THE GLOBAL PUSH FOR
UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE
What is Universal Health Coverage?
Universal Health Coverage (UHC) means
everyone can access the quality health servicesƚŚĞǇŶĞĞĚǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůŚĂƌĚƐŚŝƉ͘ŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐŽĨĂůůŝŶĐŽŵĞůĞǀĞůƐĂƌĞƉƵƌƐƵŝŶŐƉŽůŝĐǇƌĞĨŽƌŵƐƚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞh,͘ͻ More than 80 countries since 2010 have asked the World,ĞĂůƚŚ KƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ ;t,KͿ ĨŽƌ ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů ĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ŝŶmoving toward UHC.1

WHO: All people, including the poorest and mostvulnerable.
ͻ The emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, ChinaĂŶĚ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂ ;Z/^Ϳ—ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐ ĂůŵŽƐƚ ŚĂůĨ ƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ—are all taking steps toward UHC.

HOW:ŽƐƚƐƐŚĂƌĞĚĂŵŽŶŐĞŶƟƌĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƉƌĞͲ ƉĂǇŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƌŝƐŬͲƉŽŽůŝŶŐ͕ƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƐŚŽƵůĚĞƌĞĚďǇƚŚĞƐŝĐŬ͘Access should be based on need and unrelated to ability to pay.

ͻ /ŶĞĐĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϮ͕ƚŚĞhŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐƉĂƐƐĞĚĂůĂŶĚŵĂƌŬƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ĞŶĚŽƌƐŝŶŐ h,͘2 Since then, the World Bank'ƌŽƵƉĂŶĚt,KŚĂǀĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚh,ĂƐĂƚŽƉƉƌŝŽƌŝƚǇĨŽƌsustainable development.

WHAT: &ƵůůƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůŚĞĂůƚŚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶ͕ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ͕ŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůĐĂƌĞĂŶĚƉĂŝŶĐŽŶƚƌŽů͘

UHC is a means to promote the human right to health.

͞h,ŝƐƚŚĞƐŝŶŐůĞŵŽƐƚƉŽǁĞƌĨƵůĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƚŚĂƚƉƵďůŝĐŚĞĂůƚŚŚĂƐƚŽŽīĞƌ͘͟—Margaret Chan, Director-General, WHO, 21 May 2012

Why Invest in UHC?
h,ŚĞůƉƐƚŽůŝŌƉĞŽƉůĞŽƵƚŽĨƉŽǀĞƌƚǇĂŶĚĚƌŝǀĞƐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŐƌŽǁƚŚ͘ͻ h, ŝƐ ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ϭ ďŝůůŝŽŶ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ůĂĐŬ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ďĂƐŝĐ
health care, and another 100 million fall into poverty trying toaccess it.3ͻ Nearly a third of households in Africa and Southeast Asia haveto borrow money or sell assets to pay for health care.4

ͻ Health improvements drove a quarter of full income
growth in developing countries between 2000 and 2011.
At this rate of return, every US$1 invested in health wouldƉƌŽĚƵĐĞ h^ΨϵͲh^ΨϮϬ ŽĨ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ŝŶ ĨƵůů ŝŶĐŽŵĞ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞnext 20 years.5

Core Tenets of UHCWƌŝŽƌŝƟǌĞ
the PoorestIncrease Reliance onWƵďůŝĐ&ƵŶĚŝŶŐͻ h,ĞīŽƌƚƐ͕ĮƌƐƚĂŶĚ
foremost, should ensure
coverage of the poor andvulnerable.

ͻ WƵďůŝĐĮŶĂŶĐŝŶŐŝƐĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůfor UHC to cover people whoĐĂŶŶŽƚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůůǇ͘This involves increased
government resourceͻ ,ĞĂůƚŚŝŶĞƋƵŝƟĞƐĂƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶƚŽ
widening. For example,ŚĞĂůƚŚ͕ĂŶĚŵŽƌĞĞĸĐŝĞŶƚover the past two decades,spending. For example,ŵĞĂƐůĞƐǀĂĐĐŝŶĂƟŽŶƌĂƚĞƐ
Mexico moved toward UHC
in Africa jumped to 75%
by increasing public spendingĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞƌŝĐŚĞƐƚĮŌŚŽĨƚŚĞon health by an average of 5%ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ďƵƚƐƚĂŐŶĂƚĞĚĂƚ
annually from 2000 to 2006.7
ϯϯͲϯϲйĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞƉŽŽƌĞƐƚĮŌŚ͘6 UHC helps to closeͻ /ŶƚŚĞďƵũĂĞĐůĂƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ
these gaps.
2001, African governments
recognized this by pledging atleast 15% of public spending tohealth, although these targets
have largely not been met.

Reduce, if Not Eliminate,KƵƚͲKĨͲWŽĐŬĞƚ^ƉĞŶĚŝŶŐ
ͻ ,ŝŐŚŽƵƚͲŽĨͲƉŽĐŬĞƚƐƉĞŶĚŝŶŐͶƚŚĞĨĞĞƐƉĂƟĞŶƚƐ
pay upon receipt of healthservices—is one of the biggest
health reasons people fall intopoverty when accessing care,or choose to forgo care.
ͻ /ŶdŚĂŝůĂŶĚ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨ
families facing catastrophic
health care costs in the lowest
income group dropped from
4% in 2000 to 0.9% in 2006,
through UHC reforms.8ĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞ
Health Systemͻ UHC is not simply aboutŚĞĂůƚŚĮŶĂŶĐŝŶŐ͘/ĨƚŚĞ
medicines, health workersĂŶĚŚĞĂůƚŚĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐĚŽ
not exist, for example,ŝƚŝƐĚŝĸĐƵůƚƚŽŵŽǀĞ
toward UHC. Thailand
supplemented its healthĮŶĂŶĐŝŶŐƌĞĨŽƌŵƐǁŝƚŚĞǆƚĞŶƐŝǀĞŵŽĚŝĮĐĂƟŽŶƐto its health system toensure that good quality
health services wereavailable where needed.

ŽƵŶƚƌǇͲ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐWĂƚŚǁĂǇƐƚŽh,dŚĞƌĞŝƐŶŽŽŶĞͲƐŝǌĞͲĮƚƐͲĂůůĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘ŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐĂƌĞƚĂŬŝŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉĂƚŚǁĂǇƐ͗Country

MEXICORWANDATHAILANDBRAZILGHANA

;'WͬĐĂƉŝƚĂͿ;Ψϵ͕ϳϰϭͿ;ΨϲϭϵͿ

;Ψϱ͕ϰϳϯͿ

;Ψϭϭ͕ϯϯϵͿ;Ψϭ͕ϲϬϰͿReformϮϬϬϯ͗^ĞŐƵƌŽWŽƉƵůĂƌ͘
Publicly funded“insurance” systemfor poor and informalsector, to reduceĚŝƐƉĂƌŝƟĞƐǁŝƚŚƐŽĐŝĂůsecurity in formal sector.

ϮϬϬϯ͗DƵƚƵĞůůĞĚĞ^ĂŶƚĠ͘,ĞĂǀŝůǇƐƵďƐŝĚŝǌĞĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇͲ
based health insurance systemŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŽĂŶĂƟŽŶĂů
network combining local
ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚĂďŝůŝƚǇǁŝƚŚŶĂƟŽŶĂůƉŽŽůŝŶŐĂŶĚĐƌŽƐƐͲƐƵďƐŝĚŝǌĂƟŽŶ͘

2001: Universal CoverageScheme. Newest andlargest scheme covering
everyone not includedin the two schemes forformal sector workers.

ϭϵϴϴ͗hŶŝĮĞĚ
Health System;^h^Ϳ͘WƵďůŝĐůǇͲfunded services run
at the municipallevel.

ϮϬϬϰ͗EĂƟŽŶĂů,ĞĂůƚŚ/ŶƐƵƌĂŶĐĞ^ĐŚĞŵĞ͘EĂƟŽŶĂůŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŽĨĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚǇͲďĂƐĞĚŝŶƐƵƌĂŶĐĞƐĐŚĞŵĞƐĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚǁŝƚŚŶĂƟŽŶĂůƐŽĐŝĂůͲƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇ;ĨŽƌŵĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌͿ
insurance scheme.

FinancingΘĞŶĞĮƚƐ
CoveredGovernment budget
transfers. Original ideaof enrollee premiumƟĞĚƚŽŝŶĐŽŵĞůĂƌŐĞůǇ
dropped. Package
covers 95% of causes forhospital admission.

ƵĚŐĞƚƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌƐ;ĨƌŽŵƚĂǆ
Solely general government General federalƌĞǀĞŶƵĞƐĂŶĚĚŽŶŽƌĂŝĚͿƌĞǀĞŶƵĞƐ͘^ƚƌŽŶŐŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐ government
combined with sliding scaleĨŽƌĞĸĐŝĞŶĐǇƚŚƌŽƵŐŚrevenues pooledŵĞŵďĞƌĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐ͘EĂƟŽŶĂů ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĨŽƌŵƐŽĨĂĐƟǀĞat municipal level.
ďĞŶĞĮƚƐƉůĂŶǁŝƚŚƐŽŵĞƐĐŽƉĞ purchasing, global budgets ComprehensiveĨŽƌǀĂƌŝĂƟŽŶďǇĞĂĐŚDƵƚƵĞůůĞand provider payment.
ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ĚŝǀŝĚĞĚbranch; must at least cover allŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͕ ŝŶƚŽƚŚƌĞĞƟĞƌƐ͗ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐͬĚƌƵŐƐĂƚŚĞĂůƚŚĐĞŶƚĞƌƐ͘ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐďŽƚŚĐƵƌĂƟǀĞĂŶĚ basic, specializedƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞĐĂƌĞ͖ƌĞĐĞŶƚůǇ and highadded HIV treatment.
complexity.

General tax revenue, mainly 2.5%
levy on VAT, combined with payrollƚĂǆŽĨƐŽĐŝĂůƐĞĐƵƌŝƚǇďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂƌŝĞƐ;ĨŽƌŵĂůƐĞĐƚŽƌͿĂŶĚůŝŵŝƚĞĚƉƌĞŵŝƵŵĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐĨƌŽŵďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂƌŝĞƐ;ĞǆĐĞƉƚŵŽƐƚǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞͿ͘EĂƟŽŶĂůƉŽŽůǁŝƚŚĨĞĞͲĨŽƌͲƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƉĂǇŵĞŶƚƚŽĨƵŶĚĂďĞŶĞĮƚƐƉĂĐŬĂŐĞƚŚĂƚĐŽǀĞƌƐ95% of reported health problems.

ĞƚĂŝůĞĚƉƌŽĮůĞƐĂƚũŽŝŶƚůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͘ŽƌŐdŽǁĂƌĚh,ĂƐĂ'ůŽďĂůKďũĞĐƟǀĞŽŶƐĞŶƐƵƐŝƐĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐƚŚĂƚŵĂŬŝŶŐh,ĂŐůŽďĂůŽďũĞĐƟǀĞǁŝůůĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚĞŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŐŽĂůƐ͘ͻ tŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ DŝůůĞŶŶŝƵŵ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ 'ŽĂůƐ ;D'ƐͿ ϮϬϭϱ ĚĞĂĚůŝŶĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŝŶŐ͕ hE ŵĞŵďĞƌ ƐƚĂƚĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĚĞďĂƟŶŐ Ă ŶĞǁ ŐůŽďĂůdevelopment agenda. UHC has been proposed as either anƵŵďƌĞůůĂ ŚĞĂůƚŚ ŐŽĂů Žƌ Ă ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚ ŽĨ Ă ŚĞĂůƚŚ ŐŽĂů͕ ĚĞĮŶĞĚ ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŚĞĂůƚŚŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ͘ĂĐŚƌĞŇĞĐƚƐǁŝĚĞƐƉƌĞĂĚĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚƚŚĂƚ
UHC has an important role in the next phase of global health anddevelopment.

ͻ WHO and the World Bank Group have developed a framework forcountries to measure UHC progress.9 This framework demonstrates
ƚŚĂƚh,ĐĂŶďĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŶĂƟŽŶĂůůǇĂŶĚŐůŽďĂůůǇ͕ǁŝƚŚƚĂƌŐĞƚƐĨŽƌĐŽǀĞƌĂŐĞŽĨŚĞĂůƚŚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘ĞƩĞƌ,ĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚƋƵŝƚǇƚŚƌŽƵŐŚh,
h,ĐĂŶĞŶŚĂŶĐĞĞīŽƌƚƐƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚĞŵŽƐƚƉƌĞƐƐŝŶŐŶĞĞĚƐŝŶŐůŽďĂůŚĞĂůƚŚ͘ͻ Expanding coverage has been shown to prolong life especiallyĂŵŽŶŐƵŶĚĞƌƐĞƌǀĞĚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͘10ͻ Maternal, newborn and child survival improve more rapidly withĞƋƵŝƚĂďůĞŚĞĂůƚŚĮŶĂŶĐŝŶŐĨŽƌh,͘11ͻ h,ĐĂŶƌĞĚƵĐĞŐĞŶĚĞƌĚŝƐƉĂƌŝƟĞƐŝŶŚĞĂůƚŚ—including unmet needfor family planning—ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶand monitoring.12ͻ ZĞĚƵĐŝŶŐŽƌĞůŝŵŝŶĂƟŶŐŽƵƚͲŽĨͲƉŽĐŬĞƚƐƉĞŶĚŝŶŐŝƐĐƌŝƟĐĂůůǇŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚto promote access to health services and health workers and toƉƌĞǀĞŶƚŝŵƉŽǀĞƌŝƐŚŵĞŶƚĨŽƌǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞĂīĞĐƚĞĚďǇ,/s͘13ͻ h, ĐĂŶ ŚĞůƉ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ŶĞǁ ŚĞĂůƚŚ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŶŽŶͲĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂďůĞ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ ;EƐͿ͕ ďǇ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ĐŽǀĞƌĂŐĞ ŽĨƉƌĞǀĞŶƚĂƟǀĞĂŶĚĐůŝŶŝĐĂůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘/ŶƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽĂĐƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂŶƚƐ ŽĨ ŚĞĂůƚŚ͕ h, ĐĂŶ ŚĞůƉ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞ Ă Ϯϱй ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŝŶ
NCD mortality by 2025.14

͞ĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐh,ĂŶĚĞƋƵŝƚǇŝŶŚĞĂůƚŚĂƌĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůƚŽƌĞĂĐŚŝŶŐƚŚĞŐůŽďĂůŐŽĂůƐƚŽĞŶĚĞǆƚƌĞŵĞƉŽǀĞƌƚǇďǇϮϬϯϬĂŶĚďŽŽƐƚƐŚĂƌĞĚƉƌŽƐƉĞƌŝƚǇ͘͟—:ŝŵzŽŶŐ<ŝŵ͕WƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ͕tŽƌůĚĂŶŬ'ƌŽƵƉ͕ϲĞĐĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϯ

One Million Community
Health Workers Campaign

Supported byReferencesϭ͘ŚĂŶD͘t,KŝƌĞĐƚŽƌͲ'ĞŶĞƌĂůZĞŵĂƌŬƐƚŽ'ůŽďĂůsĂĐĐŝŶĞĂŶĚ/ŵŵƵŶŝǌĂƟŽŶZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ&ŽƌƵŵ͘DĂƌĐŚϮϬϭϰ͘Ϯ͘hE'ƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶͬϲϳͬ>͘ϯϲ͘ϯ͘t,K͘hŶŝǀĞƌƐĂů,ĞĂůƚŚŽǀĞƌĂŐĞ͗ZĞƉŽƌƚďǇƚŚĞ^ĞĐƌĞƚĂƌŝĂƚ͘:ĂŶƵĂƌǇϮϬϭϯ͘ϰ͘<ƌƵŬDĞƚĂů͘ŽƌƌŽǁŝŶŐĂŶĚ^ĞůůŝŶŐƚŽWĂǇĨŽƌ,ĞĂůƚŚĂƌĞŝŶ>ŽǁͲĂŶĚDŝĚĚůĞͲ/ŶĐŽŵĞŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͘,ĞĂůƚŚīĂŝƌƐ͘:ƵůǇͬƵŐƵƐƚϮϬϬϵ͘ϱ͘dŚĞ>ĂŶĐĞƚŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶŽŶ/ŶǀĞƐƟŶŐŝŶ,ĞĂůƚŚ͘'ůŽďĂů,ĞĂůƚŚϮϬϯϱ͗ǁŽƌůĚĐŽŶǀĞƌŐŝŶŐǁŝƚŚŝŶĂŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ͘
dŚĞ>ĂŶĐĞƚ͘ĞĐĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϯ͘ϲ͘hE/&͘WƌŽŐƌĞƐƐĨŽƌŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͗ĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐƚŚĞD'ƐǁŝƚŚƋƵŝƚǇ͘^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬ͘ϳ͘'ĂƌĐŝĂͲŝĂǌZĞƚĂů͘ŶĂůǇƐŝƐŽĨƚŚĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚŽĨŽƵƚͲŽĨͲƉŽĐŬĞƚŚĞĂůƚŚƉĂǇŵĞŶƚƐ͗ĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĨƌŽŵĂƉƵďůŝĐŚĞĂůƚŚŝŶƐƵƌĂŶĐĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵĨŽƌƚŚĞƉŽŽƌŝŶDĞǆŝĐŽ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ,ĞĂůƚŚĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ͘ĞĐĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϭ͘ϴ͘KǆĨĂŵ͘hŶŝǀĞƌƐĂů,ĞĂůƚŚŽǀĞƌĂŐĞ͗tŚǇŚĞĂůƚŚŝŶƐƵƌĂŶĐĞƐĐŚĞŵĞƐĂƌĞůĞĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƉŽŽƌďĞŚŝŶĚ͘KĐƚŽďĞƌ2013.

9. World Bank Group, WHO. Monitoring progress towards universal health coverage at country and globallevels. May 2014.
ϭϬ͘^ŽŵŵĞƌƐ͕>ŽŶŐ^<͕ĂůĐŬĞƌ<͘ŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚǇĂŌĞƌDĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐĞƩƐŚĞĂůƚŚĐĂƌĞƌĞĨŽƌŵ͘ŶŶ͘
Intern. Med. May 2014.
ϭϭ͘'ĞƌƚůĞƌW͕'ŝŽǀĂŐŶŽůŝW͕DĂƌƟŶĞǌ^͘ZĞǁĂƌĚŝŶŐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞƚŽĞŶĂďůĞĂŚĞĂůƚŚǇƐƚĂƌƚƚŽůŝĨĞ͗ĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĨƌŽŵƌŐĞŶƟŶĂ͛ƐWůĂŶEĂĐĞƌ͘DĂǇϮϬϭϰ͘ϭϮ͘YƵŝĐŬ:͕:ĂǇ:͕>ĂŶŐĞƌ͘/ŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐǁŽŵĞŶ͛ƐŚĞĂůƚŚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĂůŚĞĂůƚŚĐŽǀĞƌĂŐĞ͘ϭϯ͘/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů,/sͬ/^ůůŝĂŶĐĞ͘,ĞĂůƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƉŽƐƚͲϮϬϭϱĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ͘:ƵŶĞϮϬϭϰ͘ϭϰ͘DĂƌŵŽƚD͘hŶŝǀĞƌƐĂůŚĞĂůƚŚĐŽǀĞƌĂŐĞĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂŶƚƐŽĨŚĞĂůƚŚ͘dŚĞ>ĂŶĐĞƚ͘KĐƚŽďĞƌϮϬϭϯ͘