ΟςȜυ͈MaoԆΟςȜυ͈MaoԆ ȝȝġġ૧̱̞Ⴄঃ͈ఘࡑ̱͈͂̀εΑΠκΘΣΒθఆȁષȁ‫ޕ‬ȁঊȁεȜσȆ΃ϋΗȜ͉ΟςȜυ͈ै຦ͅచ̱̀ȄȶΟςȜυ͉εΑΠκΘϋ͈ै‫̥̠̺ͧز‬Ȅ̷ͦ͂͜εΑΠκΘΣΒθ͈ພၑ‫ڠ‬৪̺̠̥ͧȷ(Cantor 58)͂࿚̞̥̫̞̀ͥȃ‫̥ͅږ‬ΟςȜυ͉ȄΠȜζΑȆάϋΙοῧ໼ͭ́ͺις΃͈εΑΠκΘΣΒθ઀୰͈‫͂਀ܠ‬ઠ̯̤ͦ̀ͤȄ̹͘Ȅ๞̦ຝ̩ै຦̴͉̞ͦ͜εΑΠκΘΣΒθഎൽߓၛ̦̀ໝࣣഎͅࡉͣͦͥȃ̱̥̱Ȅै຦ͅഴા̳ͥ૽໤̹̻͉ਲြ͈κΘΣΒθഎ̈́ࣉ̢༷̳ͬͥાࣣ̦ఉ̞ȃম৘ȄΟςȜυ͉ͼΗςͺࠏै‫̱̀͂ز‬Ȅ̷͈༗৿എ̈́ഥൡഎ‫ث‬౵۷ͬഴા૽໤̵̹͜ͅȄু૸̦਋̫̹΃ΕςΛ·‫͈֗ޗ‬उ୥ͬෛ࢚ͅഴા૽໤ͅ฽‫̵̞̯ͥ̀ד‬ȃMaoԆ Ȫ1991ȫ͉ȄυζϋΙΛ·͂͜࡞̢ͥၑேͬࠇ̬ͥκΘΣΑΠഎै‫ز‬Bill Grayͬ৽૽࢖ͅ෻̱̤̀ͤḘ͈̏݃࿚̫ͬ͂ͤͩ‫̩ޑ‬༴̵̥ͥै຦̞͂̈́̽̀ͥȃ͉́Ḙ͈̏ै຦ͅࡉͣͦͥεΑΠκΘΣΒθഎ෸ࠊ͉͈̠̓̈́͢࿨‫̥̠̺͈̞̱̹ͧͥ̀ضͬڬ‬ȃ̭̠̱̹෸ࠊ͈̥̈́́ഴા૽໤͈պ౾͈̠ٜͬ̓͢ͅ৷̱̹̞͈̜̠̥ͣ́ͧ͢ȃεΑΠκΘΣΒθ͂κΘΣΒθএே̦ईட̳͂ͥMaoԆ ͬಎ૤ͅḘ͈̏݃࿚ٜͬྶུ̳̭̦ͥ͂ა͈৽ক̜́ͥȃȁˍȁ ड ੝ ͅȄ ུ ै ຦ ́ ஜ ࠊ ‫ ͥ ̞ ̀ ͦ ̯ ا‬ε Α Π κ Θ Σ Β θ എ ੨ ș ͈ ൽ ߓ ၛ ̀ ͬ ‫ݷ ̥ ̾ ܜ‬̬Ȅै຦͈̥͈̈́́࢘‫ͬض‬໦ଢ଼̱͙̹̞̀ȃ̴͘‫͉̭̩͂̿ܨ‬ȄΐͿͼθΕϋ̦ȸεΑΠκΘΣΒθȝȝ̹͉͘Ȅࢃ‫ܢ‬঩ུ৽͈݅໲‫ا‬എაၑȹ(1991)́੆͓̞̀ͥȄεΑΠκΘΣΒθ̤̫ͥͅߗ‫༷͈ۜ࢜ۼ‬ி৐͈ͼιȜΐ̦Ȅུै຦́͜൩ਥ̯̞̭̺ͦ̀ͥ͂ȃΐͿͼθΕϋ͉ྸႹ͈ങ߿̱͂̀υ΍ϋΐͿσΑ͈;ͿΑΞͻϋȆδ΢όͿϋΙλȜȆγΞσ͈ࢹ௮ͬ‫(̞̬ͥ̀ݷ‬39-44)ȃ̭͈γΞσ͉ͅ։̯͈̈́ͥࣞ࿒ၛ̹̞̈́ව࢛̦ͤˏ̜̾ͥ
̦Ȅ‫͉ݖ‬γΞσͅව̱̩̳̽̀͊ͣͥ͂Ḙ͈̏ව࢛ͤͬࡉ̫͈̦̾ͥඳ̱̩̈́ͥȃ̹̩̽͘൳̲ࠁ͈ː͈̾േ̷̪͂ͦͬ̾̈́ಎ؇ఱࢩ‫֊ͬۼ‬൲̱Ḙ̷͈̏΀ταȜΗȜ͞΀Α΃τȜΗȜͬઌ̱̞ͤࣛͤ̀ͥ͂Ȅ‫ু͉ݖ‬໦͈ਫ਼ह౷ͬࡉ৐̱̠͈̺̽̀͘ȃΐͿͼθΧͼΩȜΑβȜΑΕϋ͉̭ͦͬȄ೒ુ͈শߗ‫͂ ۼ ߗ ಼ ̞͉̜̦̈́ͣ̀͘ۼ‬ઠ̱̞̀ͥȃ಼̭͈ߗ‫͉ۼ‬Ȅȶু໦͈պ౾ͬඏ̧গ͛ͥ૽‫͈ۼ‬ෝႁȄ̳̻̈́ͩȄ࿒ஜ͈ਔս͈ે‫ͬޙ‬౶‫̱̀͂ژ‬Ȅ̹͘෇౶̱͂̀ࠏൡၛ̀̀ၑٜ̱̹ࠫ‫ض‬Ȅ౷଎̱͂̀ນ̯̹ͦ‫ٸ‬എଲ‫ু̥͈̈́ͅٮ‬໦͈ાਫ਼ͬນ ܱ ̳ ͥ ͂ ̞ ̠ ૽ ‫ ͈ ۼ‬ෝ ႁ ͬ ड ਞ എ ͅ ಼ ‫ ͥ ̞ ̀ ̱ ࢗ ଼ ͅ ͈ ͥ ̳ ק‬ȷ(44)͂ ੆ ͓ ̀ ̞ ͥȃġȁȸζ΂Ԇȹ̤̞̀͜ͅȄ;ͿΑΞͻϋȆδ΢όͿϋΙλȜȆγΞσ͂য̹̠̈́͢εΑΠκΘΣΒθအ৆͈γΞσ̦ഴા̱̞̀ͥȃΑ΋ΛΠ̦ৢ૯‫ز‬ήςΗ͂ఞ̵̻ࣣ̹ͩγΞσ͉Ȅਲြ͈‫ܥ‬ෝ͈͙ͬ೏‫̹̱ݞ‬۰ள̈́߃య࠺ಃ͉͂։̈́ͤȄȶȪࡣయυȜζ͈ȫಎೳັ̧ఱࢩ‫̞̦̾ۼ‬̹‫ݠ‬ദȷ(22)́Ȅȶ‫࣭ם‬໓͈೛̦౲ે͈ٝႽ̥̥ͤͅȄ‫ڒ‬ঊै͈ͤ௡ૐ͞࿐ၛȷ̦૒̢ࣺͦ͘Ȅ̷͈̥̈́ͬઌ̳ͤࣛͤͥ΀ταȜΗȜ͉‫̦ٸ‬൫̫̀ࡉ̢Ȅ၌ဥ৪ͅະհ೰̈́ۜ‫ͬژ‬ဓ̢ͥȃඵ૽̦დ̱̳ͬͥΨȜ͉ٝഢ৆́Ȅ‫ࠊ͈ٸ‬૗͉୲̢‫̩̈́ۼ‬་‫̳ͥا‬ȃȶͥ́͘শ‫̦̹͈ۼߗ͂ۼ‬̦۱ͭ́ຖ̞͙̹̞͈̜̽̀ͥ̈́́ͥȷ(23)ȃ̷̭͉̹͘ȄεΑΠκΘϋ͈ఉ࣭ୠ঩ུ৽݅ͬ฽‫̱̀ד‬ȄȶηΗȄηΡςȄ΅ςϋȄζΈΦȄ΍ϋΠςȜȷ͈ࢩۭ࣬โ̦ႅၛ̱̤̀ͤȄ࣭ୠະમ͈૽ࢥ࡞ࢊߗ‫ͬۼ‬೮̱̞̀ͥȃΑ΋ΛΠ͉Ȅ༷࢜ۜி৐ͤ͢ͅఞ̵̻ࣣͩાਫ਼̩ͥ́͘ͅ৘षȄ‫ة‬ഽ͜ൽͅྸ̞̽̀ͥȃྸঊ̹͈͉̈́̽ͅ๞̺̫͉̞́̈́ȃ৽૽࢖ΫσȆΈτͼ͜ൽͅྸ̞̽̀ͥȃ૽ৗ̹͂̈́̽ΑͼΑ͈থ૽ͬ৾ͤ࿗̳͓̩Ȅথ͈Ⴟඋ̥̫̹́ͅυϋΡΰ͉Ȅȶ๞ȮΫσȯ͉̱̱͊͊ൽͅྸ̹̽ȃγΞσ͈໐‫͍̹ͥͅ੄ؚ̥ͣ‬ȄγΞσ́͜ྸঊ̹͂̈́̽ȃ΀ταȜΗȜͅ઺̠̱ͧ͂̀ऒͅެ̦ͥ͂Ȩ̏̽̀͘΀ταȜΗȜֲ͉̜̹̽ͅȃ֚ഽ͉Ȅু໦̦̈́ͭ͂࡞̠സঌ̢̞̥̯ͥͅདྷ̱̞ͦ̀̽̀ͥ͘ȷ(160)ȃ૽ৗ్ْ͈ٝࠗ‫ࢃܢװ‬Ȅ໇̞̹ͺΞῪ̤̞͜ͅȄȶΫσ͉ۖ஠༷࢜ۜͬͅ৐̞Ȅਯ఺‫̞̱ࣺ̞ͥ̀̽́ͭ͘ྸͅځ‬ȷ(171)ȃΐͿͼθΕϋ͉Ḙ̏ͦͬౙ̈́ͥߗ‫ۼ‬എ༷͈࢜ۜி৐ͅၣ̴ͣ͘Ȅୈ૰എ̈́փྙ́ၑٜ‫خ‬ෝ̈́ଲ‫̹̱ק಼ͬٮ‬εΑΠκΘΣΒθ২̤̫ٛͥͅ૽‫৽͈ۼ‬ఘ͈༷࢜଻͈ி৐͂௴̢̞̀ͥȃ̷̱̀Ȅ̷͈̥̈́ͅ૸ͬ౾̩৽ఘ̦ুࡨ̞̥ͬͅၑٜ̱Ȅুࡨ͈ાਫ਼ͅփྙͬࡉ੄̳̥̞̠͂Ȅୈ૰എȄ২ٛഎͺͼΟϋΞͻΞͻ೏‫͈ݞ‬࿚ఴ̷͈͒͂‫۾‬૤ͬࢩ̬̞̀ͥȃMaoԆ ̤̞̀͜ͅȄ༷࢜ۜி৐͈ຝৢ͉ྶ̥ͣͅౙ̈́ͥߗ‫ۼ‬എպ౾͈࿚ఴͅၣ͉̞̞̽̀̈́͘ȃΫσȆΈτͼ͉30ාஜͅ2ै͈αΑΠΓρȜͬอນ̱̹ࢃͅȄ1989ා̞̠࡛͂हͅঢͥ́͘૧ैͬஜ̱̀ͅଔᓤͅଔᓤͬਹ͇͈͙ͥ́Ȅ‫੄֚̾ة‬ๅ̧̞́̈́ેఠ̞ͥͅȃ̭͈‫ۼ‬Ȅ๞͉ুࡨ͈ै‫͈̱̀͂ز‬঩ৗ͈͒အș̈́݃ැ͞ઙ௓ۜͅ‫̦ͣ̈́ͦ͘ف‬Ȅࣽࢃ͈ൽͬ࿅̱॑௽̴̧̫̹͉̜̀́ͥȃ̱̥̱Ḙ͉̏͂๞͈‫ݰ‬৆͈ΗͼίρͼΗȜͬȄ໲ડ͈ਘୃͬယօ̳ͥͅχȜίυȪΩΕ΋ϋȫͅഢ̳۟ͦ͊फ͚̞̹͂̽ౙ੗̈́࿚ఴ͉̞́̈́ȃ2ै͈αΑΠΓρȜ̦੥̫̹Ϋσ̦Ȅ̶̈́ଔᓤͬਹ͇͈͙͈ͥۖᝈ৽݅৪ͅ་૸̱̹̥͉࡞‫̞̞̯̈́̀ͦݞ‬ȃ̺̦Ȅ๞̦̜̻̭̻́ྸঊ̭͉͂̈́ͥ͂Ȅশ͈་‫͈ࡨু͈̱̀͂زै̥͈́̈́ا‬ͺͼΟϋΞͻΞͻͬࡉ৐̞̥̫̞̭̀ͥ͂ͬճা̱̞̠̀ͥ͢ͅএ̢ͥȃশయ͉ȄκΘΣΒθ̥ͣεΑΠκΘΣΒθ͒͂֊࣐̱Ȅশయ͈ΩρΘͼθ͉‫ڰ‬লιΟͻͺ̥ͣ‫ד‬௨ιΟͻͺ͒͂ഢ̱̹۟ȃ̹͘Ȅশయ͈෸ࠊ͉ͅȄໝॠ॒ͅ௚̱̹ࡀႁ൰௔̦୆͙੄̳Ξυ͈‫ູޔ‬২̦̜ٛͤȄΞυςΑΠ̦ιΟͻͺͬ೒̱̀૽șͅဓ̢ͥ‫ູ͈ޔ‬ஜͅȄै‫ޣג̧ͥ́ঀ࣐̦ز‬ႁ͉ࡠ̹͈̱̞ͣͦ͂̈́̽̀̽̀ͥ͘͜ȃఈ༷͉́Ḙ͈̏ͦ́͘ಿ̞Ⴄঃͬ೒̱̀Ȅ໲‫͈ڠ‬ΞȜζȄນ࡛ࠁ৆Ȅ૽໤௨൝͈૧̱̞দ͙͉ঀ̞଄̩̯̱̞ͦ̀͘ȄΐοϋȆΨȜΑ͈࡞̠̠͢ͅȶ଄̧͈໲‫ڠ‬ȷ(“The Literature of Exhaustion”)ͅೄ࿂̱̞̀ͥȃΟςȜυ͈MaoԆΫσ̷͈̭͂ͬ͜փে̱̤̀ͤȄȶαΉΛΠ͉Ȅজ̹̻͈ࣉ̢༷͈͈͜͞ࡉ༷̥̹̻ͬै̹̽डࢃ͈ै‫̺ز‬ȃ๞͈ࢃ͉ͅȄਹါ̈́ॽম̞̹͂̽ͣȄߗಎบ෫͂࠺໤ͬ‫ۊ‬᠒ͅ‫̭̳͂ͥܦ‬ȃ̷̭̭ͦȄ૧̱̞๟ࠠഎ̈́໤ࢊࠁ৆̺ȷ(157)͂੆͓̞̀ͥȃ̭̠̱̹εΑΠκΘΣΒθ͈শయͬ฽‫̱̀ד‬ȄΫσ͉ඵਹ͈փྙ́ࣾඳ̈́ၛાͅၛ̹̯̞͈̜ͦ̀ͥ́ͥȃ̭͈૧̱̞ໝॠ̈́ႁ‫̦ڠ‬൱̩ஜ૽ྚ൩͈শయͅచ؊̳̹͉ͥ͛ͅȄ૧̱̞শయͅచ؊̱̹ඤယۜ͞଻̦‫ͥͦͣ͛ݥ‬ȃ࡛ह͈Ϋσͅါ‫̞̯ͥ̀ͦݥ‬࿨‫͉ڬ‬Ȅ‫ד‬௨ιΟͻͺশయͬ฽‫̱̀ד‬Ȅ๧ර͜ͅ૽ৗ̹͂̈́̽থ૽ͬ༐‫͈̹̳͛ͥۺ‬ίυΐͿ·Πͅ४‫̺͈̭̳̈́͂ͥح‬ȃ̭͈ે‫̩̱̯͉͘ޙ‬ȄΐͿͼθΕϋ͈ষ͈໲ડ̦া̳ેఠͅ‫ڂ‬൚̳ͥȃ

As aesthetic of cognitive mappingȽa pedagogical political culture which seeks to endow the individual
subject with some new heightened sense of its place in the global systemȽwill necessarily have torespect this enormously complex representational dialectic and invent radically new forms in orderto do it justice. This is not then, clearly, a call for a return to some older kind of machinery, someolder and more transparent national space, or some more traditional and reassuring perspectival ormimetic enclave: . . .(54)Ϋσ̧͈͓͂ͥൽ͉Ȅȶ‫ݰ‬ြ͈ਅ႒͈‫͈͒ࢹܥ‬໘‫ܦ‬Ȅ̳̻̈́ͩȄଡ଼͈ͤ͢൫ྶ࣭̈́‫ߗ̠̞͂ز‬΀ ϋ ·τȜή‫͞ۼ‬Ȅͤ͢ഥൡഎ́հ૤̧́ͥ໤ম͈ࡉ༷Ȅ̞̱͉̈́࿅༩എ̈́๲͍ႀാ͈͒໘‫ͬܦ‬ါ୏̳͈͉̞ͥ́̈́͜ȷȃΫσ̦̭ͦ́͘ΗήȜ̧̱̹͂̀ুࡨ͈થ௨ৢ૯ज़‫̱خݺͬג‬Ȅै຦৏ຊ͈ൽͬಎ౯̱̀ίυΐͿ·Πͅ‫ފ‬ႁ̳ͥൽͬ஖̺͈͉ͭȄ̯͘ͅ๞̦૧̱̞শయ͈ଽহߗ‫̷͈ͅۼ‬ͺͼΟϋΞͻΞͻͬ֊̱Ȅ̷͈૧ߗ‫৽́ۼ‬ఘ̱͈༷͂̀࢜ۜͬி৐̱̹̭͂ͬփྙ̱̞͈͉̥̠̥̀ͥ́̈́ͧȃȁΐͿͼθΕϋ̦‫̬ͥݷ‬εΑΠκΘΣΒθ͈අৗ͉ͅȄఉ࣭ୠ঩ུ৽͈݅ક๯২̜ٛͥ͜ȃ̭͉ͦͅ૧̱̞Ξ·ΦυΐȜ͞ζσΙȆιΟͻͺ̦၌ဥ̯ͦȄ̞̹̭ͥ͂ͧ́‫ד‬௨ࢩ̦࣬ક๯ͬညთ̱̞̀ͥȃ̭͈ത̞͉̾̀ͅȄ̳́ͅ࡞‫̹̱ݞ‬ȶηΗȄηΡςȄ΅ςϋ൝șȷ͈ఉ࣭ୠࢩ̱࣬͂̀Ȅུै຦́ஜࠊ‫̹̞̯̀ͦا‬ȃ༆͈ાਫ਼͉́Ḙ͈̏ࢩ͉࣬ȄȶζΈΦȄηΦσΗȄ΅ςϋȄΕΣȜȄ΍ϋΠςȜȷ(27)͞ȄȶΕΣȜȄηΗȄ΅ςϋȄζΈΦȄηΡςȷ(148)͂ྴஜͬ་̢ͥȃ̜ͥশ͉ȄΑ;ͿΛΠΏλΜͅຝ̥̹ͦ΋Ȝρ͈Ϋῧ̈́ͤȄ̜ͥশ͉ီ̥‫̞׿‬αͼσȜΠ͈‫́ځ‬ȶ΋Ȝ·Ԇȷ̞̠͂୤̞໲ল͂̈́̽̀༃ಎͬໞ̞̩̱̞̾̀ͥȃ̭͈‫͉́ځ‬Ȅু൲৬͈·ρ·Ώοϋ̦ȶ΃ςέ΁σΣͺȆΪͺȆͺͼȆ΃θȷ(229)͈ιυΟͻȜ̥ͬ̈́́ȄΗΪΙ͈‫ݝ‬඾͈ࢩ̦࣬੒‫ޗ‬৪͞୉૖৪൝͈થ௨͂໼ͭ́ഡ̞͈̺ͣͦ̀ͥȃˎ̭̠̱̹‫ד‬௨ιΟͻͺ͉ȄεΑΠκΘΣΒθ͈Αβ·Η·σ২͍̩ٛ͂ࠫ̾͜ȃΑβ·Η
·σ̞̠͂ဥࢊ͉Ȅ‫͉́݅ޛ‬ȶͼιȜΐ͈ఱၾഥ෥ܿ੅ȷͬঐ̳ȃ̳̻̈́ͩȄခྴ੸຦͞ఱΑΗȜͬ૽ș͈୆̧༷͈κΟσ̱͂̀೹া̳̹ͥ͛Ȅ‫ד‬௨ιΟͻͺ෾ఘͬఱၾͅဥ̞̹ͤȄࡀႁ
Αβ·Η·σ৪͞ζΑιΟͻͺ̦ଽহഎȆ২ٛഎͼόͿϋΠ̱͂̀ఱਤͅȶࡉଲ໤ȷͬ௣̞̠ͥ͂փྙ͈́Αβ·Η·σ̜́ͥȃ̱̥̱Ȅུै຦ͅࡉͣͦͥ੨ș͈Αβ·Η·σ͉ȄΆȜȆΡͽδȜσ̷̦͈ಠ੥ȸΑβ·Η·σ͈২ٛȹ́੆͓̞࡛̀ͥયͤ͢ͅ߃̞̠͢ͅএͩͦͥȃ̷ུ͉ͦြȄນય́঑෻̯̹࡛ͦయ২ٛͬ঑̢ͥआ࡙എࢹ௮ࡔၑͬঐ̱Ȅ̷͈ॽழ͙͉ଽহȄࠐफȄ୆ॲȄક๯̴͈͙̈́ͣȄࡢ૽͈୆‫̞̱͖ͥ̀ݞͬޣג͜ͅ߸۾ۼ૽͞ڰ‬ȃࢃ‫ܢ‬঩ུ৽݅২̤̞͉ٛ̀ͅȄκΦ̱͈͂̀੸຦̦ࠐफͬࡁ̳֨ͥশయ͉ਞͩͤȄૂ༭Ȅ‫ד‬௨Ȅࢂ‫ڢ‬Ȅ΍ȜόͻΑ̞̹͂̽ࠁ͈̞̈́੸຦̦৽ၠ̞̥̺͂̈́̽̀ͥͣȃ̷̭͉́ȄκΦ͈ঀဥ‫ث‬౵̥ͣၗ̹ͦૂ༭Ȇ‫ד‬௨̦ͼιȜΐ̱͂̀ඊၛ̱Ȅࡢ૽͈୆͞ଽহ͉Ḙ͈̏ͦͣͼιȜΐͅऒֲ̯ͦͥȃ̱̥̱Ḙ͈̏ͼιȜΐ͉Ȅ૽ș͈ဳབ͞୆̧༷ͬນય̱̞̀̀͜Ȅ஠ఘ̱͉͂̀ൡ֚଻̹̞ͬ̈́͜౯༌എ̈́ͼιȜΐ̜́ͤȄུြࡽ̞ͅ໦ၗ̢̱̞̈́૽‫͈ۼ‬௙ࣣഎ̈́‫̦͙א‬ٜఘ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ̺̥ͣȄΑβ·Η·σ͉͂Ḙ͈̠̏̈́͢୆͈౯༌‫̢̠͢࡞̞̱࡛͂ͥ̀ߓͬا‬ȃȁུै຦̤̞͉̀ͅȄΑβ·Η·σ̦‫ځ‬ಎͅਰྖ̱̞̀ͥȃ̫߲͂ͤͩਤͬఴऺ̱̹ͅࡉଲ໤
എΑβ·Η·σ̦අ։̈́ంहۜͬఝ͍̞̀ͥȃൡ֚‫ޗ‬ٛͥ͢ͅμϋ΅ȜȆΑΗΐͺθ͈ࣣ൳ࠫँ৆̷͂ͦͬࡉ৿ͥ‫߸۾‬৪͈߲ਤȄഛհ࿝ࢩા́ুဇͬ‫߲̳݈ͥࢯ̀͛ݥ‬ਤ͂Ȅ̷ͦͬ؋̢̯ࣺ̠̳͂ͥ͜ଷ໚͈໶আ͈߲ͦȄγιͼΣ঍͈ঘ്͙ͬȄཕര‫߲̳ͥا‬ਤ͂Ȅ̷ͦͬஷগ̱̠̳͂ͥ࠙͢ࢌబȄΏͿέͻȜσΡȆ΍Λ΃Ȝ‫ܿއ‬ા́ΥΛΠે͈ॎͅ؋̷̱̯̠̞̾͐ͦ̈́̽̀ͥͅέȜς΄ϋ̹̻ȄΣνȜπȜ·͈Πϋί΅ϋΒࢩાͅૢฑ̳̤͍̹̺̱̞ͤͥ຾Ⴢ৪͈߲ͦȝȝ̷͈ఉ̩͉Ȅैಎ́ΞτΫ‫ד‬௨͂̈́̽̀༶‫૽̯ͦד‬șͅ‫ͬޣג‬ဓ̢̞̀ͥȃ̹͘Ȅ‫ڰ‬লιΟͻͺུ̜́ͥ઀୰͉́Ȅৢ૯̞̠͂‫ד‬௨ιΟͻͺ͂̈́̽̀ै຦ಎͅொව̯ͦȄ։ৗ͈෾ఘ̱͂̀උ৪͈ಕփͬ‫̞̱ͥ̀ܳۓ‬ȃ̭͈ͦͣા࿂ͬຝৢ̳ͥນ࡛͙ͬͥ͂Ȅᙧட֚ఘ͂‫̱ا‬̹஠ఘ৽݅എఘଷȄ฽໘଻Ȅ‫ޑ‬Ⴇ̈́‫ޣג‬ႁ̦‫̠̞̯ͥ̀ͦ͢ͅ಺ޑ‬এ̢ͥȃൡ֚‫ޗ‬͈ࣣٛ൳ࠫँ৆͈ા࿂֚ͬ႕̱͂̀ࡉ͙̠̀͢ȃȶ๞͉͈֚ͣࣽ̾͞ਬ౬Ȅओ։͈̞̈́ਬࣣఘ̞͂̈́̽̀ͥȷ
(1)ȃ6500ழ͈΃Λίσ͈̠̻Ȅȶ‫͉ྱـ‬஠̩൳͈֚ऊ͈෸ࢩȄ‫͉رـ‬τȜΑ͂΍Ξϋ͈ΡτΑͬ಍̞̀ͥȷ(4)ȃȶ๞ͣȪൡ֚‫ޗ‬ٛȫ͉ဇ੣̜࣐ͥম࣐̞ͬȄ‫̥ة‬૧̱̞͈̦̭͈͜ଲ࡛ͩͦͥ́͘ͅȄ̷ͦͬ߫ͤ༐̱Ȅ̹߫ͤ͘༐̱Ȅ̯ͣ߫ͤͅ༐̳͈̺ȷ(4)ȃȶ๞͉ͣठ͍੹გ̳ͥȃ͉͈֚ࣽٝ̾࡞ဩͬ‫ة‬ഽ͜‫ة‬ഽ߫ͤ͜༐̳ȷ(15)ȃ

They are a nation,. . .founded on the principle of easy belief. A unit fueled by credulousness. . . .a setof ready-made terms and empty repetitions. All things, the sum of the knowable, everything true,ΟςȜυ͈MaoԆ

it all comes down to a few simple formulas copied and memorized and passed on. And here is thedrama of mechanical routine played out with living figures.(7)ȶ๞͉ͣ૽‫͈ۼ‬୊͈ႁ̲̹ͬۜȃ͈֚̾࡞ဩ̦߫ͤ༐̯ͦȄ̷̦֚ͦ௄૬̩๞ͣͬဝͤ൲̥̱Ȅ֚̾ͅ౬̵̯͈̺ࠫͥȷ(16) ൝șḘ̠̱̹̏ຝৢ͉Ȅ߲ਤ͈֚ͬ̾ႁࠫͅਬ̵̯ͥΑβ·Η·σ͈̾͜‫ޑ‬ႁ̈́‫ޣג‬ႁͬශ৘ͅ໤ࢊ̞̽̀ͥȃ̱̥̱ȄΡͽδȜσ̦੆͓ͥΑβ·Η·σ͉͂ȄུြȄ̷ͦͬࡉ̾͛ͥ૽ș͈‫ވ‬൳଻్̠͈ͬ́͜Ȅൡࣣ͈ેఠ͉ࡖே̴ً̨ͅȄ૽ș͉ࡧၛ̱̹ેఠ̜̞̠ͥ͂ͅȃম৘Ḙ͈̏ͦͣા࿂ͬષ‫̳ͥד‬ΞτΫ͈ஜ͉́Ȅ૽ș̷͉͈‫ד‬௨ͬࡽ̞ͅ‫ވ‬ခ̱̞̦̀ͥȄ۷‫ݖ‬൳আ͉ࡽ̞ͅࡧၛ̱̞̀ͥȃ̹͘Ȅ‫ד‬௨̽̀͢ͅ૽ș͉Ȅȶ୆͈ൡ֚଻ȷ͉̩́̈́Ȅٜ͊ͣ͊ͣͅఘ̷̯̹͈ͦ౯༌ͅ୪ً̨̱̞̞͈̺̀ͥ̈́ͅȃΞτΫ͈‫ͬإ‬ક̱Ȅ̷͈‫ד‬௨ͬࡉ̞̺̫̀ͥ́Ȅ஠͈̀ે‫ͬޙ‬ၑ̧ٜ́ͥඅਂ̈́ۜ଻ͬ๵̢̹ഴા૽໤͈΃τϋ͜Ȅၑٜ̱̹ඤယ͉๞੫͈ඤ࿂̺̫ͅၣͤ͘Ȅఈ͈౗͂͜‫ވ‬ခ̯̞̞ͦ̀̈́ȃȁ̭͈ൡ֚଻ͬ৐̞౯༌‫̹̯ͦا‬୆͈৘ఠͬયಭഎͅນ̱̞͈͉̀ͥȄΫσ͈‫́ز‬ट̯̹ͦٛ૙͈ા࿂̜̠́ͧȃ̭̭͉́Ȅै຦͈৽ါഴા૽໤͈஠̀Ȅ̳̻̈́ͩै‫ز‬ΫσȄ̷͈๩੥࠳৏মഎ࿨‫̞̱ͥ̀ͬڬ‬Α΋ΛΠ͂΃τϋȄৢ૯‫ز‬ήςΗ̦֚൴̱ٛͅȄ૙ম̱̦ͬ̈́ͣ౴დ̱ͬ
̞̀ͥġ(67-74)ȃ̱̥̱Ȅ๞͈ͣდ͉̭̥̓‫̴ࣣ͙ͩۂ‬Ȅ౯༌എ̈́อ࡞̦̭̓́͘͜௽̞̞̀ͥȃࠝ੅ै຦͈අ଻ͬ੆͓ͥΑ΋ΛΠͅచ̱Ȅ૙͓̞̀ͥဧ͈රͬდ̳ΫσȄ૰ͬ૞̲ͥ૽ș͈ૂ෎ͬࢊͥΑ΋ΛΠͅచ̱̀Ȅ̺͘ဧ͈රͬდఴ̳ͥͅΫσȄΑ΋ΛΠ͂დ̱̞̹̀დఴͬདྷ̱̠ͦ̀͘΃τϋȄಎ࣭૽ྦྷ̦ࡤ͍̭̳߲ܳਤ̞̾̀ͅდ̱̦̈́ͣȄെඏͅ඿ဘ঱ͬ౯ͥγΞσȆΙͿȜϋ̞̾̀ͅდ̱੄̳Α΋ΛΠȄ̷ͦͅచ̱̀Ȅਗ͈΂τϋΐ૗͈ດে͈დͬই͛ͥ΃τϋȄ̷ͦͅ௽̩͈͉Ȅ૞૤̱̞̀ͥਅș͈૰̯̞̾̀͘ͅდ̳Ϋσ൝șȝȝ̭̭͉́დఴ͈̹̦̦‫̀ͦٸ‬Ȅ‫̦ٯ‬ੳ਀ͅএ̞̩̾ম໻࢛̱̞ͬ̀ͥͅȃ̷͉ͦȄ‫͈ٯ‬এࣉ̦ྤ၁̩̈́͜౯༌‫ا‬̱̞̭͈̀ͥ͂ນ͈̜ͦ͂͂ͦͥ́ͥȃˏ̭̭́‫̹̞̯̀ͦ಺ޑ‬ȶ฽໘଻ȷ͈ͼιȜΐ͉Ȅ‫ד‬௨ιΟͻͺ͈฽໘ෝႁ͈අ଻͍̩͂ࠫ̾͜ȃ‫ૺ͈੅ܿڠش‬༜ͤ͢ͅȄഩঊഎໝୋͥ͢ͅͼιȜΐ̦ଷ෦̳̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅεΑΠκΘΣΒθ͈শయ̤̞͉̀ͅȄߗ‫ۼ‬എ͜ͅশ‫ۼ‬എ͜ͅ৘ष͈΋ϋΞ·ΑΠ̧̥ͣ֨ၗ̯̹ͦໝୋ̦Ȅ߫ͤ༐̱ͬ‫خ‬ෝ̱̞̀ͥͅȃໝୋܿ੅͈ൢြ̦փྙ̳͈ͥ͜ͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬Ȅό͹σΗȜȆαϋμηϋ͈ȶໝୋܿ੅শయ͈ࠝ੅ȷ̦ခྴ̜́ͥȃαϋμηϋ͉̭͈̥̈́́Ȅໝୋ͈੄࡛ͤ͢ͅȶ͕̓ͦ̓ୈࢦ̩̹̾ͣͦͅໝୋ͈ાࣣ́͜Ȅ̷̦ͦȸ̞͘ȹȸ̭̭ͅȹ̱̥̞̞̠̈́͂ࠝ੅ै຦අခ͈֚ٝ଻͉ۖ஠ͅ৐̱̞ͩͦ̀̽̀ͥ͘ȷ(12)̭͂ͬঐഊ̱̞̀ͥȃ̷ͦոஜ͈໲‫ا‬എ୆ॲΏΑΞθ͈ࡐಠ̈́අಭ̞̹͂̈́̽̀ȶ֚ٝ଻ȷ͂ȶ‫ז‬௽଻ȷ͈ౝ‫͉ݥ‬Ȅࣽ͞ȶ֚শ଻ȷ͂ȶ฽໘‫خ‬ෝ଻ȷͅະ‫خ‬๰എ͍ࠫͅັ̫̠̹͈̺ͣͦͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃུै຦͈ນນঞͬૐͥͺϋΟͻȜȆ;΁Ȝγσ͈Ώσ·Α·ςȜϋȄ࿉ా൐͈‘Mao Ԇ’͞Ȅഴા૽໤Α΋ΛΠ̦ၛ̻‫΁;ͥܙ‬Ȝγσ͈ജা̦ٛḘ͈̏߫ͤ༐̱͈ΞȜζͬ‫̞̱ͥ̀಺ޑ‬ȃུै຦ͅຝ̥̹ͦ;΁Ȝγσͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬ΐͿέςȜȆ΃ȜΣΛ΅Ȝ̦‫ͅܡ‬໦ଢ଼̱̞̦ͬ̀ͥȄ;΁Ȝγσ͉΅λϋασ͈ΑȜί۲Ȅ΋Ȝ·۲൝͈඾ુ୆‫੸ͥͦͣࡉͅڰ‬຦Ȅ‫ْד‬ΑΗȜȄఱൡႀ̞̹͂̽ಠྴ૽͈થ௨ͬȄ๷ྥ֮ͅ‫ͬג‬་̢̦̈́ͣႲ௽̱̀߫ͤ༐̳֚Ⴒ͈ै຦ͬอນ̱̞̀ͥȃ̷ͦͅచ̱ȄΑ΋ΛΠ͉ജাા́ষ͈̠֣̈́͢યͬ਋̫̞̀ͥȃȶࡉͅြͥ૽șͅచ̳ͥ‫۾ྫ͕̭̓ͦͅޣג‬૤̈́ै຦͉̞̈́ȃਔ͈ͤ༃͜‫͈͕̩̓ޥ‬ౙ಺̈́‫܉‬ओ̱́ഛ̞̞ͬ࢜̀ͥȷ(21)ȃ࿉৽୘͈܏͜ȶ͈͂͜ৢ૯̥͕ٜͣ͂ͭ̓༶̯ͦ̀ຖ̞̽̀ͥȃႤঃ̈́̓ͅྫඞ಍͈̜̈́́ͥȷȃΐͿͼθΕϋ͉εΑΠκΘΣΒθ͈๼‫͈ڠ‬අৗٜͬ୰̳̥ͥ̈́́ȄκΘΣΒθْ͈‫ز‬ȆόͻϋΓϋΠȆό͹ϋȆΌΛγ͈ȸ֚ழ͈༎͙ષ̬ߤȹ͂ȄεΑΠκΘΣΒθْ͈‫ز‬Ȇ;΁ȜγΘΑΠσ͈ȸΘͼμκϋΡ໮ྎߤȹ̞̠͂൳̲ߤͬΞȜζ̱̹͂ै຦ͬ๤‫̞̱ͥ̀ڛ‬ȃΌΛγ͈࿳ٰ͉Ȅߤ̞̠͂યಭͬ೒̱̀ȶ෠ު̧̠̾͂͘ͅ६̯͛Ȅനৡ̧͈͚੄̱͈ຫࣾȄ͈ࣸ୬ͦͥຐହ͈ߎႻ̞̠͂‫ུܖ‬എ̈́஠͈̀૽‫ۼ‬ଲ‫ٮ‬ȷ(7)ͬຝ̩̭͂́Ȅȶआ࡙എ̈́૽‫͈ۼ‬අৗͅచ̳ͥ‫ޭݪ‬എΘΑΠ̈́ΈυΞΑ·͈႒߿ȷͬஶ̢̠̱̞͂̀ͥ͢ȃ̱̥̱ȸΘͼμκϋΡ໮ྎߤȹ͉ȶজུ̹̻ͅ൚ͅ‫͜ة‬஠̩ࢊ̥̫̞ͤ̈́ȷ(8)ȃ̷͉ͦȄࢃ‫ܢ‬঩ུ৽݅শయ͈੸຦ଢෲͬ෸ࠊ̱̞̦͂̀ͥȄ‫ޭݪ‬എ͉ͅȶ૧̱̞ਅ႒͈໹౛̯Ȅ૬͙͈̯̈́Ȅ໲ল೒͈ͤ૧ਅ͈ྫփྙ̯ȷ(9)ͬນ࡛̱̀
̞ͥ͂ΐͿͼθΕϋ͉੆͓̞̀ͥȃΐͿͼθΕϋ͈໦ଢ଼͉Α΋ΛΠ͈֣ય͂൳̲̜́ͤȄ;΁
Ȝγσ͈ै຦͉ٜ৷̧̠́ͥ̈́͢փྙͬഥ̢̞̞͈̜̀̈́́ͥȃ;΁Ȝγσু૸Ȅু໦͈ৢ૯͈‫ب‬࿂̥ͬ͐̽̀‫ب‬௡ໍ൩ٛͅ੄ા̧̱̹͂ͅȄȶ̜ͥ๡ບ‫͉ز‬জ͈̭͂ͬȸྫ͈ంहȹ͂ઠ̱̹̦Ȅ̷̠࡞ͩͦ̀͜জ̦ంह̭͈ۜͬ̾͂͜࿨͉ͅၛ̞̞̽̀̈́ȃ̷̷̧͈ͦ͂ͅȄంह̷̳̭͈͈͉ͥ͂͜փྙ͈ྫ̞̭̺͂͂জ͉‫̹̞̦̾ܨ‬ȷ(7)͂੆͓̞̀ͥȃैಎ͉́ȶ߫ͤ༐̯ͦͥ৬͈઩ඏম࡬͈ΣνȜΑ‫ד‬௨ȷ(20)͞Ȅέ΁Π΋άȜ̯̹ͦ࿉৽୘ȄΏσ·Α·ςȜϋ͈࿉Ȅ༃ঞͅഢৢ̯̹ͦ࿉Ȅ଼ࣣεςζȜ͈࿉൝Ȅ̞̩ͣ́͜ठ୆ॲ‫خ‬ෝ̈́Ȅ̷̱̀ໝୋ‫خ‬ෝ̈́εΑΠκΘΣΒθ͈ॲ໤̦‫̜͙͈̞̯ͥ́ͥ̀ͦ಺ޑ‬ȃ̷̭͉́࿷֚ྫඵ͈ంह̱͈͂̀ਹ͙͞ࡢ଻Ȅͺ;ρ͉࿚ఴ̞͈̺͂̈́ͣ̈́ȃȁৢ૯‫ز‬ήςΗ͈࣐̠̈́ৢ૯ज़‫͜ג‬Ȅ࿒എ̳֚͂ͥཿ͈ৢ૯ͬज़̹ͥ͛ͅȄ๷ྥ̈́ओ։̱̥ࡉ̵̞̈́చયͬཛྷఱ̈́ତ̹ͩͤͅज़‫̭̞̱͂ͥ̀ג‬Ȅ̹͘Ȅ̷̸͉ͦͦઘ̧௩̱̦‫ͣܜ‬́͜‫خ‬ෝ̜̞̠́ͥ͂փྙ́฽໘എ଻‫̞ͥ̀̽ͬ͜ڒ‬ȃै‫ز‬Ϋσ͈થ௨ৢ૯͈͓̹ઘ̧͉Ȅ ஠ ໐ ́12ཿ ̜ ͥȃ ֚ ཿ ͅ ̾ ̧6Ⴅ ̜ ͤȄ ‫ ڎ‬Ⴅ ͅ6΋ ζ ̜ ͥ ͈ ́Ȅ ͓ ̹ ઘ ̧ ֚ ཿ ́36΋ζȄ12ཿ໦̵ࣣͬͥ͂஠̀́432΋ζ͈Ϋσ͈થ௨̦ৢ̞̭̽̀ͥ͂̈́ͥͅ(221)ȃ๷ྥ̈́ओ։̱̥̞̈́໼Ⴅ̳֚ͥႲ͈͓̹ઘ̧ৢ૯͈ͼιȜΐ͉Ȅ֚ࡉ;΁Ȝγσ͈ै຦ͬএ̵ͩΟςȜυ͈MaoԆͥȃ̱̥̱Ȅ‫̠̹̱͢ͅ੆ܡ‬Ȅ;΁Ȝγσ͉਋̫਀̦‫ד‬௨ͅփྙͬඋ͙̭৾ͥ͂ͬ‫ݵ‬๛̱̞͈̀ͥͅచ̱Ȅήςῌ̷͉̭̜ͥਅ͈փྙͬဓ̢̠̱̞͂̀ͥ͢ȃυρϋȆΨσΠ̦੆͓̞̠̀ͥ͢ͅȄৢ૯͉ȶ࡛৘͈‫ܥ‬٫എ̈́௖য໤ȷ(55)̜́ͤȄ̷͈௖য͈ۖᝈ̯̥ͣ‫ݖ‬۷଻ฺ̠ͬ͂এ̵̦ͩ̈́ͣȄຈ̴̷̭͉͞ͅιΛΓȜΐ̦ै̞ͣͦ̀ͥȃ႕̢͊Ȅȶ༭ൽৢ૯͉༷֚́૖ުഎȄ๼എ̜̞͉ͥͼΟ΂υΆȜഎ̈́‫ܖ‬੔̱̹̦̽̀ͅ஖఼̯ͦȄ଼ࣣ̯ͦȄழ̵͙ࣣͩͣͦȄੜၑ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȄ਀̦ව̹̽΂ήΐͿȷ(57)̢̜̦́ͥ͠ͅȄ̷͉ͦౙͅ౶‫̯̀ͦژ‬਋̫ව̺̫̩ͦͣͦͥ́̈́Ȅȶඋ͙ȷ͈ैުฺ̦̠͈̜́ͥȃৢ૯͉‫ݖ‬۷എ̜́ͥ͂൳শͅ΋ȜΡ̹ͬ̽͜ιΛΓȜΐ͈̺̈́ȃήςῌ͂̽̀͜Ȅৢ૯͉ιΛΓȜΐͬ௣ͥ਀౲̞͂̈́̽̀ͥȃম৘Ȅষ͈໲̦া̳̠͢ͅȄै‫ز‬Ϋσͬज़̧ͥ͂͜Ȅ৽ఴͬ೰͛̀Ȅ̷ͦͅ૯৘ྙͬဓ̢ͥΫσ͈܏͈ນૂ͈་‫ͬا‬๞੫̦೏̞‫̦̭̹̞͂̀͛ݥ‬฻ͥȃ

Because the frames followed each other in the original order of exposure, they were able to see
how Brita had established rhythms and themes, catching a signal, tracking some small business inBill’s face and working to enlarge it or explain it, make it true, make it him. The pictures of Bill wereglimpses of Brita thinking, a little anatomy of mind and eye.(221)̭͈̠͢ͅȄু໦ু૸ͅࡥခ͈ιΛΓȜΐͬഥ̢̞̠ͥ͂փྙ́Ȅৢ૯‫͜زै͜ز‬൳̲࿒എ̞̭̦ͬ̽̀ͥ͂͜ै຦́ຝ̥̞ͦ̀ͥȃ̱̥̱ȄεΑΠκΘΣΒθ͈‫ד‬௨ιΟͻͺ࿹պ͈শయͬ฽‫̱̀ד‬Ȅै຦͉́ै‫ز‬Ϋσͤ͢͜ৢ૯‫ز‬ήςΗ͈༷̦୆̧୆̧͂ୈႁഎͅ‫ڰ‬࿬̱̞̀ͥȃഥ̢̠̳͂ͥ͢ιΛΓȜΐ͜ȄήςΗ͉ै‫ৢ͈ز‬૯ͬज़̭̦ͥ͂փྙ̷̯̩̹̲̳̪͈ͬ̈́̈́̈́̽͂ۜͥ͂ͅచયͬ་̢Ȅ྽ఉ৾ͅऺ̯̞ͦ̈́୽௔͞ാኢ͈̥̈́ͬ௢ͥঊ‫ޟ̹̞̽͂ރ‬ྙ̜͏ͦͥΞȜζͬ୲̴̢೏̞‫̞ͥ̀͛ݥ‬ȃ̱̥̱Ȅै຦́ຝ̥̹ͦ‫ڰ‬লιΟͻͺͅచ̳ͥ‫ד‬௨ιΟͻͺ͈࿹պͬયಭ̳ͥম໻͉Ȅ̞̈́ͭ͂̽̀͜໤ࢊडࢃ́ήςΗ̦࿒̱̹ࠢճյ͈̥̈́ͅ‫ޑ‬Ⴇͅฒ̩࢕ͥ΃ιρ͈έρΛΏν̜̠́ͧȃඤ୽̦௽̩αͼσȜΠ͈ঘ̺ͭ‫ͬځ‬ഥ̢ͥड͜‫ޑ‬ႁ̈́ιΛΓȜΐ͉Ȅ࡛ા͈‫ד‬௨ո‫̺͈̞͉̈́ͅٸ‬ȃ̷͈̠͢ͅै຦͉ഥ̢̞͈̜̀ͥ́ͥȃĵȁͼȜΧήȆΧΛ΍ϋ͉ȄκΘΣΒθ͂εΑΠκΘΣΒθ͈௖֑ͬྶ١̈́࡞ဩ́଎৆‫̞̱̀ا‬ͥ(123-4)ȃ̭͈଎৆͉Ȅ࡞ࢊ‫ڠ‬Ȅ૽႒‫ڠ‬Ȅഓ‫ڠ‬Ȅଽহ‫ڠ‬൝͈ఉအ̈́ႀ֖̞̹ͬ͂͛̀ͥ͛͘Ȅ໲‫ࠁڠ‬৆ͅຈ̴̷̱̪̞ͩ̈́͜໐໦̜̦ͥ͜Ȅ̷͈අৗ͉ࣉၪ̧̳͓࿚ఴͬ೹া̱̞̀ͥȃ̭͈଎৆͈֚໐̳ͬ̈́κΘΣΒθ͈Ϊ΀ρσ΅ȜȄ঑෻ȟυΌΑȄΩρΘͼθȄ໤ࢊȟீఱ̈́Ⴄঃ̞̠͂අৗ͂Ȅ̷͉ͦ͂చચ̳ͬ̈́εΑΠκΘΣΒθ͈ྫಉ੬Ȅક଄ȟೆ࿑ȄτΠςΛ·Ȅ฽໤ࢊȟ๚઀̈́Ⴄঃ̞̠͂చ๤͜Ȅఉઁུ̈́ͤै຦̜͉̠̀ͥ͘͢ͅͅএͩͦͥȃஜ৪͈Ϊ΀ρσ΅ȜȄ঑෻ȟυΌΑȄΩρΘͼθȄ໤ࢊȟீఱ̈́Ⴄঃ͉ȄέȜ΋Ȝ̦ঐഊ̳ͥ২ٛഎൡଷ͈࣐ঀ͈̹͈͛ܿ੅͂৘கͬਬఱ଼̱̞̀ͥ౶͈ΏΑΞθ̜́ͤȄ̷ͦͬນ̳࡞୰̜́ͥ͜ȃ̷͉ͦඅ೰͈౷֖എ̈́໲ྤ́৘ঔ̯̞ͦ̀ͥ঑෻ࢹ௮͂‫̞̱ͥ̀߸۾‬ȃࣲ۬Ȅୈ૰ພ֭Ȅ‫ࢷڠ‬Ȅພ֭൝͉́Ȅࡀႁࢹ௮̦Ϊ΀ρσ΅Ȝഎ̈́ఘࠏͬ͂ͤȄ༎଼̯ͦͥા̞͂̈́̽̀ͥȃশ̷͉ͤͦ͢ͅζΛ·ΑȆ;ͿȜΨȜ͈࡞̠ဲգഎȄۗၯ৽݅എࣣၑ଻͈ȶഘ͈ᗗȷ͂̈́ͥȃ̷͈ങ߿͉‫݅৽ॲވ‬২͈ٛξȜΠάͺഎ‫ྵڟ‬ၑა͈ຈடഎ̈́ਫ਼ॲ̜̠́ͧȃུै຦͉́Ȅ1989ා̞̠͂শయ෸ࠊͬ฽‫̱̀ד‬Ȅಎ࣭͈ഛհ࿝ࢩા̤̫ͥͅুဇ͂໹൝ͬࠇ̬̹૽ྦྷ͂ଽຸ௰͈͂઩ඏম࠯̦‫ޑ‬ႁ̈́ࡀႁࢹ௮͈֚႕̞͂̈́̽̀ͥȃ̭̭͉́Ȅ‫݅৽ॲވ‬͈஠ఘ৽݅എఘଷ̦ீఱ̈́ႤঃȪఱ̧̈́໤ࢊȫͬນ̱Ȅ๊֚ྦྷਤ͉฽ΞȜΔഎంह̱̞ͬ̈́̀ͥȃఈ༷ȄΣνȜπȜ·͈෱‫ؚ͞‬հͺΩȜΠȄ༲̥̫̹ͦ༃Ȅ̹̾͐ͦ੸ഝͅαΗαΗ͂ಫ̞ͣͦ̀ͥঞͅ੥̥̹ͦȶΓϋΟσȆσηΦΕȷ͈໲ল͉Ȅ‫ͅݙ‬঩ུ৽݅ఘଷͅ։ͬ੹̢ͥ‫ॲވ‬ൂ࿉ా൐৽݅෩͈ంहͬࡶা̱̞̀ͥȃȶ෠ఆ̥ͣസঌͬ༫ս̳ͥȷ࿉ా൐এேͬດᖬ̳ͥβσȜ͈໌൰෩Ίςρழ૕ΓϋΟσȆσηΦΕ͉Ȅͺις΃̴͈͙̈́ͣȄέρϋΑ͈60ාయ͈‫ڠ‬୆‫׋‬൲͞Ȅ΃ϋδΐͺ͈ȶ·ιȜσȆσȜΐνȷȄΥΩȜσ͈‫݅৽ॲވ‬৪Ȅ඾ུ͈୤߳෩൝șͅ‫ͬޣג‬ဓ̢Ȅ฽঩ུ৽݅എ࣭‫ͥ͢ͅز‬་‫ͬڟ‬࿒ঐ̱̀୽̹̽ఈ৪͈୊ͬયಭ̱̞͈̜̀ͥ́ͥȃεΑΠκΘΣΒθ͙ͣͦͥͅఈ৪͈୊̱̠֚͂̀̾͜ࣉ̢͈͉ͣͦͥȄΣνȜπȜ·͈Πϋί΅ϋΒࢩાͬಎ૤̱̜͂̀͏̢̥ͦͥ຾Ⴢ৪͞Ȅ঩ུ৽݅২͈ٛ၂ࡾ৪̹̻̜́ͥȃΏοΛάϋΈΨΛΈ͞ΏοΛάϋΈ΃ȜΠͅ஠़ॲͬ‫͙ࣺ͛ݑ‬ȄΘϋδȜσภ͞ओ̱‫ؚ઀̫ڥ‬Ȅ‫ڢإ‬൴͈ΑΞȜΐ͇̪̳ͬͣ͂ͥγȜθτΑ͈߲ͦȄઐဩૅͬঀ̞ȄΆήΑ͉̹ͬ͛৪Ȅ΀ͼΒȆγΞσ͈ంह൝Ȅഴા૽໤͈֚૽΃τϋ̦࣐̩୶͉Ȅ̯͘ͅఈ৪͈ଲ‫଼̞̱ͥ̀ࠁͬٮ‬ȃ๞͉ͣȄȶ‫ٸ‬໐͂‫̦̞̯ͥ̀ͦ୲ڞ‬Ḙ̭͉̏́‫ޑ‬Ⴇ̜́ͤȄ֚Ⴒ͈൰௔എ̈́ͼιȜΐȷ(148)̦̜ͥȃ̹͘Ȅ๞͈ͣঀ̠‫͉ࢊם‬ȶఉ࡞ࢊഎȷ̈́‫̧̻ͬ͜ޣ‬ȶ֚ഽٟ̯̹ͦࢃͅȄ̹͘ैͤೄ̯̹ͦȷ̧̤͚̦̜͈̺ͥ͜ȃ๞͉ͣ։ৗ͈ంह̜̦́ͥ࡬ͅȄȶ୪૘͉‫ͬࡏܓ‬ጘ̞ͭ́ͥȃ୪૘͉Ȅ࡞ဩͬ࢐̳̭ͩ͂́͜Ȅఘͬ૘ࣣ̠̭̩ͦ͂́̈́͜Ȅࡉ౶ͣ͆৪͈̜̞̺ͅச̩໱ս‫͈̠͈̈́͜͢ܨ‬ȷ(176)̜́ͥȃ΃τϋ͉๞͈ͣდ̳࡞ဩͬষ͈̠̲̞ۜ̀ͥ͢ͅȃShe realized she understood almost no one here, no one spoke in ways she’d ever heard before. The
whole rest of her life had been one way of hearing and now she needed to learn another. It was adifferent language completely, unwritable and interior, the rag-speak of shopping carts and plastic
bags, the language of soot, . . .(180)΃τϋ̦̭ͦ́͘໳̧̞̹̀࡞ဩ͉͂։ৗ͈͈̜̹́ͥ͛͜Ȅ༆͈ಶ̧༷ͬါ̳ͥ࡞ဩȝȝ̷ΟςȜυ͈MaoԆ͉ͦȶ໲ল́੥̧ນ̳̭̦͂஠̧̩̞́̈́ඤ͈̜̈́ͥ́ͥ͜։ৗ͈࡞ဩȷ̞̠͂ນ࡛ͬ๞੫͉ঀ̷͈̽̀අಭͬ੆͓̞̀ͥȃ̭͉ͦέȜ΋Ȝ̦ȸ‫͈ܨޚ‬Ⴄঃȹ́੆͓̹Ȅୌ؎͈υΌΑ༊ਹ͈ഥൡ͉͂‫̹̱୲ڞ‬ୈ૰ພ৪ͬ୰ྶ̳ͥນ࡛̯̱̩͂͘൳ৗ͈͈̜̠́ͧ͜ȃ̭ͦͣ২͈ٛೲ༏̠̮̩͛ͅ૽ș͈ంह͉ȄࢃͅΟςȜυ̦อນ̱̹Underworld(1997)͈̥̈́́Ȅ̯ͣͅ‫ޑ‬Ⴇ̈́ఱ̧̈́ంह̱͂̀ஜࠊ‫̤̯ͤ̀ͦا‬ȄMaoԆ ͉̺́͘ຝ̥̞̥̹ͦ̀̈́̽๞͈ͣ஻௮എ௰࿂͜ັ̫‫̢̞ͥ̀ͦͣح‬ȃ႕̢͊ȄθȜζϋ157͈ΈσȜί͉Ȅ౷‫ئ‬ഘ́ΈρέͻΞͻ‫ڰ‬൲̳༷֚ͬͥȄ෱໤ͬ၌ဥ̱̀຾Ⴢ৪ಏ‫ݣͅۼ‬੩͈਀ͬओ̱͈͓Ȅ̜̞͉ͥুഢ৬ͬ၌ဥ̱̹อഩ‫ܥ‬́ΞτΫͬ‫͚̱ڢ‬൝͈஻௮എ‫ڰ‬൲࣐̞͈̜ͬ̈́̽̀ͥ́ͥȃ̹͘Ȅଲ‫ٮ‬ଷ෦̱̹ͬఉ࣭ୠ঩ུ৽ܑ݅ު͞ༀ࣭എಉ੬ଲ‫ͅٮ‬చ̱Ȅ̷ͦͅ։ͬ੹̢ͥͺήȆρΏΛΡ൝͈ΞυςΑΠழ૕ུ͉ै຦́ਹါ̈́൱̧̱̞̦ͬ̀ͥȄ๞ͣ͜ఈ৪͈ଲ‫ٮ‬့͈֚ͬ౜̞̠̽̀ͥ͢ͅএͩͦͥȃ෸ࠊ͂̈́ͥτΨΦϋ໰௔͉́Ȅ1975ා͈ͼΑρθచ΅ςΑΠ‫ֲޗ‬෩͈઩ඏͅ౤ͬอ̱̀Ȅ1990ා͈ඤ၄ਞࠫ́͘ȄΏςͺ߳ȄPLOȄͺρή߳ȄͼΑρ΀σȄ࣭Ⴒ໹გ֋঵̦߳ໝॠͅ၁͙ࣣ̠ඤ၄ેఠ̦௽̞̞̹̀ȃ̭͈̹͛Ȅै຦̴͉̞̦́ͦ঑෻৪௰̜̥͉ͥͅ࿚ఴ̯̞̞͂ͦ̀̈́ȃ̹̺ఘଷ௰̷͈͂ഢໞܑͬ̀ͥͼΑρθ௰̧̤͖̱͂໌௡ΞυΈσȜί̞̠͂ࡉ৾ͤ଎̦೹া̯̞̺̫̜ͦ̀ͥ́ͥȃ̺̦Ḙ͈̏ࡉ৾ͤ଎ͅࡉͣͦͥΞυழ૕͉Ȅນ࿂എ̈́փྙ͉́έȜ΋Ȝഎ̈́ఈ৪͈୊ͬయ༕̱̞̦̀ͥȄ̷͉ͦ๷ྥ̈́Σνͺϋᾼ̞̭ͬ̽̀ͥ͂͜ಕփ̱̹̞ȃैಎ͉́Ȅ๞ܑ̦̹ͣ̀ΑͼΑ͈থ૽ȆΐλϋȆ·υȜΡ͈ࢰ௵͂Ȅಠྴै‫ز‬Ϋσͥ͢ͅথ૽͈থ͈ႿඋȄ̷ͦͬఱșഎͅ༭ൽ̳ͥΣνȜΑιΟͻͺ͈‫ڰ‬൲͉ȄΞυςΑΠ͈৽ಫͬଲ‫ٮ‬ಎͅ୹ഥ̳ͥ‫͈ࢡڒ‬ા̴͉̜̹͂̈́ͥ́̽ȃΞυςΑΠ͈ુ൉਀౲ȝȝ૽ৗ͈ࢰ௵͞ྫओ༆บ෫͂Ξυ࣐ևȝȝ͉Ȅ̷̦ͦࡤ͍̭̳ܳ‫ູ̀̽͢ͅޔ‬Ȅఘଷ௰ͬࢲ̱ࠢȄփ݅૭̱ၛ̳̀ͬͥ໌‫ͥ̈́͂ܕ‬ȃ̭͈തͬȄैಎ́ΞυςΑΠ௰͈͂ಏٚ࿨̱̞ͬ̀ͥΐοȜΐȆΧΘΛΠ͉Ȅষ̨͈̠͢ͅ੆͓̞̀ͥȃIn societies reduced to blur and glut, terror is the only meaningful act. . . . Who do we takeseriously? Only the lethal believer, the person who kills and dies for faith. . . . Only the terrorist
stands outside. . . .It’s confusing when they kill the innocent. But this is precisely the language ofbeing noticed, the only language the West understands.(157)͈͜͞ιΛΓȜΐ͞փྙ઼ً̦͂̈́ͤȄ̜ͣͥ͠ম໻͈ႊ‫̹̱̫͖̦̽̀͘ڜ‬২͉ٛ́Ȅփྙ͈̜࣐ͥև͉ࡉ̫̩̞̾ͅȃΞυςΑΠ̦࣐̠̈́ু͈ͣঘ͜‫̞̈́ͩת‬Ξυ͈͙̦Ȅ૽ͅ૯࠵ͅ਋̫গ̢͛̀ͣͥ͜ȃ̷̺̥̭ͣȄ̜ͣͥ͠ࠁఠ͈߼࿎എၑ଻ͬࠇ̬ͥ໲‫̥͈́̈́ا‬ȄΞυ͈‫ثູ͉ޔ‬౵͈̜ͬ̾́ͥ͜ȃ̱̥̱ȄΧΘΛΠ͉௽̫̀Ḙ̠̏͜੆͓̞̀ͥȃ

It’s pure myth, the terrorist as solitary outlaw. These groups are backed by repressive governments.
They’re perfect little totalitarian states. They carry the old wild-eyed vision, total destruction andtotal order.(158)̭͈୰ྶ̦ྶ̥̱̞̠ͣ̀ͥ͢ͅͅȄैಎ͈ΞυςΑΠȆΈσȜί͉Ȅఘଷඤ͈ȶఈ৪͈୊ȷ
̱͂̀ࡀႁ࡞୰ͅ։݈૭̱ၛ̳̀ͬͥুၛഎٜ༶൰௔ΈσȜί͈௰࿂ͬ঵༷֚̾́Ȅఘଷഎो৾͞ဲգͬठ࡛̳̠͈֚ͥ̾͜஠ఘ৽݅എழ૕͈֚࿂͜࠳͇๵̢̞͈̜̀ͥ́ͥȃ̷̦ͦબ‫ݶ‬ͅȄΞυςΑΠ͈ςȜΘȜȄͺήȆρΏΛΡ͉Ȅઁා̹̻ͬΞυΈσȜί଼̱̳̜͂̀֗ͥͅ
̹ͤȄρΏΛΡু૸͈ৢ૯ͬઁා̹̻͈ΏλΜͅၣ̵̯͛Ȅষ͈̠͢ͅ๞̹̺ͣͬ࿇૞എͅ໚
ਲ̳ͥࡢ଻̧̈́ਬ౬ͅॽၛ̀ષ̬̞̀ͥȃThe boys who work near Abu Rashid have no face or speech. Their features are identical. They arehis features. They don’t need their own features or voices. They are surrendering these things tosomething powerful and great.(234)̭͈̠͢ͅࡉͥ͂Ȅུै຦͉́ȄΞυςΑΠ͉έȜ΋Ȝഎ̈́ఈ৪͈୊֚ͬ࿂͉́ນ̱͉̞̦̀ͥȄఈ༷͉́Ȅఘଷ௰͈ठ࡛ͬ͜ນ̱̞ٜ̀ͥ͂৷̱̫̞̈́ͦ͊̈́ͣ̈́ȃĶȁոષ͈̮̩͂Ȅै຦͉́εΑΠκΘΣΒθ͈අৗ̦̞̩̥̾໤ࢊ͈෸ࠊͅ෇̹͛ͣͦȃ̷͉ͦͣȄߗ‫ۼ‬എȄୈ૰എ༷͈࢜ۜி৐Ȅఉ࣭ୠ঩ུ৽͈݅শయ̷͂ͦͬ฽‫̹̱ד‬ક๯২͈ٛࢩ࣬ȄΑβ·Η·σ২͈ٛൢြ͂୆͈౯༌‫ا‬Ȅ‫ڰ‬লιΟͻͺͅచ̳ͥ‫ד‬௨ιΟͻͺ͈࿹պ͂฽໘‫خ‬ෝ̈́ͼιȜΐȄ૧ਅ͈૬͙͈ྫ̞ଲ‫͂ٮ‬փྙͬ‫ै੅͚ࠝݵ‬຦Ȅఱ̧̈́໤ࢊ͉͂చચ̳ͬ̈́ଲ‫͂ٮ‬ఈ৪͈ంह൝̜́ͥȃ̭ͦͣεΑΠκΘΣΒθ͈අৗͬ෸ࠊ̱̦͂̈́ͣȄै຦͈৽ါഴા૽໤͉ਲြ͈κΘΣΒθ͈ഥൡഎ̈́ࣉ̢༷̱̤ͬ̀ͤȄ̷̦ͦै຦́๷ྥ̴̭̱̞̠̈́ͦͬܳ̀ͥ͢ͅএ̢͈̺ͥȃȁ৽૽࢖Ϋσ͈ࣉ̢༷ͬವ͙̠͛̀͢ȃ๞͉̭͈30ා͈‫ۼ‬Ȅ̜ͥ઀୰଼͈͈̹ۖ͛ͅଔᓤͬਹ͇͈͙ͥ́Ȅ੄ๅͅ௒̨̫̞̾̈́ߎ‫ͅޏ‬ၛ̹̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃఈ༷͉́ȄΞυςΑΠ̦‫ܕ໌ູͬޔ‬ͅ২ٛͅ୲ఱ̈́‫ޣג‬ႁͬဓ̢̞̀ͥশయ̜́ͥȃȶΞυςΑΠ̦ੳ̻̹̺̫৾̽Ȅ઀୰‫͉ز‬৐̞̽̀ͥȃ๞̦ͣఱਤ͈փেͅ‫ͬޣג‬ဓ̢ͦ͊ဓ̢͕ͥ̓Ȅۜ଻͞এே͈ࠁ଼৪̱͈͂̀জ̹̻ै‫ޣג͈ز‬ႁ͉೩‫̳ͥئ‬ȃΞυςΑΠ̦ߓ࡛̱̞̀ͥ‫͉଻ࡏܓ‬Ȅজ̹̻ै‫̈́ࡏܓ̦ز‬ంह͉̩̹̭́̈́̈́̽͂ͬা̱̞͈̺̀ͥȷ(157)͂Ȅ২͈ٛ͒‫ޣג‬ႁ̞̠͂ത́ै‫ྫ̦ز‬ႁ̜̭́ͥ͂ͬΫσু૸̦෇̞͛̀ͥȃ̷̤ͦ́̈́͜੥̧௽̫̭ͥ͂ͬগ̞͈͉͛̈́ȄΞυςΑΠ̦࿒ΟςȜυ͈MaoԆঐ̳஠ఘ৽݅എ࣭̈́‫୲͞ز‬చഎଽহ֑̞͂Ȅ‫̞ͅࡽ͉૽ڎ‬։̈́ͥࣉ̢༷̱̤ͬ̀ͤȄ̷ͦͬຝ̩̭̦͂ै‫̺͂ྵঀ͈ز‬Ϋσ͉૞̲̞̥̺̀ͥͣȃ̷ͦͬ๞͉ষ͈̠͢ͅ୰ྶ̱̞̀ͥȃThe experience of my own consciousness tells me how autocracy fails, how total control
wrecks the spirit, how my characters deny my efforts to own them completely, how I needinternal dissent, self-argument, how the world squashes me the minute I think it’s mine.
. . .Do you know why I believe in the novel? It’s a democratic shout. . . . One thing unlike
another, one voice unlike the next. Ambiguities, contradictions, whispers, hints.(159)ྦྷਤ̷̸͉ͦͦ։̈́ͥࡢ଻̤ͬ̽̀ͤ͜Ȅ̷̠̱̹ࡢ଻͈‫̷̦̭͍ލ‬Οκ·ρΏȜͬࠁै̞̽̀ͥȃ઀୰ͬȶྦྷ৽৽݅എ̈́‫͍ލ‬ȷ͂պ౾̫̿Ȅࡢș͈ࡢ଻͞ඊ஻଻ͬ૞̲ͥΫσ͉Ȅ̯̱̩͘߼࿎৽݅എκΘΣΑΠ͂࡞̢̠͢ȃ̷̭͉ͅεΑΠࢹ௮৽݅ͅࡉͣͦͥ৽ఘ͈ி৐̞̠͂ࣉ̢༷͉๷଀ֺ̢̞͈̜̈́́ͥ͜ȃȁ૽ৗ̹͂̈́̽থ૽͈ٜ༶͈̹͛ͅȄΫσ̦‫̈́ࡏܓ‬υϋΡϋ͈උ੥͈ٛٛાͅ໇̧Ḙ̷̏́ΞυςΑΠ̦ॽ‫̹̫ڥ‬บ౮͈บ໓̥̳́ͤੱͬ໅̞̦̈́ͣȄ̯ͣͅ‫̦ࡏܓ‬௩̳αͼσȜΠͬ࿒ঐ̱̹࣐ևུ͈൚͈൲‫͉̱̀۾̫̿ͅܥ‬Ȅै‫͈̱̀͂ز‬झ୬ۜȄઙ௓ۜ൝͜ࣉ̢ͣͦȄ݈ა͈ဒ౷͉̜ͥȃ̱̥̱Ȅഷಎ́ু൲৬ম࡬̞ٛͅȄඤ௫ͅ૬࣫̈́అੱ̤̹ͬ̽͂ଔ௶̵̯ͥಣ࢓̦̜̦ͤ̈́ͣȄພ֭͜ͅ‫૽̴ͣͅܙ‬ৗ‫ݣ‬फͬ࿒ঐ̱̀ΐνΣ΀̧̥̹࢜̽͂ͅͅȄ๞͈૤̜̹͈͉̽ͅষ͈̠̈́͢ΪνȜζΣΒθ̜̭͉́ͥ͂‫̜̥ͥ́ږ‬ȃ

When you inflict punishment on someone who is not guilty, when you fill rooms with innocent
victims, you begin to empty the world of meaning and erect a separate mental state, the mind
consuming what’s outside itself, replacing real things with plots and fictions. . . . His detention drains
the world of one more thimble of meaning.(200)Ϋσ͂̽̀ͅȄ֚૽͈ै‫͈ز‬඲޺͉̭͈ଲ̥ͣఱ୨͈֚̈́̾փྙ్̠̭ͬ͂ͬঐ̱̤̀ͤȄ̷ͦͬཌྷ۷̳̭͉ͥ͂ࠨ̱̀‫̺͈̹̺̭̞̯̽͂̈́ͦ̈́ݺ‬ȃȁΫσ͈৏ম࠳ॠྩ̭̳ͬ̈́Α΋ΛΠͅ‫͉̱̀۾‬Ȅ͈̠̓̈́͢এே͈঵̻৽̥͉ै຦͉́ྶ‫̞̞̯̈́̀ͦݞ࡞ͅږ‬ȃ̺̦ո‫̠͈̈́͢ئ‬๞͈এ̞̦া̳̠͢ͅȄ๞͉Ϋσ͈ै຦͈୲చഎ̈́૞༮৪̜́ͥȃ̷̴͉̤̯ͦ͂ͤ̈́͜ȄΫσ͂‫ث‬౵۷ͬ‫ވ‬ခ̱̞̭̀ͥ͂ͬນ̱̞̀ͥȃThat book was about me somehow. I had to read slowly to keep from jumping out of my skin. I saw
myself. It was my book. Something about the way I think and feel. . . .The way things fit almostanywhere and nothing gets completely forgotten.(51)̷̺̥̭ͣΑ΋ΛΠ͉Ȅ‫࣭ٸ̈́͘͘ܨ‬ၫ࣐ͬಎগ̱Ȅ֯ඝ̱̀ਫ਼ह͈฻̞ͣ̈́Ϋσͬૹ༴‫̩ޑ‬ౝ̱੄̱ȄΫσ͈̹͈͛ॠྩȝȝΗͼίρͼΗȜ͈௉ੰȄέ͹ϋτΗȜ͞੄ๅ২‫͈߸۾‬੥႒ȄΫσ͈ࡔࣂ͈ାၑȄၳၑ൝ȝȝ࣐̠̭ͬ̈́͂́Ȅ̷͈૽୆ͬΫσ̧͈̹༵̬̹͈̜͛̀́ͥͅȃȁ΃τϋ͈ાࣣ͉̠̜̠̥̓́ͧȃ΃τϋ͉̜ͣͥ͠ম໤ͬࡉ̺̫ͥ́Ȅ̷͈૯৘ͬၑ̧ٜ́ͥඅਂ̈́ෝႁͬ๵̢̞̀ͥ૽໤̞͂̈́̽̀ͥȃΞτΫͬࡉ̧ͥ͂͜‫ͬإ‬કْ̱̀࿂ͬࡉ̺̫ͥ́Ȅ̷͈஠̀ͬၑٜ̳̺̫̩ͥ́̈́Ȅ‫̵ͥͦͣܙͬۜވ‬૤͈঵̻৽̱͂̀ຝৢ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃै຦͈෸ࠊ͂̈́ͥ1989ා̧̹ܳͅଲ‫ٮ‬എ̈́ম࠯Ȅ̳̻̈́ͩྦྷ৽‫̀͛ݥͬا‬Οκ࣐̠ͬ̈́ྦྷਤ͂ఉତ͈ঘੱ৪ͬ༭ൽ̳ͥಎ࣭͈ഛհ࿝ম࠯Ȅͼρϋ͈ঐ൵৪γιͼΣ঍͈ঘ‫ͼ̷്͚ͬͦ͂ݲ‬Αρθ‫ޗ‬ര͈ఱ߲ਤȄ෎‫̹̱ޚ‬ఉ̩͈έȜς΄ϋ̦έͿϋᾼफ़ൢ̱Ȅঘੱ৪ͬ੄̱̹ΏͿέͻȜσΡ΍Λ΃Ȝ‫ܿއ‬ા͈ম࠯ȝȝ̭͈ͦͣম࠯͈஠͉̀ΞτΫͬࡉͥ΃τϋ͈࿒ͬ೒̱̀ຝৢ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ̹͘Ȅ΃τϋ͉ήςΗ͈໐‫ৢؚ͈‬૯ਬ̥ͣȄଲ‫ͅٮ‬ంह̳ͥఉ̩͈૽ș͈ߎ̱͙͜࿒̱̞ࠢ̀ͥȃඳྦྷ΅λϋίાͅਬ̳ࠫͥ‫ة‬ຐ૽͈͜ঊ‫̻̹ރ‬Ȅܶ٘Ȅ‫غ‬মȄཕ൲Ȅ୽௔਋ߺ৪൝ș͈ৢ૯̜́ͥȃ͉́Ȅ̶̈́ै৪ΟςȜυ͉ఈ͈ഴા૽໤ͬ஖̴͊Ȅ΃τϋ̺̫ͅଲ‫ٮ‬͈ߎේͬ࿒̧̱̹͈֣ࠢ͂યͬࢊ̵̞͈̥ͣ̀ͥȃ̷͉ͦȄո‫͈ئ‬႕̦া̳̠͢ͅȄ๞੫̦൫ྶ̈́૤́చય͈̥̈́ͅවࣺͤ͛ͥෝႁͬ๵̢̞̥̜̀ͥͣ́ͥ͂এͩͦͥȃ

Karen found she could go into the slums of south Teheran, backwards into people’s lives, and hearthem saying, We have lost our father. . . .Karen went backwards into their lives, into the hovels andunpaved streets, and she watched the pictures on the screen. (189-90)൫ྶ̈́૤́చયͬ౶ͤȄၑٜ̱Ȅ‫̦̭̳͂ͥۜވ‬Ȅଲ‫͈͙̱ߎͥͦ֜ͅٮ‬૯৘ͬ‫̭͂͐ͅڠ‬೒̲ͥȃ̹͘Ȅ͈̠̓̈́͢ম࠯̷͈͜ͅ‫̨̞͉̈́ͥ͠ͅړ‬૯৘̦ంह̱Ȅࡄ̨ଯ̯̹ͦۜ͘଻͈঵̻৽̜́ͦ͊Ḙ̏ͦͬ౶̧̭̦ͥ͂́ͥȃ̭̠̱̹ࣉ̢͉κΘΣΒθ͈߼࿎͈‫̢̜ͤ́ޗ‬Ȅै৪͉΃τϋͅ߼࿎͈‫̵̯̀ا࡛ߓ̢ͬޗ‬ຝ̞̞̀ͥ͂এ͈̺ͩͦͥȃ̹͘Ȅ๞੫͉ഥൡഎ̈́૞ަ૤͜࠳͇๵̢̞̀ͥȃ΅ςΑΠ‫ޗ‬ര͈૞ަ૤͉̩́̈́Ȅൡ֚‫ޗ‬͈ٛ໲঍͈୰̩૰͈͒૞ަ૤̞̠͂୭೰̞̦͂̈́̽̀ͥȄ૰͈‫ͥ͛ݥ‬ଲ‫ݣ͈ٮ‬फ͈̹͛ͅࡃ૸എͅ൱̞̞̀ͥത͉́Ȅਕ‫̞̱ͥ̀ק಼̞֑͈ͬޗ‬ȃ๞੫͉Ȅ֚ഽ͉໲঍ͅచ̳ͥ࿇૞̞̠͂ζͼϋΡȆ΋ϋΠυȜσٜ̥̞ͬͦ̀ͥȃ̱̥̱Ȅ૽ș͈ߎ̱͙͈૯৘ͬ‫̭̺́͂ͭڠ‬ȄΠϋί΅ϋΒࢩા̹͚̳ͧͥͅ຾Ⴢ৪ͅయນ̯ͦͥຫྦྷ͈‫ݣ‬फཱི͈̹͛ͅ௢ͬই̹͈̜͛́ͥȃ̷̭͉ͅΪνȜζΣΒθ̞̠͂κΘΣΒθ͈අৗֺ̢͈̜ͥ́ͥ͜ȃȁৢ૯‫ز‬ήςΗ̹͘͜Ȅ̷͈ৢ૯੅̧̤̞̀ͩ͛̀ͅ΂ȜΕΡΛ·Α̈́ৢ૯‫̱̀͂ز‬ຝ̥ͦ̀ΟςȜυ͈MaoԆ̞ͥȃ๞੫̦થ௨ͬज़̧ͥ͂ͅ࿒ঐ̳͈͉Ȅ໦ႨછഎȄఉࡓഎ̈́܏ͬ̾͜εΑΠκΘΣΒθඅခ͈૽‫ۼ‬௨͉̞́̈́ȃͼȜΧήȆΧΛ΍ϋ̦εΑΠκΘΣΒθ͈අಭ͈̱֚̾͂̀‫̹̬ݷ‬ୈ૰໦Ⴈછഎ૽‫ۼ‬௨͉͂Ȅਲြ͈ΏΣέͻͺῧΏΣέͻ΀̧͈͍̦ࠫ̾ᄘၗ̱̹̹͛ͅȄ࡞ဩ͈փྙ̬ͬ̾̈́ͥႲङ̦౯୲̱̹ેఠͬঐ̱̞̀ͥȃ̷̭͉́ࡽ̞ͅྫ‫̈́߸۾‬ΏΣέͻͺϋ̦‫ۊ‬᠒͈५͂‫̹̞̱͛ͥ̀ا‬Ȅࠐࡑ֚ͬႲ͈শ‫ۼ‬എͅౙ֚̈́ၠ̱ͦ͂̀‫۾‬Ⴒ̫̭̦̿ͥ͂ະ‫خ‬ෝ͂̈́ͥȃ̷͈ࠫ‫ض‬Ȅࡢ૽͈ͺͼΟϋΞͻΞͻ̤̞̀͜ͅȄ̷͈ୈ૰୆‫ݲً͈ڰ‬Ȅ࡛हȄྚြͬൡ̳̭̦֚ͥ͂ະ‫خ‬ෝ͂̈́ͤ໦Ⴈછഎેఠͬ೮̳͈̜ͥ́ͥȃ͉́ȄήςΗ͈ज़ͥથ௨͉‫ͬة‬ນ̱̞̥̀ͥȃ‫̠̹̱͢ͅ੆ܡ‬Ȅ๞੫͉ै‫ز‬Ϋσ͈થ௨ͬज़‫̧̳͂ͥג‬Ȅ‫ܛ‬བ̳ͥ‫ד‬௨̹ͬ͂ͥ͛432ཿ̞̠̤͍̹̺̱̞͂ତ͈ৢ૯̞ͬ͂̽̀ͥȃ̷͈ၑဇ͉Ȅ๞੫̦བ̞ͭ́ͥৢ૯̦Ȅȶ̩̹͈̩ͧͦ́̈́͘͜͜Ȅߘடͅ੄̹̠ٛ̽̈́͢૶̱͙̳̞͞ຽ౲࿒̳ͥͅΫσȷ(221)͈উ̜̹̥̺́̽ͣȃ̷̭͉ͅȶΫσ̦஖̺ͭ૽୆̧̠̜̾͂ͣͥ͘͠ͅ૰๩଻ȷ̥ͣ๞ٜͬ༶̱Ȅ̷͈̭͂̽̀͢ͅȶΫσ͈֯ඝ୆‫̯̞̪ͤ͆ͬڰ‬Ȅठ̷͍͈̠̭̦̭̞̠̈́͂ܳͣ̈́͢͢ͅΫσͬ஻ͤೄ̱Ȅজ̴̹̻̦̭ͦ́̽͂͘౶̧̹̽̀܏ͬ๞ͅဓ̢̠ͥ̈́͢ৢ૯ȷͬज़̞̠ͥ͂փ଎̦̜̹̽ȃ̷̭̜͈͉ͥͅȄఉအ̈́܏֚ͬ̾͜૽͈஠૽എ̈́૽‫෇͈͒ۼ‬ে̜́̽̀ȄεΑΠκΘΣΒθ̦৽ಫ̳ͥ໦ႨછഎȆఉࡓഎ૽‫ۼ‬۷͉͂஠̩։ৗ̢͈͈̜̞̜̠́ͥͥ́ͧ͜ȃ˒ȁոષ͈̠͢ͅȄ৽ါഴા૽໤͉Ȅ৽ఘ͈ࡢ଻Ȇඊ஻଻ͬ૞̲Ȅྦྷ৽৽݅͞ΪνȜζΣΒθ̞̹͂̽߼࿎͈‫ث‬౵ͬ৘க̳ͥഥൡഎ̈́ࣉ̢͈঵̻৽̜̹́̽ȃΟςȜυ͉ఈ͈ै຦̤̞̀͜ͅȄ൳အͅഥൡഎࣉ̢༷͞୆̧༷̳ͬͥ૽໤߲ͬຝ̞̞̀ͥȃ႕̢͊Ȅ1997ා͈ఱैUnderworld͉́Ȅအș̈́εΑΠκΘΣΒθഎܿࢦͬߐঀ̱̀20ଲ‫ࢃܮ‬฼͈ͺις΃͈ႤঃȆఘࡑͬຝ̞̞̦̀ͥȄ৽૽࢖ΣΛ·ͅਲြ͈ςͺςΒθഎଲ‫ٮ‬۷̢̜ͬ̀ࢊ̵ͣȄ઀୰͈იழ͙ͬඋ৪̦೰͛ͥषͅ‫ޣג̞ޑ‬ႁͬ‫̵̞̳̯͖ͥͣ̀ݞ‬ȃεΑΠκΘΣΒθ͈শయ͉Ȅ෇ে̧͈࡛֚́ͥ̾৘͞૯৘ͬબྶ̳ͥ‫ܖ‬๕̦๛೰̯ͦȄ̜ͣͥ͠ম໻͉૽‫̦ۼ‬஻௮̱̹‫̜ͤ́ࢹݹ‬Ȅ̷͈෸ࢃ͉ͅ
ΏνηρȜ·σआ࡙എ̈́‫̢̹̠̽̈́ͥͦͣ͢ͅࣉ̜̦͂ͥྫݹ‬ȃ࡛৘ଲ‫͉֚ٮ‬ਅ͈‫༹߃׿‬എ‫ب‬௨Ȇ݀য௨͂௴̢̞͈̜ͣͦ̀ͥ́ͥȃ̷ͦͅచ̱ȄΣΛ·͉ষ͈̠͢ͅ฽ა̱̞̀ͥȃI lived responsibly in the real. I didn’t accept his business of life as a fiction, or whatever Klara
Sax had meant when she said that things had become unreal. History was not a matter of missing
minutes on the tape. I did not stand helpless before it. I hewed to the texture of collected
knowledge, took faith from the solid and availing stuff of our experience. . . .at least we’ve known thething together. A single narrative sweep, not ten thousand wisps of disinformation.(82)ΣΛ·͉Ȅȶ૽୆̦‫̜ͥ́ࢹݹ‬ȷ̞̠͂ࣉ̢ͬ๛೰̱Ȅȶਬ̹͛ͣͦ౶েུ͈ৗͅਲ̤̽̀ͤȄ̹͘Ȅজ̹̻͈ࠐࡑ͈࠸ࡥ́ခ‫̈́ף‬ඤယͅ૞ှͬ౾̞̞̀ͥȷ͂੆͓̞̀ͥȃ̹͘Ȅȶ૯͈ܺ೰̥̞́̈́ૂ༭͈౯༌̦‫̩͉͈̜̈́́ͥ͂ྔة‬Ȅ̹̹͈֚̽̾໤ࢊ͈ၠ̦̜ͦͥȷ͂͜੆͓̞̀ͥȃȁΟςȜυ͈ഴા૽໤͈̥͉̈́ͅȄζΑιΟͻͺȄඅͅΞτΫ͞ρΐ΂͈CMͅ‫ͬޣג̩ޑ‬਋̫̀Ȅક๯എ୆‫ށͬڰ‬਋̳ͥএࣉ͞ே௨ႁȄ࣐൲အ৆ͬ̾́͘͜ͅঢ̞̽̀ͥ৪̞ͥ͜ȃ႕̢͊ȄWhite Noise(1985)̷͉͈ങ߿എ̈́߹࢜ͬࡶಫ̱Ȅ฼ْܾ͊‫̱̀ا‬ຝ̞̞̀ͥȃࢃ‫ܢ‬঩ུ৽݅ͬ෸ࠊ̳͂ͥεΑΠκΘΣΒθ͈শయ͉ͅȄκΦ͈୆ॲͤ͢ક๯͈༷ͅ৽ါ࿚ఴ̦֊࣐̱Ȅ૽ș͈ၑ଻എ̈́฽؊ͬඏ̧༲̱Ȅະຈါ̈́ક๯͈͒ဳབͬߐͤၛ̀ͥ࡞୰୽ၞ̦ιΟͻͺ̞֜ͦ̀ͥͅȃ̷͈̹͛Ȅ૽ș͉ু໦̦ࣔව̱̹຦໤̦ু໦͈ୈ૰̺̫̩́̈́Ȅু໦͈‫௺ܦ‬২ٛ‫ٴ‬௄́͘͜ນ̳͂ࣉ̢̠̹ͥ̈́̽͢ͅȃιΟͻͺ͈ါ‫͈૽ڎ͉ݥ‬ါ‫͂ݥ‬൳֚‫̯ͦا‬Ȅ૽ș͉ιΟͻͺ͈ၠ̳࡞୰ͬুͣठ୆ॲ̱̞̩̀ȃ̯͘ͅȄΧΨȜΠȆζσ΅νȜΒ͈࡞̠ȶ֚ষࡓഎ૽‫ۼ‬ȷ͈අৗͬা̱̤̀ͤȄ̷͈փྙ͉́ȄΟςȜυ͈ഴા૽໤͈̳͓̦̀ഥൡഎκΘΣΒθͅ‫̞̹̦̞࡞͉͂ۼ૽̳ͥ௺ܦ‬໐໦̜ͥ͜ȃΐͿͼθΕϋ͈ষ͈໲ડ̦া̳̠͢ͅȄεΑΠκΘΣΒθͬ୆͙੄̱̹ࢃ‫ܢ‬঩ུ৽݅Ȅ̜̞͉ͥఉ࣭ୠ঩ུ৽݅ͥ͢ͅ૧̱̞ࠐफಉ੬͈੄࡛͂Ȅૂ༭ͬ‫ܖ‬๕̳͂ͥȶ౎ࢥު‫ا‬ȷ২͈ٛൢြ͉Ȅ૽ș͈ȶۜૂ͈ࢹ௮ȷͬ་‫̵̯ا‬Ȅ২ٛȆ໲‫͈ا‬঑෻എၑැ̤̞̀͜ͅΩρΘͼθ͈ఱ̧̈́་‫̞̹̱̭ͥͦͩ͂ܳͬا‬ȃ

The fundamental ideological task of the new concept. . . must remain that of coordinating new formsof practice and social and mental habits (this is finally what I take [Raymond] Williams to havein mind by the notion of a ‘structure of feeling’) with the new forms of economic production andorganization thrown up by the modification of capitalism ȝġ the new global division of labor ȝġ inrecent years.(xiv)̱̥̱Ḙ̏ͦ́͘੆̧͓̹̠̀͢ͅȄΟςȜυ͈ຝ̩εΑΠκΘΣΒθഎါள͉Ȅఉ̩͈ાࣣȄഴા૽໤͈ȶۜૂ͈ࢹ௮ȷ́͘ͅ་‫̞̞͉̱͖̈́̀ݞͬا‬ȃ̜̩́͘͜ै຦͈෸ࠊͅၣ̞̽̀ͥ͘ȃ̷͉ͦͣȄ̞ͩ͊૧̱̞শయ͈Ⴄঃ̥̹̻ͬैͤȄ̷͈Ⴄঃͬഴા૽໤̦ఘࡑ̳ͥൽߓၛ̱̀͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝ̱̞̀ͥ͂ࣉ̢༷̦ͥොං̧͈̜́ͥ́ͥȃഴા૽໤ུ͉ৗഎ͉ͅςͺσ̈́Ȅ̷͈փྙ́ਲြ͈ഥൡഎ̈́κΘΣΒθഎ૽໤ͅ௺̱̞͈̺̀ͥȃWhite Noise͈ഴા૽໤͈̠͢ͅȶۜૂ͈ࢹ௮ȷͅ་‫ͥͦͣ͛෇̦ا‬ાࣣȄ๞ْ͉ܾ͈ͣచય̯͂ͦȄ࡛య̦୆͙੄̱̹֚ਅ͈ພ૽̱͂̀ȄεȜσȆ΃ϋΗȜ̦ঐഊ̳̠ͥ͢ͅພၑ‫ڠ‬എ̈́ࡔ֦໦ଢ଼ฺ̠͈̜ͬ́ͥȃεΑΠκΘΣΒθ͈໲‫ͬڠ‬අಭ̫̿ͥম໻͉ఉအ̜́ͥȃ૯͈ܺ٢̱̞ႤঃȄͺ΢·υΣΟςȜυ͈MaoԆΒθȄႤঃ͂ߗே͈ईࣣ̞̹͂̽ྫಉ੬̈́Ⴄঃນ࡛ȄΩΑΞͻȜΏνȄഥൡഎ໤ࢊͅࡉͣͦͥ஠ఘ଻ۖࠫ͞଻ͅ೷ࢯ̱̹ै຦͈ါள͈౯༌‫ا‬Ȅ஻ैً೾͈̥̈́ͅߘட଻ͬ঵̻ࣺ͙Ȅ̷ͦͣͬ८ྗ̵ࣣ̯̭ࠫͥ͂ͅȄΩρΦͼͺഎଲ‫ٮ‬۷Ȅै৪̦ै຦ඤͅഴા̳͈ͥ̈́̓ࢊ͈ͤτασ͈փ଎എ̈́ईहȄႤঃ͈̥̈́́৘ह̱̹૽໤͂έͻ·Ώοϋ͈ဏࣣ൝șȄ̷͈අৗ͉ै‫͢ͅز‬̽̀։̈́ͤȄ஠͈̀ै຦̦൳̲අಭ̫͉̞ͬ̾ͩ́̈́͜ȃΟςȜὺ̤̞͜ͅ‫͈̥̾ܜ‬εΑΠκΘΣΒθ͈ΑΗͼσ͞අಭ̦ໝࣣഎͅࡉͣͦͥȃ̱̥̱ȄΟςȜυ͈֚๔͈εΑΠκΘΣΒθഎඅৗ͉ȄεΑΠκΘΣΒθ͈ါள̦͚̱ͧै຦͈෸ࠊ̱͂̀৽ါ̈́‫ܥ‬ෝͬ‫༷̳̹֚ض‬Ȅਲြ͈ഥൡഎࣉ̢༷̳ͬͥഴા૽໤̦20ଲ‫ࢃܮ‬฼͈૧̱̞Ⴄঃ͈੨࿚ఴͬఘࡑ̳ͥ෾ఘ̞͂̈́̽̀ͥത̜ͥ͂ͅ࡞̢͈͉̞̺̠̥ͥ́̈́ͧȃ४ચ໲ࡃ
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