R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2024

Research & Coordination Group
Members (As of Apr. 2024)
Isamu Yagyu, Group Leader, Chief Researcher
Makoto Nomura, Deputy Group Leader, Chief Researcher[Vacancy] Deputy Group Leader
Tetsuya Deguchi, Associate Chief Researcher
Yoshinori Aoki, Associate Chief Researcher
Jun-ichi Shimizu, Associate Chief Researcher
Kin-ichiro Kusunose, Associate Chief Researcher
Minehiro Takahashi, Manager
Noritaka Mochizuki, Planning Manager
Sou Kuranaka, Planning Manager

Yuka Matsugu, Vice Manager
Yuji Yamashita, Senior Researcher (concurrent)
Yumi Kobayashi, Senior Researcher
Natsuko Yasumoto, Senior Researcher
Hitoshi Nikaido, Senior Researcher
Miho Matsuoka, Vice Manager, Researcher
Nami Tatsumi, Chief
Michiyo Kubo
Mizuki Nagata

Research Efforts to Realize a Carbon-neutral Society
The Research & Coordination Group has four major

Based on the GX Promotion Act, the Strategy for Pro-

functions to 1) explore new R&D topics while looking at

moting Structural Transition Based on Decarbonization

domestic and overseas policies and technology trends,(GX Promotion Strategy) was approved by the Cabinet

and propose and implement new research themes byin July 20233). In addition, the Carbon Managementtaking advantage of the research potential of RITE; 2)

Subcommittee established under the Natural Resources

support the government with regard to IPCC (Intergov-

and Fuel Committee of the Advisory Committee for

ernmental Panel on Climate Change), and facilitate col-Natural Resources and Energy started discussions on is-laboration with international organizations, such as ISO

sues toward CCS commercialization in September 2023,(International Organization for Standardization); 3) pro-and it prepared a summary entitled “What Institutional

mote the dissemination of RITE's technologies and de-

Measures Related to CCS Ought to Be”4) in January 2024.

velop human resources for the future; and 4) promote

In February of the same year, the Bill for the Act on Car-the practical application of technologies through col-bon Dioxide Storage Businesses (CCS Business Act) waslaboration with the industry. We, together with research

approved by the Cabinet5), and it was submitted to thegroups, have been actively working on policy support,

213th ordinary session of the Diet and passed into law.

technology development and the creation of innovationin order to pursue both global environment protectionand economic development.

1)

1.1. GX Promotion Act
With investment competition toward green transfor-

The following is an overview of the Japanese govern-

mation (GX) being accelerated worldwide, Japan, in

ment's actions taken toward carbon neutrality inboth the public and private sectors, needs to invest

FY2023.

more than 150 trillion yen in GX over the next 10 years

The Bill for the Act on Promotion of Smooth Transi-

to fulfill its international pledges, including achievingtion to a Decarbonized Growth-Oriented Economic

carbon neutrality by 2050, strengthen its industrial

Structure (GX Promotion Act) approved by the Cabinet

competitiveness, and achieve economic growth. To

2)in February 2023 was passed into law in May 2023.

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R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2024

these ends, the GX Promotion Act requires the govern-

etc. and economic trends related to CO2 emissions inment to (1) formulate and implement a GX Promotion

Japan and overseas, measures are examined and neces-

Strategy, (2) issue GX economy transition bonds, (3) in-sary review is conducted based on examination results.

troduce growth-oriented carbon pricing, (4) establish

The detailed system design for the fossil fuel levy and

the GX Promotion Organization, and (5) conduct pro-the emissions trading system are reviewed, including

gress evaluation and necessary review.

concrete measures for the full-scale operation of the(1) Formulation and implementation of the GX Promo-

emissions quota trading system, and necessary legisla-tion Strategy

tive measures are taken within two years after the en-

The government formulates and implements a strat-

forcement of this Act.

egy to promote GX in a comprehensive and systematicmanner.
(2) Issuance of GX economy transition bonds
The government issues GX Economy Transition Bonds,

1.2. GX Promotion Strategy
In July 2023, the GX Promotion Strategy was approved by the Cabinet based on the GX Promotion Act.

which was started from FY2023 for a 10-year period, to

The following are the Strategy's two key pillars:

support upfront investment to realize the GX Promotion(1) For ensuring a stable energy supply, Japan will ad-

Strategy.

vance decarbonization efforts toward GX, including a(3) Introduction of growth-oriented carbon pricing

shift to renewable energy, nuclear power and other de-

Added value is provided to GX-related products andcarbonized electric sources that contribute to increas-businesses by pricing CO2 emissions. Starting in FY2028,

ing Japan's energy self-sufficiency, in addition to thor-

the government will impose a fossil fuel levy on fossil

ough energy savings.

fuel importers in accordance with the amount of CO2(2) For achieving GX, Japan will implement “growth-ori-derived from fossil fuels that is imported. Starting inented carbon pricing initiatives,” including support for

FY2033, the government will allocate CO2 emission al-bold upfront investment by using the GX economy tran-

lowances to power generators for a partial fee and levy

sition bond, etc., incentives for upfront investment in GX

a specific business operator burden fee in accordanceby carbon pricing, and the use of new financial means.

with the amount.
(4) Establishment of the GX Promotion Organization

1.3. CCS Business Act

The GX Promotion Organization has been established

To achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, it is an im-with the approval of the Minister of Economy, Trade andportant challenge to achieve GX in areas where decar-

Industry. Major functions of the GX Promotion Organi-bonization is difficult. As a means to promote decar-

zation are support for private companies' investment inbonization after the use of fossil fuels and materials in

GX (financial support (debt guarantee, etc.)), collection

such areas, it is indispensable to introduce CCS (carbon

of fossil fuel levies and contributions from specific busi-

dioxide capture and storage), a technology that is usedness operators, and the operation of an emission trad-

to capture and store CO2 underground, as a solution.

ing system (allocation of emission allowances for spe-

Aiming to create a business environment in which pri-cific business operators, bidding, etc.).

vate companies are able to launch CCS businesses in Ja-(5) Progress evaluation and necessary review

pan by 2030, the government will establish a licensing

Based on the implementation status of GX investment,

system for storage business, etc. necessary for creating13

R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2024

the business environment while maintaining public② Development of regulations for storage businesssafety and preserving the marine environment.

operators(1) Establishment of a licensing system for trial-drilling- A specific implementation plan for trial-drilling andand storage business and the development of businessstorage projects requires the approval from the Minister

regulations and safety regulations pertaining to storageof Economy, Trade and Industry.

businesses- Business operators are obliged to monitor the tem-

① Establishment of a licensing system for trial-drilling

perature and pressure of the storage reservoir so thatand storage businessthe leakage of stored CO2 can be identified.

- The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry desig-- To secure funding necessary for monitoring and othernates an area where the reservoir may exist as a “speci-

operations conducted after the stop of CO2 injection,

fied zone,” announces an open call for trial drilling andbusiness operators are required to set aside reserves,

CO2 storage projects in a specified zone, and grants per-etc.

mission to the most appropriate applicants.

- If certain requirements are met, such as stability of the- For those granted permission as stated above, a rightstored CO2, management of storage sites, including

is established for trial drilling (the right to excavate landmonitoring, can be transferred to the Japan Organiza-

to check whether the stratum is appropriate for a reser-tion for Metals and Energy Security (JOGMEC). To securevoir) and a storage business (the right to store CO2 infunds for post-transfer management operations, stor-

the reservoir). To ensure the stable storage of CO2, theage business operators are obliged to contribute funds

rights for trial drilling and storage are a “deemed real

to JOGMEC.

right.”- Storage business operators are prohibited from refus-- A holder of digging right under the Mining Act may

ing CO2 storage requests from CO2 emitters without jus-

conduct trial drilling or a storage business with the per-tification and from discriminatory treatment of certain

mission from the Minister of Economy, Trade and Indus-

CO2 emitters, and they are required to provide notice of

try in areas (mining sites) other than specified zones as

fees, etc.

stated above.

- Safety and security regulations are imposed on stor-- Conventionally, the storage of CO2 in a sea area re-age business operators, including obligations to comply

quired the permission of the Minister of the Environ-with technical standards, submit a work plan, and de-ment pursuant to the provisions of the Act for the Pre-velop safety measures.

vention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disasters. Un-- If a third party suffers damage as a result of an event

der the CCS Business Act, however, the procedures tospecific to a trial drilling or storage project, liability for

obtain the permission are integrated so that the Minis-

damages (i.e., non-fault liability) is imposed on storage

ter of Economy, Trade and Industry may grant the per-business operators, irrespective of intent or negligence,

mission after gaining consent from the Minister of thefrom the perspective of relief for victims.

Environment through prior consultation. Accordingly,(2) Development of business regulations and safety reg-

the licensing system for undersea storage of CO2 emis-

ulations pertaining to CO2 pipeline transport operations

sion under the Act for the Prevention of Marine Pollu-① Establishment of a notification system for pipelinetion and Maritime Disasters was abolished.

transport operations- Those who transport CO2 via pipelines for the purpose

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R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2024of storing CO2 in a reservoir are required to submit no-of certain CO2 emitters, and they are required to provide

tification to the Minister of Economy, Trade and Indus-

notice of fees, etc.

try.

- Safety and security regulations are imposed on pipe-② Regulation imposed on pipeline transport operatorsline transport operators, including obligations to com-

- Pipeline transport operators are prohibited from re-ply with technical standards, submit a work plan, andfusing requests for CO2 transport from CO2 emittersdevelop safety measures.

without justification and from discriminatory treatment

Figure 1 Flowchart for storage operations

2. Research study activities

and Industry. To review the “CCS Action Plan” in the Fi-

In FY2023, we were entrusted with the “ Study Projectnal Summary by the CCS Long-term Roadmap Studyon Measures for Stable Fuel Supply (study on the im-Group6), we conducted a study concerning cost targets

provement of the CCS business environment and theand technology development guidelines.

development of a CCS Action Plan with an eye toward

Below is an outline of the CCS cost structure study

achieving carbon neutrality by 2050),” a research pro-conducted to discuss technology development policy

ject commissioned by the Ministry of Economy, Trade(= cost reduction measures) to achieve cost targets.

Table 1 Policies discussed for formulation of the CCS Action Plan6)
Items

Policies Discussed

Annual storage amount targets

Elaborate the annual storage amount targets to be achieved by
2050 based on views and opinions from individual industrial sectors, and make the targets more elaborate according to the progress ofdecarbonization efforts, including energy savings, electrification, andhydrogenization.

Cost targets / technology development
guidelines

After reviewing CCS cost targets as needed, develop technology development guidelines for achieving the targets set, and make theguidelines more elaborate according to the progress of cost reductions.

Suitable site investigation plan

Consider conducting investigation on the geological structure ofcoastal regions while continuing to estimate the location of suitablesites for CO2 storage in areas on which data exists.
Give further consideration to a method to evaluate risk from a geologic fault in a geological structure investigation.

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R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2024

2.1. Understanding of CCS cost structure

there is a relatively large amount of cost data—are CO2

2.1.1. Trial calculation (example)

emission sources. Other conditions set here are pipeline

Figure 2 shows an example of a trial calculation, intransport and liquefied CO2 transfer by ship, as well as

which a coal-fired power plant (CFPP) and a natural gas

CO2 injection for storage from a land area and injection

combined cycle power plant (NGCC)—for both of which

in a sea area (grounding and floating).

Figure 2 Example of trial calculation (a combination of separation & capture, transport, and storage)

2.1.2. Points to note regarding trial calculation and ma-

noted that this is not a cost estimate based on a specificjor preconditions

site, piece of equipment, etc., and that in each of sepa-

This time, a trial calculation was conducted, with theration/capture, transport and storage, no consideration

amount of CO2 as a variable, under the preconditions

is given to constraints on land, land costs, reserve funds,

set arbitrarily by RITE based on public data. It should be

or compensation costs.

Table 2 Major preconditions for trial calculation of CCS costs
Items

Description

Project period

Operation period (20 years) / post site closure management (20years)

Trial calculation year, exchange rate, etc.

Cost base: 2023
Exchange rate: ¥139/US$ (average for the first half of 2023)7)
Discount rate: 5%External electricity costs: ¥20/kWh
Coal price: ¥26,000/t (Sept. 2023)8)
LNG price: ¥88,000/t (Sept. 2023)8)

Emission sources

CFPP (CO2 level: 12% - 13%)
NGCC (CO2 level: 3% - 4%)
Capacity factor: 70%

Annual CO2 recovery amount

0.5 million, 1 million, 2 million, 3 million ton CO2/year

CO2 separation and capture facilities

CO2 recovery rate: 90%
Chemical absorption method (amines)* Renovation costs for common facilities and existing facilities not

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R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2024

included
Pipeline transport facilities

CO2 transport pressure: 12.5 MPaG
* Compression power (Calculated for two-stage compression)

Liquefied CO2 transport facilities

Liquefaction equipment (directly cooled)* 0.7 MPaG, - 46C
Storage/loading equipment (land)* Pier not included
Unloading/storage equipment (land)* Pier not included
Boosting equipment for transfer to injection equipment

CO2 carrierStandard value: - 46C (upper limit: - 43C, lower limit: - 50C)
Design pressure: 1.0 MPaG
* Type of ship: up to 50,000 ton class

Other

Renovation costs for existing facilities, reserve funds, general administration costs and miscellaneous costs NOT included

2.2. Outline of trial calculation resultscase of NGCC, however, the percentage of capital ex-

2.2.1. CO2 separation and capture costs（Figure 3, 4）

penditure becomes high when the CO2 recovery

In both CFPP and NGCC, the percentage of capital ex-

amount is 0.5 million tons and 1 million tons, and in thependiture becomes smaller with increasing CO2 recov-

case of other recovery amounts, the percentage of re-ery amount. In terms of economies of scale, effects arenewable energy costs is high. When the CO2 recovery

higher in CFPP than in NGCC. In the case of CFPP, theamount is the same, NGCC, whose emissions flow rate

percentage of capital expenditure is high, irrespective

is higher, has a higher percentage of blower pumpof the amount of CO2 recovery, which is followed by ab-

power than CFPP.

sorbent/industrial water and renewable energy. In the

Figure 3 CO2 capture（Cost structures） ※coal-fired thermal power plant17

R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2024

Figure 4 CO2 capture（Cost structures） ※Natural gas-fired combined cycle power plant

2.2.2. Transport costs (Figure 5, 6)

costs for compressor (compression power) is high, irre-

In both pipeline transport and liquefied CO2 transportby ship, the percentage of capital expenditure becomes

spective of the amount of transport, with about 70% for
3 million tons of transport.

smaller with an increasing CO2 transport amount. In

In liquefied CO2 transport by ship, the percentage ofterms of economies of scale resulting from expanded

electricity costs for liquefaction is high, irrespective oftransport scale, pipeline transport and liquefied CO2

the amount of transport. With external electricity costs

transport by ship showed about the same results.

of ¥20/kWh set as a precondition, each energy cost be-

In pipeline transport, the percentage of electricity

came high.

Figure 5 CO2 Pipeline transport（Cost structures）

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R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2024

Figure 6 LCO2 Ship Transport（Cost structures）

2.2.3. Storage and monitoring costs (Figure 7, 8, 9)
The percentage of drilling costs in any area of land,sea (grounding), and sea (floating).

base is high.
For the sea area (grounding), the third highest is injection monitoring costs, but for the sea area (floating),

In the case of land area, the percentage of injection

it is costs for undersea equipment. The percentage ofmonitoring costs is second highest, behind drilling

capital expenditure (CAPEX) is relatively higher thancosts. For the sea area (grounding and floating), theseparation/capture and transport.

percentage of costs for grounding base and floating

Figure 7 Storage and Monitoring（Cost structures）※Onshore

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R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2024

Figure 8 Storage and Monitoring（Cost structures）※Jack-Up

Figure 9 Storage and Monitoring（Cost structures）※Semi-sub

2.3. Summary

This time, the trial calculation of CCS costs was con-

For CCS in Japan, operating expenditure (electricity

ducted for a project that is implemented in an inte-

and fuel costs, etc.) for CO2 separation and capture andgrated manner—from separation/capture to transporttransport is relatively high. So, it is an effective way toand storage. However, when a CCS project is expanded

develop energy-saving equipment and a technology toto the several hundred million yen level, the optimiza-

utilize waste heat. With regard to storage, the percent-tion of a CCS project as a whole needs to be considered

age of CAPEX (drilling costs, platform, undersea equip-

in order to reduce costs.

ment, etc.) is relatively high. So, it is important to discuss
cost reduction measures for CAPEX.

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R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2024

3. Promotion of international partnership3.1. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
The IPCC has been established in 1988 with a view to
conducting a comprehensive assessment from scientific,
technical, and socio-economic perspectives on climatechange, impact, adaptation and mitigation measures byanthropogenic sources, jointly by the United Nations
Environment Program (UNEP) and by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The IPCC examines scientific knowledge on global warming and makes the re-Figure 10 Committee structure and RITE

ports prepared by three WGs, - Physical Science Basis(WG1), Impacts and Adaptation, and Vulnerability(WG2), and Mitigation Measures (WG3).

3.2. ISOISO (International Standard Organization) is an or-

In the IPCC, the experts chosen among each country

ganization composed of 170 standardization bodies ofmake the reports, based on the literature or the scien-various countries that gives the common standards andtific observation data and evaluate / examine the scien-

promotes global trade. It can provide safe, reliable, andtific analysis, social economic influence and counter-high-quality products/service by utilizing ISO standards.

measures to control climate change. This outcome is to

In the world, a number of CCS verification projects on

have a high influence on international negotiations

a commercial scale are implemented, and inter-national

since the scientific basis is also given to the policies ofcollaboration is under way. International standardiza-each country.

tion of CCS can contribute to the wide-spread of safe

RITE plays the central role of domestic support secre-

and appropriate CCS as it can ensure internationallytariat of mitigation measures (WG 3) (Figure 10). The

agreed knowledge on safety and environmental aspects.

IPCC launched a new structure for the Seventh Assess-

RITE is a domestic deliberation organization on ISO /ment Cycle (AR7) in July 2023, and decided to provide

TC 265 (Carbon dioxide capture, transportation, and ge-

the Working Group reports, a Special Report on Climate

ological storage) and is in charge of a secretariat of WG

Change and Cities, a Methodology Report on Short-

1 (capture). Through these activities, we are actively in-

Lived Climate Forcers (SLCF), and a Methodology Re-

volved in the international standardization on design,

port on Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies (CDR)

construction, operation, environmental planning andand Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS), andmanagement, risk management, quantification, moni-has begun its work. RITE has also been supporting METI

toring and verification, and related activities in the CCS

through information gathering, analysis, report, advise,field (Figure 11).

etc.

As of the end of March, 2024, thirteen standards related to the CCS have been published from ISO / TC265
and eight documents are currently under development.
The launch of a new project is also being considered,and TC265 has become more active in recent years. In

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R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2024

particular, CO2 ship transportation is attracting atten-

understanding through consideration and exchange oftion as a powerful means of transportation from emis-

opinions (Figure 12).

sion sources to CO2 storage site. Development of Technical report related to CO2 ship transportation began in
2022, and it is currently in the final stage.

Figure 12 Human resource development by RITE
Figure 11 ISO/TC265 structure

4. Human development and industry collaboration
4.1. Human development
RITE conducts various human resource development
activities to foster the next generation of re-searchers.
Here, human resource development activities are explained separately for elementary, junior high and highschool students and universi-ty/graduate school students.
<Elementary, junior and high school students>
It is important to educate the next generation about
the issue of global warming. At RITE, we are: i) accepting
field trips for elementary, junior and high school students using research facilities; we are working to respond to class requests. In 2023, 133 students from 6
schools visited RITE. In the class, CCS technology will be（Elementary, Junior and high school students）<University & Postgraduate student>
As part of efforts to develop human resources whowill support next-generation research and technology,
RITE promotes educational partner-ships with universities and graduate schools. We are developing education
at universities and re-search guidance at research institutes (Figure 13). For example, Nara Institute of Scienceand Technology (NAIST) has set up a university-collaborated laboratory in the bio-science field at RITE. We arepromoting research and education aimed at realizing
are cycling-oriented and low-carbon society using renewable resources. In addition, we have established acollaborative laboratory with the materials creation science area of the NAIST, and are promoting research andeducation on CO2 separation and recovery technology.

picked up from the research conducted by RITE, and themechanism of global warming will be explained as
knowledge, and the possibility of leakage through theclay layer (shielding layer) even if CO2, which is the maingreenhouse gas, is stored underground. In addition, activities are based on a learning cycle, such as deepening22

R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2024

as approval of license agreements.
As of the end of March 2024, of the patents for which
RITE is the sole or joint applicant, 16 domestic applications and 18 foreign applications are pending patentapplications, and the registered rights are maintained.
It holds 71 domestic patents (including 7 under license
to companies) and 49 foreign patents (7 of which arelicensed to companies).

Figure 13 Human resource development by RITE
（University ＆ Post graduate students）

4.2. Intellectual property and industry collaboration
RITE strategically and efficiently acquires and manages intellectual property rights such as pa-tents andknow-how regarding the results of re-search and development, etc., and actively utilizes them for the public
interest. The aim is to advance and improve industrial

Figure 14 Strategic IP management and industrial
collaboration

technology that contributes to the conservation of the
global environment.
The acquisition of such research results as intellectual
property creates opportunities for industrial collaboration with companies, etc., and through joint researchand joint applications, further intellectual property is
generated through a virtuous cycle that contributes tosociety. At RITE, we focus on the di-verse functions ofintellectual property rights and strategically promote
intellectual property activities while taking into consideration the market and other research and development trends.
As part of the promotion of intellectual property
strategies, the "Patent Deliberation Committee" was established with RITE executives as members and the
public relations and industry collaboration team as thesecretariat. The main agenda is the acquisition andmanagement of intellectual property such as patent applications and examination requests, patent right

5. Conclusion
Toward the realization of carbon neutrality by 2050,
the government has started the issuance of GX economy transition bonds and various GX promotion
measures. With the enactment of the CCS Business Act,in addition, efforts have just been commenced to develop a business environment in which private companies are able to launch CCS business by around 2030.
However, it is never easy to achieve carbon neutrality.
To achieve this, RITE is required to play an active role inthe social implementation of innovative environmental
technologies. For practical application of CCS and othernew technologies, it is essential to enhance public understanding. Taking advantage of the opportunity todisplay its DACCS (Direct Air Capture and Storage) technology at Expo 2025 Osaka, Kansai, Japan, RITE will
make active efforts to enhance public understanding ofmaintenance, and intellectual property strategies such23

R&D Activities ● Research & Coordination GroupRITE Today 2024

the need to achieve carbon neutrality and the im-

World Monthly (Import), Checked in February 2024

portance of CCS.
We at the Research & Coordination Group will also
actively collect information on domestic and overseas
policies and technology trends. With an eye toward realizing carbon neutrality by 2050, we, together with research groups, will actively implement and promotetechnology development and PR activities as well as industry-university cooperation activities. We believe thatthrough RITE's concerted efforts to promote the social
implementation of innovative environmental technologies, we will be able to contribute to carrying out RITE's
mission: “to achieve the balance between the global environmental protection and economic growth.”

Reference
1） RITE, “The Role of RITE”(https://www.rite.or.jp/en/about/)2） The Bill for the Act on Promotion of Smooth Transition
to a Decarbonized Growth-Oriented Economic Structure (GX Promotion Act)
3） The Strategy for Promoting Structural Transition Basedon Decarbonization (GX Promotion Strategy) (Cabinet
approval on July 28, 2023)
4） Interim summary on “What Institutional Measures Related to CCS Ought to Be”
5） The Bill for the Act on Carbon Dioxide Storage Businesses (Cabinet approval on February 13, 2024)（ https://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2024/0213_00
3.html）
6） Final Summary by the CCS Long-Term Roadmap Study
Group, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy(March 2024)
7） Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting, Exchange
Quotations, “Daily Exchange Quotations – since 1990,”
Checked in February 2024
8） Trade Statistics of Japan published by the Ministry of
Finance, Exports and Imports Values by Commodity,24