg Skjƒldólfsdóttir f. wife of Hrafnkell Gr 3.1.8 ex.
oddflag› n. ‘point (of spear) giantess or troll-wife’, a kenning for battleaxe VI:334
Oddi m. farm in southern Iceland XXVI A:113
oddr m. point (of a weapon) XXII:55/1

Glossary and Index

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Oddr m. son of ﬁorveig IV:2, 3, 5, 66
ó›fúss adj. madly eager (to go) IX:105
Ó›inn m. a god, one of the Æsir II:5, 16, 73, 123, 130, 133, 156, 157,
161, 162, XIV:81 (Ó›ins dagr = Wednesday); Ó›inn’s son = ﬁórr
IX:84, 131ó›r (n. ótt) adj. (Gr 3.3.8.4 (2)) eager, furious, fast; ó›r vi› furious at
XV:140; n. as adv. ekki ótt slowly, deliberately; fara ekki ótt at
not to be in a hurry over it III:106; eigi svá ótt (he was) not (to be)in such a hurry (to go) III:84Ó›rerir, Ó›reyrir m. name of a pot II:97, 118, 152ódæll adj. hard to deal with XXI:11
ódælt adv. hard to deal with (vi›) I:71ódœmi n. pl. lack of examples; me› ódœmum miklum vera (to be)completely unparalleled XXVI A:19
of 1, uf prep. with acc. (Gr 3.7.1) over II:35, 56, XXI:189; covering
VIII:3; concerning VIII:140, 141; because of, for VIII:47, 99;
throughout VIII:168; across V:39; above V:170; of time, in III:63,
X:6, on VIII:121, during VIII:173, 179, 190, XVI:4, 8, 12, 98, 115;with dat. above, by XXV:78 (MS uf)of 2 adv. too V:72, VI:70, XV:121
of 3 meaningless adverbial particle often found with verbs in verse (cf.
um2); with genginn IV:21, komnum VI:354; be›it IX:128; in proseof sá VIII:110 (see sjá1), of kvæmi VIII:142 (see koma)ófagrligr adj. unpleasant, unattractive, unseemly XIV:83
ofan adv. (Gr 3.5.1–3 ex. 6 (c); cf. 3.7.1) down II:18, III:45, 73, 98,
IV:10, XII:56, XXI:174, 186, XXVI B:10, 35; i.e. to the shore VII
A:56, 111, 151, XVI:128, XXI:49, 87, 169; i.e. from the hillside
V:163; above, on top III:100, XXVI B:120; with preps. ofan á up
on XXV:107; ofan af down off XXVI A:31; fyrir ofan down over
XXI:81, above XXI:172, XXVI B:118; ofan í down onto XXVI
B:91; ﬂar í ofan down into it XXVI B:229; ofan um down over
XIX:94; yfir ofan up on the top XXIII:10
ofar adv. comp. higher up (the hillside; i.e. from here) V:172
ofdrykkja f, excessive drinking XXIII:48
ofkaldr adj. excessively cold, over cold XXIII:107
ofnar see vefaóframi m. lack of forwardness, shyness XXIII:41
óframliga adv. not boldly, timidly I:8

182

A New Introduction to Old Norseóframr adj. not bold, timid; not forward XXIII:15; as noun a timid
person XV:67
ofrefli n. something beyond one’s strength; kva› sér ﬂat ekki ofreflisaid this was not too much for him to do IV:5; ofrefli li›s an
overwhelming force VI:166ófri›arma›r m. hostile person, enemy VII A:56
ófri›r m. hostility, war VIII:128, XVI:33; fighting XXI:154
ofrli› n. overwhelming force; ur›u ﬂeir ofrli›i bornir they (thevikings) were overpowered or outnumbered XXI:145ófúss adj. with gen. not eager, reluctant (ﬂess at for this, to) XXVI B:67
ofvægr adj. forceful (literally ‘excessively weighty’, overwhelming)
VII A:12
ófƒlr adj. not pale, unfaded (untanned?) or without pale markings
XXI:115ógetit pp. n. (cf. geta) in phrase ger›i sér at ﬂessu ógetit was
displeased at this XV:13
ógn f. threat, menace, hostility V:19
ógnblí›r adj. joyful in battle VII A:16
ógnhar›r adj. strong in battle; acc. sg. m. as substantive, one strong
in battle (King Óláfr or Eiríkr jarl?), in acc. and inf. construction
after hykkat VI:249
ógrœ›ir m. one who does not increase the growth of something but
gives it away, in kenning for (generous) man, ógræ›ir armgrjóts
VI:306 (ﬁorkell nefja or Eiríkr jarl?)ógurliga adv. horribly VII A:158
ógurligr adj. terrible, horrible I:75
ógæfa f. misfortune XXVI B:187
ógƒrla adv. unclearly, without certainty, not . . . with certainty V:7óhar›fœrliga adv. not harshly, gently; tala›i óhar›fœrliga did not
make strong demands XV:6
óháttr m. evil practice, wicked behaviour XIV:77
óhreinn adj. impure, dirty XXIII:98óhræddr adj. (pp.) unafraid I:93, fearless XXIII:4óhætt adj. n. as adv. without danger; sem honum var óhætt where
he was out of danger V:118
óhœfa f. enormity, wickedness; hvat er af óhœfunni whatever
originates from wickedness XXIII:35
ok conj. and (Gr 3.8.1) I:3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 14, 16, 22, 83, II:4, 13, VI:50, 309,

Glossary and Index

183

VIII:1, IX:2, XI:2 (1), XV:26, XVI:4 (2), XIX:3, XXI:1, XXII:1/4,
XXIII:2, XXIV:12, 50, XXV:36, XXVI A:4, XXVII:3, 6, 22; ok svá
and also XI:11; ok ﬂat and also XI:2; ok ekki ﬂik nor of you, and (Ishall) not (be afraid of) you (either) I:107; with II:41 (2), XV:27;(together) with (Gr 3.9.2) V:88, VIII:91, XXI:86 (1), as well as XXI:8,
XXVI A:26; and who, and he I:146 (Gr 3.9.5), and who XXIV:84;
and (went) XXI:105 (2), and they flowed XXI:53 (2); when, it being
the case that XI:35; ok á and on it XXI:159; slíka ok the same as
III:69; introducing a main clause after a subordinate clause (cf. ﬂá1;
Gr 3.9.9) II:21, XXI:38 (or = at2), XXVII:8, 13, 17, 43 (2); = at2
XV:145; as adv. also I:103, II:12, 67, III:29, 62 (twice, 1 and 3), 68,
93, 124, VI:35, VII A:6 (2), 71 (2), VIII:56, 132, 136, 158, 181, IX:79,
XI:11 (1), XII:75, 85, XIII:20, XIV:76, 79, 95 (1), 180, 181 (2), 185,
XV:10, XVI:4 (1), XIX:112, XXI:7, 34, 126 (1), 149 (1), XXIV:43,
82, XXV:38, XXVI B:12 (1), 52 (1), 67, 213 (2), XXVII:25, 38, 45; aswell VI:134, too XIV:18 (2); ﬂat er ok it is also prescribed XXVII:31,
43, 48; svá ok likewise XIV:181; svá er ok that is right, too V:136
ók see akaoka (past oka›i, pp. okat) wv. subjugate; oka undir make subservientor obedient to XIV:119ókátr adj. uneasy, gloomy I:73; unhappy, miserable X:174
okkar, ok(k)r pron. 1st person dual our, us (Gr 3.2.1) I:39 (1), V:67,
70, 76, 80, 82, IX:122, XII:39, XXV:38, 44, XXVI A:23, B:164,
213; okkar of us XXVI B:216; ok(k)r for us I:39 (2), XXV:102
okkarr poss. adj. dual our XXII:24/4, XXIV:49, XXV:99, XXVI
B:177; gen. sg. f. okkarrar XXV:86, XXVI B:167; okkarr Helgabetween me and Helgi XXVI B:138
ókristinn, úkristinn adj. unchristian; wk. form as nickname VI:49,
229, 276Óláfr gestr m. III:119 (see note)Óláfr Haraldsson m. son of Haraldr hárfagri VIII:75
Óláfr inn helgi m. St Óláfr Haraldsson, king of Norway, died 1030,
V:57, XXII:heading, 1/1, 65/3; called Óláfr enn digri VIII:31
Óláfr (Sigtryggsson) kváran m. king of the Scandinavian ‘foreigners’
in Dublin from c.938 to 980, when he was ejected; in Northumbria
941–44 and 949–52; died 980 VII A:74
Óláfr (enn) svænski/sœnski Eiríksson m. king of the Swedes (diedc.1022) VI:35, 37, 84, 128, 146, 163, 187, 213, VIII:146

184

A New Introduction to Old NorseÓláfr Tryggvason (Tryygvasunr) m. king of Norway, died 999/1000
VI:15, 18, 22, 25, 30, 31, 32, 36, 40, 41, 44, 46, 47, 48, 59, 77, 79,
82, 85, 89, 117, 133, 147, 151, 152, 165, 169, 181, 184, 186, 187,
190, 193, 199, 211, 215, 219, 276, 286, 294, 303, 305, 318, VII A:1,
2, 27, 29, 30, 32, 35, 38 (Óli), 43, 46, 56, 58, 59, 62, 65, 66, 69, 70,
81, 85, 86 (Óli), 96, 99, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 112, 119, 122,
123, VIII:75, 84, 145, XXI:37; acc. Óláf in acc. and inf. construction
VI:338; dat. Óláfi Tryggvasyni for Óláfr Tryggvason VI:107; af
Óláfi konungi from King Óláfr’s army, on King Óláfr’s side VI:223;
me› Óleifi along with Óláfr VI:278
Óláfskirkja f. St Óláfr’s church in Trondheim (Ni›aróss) VII B:85
ólei›ari adj. comp. less reluctant; vera ólei›ari with dat. someone isless reluctant; at Danum myndi eigi vera ólei›ari there would be
no less reluctance in the Danes VI:97Óleifr see Óláfr Tryggvason
Óleifr hjalti m. 10th-century Icelander VIII:62
Óli m. hypocoristic for Óláfr VII A:38, 86ólíkligr adj. unlikely, improbable XXVI B:66
óljúgfró›r adj. reliably well-informed VIII:11
olli see valdaólœyfi n. in phrase at ólœyfi hans without his permission VI:31
ólƒg n. pl. injustice, breaking of the law VII B:29
ómakligr adj. undeserving; ﬂú brennr ómakligr inni you do notdeserve to be burned in your house XXVI B:157 (equivalent of adv.,
Gr 3.9.8.1)
ómerkr adj. insignificant; silly; unreliable XXIII:87
ómildr adj. unkind, uncharitable, ungenerous XXIII:62
óminnigr adj. forgetful XXIII:10
ómjúkr adj. ungentle, harsh XXIII:62, 65
ón‡tr adj. useless, unviable VIII:124ónæmi n. slowness in learning XXIII:46
ónæmr adj. not quick at learning or insensitive? XXIII:7, 13, 79, 94óor›inn pp. (cf. ver›a) not yet happened, future VII A:31, 64
op n. opening (á in it) VII B:61 (with suffixed def. art.; or opit could
be n. of opinn adj., ‘little of it was open’)óp n. crying, howling II:111
opinn (n. opit) adj. open Gr 3.3.8.4 (3a), 5 (1), XV:103; wide open
XXIII:41, 50; ok opit and it (the garment) was open XXI:45; cf. op

Glossary and Index

185

n. VII B:61; at X:103 and 113 both the meanings unlocked andmanifest, evident may be implied; face upwards XII:44
opt adv. often (Gr 3.5.2) IV:97, V:8, 18, 50, 132, VI:18, 80, 196, VII
B:42, IX:38, XIII:4, 32, XV:85, XXII:23/1, XXV:95; comp. optar
more often XXIV:13; sem optar as on other occasions XXVI B:69
optliga adv. frequently, repeatedly XIV:59, XXIII:40
ór1 prep. with dat. (= úr) from, out of (Gr 3.7.3) I:6, 3, 23, 97, II:27,
33, 45, III:24, IV:27, V:23, 32, VI:20, 42, 210, 271, 337 (withkominn), 349 (with koma), 354 (with of komnum), 356 (withsannfregit), VII A:103, B:46, IX:88, 109, X:45, 77, 137, XV:130,
XVI:74, XXI:119, 141, 169, XXIII:36, XXV:40, 53, 84, 95, XXVI
A:78, 91, B:10, 214, XXVII:4, 11; from, who lived at XIX:23, XXVI
A:17, B:184; postposition svefni ór out of sleep XXV:22; (made)of IX:14, 15, X:118, 120, 162, 164; off XII:4; ofan ór down fromXXVI B:198; út ór out of XI:47; as adv. ﬂar ór out of it (Gr 3.7.7)
II:92
ór2 see órr VIII:172órar = várar, f. pl. of várr poss. adj. our IV:60 (with reference to the
speaker, Kormakr: ‘authorial’ we; the archaic form is required forthe alliteration)or› n. word (Gr 3.1.8 (25)) VIII:121, XII:37, 83, 85, XIV:38, 54, 72,
177, 190, XXV:34 (gen. or›z); remark VI:172; gera or› á comment
on, make remarks about XXVI B:31; report VI:358 (dat. with at);message VIII:104, 122, 182; senda or› send word XXVI A:5; taka
til or›s begin to speak, choose to speak XXIV:20; í hinu fyrra or›iin my previous discourse XXIV:82; kve›a svá at or›i see kve›a;ﬂeirra or› their votes XXVII:17; pl. words (subject of lifa) VI:180,
XXII:46/4, XXIV:1, 10 (2), 13, messages IV:103, XXVI A:2, instructions VII:185, an answer IX:103; ﬂat or›a this (in the way) of words
IX:5; gen. of respect ﬂeira or›a with respect to those words IX:69
or›askipti n. pl. exchange of words, conversation II:14
or›inn, or›it see ver›aor›stírr m. glory, fame VI:212
or›tak n. saying, expression II:82; language II:83óríkr adj. lacking power, humiliated, subordinated VII A:145
orka f. power, strength XXII:34/3
órlausn f. solution, answer II:93, XXIV:24
ormr m. snake, serpent II:149, VII A:152, X:83; in kenning for gold

186

A New Introduction to Old Norserings, armleggjar ormar snakes of the arm V:21; Ormr enn langi‘the long serpent’, Óláfr Tryggvason’s ship VI:64, 65, 69, 71, 94,
100, 102, 112, 114, 129, 189, 216, 224, 228, 233 (subject of kom í
har›a), 241, 253, 302, also referred to simply as Ormr, Ormi (dat.
with st‡ri) VI:263; Ormr enn skammi ‘the short serpent’ VI:126,
216, 227; with suffixed def. art. the dragon-ship VI:121 (Ormr enn
skammi), VI:255 (Ormr enn langi), VI:269 (Ormr enn langi),
VI:287 (Ormr enn langi)
orpinn, orpit see verpa
órr = várr poss. adj. our VIII:1, 172, XXVII:2
orrosta f. battle VI:81, 149, 185, 195, 199, 209, 212, 254, 314, VII
A:5, B:79, VIII:129, XIX:16; with suffixed def. art. VI:199, 302
ort, orta, orti see yrkja
óru see órrórœkinn adj. pp. uncaring, i.e. vicious, savage IV:46 (dat.with úlfi)Órœkjusonr m. son of Órœkja VIII:51
ósaka›r adj. pp. unharmed, unhurt I:114ósárari adj. less painful Gr 3.3.9 ex. 7ósi›ama›r m. immoral person XIV:49
óskaddr adj. (pp.) unscathed XIII:35
óskír›r adj. (pp.) unbaptised VIII:140óskyldr adj. unnecessary, not required, uncalled for; n. óskylt V:160;
comp. óskyldari less of an obligation, further from one’s duty XXVI
B:113
ósparr adj. unsparing; var óspart with dat. someone was generous,
not mean XV:76
oss pron. 1st person acc. and dat. pl. (Gr 3.2.1) us, to us, for us II:82,
VI:83, 182, 195, XI:70, XIII:8, 44, XV:23, XXII:32/4, XXVI A:42,
101, B:33, 58; fyrir oss for ourselves XXVI B:102; referring to theauthor VIII:34, 36, 55, 144; referring to the king speaking of himself
VII B:47, XVI:22, 81, 159, XXII:25/4
ossir = várir, poss. adj. nom. pl. our VIII:87
ósta›fastr adj. unsteadfast, changeable, inconstant XXIII:25, 43ósta›festi f. unsteadfastness, changeability, unreliability XXIII:51
óstyrkr adj. weak XXIII:29, 59, 71, 99, 104óstyrkt f. weakness, infirmity XXIII:107óstƒ›ugr adj. unsteady, unstable, inconstant XXIII:38, 78
Ósvífr Helgason m. father of Gu›rún XV:3, 5, 7, 78, 94, 112, 113, 115

Glossary and Index

187Ósvífrssynir m. pl. the sons of Ósvífr Helgason (Óspakr, Helgi,
Vandrá›r, Torrá›r, ﬁórólfr) XV:71
ósyndr adj. unable to swim II:105ósælligr adj. wretched-looking XVI:92ósætt f. disagreement, dispute; hafa ósætt vi› be at war with II:88ósætti n. disturbance of the peace VIII:126ótal›r adj. (pp.) uncounted VIII:167 (cf. telja)ótrau›r adj. not reluctant, willing XXIII:37?; see útrau›rótt see ó›róttafullr adj. fearful XXIII:40
óttagjarn adj. inclined to be fearfulóttask (past ótta›isk, pp. óttazk) wv. -sk form fear, be afraid (of orto) VI:184, 188, XIII:17, 35
ótti m. fear I:44, VI:131, XIV:41 (at of it), XXI:128, 154óvarliga adv. incautiously IV:37
óvarr adj. unwary, careless V:11; koma á óvart with dat. take someone
by surprise XXVI A:7
óvenja f. bad habit(s) XXIII:11, 76
Ovidius m. Latin poet, Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid) 43 BC to AD 18
XIV:90 and noteóvígr adj. disabled, unable to fight IV:66, V:117; acc. sg. m. óvígjan
invincible VI:86; cf. úvígr
óvinr/úvinr m. enemy XI:25, XVI:72; fiend, false god XXIV:53
óvir›ing f. dishonour, something dishonourable I:53, IV:111
óvitr adj. ignorant XVI:32; ignorant (one) XXIII:10 (understand s‡nirmann), 20; acc. pl. m. óvitra ignorant (or foolish) people XXIII:90
óvizka f. foolishness, lack of sense XXIII:45
Óvægir m. North American native XXI:202óvænligr adj. unpromising (til for, as regards), looking unlikely (tilto achieve), showing little hope (til of) I:146óværr adj. uneasy, distressed; gera óvært with dat. cause someone
distress XV:127
óvættr m. evil creature, monster I:118
ox- see uxi
óx see vaxa
Oxi Hjaltason m. XIV:7, 8
óﬂingfœrr adj. unable to attend the assembly VIII:182
óﬂokka›r adj. (pp.) disliked (af as a consequence of) VII B:86

188

A New Introduction to Old Norseóﬂorstlátr adj. not causing thirst, that does not cause thirst XIX:56
óﬂrifna›r m. slothfulness, idleness XXIII:54, 60
padda f. toad VII A:152
páfi m. pope VIII:189
páfuglafja›rar f. pl. peacock-feathers XIII:19
Páll m., lausama›r; died in the fire at Flugum‡rr III:77
pallr m. a platform, usually across one end of the room, used as a seat
for the female members of the household IV:7. Cf. bekkr
papar m. pl. a name used for Irish hermits in Iceland VIII:21
páskar m. pl. Easter XIV:144, XVI:92
Pater Noster m. (Latin) ‘Our Father’, the Lord’s prayer XIV:69, 71
penningr m. penny, one tenth of an eyrir VIII:43 (it is not certain
whether a ‘penny weighed’ or a ‘penny counted’ is meant; cf. Laws
II 389–90), XVI:43
piltr m. boy, lad; as nickname III:76
pín f. suffering XXII:54/3
písl f. torture II:47
Plato m. Greek philosopher XXIII:66
prédika (past prédika›i, pp. prédikat) wv. preach XIV:31; pres. part.
XIV:176
prestlingr m. student priest XIV:20, 89
prestr m. priest III:93, 96, VII A:68, VIII:2, 77, 91, 145, XIV:59, 155prettóttr adj. deceitful, tricky XXIII:68; acc. sg. m. a deceitful one
XXIII:100pr‡›a (past pr‡ddi, pp. pryddr) wv. ornament, adorn, ennoble
XXII:24/2
pr‡›i f. courtesy; mest af pr‡›i with the greatest courtesy XXII:31/2
pungr m. pouch, purse III:24
purpurapell n. purple material, a costly material XII:35
purpuri m. a costly material XII:34
pƒddur see padda
quinto (Latin) num. fifth; i.e. quinto die, on the fifth day before (thefifth day before the kalends of June was Tuesday 28th May 1118)
VIII:197rá› n. control (with gen., over something), say in the disposal (ofsomething) II:135; at rá›um in authority, in charge XIV:131; advice
VII A:41, direction VIII:39, 42, 44; án rá›i with gen. without
consultation with someone VI:16; plan, course of action IV:48, 104,

Glossary and Index

189

VI:214, XV:27 (hér til for this), XVI:83, XXV:68 (pl.?), XXVI A:57;
taka til rá›a take as our plan XXVI B:166; hvat ﬂeir taka rá›swhat course of action they adopt XXVI B:48; gera ﬂat rá› at makea plan to, put forward the proposal that XIX:65; tóku ﬂat rá› attook this course, that, decided to XIX:56; gera annat rá› makeanother plan XXVI B:102; stratagem XXVI B:116; what is advisable
XXVI B:208; kva› ﬂat eitt rá› said that was the only thing to do
III:123; way of life XIV:52; um sitt rá› in their lives XIV:38; y›artrá› your affairs/lives XXVI B:71; rá› fyrir honum at gjƒra tolook after him XXI:71; policy VIII:130; what is advisable VIII:132;
sjá ﬂat at rá›i see fit XVI:71; solution IV:112; agreement VI:147;vi› fleiri manna rá› with the approval of more people XV:65; pl.
counsels X:145, XXV:95, deliberations XXII:9/2; dat. snótar rá›umusing, following a woman’s counsels XXII:51/2; me› rá›um withgen. with someone’s advice, with someone’s help VI:10; bera rá›um
overrule, reject someone’s advice XXVI B:69; í rá›um in council,
involved in decision-making XIV:132rá›a (pres. ræ›r, past ré›, past pl. ré›u, pp. rá›inn, n. rá›it) sv. (Gr
3.6.5.2) 1. with dat. be the cause of something, be responsible forsomething II:23, VII A:13; advise XV:64, XVI:150; determine, direct
V:13; control, be the one to determine IV:75; rule XXII:1/2; rá›aríki rule a realm, have great power VII A:92; decide XV:7, XXVII:18,
47; prevail, have one’s way VIII:132, XXVII:15; rá›a me› ﬂeim
decide/prevail between them XXVII:13; rá›a á attack XIX:66; rá›a
á at set about doing something XXII:49/1; rá›a af get rid of I:118;
af hefir ﬂú mik rá›it you have made me leave off XV:24; rá›afyrir be responsible for the decision VII A:136, have charge of XV:8;
rá›a rá›um make plans, make arrangements IV:104 (impers. pass.);rá›a hversu discuss how XXVI A:6; rá›a um discuss, take counsel
about IX:55; rá›a oss ór landi cause us (i.e. me, the king) to leave
the land, bring about my exile VII B:45; with inf. decide to VIII:138,
proceed to IX:4; as meaningless auxiliary did XXII:22/1, 46/3. 2.
-sk form (refl.) rá›ask til move to, go and live at XIV:150; rá›ask
til fer›ar join an expedition XXI:4, 17; rá›ask til ﬂessa take thisupon myself, undertake this I:127; rá›ask undir move under, putoneself under XV:125rá›ager› f. (making of) decision(s), deliberation(s) XXIV:78, 81
rá›ahagr m. marriage IV:112

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

raddar see rƒddrá›gjafi m. counsellor; ok hans eru rá›gjafar and are his counsellors,advisers XXIV:81
Ragabró›ir m. brother of Ragi, son of Óleifr hjalti, 10th-century
Icelander VIII:61
Ragnarr m. lo›brók (Sigur›arson), a Viking of the ninth century
VIII:12rak see reka
rakki m. dog XII:45, with suffixed def. art. XXVI A:15
ramliga adv. mightily, greatly XXII:52/3
rammligr adj. strong, well-built XXVI B:61
ramr adj. mighty, harsh VI:311 (dat. with bƒ›)rán f. plunder, robbery V:154, XXI:5/1
randa see rƒndRangá f. ‘crooked river’, in the east of Iceland Gr 3.1.8 ex.
Rangárhverfi n. the district between the Rang rivers in south-western
Iceland VIII:59
rangr/rángr adj. wrong, wrongful XIV:93, XXII:4/4
rangsœlis adv. against the course of the sun, widdershins XXI:123Rangæingafjór›ungr m. the Quarter of the people of the Rangá districtof south-western Iceland VIII:166
rann n. house, building XXV:83
Rannveig Sigfússdottir f. Gunnarr’s mother XXVI A:87, 103
rás f. running at speed XXI:188
Rati m. an auger (cf. rata wv. find one’s way) II:143
rau› see rjó›arau›r (n. rautt) adj. red (of gold rings) IX:116, X:37, 97, XXI:113,
124, XXIII:30, XXVI A:29; wk. form as nickname (‘red-haired’)
VI:270, VIII:65, 74, XXI:title, 7, 175, 208
rau›skeggja›r adj. pp. with a red beard V:31; hinn rau›skeggja›ithe red-bearded one (i.e. ﬁórr) XXI:77
rauf f. hole (with gen., made by something) II:145, 149
raufa (past raufa›i, pp. raufat) wv. break open, uncover II:19, 20
raun f. trial, test, experience, proof (á of something); sem hƒf›u raunirá or›it as had been demonstrated V:132. Cf. har›rraunillr adj. truly bad, very bad V:15
rausn f. magnificence; mikil rausn er at it is very splendid to, it is (asign of) great magnificence to VI:113

Glossary and Index

191

raustir = hraustir
rautt see rau›rré›, ré›u see rá›a
refsa (past refsti, pp. refstr) wv. with dat. punish XXII:5/1
reginkunnigr adj. divinely descended, of divine descent (= go›borinn)
XXV:90reginn m. ruler, wielder; or the name of a dwarf or god, in kenning for
warrior (Eiríkr jarl), brynflag›s reginn subject of lag›i VI:235
regluligr adj. regular, bound by a (monastic) rule XIII:27
regn n. rain XIX:57; randa regn shields’ storm, kenning for battle
XXII:46/1
rei›1 see rí›arei›2 see rei›r
rei›3 f. riding XV:99 (with suffixed def. art.)rei›4 f. (clap of) thunder XIII:4
rei›a (past reiddi, pp. reiddr) wv. swing II:29; carry XII:54; pay
XIV:17, 28
rei›arﬂruma f. peal of thunder XIII:32
rei›ask (past reiddisk) wv. refl. with dat. be angry at VII B:28; imp.
rei›zt ﬂú ei do not be angry XXII:65/1
rei›fara adj. indeclinable, in the phrase ver›a vel rei›fara have agood passage XVI:12rei›i f. anger, wrath Gr 3.1.8 (24), X:138, XXII:52/3, 60/2
rei›r adj. angry II:29, VI:96, VIII:86, IX:1, 48, XII:88, XXII:45/1,
XXIII:15 (or rei›r adj. ready?), XXIII:64; sup. rei›asti Gr 3.3.3 ex. 5reis see rísa
reisa (past reisti, pp. reistr) wv. raise, set up VII B:88, XII:10, start
XXII:38/3; reisum let us lift I:108
reka (past rak, past pl. ráku, pp. rekinn) sv. (Gr 3.6.6) drive II:29,
V:102, 127, VII A:111, 116, 117, XV:77; ok rekr and drives it XXVI
A:70; imp. with suffixed pron. rektu af ﬂér clear yourself of I:124;
impers. with acc. be driven XIX:55, be washed up (ashore) XV:152,
153, XIX:59, skyldi reka were to be driven XV:132; pp. pl. reknir
driven IX:81
reki m. something drifted ashore (such as a dead whale) XXI:62
rekkja f. bed XV:9, XXVI B:191
rekkr m. warrior X:135, XXII:7/1; acc. pl. (with ba›at hyggja) sínarekka VI:178

192

A New Introduction to Old Norse

remma (past rem(m)di, pp. rem(m)dr) wv. strengthen, make fierce;
pp. f. remd fought fiercely XXII:35/1
renna1/rinna (pres. renn/rennr, past rann, past pl. runnu, pp. runnit)
sv. run IX:82, XXII:11/4, XXIII:72; of the eyes, move from side toside, look in different directions XXIII:25; renna at hurry to join
XXII:28/1 (see note); renna undan run away from XXI:133; rinna
upp flow upwards, uphill IV:85 (the archaic form is required for the
rhyme); láta renna pour II:96; pp. hvergi var runnit á it (the fire)
did not at all run over or affect (i.e. burn, discolour) XIII:6
renna2 (past renndi, pp. renndr) wv. with dat. (cause to) run (withacc. over something); of the eyes, cast over IV:31 (at for, in search of);intransitive move quickly, pass, run XXVI A:72
reri, reru see róa
rétta (past rétti, pp. réttr1) wv. (Gr 3.6.9.1 (7)) right, set upright II:105;
correct, amend XIV:188
réttama›r m. person attending a sheep-gathering meeting, a sheepgatherer V:73
réttlátr adj. righteous, just XXIII:30
réttliga adv. rightly, properly XXIV:45
réttr2 adj. correct, true VII A:68, XXIV:52, 53; right XXIV:46; straight
XXIII:52, 76; erect XXIII:82; dat. sg. n. as substantive me› réttu
rightly, by rights VI:19; comp. n. réttara fairer XVI:25; n. as adv.
rétt correctly VII A:119, VIII:153; directly, straight I:43
réttr3 m. justice XV:128; what is right XXII:47/1 (or rétt adv. rightly);
law, claim, rights; á mót ræsi ok rétti sƒnnum against the king andhis lawful commands XXII:7/2
rex (Latin) m. king = konungr VIII:75
Reykjanes n. peninsula in south-west Iceland VII A:159
Reykjarvík f. a small bay in south-western Iceland, the site of modern
Reykjavík VIII:17, XIX:95
reykjarﬂefr m. smell of smoke XIII:37
reykr m. smoke III:5, 11, 129, XIII:19, XXVI B:176, 205, 223; pl.
plumes of smoke XIX:103
reyna (past reyndi, pp. reynt) wv. 1. test VII A:33. 2. experience I:31
3. -sk form turn out to be, prove to be VIII:6
reyrstafr m. reed-stem, reed-stalk; hollow stick, pipe XII:19
rí› see hrí›rí›a (past rei›, past pl. ri›u, pp. ri›inn) sv. (Gr 3.6.5.2, 3.6.9.1 (10))
ride III:120, 121, V:162, 163, VIII:108, XI:3, XII:70, 79, XV:12,

Glossary and Index

193

46, 47, XXVI A:3, B:40; sá rí›a saw riding XXVI B:10; pres. part.
rí›andi riding VIII:107
rí›ar = hrí›ar VI:91
riddari m. knight XI:65, XXII:24/2
ríki n. rule, power, kingship (or earldom) VI:43 (with suffixed def.
art.), VII A:46, 76 (with suffixed def. art.); area of rule, realm(kingdom or earldom) I:80, VI:21, 32, VII A:76, 92, 93 (with suffixed
def. art.), 127, XXII:10/4 (with suffixed def. art.); diocese XIV:1
Ríkini m. a French (or Frankish) priest XIV:155
ríkisma›r m. ruler XXIV:15, 55
ríkja (past ríkti, pp. ríkt) wv. reign XIII:48
ríklunda›r adj. imperious, arbitrary, despotic VII B:12
ríkr adj. powerful VII A:75, mighty IX:55, XXII:11/1, 64/1; wealthy?
XI:39, XV:36; pl. ríkir powerful ones XXV:68; n. as substantive
leggja ríkt vi› place great emphasis on, impose great sanctions on
XIV:57; sup. ríkastr VII B:2
ríma f. stanzaic narrative poem with end-rhyme XXII:heading
Rín f. the Rhine (river) X:70
ringabrynja = hringabrynja f. coat of ring-mail VI:287
rinna = renna1
rísa (past reis, past pl. risu, pp. risinn) sv. rise XV:149; arise, grow,derive XIV:82; rísa í móti resist, oppose, fight against XIV:77; imp.
upp rístu get up! X:175
risi m. giant XXII:20/2
rísta (past reist, past pl. ristum, pp. ristinn) sv. cleave XXII:38/4
rita (past rita›i, pp. ritat) wv. write VII B:5, XV:35; inscribe XII:37;
copy (manuscripts) XIV:159; pres. part. XIV:178
ríta (past reit, pp. ritit) sv. write VIII:14
rjó›a (pres. r‡›r, past rau›, past pl. ru›u, pp. ro›inn) sv. redden (withblood; to redden the sword or spear or shield is to fight valiantly)
VI:52, 308, XXII:4/3, 16/4; pp. ro›inn reddened (with blood, in valiant
fight) VI:208 (with sárlauk)rjó›andi m. (pres. part.) reddener; with randa bliks forms a kenningfor warrior, who reddens swords with blood in battle; here refers to
Einarr ﬂambarskelfir VII B:45
rjó›r1 n. clearing (in a forest) XXI:172
rjó›r2 adj. red, ruddy XXIII:89, 106
rjúfa (pres. r‡fr, past rauf, past pl. rufu, pp. rofit) sv. break; supine I:16
ro = eru, see vera

194

A New Introduction to Old Norseróa (pres. rœr, past reri/røri, pp. róinn) sv. row, paddle (Gr 3.6.7)
II:50, 103, 106, VI:103, 124, VII B:75, 82, XXI:22, 81, 102Ro›ingeirr m. marquis in the land of the Huns XI:56
ro›inn1, ro›it = hro›inn, hro›it, see hrjó›aro›inn2 see rjó›aro›na (past ro›na›i, pp. ro›nat) wv. redden, go red XIX:12
rofit see rjúfa
róg n. strife; nær rógi close to strife (understatement) i.e. to death XXV:37
rólítill adj. restless XXIII:38
róma f. battle XXII:35/1 (with suffixed def. art.), 39/2
Rómaborg f. the city of Rome XVI:88
roskinn adj. pp. full-grown, adult IV:107, V:28
ross- see hrossrót (pl. rœtr) f. root Gr 3.1.7.2 ex. 4, XIV:82
ru›usk see hrjó›a
rúm n. space, room XXIV:46; rúm ﬂat er enough space so that III:101;
place, seat I:25, 62, 68, XXVII:22; bed XV:93, XXVI B:181 (withsuffixed def. art.)
Rúmferill m. pilgrim to Rome XVI:86, 97
rún f. secret; pl. secret language, hidden lore II:83, 85
rúnameistari m. rune-master, expert in runic writing (writing in therunic alphabet) XIV:17, noterunnit see renna1
runnr m. bush; tree, in kennings for man runnr ægis d‡rs ship-tree
V:38; acc. pl. danska dolgs runna Danish hostility-trees, i.e.
warriors VI:245, parallel to svænska menn in acc. and inf. construction after kvá›u
Rúnólfr ﬁorláksson m. 11th-century Icelander VIII:183ry›ja (past ruddi, pp. ruddr) wv. clear, empty Gr 3.6.9.3 ex. 5ræ›isma›r m. steward XII:61, 90
ræddisk, ræddusk = hræddisk, hræddusk, see hræ›ask; ræddr =hræddrræfr n. roof; with suffixed def. art. XXVI A:60, B:198
rækr adj. outcast (with dat., by someone) VII A:143 (understand var›from line 140)ræna (past rænti, pp. ræntr) wv. plunder XXVI A:107
ræsir m. ruler, king XXII:7/1, 46/2
rœ›a1 (past rœddi, pp. rœddr) wv. 1. talk X:177; speak XII:83

Glossary and Index

195(mƒrgum . . . or›um using many . . . words); ﬂarf at ræ›a needs tospeak or be spoken XXIV:75; rœ›a um rá› deliberate, take counsel(about what to do) XXV:68; rœ›a vi›r speak to, address XXIV:84;
imp. rœ› allt vingjarnliga til speak (refer) in every way friendlily
about (or to) XV:88; supine rœtt spoken I:54. 2. -sk form (reciprocal)rœ›ask vi› discuss with each other V:111 (Gr 3.9.8.3)
rœ›a2 f. speech, talk XXIV:30, 75; discussion XXIV:49; ﬂessi rœ›awhat I have said XXIV:48
rœgja (past rœg›i, pp. rœgt) wv. slander XII:42, 62rœkta (past rœkti, pp. rœkta›r) wv. take care of, perform diligently
XXII:5/2
rœr see róarœtask (past rœttisk) wv. refl. take root; result, come about; impers.
mun rœtast á it will cause, result in VII A:53
rœtr see rótrœyr = reyr n. reed; in kenning for swords rœyr drœyra (subject ofhnitu saman) VI:231
rƒdd (gen. raddar) f. voice Gr 3.1.7.1 ex. 5, XXIII:69, 70, 72 (1),with suffixed def. art. XXIII:72 (2); dat. rƒddu X:76
Rƒgnvaldr Brúsason m. XXII:16/1
rƒnd f. edge, border, rim (of a shield or of the boss of a shield) X:150;
by synecdoche for the shield itself VII B:46, XXII:38/3, 46/1;
collective sg. XXII:4/3, 15/1
rƒst f. a measure of distance, a league (perhaps about 12 km); adv.
dat. pl. with fyr . . . ne›an IX:28
røkkva = hrøkkva
røri see róa
sá1 demonstrative pron. (Gr 3.2.2) that I:29, II:98, 119, III:83, VIII:131,
X:48, 94 (with mækir), XIV:83, XXII:18/1; he II:92, XXVII:11,
this man XXII:19/3, 43/3, that person XXVII:3, it II:97; i.e. thatlittle boy V:122, 125; i.e. that valley XV:83; sá kom náliga engi . . .
at there was almost no one came . . . who, so that XIV:96; sá er/es/
sem who XXIV:63, to whom XXVI B:137, that/the one who II:23,
XXII:43/1, he who II:127, VIII:49, XIV:105 (. . . hann), one who
VII A:31, VIII:27, 32, 36, 48, XXIII:102, 103, who XIV:88, 142(with hverr ma›r), which XV:150; sá . . . er/es/sem (Gr 3.8.2.1) he. . . who VIII:51, 73, that one who X:77, XVI:103, that/the . . .
which XXIII:61, 76, 96, one . . . in respect of whom III:68; en sá . . .

196

A New Introduction to Old Norseer and that one is . . . whom XXVI B:99; sá . . . at such . . . thatXXVI B:213; sá ﬂeira er the one of them who VI:147; sá ma›r er
the man who VI:322; sá ma›r nokkur er some man who XXVII:2;
sá annarr the first XXVI B:102; sá annarr er some other person
who, someone else who XXIV:70; er sá nú margr er there is now
many a one who XXVI B:100; Kálfr . . . sá this Kálfr XXII:9/1
sá2 see sjá1
sá3 (past seri/søri, pp. sát/sáinn) sv. sow (corn) XIX:64; sem kolumværi sáit as if ashes/cinders had been strewn XXI:111
saddr adj. (pp.) full, sated, filled (with dat. with something) XIV:147
safna (past safna›i, pp. safnat) wv. with dat. gather, muster XXII:13/1
safna›r m. gathering, mobilisation XXII:11/2
saga f. story (Gr 3.1.7.1, 3.1.8 (23)) II:123 (til explaining the originof), X:14; at sƒgu according to the account VIII:145, according to
the dictation VIII:173; í sƒgu hans in the saga about him, in his biography (i.e. Edmund’s) VIII:14; pl. sƒgur tales, accounts, speech IX:38;
heilagra manna sƒgur lives of saints XIV:190
sag›an, sag›i, sag›r, sag›ra, sag›u, sagt see segja
sagnir see sƒgnsáka see sjá
sakar, sakir see sƒk
sakask (past saka›isk) wv. -sk form blame one another (um1 about it,
for it) or injure one another (um2) XXV:103
saklauss adj. innocent, guiltless I:52; without cause I:48
sakna (past sakna›i, pp. saknat) wv. with gen. miss, find (something,someone) gone II:52, IX:2, X:57
sál f. soul XVI:112, XXII:32/3, 51/3
sáld n. a liquid measure, a cask IX:97
salgar›r m. wall of (or round) the building X:141
salr m. room IV:27; hall IX:49, 107; building X:45, 46, 75, 140,
XXV:110; pl. (apartments of a) dwelling X:32
salﬂjó›ir f. pl. house-servants, domestics X:108
sám see sjá1
saman adv. together II:41 (ok with), III:60, VI:231, (i.e. in marriage)
IX:122, X:179, 181, XII:3, XIX:56, XXIII:5, 18, XXVI A:79; close,
next to each other VI:169; allt saman altogether, all included
XIV:145, the whole XXIII:54, the whole business XVI:57; einnsaman on his own XXVI A:50, einir saman on their own XXIV:78;

Glossary and Index

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fimm saman five in all, in a group of five XXVI B:13; sex eru
hvar saman they are all in groups of six V:82; saman eiga share
XXVI B:188; saman komnir assembled VI:28; saman setja
compile, compose XIV:26, note; af einu saman just from XIV:36
samfagna (past samfagna›i, pp. samfagnat) wv. with dat. rejoicewith people in something XIV:107
samfast adv. continuously, running XXVII:20
samfelldr adj. (pp.) joined together XXIII:90
samflot n. sailing together; hafa samflot keep together (at sea) XIX:50
samfƒr f. companionship, going together XIX:8 (pl.); living together,marriage, wedded life XV:9 (pl.), 80
samharma (past samharma›i, pp. samharmat) wv. with dat. havecompassion on XIV:101
samhljó›a (past samhljó›a›i, pp. samhljó›at) wv. with dat. soundtogether with; nefit samhljó›i rƒddinni the voice resounds in thenose XXIII:72
samit see semja
samkvæ›i n. assent (á to it) XXVII:19
sammœ›r adj. born of the same mother XXV:87
samr adj. 1. same I:34, 136, VIII:3, 88, 145, X:129, XII:20, XIV:102,
XV:25, XXI:165, XXVI B:13; inn sami the same person XXVII:20;
acc. f. sg. ﬂá samu this same VI:38; wk. n. as adv. slíkt sama
similarly II:10, XIII:38; slíkt it sama likewise XI:20; í samt as adv.
together, in succession I:75, XXI:66, 121. 2. seemly, fitting, acting
properly VI:333
Sámr m. (‘dark’) Gunnarr’s Irish dog XXVI A:9, 22
samﬂykkja (past samﬂykkti, pp. samﬂykkt) wv. with dat. agree with,be concordant with XXIII:6
samﬂykkr adj. in agreement, on good terms XIV:159
sanctus adj. (Latin word) saint, holy; nom. sg. f. sancta XIII:43;
Medieval Latin gen. sg. f. sancte (= Classical Latin sanctae) XIII:30
sandr m. sand XXII:59/4; in pl. VII A:163, XXI:32; yfir sanda acrossthe sands (sandy areas near rivers) XXVI A:5
sannfregit pp. n. truly learned, truly reported (with mor›; cf. fregna)
VI:355sannindi n. pl. truth I:50
sannliga adv. truly XXII:39/3, correctly VIII:15; segja sannliga assert
the truth of, tell as a fact VI:329 (or ‘truly they tell’?)198

A New Introduction to Old Norsesannligr adj. right, correct, just, fair XVI:72; probable, reasonable
XXIV:50; true XIV:34
sannr (n. satt) adj. true, righteous V:155; accurate VI:339 (dat. sg. n.
sƒnnu Gr 3.3.8.1 ex. 3), VII A:61; correct XXII:7/2; true, real VII
A:61, XIV:41, 110, XXII:45/3; n. satt true VIII:135, X:178, 180,
XV:49, XVI:67; as substantive the truth VI:100, XXII:22/4; allt itsanna the whole truth XXVI B:186; me› sƒnnu in truth, truly (withgæta?) XXII:50/3; comp. n. sannara (Gr 3.3.3 ex. 5) more correct
VIII:6sannsƒgull adj. truthful XXIII:39
sár n. wound V:130, VII A:53, 54, 55, XXI:179, XXVI A:50, 117; pl.
III:62, 113, V:132, XI:7, 35, 37, 40, XV:114, XXVI A:76, 77; í sárum
with his wounds XV:122
sárafar n. nature of wounds, extent of wounds V:105
sárbeitr adj. wound-cutting XXV:31
sárlaukr m. ‘wound-leek’, kenning for sword (collective, unless thefirst person pl. means I, the speaker) VI:208 (object of bárum)sárliga adv. bitterly XI:32
sárr adj. wounded VI:260 (nom. pl. with verkendr sukku), 299(understand were or being?), 330, VII A:58, XV:108, XXVI B:99;
i.e. dead? XXV:60; bitter, angry (full of rage) XXII:34/2; painful
XXII:39/4; vinna [menn] sára cause (men) to be wounded XXVI
A:97; frá sárum tyggja i.e. about the ruler that he was wounded
VI:353; n. as adv. sárt sorely XXVI A:22
sásk see sjá
sat see sitja
satt see sannrsáttmál n. words or offers of reconciliation VII B:57
sáttr adj. agreed, in agreement; ver›a sáttir á reach agreement on,
agree on XXVII:7, 11; ver›a eigi á sáttir do not reach agreementon it, do not agree on it XXVII:13
sáttu see sjá
sátu, sátu› see sitja
sauma (past sauma›i, pp. saumat) wv. sew XIV:189
sáu see sjá1
Saurbœr m. settlement in western Iceland XV:43, 44, 75
saurlífi n. unclean behaviour, lechery XIV:90, notesax n. a short, one-edged sword XV:107, 109 (with suffixed def. art.);pl. sƒx shears; dat. pl. with suffixed def. art. = manskæri V:103

Glossary and Index

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Saxland n. Saxony or Germany XVI:129
saztu see sitja
sé1 see sjá1
sé2 see verase›ja (past saddi, pp. saddr) wv. feed, fill; imp. XXII:31/4
sefr see sofa
seggr m. man V:150 (= Bjƒrn), VI:332 (subject of sannliga segja),
353 (subject of segir), X:48 (= Vƒlundr), XXI:183, XXII:6/2, 22/3,
XXV:67; warrior X:43; seggr the warrior (i.e. Bjƒrn) XXII:45/4;
gen. pl. seggja with sveit V:54, with áttar VI:56, with miskunn
XXII:62/4; seggja mart many a warrior XXII:39/3
segja (pres. segir, past sag›i, past pl. sƒg›u, pp. sagt) wv. (Gr 3.6.9.2(5)) 1. say, tell I:12, 49, 51, 66, 74, 81, 88, 108, 116, 134, 141, 143,
II:14, 34, 39, 78, 99, 106, III:25, 110, 121, IV:92, 97, VI:32, 49,
329, 351, VII A:10, VIII:33, 36, X:124, XI:25, 34, XV:5, 25, XVI:24,
XIX:66, 67, XXI:50, 136, XXIV:9, XXVI A:35, 76, B:3; report
VI:334, VII A:147, XXV:66, XXVII:3; declare (with dat. tosomeone) XIV:65; show, indicate XXIII:12; proclaim, bespeak
XXIII:79, 89, segja mann proclaim a man to be XXXIII:105; segja,sag›i i.e. wrote XXIII:1, 66; segir says, i.e. writes XIV:26, note,
166; ek segi I say XXVI B:26; menn segja, segja menn it is said,
they say VI:323, VII B:36; imp. seg (ﬂú) mér tell me V:16, X:147,
XVI:39, seg›u tell IX:37, segi›a do not tell X:108; past sag›i hesaid X:180, had said VI:211; past pl. sƒg›u they told X:178, sag›usaid VI:94; pp. n. and supine sagt III:114, V:1, 125, 145, VIII:15,
related VIII:5, n. pl. sƒg› II:37; (afore)said, aforementioned: nom.
sg. f. fyrr sƒg› XIII:34, acc. sg. m. sag›an XIII:37, dat. sg. m.
sƒg›um XIII:32, gen. pl. sag›ra XIV:168, 172, dat. pl. sƒg›um
XIV:186; sagt er there is told, there are stories VI:314; svá er sagt
so it is said (reported) VIII:28, 112, XIII:27; var sagt with dat.
someone was told VII B:53, XVI:16; honum (hánum) var sagt hewas told I:113, VI:187; kvá›usk engi tí›endi segja they said they
had no tidings to tell XXVI B:6; af segja say about it XXVI B:23;
nú er at segja now it must be told III:90; segja frá report, tell thestory XXVI B:54; ﬂat er sagt ífrá it is told XIV:88; er nú var frá
sagt of whom an account has just been given XIV:46; er langt er
frá at segja whom it takes a long time to enumerate XIV:184; segja
fyrir foretell VII A:31, 46 (past subj. seg›i), 63; segja skilit vi›
declare oneself divorced from XV:28 (imp.), 30, 64; segja til give

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information about, tell about VI:160, report to (with dat.) XXVII:41,
witness to XXIII:24; segja upp announce, pronounce, proclaim
VIII:117, 118, 138, 176, XXVII:27, recite VIII:171, 181, XXVII:5,
25, 31, subj. segi upp XXVII:34; with acc. and inf. XV:117, with
inf. understood sag›i mik said I should be XVI:183; ﬂeir sƒg›uland ﬂar they said there was a land there XXI:204. 2. -sk form saythat one: sag›isk vera said he was VII A:39; sƒg›usk declaredthemselves (to be) VIII:114
segl n. sail VI:74, 104, 125, 135, 166 (pl.)
sei›a (past seiddi, pp. seiddr) wv. cast a spell (til at so that) IV:105
sei›hjallr m. scaffold for performing magical rites, ritual platform
XV:142sei›ma›r m. sorcerer XV:40
seigr adj. stubborn Gr 3.3.9 ex. 30
seimr m. gold wire (as used in jewellery); gold, riches VII A:17,
XXII:3/4
seinn adj. slow VI:70, XXI:137; seinn til (you are) late for V:121; n.
as adv. seint slowly (i.e. not at all) III:1, IV:63, XXVI B:45; i.e. coldly:
svarar heldr seint was rather slow to answer XVI:80; sup. seinst
last Gr 3.5.1–3 ex. 6 (f)sékka see sjá1
sekr adj. convicted; ver›a sekr be found guilty, be outlawed (of for)
VIII:47, 99
sel n. shieling (a hut in the summer mountain pasture) XV:83, 88; gen.
pl. with suffixed def. art. seljanna XV:86
selfƒr f. keeping of cattle in a shieling; hafa selfƒr use a shed in themountain pasture for the milch cows (or sheep) XV:82
selja (pres. selr, past seldi, pp. seldr) wv. (Gr 3.6.9.3) give IX:15,
X:117, XVI:141, XXII:63/2; sell (sér to them) II:128, XV:33,
XVI:47; selja vi› sell for XVI:22
sem conj. (Gr 3.8.2.1, 4) as I:15, 19, 73, 79, 91, 118, III:125, IV:76,
97, V:8, 131, VI:49, 73, 153, 211, 228, 292 (1), VII B:12, 15,
VIII:109, X:93, XI:35, XIII:23, 40, XV:35, 43, XVI:38, XXI:181,
XXIV:24, 71, XXVI B:26, 61, 69, 72; like, as VI:195, VIII:143,
IX:58, XIV:105, XV:70, XXII:20/2, XXIV:63, XXV:16, 46, 91, 104,
107, XXVI B:67, 112; in the way that XXIV:35; as well as, equal to,commensurate with IX:36; as if XII:33, 57, 82, XIII:17, 30, XVI:75,
XXI:160, XXII:44/4, XXIV:67, 69, XXVI B:29, as if, that V:15,

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201

XXI:135, XXVI B:49; as though I:37, 124; so that XXIII:102; when
I:4, XII:70, 80, XIII:15; as soon as VI:217, as much as XVI:51, aslong as XVI:88; which I:23, 25, 61, 68, 69, VI:148, VIII:138, XIII:34,
XXIII:37, 40, XXIV:5, XXVI B:66; who I:43, 78, 133, XIII:47 (2),
XIV:130, whom XXVII:10, 23; that which, what XIII:47 (1); sú/ﬂat. . . sem a . . . which XXIII:70, 77; sem ger›isk however it mightturn out (or if it happened?) IV:95; with sup. as . . . as possible II:52,
154, III:111, 112, V:14, VI:63, 78, 214, VII A:34, XIV:15, XXIV:12,
XXVI B:84; sem ek hagast kunna as skilfully as I knew how X:92;
ﬂar sem in the place which, where II:115, VI:267, from where V:60,
to where VII B:79, whereas III:93, when VI:292; ﬂar . . . sem there. . . where, (in the place) where VIII:18, 52, ﬂar til . . . sem towards
the spot where XXIII:18; ﬂangat sem to where I:99, 100, V:118; ﬂá
er sem then it will be as if IV:45; sem er such as XIV:81; slíkt . . .
sem such as XIV:30; ﬂví líkast sem just as if XXI:97; ﬂat . . . sem
the . . . which XIII:18; ﬂær sem which VII B:4, XI:15; ﬂá (acc. pl.
m.) sem whom XIV:166; ﬂat sem (to) what VII B:21, which XV:33;
at ﬂví sem in accordance with what VIII:38; ﬂví . . . sem the . . . theV:67 (see ﬂví); hvat sem whatever XXI:136, hvar sem wherever
XXII:19/4, hvárt sem (cf. Gr 3.8.2.1) whether VIII:154, XXVII:11
sém see vera
semja (past sam›i, pp. samit) wv. arrange, agree on, settle VII A:95;
arrange, order XIV:72
senda (past sendi, pp. sendr) wv. (Gr 3.6.9.1 (7)) 1. send I:42, V:6,95, VI:5, VII A:33, VIII:77, 182, X:119, 121, 161, 163, 165, XVI:18
XIX:24, 72, XXVI B:195; subj. XXI:63; expel II:159; senda eptir
send for XXVI A:10. 2. -sk form sendusk á mi›li = sendu á mi›li
sín were sending each other VIII:130 (cf. Gr 3.9.8.3)
sendima›r m. messenger VII A:39, 42
sénir see sjásenn adv. together, at once VI:111; straightway IX:53, 81
senna f. quarrel; in kennings for battle vápna senna VI:174, fráns
leggbita senna VI:244
septimus (Latin) num. adj. seventh VIII:189
sér1 refl. pron. dat. (Gr 3.2.1) him, himself, herself, themselves etc.
I:26, 28, 55, 87, 88, II:89, III:3, 94, VI:296, VIII:195, XIV:178,
XV:13, 18, XVI:13, 116, XIX:9, XXI:68, XXII:50/1, XXIII:102,
XXV:31, XXVI A:77, B:222; poss. dat. (Gr 3.9.6.2) II:51 (‘in his

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

claws’), 70, 125, V:157, VI:295, X:62, XI:20, 35, XVI:146; forhimself XVI:91, XIX:42; for himself, his VI:16; her XV:126, forherself II:63, VII A:79; for themselves VIII:90, X:5; en sér but(death) for himself III:31; eiga sér son have a son XXVI A:113;
jafnmarga sér the same number as themselves XIX:69; á sér on
himself (i.e. on his neck) V:159, on one’s person XVI:148, (thatwas) on him XXVI B:229, in them XXIII:33; vel at sér XXVI B:63
see vel; firi sér einum ok just for himself and for XXIV:63; minni
firi sér of less consequence XXIV:69; sér í hendi, í hƒnd sér in his
hand XXV:73, XXVI B:219; undir hendi sér under his arm XXVI
B:152; me› sér with himself XIV:126, with them XXI:72, XXVI
A:9; sér til li›s for his troop XXII:28/4; sér hvern mann each man
separately VII A:84. Cf. sérhverr
sér2 see sjá 1
sér3, sért see vera
sérhverr pron. each one singly (separately) XIX:69
serkr m. shirt; with suffixed def. art. her shirt XXI:141; He›ins baugs
serkr a shirt made of rings, mail-coat (as used by He›inn) VI:262(gen. with verkendr); see under baugr
sess m seat X:131
sessi m. table-companion, friend; ﬂess sessa ﬂjó›ar of this friend of
the people (i.e. King Óláfr; gen. with ﬂróttar or›) VI:179
sét see sjá1
setgeirabrœkr f. pl. breeches with a gore in the seat XV:70
setgeiri m. gore (i.e. a triangular strip of cloth) in the seat (of a man’spair of breeches) XV:50
setit see sitja
setja (pres. setr, past setti, pp. settr) wv. (Gr 3.6.9.3) 1. set, put, place
I:26, 29, II:113, 116, 156, IV:8, 9, X:85 (imp.), XI:53, XII:17;
establish II:89, XIV:24, XIX:108; set out, set up VIII:40; lay down
XXII:6/1; ok setr and puts (it; Gr 3.9.5.1) XI:20; with suffixed 1st
person pron. ek settak ﬂik I had set you up to be XVI:69; pp. settestablished, set up VIII:38, 44, XIX:108, in session VII A:73; oksett(r) me› and it was set (adorned, inlaid) with XII:26, 30; assigned
XIV:138, note; with verb to be understood, settr he was put X:86;
pp. after aux. hafa in agreement with direct object (Gr 3.9.7.1) mik
hafa settan had put me V:63; setja á hurl at, aim at I:43; setja atattack XIX:69; setja ni›r settle (transitive), establish XV:41; setja

Glossary and Index

203saman compose XIV:26, note; setja upp raise VII B:74; setja vi›(adv., Gr 3.7.7) place against, i.e. to meet (it), receive (it) upon I:41.
2. -sk form refl. setjask sit down XXVII:22; sezk sits down I:4,
alights II:27; setjask ni›r sit down XXVI A:28; imp. sezk ni›r sit
down XVI:159; setisk sets (of the sun) VI:115 (pres. subj.); pastsettisk, settusk sat (down) I:70, II:7, III:102, V:91, alighted X:19,
141; settisk ﬂar settled himself there XXVI A:113; er ﬂar settisk(subj.) í who might attend there, who should come to stay there
XIV:27; settisk upp sat up, got up VIII:122; pp. sezt settled himself,
set himself up (as king) VI:32, 43
setning f. ordinance XIV:120
setstokkr m. a wooden plank or beam dividing the raised floor (set)along the sides(s) of the hall from the ground in the middle (gólf)
III:6 (with suffixed def. art.), XXVI B:219
sett, settak, settir, settisk, settr see setja
sétti num. sixth Gr 3.4.1, XXIV:38; vi› sétta mann i.e. in a group ofsix, with five others V:93 (Gr 3.4.2 (8))
séu see vera
sex num. six (Gr 3.4.1) V:44, 47, 81, 94, 113, XIX:49; six (summers)
VIII:170; sex tigu (acc.), sex tegum (dat.) sixty VI:21, VIII:56, 59
sextán num. sixteen (Gr 3.4.1) VIII:16, XXVI A:98
sey›ir m. cooking XXVI B:109; cooking pit, earth oven II:19; with
suffixed def. art. II:20, 23, 26 (a fire was lit in a pit and covered withearth or ashes, the meat put on top and the whole covered with earth)sezk, sezt see setja
síbyr›r adj. broadside on (vi›r to) VI:228; n. as adv. síbyr›t broadsideon (vi›r to the enemy?) VI:215
sí› adv. late Gr 3.5.1–3 ex. 6 (d); sí› ok snemma late and early, evening
and morning XIV:61
sí›a f. side XXIII:93; vi› sí›u by or against the side (of) VI:237 (phrase
belongs with reginn lag›i)
Sí›a f. an area in south-east Iceland VIII:79, 116si›a›r adj. (pp.) behaved XIV:163; conducted (i.e. in conduct, in
morals); bezt si›a›r highest in conduct, whose conduct is finest
XIX:110, 113
sí›an adv. later, afterwards III:83, 128, IV:66, 76, VII A:123, 169, VII
B:84, VIII:19, 22, 43, 57, 147, XIV:173, 183, XV:30, 33, 75, XIX:66,
XXVI A:103, B:230; since VIII:4, 66, XIV:13, 57, 75, XV:152, 155,

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

XIX:86, XXIV:59, XXV:6; then, next I:1, 3, 22, 25, 70, 120, 138,
V:75, VI:228, VII A:2, 56, 95, B:56, VIII:97, X:26, 85, XII:4, XV:7,
109, 135, XVI:19, 141, XXII:45/3; after that XIX:34, XXI:20, 63,
105, XXVI A:10, 32, 36, 108, B:119, 142, 228; aldrigi/aldri sí›annever again XVI:75, XXVI B:214; lengi sí›an for a long timeafterwards XIV:175, for a long time to come XV:56; as conj. (Gr
3.8.2.4) sí›an, sí›an er after IV:104, VII A:27, 36, 92, XXIV:69,
since XVI:108, XXI:13
sí›ari adj. comp. latter Gr 3.3.5 ex. 6
sí›ar(r) adv. comp. later Gr 3.5.3 (11), III:51, IV:68, VIII:17, 193, 197,
XIV:130; litlu sí›ar a little later XXI:73, 179; sí›ar fám vetrum a
few years later VIII:142; behind VI:27
sí›arst, sí›ast adv. sup. last II:44, 45; most recently XXVII:5; for thelast time XXVI B:21; mæltu ﬂat sí›ast this was the last they spoke
XXVI B:183; last, in the rear III:121, VI:127
si›látr adj. virtuous, of good life XIV:3, 150
si›læti n. morality, morals XXIII:78
sí›ir in of sí›ir, um sí›ir in the end III:63, IV:101si›r m. custom VII A:97; religion VIII:135; sem si›r er til as is thecustom for XVI:97; til si›ar tekit established as a custom XXIV:77;
pl. conduct, moral life XIV:48, 73; morals XXIII:24, 109; behaviour,
practices XIV:94; activity (subject or complement of er at segja)
VI:161sí›r adv. comp. less; eigi at sí›r none the less VI:212; sup. sízt least
XXVI B:99; sem sízt as little as possible III:112
si›venja f. custom XXIV:59
Sif (gen. Sifjar) f. a goddess, wife of ﬁórr IX:97; used as if a name fora giantess or troll-wife in a kenning for wolf, Sifjar sóti VI:252
sífella f. continuity; í sífellu continuously, constantly, all the time V:104
síga (past seig, past pl. sigu, pp. sigit) sv. sink down; draw along,glide along; síga á hƒmlur pull against the oar-thongs, i.e. draw backwards, row astern VI:214; refl. lætr sígask lets himself drop II:27
Sigfússsynir m. pl. sons of Sigfúss Sighvatsson, Gunnarr’s maternal
uncles (Njáls saga ch. 34, ÍF XII 87–88) XXVI A:110, B:10
sigla (past sigldi, pp. siglt) wv. sail VI:25, 60, 63, 75, 110, 120, VII
A:3, 70, XXI:20, 35, 89; sail by VI:88, 130; with acc. of route sailalong VI:87; with acc. of wind sigla nor›anve›r sail with a windfrom the north XXI:20; siglum let us sail VI:167; with dat. sail with,take VII A:132; sigla fyrir sail past VI:59 (with acc. of route), 61

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205

Sigmundr m. Bjƒrn Hítdœlakappi’s farmhand V:2
signa (past signa›i, pp. signat) wv. sign with the cross; signa sik makethe sign of the cross, cross oneself XIV:64, 68; signdu ﬂau sik oksveininn they made the sign of the cross over themselves and overthe boy XXVI B:182
sigr (gen. sigrs) m. victory VI:185, XXII:1/4, 47/4; with suffixed def.
art. af sigrenum er of the victory whereby VI:315
sigrask (past sigra›isk) wv. -sk form be victorious XXVI B:54
Sigrí›r1 f. daughter of Ketill kálfr VII B:6
Sigrí›r2 f. daughter of Skƒglar-Tósti VI:37, 38
Sigur›r sveinn m. Boy Sigur›r (the dragon-slayer), former husbandof Grímhildr XI:7, 8, 24, 35, 37, 39, 40, 71, XXV:22, 26
Sigvaldi m. jarl of Jómsborg VI:24, 33, 103, 106, 120, 135, 137, 199(gen. with getit), 200; ok Sigvalda along with Frísa dolgi dat. objectof fylg›a ek VI:204
Sigyn f. a goddess, one of the Ásynjur, wife of Loki II:10
sik refl. pron. acc. oneself etc. (Gr 3.2.1) I:30, 110, 119, VI:249,
VIII:120, XI:18, XVI:44, 93, XIX:110, XXI:68, XXVI A:72, B:38,
190, 230
sikling(r) m. ruler (here = King Óláfr) VI:356 (gen. with mor›),
XXII:13/1, 28/3
silfr n. silver IX:15; instrumental dat. X:117, 161; money XVI:85,
141, 165, XXII:31/3
silfrbelti n. silver belt III:23
silki n. silk XIII:31
silkidúkr m. silken cloth XIII:3, 6, 15
silkirœma f. silken band, tie, garter V:56
silkitjald n. silken hanging or drapery XIII:18
sin f. sinew X:84, 86
sín1 refl. pron. gen. (Gr 3.2.1) oneself, themselves etc. II:21, VI:147,
XXVI B:181; him XXII:50/4, his XXII:54/1; til sín to (see) him
XVI:87
sín2, sína, sínar see sinn1
síngjarn adj. covetous, avaricious XXIII:4 (understand eru)
sinn1, sinna, sinnar, sinni1, sín, sína, sínar, síns, sínu, sínum refl.
poss. one’s, his, her, its, their etc. (Gr 3.3.4, 3.3.9 ex. 7, 12) II:3, 7,
37, 68, VIII:19, 50, 89, 120, 134, IX:2, 20, X:39, 78, XI:2, XIII:24,
36, XIV:170, 174, XV:12, XVI:7, 111, XIX:25, 38, 73, XXI: 81,
192, 205, XXII:13/2, 40/1, XXIII:2, 19, 40, 70, XXIV:16, 18, 63,

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

XXV:9, 55, XXVI B:55, XXVII:24 (sínum their); n. sitt II:105,
VIII:153, XV:33, XVI:13, XIX:44, XXI:4, 51, XXII:34/3, 36/1, 42/2,
XXVI:A12, XXVII:22, 38; his own XIX:43; gen. síns his, their
XXVI A:85; til síns lands to their own country XXI:155; sjálfs síns
his own XXII:7/4; acc. sg. m. sinn veg hverr each his own way, allin different directions XIX:84, sinn . . . hvárir each (side) their own
XXVII:14; acc. sg. f. sína his (own, separate) XXVI B:216; acc. pl.
m. sína XXVI B:40; nom./acc. pl. n. sín their IV:40 (with sver›),
VIII:112, XIX:42, her II:36 (with epli), dat pl. sínum their own
XXVI A:46
sinn2 n. time; at sinni on this occasion II:37 (probably referring to thegods’ journey home rather than to the conversation between Ægirand Bragi, i.e. it goes with fer› rather than with sƒg›), for the time
being III:94, XI:16, XII:65; eitt sinn on one occasion IV:76, VII
B:32, XIII:4, XV:20; um sinn on one occasion, once XIV:143,
XXIV:13; einu sinni (just) once XXV:49; einhverju sinni on one
occasion (the phrase belongs in the following at-clause) XVI:115;
annat sinn (acc. of time, Gr 3.1.5 (10)), í annat sinn a second time,again II:20, 148, VI:274, VII A:62, VIII:17, XXVI A:40; íhvárttveggja sinn each time, both times III:116; hvert sinn . . . er
every time that XII:87; sjau sinnum seven times XIV:69; nƒkkurum
sinnum several times VII B:30; sem fæstum sinnum as infrequently
as possible XXIV:12
sinni3 n. (= sinn2) time; fyrsta sinni for the first time XXIV:77; annat
sinni a second time XXIV:8
síns, sínu, sínum see sinn1
sitja (pres. sitr, past sat, past pl. sátu, pp. setit) sv. sit (Gr 3.6.9.1 (5))
I:4, 65, II:13, 23, 24, III:104, IV:4, VII B:16 (inf. with skyli), X:56,
98, XI:31, XXV:39; stay, live XIX:63; lie in wait IV:54, 78, V:11;
imp. sittu, sit sit! XI:23, 29; past sat was sitting III:109, IV:7, IX:19,
102, XXI:175, stayed IV:47, X:13, 36; saztu you sat XXV:23; sátu
were sitting IV:7, XXVI A:32, stayed X:26, XXVI A:118; sátu› itVƒlundr did you and Vƒlundr sit X:179; sátu vit Vƒlundr Vƒlundr
and I sat X:181 (Gr 3.6.9.1 (13)); past subj. sæti were sitting XIII:3;
impers. pass. me›an var setit while they were sitting II:7; sitja at
occupy XIV:5; sitja eptir remain sitting X:174; sitja fyrir waylay,
ambush IV:5, 49; sitja inni are sitting indoors IV:39; sitja um lie in
wait for (to attack), plot against, waylay XXIII:81; pres. part. asnoun sitjandi a seated person IX:38

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207

sitt see sinn1
sittu see sitja
sízt1 see sí›r
sízt2 prep. with acc. since X:144
sjá1 (pres. sér, past sá, past pl. sá/sáu, pp. sénn, n. sét) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.1(8), 3.6.9.3, 3.6.10) 1. see (Gr 3.6.10) I:6, 28, 30, 90, 125, II:18, 54,
64 (twice), 155, 156, III:1, IV:16 (twice), V:44, 46, 60; VI:61, 80,
X:47, 111, XI:2, 50, XII:8, XV:106, XVI:94, XXI:30, 96, 122, 132,
XXV:74, XXVI A:16, 29, B:10, 28; look VII A:85; watch XXVI
B:175; realise IV:48, understand XXI:153; notice that XXI:172; at
sjá to look at III:23, XXI:160; sé ek, ek sé I see I:66, 121, III:67,
V:70, 74, 82, VII B:37; sér ﬂú you see XXV:88; with suffixed pron.
and neg. sékka I shall not see X:95; pres. subj. sjái I:36, may see
XIV:55, (impers.) one can see XV:62; imp. pl. sjái› I:140; past sg.
sá III:97, 99, 121 (had seen), IV:53, V:119, VI:75, 120, 151, 269,
270, 306, VII A:144, XVI:95, XIX:52, 80; ﬂa›an sá hann fromthere he could see XIX:102; with suffixed pron. sáttu have you seen
IX:99; with suffixed pron. and neg. sáka I have not seen IX:100; sá
er saw how VII B:35, XXVI B:189; past pl. sám XIV:26, note,
XXVI B:12, sá vér we saw XXVI B:10; sá VI:61, 67, 109, 123,
caught sight of, came within sight of XIX:51; er ﬂeir sá which they
could see XIX:71; past subj. sæi saw XII:60, XIV:35, were to look
II:108, could see V:45, impers. one saw, could be seen I:115; pp.
sét, sénir seen II:45, VI:196, XXV:67, XXVI B:116, obvious XXVI
B:100; impers. (cf. Gr 3.9.3 (c)) enn sér one can still see, there canstill be seen XIV:26, sér ﬂá then it can be seen XVI:149, lítt sér ﬂatﬂá á there will be little to show for it XVI:139, en sjá ﬂykir thanseems apparent, evident I:136, eigi of sá á mi›li one could not
distinguish between, foresee which way it would go VIII:110; á at
sjá to look at VI:111, in appearance, visibly, noticeably XIX:12, sjáá to look upon X:100, look at XXV:72; sá ﬂat at saw this as VI:213,
XVI:71; sjá fyrir/fyr see to, attend to IV:67, XIX:79, look after
XIV:127, provide for XVI:111; sjá í look inside X:103; Hvat sjáiﬂér til what can you discern, discover by looking XXVI B:55; past
pl. sá til were watching, looked on VI:60; sjá vi› beware of, be cautious
about V:35; vi›r ﬂví sjá beware not to, take care to avoid XXIV:82. 2.
-sk form reciprocal sjásk see each other IV:14, XXVI B:214; refl.
um (at) sjásk (to) look around oneself (Gr 3.9.8.3) II:11 (subject ofﬂótti), X:33

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A New Introduction to Old Norsesjá2 pron. (Gr 3.2.2, 3.8.2.1) this II:123, that XVI:125, XXI:121
sjaldan adv. seldom XIV:52, XXI:79; sup. hit sjaldnasta at the most
seldom, at least XIV:143
sjáldr n. pupil (of the eye); pl. with suffixed def. art. XXIII:33, 34
sjálfala adj. indeclinable finding their own food; gekk úti sjálfala
remained in the open feeding themselves XXI:108
sjálfr adj. and pron. self; himself III:114, VI:294, 298, VII A:64, B:27,
51, VIII:74, 93, 186, X:79, XII:54, XIV:30, XXII:50/4; herself
XII:22, XIV:189; yourself VII A:53; itself XIII:16, 37; sjálfan hannthe man himself VII A:103; sjálfum sér for himself XIV:63, ásjálfum sér in himself XIV:50; sjálfri ﬂér to you yourself X:129;
ﬂér . . . sjálfum you yourself XXIV:85; sjálfs síns his own XXII:7/4;
sjálft itself VIII:157, XIII:18; sjálfir ourselves XXV:103, XXVI
B:105, themselves XXVII:17, i.e. in person VII B:58
sjálfrátt adj. n. as adv. er ﬂér sjálfrátt at you are free to, it is up to
you to, it is within your power to, you ought to be able to XXVI A:57
sjálfsáinn adj. (pp., cf. sá3) self-sown, wild XXI:50, 90
sjau num. seven (Gr 3.4.1) VI:8, 49, 53, VII A:55, 59, VIII:13, 29,
166, X:11, 26, 48, XIV:69, XIX:49, XXIV:35
sjaundi ordinal num. seventh Gr 3.4.1, XXIV:38
sjaután num. seventeen Gr 3.4.1
sjó›a (pres. s‡›r, past sau›, past pl. su›u, pp. so›it) sv. cook XXI:75;
pp. II:19, 20, 21
sjó›r m. purse; ﬂér í sjó›i (dat.) into your purse or to you in a purse?
XXII:31/3
sjóli m. king XXII:21/4, 50/3
sjónhverfingar f. pl. optical illusions, magical deceptions, false
appearances II:4
sjór (= sær) m. sea VI:151; gen. sg. sjóvar VI:11, XXI:88; acc. with
suffixed def. art. sjóinn VI:256; dat. with suffixed def. art. sjónum
VI:296, XIII:11, af sjónum from the sea, i.e. from the shore? (or add
af eynni after eggver) XXI:84; me› sjó along the coast XIX:72, 90
sjóskrímsl n. sea-monster XXIII:63
sjúkr adj. ill Gr 3.3.9 (1), (13), (20)ska›i m. harm, damage I:77
Ska›i f. daughter of the giant ﬁjazi II:61; dat. of respect or poss. dat.
(cf. note to I:12) II:71
skaka (past skók, past pl. skóku, pp. skekinn) sv. shake XII:46 (pres.
part.), XXV:57, 72

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209

skal see skulu
skál f. bowl X:116, 160
skáladyrr f. pl. the doorway of the hall or main living-room IV:10(here probably the doorway from the main room to the stofa)
skálaendi m. end of the hall XXVI B:201
Skálafell n. mountain 35 km south-east of Reykjavík XIX:102
Skálaholt (modern Skálholt) n. bishop’s see in south-western Iceland
VIII:159, 195, 197, XIV:89, 173
Skálaholtsland n. the Skálaholt estate VIII:160
skálasmí› f. building a hall XV:94
skáld, skald n. poet II:99, VII B:14, XXII:19/2; i.e. the speaker, Bjƒrn
Hítdœlakappi V:24, 50
skáldfífl n. rhymester, poetaster II:160
skáldskapr m. poetry II:83, 87, 117, 121, XXI:78; with suffixed def.
art. II:162
skalf see skjálfa
skáli m. hall (usually without dividing walls), the main living area ofa medieval house X:10, XIX:62, 102; with suffixed def. art. III:6,
XXVI A:22, 26, 29, 61, B:116, i.e. the roof of the hall III:73, 74(dat. after í), ofan allr skálinn all the upper part of the hall XXVI
B:120; at skáli in the house XIX:65; shed, hut for sleeping in: sumir
skálarnir some of the sleeping huts XXI:106
skálm f. short (one-edged) sword XXV:57
Skálmarfjƒr›r m. fjord in north-western Iceland XV:41
Skálmarnes n. farm in north-western Iceland XV:34, 125, 131, 146
skalt, skaltu see skulu
skammr adj. (of time) short I:129, III:104, XIV:73; skamma stundfor a short time XIV:5; (of physical length) XXIII:9 (Gr 3.9.2;
understand s‡nir mann), 75, 86, 87, 100; wk. form in name of shipenn skammi VI:126; n. as adv. skammt a short time XXVI A:23, ashort way III:68, V:43, XII:56, XV:139, 149; skammt at bí›a notlong to wait XIV:100; skammt eigu ﬂeir hingat they are not far
away V:65, átti skammt til ﬂeira was a short distance from them V:86
skamms‡nn adj. short-sighted, foolish XXIV:43
Skánungar m. pl. the people of Skåne, Danes; gen. with fundar, (arendezvous) with the people of Skåne VI:57
skap n. mind XVI:119; mood XI:68; til skaps with gen. to pleasesomeone XXVI B:74; temperament, disposition XXI:11; hafa skap
til at be disposed to, feel inclined to XXVI B:215

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

skapa (past skapa›i, past pl. skƒpu›u, pp. skapa›r) wv. create, shape
II:92, XII:48, XIV:112; appoint, impose: slíkt víti á at skapa thesame penalty should be imposed XV:61; væri henni skapat víti apunishment would (surely, by fate?) be imposed on her XV:117
skapfrƒmu›r m. ‘mind-promoter’; Hrundar skapfrƒmu›r promoterof what is to the taste of the valkyrie, i.e. promoter of battle, a kenningfor warrior, warlike man IV:89 (hvern skapfrƒmu› is object of
myndir ﬂú kjósa)
skapligr adj. suitable, fitting, due VI:197; fitting XIV:40; right XV:16
skaplyndi n. temper, disposition XXIII:8
skapstórr adj. proud-minded; menn eru skapstórir there are proudminded people XV:66
skapt n. shaft (of spear) XXVI B:90; pl. skƒpt spears XXII:35/3
skara (past skara›i, pp. skarat) wv. to cause to slide; impers. skara›iljáinn the scythe-blade slid IV:10
skar› n. cut, notch IV:11 (subject of brotna›i); gap, empty space VI:83skar›r adj. (pp.) diminished, waning X:44
Skarphe›inn Njálsson m. XXVI B:16, 30, 39, 57, 62, 73, 80, 89, 90,
94, 95, 107, 112, 146, 189, 193, 199, 202, 206, 210, 217, 226
skarsk, skáru see skera
skatnar m. pl. men XXII:26/3
skattland n. tributary territory, dependency VI:32
skattr m. tribute, tax VII A:169; treasure XI:24 (Niflunga-)skaut see skjóta
skegg n. beard II:69, IX:3
skeggja›r adj. (pp.) bearded (i.e. a full-grown male) XXI:199
Skeggjasonr m. son of Skeggi ﬁorgeirsson, 10th-century Icelander
VIII:79skei› f. a large longship VI:74, 83, 103, 135; gen. pl. with numeral(Gr 3.4.2 (5)) VI:53; dat. pl. with warships (with hƒf›u lokit) VI:284
skeina (past skeindi, pp. skeindr) wv. scratch, wound; make furrows(in the sea, i.e. sail a ship) VII B:38; -sk form for pass. skeindisk
was hurt III:112
skelf›r adj. (pp. of skelfa wv. frighten) afraid, fearful XXIII:65
skelfr see skjálfa
skellr m. resounding blow IX:129
skemmri adj. comp. (of skammr) shorter, lasting a shorter time XV:10
skemr adv. comp. for a shorter time XXVI A:84

Glossary and Index

211

skem(m)ta (past skem(m)ti, pp. skem(m)t) wv. with dat. skem(m)tasér entertain oneself, amuse oneself XI:77, XXI:95
skemtan f. amusement, toy XII:45; enjoyment XII:86
skemtiligr adj. pleasant XIV:40
skepna f. creature XIV:40
sker n. skerry, rock covered at high tide (Gr 3.1.7.5 (4)) II:119 (withsuffixed def. art.)skera (past skar, past pl. skáru, pp. skorinn) sv. cut V:5, XXI:117;
pierce XXII:20/4; cut up, flense XXI:73; carve XII:23, 32; pp. f. pl.
skornar X:86; -sk form skerask í cut out cloth for oneself into,
make oneself, dress oneself in XV:89; for pass. past pl. skrusk
were cut (i.e. by swords in battle) VI:232
sker›ir m. cutter, damager; sker›ir seims ‘damager, diminisherof riches’, one who gives away gold, generous man (the king) VII
A:18
skerjóttr adj. rocky, full of skerries; sup. XV:149
skí›i n. sheath XXV:53
skí›ijárn n. ‘sheath-iron’, sword XXV:53 (pl.)
skikkja f. cloak; with suffixed def. art. XXVI B:147
skildi, skildir see skjƒldr
skilja (past skil›i, pp. skilit/skil›r) wv. (Gr 3.6.9.3 ex. 8) 1. intransitive
part, be separated (vi› from) III:36, XIX:13, XXVI B:172; impers.
skil›i me› ﬂeim they got separated XIX:51; transitive skil›i parted,
separated (sc. them) X:28, skilja break off XV:29; skilja vi› separate
from, deprive of XXII:34/4; pp. skili›r frá exempt from VIII:28;
skil›r vi› parted from XIV:104; skilit divorced (vi› from) XV:28,
30, 64; -sk form skiljask part from each other I:64, XVI:189, 1st
person pl. skiljumsk VI:92; subj. skilisk vi› be parted from XXVI
B:76. 2. understand I:27, XIII:44; subj. skili may understand
XXIV:34; deduce VIII:23, 70; at skilja to be understood, to beinterpreted XXVI B:62; -sk form with pass. meaning, with dat. ef
ﬂér skilz if you understand XXIV:47; ﬂessi lutir skiljaz mér I canunderstand these things XXIV:50. 3. stipulate: pp. n. skilt XV:8;
skilja fyrir announce (it) XXVII:19
skillingr m. shilling, coin; in pl. = money IX:129
skilna›r m. parting II:91, III:34 (with suffixed def. art.), XII:38; withgen. parting between XXVI B:138; skilna›r me› parting between
XXVI B:213

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A New Introduction to Old Norseskilning f. understanding XXIV:48
skilríkr adj. upright, respectable XIX:102
skína (pres. skínn, past skein, past pl. skinu, pp. skininn) sv. shine
Gr 3.6.9.1 (11), X:91, XXII:60/3, XXIII:24; pres. part. shining
XXIII:27, 89, dat. pl. skínƒndum XXIII:108
skinn n. skin, fur; hvítt skinn ermine XII:35
skinnhjúpr m. body-garment made of skin or fur XXI:156
skinnslitr m. skin-colour, the colour of the skin, complexion XXIII:105
skip n. ship, boat, canoe II:105, VI:11, 44, 49, 59, 61, 65, 185, VII
A:52, 110, 135, B:36, 75, X:150, XVI:130, XIX:26, 43, XXI:3, 112;
with suffixed def. art. skipit VI:267, XV:146, 151, XVI:131; á skipi
by boat XV:43, á skip aboard XVI:7; á skipi me› on the ship with,on someone’s ship XXI:15; allt skipit fram the whole ship forward(of there) VI:275; nom. pl. skip XVI:129; smæri skip the smaller
ships VI:219; nom. pl. with suffixed def. art. skipen VI:120; acc. pl.
with suffixed def. art. (with létu fljóta) skipen VI:109; hin smæstu
skipin, hin stœrri skipin (Gr 3.3.5) the smallest ships, the larger
ships VI:217, 220; gen. pl. with suffixed def. art. VI:103; dat. sg.
with suffixed def. art. II:104; partitive gen. (3.4.2 (5)) VI:21, 49;
dat. pl. with suffixed def. art. skipunum XXI:35, 52, 97
skipa (past skipa›i, pp. skipat) wv. 1. occupy I:62, 69; pp. m. skipa›r,f. skipu› manned I:79, VI:224. 2. with dat. assign, give places to,assemble VI:194; fill with: skipa Lƒgberg assign places on Lƒgberg
to XXVII:23; skipa›i was putting him XII:43; skipa›i til um madearrangements, gave orders concerning/for XVI:86; skipu›umƒnnum til s‡slu assigned men to tasks XIV:138, note; skipa›uordained, originated XXIV:62; pp. skipa›r at given the task of
XIV:138, note; impers. pass. (Gr 3.9.3) er skipat is filled XI:57, en
ﬂeim var skipat than they had been assigned I:71, er skipat arearranged XXIV:27; svá skipat atkvæ›um the mode of address is
so ordained XXIV:32; -sk form skipask arrange oneself, position
oneself, take up one’s position XXVI B:81, 84, 87; skipu›usk fyrirarranged themselves, were lined up XXVI B:46. 3. -sk form pp.
skipazk changed I:129, 141, XVI:108
skipan f. 1. manning, complement of men VI:226. 2. change, alteration
XIV:37
skipsbrot n. shipwreck XVI:149
skipta (past skipti, pp. skipt) wv. (Gr 3.6.9.3 ex. 4) 1. with dat. shareGlossary and Index

213

out, divide up II:79, 80; impers. pass. (Gr 3.9.3) XV:76; skipta málumvi› bandy words with, argue with XXV:33. 2. change: máli skipta
make a difference, be of importance VII B:55; skipta miklu be of great
importance, be very important XV:23; kva› ﬂat øngu skipta said it
did not matter XXI:70; (with acc.) skiptir hana in meira it is themore important for her, it will matter the more to her XV:55; impers.
pass. subj. with dat. skipti me› oss our shares of something should
be reversed V:62; pp. skipt um vi› exchanged with V:57. 3. -sk form
skiptask vi› deal with one another II:129; pp. skipzk changed I:135
skipti n. pl. dealings XIX:8
skíra (past skír›i, pp. skír›r) wv. 1. cleanse; baptise VII A:67, VIII:78,
XXI:201. 2. -sk form be baptised VII A:29; láta skírask have oneself
baptised VIII:79
skírdagr m. Maundy Thursday XIV:144
skírlífi n. purity of life, chastity XIII:22, 28
skírn f. baptism VII A:50 (gen. with til), 55, 66, VIII:139, XXII:27/3
skírnarbrunnr m. baptismal well, font XXII:26/3
skjaldar see skjƒldr
Skjaldarey f. island in Brei›afjƒr›r XV:153
Skjaldbjƒrn m. Irish slave XIX:37
skjaldborg f. shield-wall, wall of shields I:11, 12 (gen. of respect),16; with suffixed def. art. I:20
skjálfa (pres. skelfr, past skalf, past pl. skulfu, pp. skolfit) sv. tremble,
shiver, shake I:26, 100, III:114, 115; pres. part. quivering XXIII:28
skjól n. shelter XXI:33, textual noteskjóta (pres. sk‡tr Gr 3.6.5.2, past skaut, past pl. skutu, pp. skotit)
sv. 1. with dat. of weapon or missile and acc. of the person shotshoot (Gr 3.6.6, 3.6.10) V:94, X:171 (subj.), XXI:175, XXVI A:37,
63, B:194; ﬂeiri skjóta shoot it (the arrow) XXVI A:45; skaut shot
it XXVI A:49. 2. with dat. push, place (understand it) III:59; throw
XIX:52; skutu út á ﬂá flung them out at them XXVI B:194; skjóta
út expel XII:19; skjóta á fylking draw up in battle array, get (one’s
troops) in battle order (understand them, li›) VII B:73; skjóta upp
haul up, raise (on the mast) VI:104; impers. pass. (Gr 3.9.3) bor›ivar skotit a board had been placed III:53. 3. -sk form sk‡zk bounds,
hops XXI:174
skjótleikr m. speed XXI:40
skjótliga adv. quickly XXIII:104

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

skjótr (n. skjótt) adj. quick XXIII:2, 4, 39, swift, speedy XXIV:30; n. as
adv. skjótt quickly Gr 3.5.3 (4), I:116, XV:128, XXIII:25, XXVI A:70,
B:61; comp. with dat. d‡rum skjótari faster than animals XXI:41;
comp. n. as adv. skjótara more quickly IV:15; sup. skjótastr Gr
3.3.9 ex. 18; sup. n. as adv. sem skjótast as quickly as possible
XXVI B:84
Skjƒldólfsdóttir f. daughter of Skjƒldólfr Gr 3.1.8 ex.
skjƒldr (pl. skildir) m. shield (Gr 3.1.7.3, 3.1.7.3–5 ex. 1, 3.1.8 (4))
V:29, 37, VI:287, 296, X:44, XI:3, 26, XV:153, XXI:101, XXV:72(his shield); with suffixed def. art. his shield V:100, 101, XXVI A:31,
73, B:91, 152; gen. sg. skjaldar X:150, with suffixed def. art.
skjaldarins V:101; dat. sg. skildi (object of skjóta) VI:104, XI:36,
XXVI A:72; und skildi carrying a shield V:50; á skildi on a shield
VII A:54; dat. sg. with suffixed def. art. skildinum V:99, VI:295(his shield); acc. pl. skjƒldu XXI:124, XXII: 38/4; dat. pl. skjƒldum
II:12, XXI:112
skógarbjƒrn/skógbjƒrn m. forest bear, brown bear XIX:66, XXIII:6
skóggangr m. full outlawry XV:136
skógr m. wood, forest II:39, V:27, VI:10, VIII:54, XIX:68, XXI:27,
29, 94skók, skóku see skaka
skóli m. school XIV:24, 26 (with suffixed def. art.); ﬂar í skóla atschool there XIV:182
skólkinni m. name for a wolf (perhaps ‘dark-cheeked’) V:51
skolla (past skolldi) wv. hover X:172
skór (pl. skúar) m. shoe XV:50
skorinn, skorit, skornar see skera
skorta (past skorti, pp. skort) wv. impers. with two accusatives lack;skorti hann eigi he was not lacking in VII B:26, skorti ﬂá eigi they
did not lack XXI:82; ﬂat einu skorti á er . . . eigi . . . at this alone
was lacking for it so that . . . did not . . . that (i.e. this alone prevented. . . that) VII B:87; ekki skorti there was no lack of VI:288; ﬂar
skorti eigi there were no fewer there than XIV:144
skot n. shot, shooting XXII:12/4 (pl.?)Skotar m. pl. Scots VII A:16
skothrí› f. battle with missiles, storm of missiles, attack with missiles
XXI:125
skotit see skjóta

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215

Skotland n. Scotland VII A:4
skotmál n. range (of missiles or arrows) VI:211
skozkr adj. Scottish or Irish (see note); menn skozkir Scots XXI:39, 42
skreppa1 f. scrip, pilgrim’s wallet XVI:98
skreppa2 (past skrapp, past pl. skruppu, pp. skroppinn) wv. slip; withdat. ﬁorgrími skruppu fœtrnir ﬁorgrímr’s feet slipped XXVI A:31
skri›a f. landslide Gr 3.1.8 ex.
skrí›a (past skrei›, past pl. skri›u, pp. skri›inn) sv. crawl through,glide along II:149, glide through the water VI:265; go skiing X:4,
travel on skis X:12, 34
skrifa (past skrifa›i, pp. skrifa›r) wv. write VIII:3, 172, 178
skrín n. shrine XXII:62/2
skript f. 1. picture, image; with suffixed def. art. XIII:16. 2. penance
XIV:99, 102
skrjá (past skrjá›i) wv. skulk; skrjá um sneak about IV:62
skrofhárr adj. with curly hair V:31
skrokkr m. container XXI:156
skrú› n. furniture XIV:10
skruppu see skreppaskr‡›a (past skr‡ddi, pp. skr‡ddr) wv. with dat. adorn with XII:49
skrækja (past skrækti) wv. shriek, squeal (vi› at it) II:71Skrælingaland n. the land of the Skrælings XXI:203
Skrælingar m. pl. Norse name for the indigenous inhabitants of
Vínland VIII:71, XXI:118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 127, 138, 141, 149,
156, 198; af Skrælingum of the Skrælings XXI:144
skúa see skór
Skúli ﬁorsteinsson (ﬁorsteinssunr) m. Icelandic poet, late tenth toeleventh century VI:200
skulu (pres. skal, past skyldi) pret.-pres. vb. aux. (Gr 3.6.7) shall
I:80, 130, 147, II:34, 40, IV:14, 50, V:40, VI:91, XXIV:40, XXVI
B:19, XXVII:2; must II:109, 144, VI:326, IX:47, XXII:22/3,
XXVII:31; should XI:43, XIV:90, note, XXVI B:16, 187; skulu are
to XXVII:6, 10, 15; skulu vera are to be, are to consist of VII A:100;
hverr vera skal who it is to be XXVII:7, 19; skulu ﬂeir fara they
are to go XVI:57; skal shall XXVI A:56, should XV:53, should be
XXIV:51, is to XVI:57, XXVII:9 (2), 13, 19, must, has to XXIV:27;
ﬂat skal eigi vera that shall not be XXVI B:52; skal ek I shall
XXVI A:45, B:139; ﬂú skalt, skalt ﬂú, skaltu you shall I:101, 148,

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

IV:70, 73, X:149, XV:87, XVI:74, XXVI B:110, 206, you will
XXV:38, you must XXIV:2, 4, 8, XXVI B:175, shall you, are you
going to I:21; skulum have to XIX:98, skulum eigi we are not going
to XXVI B:50, skulu vér we shall XXVI A:54, we must XXVI
B:117, skulu vit shall we XXVI B:166; pres. subj. skyli have to VII
B:15, shall be XXVI A:23; skylim we should/must XXV:108; impers.
pres. skal taka man a man is to be selected XXVII:4, mæla skal
one has to address XXIV:15; past skyldi was to III:17, 106, VI:44,148, 149, VII A:79, XV:8, 10, had to II:80, was supposed to VI:4,
must II:127, XXVI A:12, ought XII:75, should I:19, III:26, VI:18,
VII A:98, VIII:27, 32, 116, XII:66, XV:26, XXV:30, XXVI B:9,
should be I:51 (1), would XIX:10, 53, XXVI B:164; past 2nd person
skyldir ﬂú you should V:72; past pl. skyldu must II:68 (1), 141,
would II:68 (2), XIV:164, used to XIV:83; were about to, had toII:79, were to VII B:58, VIII:174, XXVI A:6, were to, had to VII
A:72, IX:82, should VII B:72, VIII:140, 141, XIV:127, XIX:65, 77,
ought VI:1, were supposed to (eat) IX:96; skyldu vera were to be
II:8; skyldum should, ought, must VI:84; past subj. skyldi should
III:112, IV:106, VIII:94, 105, 117, one should I:51 (2), they should
VI:116, XXVI A:7, skyldim should XXVI B:171; impers. past theyshould VIII:40, 183, XXVI A:107, were to be XV:132, they wereabout to II:5, it will surely be XXVI B:123, skyldi vera was to be
XV:79; ﬂat skyldi eigi vera that should not be, surely not XXVI
B:22, æva skyldi it should never have happened X:182; past inf.
skyldu should III:94, V:106, XV:117, 128; svá vera skyldu so it
should be XXVI B:9, 18, 81
skunda (past skunda›i, pp. skunda›r) wv. with dat. cause to hurry,
hasten XII:1
skutilsveinn m. cupbearer (a high office in the royal court, thoughlike others, originally a menial one, waiting at the king’s table; skutill= a small table or tray that food and drink was served from; cf.
Heimskringla, Óláfs saga kyrra ch. 3, ÍF XXVIII 205–06 and note 6)
XVI:116, 169
skutr m. stern (of a ship) VI:81 (hánum poss. dat. or dat. of respect)skutu see skjóta
sk‡ n. cloud X:172
skygn adj. sharp-sighted; sup. Gr 3.3.8.1
skyld- see skulu

Glossary and Index

217

skyldr (n. skylt) adj. related Gr 3.3.9 ex. 2; required (til ﬂess at to dosomething) XXVII:3, 25; n. as adv. necessary, important, urgent
VI:108, right VIII:6
skyldu see skulu
skylduliga adv. dutifully XIV:70
skyli see skulu
skyn f. knowledge, information; kunna skyn á have knowledge of
XXI:74
skynda (past skyndi, pp. skyndr) wv. cause to hurry, hasten IX:82;
intransitive hasten, make haste XXII:26/4
skyndiliga adv. quickly IV:12, 17
skynsem› f. reason (til for) XXIV:14, (hversu how) 27
skynsem›argrein f. discernment, ability to distinguish, understanding
XXIII:14
skyr n. a kind of milk product III:98 (with suffixed def. art.), see note 22
sk‡ra (past sk‡r›i, pp. sk‡r›r) wv. explain XXIV:25, 54; expound;engi sk‡rir no one can expound XXII:2/3
skyrbúr n. dairy, the room in a farm where skyr and other dairy
products were made or stored III:89, 90
skyrker n. vat or cask for storing skyr III:97, 100 (with suffixed def.
art.)sk‡rr adj. clear, manifest, definite VIII:31
skyrta f. shirt, tunic XV:27
skyti m. shooter, hunter X:31, 51
sk‡tr, sk‡zk see skjótaskæri n. pl. shears; with suffixed def. art., i.e. the mane-shears V:126,
127, 131, 142skƒfnungr m. shin III:113 (with suffixed def. art., his shins)Skƒglar-Tósti m. father of Sigrí›r, queen of King Sveinn of Denmark
VI:38skƒkull m. (in pl.) harness, tackle, traces (of a draught animal) IX:82
skƒmm1 f. shame VII B:72, XXVI A:87; disgrace I:53, VI:85;
humiliation (ﬂeim for them) XXVI A:45; vi› skƒmm in shame XXVI
B:160
skƒmm2, skƒmmu see skammrskƒp n. pl. fate IV:96 (subject of yr›i gó› mér, parallel to go›); destiny,
what was fated (with gen. ﬂess . . . at for this that, that this should bethat) VI:345

218

A New Introduction to Old Norseskƒpt see skaptskƒpu›, skƒpu›u see skapaskƒpun f. shape XII:21
skƒr f. hair (of a man’s head) IX:3, X:116, 160, XXV:72; standa ofskƒr with dat. i.e. preside over someone’s death V:170
skƒrugliga adv. outstandingly well, splendidly XIV:115
skƒruligr adj. imposing III:23
skrusk see skera
slá (pres. slær, past sló, past pl. slógu, pp. sleginn) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.3 andex. 7) 1. strike XIII:13; with instrumental dat. strike, smite X:98;
throw; slá eldi í set fire to II:57; with two accusatives strike (someone
a blow) XV:21. 2. mow II:124. 3. hammer, forge X:37, 121, 165;
make, form V:109. 4. impers. with dat. slær/sló yfir there comesupon someone, someone is afflicted by I:44, XXI:128, (something)
was cast over XXII:53/1
Slagfi›r m. brother of Vƒlundr X:4, 10, 13, 32, 35
slátra (past slátra›i, pp. slátrat) wv. with dat. slaughter; impers. pass.
(Gr 3.9.3) haf›i slátrat verit uxa einum an ox had been slaughtered
XXVI B:179
sleikja (past sleikti, pp. sleikt) wv. lick (out) VI:189
sleita f. quarrel; ganga mjƒk sleitum quarrel a great deal XXI:195
slétta (past slétti, pp. sléttr) wv. slap (á on it) XXI:141
sléttr adj. flat XXIII:10; smooth? XXIII:89
slí›rar/slí›rir f. pl. sheath, scabbard I:97 (with suffixed def. art.)slíkisteinsauga n. nickname, ‘polished-stone eye’? XV:39
slíkr adj. such III:10 (any . . . like it), VI:266, XXI:133, XXVI B:126,
such a V:121, 143, VI:113, 349; this III:130, pl. these VII A:44; fyrmerkin slík as a result of miracles like these XXII:58/3; engi . . .
slíkr no . . . like him XXII:64/3; til annars slíks until another like it
XXVI B:124; slíkr . . . sem such . . . as XIV:30, 74, the same as
XV:61, XVI:22, the same as if XVI:75; slíka ok the same as III:69;
tvau ver› slík double that price XVI:24; n. as substantive slíkt sucha thing I:53, gen. slíks VI:160, dat. slíku i.e. this XII:69; slíkt sem
that which, what XV:117, XXVI B:37; slíkt er, slíks sem whatever
XIV:32, XXIV:23; n. as adv. slíkt sama, slíkt it sama likewise II:10,
XI:20, XIII:38; slíkt sem as much as, as loud as I:91
slíta (past sleit, past pl. slitu, pp. slitit) sv. tear (transitive) VIII:135;
slitu fri› i.e. they fought VI:239; with dat. break, break off VI:37
slitna (past slitna›i, pp. slitnat) wv. tear (intransitive), be torn II:33

Glossary and Index219

sló, slógu see slá
sló› f. path, track; kjalar sló›ir is a kenning for the sea XXVI A:94
slær see sláslœg› f. cunning XXIII:56
slœgr adj. cunning, sly XXIII:59, 105, XXIV:53; clever XXVI A:57
sløkkva (past sløkkti, pp. sløkkt) wv. extinguish, put out XXVI B:229;
sløkkva ni›r damp down XXVI B:114
smádropar m. pl. small flecks XXIII:31
smalama›r m. XV:85, 87, 90, 91 (with suffixed def. art.)smalasveinn m. shepherd boy XV:97, 101 (with suffixed def. art.)
smali m. collective sheep, cattle XV:84 (with suffixed def. art.), 132
smár adj. small VI:61, VII A:155, XXI:103; n. smátt VII A:149; dat.
pl. smám I:35, VI:297
smaragdus m. (Latin word) emerald XII:27
smásveinn m. young boy, small boy XIV:163
smáﬂarmar m. pl. small intestines XXI:175
smí› f. making, construction XII:1 (with suffixed def. art.); í smí›inni
at work XV:20; work, object of art, piece of craftsmanship XII:8(with suffixed def. art.); workmanship XII:30
smí›a (past smí›a›i, pp. smí›at) wv. forge, make (with dat. forsomeone) X:87; build XIV:25; pres. smí›a are working XII:2
smi›ja f. smithy, workshop X:95, 156
smi›r m. builder; worker in metal or wood; craftsman (pl. with suffixed
def. art.) XII:3; as nickname III:75, 83
smjúga (past smaug/smó, past pl. smugu, pp. smoginn) wv. creep;
smugu í crept through, put on XXV:58
smjƒr n. butter XIX:56
smæri adj. comp. smaller VI:26, 27, 219; lesser, of less importance,
lower XXIV:75
smæstr adj. sup. smallest VI:217
snara (past snara›i, pp. snarat) wv. turn (something) quickly, twist
sharply XXVI A:73; -sk form turn (oneself) quickly; snarask til
fer›ar set out immediately XV:129
snarfengr adj. tough to deal with V:55 (gen. with hoddlestis)
snarpr adj. (Gr 3.3.8.1) sharp, violent, fierce VI:209 (f. snƒrp); keen
XXIII:38, sharp VI:238, XXII:15/4, 42/2
snarr adj. swift XXIII:38, keen, bold V:149 (vocative; at in something),
XXII:46/3
snau›r adj. poor, having no possessions; unarmed? III:78

220

A New Introduction to Old Norsesnemma = snimma
snera, sneri, snerisk see snúa
snerra f. battle V:149
snerta (past snart, pp. snortit) sv. touch XIII:37, 41
sní›a (past snei›, past pl. sni›u, pp. sni›inn) sv. cut XXII:49/2; withacc. and dat. of respect (Gr 3.9.6.2) cut from someone something
X:84 (imp.); sní›a af cut off X:114, 158, XIV:95
snimhendis adv. early on VIII:79
snimma/snemma adv. early V:1, X:6, 110, XIV:61, XXI:96, 110,
XXVI B:191; soon IX:93; too soon V:139
snjallr adj. wise, brave, good, clever VI:159 (with jƒfra tvá), 282,
XXII:13/2, 61/2; sup. snjallasti cleverest XIV:29
snjár/snjór m. snow XXI:108
Snorri go›i (ﬁorgrímsson) m. (died 1031) VIII:11
Snorri Sturluson m. historian, killed 1241 in his own cellar on theorders of Gizurr ﬁorvaldsson III:70
Snorri m. son of ﬁorfinnr karlsefni XXI:196
Snorri ﬁorbrandsson m. XXI:2, 3, 86, 100, 114, 126, 163. Cf.
ﬁorbrandr Snorrasonsnortit see snerta
snót f. woman XXII:51/2
snotr adj. clever, skilled (with gen., at something) VI:312 (withﬁorketill)snúa (pres. sn‡r, past sneri/snøri, past pl. sneru, pp. snúinn) sv. (Gr
3.6.7) twist, plait IX:20; turn III:123, IV:17; imp. pl. snúi› ﬂit saman
twist them together XXVI A:78; with dat. set off with, take VII A:168;
pp. ok snúinn and there were turned (on hinges), hinged XXVI A:25
snúnar twisted XXIII:87; snúum í let us twist/wind in them (i.e. in
the ropes) XXVI A:60; snúa inn go inside IV:12; snúa til prepare
for, put in to II:19; make one’s way to V:75, with dat. commit
something to XXI:81; snúa yfir place across VII B:60; past subj. atﬂeir sneri aptr of their turning back III:124; -sk form snerisk turned
over XV:106; sn‡sk at turns towards XXVI A:70; sn‡sk til points
to, indicates or tends to XXIII:108; snúiz til turned into, become
XXIV:59snœrivitnir m. ‘wolf of ropes’, kenning for ship VI:312; the phrase
perhaps goes with snotr or with hugframr rather than with heldi
undanGlossary and Index

221snƒr see snarrsnƒrp see snarpr
snøri see snúa
so›it see sjó›aso›na (so›na›i) wv. impers. cook (intransitive), become cooked
II:23, 25
sofa (pres. søfr/sefr, past svaf, past pl. sváfu, pp. sofinn) sv. (Gr
3.6.5.2, 3.6.9.3 and ex. 12) sleep IX:112, X:98, XI:62, XII:71, XV:96,
104; svaf slept, was asleep XXVI A:25; pres. part. sofandi (Gr 3.3.9(19)), sofanda (Norwegian form of acc. pl.) asleep XXI:156; -sk
form ﬂeim hafi sofizk they have slept XI:66
sofna (past sofna›i, pp. sofnat) wv. fall asleep X:60, 131, get to sleep
X:144, go to sleep XIV:70; impers. with dat. sér hafa vel sofnat hehad got to sleep easily XI:67
Sogn m. district in western Norway VII A:129
Sokki Ormsson m. died in the fire at Flugum‡rr III:76
sókn f. attack VI:254
sóknr‡rir m. ‘diminisher of attacks’, successful defender, i.e. Gunnarr
XXVI A:97
sól f. the sun (Gr 3.1.7.4 (3)) VI:115, XIX:111 (with suffixed def. art.)sólarfall n. sunset XV:97
sólargeisla f. sunbeam, sunshine XIX:111
sólarsinnis adv. sunwise, the same way as the sun; ferr (impers.)sólarsinnis the motion was the same way as the sun XXI:98
sólarupprás f. sunrise XV:119
Sólundir f. pl. Solundøyar, off the west coast of Norway VII A:129
sóma (sóm›i) wv. be fitting; impers. befit XIV:60, be suitable for
XII:24; tignum mƒnnum sómir at ﬂiggja it is fitting for noble men
to receive XVI:152; betr sóma be more fitting V:160
sómi m. honour XVI:118, 122, 170, XXII:25/4
Són f. name of a vat II:97, 118, 153son, sonr, sunr m. son (Gr 3.1.7.2) III:131, VII B:6, 8, VIII:12, 45,
IX:68, 78, 84, 131, XI:44, XV:2, 135, XIX:4, 5, XXI:8, 174,
XXII:16/3, XXIV:14; acc. sg. son, sun IV:107, VI:144, VII B:62,
XXV:60, XXVI A:113; gen. sg. sonar V:115, VIII:8, sunar VI:367(with falli); dat. sg. (-)syni VII A:99, XIII:48; pl. synir II:79, III:20,
IV:73, V:87, X:3, 101, XV:39, 134, XIX:2, XXII:40/1, XXVI B:46,
70; synir eins karls i.e. they are brothers IV:41; acc. pl. sonu IV:2,

222

A New Introduction to Old Norse

71, X:2, 144, XV:126, XIX:15, XXV:9, 93, XXVI B:130, sunu VI:43,
syni XIV:106; gen. pl. sona XXVI B:160; dat. pl. sonum XIX:6
sopi m. draught, mouthful I:103
sorg f. sorrow, grief, anxiety XXV:4
sóru see sverja
sóti m. name of a horse (SnE, Skáldskaparmál 88), used as a common
noun in kenning for wolf (giantesses were said to ride on wolves)
VI:252 (subject of var lítt svangr)sótt1, sótta, sóttan, sótti, sóttisk, sóttu see sœkja
sótt2 f. illness VIII:182, XVI:89
spádómr m. prophecy VII A:33, 48, power of prophecy VII A:61
spakr (f. spƒk) adj. wise (Gr 3.3.8.1 ex. 3) VIII:56, 61, 174; wk. form
as nickname (Gr 3.3.9 ex. 9) VIII:39, 169; sup. most wise VIII:9
spala see spƒlr
spáma›r m. prophet VII A:31, 44, 46, 61; gen. sg. with suffixed def.
art. VII A:39
spánn (pl. spænir) m. bit, chip (left by an auger); with suffixed def.
art. II:146, 148; í spán to pieces XV:152
spannarlangr adj. the length of a span (about 23 cm.) XXI:115
spara (past spar›i/spara›i, pp. sparat) wv. withhold; spara vi›/til
withhold from, begrudge to (for) I:66, XIV:14; spara at hold backfrom, grudge to XIV:17; spara sik spare oneself, past inf. spƒr›usik in acc. and inf. construction after hykkat VI:249
sparn see sporna
speki f. wisdom VII A:63
spekingr m. philosopher XXIII:94
speld n. square piece of wood, shutter XXVI A:25
spenna (past spennti, pp. spenntr) wv. clamp, fasten X:63, XI:20
spilla (past spillti, pp. spilltr) wv. spoil XXVI A:107; spilla fyrirwith dat. do someone harm V:15; -sk form be spoilt, damaged, injured
XXIV:52
spinna (past spann, past pl. spunnu, pp. spunninn) sv. spin; spunnu
they were spinning X:7, 20
spjarrar f. pl. leg bands, cross-garters XV:50
spjót n. spear III:110, V:94, XXI:114 (pl.), XXII:12/4, 45/4, XXVI
B:96, 194; with suffixed def. art. the spear V:95, his spear-head XXVI
B:90; sitt spjót it snarpa that sharp spear of his XXII:42/2
spjƒr n. pl. spears VI:202, 240 (subject of gullu)Glossary and Index

223

spor›r m. tail (of a fish); lower (pointed) end of a (kite-shaped) shield
V:101; ok (hjó) af spor›inn and cut off its point XXVI B:152
sporna (past sparn, past pl. spurnu) wv. kick, tread, step, i.e. travel
VII A:138 (the image is of riding a horse of the sea, i.e. sailing)
spretta (past spratt, past pl. spruttu, pp. sprottinn) sv. spring (up);sprout XXV:1; springa upp jump to one’s feet XV:68, 111
springa (past sprakk, past pl. sprungu, pp. sprunginn) sv. spring,
burst Gr 3.6.9.1 (6); split, break apart XXV:56/2
spurall adj. inquisitive Gr 3.3.8.1
spurning f. question XXIV:22, 29
spyrja (pres. spyrr, past spur›i, pp. spurt) wv. 1. ask I:7, 10, 47, 73,
112, II:44, 107, 124, III:65, V:45, VI:105, 181, VII A:63, 119, XI:33,
65, XV:26, 58, 84, 112, XVI:19, 131, 160, XXI:69, XXII:22/1,
XXIV:10, 11, 49, 54, XXVI B:8, 36, 185; pres. subj. first person spyri
XXIV:24; spyrja at ask about I:3, 57, pp. f. spur› at asked about
XV:13; spyrja eptir enquire VII A:45; with acc. and gen. ask
someone something II:93, 101, XXIV:23, XXVI B:6. 2. hear, learn
II:111, VI:134, VII A:30, 125, VIII:105, X:41, XV:71, 92, XVI:138,
XXVI A:93; learn of VII B:77, XXVI A:4. 3. -sk form spyrjask beheard of, be reported VI:86, XXVI A:118
spyrnask (past spyrndisk) wv. -sk form (reciprocal) push against eachother; spyrnask í iljar push against each other’s soles (when lying
on the stones on their backs) XXI:23
sp‡ta (past sp‡tti) wv. with dat. spit II:90 (í into it, Gr 3.7.7), 157
spænir see spánnspƒlr (pl. spelir, gen. pl. spala) m. bar Gr 3.1.9 ex. 9spƒr›u see spara
staddr pp. (of ste›ja) positioned, present III:55; located, in residence
XVI:93; placed, situated XV:145; engaged VII A:109
sta›festask (past sta›festisk) wv. -sk form settle XIX:3
sta›festi f. steadfastness XXIII:53
sta›it, sta›nir see standasta›r m. place (Gr 3.1.8 (2)) I:5, 69, VIII:103, XIII:16; establishment,
ecclesiastical foundation VIII:162, XIII:12, 32, XIV:25, 126, 127,
134, 143, 150; ﬂegar í sta› on the spot VII A:122; í sinn sta› into
their respective position(s), to their station(s) VI:162; í marga sta›iin many instances, in many respects? in many cases? XIV:117; adv.
acc. (or dat.?) ﬂri›ja sta› in a third position, station VI:163; koma

224

A New Introduction to Old Norseí sta› come instead (of him), take his place XXIV:70; with suffixed
def. art. í sta›enn in their place, to replace them VI:222 (1), í sta›enn
ﬂess li›s to replace those men VI:222; annars sta›ar elsewhere
XIV:180, XXI:47, XXVI B:208; nema sta›/sta›ar stop XV:100,
109, XXVI A:14, B:47
stafa›r adj. (pp.) striped VI:74 (dat. sg. n. stafa›u)stafkarl m. beggar XVI:91, 122stafn m. stem, prow; with suffixed def. art. VI:268
stafnbúi m. ‘forecastle man’, man whose station was at the prow of
the ship VI:270; pl. with suffixed def. art. VI:274
stafr m. staff XVI:97
stakk see stinga
stakkgar›r m. haystack enclosure V:44
stál n. steel; in pl. = weapons VI:338 (gen. pl. with ór éli); with suffixed
def. art. his weapons XXII:18/3
stálhúfa f. steel helmet (broad and with a brim) III:28, 95 (with suffixed
def. art.)stallari m. marshal; as title VI:291, 295, XXII:17/3, 45/1
stallr m. 1. platform, pedestal XIII:5; dat. sg. with hneit vi› IV:19;
Hrungnis fóta stallr is a kenning for shield (see SnE, Skáldskaparmál ch. 17, where Hrungnir stands on his shield to fight with the
god ﬁórr). 2. stable I:2
standa (pres. stendr, past stó›, past pl. stó›u, pp. sta›inn/sta›it) sv.
(Gr 3.6.9.3 and ex. 1) stand III:11, 15, V:122, 170, VI:290, 291, VII
B:18 (inf. with skyli, parallel to sitja), X:76, 139, XI:49, XIII:1, 6,
16, XVI:58, XXIII:82; stay VII B:60, 64, XXVI B:53; be positioned
XXIII:44, be situated, be placed XXVI B:117; be fixed XII:27,
XXI:139; remain in force VIII:141; pres. stendr is standing XI:2,
XIV:12, stƒndum we stand XXV:106; past stó› was standing III:97,
100, V:130, VII B:35, XXVI B:46, it stood, it stuck I:98, she stood
XXV:78; past pl. stó›u stood VII A:129; past subj. stœ›i were standing
VII B:82, XII:54, were flowing, pouring XXI:123; pp. haf›i sta›it
had been standing XXVI A:50; standa betr with dat. (of the wind)
be better positioned, blow in a better direction for someone VI:121;
standa ór stick out of XII:18, extend, stream forth XII:13; standa
upp get up XI:42, 64, XV:114; imp. standi› upp get up VI:129, IX:86;
eru upp sta›nir have got up XI:76; standa úti fyrir stand (stay) outside
in front of the house XXVI B:49; standa vi› with dat. withstandGlossary and Index

225

XXI:152, oppose XXVII:8; standa yfir last, go on XXI:65; pres.
part. standandi standing XII:22, XIII:46; impers. it remains IV:102
stangir see stƒng
starf n. work XII:6, XXVII:38, labour XII:70
starfa (past starfa›i, pp. starfat) wv. work; starfa firir work for, be
servant to XVI:5
Starka›r Barkarson m. XXVI A:5
sté see stíga
stefna1 (past stefndi, pp. stefndr) wv. 1. aim for, make for V:165 (Gr
3.6.9.1 (14)), VII A:156; nær stefna lay a course close, steer or aim
close (metaphorically, i.e. he will avoid naming but neverthelessindicate who it is) VI:139; ﬂeir stefndu they were making their way
XXVI B:11; ﬂeir stefndu ina sƒmu lei› they took the same route
XXVI B:13. 2. with dat. summons XV:135 (um for); stefna sƒkum
til refer cases to XV:136
stefna2 f. meeting (vi› with) XXVII:33
Stefnir (ﬁorgilsson) m. Icelandic poet and missionary (died 1001)
VI:137
stefnulag n. appointment VII A:100, VII B:58
steikja (past steikti, pp. steikt) wv. roast X:53
steina (past steindi, pp. steint) wv. paint XII:7
Steinger›r f. (Gr 3.1.8 (17)) daughter of ﬁorkell of Tunga IV:4, 6, 16,
26, 35, 36, 64, 74, 76, 86, 92, 99, 100, 101, 111
steinn m. rock XXI:151; boulder XXVI A:60; (precious) stone; in pl.
jewellery IV:55, IX:63 (understand vera; but see under brei›a andbrei›r)Steinn smi›r (builder; worker in metal or wood) m. died in the fire at
Flugum‡rr III:75
steinsmí›i n. collective stone artefacts VIII:70
Steinssta›ir m. pl. a farm in Mi›fjƒr›r IV:1
stela (past stal, past pl. stálu, pp. stolinn) sv. (Gr 3.6.5.2) steal, rob(with acc. and dat. some one of something) IX:8 (pass.)
stendr see standa
sterkr adj. strong I:105, XXII:16/3, XXIII:58; sup. sterkastr Gr 3.3.3
ex. 5
stétt f. rank XXII:47/3
steypa (past steypti, pp. steyptr) wv. with dat. fling down III:94, XXVI
B:222; steypa af cast (metal) in XII:41, 59

226

A New Introduction to Old Norsestíga (past steig/sté, past pl. stigu, pp. stiginn) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.1 (2, 9))climb, mount III:120, XV:97; subj. stigi á boarded (ship) XVI:7;
stíga af baki dismount from a horse XV:101; stíga ni›r step down
VI:256; stíga ór dismount from X:45; step; stíga hátt i.e. raise thefeet high when walking XXIII:101
Stígandi m. son of Kotkell XV:39, 138
stígr m. path; way (of life) XVI:91, 122
stikla (past stikla›i, pp. stiklat) wv. run along XXVI B:222
Stiklasta›ir m. pl. site of St Óláfr’s last battle in ﬁrándheimr XXII:35/1
stilla (past stillti, pp. stillt) wv. with dat. control, moderate X:76
stillingarlauss adj. uncontrolled, intemperate XXIII:38, 97
stillir m. ruler, king XXII:8/2
stinga (past stakk, past pl. stungu, pp. stunginn) sv. stab (with dat.
of the instrument) II:149
stinnr adj. stiff, firm, unbending XXII:18/3
stjarna f. star Gr 3.1.7.1; pl. stjƒrnur II:74
stjóri m. ruler, leader; dróttar stjóri i.e. king (here King Óláfr) VI:362(subject of hné)
stjórn f. rule, control, government XXII:5/2; authority XIV:177; me›mikilli stjórn with firm rule XIV:2; slíks byskups stjórn theguidance or rule of such a bishop XIV:76
stjórna (past stjórna›i, pp. stjórnat) wv. rule over XXI:202
stjórnbor›i m. starboard (the side of the ship where the steering oar
was fastened) XXI:32
stó›, stó›u see standa
sto›a (past sto›a›i, pp. sto›at) wv. avail, be of use V:90
stofa f. a living room or parlour IV:7; with suffixed def. art. III:78,
IV:7, XXVI B:28; chamber; with suffixed def. art., i.e. málstofa,
the council-chamber VII B:59, 64, 68, 70
stofna (past stofna›i, pp. stofnat) wv. institute, set in motion IV:48
stofudyrr n. pl. door of the chamber VII B:64 (with suffixed def. art.)stokkna see støkkva
stokkr m. block (of wood) III:97; with suffixed def. art. plank or beam,= setstokkinum XXVI B:220
stolinn see stela
stóll n. seat; (bishop’s) see VIII:159, 192, 195, XIV:5; ﬂar til stólsins
to that see VIII:160; hilmis stóll i.e. throne (gen. with fyllar) VII B:43
stopir f. pl. uneven ground, hillocks XXI:189

Glossary and Index

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stórau›igr adj. very wealthy, of great wealth VII B:5
stórbrƒg›óttr adj. as subst. very wily person, one who undertakes
great deeds XXV:43
stórhátí› f. major festival XIV:41
stórmannligr adj. munificent, grand XVI:174
stórmerki n. pl. great wonders, miracles VII A:65
stórr adj. big, large I:39, VI:122, VII A:155, XII:27, XXI:23, XXVI
B:120; n. stórt VII A:149 (understand were), XXII:57/1; great I:53,
103, VI:28, 65, 72, XI:7, 35, XIII:4, XXVI A:89, B:104; ﬂau skip
en stóru (Gr 3.3.5) those great ships VI:190; n. as adv. severely,
harshly XXII:5/4
stórtákn n. great miracle XIII:40
stórvi›ir m. pl. big beams, main timbers; with suffixed def. art.
stórvi›inir XXVI B:198
strá (past strá›i, pp. strá›r) wv. strew (with straw, rushes, coverings
etc., to make comfortable for visitors) IX:86 (imp. pl.)strandar, strandir see strƒnd
strandhƒgg n. a raid on the shore (for supplies) VII A:110 (gen. pl.)strangr/strángr adj. hard, harsh XXII:33/2; fierce XXII:39/2; serious
XXII:43/4
straumr m. current XXI:53; torrent XXI:123
Straumsey f. ‘torrent island’, XXI:54
Straumsfjƒr›r m. XXI:56 (see note 1), 83, 161, 194
strendr see strƒnd
strengja (past streng›i, pp. strengt) wv. fasten; strengja heit at makea solemn vow that XIX:10
strengr m. rope XXVI A:58; string, cord; pl. boga strengir bowstrings
XXV:76; pl. with suffixed def. art. XXVI A:59
strí› n. strife, warfare, opposition XXII:14/4; battle (or distress, grief?)
XXII:55/3
strí›a (past stríddi, pp. strítt) wv. with dat. fight (against) XXII:19/4,
29/4 (or distress, afflict?); attack XXII:8/2; cause pain or harm to
XXV:28; with suffixed neg. at sér ne stríddit that he has not harmed
himself XXV:31
strí›r adj. harsh, severe XXII:49/4
strjúka (pres. str‡kr, past strauk, past pl. struku, pp. strokinn) sv.
stroke IV:17 (i.e. whet?)stræti n. street, paved road XXV:43

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A New Introduction to Old Norsestrƒnd (pl. strendr/strandir) f. coast, shore Gr 3.1.7.1, 2 ex. 4, 3.1.8(18), X:19; beach XXI:32, 186; dat. pl. with suffixed def. art.
strƒndunum XXI:34; in kenning for heart or mind or breast hyggju
strendr XXII:19/3
studdisk see sty›ja
stukku see støkkva
stuldr m. theft XXII:5/1
stund (dat. sg. stundu, cf. Gr 3.1.8 (14)) f. while, period of time I:129,
II:21, XVI:78 (pl.), 135; time II:38, IV:70, 111 (with suffixed def.
art., though of an indefinite period of time), XXI:122; moment V:4;
ﬂessa stund for the time being XXI:48; af stundu in a short while
VIII:130; stundu sí›ar after a while XV:67; um stund for a time
IV:108, for a while XXI:105, 116; dat. pl. as adv. stundum sometimes
XIV:139, from time to time XXI:180, XXIV:5, some of the time VII
A:108; stundum . . . stundum sometimes . . . sometimes VIII:30–31,
XXIII:25
stunda (past stunda›i, pp. stundat) wv. devote oneself to; stunda til
cultivate (someone’s) friendship IV:99
stundanarmikill adj. very painstaking, assiduous XXIII:19
sty›ja (past studdi, pp. studdr) wv. support; -sk form studdisk wasleaning (vi› against) XIII:19
stynr m. groan XXVI B:200
st‡ra (past st‡r›i, pp. st‡rt) wv. with dat. control, rule VII A:93, XIV:1,
XXIV:36 (this vb. is understood in each of the six following clauses);
be in charge of XIV:26; direct: kallar sér st‡rt declares he is being
sent I:88 (Gr 3.9.3, 3.9.4, 3.9.5.2); steer VI:135, command (a ship)
VI:105, 115, 119, 264 (pres. subj., may steer)st‡ri n. helm, steering-oar XXI:175
st‡rima›r m. steersman, captain of a ship XVI:3, 9
st‡rir m. ruler, controller; controller of silver (or gold) or of the sword
is a kenning for (generous or valiant) king (here King Óláfr) VI:347(subject of myndi koma)
styrk n. support (til for something) XV:82
Styrkárr af Gimsum m. Norwegian landowner, one of Óláfr Tryggvason’s supporters VI:67
styrkja (past styrkti, pp. styrkt) wv. strengthen, support XIV:3; pp.
XIV:148
styrkr (= sterkr) adj. strong XXIII:84, 86

Glossary and Index229

styrkt f. strength XXIII:50 (gen. sg. with -mark)styrr m. turmoil, uproar, battle VI:356, XXV:83
stœ›i see standastœrri adj. comp. larger (Gr 3.3.8.2) VI:27, 220stƒ› f. place; landing-place, beach X:85 (see note and cf. Sævarsta›r), 101stƒ›va (past stƒ›va›i) wv. stop (transitive); impers. (ƒrninn object) II:58
stƒndum see standastƒng (pl. stangir) f. pole II:29, XXI:127, 206; with suffixed def. art.
II:31
støkkva (past stƒkk, past pl. stukku, pp. stokkinn) wv. leap, springaway VI:279, IX:107; take to flight, run away V:41 (with lines
38–39); snap, spring apart IX:50; go flying XXV:83; fyrir before,
in the face of; støkkva undan leap away, escape VI:219; pp. acc.
pl. stokkna sprinkled, spattered X:157
sú pron. f. (Gr 3.2.2, 3.8.2.1) she, it; that VI:30, XV:79, XXVI B:8,149; this VIII:143; er sú af that is one of XXVI A:44; sú es/er/sem
which XIV:12, the . . . which VIII:52, XXIII:33, she whom XXV:11;sú (. . .) er a . . . which XXIII:64, 67; sú hƒndin the one arm XV:122;
sú in fremri the foremost XXVI B:92su›r, sunnr adv. south(wards) Gr 3.5.1–3 ex. 6 (a), III:73, VI:245,
VII A:5, 156, 159, 168, X:35, XV:100, XVI:13, 14, 88, XXI:105,
164; i.e. on pilgrimage to Rome XVI:82, 85; in the south (actuallysouth-west) VIII:17, in the south, to the south (i.e. in the more
southerly Álptafjƒr›r) XIX:29; su›r hér here in the south XXVI
A:110; sunnr fyrir in the south off VI:207; su›r fyrir land
southwards along the coast XXI:86, 121, south past XXI:105
su›rátt f. southerly direction; í su›rátt southwards XXI:43
su›rdyrr n. pl. southern doorway; gen. pl. su›rdura III:96; acc. asadv. (acc. of route) by the southern doorway III:81
Su›reyjar f. pl. the Hebrides VII A:5
su›reyskr adj. Hebridean, from the Hebrides XV:40
su›rganga f. pilgrimage to Rome XVI:165
Su›rríki n. ‘the southern realm’, southern Europe (the Roman Empire)
VI:320su›rœnn adj. southern, from the south X:20
su›u see sjó›asúla f. pillar XIX:53 (with suffixed def. art.)

230

A New Introduction to Old Norsesú›ﬂaktr adj. (pp.) roofed with ovrlapping boards XXVI A:24
sukku see søkkva
sumar n. summer (Gr 3.1.7.1, 5 (1), 3.1.8 (27)) II:137 (with suffixed
def. art.), XI:5, XIV:1, XV:79, 82, XXVII:5, 26; acc. of time ﬂetta/
ﬂat sumar that summer IV:108, VIII:88, XV:43, et/hit sama sumar
the same summer VIII:145, XXI:165, annat sumar the following
summer XIX:9, (which is to be, for) the following summer XXVII:40,
it fjór›a sumar in the fourth summer XXVII:44, sumar ﬂat er inthe summer that XIX:47; et næsta sumar eptir, of/um sumarit
eptir the following summer VIII:91, 179, 190, XVI:9; um sumaritthat summer XXI:4; ﬂegar um sumarit that same summer XVI:190;
af sumri VIII:93 see af; pl. sumur VIII:59, 170, 171, XXVII:20,
43; dat. pl. sumrum XXVII:26, um sumrum in summer XXI:10
sumr adj. some, some of VI:123; a certain, some or other VI:354 (withseggr); acc. sg. m. suman II:159; pl. some men III:4, V:70, VI:226;
gen. pl. sumra III:47, sumra manna of some people XXI:161; sumir
some of them XXVI A:38; sumir . . . sumir some . . . others III:110,
V:82, VII B:67, XIV:134, 167, XXI:106–07; n. sg. for indefinite
number and gender sumt . . . sumt VII A:149 (understand were)sun, sunar see sonr
sund1 n. sound, strait IV:28
sund2 n. swimming; af sundi i.e. out of the water, from where they
were swimming in the water VI:300; sunds gen. with snotr or adv.
gen. (‘by swimming’) VI:313
sundr adv. apart; ganga sundr be broken VI:57; í sundr apart III:11,
VIII:135, in two XXVI A:69, to pieces I:16, in pieces XXI:117;
gekk í sundr broke in two V:100
sundrmœ›r adj. born of a different mother, half-brother XXV:45
sungu/súngu see syngja
sunnan adv. from the south Gr 3.5.3 (6), VI:51, 355, X:17, XXI:111,
122; in verse perhaps = fyrir sunnan, in the south VII A:139; fyrir
sunnan to the south of XXVI A:96
sunnanve›r n. a wind from the south, a southerly wind XXI:198
sunnr = su›rsunr, sunu see sonr
súpa (pres. s‡pr, past saup, past pl. supu, pp. sopinn) sv. sip Gr
3.6.9.2 (1)sura f. (Latin word) calf (of the leg) XXIII:96; pl. surae XXIII:98

Glossary and Index

231

Susa f. Soest in Westphalia XI:3, 11
sút f. sickness, grief, wound (collective) XXII:54/4; grief, sorrow, pain(with gen. for) XXV:4
sútari m. cobbler (Latin sutor, Old English sutere; in later Icelandic‘tanner’); as nickname III:76
Suttungr (Suttungi) m. a giant II:111, 113, 115, 131, 136, 139, 140,
155, 158; gen. Suttunga II:119, 122, 135, 160
svá/svó adv. so I:110, 115, 143, II:111, 144, III:66, VI:46, 122, VIII:28,
33, 36, 50, 93, IX:105 (with ó›fús), X:86, XVI:58, 127, XXII:33/3,
XXVI B:8, 36; gera/gjƒra svá do so XXI:72, 102, XXVI B:213;
var eigi svá was it not the case XXI:77; ﬂetta mun svá vera thatwill be so, all right XXVI A:112; nƒkkut svá a little bit XXIII:59;
so much I:90, XVI:184; thus Gr 3.5.3 (7), I:41, 64, 134 (2), VI:83,
IX:131, XII:80, XIV:65 (1), XV:54, XIX:53, XXIII:1, XXIV:9, 20,
XXVI B:204; like that VIII:2, XI:47, XIX:78, XXV:27, XXVI A:40;
thus, in the same way III:116, like this XXI:116; similarly XII:84,
XXVI B:25; as follows II:8, VI:258, VII A:10, 78, B:14, XIX:36;
such IV:86, XV:141, XVI:83, XXVI B:187, such . . . (that) XXII:40/3;
then X:39, XIV:65 (2), XXVI B:222; so that XXII:48/2; as if XXVI
A:23; svá fast, svá hƒr› thus hard (fierce), hard (fierce) like this
V:133, VI:254; svá mikit similarly large XXIII:63; (ok) svá (and)also III:112, V:46, VII A:7, 59, XI:11, XIII:5, XVI:186, XXII:2/1,
XXVII:42, and . . . as well XXVI B:222 (1), and then, and so VI:10,
VII A:156, B:75, and so on XXI:88, and so did (i.e. jump overboard)
VI:295; ok svá ﬂat ef and also (this), if XXVII:28; svá ok also,
likewise XIV:181; ok svá er and so it is, and that is right VI:197;
svá er ok that is right too V:136; ok svá var and so it was VI:67,
and so it happened VII A:66; en svá than that VI:340; svá at (Gr
3.8.2.2) so that I:32, III:10, V:130, VIII:57, X:131, XI:11, XIII:4,
22, XXI:129, XXII:22/3, XXIII:25, 72, XXVI A:18, 64, 74, B:31,
76; so hard that XV:151, so harsh that XXII:6/1, such that XV:11, insuch a way that II:83, VI:117, XXI:3, 117, so well that VIII:130,
XIV:163, (on occasions) when VII B:32, it being the case that, atthe point where VI:305, at a time when XXVII:27, this, that XXI:157,
XXIV:35; svá (. . .) at so . . . that I:17, 26, 36, 97, II:5, 32, III:125,
VI:271, 288 (1), VII A:154, B:86, X:60, 170, XII:10–11, XVI:32,
XXI:23, XXIV:26, XXVI B:63, 124, XXVII:31, such . . . that I:43,
XI:46, 60, XII:13, XVI:125, XXVI A:88, thus (. . .) that II:73, 127,

232

A New Introduction to Old Norse

III:113, VI:288 (2), XV:8, XXIV:1, 32, XXVII:2, in this way . . .
that I:134, IV:65, XXI:44, in such a way that XXI:70 (or svá lengst
for such a very long time?), in this way . . . by XIV:118, in such a
way that I:109, IV:104, VI:256, VIII:133, 137, X:126, XII:79,
XXV:30, like this, that XXIV:79–80; svá . . . at eigi without XIV:67;
svá . . . at . . . hvárki without either VI:8; svá at hon lét lesa by
having them read XIV:188; svá at hann stó› while standing, still
standing V:142; svá at menn viti as far as is known X:14; svá sem
as VI:221, 276, VII A:58, VIII:164, X:15, XXIV:3, just as if XII:53,
XV:90, in the way that XII:7, XXIV:30, like VIII:191, XV:60,
XXI:34, XXIII:11, just like XXI:123, as if XII:14, XXIII:34 (when?),(that it) seemed to sort of XXI:173, almost, rather, pretty well
XXIII:10; svá sem . . . vel = svá vel sem so well as I:15; ﬂat . . . svá
sem what VIII:185; svá . . . sem as . . . as I:18, 79, XI:38, XII:81,
XIX:112, XXI:64, as . . . as if XII:23 (1), XXI:111, so . . . as XIV:43,
so . . . that XXVI B:48, like XXV:45, as I:118, III:33, XI:40, as if
XIII:2, just as (he did) XIII:8, such a . . . as XXVI A:57, in such a
way that (it seems that) or so that XXIII:102; svá . . . svá sem as . . .
as if XII:22; svá . . . es it being the case that, i.e. when VIII:95; svá. . . er you being such . . . that XXI:133; svá margir sem ﬂeir somany as they were, considering how many they were V:144; svá asconj. so that I:18 (1), 56, 96, as far as XXVI B:183
svaf see sofa
svagla (past svagla›i, pp. svaglat)wv. impers. gurgle III:115
svala (past svala›i, pp. svalat) wv. impers. with dat. cool down III:18, 27
svalt see svelta
svanfja›rar f. pl. swan-feathers, (swan’s) plumage X:23
svangr adj. hungry VI:253 (if the wolf was not hungry there musthave been plenty of fallen warriors for it to feed on and a goodbattle had been fought)
Svanhildr f. daughter of Sigur›r the dragon-slayer XXV:9 (see note5), 10svanhvítr adj. swan-white; as a byname X:8; Svanhvít f. as a personalname X:11, 13, 23, 35
svar n. answer, response XXIV:29; halda upp svƒrum be spokesman
VII B:25; hafa eins manns svƒr í munni have to answer for one
person, be responsible for one person XXIV:66; eiga svƒr at veita
firi be answerable, bear responsibility for XXIV:64, 66

Glossary and Index

233

svara1 (past svara›i, pp. svarat) wv. reply, answer I:11, 61, 63, 107,
127, II:77, 88, 123, V:159, VI:65, VII A:48, 77, XI:25, 37, 66, XV:55,
60, 91, XVI:21, 162, XXI:100, XXIV:28, XXV:45, XXVI B:132;
past pl. svƒru›u III:123, svara›u VI:183; var honum svarat hegot a reply I:8; ﬂar firi svara answer about that XXIV:57; with dat.
ﬂví fyst svara er answer that first which XXIV:31
svara2 see svar
svardagi m. oath, solemn promise VIII:156; acc. pl. II:35
svar›lauss adj. grassless Gr 3.3.9 ex. 20
svartr (f. sg. and n. pl. svƒrt) adj. dark, swarthy XXI:11, XXIII:105,108; black I:7, V:166, XXIII:28, XXV:12; black-haired V:86; wk.
form as nickname VIII:8, XIV:183
sváss adj. beloved XXV:36
svefn m. sleep XIV:67, XXV:22, XXVI B:37
svefnfarar f. pl. ‘sleep experiences’, dreams; with suffixed def. art.
your dreams V:16
sveinn m. (Gr 3.1.7.3–5 ex. 1) boy V:32; with suffixed def. art. III:43,
44, V:44, 45, 65, 69, 80, 85, 88, 91, XI:45, XV:90, XXVI B:169,
boy child, young boy XXI:200; as nickname XI:7, 8, 35, 37, 40, 71;
as a term of abuse V:121; jocular, in address XXVI B:109
Sveinn Haraldsson forkbeard m. king of Denmark (died 1014) VI:1,
5, 12, 16, 29, 38, 39, 63, 69, 75, 107, 114, 118, 127, 142, 146, 162,
183, VIII:146
Sveinn Úlfsson m. king of Denmark 1047–76 XVI:14, 30, 39, 44, 46,
77, 128, 136, 140, 144, 149, 161, 166
sveipa (past sveip, past pl. svipu, pp. sveipit) sv. wrap Gr 3.6.9.3;
sveipa útan enclose, cover (with dat. in something) X:117, 161
sveit f. troop V:54, VII A:82; district XXVI A:119
sveitúngr m. pl. members of a sveit; fellow soldier XXII:30/2
svelta (past svalt, past pl. sultu, pp. soltinn) sv. die XXV:26
sver› n. sword I:132, III:54, 56, 85, IV:9, V:29, 36, 59, VI:52, 238(gen. pl. with gangr), XI:26, XIX:33, XXI:114 (pl.), XXII:12/3,
XXVI B:152; the sword X:81, 91; with suffixed def. art. the sword
I:130, 137, 148, III:28, VII A:103, X:79, XIX:34, XXI:142; with
suffixed def. art., his sword I:94, 95, 96, III:95, XXI:140; nom. pl.
V:156 (subject of bitu), VI:196; acc. pl. II:5, IV:39 (object of hvetja);
dat. with suffixed def. art., his sword III:98, V:58, VII B:68; dat.
with suffixed def. art. and gen. of owner V:116; me› sver›i with his

234

A New Introduction to Old Norsesword VII A:17; dat. as instrumental sver›i with a sword VII A:102,
XXV:31sver›leikr m. ‘sword-play’, ‘sword-sport’, battle VII A:18 (object ofger›i)
sverja (past sór, past pl. sóru, pp. svarit) sv. swear Gr 3.6.9.1 (5),3.6.9.3 ex. 2; sóru swore VIII:153
Svíaherr m. army of Swedes VI:163
Svíakonungr adj. king of the Swedes; as title VI:35, 84, 128, 146,
163, 187, VIII:147
Svíar m. pl. Swedes VI:188, 213, 222
svik n. pl. treachery, betrayal VII A:52
svíkja (past sveik, past pl. sviku, pp. svikinn) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.2 (6))
betray, cheat II:147, VI:143 (ór out of, so as to make him leave); pp.
cheated VI:4, ambushed, trapped, caught in a trap V:151
svima (past svam, past pl. svámu, pp. sumit) sv. swim Gr 3.6.9.3
svinnr adj. wise, shrewd XXV:32
svipan f. movement, force, speed I:43
svipta (past svipti, pp. sviptr) wv. deprive Gr 3.6.9.1 (7); pp. sviptr
with dat. deprived of XXII:48/4; having lost XXII:9/4
svívir›ing f. dishonour, affront, insult, outrage VI:36, 40, XV:25
Svíﬂjó› f. Sweden X:2, XVI:130
svó see svásvæla (past svældi, pp. svældr) wv. choke with smoke III:14; svæla
inni suffocate (someone) in their house XXVI B:67
svælumikit adv. very smoky, full of choking smoke III:5svænskr adj. Swedish (= sœnskr); acc. pl. svænska menn in acc.
and inf. construction after kvá›u VI:244; wk. form as title svænski
VI:35, 213Svƒl›r (gen. Svƒl›rar) m. an island in the Baltic VI:29; referred to asa river VI:207; cf. VIII:145, note 47
svƒr see svarsvƒrt, svƒrtum see svartrsvƒru›u see svara1
svƒrum see svarsy›ri adj. comp. more southerly III:12, XXI:170; í Álptafir›i enumsy›ra in the more southerly Álptafjƒr›r XIX:28; dat. pl. sy›rum III:51
syknuleyfi n. licence for mitigation of penalty XXVII:27
Syllingar f. pl. the Scilly Isles VII A:9, 28, 29, 30, 70

Glossary and Index

235s‡n f. (restoration of) sight XXII:58/3
s‡na (past s‡ndi, pp. s‡ndr) wv. show; display XV:146; demonstrate,
give an example (of) XIV:38, 50; indicate, betray XXIII:5, 9, 39,
40, 47, 57 (cf. Gr 3.9.8.2), 84 (cf. Gr 3.9.8.2), they indicate XXIII:60;
reveal XXIII:3; s‡na af sér give out, proclaim XXIII:52; s‡nir (it)indicates, (it) is a sign of XXIII:16, 80, 85; s‡nir manninn shows
the person to be XXIII:64; with suffixed 1st person pron s‡ndak I
showed (it) VIII:2; s‡na sik í display (one’s readiness for) something,reveal one’s concern for something V:160; s‡na vi›rkvæmiligt vera
show that it was fitting XIII:20; pres. part. s‡nandi XIII:24; -sk
form s‡nask appear, can be seen XXIII:31; s‡naz appear, be apparent
XXIV:79; s‡nisk mér, mér s‡niz seems to me XVI:120, XXIV:30,
it seems to me XXVI B:28; s‡nisk honum nƒkkvot eptir sem there
seems to him to be something in what, he thought it was probably
right what XVI:55; s‡nisk ﬂeim it seems to them XXI:146 ; s‡ndisk
appeared, looked X:104, it seemed XIV:51
syngja/syngva (past sƒng, past pl. sungu, pp. sungit) sv. sing Gr
3.6.9.2 (2, 6); chant, intone XIV:64, 70; súngu rang, clashed,resounded XXII:56/4; ﬂar er spjƒr sungu ‘where spears sang’ means
in battles VI:202
syni, synir see sonr
synja (past synja›i, pp. synjat) wv. with gen. refuse II:140s‡nu adv. with sup. by far V:87s‡r f. sow Gr 3.1.7.2 (5)s‡ra f. sour whey III:99 (see note), III:102 (with suffixed def. art.),
III:103 (with suffixed def. art.), XXVI B:114s‡rgja (past s‡rg›i, pp. s‡rg›r) wv. wail, weep aloud XXVI B:31
s‡ruker n. cask for storing s‡ra III:100 (with suffixed def. art.)s‡sla1 f. 1. work XIV:18; task(s) XIV:138, note. 2. diocese XIV:142s‡sla2 (past s‡sla›i, pp. s‡slat) wv. do, effect; s‡sla ﬂat arrange it, i.e.
make the decision XXVII:6s‡sligast adv. sup. most briskly Gr 3.5.3 (12)systir f. sister VI:31, 47, VII A:74, IX:114, 127, X:24, XI:19, 28, 71,
XIX:107, XXV:10, XXVI A:115; gen. systur XIX:39, XXV:60
systurdóttir f. sister’s daughter, niece VII B:7 (refers to Sigrí›r, not
Gunnhildr)
systursonr m. nephew (sister’s son) III:43 (in apposition to sveinsins)
sæi see sjá

236

A New Introduction to Old Norsesæli› n. help at sea, (trying to) save a ship XV:146
Sælingsdalr m. valley in western Iceland XV:46, 84
Sælingsdalshei›r f. moor between Sælingsdalr and Saurbœr in western
Iceland XV:100sæll adj. happy, fortunate, blessed I:9, 11, 21, 39, XIV:75, XXV:74
sæmdarma›r m. man of honour, honourable or distinguished man
XXII:28/3
Sæmundr (Sigfússon, enn fró›i) m. Icelandic priest and historian
1056–1133 VIII:2, 145, 152
sær (= sjór) m. sea II:50, 103, 112, VI:316, XV:145; with suffixed def.
art. II:108, VII A:157; gen. sg. sævar X:19, 85, 101særa (past sær›i, pp. sær›r) wv. wound XXVI A:51, 75, B:96
sæta1 (past sætti, pp. sætt) wv. with dat. mean, signify; hverju ﬂatsætti what this meant, what was the cause of this I:74; undrumsæta amount to a miracle or marvel XXII:44/2
sæta2 f. poetical term for woman; = Steinger›r, subj. of hvarf IV:27
sæti see sitjasætt f. settlement II:62, 72, 114; peace VI:56; in pl. compensation,
atonement, settlement XIX:24; taka sættum vi› accept reconciliation with XXVI B:130
sættargjƒr› f. terms of settlement II:67
sættask (past sættisk) wv. reach agreement (á on something) VIII:27,
XVI:56; sættask at ﬂví at agree on these terms, that XIX:24
sætti see sæta1sævar see særSævarsta›r m. ‘Sea-stead’, an island X:87; cf. sævar stƒ› X: 85, 101sœkja (pres. sœkir, past sótti, pp. sótt) wv. (Gr 3.6.9.3) 1. seek (eptir
for, i.e. go in search of, fetch) II:48; make an attempt on IV:46 (subj.);attack V:103, 132, 134, 144, VI:343, XXVI B:64; go to, attend
IV:110, VII B:25; visit XIV:61; skjótt sœkja quickly win them (thebuildings) or defeat us XXVI B:61; mik fá sótt attack me successfully, overcome me XXVI A:81; ﬂá sótta geta manage to defeat
them XXVI B:49, 100; past subj. sœtti might seek out IX:56; sœkja
á fund with gen. go to visit XIV:139; sœkja í hendr make demandson, pester or demand (women) from? XXI:195; sœkja at attack
IV:62, V:81, 113, VI:275, XXI:138, 146, XXVI A:37, 39, B:51, force
one’s way to VI:285; sœkjum at let us attack XXVI A:42, pastsubj. at sœtti at that they should attack VI:273; sækja heim attack

Glossary and Index

237(someone) in their home XXVI B:63; sœkja til look for, call (onsomeone) for something II:130, come (to try to get something) IV:37,
attend XIV:58; pp. sótt ver›a to be overcome VI:316; sóttan (tobe) overcome (with vann jƒfur) VI:247, sóttan und lok (to havebeen) finally defeated, i.e. slain VI:303. 2. -sk form illa sóttisk ﬂeim
Gunnarr Gunnarr was hard for them to defeat XXVI B:60; impers.
with dat. sóttisk ﬂeim, ﬂeim sœkisk they were progressing, gaining
success III:1, IV:63; ﬂeim mun illa sœkjask it will be slow progress
for them, they will find it tough work XXVI B:58
sœm› f. honour I:66 (at honum sign of his being a source of), XXIV:68,
73; ﬂeim til sœm›ar sem in honour of him who XXIV:60; ﬂeim tilsœm›ar as a compliment to them XXIV:74sœm›aratkvæ›i n. respectful address, honourable forms of address
XXIV:61sœmiliga adv. becomingly XIII:30
sœmiligr adj. honourable, reverend XIV:175; sup. XIV:165
sœmr adj. befitting; comp. Gr 3.3.3 ex. 5sœnskr adj. Swedish (= svænskr); wk. form as title VIII:146sœtr adj. sweet; sup. sœtasti most sweet XIII:47; dat. pl. sœtustum
sweetest XII:18
sœtti see sœkja
sƒ›la (past sƒ›la›i, pp. sƒ›lat) wv. saddle XV:95
sƒ›ull m. saddle V:157, X:45
sƒg› (Gr 3.3.9 ex. 8), sƒg›u, sƒg›um see segjasƒgn (pl. sagnir) f. (Gr 3.1.7.1 ex. 5) report III:47; er ﬂat sumra
manna sƒgn some people say XXI:162
sƒgu, sƒgur, sƒgum see sagasƒk f. cause; suit XV:67, XXVII:7; lawsuit XV:137; accusation, charge,
cause of resentment, grievance, grudge VI:30, 32, 41; á sƒk ﬂá has(responsibility for) that case, that case lies with XXVII:36; fyrir ﬂá
sƒk for this reason IV:105, VII A:79, as a result XIV:144; fyrir ﬂásƒk at because VI:34, firi ﬂá sƒk . . . at for this reason . . . that
XXIV:57–58; fyrir ﬂessa sƒk because of this, on account of this
VI:137; fyr sanna sƒk for good cause V:155; sú var sƒk til this was
the reason for it VII A:135; fyrir sakar, fyrir (. . .) sakir with gen.
for the sake of, because of XII:36, XIV:97, 114, XXIV:21, becauseof V:46, XIV:99, XIX:3, for someone’s sake, on someone’s account
IV:100; fyrir mínar sakir ok fyrir ﬂínar for my sake and for your238

A New Introduction to Old Norse

own XII:40; fyrir sakir ﬂeira er because of those who XII:89; fyrir
sakar ﬂess er for this reason, that VI:317; fyrir ﬂær sakar as aresult of this, for all that XV:12; fyrir ﬂessar sakar on these grounds
XV:28; til saka as the offence, as the reason XV:69
sƒkótt adj. n. eiga sƒkótt have many quarrels, have much enmity (manyenemies) V:3
sƒl n. pl. an edible sea-weed used as food; gen. pl. sƒlva IV:61
sƒmu see samrsƒngr m. song Gr 3.1.7.5 (4); singing, chanting, music XIV:156, 162
sƒnn, sƒnnu, sƒnnum see sannrSƒrli m. brother of Ham›ir, son of Gu›rún and Jónakr XXV:32, 75, 110
sƒx see sax
søkkva (past sƒkk, past pl. sukku, pp. sokkinn) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.2 (2)) sink
III:98 (upp um up over, i.e. so as to be covered up over), VI:256, 259,
XXI:200-t neg. suffix with verbs IV:42, VI:261, 342, 348, XXV:31, 64
tá1 (pl. tær) f. toe Gr 3.1.7.2, 3.1.8 (20)tá2 n. pathway, trodden ground round or in front of the house XXV:1
ta›a f. hay (from the well-manured home field) III:4
tak n. hold, grasp; betri honum til taks any better for him to use
XV:123taka (pres. tekr, past tók, past pl. tóku, past subj. tœki, pp. tekinn
Gr 3.3.8.4 (3a), 3.3.8.2–5 ex. 4, 3.6.9.1 (4)) sv. 1. take (Gr 3.6.9.1(4, 12, 13, 14)) II:18, 42, 52, 73, 80, III:3, IV:63, X:79, XVI:186,
XIX:34, XXI:51, 115, XXVI A:40, B:107; imp. tak XII:38, imp. pl.
taki› XXVI B:150; tƒkum, tƒku vér let us take XXI:100, XXVI
A:59; receive I:121, VII A:66, VIII:140, XXII:51/3, 58/3; accept
XXII:27/3, XXIV:68, with dat. XXVI B:130, imp. taki ﬂér
XXII:25/1; take away VII B:56; take up, pick up V:157, XI:19, 44;
take hold of IV:64; take possession of VII A:107, XIX:54; take on,
assume VIII:58, 62, 169; adopt XVI:83, XXVI B:105; choose
XXVII:4; tók sér chose himself XIX:94; appoint XXVII:10, 18,50; start XI:112; undergo XIV:37; board VI:103; catch V:67, 91, 95,
XIX:57, XXVI B:195; arrest VII B:51, past subj. tœki take prisoner
XXVI A:8; catch (an illness) XVI:89; capture II:46, VI:297, 300(pp. pl. teknir), XIX:36, XXVI A:9; reach X:170; touch, consume?
XIII:17; strike XXVI B:92; taka kve›ju respond to a greeting
XVI:19, 157; taka mat e›a svefn enjoy food or sleep XIV:67; hvatGlossary and Index239

ﬂeir taka rá›s what course they adopt XXVI B:48; pp. accepted;
eigi fjarri tekit by no means rejected XV:5; supine tekit taken I:25;
taka sér get oneself II:155, appoint (for themselves) XXVII:6; takaá touch I:36; taka af derive from XIV:80; tóku af took (them) off
X:49; tók ﬂar af took out of it XIV:32; taka fyrir take in exchange
for XXI:115; taka hƒndum capture X:15, seize, take hold of XXVI
A:11; taka í reach (up) to III:103; taka í móti receive, meet, takehold of XXVI B:184; taka ni›r reach down to (so as to strike against)
II:32; taka ofan take down, put away XXVI B:35; tók honumskammt ofan reached a short way down on him XII:56; taka til
with acc. undertake I:30, with gen. reach (to) (subj. taki) XXIII:83,
take hold of, seize I:104, III:84, XXI:199, take to, begin to use VI:125,
take in for, accept for XIV:153, make use of, have recourse to XXI:39;
taka til máls take up the story; nú er ﬂar til máls at taka . . . at
now the story must be taken up at the point . . . where XXVI B:2;
taka til or›s begin to speak (or choose the words?) XXIV:20; taka
til rá›s/rá›a adopt as a plan, decide to do XXVI B:45, 166; taka til
si›ar establish as a custom XXIV:77; teknir til ﬂess assigned tothis, appointed to do this VIII:174; taka upp take up, pick up I:22,
99, lift up XXI:141, raise, disinter XXII:61/1, take on, undertake
II:133, adopt I:52, XVI:90, seize VII A:136; taka út reach out to,go out and touch VII A:154; taka vi› receive I:137 (imp. tak), accept
XVI:188, embrace VII A:55, VIII:78, 90, take in VI:16, take into
one’s care XV:41, catch I:41; at taka vi› receiving XIV:138; taka
vel vi› receive warmly VI:46, XI:14, XV:125; impers. tók af withacc. (something) was put a stop to II:59, was removed from VII
A:44, it was cut off III:57; tók af hƒfu›it his head was taken off
XXVI B:154; at yfir taki vi› oss that we may be finished off or thatan end be made of our dealings XXVI B:65; as aux. taka (at) with
inf. begin to III:50, 88, VII A:157, B:30, VIII:72, XIV:1, 47, XIX:58,
XXI:110, 116, XXII:39/1 (or meaningless auxiliary), XXVI B:121,
126; taka at as meaningless auxiliary did XXII:62/1 (or ‘took therelics intending to, in order to’). 2. -sk form be accepted, be successful,take root VIII:85; begin: supine tekizk begun V:92; af takask beabolished XIV:85; fail, come to an end XXI:60; takask til turn out
I:89tákna (past tákna›i, pp. táknat) wv. mean, signify XXI:99
tal n. talk, tale II:84; conversation IV:4, 37, VII A:45, XV:29 (with240

A New Introduction to Old Norse

suffixed def. art.); reckoning VIII:149; tal af honum what he said,
his opinions (cf. halda) XXI:15
tál f. deceit, betrayal; pl. draga á tálar entrap, betray VI:145
tala1 (past tala›i, past pl. tƒlu›u, pp. tala›r) wv. speak (vi› with)
III:15, IV:36, XIV:33, XV:6, 58, XXII:31/1, XXVI B:40, 155; say(vi› to) XXII:15/2; speak of, discuss III:18, VII A:62, 95; tala um
speak about, discuss IV:77, XXI:2, write about, treat of XIV:90,
note; impers. pass. um var talat at it was discussed that III:105
tala2 (acc. tƒlu, pl. tƒlur) f. speech VIII:123; in pl. persuasion VIII:152;
reckoning VIII:8, 61; number XI:12
tal›r, tal›i see telja
tálma (past tálma›i, pp. tálmat) wv. hinder XVI:70
tanngnjóstr m. ‘Tooth-gnasher’ or ‘Tooth-crushed’, a nickname; also
the name of one of ﬁórr’s goats (SnE, Gylfaginning ch. 21) IV:107
téa see tjá
tefla (past tefldi, pp. tefldr) wv. weave braid, do tablet weaving
XIV:189
tegr/tigr/tugr (pl. tigir) m. (a group of) ten, a decade (Gr 3.4.1 and 2(5), (9)) VIII:56, 60, 196; with gen. (Gr 3.4.2.(9)) fjórir tigir forty
XXI:18, 164, sjau tigir seventy XIX:49, tíu tigir a hundred XXI:162;
acc. pl. tegu VIII:29, sex tigu sixty VI:21, sjau tigu seventy VI:49;
dat. pl. nær ﬂremr tigum nearly thirty XXVI B:47; sex tigum okeinu with seventy-one VI:53 (adv. with fór); sjau tegum vetra ens
níunda hundra›s eptir = 870 years after VIII:13; ﬂremr tegum
vetra ens annars hundra›s eptir = 130 years after VIII:148; sexvetr ens fjór›a tegar 36 years VIII:194; hálfr ﬂri›i tugr manna
half the third ten (= two tens and half the third) of men, i. e. 25 men
III:79 (Gr 3.4.2 (9))
teitr adj. cheerful, happy, joyful XXII:21/2
Teitr Ísleifsson m. priest VIII:8, 36, 93, 144
Teitr Ketilbjarnarson m. 10th-century Icelander VIII:80
tekinn (Gr 3.3.8.4 (3a), 3.3.8.2–5 ex. 4), tekit, teknir, tekr see takatelja (past tal›i, past pl. tƒl›u, pp. tal›r) wv. reckon, declare II:110;
tell, report XII:63; calculate, reckon up VIII:153; count VIII:165, X:56;
enumerate XXII:28/2; telja fyrir work out or argue in the presenceof VIII:73, put to, plead to, try to persuade VIII:125; -sk form tal›isk
said that he II:132; teljask undan decline, refuse XXVI B:145
téna›arma›r m. assistant, deputy XIV:170

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241

tendra (past tendra›i, pp. tendrat) wv. kindle; -sk form tendraskme› be kindled by (or in), be excited by (or in) XIII:23
tengja (past teng›i, pp. tengt) wv. tie together VI:169 (imp. pl.)tenn see tƒnntét see tjá
teygja (past teyg›i) wv. entice, lure II:38, XXVI A:15
teygjask (past teyg›isk) wv. -sk form show oneself; tenn hánum
teygjask his teeth are bared X:81
tí› f. time VIII:129; pl. tí›ir divine service XIV:43, 58, 124; the canonical ‘hours’, prayers XIV:69; til tí›a for services, for prayers XIV:160
tí›a (past tíddi, pp. títt) wv. impers. with acc. desire XVI:88tí›agjƒr› f. (holding of) church services XIV:152
tí›indalauss adj. uneventful, without incident XV:57
tí›indi n. pl. tidings, news, events II:14, 37, VI:89, 106, 134, XV:72,
91, XIX:74 (‘what had happened’), XXVI B:6; lƒng tí›indi longdrawn-out story IX:37; vera myndi nƒkkur tí›indi something must
be going on, something must be up VI:124; hvat til tí›inda haf›igƒrzk what had happened of importance XV:121
tí›r1 adj. frequent; common, popular (with dat. with) XIV:83; swift;n. hvat títt væri what was happening XV:112; n. as adv. títt pleasant
XXV:62; quickly; sup. sem tí›ast as quickly as possible, at once VI:63tí›r2 m. time VIII:8, 20
tiginn adj. noble, of high rank; dat. pl. tignum VI:194, XVI:152, 184;
sup. tignastr XI:58, f. tignust XII:24
tigir see tegr
tignarliga adv. splendidly, majestically, nobly, magnificently XII:24
tigr, tigu, tigum see tegrtil 1. prep. with gen. to (Gr 3.7.2) I:1, 23, 25, 38, 46, 56, 68, 88, 98,
II:3, 37, VI:5, VIII:15, 43 (2), X:10, 95, XI:64, XV:43, XVI:10, 96,
XIX:30, XXI:130, XXII:27/1, XXV:56, XXVI A:1, 5, 10, B:40;
towards XXIII:21; towards, to, at I:13, 35, V:129, VII A:102, XIX:71,
80, XXVII:22, 29; to the home of (cf. Gr 3.1.5 (13)) II:50, 95, IV:3;
til hans at him XXVI A:71, B:90, to see him X:88, til sín to see him
XVI:87, til mín to see me XVI:39, til ﬂín to you XXIV:1, 3, tilﬂeir(r)a at them XXVI A:45, to them XXIV:75; til ﬂess about it
XXII:22/4, so far XXVII:32, for this I:119; for VI:7, VII A:100,
VIII:55, XIV:174, XVI:97, 189, XXII:28/4, 37/2, XXIII:27,
XXVII:17; for (the purpose of) III:105, XVI:90, 165, 167, XXI:41,

242

A New Introduction to Old Norse

XXII:1/4, XXVI A:85; for or until XVI:51; for, to bring about or
until XXV:30; for (voyages to) XVI:129; XIX:43; engaged in
XIV:136; to get II:17 (see illr), III:20; until VI:304, 324, XXVI
B:124; about II:45, VI:331; as I:39 (to cause), II:73, 114, VII A:52;
til bogastrengs mér as a bowstring for me XXVI A:79; ok til and(go) to VI:129; gera til earn I:61. 2. as adv. towards (something), inthat direction II:24, there, to that place II:112, XXI:73, up to it I:108,
for it I:118, 121, 130, VIII:39, 43 (1), 89, XVI:35, for this III:105(1), VII A:135, XXIV:3 (2), to earn it I:137, to do (it) I:126, III:17,
VIII:164, of this I:115; available, possible XVI:38, 48; til búit
prepared, ready XIX:57 (cf. búa); taka til, takask til see taka; vera
til be available, be enough VI:225, be available (to do) VII B:20,
XXVI B:102; sem ﬂú ert ma›r til as a man like you would XXVI
B:112; ﬂat var mest til at this was the main reason why VI:46; hér
til for this XV:27; up to now V:77; ﬂangat til up to then VIII:95;
ﬂar til for it (cf. Gr 3.9.1) VII A:98, for that event, i.e. at that battle
VI:154; ﬂar til . . . sem towards the spot where XXIII:18. 3. forming
conjunctions til ﬂess er in order to bring about what XIV:90, note;til ﬂess er, til ﬂess unz until VI:45, VII A:28, VIII:25, XII:4, XXI:87,
XXVI B:43, 228; ﬂar til er until XI:47, XIX:33, 50, XXI:52; svá til
ﬂess er on until VI:10; til ﬂess at in order that, so that VII A:51,
VIII:163, XIV:122, 124, (in order) to XIV:26, 151, so that XIV:55,
to (do something) XXVII:3, for this, that XXIV:14; til at for the
purpose of, to XXVII:4, (in order) to XIX:47, in order that XXVI B:65
tilgjƒf f. bridal gift (from the bridegroom to the bride) VI:2, 4
tillit n. glance I:30
tilræ›i n. attack IV:8
tilskipat pp. n. ordained XXIV:45
tilstilli n. guidance, contrivance, action XIV:112
tími m. time XV:35; einn tíma on one occasion XIII:13
tína (past tíndi, pp. tínt) wv. rehearse XXVII:29
tingl n. prow-piece, a triangular piece of wood between the gunwales ata ship’s prow; gen. pl. with tangar (see tƒng) VI:232
tinsmi›r m. a worker in tin or pewter; as nickname III:79
tírr m. glory VII A:22; fame XXV:108
títt see tí›r1
tíu num. (Gr 3.4.1) ten III:46, VIII:92, XV:79, XIX:36, XXI:162,
XXVII:29; tíu (hundru›) i.e. 1200 (Gr 3.4.1) VIII:166, XXV:81

Glossary and Index

243

tíund f. a tenth part; a tithe, tithe-payment VIII:154, 157
tíundi num. (ordinal) adj. tenth Gr 3.4.1; vi›/me› tíunda mann withnine others (Gr 3.4.2.(8)) XV:130, 134
tívar m. pl. gods IX:55
tjá/téa (past té›i, pp. tét) wv. show X:81; describe XII:63; give an
account of, enumerate XXII:13/3; -sk form tjásk be shown, be to be
seen (or be used, be useful?) XIV:179
tjald n. tent; sheet of tarpaulin XIX:58
tjalda (past tjalda›i, pp. tjaldat) wv. cover, hang; pp. n. pl. tjƒldu› II:12
Tjaldanes n. farm on the south side of Gilsfjƒr›r XV:131
tjara f. tar III:4 (with suffixed def. art.)tjƒrr m. poetical word for sword or spear; gen. pl. tjƒrva VII A:21
tjƒrupinnr m. a piece of wood covered in tar or a small container for tar III:2
tók, tóku see taka
tólf num. twelve (Gr 3.4.1) II:7, VII A:100, VIII:171, 193, XIV:143,
173, XV:133, XIX:48, XXII:59/4; tólf (hundru›) i.e. 1440 VIII:167
tólfti num. (ordinal) adj. twelfth Gr 3.4.1; me› tólfta mann i.e. witheleven others (Gr 3.4.2 (8)) VIII:98, XV:75
tópt f. foundations, ground plan (i.e. overall length) XIX:62
Torfi Hamalsson m. XIX:114
tradda see tre›ja
tra›ir see trƒ›trana f. crane (bird) XXV:62; with suffixed def. art. Tranan name ofa ship VI:105, 227; acc. Tranu (with sá fljóta au›a) VI:307; gen.
with suffixed def. art. Trƒnunnar VI:216
trau›r adj. reluctant; n. as adv. trautt scarcely XXI:54
traust n. protection, support XV:127
traustr adj. reliable, strong VI:288, XXII:17/3
tré n. tree II:27 (with suffixed def. art.); tree or a piece of wood XXI:150;
dat. pl. with suffixed def. art. trjánum their pieces of wood XXI:97, 112(these may have been bullroarers, which were widely used by North
American Indians for ceremonial purposes); timber, wood XIII:14, 30
tre›ja (past traddi, pp. traddr) wv. cause to be trodden on (with dat.
by) XXV:11; pp. acc. f. sg. tradda (Gr 3.9.7.1) XXV:69
trega (past treg›i) wv. 1. grieve for, lament X:138. 2. cause to grieve,cause grief to X:168
treginn adj. (pp.) grievous, sad XXV:1
tregr adj. reluctant I:102

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

trésmi›r m. wood-carver, carpenter XII:2
treysta (past treyst, pp. treystr) wv. trust (á in) XXII:24/1; -sk form
treystask dare XIV:164
tréﬂak n. wooden roof XIV:8
trítill m. (spinning) top; urchin; small movements XXIII:39 (see note)
Tristram m. XII:1, 3, 5, 16, 36, 38, 62, 64, 69, 70
trjánum see tré
tro›a (past tra›, past pl. trá›u, pp. tro›it) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.3) 1. tread
XVI:122 (subj.). 2. stuff III:4 (object understood; Gr 3.9.5.1)
trú f. belief, religion XXII:22/3; (i.e. the Christian religion) XXI:13;
faith XIV:65 (with dat. in?); (the) faith, i.e. Christianity VII A:50,
VIII:78, XXIV:46; rétt trú VII A:68, XXIV:52; acc. helga trú
Christianity XXII:25/1
trúa (past trú›i, pp. trúa›r) wv. believe Gr 3.6.9.1 (8); trúa á believe
in XXIV:33, 34; with dat. believe in, trust XXII:17/4 (3rd personpres. trúr?—cf. trúr adj.); imp. trúi› ﬂér ok ﬂví also trust in thisXXVI B:124
trúanligr adj. believable XIII:40
trúr adj. (Gr 3.3.8.5 (4)) true, loyal (with dat. to someone) VII A:41,
XXII:17/4 (cf. trúa); dat. pl. trúm Gr 3.3.8 (4) and 3.3.9 (5)tryggiliga adv. securely XII:76
tryggr adj. trusty XXII:17/3
Tryggvason, Tryggvasunr m. son of Tryggvi Óláfsson VI:48, 77,
89, 130, 211, 215, VIII:145, XXI:37
Tryggvi Óláfsson m. father of King Óláfr of Norway; gen. Tryggva
VI:144, 336, 367, VIII:75
tr‡ta (past tr‡tti, pp. tr‡tt) wv. dangle XXV:62
trƒ› f. (trodden) path; sheep pen? XXVI A:13; in kenning for sea,fjar›m‡ils trƒ› VI:251trƒll n. monster I:81Trƒllaskógr m. ‘troll forest’, farm in southern Iceland XXVI A:17
trƒnu see trana-tu = ﬂú I:10, 15, 20, 125, IV:97, XXV:23, XXVI B:218; see ﬂútugli see tygill
tugr see tegr
Tumba f. mountain on the coast of Normandy XIII:1, 11, 28
tún n. enclosure, farmyard, infield III:59 (with suffixed def. art.), V:33;
court(yard); gen. pl. túna to the dwelling, abode IX:9

Glossary and Index

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tunga f. language VI:317
Tunga1 f. a farm, the home of ﬁorkell and Steinger›r, in Gnúpsdalr,
off Mi›fjƒr›r, about fifteen miles south of Steinssta›ir IV:3, 6, 107
Tunga2 f. an area in eastern Iceland Gr 3.1.8
túngar›r m. farmyard wall, hayfield wall XV:100
tungl n. moon; in kenning for shields (referring to the way they were
fastened along the sides of viking ships) tungl tingla tangar (subjectof skrusk) VI:232
tunglkváma f. new moon XIV:80
turn m. tower XI:2, 48
tuttugu num. twenty (Gr 3.4.1) V:83, VIII:59, 62, 191tvá, tvau see tveir
tveir num. two (Gr 3.4.1) V:48, VI:198, VII A:97, VIII:163, X:100,
106, XII:18, XV:94, XXI:23, 144, XXVI B:102; tveir einir just
two XXV:81; acc. m. tvá I:74, 103, IV:2, VI:159 (with jƒfra),
VIII:82, 83, X:2, XV:32, 95, XIX:62, XXI:38, 165, XXVI A:11, 78;
two (warriors) XXVI A:100; ﬂá tvá those two (ﬂá2) or now, by thentwo (ﬂá1) XXVI A:76; f. tvær II:74, X:8, ok tvær and two (were)XXI:199; n. tvau I:76, II:28, 97, III:30, XIV:140, XXI:21, 199, XXVI
A:76, XXVII:37, of two persons, a male and female IX:47; tvauver› slík double that price XVI:24; gen. tveggja VII A:154, XIV:177,
tveggja ﬂeira of the two of them X:120, 164; dat. tveim VIII:195,
tveimr (to) two XXVI A:104, 105
tvímána›r m. ‘double month’, the fifth month of summer (late August
to late September); at tvímánu›i at the beginning of double-month,i.e. in late August XV:14
tvisvar adv. twice III:116tvær see tveir
tyggi m. ruler, king VII A:24 (subject of bar›i and hjó); dat. sg. tyggja(here = King Óláfr) VI:353
tygill (dat. tugli) m. strap Gr 3.1.7.2 ex. 4t‡na (past t‡ndi, pp. t‡nt) wv. with dat. lose VII A:53, XIII:36 (pres.
part.), XVI:139, 143, 182; destroy: -sk form as passive t‡nask belost, perish II:91, 105; supine (Gr 3.9.7.1) t‡nzk II:108
typpa (past typ›u, pp. typ›r) wv. top; typpa um dress around thetop, put a head-dress on IX:64 (typpum let us put . . .), 77
T‡r m. a god (one of the Æsir) II:9; in kenning for warrior (here theking), T‡r tjƒrva d‡rra VII A:21

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A New Introduction to Old Norsetær see tátœki see takatƒ›u see ta›atƒku, tƒkum see takatƒl›u see teljatƒlu see tala2tƒlu›u see tala1tƒlvíss adj. skilled in mathematics and computation XIV:191, notetƒng f. (a pair of) tongs; tƒng tingla a pair of ornamental strips ofwood along the sides of ship’s prow VI:233 (gen. tangar with tungl)tƒnn (pl. tenn) f. tooth X:81, 120, 164, XII:57
uf see of1úfár adj. no few, i.e. many VI:365 (gen. with ﬂjó›ar)ugga (past ugg›i, pp. uggat) wv. fear, be afraid III:1, VI:12úkristni see ókristinnÚlfdalir m. pl. ‘Wolf-dales’, valley in Sweden X:5, 14, 36, 42, 68Úlfhe›inn Gunnarssonr m. lawspeaker from 1108 until his death in
1116 VIII:55, 169Úlfljótr m. Norwegian, 9th–10th century VIII:36, 40, 44, 59
Úlfljótslƒg n. pl. Úlfljót’s law VIII:37
úlfr m. wolf IV:45, VII A:15, XXV:102
Úlfr enn rau›i m. one of Óláfr Tryggvason’s men (his standard-bearer
according to Heimskringla, Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar ch. 94, ÍF
XXVI 344) VI:270, 274Úlfsjár m. ‘Wolf-lake’, in Sweden X:6
Ullr m. a god (one of the Æsir) II:9
um1 prep. with acc. (Gr 3.7.1) 1. of time IV:101, 108, see sí›ir, stund;
during, in I:87, 112, 113, II:4, IV:52, V:7 (2), XVI:9, XIX:9, 90,
XXI:4, XXV:3, 19, XXVI A:2; at XIV:41; through(out) IV:47,
XIX:63; um kveldit that evening XXVI B:4. 2. of place over II:17,
94, III:73, 99, VI:279, VII A:2, 35, X:52, XI:50, XIX:35, XXII:64/2,
XXVI B:14, 28; across XIX:98; round II:69, 70, III:23, V:56, 109,
VI:81, 283, VII A:156, 159, IX:64, XXI:116, 177, XXVI A:59, 60,
B:149; ok um and (they went) round XXI:53; around I:110, VI:267,
VII B:31, IX:62, XI:76, XII:82, about XII:61; all over III:45, VI:241,
throughout XXVI A:119; by VI:268, XII:79; through III:116, IV:13,
VII A:116, XXII:60/3 (or over?); past VI:45, 89; allt um all over,
over the whole of VII B:24; útan um round the outside of XXIII:33;
lúka um surround VI:282. 3. of abstract relations about I:54, 129,

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247

II:37, III:34, IV:60, 104, V:11, 14, VI:137, 314, 320, 333, VII A:51,
98, 134, IX:55, XII:83, XIV:90, note, XV:19 (as to), XIX:11, 41,
XXI:3, 79, XXIV:54, XXV:68, XXVI B:38; concerning XXIV:49,
XXVI A:92; on XXIV:28; in relation to I:135; with V:7 (1), XV:141;
with respect to, for IV:71, XV:136, XVI:86. 4. in complex prepositions(Gr 3.7, 3.7.1) um fram, umfram beyond XXIII:35, in greatermeasure than VII B:10; um fram hátt beyond measure XXIII:62;
um ﬂvert/ﬂverar across I:35, III:53 (ﬂvert/ﬂverar is a strong adjective
in agreement with the accompanying noun). 5. with dat. um sumrum
during the summer(s), in summer XXI:10. 6. as adv. about it III:105,
110, IV:86, 105, V:72, X:15, XIV:34, XV:76, XXIV:9; for it XXV:103(or um2); vera mest um be most significant V:9; hér um about this
I:50, 86; with -sk forms of verbs (see 1/15 n.; Gr 3.9.8.3): um búizk
arranged things around oneself I:15; litask um, um sjásk look around(oneself) IV:16, X:33; ﬂar um at sjásk to look around (oneself) there
II:11; um at ﬂreifask to grope around IX:4
um2 meaningless adverbial particle with verbs (cf. of3) VI:55, IX:2, 5,
10, 27, 29, 35, 38, 39, 42, 45, 56, 71, 81, 93, 101, 103, 109, 111, 124, 129,
X:28, 63, 75, 82, 107, 115, 131, 140, 159, 169, XV:74, XXV:4, 10,
11, 50, 65, 69, 103 (? or adv. about it), 105, XXVII:28
umbergis adv. round about XIII:34; as prep. with acc. round XII:50
umbrá› n. counsel, guidance VIII:152, 173; help, patronage XVI:3
umbs‡sla f. management, organisation VIII:89
umbú› f. preparation, arrangement XXVI A:62
umbúna›r m. bedding XI:63
umfram see um1, 4 (Gr 3.7, 3.7.1)
umgjƒr› f. scabbard; with suffixed def. art., his scabbard I:94, 96
umhverfis/umhverfum prep. with acc. around (Gr 3.7.1) V:11,
XIV:152, XXVI B:87
umkringis adv. around XIII:16
umrœ›a f. talk, discussion; rumour, gossip XV:19; í allri umrœ›u ineverything they said VI:318
umsjá f. care, guardianship, looking after XVI:6
umvandan f. admonition, reprimand, discipline XIV:103
und1 prep. with acc. beneath IX:106; und lok under/into (the powerof) death VI:363; with dat. under X:116, 160; und hánum beneathhim (his body), i.e. from his belt IX:61; und skildi carrying a shield
V:50; und hjálmum wearing helmets XXV:67; und holmi close to,under the shelter of, the island VI:236

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A New Introduction to Old Norseund2 f. wound XXII:40/1
undan prep. with dat. (Gr 3.7.3) from under XII:19, away from
XXI:133; out from XXI:21; off XXI:27; as adv. away VI:215, 219,
272, 313 (see halda), XXI:130, 132, 200, XXII:11/4, XXVI B:67,
221; out XXI:20; down XXVI B:29; undan ganga escape V:107;
láta undan ganga let off VII B:54; draga undan vi› get away fromXXVI B:94; see leysa 2, telja, ﬂiggja
undanbrag› n. subterfuge, trick (in order to escape), means of escape
III:92undarliga adv. strangely XVI:120; wondrously XXVI B:28
undir prep. (Gr 3.7.4) 1. with acc. under, underneath, beneath II:55,
III:59, X:115, 159; close to, under the shelter of VI:121, 123, 133,
XV:126, up to XXI:30; within range of VI:189. 2. with dat. beneath
I:97, XII:2, 16, XV:100, XXIII:96; below, at the foot of XIX:91,
XXVI A:5; under XIV:177, 187, XXIV:65, XXVI B:152, i.e. with
XIV:8; undir sér under him/them, under his/their authority XIV:133,
178. 3. as adv. under her IX:49; ﬂar undir under (the roof) there
III:74, under them, underneath XI:19
undirferli f. underhandedness XXIII:55
undirfƒrull adj. underhand, cunning XI:12
undirma›r m. subordinate XIV:73, 105, 119
undit see vinda
undr n. wonder, something strange V:17; miracle, marvel XXII:30/3,
44/2, 55/2
undrask (past undra›isk) wv. refl. wonder, be amazed V:143, starein amazement XXI:105; with acc. be surprised at something XXI:70;
undru›usk ﬂá were amazed at them XXI:102
ungr adj. young VII A:95, XI:30, XIV:34, XXV:9, 56; young ones
XXV:41; i.e. new XIV:79; wk. f. form X:18, 30, 59; when young VII
A:11 (with konungr), when I was young VI:202, XXVI B:163 (f.
sg.); pl. with synir X:100
unna (pres. ann, past unni, past pl. unnu, past subj. ynni, pp. unnat/unnt) pret.-pres. vb. with dat. 1. love (Gr 3.6.7) IV:61 (inf. withskal ek), VI:322, XIV:114, XV:14. 2. grant, refuse not; ef a›rir
unna honum if others are content that he should XXVII:46
unnit see vinna
unnvigg n. wave-horse, kenning for ship; gen. with mei›r VI:51
unz, til ﬂess unz conj. until (Gr 3.8.2.4) VIII:25, 31, 103, 129, IX:17,
XVI:87

Glossary and Index249

upp adv. up I:6, 13, 22, 29, 45, 52, 69, 99, 109, II:22, 28, III:12, IV:62,
VI:76, IX:86, X:175, XI:18, XII:10, XV:68, 106, XIX:80, XXI:130,
XXIII:70 (see hefja), XXVI A:17, 29, 68, B:11; uphill IV:82; upwards XV:151, XXI:67; ashore VII A:159, B:34, 37 (with ganga),
XVI:154; aboard VI:269, 273; thoroughly I:24; á upp on it at the
top XXI:45; upp frá above XXI:106; segja upp see segja; ‡la upp
see ‡la; of time, on: upp frá ﬂessu from now on I:107, 147
upphaf n. beginning XIX:48; pl. origins II:88, VIII:29
upphald n. support XIV:30; maintenance XXIV:68; er Gu›s kristniværi mest upphald at in which there would be the best preservationof God’s Christianity XIV:126
upphaldsma›r m. support(er), upholder XIV:176
upphiminn m. the sky above; adv. gen. in the sky above IX:8
uppi adv. 1. up X:172, XXVI A:15; i.e. ashore VI:60. 2. exhausted,gone XVI:43. 3. evident, known about XV:150; mun langt uppi
will be remembered, spoken of, for ever XXVI A:87, similarly XXVI
A:102
uppréttr adj. upright, straight up, erect XXIII:81
Uppsalir m. pl. modern Uppsala, north of Stockholm, Sweden; it was
the ancient seat of the Swedish kings VIII:147
úr prep. with dat. = ór from (Gr 3.7.3) VIII:7, 25, 36, 59, 80, 128; outof, see lƒgur› f. heap of stones, gravel II:32
Ur›ir f. pl. farm in Skálmarfjƒr›r in north-western Iceland XV:41
ur›u see ver›aúrigr adj. wet XXV:41
úsi›r m. bad practice, immoral behaviour XXII:4/4
út adv. out Gr 3.5.3 (11), I:22, II:35, III:44, V:34, VI:20, VII B:35,
X:33, XI:47, XXI:120, 132, 176, XXVI A:37, 52, B:136; outwards
XXVI A:75; i.e. out of the hall XI:45, 74; i.e. from the shore VI:103,
167, VII A:59, 157, out to sea XVI:8, XXI:61, 81; i.e. towards thesea VII B:75, 80; ƒll nes út right out to all the nesses XIX:97; i.e.
across the sea XVI:122; = westwards, i.e. from Europe to Iceland
IV:108, VIII:25, 36, 186, XV:38, XVI:119, 189; i.e. from Iceland or
Norway to Greenland VIII:65, 74, XVI:10; út fyrir out (in the sea),
off it XXI:53; út í frá as prep. with dat. on the outside of, outermostof, beyond VII A:82
útan adv. back, away IX:107; round the outside X:117, 161; on theoutside XXVI A:24; from without: útan at round outside up to,

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A New Introduction to Old Norsearound I:17; abroad (from Iceland, i.e. in or to Europe) IV:108,
VIII:88, 186, XVI:2; útan af back from (Greenland) XVI:63; útanum round the outside of XXIII:33; as prep. with acc. without XIII:48,
XXIII:78; as conj. except XV:148; see also fyr útan, fyrir útan; cf.
Gr 3.7.5, 3.8.2.4
útanfer› f. journey abroad, passage abroad XVI:5 (with suffixed def.
art.)útar adv. farther out I:5útarliga adv. far out, near the door (i.e. a position of fairly low rank) I:4
útbur›r m. exposure VIII:140útganga f. exit, going out XXVI B:157; to go out XXVI B:131; gen.
in bi›ja útgƒngu with dat. ask that someone be allowed to go out
III:40úti adv. outside III:3, VII B:60, 63, 64, X:139, XVI:97, XXVI A:44,
B:46, 53; out of doors, unsheltered, in the open XXI:108; úti fyrir
out in front of the house XXVI B:49; out at sea XXI:21
útibúr n. outhouse, storehouse (entered from outside the house) IV:14
útlagr adj. subject to a fine (with the amount in the dat.) XXVII:35, 40
útleg› f. penalty, fine XXVII:38
útlendr adj. foreign VII A:87
útnes n. outlying, remote ness XIX:99útrau›r adj. red round the edges or = ótrau›r not reluctant XXIII:37
útró›r m. rowing out to fish, fishing-grounds, sea-fishing XXI:84(acc. pl.)útsu›r n. south-west XIX:71; í útsu›r to the south-west XIX:80
úvígr (= óvígr) adj. invincible VI:58úvinr see óvinr
uxi, oxi m. ox; acc. sg. oxa IX:95, uxa XIX:64, with suffixed def. art.
uxann II:19, XIX:66, gen. sg. oxans II:28, dat. sg. uxa XXVI B:179,
with suffixed def. art. oxanum II:25; nom. pl. øxn IX:90; gen. pl.
øxna II:18
vá see vegava›a (pres. ve›r, past ó›/vó›, past pl. ó›u, pp. va›inn) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.1(1)) wade, rush VII A:157, XXII:46/1; pp. va›inn at destitute of
XXV:18va›mál n. cloth of standard quality, 2 ells wide, used as a form of
currency (Laws I 246) XXVII:37 (gen. pl.)vaf›i, vafit see vefja

Glossary and Index

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vágr m. (small) bay XXI:36 (dat. pl. with suffixed def. art.), 181
vágrek n. flotsam and jetsam, driftage VII A:136
vágskorinn (n. vágskorit) adj. (pp.; cf. skera) indented with bays XXI:35
vágum see vega
vaka1 (pres. vakir, past vak›i, pp. vakat) wv. (Gr 3.6.9.2 (4)) beawake V:18, X:143; keep vigil XIV:121; vakir ﬂú? are you awake?
X:142
vaka2 f. watch, vigil Gr 3.1.7.1 ex. 3
vak›i see vekja and vaka1
vakna (past vakna›i, pp. vaknat Gr 3.3.8.2–5 ex. 4) wv. wake up
IX:1, X:61, XIV:64, 67, XV:112, XXVI A:22
vakr adj. watchful, on the lookout (til for) XXIII:27
val = vel adv. well XIV:187
vald n. power III:17 (til to do it); ﬂat er á y›ru valdi it is/lies in yourpower, it is up to you XVI:36; fær í vald jƒtunsins gives it into thegiant’s charge XII:65; me› valdi by force VII B:57
valda (pres. veldr, past olli, pp. valdit) sv. irregular (Gr 3.6.7), withdat. cause, be the reason for, bring about VI:23
Valdidida m. native king in North America XXI:203
val›i see velja
Valdís f. former wife of Bishop Jón, separated from him when hebecame bishop XIV:128
valdsmerki n. sceptre XII:29
Váli m. a god, one of the Æsir II:9
valit see velja
válk n. restlessness, trouble XII:36, 39
válkask (past valka›isk) wv. be being turned or rolled over, pondered
XXIII:26
valkyrja f. valkyrie X:8
valla = varla
Valland n. France (Frankia) VII A:8, X:10
valr1 m. falcon; with suffixed def. art. II:54, 56, gen. II:58
valr2 m. corpses of those slain in battle XXV:106
valshamr m. falcon shape, falcon form II:48, 49 (with suffixed def. art.)
valslƒngva f. war-sling, catapult XXI:126
ván f. hope, expectation; er ván with dat. of person and gen. of thing
someone has expectation of something, someone can expect
something VI:195; sem ván er as is to be expected XXVI B:191;

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

vita sér ván with gen. know where to look for something II:132;
eigi er minni ván it is no less than would have been expected; there
is no small hope V:62; vera eigi minni ván there was not lessexpectation, it was more than likely VI:96; létu sér eigi annars ván
en said they expected nothing else but that VIII:90; at vánum to be
expected, as it should be XXVI B:34
van›atí› (vandatí›?) f. customary times (cf. van›i) or obligatory(important) times (cf. vandi 2) XIV:58
vandar see vƒndr
vandi m. 1. difficulty, problem XXII:26/2, 52/2. 2. obligation, relationship; ef mér er nƒkkur vandi á vi› ﬂik if I am under some obligation
to you, if I am related to you in some way V:140
van›i m. custom, practice I:34, 52; habit Gr 3.1.8 ex.
vandliga adv. carefully, with care XIV:25, XXIV:2; in detail XXVI
B:185; completely XIV:10
vandr adj. difficult Gr 3.3.8.4 (2); vandr at particular about XIV:138,
note; comp. n. as adv. mun oss vandara gert we will be judged
more strictly, more will be demanded of us XXVI B:33
vándr adj. wicked, evil IV:75, XII:42, 89, XIV:2, 41
vandræ›askáld n. ‘troublesome poet’ VI:322, VII A:10 (on the originof the nickname see Heimskringla, Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar ch.
83, ÍF XXVI 331; Hallfre›ar saga ch. 6, ÍF VIII 155)
vanhagr m. misdeed, error or disadvantage, loss? XIV:106
vanheilsa f. sickness VI:323
Vanir m. pl. a race of gods II:89, IX:58
vanmeginn adj. feeble, weak XXIII:41
vann, vannsk, vanntu see vinna
vanr1 (n. vant) adj. with gen. lacking VI:263; n. er vant there is lacking
XXV:97; or›z ﬂikkir vant with dat. one thinks a word is lacking,one wants to have the last word XXV:34
vanr2 (n. vant) adj. accustomed XII:85; eru vanir at vera are usually
XXIII:101; sem hann var vanr, sem fyrr var vant as usual XII:71,
XV:44, 45vanrœkt f. negligence, carelessness XXIII:22
vansem› f. offence, insult V:161
vápn n. weapon V:49 (see Eir), XI:36; pl. I:77, III:55 (partitive gen.,Gr 3.2.6 (20)), IV:17, 63, VI:174, 257, 290, 303, XI:16, XXI:135,
XXVI A:46; undir vápn with dat. within range of, to meet someone’sGlossary and Index

253

weapons VI:189; dat. pl. (me›) vápnum by (with) weapons, in battle
VI:316, XXVI B:100
vápnabúna›r m. equipment of arms VI:291
vápnabur›r m. wielding of weapons, weapons being used VI:288
vápna›r pp. armed V:71, XIV:66
Vápnafjƒr›r m. fjord in north-eastern Iceland VII A:150, 166
vápnask (past vápna›isk) wv. arm oneself, be armed VII B:55
vápnaskipti n. exchange of weapons (missiles), fighting VI:196, (vi›ﬂá with them) XXVI B:196
vápn-Eir V:49 see Eirvápnlauss adj. weaponless, unarmed V:143
vápnrei› f. wielding of weapons, fighting VI:284 (subject of var›)var see vera
vár1 n. spring XV:29; with suffixed def. art. XVI:115, 128; um váritin the spring XIX:63, XXI:83; eptir um várit, um várit eptir thefollowing spring XV:124, XIX:14
vár2 pron. gen. 2nd person pl. (of) us XXVI B:80, 94
Vár f. a goddess IX:122
vara1 (past var›i, pp. var›r) wv. impers. with acc. ﬂá var›i they
expected IV:15
vara2 see vera
vara3 (past vara›i, pp. varat) wv. warn, caution; vara ﬂik take care,beware, be on your guard XI:70; -sk form (refl.) varask/varaz
beware (of), be one’s guard (that), be careful (that) XXIV:2; pres.
subj. VI:108
vára1 see várr
vára2 (past vára›i, pp. várat) wv. impers. become spring XXI:110
varat see veravar› see ver›avar›a (past var›a›i, pp. var›at) wv. guard; with acc. and dat. keep
someone from someone IV:57; be a penalty, incur a penalty VIII:142;
impers. hvat konu var›a›i what was the penalty for a woman XV:59;
láta var›a declare as penalty, call for the penalty of XV:136
var›i see verja1 and verja2; var›isk see verja1
var›menn m. pl. watchmen, guards I:115
var›veita (past var›veitti, pp. var›veittr) wv. keep, take care of,guard V:109, XII:66
var›veizla f. keeping; pl. things to take care of, responsibilities XXI:10

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vargtré n. ‘wolf-tree’ or ‘criminal tree’, gallows XXV:61 (pl.)
varit see verja1, verja2
várkunn f. what is to be excused XXVI A:106
varla/valla adv. hardly V:114, XVI:105; scarcely XIV:108, XV:99,
XXI:178, XXII:6/2
varmr adj. warm XXV:19
varna (past varna›i, pp. varnat) wv. with gen. refuse, withhold IV:71;
varna vi› abstain from, refuse to eat or drink (or refuse to look
upon, i.e. the person would not hold back from shedding; cf. note 8)
XXIII:37
varna›r m. goods, cargo XVI:154
varp see verpa
varr (n. vart) adj. wary; varr vi› aware of XII:80; ver›a vi› ekkivarr be aware of nothing (untoward), notice nothing or be wary
about nothing, take no precautions XXI:95; var› ﬂá ekki vart vi›
ﬂá then there was no sign of them XXI:121 ok vera vara um sik
and to beware about themselves, they were to be on their guard XXVI
B:38; sup. sem varastr as careful as possible V:14
várr = órr poss. adj. our (cf. Gr 3.3.9 (21, 22), 3.9.6.1) VI:166, XIII:10,
31, XIV:166, XVI:72 (the king referring to himself), XXIV:28, 42,
XXVI B:50, 72; referring to the writer XIV:26, note; acc. sg. f.
vára VII A:114; n. várt X:70; dat. sg. n. váru VI:167; acc. pl. m.
vára X:68; dat. pl. várum XIV:168, XXVI A:104, 110, B:99
varrir see vƒrrvart adv. barely XXI:165
váru1, váru›, várum1 see vera
váru2, várum2 see várr
vas = var, see vera
vás n. hardship, suffering XII:88
vask = var ek, see vera
vásklæ›i n. pl. bad-weather clothes, storm-gear VII A:82
vaskr adj. valiant; diligent, clever XIV:178; sup. Gr 3.3.9 ex. 1
vástígr m. path of or to woe or disaster XXV:59
vatn n. water XIX:58; lake (Gr 3.1.7.1, 3.1.8 (26)) I:23, V:43 (withsuffixed def. art., i.e. Hítárvatn), X:5, XXI:88, 106, XXIV: 37
vatnfátt n. (cf. fár adj.) shortage of water; fá vatnfátt get short ofwater XIX:55
vatnsstrƒnd f. lake-shore X:6

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255

vátr adj. wet, moist, XXIII:39
vátta (past vátta›i, pp. váttat) wv. bear witness to, attest VI:172, 304
váttr m. witness VIII:113, 142, XV:68
vax n. wax; var› vax eitt turned completely to wax, i.e. became aweakling VII A:141
vaxa (past óx, past pl. óxu/uxu, pp. vaxinn) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.1 (1), 3.6.9.3
ex. 8) grow, increase VII B:12; pp. n. vaxit with dat. grown with,covered with VIII:20; shaped (svá sem like) XXIII:11
vaxtar see vƒxtr
ve›r n. weather XV:48; storm (with suffixed def. art.) XV:145; adv.
acc. fagrt ve›r in fine weather VI:26; wind VI:124; with suffixed
def. art. ve›ret the wind VI:121; meira ve›rit the more wind, thewind (to be) stronger VI:27ve›reygr adj. weather-eyed, having an eye for the weather X:31, 51
vefa (past vaf/óf, past pl. váfu/ófu, pp. ofinn) sv. weave Gr 3.6.9.1 (1);pp. f. pl. ofnar woven (with dat. by) XXV:25
vefja (past vaf›i, pp. vafit) wv. 1. with dat. wrap, tie XXVI B:146;
impers. pass. (Gr 3.9.3) ok vafit there were tied V:56, en vafitspjƒrrum with cross-garters wrapped round XV:50. 2. -sk form pp.
vafizk become entangled III:23
vega (past vá, past pl. vágu, pp. veginn/vegit) sv. kill (Gr 3.6.9.1 (2))
III:83, VIII:83 (supine vegit), XXV:99; fight (vi› against) VI:158;
pp. vegit fought XXV:106; veginn, vegit slain, killed XXVI A:75,
115; vega at attack, strike at V:110; vega tveir at mér if the two
attack me IV:44
veggr m. wall; á vegginum (on the roof) above the top of the wall (ofthe house) XXVI A:44; af vegginum from (the roof) above the topof the wall XXVI A:75
veggﬂili n. wall-panel; pl. II:11
vegligr adj. grand, magnificent Gr 3.3.9 ex. 5; sup. n. as adv. sem
vegligast as grandly as possible VII A:34
vegr m. way; distance X:52; á marga vega in many ways III:9,
VIII:125; á einn veg in the same way VII A:118; adv. acc. hvern
veg in what way, how V:84; ﬂann veg (= ﬂannig) this-wise, likethis (sem as if) XXI:159, in that way XXVI B:62, that way, similarly
XXII:8/3; annan veg in a different way VIII:40, otherwise XIV:107,
in any other way XXVI B:65; á nƒkkurn veg in some way XIV:112;
sinn veg hverr each his own way, all in different directions XIX:84;

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alla vega from all sides VI:255; adv. gen. tveggja vegna in two
directions, on both sides VII A:155vei›a (past veiddi, pp. veiddr) wv. hunt, catch V:63 (subj. that I may
catch), 64, X:4
vei›ifƒr f. hunting expedition XXI:9vei›ima›r m. huntsman, hunter XXI:9vei›r f. hunting X:31, 51; pl. fishing catches, hunting catches, game
XXI:61 (with suffixed def. art.), 84; nƒkkut af vei›um something
to catch or hunt XXI:62
veifa (past veif›i, pp. veift) wv. with dat. wave, swing: impers. pass.
var veift trjánum their pieces of wood were waved XXI:97, 112
veifun f. swinging from side to side, waving; veifanar or› unreliable
report, rumour VI:358
veik, veiksk see víkja
veill adj. ailing, wretched; wk. form as nickname XXVI A:115
veit see vita
veita (past veitti, pp. veitt) wv. give IV:51, V:105, 129, 132, VII B:27,
XV:107, XXII:21/4, XXV:45, XXVI A:116; ok veita and giving
XIV:138; be given XXIV:27; grant XXVI A:103, 105; pres. part.
veitandi granting XIII:46; provide XIV:29; carry out XXVI A:62;
make, put up V:143, VII B:87, XXI:130, make (an attack) on
someone IV:8, V:137; make, take (an oath) II:35 (subj.); perform,
hold XIV:124; veita svƒr firi be responsible for XXIV:64; impers.
cause: hefir oss erfitt veitt it has proved difficult for us XXVI A:102;
with dat. help XIX:18, XXV:47
veizla f. feast, banquet XI:59, XV:79, XIX:9; pl. veizlur a nobleman’s
right to receive entertainment from landowners VII B:3 (see note)veizt see vita
vekja (past vak›i, pp. vak›r) wv. wake (transitive) XV:106, XXV:22;
rouse XXVI A:47
vel adv. well (Gr 3.5.2, 3.5.3 (9)) I:15, 79, 108, II:3, 85, VI:68, VII
A:81, VIII:93, 179, IX:58, 82, X:38, XV:23, XVI:12, XIX:8, XXI:63,
XXIV:49, XXV:106, XXVI A:38, 88, B:33, 76; very much XVI:133;
well, very much or very (see trúa and trúr) XXII:17/4; kindly,
warmly VI:46; courteously XI:14, XVI:19, 158; valiantly VI:273;
nicely XXIII:89; quite XXIII:66; easily XXI:23, soon XI:34, 67,
XIII:39; vel má ek I am content to XXVI B:74; with comp. much,many, considerably V:49; lætr ﬂat vel vera agrees, says it is a goodGlossary and Index257

idea II:142; vel er it is good XV:73, it is a good thing XXVII:7; velek happy me! or all right! X:134; svá vel at sér so noble-minded, ofsuch fine character XXVI B:63. Cf. fara, ver›avél f. trick, cunning plan II:142; artifice, cunning things, subtle things
X:99
veldi n. rule, domain, territory ruled over (with gen. by) VI:149;
kingdom XXII:63/4; power XIV:2, XXIV:65
veldr see valda
velja (past val›i, pp. valit) wv. choose Gr 3.6.5.2, XIV:15, 27, 101;
select XXII:28/4
Vellankatla f. ‘boiling crater’, at the north-eastern corner of ¯lfossvatn,
about 4 km from Lƒgberg VIII:104
velli see vƒllr
venda (past vendi, pp. vendr) wv. with dat. turn VI:134
vendiliga adv. carefully, minutely, in detail VII A:63
venja (pres. venr, past van›i, pp. vaninn) wv. accustom; make a habit(of doing something) IV:3
vér pron. 1st person pl. we (Gr 3.2.1) VI:81, 183, 184, 195, VIII:132,
135, IX:59, X:71, 72, XIII:7, XV:23, XXI:177, XXII:24/1, XXIV:34,
40, XXVI B:7, 10, 33; referring to the writer V:104, XIII:44, XIV:26,
note, 72, 154, to the speaker X:154 (Vƒlundr), XV:54?, XVI:36, 37(or to Au›unn and the bear?), to the poet XXVI A:93
vera/vesa (pres. er/es, past var/vas, past pl. váru/vóru, past subj.
væri, pp. verit) sv. irregular be (Gr 3.6.7, 3.6.10) inf. I:19, 62, 63,
109, 117, 125, 143, 145, II:8, 85, 143, VI:1, 214, IX:79, XI:9,
XIII:21, XVI:10, 40, XXV:52, XXIII:12, 36, 101, XXVI A:2, 112,
B:16, XXVII:2, to be XXIII:104, XXIV:31, XXVI A:19; okr vera
to be (should be) for us (sc. to follow) XXV:102; hverr vera skal
who it is to be XXVII:6, 18; stay IV:50, XV:18, XIX:88, 90, XXI:59(2), 94, 162, 164, 193 (2), 208, XXVI A:109, 116, B:4; live VIII:151;
ﬂar at vera being there III:126; ekki vera mega could not be true
III:123; ﬂess er var such as there was, such as he had XVI:6; pres.
em am VII A:87, 91, XXIV:25, XXV:16, XXVI B:67; ﬂú ert you
are XVI:32, XXVI A:57, B:112; with suffixed pron. ertu you are
I:105, V:10, VII A:41, XXVI A:22, B:94, are you I:10, IX:24,
XVI:61, you will be XVI:142; er I:26, 36, 56, 81, 90, 94, 102, 125,
132, 133, 146 (2), VI:140, 160, XI:10, XXVII:7, 11, he is XXII:62/3,
it is VI:331, 340, XXV:51, there is I:53, XXV:7, it will be IV:45; er258

A New Introduction to Old Norseﬂat that will be VI:85, it is VI:167; nú er ﬂeim út at ganga ƒllum
er now all those are to go out to whom XXVI B:135; hvat er what’s
up IX:23; hvárt er can it be XVI:32; illt er it is bad IX:25; withdat. (poss.) 1st person pron. suffixed erum (= er mér, I have) IV:28;
with suffixed neg. era is not X:77, erat there is not (no) X:170,
XVIII:122ra20; pl. eru I:78, VI:106, IX:108, X:83, XI:11, XXIII:7,
XXV:104, XXVI A:16, 104, ro X:64, eru nú til there are now
available XXVI B:102, Nú eru If there are XXVII:16; with suffixed
neg. erut will not be IV:42; 1st person pl. referring to the speakererum I am IV:33, erumk XVIII:122ra15; pres. subj. sé I:46, 143,
VI:183, XVI:53 (is evidently), would be XXVI B:66, should be
XXIV:32, may be XIII:46, XXIV:71, is XXI:100, XXIII:1,
XXIV:22, XXVI B:14, 29, XXVII:3, 27, am XXIV:19, 2nd person
sér VII A:41, XVI:40, XXIV:85, stay XXVI A:110, sért I:136, 1st
person pl. sém vér let us be XIII:45, 3rd person pl. sé V:72, séu
should be I:83, are XXIII:25, sé augun mikil if the eyes are large
XXIII:33; imp. ver be XI:69, ver ﬂú stay! VII B:63, ver hér stayhere XVI:76. imp. pl. veri› stay XXII:25/4; past var was I:3, 7,
23, 71 (2), II:2, VI:8, 252, 333, IX:1, XIX:4, XXI:7, XXII:1/3,
XXV:7, he was (Gr 3.9.5) III:65, it was XV:13, there was XV:32,
XXI:27, XXV:63, vas VIII:11; with suffixed neg. vara was not V:54,
it was not XXV:5, varat it was not XXV:62; past pl. várum wewere V:48, ﬂér váru› you were XXVI B:70; váru/vóru were II:5
(subject understood), III:3, IX:53, XI:17, XV:6, XIX:2, XXII:3/2,
XXIV:70, there were X:3, XV:15, XXI:17, 91, XXVI A:13, hadbeen X:116, 160, (found they) were, had arrived XIX:28, sem ﬂar
váru as there were there XXVI B:61; váru ﬂat, ﬂat váru thesewere (cf. I:26–27, note; Gr 3.9.8.2) III:113, XV:143; past subj. væriwas I:7, 113, III:20, VI:14, VIII:28, 29, 42, 57, XV:113, XXI:69,
XXVI A:51, B:8, there was XIII:31, would be I:123, XV:116,
XVI:73, XXV:98, might be XIV:15, should be XIV:138, note, there
should be VIII:163, it was III:122, VI:298, (he) was VII A:35, were
X:105, XV:59, XXI:44, XXIV:44, XXVI A:53, XXVI B:88, were,should last XV:10, it were IX:14, 15, XXI:160, XXIV:45, at ﬂúværir that you should be XVI:73, ok værir and that you should be
V:14, fleiri væri there would be (or were?) more XXIV:42, ﬂarværi there were there XXI:153; pp. hafa verit (to) have been II:75,
VIII:29–30, XXVI B:168, XXVII:42, hafi verit have been, wereGlossary and Index259

V:15; haf›i (hƒf›u, haf›u) verit had been IV:108, VI:42, 47,
XV:32, XIX:48, XXI:9, had been staying VIII:82; hef›i verit has
been XV:150; var á there was on it XXVI A:52; vera af see af;væri at was in, was to be gained from XIV:125; vera at at be
occupied or busy in XVI:131; váru eptir were left, remained
VI:218, hafi ﬂar eptir verit stayed behind there XXI:162; vera
fyrir portend V:8; vera í be engaged in XXI:9; var í was wearing
V:56, lived in, resided in VIII:40; vas í stayed in VIII:189; verame› stay with XVI:8, 113, XXI:208; vera til be there, be to come
VI:72; relate to XXIV:28–29 (cf. Gr 3.9.8.2), var til was available,
was enough VI:225; vera mest um be most significant, be mosttroublesome V:9; vera úti fyrir be out there (on that side) XXVI
B:221; væri vi› were present VII B:27; váru vi› were at it XXVI
A:43; pres. part. verandi being, continuing to be XIII:46; as aux.
forming pass. (Gr 3.9.7.2), inf. I:37, II:19, III:14, pres. I:79, 137,
II:1, 37, 145, VI:199, 355, VIII:5, 14, 17, IX:8, XI:15, XXII:59/1,
XXVII:39; pres. subj. sé are XXVII:7, should be XXIV:14, ok sé
and that they may be XXVI A:104, sé mælt it is spoken (‘it is thennot the king alone that is addressed’) XXIV:80, svá sé as if it is
XXVI A:23, past I:18, 29, 118, II:20, III:83, IV:102, VII B:69, X:43,
XI:36, XV:12, XVI:7, XIX:23, 34, 86, XXII:19/1, XXV:10, 24, 67,
impers. I:8, 71 (1), 113, II:3, 6 (2), XV:4 (2), past pl. II:8, VI:151,
IX:81, XV:17, past subj. væri should be XIV:137, 138, note, pp.
hefi verit V:77, hƒf›u/hef›i verit had been I:48, XIX:88; as aux.
with pp. of intransitive verb forming perfect (or past perfect) (Gr
3.9.7.1) I:128, II:50, IV:20, 48, V:2, 60, 163, VI:14, 337 (inf. inacc. and inf. construction), 361, IX:24, X:59, XVI:17, XIX:81,
XXI:30, 69, XXII:9/3, XXIII:26; var komit it was come or (people)
had arrived IX:93; eru komnir are arrived XXV:68
veraldar see verƒld
veraldligr adj. worldly XIII:42ver› n. price XVI:22, 24ver›a (past var›, past pl. ur›u/vur›u, past subj. yr›i, pp. or›inn, n.
or›it) sv. (Gr 3.6.7, 3.6.9.3 ex. 1) 1. become I:105 (pp. or›inn),
II:28, 35, 36, 43, 47, 99, III:25, 129, IV:66, 72 (subj.), V:117, VII
A:35, 49, 140, VIII:47, 53, IX:48, 51, XII:79, XIV:89, 144, 187,
XV:108, 140, XVI:125, XIX:83, XXIV:69, XXV:16, XXVI A:31;
come to be III:5, V:156 (inf. with myndak), VI:283, 296 (get), VIII:4,

260

A New Introduction to Old Norse29, 61 (ver›a dau›r = die), XVI:12, XIX:12, 77, come about V:132;
happen VIII:126 (1); happen to be III:74; take place VIII:25, XIX:22,
XXI:125, XXV:83, XXVI B:214; ﬂat skal ver›a aldri that shallnever be XXVI A:56; ver›a má svá enn it may still happen XVI:143;
turn out to be V:100, 145, VI:209, 345 (inf. with mundut), VIII:135,
XXVII:7; inf. ver›a it happens XIX:78; pres. ver›r will be
XXVII:34, is turning out XXVI B:138; ver›um eigi let us not be
VI:70; var› was, became, turned out to be XIV:108, 169, XV:123,
XIX:102, XXI:78, 137; engi var› there was no VII B:74; var› ﬂatekki that did not happen, he could not XV:111; pres. subj. ver›a ek
if I could get X:134 (cf. note); ﬂó at svá illa ver›i though it should
turn out so badly XVI:147; past subj. yr›i would have been IV:95,
he might become, he could become XXVI A:28; pp. vel er or›it it
has turned out well I:108; sem á›r er or›it as it has already turned
out XI:41; er á or›it fyrir mér I have a serious problem, I have got
into a difficulty XVI:64; var› ﬂar af there became from it, it turned
into II:98; hvat var› af what became of, what has happened to X:148;var› ekki af nothing came of (it) III:124, VII B:73; ekki ver›r af
oss we are getting nowhere XXVI A:42; ver›a at come to, lead to
VIII:126, come to be, be accepted as II:114; var› at there was at
this, there arose from it VI:131; mundu at or›it would have resulted
from it XV:122; vándum mƒnnum var› at for wicked men theycaused XIV:41; ver›a at bana with dat. put someone to death X:153;ver›a fyrir be in the way, get in the way V:128, be subject to, be thevictim of XV:113; ver›a í there turn out to be in them IV:103; var›
í ﬂví there came about in this VI:220; ver›a til come about, happen
XXIV:7, be available, be there VII B:88; ver›a vel do well, get on
well XXI:62; imp. pl. ver›i› vel vi› put up with it bravely XXVI
B:123; past subj. yr›i vi› reacted to it, took it, bore it III:107; impers.
ver›r it gets XXIII:20, var› it got XXI:52, var› ﬂá ekki vart vi›
ﬂá then there was no sign of them XXI:121, var› ﬂeim they became
IV:15, var› ƒllum illt af they all got ill from it XXI:76, fyrir yr›isomething was there III:110, 112; impers. pass. svá var honum
kalt or›it he had become so cold III:126; see mismælt; as aux. ofpass. (Gr 3.9.7.2) VI:315, 316, VIII:35, 56, X:107, XXI:144, XXVI
B:78, impers. yr›i tekit vi› might be accepted VIII:90, mun getitver›a XIV:130, ver›r mælt it is spoken, one speaks XXIV:79. 2.
ver›a, ver›a at with inf. must III:43, have to, be forced to I:89,

Glossary and Index

261

VI:272, XVI:43, mun/munu ver›a at will/shall have to XXVI B:79,
101; ver›r vera will have to be XI:40; var› fram at ganga at it
had to come on to XXII:33/4; var› at fram fara at turned out tohappen that? had to happen that? VIII:177; impers. with inf. it isnecessary, we must III:39
ver›r1 (n. vert) adj. with gen. worth; ﬂótti ﬂeim meira um vert theyfound it more valuable XIV:34; betr en ek sé ver›r more than I
deserve XXIV:19
ver›r2 see ver›a
vergjarn adj. eager for men; sup. very eager for men, quite mancrazy IX:51
verja1 (past var›i, past pl. vƒr›u, pp. varit) wv. 1. impers. with dat.
er varit someone is dressed V:84. 2. defend Gr 3.6.6 ex. 5, XXI:140,
XXII:41/3, XXVI A:88, 89; guard XII:55; with dat. and acc. bar
someone from something VIII:106, deprive someone of something
XXII:10/4; verja ƒ›rum til aldrlaga encompass others’ deaths
XXV:30 (or verja2?) 3. enfold, put one’s arms round X:25; verja
fa›mi enfold in an embrace X:21. 4. -sk form verjask defend oneself:
past var›isk V:130, 142, XXVI A:37, 93, past pl. vƒr›usk VI:255
verja2 (past var›i, past pl. vƒr›u, pp. varit) wv. with dat. invest, layout (til in/for) XVI:189, XIX:31; verja sver›i ƒ›rum til aldrlaga
use a sword to bring about other people’s deaths? XXV:30 (orverja1?); impers. pass. er hingat er bezt varit í Nóreg which is themost advantageous to exchange here in Norway, which is of thegreatest value to bring to Norway XVI:173
verk n. work II:134, XIV:191, deed I:145, V:161, VII A:49 (pl.), VII
B:86, XIV:39, 51; gó› verk good works XIV:55
verkandi m. (pres. part.) worker, user, in kenning for warriors, He›ins
baugs serkjar verkendr VI:262 (subject of sukku ni›r and ger›ut
vi› vægjask)
verkfœri n. tool XIV:135
verkma›r m. workman, labourer II:132
verkna›r m. task(s) XIV:138, noteverkrei›i m. work equipment XIV:136
verma (past verm›i, pp. verm›r) wv. transitive warm III:127
vernda (past vernda›i, pp. verndat) wv. protect; pres. part. XIII:43
verpa (past varp, past pl. urpu, pp. orpinn) sv. throw Gr 3.6.9.1 (1);cast up, raise (at for) XV:154; verpa frá sér with dat. throw down

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XXII:50/1; impers. pass. with dat. hƒndum ﬂínum orpit your arms
thrown XXV:88
verr1 m. husband IX:97; man XXV:100; vers your husband’s (Sigur›r’s)
XXV:25; kjósa sér at ver choose as one’s husband IV:91
verr2 adv. worse Gr 3.5.2, X:169; mjƒk er verr it is much worse
VI:340; sup. verst worst Gr 3.5.2
verri adj. comp. worse Gr 3.3.8.3, XXV:29; hit verra what was worse,
the worse course XXI:13; sup. verstr worst Gr 3.3.8.3
versagjƒr› f. verse-making, composition (probably in Latin) XIV:156
vert see ver›rverƒld f. world VI:113; gen. of this world, secular XXIV:55
vesa = vera
vesall adj. wretched, miserable I:12
vestan adv. from the west V:53, XV:125, eastwards XV:77; from thewest of Europe (to England) VII A:9; fyr vestan, fyrir vestan withacc. west of (Gr 3.5.3 (7), 3.7.1) VIII:19, XV:36; fyrir vestan framon past to the west of it XXI:167; vestan with gen. west of XXV:61
Vestfir›ir m. pl. the Western Fjords (of Iceland) XV:16
Vestfirzkr adj. from the Western Fjords (of Iceland) XV:2
Vestmannaeyjar f. pl. Westmann Islands (‘Islands of the Irishmen’),islands off the south coast of Iceland VIII:92, XIX:86
vestmenn m. pl. Irishmen XIX:87
vestr n. the west; í vestr to the west XXI:169; as adv. (in the) west
VIII:69; west(wards) VII A:10, XV:34, 84, XIX:72, 75, 90; in awesterly direction VII A:148, XV:131; to the west (of Europe;
actually in an easterly direction here; see Saga-Book XXV, 72–82)
VII A:8; to the west V:6 (i.e. to Dalir, in the west of Iceland, whereﬁorsteinn Kuggason lived; actually north of Hítardalr); vestr frá tothe west of XIV:25; vestr fyrir west past XV:146; vestr fyrir landwest along the coast VII A:153, XIX:55; vestr til Saurbœjar to
Saurbœr in the west XV:75; útan vestr ﬂar í fjƒr›um abroad (toNorway) from those fjords in the west (i.e. from the Western Fjords)
XVI:2; vestr um landit west round the country VII A:156
Vestribygg› f. Western Settlement (the more northerly settlement on
the western coast of Greenland) XXI:20
vestrvíking f. raiding in the British Isles XIX:32
vesƒl› f. misery XII:36; pl. XII:40, 88
vetfangr m. scene of action V:162

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vetr m. winter (Gr 3.1.7.4 (1)) VIII:82, 189, XV:32, XIX:29, 90; acc.
of time ﬂann vetr for that winter XXI:107; vetr annan for a second
winter XIX:89; hinn ﬂri›ja vetr for the third winter XXI:194; with
suffixed def. art. of/um vetrinn during the winter XV:124, XVI:4,
XIX:9, XXI:59, 208, of/um vetrinn eptir during the following winter
VIII:173, XIX:20; at vetri at the beginning of winter II:138; vetrimi›r en one year short of VIII:192; nom. pl. vetr years XIX:49;
acc. pl. with suffixed def. art. um vetrna in winter, during the winters
XXI:160; acc. pl. of time years I:74, VII A:27, VIII:190, 194, X:11,
26; gen. pl. vetra (Gr 3.4.2 (5), (6), (7)) years III:22, 46, V:32, VIII:13,
16, 29, 56, XIV:173, XV:4, XVI:7, XIX:49; dat. pl. fám vetrum sí›arr,
sí›ar fám vetrum a few years later VIII:17, 143; tólf vetrum sí›artwelve years later VIII:193; tveim vetrum meir en two years over
VIII:196
vetrhús n. pl. the buildings used in the winter, i.e. the main farmbuildings XV:88, 94
vexti see vƒxtr
vi›, vi›r prep. (Gr 3.7.4) 1. with acc. to, against II:31, 56, V:157 (1),
VI:30, 41, 199 (1), 228, VIII:146, X:37, XIX:16, from XXII:34/4,
65/4, to XXII:15/2, XXIV:18, XXV:79; with II:98, IV:4, VI:90, 197,
X:146, 177, XII:84, XV:129, XXII:54/3, XXIII:52, XXV:33, XXVI
B:40; towards XIV:49, XXII:1/3, 42/4, XXIV:21; close to III:7, 85,
XXVI A:30, 89; by, near XXI:175, XXVI A:115; by, beside V:157(2), VI:253 (vi›r; phrase goes with fœr›u› Bar›a), VII A:52, B:64,
X:172, XI:17, XIX:60, 92, 103, XXIII:18; on the coast of XVI:177;
off VI:28, XIX:15, XXI:170; with, in relation to I:66, 71, II:72, 73,
V:161, 162, VIII:89, 114, 117; vi› mek with me, to me XXIV:26; inconnection with VI:199 (2), XVI:155; in connection with, from I:84;
using VI:122, XXVI B:117; with the help of VI:118; accompanied
by V:93, VII B:60; in company with VIII:22; in (the light of) X:44,
together with XXII:43/1 (postposition); me› honum vi› sex mennwith a group of six men in all with him (with him, accompanied bysix men?) V:94; at, engaged in II:6; in response to II:30, because of
II:43, at XXII:53/2, XXVI B:36; vi› ﬂetta at this XV:112, XXI:128;vi› ﬂat thereupon, after that, in spite of that III:87, at that, in responseto that VIII:86; kenna vi› see kenna. 2. with dat. against I:17; fromXXIII:37 (see varna); towards, at XXI:173; in response to IX:103;
for, in return for XVI:22; taka vi› see taka. 3. as adv. at this I:14,

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II:71 (see skrækja), IV:104 (see víkja), XXV:90, XXVI A:18, at it
XXVI B:95; by it XXI:120 (2); at the same time, as well XXI:120(1); against VI:166, against it I:41, against them VI:261, XXVI A:82;
with (each other; see eiga) I:104, II:13; close by VI:215 (vi›r); veravi› be present VII B:27; ﬂar vi› (in return) for it XVI:25; ﬂar vi›rauka, vi› auka add to it VIII:3, 40vi›a (past vi›a›i) wv. cut wood (til for) VIII:54
ví›a adv. widely, to many places II:94, in many places VII A:2, 16,
126, XIV:179, XVI:138, XIX:35, XXI:16, extensively VIII:35
Vi›arr m. a god (one of the Æsir) II:9vi›fƒng n. pl. supplies XXVI A:53
Ví›im‡rr f. farm in Skagafjƒr›r, northern Iceland III:129, XIV:133vi›r1 m. tree; tree or wood XXV:18; forest X:29; timber V:27, XXVI
A:24; wood X:55; piece of wood, rod XII:30; vi›r hau›rmens ‘timberof the sea’ is a kenning for ship XXVI A:98; dat. vi›i with trees VIII:20;
acc. pl. vi›u trees II:32
vi›r2 = vi›
ví›r adj. wide XXIII:62; extensive XXII:29/2; á ví›um velli in the
open IV:43
Vi›rir see hand-Vi›rirvi›rkvæmiligr adj. fitting XIII:39; at s‡na vi›rkvæmiligt vera toshow that it was fitting XIII:20
vi›(r)taka f. resistance VI:286, defence XXI:131vi›rtal n. conversation (with gen. between) XXVI B:39vi›skipti n. pl. dealings, encounter VII A:57
Vífill m. slave XIX:72, 91; dat. Vífli XIX:100
Vífilsfell n. mountain 20 km south-east of Reykjavík XIX:101
vífilstoptir f. pl. a farm near Reykjavík (= Vífilssta›ir) XIX:101
víg n. killing, slaying II:60, XIX:3, XXII:37/2, XXV:101, XXVI A:21,
118; battle VI:246, X:12; dat. vígi by force of arms VIII:106; dat.
sg. with suffixed def. art. V:158
vígfrœkn adj. bold in battle XXV:100
Vígi m. a dog VII A:123
vígja (past víg›i, pp. víg›r) wv. 1. consecrate; imp. pl. vígi› IX:122;
bless IX:120; vígja til ordain as VIII:187, 191, 194, consecrate to
VIII:195. 2. -sk form láta vígjask til let oneself be consecrated, beordained (as) VIII:184
vígmó›r adj. wearied, exhausted by fighting XXVI A:94

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vígr adj. able to fight V:31
Vígsló›i m. Manslaughter Section (of the Law), ‘Treatment of
Homicide’, dealing largely with offences against the person (injuries,
assaults, killings; see Laws I 139–74) VIII:178
Vík f. Oslofjord XVI:41
vika f. week VIII:92, 197; viku fyrr a week earlier (in the year) VIII:96;
at tíu vikum sumars when ten weeks of summer remained, i.e. inlate July XV:79; fyrr en tíu vikur eru af sumri before ten weeks ofsummer have passed XXVII:29; ﬂrjár vikur í samt for three weeks
together, for three whole weeks running XXI:121
Víkarsskei› n. the coast to the west of the mouth of the ¯lfoss river,south-western Iceland (modern Skei›) VII A:159
víkja (past veik, past pl. viku, pp. vikinn) sv. 1. turn (back) V:91;
víkja út turn back out XVI:102; transitive with dat. turn, direct
XXIV:49; impers. with dat. svá víkr vi› it turns out in such a way
IV:104. 2. -sk form víkjask; past veiksk undan turned himself away,
dodged (out of the way) V:128; veiksk vi› responded to XV:128
víl n. misery; a hard task IV:56 (object of hafa)
vili m. wish: acc. vilja VI:22, will XIV:117; dat. vilja purpose XXII:34/2;
desire, compliance XIV:90, note; joy: gen. vilja X:61, 143, dat. vilja
XXV:18vilja1 (pres. vil/vill/vil(l)t, past vildi, pp. viljat) wv. (Gr 3.6.7, 3.6.9.1(11), 3.6.9.2 (3)) wish, want, be willing (to, for) I:27, 31, 47, 68, 83,
85, 121, II:36, 48, 91, 108, 127, 160, III:33, 34, IV:68, V:113, 158,
VI:8, 23, VII A:120, B:14, 21, VIII:22, 133, XI:50, XII:65, XIV:187,
XV:125, XVI:39, 47, XXI:80, 113, XXII:4/3, XXIV:54, XXVII:8,
16; want to, try to II:129, XV:111, XXI:136; mean to, try to I:95,
V:98; be trying to II:146; intend to IV:70, V:125, XIX:63; intend to,
be going to VII A:57, 102, 159, VIII:106, XII:58, XIX:21; vil ek I
wish XXII:31/3, XXVI B:157, I will XXIV:25, 29, I desire that I:147,
XXVI B:59; ef ek vil if I want to XXVI B:24; vil ek eigi I do notwish, I do not intend VIII:101; eigi vil ek I am not williing XXVI
B:132, eigi vil ek ﬂat I do not want that XXVI B:210; with suffixed
pron. and neg. vilkat ek I do not wish XXV:33; 2nd person sg. ﬂúvill IX:117, XVI:39, XXVI A:66 (you insist on), ﬂú vil XVI:80, ﬂúvilt you wish XIV:10; villt ﬂú will you, are you willing to XXVI B:130;
with suffixed pron. viltu you want I:15, if you are willing VII A:88,
are you willing I:60, 62, villtu will you XVI:22, XXVI A:103, do

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A New Introduction to Old Norseyou want XVI:24, 80, do you wish XVI:29, villdu you want to go
XVI:137; 3rd person sg. vill wishes XXVI B:72, XXVII:23, 45 (1),wants XXVI A:66; eigi vill does not want VI:94, he will not XIX:78;
vill eigi is determined not to V:146, is not going to VII B:29, is notwilling to VI:95; nú vill hann but if he is willing XXVII:45; pl.
vili› ﬂér if you are willing II:25; vilja want (to have) XXVII:14; efvilja if they want to XXVII:51; past vildi would XIX:42; wished it
to be XXV:27; vilda wanted XXVI B:172; eigi vilda ek at ﬂú I
would like you not to V:14; vildu heldr they would rather XXVI
B:63; vildu æ fram always wanted to advance VI:258; pres. subj.
vili II:124, né ek vilja nor would I wish (nor for which I would
wish?) X:169, pl. vili XXVII:20; past subj. ef ﬂú vildir eigi if you
had not wished XVI:83; past subj. pl. vildim V:64, vildi eigi did notwant it VIII:130; ef ﬂeir vildi if they liked VI:103; impers. (of fate;
see au›na) III:92; past inf. vildu XXVI B:155
vilja2 see vili
vilja›r adj. (pp.) (well) disposed, kind (with dat. ﬂeim to them)
XXIV:71
villa f. error; fantasy XXII:43/4 (‘made a big mistake’?); delusion,
heresy, i.e. heathendom XXII:25/3
villdu, villtu see vilja
villustígr m. false path XXIV:46
Vilmundr ﬁórólfsson m. abbot at ﬁingeyrar 1133–48 XIV:180
vilnask (past vilna›isk) wv. -sk form with gen. wish for, desire X:146
vín n. wine XI:59; at víni over his wine XXV:71
vin see vinr
vinátta f. friendship VII A:122
vínber n. grape XXI:50 (pl.)
vinda (past vatt, past pl. undu, pp. undit) sv. twist, wind (af off)
XXVI A:63, vindum af let us wind off XXVI A:60
vindáss m. winding-pole (put between two ropes and twisted to tightenthem) XXVI A:60 (acc. pl.)Vin›ir m. pl. the Wends VI:283, VII A:140
vindkaldr adj. ‘wind-cold’, made cold by winds XXV:61
vínker n. wine-goblet XXI:50, textual noteVin›land n. Wendland (parts of modern Poland and north-eastern
Germany) VI:6, 13, 19, 21, 25, 28, 48, 320, VII A:27
vindr m. wind XIV:38

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vindﬂurr adj. wind-dried X:55
vingask (past vinga›isk) wv. make friends (vi› with), get on goodterms with, show affection for VI:318
vingjarnliga adv. friendlily XV:88
Ving-ﬁórr m. a name for ﬁórr (‘swing-ﬁórr’) IX:1
Vínland n. the name given by the Vikings to (some part of) the northeast coast of North America VIII:71, XXI:2, 4
vinna1 (past vann, past pl. unnu, past subj. ynni, pp. unninn, n. unnit)
sv. irregular (Gr 3.6.9.1 (6)) 1. perform II:137; achieve VII A:49;
vanntu you brought about XXV:94; work (at): vinna hannyr›irme› work embroidery with pictures of, make embroidered pictures
of XIV:189; fight (a battle) VI:236; defeat, overcome VI:315, XXVI
B:58, 197; at vinna to overcome (with hafa fœtr; or at vinna [sver›]= fight hard) IV:81; with dat. resist, prevail against, withstand X:183,
184; at vinna to perform with hafa víl IV:56; hafa œrit at vinna
have enough work to do, have plenty to do, have a hard enough job
VI:92; vinna ei›a at swear oaths by X:149; with acc. and adj. or
pp. cause someone to be, make someone something VI:247, vinna(menn) sára cause men to be wounded XXVI A:97; vinna á withdat. injure someone III:120, XV:114; vinna til earn, deserve, achieve,
accomplish I:140; allt til vinna at do everything (anything) in orderthat (so that) XXVI B:65; ef ﬂetta er til unnit if this is achieved toearn it I:137; ekki fyrir unnit no preparations or provision had been
made for it XXI:60. 2. -sk form hánum vannsk with dat. lasted him
VI:324; honum vinnsk eigi fró›leikr til ﬂess (his) knowledge does
not extend so far in him XXVII:32
vinna2 f. work, labour XIV:134
vinr/vin m. friend III:33, VIII:109, 182, XI:46, XII:77, XIX:23
vinstri adj. comp. left XI:55
vinsæld f. popularity; pl. XXI:14
vinsæll adj. popular XV:36, 42; comp. vinsælli more popular Gr 3.3.9
ex. 22; sup. inn vinsælsti the most popular, a very popular VII B:10
vintr = vetr (archaic form or a loan-word from some other Germanic
language) XXI:194, textual notevínvi›r m. (grape)vine(s) XXI:91
vir›a (past vir›i/virti, pp. vir›r, n. virt) wv. 1. value (Gr 3.6.9.1 (7))
VIII:153, 156; with gen. of amount of price or value vir›a mik
engis value me at nothing, show no respect to me XXVI B:70; value,268

A New Introduction to Old Norse

regard XXVI B:113; consider, esteem, rank, honour (ﬂik yourself)
XXIV:85; judge, decide, conclude XXI:157. 2. -sk form impers. withdat. vir›isk it seems to someone (sem as if, that) V:15; ﬂeim vir›isk
landit betra they thought the land looked better XIX:29
vir›ar m. pl. men XXII:60/1; vocative you men XXII:25/3
vir›ing f. honour; gó› vir›ing high honours XVI:117
vir›uligr adj. magnificent XIV:12; worthy XIV:128
virtu see vir›avísa1 f. verse, stanza IV:17, 26, 53, 77, V:16, 148, 164, XIV:84, XXVI
A:92
vísa2 (past vísa›i, pp. vísat) wv. with dat. direct (í towards) VII A:115;
vísa ífrá with dat. refuse or forbid to someone XXIV:53; vísa til
indicate XXIII:55, 81, with dat. direct someone to XIX:42
vísaván f. certain expectation VIII:126
vísi/vísir m. ruler X:67, 147 (Vƒlundr), XXII:60/2 (Sveinn Knútsson)
víss adj. certain; hvers víss yr›i of what he could become certain,
what he could find out XXVI A:28; n. as substantive at vísu indeed
XV:98. Cf. víst
vissa, vissi, vissu see vita
vist f. habitation, dwelling VIII:69; board and lodging XVI:4; in pl.
food XIV:146, XVI:45, 47, 51
víst adv. (n. of víss) indeed, to be sure I:102,141, XXII:14/3, XXIV:25;
for certain VI:82, XXVI B:73; svá var víst it was indeed so XVI:181
vit pron. 2nd person dual (Gr 3.2.1) I:63, 65, V:79, IX:47, XVI:108,
XXIV:47, XXV:99, 103, 106, XVII B:166, 167; vit Hƒttr (Gr 3.9.6.1)
Hƒttr and I I:64; vit Vƒlundr Vƒlundr and I X:181; vit Grímr Grímr
and I XXVI B:16
vita (pres. veit, past vissi, pp. vitat) pret.-pres. vb. 1. know (Gr 3.6.7,
3.6.9.1 (10), 3.6.9.3 ex. 7) I:111, 128, 144, II:132, V:7, 126, VI:14,
108, VII A:65, IX:7, XIV:59, XV:73, XVI:106, XIX:110, XXI:80,
XXIV:26, XXVI A:26, 50, B:73; know to be, feel, find X:62; veit
ek eigi, eigi veit ek I do not know VI:325, XXVI A:66; veit ek ei at
I am not sure whether XXIV:22; eigi má ek ﬂat vita I cannot see, I
am not sure V:80, I canot bear it XVI:121; see, find out XXVI A:28;
viti› ﬂér ﬂat you find that out XXVI A:35; varla mátti hann vita
he could not bear to know XIV:108; with acc. and inf. mik veiztu
ver›a you will know that I am becoming IX:51; vér megum víst
vita we shall certainly know it VI:82; pres. subj. viti will knowGlossary and Index

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XXVII:32, may know I:56, ﬂótt ek vita even if I knew XXVI A:56,
svá at menn viti as far as is known X:14, pl. 1st person es vér vitim
whom we know VIII:151, pl. 3rd person viti til know of I:112; pastvissi knew XV:114; hitt vissa ek this I found out XXVI A:35; vissi. . . fram could see into the future IX:58; past pl. vissu knew about
II:3, XIV:51; inf. (after skyldi) find out, see III:107; ﬂykkjask vita
feel sure VI:134, VII A:59, VII B:54; impers. hvat má vita what
can one know, how can one be sure I:135, hvat vissi til what was
known about II:45. 2. with gen. indicate, betoken, lead to IV:22
víti n. punishment XV:117; penalty XV:61, torment, trouble IV:25 (gen.
object of vita); vengeance V:35
vitja (past vitja›i, pp. vitjat) wv. visit I:77; with gen. go to see, go toattend X:12; visit XIV:143
vitni n. witness, testimony VI:324
vitr (acc. vitran) adj. wise II:93, VI:165, XIV:40, 51, XXIII:77,
XXIV:79; clever VII A:119; sensible XXIV:60; sup. vitrasti Gr 3.3.5
ex. 3, 3.3.8.1 ex. 3
vitrlega adv. wisely XXIV:45
vitugr adj. intelligent, sensible, clever XXIII:86
vizka f. wisdom XXIII:17, 53
vó› = ó›, see va›avóndzligr adj. evil, harsh, terrible XXII:60/1
vóru see vera
vur›u see ver›avæg› f. mercy, giving way, yielding; dat. sg. with mercy or giving
way VI:246
vægjask (past væg›isk) wv. -sk form yield, give way (vi› in the faceof their enemies) VI:261
væl f. trickery, deception XXIII:55
vængr m. wing VII A:154 (pl. with suffixed def. art.), XII:33; acc. pl.
vængi I:76vænligast adv. sup. most promising or useful XXIV:30
vænn adj. (Gr 3.3.8.4 (1)) handsome V:30; fine, splendid XXII:38/2
vænta (pres. væntir, past vænti, pp. vænt) wv. expect (that) I:105,
XXI:61; with dat. of person and dat. of thing expect something forsomeone, expect that someone will achieve something XV:148; withgen. expect XXIV:23; impers. væntir mek I expect, I have expectationof, I anticipate VI:91

270

A New Introduction to Old Norseværi, værir see veraværugjarn adj. fond of rest and warmth XXVI B:168
Vætildr f. North American native woman XXI:202vætr pron. nothing IX:104; as adv. not at all IX:112, X:183, 184vƒk›u see vekjavƒllr (dat. velli, pl. vellir) m. field Gr 3.3.7.1, 2 (4); ground; with
suffixed def. art. III:45, XXVI A:28, 32, 71; dat. sg. at velli to theground XXVI A:101; á ví›um velli in the open IV:43; acc. pl. vƒllu
space, battlefield? XXII:29/2
Vƒlundarkvi›a f. a poem about Vƒlundr X:titleVƒlundr m. legendary smith X:1, 4, 11, 13, 16, 25, 36, 42, 52, 55, 67,
90, 125, 134, 136, 146, 147, 152, 169, 173, 179, 181; elliptical gen.
at Vƒlundar at Vƒlundr’s home X:79; poss. dat. (Gr 3.9.6.2)
Vƒlundi til smi›ju to Vƒlundr’s smithy X:95; dat. pl. as common
noun by craftsmen XXV:25 (see note)vƒndr m. stick, thin rod, wand; with suffixed def. art. XII:32; in kenningfor sword, vƒndr hjalts V:40
vƒr›r m. guardian, defender; in kenning for warrior (see note) vƒr›rvápn-Eirar V:48 (vocative)vƒr›usk see verja1vƒrn f. defence V:143, VI:315, XXVI A:92, 102; dat. sg. with suffixed
def. art. vƒrnenni VI:255
vƒrr (pl. varrir) f. lip XXIII:57
vƒrusekkr m. sack of wares Gr 3.1.9 ex.2
vƒtnum see vatnvƒxtr (gen. vaxtar Gr 3.1.7.1 ex. 5) m. size VII B:9; dat. sg. vexti insize III:23, V:30, XXI:11; at vexti in shape XII:11y›ar/y›var pron. 2nd person pl. gen. (Gr 3.2.1) your I:59, 63, of you
XXI:135y›arr/y›varr poss. adj. your (pl.) Gr 3.3.6 (11), 3.3.9 ex. 4, 3.9.6.1,
XXI:78; acc. sg. m. y›arn XIV:56; gen. sg. f. y›arrar XXIV:21; n.
y›art XIV:55, XXVI B:71; dat. sg. n. y›ru (i.e. of you Icelanders)
XVI:138; n. pl. y›ur XIV:56y›r pron. 2nd person pl. acc., dat. (Gr 3.2.1) you, to you, for you I:53,
XXVI A:105, for yourselves XXVI B:20; in addressing king XVI:63,
118, yourself XXIV:11‡dróg f. bowstring VII A:19
‡fask (past ‡f›isk) wv. -sk form become angry or hostile XXII:7/1

Glossary and Index

271

yfir prep. (Gr 3.7.4); with acc. above, over, upon I:44, II:22, 109,
III:26, 54, XI:47, XIII:3, XXII:53/1, XXVI B:164; above XXI:128;
across V:42, 163, VII B:61, XV:47, 100, XXV:41, XXVI A:4; oftime, for XXI:65; with dat. about XIX:75, above XXIII:5; as adv.
across Gr 3.5.3 (2), VI:25; about it IV:77; over him XXV:26; yfirofan up on the top XXIII:10; ﬂar yfir above it, on top of it III:100
yfirbo› n. command, authority, rule XIV:177
yfirbœtr f. pl. compensation, atonement II:63, 73, V:161
yfirfƒr f. visitation XIV:1
Yggr m. a name for Ó›inn; gen. Yggs used elliptically to mean ‘Ó›inn’sbusiness’, i.e. fighting or poetry, which is the object of ne leggjum
fyr li› IV:24
ykkar, yk(k)r dual pron. (Gr 3.2.1) your, you, to you IV:50, X:107;
ykr ﬂjó›konunga (acc. with eptir er ﬂrungit) you great kings
XXV:14; used for pl. I:17; me› ykkr Njáli with you and Njáll XXVI
B:173
ykkarr poss. adj. dual your Gr 3.3.8.1, 3.3.9 (22), 3.9.6.1; f. ykkur
your XXV:10, ykkur beggja of you both X:167; dat. sg. n. ykru
hváru to each of you XXV:34‡la (past ‡ldi, pp. ‡lt) wv. howl; ‡la hátt upp raise a great howling or
screaming XXI:123‡miss adj. various, XVI:129; n. pl. ﬂau ymsi they in turn II:70yn›i f. happiness, bliss XII:86
yngri adj. comp. younger (Gr 3.3.8.2) IV:2, XIV:158, XXVI B:70
ynni see unna and vinna
yr›i see ver›ayrkja (pres. yrkir, past orti, pp. ort) wv. irregular (Gr 3.6.9.3)
compose (poetry) II:161, V:164, VII A:137, XXI:79, XXVI A:92;
impers. yrkja skyldi there should be composed VII A:134‡tar m. pl. men XXII:18/2, 63/2
‡tri adj. comp. outer; acc. n. as adv. it ‡tra on the outside, on thefringe IV:63; hit ‡tra on the outer (seaward) side VI:59; sup. ‡ztr
outermost, on the outside, on top VII A:82, furthest out (from thecentre) VI:217
ﬂá1 adv. then Gr 3.5.3 (3, 10, 12), 3.5.1–3 ex. 6 (a), I:8, 14, 50, 82, 95,
98, 108, 131, II:7, 71, 72, III:5, V:47, 92 (by then), 101, VI:3, 73,
232 (followed by ﬂá er), VII B:63, 71, IX:16, 31, 48, 59, 72, X:174,
XI:23, 54 (of place), XV:21, XVI:12, XIX:22, 30, 57, XXI:26,

272

A New Introduction to Old Norse102 (1), 121 (1), XXII:11/3, XXV:20, XXVI A:5, 37, B:15, 50,
XXVII:6, 10, 45, 50; at that time VIII:21, 37, 38, 165; at this time
VI:8, 38 (2), VII B:6, XV:38; at the time VI:317; then, at any given
time VII B:21; by that time XIX:48; ok ﬂá var and (which) then (orthereafter) was XIX:27; ﬂá ok ﬂá at every moment I:37; introducing
main clause after er-clause (Gr 3.8.2.1) II:5, 47, 79, III:27, V:44,
163, VI:271, XIX:65, 68, XXI:42, 117; after ﬂá er-clause II:95,
III:2, VI:227, 269, 273, 294, VII A:140, VIII:82, XII:78, XXVI B:70;
after ﬂá es VIII:35, 194; ﬂá . . . es/er VIII:92, IX:1, XIX:83, 113; ﬂá. . . er . . . ﬂá (second ﬂá pleonastic) XXIV:76–77; ﬂá . . . ef VIII:124,
XXIV:79, XXV:74; ﬂó . . . ﬂá . . . ﬂó . . . ﬂó at XXIV:22–24; ﬂá . . .
ﬂau er (= when or if they) . . . heldr en XXIV:14–15; after nú er
XVI:95; after ef XXIV:8, 16, 47, 67, XXVI B:25, 78, 214, XXVII:4,
15, 32; ef . . . ok . . . ﬂá XXVII:9 (see ok); after conditional vb. withinverted word order II:25, after Nú and conditional vb. with inverted
word order XXIV:1, XXVII:46; after eptir ﬂat VI:298, eptir ﬂat er
VI:302; after hvatki es VIII:5; after me›an-clause V:111, VI:225;
after til ﬂess at VII A:51; after sí›an er VII A:92; after svá sem
VI:221; after sem (= when) XII:70, 81; after me› ﬂví at VIII:3;
XXIV:29, 73; after ﬂó at VI:118, XIV:146, XXIV:85; after ﬂó
XVI:137; ﬂá as conj. when 1:30, 138, 144; ﬂá er/es as conj. (Gr
3.8.2.1) when II:21, 56, 94, 111, III:1, 59, 131, IV:10, VI:25, 48, 54,
75, 185, 205, 226, 234, 250, 269, 272, 281, 294, VII A:30, 138,
B:31, VIII:16, 188, XI:64, 73, XII:77, XIV:159, XV:4, XIX:52,
XXI:30, 37, XXIII:82, XXV:19, XXVI A:26, B:70, XXVII:18, 43;
while VI:59, 240; ﬂá . . . er when XVI:39, by the time . . . , XV:138
ﬂá2 pron. (Gr 3.2.2) acc. f. sg., acc. m. pl. that, this, these, those, themetc. I:92, 107, II:90, 113, IV:4, 5, 15, 16, 105, V:8, 42, 60, 87, VI:34,
38 (1), 102, 124, 172, VII A:137, B:9, 25, VIII:89, 118, XI:9, 66,
XV:153, XIX:21, 72, 82, 84, XXI:70, 102 (2), 121 (2), 129, 134,
158, XXII:22/1, XXIII:104, XXIV:74, XXV:76, XXVI A:47, B:49,
100, 104, 195, 197, XXVII:36; á ﬂá at them XXVI B:194; ﬂá ﬁorkel
nefju ﬁorkell nefja and those with him (acc.) VI:120; vi› ﬂá Leifagainst Leifr and Íngólfr XIX:16; ﬂá Hjƒrleif Hjƒrleifr and the others
XIX:67; ﬂá er as rel. pron. acc. f. sg. which, whom (Gr 3.8.2.1)
VI:4, 324, X:154; acc. m. pl. VIII:83, 132 (those who), XIV:172, ﬂá
es/er VIII:87, XXIII:85, ﬂá . . . er those . . . that XXIV:28, ﬂá alla es
all those who VIII:78, ﬂá sem those who XIII:25, whom XIV:166

Glossary and Index273(normally ﬂeir sem; perhaps the influence of Latin grammar; cf. Gr
3.8.2.1); ﬂá er . . . af those (lƒgmenn) from whom XXVII:34
ﬂá3 see ﬂiggja VI:9, XVI:5, 162
ﬂa›an adv. from there Gr 3.5.3 (5), III:38, VII A:3, 68, 156, 158,
VIII:104, 107, X:46, XIX:102, XXI:21, XXVI A:38; i.e. from
Norway VIII:15, 28
ﬂagall adj. silent Gr 3.3.8.1 ex. 3
ﬂagna (past ﬂagna›i, pp. ﬂagnat) wv. fall silent; past pl. ﬂagnu›u VI:131
ﬂágu see ﬂiggja
ﬂak n. roof; with suffixed def. art. ﬂakit XXVI A:63
ﬂak›r, ﬂaki› see ﬂekja
ﬂakka (past ﬂakka›i, pp. ﬂakkat) wv. thank Gr 3.6.10; with acc. say
thanks for XVI:135; subj. Gu› ﬂakki y›r with acc. may God thank(reward) you for XVI:118
ﬁakkrá›r m. slave of Ní›u›r X:175
ﬂambarskelfir m. nickname, either ‘paunch-shaker’ or ‘bow-stringshaker’ VI:301, VII B:1, 2, 39
ﬂang n. seaweed (in a kenning for the sea) VII B:40
ﬂangat adv. (Gr 3.8.2.1) thither, to that place, there I:5, 7, 34, 113,
V:79, VIII:65, 67, XIX:81, XXI:17, XXVI A:39, to it V:97, XXVI
B:42; onto it (that ship) VI:225; ﬂangat sem to where I:99, V:118,
XVI:92, 187, XXI:174; ﬂangat til up to then VIII:95; ﬂangat heim
into the precincts there XIV:150
ﬁangbrandr m. Saxon missionary priest VIII:77
ﬂann pron. acc. m. sg. (Gr 3.2.2, 3.8.2.1) that VIII:120, XXV:94,
XXVI B:62, ﬂann enn this (Gr 3.3.5) XXII:15/4; it (the sword)
X:95; that man V:155, XVI:185, him XXII:27/2; ﬂann mann thisman XIX:34; ﬂann er who XIV:56, whom XXIV:40, someone who
XXIII:74, which XI:24, ﬂann (. . .) er/es/sem that one (. . .) who
I:43, VII A:33, B:38, XI:9, the one who (object of nefna) VI:142,
the . . . who VI:156, the . . . which VIII:103, X:78, XVI:33, 118,XXIII:35, ﬂann sem . . . á the . . . on whom XXVII:10; í ﬂann tí›. . . es at the time when VIII:8–11; ﬂann vetr for that winter
XXI:107; ﬂann veg that way, similarly XXII:8/3, ﬂann veg . . .
sem thus . . . as if XXI:159
ﬂannig, ﬂannug (= ﬂann veg) adv. there, to that place II:55, XIV:42;
in this way, thus XXII:38/3
ﬂar adv. (Gr 3.5.3 (2), 3.8.2.1) there, in that place I:3, 4, 6, 7, 23, 26,

274

A New Introduction to Old Norse70, 73, 92, 116, II:11, 12, III:3, V:157, VI:11, VIII:46, IX:93, X:5,
87, XI:10, XIII:4, XV:19, 151, XVI:4, XIX:32 (1), XXI:24, 48, 204,
XXII:43/2, XXV:110, XXVI A:6, 107, B:2; present XXVII:28; onit (i.e. that ship) VI:130; at it (the battle) XXII:35/3; to that place
I:74, II:41, VI:14, VIII:107, X:31, XV:25, XXI:73, XXVI B:5; to orin that place XXI:108 (1); to that point IV:101; in this matter V:162,
VIII:30, 91, 113, on that topic XXIV:28; ﬂar var there was there
XXI:32, 53, ﬂar váru there were there X:7, XXI:168, it was (there)
X:8; ﬂar eru enn are still there XIX:95; ef ﬂar er if there it is
XXIII:97; ﬂar á on it III:24, XII:37, on that ship XXI:17; ﬂar á
landi in that country VIII:69; ﬂar af therefrom, from them II:6; ﬂarat at the point (in the story) where II:16; ﬂar at bo›inu at that feast
XIX:13; ﬂar austr there in the east, in Norway VIII:87; ﬂar frá
from this III:39; ﬂar fyrir ahead there XXVI A:16, in front of them
XXVI A:25, for this reason XII:35, ﬂar firi about that XXIV:57;
ﬂar hjá honum (ﬂeim) next to him (them) there III:7, 8; ﬂar í into
them or it III:3, 4, XIX:32, in it III:24; ﬂar í anddyrit into thedoorway there III:21; ﬂar í skógum in those woods VIII:53–54;
ﬂar í ofan down into it XXVI B:229; ﬂar inn in there, into it (thelopt) XXVI B:117; ﬂar innan bor›s on board that ship VI:81; ﬂarme› along with it I:42, and in addition XIV:44; ﬂar . . . me›al
between them (the eyebrows) XXIII:19; ﬂar næst next, secondly
VI:315; ﬂar ór out of it II:92; ﬂar til (cf. Gr 3.9.1) for it VII A:98,
for that event, i.e. at that battle VI:154; ﬂar um landit throughoutthat country VII A:72; ﬂar undir under them XI:18; ﬂar úti outside
there III:37, XXI:108, XXVI A:44; ﬂar vi› for it XVI:25; ﬂar vi›r
thereto, to it VIII:3; ﬂar as conj. since, whereas XIV:34; where XXVI
B:16; ﬂar er, ﬂar sem as conj. (Gr 3.8.2.1) where II:108, VI:202,
267, VIII:44, X:172, XII:20, XV:155, XIX:59, XXI:29, 91, 128, towhere II:124, VII A:85, VII B:79, XVI:15, in which XI:17, in aplace which XIX:85, from where V:60, XV:145, when VI:292,
XVI:69, as VI:265, while, whereas V:11, XIV:116, where, if, in aperson in whom XXIII:30; ﬂar sem heita/heitir in a place called
II:115, XIX:82; ﬂar . . . sem/es/er where VIII:17, 19, 52, 65, XIX:53,
54, XXI:92, to where XV:152, XVI:34, the place where XIX:86; at
ﬂar er to where VI:271, ﬂar at sem to or at where XXVI B:89; hér. . . ﬂar er Hƒttr er here where Hƒttr is, i.e. out of Hƒttr I:146; ﬂartil sem to where II:150, XXIII:18; ﬂar til er until XI:47, XVI:126,
XIX:33, 50, XXI:52, XXVI A:89

Glossary and Index

275

ﬂarf see ﬂurfa
ﬂars conj. since XVI:53
ﬂat, ﬂau pron. n. (Gr 3.2.1 and 2) it, the, that, this, those, they etc.
I:28, 51, 98, 123, 124, 145, VI:26, 27, 107, 227, VIII:6, 29, 38,
XI:34, 35, XV:25, XVI:23, XIX:23, XXI:3, 5, XXII:23/2, 30/3,
XXIII:4, 39, 54, 97, XXIV:4, XXV:5, XXVI A:4, 19, 35, 43, B:72,
230 (that place, sc. gróf), XXVII:6; that one I:69; it I:76, 77, 81, 88,
94, 112, 115, 142; this VI:270, 334, IX:57 (as follows); er ﬂat it is
XXI:161; ok er ﬂat and that is XXVI B:33; ﬂat var it was XXI:37,
these were VI:300; ﬂat váru, váru ﬂat with pl. complement (Gr
3.9.8.2; cf. I:26–27, note) it was III:113, they were X:7; ﬂat hefir
there has XXV:6; ﬂá var ﬂat ekki hús then there was no building
XIV:157; ﬂat or›a this (in the way) of words, these words IX:5;
ﬂat it (Gr 3.3.5) IX:50; engi ﬂau any of those XXIV:3; ﬂat (. . .) at
this (namely) that X:41, XXI:126, XXIV:2, 12, 44, XXVI A:47, 76,
that which, what XXV:80, such a . . . that XXVI B:53; ok ﬂat at andthis too, that XI:3; ﬂat er/es which X:92, XIV:157, XV:132, XVI:90,
XXIII:13, 77, one that XXIII:14, that which VI:118, VIII:45, what
XV:23, XVI:156, XXVI B:20, as much as XII:1; ﬂat es af ﬂví suchthat from it, from which VIII:70; ﬂat . . . er what XVI:67, XXVI
A:66, B:113, that . . . when XXVI A:106; ﬂat sem which XV:33,
XXVI B:121, that which, what XIV:57, XV:149, to what VII B:21;
ﬂat allt er everything that XXIV:25; ﬂat nef er a nose which XXIII:51;
ﬂat er ﬂá væri whatever might make XIV:14; ﬂau er/es/sem which
VI:107, 110, VIII:117, XXIII:24, XXIV:7, XXV:104, XXVI A:57,
which, when they, if they XXIV:15, those that XXI:192, XXIII:42, 47,
XXIV:6; ﬂau . . . er . . . ﬂau such as VIII:175; n. pl. ﬂau referring toa man and a woman or men and women (Gr 3.9.6.1) IV:13, 77, 106,
VI:11, 46, VII A:95, X:11, XV:9, 18, 29, 40, 41, 133, XXI:40, 162,
XXVI B:22, 165, to a herd of horses consisting of a stallion andsome mares V:6; ﬂau Gu›rún he (ﬁorvaldr) and Gu›rún XV:5; ﬂau
Kormak her and Kormakr IV:14; ﬂau Einarr she and Einarr VII B:78ﬂáttr m. (Gr 3.1.7.2 (3)) strand, member XXV:15; story, section of astory, episode I:149, XVI:title; section of the law XXVII:34; acc. pl.
ﬂáttu alla all sections of the law XXVII:31
ﬂau see ﬂat
ﬂaut see ﬂjóta
ﬂegar adv. immediately, straightway Gr 3.5.3 (8), 3.5.1–3 ex. 6 (a),I:2, 97, II:28, III:54, V:102, 113, 129, 141, 162, VI:13, VII B:69, 78,

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

VIII:97, IX:70, XI:20, XIV:118, XV:68, 151, XVI:18, XIX:16, XXVI
B:64, 91, 206; ok ﬂegar and (was) immediately XXVI B:92; ﬂegar
eptir immediately behind, immediately after III:64, XXVI B:204,
211; ﬂegar í sta› on the spot VII A:122; ﬂegar um sumarit thatsame summer XVI:189; as conj. ﬂegar when, as soon as XXVI A:4,
as long as III:20; ﬂegar er (Gr 3.8.2.1) when IV:52, XIV:64, 67,
160, as soon as V:94, XV:9, XVI:106
ﬂegit see ﬂiggja
ﬂegja (past ﬂag›i, pp. ﬂagat) wv. (Gr 3.6.9.2 (4, 5)) be silent I:41, 92;
imp. ﬂegi ﬂú desist from speaking IX:69
ﬂegn m. servant, follower or officer of a ruler, subject, warrior, man
VI:342 (subject of sóttu), XXII:37/4, 46/3; ﬂegnar your servants,
i.e. we XXII:23/1
ﬂeim, ﬂenna, ﬂennan, ﬂeir, ﬂeira, ﬂeirar, ﬂeirra, ﬂeir(r)i pron. (Gr
3.2.1 and 2) that, this, these, those, they, their, them etc. I:31, 34, 89,
90, 110, 111, 112, VIII:2, 5, IX:9, 69, XI:15, XV:8, 39, XIX:2, 8, 10,
XXI:4, 5, 20, 137, XXII:11/2, 16/2, 21/3, XXIII:7, 71, XXV:22, 95,
XXVI A:4 (2), 19, B:4, XXVII:9, 11, 12, 17, 21, 35; ﬂeir they, i.e.
those people XXIII:72; ok ﬂeir together with those, and also those
V:88; ﬂeim that person XVI:152; to/for them XXII:10/2, for them
XXVI B:3, me› ﬂeim between them XXVII:13; ﬂeira of them
XIX:69, til ﬂeir(r)a to them XXIV:55, 75, XXVI B:122, at them
XXVI A:49; ein(n) ﬂeira, einn af ﬂeim one of them X:21, XIV:169,
XXI:150; tveggja ﬂeira of the two of them X:120, 164; hvárr ﬂeira. . . annan each of them . . . the other XI:46; ﬂeim poss. dat. XIII:3;
ﬂeir er/es, ﬂeir sem, ﬂeira er, ﬂeirar er, ﬂeiri er, ﬂeim er, ﬂeim
sem as rel. pron. (Gr 3.8.2.1) (those) who, which I:78, 132, II:7, 14,
V:27, 57, VI:1, 255, 299, 303 (referring to margs manns), VIII:47,
140, X:64, 135, 156, XII:60 (enginn . . . ﬂeir er no one who), XIII:7,
48, XIV:182, XV:66, 104, XXI:87, XXIII:32, XXVII:16, those people
who XXIII:69, 100; ﬂeirar sem of that woman who XIII:21, 41;
ﬂeirar er with which XIV:114; ﬂeira (. . .) er of those who XIX:87,
XXII:32/3; ﬂeim er to anyone who XIV:90, note, those (ships) which
VI:218, af ﬂeim er from those who XXI:154, at ﬂeim er at those
who XXVI B:220; ﬂeirra manna er from among those men whom
XXVII:12 (with taka, line 10); ór ﬂeim . . . er . . . í from the . . . inwhich XXVII:4–5; ﬂeir . . . er those (. . .) who XXIV:62, XXVI
B:63, 119, XXVII:13; ﬂeir er . . . ﬂeim er those who . . . those who

Glossary and Index

277

XXI:195–96; ﬂeir . . . er . . . me› those with whom XXVII:15;
ﬂeim . . . er those . . . which XXIII:61; ﬂeirar . . . at such a . . . that
VI:91; ﬂeir brœ›r the brothers XXVI B:5, similarly XV:71, XIX:9;
ﬂeir bragnar those men XXII:20/3; ﬂeir Skrælingar the Skrælings
XXI:118; ﬂeir with a singular name (Gr 3.9.6.1): ﬂeir Hƒttr he andHƒttr I:70; ﬂeir Hólmsteinn brœ›r Hólmsteinn and his brothers
XIX:15; ﬂeir Gizurr he and Gizurr III:8, at ﬂeim Gizuri up to
Gizurr and the others XXVI A:32; ﬂeir Hjƒrleifr Hjƒrleifr and theothers (that were not slaves) XIX:64; me› ﬂeim ﬁorvaldi withﬁorvaldr and his men XXI:15; ﬂeir Einarr Einarr and the otherman III:59; ﬂeir Jón Jón and Gu›mundr III:95; ﬂeim Ingólfi Ingólfr
and Leifr XIX:18, similarly XIX:20, 47; ﬂeir Au›unn Au›unn andthe king XVI:130; ﬂeira Bƒlverks of (between) him and Bƒlverkr
II:140; ﬂeira Sæmundar of him and Sæmundr VIII:152; ﬂeira
Bergﬂórs of Bergﬂórr and Hafli›i VIII:173; me› ﬂeim Haraldi
between him and Haraldr VII B:3, similarly XIX:12; ﬂeir ﬁorkell
ﬁorkell and his men, ﬁorkell and his companions VI:109; ﬂeir Gizurr
Gizurr and his party VIII:103; ﬂeir Flosi Flosi and his party XXVI
B:87, 120; ﬂeir Karlsefni Karlsefni and his party XXI:89, 119, me›ﬂeim Karlsefni with Karlsefni and his party or with Karlsefni andSnorri XXI:17; ﬂeir Sveinn konungr King Sveinn and his companions VI:109; ﬂeim Óláfi konungi King Óláfr and his men VI:276;
ﬂeir Ósvífr tveir both he (ﬁór›r) and Ósvífr XV:94; synir ﬂeira
Kotkels the sons of Kotkell and his wife XV:134; with two or morenames (cf. Gr 3.9.6.1) ﬂeira Einars ok Eindri›a of Einarr andEindri›i VII B:84; ﬂeir Gizurr ok Hjalti VIII:88, 111, similarly
XV:39, XIX:4, 6, 91, XXI:2, 41, 66, 114, 163, XXVI A:4, B:2, 24;
ﬂeira ﬁór›ar ok Gu›rúnar between ﬁór›r and Gu›rún XV:19, 80;
ﬂeira Teits . . . ok ﬁorkels . . . ok ﬁórí›ar VIII:8–11, similarly
XIX:7, XXVI B:193; ﬂeir anticipating subject (hir›menninir)
XVI:100 (1). Cf. Gr 3.9.6.1
ﬂek see ﬂik
ﬂekja1 (past ﬂak›i, pp. ﬂak›r/ﬂaki›r) wv. thatch, roof, cover (af with)
VI:152, XIV:10; pp. f. ﬂaki› re-roofed XIV:13
ﬂekja2 f. roof; with suffixed def. art. XXVI A:32, 53, 68, B:220
ﬂekkja (past ﬂek›i, pp. ﬂek›r) wv. recognise IX:124, X:82; ﬂek›imann realised that there was a man XVI:101; -sk form ﬂekkjask
agree to, accept XVI:77

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A New Introduction to Old Norse

ﬁelamƒrk f. Telemark in Norway XIX:3
ﬂengill/ﬂeingill m. ruler (Eiríkr jarl) VI:280 (subject of hét), (KingÓláfr Tryggvason) VI:361, (Óláfr Haraldsson) XXII:27/1, 49/1, 65/1
(in address)
ﬂenna/ﬂennan pron. acc. m. sg. (Gr 3.2.2) this VIII:100, XII:51,
XV:35, XVI:182, XXII:26/2, XXV:79
ﬂér pron. 2nd person dat. sg. and nom. pl. (Gr 3.2.1) you, yourself
I:55, 64, 124, 125, 128, IV:83, VII A:50, IX:79, XIII:23, XVI:111,
120, XXI:134, XXII:25/1, XXIV:13, 85, XXVI A:35, 57, 83, B:20,
55; to you IX:14, X:180, XI:25, XV:92, XVI:24, XXII:65/1; towards
you XVI:75; for you XXV:27, XXVI A:80, B:113, for yourself IX:71;
nom. pl. in addressing a king X:154, XVI:118, XXII:32/2, XXIV:11,
20; in addressing one’s father XXIV:22, 54; sjálfri ﬂér to you
yourself X:129; ﬂér einum to you alone X:124; poss. dat. ﬂér afhƒndum from your hands IX:116; ﬂér í sjó›i into your purse (or toyou in a purse, since sjó›i is dat.) XXII:31/3
ﬂess, ﬂessa, ﬂessar, ﬂessara, ﬂessarar, ﬂessi, ﬂessir, ﬂessu, ﬂessum,
ﬂetta pron. (Gr 3.2.2) this, that, these, those I:15, 24, 25, 27, 30, 36,
39, 45, 54, 55, 61, 68, 119, 127, 128, 132, 137, VIII:3, 5, XI:10, XIII:9,
XIV:185, XV:13, 25, 39, XVI:5, 33, XIX:11, 48, XXI:40, 41, 80, 179,
XXII:34/1, 46/4, XXIV:26, 36, XXVI A:62, 68, 92, B:25, 30, 62; it
I:138; til ﬂess about it XXII:22/4; ﬂetta with pl. vb. V:69, XXV:112(Gr 3.9.8.2); ﬂetta allt all this XXVII:30; ﬂessi that man (the one
who had been killed) I:64; ﬂessu (i.e. silfri) XVI:143 (1); upp frá
ﬂessu from now on I:107, 148; ﬂess for that X:97; ﬂessa for this XXVI
A:85; ﬂess er var such as there was XVI:6; ﬂess er who XVI:45,
which XIX:27; ﬂess er from this that XVI:144, of one who XIII:75;
ﬂess manns er a person who XXIII:81; ﬂessu er that which XVI:37;
ﬂess at (of) this, that XXVI B:85; til ﬂess at for this, that XXIV:14;
ﬂess . . . at for this, that VI:342 (with skƒp ver›a), XIII:8; ﬂau er. . . ok ﬂessi er those that . . . and these that XXI:192–93; ﬂess atmeir all the more VII A:43; ﬂessir these men XXVI B:64; ﬂessir lutir
eru ﬂeir enn er there are these things in addition that XXIV:76; acc.
m. pl. ﬂessa these ones XXIII:65; til ﬂess so far XXVII:32 (see vinna)
ﬂeygi adv. not at all XXII:47/1
ﬂí see ﬂví
ﬁi›rekr af Bern m. Theoderic the Great (died AD 526), king of theOstrogoths XI:title, 43, 45, 56, 64, 65, 69, 73, 75

Glossary and Index279

ﬂiggja (past ﬂá, past pl. ﬂágu, pp. ﬂegit) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.3) receive XVI:4,
XXIV:61; accept XVI:152; ﬂá af received from XVI:5; ﬂá at
accepted from VI:9, XVI:162; ﬂiggja undan get (someone) let off
VIII:89; pres. part. ﬂiggjandi receiving (them) XIII:48
ﬂik/ﬂek pron. 2nd person sg. acc. (Gr 3.2.1) you I:107, 129, 136,
X:169, XVI:69, XXVI B:94, 144; ﬂek XXIV:12 (object of henda),
48; yourself IX:46, XXIV:83, XXVI A:84
ﬂik(k)ja see ﬂykkja
ﬂín1 pron, 2nd person (of) you XXVI B:80; til ﬂín to you XXIV:1,
XXVI B:215
ﬂín2, ﬂína, ﬂínar poss. adj. (cf. Gr 3.3.9 (21)) your I:135, IV:71, X:145,
XI:70, XVI:25, 33, XXV:24, 36, XXVI A:87, B:132
ﬂing n. meeting; darra ﬂing is a kenning for battle XXII:54/2; assembly, conference II:44, VII A:72, 73, 79, B:25, 26, IX:53; with suffixed
def. art. II:46; i.e. the Alﬂingi VIII:104, 108 (with suffixed def. art.),
XV:12, 43, 46, 65, XXVII:40, í ﬂingi of the assembly XXVII:44;
local assembly in Iceland VIII:45, XIX:108
ﬂingbo› n. summons to an assembly VII A:72
ﬁingeyrar f. pl. monastery in northern Iceland XIV:180
ﬂingfararkaup n. assembly attendance tax or dues VIII:168
ﬂinglausnir f. pl. the close of the assembly XXVII:30
ﬂingskƒp n. pl. assembly procedure XXVII:5, 26
ﬂingvƒllr m. assembly-field, the site of the assembly, Alﬂingi (southwestern Iceland) VIII:106 (with suffixed def. art.)ﬂínir, ﬂinn, ﬂinna, ﬂinnar, ﬂinni, ﬂíns, ﬂínu, ﬂínum poss. adj. (cf.
Gr 3.3.9 (21) and ex. 11) your I:12, 144, IX:41, 71, X:127, 128,
158, XXII:47/4, XXIV:2, 85, XXV:87, 88, XXVI A:78, B:113
ﬂistill m. thistle Gr 3.1.7.5 (1)ﬂit pron. dual (Gr 3.2.1) you; ﬂit mó›ir mín you and my mother
XXVI A:79; used for pl. I:52, 54
ﬂitt poss. adj. (Gr 3.3.9 (21)) your I:145
ﬂjalfi m. noose, encircler; in kenning for the sea, ﬂjalfi ﬂangs VII
B:39 (object of skeina)ﬁjazi m. a giant II:41, 50, 52, 59, 61, 74, 75, 81
ﬂjó› f. people, nation VI:179, VII A:26 (pl., object of hjó), B:22 (subjectof l‡tr), VIII:70; men VI:279 (subject of stƒkk), people VI:365 (gen.
with gœ›i), XXII:10/3, 65/4
ﬂjó›á f. mighty river; pl. allar ﬂjó›ár subject of skulu rinna upp

280

A New Introduction to Old Norse

IV:85 (the older pl. form -áar would provide an additional syllable
and make the metre more regular)
ﬂjó›gata f. high road XXIV:46
ﬂjó›konungr m. king of the people or country, great king XXV:14(cf. ﬂjó›á)
ﬂjó›lei› f. main sea-route, normal route VI:87 (acc. with siglir)ﬁjó›ólfr (Arnórsson) m. 11th-century Icelandic poet VII B:14
ﬂjófna›r m. theft XV:136
ﬂjófr m. thief VII B:52, XV:129, XXIII:53
ﬂjóhnappr m. buttock V:146
ﬂjóna (past ﬂjóna›i, pp. ﬂjónat) wv. with dat. serve XIII:12, 25,
XXIV:40; attend to, provide for: at ﬂjóna looking after XIV:137;
pres. part. sér ﬂjónandi menn people serving her XIII:45
ﬂjónusta f. service XIII:46, XXIV:65
ﬂjónustuma›r m. servant XII:66
ﬁjórsárdalr m. valley in south-western Iceland VIII:80
ﬂjóta (past ﬂaut, past pl. ﬂutu pp. ﬂotinn) sv. sound, blow XXV:65(a horn)ﬂó adv. yet, nevertheless, even so I:18, 27, 102, 145, II:4, III:63, IV:66,
V:6, 7, 122, 144, VI:102, 200, 254, 288, 293 (i.e. in spite of being
valiant), 316, VII B:3, 31, 72, XI:68, XII:73, XV:5, 14, XVI:49,
XXI:12, 73 (in spite of the fact that?), 144, 177, XXII:27/3, XXIII:37,
102, XXIV:22, 51, XXVI A:90, B:101; but XXI:76; however VIII:81,
XVI:64, XXI:62, XXIV:12, 23, 57, XXVI B:23, 58; ﬂó . . . ﬂótteven . . . if IX:14; ok ﬂó and yet were (Gr 3.9.5.2) VI:299, but only
XV:139; e›a ﬂó or rather, or in spite of everything VI:328; ﬂó asconj. even though, although XVI:137, XXII:65/1; ﬂó at conj. (Gr
3.8.2.2) even if, although VI:4, 85, 117, VII B:27, XVI:147, 177,
XXIII:83, XXIV:3, 24, 84, even though VI:226, XIV:145, XVI:35;
ﬂó . . . at even . . . if IX:15; ﬂó . . . ﬂó at still . . . even if XIV:91–93
ﬂola (past ﬂol›i/ﬂoldi, pp. ﬂolat) wv. endure XXII:6/2; suffer XII:36,
40, 88; hann ﬂol›i eigi he could not bear III:126; with acc. and dat.
put up with something from someone VII B:29; ﬂola illa take itbadly XXVI B:121
ﬂollr m. tree; in kenning for man or warrior, hjalms ﬂollr, i.e. Bjƒrn
Hítdœlakappi V:171
ﬂopta f. thwart, rowing bench (on a ship) VI:279
ﬂora (pres. ﬂorir, past ﬂor›i, pp. ﬂorat) wv. dare (Gr 3.6.9.2 (3))

Glossary and Index281

I:93, VI:12, 77, IX:115, X:88, XVI:95, XXVI B:50, dare to do I:102;
with suffixed pron and neg. ﬂoriga I dare not X:124; past subj. ﬂyr›aek I have dared XXII:65/2; ﬂyr›i eigi dared not, should not dare XIII:40ﬁórarinn Ragabró›ir m. lawspeaker 950–969 VIII:61ﬁórbergr Árnason m. XXII:18/2
ﬁorbjƒrn nef (‘nose, beak’) (ﬁór›arson) m. III:8, 9
ﬁorbjƒrn Vífilson m. XXI:16 (he was already dead by this time)ﬁorbrandr Snorrason m. XXI:139; probably an error for Snorriﬁorbrandsson; see note 18
ﬁorbrandr ﬁorleiksson m. XXVI A:68
ﬁórdís f. wife of Bjƒrn Hítdœlakappi V:5ﬁór›r djákni (deacon) m. III:118ﬁór›r Ei›sson m. enemy of Bjƒrn Hítdœlakappi V:98, 102 (poss. dat.)ﬁór›r gellir (Óláfsson) m. 10th-century Icelander, a go›i, who lived
at Hvammr in Hvammsfjƒr›r, off Brei›afjƒr›r VII A:167
ﬁór›r Ingunnarson m. son of Glúmr Geirason XV:18, 19, 25, 26, 45,
47, 49, 57, 59, 64, 68, 71, 75, 76, 80, 81, 89, 93, 104, 105, 106, 107,
111, 113, 115, 117, 122, 124, 126, 128, 131, 134, 138, 144, 146,
148, 151, 153ﬁór›r Kárason m. grandson of Njáll and Bergﬂóra, fostered by Njáll
XXVI B:169ﬁór›r Kolbeinsson m. of Hítarnes, poet, enemy of Bjƒrn Hítdœlakappi
V:110, 119, 125, 127, 128, 145, 146, 148, 157, 162, 164ﬁorfinnr m. died in the fire at Flugum‡rr III:79
ﬁorfinnr ﬁvarason m. son of Arnórr ﬂvari and cousin of Bjƒrn
Hítdœlakappi V:30, 58, 116
ﬁorgeirr m. father of Go›mundr, 11th–12th century VIII:171
ﬁorgeir(r) (of Kvistssta›ir) m. XXII:46/1, 47/1, 48/3
ﬁorgeirr Starka›arson m. XXVI A:109, 117ﬁorgeirr (ﬁorkelsson, Ljósvetningago›i) m. lawspeaker 985–1001
VIII:118; hann ﬁorgeirr the aforementioned ﬁorgeirr VIII:120
ﬁorger›r Njálsdóttir f. wife of Ketill ór Mƒrk XXVI B:148
ﬁorgils Hálmuson m. Norwegian farmer XXII:31/1, 32/1, 58/1
ﬁorgrímr m. a Norwegian XXVI A:29, 30, 35
ﬁórhalla Ásgrímsdóttir f. wife of Helgi Njálsson XXVI B:136, 138ﬁórhallr Gamlason m. XXI:5ﬁórhallr vei›ima›r m. XXI:9, 10, 14, 65, 67, 77, 166ﬁórhildr Hrafnsdóttir f. wife of Skarphe›inn XXVI B:146

282

A New Introduction to Old Norseﬁórí›r f. daughter of Snorri go›i, died 1112 VIII:11ﬁórir m. Norwegian sea-captain XVI:3, 5, 9ﬁórir hundr ﬁórisson m. XXII:8/3, 10/1, 42/1, 43/1, 44/1, 45/4, 51/1.
Cf. Hundrﬁórir kroppinskeggi m. 10th-century Icelander VIII:48
ﬁorkatli dat. of ﬁorkell
ﬁorkell m. nicknamed dyr›ill, one of Óláfr Tryggvason’s followers
VI:165ﬁorkell (dat. ﬁorkatli) m. neighbour of Gunnarr XXVI A:8, 10, 14, 17
ﬁorkell Elfaraskáld m. XXVI A:92 (see note)ﬁorkell Gellisson m. Ari’s uncle, 11th century VIII:10, 33, 73
ﬁorkell máni ﬁorsteinsson m. lawspeaker 970–84 VIII:46, XIX:109
ﬁorkell m. nicknamed nefja, Óláfr Tryggvason’s half-brother VI:105,
300, 304; ﬂeir ﬁorkell ﬁorkell and his men, ﬁorkell and his
companions VI:109; ﬂá ﬁorkel nefju ﬁorkell nefja and those withhim (acc.) VI:120; archaic nom. ﬁórketill VI:313
ﬁorkell hvelpr m. brother of Au›r XV:80
ﬁorkell smi›r m. one of the incendiaries at Flugum‡rr III:83 (see note)ﬁorkell í Tungu m. father of Steinger›r IV:4, 8, 11, 48, 50, 63, 67,
107; dat. ﬁorkatli IV:100
ﬁorkell of Ví›im‡rr m. XIV:133
ﬁorkell m. son of ﬁorkell í Tungu IV:107ﬁórketill see ﬁorkell nefja
ﬁorlákr Rúnólfsson m. 1085/86–1133, bishop at Skálaholt 1118–33
VIII:1, 183, 194, 195
ﬁorlákr ﬁorleifsson m. III:43 (in apposition to sveinsins)ﬁorleifr enn spaki Hƒr›a-Kárason m. 10th-century Norwegian VIII:39
ﬁorleifr (Ketilsson) hreimr (‘cry, noise, shriek’) m. died 1289; married
to Gróa’s sister III:44
ﬁorleikr (ﬁórarinsson) m. 11th-century Icelander VIII:183
ﬁormó›r m. priest VIII:92
ﬁormó›r Bersason (Kolbrúnarskáld) m. XXII:19/1, 41/1
ﬁormó›r Hamalsson m. XIX:114
ﬁormó›r ﬁorkelsson m. XIX:113
ﬁóroddr Gamlason m. XIV:17ﬁóroddr go›i (Eyvindarson) m. 10th-century Icelander who lived at
Hjalli in ¯lfus VII A:167
ﬁórólfr munkr frá ﬁverá m. III:57

Glossary and Index283ﬁórólfr tinsmi›r (pewterer) ﬁorfinnsson m. III:79ﬁórr m. a god (one of the Æsir) II:8, IX:34, 59, 65, 69, 72, XIV:81(ﬁórs dagr = Thursday), XXI:79
ﬁorskafjƒr›r m. fjord in north-western Iceland XV:36
ﬁorsteinn m. farmer in the Western Fjords of Iceland XVI:3, 4
ﬁorsteinn (Bƒ›varsson) m. 10th-century Icelander VIII:79
ﬁorsteinn genja m. III:47
ﬁorsteinn Gy›uson m. descendant of Au›unn XVI:191
ﬁorsteinn Ingólfsson m. go›i, 10th-century Icelander VIII:45.
XIX:108, 109
ﬁorsteinn Knarrarsmi›r m. XXII:43/1, 49/1
ﬁorsteinn Kuggason m. friend of Bjƒrn Hítdœlakappi V:6
ﬁorsteinn m. (uxafótr? — see OddrÓT chs 71, 73), one of Óláfr Tryggvason’s followers VI:300
ﬁorvaldr Ei›sson m. enemy of Bjƒrn Hítdœlakappi V:94, 96
ﬁorvaldr Eiríksson m. XXI:8, 15, 174, 176, 179, 175–80, textual noteﬁorvaldr (Gizurarson) m. Gizurr’s father (died 1235) III:32
ﬁorvaldr Halldórsson m. XV:1, 2, 6, 7, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 30, 31
ﬁorvaldr kroppinskeggi m. 10th-century Icelander VIII:49
ﬁorvaldr hinn veili m. XXVI A:115
ﬁorvar›r m. husband of Freydís Eiríksdóttir XXI:7
ﬁorveig f. a sorceress IV:1, 68, 72, 105
ﬁorveigarsynir m. pl. the sons of ﬁorveig, Oddr and Gu›mundr IV:Ch.
5, heading, 7, 38, 49 (acc. pl. -sonu), 62, XVIII:121vb28
ﬂótt1 conj. although V:82, 104, VII B:55, XXI:153; even though
VI:263, VIII:130, IX:14, X:154, XV:129, XVI:142, 167, XXVI A:56,
B:52, 209; even though, whether or not V:106, XXV:108ﬂótt 2, ﬂótti, ﬂóttisk, ﬂóttu, ﬂóttusk see ﬂykkja
ﬂrá›u see ﬂreyja
ﬁrándheimr m. district of northern Norway, modern Trøndelag VII B:2, 24
ﬂrausk n. rustling noise, rummaging I:5
ﬂraut f. test, difficulty, trouble XXII:60/1; trial or struggle; at ﬂraut
var› fram at ganga it was going to have to come (on) to a (final)
trial XXII:33/4; battle: ﬂrautar gildr mighty or doughty in battle
XXII:42/1
ﬂreif see ﬂrífa
ﬂreifa (ﬂreifa›i, ﬂreifat) wv. grope; um at ﬂreifask to grope around(oneself) IX:4

284

A New Introduction to Old Norseﬂrekstórr adj. great in strength and endurance XXII:27/1
ﬂremr see ﬂrír
ﬂrettán num. thirteen (Gr 3.4.1) III:22
ﬂreyja (past ﬂrá›i, pp. ﬂrát) wv. long for Gr 3.6.9.3, yearn X:27
ﬂreyngja (past ﬂreyngdi, pp. ﬂreyngt) wv. with dat. oppress, trouble,
ill-treat, attack XXII:47/2
ﬂreyta (past ﬂreytti, pp. ﬂreytt) wv. with acc. contend in VII B:28
ﬂreyttr adj. pp. tired III:53
ﬂri›i num. adj. (Gr 3.4.1) (the) third II:81, III:79, X:4, XXII:8/4; hinn
ﬂri›i XIV:181, 183, XXIV:36; acc. sg. m. ﬂri›ja VI:163 (or dat.?),hinn/enn ﬂri›ja XIX:90, XXI:194; ok jarl enn ﬂri›ja (with vávi›, parallel to jƒfra tvá) and a jarl (who was) the third (enemy)
VI:161; dat. sg. m. ﬂri›ja II:153, ﬂri›ja degi í viku the third day inthe week, i.e. Tuesday VIII:197; nom. sg. f. en/in ﬂri›ja X:9, 24;
acc. sg. f. ina ﬂri›ju XXVI A:43
ﬂri›jungr m. third part; at ﬂri›jungi by a third XXV:55; at ﬂri›jungi
hverr vi› annan each in a third share with the other, sharing witheach other three ways VI:149
ﬂrífa (past ﬂreif, past pl. ﬂrifu, pp. ﬂrifinn) sv. grab, grasp I:13, V:101,
XXII:42/2, XXVI A:49, 69
ﬁríhyrningr m. three-peaked mountain in southern Iceland XXVI A:5
ﬁríhyrningshálsar m. pl. the ridges of ﬁríhyrningr XXVI B:11
ﬂrír num. three (Gr 3.4.1) II:16, III:105, 109, X:3, XIX:49, XXI:49;
m. acc. ﬂrjá II:152, IV:53, VIII:83; f. acc. ﬂrjár II:151, X:6,
XXI:121; n. ﬂrjú VI:98, 126, IX:97, XXI:44, 65, XXVII:20; gen.
ﬂriggja VI:162, XVI:7; dat. ﬂremr I:69, VIII:148, 196, XXVI B:47,
XXVII:26, 35, 41
ﬂrítøgr adj. thirty years old; tveim vetrum meir en ﬂrítøgr i.e. thirtytwo VIII:196
ﬂrívetr adj. three years old XXI:197
ﬂrjá(r), ﬂrjú see ﬂrír
ﬂrjótlyndi n. stubbornness XXIII:76
ﬂrjózka f. defiance XXII:23/1
ﬂrjózkr adj. defiant, rebellious XXII:46/3
ﬂróask (past ﬂróa›isk, pp. ﬂróazk) wv. prosper, increase in wealth
VIII:162
ﬂrotna (past ﬂrotna›i, pp. ﬂrotna›r) wv. dwindle, come to an end;pres. part. dwindling XXIII:107

Glossary and Index

285

ﬂrótthar›r adj. strong in valour VI:343
ﬂróttr m. valour, courage (gen. with or›) VI:180; strength XXV:55
ﬂrú›ugr adj. mighty IX:65
ﬂrungit see ﬂryngva
ﬂrútinn adj. (pp.) swollen, inflamed XXII:33/3
ﬁrymheimr m. the mountain home of the giant ﬁjazi II:42
ﬁrymr m. a giant IX:19, 22, 41, 85, 98, 119, 125
ﬁrymskvi›a f. a poem about ﬁrymr IX:title
ﬂryngva (past ﬂrƒng, past pl. ﬂrungu, pp. ﬂrungit) wv. push, press;
impers. pass. eptir er ykr ﬂrungit you have been pushed to the rear
XXV:14ﬂræll m. slave II:124, 131, VIII:47, XIX:36; with suffixed def. art.
XIX:55, 64; liegeman, vassal XII:66
ﬂræta (past ﬂrætti, pp. ﬂrætt) wv. quarrel (um about it) III:110;
dispute, deny VI:129ﬁrœndir/ﬁrændir m. pl. people of ﬁrándheimr XXII:10/1, 14/4
ﬁrœnzkr adj. Trondish, from ﬁrándheimr (Trøndelag, Norway) VI:157
ﬂrƒngr adj. narrow XXIII:93; n. pl. ﬂrƒng narrow ones (sc. ears)
XXIII:46; n. as adv. ﬂrƒngt close together XXVI:44; comp. ﬂrøngri
Gr 3.3.8.2
ﬂrøngva/ﬂrøngja (past ﬂrøng›i, pp. ﬂrøng›r) wv. press XXIII:5
ﬂú pron. 2nd person sg. (Gr 3.2.1) you I:10, 16, 105, 130, 136, 142,
144, 145, IX:26, 36, 69, 71, X:152, XI:23, XV:24, XVI:22, 32,
XXII:31/4, 47/1, XXIV:2, 83, XXV:21, XXVI A:47, 110, B:171; inaddress to God, thou XXIV:18; attu = at2 ﬂú XXVI B:218; suffixedto verbs bittu IX:46 (see binda); ertu I:10, IX:24, heyr›u IX:6,
láttu IX:116, muntu I:20, IX:11, sáttu IX:99, saztu XXV:23, segﬂu
IX:37, veiztu IX:51 (see vita), viltu I:15, ﬂarftu XXIV:8
ﬂungi m. heaviness, weight; vera til ﬂunga be of any weight XV:147
ﬂungr adj. heavy VI:287; weighty, serious XXII:52/2; stern XXII:14/3;
n. as adv. ganga oss ﬂungt go hard (or badly) for us XXVI B:196
ﬂunnhær›r adj. thin-haired XXIII:3
ﬂunnr adj. thin VII B:48, XXII:49/2, XXIII:8, 49, 57
ﬂurfa (pres. ﬂarf, past ﬂurfti, past subj. ﬂyrfti, pp. ﬂurft) pret.-pres.
vb. need (Gr 3.6.7) VI:27, XVI:51, 53; ﬂurfa at with inf. VI:188,
XXI:71, XXVI B:110; ﬂarf at rœ›a needs to be spoken or discussed
XXIV:75; with suffixed pron. ﬂarftu you need XXIV:8; eigi ﬂurfu
ﬂér (Gr 3.6.9.1 (14)) you need not XVI:111; pres. subj. ﬂurfi

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XXIV:13; past subj. ﬂyrftu needed, might need XIV:59; have need(of it) IV:51; with gen. VI:108, VII A:110; ﬂurfa vi› be necessary
XIV:138, note; ﬂurfa vi› with gen. be in need of something V:4,
XXI:40; ﬂurfti meira vi› ﬂat he needed more help for this, it was abigger job XVI:155; alls muntu ﬂess vi› ﬂurfa you will need all ofthat XI:72; pres. part. ﬂurfandi Gr 3.3.9 ex. 25, XIII:47
ﬂurka (past ﬂurka›i, pp. ﬂurkat) wv. dry; pres. are drying XI:18
ﬂurs m. giant IX:19, 41
ﬂursligr adj. giant-like XXI:11
ﬂúsund f. thousand (years) (Gr 3.4.1, 3.4.2 (5)) VIII:149, XIX:49
ﬂvá (pres. ﬂvær, past ﬂó/ﬂvá›i, past pl. ﬂógu, pp. ﬂveginn) sv./wv.
wash (Gr 3.6.9.3) I:24
ﬂvarr see ﬂverra
ﬁverá (Munka-ﬁverá) f. a monastery in Eyjafjƒr›r, northern Iceland
III:58ﬂverliga adv. absolutely, flatly II:140; comp. ﬂverligar more definitely,
more emphatically IV:30
ﬂverr adj. across; ﬂvers fingrar breitt the breadth across a finger
XXI:117; see under um
ﬂverra1 (past ﬂvarr, past pl. ﬂurru, pp. ﬂorrinn) sv. (Gr 3.6.9.1 (1))
diminish, be sated VII A:25
ﬂverra2 (past ﬂver›i, pp. ﬂver›r) wv. decrease (transitive), cause tolessen XXV:55
ﬂvers‡ning f. optical illusion, magical delusion XXI:147 (pl.)
ﬂvertré n. cross-beam, joist XXVI B:116, 201; with suffixed def. art.
XXVI B:219
ﬂví, ﬂí pron. n. dat. (Gr 3.2.1, 2) the, this, that, it I:95 (i.e. his sword),
122 (i.e. the beast), IV:64, 66, 72, 73, 75, 86, V:129, VI:19, 23, 322,
VII B:28, 77, XIII:24, XIV:87, XV:4, XVI:41, XIX:58, XXI:3, XXVI
B:32, XXVII:28; with this XVI:162, XXIII:6; object of jókkVIII:4;
object of játa II:27, 125; ﬂví er this that (object of rá›a) II:23, which
XIX:33, what XXVII:8, 16; ﬂví . . . es/er that which XXIV:31, such
. . . as VIII:126; ﬂví at of/in this that XXVI A:116; ﬂví . . . at this . . .
that XXVI B:163; at ﬂví at on this, that XIX:25; á ﬂví for this (affair)
XXII:26/1; af ﬂví from this VIII:23, as a result VIII:53; ﬂat es af
ﬂví from which VIII:70; af ﬂví at because (Gr 3.8.2.2) VI:290, 314,
VIII:98; at ﬂví es/er according to what VIII:14, 73, XIX:110 (as faras?); frá ﬂví er from where V:43, about that which XXIV:75; í ﬂví

Glossary and Index287

in this, by doing this I:53, VII A:50, in this, as a result of this VI:220,
at this moment XXVI A:16; me› ﬂví at according as VIII:2, since
XXIV:22, 29; ﬂví er . . . me› with which XIV:66; ﬂví nær aboutthat time? almost (with næstr)? VIII:58; ﬂví næst next I:90, V:119,
VI:109, XI:43, XXI:180; ﬂví næsta close to that, almost, practically
I:49; ﬂví líkast sem exactly like XXI:97; ﬂví ƒllu everything XV:147;
ﬂví at einu only then XIV:141; dat. of comparison ﬂví fleira withmore than that XVI:175; ﬂví as adv. therefore II:161, XIV:187,
XXIII:94, for this reason, so XIII:45, so (or dat. with í gegn?)
VIII:179; for what (reason), why I:10, XXI:69, 133; ﬂví meira . . . er
the more . . . that IV:58; ﬂví au›veldara . . . sem fleiri the easier . . .
the more V:67; ﬂví, ﬂví at as conj. because, for 1:31, 33, 85, 136,
III:16, 31, 125, IV:37, 82, V:21, 65, 70, 80, 92, 114, 126, 131, VI:2,
4, 12, 184, 209, VII B:71, XXIV:11, XXVI B:20, 48, 59, 62, for VII
A:35, X:130, XII:73, 74, XIV:42, 138, 140, 156, XV:65, 76, 149,
XVI:111, 123, 148, 152, 185, XIX:104, XXI:15, 34, 40, 137, XXIII:35,
60, XXIV:27, XXV:80, XXVI A:81, 106, since XIX:81, 87; ﬂví . . . atfor this reason . . . that XXVI B:57
ﬂvílíkr adj. similar (sem to that which) VI:291; such VI:317, XXIII:34,
36
ﬂ‡›ask (past ﬂ‡ddisk) wv. -sk form ﬂ‡›ask til pay attention to; bemade responsive to XXIV:41; undir ﬂ‡›ask attach/apply to oneself
XXIV:53
ﬂykkhær›r adj. thick-haired XXIII:4
ﬂykkja1/ﬂykja/ﬂikkja (pres. ﬂykir/ﬂykkir/ﬂikkir, past ﬂótti, pastsubj. ﬂœtti, pp. ﬂótt) wv. (Gr 3.6.9.1 (15), 3.6.9.3, 3.9.4) 1. withdat. seem (to someone) I:29, 146, II:11, 40; be thought XIV:16; pres.
pl. with suffixed neg. ﬂykkjat do not seem VI:348; be considered(with dat., by someone), one considers, thinks something IV:111,
V:3 (1), VII A:119, VII B:55 (past subj.); ﬂykkir it will seem X:127;ﬂótti vera was considered to be XVI:190; ﬂykki(r) mér, ﬂyki(r)mér, mér ﬂikkir/ﬂykki seems to me (Gr 3.6.9.1 (15)) I:145, II:75,
85, 121, IX:109, XXIV:31, seems to me to be VIII:132, seems to me
to behave like VIII:102; ﬂótti ﬂér ﬂat did that seem to you XVI:69;
munu ﬂér at ﬂykkja will seem to you in it, you will find it II:77,
ﬂér munu ﬂykkja you will think XV:92, ﬂat ﬂótti ﬂeim it seemedto them XXVI A:19; ﬂótti ﬂeim vera they thought it was XXI:150;
past subj. ﬂœtti should seem XXIV:55; impers. with dat. ﬂykki/

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ﬂykkir it seems XV:23, XXIV:57; mér ﬂykkir/ﬂikkir it seems to
me to be IX:92 (‘it seems to me there is lacking only Freyja’), XXVI
B:172; ﬂiki mér sem it seems to me as if XXVI B:29; ﬂykkir ykru
hváru you each think XXV:34; en sjá ﬂykir than seems apparent,
evident I:136; ﬂykir honum sem it seems to him as if I:37; ﬂótti it
seemed V:3 (2; understand at?), X:93; vi› ﬂótti ﬂurfa it seemed,
they felt were necessary XIV:138, note; honum ﬂótti, ﬂótti honum
he thought (it) VIII:26, XXI:152; ﬂótti henni it seemed to her XII:78;
ﬂótti ﬂeim they found it XIV:34; ﬂótti mƒnnum people thought it
I:71; past subj. ﬂœtti it seemed XV:16; ﬂœtti mér sem I would
have thought that XXI:135; mér ﬂœtti líkligt at I would have thought
it likely that XXI:134; firi ﬂykkja be displeased XXIV:11; mindi
mér fyr ﬂikkja í I would be displeased XVI:84; ﬂykkir mikit fyr
one finds it difficult: svá mikit sem honum ﬂótti fyrr fyr difficult
as he found it before XVI:99; ﬂykki mér it seems to me with nom.
(they understood) and inf. XXIV:50; honum/ﬂeim ﬂótti with nom.
(and inf.) (Gr 3.9.4) II:126, VIII:162. 2. -sk form ﬂikkjask consider
oneself, feel oneself XVI:151, 179; ﬂykisk hann he thinks that he
I:27; munu ﬂeir ﬂykkjask they will think that they VI:196; ﬂóttisk
thought that he V:85, thought he was V:114, felt (himself) I:33, feltthat he VI:1, 30, 41, felt that he was VI:3; hann ﬂóttisk eigi mega
he felt he could not III:10; ﬂóttisk eiga hefna felt he needed toavenge VI:36; ﬂóttiz ﬂú you thought that you XXV:28; ﬂóttusk
hafa thought they had V:63, 144, XXI:51; sjá ﬂykkjumk ek it seems
to me V:137; ek ﬂikjumsk sjá I seem to see XXVI B:28; ﬂóttusk
sjá thought they could see XXI:191, they realised, felt sure XXI:153;
ﬂykkjask finna, ﬂykkjask vita feel sure VI:134, VII A:59, 118,
B:54, XVI:101; ﬂykjask kenna feel they recognise I:136; ekﬂœttumk I would think myself (to be) XXV:74
ﬂykkja2 f. thought, mood; dat. sg. in mood XXII:14/3
ﬂykkr (pl. ﬂykkvir) adj. thick XXIII:6, 22, 48; sup. n. as adv. sem
ﬂykkvast as closely together as possible XXVI B:84
ﬂylja (past ﬂul›i, pp. ﬂuli›r/ﬂulinn) wv. recite, chant, mumble, mutter
XXI:68ﬂyngja (past ﬂyng›i, pp. ﬂyng›r) wv. weigh down, make heavy
XXIII:97 (subj.)
ﬂyr›u, ﬂyr›a, ﬂyr›i see ﬂora
ﬂyrfti, ﬂyrftu see ﬂurfa

Glossary and Index289

ﬁyri f. daughter of Haraldr bluetooth VI:2, 4, 6, 31
ﬂyrma (past ﬂyrm›i, pp. ﬂyrmt) wv. spare, show mercy to, showrespect to, reverence; hverjum í er at ﬂyrma who ought to be paid
respect (regard?) to V:135
ﬂær pron. f. pl. (Gr 3.2.1, 3.2.2) they, them, those X:10, 19, 116, 160,
XII:85, XIV:90, note, XXIII:18, 94, XXVI B:6; those very XIX:96;
ﬂær er/sem as rel. pron. VI:2, IX:96, XI:15, XIV:179, XIX:71,
XXVII:38, those which XXIII:48, those . . . which XXII:3/1; inapposition to two names (cf. Gr 3.9.6.1) III:39; ﬂær . . . es such . . .
as VIII:127ﬂœtti see ﬂykkja
ﬂƒgull see ﬂagall
ﬂƒkk f. liking, agreement VI:22; thanks XVI:75
ﬂƒn f. tenter, stretcher (frame for preparing animal hides) III:3
æ adv. always VI:258, XXII:1/3, for ever X:94; constantly XXV:62
æ›ra f. words or sounds of fear or despair XXVI B:123
æ›rask (past æ›ra›isk) wv. refl. be afraid, hesitate VI:84
ær f. ewe; pl. ær IV:45 (subject of sœki)Ægir m. a giant, personification of the ocean II:1, 75, 85, 86, 121; dat.
II:11, 13, 14; as common noun for sea in kenning for ship, ægis d‡r V:39
æsiligr (œsiligr) adj. vehement, furious XXII:55/1
Æsir m. pl. a race of (heathen gods II:3, 7, 15, 16, 43, 44, 62, 68, 122,
156, IX:53, 66; with suffixed def. art. II:54, 59; gen. pl. Ása IX:17,
33, 49, 57, with suffixed def. art. Ásanna II:72, 163; dat. pl. ÁsumII:63, 100, 161 (with suffixed def. art.), IX:23, 25, XXII:24/3
æsta (past æsti, pp. æst) wv. request VIII:109, 164 (til to do, to arrange);with gen. æstir you wished for/desired XXV:86
ætla (past ætla›i, pp. ætla›r/ætlat) wv. think I:79, III:125, XII:11,
XXIV:32, XXVI B:58; ﬂat ætla think this XXVI B:66; ﬂat ætlamenn this is believed to be XXI:206; reckon, believe (them to be)
XXI:192; expect III:31 (with dat., for someone), VI:316; intend,
plan I:19, 39 (pp., understand vera), III:37, XVI:13, 94, XXI:2, 4,
XXVI B:138, 176; ﬂat hefi ek ætlat that is what I had intended
XXVI B:78; decide VII A:132, VIII:86, XVI:37; decide to go
XXI:155; propose XXVI A:38; with suffixed pron. ætla›ak I had
intended XVI:63; ok ætlar (ætla›i) at intending to, meaning to
V:127, VII A:150; ætlar ﬂú do you think XVI:32; with acc. and inf.
(Gr 3.9.4) vér ætlum we believe XV:54; kvazk ætla said he thought

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XV:115; ætla hóf fyrir sér know what is sensible for oneself, keep
within one’s capabilities VI:167; ætla til make for, intend to go to
VII A:9, believe, assume, take it (svá like this) I:134 (imp.); ætla til
móts vi› intend (to go) against, plan to attack XIX:14; pp. til ætla›r
appointed, detailed, selected (for this) III:105, 107, (to do something)
IV:38; sé til ætlat it is destined/fated XXVI A:23
ætlan f. intention, purpose IV:64, XII:73; opinion VIII:8
ætt f. family VII A:90, XXV:15; race? IX:126; descent XIV:132
ætta, ætti see eigaættvísi f. (knowledge of) genealogy, family relationships V:138 (withsuffixed def. art.)
æva adv. never X:182
ævi f. life, destiny VI:333 (the phrase belongs with sag›i)æztr (œztr) adj. sup. highest XXII:63/4
œ›i f. frenzy (of rage or madness) XXIII:108œgir m. terrifier; ‡drógar œgir is a kenning for bowman, archer,warrior, here the king VII A:19
œpa (past œpti, pp. œpt) wv. cry out, shout I:90; œptu á shouted at it
XXI:173; œptu hátt uttered/made loud cries XXI:206œrinn (n. œrit, pl. œrnir) adj. enough Gr 3.3.9 ex. 4; n. as substantive
VI:91; dat. n. as substantive œrnu (with) enough, sufficiently XXIV:57;
n. as adv. sufficiently I:30; œrit hƒfugt hard enough XIV:92
œskja (past œskti, pp. œsktr) wv. wish XIV:169; betr œskja wish it
to be better, wish for more XII:9
Œynir m. pl. Eynir, inhabitants of two islands near Trondheim; gen.
with konungr VI:50
ƒ›lask (past ƒ›la›isk) wv. -sk form gain for oneself IX:117
ƒ›língr m. nobleman, king XXII:2/4, 63/1
ƒ›ru, ƒ›rum see annarrƒflugr adj. powerful X:171ƒfund f. malice, envy IV:60 (object of ala), XXIII:46, 49
ƒfundsjúkr adj. envious, jealous XXIII:65; acc. sg. m. an envious
person XXIII:91, 103ƒfunda (past ƒfunda›i, pp. ƒfundat) wv. envy XIV:160¯gmundr (ﬁorkelsson) m. 11th-century Icelander VIII:191
ƒgurstund f. X:182 see noteƒl n. ale IX:94
ƒld f. people VI:203, 337 (subject of kve›r), VII A:144 (subject of sá)

Glossary and Index291ƒldnu see aldinnƒldungr m. elder; hero XXVI A:101¯lfossá/¯lfusá f. river in the south of Iceland VIII:19, XIX:91, 96¯lfossvatn/¯lfusvatn n. lake near ﬁingvƒllr, now called ﬁingvallavatn;
it is Iceland’s largest natural lake VIII:103, XIX:103¯lfus n. district in the south-west of Iceland VII A:167
ƒlger›arma›r m. brewer of ale III:58
ƒll, ƒllu, ƒllum see allr¯lmó›r enn gamli m. XIX:17ƒlreifr adj. merry with ale XXV:63 (understand were)¯lrún f. a valkyrie X:9, 10, 12, 34, 74
ƒlskál f. ale-cup XXV:83
ƒlstafn m. ale-vessel (stafn stem (of a ship) = ship by synecdoche); akenning for a bowl or cup (part of a kenning for woman) IV:83¯lvaldi m. a giant II:77
ƒnd f. soul XXVI B:182; his soul XXII:63/1
ƒndóttr adj. piercing, frightful IX:108ƒndu›usk see andaskƒndugissúlur/ƒndvegissúlur f. pl. high-seat pillars, the pillars that had
supported the roof on either side of the high seat in Ingólfr’s home
in Norway XIX:52, 73, 92, 95, 96
ƒndver›a/andver›a f. beginning; firi andver›u in the beginning
XXIV:59; frá andver›u in the first place XXIV:62ƒnnu›usk see annask
ƒnnur, ƒnnr see annarr¯nundr Kolsson of Trƒllaskógr m. XXVI A:17
ƒr f. arrow Gr 3.1.7.5 (4), XXI:175, XXII:2/3, XXVI A:37, 44; acc.
sg. with suffixed def. art. ƒrina XXI:176, XXVI A:49
ƒrmum (Gr 3.1.7.1 ex. 3) see armr2
ƒrn m. eagle (Gr 3.1.8 (5)) II:24; with suffixed def. art. II:24, 30; dat.
sg. erni Gr 3.1.7.2 ex. 4, with suffixed def. art. erninum (dat. ofrespect or poss. dat. (cf. note to I:12), ‘the eagle’s’) II:30; gen. sg.
with suffixed def. art. arnarins II:31, 58, 155; pl. ernir XXV:107¯rn = Fótar-¯rn¯rn m. son of ﬁorkell of Ví›im‡rr XIV:132¯rn (gen. Arnar) Bjƒrnólfsson m. father of Ingólfr XIX:4, 11, 39
ƒrr adj. generous XIV:109, XXII:1/1; wk. acc. m. sg. ƒrva VII B:37
ƒsnum see asni

292

A New Introduction to Old Norseƒsp f. aspen (tree) XXV:16
ƒx see øxƒxl f. shoulder II:33; yfir ƒxl sér over his shoulder XII:55
ø›li n. origin, extraction VII A:90
øngr/aungr pron. neg. no one, no = engi (Gr 3.2.4)
ørindi n. pl. = erindi IX:40
ørlƒg n. pl. fate; war? X:18, 30
ørvænt adj. n. as adv. beyond expectation VIII:85; aldri ƒrvænt neverunlikely, always to be expected V:3 (understand at that?)ørœfi n. desert; harbourless coast VII A:163, XVI:138, XXI:32
øx/ƒx f. axe XXI:149, with suffixed def. art. XXI:150, 152, XXVI
B:91; acc. sg. øxi VII A:102; gen. sg. øxar VII B:48, dat. sg. øxi
XXII:49/2 (instrumental), XXVI A:17
Øxará f. river flowing into the north side of ¯lfusvatn XIX:97
øxn, øxna see uxi

Glossary and Index

293

SUPPLEMENT I: GLOSSARY AND INDEX OFNAMES TO EAST NORSE TEXTS(NION 2, XX A–D)

GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF NAMES TO EASTNORSE TEXTS (NION 2, XX A–D)
No references will be found in this glossary of East Norse texts to NION 1(Grammar) since Old Danish and Old Swedish can differ considerably from
Old West Norse. The abbreviations used, however, are the same as thosefound in the Grammar and the main glossary. A second or third occurrenceof a word in a line is indicated by (2), (3). Cross-references are provided
where there may be difficulty in identifying the entry form.
Grammatical information is included as appropriate. Case forms, forexample, are given for text A, and where relevant for C, but only sparingly
for B or D since morphological case does not play a significant part in either.
The distinction made between masculine and feminine in text D is notional,
while grammatical gender of any kind is hard to discern in B (see B, noteson the language 12). The gender of some place-names is undiscoverable(e.g. Alexandria).
The same alphabetical order is followed as in the main glossary. No attempt
has been made to normalise the entries, and they are given just as they appear
in the texts. Where different grammatical forms of a word occur the order isnormally m., f., n.; sg., pl.; nom., acc., gen., dat.; and for verbs inf.; 1st, 2nd,
3rd; sg., pl.; pres., past; indic., subj.; pp. Certain grammatical forms are
considered unmarked and are often, or as a rule, not noted: sg. in nouns,
adjectives and pronouns, nom. sg. in nouns and pronouns, nom. m. sg. inadjectives and indic. in verbs.

a prep. on B:3; sum allum snællum samﬂykkis a on which allsensible people agree A:19
aar n. year B:2
af1 conj. if B:8, 11 (2), 15, 22
af(f)2 prep. from, of B:1, 5, 8 (2), 10, 11, 24, C:4, 18, 20; off, from
B:32, C:8; according to A:17; by D:11; of, about D:14; ther aff
about it C:16; as adv. away A:18
affat adj. n. wanting, deficient A:14
aftæn m. evening, eve B:3
aldrigh adv. never D:11
aldræ see allaldærmen m. pl. masters of guilds B:3
alexandria Alexandria D:15
all pron. adj. all D:8; oll B:8, 27; n. sg. olt B:20; nom. m. pl. allir all,everyone A:10; m. pl. alle all C:7; pl. D:14; ollæ B:4; gen. pl. aldræ
A:20; dat. pl. allum A:3, 12, 19; allom C:11

296

A New Introduction to Old Norsealmænni n. dat. (the) common people A:6
alsø f. probably to be identified with Als, an island in the southernpart of Lille Bælt, Denmark C:4
alzwærdugsth adj. n. sup. thet er alzwærdugsth at throo it is mostworthy (for people) to believe D:7
and(h)re see annær
annæn see annær
annær pron. (num.) adj. second A:22; annæn another B:14, 17, 22;m. pl. andre other C:5, 21; pl. andhre D:5; hwar annan each other
C:30
apostelæ m. pl. apostles D:5
arf m. inheritance B:7, 8, 16, 25, 26
arf skift n. division of inheritance B:8
aruing m. heir B:9
at1 prep. as adv. ﬂungi ær. at is burdensome A:13
at2 conj. that C:12, D:1, 4, 5, 8 (2), 12 (2); for thi at/forthy at because
B:6, D:11; swa at so that, in order that C:25; tho at even if B:13
at3 particle with inf. to D:8; till at to D:12athælkunæ børnæ n. pl. children born in wedlock, legitimate children
B:11
attundi num. adj. eighth A:26
attæ num. eight A:21
Augustine m. (St) Augustine D:1balkær m. chapter, section (of the law) A:22, 23, 24
baptisthæ see johanni baptisthæ
barn n. child B:19; pl. børn B:13, 22, 26; to the children B:18; pl.
børnæ B:21
barn løt m. child’s share (of an inheritance) B:24
baﬂi conj. both A:6
benkt m. Bengt (this person is otherwise unknown) C:4
bestoodh sv. past sg. fought C:14
bewiisthe wv. past sg. demonstrated D:6
biscopp m. bishop D:15
bleff sv. past sg. remained C:32
bok f. (law)book A:20; acc. A:4, 12; dat. A:15
bordh n. table C:9; nom. pl. def. bordhin the tables C:27
breff n. letter D:16; pl. breffwe D:3
breffwe see breffGlossary and Index of Names to East Norse Texts

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brollups kost m. wedding expenses B:23
brollæp n. wedding B:17
brollæps dagh m. wedding day B:17
broo f. acc. bridge C:15
brutin see sønder brutin
brysthyggiu f. dat. conviction A:18
by m. town B:8
byggiæ wv. 3rd pl. pres. live A:4, 20
bygningæ balkær m. section (of the law) dealing with farming andthe community A:26
bymens see bymæn
bymæn m. pl. men of the town, burghers B:4; gen. pl. bymens of theburghers B:1
Byrghir m. King Birgir of Sweden (1290–1318), crowned 1302 A:3
Byrghiri iarli m. dat. Earl Birgir, de facto ruler of Sweden 1250–66
A:17byriæs wv. 3rd sg. pres. -s form begins B:1
bør wv. 3rd sg. pres. behoves; bør thet sik ey it is unfitting D:12børn(æ) see barn
Cyrillus1 m. (St) Cyril (c.315–86), Bishop of Jerusalem (c.349–86)
D:1
Cyrillus2 m. (St) Cyril (c.380–444), Bishop of Alexandria (412–44)
and prominent theologian D:15
dagh m. (see brollæps dagh) B:17; pl. daghe days D:16; dagh days’
B:30
danmark f. Denmark C:20
danske adj. m. pl. Danish; the danske the Danes C:3
diwr see offe
doo see døør
drap n. acc. killing A:24
driffwen see wt diffwen
dør f. door C:28
døør sv. 3rd sg. pres. dies B:8, 13; 3rd sg. past doo died C:16
e adv. ever, always; e mæth as long as B:19, 26; æ til right until C:16
een num. indef. art. a(n) C:13, 19, D:14; nom. f. C:1; acc. f. ena acertain C:15; acc. n. eth a(n) C:23; ien one B:9, 11, 24; n. ienta(n) B:29
eenfaldughe adj. pl. simple D:13

298

A New Introduction to Old Norseeldiærn n. fire-steel B:30
ellær see ællren(n) see ænenghen neg. pron. adj. no D:7; ænik B:32; n. sg. ekki nothing B:11;pl.(?) D:9; mæth engi logh with no legal authority B:13
en waldughær adj. sole-ruling, absolute A:2
er see wæræErikinum hælghæ m. St Eriker, who was king of Sweden c.1156–60
A:16–17
Etake n.(?) an estate in Västergötland, modern Ettack/Ettak, a small
community in Vartofta härad C:1
ey see æi
eﬂsøre n. oath to defend the peace of the country (Sweden) sworn by
the king and other leaders A:22
faangær sv. 3rd sg. pres. gets B:11; fæær B:19; 3rd sg. past fæk got,
obtained B:21; 3rd pl. past fingo got C:9fathær m. father B:12, 14, 17, 18, 26; gen. sg. fathærs B:24
fatøkum adj. dat. pl. as substantive almænni til styrls baﬂi rikum
ok fatøkum for the direction of the common people, both rich andpoor A:6; fatøkum til wærnær for the defence of the poor A:7
fierﬂi num. adj. fourth A:24
fingo see faangær
fiyrsin num. adv. four times (see B, notes on the language 13) B:2
fiyræ num. four B:3
flere adj. comp. (in non-comp. sense) many C:5
flokkum m. dat. pl. sections, paragraphs (of the law) A:5
flænsborgh f. Flensburg B:1, 4
folki n. dat. sg. people A:1, 2
for(e) prep. for, of A:2; of time, before B:17; ago D:16
forfæﬂrum m. dat. pl. predecessors A:16
for glømer wv. 3rd sg. pres. neglects B:20
forklaræ wv. inf. establish D:12
for thi see forthy
forthy conj. because D:11; for thi B:6
fra prep. from; fra wors hærræ aar contamination of from the birthof our Lord and in the year of our Lord B:2
friﬂær m. gen. spakum til friﬂær for the peace of the law-abiding A:8
fromer adj. doughty C:19

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frugh f. lady; a fyrmer wor frugh aftæn on the festival of theAssumption (the earlier of the principal feast days of the Virgin
Mary; see B, note 1) B:3
full adj. complete, fully equipped B:9fylghiæ wv. inf. follow A:16
fyndir f. acc. pl. finds, findings (of lost property) A:24
fyr adv. previously B:6; already B:22; førre before D:11
fyrmer1 adj. comp. earlier (see frugh) B:3
fyrmer2 adv. previously A:20
fyrsti num. adj. first A:2, 21; acc. n. pl. fyrstu A:1
fæk see faangær
fæmpti num. adj. fifth A:25
færth see iorthæ færth
fæthærn n. paternal inheritance B:12
fæær see faangær
førre see fyrføræ wv. inf. move, take B:32
gaf see giuægaghin n. gain, growth B:27
gangæ sv. inf. go; af fathærs løt ut gangæ come from the father’sshare B:24
gardhin m. acc. sg. def. the farm C:15
gawo see giuægif see giuægift man m. husband B:23
giptæ mal n. acc. pl. marriage(s) A:23
gitum sv. 1st pl. pres. (as aux. with pp.) hwat wir gitum til satt. ællraff takit whatever we can add or remove A:18
giuæ sv. inf. give B:14; 3rd sg. pres. subj. gif is to give, shall give
B:18; 3rd sg. past gaf gave B:5; gawo (3rd pl. past) sik alle godha
trøst felt confident, felt themselves to be safe C:7giæstning f. acc. provision of accommodation A:25
giømæ see gømægiøtæ m. gen. pl. of the Geats A:3
glømer see for glømer
goodh adj. good, fine C:13; acc. f. sg. godha (see giuæ) C:7
gooz n. goods, property B:26, 32; gwoz B:20; pl.(?) gotz fiefs C:24
gotz see gooz

300

A New Introduction to Old Norsegudelighet f.(?) devoutness, piety D:8
Gvﬂ m. God A:1
gwoth adj. n. good, solid B:18
gwoz see goozgømæ wv. inf. giømæ protect, preserve A:22; inf. -s form gømæs beobserved A:7; 3rd sg. pres. subj. gømæ is to keep, is to look after B:19
haffde/haffdhæ/haf(f)do see hauær
haffs n. gen. (the) sea A:4
haffwe see hauær
hafn f. harbour B:32; hauæn B:31
hafth see hauær
hald n. succour, protection C:23
haldæs sv. inf. -s form be kept A:7
halft adj. n. half B:21, 22
hallande n. dat. Halland C:18
ham see han
han pron. he B:19, 20, 22, C:14, 16, 20, D:5, 15, 16; oblique caseham B:29; gen. as poss. adj. hans his A:2, 11, 23, B:20, 21 (refl.),21 (2), D:10
hauæn see hafnhauær wv. 3rd sg. pres. has B:11; hæuær B:22; haffwe (pres. pl.)ther vndher paa are astonished about it D:2; past sg. haffdhæ (asaux. with pp. forming past perfect) had D:2; haffde (3rd sg. past)them kæra held them dear, held them in affection C:26; 3rd pl.
past haf(f)do had (as aux. with pp. forming past perfect) C:8, 23,(as aux. with pp. forming past perfect) 29; 3rd pl. past hafth B:6
hedherligh adj. honourable D:15
helgesthe adj. sup. wk. most holy D:10
helighet f.(?) holiness D:4
herra m. (as title) Sir C:4, 13, 18; wors hærræ (gen.) aar the year of
our Lord B:2
hertoghen m. nom. sg. def. the duke C:24; dat. sg. def. hertoghanom
C:23; hærtugh Duke B:4
hesta m. pl. horses C:29
heﬂin adj. heathen A:11; nom. m. sg. wk. heﬂne A:14; dat. m. sg.
heﬂnum A:11
hin def. art. A:14; dat. m. sg. inum (see Erikinum hælghæ) A:17
hittum wv. 1st pl. pres. find A:11

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huilkin pron. acc. (as expression of wonderment) huilkin kamp whata fight! C:14; n. hwicketh which (things) D:6
hun pron. she B:9, 10, 11, 22
husbond m. master of the house, husband B:8
husfrugh/husfrø f. wife B:8, 14
hwannær adv. whenever B:12, 32
hwar see hwærhwat see hwo
hwicketh see huilkin
hwit see palne
hwndrada num. hundred C:6
hwo pron. hwo sum whoever B:29; acc. n. hwat what(ever) A:18;
hwat (. . .) ær whatever A:11, 14
hwær pron. each B:14, 18; hwar annan each other C:30
hælade m. warrior C:13, 19hælghæ see Erikinum hælghæ
hændhe wv. inf. oss skall enghen vndher oc thwiffwell hændhe
ther om we shall not experience any amazement or doubt about it
D:9hænt wv. pp. pl. fetched C:31
hær adv. here B:1hærræ see herrahærtugh see hertoghenhæuær see hauær
hørdhe wv. pp. pl. heard D:11
i prep. in A:11, 12, 14, 16, B:4, 8, 31, C:10, D:3, 4, 5, 15 (2); at A:15;
in(to) B:21, C:29; into A:21, B:32; on B:29; on (to) B:29 (2); of
D:15; j in D:8
iarli m. dat. Earl A:17
iauæn adj. equal B:9; as adv. iauænt equally B:21
iek pron. I D:8, 12, 13; oblique case mik D:4, 16
ien see een
inum see hin
iorthæ færth f. funeral B:24
iorﬂir f. acc. pl. land and farming A:25
iutland n. Jutland B:5
j see ijeronimus m. (St) Jerome D:4

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jnnan prep. in, at C:1; of time, within, at C:2
johanni baptisthæ m. John the Baptist D:4–5
jærthegnæ n. pl. miracles D:10
kamp m. acc. battle C:14
karsson see wlff karsson
kirkiu balkær m. ecclesiastical section (of the law) A:21
kirkiu laghum n. dat. pl. ecclesiastical law A:15
kiøp see løsøræ kiøpklæthær n. pl. clothes B:10
koll m. acc. lupu hwar annan vm koll ran each other down, knocked
each other over C:30
komo see kummær
kompne see kummær
kost m. provisions, sustenance B:30; (see brollups kost) B:23
krankær adj. comp. wk. (the) worse, (the) poorer B:11
krauæ wv. inf. demand B:12; 3rd pl. pres. subj. may demand B:13
kristnu ræt m. dat. Christian law A:14
kummær sv. 3rd sg. pres. comes, arrives B:32; 3rd pl. past komo
were coming C:12; pp. m. pl. kompne come, arrived C:3
kunungær m. king A:3; acc. kunung A:22; gen. kununx A:3, 22;dat. kunungi A:17
kunæ f. wife B:17, 21
kæra adj. m. pl. dear C:26; sup. wk. kæresthe dearest D:1
lagh n. pl. law A:5, 7, 8; acc. A:1; gen. lagha A:10; dat. laghum A:5,
16; pl. mæth engi logh with no legal authority B:13
laghmaﬂær m. law speaker A:2
laghsaghu f. dat. enunciation of the law, oral law A:12
laghæ balkæ m. acc. pl. sections, parts (of the law) A:21
laghæ yrkir m. lawmaker A:10
latit see lætleffneth m. life D:10
legghe wv. inf. ther till legghe add to them D:13
lente wv. 3rd sg. past granted (as fiefs) C:24
ligherwiiss adv. ligherwiiss som just as if D:2
lighnes wv. pres. -s form resembles D:5liighæ adj. equal, comparable D:4liuær wv. 3rd sg. pres. is (still) alive B:8, 12
logh see laghGlossary and Index of Names to East Norse Texts

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lotæ see læt
lupu sv. 3rd pl. past ran C:30
lykkia see utæn lykkia
læt sv. 3rd sg. past let, caused A:14; lotæ (3rd pl. past) scriuæ had
written, caused to be written B:4; pp. n. latit put C:29
læthæ adj. pl. of little weight, trifling D:13
løsøræ kiøp n. acc. pl.(?) buying of goods and chattels A:25
løt m. share B:9, 24
løøst wv. pp. n. aff sik løøst taken off, removed C:8
ma pret.-pres. vb. 3rd sg. pres. may, can B:32; 3rd pl. pres. mugh
B:12; 3rd pl. past matto could, were able C:25
maat m. acc. food C:9
magnusæ m. gen. King Magnus of Sweden (1275–90), nicknamed
ladulås ‘barnlock’ supposedly because he forbade his nobles, during
their travels around the country, to claim maintenance from thepeasants A:3; dat. magnusi A:17
mal see giptæ mal
man m. man C:10; gen. pl. mannæ of men, of people A:20; dat. pl.
mannum to men, to people A:12; as indefinite subject man one
A:21
manghe adj. pl. many D:16; as substantive many people D:2
margh adj. f. sg. many a C:28, 32
mark f. mark (monetary unit) B:14
matto see mamegtughe adj. pl. powerful D:6
mellom prep. between C:15; mellum A:4, 6; mell B:26
mere adj. comp. more (in number) C:6; sup. as substantive mest most
B:9meth see mæth1mothær f. mother B:13; gen. mothærs B:24
moyses m. Moses A:1
mugh see mamykæt adj. n. as substantive (how) much B:18
mæn conj. but D:7
mænneske n.(?) pl.(?) people D:11
mæth1 prep. with B:13, 30; together with B:21, 22; with, by B:5;
meth with D:6; mæﬂ with, through A:1; with, containing A:4; ær. . . mæﬂ with which A:22

304

A New Introduction to Old Norsemæth2 conj. while B:19, 26
mæthærn n. maternal inheritance B:13, 18, 19mæthælst adj. sup. wk. (in non-sup. sense) average, middling (one)B:10
mæﬂ see mæth1naath f. grace B:5
nogeth pron. n. something D:3; pl. noghre any D:13
nyth adj. n. new D:3
nytæ wv. 3rd pl. pres. subj. are to enjoy, are to have the benefit of B:23
næfnæ wv. 3rd sg. pres. subj. is to cite, is to summon B:18
næfst f. acc. punishment, chastisement A:8næra wv. inf. support, maintain C:25
nøkæs wv. 3rd sg. pres. -s form (if their property) diminishes B:27
oc see ok1 and ok2
offe diwr m. Offe ‘animal’ (see C, note 4) C:21
offwergiffwe sv. inf. dismiss, drop D:14
ognær f. gen. dread, terror A:8
ok1 conj. and A:1, 4 etc., C:4, 5 etc.; oc B:2, 3 etc., D:3, 5 etc.
ok2 adv. also A:2; furthermore A:14; oc also D:5 (3)oll/ollæ/olt see all
orlof n. permission B:33o ræt m. acc. wrong, injustice A:7o snællum adj. dat. pl. as substantive (the) unwise, (the) foolish A:9o spakum adj. dat. pl. as substantive (the) unruly A:8
ospent wv. pp. f. unfixed, unbuckled C:32
o ﬂarfft adj. n. unnecessary, unsuitable A:13
paa prep. ther . . . paa about it D:2
palne hwit m. Palne ‘white’ may have been a member of a landowning
family in Thy, northern Jutland (cf. Pipping 1926, 336–7) C:4
par n. pair B:11; pl. B:10
peder porsse m. Peder Porsse (see C, note 4) C:18
penning m. (in) money B:15
plata f. breastplate C:32; acc. pl. plator C:8
porsse see peder
ran n. acc. robbery A:24
rasker adj. able, vigorous C:19
rasklika adv. quickly C:27, 31
rathmen m. pl. (town) counsellors B:3
raﬂ n. acc. counsel, deliberations A:18

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riddare m. pl. knights C:5
ridhande sv. pres. part. riding C:12
rikum adj. dat. pl. as substantive (the) rich A:6
roﬂæræt m. acc. special legal provisions governing life on board
ship during time of war A:23
rymde wv. pp. m. pl. waro . . . rymde had fled, had escaped C:22
ræt m. law B:23; acc. right, justice A:7; (see o ræt) A:7
rætningær f. gen. correction A:10
rætwisir adj. m. pl. just, honest A:10; dat. pl. as substantive rætwisum(the) just, (the) honest A:9
saat sv. 3rd sg. past sat C:10; 3rd pl. past satho C:9saer n. acc. pl. wounds A:24
saffdh see sighe
sagde/sagdo see sighesagh see sighe
saghﬂum see sighe
samma adj. acc.(?) f. sg. wk. same C:2; wk. samæ B:23
samﬂykkis wv. 3rd sg. pres. -s form, with dat. sum allum snællum
samﬂykkis a on which all sensible people agree A:19
samæ see sammasamæn sættiæ wv. inf. put together, compile A:19
sanctus Latin adj. (the) holy D:1
sandhet f.(?) truth D:8, 12
sanneligh adv. truly D:7
sannesthe adj. sup. wk. (the) most veritable D:8
satho see saat
satt see sættiæ
saw sv. 3rd sg. past saw D:15
scal see skalscra see skra
scriuæ sv. inf. lotæ scriuæ had written, caused to be written B:4; 2nd
sg. past skreffsth wrote D:3
scul see skal
sial f. acc. soul A:21
sighe wv. inf. sighe aff tell about D:14; pres. sg. sigher says D:1;
sagde (3rd sg. past) ther aff told about it C:16; 1st pl. past saghﬂum
stated, said A:20; 3rd pl. past sagdo said (see C, notes on thelanguage 6) C:11; pp. m.(?) sagh stated B:23; n. saffdh told D:2
siit see sin

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A New Introduction to Old Norsesik refl. pron. oblique case themselves (see giuæ) C:7, (see løøst) 8,
9; ‘itself’ (see bør) D:12
sin refl. poss. her B:23; f.(?) his B:5; acc. f. sg. sinæ one’s A:22; n.
siit its B:19; sint his B:32; sith his D:15; dat. n. sg. sinu his A:1;
acc. m. pl. sina their C:29
siundi num. adj. seventh A:25
siﬂærsti adj. sup. wk. last A:26
siælwær adj. himself A:1
skal pret.-pres. vb. 3rd sg. pres. shall, is to A:21, B:20, 24; scal B:14;
skall shall (see hændhe) D:9; 1st sg. pres. skall should D:13; 2nd
sg. pres. skalth should, must D:1; 1st pl. pres. skulum shall A:15,
19; 3rd pl. pres. skulu shall, is to A:5, 7, 8; scul shall, are to B:29
skathæ m. loss B:27
skift see arf skift
skiftæs wv. inf. -s form be divided B:21; 3rd sg. pres. skiptis is divided
A:20
skiold m. shield B:15
skip n. ship B:29, 31, 32, 33
skipaﬂi wv. 3rd sg. past made, compiled A:1; pp. n. pl. skipaﬂ drawn
up, compiled A:6
skipman m. member of the crew B:32; pl. skipmen (the) crew B:29;
gen. pl. skipmenz (the) crew’s B:33
skipthiuf m. thief on board ship B:28
skiptis see skiftæs
skipwistir f. acc. pl. the provisioning of ships levied by the king for
aggressive or defensive war A:23
skiæl n. pl.(?) til . . . skiæl as a distinction, to distinguish A:6; n. pl.
skæll grounds, reasons D:6, 11, 13
skra f. (law) scroll, legal code B:1, 6; scra B:4
skreffsth see scriuæ
skutin sv. pp. n. pl. pushed aside C:27
skæll see skiæl
slike adj. nom. m. pl. as substantive such people C:21
snællum adj. dat. pl. as substantive (the) wise, (the) sensible A:9;
wise, sensible (see samﬂykkis) A:19; (see o snællum) A:9
som conj. as (see ligherwiiss) D:2, 15; who D:9; which D:4, 10, 14;
sum as A:14, B:24; which (see a) A:18; hwo sum whoever B:29
son m. son A:3; syn B:14

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spa see wiger
spakum adj. dat. pl. as substantive (the) peaceable, (the) law-abiding
A:8; (see o spakum) A:8
spiyt n. speer B:15
stal m. acc. stable C:29
stark adj. strong C:19
stathfæst wv. 3rd sg. past confirmed B:5
stathæligh adj. town, for the town B:6
sthoræ adj. pl. great D:10, 12
stiyp mothær f. stepmother B:22
striidh f. battle C:1
strøms see sæw strøms
styrls f. acc. guidance A:6styræman m. captain (i.e. captain’s) B:33
stæl sv. 3rd sg. pres. steals B:29
sum see somsummi adj. nom. m. pl. the . . . summi some of them C:29
swa adv. thus, in the same way A:2; such A:14; so D:12; swa at sothat, in order that C:25
swena m. pl. squires C:5, 30
swerike n. acc. Sweden C:22
sweæ m. gen. pl. of the Swedes A:3
swørth n. sword B:15
syn see sonsywffn f. vision D:14; n.(?) pl. visions, revelations D:6
sændhe see sændir
sændi see sændir
sændir wv. 3rd sg. pres. sends A:2; 3rd sg. past sændi sent A:1; pastsg. sændhe D:4, 16sæng f. bed B:10
sætti num. adj. sixth A:25
sættiæ wv. inf. (see samæn sættiæ) A:19; sættæ place, put B:29; 1stpl. pres. sætium (will) place, (will) include A:12; pp. n. gitum til
satt can add A:18; n. pl. prescribed A:5
sæw strøms m. gen. the name of a river on the border between theprovinces of Uppland and Västmanland A:4
sømdær f. gen. rætwisum ok snællum til sømdær to the honour of
the just and the wise A:9308

A New Introduction to Old Norsesønder brutin sv. pp. f. broken to pieces C:28
takær sv. 3rd sg. pres. takes B:9, 14, 17; 3rd sg. pres. subj. takæ is totake B:9, 10; 3rd pl. pres. subj. are to take B:21; pp. n. gitum . . .
aff takit can take away, can remove A:18
tha adv. then B:20, C:2, 10, 22, 27, 31, D:12; ﬂa A:10, 19
then1 pron. that C:10; n. thet it B:19, 20, D:7, (see bør) 12; that B:20(2); nom.(?) n. ﬂæt that A:13; acc. n. A:12, 13 (2), 15; gen. n. thes
its D:12; pl. the they B:6, 12, 19, 23, C:22, 25, (see summi) 29;
thee C:17; gen. as poss. adj. thera their C:8 (refl.), 30, 31; theræ
B:12 (refl.), 13 (refl.), 22, 26; thers theirs B:27; oblique case them
them B:5, C:11, 24, 25 (refl.), 26, (see hauær) 26 (2), D:3, 5, 14; dat.
ﬂem them, those A:3
then2 def. art. B:10, 23, D:14; acc.(?) f. sg. C:2; nom. m. sg. ﬂæn
A:21; pl. the (see danske) C:3, (see vplænzske) 12
ther adv. there C:12, 14, 32; ther aff about it C:16; thær yuær inaddition B:9; ther . . . paa, ther . . . vppa, ther om about it D:2, 7,
9; ther till (see legghe) D:13; as conj. where, when D:3; thær B:17;
ﬂær where A:20; which D:16; thær who B:9; which B:4, 20; that,
as B:23
thi see forthy
thinnæ pron. this B:4; nom. f. sg. ﬂæssi A:20; acc. f. sg. ﬂessæ A:4,
13; dat. f. sg. ﬂæssæri (for expected gen.) A:15; dat. pl. ﬂæmmæ A:16
tho adv. nevertheless B:14; as conj. tho at even if B:13
thre num. three B:14; n. thry B:10; gen. thrigi B:30
thrigi see thre
throo wv. inf. believe D:8thry see thre
thu pron. 2nd sg. you D:1, 2, 3, 4, 6
thusænd num. thousand B:2
thwiffwell m.(?) doubt D:7, 9
thy adv. therefore D:13
thynæ poss. adj. 2nd sg. (modifying pl.) your D:3, 11thær see thertidhande n. pl. tidings, news C:11
tiidh f. acc.(?) time, period C:2
tiit adv. thither, there C:3
til prep. to A:9, C:22; for A:6, 7, 8, 9 (2), 19; for, as B:19; (followed
by clause) in evidence of B:18; till (followed by inf. phrase) D:12;

Glossary and Index of Names to East Norse Texts309

as conj. æ til right until C:16; as adv. ær til exists B:15; till (seelegghe) D:13; til satt (see sættiæ) A:18
till see tiltil økiæ wv. inf. add A:15
timæ m. dat. time, era A:11
tiughæ num. score, unit of twenty B:2træno n. dat. sg. def. the tree C:10
trøst f. acc. confidence (see giuæ) C:7
tu num. two B:10, 21
tuhundræth num. two hundred (to be analysed as two separate words
tu hundræth) B:2; twhundradhe (tw hundradhe) C:17
tundær n. tinder B:30
twhundradhe see tuhundræth
uilium see will
um prep. about A:22, 23, 24, 25, 26; vm about, concerning B:7, 16,25; vm koll (see koll) C:30
upbyriæn f. dat. beginning A:15
upplænzkum see vplænzske
ut adv. out B:18, (see gangæ) 24
utæn lykkia wv. inf. exclude A:13
vbygd wv. pp. uninhabited B:29
vhørligth adj. n. unheard of, strange D:3
vm see um
vndher n. wonder, amazement (see hauær) D:2; pl.(?) (see hændhe) D:9
vndherligh adj. miraculous D:14; pl. vndherlighe D:6, 10vplænzske adj. m. pl. Upplandic, of Uppland; the vplænzske theUpplanders, the men of Uppland C:12; dat. upplænzkum A:5
vppa prep. ther . . . vppa about it D:7
vskift wv. pp. unapportioned, not shared out B:26
vtæn prep. without B:33
wald n. power (see C, note 6) C:24; wold B:5
waldughær see en waldughær
war/ware/warin/waro see wæræwari/warum/warﬂt see wors
wi pron. we A:11; wij D:9; wir A:12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20; obliquecase oss us D:8
wiger spa m. Wiger (the) prophetic, Wiger (the) wise, otherwise
unknown A:11; gen. wigers Wiger’s A:5

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wiid see withwij see wi
wilium see will
will wv. 1st sg. pres. will, want to D:13; 1st pl. pres. uilium will, wish
to A:13; wilium A:16; 3rd pl. pres. wilæ want B:12, 19wintær m. pl. winters B:2, 3
with prep. with B:9, 22; wiid at, by C:9; as adv. ﬂurfpti æi . . . wiﬂone would not need, would not be needed (see ﬂurfpti) A:10
withe see withæ
withner wv. pres. sg. testifies D:15
withæ pret.-pres. vb. inf. know D:1; withe pres. pl. D:9witnæ n. testimony B:18
wiﬂ see withwlff karsson m. Ulf Karlsson, a Swedish nobleman and trusted servantof King Magnus C:13
wold see wald
woldemar m. Duke Valdemar (IV) of Southern Jutland (born c.1262,
duke 1283–1312) B:5
wordo sv. 3rd pl. past (as aux. forming pass.) were C:27
wors poss. adj. gen. m. of our B:2; f. wor our (see frugh) B:3; dat. f.
wari A:17; acc. n. warﬂt A:18; dat. pl. warum A:16
wrangum adj. dat. pl. as substantive (the) unjust, (the) dishonest A:9
wt driffwen sv. pp. m. driven out C:20
wæl adv. well C:25, 26; wæl hwndrada a good hundred C:6; wæltwhundradhe a good two hundred C:17
wænther wv. pres. sg. expect D:8wærnær f. gen. defence, protection A:7
wæræ sv. irregular inf. be (as aux. forming pass.) A:5, 8, 14; 3rd sg.
pres. er is D:7; ær A:12 (2), 13, 14 (2), 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, (asaux. forming pass.) B:23, 26; ær til exists B:15; 3rd pl. pres. subj.
wæræ are to be, shall be B:27; 3rd sg. past war was A:2, 11, C:1,
(as aux. forming pass.) 20, D:4; past pl. ware were (as aux. forming
pass.) D:11, 12; 3rd pl. past waro C:17, (as aux. forming pass.) 31;
were, had (as aux. with pp. forming past perfect) C:3, 22; 3rd pl.
past subj. warin were A:10
yrkir see laghæ yrkiryuær prep. thær yuær in addition B:9
ﬂa adv. see tha

Glossary and Index of Names to East Norse Texts

311

ﬂarfflikt adj. n. beneficial A:12
ﬂarfft see o ﬂarfftﬂarwæ f. gen. pl. benefit A:19
ﬂem see then1ﬂessæ see thinnæ
ﬂingmal n. acc. pl. assemblies and court procedure A:26
ﬂiuffnæﬂ m. acc. theft A:24
ﬂriﬂi num. adj. third A:23
ﬂungi m. ﬂungi ær. at is burdensome, is difficult A:13
ﬂurfpti pret.-pres. vb. 3rd sg. past (with gen.) ﬂa ﬂurfpti æi lagha
wiﬂ then one would not need laws, laws would not be needed A:10
ﬂæmmæ see thinnæ
ﬂæn see then2ﬂær see therﬂæssi see thinnæ
ﬂæssæri see thinnæ
ﬂæt see then1
æ see eæfn n.(?) means, wealth B:15
æi adv. not A:10; ey B:6, D:12ælskade wv. 3rd sg. past loved C:26
ællr conj. or A:18; ellær B:17, 18, 26
æn1 conj. but A:8, 9; en B:19, 23; enn B:12
æn2 adv. even C:6ænik see enghenær conj. who A:2, 4, 20; which A:12, 21 (2); hwat (. . .) ær whatever
A:11, 14æren f. def. (his) glory D:5
ærffﬂir f. acc. pl. inheritance A:24
økiæ see til økiæøkæs wv. 3rd sg. pres. -s form (if their property) increases, grows
B:26øland n. island B:29
øpte wv. 3rd sg. past shouted C:10
ørss n. pl. chargers, steeds C:6, 17, 31
øﬂmorﬂæ (gender and case uncertain) the name of a forest on theborder between the provinces of Gästrikland and Hälsingland A:4

SUPPLEMENT II: GLOSSARY AND INDEX OFNAMES TO RUNIC TEXTS (NION 2, XVII A–G)

GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF NAMES TO RUNICTEXTS (NION 2, XVII A–G)
This list is organised on the same principles as the main glossary. There are,however, no designated entry forms; only forms that occur in the inscriptions
are given. References are to lines in the normalised texts of the inscriptions.

á prep. with dat. in E:7
aft prep. with acc. after, in memory of A:1, B:1, 2, 3, C:1, 2; after
B:5; at after, in memory of E:1
ailti wv.(?) 3rd sg. pres. subj. removes(?), may remove(?) B:4
Alla m. acc. Alli B:1; gen. Alli’s B:2
alla adj. acc. f. sg. all, the whole of C:2
annan pron. acc. m. sg. another B:5
Arinbjƒrg f. acc. Arinbjƒrg Dást f. love G2
at1 see aft
at2 prep. with dat. (see ver›i) B:4; for, in search of E:3
auk conj. and A:2, B:2, C:1, 2, 3, E:4; ok G3:2
austarla adv. in the east E:4
austr adv. in the east A:1
ba› sv. 3rd sg. past ordered, commanded C:1
bró›ur m. acc. brother E:1
dani m. acc. pl. (the) Danes C:3Danmƒrk f. acc. Denmark C:2
dóu sv. 3rd pl. past died E:6
dragi sv. 3rd sg. pres. subj. drags, may drag B:5
dróttin m. acc. lord B:3
drængila adv. manfully E:2e›a conj. or B:5
eigi pret.-pres. vb. 3rd sg. pres. subj. Ó›inn ﬂik eigi (may) Ó›inn
own you G3:4
en conj. and, but B:3
eptir prep. with acc. after, in memory of D
es conj. who B:4, C:2
fá›i wv. 3rd sg. past wrote, painted A:2
fa›ur m. acc. father B:2, C:1
fial sv. 3rd sg. past (inf. falla) fell A:1
fiarri adv. far E:3

316

A New Introduction to Old Norsefóru sv. 3rd pl. past went, travelled E:2
fyrir prep. with dat. of, in F:2
fyrr adv. earlier F:1
gáfu sv. 3rd pl. past gave E:5go›a m. acc. leader (see B, notes) B:1
gó›um adj. dat. pl. good G3:2
Gorm m. acc. GormR (Gormr the old, Danish king of the mid-tenthcentury, father of Haraldr bluetooth) C:1
GrímulfR m. GrímulfR A:2
gulli n. dat. gold E:3
gƒrva wv. inf. ba› gƒrva ordered (people) to make, ordered to bemade C:1; 3rd sg. past gær›i made A:1, C:3; 3rd pl. past gær›u B:2
hans pron. gen. as poss. adj. his B:3
Haraldr m. Haraldr bluetooth (Danish king and ultimately king ofDenmark from somewhen in the 940s(?) to c.985) C:1, 2; Haraldacc. Haraldr (brother of Ingvarr the far-travelled) E:1
haugr m. mound, cairn F:1
heil(l) adj. m. or f. sg. hale, well G3:1
heldr conj. with comp. fyrr . . . heldr earlier than, before F:1
hennar pron. gen. as poss. adj. her F:1
hinn def. art. the D
hla›inn sv. pp. m. built, thrown up F:1
hugum m. dat. pl. spirits G3:2
hvatir adj. nom. m. pl. bold F:2
hæi›ver›an adj. acc. m. sg. noble, worthy of honour (see B, notes)
B:1–2
í prep. with dat. in G3:2
Ingvars m. gen. of Ingvarr E:1
kona f. wife B:3
konungR m. king C:1
kristna adj. acc. m. pl. Christian C:3
kross m. acc. cross D
kumbl n. pl. monument (consisting of more than one element) A:1,
B:2, C:1
kvinnu f. acc. wife D
kyss wv. imp. sg. kiss! G2
lét sv. 3rd sg. past lét ræisa had raised E:1
li›s n. gen. of (the) host, of (the) body of men (see B, notes) B:1

Glossary and Index of Names to Runic Texts

317

Lo›brókar f. gen. Lo›brók’s (see F, notes) F:1
menn m. pl. men F:2
meR prep. with dat. with A:2
mik pron. acc. me G2
mín poss. adj. nom. f. sg. my G2
mó›ur f. acc. mother C:2
myntari m. moneyer G1
Norveg m. acc. Norway C:3
ok see auk
Ó›inn m. Ó›inn G3:4
pipar m. acc. pepper G1
Ragnhildr f. Ragnhildr B:1
reisti wv. 3rd sg. past raised D; inf. lét ræisa had raised E:1
retta m. dat. pervert (see B, notes) B:4
rúnaR f. acc. pl. runes B:3, 4
ræisa see reistiræist sv. 3rd sg. past (inf. rísta) carved B:3sá (demonstrative) pron. he A:1, B:4; that C:2
Sandulfr m. Sandulfr D
satti wv. 3rd sg. past placed B:1
sé sv. irregular 2nd sg. pres. subj.(?) (see G, notes) may you be G3:1;
3rd sg. past (as aux. forming pass.) var was F:1; 3rd pl. past vru
were F:2
sem conj. as F:2
sendir wv. 3rd sg. pres. sends G1
sér refl. pron. dat. themselves F:2; séR for himself C:2
Serklandi n. dat. Serkland (see E, notes) E:7
sinn refl. poss. acc. m. sg. his A:1, B:3 (2), C:1; her B:3, E:1; their
B:2; acc. f. sg. sína his C:2, D
sjá demonstrative pron. this F:1; acc. m. sg. ﬂenna D; ﬂennsa E:1;
ﬂennsi B:1, 4; acc. f. pl. ﬂassi these B:3, 4; acc. n. pl. ﬂausi B:2, C:1
slíkt adj. n. sg. as substantive such (a thing) F:2
Sóti m. Sóti B:3
StygguR m. StygguR (see A, notes) A:1
stæin m. acc. stone B:1, 4, E:1
sun m. acc. son E:1; sunu A:1; nom. pl. syniR sons B:2; synir F:1
sunnarla adv. in the south E:6
svarti adj. nom. m. sg. wk. black D

318

A New Introduction to Old Norse

synir/syniR see sunSƒlva m. gen. pl. of the SƒlvaR (see B, notes) B:1
Tolla f. Tolla (see E, notes) E:1
vann sv. 3rd sg. past won C:2
var see sé
véa m. acc. priest (see B, notes) B:1
ver m. acc. husband, man B:3
ver›i sv. 3rd sg. pres. subj. at retta sá ver›i may he become as apervert, be reckoned a pervert B:4
vígi wv. 3rd sg. pres. subj. hallow B:4
VíkingR m. VíkingR A:2vru see sé
ﬂassi see sjá
ﬂausi see sjá
ﬂegn m. acc. thane (see B, notes) B:2
ﬂeir pron. they F:1, 2; ﬂæiR E:2; n. pl. ﬂau these (see A, notes) A:1
ﬂenna/ﬂennsa/ﬂennsi see sjá
ﬂiggi sv. 3rd sg. pres. subj. receive, take G3:3
ﬁorkell m. ﬁorkell G1ﬁórr m. ﬁórr B:4, G3:3
ﬁórví f. acc. ﬁórví (generally known in Icelandic sources as ﬁyri,
wife of King Gormr the old) C:2
ﬂú pron. 2nd sg. you G3:1; acc. ﬂik G3:3, 4; dat. ﬂér G1
ærni m. dat. (nom. ƒrn) eagle E:5Øyvind m. acc. ØyvindR A:1
Øyvísli m. dat. Øyvísl A:2