仁科一哉

中国の化学肥料政策

国立環境研究所
13

地球システム領域

反応性窒素：過剰地域と不足地域
FranceUganda

From National Doughnuts Data Explorer

Xiao-qiang et al. (2017) in Journal of Integrative Agriculture15

国連環境総会: 窒素に関わる決議•‣ 窒素政策に関わる国際的な動向‣ 国連環境計画の窒素決議‣ 日本における窒素政策と課題

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2019年のUNEA4で持続可能な窒素管理に関する決議16が提案され（スリランカ）、採択•

Colombo宣言における廃棄窒素半減目標への合意•UNEA5.2では”国家行動計画”の作成について呼びかけ仁科一哉

国連環境総会: 窒素に関わる決議

国立環境研究所
17

地球システム領域ll

2030/2050年までに廃棄窒素を半減 ll
廃棄窒素半減：タイムライン？

Commentary

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CommentaryFigure 1. Sequence of major UN agreements relevant to nitrogen pollution in relation to past and possible future nitrogen waste
Values areexpressedas the equivalentfertilizer
value of all N
lossesusing pollution
a nominal inestimateof to
US$1/kg
nitrogen.
The total
nitrogenwaste
is calculatedr and N2 toFigure
1. Sequenceof major
UN agreements
relevant
nitrogenrelation
past andpossible
futurenitrogenwaste
as the sumof (1)arefood-system
waste, being
thevaluedifference
new Nr inputs (synthetic fertilizer use plus biological nitrogen fixation in croplands
andValues
expressed nitrogenas the equivalentfertilizerof all Nbetween
is calculatedr and N2 losses using a nominal estimate of US$1/kg nitrogen. The total nitrogen waste
3grasslands)
andtheofamountof Nr available
food,being
neglecting
possiblechangesNr (synthetic
storage, and(2) estimatedNOx emissions
to air,4 inshown
as theas thesum(1) food-system
nitrogeninwaste,
the difference
betweennewin
Nrsoilinputsfertilizer
use plus biologicalnitrogen fixation
croplandsand34
differencegrasslands)
between total
food-system
Business-as-usual(BAU)
projections
for innitrogenfrom(2014 onward)
based
and andthe amountof Nr waste.
available
in food, neglecting
possiblechangessoil Nr waste
storage,andthe(2)agri-foodestimatedsystem
NOx emissions
to air, are
shown
ason
theaverage percapita nitrogen
forfood-system
2010–2013 according
to the UN standard
projectionof total
population(mid-estimate).
Givenmajor(2014regionaldifferences,theon
difference
between waste
total andwaste. Business-as-usual(BAU)
projections
for nitrogen
waste
from the agri-foodsystemonward)are based
global BAU
projectionforNO
simplycontinues
themeanemission
for2010–2017.
Thepink
shadedarea
shows
analternative
futurebasedonincreasing
perx
average per capita nitrogenwaste for 2010–2013 according to the UN standard projection of total population (mid-estimate). Given major regional differences, the5capita intake
ofBAU
meatprojection
and dairyfor(SSP3)
if 80%–85%of thenewmean
food-system
wasted.The
Text
colorsreflect
environmental
as shown
in Figure 2.
globalNOx simplycontinues
emissionNfor
2010–2017.
pink
shadedareamajorshows
an alternativethreats
future basedon increasing
perr were5Inflections
coincide
the collapse
the Soviet
Union inof1989and the 2008
economiccrisis
capitaintakewithof meatand dairyof(SSP3)
if 80%–85%
new(1)
food-system
Nr werewasted.
Text(2).
colors reflect major environmental threats as shown in Figure 2.
Inflections coincide with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 (1) and the 2008 economic crisis (2).

Sutton et al., 2021 in One Earth

窒素に関わる国際条例

19

窒素に関わる国際条例

later agreements increasingly focused on tocol, which focused exclusively on sol- lateral environmental agreements. In
whichandfocusedon sol-1992,
lateragreements
increasingly
focused onlateralenvironmentalagreements.
NOx fromvents,tocol,coolants,otherexclusively
manufactured
vehicleengines.
Although nitrothe yearof the Rio EarthSummit,InNOx from vehicle engines. Although nitro- vents, coolants, and other manufactured 1992, the year of the Rio Earth Summit,
gen compounds
can be present in some chemicals. With chlorofluorocarbons and three major conventions were estabgen compounds can be present in some chemicals. With chlorofluorocarbons and three major conventions were estabfuels, NOx emissions are mostly a conse- many other ozone-depleting substances lished: the UN Framework Convention
fuels, NOx emissions are mostly a conse- many other ozone-depleting substances lished: the UN Framework Convention
quence of N2 oxidation
at high tempera- largely banned as a result, N2O has now on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the UN
N2O has now on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the UN
quence of N2 oxidation at high tempera- largely banned as a result,tures to form a mixtureof NO and NO2. become the largest contributor toozone Convention on Biological Diversity
tures to form a mixture of NO andNO2. become the largest contributor to ozone Convention on Biological Diversity
The effect is similar to the way that light- depletion. The main source of N2O is soils, (CBD), and the UNECE Water Convention.
The effect is similar to the way that light- depletion. The main source of N2O is soils, (CBD), and the UNECE Water Convention.
whereNtomakeNO
butOisproducedbythesoil
bactening naturally
splitsNof thesehashasbecomea busymarket2x2
ning naturally splits N2 to make NOx but where N2O is produced by the soil bacte-Each
Eachof these
becomea busymarketproducesmuch larger
Not only
ria thatNr back
to Ntoin whichthetheroleof ofnitrogen
2. Humans
produces
much amounts.
larger amounts.
Not only
riatransformthat transform
Nr back
N2. Humansplace
placein whichrole
nitrogenpollupolluto acidtorain,
does NO
moremorethan thandoublednaturalNr inputhashasoften
x contributeacid butrain,it buthave
it havedoes
NOx contributedoublednaturalNr inputtiontion
oftenbeen
beenoverlooked.
overlooked. ForFor
also reacts
with volatileorganiccom- comthroughthe agricultural
use useof industriallyas asthethethird
also reacts
with volatileorganic
through
the agriculturalof industriallyexample,example,
thirdmostmostimportant
importantpoundspounds
to makethe‘‘oxidants’’(suchasmanufacturedfertilizers,including
NH,
Oisincluded
contributor
towarming,N
to make the ‘‘oxidants’’ (such as manufactured fertilizers, including 3NH3, contributor to warming, 2N2O is included++mentioned
in thein the), 4andurea,urea,
andandby byin theozone ozone[O3]) alreadyammonium(NH4(NHUNFCCC
basketmentioned), and[O3]) alreadyammoniumin theUNFCCC
basketof ofgreenhousegreenhouse
Stockholm
Declaration.
increasing
ratesratesof BNF.
The Thenet result
is isgases
alongsideStockholm
Declaration.
increasingof BNF.
net result
gases
alongsidecarbon
carbondioxide
dioxide andandThe focus
the Sofia
was onmassivelyincreased
N2ONemissions
fromfrommethane.
Theoffocusof theProtocol
Sofia Protocol
was onmassivelyincreasedmethane.YetYetwhereas
whereas carbon
carbon andand2O emissions
ecosystems
and theairthe
weairbreathe.
In billions
of fields.
WithWith
the Montreal
Protohavebecomesynonymous,
ecosystems
andwe breathe.
In billions
of fields.
the Montreal
Proto-climate
climatehavebecomesynonymous,NN
2O
2O
received
littleattention
climateneneit wasfast becoming
recognized
col targetingin reducing
received
littleattention
in inclimateparallel,parallel,
it was fast
becoming
recognized
col targeting
quickquick
winswins
in reducing
fluo-fluo-hashas
gotiations.Expressing
Expressingallallgreenhousegreenhouse
NONx 2andN2O important
were importantrochemical
products
a few
majorgotiations.
that NOthat
O werein thein therochemical
products
fromfrom
a few
major
x andemissions‘‘carbonequivalents’’equivalents’’of stratosphericmanufacturing
companies,
it might
havegasgas
emissions
as as‘‘carbon
processprocessof stratosphericozoneozone
deple-deplemanufacturing
companies,
it might
haveunderscores
ideathatthatnitrogen
nitrogento signing
the Vienna
tion.7 Concern
seemeda steptooto
fardealto dealN2O,alsoalso
underscores
thetheidea
led to led
signing
the Vienna
tion.7 Concern
seemeda steptoo farwithwith
N2O,
88
is everywhere
andinvisible.
Convention
in followed
1985, followed
70%
of which
is emitted
agriculture.
is everywhere
andinvisible.
Convention
in 1985,
rapidlyrapidly
by by
70% ofwhich
is emitted
fromfrom
agriculture.
Similarly,
although
theCBDdoes
theMontrealProtocol.
However,
whereasBuildingon
thesuccesses
withair
Similarly, although the CBD does
the Montreal Protocol. However, whereas
Building on the successes with air
includenitrogen
nitrogenpollution
pollution within
within itsits
it pollution
the Vienna
Convention
mentioned
stratosphericozone,
the Vienna
Convention
mentioned
N2O, itN2O,pollution
and andstratosphericozone,
the theinclude
extremely
diverseAichi
Biodiversity
not included
underthe Montreal
fast became
the decadeof multi-extremely
diversesetsetof ofAichi
Biodiversity
was notwas
included
under theMontreal
Pro- Pro1990s1990s
fast became
the decadeof multi-‣ モントリオール議定書：N O‣ 長距離越境大気汚染条約：NOx, NHy‣ 気候変動枠組み条約：N O‣ 生物多様性条約：NO , NOx, NHy‣ 陸上活動からの海洋環境の保護に関する223-

世界行動計画：NO3-, NHy, NOx

One Earth 4, January 22, 2021 11
One Earth 4, January 22, 2021 1120

nitrogen pollution; new fertilizer manufacture from recycled manure, wastewater and NOx
resources; low-cost improved products with improved NUE). Through the development of
Nitro-finance to catalyse change, major business realignment of could be expected.
20. Next steps in the INMS research will focus on relating different pathways to halve nitrogenwaste to a wide range of future nitrogen scenarios drawing on experience from international
climate and land use assessments.
21. These activities form part of the ongoing programme of INMS to develop a first comprehensive
International Nitrogen Assessment (for 2022) together with detailed guidance on assessment
methodologies and measures for improved nitrogen management.

仁科一哉

国立環境研究所

条約間調整メカニズム：INCOM

21

地球システム領域

国家行動計画テンプレート（草案）22‣ はじめに‣ 戦略‣ 行動指針
‣ 実装
‣ 監視とレポートについて
https://www.inms.international/unep-nitrogen-working-group-first-ebriefing

Figure ES4: Illustration of the Nitrogen Policy Arena, showing the role of the International Nitrogen
Management System (INMS) in providing science support to the proposed Inter-convention Nitrogen
Coordination Mechanism, bringing together Inter-governmental Conventions and Programmes throughthrough the UN Environment Programme.

Public Awareness and Global Cooperation
国家行動計画テンプレート（草案）
22. Despite its critical importance for civilization and the future of the world environment, there is
still little public awareness of the global nitrogen challenge. This lack of awareness can bedirectly linked to lack of coherency and limited progress among existing environmental policies
related to nitrogen.

はじめに国の窒素の現状, 窒素収支を記述
法律, 政策等の窒素ガバナンスを記載

戦略
長期ビジョン, 施策の優先順位, 目標

行動指針

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国家行動計画テンプレート（草案）実装

8

人的・技術的ニーズ
意思決定者や利害関係者, 一般市民コミュニケーション
アウトリーチ戦略、財源の確保

監視とレポートについて効果を監視・評価するための指標の特定と追跡

政策や法律の整備・改正

そのためのデータ要件などの設計

コミュニケーションや教育活動

クリアリングハウスメカニズムの構築

研究活動, 資金調達, 指標の開発

機関関係者の役割と責任 (地域当局との調整機構等)

先進国：資金や技術移転に貢献について

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