‫ޟ‬વᾲ‫ޠ‬ේⓂߩᦠ߈ᣇHow to Write a Manuscript of Dennetsuવᾲ ᄥ㇢㧔વᾲᄢቇ㧕
Taro DENNETSU (Dennetsu University)⪺⠪߇ੌ⸃ߔࠆߣ߈ߪ⸥౉ψ e-mail: taro@dennetsu.ac.jpߪߓ߼ߦ
એਅߩᵈᗧ੐㗄ߦ⇐ᗧߒߡේⓂࠍ૞ᚑߔࠆߎߣ㧚‫ޟ‬વᾲ‫↪ޠ‬ේⓂ૞ᚑ਄ߩᵈᗧ ᮡḰᒻᑼ
ේⓂߪ Microsoft Word ╬ࠍ↪޿ߡ૞ᚑߒ㧘࿑߿౮⌀╬ߪේⓂߦᒛࠅㄟߺ৻ߟߩࡈࠔࠗ࡞ߣߒߡቢ
⚿ߐߖࠆ㧚ේⓂߩᮡḰᒻᑼࠍ⴫ 1 ߦ␜ߔ㧚

↪⚕ࠨࠗ࠭
૛⊕ࠨࠗ࠭
࠲ࠗ࠻࡞
ᧄᢥ
ᵴሼ

1 ⴕߩሼᢙ
ⴕㅍࠅ⴫ 1 ේⓂߩᮡḰᒻᑼ
A4 ❑㐳(210mm297mm)㧘ᮮᦠ߈਄૛⊕ 30mm㧘ਅ૛⊕ 30mm
Ꮐ૛⊕ 20mm㧘ฝ૛⊕ 20mm
1 Ბ⚵㧘45mm ೨ᓟ޽ߌࠆ㧔10 ࡐࠗࡦ
࠻(100.3514mm)ߢ 8 ⴕಽ㧕
2 Ბ⚵㧘1 Ბ 80mm㧘Ბ㑆㓒૛⊕ 10mm
10 ࡐࠗࡦ࠻(100.3514mm)
ᧄᢥ(Windows) MS ᣿ᦺ૕(Macintosh) ⚦᣿ᦺ૕⷗಴ߒ(Windows) MS 䉯䉲䉾䉪૕
(Macintosh)ਛࠧࠪ࠶ࠢ૕
⧷ᢥሼ࡮ᢙሼ
Times New Roman ߹ߚߪ Symbol
1 Ბ޽ߚࠅ 23 ᢥሼ⒟ᐲ15 ࡐࠗࡦ࠻(150.3514=5.271mm)
1 ࡍ࡯ࠫ޽ߚࠅ 45 ⴕߚߛߒ㧘⷗಴ߒߩ೨ߪ 1 ⴕࠍᝌ౉ ⷗಴ߒߥߤ
⷗಴ߒߪࠧࠪ࠶ࠢ૕ࠍ↪޿㧘ᄢ⷗಴ߒߪ࠮ࡦ࠲
࡝ࡦࠣߒ೨ߦ 1 ⴕⓨߌࠆ㧚ਛ⷗಴ߒߪ  ߥߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⇟ภࠍߟߌᏀነߖߔࠆ㧚⷗಴ߒߩᢙሼߪඨ
ⷺߣߔࠆ㧚ⴕߩᆎ߼ߦ㧘᜝ᒐ߿ࡂࠗࡈࡦ╬߇ߎߥ޿ࠃ߁ߦ⑌ೣಣℂࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ㧚 ฏ⺒ὐฏ⺒ὐߪ 㧘߅ࠃ߮ 㧚ࠍ↪޿㧘 ‫ߪޕ ߿ޔ‬ㆱߌࠆߎߣ㧚
࿑ߦߟ޿ߡ
࿑ਛߩࡈࠜࡦ࠻ߪᧄᢥਛߩࡈࠜࡦ࠻ߣหߓ߽ߩ
ࠍ↪޿ࠆߎߣ㧚 ෳ⠨ᢥ₂ߦߟ޿ߡ
 ⇟ภߩઃߌᣇ
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂ߪᧄᢥਛߩ⹥ᒰߔࠆ୘ᚲߦ[1]㧘[2, 4]㧘
[6-10]ߩࠃ߁ߦ⇟ภࠍ౉ࠇߡ␜ߔ㧚 ෳ⠨ᢥ₂ߩᒁ߈ᣇ
⪺⠪ฬ㧘⹹ฬ㧘Ꮞ㧘ᐕ㧘㗁ߩ㗅ߣߔࠆ㧚Ფภ㗁ߩᡷ߹ࠆ㔀⹹(Therm. Sci. Eng.ߥߤ)ߪᏎ-ภᢙߩࠃ߁ߦߒߡภᢙ߽౉ࠇࠆ㧚⪺⠪ฬߪ㧘ฬሼ㧘ฬ೨ߩࠗ࠾ࠪࡖ࡞㧚ߩࠃ߁ߦ⸥ㅀߔࠆ㧚࠲ࠗ࠻࡞ߩ᦭ή
ߪ⥄↱㧚㔀⹹ฬߩ⋭⇛ᴺߪ⑼ቇᛛⴚᢥ₂ㅦႎ
(JICST)ߦḰ᜚ߔࠆ㧚ᣣᧄ⺆ߩ㔀⹹࡮ᦠ☋ߩ႐วߪ⪺⠪ฬ࡮ᦠฬߣ߽⋭⇛ߒߥ޿㧚ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
[1] વᾲᄥ㇢㧘વᾲ⧎ሶ㧘વᾲߩࡈࠜ࡯ࡑ࠶࠻ߦ
㑐ߔࠆขࠅ᳿߼㧘ᣣᧄᯏ᪾ቇળ⺰ᢥ㓸 B ✬㧘
80-100 (1999) 3000㧚
[2] Incropera, F. P. and Dewitt, D. P., Fundamentals
of Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons
(1976).
[3] Smith, A. et al., How to Write a Manuscript ofDennetsu, Therm. Sci. Eng., 7-5 (1999) 10.
[4] ጊ↰ᄥ㇢㧘߿ߐߒ޿વᾲ㧘ᾲ⻠␠ (1980).
ේⓂ૞ᚑ↪ߩ࠹ࡦࡊ࡟࡯࠻㧔MS-WORD㧕ߪવᾲቇળߩࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫࠃࠅ࠳࠙ࡦࡠ࡯࠼ߢ߈߹ߔ㧚
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ߩߢ㧘⸥౉ߔࠆᔅⷐߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ㧚

Vol. 442005

No. 188

Septemberવ  ᾲ⋡ ᰴ‫ޛ‬㪜㪻㫀㫋㫆㫉㪄㫀㫅㪄㪚㪿㫀㪼㪽㩷㫆㪽㩷㪫㪪㪜 ߆ࠄߩ߅⍮ࠄߖ‫ޜ‬ ᧄળߣߩวห✬㓸ߦࠃࠆᣣᧄᯏ᪾ቇળ⧷ᢥ⺰ᢥ⹹ߩ⊒ೀߦߟ޿ߡ 㧔ᣣᧄવᾲቇળ⺰ᢥ⹹ TSE ߩ⁛┙ౠሶ ߆ࠄቇળ⹹ߣߩวᧄ ߳ߩ⒖ⴕ㧕 ⷏የ ⨃ᢥ㧔᧲੩ᄢቇ㧕 㨯 1‫ޛ‬᳓䋨䈠䈱䋱䋩‫ޜ‬ ᳓ߩ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒࠢࠬࠍశߢ⷗ࠆ 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 ᄤ⠀ ఝሶ㧔ጊᒻᄢቇ㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 3 ࡅ࠻ߩ↢૕ߦ߅ߌࠆⴊᵹߦࠃࠆᾲ⒖േߩ઀⚵ߺߣ૕᷷⺞▵㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 ᄢᎹ ᵗሶ㧔⑔੗⋵┙ᄢቇ㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 7 㔐⚿᥏ߩ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᒻ߇ߢ߈ࠆ᧦ઙ 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 ␹↰ ஜਃ㧔ਛ⼱ቝศ㇢ 㔐ߩ⑼ቇ㙚㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 12 ᳓߆ࠄ᳓⚛ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍ 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 ↰〝 ๺ᐘ㧔᧲ർᄢቇ㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 15 㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹᩭᾲࠍ↪޿ߚᾲൻቇ᳓⚛⵾ㅧᴺߩ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯═ේ ᷡม㧘ਭ଻ ⌀ᴦ㧘ዊᎹ ⋉㇢㧔ᣣᧄේሶജ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 25‫․ޛ‬೎ነⓂ‫ޜ‬ ᴣ㛛ߩ⑼ቇ㧔㧟㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 ↲⮮ ᅢ㇢㧔᧲੩ᄢቇฬ⹷ᢎ᝼㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 31
 Micro and Nanoscale Phenomenon in Bioheat Transfer㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 John C. BISCHOF (Univ. of Minnesota) 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 36‫ࡦ࡚ࠪࠗࠤࡘ࠺ࠛޛ‬㧽‫ޜ‬ ‫⹤ࠇ߷ߎޠߩ߽ࠅ⿅ߩࠬ࠙࠹ࡔࡠࡊޟ‬㧔㧞㧕㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 ⋧ේ ೑㓶㧔᧲ർᄢቇฬ⹷ᢎ᝼㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 46‫ޛ‬㪠㫅㫋㪼㫉㫅㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪸㫃㩷㪣㪼㫋㫋㪼㫉‫ޜ‬
 Substitution of Petroleum Based Fuels by Biomass Fuelsin Engines and Furnaces in Brazil㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 ጊᩮ ⧷ᄥ㇢㧔ࠨࡦࡄ࠙ࡠᄢቇ㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 51‫ޛ‬࿖㓙ᵴേ࡮ળ⼏ႎ๔‫ޜ‬
 Review of ISTP-16: Pacific Center of Thermal-Fluids Engineering in the Heart of Europe  (August 29th-September 1st 2005, Prague) 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 Jaroslav HEMRLE (Tokyo University of A&T) 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 55 ᣣ☨࠮ࡒ࠽࡯㧦࠽ࡁࠬࠤ࡯࡞ャㅍ⃻⽎㨯㨯㨯㨯 ጟፒ ஜ㧔᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ㧕㧘ዊේ ᜏ㧔᧲ർᄢቇ㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 60‫ ࠭࡯࡝ࠪޛ‬ඳ‛㙚߼ߋࠅ‫ޜ‬ ਛ⼱ቝศ㇢ 㔐ߩ⑼ቇ㙚 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 ␹↰ ஜਃ㧔ਛ⼱ቝศ㇢ 㔐ߩ⑼ቇ㙚㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 62

T 㫋 㩷㪫㫉㪸㫅㫊㪽㪼㫉‫ޜ‬‫ޛ‬㪟㪼㪸< ᾲ᳇⃿ߩવᾲ 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 ㋈ᧁ 㓶ੑ㧔᧲੩ᄢቇ㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 65‫ⴕޛ‬੐ࠞ࡟ࡦ࠳࡯‫ ޜ‬㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 67‫߅ޛ‬⍮ࠄߖ‫ޜ‬ ╙ 16 ࿁ ᧲ᶏવᾲ࠮ࡒ࠽࡯ ‫ޟ‬ᾲᵹ૕⸘᷹ߩᦨ೨✢‫ޠ‬㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 69
 ਻Ꮊવᾲ࠮ࡒ࠽࡯ in ḡᏓ㒮 㨪Άᢱ㔚ᳰߣๆ⌕ᔕ↪㨪 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 70
 ╙ 43 ࿁ᣣᧄવᾲࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ㐿௅᩺ౝ㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 71
 ␠࿅ᴺੱ ᣣᧄવᾲቇળ ࡊ࡜ࠗࡃࠪ࡯ࡐ࡝ࠪ࡯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 72
 ੐ോዪ߆ࠄߩㅪ⛊ 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 73 ✬㓸಴ ㇱળࡁ࡯࠻㧦㔐߹ࠈߍ 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 ਣ↰ ⮍㧔᧲ർᄢቇ㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 82ᣣᧄવᾲቇળ  ᐕᐲ㧔╙  ᦼ㧕ળ㐳࡮೽ળ㐳࡮ℂ੐࡮⋙੐ٟળ 㐳 ᐣม ᱜᒄ㧔↥ᬺᛛⴚ✚ว⎇ⓥᚲ㧕ٟ೽ળ㐳 ൎ↰ ᱜᢥ㧔ᣧⒷ↰ᄢቇ㧕ਭⷺ ༑ᓼ㧔ᄢ㒋ࠟࠬ㧕ችౝ ᢅ㓶㧔᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ㧕ٟℂ ੐ ૒⮮ ൟ㧔᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ㧕ᳰᎹ ᣽ᒄ㧔ർᶏ㆏ᄢቇ㧕㕍ᧁ ๺ᄦ㧔㐳ጟᛛ⑼ᄢቇ㧕ዊጊ ❥㧔਻Ꮊᄢቇ㧕᫪ ᴦ༹㧔᧲੩㔚ജ㧕ศ↰ ⧷↢㧔੩ㇺᄢቇ㧕
౞ጊ ㊀⋥㧔᧲ർᄢቇ㧕┻ਛ ାᐘ㧔␹ᚭᄢቇ㧕
㐳㊁ 㕏ዏ㧔ฬฎደᎿᬺᄢቇ㧕ᐽ ୶᣿㧔࠳ࠗࠠࡦ㧕⧎᧛ సᖗ㧔᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ㧕ㄞ ବඳ㧔ฬฎደᎿᬺᄢቇ㧕ㅩဈ ᤘᴦ㧔ᓼፉᄢቇ㧕↰ਛ ෼㧔ਃᶆᎿᬺ㧕ٟ⋙ ੐ Ꮏ⮮ ৻ᒾ㧔ർᶏ㆏ᄢቇ㧕㕍ᧁ ඳผ㧔⼾↰ਛᄩ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕Vol. 44, No. 188, July 2005
CONTENTS< Announcement from Editor-in-Chief of TSE >Publication of JSME Int. J. by Combination with HTSJ(Switch of Publication of TSE from Separated Booklet to One Volume Bound with Journal of HTSJ)
Shigefumi NISHIO (University of Tokyo, Editor-in-Chief of TSE) 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯1< Water (1)>
Water Dynamics Observed by Broadband Spectroscopy
Yuko AMO (Yamagata University)㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 3
Structure of Fever Displacement by Blood Flow and Regulation of Body Temperature in Organism of Human
Yoko OHKAWA (Fukui Prefectural University)㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 7
Conditions for Forming Various Patterns of Snow Crystals
Kenzo KANDA (Nakaya Ukichiro Museum of Snow and Ice) 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 12
Hydrogen Energy from Water
Kazuyuki TOHJI (Tohoku University) 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 15
R&D of the Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Using Nuclear Heat from High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor
Seiji KASAHARA, Shinji KUBO, Masuro OGAWA (Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute) 㨯 25

< Contribution >Science of Boiling (3)Yoshiro KATTO (Professor Emeritus of the University of Tokyo)㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 31
Micro and Nanoscale Phenomenon in Bioheat Transfer
John C. BISCHOF (Univ. of Minnesota) 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 36< Education Q >Gleanings of “Prometheus’s Gift” (Part 2)
Toshio AIHARA (Professor Emeritus of Tohoku University) 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 46< International Letter >Substitution of Petroleum Based Fuels by Biomass Fuels in Engines and Furnaces in Brazil
Eitaro YAMANE (University of Sao Paulo) 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 51< Report on International Conference and Seminar >Review of ISTP-16: Pacific Center of Thermal-Fluids Engineering in the Heart of Europe(August 29th-September 1st 2005, Prague)
Jaroslav HEMRLE (Tokyo University of A&T) 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 55
US-Japan Seminar : Nanoscale Transport Phenomena
Ken OKAZAKI (Tokyo Institute of Technology) , Taku OHARA (Tohoku University) 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 60

< Museum Tour >Nakaya Ukichiro Museum of Snow and Ice
Kenzo KANDA (Nakaya Ukichiro Museum of Snow and Ice) 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 62

r t Transfer >< Hea<Heat Transfer Problem of Hot-Air Balloon
Yuji SUZUKI (The University of Tokyo) 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 65< Calendar > 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 67< Announcements > 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 69
Note from the Editorial Board: Snow roll
Kaoru MARUTA (Tohoku University) 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 82

Editor-in-Chief of TSE ߆ࠄߩ߅⍮ࠄߖᧄળߣߩวห✬㓸ߦࠃࠆᣣᧄᯏ᪾ቇળ⧷ᢥ⺰ᢥ⹹ߩ⊒ೀߦߟ޿ߡ
㧔ᣣᧄવᾲቇળ⺰ᢥ⹹ TSE ߩ⁛┙ౠሶ ߆ࠄቇળ⹹ߣߩวᧄ ߳ߩ⒖ⴕ㧕
Publication of JSME Int. J. by Combination with HTSJ(Switch of Publication of TSE from Separated Booklet
to One Volume Bound with Journal of HTSJ)⷏የ ⨃ᢥ㧔᧲੩ᄢቇ㧕
Shigefumi NISHIO (University of Tokyo, Editor-in-Chief of TSE)
e-mail: nishios@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jpߪߓ߼ߦ
ᧄળℂ੐ળ䈲䋬ᣣᧄᯏ᪾ቇળᾲᎿቇㇱ㐷 WEB 䉳䊞䊷䊅䊦䈱䉣䊂䉞䉺䊷䈮ᧄળផ⮈ᨒ䉕⸳䈔䋬ห䉳䊞䊷䊅䊦䉕ᧄળ䈫วห✬㓸䈮䉋䉎⊒ⴕ䈫䈚䋬⾰䈍䉋䈶䉰䊷䉨䊠䊧䊷䉲䊢䊮䈫䉅䈮㜞䈇⺰ᢥ⹹䈮⢒䈩䉎䈖䈫䉕⋡⊛ 䈫 䈚 䈩 䋬 ᣣ ᧄ વ ᾲ ቇ ળ ⺰ ᢥ ⹹ TSE 䋨 Thermal
Science and Engineering䋩䈱⁛┙ౠሶ 䈫䈚䈩䈱⊒ⴕ䉕ᐔᚑ 17 ᐕ 9 ᦬ภ䉕䉅䈦䈩ਛᱛ䈜䉎䈖䈫䉕᳿ᗧ䈇䈢䈚䉁䈚䈢䋮㩷ᧄⓂ䈲䋬ᧄઙ䈮㑐䈜䉎⚻✲䋬੹ᓟ䈱ኻᔕ䈭䈬䉕䈍⍮䉌䈞䈜䉎䈖䈫䉕⋡⊛䈫䈚䈩䈍䉍䉁䈜䋮㩷WEB ࠫࡖ࡯࠽࡞㧔ᾲᎿቇㇱ㐷✬㓸ߩ WEB ࠫࡖ࡯࠽࡞ࠍ JSME Int. J.-TED-WEB ߣ⇛⸥㧕ࠍᐔᚑ 17ᐕਛߦ⊒ೀߔࠆߎߣߥߤࠍਛᩭߣߔࠆᣇ㊎߇␜ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ㧚
ߘߎߢ㧘࡟ࡌ࡞ߩ㜞޿ࠊ߇࿖⊒ߩ࿖㓙⹹⊒ⴕࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ㧘⁛┙ౠሶ૕ߣߒߡߩ TSE ߩ⊒ⴕࠍਛᱛߒ㧘JSME Int. J.-TED-WEB ߩวห✬㓸ൻߩ㆏ࠍ਄
⸥ᬌ⸛ᆔຬળ߅ࠃ߮ TSE ࠛ࠺ࠖ࠲࡯ߦߡᬌ⸛޿
ߚߒ߹ߒߚ㧚࿃ߺߦ㧘એਅߦᲧセߒ߹ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘
JSME Int. J.ߩࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻ࡈࠔࠢ࠲࡯㧔2003 ᐕ㧕ߪ㧘ઁߩ࿖㓙⹹ߦᲧߴߡ㜞޿ߣߪ޿߃ߥ޿⁁ᴫߢߔ㧚㩷
J. Fluid Mechanics
AIChE J.
Int. J. Heat & Mass Transfer
ASME J. Heat Transfer
JSME Int. J. (B)㩷㧞⚻✲
TSE ߪ㧘⁛⥄ߩ⺰ᢥឝタၮḰ㧘ࠛ࠺ࠖ࠲࡯೙ᐲ㧘ࠛ࠺ࠖ࠲࡯ࠦࡔࡦ࠻ߩឝタ㧘ᣧᦼឝタߥߤࠍ․ᓽ
ߣߒߡ㧘ࠊ߇࿖⊒ߩ⾰ߩ㜞޿⺰ᢥ⹹ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡᐔᚑ 5 ᐕߦ╙ 1 Ꮞ߇⊒ⴕߐࠇ߹ߒߚ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘ฦ૏ߩߏദജߦࠃࠅᛩⓂ⺰ᢥᢙߪᥳჇ
ߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘චಽߥ⺰ᢥᛩⓂᢙߪᓧࠄࠇߡ߅
ࠄߕ㧘߹ߚᶏᄖ߆ࠄߩᛩⓂ߇ዋߥߊ㧘ᶏᄖߩ⺒⠪߽ᭂ߼ߡዋᢙߦ㒢ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘⺖㗴ࠍᛴ߃ߡ߅ࠅ
߹ߔ㧚ߘߎߢ㧘㧔㧝㧕ᾲ‛ᕈ㧘Ά὾㧘ᷙ⋧ᵹߥߤ㑐
ㅪߔࠆಽ㊁ߩቇදળ߇วห✬㓸ߔࠆ࿖㓙⹹ߦ⴩ᦧ߃ߔࠆߎߣ㧘
㧔㧞㧕WEB ࠫࡖ࡯࠽࡞ߣߔࠆߎߣ㧘ߥߤߦࠃࠅ TSE ߩ࿖㓙⊛⍮ฬᐲࠍะ਄ߐߖࠆߎ
ߣࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߚ߼㧘╙ 43 ᦼℂ੐ળߩਅߦ‫ޟ‬TSEᬌ⸛ᆔຬળ‫߇ޠ‬㧘Ⴎಃ㔡ᄥ㇢╙ 42 ᦼળ㐳㧘㐳㊁㕏ዏ╙ 42 ᦼ೽ળ㐳㧘Ⴧጟ㓉჻╙ 43 ᦼ೽ળ㐳㧘߅ࠃ߮ Editor-in-Chief ߩ⑳ࠍࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߣߒߡ᭴ᚑߐࠇ
߹ߒߚ㧚৻ᣇ㧘ᣣᧄᯏ᪾ቇળߦ߅޿ߡ߽㧘ࠨ࡯ࠠࡘ࡟࡯
࡚ࠪࡦ߿ࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻ࡈࠔࠢ࠲࡯ߥߤߩᡷༀࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ㧘ߘߩ࿖㓙⺰ᢥ⹹ JSME Int. J.ߩ⊒ⴕᒻᘒ߇⼏⺰ߐࠇ㧘ߘߩ✬㓸ᮭࠍㇱ㐷ߦ⒖▤ߔࠆߎߣ㧘ࠛ࠺ࠖ࠲࡯೙ߣߔࠆߎߣ㧘WEB ࠫࡖ࡯࠽࡞ߣߔࠆߎߣ㧘ᾲᎿቇㇱ㐷߅ࠃ߮ᵹ૕Ꮏቇㇱ㐷ߢ੕޿ߦ⁛⥄ߦ

1.811
1.667
1.293
1.252
0.280

TSE ߩࠛ࠺ࠖ࠲࡯㑆ߩ⼏⺰ߢߪ㧘ࠨ࡯ࠠࡘ࡟࡯ࠪ
࡚ࡦ߿ࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻ࡈࠔࠢ࠲࡯ߦ໧㗴ߩ޽ࠆ JSMEInt. J.ߩวห✬㓸ൻߦߪ⇼ᔨ߽␜ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ߇㧘⼏⺰ߩ⚿ᨐ㧘‫ޟ‬TSE ᬌ⸛ᆔຬળ‫ߢޠ‬એਅߩ⚿⺰ߦ㆐ߒ߹ߒߚ㧚ߔߥࠊߜ㧘਄⸥ࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻ࡈࠔࠢ࠲࡯Ყセߦ␜ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥⅣႺߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߩ㑐ㅪቇදળ߇⧷ᢥ⺰ᢥ⹹ߦ㑐ߒߡᓤߦ‫⟲ޟ‬㓶ഀ᜚‫ࠆߌ⛯ߒޠ‬ߎߣߪᓧ╷ߢߪߥߊ㧘⃻࿷ߩࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻ࡈࠔࠢ࠲࡯
߿ࠨ࡯ࠠࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߪ⧐ߒߊߥ޿߇ࠊ߇࿖⊒ߩ࿖㓙⺰ᢥ⹹ߣߒߡߪߎࠇࠄ߇ᡷༀߐࠇࠆน⢻ᕈ߇ᦨ߽㜞޿ JSME Int. J.-TED-WEB ߩ✬㓸ߦදജߔࠆ
ߎߣ߇᦭⋉ߢ޽ࠆߣߩ⚿⺰ߢߔ㧚ߘߩᓟ㧘JSME Int. J.-TED-WEB ߦߟ߈㧘ᣣᧄᯏ᪾ቇળᾲᎿቇㇱ㐷ઍ⴫ࠛ࠺ࠖ࠲࡯ߣᧄળઍ⴫ࠛ࠺ࠖ࠲ ࡯ ߣ ߩ ว ห ✬ 㓸 ߣ ߔ ࠆ ߎ ߣ 㧘 JSME Int.
J.-TED-WEB ߦߘߩᣦࠍ᣿⸥ߔࠆߎߣߥߤࠍਛᔃ
ߣߒߡ㧘ᣣᧄᯏ᪾ቇળߣ੤ᷤࠍⴕ޿㧘ߎࠇࠄߦߟ߈
วᗧߦ㆐ߒ߹ߒߚ㧚߹ߚ㧘ᣣᧄᯏ᪾ቇળߢߪ㧘ઁߩ-1-J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

Editor-in-Chief of TSE ߆ࠄߩ߅⍮ࠄߖ଻ߔࠆߚ߼㧘ൻቇᎿቇ߅ࠃ߮ේሶജᎿቇ㑐ଥߩቇળ⹹߇ᧄᣇ㊎ߣ㘃ૃߒߚᣇ㊎ࠍߣࠆ႐วߦߪ㧘ᣣᧄવᾲቇળ߽ߘࠇߦදജߔࠆ㧚㩷ቇදળߣߩวห✬㓸ࠍ౞Ṗߦⴕ߁ߚ߼㧘⺰ᢥ⹹ฬߦ
JSME ࠍ޿ࠇߕ㧘Journal of ٤٤٤ߣ޿߁ᒻᑼߦ⛔
৻ߔࠆߎߣࠍ᳿߼ߡ޿ߚߛ޿ߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ㧚࿃ߺߦ㧘
JSME Int. J.-TED-WEB ߩ⺰ᢥ⹹ฬߪ㧘Journal of
Thermal Science and Technology ࠍ୥⵬ߣߒߡ߅ࠅ߹
ߔ㧚㧠߅ࠊࠅߦ ᐔᚑ 13 ᐕ 1 ᦬ภࠃࠅ㧘ዊ┻వ↢߆ࠄ TSE ߩ
Editor-in-Chief ࠍᒁ߈⛮߉߶߷ 5 ᐕ߇⚻ㆊ޿ߚߒ߹ߒߚ߇㧘ᱷᔨߥ߇ࠄએ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥ⚿⺰ߦ⥋ࠅ߹ߒߚߎߣࠍᷓߊ߅⹟߮޿ߚߒ߹ߔ㧚૬ߖߡ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢ⺰ᢥࠍᛩⓂ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ⻉᳁ߦᷓߊᗵ⻢޿ߚߒ߹ߔ㧚 ਄⸥ߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘⁛┙ౠሶ ߣߒߡߩ TSE ⊒ⴕߪਛᱛ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ߇㧘ቇળ⹹‫ޟ‬વᾲ‫ߩߣޠ‬วᧄ⊒ⴕߣߒߡߩ TSE ߪ⊒ⴕࠍ⛯ߌ߹ߔ㧚੹ᓟߣ߽㧘TSE
ߦ⦟⾰ߩ⺰ᢥࠍߏᛩⓂߊߛߐ޿߹ߔࠃ߁߅㗿޿↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔ㧚ߥ߅㧘TSE ߳ߩᛩⓂ⺰ᢥߪ㧘ᒰ㕙ߩ㑆㧘ᧄળ੐ോዪߦ߅ㅍࠅߊߛߐ޿㧚 ߹ߚ㧘JSME Int. J.-TED-WEB ߪᧄᐕਛߩᣧᦼ⊒ೀࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ㧘ศ↰⧷↢వ↢㧔੩ㇺᄢቇ㧕㧘㜞↰଻ਯవ↢㧔਻Ꮊᄢቇ㧕㧘ዊᨋ⑲ᤘవ↢㧔᧲ർᄢቇ㧕ࠍਛᔃߦḰ஻߇ㅴࠎߢ߅ࠅ߹ߔ㧚⁛┙ౠሶ ߣߒߡߩ TSE ⊒ⴕਛᱛߩ⿰ᣦࠍ↢߆ߔߚ߼ߦ߽㧘ᤚ㕖
JSME Int. J.-TED-WEB ߦ߽⦟⾰ߩ⺰ᢥࠍߏᛩⓂߊ
ߛߐ޿߹ߔࠃ߁߅㗿޿↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔ㧚㧟੹ᓟߩភ⟎એ਄ߩ⚻✲ߦࠃࠅ㧘TSE ߦߟ߈એਅߩភ⟎ࠍߣࠆߎߣ߇ᧄᐕ 9 ᦬ߩᧄળℂ੐ળߦߡᛚ⹺ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ㧚Ԙ ⁛┙ౠሶ ߣߒߡߩ⺰ᢥ⹹ TSE ߩ⊒ⴕߪᐔ
ᚑ 17 ᐕ 9 ᦬ภࠍ߽ߞߡਛᱛߔࠆ㧚ԙ ᣣᧄવᾲቇળળຬߩ⺰ᢥᛩⓂᮭ೑ࠍ଻㓚ߔࠆߚ߼㧘ᐔᚑ 18 ᐕ 1 ᦬ภߩቇળ⹹‫ޟ‬વᾲ‫ޠ‬ࠃࠅ㧘ߎࠇߦ⺰ᢥ㧔ේೣߣߒߡ๺ᢥ⺰ᢥ㧕ࠍឝタߔࠆ੐ߣߔࠆ㧚ߟ߹ࠅ㧘ᐔᚑ 18 ᐕ 1 ᦬ภࠃࠅ㧘ቇળ⹹‫ޟ‬વᾲ‫ ߣޠ‬TSE ߣߩวᧄ಴
ߣߥࠆ㧚ᛩⓂⷙቯߪ⃻࿷ߩ TSE ߣห৻ߣߔ ࠆ 㧚 TSE ߩ ⺰ ᢥ ᩏ ⺒ ╬ ߦ 㑐 ߔ ࠆ
Editor-in-Chief ߪᴡ᧛ᵗᢎ᝼㧔᧲੩ℂ⑼ᄢቇ㧕ߣߔࠆ㧚㽴 ᣣᧄવᾲቇળࠍ᭴ᚑߒߡ޿ࠆൻቇᎿቇ޽ࠆ
޿ߪේሶജᎿቇ㑐ଥߥߤᯏ᪾Ꮏቇએᄖߩಽ
㊁ࠍኾ㐷ߣߔࠆળຬߩ⧷ᢥ⺰ᢥᛩⓂᮭࠍ⏕

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬-2-᳓ ߘߩ㧝 ᳓ߩ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒࠢࠬࠍశߢ⷗ࠆ
Water Dynamics Observed by Broadband Spectroscopyᄤ⠀ ఝሶ㧔ጊᒻᄢቇ㧕
Yuko AMO (Yamagata University)e-mail: apj@cm.kj.yamagata-u.ac.jpߪߓ߼ߦ
᳓ߪ㧘ᚒ‫ߡߞߣߦޘ‬㕖Ᏹߦりㄭߥ‛⾰ߢ޽ࠆ㧚♿
ర೨ߦ࠲࡟ࠬ߇‫ߩ‛ਁޟ‬ᩮḮߪ᳓ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߣޠ‬ਥᒛߒߡએ᧪㧘ߘߩᤨઍߩᛛⴚߣ⠨߃ᣇߢ⎇ⓥ߇ߥߐࠇߡ
߈ߚ[1]㧚
ߒ߆ߒ㧘߹ߛ㧘᳓ߦߟ޿ߡቢోߥℂ⸃ࠍߔࠆߦ⥋ߞߡ޿ߥ޿㧚ߚߣ߃߫㧘᳓ߩኒᐲߪ 4͠ߢᦨᄢߦߥ
ࠆߎߣߪ⺕ߢ߽⍮ߞߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘᳓ಽሶߩ╙৻ේℂ⸘
▚ߦࠃߞߡߎࠇࠍౣ⃻ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߡ޿ߥ޿㧚ኅᐸߩ಄ಓᐶߢ᳖ࠍ૞ࠆߣ㧘Ice Ih ߣ޿߁౐ᣇ᥏
ߩ⚿᥏᭴ㅧߩ߽ߩ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߇㧘᳓ߩಽሶേജቇࠪࡒ
ࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߢ᷷ᐲࠍਅߍߡ㧘⸘▚ᯏߩਛߢ᳓߇
Ice Ih ߩᒻߢಓ⚿ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߩ߽㧘ߏߊᦨㄭߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ[2]㧚
⃻࿷㧘⸘▚ᯏታ㛎ߣታ㛎ߩਔᣇ߆ࠄ㧘᳓ߩ⎇ⓥ߇
⛯ߌࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎߎߢߪ㧘శࠍ૶ߞߚฎౖ⊛ߥಽ
శᴺߢ᳓߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⷗߃ࠆ߆ߦߟ޿ߡ⺑᣿ߒ㧘᳓ߩ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒࠢࠬࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⠨߃ࠆߴ߈߆⼏⺰ߒߚ޿㧚ಽశᴺߣ᳓ ⺃㔚✭๺᷹ቯ᳓ߩ⺃㔚₸ߩ๟ᵄᢙଐሽᕈࠍቶ᷷ߢ᷹ቯߔࠆߣ㧘࿑ 1 ߩࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ㧚ታㇱߪ๟ᵄᢙߩૐ޿ߣߎࠈߢ⚂ 80 ߢ㧘20GHz ઃㄭߢᷫዋߒ㧘ౣ߮߶߷৻ቯߦߥࠆ㧚ታㇱߪ㧘ߕߞߣ๟ᵄᢙߩૐ޿㗔ၞ߹ߢ 80 ߩ߹߹ᄌࠊࠄߥ޿㧚ߎߩߎߣߪ㧘᳓ߩ㕒⊛⺃㔚₸߇ቶ᷷ߢ⚂ 80 ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ
ߦኻᔕߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚⯯ㇱߩߎߣࠍ⺃㔚៊ᄬߣ޿޿㧘
20GHz ઃㄭߢࡇ࡯ࠢࠍ␜ߔ㧚⯯ㇱߩࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞ߦ㧘ⷺ๟ᵄᢙ Ȧ ࠍដߌߚ߽ߩ߇㧘ߘߩᵄ㐳ߢߩ㔚⏛ᵄߩๆ෼ଥᢙߣߥࠆ㧚 ㆙⿒ᄖ✢ๆ෼
࿑ 1 ߩ⺃㔚៊ᄬߦ Ȧ ࠍដߌߡๆ෼ଥᢙߦߥ߅ߒߚ
߽ߩߣ㧘㆙⿒ᄖ✢㗔ၞߢߩๆ෼ࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞ࠍߟߥ޿
ߛ߽ߩ߇࿑ 2 ߢ޽ࠆ㧚

࿑ 2 ࡑࠗࠢࡠᵄ߆ࠄ㆙⿒ᄖ㗔ၞߩ᳓ߩๆ෼ࠬࡍ
ࠢ࠻࡞㧔㆙⿒ᄖߩ࠺࡯࠲ߪ㧘Hasted et al, Chem. Phys.
Lett, 118(1985) 622-625[4]㧕

࿑  ᳓ߩ⺃㔚✭๺㧔,$CTVJGNGVCN%JGO2J[U.GVV  =?㧕๟ᵄᢙ߇Ⴧ߃ࠆߦᓥߞߡๆ෼ࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞߇ᕆỗߦჇടߔࠆ߇㧘ࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞ߩ᏷߇㕖Ᏹߦᐢߊ㧘⋡┙-3-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

᳓ ߘߩ㧝 ߞߚ㍈޿ࡇ࡯ࠢߪሽ࿷ߒߥ޿ߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ㧚࿑ਛߦ microwwave oven ߣ␜ߒߚߩߪ㧘ᚒ߇࿖ߢ૶ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ㔚ሶ࡟ࡦࠫߩടᾲ๟ᵄᢙߢ޽ࠆ㧚ๆ෼ࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞ߩૐ޿ᣇߩ⵿㊁ߩㇱಽߦ㔚⏛ᵄߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍਈ߃ࠆߎߣߢടᾲࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ
߆ࠆ㧚਄߆ࠄ㗅ߦ㧘ኻ⒓િ❗ᝄേ㧘ᄌⷺᝄേ㧘ㅒኻ⒓િ
❗ᝄേߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߘࠇߙࠇߩᝄേᢙߦኻᔕߔࠆ૏⟎ߦๆ෼ߩࡇ࡯ࠢ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ㧚ߥ߅㧘࿑ 3
ߩᮮゲߪ㧘⿒ᄖಽశߩᘠ଀ߣߒߡ cm-1 ࠍ↪޿ߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ߎࠇߪ㧘๟ᵄᢙ Hz ࠍశㅦᐲ(cm/s)ߢഀߞߚ
߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘శㅦᐲࠍដߌࠆߎߣߢ޿ߟߢ߽๟ᵄᢙ
ߦߥ߅ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ㧚࿑ 3 ߦ␜ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ၮḰᝄേߦኻᔕߒߥ޿ๆ෼
߇ 2200 cm-1 ߣ 800 cm-1 ઃㄭߦሽ࿷ߔࠆ㧚800 cm-1
ઃㄭߩ߽ߩߪ㧘᳓ಽሶߩ libration ߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢ㧘2200
cm-1 ߪ libration ߣᄌⷺᝄേߩ⚿ว㖸ߢ޽ࠆߣ⸃㉼ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚᳓ߩ⿒ᄖๆ෼ࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞ߩૐᝄേᢙ஥ߪ㧘࿑ 2 ߩ㆙⿒ᄖ㗔ၞߩๆ෼ߦߘߩ߹߹ߟߥ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚 ⿒ᄖๆ෼
࿑ 3 ߦ㧘᳓ߩ⿒ᄖๆ෼ࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞ࠍ␜ߔ㧚ᝄേᢙߩૐ޿ߣߎࠈߢᕆỗߦჇടߒߡ޿ࠆߩ߇⿒ᄖๆ෼ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߥ߅㧘ᰴߦㅀߴࠆ࡜ࡑࡦᢔੂߩࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞
߽㊀ߨߡ␜ߒߡ޽ࠆ㧚࿑ 3 ᳓ߩ⿒ᄖๆ෼ߣ࡜ࡑࡦᢔੂ
⿒ᄖๆ෼ߪ㧘᳓ಽሶߩಽሶౝᝄേߦࠃߞߡ⿠߈ࠆ㧚᳓ߩಽሶౝᝄേߩ߁ߜ㧘⿒ᄖ㗔ၞߦ⃻ࠇࠆၮḰᝄേ
ߪᰴߩ 3 ߟߢ޽ࠆ㧚࿑ 4 ᳓ߩၮḰᝄേ[5]વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬-4- ࡜ࡑࡦᢔੂ
޽ࠆᵄ㐳ߩశࠍ‛⾰ߦ౉኿ߐߖߡ㧘ᢔੂߐࠇߚశ
ࠍ᷹ⷰߔࠆߣ㧘రߩᵄ㐳߆ࠄߔߎߒߕࠇߚᵄ㐳ߩశ߇ᢔੂߐࠇߡߊࠆ㧚ߎࠇࠍ࡜ࡑࡦᢔੂߣ޿߁㧚ᵄ㐳߇ߕࠇࠆℂ↱ߪ㧘ಽሶߩᝄേߣ౉኿ߒߚశ߇
ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍ߿ࠅߣࠅߔࠆߚ߼㧘ಽሶᝄേߩࠛࡀ࡞
ࠡ࡯ߦ⋧ᒰߔࠆಽߛߌߕࠇߚᵄ㐳ߩశ߇ᢔੂߐࠇ
ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ㧚࿑ 3 ߦ㧘᳓ߩ࡜ࡑࡦᢔੂࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞ࠍ␜ߒߚ.ߚ
ߛߒ,᷹ቯߒߚᢔੂᒝᐲࠍ㧘᷷ᐲ࿃ሶߢ⵬ᱜߒ๟ᵄ
ᢙߩ 3 ਸ਼ߢഀߞߡ㧘ᗵฃ₸ߦߥ߅ߒߡ޿ࠆ.
ߘࠇߙࠇߩࡇ࡯ࠢߩ⋧ኻᒝᐲߪ⿒ᄖๆ෼ߣ⇣ߥࠆ߇㧘⿒ᄖๆ෼ߣ߶߷ኻᔕߔࠆ૏⟎ߦᢔੂߩࡇ࡯ࠢ
߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ㧚⿒ᄖๆ෼߽࡜ࡑࡦᢔੂ߽㧘࿑ 4 ߩಽሶౝᝄേߦࠃߞߡ↢ߓߡ޿ࠆߩߢ㧘หߓᝄേᢙߩߣߎ
ࠈߦๆ෼߿ᢔੂߩࡇ࡯ࠢ߇಴ߡߊࠆ㧚࿑ 3 ߢ␜ߒߚࠃࠅ㜞޿ᝄേᢙ㗔ၞ㧔ㄭ⿒ᄖ㗔ၞ㧕ߦߪ㧘᳓ߩၮḰᝄേߩ୚㖸߿⚿ว㖸ߦࠃࠆๆ෼࡮ᢔ
ੂߩࡇ࡯ࠢ߇ሽ࿷ߒ㧘ߐࠄߦ๟ᵄᢙ߇㜞޿㗔ၞ㧔⚡ᄖ㗔ၞ㧕ߦߥࠆߣ㧘߿߇ߡ㧘㔚ሶㆫ⒖ߦࠃࠆๆ෼߇
⿠߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ㧚࿑ 3 ߩ 300 cm-1 એਅ㧔ૐᝄേᢙ㗔ၞ㧕ߩߣߎࠈߦ㧘ᢔੂߩࡇ࡯ࠢ߇ 2 ߟ޽ࠆ㧚ߎࠇߪ㧘᳓ߩಽሶ㑆ᝄേߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚ታߪ㧘⿒ᄖๆ෼ߦ߽ኻᔕߔࠆࡇ
࡯ࠢ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ߇㧘ᕈ⢻ߩࠃ޿㆙⿒ᄖ✢ߩశḮߣᬌ಴ེߩታ⃻߇ᛛⴚ⊛ߦ࿎㔍ߢ޽ߞߚߚ߼㧘ᦨㄭߦߥߞߡࠃ߁߿ߊߎߩ㗔ၞߩ᷹ቯ߇ᐢߊⴕࠊࠇࠆࠃ߁
ߦߥߞߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆ㧚᳓ߩૐᝄേᢙ࡜ࡑࡦᢔੂߩࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞ࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆߚ߼㧘Walrafen ߪ࿑ 5 ߩࠃ߁ߥࡕ࠺࡞ࠍឭ᩺ߒߚ㧚࿑ਛߩ⊕޿᫔ߢ␜ߒߚߩ߇ಽሶౝ౒᦭⚿ว㧘⊕㤥ߩ᳓ ߘߩ㧝 ᫔ߢ␜ߒߚߩ߇ಽሶ㑆᳓⚛⚿วߢ޽ࠆ㧚᳓ಽሶߩ㉄⚛஥ߦ೎ߩ᳓ಽሶ 2 ୘ߩ᳓⚛߇᳓⚛⚿วߒ㧘2 ୘ߩ᳓⚛஥ߪߘࠇߙࠇ೎ߩ᳓ಽሶߩ㉄⚛ߣ᳓⚛⚿วߔࠆߣ޿߁ࡕ࠺࡞ߢ޽ࠆ㧚࡯ࡔࡦ࠻ߩំࠄ߉ߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚㆙⿒ᄖ✢㗔ၞߩ᳓ߩๆ෼ߪ㧘ಽሶ㑆ᝄേߦࠃࠆ߽
ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ᝄേߩ࡙࠾࠶࠻ߢ޽ࠆ࿑ 5 ߩ᭴ㅧ߇უ
ࠇࠆ߹ߢߩ㑆ߛߌᝄേߔࠆߎߣߢ⿠߈ߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘᳓ߩ᭴ㅧࠍ⠨߃ࠆߦߪ㧘หᤨߦㆇേ
ߩ⁁ᘒ߽⠨߃ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿㧚㐳ᤨ㑆ߦ߅ߌࠆᐔ
ဋ⊛ߥಽሶ㑆〒㔌ߪ㧘X ✢߿ਛᕈሶࠍ↪޿ߡ᷹ቯߔ
ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߇㧘᷹ⷰߔࠆᤨ㑆ࠬࠤ࡯࡞߿ⓨ㑆ࠬࠤ࡯࡞ߦࠃߞߡ㧘⷗߃ߡߊࠆ᭴ㅧ߇⇣ߥࠆ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ᭴ㅧࠍ‫ޟ‬േ⊛᭴ㅧ‫ߣޠ‬๭ࠎߢ޿ࠆ㧚᳓ߩᱜߒ޿ℂ⸃ߩߚ߼ߦ ᳓ߣ㔚ሶ࡟ࡦࠫ
㔚ሶ࡟ࡦࠫߦࠃࠆ᳓ߩടᾲߩ⺑᣿ߢ‫ޟ‬᳓ߩᝄേࠍ
ബ⿠ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡടᾲߔࠆ‫߆⷗ࠍߩ߽߁޿ߣޠ‬ߌࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆ߇㧘ߎࠇߪ㑆㆑޿ߢ޽ࠆ㧚᳓ߩಽሶౝᝄേߪ⿒ᄖ㗔ၞߢ޽ࠅ㧘㔚ሶ࡟ࡦࠫߩടᾲ๟ᵄᢙ
ࠃࠅ 2 ᩴએ਄㜞๟ᵄᢙ㗔ၞߦ޽ࠆ㧚ᱜ⸃ߪ㧘೨ㅀߒߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ޟ‬᳓ಽሶߩ⺃㔚៊ᄬߦኻᔕߔࠆๆ෼ࠬࡍࠢ
࠻࡞ߩૐ޿ᣇߩ⵿㊁ߦࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍਈ߃ߡ޿ࠆ‫ߣޠ‬޿߁߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߎߩ๟ᵄᢙ㗔ၞߦߪ㧘ಽሶߩㆇേߩ᣿⏕ߥࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯Ḱ૏ߣ޿߁߽ߩ߇߽ߪ߿ሽ࿷ߒߥ޿㧚࡜ࡦ࠳ࡓߦേ߈࿁ࠆಽሶࠍ߶ߣࠎߤߘߩ߹߹㔚⏛ᵄߢំߐ߱ߞߡടᾲߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ࠗࡔ࡯ࠫߩᣇ߇ࠃࠅㆡ
ಾߢ޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ㧚࿑ 5 ᳓ߩ྾㕙૕ࡕ࠺࡞[6]᳓ߩേ⊛᭴ㅧశߩๆ෼߿ᢔੂ߇⿠߈ࠆߣ߈ߦߪ㧘ߘࠇߦኻᔕߒ
ߚಽሶߩㆇേ߇޽ࠆ㧚߹ߕ㧘⿒ᄖ㗔ၞߢߪ㧘୘೎ߩ᳓ಽሶߩၮḰᝄേߣߘߩ⚿ว㖸ߦࠃࠆశߩๆ෼߿ᢔੂ߇⿠߈ࠆ㧚㆙⿒ᄖ✢㗔ၞߢߪಽሶ㑆ߩᝄേߦࠃࠆๆ෼߿ᢔੂ߇᷹ⷰ
ߐࠇࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘᳓ߩ႐วߪ㧘㆙⿒ᄖ✢㗔ၞߦ߹ߢ㧘
25GHz ߦࡇ࡯ࠢࠍᜬߟ⺃㔚៊ᄬߩᓇ㗀߇෸ࠎߢ޿
ࠆߩߢ㧘ಽሶ㑆ߩᝄേߣ⺃㔚៊ᄬߩਔᣇ߇㆙⿒ᄖ✢㗔ၞߩๆ෼ߦነਈߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚᳓ߪ㧘࿑ 5 ߩࠃ߁ߦ᳓⚛⚿วߢߟߥ߇ࠅߥ߇ࠄ㧘ਃᰴర⊛ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍᒻᚑߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒߎߩ
ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢߪቢోߥ߽ߩߢߪߥߊ㧘޽ߜߎߜߢࠁ
߇ࠎߛࠅ㧘৻ㇱ߇ಾࠇߚࠅߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ᾲំࠄ߉ߢಽ
ሶ߇േߊߣ㧘ᣂߒ޿ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ߇಴᧪ߚࠅუࠇߚ
ࠅߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎߩᤨ㑆ࠬࠤ࡯࡞ߪ㧘⚂ 1ps ⒟ᐲߢ޽ࠆ㧚᳓ߩಽሶേജቇࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦࠃࠆߣ㧘ߚ߹ߚ߹޽ߜߎߜߩ᳓⚛⚿ว߇৻ᐲߦಾࠇࠆߎߣ߇޽
ࠅ㧘᳓ಽሶᢙච୘߇৻ᐲߦ㈩⟎ࠍ឵߃ߡ㧘᳓⚛⚿วߩ⚵ߺᦧ߃߇⿠߈ࠆ㧚ߎߩᤨ㑆ࠬࠤ࡯࡞ߣ㧘᳓ߩ⺃㔚✭๺ߩ․ᓽ⊛ߥ๟ᵄᢙߢ޽ࠆ 25GHz ߇߶߷ኻᔕ
ߔࠆ㧚࿑ 1 ߦ␜ߒߚ⺃㔚✭๺ߪ㧘᳓ಽሶᢙච୘߇ද
ห⊛ߦㆇേߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ↢ߓࠆ㔚᳇෺ᭂሶࡕ ᳓ߣ㆙⿒ᄖ✢㆙⿒ᄖ✢ࠍ೑↪ߒߚߎߣࠍ⻭߁⵾ຠ߇ᄙᢙ಴࿁
ߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘᳓ߦߟ޿ߡ߽‫ޟ‬㆙⿒ᄖ✢ಣℂ‫޿޿ߢޠ‬᳓ࠍ૞ߞߚߣ޿߁ትવ߇ߥߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆ㧚᳓ߩಽశታ㛎ߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄߪ㧘᳓ߦ㆙⿒ᄖ✢ࠍᾖ኿ߒߡ߽㧘ടᾲએ਄ߩലᨐߪߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ㧚߽ߣ߽ߣ㧘㆙⿒ᄖ✢㗔ၞߩๆ෼ߩ߽ߣߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ
ߩߪ㧘ಽሶో૕ߩ libration ߢ޽ߞߚࠅ㧘ಽሶᢙච୘
߇৻ᐲߦ፣ࠇࠆߣ޿ߞߚㆇേߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߥㆇ
േࠍᄖ߆ࠄ㔚⏛ᵄߢณ޿ߡ߽㧘ߘߎߦߪ፣ࠇ߿ߔ޿
ㆇേߩ࡙࠾࠶࠻ߒ߆ߥߊ㊂ሶḰ૏߽ή޿ߩߢ㧘ㅦ߿߆ߦߘߩ߹߹࡜ࡦ࠳ࡓߥಽሶㆇേ㧩ᾲߦᄌࠊߞߡ
ߒ߹߁㧚ࡑࠗࠢࡠᵄ߆ࠄ㆙⿒ᄖ✢㗔ၞߦࠊߚࠆๆ෼
ࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞ߩߤߎࠍ㔚⏛ᵄߢณ޿ߡ߽㧘ᓧࠄࠇࠆല
ᨐߦᄌࠊࠅߪߥ޿㧚ߥ߅㧘⵾ຠߩ‫ޟ‬㆙⿒ᄖ✢‫ߩޠ‬ᵄ㐳㗔ၞߪ㧘ಽశߢ޿߁ߣߎࠈߩ㆙⿒ᄖ✢ߛߌߢߪߥߊ㧘⿒ᄖ✢ߩ㗔ၞ߹ߢ฽ࠎߢ޿ࠆ㧚ߛ߆ࠄ㧘⵾ຠߢ޿߁ߣߎࠈߩ‫ޟ‬㆙-5-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

᳓ ߘߩ㧝 ⿒ᄖ✢‫ߪޠ‬㧘߶ߣࠎߤ߇ㅢᏱߩ‫⿒ޟ‬ᄖ✢‫ߥ߆ߒߢޠ‬޿㧚ߥߗࠊߑࠊߑ⊒ᝄ࡮ᬌ಴ߩਔᣇ߇㔍ߒ޿‫ޟ‬㆙⿒ᄖ✢‫ࠆ޽ߢ⻘߆ߩࠆ޿ߡߞ⸒ߣޠ‬㧚 ᳓ߪ૗ߢ߽ߔߋᔓࠇࠆ
᳓ߩಽሶേജቇ⸘▚ߩ⚿ᨐߣ㧘ಽశታ㛎ߩ⚿ᨐࠍวࠊߖࠆߣ㧘ᶧ૕ߩ᳓ߩਛߦߪ 10ps એ਄ߦࠊߚߞ
ߡሽ࿷ߔࠆ቟ቯ᭴ㅧߪή޿ߣ޿߁⚿⺰߇಴ࠆ㧚࿑ 1ߩ⺃㔚✭๺ߪ㧘ߤߎ߹ߢૐ޿๟ᵄᢙ߹ߢᑧ㐳ߒߡ߽㧘ታㇱߪ 80 ߩ߹߹㧘⯯ㇱߪ 0 ߩ߹߹ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᤨ㑆ࠬࠤ࡯࡞ߩᭂ߼ߡㆃ޿ㆇേߪ㧘᳓ߩਛߦߪሽ࿷ߒߥ޿㧚ᓥߞߡ㧘ᄖ߆ࠄ㔚⏛ᵄ߿⏛႐ߥߤ㧘૗ࠄ߆ߩ‛ℂ⊛ߥ૞↪ࠍ෸߷ߒߚߣߒߡ߽㧘ߘߩ૞↪߇ᶖ߃ࠇ߫
᳓ߪ 10ps એౝߦరߩ⁁ᘒߦᚯߞߡߒ߹߁㧚ߤ߁޿߁ࠊߌ߆㧘᳓ߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޟ‬૗ࠄ߆ߩಣℂࠍߒߚലᨐࠍ⸥ᙘߐߖࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫߇⸃⺋߁޿ߣޠ‬ᓟࠍ⛘ߚߕ㧘ߘ߁޿߁ℂዮߢ᳓ಣℂⵝ⟎ߩትવ߇ߥߐ
ࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߽ᄙ޿㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘ߘߩࠃ߁ߥ⹤ߪࠝࠞ
࡞࠻એᄖߩ૗‛ߢ߽ߥ޿㧚߽ߒ㧘૗߆ߩಣℂࠍߒߡ᳓ߩᕈ⾰߇ᄌࠊߞߚߣ޿
߁⚿ᨐ߇಴ߚ႐วߦߪ㧘᳓ߩਛߩ᳓ಽሶએᄖߩ‛⾰ߩᄌൻࠍ⺞ߴࠇ߫ࠃ޿㧚ൻቇᄌൻ߿ਇ⚐‛⚵ᚑߩᄌൻߢ޽ࠇ߫㧘ಽሶㆇേߣߪή㑐ଥߦ଻ߚࠇࠆ߆ࠄߢ
޽ࠆ㧚‛⾰ߩᄌൻߦၮߠ߆ߥ޿᳓ߩ‛ℂ⊛ᄌൻ߇⿠߈
ࠆߣ޿߁น⢻ᕈߪ㧘੹ߩߣߎࠈ㧘ታ㛎࡮ࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯
࡚ࠪࡦߩ޿ߕࠇߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ߽ዉߊߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿㧚߹ߣ߼
એ਄㧘᳓ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ಽశߣࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩ⚿ᨐࠍ◲නߦ⚫੺ߒ㧘᳓ߩേ⊛᭴ㅧߩ⃻⁁ߢߩℂ⸃ߦߟ޿ߡ߹ߣ߼ߚ㧚વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬-6-᳓ߦߟ޿ߡߪଶ⺑߇㕖Ᏹߦᄙߊ㧘ࡊࡠߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߢ߽㑆㆑ߞߚࡕ࠺࡞ߦၮߠ޿ߡታ㛎⚿ᨐࠍ⺑᣿ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆ㧚ߘߩ⺋⸃ߩᄙߊߪ㧘᳓ߩᄌൻࠍ⠨߃ࠆߩߦ㧘‛⾰ߩᄌൻߢߪߥߊ‛ℂ⊛ᄌൻߦࠃࠆ߽ߩ
ߛߣᕁ޿ߎࠎߛߎߣ߆ࠄ↢ߓߡ޿ࠆ㧚᳓ߪ㧘⏕߆ߦ㧘ઁߩᶧ૕৻⥸ߣᲧߴࠆߣᄌࠊߞߚᕈ⾰ࠍᜬߞߡߪ
޿ࠆ߇㧘ߘࠇߪㅢᏱߩ⑼ቇࠍㅺ⣕ߔࠆࠃ߁ߥ⇣Ᏹߢߪߥ޿㧚⚐᳓ߩ⁁ᘒߪ㧘᷷ᐲ࡮࿶ജࠍ᳿߼ࠇ߫৻ㅢࠅߦ᳿
߹ࠆ㧚ߎࠇએᄖߩᄌൻߪ㧘‛⾰ߩᄌൻߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߣ
⠨߃ࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠅ㧘⎇ⓥᚻᲑߣߒߡߪಽᨆൻቇߩ಴
⇟ߣߥࠆ㧚ߎߩߎߣࠍᔓࠇߕߦ㧘㑆㆑ߞߚᖱႎߦߪ
ᖺࠊߐࠇߥ޿ࠃ߁ߦᵈᗧߒߡ޿ߚߛߌࠇ߫ߣᕁ߁㧚ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
[1] ᳓ߩ⎇ⓥผᐕ⴫㧘ൻቇ 51 (1996) 676.
[2] Matsumoto, M., Sauto, S. and Ohmine I.,
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Ice
Nucleation and Growth Process Leading to Water
Freezing, Nature, 416 (2002) 409.
[3] Barthel, J.,Bchhuber,K., Buchner, and R.,
Hetzenauer, H., DIELECTRIC SPECTRA OF
SOME COMMON SOLVENTS IN THE
MICROWAVE REGION. WATER AND LOWER
ALCOHOLS, Chem. Phys. Lett. 165 (1990) 396.
[4] Hasted, J. B., Husain S. K., Frescura, F. A. M. andBirch, J. R., FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION IN
LIQUID WATER, Chem. Phys. Lett, 118(1985)
622.
[5] ࠞ࠙࠭ࡑࡦ࡮ࠕࠗ࠯ࡦࡃ࡯ࠣ㧘᳓ߩ᭴ㅧߣ‛ᕈ㧘ߺߔߕᦠᚱ(1975).
[6] Walrafen,G. E., Raman Spectral Studies of Water
Structure, J. Chem. Phys., 40(1964) 3249.

᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕ࡅ࠻ߩ↢૕ߦ߅ߌࠆⴊᵹߦࠃࠆᾲ⒖േߩ઀⚵ߺߣ૕᷷⺞▵
Structure of Fever Displacement by Blood Flow and Regulation of Body Temperature in Organism of HumanᄢᎹ ᵗሶ㧔⑔੗⋵┙ᄢቇ ⋴⼔⑔␩ቇㇱ㧕
Yoko OHKAWA (The Faculty of Nursing and Welfare Sciences,
Fukui Prefectural University)e-mail: ohkawa@fpu.ac.jpߪߓ߼ߦ
‫ޟ‬᳓‫↢ߩ࠻ࡅߪޠ‬૕ߦ߅޿ߡᰳ߆ߖߥ޿㧘↢๮ᵴേߩḮߢ޽ࠆ㧚૕㊀ߩ 13 ಽߩ㧝߇ⴊᶧߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩ㧟ಽߩ㧞߇ⴊẏߣ޿߁᳓ಽߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ⴊᶧࠍ฽߼ߡり૕ో૕ߩ᳓ಽ㊂ߪ㧘30㨪40 ࡝࠶࠻
࡞ߢ૕㊀ߩ 60%ࠍභ߼ࠆ㧚․ߦሶଏߪ 70%ߩ᳓ಽ
㊂ࠍ૕ౝߦ଻ߟ઀⚵ߺߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎࠇߛߌߩ
᳓ಽ߇૕ౝߦᔅⷐߣߔࠆℂ↱ߪ㧘᳓ߪ‛⾰ߩേ߈߿ൻቇᄌൻ㧘⺞▵ߥߤߩ↢๮ᵴേߦᰳ߆ߖߥ޿ᇦ
૕ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ㧚᳓ಽߩ៨ข㊂ߣឃᴭ
㊂ߩࡃ࡜ࡦࠬߪ㧘ⴊᶧߩᵹࠇߢ޽ࠆⴊᵹߦࠃߞߡ
⚵❱ߣߩᶐㅘ࿶ߢ⺞▵ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚
ᧄⓂߢߪ૕ౝߩ᳓ࠍㆇ߱ⴊᵹࠍࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߣߒ㧘૕ౝߢ↥↢ߐࠇߚᾲ߇ⴊᵹߦࠃߞߡ⒖േߒ㧘૕᷷ࠍᕡᏱᕈߦ଻ߟࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓࠍᣂ↢ఽߩ⊹⤏᷷߆ࠄߺߚኙ಄㚔ൻㆊ⒟߆ࠄㅀߴࠆ㧚ߐࠄߦ㧘≹ߒലᨐߣߒߡᵈ⋡ߐࠇߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆ⿷ḡࠍࡅࡦ࠻ߦ㧘ḡߩ᧦ઙߦࠃࠆ⿷ᶎߩታ㛎⚿ᨐࠍ⚫੺ߒߡ㧘ࡅ࠻ߩᣣᏱ↢ᵴ߿♖␹ᵴേߥߤ≹ߒߦ߽ᰳ߆ߖߥ޿‫ޟ‬᳓‫ޠ‬ߦߟ޿ߡㅀߴࠆ㧚࿑ 1. ኙ಄ⅣႺ㧔Ꮐ㧕ߣ᷷ᥦⅣႺ㧔ฝ㧕ߦ߅ߌࠆ૕ౝ᷷ᐲಽᏓ
(ᢥ₂[3]㧘p8 ࠃࠅᒁ↪㧘৻ㇱᡷᄌ)࠻ߩり૕ߩㇱ૏ߦࠃࠆᾲ↥↢ߪ㧘⣖࡮⢄⤳࡮㛽ᩰߪ⚂ 20㧑ߢ㧘ᔃ⤳߇⚂ 10㧑ߢ㧘޿ࠊࠁࠆၮ␆ઍ⻢㊂ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߎߩၮ␆ઍ⻢㊂㧔basal metabolism:BM㧕ߪ↢๮ࠍ଻ᜬߔࠆߚ߼ߩᦨૐ㒢ߩⷡ㉕ᤨઍ⻢㊂ߢ
޽ࠆ㧚ߎࠇߪ㧘ᐕ㦂࡮ᕈ೎࡮ᵴേ࡮ᩕ㙃࡮ቄ▵ߥߤߦᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌ㧘り૕ో૕ߩᾲ↥↢㊂߽ᄌࠊࠆ㧚৻ᣇ㧘ᾲ᡼ᢔߪ᡼኿㧘ኻᵹ࡮વዉ⫳⊒ߦࠃߞߡᾲ
ߩ⒖േ߇ⴕࠊࠇ㧘ⅣႺ᷷߇ 24͠ߩ቟㕒ᤨߢߩߘߩ
ഀวߪ 67%㧘10㧑㧘23㧑ࠍභ߼ߡ޿ࠆ[1]㧚
߹ߕ㧘᡼኿ߦࠃࠆᾲ੤឵ߪ㧘૕⴫㕙Ⓧ࡮ᐔဋ⊹⤏᷷ᐲ㧘ⅣႺߩᐔဋ᡼኿᷷ᐲߦଐሽߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚⊹⤏߿⴩᦯ߩ⦡㧘┙૏߆ᐳ૏߆ߥߤߦࠃߞߡᾲ᡼ᢔ
₸߇ᄌേߔࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘ኻᵹߦࠃࠆᾲ੤឵ߪ૕⴫㕙ߣⓨ࿾ߣߩ᷷ᐲᏅ߿㘑ߥߤߩⓨ᳇ߩേ߈ߦଐሽߒ㧘り૕ౝㇱߢߪⴊᵹߦࠃࠆᾲ⒖േ߇ߥߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ᰴߦ㧘વዉߪり૕ߩౝㇱߢߪ⚵❱㑆ߩᾲવዉ߇ߺ
ࠄࠇ㧘૕ᾲߩಽ㈩߿ᐔဋൻߥߤߩᓎഀࠍ߽ߞߡ޿

ࡅ࠻ߩ૕᷷⺞▵ߣᾲ⒖േߩ઀⚵ߺࡅ࠻ߪᕡ᷷േ‛ߢ޽ࠅ㧘↢ሽᵴേߦߣߞߡ㊀ⷐߥ૕ᾲḮࠍ⥄りߩઍ⻢ᾲࠍ೑↪ߒ㧘ⅣႺ᷷ᐲᄌൻ
ߦኻߒߡ૕᷷ࠍ߶߷৻ቯߦ⛽ᜬߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ㧚ߎࠇߪ↢૕ߩᵴേࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߩଏ⛎Ḯߣߥࠆઍ⻢
ㆊ⒟߇᷷ᐲଐሽᕈߢ޽ࠆߚ߼㧘ᕡ᷷േ‛ߪ૕᷷ࠍⅣႺ᷷ᐲࠃࠅ㜞߼ߦ଻ߜ㧘ઍ⻢ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߩ↥↢ㅦᐲࠍㅦ߼㧘ࡅ࠻ߩ૕᷷ߪਥߦਛᔃㇱߩ᷷ᐲߢ޽
ࠆᷓㇱ᷷ᐲࠍᜰߒ㧘ోりဋ৻ߢߪߥߊ㧘り૕ߩਛᔃㇱߪ㜞ߊᕡ᷷ᕈߢ޽ࠅ㧘⊹⤏߿྾⢇ߥߤߩᧃ᪳
ㇱߪᄖ᳇᷷ߩᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߡ৻⥸⊛ߦૐߊ㧘ᄌ᷷ᕈߢ޽ࠆ㧔࿑ 1㧕㧚૕᷷ߩᕡ᷷ᕈࠍ଻ߟߚ߼ߦ㧘↢૕ߩᾲ↥↢㧔heat
production㧕ߣᾲ᡼ᢔ㧔heat loss)߇ᄖㇱⅣႺߣߩ㑐ଥߢ᳿߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚᷷ᥦߥⅣႺਅߢ቟㕒ᤨߩࡅ

-7-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No.188᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕᣹ߒߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘Უ૕ᄖߪⅣႺ᷷߇ 24㨪26͠ߢ଻ߚࠇ㧘⚂ 10͠એ਄ߩᏅ߇޽ࠆ㧚ߎߩⅣႺ᷷ߪ㧘ᣂ↢ఽߦߣߞߡߪ㕖Ᏹߦ಄ߚ޿ኙ಄ⅣႺߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߎߩኙ಄ೝỗߪᣂ↢ఽߩ╙৻๭ๆ㧔↥ჿ㧕ߩ⏕┙ߦᓎ┙ߞߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ኙ಄ⅣႺߩ᥸㔺ߦㆡᔕߒߡ޿߆ߥ
ߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ࠬ࠻࡟ࠬࡈ࡞ߥ⁁ᘒߦ޽ࠆ㧚ߒ߆߽ⷞᐥਅㇱߦ޽ࠆ૕᷷⺞▵ਛᨔߪ߹ߛᧂᾫߢ޽ࠆ
ߎߣ㧘ᣂ↢ఽߪ૕㊀ߦኻߔࠆ૕⴫㕙Ⓧ߇ᄢ߈ߊ㧘ᚑੱ㧝ߦኻߒߡ⚂ 2.9 ୚ߣ㜞޿ߎߣ㧘⢽⢌ጀ߇ዋߥߊ㧘⚵❱ౝߩ᳓ಽ฽᦭㊂߇ᄙߊ㧘ᾲ⛘✼ᯏ⢻߇ዊߐ޿ߎߣߥߤ㧘ᚑੱߦᲧߴ㧘ᾲ↥↢ࠃࠅ߽᣿ࠄ
߆ߦᾲ᡼ᢔߐࠇ߿ߔ޿り૕ߩߟߊࠅߩ߹߹↢߹ࠇߡߊࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ[5]㧚ߘߩߚ߼㧘಴↢⋥ᓟߪ⋥⣺᷷ߢኈᤃߦ 36͠એਅ㧔ೋᦼ૕᷷ਅ㒠㧕ߦߥࠅ㧘↢ሽᵴേ߇⢿߆ߐࠇ߿ߔ޿㧚ᣂ↢ఽߪలಽߥ଻᷷ߦദ
߼଻⼔ߐࠇߥ߇ࠄ㧘Უ૕ᄖߩኙ಄ⅣႺߦ㚔ൻߒߥߊߡߪߥࠄߥ޿[6]㧚
ߘߎߢ㧘಴↢⋥ᓟ߆ࠄ⚂㧝ㅳ㑆ߩᣂ↢ఽߩ⊹⤏᷷ࠍ᷹ቯߒ㧘ኙ಄ⅣႺߦ㚔ൻߒߡ޿ߊ᭽⋧ߩ৻ㇱࠍ╩⠪߇ⴕߞߚ⎇ⓥ⚿ᨐࠍ⚫੺ߔࠆ㧚 ⎇ⓥᣇᴺࠆ㧚⊹⤏ߣᄖㇱߣߩ‛ℂ⊛ធ⸅ߦࠃߞߡ߽વዉߪ
⿠ߎࠆ߇௖߆ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߐࠄߦ㧘⫳⊒ߪ૕⴫㕙߆ࠄߩ᳓ಽߩ⫳⊒ߢ޽ࠅ㧘0.58 kcal/g ߇ᄬࠊࠇ[2]㧘᳇᷷ߩ਄᣹ߥߤ߿ᵴേߥߤߦࠃߞߡ⊒᳨߿๭ๆߦࠃ
ߞߡ᳓ಽ㊂ߩ⫳⊒߇Ⴧടߔࠆ㧚ߜߥߺߦ㧘⊒᳨෻ᔕߪᷓㇱ᷷ᐲ߇ 36.9͠એ਄ߢ⿠ߎࠆߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘り૕ౝㇱߢߪᾲ↥↢ߣᾲ᡼ᢔߩ㧞
ߟߩᾲ⒖േߦࠃߞߡ૕᷷߇৻ቯߦ଻ߚࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ߘߩ⺞▵ᯏ᭴ߪ㧘ᧃ᪳ߣਛᨔߩ᷷ᐲฃኈེߦࠃߞ
ߡ༡߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ᧃ᪳ߩ᷷ᐲฃኈེߪ⊹⤏ߢ޽ࠅ㧘
ⅣႺ᷷ࠍត⍮ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚⊹⤏ߦߪ಄ὐߣ᷷ὐߩ㧞⒳㘃ߩฃኈེ߇޽ࠅ㧘․ߦ಄ὐߪ᷷ὐࠃࠅ⊹⤏ߩ⴫ጀߦሽ࿷ߒ㧘ఝ൓⊛ߦ௛޿ߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߟ߹ࠅ㧘ⅣႺ᷷ᐲߩૐਅࠍត⍮ߒ߿ߔ޿઀
⚵ߺࠍ߽ߜ㧘⊹⤏߆ࠄߩ಄ᗵⷡೝỗߩჇᷫߣ޿߁
ࡄ࠲࡯ࡦߢਛᨔߦㅍࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߣផ᷹ߐࠇࠆ[1]㧚
ᰴߦ㧘ਛᨔߩ᷷ᐲฃኈེߪ㧘ⷞᐥਅㇱߦ޽ࠆ␹⚻⚦⢩ߦࠃࠆᵴേߢ޽ࠅ㧘᷷ᐲ߇਄᣹ߔࠆߣᵴേߔ
ࠆ᷷࠾ࡘ࡯ࡠࡦߪ㧘ⴊ▤᜛ᒛߣ⊒᳨ߥߤߩᾲ᡼ᢔ
ߦ௛߈㧘᷷ᐲ߇ਅ߇ࠆߣᵴേߔࠆ಄࠾ࡘ࡯ࡠࡦ߇
ⴊ▤෼❗㧘߰ࠆ߃ߥߤᾲ↥↢ࠍଦㅴߔࠆ㧚ߎߩ㧞ߟߩ࠾ࡘ࡯ࡠࡦߪ⋧੕ଐሽ⊛ߦ૞↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ[1]㧚
૕ౝߢߪᾲ↥↢ㇱ૏߆ࠄฦ⤳ེ߿⚵❱ߦⴊᵹߦਸ਼ߖߡᾲ߇⒖േߔࠆ㧚ᄙߊߩ⤳ེ߳ߩⴊᵹߪ㧘ઍ⻢ߦᔅⷐߥ‛⾰ߩଏ⛎߿⠧ᑄ‛ߩㆇ៝ߥߤߩᓎഀ
ࠍᜂ߁߇㧘⊹⤏߳ߩⴊᵹߪᾲߩㆇ៝ߣ૕ᄖ߳ߩ᡼
ᢔ⊛ߦ௛ߊߎߣࠍਥߥᓎഀߣߒߡ޿ࠆ[3]㧚⊹⤏ߦ߅޿ߡߪᲫ⚦ⴊ▤✂ࠍᒻᚑߒ㧘ᾲߩ⒖േߦ㊀ⷐߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ᦨᄢߩ․ᓽߪേ㕒⣂่ว߇ሽ࿷ߒ㧘⥄ᓞ␹⚻♽ߩᡰ㈩ߦࠃߞߡߘߩⴊᵹ߇
⺞▵ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ࠨ࡯ࡕࠣ࡜ࡈࠖ࡯ߦࠃࠆ⊹⤏᷷ߩ᷹ቯߪ㧘⊹⤏ߩᲫ⚦ⴊ▤ߦㅍࠄࠇߡ߈ߚⴊᵹߦ
ࠃࠆᾲ᡼ᢔࠍ࠲ࠗࡓ࡝࡯ߦត⍮ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈㧘ߥ߅߆ߟ㧘ⴊᵹࠍᡰ㈩ߒߡ޿ࠆ⥄ᓞ␹⚻ᬌᩏߣߒߡᵴ↪ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚⊹⤏᷷ߩ᷹ቯߪࠨ࡯ࡕࠣ࡜ࡈࠖ࡯ߢ᷹ቯߒ㧘↢ᓟ㧝ᣣ⋡߆ࠄ㧢ᣣ⋡߹ߢߩ⚻ᤨ⊛ߥᄌൻࠍߺߚ㧚᷹ቯㇱ૏ߪ㥦ውㇱ࡮㗠ㇱ࡮⡊᧊ㇱ࡮ᚻ⢛ㇱߩ⊹⤏᷷㧡ࠞᚲߣ૕᷷ߣߒߡ⣠┃᷷ࠍ᷹ቯߒߚ㧚ኙ಄ⅣႺ߳ߩ㚔ൻㆊ⒟ࠍߺࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘⊹⤏᷷ߪ੤ᗵ␹⚻ߦᡰ㈩ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆേ㕒⣂่ว߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ㥦ውㇱߣ㧘ᧃ᪳ⴊ▤✂߇ᄙ޿ᚻ⢛ㇱߩᄌൻࠍ೨㗵ㇱߣߩ᷷ᐲセᏅࠍಽᨆߒߚ㧚೨㗵ㇱߪⴊ▤૞േᕈ␹⚻߇߶ߣࠎߤ૞↪ߒߥ޿ㇱ૏ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ኙ಄ೝỗߢ߽߶ߣࠎ
ߤ⊹⤏ⴊ▤෼❗ߪ⹺߼ࠄࠇߥ޿ㇱ૏ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ⵍ㛎⠪ߪᚑᾫᣂ↢ఽ㧔ᱜᦼ↥ᚑᾫఽ㧕10 ଀ߣߒ㧘ᦨ߽቟㕒⁁ᘒ߇଻ᜬߢ߈ߚ᝼੃ᓟ 90 ಽᓟߩ⊹⤏᷷ࠍᲧセߒߚ㧚ⅣႺ᷷ߣߒߡᣂ↢ఽߩࡌ࠶࠼๟ㄝ
ߩ᷷ᐲ߇৻ቯߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⏕߆߼㧘࠺࡯࠲ࠍ෼㓸ߒߚ㧚 ⚿ᨐ
࿑ 2 ߦ␜ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘⣠┃᷷ߪ㧝ᣣ⋡߆ࠄ㧣ᣣ⋡߹ߢ 37͠ࠍ⛽ᜬߒ㧘ฦ⤏᷷ߪ⚂ 32͠ઍ㨪33.5͠
ߢផ⒖ߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬㥦ውㇱߣ೨㗵ㇱ㧘ᚻ⢛ㇱߣ೨㗵ㇱߩ᷷ᐲセᏅࠍߺࠆߣ㧘㥦ውㇱ㧔࿑ 3㧕ߪ↢ᓟ㧠ᣣ⋡߹ߢ 32͠೨ᓟߢផ⒖ߒ㧘ᚻ⢛ㇱ㧔࿑ 4㧕ߪ㧝ᣣ⋡ߦ 32͠บߢ޽ߞߚ߇㧘ᓢ‫ߦޘ‬ਅ㒠ߒ㧘㧟ᣣ⋡ߢ 31͠บ߹ߢਅ㒠ᣂ↢ఽߩ⊹⤏᷷ߦࠃࠆኙ಄㚔ൻㆊ⒟
ࡅ࠻ߪᕡ᷷േ‛ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᷓㇱ᷷ߪ৻ቯߩ૕᷷ࠍ
଻ߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘ߘߩ⺞▵ᯏ᭴ߪᚑ㐳⊒㆐ㆊ⒟ߣߣ߽ߦᢛ޿㧘↢߹ࠇߚᒰೋ߆ࠄ૕᷷⺞▵ᯏ⢻߇⊒㆐ߒߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿㧚ᣂ↢ఽߪ಴↥ࠍႺߣߒߡᕡᏱᕈߦఝࠇߚᲣ૕ౝ
ߩⅣႺ߆ࠄᲣ૕ᄖߩ಄ߚ޿ⅣႺ߳ߣᕆỗߦᄌൻߔࠆ[4]㧚಴↥㑆㓙ߩᲣ૕ߩᷓㇱ᷷ߪ⚂ 38͠೨ᓟߦ਄

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬-8-᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕ߩ⊹⤏ߢᥦ߼ࠄࠇߚⴊᶧߪ㧘ⴊᵹߦਸ਼ߞߡਛᔃㇱߦ⒖േߒ㧘૕᷷߇଻ᜬߐࠇࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚⥄ᓞ␹⚻ߪߘߩⴊᵹߩᵹࠇᣇࠍᓸᅱߦ⺞▵ߒ㧘ᷓㇱ᷷ߩ૕᷷ࠍᕡᏱᕈߣ⛽ᜬߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚⚿ᨐߢ␜ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᣂ↢ఽߩ⣠┃᷷ߪ↢ᓟ㧝ᣣ⋡߆ࠄ 37͠
ࠍផ⒖ߒ㧘ᕡᏱᕈ߇଻ߚࠇߡ޿ߚ㧚ߎࠇߪ⊹⤏ᧃ᪳ⴊ▤ߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ᾲ᡼ᢔߩ⺞▵߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆߎ
ߣࠍ␜ໂߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚૕᷷ߪ৻ቯߢ޽ߞߡ߽
⊹⤏᷷ߪ࠲ࠗࡓ࡝࡯ߦⅣႺ᷷ࠍᗵ⍮ߒ㧘↢ᓟ㧠ᣣ⋡߹ߢߪ㧘⊹⤏ᧃ᪳ㇱ૏ߦ߅޿ߡ੤ᗵ␹⚻߇ఝ૏ߦ૞↪ߒ㧘ⴊᵹࠍ⺞ᢛߒ㧘ᾲ᡼ᢔߦኻߒߡᛥ೙⊛ߦ௛޿ߡ޿ࠆ㧚૗᡿㧘ߎߩᤨᦼߦ⊹⤏᷷ߩ৻ㆊᕈૐਅ߇⿠ߎࠆ
߆ߪ㧘ᣂ↢ఽߩり૕⊛․ᓽߩᓇ㗀߇޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚ᣂ↢ఽߪ㧘↢ℂ⊛૕㊀ᷫዋ߿ᣂ↢ఽ㤛∏ߥߤ߇಴⃻ߒ㧘ࡇ࡯ࠢࠍㄫ߃ࠆᤨᦼ߇಴↢ᓟ߆ࠄ㧡ᣣ⋡߹ߢߦ⿠ߎࠆ㧚ߟ߹ࠅ㧘↢ℂ⊛૕㊀ᷫዋߪ㧘಴↢⋥ᓟߩ๭ๆ߿⊹⤏߆ࠄߩਇᗵ⫳ᴭߩჇട㧘ଢߩឃᴭߦ⷗ว߁ߛߌߩູ੃㊂߇లಽߢߪߥ޿ߚ߼㧘಴↢ᤨ૕㊀ߩ㧡㨪10%ߩᱜᏱ▸࿐ߢ߅ߎࠆ㧚ߘߩ㑆㧘ᣂ↢ఽ․᦭ߩⶊ⦡⚦⢩߇⢛ㇱ㧘㗪ㇱߥߤߦሽ࿷ߒ㧘ᾲࠍ↥↢ߐߖߡࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍ⵬లߒ㧘ဋⴧࠍ଻ߞߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘ㆊ೾ߥࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯↥↢ߪ߶ߣࠎߤߥ޿㧚߹ߚ㧘⢝ఽᦼߦߪ⢝⋚߆ࠄߩ㉄⚛ࠍല₸ࠃߊㆇ៝ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘ᄙߊߩ⿒ⴊ⃿߇↥↢ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ㧚ߜߥߺߦ⢝ఽߩࡋࡕࠣࡠࡆࡦߪ⚂19.0g/dl ߦ㆐ߒ㧘ᚑੱ↵ᕈࠃࠅ߽ᄙ޿㧔⚂ 16g/dl㧕㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘಴↢ᓟߩ๭ๆ㐿ᆎߣߣ߽ߦ㧘⢖ߢ㉄⚛ߩขࠅㄟߺ߇ኈᤃߣߥࠅ㧘ㆊ೾ߣߥߞߚ⿒ⴊ⃿ߪ㧘↢ᓟ㧞ᣣ⋡એ㒠㧘⋓ࠎߦ⎕უߐࠇࠆ㧚ߘߩ⿒ⴊ⃿ߪᦨ⚳⊛ߦ⢄⤳ߢࡆ࡝࡞ࡆࡦߦ឵߃㧘૕ౝ߳ឃᴭ
ߔࠆ㧚ߘߩ⚿ᨐ㧘↢ℂ⊛㤛∏߇಴⃻ߒߡߊࠆ㧚ߔߥࠊߜ㧘ᣂ↢ఽߪᾲ↥↢㊂߇ᦨૐ㒢ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁
ߎߣߣ㧘⢄⤳ߦ߅޿ߡࡆ࡝࡞ࡆࡦઍ⻢ߦߘߩࠛࡀ
࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍᔅⷐߣߔࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘⢄⤳߳ߩⴊᵹಽ㈩ࠍ⏕଻ߔࠆ⚿ᨐ㧘ᧃ᪳ߢߩⴊᵹࠍዋߥߊߒߡ޿ࠆ
ߎߣ߇ផኤߐࠇࠆ㧚ᓥߞߡ㧘ᧃ᪳ⴊ▤߇෼❗ߒ㧘ⴊᵹࠍਅߍᾲ᡼ᢔߪᛥ೙ߐࠇ㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ৻
ᤨ⊛ߥ⊹⤏᷷ਅ㒠ߩ᭽⋧ࠍ๒ߒߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚ߣߎࠈ߇㧘㧡ᣣ⋡ߦߥࠆߣ㧘ᣂ↢ఽߩ᝼੃㊂ߪჇ߃ߡᾲ↥↢㊂߇Ⴧടߒ㧘ߐࠄߦࡆ࡝࡞ࡆࡦ߽ዩ
߿ଢ߆ࠄឃᴭߐࠇࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ⢄⤳߳ߩⴊᵹಽ㈩߽ዋߥߊߡᷣ߻ࠃ߁ߦߥࠆᤨᦼߣ৻⥌ߔࠆ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᣂ↢ఽߩ↢๮ᵴേߦነਈߔࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘ฦ

࿑2. ቟㕒ᤨߩᣂ↢ఽ⊹⤏᷷ߦࠃࠆᣣ㦂Ყセ࿑3. 㥦ውㇱ㧙೨㗵ㇱߩ⊹⤏᷷セᏅ㧔᝼੃ᓟ90ಽ㧕࿑4. ᚻ⢛ㇱ㧙೨㗵ㇱߩ⊹⤏᷷セᏅ㧔᝼੃ᓟ90ಽ㧕ߒߚ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ㧘೨㗵ㇱߪ㧝ᣣ⋡߆ࠄ㧢ᣣ⋡߹ߢ 33͠ઍࠍ⛽ᜬߒ㧘߶߷৻ቯߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬᷷ᐲセᏅߪ㥦ውㇱߢߪ㧟ᣣ⋡߹ߢ᦭ᗧߦ೨㗵ㇱࠃࠅ૕᷷Ꮺߦ޽ࠅ㧘ᚻ⢛ㇱߪ㧞ᣣ⋡߆ࠄ㧠ᣣ⋡ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬㧘↢ᓟ㧡ᣣ⋡ߦߥࠆߣ㧘㥦ውㇱ࡮ᚻ⢛ㇱߣ߽ߦ೨㗵ㇱߩ⊹⤏᷷ߦ㆐ߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ ⠨ኤ
಴↢⋥ᓟߩᣂ↢ఽߪ๭ๆߩ⏕┙ߣหᤨߦ㧘ኙ಄ⅣႺߦ㚔ൻߒߡ޿߆ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘ᣂ↢ఽߩ૕᷷⺞ᢛ⢻ߣり૕⊛․ᓽߪ᳿ߒߡ㚔ൻߒ߿ߔ޿ߣ޿߁ࠊߌߢߪߥ޿ߚ߼㧘಴↢⋥ᓟߩᣂ↢ఽߩ଻᷷ߪ㧘⚦ᔃߩᵈᗧߣ⋴⼔߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߔߥࠊߜ㧘ᣂ↢ఽߩり૕ࠍᥦ߼ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ᧃ᪳-9-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No.188᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕ߚ㧚 ⚿ᨐ
⿷⢛࡮㗪ㇱ࡮㗻ߩ⊹⤏᷷ߪ⿷ᶎ⚳ੌᓟ㧘60 ಽ㑆ߢᓢ‫ߦޘ‬ਅ㒠ߒߚ㧚࿑ 5 ߦ␜ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘⿷ᶎ⋥ᓟߩ⊹⤏᷷ߩ਄᣹ߪ⿷⢛⊹⤏᷷߇⚂ 3.5͠਄᣹ߒ㧘ઁߩ⊹⤏᷷ࠃࠅᦨ߽㜞޿਄᣹ࠍߺߚ߇㧘㧟ߟߩḡߩ᧦ઙߦࠃࠆ᦭ᗧߥᏅߪߺࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚ㧚ᰴߦᚻ⢛ߩ਄᣹᷷ᐲ㧔࿑ 6㧕ߪ㧘⚂ 0.6㨪1.6͠ߢ㧘᷷ᴰ᳓ߦࠃࠆ਄᣹㧔⚂ 1.6͠㧕߇ᦨ߽㜞ߊ㧘⿷ᶎ⚳ੌ⋥ᓟ࡮
25 ಽᓟ࡮30 ಽᓟߦઁߩḡࠃࠅ᦭ᗧߦ㜞޿ߎߣ߇᣿
ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ㧚㗪ㇱ㧔࿑ 7㧕ߣ㗻ߩ⊹⤏᷷ߩᄌൻߪ㧘0.2㨪0.5͠ߩ਄᣹ࠍߺߚ߇㧘㧟ߟߩḡߩ᧦ઙߦࠃࠆ᷷ᐲᄌൻߦᏅ߇޽ࠆߣߪ޿߃ߥ߆ߞߚ㧚߹ߚ㧘⤳ེߩ૕ᄖ↢ᵴ߳ߩㆡᔕ⃻⽎ߣߩ㑐ㅪߢ㧘⥄ᓞ␹⚻ߦࠃࠆⴊᵹಽ㈩ߩ⺞▵ᯏ⢻߇௛߈㧘⚿ᨐߣߒߡ⊹⤏᷷ߩૐਅࠍ๒ߔࠆ㧚ኙ಄ⅣႺ߳ߩ㚔ൻㆊ⒟ߩ
ߥ߆ߢ㧘ᣂ↢ఽߩ⊹⤏᷷ߩ․ᕈߪ㧘㧡ᣣ߹ߢߪᧃ
᪳ߩ⊹⤏᷷ࠍਅߍ㧘ᾲ᡼ᢔࠍᭂജᛥ೙ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ
ఝవ⊛ߦ௛޿ߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚એ਄ߩߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘ᣂ↢ఽߩኙ಄ⅣႺߩ㚔ൻㆊ⒟ߩ⊹⤏᷷ߦࠃࠆ᭽⋧ߪ㧘ⅣႺ᷷ߩ᷷ᐲ౉ജߣⴊᵹ
ߩᵹࠇࠍ⺞▵ߒ㧘૕᷷ࠍ଻ᜬߒߚ⚿ᨐࠍ␜ߒߡ޿
ࠆ㧚ߐࠄߦ㧘ⴊᵹࠍ⺞ᢛߔࠆ⥄ᓞ␹⚻㧘․ߦ੤ᗵ
␹⚻ߩ⊒㆐⁁ᘒࠍ෻ᤋߒߡ޿ࠆߣ߽޿߃ࠆ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘૕ౝߦ߅޿ߡⴊᵹߣ޿߁᳓ಽߩᵹࠇߦࠃ
ߞߡᾲ߇⒖േߒ㧘↢๮ᵴേࠍᡰ߃㧘ߘࠇߪ಴↢⋥ᓟ߆ࠄᵴ⊒ߦ௛޿ߡ޿ࠆ㧚䋨㷄䋩ᄖ⇇ߩ᳓ߣ૕ౝߩ᳓ߣߩᾲ੤឵૞↪̆⿷ᶎߣ᷷ᾲലᨐ㧙ᦨㄭ㧘᷷ᴰ࿾ߦ⿷ḡ߇⸳ߌࠄࠇ㧘ⷰశቴߩੱ᳇
ࠍ๭ࠎߢ޿ࠆ㧚᳇シߦ⿷ࠍ᷷ᴰߦߟߌ㧘ᣏߩ∋ࠇࠍ߶ߋߔߣ޿߁ߨࠄ޿߽޽ࠆ㧚⏕߆ߦ㧘⿷ࠍḡߦߟߌࠆߛߌߢ㧘࡝࡜࠶ࠢࠬᗵࠍᓧࠆ૕㛎ߪᄙ޿㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⿷ḡߪ㧘⋴⼔ߩ⃻႐ߢߪᣣᏱ⊛ߦⴕࠊࠇ㧘ਅ⢇ߩⴊᵹࠍଦㅴߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ࡝࡜ࠢ࠯
࡯࡚ࠪࡦലᨐ㧘౉⌁ലᨐ㧘−∩シᷫߥߤߩലᨐ߇
ታ⸽ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ[7-9]㧚ߘߩਥߥḡߩ⒳㘃ߪ㧘߅ḡ㧔⌀ḡ㧕߿౉ᶎ೷ࠍ޿ࠇߚḡߥߤߢⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߘߎߢ㧘ḡߩ᧦ઙߦࠃߞߡ⿷ᶎലᨐߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥ
㆑޿߇಴ߡߊࠆ߆ࠍ⋡⊛ߦ㧘ታ㛎⊛ߦᬌ⸽ߒߚ⎇ⓥ⚿ᨐࠍ⚫੺ߔࠆ㧚 ⎇ⓥᣇᴺᅚሶᄢቇ↢ 10 ฬࠍኻ⽎ߦ㧘⌀ḡ࡮౉ᶎ೷ḡ࡮᷷ᴰḡߩ㧟⒳㘃ߢ⿷ᶎࠍⴕ޿㧘⊹⤏⴫㕙᷷ᐲߩᄌൻ
ߣ଻᷷ᜬ⛯ലᨐࠍᲧセᬌ⸛ߒߚ㧚⿷ᶎߩᣇᴺߪ㧟⒳㘃ߩḡߦࠃࠆ⿷ᶎࠍ 10 ಽ㑆ߕߟ㧘⇣ߥࠆᣣߦታ
ᣉߒߚ㧚⿷ᶎലᨐߪ⿷⢛࡮ᚻ⢛࡮㗪ㇱ࡮㗻ߩ⊹⤏᷷ࠍࠨ࡯ࡕࠣ࡜ࡈࠖ࡯ߢ㧘⿷ᶎᓟ 60 ಽ㑆ߩᄌേࠍ㧡ಽᲤߦ᷹ቯߒᬌ⸛ߒߚ㧚߹ߚ㧘ⵍ㛎⠪ߦߪ᷷ᐲᗵⷡߩਥⷰ⊛࠺࡯࠲߽หᤨߦ⡬ขߒߚ㧚
ḡ㊂ߪ 40 ࡝࠶࠻࡞ߣߒ㧘ḡ᷷ߪ 40͠ߦ଻ߟࠃ
߁ᕡ᷷᳓ᮏ TR-2A ࠍ૶↪ߒߡ⿷ᶎࠍⴕߞߚ㧚↪޿ߚ㧟⒳㘃ߩḡߣߒߡ㧘᳓㆏᳓ࠍ᷷߼ߚ⌀ḡ㧘౉ᶎ೷ߪᏒ⽼ߩࡃࠬࡠࡑࡦ㧡g ࠍ⌀ḡߦᷙ౉ߒߚ㧚᷷
ᴰ᳓ߪ㧲⋵ౝߩ࠽࠻࡝࠙ࡓ࡮ࠞ࡞ࠪ࠙ࡓ⎫㉄Ⴎᴰ
ߢ PH7.6㧘᷷ᴰḮߢߩ᷷ᐲ 25.5͠ߩ߽ߩࠍ૶↪ߒ

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬

⌀ḡ

㪋㪅㪇
㪊㪅㪌
㪊㪅㪇
㪉㪅㪌
㪉㪅㪇
㪈㪅㪌
㪈㪅㪇
㪇㪅㪌
㪇㪅㪇
㪄㪇㪅㪌
ታ㛎೨

౉ᶎ೷
᷷ᴰ

㪈㪇

㪉㪌

㪋㪇

㪌㪌

䋨 ಽᓟ䋩

࿑5. ⿷⢛⊹⤏᷷ߩផ⒖

⌀ḡ
䋨㷄䋩

㪉㪅㪇

౉ᶎ೷
㪁

㪁

㪁

᷷ᴰ

㪈㪅㪌

䋪䇭㫇䇭䋼䇭㪇㪅㪇㪌

㪈㪅㪇
㪇㪅㪌
㪇㪅㪇
ታ㛎೨

㪈㪇

㪉㪌

㪋㪇

㪌㪌

䋨ಽᓟ䋩

࿑6. ᚻ⢛⊹⤏᷷ߩផ⒖

䋨㷄䋩

㪇㪅㪍
㪇㪅㪌
㪇㪅㪋
㪇㪅㪊
㪇㪅㪉
㪇㪅㪈
㪇㪅㪇
㪄㪇㪅㪈
㪄㪇㪅㪉
ታ㛎೨

⌀ḡ
౉ᶎ೷
᷷ᴰ

㪈㪇

㪉㪌

㪋㪇

㪌㪌

࿑7. 㗪ㇱ⊹⤏᷷ߩផ⒖

-10-

䋨 ಽᓟ䋩

᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕߅ࠊࠅߦ
ᧄⓂߢߪ૕ౝߦ߅޿ߡⴊᵹߣ޿߁᳓ߩᵹࠇߦߩ
ߖ㧘૕᷷ߩ଻ᜬߣ޿߁ၮᧄ⊛ߥ↢๮ᵴേࠍᜂ޿㧘߹ߚ㧘り૕⊛஥㕙ߛߌߢߪߥߊ㧘♖␹⊛ߦ࡝࡜࠶ࠢࠬᗵߥߤࠍഥ㐳ߔࠆߎߣߦነਈߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ
ㅀߴߡ߈ߚ㧚߅⣻߇∩޿ߣ߈㧘ߘߩㇱ૏ߦᚻࠍ޽ߡߡߺࠆߣ㧘⴫㕙⊛ߦἻ∝∝⁁߇ߥߌࠇ߫㧘ߘߩㇱ૏ߪߣߡ߽
಄ߚߊᗵߓࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ޿㧚∩ߺ߇シᷫߒߡߊࠆߣ
ߘߩㇱ૏ߦᥦ߆ߐ߇ᚯߞߡߊࠆ㧚∩ߺ߇޽ࠆߎߣ
ߪ੤ᗵ␹⚻߇✕ᒛ⁁ᘒߣߥࠅ㧘ⴊ▤ߪ෼❗ߒ㧘ⴊᵹ߇ᖡߊߥࠅ㧘ᾲߩ⒖േ߇ዊߐߊߥࠆ㧚ㇱಽ⊛ߢ޽ߞߡ߽り૕ߩ಄ߚߐߪ㧘૗߆ߒࠄਇஜᐽߩࠨࠗ
ࡦߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘࠇߪⴊᵹߣ޿߁૕ౝߩ᳓ߩᵹࠇߦࠃ
ߞߡ⍮ࠄߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚૕ౝߢߩⴊᵹߪ㧘り૕ߦᔅⷐߥᩕ㙃⚛㧘㉄⚛㧘⠧ᑄ‛㧘ᾲࠍㆇ៝ߔࠆߣ޿߁
↢๮✢ߢ޽ࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘り૕߆ࠄߩஜᐽ⁁ᘒࠍࠨࠗࡦߣߒߡㅍߞߡ޿ࠆߣ⸃㉼ߢ߈ࠆ㧚ߘߒߡ㧘ⴊᵹߦࠃߞߡᄖᲖߣᷓㇱߣߩᾲ⒖േߦࠃߞߡ૕᷷ࠍ
⺞▵ߢ߈ࠆߎߣߪஜᐽߩ৻ߟߩ⸽ߢ޽ࠈ߁㧚⊹⤏᷹᷷ቯߣߣ߽ߦ⿷ᶎㇱ૏ߩਥⷰ⊛ߥ᷷ᐲᗵⷡ
ࠍ⡬ขߒߚ㧚ߘߩ⚿ᨐ㧘⿷ᶎ⚳ੌᓟ 60 ಽᓟߦ߅޿
ߡ߽᷷ᴰ᳓ߪ಄߼ߡ߈ߚߣ޿߁ᗵⷡࠃࠅ߽ߜࠂ߁
ߤ⦟޿ߣ࿁╵ߒߚ߽ߩߪ 10 ੱਛ㧢ੱ߇⥄ⷡߒ㧘⌀ḡ߿౉ᶎ೷ḡߩ㧠ੱࠃࠅ߿߿ᄙ߆ߞߚ㧚 ⠨ኤ
᷷ᴰ᳓ߩ฽᦭ᚑಽߦࠃࠆൻቇ⊛૞↪ࠍߺࠆߣ㧘㘩Ⴎߩ૞↪ߪ㧘߶ߣ߷ࠅᗵ߇㐳ߊ㧘὇㉄ᴰ߿⎫ൻ᳓⚛ᴰߪⴊ▤᜛ᒛ㧘ⴊ࿶㒠ਅ㧘೑ዩ૞↪ߥߤ߇޽ࠆߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ[10]㧚ḡᴦߦઍ⴫ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᣣᧄߢߪฎߊ߆ࠄ∛᳇ᴦ≮ߦ᷷ᴰᶎ߇ᔕ↪ߐࠇߡ߈ߚ㧚ᧄታ㛎ߦ૶↪ߒߚ᷷ᴰ᳓ߪ㧘࠽࠻࡝࠙ࡓ࡮
ࠞ࡞ࠪ࠙ࡓ⎫㉄Ⴎᴰߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘⌀ḡ߿౉ᶎ೷ḡࠃࠅ᷷ᴰ᳓ߦࠃࠆലᨐࠍᦼᓙߒߚ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘⿷ᶎߦࠃߞߡട᷷ߐࠇߚ⿷⢛ߩ଻᷷ᜬ⛯ലᨐߪ㧘ḡߩ᧦ઙߦࠃࠆᏅ߇޽ࠆߣߪ޿߃ߕ㧘᷷ᴰ᳓ߦࠃ
ࠆ଻᷷ᜬ⛯ലᨐࠍᦼᓙߔࠆ⚿ᨐߪᓧࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚ㧚ߎߩߎߣߪ㧘Ḯᴰߩ᷷ᴰ᳓ࠍ⺞㆐ߒ㧘10 ੱߩⵍ㛎⠪Ფߦขࠅ⟎߈ߒߡ߅޿ߚ᷷ᴰ᳓ࠍᥦ߼⋥ߒߡ૶↪ߒߚߎߣ߇৻ߟߩේ࿃ߣ߽⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚᷷ᴰ᳓ߩല↪ࠍ㜞߼ࠆߚ߼ߦߪ᷷ᴰ᳓ߩᚑಽࠍ㉄ൻߐߖߥ޿ߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆ㧚Ḯᴰߩḡߢ޽ߞߡ߽᳹ߺ
⟎߈ߒߡ଻▤ߒߡ޿ࠆᦼ㑆ਛߦ㧘ߘߩല⢻߇ᷫዋߒߚߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚⿷ᶎߪ⋴⼔ߩ⥃ᐥ႐㕙ߢߪ㗫❥ߦⴕࠊࠇࠆࠤࠕ
ߢ޽ࠆ㧚᷷ḡߦ⿷ࠍߟߌࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ㧘ᄖ⇇߆ࠄᥦ߼ࠄࠇߚḡߩᾲ߇⊹⤏߳⒖േߒ㧘᷷ᾲೝỗߣߥࠅ㧘ዪᚲ⊛ߦⴊ▤᜛ᒛ૞↪ߣⴊᵹჇട૞↪ࠍ⿠ߎߒ㧘ḡߩ᧦ઙߦ㑐ࠊࠅߥߊ㧘⊹⤏᷷ߩ਄᣹ߣߥߞ
ߚ㧚ߐࠄߦ㧘⿷⢛ߪ߽ߣࠃࠅ㧘ᚻ⢛࡮㗪ㇱ࡮㗻ߥߤ㆙㓒ㇱ૏߳ⴊᵹଦㅴ߇↢ߓߡ޿ߚߎߣ߽┙⸽ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚ㧚․ߦ᷷ᴰ᳓ߦࠃࠆ⿷ᶎߦ߅޿ߡ㧘ઁߩḡߦᲧセߒ㧘േ㕒⣂่ว߇ᄙߊሽ࿷ߔࠆᚻ⢛ߦ߅޿ߡ଻᷷ᜬ⛯ലᨐ߇⃻ࠇߚ㧚ߎࠇߪ㧘᷷ᴰ᳓ߦࠃࠆᚑಽ߇⥄ᓞ␹⚻ߩ೽੤ᗵ␹⚻ߦࠃࠆⴊ▤᜛ᒛࠍ߽ߚࠄߒ㧘᷷ᾲലᨐࠍ㜞߼ߚߎߣ߇⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚ߟ߹ࠅ㧘࡝࡜࠶ࠢࠬ⁁ᘒ߿∩ߺシᷫߪ㧘੤ᗵ␹⚻ࠃࠅ೽੤ᗵ␹⚻߇ఝ૏ߦ૞↪ߔࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘
᷷ᴰ᳓ߪઁߩḡࠃࠅ≹ߔലᨐ߇ᦼᓙߢ߈ࠆߩߢߪ
ߥ޿߆ߣផኤߐࠇࠆ㧚޿ߕࠇߦߖࠃ㧘૕ౝߩ᳓ߩᵹࠇߣߒߡߩⴊᵹߦ
ߩߞߚᥦ߆޿ᾲߪ㧘࡝࡜࠶ࠢࠬᗵࠍㆇ߱ߣ޿߁㧘♖␹⊛ߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡ޿ࠆߣ߽⸃㉼ߢ߈ࠆ㧚ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
[1] 㤥ፉ᥄᳢㧘ⅣႺ↢ℂቇ㧘ℂᎿቇ␠㧘(1993)㧚
[2] ਛጊᤘ㓶㧘౉᧪ᱜる㧘ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ઍ⻢࡮૕᷷⺞▵ߩ↢ℂቇ㧘ᣂ↢ℂൻቇᄢ♽ 22㧘කቇᦠ㒮㧘(1987)㧚
[3] ਛጊᤘ㓶㧘᷷ᾲ↢ℂቇ㧘ℂᎿቇ␠㧘(1981)㧚
[4] ਛጊᤘ㓶㧘᧻᧛੩ሶ㧘૕᷷⺞▵ᯏ⢻⊒㆐㧘ᣂ↢ఽකቇᄢ♽ ╙㧞Ꮞ ዊఽ⊒㆐ቇ㧘කቇᦠ㒮㧘(1986)㧚
[5] Thomas 㧘 K., Termoregulation in Neonates.
NEONATAL NETWORK㧘13-2, (1994)15-22㧚
[6] ੳᔒ↰ඳม㧘ᣂ↢ఽ౉㐷╙㧞 㧘කቇᦠ㒮㧘(1995)㧚
[7] ᐔ᧻ೣሶ㧘౉⌁ࠍଦߔេഥߣߒߡߩ⿷ᶎലᨐ
ߦߟ޿ߡ ⿷ᶎ߇෸߷ߔ↢ℂ⊛ᄌൻ㧘ᣣᧄ⋴
⼔⑼ቇቇળ⹹㧘14-3, (1994) 208-209㧚
[8] ᚐ೑శ㧘ൎᧁ⼾ᚑ ઁ㧘᷷ᴰ౉ᶎߩ଻᷷ലᨐ㧘
଻ஜߩ⑼ቇ㧘43-2, (2001) 169-173㧚
[9] ਛ⼱⚐㧘ᄢႦศೣ㧘ઁ㧘㜞㦂⠪ߦ߅ߌࠆ⿷᰼
ߩ⌧⌁ᤨ㑆ߦਈ߃ࠆᓇ㗀㧘ᣣᧄ᷷ᴰ᳇⽎‛ℂකቇ⹹㧘66-3, (2003) 165-170㧚
[10] ᧖ጊዏ㧘᷷ᴰᴦ≮ቇ✚⺰㧘᷷ᴰකቇ㧘10-26,(1990)-11-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No.188᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕㔐⚿᥏ߩ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᒻ߇ߢ߈ࠆ᧦ઙ
Conditions for Forming Various Patterns of Snow Crystals␹↰ ஜਃ㧔ਛ⼱ቝศ㇢ 㔐ߩ⑼ቇ㙚㧕
Kenzo KANDA (Nakaya Ukichiro Museum of Snow and Ice)e-mail: yuki-mus@blue.hokuriku.ne.jpੱᎿ㔐ߣ࠽ࠞࡗ㨯࠳ࠗࡗࠣ࡜ࡓ

߆ࠄᔃ߇ߌߡ޿ߚᣣᧄߩ㔐ߩ⎇ⓥߦ⌕ᚻߔࠆᒁ߈
㊄ߦߥߞߚ[3]㧚
ቝศ㇢ߪ߹ߕ㧘චൎጪߩਛ⣻ߩጊዊደߢ 3000ᨎ߽ߩ㔐ߩ⚿᥏౮⌀ࠍ᠟ࠅ㧘⚿᥏ߩಽ㘃ࠍⴕߞߚ㧔࿑ 1㧕㧚ߘߒߡ㧘ߤࠎߥ᳇⽎⁁ᘒߩߣ߈ߦߤࠎߥ
⚿᥏߇㒠ࠆ߆߽⺞ߴߚ㧚ᰴߦ㧘ੱᎿ⊛ߦ㔐ߩ⚿᥏ࠍ૞ࠆߎߣࠍ߼ߑߒߚ㧚ߘߩߚ߼ߦߪ㧘㔕ߩਛߣหߓࠃ߁ߥૐ᷷ߩㇱደߢታ㛎ߔࠆߎߣ߇ᦸ߹ߒߊ㧘ർᄢߦ㧙50͠߹ߢਅ߇

‫ޟ‬㔐ඳ჻‫ߡߒߣޠ‬⍮ࠄࠇࠆਛ⼱ቝศ㇢㧔1900㨪
62㧕ߪ㧘਎⇇ߢೋ߼ߡੱᎿ㔐ࠍߟߊࠆߎߣߦᚑഞ
ߒ㧘⚿᥏ߩ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᒻ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ᧦ઙਅߢ૞ࠄࠇ
ࠆ߆ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚ㧚ቝศ㇢ߪർᶏ㆏ᄢቇߩᢎ᝼ߦߥߞߚ 1932 ᐕ㧘㔐ߩ⎇ⓥࠍ㐿ᆎߒߚ㧚ߘߩ೨ᐕ㧘ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߩ W. A.
Bentley*1 ߇᠟ߞߚ㔐ߩ⚿᥏ߩ౮⌀㓸㧔ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
㨇1㨉㧕߇಴ ߐࠇ㧘ߎߩᧄߩ಴⃻߇㧘ቝศ㇢߇೨

࿑ 1. ਛ⼱ቝศ㇢ߦࠃࠆ㔐ߩ⚿᥏ߩಽ㘃
㧔SNOW CRYSTALS㧔ෳ⠨ᢥ₂[2]㧕ߦឝタߐࠇߚಽ㘃㧕*1 (ᵈ) : W. A. Bentley ߩ㑐ㅪࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫ
વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬

http://www.bentley.sciencebuff.org/index.htm-12-᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕ࠆᕈ⢻ߩૐ᷷ቶ߇૞ࠄࠇߚ㧚ߘߒߡ㧘1936 ᐕ㧘਎⇇ߢೋ߼ߡੱᎿ㔐ࠍ૞ࠆߎߣߦᚑഞߒߚ㧚ੱᎿ㔐ߩߚ߼ߩታ㛎ⵝ⟎ߪ࿑ 2 ߩࠃ߁߽ߩߢ޽
ߞߚ㧚ੑ㊀ߩࠟ࡜ࠬ▤ߩᐩߦ⟎޿ߚࡆ࡯ࠞ࡯ߩ᳓
ࠍࡅ࡯࠲࡯ߢᥦ߼ࠆߣ㧘᳓⫳᳇߇਄᣹ߒ㧘ⵝ⟎ߩ਄┵ߦߟࠆߒߚ߁ߐ߉ߩᲫߦ⚿᥏߇ߢ߈ߚ㧚ㇱደߩ᷷ᐲ߇ૐ޿ߩߢ᳓⫳᳇ߪ಄߃㧘߁ߐ߉ߩᲫ߇ᩭ
ߦߥߞߡ⚿᥏߇ߢ߈ߚߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᰴߦ㧘ㇱደߩ᷷ᐲࠍᄌ߃ߚࠅ㧘ࡅ࡯࠲࡯ߩ᷷ᐲࠍᄌ߃ߡ᳓⫳᳇ߩ㊂ࠍᄌ߃ߡታ㛎ߔࠆߣ㧘੹ᐲߪ㆑߁ᒻߩ⚿᥏߇ߢ߈ߚ㧚ߘߎߢ㧘᷷ᐲߣ᳓⫳᳇ߩ㊂ߩ޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥ⚵ߺวࠊߖߦࠃߞߡታ㛎ࠍⴕ޿㧘⚿᥏ߩᒻߣ 2 ߟߩ
㊂㧔᳇᷷ߣ᳓⫳᳇㊂㧕ߩ໧ߩ㑐ଥࠍ⺞ߴߡ޿ߞߚ㧚ታ㛎ࠍ߹ߣ߼ߚ࿑ 3 ߪ㧘ᓟߦ‫ࡗࠞ࠽ޟ‬㨯࠳ࠗࡗࠣ࡜ࡓ‫ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ߇㧘ߎߩ࿑߆ࠄ㧘଀߃߫㧘᮸ᨑ⁁ߩ⚿᥏ߪ᳇᷷߇㧙15͠೨ᓟߢ᳓⫳᳇߇ᄙ޿ߣ߈ߦߢ߈ࠆߎߣ߿㧘หߓ᷷ᐲߢ߽᳓⫳᳇߇ዋߥ޿ߣⷺ᧼߇ߢ߈ࠆߎߣ㧘෶㧘㊎ߩ⚿᥏߇ߢ߈ࠆߩߪ㧙6͠೨ᓟߩ᷷߆޿ߣ߈ߢ޽ࠆߎߣߥ

࿑ 2. ੱᎿ㔐⵾૞ⵝ⟎㧔㔐ߩ⑼ቇ㙚ߦዷ␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧕࿑ 3. ࠽ࠞࡗ࡮࠳ࠗࡗࠣ࡜ࡓ
㧔ㆊ㘻๺ᐲ㨯㨯㨯㔕☸ߣߒߡᶧ૕⁁ᘒߢᶋㆆߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ߽฽߼ߚ᳓ಽ㊂ࠍ⴫ߔ㧕-13-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No.188᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕ߤ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ㧚
ߎߩ࿑߆ࠄ㧘㒠ߞߡ߈ߚ㔐ߩ⚿᥏ߩᒻࠍ⷗ࠇ߫
ߘߩ⚿᥏߇ᚑ㐳ߒߚ㔕ߩ⁁ᘒ߇ផቯߢ߈ࠆߎߣߦ
ߥࠅ㧘ߎߩߎߣࠍቝศ㇢ߪ‫ޟ‬㔐ߪᄤ߆ࠄㅍࠄࠇߚ
ᚻ⚕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߚߒ⃻⴫ߣޠ‬㧚ߘߩᚻ⚕ࠍ⺒߻ߚ߼ߩ‫ޟ‬ሼᒁ‫߇ޠ‬㧘࠽ࠞࡗ࡮࠳ࠗࡗࠣ࡜ࡓߥߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚ⷺ᧼߇ߢ߈ࠆ᧦ઙߛߞߚߣ⠨߃ࠇ߫޿޿ߩߢ㧘᳓⫳᳇߇ዋߥ޿㔕ߩਛߢᚑ㐳ߒߚߣផ᷹ߢ߈ࠆ㧔࿑
4㧕㧚㔕㧔෶ߪᐢߊᄢ᳇ో⥸㧕ߩ᧦ઙߩⶄ㔀ߐ߆ࠄ㧘ජᄌਁൻߩ㔐ߩ⚿᥏߇ᒻᚑߐࠇ㧘ోߊหߓ⚿᥏ߪሽ࿷ߒߥ޿ߣߔࠄ⸒߃ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚࠽ࠞࡗ࡮࠳ࠗࡗࠣ࡜ࡓߢ‫ޟ‬ᚻ⚕‫ࠆߺߢࠎ⺒ࠍޠ‬㔐ߩᚻ⚕ࠍ‫߈ߣޠ߻⺒ޟ‬㧘࠽ࠞࡗ࡮࠳ࠗࡗࠣ࡜
ࡓߪ㧘㔕ߩ᳇⽎᧦ઙߣ⚿᥏ߩᒻߩ㑐ଥߣ޿߁ࠃࠅ㧘᳇⽎᧦ઙߣ‫ޟ‬ᚑ㐳ߩ઀ᣇ‫ߩޠ‬㑐ଥߛߣℂ⸃ߒߡ߅ߊߎߣ߇ᄢಾߛߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚ߥߗߥࠄ㧘⚿᥏߇↢߹ࠇߡ߆ࠄ࿾਄ߦዯߊ߹ߢߩ㑆ߦ㧘᳇⽎᧦ઙߪᄌൻߔࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ㧚౻ߩ㔕ߪ߰ߟ߁૗ጀ߽޽ࠅ㧘઒ߦ 1 ጀߛߌߛߣߒߡ߽㧘ߘߩਛߩ᧦ઙ߇৻᭽ߢ
޽ࠆߣߪ⠨߃ߦߊ޿㧚⚿᥏ࠍߣࠅ߹ߊ᧦ઙߪ޿ࠈ
޿ࠈᄌൻߔࠆ߇㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩ᧦ઙߢߩᚑ㐳ߩ઀ᣇ߇࠽ࠞࡗ࡮࠳ࠗࡗࠣ࡜ࡓߢ⴫ߐࠇࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚⚿᥏ߪਛᔃ߆ࠄᄖߦะ߆ߞߡᚑ㐳ߔࠆ㧚ߘߩߚ߼㧘⚿᥏ߩਛᔃㇱߦߪೋᦼߩ㧘ߟ߹ࠅ਄ⓨߩ㔕ߩ᳇⽎᧦ઙ߇෻ᤋߒ㧘⚿᥏ߩ๟ㄝㇱߦߪᓟඨߩ㧘ߟ߹ࠅᲧセ⊛ૐ޿ߣߎࠈߩ㔕ߩ᧦ઙ߇␜ߐࠇࠆߎߣ
ߦߥࠆ㧚ߘߒߡ㧘ᚑ㐳ਛߩߘࠇߙࠇߩᲑ㓏ߢߩ㔕ߩ᧦ઙߪ㧘⚿᥏ߩ 1 ᧄߩᨑవߩᒻߦ⴫ߐࠇࠆ㧚଀߃߫㧘ᨑవ߇ውߞߚ᮸ᨑ⁁ߥࠄ㧘㧙15͠೨ᓟߢ᳓⫳᳇߇ᄙ޿ߣߎࠈߢᚑ㐳ߒߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘ᨑవ߇ᚸߩࠃ߁ߦᐢ߇ߞߡ޿ߚࠄ㧘ߘࠇߪෳ⠨ᢥ₂[1] W. A. Bentley and W. J. Humphreys㧘 SNOWCRYSTALS, McGraw-Hill, 㧔1931㧕[Dover ␠߆ࠄࡍ࡯ࡄ࡯ࡃ࠶ࠢ].
[2] Ukichiro Nakaya 㧘 SNOW CRYSTALS 㧙
NATURAL AND ARTIFISIAL 㧘 Harvard
University Press㧘㧔1954㧕.
[3] ਛ⼱ቝศ㇢㧘 㔐㧘㧔ጤᵄᣂᦠ㧕㧔1938㧕,㨇㔐㧔ጤᵄᢥᐶ㧕
㧘ਛ⼱ቝศ㇢㓸╙ 2 Ꮞ㧔ጤᵄ㧕ߦ෼㍳㨉.
[4] ਛ⼱ቝศ㇢㔐ߩ⑼ቇ㙚㧘ᄤ߆ࠄㅍࠄࠇߚᚻ⚕
㨇౮⌀㓸 㔐ߩ⚿᥏㨉㧘㧔1999㧕.
[5] ਛ⼱ቝศ㇢㔐ߩ⑼ቇ㙚‫ޟ‬㔐ߩ૕㛎ቇ⠌ታⴕᆔຬળ‫ޠ‬㧘ቇ⠌࠹ࠠࠬ࠻‫ޟ‬㔐ߣ޽ߘ߷߁‫ޠ‬ታ㛎ᢎቶ㧘㧔2003㧕.
[6] ␹↰ஜਃ㧘ቝศ㇢⋥╩࡮⧷⺆ ‫ޟ‬㔐ߪᄤ߆ࠄㅍࠄࠇߚᚻ⚕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޠ‬㧔ߘߩ 1㧕㧘㔐᳖㧘67-1
㧔2005㧕pp.56-57㧘ห㧔ߘߩ 2㧕㧘㔐᳖㧘67-2
㧔2005㧕pp.193-195.

࿑ 4. ᳇⽎᧦ઙ߇ᄌൻߔࠆߣ߈ߩ⚿᥏ᒻߩ଀㧔2 ጀߩ㔕ߩਛߢᚑ㐳ߒߚߣ߈ߩᒻߩߢ߈ᣇߣ㧘࠽ࠞࡗ࡮࠳ࠗࡗࠣ࡜ࡓߩ਄ߢߩᄌൻ㧕વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬-14-᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕᳓߆ࠄ᳓⚛ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍ
 Hydrogen Energy from Water↰〝 ๺ᐘ㧔᧲ർᄢቇ㧕
Kazuyuki TOHJI (Tohoku University)e-mail: tohji@mail.kankyo.tohoku.ac.jpߪߓ߼ߦ
ᄥ㓁శࠍ೑↪ߒߚ᳓ߩ⋥ធಽ⸃ߦࠃࠆ᳓⚛⵾ㅧߪ㧘⃻⁁ߢߪ࿎㔍ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߘߩߚ߼㧘ᄥ㓁㔚ᳰࠍ↪޿ߡ㔚᳇ࠍ૞ࠅ㧚᳓ߩ㔚᳇ಽ⸃ߦࠃࠅ᳓⚛ࠍ⵾ㅧߔࠆᣇᑼ߇ᬌ⸛ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ᄌ឵ല₸߇චಽߢߥ޿ߎߣ㧘㔚ജャㅍߩല₸㧘ߐࠄߦࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠦࠬ࠻ߥߤߩ໧㗴ὐ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ
޿ࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘ࠪ࡝ࠦࡦࠍၮ⋚ߣߔࠆᄥ㓁㔚ᳰߪ㧘ࠪ࡝ࠦࡦߩ⵾ㅧߦ⤘ᄢߥൻ⍹ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍ೑↪ߒߡ޿ࠆߩ߽੐ታߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᧄႎߢߪ㧘᳓ࠃࠅ߽㉄ൻㆶర㔚૏߇ 1㧛4 ߣૐ޿⎫ൻ᳓⚛㧔H2S㧕߆ࠄ᳓⚛
ࠍ⵾ㅧߒ㧘ࠗࠝ࠙ᓴⅣࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߎߣߢ
ൻቇ㊂⺰⊛ߦ᳓ߩಽ⸃ࠍ߽ߚࠄߔࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ㧘ߔߥࠊߜ㧘ൻ⍹Άᢱࠍ߹ߞߚߊ૶ࠊߥ޿᳓⚛⵾ㅧᴺࠍ⚫੺ߔࠆ㧚߹ߕߪߓ߼ߦ㧘ᄥ㓁శߢ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ࠍಽ⸃ߒߡ᳓

⚛ࠍ⵾ㅧߔࠆߚ߼ߩ⎫ൻ‛ඨዉ૕శ⸅ᇦߩᬌ⸛ߣ
㐿⊒㧘ߘߒߡ㧘ᦨ⚳⊛ߦ᳓߆ࠄ᳓⚛ࠍ⵾ㅧߔࠆߚ
߼㧘ࠗࠝ࠙ࠍᓴⅣߐߖߥ߇ࠄ᳓⚛ࠍ⵾ㅧߔࠆࠪࠬ
࠹ࡓࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߚ߼ߦᔅⷐߥⷐ⚛ᛛⴚߩᬌ⸛ࠍⴕ
ߞߚ㧚ౕ૕⊛ߦ࿑ 1 ߩ෻ᔕࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߚ߼㧘߹ߕ‫⎫ޔ‬ൻ᳓⚛߇ṁ⸃ߒߚࠕ࡞ࠞ࡝ṁᶧਛߩశ⸅
ᇦߦᄥ㓁శࠍᾖ኿ߒߡ᳓⚛ࠍ⵾ㅧߔࠆ㧚శ⸅ᇦߩ⚛᧚ߦߪ‫ ߇ࡊ࠶ࡖࠡ࠼ࡦࡃޔ‬2eV ⒟ᐲߩ⎫ൻ‛ඨዉ૕ࠍ↪޿ߡࠬ࠻࡜࠹ࠖࡈࠔࠗ࠼㧔࠽ࡁࠞࡊ࠮࡞
ဳ㧕శ⸅ᇦࠍ㐿⊒ߒߚ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦߒߡ㧘╙৻Ბ㓏ߢᄥ㓁ࠍశḮߣߔࠆశࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ᄌ឵ߦࠃࠆ᳓
⚛⵾ㅧࠍⴕߞߚ㧚ߘߒߡ㧘⎫ൻ᳓⚛ߩಽ⸃ߢ↢ᚑߒߚ೽↢ᚑ‛ߩࠗࠝ࠙ࠢ࡜ࠬ࠲࡯ߣ᳓ߣߩ᳓ᾲ෻
ᔕ߽ߒߊߪ㧘↢๮ᵴേߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߩ৻ߟߢ޽ࠆ
⎫㉄ㆶర⩶ߥߤߦࠃࠅ㧘ේᢱߢ޽ࠆ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ࠍല࿑ 1 ᄥ㓁ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߣࠗࠝ࠙ᓴⅣࠍ೑↪ߒߚ᳓⚛⵾ㅧࠬࠠ࡯ࡓ

-15-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕ߡ᳓⚛ߦߥࠆ㧚ߎߎߢ㊀ⷐߥߩߪ㧘ࡃࡦ࠼ࠡࡖ࠶
ࡊߩᄢ߈ߐߣવዉᏪ࡮ଔ㔚ሶᏪߩࡐ࠹ࡦࠪࡖ࡞ߢ
޽ࠆ㧚࿑ 2.1 ߦඨዉ૕ߩࡃࡦ࠼᭴ㅧߣ᳓ߩశಽ⸃
ߩ㑐ଥࠍ␜ߔ㧚᳓ߩಽ⸃߇น⢻ߥࡃࡦ࠼᭴ㅧߪવ
ዉᏪߩᐩ߇ H+/H2 ߩ㉄ൻㆶర㔚૏(0V vs. NHE at
pH0)ࠃࠅ߽⽶㧘ଔ㔚ሶᏪߩ਄㒢߇ O2/H2O ߩ㔚૏(+1.23V vs. NHE at pH0)ࠃࠅ߽ᱜߢߥߊߡߪߥࠄ
ߥ޿㧚ߔߥࠊߜ㧘વዉᏪߣଔ㔚ሶᏪ߇᳓ߩㆶర߅
ࠃ߮㉄ൻ㔚૏ࠍ᜽߻૏⟎ߦ޽ࠇ߫ࠃ޿㧚ߘߒߡ㧘శ⸅ᇦ߇นⷞశߢേ૞ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦࡃࡦ࠼ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊ
ߪዊߐ޿ߎߣ߇ᦸ߹ߒ޿[3]㧚

₸⊛ߦ↢ᚑߔࠆ╙ 2 Ბ㓏෻ᔕߩᬌ⸛߽ⴕߞߚ㧚శ⸅ᇦߩᱠߺ
㉄ൻ࠴࠲ࡦࠍ↪޿ߚశ⸅ᇦߢ⪺ฬߥ⮮᎑ᤘඳ჻߽ฎߊߪ᳓ࠍಽ⸃ߒߡ᳓⚛ࠍᓧࠆߎߣࠍᄞ⷗ߡ⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߡ޿ߚߘ߁ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᧄᄙ࡮⮮᎑ലᨐߢ⍮ࠄࠇࠆ㔚᳇ൻቇ⊛ᚻᴺߦࠃࠅ㧘శࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍൻ
ቇࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߢ޽ࠆ᳓⚛ߦᄌ឵ߔࠆᣇᴺߩ⊒⷗ߪ㧘
1977 ᐕߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ[1]㧚ߎߩ⎇ⓥߦ⛯߈㧘ࠕࡔ࡝
ࠞߩ Bird ࠄ߇శ⸅ᇦߣ޿߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄ⎇ⓥࠍ⊒ዷߐߖߚ[2]㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦߒߡ㧘ᒰೋߩ⋡⊛ߪ㆐ᚑߐࠇߡߪ޿ߥ޿߇㧘శ⸅ᇦߪⅣႺ㊀ⷞဳ␠ળߩ⊒ዷߣ઻ߦ㧘᭽‫ߥޘ‬႐ᚲߢ೑↪ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ㧚శ⸅ᇦߪ㧘᛫⩶࡮ᵺൻ⋡⊛ߣ᳓⚛⵾ㅧࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚ↪ㅜߦᄢ೎ߢ߈ࠆ㧚೨⠪ߪ㧘㉄ൻ࠴࠲ࡦࠍၮᧄߣ
ߒߡታ↪ൻᲑ㓏߹ߢㅴࠎߢ޿ࠆ߇㧘ᓟ⠪ߪ㧘ᧂߛ㧘ߘߩᣇะᕈࠍ⷗ߥ޿߹߹⛘߃㑆ߥߊ⎇ⓥ߇ㅴ߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚᳓⚛⵾ㅧ↪శ⸅ᇦߪ㧘㔚᳇ൻቇߩಽ㊁ߢ↢߹ࠇ㧘⸅ᇦൻቇߩਛߢ⊒ዷߒߡ߈ߚߣ⸒߃ࠆ㧚ߘߩߚ߼㧘⸅ᇦ☳૕ߩᲧ⴫㕙Ⓧ㧘ߔߥࠊߜ☳૕⴫㕙ߩ෻ᔕࠨࠗ࠻ࠍჇടߐߖࠆߚ߼ߩᣇᴺ߇ขࠄࠇߡ߈ߚ㧚߹ߚߪ㧘࿕૕‛ℂߩഥߌࠍ୫ࠅߡ㧘‛⾰⑼ቇ⊛ߦน⢻ᕈߩ޽ࠆ☳૕ߩត⚝߇ਥᵹߣߥߞߡ⤘ᄢߥ⒳㘃
ߩ᳓⚛⵾ㅧశ⸅ᇦߩႎ๔߇ⴕߥࠊࠇߚ㧚ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘᳓ࠍ⋥ធᄥ㓁శࠍ↪޿ߡല₸⊛ߦಽ⸃ߢ߈
ࠆశ⸅ᇦߪᧂߛ⷗ߟ߆ߞߡ޿ߥ޿㧚ߎࠇࠄ 30 ᐕߩ⎇ⓥᚑᨐߪ㧘㉄ൻ࡮ㆶరࠨࠗ࠻ࠍቢోಽ㔌ߒߚశ⸅ᇦࠍนⷞ㗔ၞߦࡃࡦ࠼ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊࠍ᦭ߔࠆ⚛᧚ߢ޿߆ߦ૞ࠆ߆߇߆߉ߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡ߈ߚ㧚ߘߩ⹜ߺߩ
৻ߟ߇㧘ࡋࡠࡉࠬࠞࠗ࠻ဳߩጀ⁁‛ࠍ೑↪ߒߡ෻ᔕࠨࠗ࠻ߩಽ㔌ࠍ⹜ߺߚ⎇ⓥ߅ࠃ߮ᓟㅀߔࠆࠬ࠻
࡜࠹ࠖࡈࠔࠗ࠼ဳశ⸅ᇦߢ޽ࠆ㧚 శ⸅ᇦࠍ↪޿ߚ᳓⚛↢ᚑߩේℂశ⸅ᇦߩ⚛᧚ߢ޽ࠆඨዉ૕ߪ㧘વዉᏪ(Conduction band)ߣଔ㔚ሶᏪ(Valence band)ߣ߇ㆡ
ᒰߥ᏷ߩ⑌೙Ꮺ(Band gap)ߢ㓒ߡࠄࠇߚࡃࡦ࠼᭴
ㅧࠍ᦭ߔࠆ㧚ߘߒߡ㧘ࡃࡦ࠼ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊએ਄ߩࠛࡀ
࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍᜬߟశࠍᾖ኿ߔࠆߣ㧘ଔ㔚ሶᏪߩ㔚ሶ߇વዉᏪߦബ⿠ߐࠇ㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡଔ㔚ሶᏪߦᱜሹ(hole)㧘વዉᏪߦ㔚ሶ(electron)ࠍ↢ߓࠆ㧚ߘߒߡ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩᱜሹ߿㔚ሶ߇㔚᳇ಽ⸃ߣห᭽ߦ㉄ൻ߿ㆶర෻ᔕࠍᒁ߈⿠ߎߔ㧚᳓ߩಽ⸃ߢߪᱜሹߦࠃࠅ᳓
߇㉄ൻߐࠇߡ㉄⚛ߦ㧘৻ᣇߢ㔚ሶߦࠃࠅㆶరߐࠇ

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬

࿑ 2.1 ඨዉ૕ߩࡃࡦ࠼᭴ㅧߣ᳓ߩశಽ⸃ߩ㑐ଥ(pH=0)
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦశ⸅ᇦࠍ↪޿ߚ᳓ߩశಽ⸃෻ᔕߪේ
ℂ⊛ߦߪ㕖Ᏹߦන⚐ߢ◲නߥࠃ߁ߦ⷗߃ࠆ߇㧘ታ㓙ߦߪ㧘↢ᚑߒߚ㔚ሶ߿ᱜሹߩኼ๮߿േ߈߿ߔߐ㧘ߘߩ㔚⩄ಽ㔌㧘㉄ൻㆶర෻ᔕߦ߅ߌࠆㆊ㔚࿶߿෻ᔕᵴᕈὐߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߥⶄ㔀ߥ࿃ሶ߇㑐ࠊߞߡߊࠆ㧚ߘߩߚ߼㧘Pt ߩࠃ߁ߥഥ⸅ᇦࠍᜂᜬߒߚࠅߔࠆߎ
ߣߦࠃࠅ㧘㔚⩄߿㉄ൻㆶర෻ᔕߩ෻ᔕ႐ߩಽ㔌߿㉄ൻㆶర෻ᔕߩㅦᐲ⺰⊛࿃ሶࠍ᦭೑ߦߔࠆߎߣ߽
ߒ߫ߒ߫ⴕࠊࠇࠆ[4,5]㧚࿑ 2.2 ߦഥ⸅ᇦᜂᜬဳశ
⸅ᇦߩઍ⴫଀ߣߒߡ Pt/TiO2/RuO2 ☸ሶ[6,7]ߩᮨᑼ
࿑ࠍ␜ߔ㧚߹ߚ㧘޽ࠆ᧚ᢱ߇శ⸅ᇦ⊛ߦ᳓ࠍㆶర࡮
㉄ൻߒߡ᳓⚛߿㉄⚛ࠍ↢ᚑߢ߈ࠆࡐ࠹ࡦࠪࡖ࡞ࠍ
ᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠍ್ᢿߔࠆߚ߼ߩᚻᲑߣߒߡ㧘ߒ߫ߒ߫‶†⹜⮎ࠍ↪޿ߚ෻ᔕ߽ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚෻ᔕṁᶧߣߒߡࠕ࡞ࠦ࡯࡞߿ EDTA ߥߤߩ㉄ൻߐࠇ߿ߔ޿᦭ᯏ‛(ㆶర೷)ࠍṁ߆ߒߚ᳓ṁᶧࠍ↪޿ࠆߣ㧘-16-᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕․ߦ LaTiO2N㧘Ta3N5㧘TaON㧘Sm2Ti2S2O5 ߥߤ߇
600nm ઃㄭ߹ߢචಽߥๆ෼ࠍ␜ߔߎߣࠍ⷗಴ߒߡ
޿ࠆ[14,15]㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘਄⸥㧞ߟߩ⎇ⓥࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦ
߅޿ߡ߽ᄥ㓁శࠍ↪޿ߡ㜞ല₸ߢ᳓ߩቢోಽ⸃ߪ
㆐ᚑߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿㧚ᣂߒ޿᭎ᔨߢߩశ⸅ᇦߣ᳓⚛⵾ㅧߩࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴
వߦ␜ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ᄥ㓁శߣశ⸅ᇦࠍ೑↪ߒߡ㧘᳓ߩ⋥ធಽ⸃߆ࠄࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯೑↪ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡ᳓⚛ࠍ⵾ㅧߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ㧘߽߁৻ᐲේὐߦᚯߞߚᬌ
⸛߇ᔅⷐߣ⠨߃ࠆ㧚߹ߕߪ㧘᳓⚛ߣ᳓⚛⵾ㅧߦᔅⷐߥේᢱߦ┙ߜᚯߞߡߺࠆ㧚 ᳓⚛ߣ᳓⚛⵾ㅧߩේᢱ
᳓߆ࠄ᳓⚛ࠍ૞ࠅ೑↪ߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆࠕࠗ࠺ࠕߪ
1870 ᐕߎࠈߦ⊓႐ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ᒰᤨߩ SF ዊ⺑㧘ࠫࡘ࡯࡞࡮ࡌ࡞࠿ߩ̌ਇᕁ⼏ߩፉ̍ߦߪ‫ޟ‬᳓ߪߘࠇࠍ૞ߞߡ޿ࠆ᳓⚛ߣ㉄⚛ߣߒߡ㧘න⁛޽ࠆ޿ߪ৻
✜ߦߥߞߡ↪޿ࠄࠇ㧘ᾲߣశߩዧ߈ߥ޿Ḯߣߒߡ㧘⍹὇ߦߪߣߡ߽⢻ࠊߑࠆΆᢱߣߒߡ೑↪ߐࠇࠆߛࠈ߁㧚᳓ߎߘᧂ᧪ߩ⍹὇ߥߩߛ㧚‫৻ࠆ⺆ߣޠ‬ᢥ߇ឝタߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎߩᒰᤨߩ SF ዊ⺑ߩ⊒ᗐߦߪ᦬㕙ᣏⴕ㧘ᶏᐩᣏⴕ㧘ࡠࡏ࠶࠻ߥߤ੹ᣣታ⃻ߒߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ߇ᢙᄙߊ޽ࠅ㧘᳓⚛ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߪ㧘21 ਎♿
ߦ⏕┙ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ᛛⴚߩ৻ߟߢ޽ࠆ㧚᳓⚛ߪ㧘‫ޟ‬Ά߃ࠆߣ᳓ߦߥࠆ‫ߦ߁ࠃޠ‬ⅣႺߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߕ㧘߆ߟන૏㊀㊂ᒰߚࠅ⍹ᴤߩ⚂㧟୚ߩࡄࡢ࡯ࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߎߩⓥᭂߩ
ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߣ⸒ࠊࠇࠆ᳓⚛ߪ㧘⥄ὼ⇇ߦߪන⁛ߢሽ࿷ߖߕ㧘὇ൻ᳓⚛㧘᳓㧘⎫ൻ᳓⚛ߥߤߩൻว‛ߣߒߡሽ࿷ߔࠆ㧚ߘߩߚ߼㧘ઁߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍ↪
޿ߡ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩൻว‛ࠍಽ⸃ߒߡ᳓⚛ࠍ૞ࠄߥߌ
ࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘⃻ታ⊛ߦߪ㧘ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯
ߪ㧘⃻ઍ␠ળߩၮ⋚ߢ޽ࠅ㧘21 ਎♿ߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯
ߣ⸒ࠊࠇࠆ᳓⚛߽቟ଔߦ⵾ㅧߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿㧚ߘߩߚ߼㧘⃻⁁ߢߪ㧘ൻ⍹ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍᾲಽ⸃ߒ
ߡ⵾ㅧߔࠆᣇᴺ߇᦭ജߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘᳓⚛ߪࠢ࡝࡯ࡦߢ޽ߞߡ߽㧘ߘߩේᢱߪᨗᷢ߇ᔃ㈩ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆൻ⍹ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߐࠄߦ೽↢ᚑ‛ߣߒߡ⤘ᄢߥ CO2 ߩ⊒↢ࠍ઻߁ߥߤᄙߊߩ໧
㗴ࠍᛴ߃ߡ޿ࠆ㧚ࠃߞߡ᳓⚛ࠍ⌀ߩࠢ࡝࡯ࡦࠛࡀ
࡞ࠡ࡯ߦߔࠆߦߪ㧘ή㒢ߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯Ḯߢ޽ࠆᄥ㓁ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍ೑↪ߒ㧘߆ߟ቟ଔߥൻ⍹ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯એᄖߩේᢱ߆ࠄ᳓⚛ࠍ⵾ㅧߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿㧚ߎߩߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘⏕߆ߦ㧘ᄥ㓁శࠍ೑↪ߒߡ᳓ࠍේ

శᾖ኿ߦࠃߞߡ↢ᚑߒߚᱜሹ߇ਇนㅒ⊛ߦߎࠇࠄࠍ㉄ൻߔࠆߚ߼ߦ㧘శ⸅ᇦਛߦߪ㔚ሶ߇ㆊ೾ߦߥ
ࠅ᳓⚛↢ᚑ෻ᔕ߇ଦㅴߐࠇࠆ[8,9]㧚ㅒߦ㧘Ag+ߩࠃ߁ߥ㔚ሶฃኈ૕(㉄ൻ೷)ࠍ฽߻᳓ṁᶧࠍ↪޿ࠆߣ㧘વዉᏪߩ㔚ሶ߇ਇนㅒ⊛ߦᶖ⾌ߐࠇ㧘ᱜሹߦࠃࠆ᳓ߩ㉄ൻߦ઻߁㉄⚛↢ᚑ߇ଦㅴߐࠇࠆ[10,11]㧚
 นⷞశᔕ╵ဳశ⸅ᇦߩ㐿⊒ᄥ㓁శߦࠃߞߡ᳓⚛ࠍല₸⊛ߦ↢ᚑߔࠆߦߪ㧘ࡃࡦ࠼ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊ߇นⷞశࠍๆ෼ߢ߈ࠆ߶ߤዊߐ޿
ߎߣ㧘વዉᏪ߅ࠃ߮ଔ㔚ሶᏪߩḰ૏߇᳓⚛߅ࠃ߮㉄⚛ࠍ⊒↢ߢ߈ࠆ࡟ࡌ࡞ߦ޽ࠅ㧘߆ߟశ⸅ᇦ⥄り߇቟ቯߣ޿߁᧦ઙࠍḩߚߔᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ㧚ߎࠇ߹ߢ㧘ߎߩ᧦ઙࠍḩߚߔታ↪⊛ߥశ⸅ᇦߩ㐿⊒ߪ࿎㔍ߣߐࠇߡ߈ߚ㧚ߒ߆ߒㄭᐕ㧘޿ߊߟ߆ߩᣂߒ޿⎇ⓥᚑᨐ߇ႎ๔ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚 ↥ᬺᛛⴚ✚ว⎇ⓥᚲߩ⎇ⓥࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߪ㧘࠾࠶ࠤ࡞ࠍࠗࡦࠫ࠙ࡓ࡮࠲ࡦ࠲࡞㉄ൻ‛ߦ࠼࡯ࡊߒߚ㉄࿑ 2.2 ᓸ☸ሶඨዉ૕శ⸅ᇦߩᮨᑼ࿑
ൻ‛ඨዉ૕ In1-xNixTaO4㧔x=0㨪0.2㧕ࠍ↪޿㧘นⷞశ৻Ბബ⿠ߦࠃࠆ᳓ߩቢోಽ⸃㧔᳓⚛㧦㉄⚛ = 2㧦1㧕ߦߪߓ߼ߡᚑഞߒߚ[12]㧚࠾࠶ࠤ࡞ࠍᷝടߔࠆ
ߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘นⷞၞߩ⍴ᵄ㐳஥ߩశߦኻߔࠆశ
⸅ᇦᵴᕈ߇⪺ߒߊะ਄ߒ㧘ߘߩ㊂ሶല₸ߪ 402nm
ߩశߦኻߒߡ 0.66%ߣႎ๔ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘ᬀ‛ߩశวᚑࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓߢ޽ࠆੑᲑ㓏శബ⿠෻ᔕࠍ
ᮨ୮ߒߚนⷞశߦࠃࠆ᳓ಽ⸃ߦߟ޿ߡ߽ႎ๔ߒߡ
޿ࠆ[13]㧚
᧲੩ᄢቇߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߢߪ㧘ᄥ㓁శਛߦᄙߊ฽߹
ࠇࠆ 600nm ઃㄭ߹ߢߩนⷞ㗔ၞߩశߦᔕ╵ߒ㧘᳓ࠍಽ⸃ߢ߈ࠆశ⸅ᇦߩ㐿⊒ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒ㧘ࠝࠠࠪ࠽ࠗ࠻࡜ࠗ࠼࡮ࠝࠠࠪࠨ࡞ࡈࠔࠗ࠼♽శ⸅ᇦ᧚ᢱߦ
⌕⋡ߒ㧘ߘߩนⷞశᔕ╵ᕈߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸛ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚-17-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕⚦⩶߇᜼ߍࠄࠇࠆ㧚ߎࠇࠄߩ⩶ߪ㧘CO2 ࠍ὇⚛Ḯ㧘
H2S ࠍశวᚑ෻ᔕߩ᳓⚛ଏਈ૕ߣߒߡ೑↪ߒߡశวᚑ⁛┙ᩕ㙃⊛↢⢒ࠍߔࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘శวᚑ⚦⩶ߪ㧘⓸⚛Ḯ߇ਇ⿷ߒߚ᧦ઙਅߢ㧘࠾࠻ࡠࠥ࠽࡯࠯ߩ૞
↪ߦࠃࠅ H2 ࠍ᡼಴ߔࠆߎߣ߇⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ[18]㧚
ߟ߹ࠅ⥄ὼ⇇ߦ߅޿ߡ 1 Ბ㓏ߩశബ⿠ㆊ⒟ߢశ
วᚑ෻ᔕ߇ᚑࠅ┙ߞߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߪ㧘᳓ߢߪߥߊ㧘⎫ൻ᳓⚛߿᦭ᯏ‛ߥߤ᳓ࠃࠅ߽㉄ൻ߇ኈᤃߥ‛⾰ࠍ㔚ሶଏਈ૕ߣߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ㧚ࠃߞߡ㧘਄⸥ߩ㧟ߟߩⷐ⚛㧔᳓㧘ࠗࠝࡦ㧘⎫ൻ᳓⚛㧕ࠍ฽ࠎߛ෻ᔕ♽㧘ߔߥࠊߜ㧘᳓ߣหߓಽሶ᭴ㅧࠍᜬߟ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ࠍࠕ࡞ࠞ࡝᳓ṁᶧߦṁ߆ߒߚࠗࠝ࠙ࠗࠝࡦ
ࠍ೑↪ߔࠆߎߣߦᵈ⋡ߒߚ㧚⎫ൻ᳓⚛ߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆߣ㧘ߘߩಽ⸃ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߪ㧘᳓ߩ㧠ಽߩ㧝⒟ᐲߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߔߥࠊߜ㧘᳓ࠃࠅૐ޿
ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߢ᳓⚛ࠍᓧࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߪߕߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߔߥࠊߜ㧘᳓ࠃࠅ߽◲නߦ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ߪಽ⸃ߒ㧘᳓⚛ࠍ⵾ㅧߢ߈ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘⎫ൻ᳓⚛ߪ㧘ᄤὼߦߪ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ᴰਛ߿Ἣጊࠟࠬ㧘ߐࠄߦ⍹ᴤߩ⣕⎫ⴕ⒟߿㊄ዻ♖㍰ߩㆊ⒟ߢᄢ㊂ߦ⊒↢ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߽⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎߩᎿᬺ⊛ߦ⊒↢ߔࠆ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ߪ㧘ᄢ㊂ߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍᔅⷐߣߔࠆࠢ࡜࠙ࠬ
ᴺߦࠃࠅ⎫㤛ߣߒߡ࿁෼ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎߩᑄ᫈‛ߣߒߡߩ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ࠍᄥ㓁ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߦࠃࠅಽ⸃ߒ㧘ࠢ࡝࡯ࡦࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߢ޽ࠆ᳓⚛ࠍᓧࠆߎߣߪ㧘ⅣႺ໧㗴ࠍ㈩ᘦߒߚᣂߒ޿᳓⚛⵾ㅧᛛⴚߦᚑࠅ߃ࠆ
ߣ⠨߃ࠆ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ᳓⚛ߩේᢱࠍ᦭ኂ‛⾰ߢ޽ࠆ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ߦ᳞߼㧘ߘࠇࠍ㜞ല₸ߢಽ⸃ߢ߈ࠆశ
⸅ᇦࠍ㐿⊒ߔࠇ߫⦟޿ߎߣߦߥࠆ㧚 ⥄ὼࠍᮨ୮ߒߚశ⸅ᇦߩ㐿⊒㧔ࠬ࠻࡜࠹ࠖࡈ
ࠔࠗ࠼శ⸅ᇦ㧕ࠕ࡞ࠞ࡝ṁᶧߦṁ⸃ߒߚ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ߩಽ⸃෻ᔕߩ
ല₸ࠍะ਄ߐߖࠆߦߪ㧘↪޿ࠆඨዉ૕ᓸ☸ሶߩᲧ
⴫㕙ⓍࠍჇᄢߐߖࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ㧚ߔߥࠊߜ㧘࠽ࡁ☸ሶߩశ⸅ᇦࠍ↪޿ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘࠽ࡁ☸ሶߪ㧘ዊߐߊߥࠇ߫ߥࠆ߶ߤ㧘Ყ⴫㕙ⓍߪჇᄢߔࠆ߇㧘ߘࠇߦ઻޿ᓸ☸ሶൻലᨐߦࠃࠅࡃࡦ࠼ࠡ
ࡖ࠶ࡊ߇ᐢ߇ࠆ㧚ߎߩ⃻⽎ߪ㧘ᄥ㓁శࠍ᦭ലߦࠃ
ߊ೑↪ߔࠆߣ޿߁ⷰὐߢߪࡑࠗ࠽ࠬߩⷐ࿃ߦߥߞ
ߡߒ߹߁㧚ߎߩߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘࠽ࡁ☸ሶࠍ↪޿ߥ߇ࠄ㧘࠽ࡁߩ໧㗴ὐࠍస᦯ߒߚᓸ☸ሶࠍ㐿⊒ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇
޽ࠆ㧚ߘߎߢ㧘⥄ὼ⇇ߦቇࠎߛᣂߒ޿⸅ᇦ᭴ㅧࠍ
ᬌ⸛ߒߚ㧚ߘߩ⚿ᨐ↢߹ࠇߚᣂߒ޿᭎ᔨߩశ⸅ᇦ
߇㧘ࠬ࠻࡜࠹ࠖࡈࠔࠗ࠼శ⸅ᇦߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߘߩ⌕ᗐᢱߣߒߡ᳓⚛ࠍ⵾ㅧߔࠆߎߣߪේℂᗐ⊛ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⢛᥊ߩਛ㧘ᄥ㓁శࠍ೑↪ߒߡ㔚᳇ൻቇ⊛ߦ᳓ࠍಽ⸃ߔࠆߎߣࠍឭ᩺ߒߚߩ߇వߦ߽␜
ߒߚ 1977 ᐕ㧘Nature ⹹ߦ⊒⴫ߒߚᧄ↰࡮⮮ፉߩ⎇ⓥߢ޽ߞߚ㧚ߎߩ⎇ⓥߣਗⴕߒߡ㧘ṁᶧਛߩࠗࠝ
ࡦߩశๆ෼ࠍ೑↪ߒߚ᳓⚛ࠍ↢ᚑߔࠆ෻ᔕ♽ߩ⎇ⓥ߽ߥߐࠇߚ㧚Jortner ࠄߪ㧘I ࠗࠝࡦࠍ฽߻㉄ᕈṁᶧਛߢ[16]㧘߹ߚේࠄߪ㧘S ࠗࠝࡦࠍ฽߻ࠕ࡞ࠞ
࡝ṁᶧਛߢ㧘㜞޿㊂ሶല₸ߢ᳓⚛ࠍ↢ᚑߔࠆߎߣ
ࠍ␜ߒߚ[17]㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩ෻ᔕߪోߡ㧘శߩᵄ㐳 250nm એਅߣ޿߁ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߩ㜞޿⚡ᄖశࠍ↪޿ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘᳓ṁᶧਛߢߩࠗࠝࡦࠍ੺ߒߚ෻ᔕߦࠃߞߡ߽᳓⚛߇⵾ㅧߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߁ᣂߒ޿⍮⷗߇ᓧࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߐࠄߦ㧘ᚒ‫߇ޘ‬㆐ᚑߒߚ޿ᄥ㓁శ㧔శࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯㧕ࠍ೑↪
ߒߚ᳓⚛㧔ൻቇࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯㧕ߩ⵾ㅧߪ㧘⸒޿឵߃ࠇ߫⥄ὼ⇇ߢᣣᏱ⊛ߦⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆశวᚑߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߘߎߢ㧘߽߁৻ᐲ㧘⥄ὼ⇇ߩశวᚑࠍቇࠎߢߺࠆ
ߎߣߦߔࠆ㧚
⥄ὼ⇇ߩశวᚑ෻ᔕߢᦨ߽ઍ⴫⊛ߥ෻ᔕߪ࡜ࡦ
⮺ᬀ‛߿㜞╬ᬀ‛ߩశวᚑߢ޽ࠆ㧚࡜ࡦ⮺ᬀ‛߿㜞╬ᬀ‛ߪశวᚑߦࠃߞߡ᳓ߣੑ㉄ൻ὇⚛߆ࠄ㉄⚛ߣ♧ࠍ↢ᚑߔࠆ㧚ߎߩ♧߇᳓ࠍశಽ⸃ߒߚߣ߈
ߩ᳓⚛ߦ⋧ᒰߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘↢๮ᵴേߦ߅ߌࠆ
ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯Ḯߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚࡜ࡦ⮺ᬀ‛߿㜞╬ᬀ‛ߩశวᚑߪ Z ࠬࠠ࡯ࡓߣ๭߫ࠇࠆ 2 Ბ㓏ߩశബ
⿠ㆊ⒟߆ࠄᚑࠅ┙ߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚࿾⃿਄ߩ㐳޿↢๮ᶿ᳸ߩᱧผߩਛࠍ↢߈ᑧ߮ߡ߈ߚ㧘ߎߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߪశวᚑߩℂᗐ♽ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚Z ࠬࠠ࡯ࡓࠍశ⸅
ᇦߦㆡ↪ߒߡ⠨߃ࠆߣ㧘᳓⚛↢ᚑߣ㉄⚛↢ᚑࠍߘࠇߙࠇᜂ߁ 2 ⒳ߩశ⸅ᇦࠍ↪޿ߡ㧘᳓ߩಽ⸃ࠍⴕ
ࠊߖࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ㧚ߎߩ႐ว㧘㉄⚛↢ᚑ↪శ⸅ᇦߩવዉᏪߩ㔚ሶࠍ᳓⚛↢ᚑ↪శ⸅ᇦߩଔ㔚ሶᏪߦฃߌᷰߔ෻ᔕਛ㑆૕߇ᔅⷐߣߥࠆ㧚శ⸅ᇦߦࠃࠆ
Z ࠬࠠ࡯ࡓ෻ᔕߩ⹜ߺߪ⨹Ꮉࠄߦࠃࠅႎ๔ߐࠇߡ
޿ࠆ[13]㧚ߢߪ㧘⥄ὼ⇇ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆ 1 Ბ㓏ߩశബ
⿠ㆊ⒟߆ࠄᚑࠅ┙ߟశวᚑߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߛࠈ
߁߆㧫࡜ࡦ⮺ᬀ‛߿㜞╬ᬀ‛ߣ⇣ߥࠅ㧘✛⦡⚦⩶߿⚃⦡⚦⩶ߥߤߩశวᚑ⚦⩶ߩశൻቇ♽ߪ 1 ߟߒ߆ሽ࿷ߒߥ޿㧚ߔߥࠊߜ㧘1 Ბ㓏ߩశബ⿠ㆊ⒟߆ࠄᚑ
ࠅ┙ߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚శวᚑ⚦⩶ߩశวᚑߢߪ⎫ൻ᳓⚛
߿᦭ᯏ‛ࠍ㔚ሶଏਈ૕ߣߔࠆߩߢ㉄⚛ߪ᡼಴ߐࠇ
ߥ޿㧚శวᚑ⚦⩶ߩ଀ߣߒߡ⚃⦡߅ࠃ߮✛⦡⎫㤛

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬-18-᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕

ᜬᴺߣߒߡశ㔚⌕ᴺࠍㆬᛯߒߚ㧚Stratified CdS ᓸ☸ሶߩ⺞⵾ᣇᴺࠍએਅߦ␜ߔ㧚(1) Cd(OH)2 ᓸ☸ሶߩ⺞⵾
0.1M NaOH 100ml ߦ NaCl 409mg(7mmol)ࠍṁ⸃ߒ㧘0.01M Cd(NO3)2 100ml ࠍᡬᜈߒߥ߇ࠄട߃ࠆ㧚
ߎߩㆊ⒟ߦ߅޿ߡ Cd(OH)2 ߩ⊕⦡ Ộᶧ߇↢ᚑߔࠆ㧚⺞⵾ߐࠇߚ Cd(OH)2 ࠍ fine-Cd(OH)2 ᓸ☸ሶߣ⒓ߔࠆ㧚ߪ㧘⥄ὼ⇇ࠍቇ߱ߣߎࠈ߆ࠄᆎ߹ࠆ㧚⥄ὼ⇇ߦቇ߱ߣశวᚑࠍⴕ߁ᬀ‛߿శࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ
࡯ࠍ೑↪ߒߡ↢๮⛽ᜬࠍⴕ߁⚦⩶ߪ㧘⚦⢩ߩਛߢశࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ᄌ឵ࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߔߥࠊߜ㧘⚦⢩߇శ⸅ᇦߣߒߡ௛߈㧘⚦⢩⤑ࠍ੺ߒߡ↢ᚑߒߚ㔚ሶߣࡎ࡯࡞߇ಽ㔌ߐࠇ㧘ߘࠇߦࠃࠅ↢๮⛽ᜬߦᔅⷐߥ‛⾰ߩวᚑ㧔ൻቇࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯߳ߩᄌ឵㧕߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎߩ࠽ࡁ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢ㈩೉೙ᓮߐࠇߚಽ
ሶ⤑ࠍᜬߟ⚦⢩ߪ㧘⥄ὼ߇૞ࠅ಴ߒߚℂᗐ⊛ߥశࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߩൻቇࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ᄌ឵ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߣ⸒߃
ࠆ㧚ߎߩ⥄ὼ߇૞ࠅ಴ߒߚࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ᄌ឵ߩᣇᴺ
ߦቇ߮㧘ߎߩ⚦⢩ᯏ⢻ࠍนⷞశ㗔ၞߦࡃࡦ࠼ࠡࡖ
࠶ࡊࠍᜬߟ࠽ࡁ☸ሶࠍ㈩೉⚿วߐߖߡ૞ࠆߎߣ߇
ߢ߈ࠇ߫㧘࠽ࡁ☸ሶߩ೑ὐࠍᵴ߆ߒ㧘࠽ࡁ☸ሶߩᰳὐࠍస᦯ߒߚᣂߒ޿శ⸅ᇦࠍ⸳⸘ߢ߈ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ㧚ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘࠽ࡁ࠹ࠢࡁࡠࠫ࡯ࠍ↪޿ߡṁᶧਛߢ࠽ࡁ☸ሶࠍࠞࡊ࠮࡞⁁ߦ㈩೉ߐߖߚశ⸅ᇦࠍ㐿⊒ߒ㧘ߎߩ⚦⢩ࠍᮨ୮ߒߚశ⸅ᇦߩߎߣࠍࠬ࠻࡜࠹ࠖࡈ
ࠔࠗ࠼㧔ࠞࡊ࠮࡞ဳ㧕శ⸅ᇦߣ๭ࠎߢ޿ࠆ
[19,20,21,22,23,24]㧚
 นⷞశᔕ╵ᕈඨዉ૕߳ߩࠬ࠻࡜࠹ࠖࡈࠔࠗ࠼
ဳᓸ☸ሶ⺞⵾ᣇᴺߩㆡ↪ᄥ㓁శࠍ೑↪ߒߚ᳓⚛⵾ㅧࠍ⋡ᜰߔߦߪนⷞశ
㗔ၞߢേ૞ߔࠆశ⸅ᇦߩ⺞⵾߇ᔅⷐਇนᰳߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߘߎߢนⷞశᔕ╵ᕈඨዉ૕ߢ޽ࠆ CdS ߦ Stratifiedᓸ☸ሶߩ⺞⵾ᣇᴺࠍㆡ↪ߒߚ㧚CdS ߪߎࠇ߹ߢ߽
శ⸅ᇦ᧚ᢱߣߒߡᵈ⋡ߐࠇߡ߈ߡ߅ࠅ㧘⎫ൻࠕ࡞ࠞ࡝᳓ṁᶧਛߩ᳓⚛↢ᚑ෻ᔕߦᵴᕈࠍ␜ߔߎߣ߽
ߔߢߦႎ๔ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ[24]㧚JIS ⷙᩰߩᄥ㓁శ
㧔JISC 8911㧕ߦࠃࠆߣᄥ㓁శ 1kW/m2 ߦኻߒ㧘ZnSߩബ⿠ᵄ㐳ߦ⋧ᒰߔࠆ 350nm ߹ߢߩశሶᢙߪ 2.1
1019 ୘/s࡮m2㧘CdS ߩബ⿠ᵄ㐳ߦ⋧ᒰߔࠆ 510nm
߹ߢߩశሶᢙߪ 4.51020 ୘/s࡮m2 ߣߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘
CdS ࠍ↪޿ࠆߎߣߢ೑↪น⢻ߥశሶᢙߪ ZnS ߩ 20୚ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠆ㧚%F 1*  ࠍ೨㚟‛⾰ߣߒߚࠬ࠻࡜࠹ࠖࡈࠔ
ࠗ࠼ %F5 ᓸ☸ሶߩ⺞⵾
CdO ࠃࠅ߽ Cd(OH)2 ߩᣇ߇ኈᤃߦ⎫ൻߔࠆߎߣ
߆ࠄ Cd(OH)2 ࠍ೨㚟‛⾰ߣߒߡㆬᛯߒߚ㧚߹ߚ
CdS ߩߺߢߩశᾖ኿ታ㛎ࠍⴕߞߚ⚿ᨐ㧘᳓⚛↢ᚑ߇࿎㔍ߢ޽ߞߚߎߣ߆ࠄ Pt ࠍഥ⸅ᇦߣߒߡ૶↪
ߒߚ㧚CdS ߦ Pt ࠍᜂᜬߔࠆߣ෻ᔕᵴᕈ߇ะ਄ߔࠆ
ߎߣߪߔߢߦႎ๔ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ[25]㧚ߘߎߢ Pt ߩᜂ࿑ 3.3.1 Stratified CdS ᓸ☸ሶߩฦ⺞⵾Ბ㓏ߦ߅ߌࠆ XRD ࡄ࠲࡯ࡦ࿑ 3.3.2 Cd(OH)2ᓸ☸ሶߩ⺞⵾ᤨߦ߅࿑ߌࠆᷝടࠗ
ࠝࡦߩᓇ㗀
fine-Cd(OH)2 ᓸ☸ሶߩ XRD ࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞ࠍ᷹ቯߒ
ߚ⚿ᨐ㧘࿑ 3.3.1 ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦࡉࡠ࡯࠼ߥࡇ࡯ࠢߣ
ࠪࡖ࡯ࡊߥࡇ࡯ࠢ߇⏕⹺ߐࠇߚ㧚ߎࠇࠄߪࡉࡠ࡯
࠼ߥࡇ࡯ࠢ߇නᢳ᥏㧘ࠪࡖ࡯ࡊߥࡇ࡯ࠢ߇౐ᣇ᥏
ߣหቯߐࠇߚ㧚߹ߚ TEM ߦࠃࠆ fine-Cd(OH)2 ߩⷰኤ߆ࠄ㧘࿑ 3.3.1-2 ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ⚂ 30nm ⒟ᐲߩ⿥ᓸ☸ሶ߇↢ᚑߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇⏕⹺ߐࠇߚ㧚-19-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕ߢๆᒁỹㆊߒ㧘60͠ߩࠝ࡯ࡉࡦߢੇ῎ߐߖߡ࿁෼
ߔࠆ㧚ߎߩ☸ሶࠍ Pt-s-CdS-Cd(OH)2 ᓸ☸ሶߣ⒓ߔ
ࠆ㧚(4) 㤥⦡ൻಣℂ
Pt-s-CdS-Cd(OH)2 ᓸ☸ሶࠍ 0.1M Na2S 100ml ਛߢಽᢔߐߖ㧘ᡬᜈߒߥ߇ࠄ 550W ࠠ࠮ࡁࡦ࡜ࡦࡊ
㧔ࡢࠦࡓ㔚ഃ KXL-552HPF㧕ߢ 10min శᾖ኿ߔࠆ㧚
ߎߩㆊ⒟ߦ߅޿ߡ㤛⦡ߩ☸ሶߪ㤥⦡ࠍᏪ߮ߡ⨥⦡ߦᄌൻߔࠆ㧚ZnS ߩᤨߣห᭽ߦ⠨߃ࠆߣ Cd ㊄ዻ߇ CdS ਄ߦᨆ಴ߒߚ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚ߎߩ☸ሶ
ࠍ Pt-s-CdS-Cd㧔Stratified CdS㧕ᓸ☸ሶߣ⒓ߔࠆ㧚Pt-s-CdS-Cd ᓸ☸ሶߦኻߒߡ XRD ࠍ᷹ቯߒߚ⚿ᨐ㧘
࿑ 3.3.1 ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ Cd(OH)2 ߩࡇ࡯ࠢ߇ᶖᄬߒ㧘
CdS ߩࡇ࡯ࠢߩߺ߇⏕⹺ߐࠇࠆ㧚߹ߚ Pt-s-CdS-Cdᓸ☸ሶࠍ TEM ߢⷰኤߔࠆߣ 5nm ࠨࠗ࠭ߩᓸ☸ሶ
߇ 30nm ࠨࠗ࠭ߩࠞࡊ࠮࡞⁁ߦ㈩೉ߒߚ᭴ㅧࠍᜬ
ߜ㧘ZnS ߩ႐วߣ㘃ૃߒߚ᭴ㅧ߇⏕⹺ߢ߈ࠆ㧔࿑
3.3.2㧕㧚
਄⸥ߩ⺞⵾ㆊ⒟ߦ߅ߌࠆ☸ሶߩᄌൻࠍᮨᑼൻߔ
ࠆߣ࿑ 3.3.4 ߩࠃ߁ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚

NaCl ᷝടߪනᢳ᥏♽ߩ Cd(OH)2 ⿥ᓸ☸ሶࠍ⺞⵾ߔࠆߩߦലᨐ߇޽ࠆߎߣ߇㧘᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᷝടࠗࠝࡦ
ߩᓇ㗀ࠍ⺞ߴߚ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ್᣿ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ᷝടࠗࠝࡦࠍᄌൻߐߖߚ႐วߩ XRD ࡄ࠲࡯ࡦࠍ࿑ 3.3.3 ߦ␜ߔ㧚NaCl ࠍᛩ౉ߒߥ޿႐ว㧘⺞⵾ߐࠇߚ Cd(OH)2☸ሶߪ౐ᣇ᥏♽ߩࠪࡖ࡯ࡊߥ XRD ࡇ࡯ࠢࠍ␜ߒ㧘⚿᥏☸ᓘ߇ᄢ߈޿ߎߣ߇⏕⹺ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ᴾᴾ
࿑ 3.3.3 Stratified CdS ᓸ☸ሶߩฦ⺞⵾Ბ㓏ߦ߅ߌࠆ XRD ࡄ࠲࡯ࡦ(2) Cd(OH)2 ߩ⎫ൻ
0.1M Na2S 5ml ࠍ(1)ߩ⊕⦡ Ộᶧߦᡬᜈߒߥ߇
ࠄട߃ࠆ㧚ߎߩㆊ⒟ߦ߅޿ߡ Cd(OH)2 ߩ৻ㇱ߇⎫ൻߐࠇߡ CdS ߣߥࠅ㧘⊕⦡ Ộᶧߪ㤛⦡ߦᄌൻߔ
ࠆ㧚ߎߩᲑ㓏ߩ☸ሶࠍ࿁෼ߒ㧘XRD ࠍ᷹ቯߒߚ⚿ᨐ㧘࿑ 3.3.1 ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦవߩ Cd(OH)2 ߩࡇ࡯ࠢߦട߃ CdS㧔㐹੝㋦㋶ဳ㧕ߩࡉࡠ࡯࠼ߥࡇ࡯ࠢ߇
⏕⹺ߐࠇߚ㧚ߎߩ☸ሶࠍ s-CdS-Cd(OH)2 ᓸ☸ሶߣ⒓ߔࠆ㧚(3) ⊕㊄ߩశ㔚⌕(2)ߩ Ộᶧߦ 9.6510-3M H2PtCl6 10ml ࠍട߃㧘
500W ⿥ 㜞 ࿶ ᳓ ㌁ ࡜ ࡦ ࡊ 㧔 ࡢ ࠦ ࡓ 㔚 ഃ
BMP-500D1㧕ࠍ 5 ಽ㑆ᾖ኿ߔࠆ㧚ߎߩㆊ⒟ߦ߅޿
ߡ CdS ߇ബ⿠ߒ㧘ߘߩബ⿠㔚ሶߢ Pt ߇ CdS ⴫㕙ߦశ㔚⌕ߐࠇࠆ㧚⚳ੌᓟ㧘ࡔࡦࡉ࡜ࡦࡈࠖ࡞࠲࡯

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬

࿑ 3.3.4

Stratified CdS ᓸ☸ሶߩᒻᚑㆊ⒟ ࠬ࠻࡜࠹ࠖࡈࠔࠗ࠼ %F5 శ⸅ᇦߩ෻ᔕᵴᕈ⹏
ଔ෻ᔕᵴᕈߩ⹏ଔߦߪ࿑ 3.4 (a)ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߥశᾖ
኿ታ㛎ⵝ⟎ࠍ૶↪ߒߚ㧚෻ᔕኈེߪశ෻ᔕㇱ㧔ਅㇱ㧕ߣ᳇૕ቯ㊂ㇱ㧔਄ㇱ㧕߆ࠄ᭴ᚑߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘᳇૕ቯ㊂ㇱߪࡄࠗ࡟࠶ࠢࠬ⵾ߢࠪ࡝ࡦ࠳࡯ㇱߦ᳇

-20-᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕ᔕታ㛎ⵝ⟎ߩㆊ೾ߥ᷷ᐲ਄᣹ࠍ㒐ߋߚ߼㧘ㅍ㘑ᯏߦࠃࠆ♽ో૕ߩ಄ළࠍⴕߞߚ㧚 శ⸅ᇦߩ෻ᔕᵴᕈ⹏ଔ ࠬ࠻࡜࠹ࠖࡈࠔࠗ࠼
%F5 ᓸ☸ሶߩ㊂ሶ෼₸ 
Stratified CdS ᓸ☸ሶߩశ⸅ᇦ෻ᔕᕈࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆ
ߚ߼㊂ሶ෼₸ߩ᷹ቯࠍⴕߞߚ㧚᷹ቯߦߪ Stratified
CdS ᓸ☸ሶ 200mg ߣ 0.1M Na2S ᳓ṁᶧ 150ml ࠍ↪
޿㧘นⷞశ↪ߩᾖ኿ታ㛎ⵝ⟎ߢⴕߞߚ㧚ߐࠄߦ⋥ᓘ 4cm ߩ⓹ࠍ෻኿ࡒ࡜࡯ߩ਄ᣇߦ⸳⟎ߒ㧘෻ᔕኈེᐩ㕙ߦᾖ኿ߐࠇࠆశߩ㕙Ⓧࠍ㒢ቯߒߚ㧚శ㊂ߪߎߩ⓹ࠍㅢߒߡ㧘ࠨ࡯ࡕࡄࠗ࡞ࡄࡢ࡯ࡔ࡯࠲࡯
(GENTEC Detector: PS-310, Monitor: TPM-300CE)ߢ᷹ቯߒߚ㧚㊂ሶ෼₸ߪታ㛎ᤨߦ߅޿ߡ᳓⚛↢ᚑㅦᐲ߇ᦨᄢߣߥࠆߣߎࠈߢ⹏ଔߒߚ㧚ߎࠇߪታ㛎ߦ߅޿ߡᾖ኿㐿ᆎᓟ߆ࠄ᳓⚛↢ᚑㅦᐲ߇ᓢ‫ߦޘ‬ടㅦߔࠆߎߣߣ㧘෻ᔕߩㅴⴕߦࠃࠅṁᶧਛߩ෻ᔕ‛߇ᷫዋߒߡ↢ᚑㅦᐲ߇ᷫዋߔࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ↢ᚑㅦᐲ߇ᦨᄢߦߥࠆߣ߈ࠍ⹏ଔߔࠆߩ߇ᅷᒰߢ޽ࠆߣ್
ᢿߒߚߎߣߦࠃࠆ㧚ታ㛎ߩ⚿ᨐ㧘Stratified CdS ᓸ☸ሶߩᦨᄢ᳓⚛↢ᚑㅦᐲߪ 1.7mmol/h ߢ޽ߞߚ㧚
ߎߩ୯ࠍ㊂ሶ෼₸ߦ឵▚ߔࠆ㧚㊂ሶ෼₸ߩ⸘▚ߪએਅߩࠃ߁ߦⴕߞߚ㧚ԘXe ࡜ࡦࡊߩࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞ಽᏓ(࿑ 3.4(e))߆ࠄฦᵄ
㐳ߩᒝᐲ(Ii)ߣశሶࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯(Pi)߆ߌߡࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ᒝᐲ(PIi)ࠍ᳞߼ࠆ㧚
IiPi = PIiԙฦᵄ㐳ߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ᒝᐲࠍోߡว⸘ߒⓍಽᒝᐲ(PI)ࠍ᳞߼ࠆ㧚
вPIi = PI
ԚⓍಽᒝᐲ߇శ⸅ᇦߦᾖ኿ߐࠇࠆోࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯
W[ታ᷹୯=13w]ߦ৻⥌ߔࠆߚ߼ߩ឵▚ଥᢙ K ࠍ᳞
߼ࠆ㧚
W

K

PI

࿑  శᾖ኿ታ㛎ⵝ⟎ԛߎࠇࠄ߆ࠄએਅߩᑼ߇ᚑࠅ┙ߟ㧚
W = KPI = KвPIi = в(KIiPi)ฦᵄ㐳ߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍ Ei ߣߔࠆߣEi = KIiPi߹ߚ㧘ฦᵄ㐳ߩశሶᢙࠍ Ni ߣߔࠆߣEi = NiPiߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ Ni ߪ
Ni = K  Ii
ߣߥࠆ㧚ԜCdS ߩๆ෼ᵄ㐳㧔280㨪512nm㧕એਅߩᵄ㐳ߩ૕ቯ㊂↪ߩ⋡⋓߇ᝄߞߡ޽ࠆ㧚એਅߦߘߩ⹦⚦ࠍ␜ߔ㧚శ෻ᔕㇱߪࡄࠗ࡟࠶ࠢࠬ⵾ߩኈེࠍ૶↪ߒ㧘శḮ ߦ ߪ 550W ࠠ ࠮ ࡁ ࡦ ࡜ ࡦ ࡊ 㧔 ࡢ ࠦ ࡓ 㔚 ഃ
KXL-552HPF㧕ࠍ૶↪ߒߚ㧚࿑ 3.4 (d)ߦࡄࠗ࡟࠶
ࠢࠬ⵾෻ᔕኈེߩ UV-VIS ࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞㧘࿑ 3.4 (e)ߦ 550W ࠠ࠮ࡁࡦ࡜ࡦࡊߩ⊒శࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞ࠍ␜ߔ㧚
෻኿㏜ߦߪ⚡ᄖ㨪นⷞశ↪ߩ߽ߩ㧔ࠪࠣࡑశᯏ
TFAH100-15-0.3㧕ࠍ↪޿ߚ㧚శᾖ኿ታ㛎ਛߪశ෻-21-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕⚛↢ᚑㅦᐲ߇⛽ᜬߢ߈ࠆⅣႺࠍ઒ቯߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ㧘ታ㓙ߦታ㛎ࠍⴕߞߚ႐ว㧘3㨪4L/h࡮m2 ⒟ᐲߦߥࠆߣ੍ᗐߐࠇࠆ㧚1983 ᐕ㧘CdS శ⸅ᇦߦ⎫ൻ࠽࠻࡝࠙ࡓ᳓ṁᶧਛߢᄥ㓁శࠍᾖ኿ߔࠆߣ⚂㧝
dm3/s࡮m2 ߩ᳓⚛߇ᓧࠄࠇߚߣႎ๔[26]ߐࠇߚ߇㧘ߘࠇએᓟߩᢙᄙߊߩႎ๔[27,28]ߪ㧘ߎߩ⎇ⓥߦ↪
޿ߚశ⸅ᇦࠍಒ޿ߢ޿ߥ޿㧚࿑ 3.5 ߦ Xe ࡜ࡦࡊ߆ࠄߩశࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍฃߌߡ
ࠬ࠻࡜࠹ࠖࡈࠔࠗ࠼ CdS శ⸅ᇦ߇᳓⚛ࠍ⊒↢ߒߡ޿ࠆ᭽ሶࠍ␜ߔ㧚⎫ൻ᳓⚛ࠍṁ⸃ߒߚࠕ࡞ࠞ࡝᳓ṁᶧਛߩ⸅ᇦ෻ᔕࠕ࡞ࠞ࡝᳓ṁᶧਛߢߩ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ߩశಽ⸃෻ᔕߪ㧘ᑼ㧝߆ࠄ㧟ߩࠃ߁ߦㅴⴕߔࠆ㧚㔚ሶߪ㧘᳓⚛⊒↢㧔㓁ࠗࠝࡦߩㆶర㧕ߦ೑↪ߐࠇ㧘ࡎ࡯࡞ߪ㒶ࠗࠝࡦߩ㉄ൻߦ೑↪ߐࠇࠆ㧚ᧄ෻ᔕߢߪ㧘㉄⚛ߩ⊒↢ߪ⷗ࠄࠇߥ޿ߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘ࡎ࡯࡞ߪ㧘ṁᶧਛߩᦨ߽
ᄙߊሽ࿷ߔࠆ SH-ࠗࠝࡦࠍ㉄ൻߒ㧘S22-ࠢ࡜ࠬ࠲࡯
ࠍ↢ᚑߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ㧚੐ታ㧘᳓⚛ߩ⊒↢߇ᆎ߹ࠆߣṁᶧߩ⦡߇ή⦡߆ࠄ S22-ࠗࠝࡦߩๆ෼ߦࠃࠅ㤛⦡ߦ⌕⦡ߔࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ߽ࠊ߆ࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘ṁᶧਛߩ᳓⚛ࠗࠝࡦߪ㧘SH-ߩ⸃㔌ߦࠃࠅ⵬ࠊࠇࠆߎߣߦߥ
ࠅ㧘ṁᶧߩ pH ߪᄌൻߒߥ޿㧚ߎߩ෻ᔕߪ㧘⸅ᇦ߇ߥ޿႐ว㧘SH-ࠗࠝࡦߩಽ⸃ߦᔅⷐߥశࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ
࡯ߪ 250nm ߣ޿߁⚡ᄖశ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ㧚ࠃߞߡ⸅ᇦߪ㧘ߎߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍዊߐߊߔࠆߚ߼ߦ௛߈㧘
CdS ᓸ☸ሶߪ㧘600nm ઃㄭ߹ߢᵴᕈൻࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯
ࠍਅߍߚߎߣߦߥࠆ㧚Ni ࠍว⸘ߒ᦭ലశሶᢙ N ࠍ᳞߼ࠆ㧚N = вNi 㧔ᵄ㐳㗔ၞ㧕
ԝ1 ⑽㑆ߦ↢ᚑߒߚ᳓⚛ߩಽሶᢙ n ߆ࠄ෻ᔕߦ૶
ࠊࠇߚ㔚ሶᢙ߇ 2㨚ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆ㧚1 శሶ߇৻ߟߩബ⿠㔚ሶࠍ↢ᚑߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆߣ㧘↢ᚑ෻ᔕߦ㑐ਈߒߚశሶᢙߪ 2㨚ߣߥࠆ㧚ߎࠇࠍ᦭ലశሶ
ᢙߦኻߔࠆഀวࠍ⊖ಽ₸ߢ⸘▚ߒ㧘㊂ሶ෼₸ Q ߣ
ߔࠆ㧚
Q

2n
N

u 100 %

਄⸥ߩࠃ߁ߦߒߡ᳞߼ߚ⚿ᨐ㧘㊂ሶ෼₸ߪ߅ࠃ
ߘ 7.7%ߣߥߞߚ㧚ߎߩ CdS ߩ㊂ሶ෼₸ߪ ZnS ߩ୯ߣᲧセߔࠆߣ⚂ඨಽߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ᄥ㓁శߦ߅޿ߡ೑↪น⢻ߥశሶᢙ߇ ZnS ߩ 20 ୚ߢ޽ࠆߩߢ㧘᳓⚛↢ᚑ㊂ߣߒߡߪZnS ߩ⚂ 10 ୚ߦ㆐ߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚ߎߩ㊂ሶ෼₸ߣᄥ㓁శߩశሶᢙ㧔JIS ⷙᩰ㧕ࠍ߽ߣߦ㧘ᄥ㓁శ 1m2 ߦ߅ߌࠆ 1 ᤨ㑆ᒰߚࠅߩ੍ᗐ
ߐࠇࠆ᳓⚛⊒↢㊂ࠍ⸘▚ߔࠆ㧚వߦㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦCdS ߇೑↪น⢻ߥశሶᢙߪ 4.51020 ୘/s࡮m2 ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ㧘1m2࡮1 ᤨ㑆ᒰࠅߩࡕ࡞ᢙߦ឵▚ߔࠆߣ
2.7mol/h࡮m2 ߣߥࠆ㧚ߎࠇߩ 7.7%߇᳓⚛↢ᚑߦ೑↪ߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߩߢ㧘ᄥ㓁శ 1m2 ߦ߅ߌࠆ 1ᤨ㑆ᒰߚࠅߩ੍ᗐߐࠇࠆ᳓⚛⊒↢㊂ߪ 4.6L/h࡮m2

⸅ᇦ 㧗 h+ ψ e+h +    ψ H2       
2H+㧗 2e+ψ S2 2- + 2H+  
2SH 㧗 2h ߎߩߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘⸅ᇦ⴫㕙ߢߩ㔚ሶ⒖േߦᵈ⋡ߒߚ࠽ࡁ᭴ㅧࠍ೙ᓮߒߚࠬ࠻࡜࠹ࠖࡈࠔࠗ࠼᭴ㅧ߇㧘࿕૕ౝ㔚ሶߩᐔဋ⥄↱ⴕ⒟ࠃࠅߪࠆ߆ߦዊߐ޿࠽
ࡁ☸ሶߩ೑↪ߣ☸ሶਛߢ↢ᚑߒߚ㔚ሶߣࡎ࡯࡞ࠍ
෻ᔕࠨࠗ࠻߹ߢౣ⚿วߔࠆߎߣߥߊ೔㆐ߢ߈ࠆࠃ
߁ߦ㧘⸅ᇦᓸ☸ሶౝߢߩ㔚႐൨㈩ࠍᒻᚑߔࠆߚ߼
ߦ㧘෻ᔕᵴᕈ߇㘧べ⊛ߦะ਄ߒߚ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠆ㧚

࿑ 3.5 H2S ࠍṁ⸃ߒߚࠕ࡞ࠞ࡝ṁᶧਛߢ Xe ࡜ࡦࡊ߆ࠄߩนⷞశࠍฃߌࠬ࠻࡜࠹ࠖࡈࠔࠗ࠼ CdSశ⸅ᇦ߇᳓⚛ࠍ⊒↢ߒߡ޿ࠆ᭽ሶ
㧔0͠㧘1atm㧕ߣߥࠆ㧚ߎߩ⚿ᨐߪᦨ߽㜞߆ߞߚ᳓વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬

1㧕
2㧕
3㧕

-22-

᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕

*5 ߩቢోಽ⸃߆ࠄ *1 ߩቢోಽ⸃߳
వߦ␜ߒߚ෻ᔕᑼ߆ࠄࠊ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘෻ᔕ♽ߦ᳓ࠍ೑↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ൻቇ㊂⺰⊛ߦߪ㧘⎫ൻ᳓⚛
ߩቢోಽ⸃ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎߩߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘᳓⚛ߣ╬㊂ߩ⎫㤛߇↢ᚑߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ㧚ታ㓙ߪ㧘㧿㧞2ߣ޿߁⎫㤛ࠢ࡜ࠬ࠲࡯ߣߒߡ㧘᳓ṁᶧਛߢ቟ቯߦ
ሽ࿷ߔࠆ㧚ߎߩߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘↢ᚑߒߚ⎫㤛ࠢ࡜ࠬ࠲࡯ߣ᳓ߣߩ෻ᔕߢ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ࠍ૞ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ߩቢోಽ⸃෻ᔕࠍൻቇ㊂⺰⊛ߦߪ㧘᳓ߩቢోಽ⸃ߦ⟎߈឵߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ㧚ߔߥࠊߜ㧘ߎߩ⎫㤛ᓴⅣ߇㆐ᚑߢ߈ࠆߣ㧘⚿ᨐߣߒߡ᳓߆ࠄ᳓⚛
ࠍ↢ᚑߒߚߎߣߦߥࠆ[31,32]㧚ߘߎߢ㧘એਅߦ㧘਄⸥ߩ໧㗴ߦߟ޿ߡᚒ‫߇ޘ‬ᬌ⸛ߒߡ޿ࠆ੐㗄ࠍ⚫
੺ߔࠆߎߣߦߔࠆ㧚⎫㤛ߣ᳓߆ࠄ *5 ࠍ૞ࠆ㧔࿑ 㧕Ἣጊ࿾Ꮺ߳ⴕߌ߫㧘⎫ൻ᳓⚛ߩෆߩ⣣ߞߚࠃ߁ߥᖡ⥇ࠍᗵߓࠄࠇߚߎߣ߇޽ࠆߣᕁ߁㧚ߎࠇߪ㧘㜞᷷࡮㜞࿶ߩ࿾ਅⅣႺߦ߅޿ߡ㧘᳓ߦṁߌߚ⎫ൻ‛߇᳓ߢㆶరߐࠇߡ㧘⎫ൻ᳓⚛ࠍ⊒↢ߐߖߡ޿ࠆ
ߚ߼ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߎߩ⥄ὼ⃻⽎ࠍ೑↪ߔࠇ߫㧘◲නߦ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ࠍ૞ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ[29]㧚ᣢߦ㧘ࠝ࡯࠻ࠢ࡟࡯ࡊࠍ↪޿ߡ㧘⎫㤛ߣߩᾲ᳓෻ᔕߦࠃ
ࠅ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ߩ↢ᚑࠍ⏕⹺ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߘߩ⚿ᨐ㧘↢ᚑߒߚࠗࠝ࠙ࠢ࡜ࠬ࠲࡯ߩ⚂ 60㧑߇㧘⎫ൻ᳓⚛ߦㆶరߐࠇ㧘߹ߚ৻ㇱߪ㉄ൻߐࠇ࠴ࠝ⎫㉄ࠍ૞ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚ㧚ߎߩߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘ోߡߩࠗࠝ࠙ࠢ࡜
ࠬ࠲࡯ࠍ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ߦㆶరߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ㧘ㆶర೷߇ᔅⷐߣߥࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘ߎߩ෻ᔕߦᔅⷐ
ߥᾲࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߣߒߡߪ㧘⥄ὼࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߩ৻ߟ
ߢ޽ࠆ࿾ᾲ㧘߽ߒߊߪᎿᬺ⊛ߦ⊒↢ߔࠆ૛೾ᾲࠛ
ࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆ㧚߹ߚ‫ޔ‬࿑  ߩฝਅߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ‫ࡀࠛࠝࠗࡃޔ‬࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍ೑↪ߒߡ⎫㤛ࠢ࡜ࠬ࠲࡯ߣ᳓߆ࠄ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ࠍ૞ࠆߎߣ߽น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬෻ᔕߦߪ㧘⎫㤛ㆶర⚦⩶ߩ೑↪ࠍᬌ⸛ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎߩ⚦⩶ߪ㧘ࠧࡒ㓸Ⓧ႐╬ߢ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ߩ⊒↢ߩේ࿃ࠍ߽ߚࠄߒߡ
޿ࠆᖡ₹⚦⩶[30]ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬㧘ߎߩ⚦⩶ߩၭ㙃ࠍ㧘↢ࠧࡒ࡮᳓࡮⎫㤛ࠢ࡜ࠬ࠲࡯߆ࠄ⎫ൻ᳓⚛
ࠍ↢ᚑߔࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎߩ෻ᔕࠍല₸⊛ߦㅴ߼ࠆߚ߼㧘ᦨㆡߥ⎫㉄ㆶర⩶ߩត⚝ߣၭ㙃ࠍㅴ߼㧘਄⸥෻ᔕߩࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓࠍ⎇ⓥਛߢ޽ࠆ㧚ࠗࠝ࠙ᓴⅣࠍ೑↪ߒߚ᳓⚛⵾ㅧߩ೑ὐ
਄⸥ߩ෻ᔕࠍ฽߼ߡឭ᩺ߔࠆశࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ᄌ឵
ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ߹ߣ߼ࠆߣ㧘⎫ൻ᳓⚛ߩశಽ⸃ߦࠃࠅ
᳓⚛ߣ⎫㤛ࠍ૞ࠅ㧘⎫㤛ߣ᳓ߣߩ෻ᔕߢ⎫ൻ᳓⚛
ߦᚯߔߎߣߦߥࠆ㧚ߎߩ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ࠍ↪޿ߚశࠛࡀ
࡞ࠡ࡯ᄌ឵ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ․ᓽࠍ߹ߣ߼ࠆߣએਅߩࠃ
߁ߦߥࠆ㧚
࡮ ㊄ዻ⎫ൻ‛ࠍᄌ߃ࠇ߫㧘ᄥ㓁శࠍࠃࠅ᦭ലߦ
೑↪ߢ߈ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ㧚࡮ Ⴎ⚛ࠟࠬߩ⊒↢߇ߥ޿ߚ߼㧘ᶏ᳓ߩ೑↪߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ㧚࡮ ㉄⚛ߩ⊒↢߇ߥ޿ߩߢ㧘῜⊒ߩෂ㒾ᕈ߇ዊߐ޿㧚࡮ ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ᄌ឵ߦ೑↪ߔࠆේᢱ߇቟ଔߢ޽ࠆ㧚࡮ ᷷ᴰ߇૶߃ࠆ㧚ߥߤߢ޽ࠆ㧚
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂[1] K. Honda. and A. Fujishima , Nature, 238, 37(1972).
[2] A. J. Bard, Science, 207,139-144 (1980).
[3] ૒ ⮮ ⌀ ℂ 㧘 ቄ ೀ ൻ ቇ ✚ ⺑ No.23, 106-112(1994).
[4] ૒⮮⌀ℂ, ൻቇᎿᬺ, 39, 206 (1988).
[5] ૒⮮⌀ℂ, ⸅ᇦ, 33, 209 (1991).
[6] D. Dounghong, E. Borgarello, and M. Grätzel, J.
Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 4685-4690 (1981).
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[8] T. Kawai and T. Sakata, Nature , 282, 283 (1979).
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[10] M. Lanz and G. Calzaferri, J. Photochem.
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࿑ 5.1 ࠗࠝ࠙ߣ᳓߆ࠄ⎫ൻ᳓⚛ࠍ૞ࠆ㧚

-23-

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᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕[20] K. Shinoda, T. Arai, H. Ohshima, B. Jeyadevan, K.
Tohji and A. Kasuya, Materials Transaction, 43
1512-1516 (2002).

[11] F. Saladin, I. Kamber, K.Pfanner, and G.
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વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬[21] ↰〝๺ᐘ㧘⎫㉄ߣᎿᬺ㧘55㧘7-14 (2002).
[22] ↰〝๺ᐘ㧘ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯࡮⾗Ḯ㧘23㧘15-20 (2002).
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[29] ⨹੗ஜ↵㧘↰〝๺ᐘ㧘࠽ࡁቇળ⹹㧘1㧘81-88(2003).
[30] ⨹੗ஜ↵㧘᧻ᧄ㜞೑㧘◉↰ᒄㅧ㧘↰〝๺ᐘ㧘᳓⚛ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ㧘28㧘8-14 (2003).

-24-᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹᩭᾲࠍ↪޿ߚᾲൻቇ᳓⚛⵾ㅧᴺߩ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒
R&D of the Thermochemical Hydrogen Production using Nuclear Heatfrom High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor═ේ ᷡม㧘ਭ଻ ⌀ᴦ㧘ዊᎹ ⋉㇢㧔ᣣᧄේሶജ⎇ⓥᚲ*㧕
Seiji KASAHARA, Shinji KUBO, Masuro OGAWA (Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute*)
e-mail: kasahara.seiji@.jaea.go.jp✜⸒
Άᢱ㔚ᳰ࡮㔚᳇ಽ⸃ߦࠃߞߡ㔚᳇ߣߩ⋧੕ᄌ឵߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ᇦ૕ߣߒߡ㧘᳓⚛߇ㄭᐕᵈ⋡ࠍฃߌߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߘࠇࠍฃߌߡᄙ⒳ߩ᳓⚛⵾ㅧᴺߩ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ᇦ૕ߣ
ߒߡߩ᳓⚛ߩᶖ⾌㊂߇ᕆỗߦᄢ߈ߊߥࠆߎߣ߇੍
ᗐߐࠇࠆߎߣ㧘CO2 ឃ಴೥ᷫߩ␠ળ⊛ⷐ᳞߇㜞߹ߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘 CO2 ࠍឃ಴ߖߕߦᄢⷙᮨߦ᳓
⚛ࠍ↢↥ߢ߈ࠆᣇᴺ߇ᦸ߹ߒ޿㧚ᾲൻቇ᳓⚛⵾ㅧ
ᴺߪᾲൻቇ෻ᔕࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ᳓߆
ࠄ᳓⚛ࠍ⵾ㅧߔࠆᣇᴺߢ޽ࠅ㧘CO2 ࠍឃ಴ߒߥ޿
ᾲḮࠍ↪޿ࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩⷐ᳞ࠍḩߚߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ㧚ߘߩߚ߼㧘ේሶἹߩᩭᾲߦኻߔ
ࠆᦼᓙ߇㜞߹ߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚ᾲൻቇ᳓⚛⵾ㅧᴺߢߪ㧘ᾲḮߩ᷷ᐲ߇㜞޿ᣇ߇ේℂ⊛ߦ㜞޿᳓⚛⵾ㅧല₸ࠍᓧࠄࠇࠆ㧚ߘߩߚ߼㧘ઁߩේሶἹߣᲧセߒߡ㜞᷷ߩᾲࠍଏ⛎น⢻ߥ㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹߪᾲൻቇ᳓⚛⵾ㅧ
ᴺߩᾲḮߣߒߡㆡߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ᣣᧄේሶജ⎇ⓥᚲ(ේ⎇)ߢߪ࿑ 1 ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ㧘㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹ᳓⚛⵾ㅧࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹ㧘㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹߣ᳓⚛⵾ㅧࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߣߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ
ࠗࡦ࠹ࠣ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦᛛⴚ㧘᳓⚛⵾ㅧࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߩ

ฦ‫ߡ޿ߟߦޘ‬㧘⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ࠍㅴ߼ߡ޿ࠆ㧚ᧄⓂߢߪ㧘㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹ᳓⚛⵾ㅧࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ߩ⚻✲ߣ⃻ ⁁ ࠍ 㧘 ᾲ ൻ ቇ ᳓ ⚛ ⵾ ㅧ ᴺ IS ࡊ ࡠ ࠮ ࠬ(iodine-sulfur process, ࡛࠙⚛-⎫㤛ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ)ߦ㊀ὐࠍ⟎޿ߡ᭎⺑ߔࠆ㧚

࿑ 2 㜞᷷Ꮏቇ⹜㛎⎇ⓥἹ(HTTR)⴫ 1 HTTR ߩਥߥ઀᭽ [2,3]㗄⋡઀᭽ේሶἹᾲ಴ജ
㪊㪇㩷㪤㪮಄ළ᧚䊓䊥䉡䊛䉧䉴
ේሶἹ಴ญ಄ළ᧚᷷ᐲ 㪏㪌㪇㩷㷄㩷㩿ቯᩰㆇォ㪀㪐㪌㪇㩷㷄㩷㩿㜞᷷⹜㛎ㆇォ㪀ේሶἹ౉ญ಄ළ᧚᷷ᐲ 㪊㪐㪌㩷㷄㪈ᰴ♽಄ළ᧚࿶ജ
㪋㩷㪤㪧㪸㩷㩿䉭䊷䉳࿶㪀㪈ᰴ♽಄ළ᧚ᵹ㊂㪈㪉㪅㪋㩷㫂㪾㪆㫊㩷㩿ቯᩰㆇォ㪀㪈㪇㪅㪉㩷㫂㪾㪆㫊㩷㩿㜞᷷⹜㛎ㆇォ㪀Ἱᔃ᦭ല㜞䈘
㪉㪅㪐㩷㫄Ἱᔃ╬ଔ⋥ᓘ
㪉㪅㪊㩷㫄಴ജኒᐲ㪉㪅㪌㩷㪤㪮㪆㫄㪊ੑ㉄ൻ䉡䊤䊮䇮
ΆᢱⵍⷒΆᢱ㪆㤥㋦ಽᢔဳ䉡䊤䊮Ớ❗ᐲ
㪊㪄㪈㪇㩷㫎㫋㩼㩷㩿ᐔဋ㩷㪍㩷㫎㫋㩼㪀
Άᢱ૕ᒻᑼ
䊑䊨䉾䉪ဳ
ේሶἹ࿶ജኈེ
㍑⵾㩷㩿㪉䊶㪈㪆㪋㪚㫉㪄㪈㪤㫆㍑㪀
ਥ಄ළ࿁〝ᢙ㪈䊦䊷䊒࿑ 1 㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹ᳓⚛⵾ㅧࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ᭎ᔨ࿑

* ᐔᚑ 17 ᐕ 10 ᦬ 1 ᣣࠃࠅ⁛┙ⴕ᡽ᴺੱ ᣣᧄේሶജ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ᯏ᭴ (Japan Atomic Energy Agency)-25-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹ
㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹߪ㧘ᐢ޿᷷ᐲ▸࿐ߢ⋧ォ⒖ࠍ⿠ߎߐߕൻቇ⊛ߦ቟ቯߥࡋ࡝࠙ࡓࠍ಄ළ᧚ߣߒ㧘⠴ᾲᕈߩ㜞޿㤥㋦ࠍਥⷐ᭴ㅧ᧚࡮ᷫㅦ᧚ߣߒߡ↪޿ࠆߎ
ߣࠍ․ᓽߣߒߚේሶἹߢ޽ࠆ㧚ේ⎇ߢߪ㧘㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹߩᛛⴚၮ⋚ߩ⏕┙ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡ㧘ࠊ߇࿖ೋߩ㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹߢ޽ࠆ㜞᷷Ꮏቇ⹜㛎⎇ⓥἹ(High Temperature Engineering Test Reactor,
HTTR)ࠍᑪ⸳ߒ㧘㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹߩ቟ోᕈߩታ⸽╬ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⹜㛎⎇ⓥࠍㅴ߼ߡ޿ࠆ[1,2]㧚HTTR ߩ᭎ᔨ࿑ࠍ࿑ 2 ߦ㧘ਥߥ઀᭽ࠍ⴫ 1 ߦ␜ߔ㧚
HTTR ߪ 1998 ᐕߦೋ⥃⇇ࠍ㆐ᚑߒ[3]㧘2001 ᐕߦߪᾲ಴ജ 30MW㧘ේሶἹ಴ญ಄ළ᧚᷷ᐲ 850͠
ߩㆇォࠍ㆐ᚑߒߚ[4]㧚ߐࠄߦ 2004 ᐕߦߪ㧘ේሶἹ಴ญ಄ළ᧚᷷ᐲ 950͠ߩㆇォߦ਎⇇ߢೋ߼ߡᚑ
ഞߒߚ[1]㧚ߎߩᤨߩㆇォጁᱧࠍ࿑ 3 ߦ␜ߔ㧚ߎߩㆇォߦࠃߞߡ㧘ᾲൻቇ᳓⚛⵾ㅧᴺ߇ⷐ᳞ߔࠆ᷷ᐲ
ߩᾲࠍ㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹ߇ଏ⛎ߒ߁ࠆߎߣ߇␜ߐࠇߚ㧚㐳ᦼㅪ⛯⹜㛎ߦࠃࠆㆇォ࡮଻቞ߩ࠺࡯࠲ߣࡁ࠙
ࡂ࠙ߩ⫾Ⓧࠍⴕ޿㧘㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹߩታ↪ൻߦᓎ┙ߡࠆ੐߇ HTTR ߩ੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߢ޽ࠆ[5]㧚

ࠆ೙ᓮᛛⴚߩ㐿⊒߇ਇนᰳߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߎߩ᷷ᐲᄌേ
ߪ㧘᳓⚛⵾ㅧ஗ᱛ╬ߩ⇣Ᏹᤨߩߺߢߥߊ㧘⿠േ࡮஗ᱛߩㅢᏱㆇォᤨߦ߅޿ߡ߽↢ߓࠆ㧚ߘߎߢ㧘㧞ᰴࡋ࡝࠙ࡓ♽ߦ߅޿ߡൻቇ෻ᔕེߩਅᵹߦ㈩⟎ߒߚ⫳᳇⊒↢ེߢ᷷ᐲᄌേࠍ✭๺ߔࠆ೙ᓮᛛⴚࠍ⠨᩺ߒ㧘࿑ 4 ߦ␜ߔࡕ࠶ࠢࠕ࠶ࡊࡕ࠺࡞[6]ࠍ↪޿ߡ㧘೙ᓮᛛⴚߩᅷᒰᕈࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆ⹜㛎ࠍⴕߞߚ[7]㧚
ࡕ࠶ࠢࠕ࠶ࡊࡕ࠺࡞ߪ㧘㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹࠍᮨᡆߒߚ
㔚᳇ࡅ࡯࠲࡯ࠍ↪޿ߡࡋ࡝࠙ࡓࠟࠬࠍടᾲߒ㧘
HTTR ߣหߓ᷷ᐲ࡮࿶ജߩ᧦ઙߢ⹜㛎ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ
߇ߢ߈ࠆ㧚᳓⚛⵾ㅧᴺߪ㧘ࡔ࠲ࡦߩ᳓⫳᳇ᡷ⾰ᴺߢᮨᡆߒߚ㧚⹜㛎ߩ⚿ᨐ㧘࿑ 5 ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ㧘ൻቇ෻ᔕེ಴ญߢߩ 2 ᰴࡋ࡝࠙ࡓߩ᷷ᐲᄌേ߇ᦨ߽
ᄢ߈ߊߥࠆൻቇ෻ᔕ஗ᱛᤨߦ߅޿ߡ߽㧘⫳᳇⊒↢ེ಴ญߢߪ±10͠એਅߩᄌേߦ✭๺ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ[7]㧘
೙ᓮᛛⴚߩᅷᒰᕈࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚ㧚นΆᕈࠟࠬߩ῜⊒ᤨߩේሶἹߩ቟ోᕈ⏕଻ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧘นΆᕈࠟࠬߩṳᵨ㒐ᱛ㧘ṳᵨߩ᜛ᄢ㒐ᱛ㧘῜⊒ߦࠃࠆ῜㘑࿶ߩᓇ㗀シᷫࠍ⠨ᘦߒߡ቟ో⸳⸘
ࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆ[5]㧚߹ߚ㧘ਛ㑆ᾲ੤឵ེવᾲ▤╬ߦ߅ߌࠆ࠻࡝࠴࠙ࡓߩ⒖ⴕ᜼േࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒ㧘⵾ຠ᳓⚛߳ߩ⒖ⴕ㊂ߩ⹏ଔ[8,9]㧘⇣Ᏹᤨߦ㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹߣ᳓⚛⵾ㅧࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ㓒㔌ߔࠆߚ߼ߩ㜞᷷㓒㔌ᑯߩ㐿⊒ࠍㅴ߼ߡ޿ࠆ[10]㧚

ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠗࡦ࠹ࠣ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦᛛⴚ
࿑㧝ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ㧘ේሶἹߢ↢ᚑߒߚᾲߪਛ㑆ᾲ੤឵ེߦ߅޿ߡ㧝ᰴࡋ࡝࠙ࡓ߆ࠄ㧞ᰴࡋ࡝࠙ࡓ
߳ᾲ੤឵ߐࠇ㧘㧞ᰴࡋ࡝࠙ࡓߪ㜞᷷ੑ㊀㈩▤ࠍ⚻↱ߒߡ᳓⚛⵾ㅧࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ߳ㅍࠄࠇ㧘᳓⚛⵾ㅧߩൻቇ෻ᔕߩᾲḮߣߒߡ೑↪ߐࠇࠆ㧚ේሶἹߣ᳓⚛⵾ㅧࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߩធ⛯ߪߎࠇ߹ߢߦ଀߇ߥߊ㧘ߎࠇࠄࠍ቟ో߆ߟ⚻ᷣ⊛ߦធ⛯ߔࠆߚ߼ߦࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠗࡦ
࠹ࠣ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦᛛⴚߩ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ࠍㅴ߼ߡ޿ࠆ[5]㧚
ේሶἹߣ᳓⚛⵾ㅧࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍ቟ቯߦㆇォߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ㧘ൻቇ෻ᔕེߢ⊒↢ߔࠆ㧞ᰴࡋ࡝࠙ࡓߩ᷷ᐲ
ᄌേࠍේሶἹߩㆇォߦᓇ㗀ߩߥ޿▸࿐߹ߢ✭๺ߔ
50

1000

45

900
㪊㪇 㪤㪮㪃㩷㪐㪌㪇㩷͠೔㆐㪋㪆㪈㪐㩷㪈㪋㪑㪉㪎

700
ේሶἹ
600
஗ᱛ
5/1 500

ේሶἹ಴ജ

400

20
ේሶἹ౉ญ಄ළ᧚᷷ᐲ

15

300

10

200

5

100

0
3/29

4/3

4/8

4/13
4/18
ㆇォᣣᤨ

4/23

4/28

owFlw

aceRpl1/30sO
ut-o

PLN2tankIergInertgPLN2auauam
pEvortSgniesfdlmpEoSgesfdlin

aDgrm
ndi

on-PiartucHTd
m
em
lfD

ankteeta
nkH2:1H2:1PP

nTestIaiM

sofm
sofm

hsRonTetraiclwydgp

tiolynsem
caFtuyaciF

ductgasoFl0Nm1r1
rPoductgasm
Fl0N3/h,CO
Poductgasm
3/h,COstackerbb
renlustionioelustackNGtankPLLNGtankPSeur

lrcoAiEvaptSgncoAiEvaprtSgmefds
uum

rltankeooerltank䋴䋵䋰㷄䋶䋰㷄egiocftamrh-punvsSMm

ponetsmfpWaterPump
aterPumW

ttS
gnkaSemgnk
eamneratoenrato䋶䋵䋰㷄䋸aEtI-em
Steam
rfoS
㷄
rfo䋰

srnotiegchldmfpabvSm

oynaltidcgr

gsHrtouCE
reatoculCiEmgasciHelm

eatrhHogsduccH
otgasduherenltiuoanil

rfoiAlst:NC-yA-yttngSeam
ls:NCSm

2on:C
HeactiO34+Hr

2oO3n:CH4+eactir

3H2+CO==3H2+CO

-hD

600͠

450͠

᡼ᾲེ

᳓⫳᳇ଏ⛎⸳஻

ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠟࠬ
ᓟಣℂ⸳஻ൻቇ෻ᔕེ(᳓⫳᳇ᡷ⾰ེ)

650͠

880͠
⫳᳇⊒↢ེ
ࡋ࡝࠙ࡓࠟࠬଏ⛎⸳஻
ᓴⅣེ

㜞᷷㈩▤

᳓⫳᳇ᡷ⾰෻ᔕ 㪑㩷
CH4 + H2O ψ 3H2 + COࡋ࡝࠙ࡓࠟࠬടᾲེ

࿑ 4 ࡕ࠶ࠢࠕ࠶ࡊࡕ࠺࡞ߩ᭎ᔨ࿑ [6]1000ൻቇ෻ᔕེ౉ญ

800ൻቇ෻ᔕེ಴ญ

600⫳᳇⊒↢ེ౉ญ

400ൻቇ෻ᔕ஗ᱛ

⫳᳇⊒↢ེ಴ญ

200
-1

0
5/3

࿑ 3 ේሶἹ಴ญ಄ළ᧚᷷ᐲ 950͠ߩ㆐ᚑ [1]વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬ේᢱࠟࠬଏ⛎⸳஻⛎᳓࠲ࡦࠢࡋ࡝࠙ࡓ᷷ᐲ[oC]ේሶἹ಴ജ (MW)30 ේሶἹ⿠േ
3/31
25

LNG࠲ࡦࠢ

800

35ਇᵴᕈࠟࠬଏ⛎⸳஻↢ᚑࠟࠬ1ᰴ಄ළ᧚᷷ᐲ (͠)ේሶἹ಴ญ಄ළ᧚᷷ᐲ

40ࡈ࡟ࠕࠬ࠲࠶ࠢ
LN2࠲ࡦࠢ

0246ᤨ㑆[h]

810

࿑ 5 ൻቇ෻ᔕ஗ᱛᤨߩࡋ࡝࠙ࡓ᷷ᐲᄌൻ [7]-26-᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕+5 ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߩ᭎ⷐ
1960 ᐕઍߦᾲൻቇᴺߩน⢻ᕈ߇ᾲജቇ⊛ߦ␜ߐࠇߡ[12]એ᧪㧘෻ᔕߦ੺࿷ߐߖࠆ‛⾰ߩ⇣ߥࠆᄙᢙߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ߇ឭ᩺ߐࠇߡ߈ߚ[13]㧚ේ⎇ߢߪߎࠇࠄߩਛ߆ࠄ㧘෻ᔕᢙ߇ዋߥ޿㧘ਥ෻ᔕਛߦ㔚᳇ൻቇ෻ᔕࠍ฽߹ߥ޿㧘࿕૕෻ᔕࠍ฽߹ߥ޿ߣ޿
߁․ᓽࠍᜬߜ㧘ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬౝᦨ㜞᷷ᐲ(⚂ 850 ͠)߇
㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹߩ಴ญ᷷ᐲߣࡑ࠶࠴ߒߡ޿ࠆ IS ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍㆬቯߒ㧘⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ࠍㅴ߼ߡ޿ࠆ㧚IS ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߪ☨࿖ General Atomics ␠߆ࠄឭ᩺ߐࠇߚࡊࡠ࠮
ࠬߢ㧘એਅߩ෻ᔕߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆ[14]㧚
I2 + SO2 + 2H2O ĺ H2SO4 + 2HI(ᑼ 1)
H2SO4 ĺ H2O + SO2 + 0.5O2(ᑼ 2)
2HI ĺ H2 + I2
(ᑼ 3)ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬᄖ߆ࠄଏ⛎ߐࠇߚේᢱ᳓ߪ࡛࠙⚛(I2)㧘
ੑ㉄ൻ⎫㤛(SO2)ߣ෻ᔕߒߡ㧘⎫㉄(H2SO4)ߣ࡛࠙
ൻ᳓⚛(HI)߇↢ᚑߔࠆ(ᑼ 1㧘ࡉࡦ࠯ࡦ෻ᔕ)㧚ߎࠇࠄߩ㉄ߪಽ㔌ߐࠇ㧘ᾲಽ⸃ߐࠇࠆ㧚H2SO4 ಽ⸃෻
ᔕ(ᑼ 2)ߢ↢ߓߚ㉄⚛ߣ㧘HI ಽ⸃෻ᔕ(ᑼ 3)ߢ↢ߓߚ᳓⚛ߪ↢ᚑ‛ߣߒߡࡊࡠ࠮ࠬᄖߦขࠅ಴ߐࠇ㧘ᱷࠅߩ‛⾰ߪࡉࡦ࠯ࡦ෻ᔕߦᚯࠆ㧚ߎࠇࠄߩ෻ᔕ
ࠍ✚วߔࠆߣ㧘᳓߆ࠄ᳓⚛ߣ㉄⚛߇↢ᚑߒ㧘ઁߩ‛⾰ߪࡊࡠ࠮ࠬౝࠍᓴⅣߔࠆߛߌߣߥࠆ㧚ᾲൻቇ᳓⚛⵾ㅧᴺ +5 ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ ᾲൻቇ᳓⚛⵾ㅧᴺߩේℂ࿑ 6 ߦ᳓⫳᳇ࠍ⋥ធಽ⸃ߔࠆ෻ᔕߩ G-T(ࠡࡉ࠭ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯-᷷ᐲ)✢࿑ࠍ␜ߔ㧚෻ᔕࠍㅴⴕߐߖࠆ
ߦߪ෻ᔕ‛ߣ↢ᚑ‛ߩࠛࡦ࠲࡞ࡇ࡯ᏅӠH ࠍਈ߃ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ㧚ӠH ߪ㧘෻ᔕߦⷐߔࠆ઀੐ࠍ⴫ߔ
ࠡࡉ࠭ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ᄌൻӠG ߣᾲࠍ⴫ߔ TӠS ߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆ㧚෻ᔕ᷷ᐲߦࠃߞߡӠG ߪ⇣ߥࠅ㧘ӠG >0 ߣߥࠆ᷷ᐲߩ႐วߦߪӠH ߩోߡࠍᾲߢ߹߆ߥ
߁ߎߣߪߢ߈ߕ㧘৻ㇱߪ㔚᳇ߥߤߩ઀੐ߢଏ⛎ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿㧚㔚᳇ಽ⸃ߪߎߩ႐วߦ⋧ᒰߔࠆ㧚ᾲߛߌߢ෻ᔕࠍㅴⴕߐߖࠃ߁ߣߒߚ႐วߦߪ
ӠG = 0 ߣߥࠆ᷷ᐲ Td એ਄ߩᾲ߇ᔅⷐߣߥࠆ㧚᳓⫳᳇ߩ႐ว㧘ߎߩ᷷ᐲߪ Td = 4310K ߣ㕖Ᏹߦ㜞᷷ߢ޽ࠆ[11]㧚
᳓એᄖߩ‛⾰ࠍ฽߻ⶄᢙߩ෻ᔕࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖߡ㧘ో૕ߢ᳓ࠍಽ⸃ߔࠆࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ੐ࠍ⠨߃ࠆ㧚ߎߩ႐ว㧘࿑ 7 ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ㧘ฦ෻ᔕߩӠG =0 ߣߥࠆ᷷ᐲࠍ⋥ធᾲಽ⸃ߩ႐วࠃࠅૐߊߔࠆ੐
߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠅ(TH, TL)㧘ࠃࠅૐ᷷ߩᾲߩߺࠍ↪޿ߡ᳓⚛ࠍ⵾ㅧߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߣߥࠆ㧚ߎࠇ߇ᾲൻቇ
ᴺߩᾲജቇ⊛ේℂߢ޽ࠆ㧚

ǍH
ǍG

ǍH㧩
ǍG㧗TǍSǍH TǍSᾲ㔚᳇

Td(=4310K)

ᾲಽ⸃

ǍG

㔚᳇ಽ⸃

㧜

ේ⎇ߦ߅ߌࠆ +5 ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ⎇ⓥේ⎇ߢߩ IS ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ⎇ⓥߪ 1980 ᐕઍߦᆎ߹ߞ
ߚ[15]㧚એ᧪㧘ታ↪ൻߦ⥋ࠆ߹ߢࠍ᳓⚛⵾ㅧⷙᮨߦࠃߞߡ 4 Ბ㓏ߦಽߌߡ⎇ⓥࠍㅴ߼ߡ޿ࠆ[16-18]㧚
ฦᲑ㓏ߩ᭎ⷐࠍ⴫ 2 ߦ␜ߔ㧚╙ 1 Ბ㓏ߩ࡜ࡏࠬࠤ࡯࡞⹜㛎ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘᳓⚛
⵾ㅧⷙᮨ 1 L/h(ᮡḰ⁁ᘒ)ߩⵝ⟎ߢ 48 ᤨ㑆ߦࠊߚࠅㅪ⛯ߒߡ᳓⚛⵾ㅧࠍⴕ޿㧘IS ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߩේℂࠍታ⸽ߒߚ[19]㧚
╙ 2 Ბ㓏ߩࡌࡦ࠴⹜㛎ߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ೙
ᓮᛛⴚ㐿⊒㧘᳓⚛⵾ㅧᾲല₸ߩ㜞ല₸ൻ⎇ⓥ㧘⠴㘩ᕈⵝ⟎᧚ᢱᬌ⸛ߩ 3 ߟߩಽ㊁ߦ㑐ߒߡ⎇ⓥ߇ⴕࠊࠇߚ㧚᳓⫳᳇ಽ⸃෻ᔕ 㧧 H2O ψ H2 + 1/2O2 + ǍHT

࿑ 6 ᳓⫳᳇ߩ⋥ធಽ⸃ߩ G-T ✢࿑

H2O + A ψ H2 + AO
ψ A + 0.5O2+ AO
H2Oψ H2 + 0.5O2
㰱G(1) ๆᾲ෻ᔕ
(2) ⊒ᾲ෻ᔕ
(3) ๆᾲ෻ᔕ

⴫ 2 ේ⎇ߦ߅ߌࠆ IS ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ⎇ⓥߩ᭎ⷐ

(2෻ᔕ䈱⚵䉂ว䉒䈞䈱଀)

㰱G= 㰱G1 + 㰱G2(3) 㰱G(2)㰱G20

TL TH(1)㰱G1TdT࿑ 7 ᾲൻቇᴺߩ G-T ✢࿑

-27-䊤䊗䉴䉬䊷䊦
⹜㛎

䊔䊮䉼
⹜㛎

䊌䉟䊨䉾䊃
⹜㛎㩿੍ቯ㪀

㪟㪫㪫㪩㪄㪠㪪
⹜㛎㩿੍ቯ㪀

᳓⚛⵾ㅧⷙᮨ
㪲㫄㪊㪆㪿㩿ᮡḰ⁁ᘒ㪀㪴䌾㩷㪇㪅㪇㪇㪈

䌾㩷㪇㪅㪇㪌

䌾㩷㪊㪇䌾㩷㪈㪇㪇㪇

ᾲଏ⛎ᴺ

㔚᳇ടᾲ

㔚᳇ടᾲ

ⵝ⟎᧚ᢱ
䊒䊨䉶䉴࿶ജ

䉧䊤䉴
ᄢ᳇࿶

䉧䊤䉴
ᄢ᳇࿶

㜞᷷䊓䊥䉡䊛 㜞᷷䊓䊥䉡䊛ᾲ੤឵ᾲ੤឵㩿㔚᳇ടᾲ㪀 㩿㪟㪫㪫㪩ടᾲ㪀
Ꮏᬺ᧚ᢱ
Ꮏᬺ᧚ᢱ
㜞࿶
㜞࿶

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕ࠆߚ߼ߩᣇᴺߣߒߡ㧘࿑ 10 ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߥ㔚⸃㔚᳇ㅘᨆ(Electro-electrodialysis, EED)߇⎇ⓥߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚࿑ 11 ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ㧘HI Ớᐲ 10.6 mol/kg-H2O
ߩ HI-I2-H2O ᡆ౒ᴣṁᶧࠍ 15 mol/kg-H2O ߹ߢỚ❗ߢ߈ࠆߎߣ߇ታ⸽ߐࠇߚ[23]㧚
ࡄࠗࡠ࠶࠻⹜㛎એ㒠ߢߪ㜞᷷㧘㜞࿶ߩਅߢ
H2SO4, HI, I2 ߥߤ⣣㘩ᕈߩ㜞޿‛⾰ࠍ↪޿ࠆߚ߼㧘⠴㘩ᕈⵝ⟎᧚ᢱ߇ᔅⷐߣߥࠆ㧚ේ⎇ߥߤ߇ታᣉߒ
ߚ⣣㘩⹜㛎ߦࠃߞߡㆬቯߐࠇߚ୥⵬᧚ᢱࠍ࿑ 12
ߦ␜ߔ[18]㧚
⎫㉄ಽ⸃෻ᔕེ㧘SO3 ಽ⸃෻ᔕེߪ㜞᷷࡮㜞࿶ߩ⣣㘩ᕈࡊࡠ࠮ࠬᵹ૕ߦߐࠄߐࠇࠆߚ߼㧘㜞޿⠴㘩ᕈ࡮⠴ᾲᕈ߇᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬᵹ૕
ߣࡋ࡝࠙ࡓߣߩ㑆ߢᾲ੤឵߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆߚ߼㧘ⵝ⟎ߩ⎕៊߿ᵹ૕ߩṳᵨߦࠃߞߡࡋ࡝࠙ࡓ㈩▤ߦࡊࡠ࠮ࠬᵹ૕߇౉ࠆߎߣࠍ㒐ߋᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ㧚ߎࠇࠄߩⵝ⟎ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘㜞޿⠴㘩ᕈ࡮⠴ᾲᕈࠍ᦭ߔࠆ࠮࡜IS ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߦࠃࠆ቟ቯߒߚ᳓⚛⵾ㅧࠍⴕ߁ߚ
߼ߦߪ㧘ࡉࡦ࠯ࡦ෻ᔕṁᶧ⚵ᚑࠍ቟ቯߦ⛽ᜬߔࠆ
ߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆ[20]㧚ߘߩߚ߼㧘ࡉࡦ࠯ࡦ෻ᔕ
ṁᶧ⚵ᚑߩ⥄േ೙ᓮᴺࠍ㐿⊒ߒ㧘᳓⚛⵾ㅧ⹜㛎ⵝ⟎ࠍ↪޿ߡᬌ⸽ࠍⴕߞߚ㧚࿑ 8 ߦ᳓⚛⵾ㅧ⹜㛎ⵝ⟎ߩ᭎ᔨ࿑ࠍ␜ߔ㧚ߘߩ⚿ᨐ㧘࿑ 9 ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦ
⚂ 1 ㅳ㑆ߦࠊߚࠅㅪ⛯ߢ᳓⚛⵾ㅧ㊂ 31 L/h(ᮡḰ⁁ᘒ)ߩㆇォࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚ[21]㧚ߎࠇߦࠃߞߡ㧘ࡉࡦ࠯ࡦ෻ᔕṁᶧ⚵ᚑߩ⥄േ೙ᓮᴺߩ᦭ലᕈ߇⏕⹺ߐࠇߚ㧚ࡌࡦ࠴⹜㛎ߩ᳓⚛⵾ㅧ⹜㛎ⵝ⟎ߢߪ㧘ࡉࡦ࠯ࡦ෻ᔕߦ߅޿ߡ㜞Ớᐲߩ⎫㉄࡮࡛࠙ൻ᳓⚛߇ᓧࠄࠇߚ႐วࠍᗐቯߒߡ߽㧘᳓⚛⵾ㅧᾲല₸ߪ 6.4 %ߦ
ߣߤ߹ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ[22]㧚HI ⫳⇐Ⴁߦଏ⛎ߐࠇࠆ HI-I2-H2O ṁᶧߩ HI Ớᐲ߇ᡆ౒ᴣỚᐲએਅߢ޽
ࠆߚ߼㧘⫳⇐Ⴁ㗂߆ࠄ H2O 84 mol%ߩ HI-H2O ౒ᴣᷙว‛߇⇐಴ߔࠆ㧚ߎߩߣ߈㧘HI ߦห઻ߔࠆ
H2O ߩ⫳⊒ᾲߦࠃߞߡ HI ⫳⇐Ⴁߩᚲⷐᾲ㊂߇Ⴧᄢߔࠆ㧚ߎࠇ߇ૐᾲല₸ߩਥⷐߥේ࿃ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚㜞ല₸ൻߦᔅⷐߥ㜞 HI Ớᐲṁᶧࠍᓧ

2e-

䉝䊉䊷䊄
Ꮧ⭯
HIṁᶧ

2IH2

0.5O2 H2O

಄ළ

2H+ࡉࡦ࠯ࡦ෻ᔕ

SO3ಽ⸃

(I2 + SO2 + 2H2O
ψ 2HI + H2SO4)(SO3 ψ SO2+ 0.5O2)
㧔H2SO4 ψ
SO3 + H2O)

䉦䉼䉥䊮
੤឵⤑

಄ළ‫ޔ‬
ಽ㔌

Ớ❗
HIṁᶧ

HIಽ⸃

H2SO4ಽ⸃
H2SO4
ṁᶧ

H2SO4Ớ❗

I2

I2(2HI ψ
H2 + I2)

2I-

HI-I2-H2O
ṁᶧ

2e-

HI⫳⇐
ᶧᶧಽ㔌

䉦䉸䊷䊄

࿑ 10 㔚⸃㔚᳇ㅘᨆ(EED)ߩ᭎ᔨ࿑

࿑ 8 ᳓⚛⵾ㅧ⹜㛎ⵝ⟎ߩ᭎ᔨࡈࡠ࡯ࠪ࡯࠻

50㊀㊂ࡕ࡞Ớᐲ [mol/kg]

H2, O2⵾ㅧ㊂ [m3 ᮡḰ⁁ᘒ ]

6
5
H2

4
3
2

O2

1

30

0

50

100
150
⹜㛎ᤨ㑆 [h]

10

ࠕࡁ࡯࠼஥
ṁᶧ
HI

0

200

5

10
15
ᤨ㑆[h]

20

࠮࡞᷷ᐲ; 110 [͠], 㔚ᵹኒᐲ; 9.9 [A/dm2]

࿑ 11

࿑ 9 ࡌࡦ࠴⹜㛎ߦ߅ߌࠆㅪ⛯᳓⚛⵾ㅧ⹜㛎 [21]વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬

ࠞ࠰࡯࠼஥
ṁᶧ

20

0
0

I2

40

-28-

EED ߦࠃࠆ HI Ớ❗ [23]᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕

(͠)
1000

ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
[1] Fujikawa, S., Hayashi, H., Nakazawa, T.,
Kawasaki, K., Iyoku, T., Nakagawa, S. and
Sakaba, N., J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 41-12 (2004)
1245.
[2] Shiozawa, S., Fujikawa, S., Iyoku, T., Kunitomi,K., Tachibana, Y., Nucl. Eng. Des., 233 (2004) 11.
[3] ጊਅᷡା, ⮮ᧄᦸ, ┻ౝశ↵, ⮮ፒિ๋, ਛ㊁
ᱜ᣿, ᪢↰᡽ᐘ, ┻↰ᱞม, ⨃ᧁᤐ⟵, ↰ਛ೑ᐘ, ᣣᧄේሶജቇળ⹹, 42-1 (2000) 30.
[4] ⮮Ꮉᱜ೰, ᄢਭ଻ታ, ਛỈ೑㓶, Ꮉፒᐘਃ, દਈਭ㆐ᄦ, ᣣᧄේሶജቇળ๺ᢥ⺰ᢥ⹹, 1-4(2002) 361.
[5] Ⴎᴛ๟╷, ዊ᫪⧐ᑝ, ዊᎹ⋉㇢,ᣣᧄේሶജቇ
ળ⹹, 47-5 (2005) 342.
[6] Ⓑ၂ཅਯ, ዊ⽾⮍, ⷏ේືᄦ, ਭ଻⌀ᴦ, ᄢᯅᒄผ, ᱞ↰ື᣿, ዊᎹ⋉㇢, Ⴎᴛ๟╷,ᣣᧄࠟࠬ࠲࡯ࡆࡦቇળ⹹, 31-6 (2003) 47.
[7] Ohashi, H., Nishihara, T., Takeda, T., Maeda, Y.,
Sato, H., Inaba, Y., Hayashi, K., Takada, S.,
Inagaki, Y., Proc. 12th Int. Conf. Nucl. Eng.,
Arlington, Virginia, USA, April 25-29, (2004)
ICONE12-49419.
[8] ᱞ↰ື᣿, ጤ᦬ੳ, ᣣᧄේሶജቇળ⹹ 43-8
(2001) 823.
[9] Takeda, T., Iwatsuki, J., Inagaki, Y., J. Nucl. Mat.,
326 (2004) 47.
[10] ⷏ේືᄦ, ᭏᣿⵨, Ⓑ၂ཅਯ, 㜞⷗๺↵, ᣣᧄේሶജቇળ๺ᢥ⺰ᢥ⹹, 3-4 (2004) 69.
[11] ㊁᧛ᐙᒄ, ═ේᷡม, ዊ⽾⮍, JAERI-Research,
2002-039 (2002).
[12] Funk, J. E. and Reinstrom, R. M., I&EC Process
Design and Development, 5 (1966) 336.
[13] Yalçin, S., Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 14-8 (1989)
551.
[14] Russell, J. L., Jr., McCorkle, K. H., Norman, J. H.,
Porter, J. T., II, Roemer, T. S., Schuster, J. R.,
Sharp, R. S., Proc. 1st World Hydrogen Energy
Conf., Miami Beach, USA, March 1-3, (1976)
1A105.
[15] Shimizu, S., International Symposium on
Advanced
Nuclear
EnergyResearchʊNear-future chemistry in nuclear energy fieldʊ,Oarai, Ibaraki, Japan, February 15-16, (1989) 324.
[16] Onuki, K., Nakajima, H., Ioka, I., Futakawa, M.

SO3ಽ⸃ࠗࡦࠦࡠࠗ800,ࠗࡦࠦࡠࠗ800,ࡂࠬ࠹ࡠࠗ
ࡂࠬ࠹ࡠࠗetc.
etc.

᳇⋧
᳇⋧
500

Si-SiC,
Si-SiC,
SiC,
SiC,Si
Si33NN44,,
(SX)
(SX)

0

HIಽ⸃

⎫㉄ಽ⸃

ࡉࡦ࠯ࡦ
෻ᔕ

HI⫳⇐

MAT21,
MAT21,ࡂࠬ࠹ࡂࠬ࠹ࡠࠗࡠࠗetc.
etc.

ࠟ࡜ࠬ࡜ࠗ࠾ࡦࠣ,ࠟ࡜ࠬ࡜ࠗ࠾ࡦࠣ,Zr,
Zr,Ta
Taetc.
etc.

ᶧ⋧ᶧ⋧

࿑ 12 ⠴㘩ᕈⵝ⟎᧚ᢱߩ୥⵬ [18]ࡒ࠶ࠢࠬࠍᾲ੤឵ㇱ᧚ߣߔࠆ෻ᔕེ᭎ᔨߩᬌ⸛㧘ᾲ੤឵ㇱ᧚ߩᾲᔕജ⸃ᨆ࡮⹜૞⹜㛎ߥߤ߇ⴕࠊࠇ
ߚ㧚ߘߩ⚿ᨐ㧘ᾲ੤឵ㇱ᧚ߩ᭴ㅧᚑ┙ᕈ߇⏕⹺ߐࠇߚ[24, 25]㧚 ⸘↹ේ⎇ߢߪ⃻࿷㧘IS ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ⎇ⓥߩ╙ 3 Ბ㓏ߢ޽ࠆࡄࠗࡠ࠶࠻⹜㛎߳ߩ⒖ⴕࠍ⸘↹ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߘߩਛߢਥߣߥࠆߩ߇㧘᳓⚛⵾ㅧ㊂ 30 m3/h(ᮡḰ⁁ᘒ)ⷙᮨߩ᳓⚛⵾ㅧⵝ⟎ߩ⵾૞ߣߘࠇࠍ↪޿ߚ᳓⚛⵾ㅧ⹜㛎ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߎߎߢߪ㧘IS ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࡊ࡜ࡦ࠻ߩ
Ꮏቇ⊛ᚑ┙ᕈߩᬌ⸽ࠍⴕ߁੍ቯߢ޽ࠆ[21]㧚ᾲḮߪࡋ࡝࠙ࡓᵹ㊂ 100 g/s ⷙᮨߩ㔚᳇ടᾲࡋ࡝࠙ࡓ
ᓴⅣ⸳஻ࠍ↪޿ࠆ㧚᳓⚛⵾ㅧല₸ะ਄ߩߚ߼㧘ࡌࡦ࠴⹜㛎ߦ߅ߌࠆ᳓⚛⵾ㅧⵝ⟎ߩᯏེ᭴ᚑߦ HIỚ❗ⵝ⟎╬ߩⵝ⟎ࠍㅊടߔࠆ㧚ⵝ⟎᧚ᢱߣߒߡߪ㧘࿑ 12 ߦ␜ߒߚࡌࡦ࠴⹜㛎ߢㆬቯߐࠇߚ᧚ᢱࠍᗐ
ቯߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚
⚿⸒ේ⎇ߦ߅ߌࠆ㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹ᳓⚛⵾ㅧᴺߩ⎇ⓥ㐿⊒ߩ⚻✲ߣ⃻⁁ࠍ᭎⺑ߒߚ㧚㜞᷷ࠟࠬἹߦߟ޿ߡߪ
᳓⚛⵾ㅧࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߦᔅⷐߥ᷷ᐲࠍ㆐ᚑߒ㧘ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠗࡦ࠹ࠣ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦᛛⴚߢߪ㧘᳓⚛⵾ㅧࡊࡠ࠮
ࠬߩ᷷ᐲᄌേ߇ේሶἹߩㆇォߦᓇ㗀ࠍ෸߷ߐߥ޿
ࠃ߁ߦߔࠆ⷗ㅢߒࠍᓧߚ㧚᳓⚛⵾ㅧࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߢߪ㧘
ᾲൻቇᴺ IS ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߩࡌࡦ࠴⹜㛎ࠍቢੌߒ㧘ࡄࠗࡠ࠶࠻⹜㛎ࠍ⸘↹ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ࡄࠗࡠ࠶࠻⹜㛎ᓟ㧘
HTTR ߣ IS ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠍធ⛯ߒߚ㧘ᩭᾲߦࠃࠆ᳓⚛
⵾ㅧ⹜㛎߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆ੍ቯߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߎߩ⹜㛎ߦࠃࠅ㧘
2020-30 ᐕߏࠈߩᾲൻቇ᳓⚛⵾ㅧࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩታ↪
ൻ߳ߩ⷗ㅢߒ߇ᓧࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߣᦼᓙߐࠇࠆ[5]㧚

-29-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

᳓㧔ߘߩ㧝㧕Hino, R., Proc. 13th Int. Conf. Nucl. Eng., May
16-20, Beijing, China, (2005) ICONE13-50183.
[22] Kubo, S., Kasahara, S., Inaba, Y., Ishiyama, S.,
Onuki, K., and Hino, R., Nucl. Eng. Des., 233(2004) 355.
[23] Hwang, G.-J., Onuki, K., Nomura, M., Kasahara,S., and Kim, J.-W., J. Membr. Sci., 220 (2003)
129.
[24] Ota, H., Kasahara, S., Terada, A., Kubo, S., Onuki,
K., Hino, R., Inatomi, T., Ogura, K., Kobayashi,
M., Hodotsuka, M., Maruyama, S., Proc. 13th Int.
Conf. Nucl. Eng., May 16-20, Beijing, China,(2005) ICONE13-50494.
[25] Kanagawa, A., Kasahara, S., Terada, A., Kubo, S.,
Kawahara, Y., Hino, R., Watabe, M., Fukui, H.,
Ishino, K., Takahashi, T., Proc. 13th Int. Conf.
Nucl. Eng., May 16-20, Beijing, China, (2005)
ICONE13-50451.

and Shimizu, S., JAERI-Review 94-006 (1994).
[17] Onuki, K., Kubo, S., Kasahara, S., Ishiyama, S.,
Nakajima, H., Higashi, S., Masaki, T. and Takeda,
T., Proc. 12th Int. Conf. Nucl. Eng., Arlington,
VirginiaUSA,
April
25-29,(2004)ICONE12-49364.
[18] Kasahara, S., Kubo, S., Hino, R., Onuki, K.,
Nomura, M., and Nakao, S., Proc. AIChE 2005
Spring National Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,
April 10-14, (2005) 75a.
[19] Nakajima, H., Sakurai, M., Ikenoya, K., Hwang,
G.-J., Onuki, K., and Shimizu, S., Proc. 7th Int.
Conf. Nucl. Eng., Tokyo, Japan, April 19-23,(1999) ICONE-7104.
[20] Kubo, S., Nakajima, H., Kasahara, S., Higashi, S.,
Masaki, T., Abe, H., Onuki, K., Nucl. Eng. Des.,233 (2004) 347.
[21] Terada, A., Kubo, S., Okuda, H., Kasahara, S.,
Tanaka, N., Oota, H., Kanagawa, A., Onuki, K.,વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬-30-

․೎ነⓂ

↲⮮ᅢ㇢వ↢ߏㆮⓂ
‫ޟ‬ᴣ㛛ߩ⑼ቇ㧔㧟㧕‫ޠ‬

Science of Boiling (3)↲⮮ ᅢ㇢㧔᧲੩ᄢቇฬ⹷ᢎ᝼㧕
Yoshiro KATTO (Professor Emeritus of The University of Tokyo)߹ࠅടᾲ㕙ߩ᷷ᐲࠍ⍮ࠆߎߣ߇಴᧪߹ߔ㧚㧟㧚ᒝ޿ᩭᴣ㛛ߒ߆ߒߥߦ߱ࠎߦ߽㊎㊄ߪ⚦޿ߩߢ㧘ㅢᏱߩᴣ㛛ߦ⃻ࠇࠆ᳇ᵃߩᄢ߈ߐ߿⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߩᄢ߈
ᤐߩ㓁Ἳ㧘ᄐߩ౉㆏㔕ߐߦᲧߴߡടᾲ㕙ኸᴺ߇ᄢᄌߦዊߐߊ㧘㊎㊄ߩ᷷ᐲᤐ߇᧪ߡ㧘⑳ߚߜߩ૑߻บ࿾ߦ✛߇⪚߃಴ࠆ㗃㧘߽ዪㇱ⊛ߦᄌൻߒ߿ߔߊ㧘ߐࠄߦ⊒ᵃὐߩಽᏓ߽㒢߁ࠄࠄ߆ߥ㓁శߦᥦ߼ࠄࠇߚ㊁ේ߆ࠄ㓁Ἳ㧔߆ߍࠈࠄࠇࠆߚ߼㧘ߣ߆ߊ․ᱶߥᴣ㛛⁁ᴫߦߥࠅ߇ߜߢߔ㧚߁㧕߇┙ߜߩ߷ࠅ߹ߔ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘޿ߟ߆ᤨ߇⚻ߞߡߘߎߢ㧘ߘࠇࠍㆱߌࠆߚ߼㧘⋥ᓘ  ߥ޿ߒ  ࡒ࡝ᄐߩỗߒ޿ᣣᏅߒ߇ᾖࠅߟߌࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߣ㧘⚬⏉ࡔ࡯࠻࡞૏ߩ㌃ߩ᫔ࠍ↪޿㧘ߘߩ৻ᣇߩ┵ࠍ․ᱶߩ
ߩⓨࠍ⢛᥊ߦ⌀⊕ߥ౉㆏㔕߇Ꮒᄢߥᆫࠍ⃻ߔߢߒ㔚᳇ࡅ࡯࠲࡯ߢടᾲ㧘ߘࠇ߆ࠄ㌃᫔ࠍવࠊߞߡ᧪ࠆ
ࠂ߁㧚หߓᄥ㓁ߩశߦᾖࠄߐࠇࠆᄢ࿾ߢ߽㧘ߘߩฃᾲࠍ೑↪ߒߡ㧘߽߁৻ᣇߩ┵㕙ߩ਄ߢᴣ㛛ࠍ⿠ߎߐߌࠆᾲߩᒝᒙߢ⑳ߚߜߦ⷗ߖࠆశ᥊ࠍ㓐ಽ㆑ߞߚ
ߖࠆᣇᴺ߇⠨߃ࠄࠇ߹ߔ㧚ߎߩᤨ㧘㌃᫔ߩᾲવዉߩ
߽ߩߦߔࠆࠊߌߢߔ㧚ᣇะߦ᷷ᐲ߇ਅ߇ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ߘߩ᷷ᐲ൨㈩ߩ᷹ቯ߆
ߣߎࠈߢ೨ߩ㧞┨ߢ㧘ᣣ㗃㧘りㄭߦ⷗ࠆ࠲ࠗࡊ
ࠄ㧘ടᾲ㕙ࠍㅢㆊߔࠆᾲߩᒝߐ㧔ߘࠇߪ᷷ᐲ൨㈩ߦ
ߩᩭᴣ㛛㧘ߟ߹ࠅ‫ޟ‬ᒙ޿ᩭᴣ㛛‫ߘߡߒߦࡑ࡯࠹ࠍޠ‬Ყ଀ߒ߹ߔ㧕ࠍ⍮ࠆߎߣ߇಴᧪㧘หᤨߦ᷷ᐲ൨㈩ࠍ
ߩ⁁ᴫࠍⷰኤߒߡ᧪߹ߒߚ㧚ߒ߆ߒᄐߩ౉㆏㔕ߢߪᄖᝌߒߡടᾲ㕙ߩ᷷ᐲࠍ᳞߼ࠆߎߣ߇಴᧪߹ߔ㧚ߥ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߇㧘ടᾲߩᒝߐࠍߎࠇࠃࠅ߽ߞߣᒝ߼ߚ
߅㌃᫔ౝㇱߩ᷷ᐲࠍ᷹ࠆߦߪᾲ㔚ኻ㧔ߨߟߢࠎߟ
ࠄ৻૕ߤࠎߥߎߣߦߥࠆߢߒࠂ߁߆㧚ߘߎߢ㧘ߎࠇ޿㧕ߣ⸒߁߽ߩࠍ૶޿߹ߔ㧚ߎࠇߪᐔⴕߦਗߴߚੑ
߆ࠄߘߩᄢಾߥ⹤ߦ౉ࠈ߁ߣᕁ߁ߩߢߔ߇㧘ߚߛ޿⒳㘃ߩ⇣ߥࠆ㊄ዻ⚦✢ߩ┵หᔒࠍធวߒߚ߽ߩߢ㧘ߟ߹ߢ߽ࠟࠬ࡟ࡦࠫߦ߆ߌߚ㍿ߩਛߩᴣ㛛ߢߪ㧘ᒝߘߩ㧞ធὐߩ᷷ᐲߩ⋧㆑ߦࠃߞߡ⚦✢ౝߦ⿠㔚ജ޿ടᾲ߽࿎㔍ߢߔߒ㧘ടᾲ㕙਄ߩടᾲߩᒝߐߦ߽஍
߇↢ߓࠆᕈ⾰ࠍ೑↪ߔࠆ᷷ᐲ⸘ߢ㧘ߎࠇࠍ㌃᫔ߦ޽ࠅ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ㧚ߘࠇߦടᾲ㕙ߩ᷷ᐲߪ߽ߜࠈࠎ㧘વߌߚ⚦޿ሹߩਛߦᏅㄟࠎߢዪᚲ᷷ᐲࠍᱜ⏕ߦ᷹ࠆࠊࠆᾲߩᒝߐߔࠄᱜ⏕ߦߪࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߖࠎ㧚ߘߎߢ߹ߎߣ߇಴᧪ࠆߩߢߔ㧚ߕ㧘ᧄ┨ߩ⺑᣿↪ߩ◲නߥታ㛎ⵝ⟎ߩ᭽ሶࠍ⷗ߡ߅
ߊߎߣߦߒ߹ߒࠂ߁㧚ᴣ㛛ߩ᭽⋧ߩᄌൻ
ߐߡ㧘㧞┨ߢ߅⹤ߒߚ㍿ߩਛߩ᳓ߩᴣ㛛ߩࠃ߁ ߐߡ㧘චಽߥᄢ߈ߥኈེߦ⫾߃ߚᶧ૕ߩਛߦ㧘޿ߦ㧘৻ߟߩኈེߦ౉ࠇߚᶧ૕ࠍߘߩ߹߹ടᾲߒߚᤨ
߹߅⹤ߒߚࠃ߁ߥ⋥ᓘ  ߥ޿ߒ  ࡒ࡝ࡔ࡯࠻࡞૏
ߩᴣ㛛ࠍ‫࡞࡯ࡊޟ‬ᴣ㛛‫ߔ߹޿ߡߞ⸒ߣޠ‬㧚ߘߒߡߎߩ㌃᫔┵㕙㧘ߟ߹ࠅᐔࠄߥ౞ᒻടᾲ㕙ࠍ਄ะ߈᳓ᐔ
ߩࡊ࡯࡞ᴣ㛛ߩታ㛎ߦᔅⷐߥടᾲ㕙ߣߒߡᦨ߽◲ߦ⟎޿ߚᤨ㧘ߎߩടᾲ㕙਄ߦ↢ߓࠆᴣ㛛ߩ᭽ሶࠍ㧘නߥߩߪ㧘ኈེౝߩᶧ૕ਛߦ㧞ᧄߩ㔚ᭂࠍ౉ࠇ㧘ߘߒ߫ࠄߊ⷗ߡⴕߊߎߣߦߒ߹ߒࠂ߁㧚ߩੑߟߩ㔚ᭂߩ㑆ߦ᳓ᐔߦᒛߞߚ࠾ࠢࡠࡓ✢߿⊕ ߎߎߢߪ㧘ታ㛎ߩ᧦ઙࠍ᣿⏕ߦߔࠆߚ߼㧘߹ߕᶧ
㊄✢ߦ㔚ᵹࠍᵹߒߡ㔚᳇ᛶ᛫ߢ⊒ᾲߐߖࠆ߿ࠅᣇ
ਛߦᴉ߼ߚ⵬ഥࡅ࡯࠲࡯ߢኈེౝߩᶧ૕ࠍടᾲߒ
ߢߔ㧚ߎߩᤨ㧘ዊߥࠅߣ⸒߃ߤ߽㊎㊄⴫㕙߇ᴣ㛛ࠍߥ߇ࠄᏱߦᶧ᷷ࠍ㘻๺᷷ᐲߦ଻ߟࠃ߁ߦߒߡ߅߈
⿠ߎߔടᾲ㕙ߦߥࠅ㧘㊎㊄ߦᶖ⾌ߐࠇࠆ㔚ജࠍࡔ࡯߹ߔ㧚ߘߒߡ㧘㌃᫔ߩਅ┵ߩ㔚᳇ࡅ࡯࠲࡯ߦㆡᒰߥ
࠲࡯ߢ᷹ࠇ߫㧘ടᾲ㕙߆ࠄ಴ࠆᾲߩᒝߐ߇ಽࠅ߹ߔ㧚ᒝߐߩ㔚ᵹࠍᵹߒߡടᾲߒ߹ߔߣ㧘߿߇ߡᶧ૕ߦ⸅
߹ߚ㧘㊄ዻߩ㔚᳇ᛶ᛫ߩ୯ߪ৻⥸ߦ᷷ᐲߢᄌࠊࠆߩ
ࠇߡ޿ࠆ਄┵ߩ౞ᒻടᾲ㕙᷷ᐲ߇㘻๺᷷ᐲࠃࠅዋ
ߢ㧘㊎㊄ߩ㔚᳇ᛶ᛫ߩ᷹ቯ߆ࠄㅒߦ㊎㊄ߩ᷷ᐲ㧘ߟ

-31-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

․೎ነⓂ

ߒ㜞ߊߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚ߎߩടᾲ㕙᷷ᐲߣ㘻๺᷷ᐲߩᏅࠍ㧘৻⥸ߦടᾲ㕙ߩ‫ޟ‬ㆊᾲᐲ‫߇ߔ߹޿⸒ߣޠ‬㧘㧞┨ߢ⷗ߚࠃ߁ߦടᾲ㕙਄ߦᵃࠍ⊒↢ߐߖࠆߦߪ㧘޽ࠆᄢ߈ߐએ਄ߩㆊᾲᐲ߇ᔅⷐߢߔ㧚ᓥߞߡㆊᾲᐲ߇߹ߛዊ
ߐ޿㑆ߪ㧘ㆊᾲ㕙਄ߦ᳇ᵃߩ⊒↢߇⷗ࠄࠇߕ㧘ടᾲ㕙߆ࠄ಴ࠆᾲߪ㧘ߚߛᶧ૕ߩ᥉ㅢߩ⥄ὼኻᵹߢขࠅ
෰ࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔ㧚 ߘߎߢ㔚᳇ࡅ࡯࠲࡯ߩ㔚ᵹࠍჇߒ㧘ᶧ૕ߦ⸅ࠇߡ
޿ࠆടᾲ㕙ߩ᷷ᐲࠍ޽ߍߡ޿߈߹ߔߣ㧘߿߇ߡടᾲ
㕙਄ߩߤߎ߆㧝㧘㧞ߩὐ߆ࠄ⫳᳇ᵃߩ⊒↢߇ᆎ߹ࠅ߹ߔ㧚ߎࠇ߇ᴣ㛛ߩ㐿ᆎߢ޽ߞߡ㧘ߎߎߢߘࠇ߹ߢ
ߩ⥄ὼኻᵹߩ⁁ᘒߣߪ⇣ߥࠆવᾲ⁁ᘒ߳ਇㅪ⛯ߥᄌൻࠍ↢ߓࠆࠊߌߢߔ㧚ߘߒߡߘߩᓟ㧘᳇ᵃߩㅪ⛯⊛ߥ⊒↢ߦࠃߞߡ㧘೨ߦ߅⹤ߒߚߣߎࠈߩ‫ޟ‬ᒙ޿ᩭᴣ㛛‫⁁ߩޠ‬ᘒߦ⒖ࠅ㧘ߐࠄߦടᾲ㕙߆ࠄߩᾲߩᒝߐ
ࠍ਄ߍࠆߦߟࠇߡ⊒ᵃὐߩᢙ߇Ⴧ߃㧘ടᾲ㕙਄ߦᢔࠄ߫ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚ߥ߅ฦ⊒ᵃὐ߆ࠄߪ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇዊߐߥ⫳᳇ᵃ߇೉ࠍ૞ߞߡ┙ߜ਄߇ߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘⍍㑆౮⌀ࠍߣߞߡߺࠆߣ೨ᓟߩ᳇ᵃหᔒ߇੕޿ߦ
ಽ߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߇ಽࠅ߹ߔ㧚ߟ߹ࠅᒙ޿ᩭᴣ㛛ߢߪ㧘㓞ធߔࠆ⊒ᵃὐหᔒ߽㧘߹ߚ৻ߟߩ⊒ᵃὐ߆ࠄ⊒↢ߔࠆ᳇ᵃหᔒ߽੕޿ߦᐓᷤߖߕߦಽ߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ
⸒߁․ᓽ߇޽ߞߡ㧘ߎߩᒙ޿ᴣ㛛ߩ㗔ၞߩߎߣࠍቇ
໧⊛ߦߪ‫ޟ‬ቅ┙᳇ᵃၞ‫߁⸒ߣޠ‬㔍ߒ޿⸒⪲ߢ๭ࠎߢ޿߹ߔ㧚 ߒ߆ߒ㧘ߐࠄߦടᾲ㕙᷷ᐲࠍ਄ߍߡ޿ߊߣ߿߇ߡ㧘ടᾲ㕙਄ߩ⊒ᵃὐኒᐲ߇ᄢ߈ߊߥࠅ㧘⊒↢㧘ᶋ਄ߔࠆᄙߊߩ᳇ᵃ߽ߎߺวߞߡ߈ߡ㧘ᰴ╙ߦᷙੂߩ᭽⋧߇Ớߊߥߞߡ᧪߹ߔ㧚ߘߒߡ౮⌀ⷰኤࠍߪߓ߼޿ࠈ
޿ࠈߩᣇᴺߢ⺞ߴߚ⚿ᨐߦࠃࠆߣ㧘⊒ᵃὐ߆ࠄߟ߉
ߟ߉ߦ಴ࠆ᳇ᵃ߇೨ᓟߟߥ߇ࠆᒻߢ⚦޿ㅪ⛯⫳᳇ᩇߦ⷗߃ࠆ߽ߩ߇಴᧪ߚࠅ㧘ടᾲ㕙ߩዋߒ਄ߩᣇߢ
ᶋ਄ਛߩ᳇ᵃหᔒ߇޿ࠈ޿ࠈߦว૕ߒߚࠅ㧘ߣߦ߆
ߊฦ⒳ߩⶄ㔀ߥ⁁ᴫࠍ๒ߒ߹ߔ㧚ߒ߆ߒዋߒᄢ⢙ߦ⸒߁ߎߣࠍ⸵ߒߡ㗂ߌࠆߥࠄ㧘ߎ߁ߒߚ⁁ᴫߪ㧘೨ߦ޽ߞߚᒙ޿ᩭᴣ㛛ߩ⁁ᘒ߆ࠄ㧘ᰴ㗄ߢ⺑᣿ߔࠆᣂߒ޿ᩭᴣ㛛ߩ⁁ᴫ㧘ߟ߹ࠅ‫ޟ‬ᒝ޿ᩭᴣ㛛‫ߩ߳ޠ‬⒖ࠅᄌࠊࠅߩ⁁ᘒߦߔ߉ߥ޿ߩߢߔ㧚ᒝ޿ᩭᴣ㛛ߩ಴⃻ ታ㓙㧘߽ߞߣടᾲ㕙᷷ᐲ߇޽߇ࠆߣ㧘ᴣ㛛ߪߎࠇ߹ߢߣߪ߹ࠆߢ㆑ߞߚᣂߒ޿᭽⋧ߩ߽ߩߦߥࠅ߹
ߔ㧚ߔߥࠊߜ㧘޿߹ታ㛎ߦ૶ߞߡ޿ࠆ౞ᒻടᾲ㕙㧔⋥ᓘ  ߥ޿ߒ  ࡒ࡝ࡔ࡯࠻࡞⒟ᐲ㧕ߣหߓ૏ߩ߆ߥ

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬-32-ࠅᄢ߈ߥ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅ߇㧘ടᾲ㕙਄ࠍ߭ߣࠅභ߼
ߔࠆᒻߢ㧘ᤨ㑆ߩ⚻ㆊߣ౒ߦ㧘ߟ߉ߟ߉ᚑ㐳ߣ㔌⣕ࠍ➅ࠅ㄰ߔ⁁ᴫ߇ⷰኤߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߩߢߔ㧚ߘߒߡ⹦ߒߊߪߔߋᓟߢ߅⹤ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ߎߩᄢ߈ߥ
⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߪ㧘ታߪടᾲ㕙߆ࠄવࠊࠆᾲߩోㇱࠍᶖ⾌ߒߡ㧘ടᾲ㕙ㄭߊߢ⛘߃ߕ૞ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ⫳᳇ߩ㓸วߒߡ಴᧪ࠆ߽ߩߥߩߢߔ㧚ߟ߹ࠅ㧘⃻࿷ߩᴣ㛛ߪടᾲ㕙߆ࠄᒝ޿ᾲࠍฃߌߥ߇ࠄ㧘ߘߩోㇱࠍ૶ߞߡടᾲ㕙ㄭߊߢᄙ㊂ߩ⫳᳇ࠍ⊒↢㧘ടᾲ㕙ߩ਄ߦ೨ㅀߩࠃ߁ߥᄢ߈ߥ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅࠍᰴ‫ߦޘ‬૞ߞߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߎࠇߎߘ߹ߐߦᴣ㛛ߘߩ߽ߩߩ
⁁ᘒߣ⸒ߞߡ߽ㆊ⸒ߢߪߥ޿ߢߒࠂ߁㧚ߘߒߡ㧘ߎࠇࠍߎߎߢߪᒙ޿ᩭᴣ㛛ߦኻᔕߒߡ㧘ࠊ߆ࠅ߿ߔߊ
‫ޟ‬ᒝ޿ᩭᴣ㛛‫ߣޠ‬๭߱ߎߣߦߒ߹ߒࠂ߁㧚ቇ໧⊛ߦߪ㧘ߎߩᴣ㛛㗔ၞߩߎߣࠍ‫ޟ‬ᐓᷤ㗔ၞ‫ޠ‬㧘߹ߚᤨߦߪ‫⊒ޟ‬㆐ߒߚᩭᴣ㛛‫ߔ߹޿⸒ߣޠ‬㧚ᐓᷤߣ޿߁ߩߪ㧘ടᾲ㕙਄ߢᄙᢙߩ⊒ᵃὐ߇ㄭធߒ㧘㓞ࠅหᔒ߇੕޿
ߦᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌวߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍᜰߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔ㧚 ߐߡ೨ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘‫ޟ‬ᒝ޿ᩭᴣ㛛‫ߪߢޠ‬ടᾲ㕙ߩ਄ߦ⫳᳇ߩᄢ߈ߥ߆ߚ߹ࠅ߇ᰴ‫ߢߩࠆߔ↢⊒ߦޘ‬ߔ߇㧘ߒ߆ߒ㧞┨ߢ⷗ߚ‫ޟ‬ᒙ޿ᩭᴣ㛛‫ߡߞߛޠ‬㧘ടᾲ㕙਄ߩ⊒ᵃὐ߆ࠄዊߐߥ᳇ᵃ߇ᰴ‫ߡߒ↢⊒ߦޘ‬޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ㧚ߛ߆ࠄ㧘ߎࠇߛߌࠍ⷗߹ߔߣ㧘ᄢ߈ߥ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߣዊߐߥ᳇ᵃߣ㧘ᄢ߈ߐߩⷙᮨ߇
㆑߁ߛߌߢ㧘ߘࠇએᄖߪਔ⠪ߩᕈ⾰ߦ㆑޿߇ߥ޿ࠃ
߁ߦ⷗߃߹ߔ㧚ᒰὼ㧘‫ޟ‬ᒝ޿ᩭᴣ㛛‫ޟߪޠ‬ᒙ޿ᩭᴣ㛛‫ߦޠ‬Ყߴߡᧄᒰߦ⇣⾰ߥ߽ߩߛࠈ߁߆ߣ޿߁⇼໧߇↢ߓ߹ߔ㧚 ߽ߜࠈࠎ㧘ߎࠇߪ⑼ቇ⊛ߦᄢಾߥ໧㗴ߢߔ㧚ߘߎߢ޿߹㧘‫ޟ‬ᒝ޿ᩭᴣ㛛‫ࠆߓ↢ߢޠ‬ᄢ߈ߥ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߩ᜼േࠍ㜞ㅦࠞࡔ࡜ߢ᠟ᓇ㧘ⷰኤߒߡߺࠆߎߣ
ߦߒ߹ߒࠂ߁㧚ߔࠆߣ߹ߕ㧘⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅ߇චಽ
ᄢ߈ߊߥߞߡടᾲ㕙߆ࠄ㔌⣕ߒߚ޽ߣ㧘߶ߣࠎߤ㑆㜬ࠍ౉ࠇߕടᾲ㕙਄ߦᰴߩ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅ߇ᚑ㐳ࠍᆎ߼ࠆߣ޿߁ㅪ⛯⊛ߥ⫳᳇↢ᚑߩ․ᓽ߇ߺࠄࠇ
ࠆߩߢߔ㧚ߎࠇߦኻߒᒙ޿ᩭᴣ㛛ߩ႐วߪ㧘⊒ᵃὐ
߆ࠄ᳇ᵃ߇㔌⣕ᓟ㧘ᰴߩ᳇ᵃߩᚑ㐳㐿ᆎ߹ߢߩ㑆ߦ‫ޟ‬ᓙߜᤨ㑆‫ࠅ޽߇ޠ‬㧘᳇ᵃ⊒↢߇㑆ᰳ⊛ߛߞߚߎߣ
ࠍᕁ޿಴ߒߡ㗂ߌࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ㧚 ߹ߚ㧘߿ߪࠅ㜞ㅦࠞࡔ࡜ࠍ↪޿㧘ᒝ޿ᩭᴣ㛛ߩ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅ߇ടᾲ㕙਄ߢᚑ㐳ߒߡⴕߊㅜਛߩ૕
Ⓧᄌൻࠍ᠟ᓇߒ㧘ߘࠇࠍቯ㊂⊛ߦಽᨆߒߡߺ߹ߔߣ㧘ടᾲ㕙߆ࠄ಴ߡ޿ࠆᾲߩోㇱ߇ടᾲ㕙਄ߢ⫳᳇ߩ⊒↢ߦᶖ⾌ߐࠇࠆߣߒߚᤨߩ⫳᳇ߩ૕ⓍჇടߩ⸘

․೎ነⓂ

▚⚿ᨐߦߜࠂ߁ߤ৻⥌ߔࠆߎߣ߇ಽࠅ߹ߔ㧚ߘߒߡߎߩߎߣߪ㧘೨ᓟ㧞୘ߩ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߩ㑆ߦ‫ޟ‬ᓙߜᤨ㑆‫ߤࠎߣ߶߇ޠ‬ή޿ߣ޿߁೨ㅀߩታ㛎੐ታߣ߽㧘ߜ߾ࠎߣว⥌ߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚৻ᣇ㧘ᒙ޿ᩭᴣ㛛ߩ႐วߪ㧘㧞┨ߢ߅⹤ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘ടᾲ㕙਄ߢߩ⫳᳇⊒↢ߦߪടᾲ㕙߆ࠄ಴ࠆᾲߩ৻ㇱߒ߆૶ࠊࠇ
ߡ޿߹ߖࠎ㧚ߘࠇߦ᳇ᵃߩᚑ㐳߽㧘ᚑ㐳ߩᆎ߼ߪㅦ
޿߇⚳ࠊࠅ㗃ߪㆃߊ㧘ㅦᐲ߇ㅜਛߢᄢ߈ߊᄌൻߒߡ
޿ࠆ߽ߩߛߞߚߩߢߔ㧚 ߥ߅‫ޟ‬ᒝ޿ᴣ㛛‫ߩޠ‬႐ว㧘೨ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦടᾲ㕙߆ࠄߩᾲ߇㧘ടᾲ㕙ㄭߊߢోㇱ㧘⫳᳇↢ᚑߦ૶ࠊࠇߡ
ߒ߹߁ߎߣࠍ⍮ࠅ߹ߒߚ߇㧘ߎࠇߪ߽߁㧘ߘࠇએᄖߩ㗔ၞߢᶧ૕ߩㆊᾲࠍ↢ߓᓧߥ޿ߎߣࠍᗧ๧ߒ߹
ߔ㧚ߟ߹ࠅᴣ㛛ኈེౝߩᶧ૕ߩ᷷ᐲߪ㧘ടᾲ㕙਄ࠍ㒰޿ߡో㕙⊛ߦ㘻๺᷷ᐲߦ଻ߚࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߩߢߔ㧚ടᾲ㕙ࠍⷒ߁⭯޿ᩭᴣ㛛ᶧጀ ߣߔࠆߣ㧘⑳ߚߜ߇ᰴߦᒰ㕙ߔࠆᄢಾߥ໧㗴ߪ㧘೨ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦߒߡടᾲ㕙ߩ਄ߦᄢ߈ߥ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅࠍᰴ‫ߦޘ‬૞ࠅ಴ߒߡ޿ࠆ⫳᳇ߘߩ߽ߩ߇㧘৻૕ߤߎߢ㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߦߒߡ૞ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎ
ߣߢߒࠂ߁㧚ߘߎߢߣࠅ޽߃ߕ㧘ടᾲ㕙਄ߩᒝ޿ᩭ
ᴣ㛛ߩ⁁ᴫࠍ⌀ᮮ߆ࠄ౮ߒߚ⍍㑆౮⌀ࠍ⷗ߡߺࠆ
ߣ㧘޽ߚ߆߽᳓ᩱၭߩࡅࡗࠪࡦࠬ߿ࠢࡠ࠶ࠞࠬߩ⃿ᩮ߇ਅะ߈ߦዊߐߥᩮࠍᴛጊ಴ߔࠃ߁ߦ㧘ടᾲ㕙਄ߩᄢ߈ߥ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߩਅߦߪᴛጊߩᓸዊߥ⫳᳇ྃᵹ߇ઃ޿ߡ޿ߡ㧘ߘࠇࠄ߇ടᾲ㕙ߩ਄ߦု⋥ߦ┙ߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁⁁ᴫߦ᳇ઃߊߩߢߔ㧚߽ߜࠈࠎ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߦᴣ㛛ߩᄖ஥߆ࠄ౮ߒߚ౮⌀ߛߌߢߪ㧘ടᾲ㕙ߩ๟ㄝߩ᭽ሶߒ߆⷗߃ߕ㧘⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߦ㇎
㝷ߐࠇߡടᾲ㕙ౝㇱߩᣇߩ⁁ᴫߪࠃߊಽࠅ߹ߖࠎ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘㧞㧘㧟ߩᏁᅱߥ㑆ធ⊛᷹ⷰߩഥߌࠍ୫ࠅߡ㧘ടᾲ㕙ౝㇱߩᣇ߽ห᭽ߥ⁁ᴫߦ޽ࠆߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆
ߦߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ㧚ߘߩ⺑᣿ߪ߿߿ߎߒߊߥࠆߩߢ㧘ߎߎߦߪ⋭⇛ߒ߹ߔ߇㧘޿ߕࠇߦߖࠃߎߩ⁁ᴫࠍᄙዋࡕ࠺࡞ൻߒߡ⴫⃻ߒߡߺࠆߥࠄ߫㧘ടᾲ㕙ో㕙ࠍ⭯޿ᶧ૕ߩጀ߇ⷒߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߘߩᶧጀౝߦᴛጊߩᓸ
ዊߥ⫳᳇ྃᵹ߇ടᾲ㕙ߦု⋥ߦ┙ߞߡ㧘ᶧጀߩ਄ߦ
ṛ⇐ߒߡ޿ࠆ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߦਅ߆ࠄߐ߆ࠎߦ⫳᳇ࠍ็߈ㄟࠎߢ޿ࠆߣ޿߁⁁ᴫߦߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚 ߘߒߡ㧘ߎࠇࠄടᾲ㕙਄ߦ┙ߟᓸዊߥ⫳᳇ྃᵹߪ㧘ᒙ޿ᩭᴣ㛛ߢߩ⊒ᵃὐߣหߓߊ㧘ടᾲ㕙਄ߦಽᏓߔ
ࠆᓸ⚦ߥಳߺߩᚲߦ૞ࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߢߔ㧚ߚߛ⃻࿷ߪ㧘

-33-ടᾲ㕙᷷ᐲ߇೨ࠃࠅ㜞ߊ㧘ᓥߞߡ㓐ಽዊߐߥಳߺߦ
⥋ࠆ߹ߢᵴᕈൻߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ㧘ߘߩ਄ߦ┙ߟ⫳᳇ྃᵹߪടᾲ㕙਄ߦ㕖ᏱߦኒߦಽᏓߔࠆߎߣߣߥࠅ㧘ߚ߇޿ߦ㓞หᔒ᛼ߒว߁ߚ߼ߦ㕖Ᏹߦዊߐߥ⋥ᓘߩ߽ߩߦߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ㧚߹ߚ㧘ᒙ޿ᩭᴣ㛛ߢߪฦ⊒ᵃὐߢ㑆ᰳ⊛ߥ᳇ᵃ⊒↢߇޽ߞߚߩߦኻߒߡ㧘ߎߎߢߪ೨⸥ߩࠃ߁ߦቯᏱ⊛ߥᵹࠇߩ⫳᳇ྃᵹ߇ᒻᚑߐ
ࠇߡ޿߹ߔ㧚ߎߩ႐ว㧘ടᾲ㕙߆ࠄવࠊࠆᾲߪ㧘߹ߕᶧጀౝߩᶧ૕ㇱಽࠍᾲવዉߢྃᵹߩ᳇ᶧ⇇㕙߹ߢવࠊߞߡ㧘ߘߎߢ⫳᳇ࠍㅪ⛯⊛ߦ⫳⊒ߐߖߡ޿߹
ߔ㧚߹ߚߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⁁ᴫߢ޽ࠇ߫ߎߘ㧘ടᾲ㕙߆ࠄ಴ࠆᾲߪోㇱ㧘ടᾲ㕙ㄭߊߢ⫳᳇⊒↢ߦ૶ࠊࠇ㧘߹ߚടᾲߩᒝߐߦᲧ଀ߒߚ৻ቯߩㅦᐲߢ⫳᳇ߩ⊒↢߇⛯ߊߩߢߔ㧚 ߽ߜࠈࠎ㧘⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߣടᾲ㕙ߩ㑆ߦߪߐ߹ࠇߡሽ࿷ߔࠆ೨⸥ߩ⭯޿ᶧጀߪ㧘ߎߩ⫳⊒ߩߚ߼ߦᤨ‫ޘ‬ೞ‫ޘ‬ᶧ㊂߇ᷫߞߡⴕߊࠊߌߢߔ㧚ᓥߞߡ㧘ߎߩ⁁ᴫਅߦടᾲ㕙਄ߦ૗ᤨ߹ߢ߽ᴣ㛛߇⛯ߊߚ߼ߦߪ㧘߹ࠊࠅߩᶧ૕߆ࠄടᾲ㕙਄ߩᶧጀߦ㧘૗ࠄ߆ߩ
ᣇᴺߢᶧ૕߇⵬⛎ߐࠇ㧘⫳᳇⊒↢߇ㅜಾࠇߥ޿ࠃ߁
ߦߥߞߡ޿ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠅ߹ߖࠎ㧚ߘߒߡࡊ࡯࡞ᴣ㛛ߩ႐วߦߪ㧘චಽߦᚑ㐳ߒߚ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅ߇ᶧጀ
߆ࠄ㔌ࠇߡᶋ਄ߔࠆᤨ㧘ߘߩ޽ߣߦᵹࠇㄟ߻ᶧ૕ߦ
ࠃߞߡᶧጀ߳ߩᶧ૕⵬⛎߇↢ߓࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ߹ߔ㧚ߟ߹ࠅࡊ࡯࡞ᴣ㛛ߢߪ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ㑆ᰳ⊛ߥᶧ૕⵬⛎߇ቯᏱ⊛ߥᴣ㛛ࠍᡰ߃ߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ߇㧘ߥ߅ߘࠇߦട߃ߡ㧘⃻࿷ߩࠃ߁ߦᲧセ⊛ዊߐ޿ኸᴺߩടᾲ
㕙㧔⋥ᓘ  ߥ޿ߒ  ࡒ࡝ࡔ࡯࠻࡞૏㧕ߩ႐วߪ㧘ടᾲ㕙ߩ๟ㄝ߆ࠄ㧘߹ࠊࠅߩᶧ૕߇ടᾲ㕙਄ߩ⭯޿ᶧጀ߳ㅪ⛯⊛ߦߒߺߎ߻⃻⽎߽ਈߞߡ޿ࠆ╫ߢߔ㧚 ߘࠇߦߒߡ߽㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߣടᾲ
㕙ߩ㑆ߦߪߐ߹ࠇ㧘ߘߩਛߦടᾲ㕙ߦု⋥ߥᄙᢙߩᓸዊߥ⫳᳇ྃᵹࠍᜬߟ⭯޿ᶧጀ㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⁁ᴫ߇㧘ߘࠇߢߪ৻૕ߤ߁ߒߡ૞ࠅ಴ߐࠇࠆߩߢߒࠂ߁߆㧚
ߘߩ‛ℂ⊛ේ࿃ߩ⺑᣿ߪ㧘ዋߒḰ஻߇޿ࠆߩߢ㧠┨ߦࠁߕࠆߎߣߦߒ߹ߔ߇㧘ߎߩടᾲ㕙਄ߩᶧጀߪ㧘ᒝ޿ᩭᴣ㛛ߩ⫳᳇⊒↢߿વᾲ․ᕈࠍᡰ㈩ߒ㧘ߒ߆߽ᩭᴣ㛛ߩ㒢⇇໧㗴㧔㧡┨㧕ߦ߽㊀ⷐߥᓎഀࠍᜬߟᄢ
ಾߥ߽ߩߢߔ߆ࠄ㧘੹ᓟߎࠇࠍ‫ޟ‬ᩭᴣ㛛ᶧጀ‫ߣޠ‬๭߱ߎߣߦ޿ߚߒ߹ߒࠂ߁㧚⥄ᓞ⊛ߥᾲવ㆐ ଀߃߫㜞᷷ߩ‛૕ࠍ಄ߚ޿㘑ߩਛߦߐࠄߔᤨ㧘಄ළߐࠇߡⴕߊ‛૕ߩ⴫㕙߆ࠄ಴ࠆᾲߪ๟࿐ߩⓨ᳇

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

․೎ነⓂ

ߦવࠊࠅ㧘ߘߒߡ㘑ߦᜬߜ෰ࠄࠇ߹ߔ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ
৻⥸ߦ‛૕ߩ⴫㕙߇㧘ߘࠇߣߪ᷷ᐲߩ㆑߁ᵹ૕ߩᵹ
ࠇߦធߒߡ޿ࠆᤨ㧘‛૕⴫㕙ߣᵹ૕ߩ㑆ߦ⿠ߎࠆᾲ
ߩ੤឵ߩߎߣࠍ․ߦᾲવ㆐㧔ߨߟߢࠎߚߟ㧕ߣ⸒޿߹ߔ㧚ߎߩ⒳ߩવᾲ⁁ᘒߦೋ߼ߡᵈ⋡ߒߚߩߪ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬߩ߆ߩ᦭ฬߥ࠾ࡘ࡯࠻ࡦ㧔㧙㧕ߢߔ߇㧘੹ߢߪ⥄േゞߩ࡜ࠫࠛ࡯࠲࡯㧘ࠟࠬḡᴣߒེ㧘ࠛࠕࠦࡦ㧘ߘߩઁ㧘⑳ߚߜߩりㄭߥⵝ⟎ߩਛߢ߽Ᏹ
ߦ೑↪ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆવᾲ⁁ᘒߢߔ㧚ߘߒߡߎߩ‫ޟ‬ᾲવ㆐‫ߩޠ‬ᕈ⢻ߩ⦟ุߪ㧘‛૕⴫㕙ߣᵹ૕㑆ߩන૏᷷ᐲ
Ꮕ޽ߚࠅ㧘‛૕⴫㕙ߩන૏㕙Ⓧࠍㅢߒߡන૏ᤨ㑆ߦ㧘ߤࠇߛߌߩᾲ㊂߇વࠊࠆ߆ߢ᳿߼ࠆߎߣ߇಴᧪߹
ߔ߇㧘ߘࠇߪᵹ૕ߩᾲવዉ₸ߩᄢዊߥߤᵹ૕࿕᦭ߩ
ᕈ⾰ߛߌߢߥߊ㧘‛૕⴫㕙ㄭߊߩᵹ૕ߩᵹࠇߩᒝߐ
߿ㆇേߩ⁁ᘒߦࠃߞߡ߽ᄢ߈ߊᄌࠅ߹ߔ㧚଀߃߫౻㧘หߓ᷷ᐲߩ㘑ߦߐࠄߐࠇߡ޿ߡ߽㧘㘑߇ᒝߌࠇ߫ᒝ
޿߶ߤ⑳ߚߜߪኙߊᗵߓࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ߽ߘࠇߪಽࠆ
ߢߒࠂ߁㧚 ߐߡ‫ޟ‬ᒝ޿ᩭᴣ㛛‫ߩޠ‬႐วߪ㧘޿߹⷗ߡ᧪ߚࠃ߁
ߦ㧘ടᾲ㕙߆ࠄߩᾲߪ㧘ടᾲ㕙਄ߢ⫳᳇ࠍ૞ࠅ಴ߔ
ߩߦోㇱᶖ⾌ߐࠇߡߒ߹޿߹ߔ㧚ߘߒߡ㧘ߘߩવᾲ⁁ᴫߪ㧘ടᾲ㕙߆ࠄߩᒝ޿ᾲࠍฃߌߥ߇ࠄ㧘ടᾲ㕙ߩߏߊㄭறߦᴣ㛛ߦࠃߞߡ⥄ὼߦ૞ࠅ಴ߐࠇࠆᵹ
૕ߩ᜼േ㧘ߘߩ⥄ᓞ⊛ߣ⸒ߞߡ޿޿ࠃ߁ߥ⁁ᘒߦᡰ㈩ߐࠇࠆ߽ߩߣ⸒ߞߡㆊ⸒ߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ㧚ታ㓙㧘ߎߩᒝ޿ᩭᴣ㛛ߩ‫ޟ‬ᾲવ㆐‫ߪޠ‬㧘ടᾲ㕙ߩᒻ㧘ะ߈㧔᳓ᐔ㧘ု⋥ߥߤ㧕㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪᶧ૕ߩᷓߐߥߤ㧘޿ࠈ޿ࠈ᧦ઙ߇ᄌߞߡ߽ߘߩᓇ㗀ࠍ߶ߣࠎߤฃߌߥ
޿⥄ᓞ⊛ߥᾲવ㆐ߦߥࠆߎߣ߇⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔ㧚․ߦශ⽎⊛ߥ଀ࠍ᜼ߍࠆߥࠄ߫㧘ᶧ૕ߩᷓߐ߇ߘߩ⥄↱ᶧ㕙߆ࠄࠊߕ߆㧞㧘㧟ࡒ࡝ࡔ࡯࠻࡞⒟ᐲߩߏߊᵻ
޿૏⟎ߦ౞ᒻടᾲ㕙㧔⋥ᓘ  ࡒ࡝ࡔ࡯࠻࡞⒟ᐲ㧕ࠍ᳓ᐔ㧘਄ะ߈ߦ⟎޿ߡᴣ㛛ߐߖߡ߽㧘ᾲવ㆐ߩᒝ
ߐߪ㧘ᶧ૕߇ߕߞߣᷓ޿᥉ㅢߩࡊ࡯࡞ᴣ㛛ᤨߣ޽߹ࠅᄌࠄߥ޿ߩߢߔ㧚ߥ߅ߎߩ㕖Ᏹߦૐ޿ᶧ૏ߩᤨ㧘ടᾲ㕙਄ߩᴣ㛛ߦࠃߞߡ಴⃻ߔࠆ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅ
ߪ㧘ߒ߾߷ࠎ₹ߩࠃ߁ߦ⭯޿ᶧ⤑ߦ൮߹ࠇߚ㧘⟤ߒߊ߈ࠇ޿ߥ࠼࡯ࡓ⁁ߩ߽ߩߦߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚ߘߒߡߎߩ
࠼࡯ࡓ⁁ߩ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅ߇⤘ᒛߔࠆߣ⎕ࠇ㧘߹ߚ⋥ߋߦ⭯޿ᶧ⤑ߦ൮߹ࠇߚᰴߩ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅ߇
ᚑ㐳ࠍᆎ߼ࠆߣ޿ߞߚ⁁ᘒ߇⷗ࠄࠇ߹ߔ㧚 ߣߎࠈߢ⃻࿷ߪࡊ࡯࡞ᴣ㛛ࠍ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢ
ߔ߇㧘ᒝ޿ᩭᴣ㛛ߩᾲવ㆐ߪ೨ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦ⥄ᓞᕈ߇ᒝ޿ߚ߼㧘઒ߦኈེౝߩᵹ૕ࠍੱᎿ⊛ߦ߆ߥࠅᒝߊ

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬-34-߆߈߹ࠊߒߡߺߡ߽㧘ᾲવ㆐ߦ޽߹ࠅߘߩᓇ㗀߇⃻ࠇߥ޿ߎߣࠍઃߌട߃ߡ߅߈߹ߒࠂ߁㧚೨ߦ‫ޟ‬ᒝ޿ᩭᴣ㛛‫⊒ޟߪޠ‬㆐ߒߚᩭᴣ㛛‫߽ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇࠆߎߣࠍ
⸥ߒ߹ߒߚ߇㧘ߘߩࠃ߁ߦ๭߫ࠇࠆ৻ߟߩᩮ᜚ߪߎ
ࠎߥߣߎࠈߦ߽޽ࠆߩߢߔ㧚ࠨࡉࠢ࡯࡞ᶧౝߢߩᒝ޿ᩭᴣ㛛೨ߦ㧞┨ߢߪ㧘ᴣὐࠃࠅૐ᷷ߩࠨࡉࠢ࡯࡞ᶧߩਛ
ߢ⿠ߎࠆ‫ޟ‬ᒙ޿ᩭᴣ㛛‫߇ߚߒ߹ߒࠍ⹤ߩޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬ᒝ޿ᩭᴣ㛛‫ߩޠ‬႐วߪ৻૕ߤ߁ߥࠆߩߢߒࠂ߁߆㧚ߘߎߢ㧘޿߹߹ߢߣห᭽㧘⋥ᓘ  ߥ޿ߒ  ࡒ࡝ࡔ࡯࠻
࡞૏ߩ౞ᒻടᾲ㕙ࠍߣࠅ㧘ߎࠇࠍࠨࡉࠢ࡯࡞ᶧਛߦ
߅޿ߡ㧘ᒝ޿ᩭᴣ㛛ࠍߐߖࠆᤨߩ⁁ᴫߦߟ޿ߡ⺑᣿ߒߡ߅߈߹ߒࠂ߁㧚 ߐߡ㧘㘻๺ᶧౝߩᒝ޿ᩭᴣ㛛ߢߪ㧘೨ߦㅀߴߚࠃ
߁ߦ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅ߇ടᾲ㕙߆ࠄ㔌ࠇࠆߣ㧘߶ߣࠎߤ㑆㜬ࠍ౉ࠇߕᰴߩ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߩᚑ㐳߇ടᾲ㕙਄ߦᆎ߹ࠆ߽ߩߢߒߚ㧚ߒ߆ߒࠨࡉࠢ࡯࡞ᴣ㛛ߦߥࠆߣ㧘ടᾲ㕙߆ࠄ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅ߇㔌ࠇߚᓟ㧘ߒ߫ࠄߊ㑆ࠍ߅޿ߡ߆ࠄ㧘ᰴߩ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߩᚑ㐳߇ᆎ߹ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚ߥߗߥࠄ㧘⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹
ࠅ߇㔌⣕ߒߡ⵻ߦߥߞߚᩭᴣ㛛ᶧጀߩ਄ߦ㧘๟࿐߆ࠄ಄ߚ޿ࠨࡉࠢ࡯࡞ᶧ߇౉ࠇᦧࠊࠅߦ߿ߞߡ᧪߹
ߔ߆ࠄ㧘ᶧጀ߆ࠄ಴ࠆ⫳᳇ߪಝ❗ߐࠇ㧘߹ߚᤨߦߪ
ᶧጀ⥄૕߽಄ළߐࠇࠆࠊߌߢߔ㧚ᓥߞߡߘߩᓟ㧘ടᾲ㕙߆ࠄߩടᾲߦࠃߞߡ㧘ടᾲ㕙ㄭߊߩᶧ૕ߩ᷷ᐲ
߇ዋߥߊߣ߽㘻๺᷷ᐲ߹ߢ࿁ᓳߒߡ߆ࠄ㧘ᰴߩ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߩᚑ㐳߇ᆎ߹ࠆࠊߌߢߔ㧚ߥ߅⃻࿷㧘⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߪࠨࡉࠢ࡯࡞ᶧࠍ᛼ߒㅌߌߥ߇ࠄ᜛
ᄢ⤘ᒛߒߡⴕߊࠊߌߢߔ߆ࠄ㧘⫳᳇ߩ৻ㇱߪߤ߁ߒߡ߽ಝ❗ࠍฃߌ㧘ߘࠇߛߌ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߩ૕ⓍߩჇട᷷ᐲ߇ᷫࠆߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚 ߘߒߡઁߩ᧦ઙߪᄌ߃ߕߦ㧘ߚߛࠨࡉࠢ࡯࡞ᐲߛ
ߌࠍߐࠄߦ਄ߍߡⴕߊߣ㧘ᓟ⛯ߩ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߩ
ᚑ㐳㐿ᆎ߹ߢߩᓙߜᤨ㑆ߪߐࠄߦ㐳ߊߥࠅ㧘߹ߚߘߩᚑ㐳ㅦᐲ߽ㆃߊߥࠆߢߒࠂ߁㧚ߘߒߡࠨࡉࠢ࡯࡞
ᐲ߇㕖Ᏹߦᄢ߈ߊߥࠆߣ㧘੹߹ߢ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߣ
๭ࠎߢ᧪ߚ߽ߩߪᆫࠍᶖߒߡ㧘ടᾲ㕙਄ߩ⭯޿⫳᳇⤑⁁ߩᒻߦᄌߞߡ޿ߊߣหᤨߦ㧘ߐࠄߦࠨࡉࠢ࡯࡞
ᐲ߇ㅴ߼߫㧘ㆀߦߪടᾲ㕙਄ߩ⫳᳇ྃᵹ߆ࠄߩ⫳᳇߇߽ߪ߿ว૕಴᧪ߕ୘‫ߦޘ‬ಝ❗ߔࠆࠃ߁ߥ⁁ᘒߦߥߞߡ޿ߊߎߣߥߤ߇ᗐ௝ߐࠇ߹ߔ㧚⥄↱ᶋ਄ਛߩ᳇ᵃ߿᳇૕ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅ

․೎ነⓂ㔀ߥ゠〔ࠍឬ߈ߥ߇ࠄ㧔޽ࠆᗧ๧ߢ৻⒳ߩᵄߩࠃ߁
ߥᕈ⾰ࠍ␜ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧕ᶧਛࠍ਄᣹ߒߡⴕ߈߹ߔ㧚ߒ߆߽㧘ߎߩ㗔ၞߢߪ᳇ᵃߩᄢ߈ߐ߇Ⴧߔߣᶋ਄ㅦᐲ
߇߆߃ߞߡ߅ߘߊߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚 ߘߒߡᦨᓟߩ╙㧠ߩ㗔ၞߪ㧘⑳ߚߜ߇ญߦߊࠊ߃
ߚࠬ࠻ࡠ࡯ࠦ࠶ࡊߩਛߩ᳓ߦⓨ᳇ࠍ็߈ㄟ߻ᤨߦ
಴᧪ࠆ⒟ᐲ㧘ߥ޿ߒߘࠇએ਄ߩᄢ߈ߐߩ᳇ᵃ㧘ᓥߞߡ㧘᳇ᵃߣ޿߁ࠃࠅ᳇૕ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߣ⸒߁ߴ߈㗔ၞߢߔ߇㧘ߘߩ᳇૕ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߪਇⷙೣߥ߈ߩߎ⁁ߥ޿ߒ⃿౰⁁ߩᒻࠍขߞߡ㧘ᶧਛࠍ߶߷߹ߞߔߋ਄᣹
ߒ߹ߔ㧚ߘߒߡߎߩ㗔ၞߢߪ㧘᳇૕ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߩᄢ
߈ߐߩჇടߣ౒ߦᶋ਄ㅦᐲ߇ౣ߮Ⴧߒߡⴕ߈߹ߔ㧚 ߐߡ㧘޿߹਄ㅀߩ㧠㗔ၞࠍ㗅ᰴߟߥߍߡߺࠆߣ㧘᳇ᵃߩᄢ߈ߐ߇Ⴧߔߦᓥ޿᳇ᵃߩᶋ਄ㅦᐲߪ㧘╙㧝㧘╙㧞㗔ၞߢჇടߒߡᭂᄢὐߦ⥋ߞߚᓟ㧘╙㧟㗔ၞߢߪᷫዋߒߡᭂዊὐߦ⥋ࠅ㧘╙㧠㗔ၞߢౣ߮Ⴧടߒߡ
ⴕߊߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚߹ߚ㧘╙㧝㧘╙㧞㗔ၞߢߪ᳇ᵃߩᶋ਄ㅦᐲߦᶧ૕ߩ☼ᕈ߇ᒝ޿ᓇ㗀ࠍᜬߟߩߦ
ኻߒ㧘╙㧟㧘╙㧠㗔ၞߢߪ߶ߣࠎߤ☼ᕈߩᓇ㗀߇޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ㧚ߘߒߡ೨ߦ߽ㅀߴ߹ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘଀߃߫╙㧟㗔ၞߦ߅ߌࠆ᳇ᵃߩ਄᣹ㆇേߪ㧘᳇ᶧ⇇㕙ߩ৻⒳ߩᵄߩࠃ߁ߥㆇേߦࠃߞߡ↢ߓߡ޿ࠆߣ⸒ߞߚ
⷗ᣇࠍߔࠆߣ‛ℂ⊛ߦℂ⸃ߒᤃ޿ߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ
ᕁ޿߹ߔ㧚
㧔ᰴภߦ⛯ߊ㧕 ߎࠇ߹ߢߩⷰኤ߆ࠄ㧘㧞┨ߩ‫ޟ‬ᒙ޿ᩭᴣ㛛‫ߪߢޠ‬Ყセ⊛ዊߐߥ᳇ᵃ߇⃻ࠇ㧘߹ߚᧄ┨ߩ‫ޟ‬ᒝ޿ᩭᴣ㛛‫ޠ‬ߢߪᄢ߈ߥ⫳᳇ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߩ⃻ࠇࠆߎߣࠍ⍮ࠅ߹ߒߚ㧚ߘߎߢߎࠇࠄߩ੐ߦ㑐ㅪߒߡ㧘ᴣ㛛⥄૕ߣߪዋߒ⹤ߒ߇㔌ࠇ߹ߔ߇㧘㕒ᱛᶧ૕ߩਛࠍߚߛ৻୘ߩ
᳇ᵃ㧔޽ࠆ޿ߪ᳇૕ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅ㧕߇ᶋ਄ߔࠆᤨߩ⁁ᘒߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ෳ⠨߹ߢߦ⸅ࠇߡ߅߈߹ߒࠂ߁㧚ߘߒߡ⚿⺰߆ࠄవߦ⸒߃߫㧘ߘࠇߪ᳇ᵃߩᄢ߈ߐߦࠃߞ
ߡᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ㧠ߟߩ․ᕈ㗔ၞߦಽ߆ࠇࠆߩߢߔ㧔ߚߛߒએਅߩ಴ߡ᧪ࠆ᳇ᵃߩኸᴺߪ㕒ᱛߒߚ᳓ਛࠍⓨ᳇߇ᶋ਄ߔࠆᤨߩ߽ߩߣᕁߞߡਅߐ޿㧕㧚 ߹ߕ╙㧝ߪ㧘ࠨࠗ࠳࡯ߣ߆ࡆ࡯࡞ࠍ౉ࠇߚࠦ࠶ࡊ
ࠍ㕒߆ߦ⟎޿ߡ߅ߊᤨߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥ㧘㕖Ᏹߦᓸ⚦ߥ᳇ᵃߩᶋ਄ߦ㑐ଥߔࠆ㗔ၞߢ㧘᳇ᵃߪ⃿ᒻߩ߹߹ᶧਛࠍ⌀ߞ⋥ߋߦ਄᣹ߒ߹ߔ㧚ߎߩᤨߜࠂߞߣਇ
ᕁ⼏ߥߎߣߢߔ߇㧘ᶋ਄ਛߩ᳇ᵃߪ޽ߚ߆߽࿕૕ߩ
⃿ߢ޽ࠆ߆ߩࠃ߁ߦ߰ࠆ߹޿߹ߔ㧚ߟ߹ࠅᶋ਄ߔࠆ
᳇ᵃߪ㧘ߘࠇ߇࿕૕⃿ߢ޽ࠆᤨߣหߓᄢ߈ߐߩ☼ᕈᛶ᛫ࠍᶧ૕߆ࠄฃߌ㧘ߘࠇ߇᳇ᵃߩᶋജߣ㊒ࠅวߞߡᶋ਄ㅦᐲ߇ቯ߹ࠆߩߢ޽ߞߡ㧘᳇ᵃ߇ᄢ߈޿߶ߤ
ᶋ਄ㅦᐲ߇ㅦߊߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚 ╙㧞ߪ㧘᳇ᵃ߇߽߁ዋߒᄢ߈ߊߥߞߚ㗔ၞߢ㧘ߘߩᶋ਄․ᕈߪ೨ߩ╙৻㗔ၞߦૃߡ޿߹ߔ߇㧘ߚߛ᳇ᵃ߇࿕૕⃿ߩࠃ߁ߦ߰ࠆ߹߁ߩߢߪߥߊ㧘ߎߎߢߪ᳇ᵃౝㇱߦ↢ߓࠆ᳇૕ߩᵹࠇ߇ዋߒᓇ㗀ࠍᜬߟࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߚ߼㧘╙৻㗔ၞߩ᳓Ḱࠃࠅᄙዋᄢ߈߼ߩᶋ
਄ㅦᐲࠍᜬߟࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚 ߒ߆ߒ╙㧟ߩ㗔ၞߦ౉ࠆߣ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢߣߪ⁁ᴫ߇߹ࠆߢ㆑߁߽ߩߦߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚ߎߩ㗔ၞߪ㧘᳇ᵃߩᄢ߈ߐ߇⋥ᓘ㧞㧘㧟ࡒ࡝ࡔ࡯࠻࡞߆ࠄ㧘ߘߩ㧞㧘㧟୚⒟ᐲߩᄢ߈ߐ߹ߢߦࠊߚࠆ㗔ၞߢ㧘஍ᐔߥ࿁ォᬦ౞૕⁁ߩ᳇ᵃ߇㧘ࠄߖࠎᒻߥ޿ߒࠫࠣࠩࠣᒻߩ߿߿ⶄ

㨇ታ㛎ߩ౮⌀㨉ૐ᳓૏ᩭᴣ㛛㧔ర᧲੩ᄢቇવᾲᎿቇ⎇ⓥቶᮮ⼱ቯ㓶᳁ឭଏ㧕

Heat flux=1.78X105 W/m2㩷

3.79X105 W/m2

-35-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

․೎ነⓂ

Micro and Nanoscale Phenomenon in Bioheat Transfer
John C. BISCHOF(Univ. of Minnesota, Depts. of Mech. Eng.,
Biomedical Eng. and Urologic Surgery
Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA)e-mail: bischof@umn.edu
1 Introduction
Two important applications of bioheat transfer inmedicine are thermal therapies and cryopreservation, thelatter more generally termed biopreservation. In thermal
therapies, various energy source (hyperthermic) or sink(cryothermic) technologies are being used to locallydestroy tissue in the body. Two main targets of thermal
therapies are cancer and cardiovascular disease. The
American Cancer Society statistics list the projected
incidence of various organ cancers in the U.S. in 2005 asover 200,000 for each of both prostate and breast, over
20,000 male kidney cancers, and close to 20,000 primaryliver cancers and a much higher incidence of colorectal
cancer (100,000) which often metastasizes to the liver [1].
In addition, the American Heart Association lists theannual incidence of cardiovascular disease in the U.S.
population as: 13,000,000 with coronary heart disease
and over 2,000,000 with atrial fibrillation [3]. Clearly,
finding adequate therapies for these diseases, andnon-terminal diseases such as benign prostatic
hyperplasia (BPH) or benign breast cancers is importantto the medical field. It is important to note that manydifferent potential therapies exist for these diseases
including surgical resection (or intervention), radiation,
chemotherapy and, to a growing extent for selectedpatients, thermal therapies.
The growing importance of thermal therapies can beseen in recent reviews published within many of thesurgical subspecialities including cardiac [9], urologic[11], breast [12] and hepatic surgery [13]. Thermal
therapies are usually accomplished by the use ofminimally (or non) invasive probes which either act as a
hyperthermic energy source (microwave, radiofrequency,
high intensity focused ultrasound and laser) or
cryothermic energy sink (Argon Joule Thomsen andcryogen circulation) probe technologies [14] [4]. In
urology alone there are now over a dozen companies
which produce such probes. These probes are usedpredominantly for treatment of prostate and kidneydisease including cancer and BPH. Interestingly, thetechnology for the probes is typically where theemphasis is placed, while it is equally important tounderstand the probe tissue interactions and the ensuing
injury as discussed in this review. In particular,
molecular (nanoscale), cellular (microscale) and tissuelevel (nano, micro and macroscopic) events arecorrelated to the therapeutic outcome. Reviews whichવᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬-36-

begin to address the quantification of temperature, injury
and the mechanisms which connect them are increasingly
available [14] [4] [15] [16].
While this review will not dwell specifically withbiopreservation, there can be overlapping micro andnanoscale events particularly in the cryothermic regime
with thermal therapies, which will be referred to and thus
some mention is warranted here. In particular, molecular(lipid and protein - nanoscale) and cellular (dehydrationand intracellular ice formation - microscale) events
during biopreservation are typically important in
defining outcome. The various forms of biopreservation
include: hypothermic storage (above 0 °C),
cryopreservation (frozen storage usually below –80 °C),
vitrification or glass formation usually in the same
temperature regime as cryopreservation, or freeze drying
or drying without freezing. One important issue is that acryo or bioprotective agent is often added to the system
prior to cooling or drying with the intent to preserve
rather than destroy the cell or tissue system. There aremany important bioheat and biotransport challenges with
the introduction of the bioprotective agent. In addition,
challenges exist in controlling the alteration of thetemperature and/or moisture content to achieve thepreserved state followed by thaw (or rehydration) anduse. Many reviews on this topic are available, some froman engineering perspective are listed here: [17] [18] [19].
2 Importance of Biophysics
Initially, researchers involved in the field of bioheattransfer were interested only in the measurement, control
and prediction of temperature as a way to control
biomedical application outcomes. This has beenchanging over the last several decades as the importanceof biophysics and biology are increasingly included inbioheat transfer assessments. Before discussing theserecent biophysical developments, a brief mention of theimportance of thermal properties and heat transfer
measurement and modeling in this field is warranted.
Tabulation of existing thermal property data inbiomaterials are reported in [20] [21] [22] although it
should be noted that low temperature [23] and cryogenic
biomaterial property measurement is an evolving area of
research [24]. The heat transfer processes in biologicalsystems, particularly blood perfused tissues has occupied
a tremendous amount of effort since the Pennes bioheattissue) that are important to bioheat transfer process
outcomes particularly in thermal therapies. The
engineering goal is the measurement and predictionof these events to understand the relationshipbetween temperature change and injury and themechanisms which connect them.

Base
UrethraCryoprobes

3 Nanoscale Biophysics
Posterior

Anterior

At the molecular level, both lipid and protein eventsoccur during cryothermic and hyperthermic temperature
excursions which are correlated with injury. Generalreviews of lipid phase change with temperature andhydration [34] [35] and heat and cold protein
denaturation [36] [37] are available. These changes canbe measured and in some cases quantified in individual
lipid and protein systems with a variety of techniques
including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),
Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), NMR,
x-ray, electron microscopy techniques (especially freeze
fracture) and circular dichroism [35] [38]. However, only
a few techniques, such as DSC and FTIR, have beenused for in situ measurement of protein [38] and lipidchanges [40] within whole cells and tissues.

Apex
-131

-80

-60

-40

-20

-0.5

37

Figure 1. Finite Element model of a multi-probe
cryosurgery within a patient specific prostate model.
Figure reprinted from [4].
equation was first introduced [25]. Reviews of heattransfer in blood perfused tissues can be found in [26]and [27], and some listings of blood perfusion values ofcertain tissues can also be found [22] although it shouldbe emphasized that perfusion can vary locally in tissue
and is temperature dependent as shown in [8] andreviewed in [4]. During thermal therapies, there havebeen numerous attempts to match up modeling withexperimental measurements in both cryosurgery [28][29] [30] as well as hyperthermia [8] which are generally
reviewed in [31] and [4]. The ultimate goal is to obtainand model patient specific thermal information during agiven intervention as shown for cryosurgery in Figure 1.
Unfortunately, it has become clear that although
understanding temperature is critical, it alone is often
insufficient to explain many injury outcomes (i.e.
preservation or destruction after a thermal insult). It thus
has become necessary for engineers to supplement
traditional principles of heat and mass transfer with thephysics of the process occurring in the biological systemby the construction of biophysical models. As theimportance of biophysics becomes clearer, the necessity
to measure biophysical properties such as cellulardehydration [32], intracellular ice formation [33], andprotein denaturation and hyperthermic cell killing
reviewed in [22] are increasingly important inunderstanding bioheat transfer process outcomes. Someof these biophysical properties are tabulated from theliterature in [4] and begin to point the way to a better
understanding of both temperature and biophysics withinbiological systems especially during thermal therapies
and biopreservation procedures.
This review will focus predominantly on
biophysical and biological aspects which occur at thenano and microscale (i.e. molecular, cellular or

3.1 Cryothermic
It is well known that thermotropic events (phasechange) in lipids at cryogenic temperatures can change
the lipid organization and fluidity in lipid systems [34]and cells [40]. Phase diagrams for individual lipids canbe constructed based on temperature and hydration (moleH20/mole lipid) [35] [41]. The thermodynamic driving
forces (i.e. hydration and temperature) which drive bulk
lipid membranes (composed of many types of lipids) toundergo phase separation and phase changes from liquid
crystal lamellar (hydrated) to gel (less hydrated) andeven inverted micellar (Hex II) are being actively studied[35] [42] [43]. It should be noted that both phaseseparations and the Hex II phase change are thought tobe highly correlated with membrane lesions which
ultimately destroy cellular viability upon thawing as
shown in various plant systems [44] [45]. It is likely that
lipid phase change and separation are also important in
defining injury to mammalian cell membranes; however,it has not been as clearly demonstrated as in plantsystems particularly pertaining to cryotherapy.
Interestingly, one important Hex II forming lipid(Phosphatidylethanolamine, a short chain length lipid
which allows the inverted micelle to form in the plasma
membrane) is present in high quantities in liver cell
membranes, a notoriously difficult cell (and tissue) typeto cryopreserve [46].
Injurious events to proteins including denaturation,
aggregation and “salting out” can also occur during
cryothermic interventions. Proteins in solution (i.e.
pharmaceutical products) can experience dramatic pH
and concentration changes during freeze/drying which
induce protein aggregation [47] which is of considerable-37-

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․೎ነⓂ

FTIR measured
FTIR fit
DSC measured (2 oC/min)
DSC fit (2 oC/min)
DSC measured (5 oC/min)
DSC fit (5oC/min)

Normalized area and excess enthalpy

1.0
controlfrozen -20 o C
frozen -80 o C

1700

1680

1660

1640

1620

1600

wavenumber (cm -1 )Figure 2. FTIR spectra of prostate cancer (AT-1) cellpellets after freeze-thaw. Figure reprinted from [6].

0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
20

30

40

50

60

70

Temperature ( oC)

Figure 3. FTIR and DSC kinetics of protein
denaturation in situ in AT-1 cell pellets areequivalent. Figure reprinted from [8].

interest to the pharmaceutical industry as aggregation
reduces yield. In whole cells, we have shown incollaboration with John Crowe’s group (UC Davis), that
lipid changes are rather mild (release of free fatty acids
and consequent increased fluidity), but protein
denaturation or aggregation occurs after cooling slowly
to –80 ºC vs. –20 ºC in pellets of tumor cells [6].
Specifically, the alpha helix band near 1650 (1/cm) in
Figure 2 is greatly reduced after freezing to –80 ºC but
remains roughly intact in the –20 ºC freeze case.
Similarly, the beta sheet band at 1620 (1/cm), whichcorrelates with protein aggregation, is greatly enhanced
after freezing to –80 ºC suggesting a significant
denaturation event. Interestingly, cellular viability also
decreases with the end-temperature [48].
The
lower temperature in turn increases the osmotic pressurein the unfrozen fraction which may affect themacromolecular stability due to hydration water in thesesystems [43]. Thus the question of how the lipid andprotein changes participate in the destruction of the cells
and whether this can be measured and predicted in a
reproducible manner is an important question for future
research in cryotherapy.

Evaluation of multiple lipid and protein groups
together in situ is much more difficult although it has
been attempted [50]. In the case of proteins, Lepock has
used DSC to measure multiple denaturation peaks
indicative of protein groups within various cell types insitu including fibroblasts [51], hepatocytes [52] and othercell types [39]. More recently, both FTIR and DSC havebeen used on AT-1 prostate tumor cells to evaluate
protein denaturation [38]. This work has shown that both
direct enthalpic (DSC) and indirect protein structuralchanges (FTIR) normalized peak area changes of protein
denaturation correlate and can be used to identify anactivation energy for overall protein denaturation withincells in situ (see Figure 3). Future work in this area willcontinue to focus on correlation between individual
protein group peaks (i.e. cytoskeletal vs. membrane vs.
cytosolic etc.) and lipid events which can be monitored
and controlled, perhaps with additives, to obtain specificinjury outcomes.
4 Microscale Biophysics

3.2 Hyperthermic
In hyperthermic injury, lipid and protein events arealso important in defining cellular viability. There has
been a wealth of work over the last several decades in
the field of hyperthermia for treatment of tumors, and thedebate about whether lipids or proteins are mostimportant in defining thermal injury has been ongoing[49]. In the case of hyperthermic treatments, theactivation energies for individual protein phase changes
which are usually in the 100 – 400 kJ/mole range havebeen well documented in the literature and can bepredicted on temperature and time basis using an
Arrhenius or Reaction Rate Theory approach as reviewed
in [4]. Activation energies for processes which areaugmented by lipid phase change (i.e. membrane dyeleakage) are usually in the 10’s of kcal/mole as also
reviewed in [4].

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬

0.8

At the cellular level there are numerous well studied
events which are correlated with cryothermic andhyperthermic injury. Cryothermic events include cellulardehydration and intracellular ice formation while
hyperthermic
eventsincludecell
membranehyperpermeability and blebbing. Biophysical models andparameters which correlate to these events have recently
been reviewed and tabulated for a variety of systems [4].
4.1 Cryothermic
In the cryothermic regime, cell injury has beencorrelated with biophysical changes including cellulardehydration and intracellular ice formation. These events
are inversely dependent on cooling rate and have beenstudied extensively especially since the inception of thethermal microprocessor controlled cryomicroscope [53].

-38-․೎ነⓂ

Dehydration events, which occur at lower cooling rates,
induce elevated concentrations both within and outsideof cells which are believed to participate in the creationof the lipid and protein events described in the nanoscalesection above and generally termed “solution effects”
injury. In addition, the presence of large stable
intracellular ice, which occurs at fast rates of cooling, isstrongly correlated with cell destruction probably by
disruption of membranes and organelles. Thisdependence on cooling rate (high leading to IIF and slow
to solution effects injury) has led to the Two-Factor
hypothesis of Mazur, which is still very much in use
today for explanation of freezing injury in a variety ofcell types [54].
After induction of freezing within the system, ice
will reject solute, creating unfrozen fractions withconcentrations that follow the liquidus of the phase
diagram (Osm ~ (Tphw – T)/1.86), where Osm is theosmolality of the unfrozen fraction, Tphw is the phasechange temperature of water and T is the temperature of
the system. This increased concentration leads to an
osmotic pressure difference across cell membranes
exposed to the unfrozen fraction thereby setting up adriving force for exosmosis of water from the cell, or
dehydration. This has been modeled originally by Mazur[55] and is presented here in a simplified form:dVdt

L p A(S i  S o )(1)where V is the cell volume, t is time, Lp is the hydraulicpermeability (µm/min-atm or m3/N•s), A the surface areaof the cell, and ʌ is osmotic pressure (atm or N/m2) with
subscripts i and o indicating intracellular andextracellular respectively. The extracellular osmoticpressure can be linked to the liquidus as already noted.
One can also introduce a constant cooling rate, B (K/s orºC/s) into the equation so that the volume changes arecalculated with temperature dV/dT = 1/B•dV/dt, which isoften a more convenient expression to compare withexperimental data. The permeability in Eqn. 1 was latermodified to include temperature dependence by Levin[32] using an Arrhenius expression. The permeability ofa variety of cell types is reviewed and documented in [4].
If the cooling rate is sufficiently rapid, the kinetics
of water transport will be slower in comparison to thesupercooling of the intracellular cytoplasm andintracellular ice formation (IIF) can occur. The incidenceof IIF correlates strongly with cell death in many cell
types (i.e. 50% IIF in many cell populations yields 50%
survival) [56]. The driving force for nucleation of ice isbased on cytoplasmic supercooling, ¨T = Tphs – T, whereTphs is the equilibrium phase change temperature of thecytoplasm. As cells dehydrate, the Tphs will decrease
thereby also reducing supercooling and the driving force
for nucleation. Thus, it is necessary to include a model ofwater transport in a model of IIF as originally developed
using heterogeneous nucleation theory [33]. If coolingis sufficiently rapid, water becomes trapped within thecell and supercooling increases until ice nucleates andgrows yielding IIF. This event has also been studied
extensively in many cell types and related toheterogeneous nucleation theory by Toner originally in1990 and reviewed in 1993 [33] [56]. The model is given
in simplified form as:

ª 1 T
N º º
ª
:

PIF 1  exp«A
exp³« 'T 2 T 3 » dT »¬¼ »¼«¬ B Tseed(2)

In this expression, PIF is the probability for intracellular
ice formation in a given cell population, B is the coolingrate (K/s), Tseed is the temperature of ice seeding in the
population, ¨T is supercooling as already noted, and T is
absolute temperature (K). The : and N areheterogeneous nucleation parameters, where :ҏis called
the kinetic and Nthe thermodynamic parameter of thenucleation model respectively. : is related to the abilityof water molecules to jump the interface and join the ice
phase, while Nҏis related to the Gibbs Free Energy forformation of a critical nucleus of ice. These terms can befurther broken down into individual biophysicalparameters much like those of water transport above, andare similarly documented recently for a number of cell
types [4].
One interesting additional effect inintracellular ice formation occurs at high salt
concentrations and seems to be associated with a eutectic
formation. There is some evidence suggesting thatgiven sufficient supercooling and the presence of theeutectic phase, eutectic crystals can propagate fromextracellular to intracellular compartments and that thisalso correlates with injury[57].
Once these changes have been measured andbiophysical parameters obtained, injury can be predicted
for any cooling condition, although it is important tomention that while large stable IIF appears to be lethal,dehydration injury can be more subtle and likely
involves a number of different molecular events such asprotein denaturation and lipid changes that contribute to
injury. Attempts to predict this “solution effects” injury
due to dehydration is less well developed and remains animportant area of research in bioheat transfer.
4.2 Hyperthermic
An important difference between hyperthermia andthermal therapy is the temperature range of interest
which is usually between 42 - 45 °C for periods up tohours vs. above 50 °C for minutes in many thermal
therapeutic interventions. In the case of hyperthermic
treatments (lower temperatures, longer times), there arebiological effects such as the development ofthermotolerance correlated with Heat Shock Protein
synthesis which reduce and in some cases can stop the
kinetics of thermal Injury. Clonogenic survival data fortumor cells suggest two different thermal injury kinetic
regimes. At lower temperatures (below 43°C)
thermotolerance can develop and hence injury is-39-

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․೎ነⓂ

leakage is consistent with transport across acompromised cell membrane. Since the lipid portion of
the membrane is held together only by hydration forces,
it melts easily just a few degrees above physiologicaltemperature leading many to believe that the lipid bilayer
is the most vulnerable component of the cell to heatdamage. On the other hand, protein activation energies(typically ranging above 100 kJ/mole) are much higher

attenuated and accumulates at a much smaller rate [49].
At temperatures of 43 °C and higher, the uniform
kinetics have led to simplified models of injury
accumulation such as the “Thermal Dose” equations of
Sapareto
and
Dewey
[58].
Ultimately,
thethermotolerance induction at lower temperatures has
been a major challenge to the treatment of tumors byhyperthermia and is likely to have contributed todiminished use in the clinic. Recent work focuses on the
kinetics of the Heat Shock protein synthesis, an
important variable in the induction of thermotolerance[59].
Thermal therapies on the other hand (higher
temperatures shorter times), induce an insult with theintent to focus on the uniform kinetics of injury above
43 °C which is similar to “burn injury” studied in skinsince the 1940s [60] and reviewed in [31] [22]. The
Arrhenius model can be expressed as shown in Eqn. 3:

d:
dt

0 min

40ÞC
°C

°C
50ÞC

§ 'E ·Aexp¨¸© RT ¹

(3)

where : is the non-dimensional damage accumulation ina given time, W is the time to accumulate injury : (s), t is
time (s), T = temperature in Kelvin. A = frequency factor
parameter (1/s) ¨E is the activation energy parameter(cal/mole), and R is the Universal gas constant (cal/moleK). By realizing that : = 1 when t = W one candifferentiate both sides, linearize (dҏ:/dt = 1/ҏW , andtake the natural logarithm of both sides to obtain:

ln W

'E
 ln A
RT



°C
60ÞC
Figure 4. Calcein dye leakage from AT-1 prostatecancer cells. Increased leakage (hyperpermeability)
and membrane blebbing at higher temperature andtime is shown. Figure reprinted from [7].

(4)This expression allows an easy comparison of the model
to experimental data graphed as lnҏW ҏ vs. 1/T where theslope will be ¨E/R and the y intercept ln A. This firstorder kinetic expression has been used to describe
hyperthermic injury to lipids, proteins, cells, and tissues
as recently reviewed [4]. The assays used to determine
injury range from macromolecular phase change (seesection #3.2 nanoscale hyperthermic), to cellular
hyperpermeability, membrane blebbing (See Figure 4),
dye uptake, clonogenic survival, or even histologicalassessments.
An example of the relative kinetics of these injury
measurements (i.e., cell hyperpermeability to the dye
Calcein AM, uptake of the dye Propidium Iodide andclonogenic survival) is shown in Figure 5 [7]. Here it isimportant to note that the kinetics measured relate to theassay and although each is correct, they all have slightly
different implications to survival. The polyanionicCalcein molecules leak out of the cell first and have thesmallest activation energy (81 kJ/mole), propidium
iodide uptake takes longer and shows a higher slope (and
activation energy 244 kJ/mole) and finally clonogenics,
which requires days to measure, has the highest slope at
526 kJ/mole. The small activation energy of Calcein

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬

5 min

( °C)
T (ÞC)
70

65

60

55

50

45

40

2.9

2.95

3

3.05

3.1

3.15

3.2

8.5
8
7.5
7

ln(W) (seconds)

6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5

1000/T (1/K)

Figure 5. Arrhenius plot for Calcein leakage (•),
Propidium Iodide Uptake (o), and Clonogenics (¨) in
The Dunning AT-1 prostate cancer system. Figure
reprinted from [7].

-40-․೎ነⓂ

and correlate partially with propidium iodide uptake, butalmost certainly with cell viability and reproduction byclonogenics where the activation energy is the highest.
This has led many others to believe that protein
denaturation is the most important event in cell killing[49]. It is still not entirely clear which event (and thus
measurement) is rate limiting in the injury process andhence injury is still suggested to be multifactorial in cells
and tissues and is an active area of research in bioheattransfer.
Interestingly, an exhaustive look at the literaturesuggests that the two biophysical parameters which
define injury during hyperthermia (E and A) are notindependent. In fact, a simple expression has been foundwhich relates them for all systems (macromolecular, celland tissue): ln A = -9.2639 + 1.591¨E [4]. It has beenpreviously suggested by Eyring for proteins that thisrelationship between the parameters is actually areflection of the relatively stable ¨G change during
denaturation. This becomes more evident when one
considers that ¨G = ¨H – T¨S and ¨H is related toactivation energy E, and T¨S to frequency factor A.
Hence while the activation enthalpy for the process may
drop, the relative entropy change also decreases thereby
maintaining ¨G relatively unchanged. This insensitivityof ¨G to temperature has also been suggested for lipid
system phase change [35].

A

B

*
*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*
*
*

*

C

D

*

*
*
*

*

*

*

Figure 6. Light micrographs of rat liver tissue
cooled at 5 C/min to various subzero temperatures(A – 0, B –4, C –8 and D –20 C) and immediatelyslam frozen. Arrows show vascular extracelluar
space and stars the cellular space which shrinks.
Figure reprinted from [5].
( °C)
Temperature (ÞC)
0.0

Sigmoidal Baseline

-1.5

Heat
Flow -3.0(mW/ -4.5
mg)

5 Tissue Biophysics (in vitro)

Final cooling run
Initial cooling run-6.0

The biophysical changes that occur in cellular
systems are also present in tissues. These have been
investigated in many in vitro systems. However, theexistence of cell-cell, cell-extracellular matrix (ECM)(cell-interstitial), and cell-vascular space interactions canlead to important differences from isolated cell behavior.

'qdsc

-7.5

Figure 7. Thermograms from an initial and final
cooling run with liver tissue showing a differential
heat release ¨qdsc which correlates with the total
intracellular water in the sample. Figure reprinted
from [10].

5.1 Cryothermic
In explanted or model (artificial) tissues, both
molecular and cellular events continue to occur as
already described, but with additional complexities due
to cell-cell contact and cell-extracellular matrix contact.
In addition, when one also considers the freezing oftissue in situ (see section #6.1), there are additional
blood flow and inflammatory changes after the freezing
event which are important to the outcome.
While molecular changes in whole tissues havebeen reported routinely in plant systems, especially lipid
phase changes which create membrane lesions [44] [45],the same level of scrutiny at the molecular level has notbeen applied to mammalian systems. There is, however,indirect data suggesting that molecular changes areimportant in native (and artificial) tissues after freezing.
In particular, freezing has been shown to dramaticallyaffect the biomechanical properties (modulus) in both
native and artificial tissues, and it dramatically affects
ultimate tensile strength (UTS), strength to failure (STF)
in artificial tissues [61]. The presence of a cryoprotective

1

0.8

0.6

V/Vo
0.4

0.2

0
0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

Temperature (ÞC)( °C)

Figure 8. Comparison of water transport at 5
C/min in rat liver from freeze substitution technique(closed circles - Fig. 4) and DSC technique (opencircles - Fig. 5). Figure reprinted from [10].

-41-

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․೎ነⓂ

(unpublished result 2005). In addition, to cell-ECM
enhancement, several studies now show that cell – cell
propagation of ice in tissues can greatly enhance thekinetics of IIF. Acker and McGann have worked
extensively with monolayers to show cell-cell IIF
propagation, while Karlsson’s group has performed
similar, but more controlled experiments in cells grownon micropatterned surfaces [74] [75]. Based on
Karlsson’s work, a modified model of IIF which
accounts for the additional cell-cell propagation
pathways in addition to the traditional extracellular to
intracellular propagation has been proposed [75] and wasrecently used in a simulation of intracellular ice
formation within a cryosurgical iceball albeit in theabsence of cellular dehydration [76]. Other models ofboth dehydration and intracellular ice formation withinwhole tissues already exist [77] [29], however they do
not incorporate cell-cell ice formation. An important areaof research is to measure and model intracellular ice
formation by both extracellular and cell-cell mechanisms
in tissue.

solution greatly reduces these effects in both artificial[62] and native tissues [24]. We hypothesize that freezing
can move bulk water in the absence of either serum or
cryoprotective agent (CPA) thereby yielding bulk
biomechanical property changes. However, there may befurther changes due to freezing induced injury/changes
to the ECM which require further study.
The study of microscale biophysical changes in
explanted or model tissues has been a topic of someeffort in the last decades. In artificial tissues andpancreatic islets these measurements can be madedirectly by bright field microscopy [63] [64]. In opticallythick tissue slices, other techniques are necessary. Ourlab has developed two new methods for this approach
including direct microscopic freeze substitution (FS)technique as well as an indirect DSC technique as
reviewed in [65]. These are shown in Figures 6 - 8.
While dehydration is still governed in principle byEqn. 1, there is a new geometric relationship between
cells and extracellular space in tissues vs isolated cells
which shows up predominantly in a reduced surface area
term. This can alter the biophysical changes of cellulardehydration and intracellular ice formation as reviewed
in [65]. In simple terms, the cell is embedded ininterstitial space, while blood vessels are also present
throughout the tissue. By at first neglecting theinterstitial space, this leads to a simple two-compartment
system based on cell and extracellular/vascular space
which can be modeled with a Krogh cylinder approachfirst suggested by Rubinsky for tissue freezing
applications [66]. This can also be approached in a more
realistic but complex way by using network
thermodynamics. Using this approach Diller hasmodeled deydration during freezing in a tissue [67], as
well as mass transport in kidney and pancreatic islets
prior to freezing [68] [69]. Cell-cell water transport
communication has been addressed by coupled transport
between cells as first suggested by Levin for packed cellsystems [70]. This approach has been modified to modelcell-cell water transport in hepatocyte spheroids [71] andRana sylvatica frog liver [72]. This phenomenon has also
been suggested/observed to occur in tumors as there canbe differential dehydration in tumor cell nests [73]. In
general, the individual cells of a tissue tend to transportwater more quickly than the cells within the tissue. A
review of the work of our group on both measurement
and modeling of water transport in a variety of tissues
during freezing is available [65].
Biophysical response within artificial tissues
suggests that cells form intracellular ice more readily intissues due to enhanced water trapping as alreadymentioned, but also due to cell-ECM as well as cell-cell
contact issues. Toner’s group showed that IIF in
hepatocytes was enhanced after placing them in acollagen sandwich over suspension [63]. Our initialstudies with fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in fibrin
vs. collagen show the fastest rates of IIF in fibrin, thencollagen, monolayer and finally cells in suspension

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬

5.2 Hyperthermic
While “burn injury” studies in vivo in skin havebeen reported since the 1940’s by Henriques and Mortiz[60], kinetic measurements of molecular and cellularchanges in vitro especially from tissues and organs thatmight be thermal therapeutic targets have only rarely
been reported [22]. One important exception is
information with regard to tissues which are high incollagen (rat tail, joint capsule, myocardium, skin etc.)
where injury is inferred to be tied to collagendenaturation which can be measured by a variety oftechniques including DSC birefringence loss, loss oftransparency, shrinkage and other approaches [78] [79][4].
There is thus a need to measure the kinetics of
injury at the cellular (or molecular level) in tissues thatare thermal therapeutic targets. Our group has worked
with several assays to allow effective measurement of
injury kinetics in both normal and malignant tissues,particularly urologic tissues (prostate and kidney). We
have been able to use a combination of dye uptake(propidium iodide or Ethidium homodimer) andhistology to assess injury after thermal insult using anovel tissue culture protocol. In short, we take the tissue
directly from the donor animal, slice it and heat it
asceptically and then culture it for 48 – 72 hours at 20 –37 °C depending on the tissue in order to see degradativechanges. We have published a series of articles whichdocument thermal thresholds of injury in human BPH,
rat prostate tissue, kidney tissues, and others as reviewed
in [4]. One example of this approach is the newthresholds that have been reported for human BPH andprostate cancer[80] [81]. One manufacturer originallydesigned their microwave probe to operate at 45 °C for 1
hour and now based in part on this evidence have shiftedto higher temperature shorter times (i.e. 60 °C for-42-

․೎ነⓂ

minutes) with equal expectance of tissue necrosis.
6 Tissue Biophysics (in vivo)
In vivo tissue biophysics include all aspects ofbiophysics already discussed with the important additionof blood flow and the biological sequelae of
inflammation and ensuing wound healing. It is importantto understand how blood flow changes with temperature
and when and if permanent stasis will occur after athermal insult thereby delimiting the maximum extent of
the thermal lesion. Blood flow, inflammation and woundhealing are all interrelated and require monitoring at thewound site over time to best understand the outcome of
the thermal therapy.
6.1 Cryothermic
While there are many changes that can be measured
at the molecular, cellular or explanted tissue level, it isimportant clinically to also have endpoints that can bemeasured within in vivo tissues after a thermalintervention to assess the efficacy of the treatment. One
such endpoint is the perfusion defect, or absence ofblood flow in a particular region of tissue, which can bemeasured clinically by MR contrast agent (gadolinium)
exclusion or by fluorescence contrast in animal models
as shown in Figure 9. We have recently verified that
perfusion defect corresponds quantitatively withhistological necrosis in both rat AT-1 Dunning prostatecancer, LNCaP Pro 5 human prostate cancer (grown in adorsal skin fold of a nude mouse), and in the skin of both
Copenhagen rats and nude mice [2] [82]. We have also
shown that cryothermic injury thresholds in vivo are in
general much higher (i.e. easier to reach) than in vitro inboth AT-1 and LNCaP cells lines as reviewed in [19]. We
interpret this as evidence that vascular injury as assessedby permanent vascular stasis is important in defining theultimate lesion in vivo. We have been able to augment
these in vivo lesions even further using an inflammatory
molecule (TNF-alpha) which we hypothesize to be

0

3

7

Stasis

Stasis

C
r
y
o
p
r
o
b
e

Figure 9. Perfusion defects as imaged by FITC
labeled Dextran exclusion from cryolesions in
AT-1 Dunning prostate cancer after 3 and 7 days
vs. control day 0 (see left hand label). Figure
reprinted and redrawn from [2].

acting at the level of the endothelium [82]. Lastly, we
have shown that cryolesions tend to reperfuse after
freezing. This means that there is a stasis due to thefreezing event, followed by a reperfusion of the iceballafter thawing and then an ultimate stasis event somehours thereafter. This is consistent with the literature on
frostbite injury as recently reviewed [16] [83].
Furthermore, the extent and rate at which an injury
heals is important clinically and can be measured. We
have measured wound healing within porcine kidney
tissue after a cryosurgical treatment [84]. This work has
shown that wound healing is already quite apparent at 1
week post cryoinjury within the porcine kidney, which isin contrast to hyperthermic lesions [8] and reviewed in[85]. These results are in agreement with the clinicalliterature. Would healing after thermal injury is an active
area of research particularly as new drugs and molecules
are being used to accentuate the lesion with unknown
would healing effects.
6.2 Hyperthermic
Quantification of injury kinetics as well as theextent of injury are also important to in vivo
hyperthermic thermal injury outcomes. Diller’s grouphas worked for many years in showing the effects ofhyperperermeability at the level of the microcirculation
as a measure of burn injury kinetics in vivo [86]. The
extent of the thermal lesion can also be measured by
perfusion defect which at 3 days correlates withhistological necrosis within prostate cancer and skin after
a heat injury in vivo [87]. We have also shown that
hyperthermic lesions of a sufficient temperature and time(thermal therapy) in porcine kidney do not reperfuse as
cryothermic lesions do [8].
The extent of the hyperthermic injury in vivo isgreater than would be expected within the same tissue
using our in vitro tissue culture method (and/or cell
culture methods) [87]. This can be interpreted to meanthat microvascular shut down and stasis is important in
defining the ultimate lesion after a heating event in vivo,
or more simply it is easier to destroy the
microvasculature than it is the cells of the tissue or tumor.
Interestingly, we have found that first order kinetics(temperature and time dependence) describes many
molecular and cellular thermal injury processes but not
blood flow alterations during thermal injury. Blood flow
is a complicated biophysical process which requires anon-linear fitting to temperature and time as outlined in[8].
We have also found that the ability of the tissue toheal or regenerate in hyperthermic lesions can bedifferent than in cryothermic lesions. We feel this is inpart a reflection of the large amount of thermally fixedtissue (molecularly denatured) in the center of the lesion
which is difficult for the body to break down. Further
work is necessary in this important area [8] [85].

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․೎ነⓂ

7 Conclusion

Transfer, p. 810-829 (1998) 120.
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[15]

Ultimately, temperature change drives biophysics
and results in a biological outcome in the system ofinterest. Thus, it continues to be important to accurately
measure and predict temperature during biomedical
applications in any system of interest.
Temperature
measurements are improving for some applications suchas using MR thermometry during thermal therapy in theclinic [88]. Prediction and therefore treatment planningfor complicated thermal surgeries such as shown in
Figure 1, however, can only be accomplished withaccurate information for thermal properties, blood flow
and system (or patient) specific geometry which often
are not available. Finally, continuing to improve themechanistic connections between temperature and thebiophysics and the ultimate outcome (injury,
inflammation and wound healing) remains important andoften not well understood in thermal therapy applications.
One exciting emerging area within this context is the useof mechanistic and vascular based thermal therapeutic
adjuvants which can greatly augment thermal lesions invivo [82] [89] [90]. In conclusion, the quantification ofthermally induced biophysics and biological outcomes
are important goals for the future of the field of bioheattransfer.
Acknowledgements
The author was supported by a grant from theAlexander von Humboldt Foundation as well as
2R01CA075284. The author also thanks Dr. Rachana
Visaria for a critical reading of the manuscript.
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ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡚ࠗࠪࡦ Q

‫⹤ࠇ߷ߎޠߩ߽ࠅ⿅ߩࠬ࠙࠹ࡔࡠࡊޟ‬㧔㧞㧕ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡚ࠗࠪࡦ 㧽

Gleanings of “Prometheus’s Gift” (Part 2)

⋧ේ ೑㓶㧔᧲ർᄢቇฬ⹷ᢎ᝼㧕
Toshio AIHARA (Professor Emeritus of Tohoku University)ᾲ⃻⽎ߩታ଀㧔ߟߠ߈㧕᷷ᴰߚ߹ߏኾ㐷ኅએᄖߩ⺒⠪ߦ㧘㕖ቯᏱߩ᛽⽎⊛ߥᾲ⃻⽎
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߶߷ಝ࿕ߒ߹ߔ߇㧘ቢోߥಝ࿕ߦߪ 80͠એ਄ߢߩടᾲ
߇ᔅⷐߢߔ㧚
㤛りߪ 65͠߆ࠄ 70͠ߩ▸࿐ߢಝ࿕ߒ߹ߔ㧚߹ߚㅢᏱߩ‫ޟ‬ඨᾫߚ߹ߏ‫ޟ߿ޠ‬ቢᾫߚ߹ߏ‫ߡߢࠁࠍޠ‬޿ࠆᦨਛߦ㧘㢚ෆߩ᷷ᐲ߇ 60͠ࠍ⿥߃ߚㄝߢߒ߫ࠄߊ
৻ቯߦߥࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ߇㧘ߎࠇߪᄖ๟ߦ޽ࠆ⊕り㧔Ⱞ⊕⾰㧕߇ಝ࿕ߔࠆ㓙ߦᾲࠍๆ෼ߔࠆߚ߼ߢߔ㧚࿑ 3 ᷷ᴰߚ߹ߏߣඨᾫߚ߹ߏ=1?

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬-46-ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡚ࠗࠪࡦ Qᣣᧄಷࠍ૞ࠆ
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ߢ޽ࠈ߁߆㧚ታ㓙ߦ㧘ૐᒝᐲว㊄ߢ಴᧪ߚᮨᡆಷ 3 ߦ㋙㧔ߥߚ㧕⒟ᐲߩ㊰޿಺ࠍߟߌ㧘⋥ᓘ 6cm ߶ߤߩᧁ᧮ߦ
㍈ߊಾࠅਅࠈߔߣ㧘޿ߐߐ߆ዬวߩᔃᓧ߇޽ࠆߖ
޿߆㧘߆ߥࠅᷓߊಾࠅㄟ߻੐߇ߢ߈ߚ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘ࠁߞߊࠅ᛼ߒಾࠈ߁ߣߔࠆߣ㧘੍ᗐㅢࠅ㧘ᧁ᧮ߦᒰߡߚㇱಽߩዋߒᚻ೨ߩ಺ߦࠢ࡜࠶ࠢ߇౉ࠅ㧘ᮨᡆಷߪ᛬ࠇߡߒ߹߁㧚ߎࠇߪ㧘᧚ᢱജቇ⊛ߦߪᒰὼߩᏫ⚿ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߔߥߪߜ㧘৻㐹㧔޿ߞߖࠎ㧕ಾࠅㄟࠎߛ႐วߦ
ߪ㧘ᧁ᧮ߦᒰߞߚ಺ߩㇱಽߪઁߩㇱಽࠃࠅㆃࠇ߇
ߜߩߚ߼㧘ಷりో૕ߩᘠᕈജ߇ᧁ᧮ߦᒰߞߚㇱಽߦ㓸⚂ߐࠇ㧘಺ߦ㐳ᚻᣇะߩ࿶❗ജ߇௛߈㧘ࠢ࡜࠶ࠢߩ⊒↢ࠍ㒐޿ߢ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚ታ㓙ߩᣣᧄಷߪⶄว᧚ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ㧘ಷߩ᛬ࠇࠆᯏ᭴ߪ߽ߞߣⶄ
㔀ߛ߇㧘ᧄ⾰⊛ߥࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓߪߎࠇߣᄢหዊ⇣ߢ޽ࠈ߁㧚೨㗄ߩ‫ޟ‬᷷ᴰߚ߹ߏ‫ߣޠ‬ห᭽ߦ㧘ㆊᷰߥ޿ߒേ
⊛⃻⽎ߪ㧘ቯᏱߥ޿ߒ㕒⊛⃻⽎ߣోߊㅒߩ௑ะࠍ
␜ߔߎߣ߇޽ࠆߩߢ㕙⊕޿㧚એਅ㧘ᣣᧄಷߩ⵾ᴺ
ࠍ᜕ᦠ‫=ޠߩ߽ࠅ⿅ߩࠬ࠙࠹ࡔࡠࡊޟ‬1?߆ࠄ⚫੺ߒࠃ߁㧚 㧔એਅ㧘ේᢥߩ߹߹㧕વ⛔Ꮏᴺߢ㎊߃ߚᣣᧄಷߪ㧘᛬ࠇߕ㧘ᦛ߇ࠄߕ㧘಺๧⦟ߊ㧘⟤ߒ޿Ꮏ⧓ຠߢߔ㧚ᣣᧄಷߦߪ㧘߹ߕ⦟޿㋕߇ᔅⷐߢߔ㧚ߘߎߢฎઍ♖㍰ᴺߩ‫ޠࠄߚߚޟ‬ߣ๭߱Ἱࠍ૶ߞߡ㧘⍾㋕߆ࠄ 2 ߥ޿ߒ 3kg ߩ₹㍑㧔ߚ߹ߪ߇ߨ㧕ࠍ૞ࠅ߹ߔ㧚 ߎࠇࠍᧁ὇ߢടᾲߒߡߪ㧘㎱㧔ࡂࡦࡑ࡯㧕ߢච࿁ߥ޿ߒචᢙ࿁߽‫⚛ޟ‬ᑧߴ‫ޟߣޠ‬᛬㄰ߒ 4‫ࠍޠ‬㊀ߨߡਇ⚐‛ࠍขࠅ㒰߈㧘὇⚛ߩ฽᦭㊂߇⇣ߥࠆᢙ⒳㘃ߩ㍑ࠍ⸘ 1.3kg ߶ߤᓧ߹ߔ㧚ߘߒߡ࿑ 4㧔ࠗ㧕ߩ᭽ߦ㧘὇⚛߇ዋߥߊߡ☼ࠅᒝ޿㍑ࠍ⧌ߩㇱಽߦ㧘߹ߚ὇⚛߇ᄙߊߡ⣀޿߇⎬޿㍑ࠍ಺ߩㇱಽߦ૶޿㧘὇⚛㊂߇ਛ૏ߩ㍑ࠍ⊹㊄㧔߆ࠊ߇ߨ㧕ߦߒߡ㧘ณ޿ߡ࿶⌕㧔วࠊߖ㎊߃㧕ߒߥ߇ࠄᒻࠍᢛ߃߹ߔ 5㧚ᰴ޿ߢ὾౉ࠇߔࠆߩߢߔ߇㧘ߎߎߢ߽ᏁᅱߥᎿ
ᄦ߇ߥߐࠇ߹ߔ㧚৻⥸ߦ㍑ߪ㧘⚂ 730͠એ਄ߩ㜞᷷߆ࠄࠁߞߊࠅ಄߿ߔߣ☼޿⚵❱㧔ࡄ࡯࡜ࠗ࠻㧕ߣߥࠅ㧘ᕆㅦߦ಄߿ߔߣᭂ߼ߡ⎬޿⚵❱㧔ࡑ࡞࠹ࡦࠨࠗ࠻㧕ߦߥࠆᕈ⾰߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ㧚ߎߩ㆑޿ࠍ೑
↪ߔࠆߚ߼㧘὾಺࿯ߣ๭߫ࠇࠆ․ᱶߥ☼࿯ࠍಷりߦႣࠅ㧘ੇ޿ߡ߆ࠄࡋ࡜ߢ࿑ 4㧔ࡂ㧕ߩ᭽ߦ㧘಺ㇱߩ࿯ߛߌࠍ೥ࠅ⪭ߒ߹ߔ㧚
3

ࠩ࠶ࠢว㊄ߥߤ㧚Ꮢ⽼ߩዬวಷ߇ߎࠇߦ⹥ᒰߔࠆ㧚

4ㅢᏱ㧘ಷりߩ㊀ߨ㧔ෘߐ㧕ߪ 5.5 ߥ޿ߒ 7.5mm ૏ߢߔ㧚઒ߦ 10 ࿁᛬ࠅ㄰ߒߚߣߔࠆߣ 210 ᨎߦߥࠆߩߢ㧘ෘߐ 6
ࡒࠢࡠࡦ⒟ᐲߩ㋕ߩ▗߇ 1024 ᨎ߽㊀ߥߞߡ࿶⌕ߐࠇ㧘ಷりࠍᒻ૞ߞߡ޿ࠆ੐ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚ߎࠇߪ㧘ᦛߍ߿ⴣ᠄ߦኻߒߡ㕖Ᏹߦᨵエᒝ㕤ߥ᭴ㅧߢ޽ࠅ㧘߹ߚಷりߦ࠴࡚࠙ࠫᴤࠍ㗫❥ߦႣࠅㄟ߼߫㧘ࠝࠗ࡞࡟ࠬࡔ࠲࡞ߥ
ߺߩ㒐㍕ലᨐ߇↢ߓ߹ߔ㧚ᣣᧄಷ߇㧘᛬ࠇߕ㧘ᦛ߇ࠄߕ㧘㍕ߦߊ޿੐߇߁ߥߕߌ߹ߔ㧚5

ᔃ㊄㧔ߒࠎ߇ߨ㧕ߦߪ὇⚛㊂ 0.3 ߥ޿ߒ 0.45㧑ߩਛ὇
⚛㍑ࠍ‫಺ޔ‬㊄㧔ߪ߇ߨ㧕ߦߪ὇⚛㊂߇ 0.6㧑߆ࠄ 0.8㧑ߩ㜞὇⚛㍑ࠍ↪޿߹ߔ㧚࿑ 4 ᣣᧄಷߩ᭴ㅧ=1?

-47-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡚ࠗࠪࡦ Q߽೨ߦ㧘੹ᣣߩવᾲቇ߿㊄ዻቇߩቇℂߦ߆ߥߞߚ
ఝࠇߚᛛᴺࠍ⠨᩺ߒߡ޿ߚ੐ߪ㧘⋿ߦᢘ᦯ߦ୯ߒ
߹ߔ㧚᜕ᦠ‫ޠ̖ࡔࡠࡊޟ‬ၫ╩ߢᔃដߌߚߎߣ
ᬌ⸛ߥߒߦઁ⠪ߩᑼ߿࿑ࠍォタ࡮ᒁ↪ߒߥ޿ߎࠇߦߪℂ↱߇޽ࠆ㧚⑳ 7 ߇ડᬺߩਛᄩ⎇ⓥᚲߢ㧘ᾲ㔚⚛ሶߩᔕ↪⎇ⓥߦᓥ੐ߒߡ޿ߚ 1960 ᐕ㗃ߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ㨇2-4㨉㧚⁛ቇߢવᾲቇߦ᜸ᚢߒᆎ߼
ߚ߫߆ࠅߩ⑳ߦߣߞߡ㧘Max Jakob ߩᄢ⪺ Heat
Transfer Vol. 1 & 2㨇5㨉ߪࡃࠗࡉ࡞ߢ޽ߞߚ㧚޽ࠆᤨ㧘ⶄ㔀♽ߩ᡼኿વᾲࠍᄢဳࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲
ߢᢙ୯⸘▚ߔࠆᔅⷐߦㄼࠄࠇߚ㧚ᒰᤨߪᄢဳ⸘▚ᯏߣ޿߃ߤ߽㧘߹ߛ FORTRAN ኻᔕ߇ߢ߈ߡ߅ࠄ
ߕ㧘ࡑࠪࡦ⺆ߢᦠ޿ߚࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍ Punch Tape 8ߢ౉ജߒߡ޿ߚᤨઍߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߘߎߢ◲නߥࡕ࠺࡞
ߦߟ޿ߡ⹜▚ߒ㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐࠍ⸃ᨆ⸃ߣኻᲧߒߡ⸘
▚♖ᐲࠍ࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢߔࠆ੐ߦߒߚ㧚ৼᐲ Jakob ߩ Heat Transfer Vol. 2 ߦㆡᒰߥᒻ⁁ଥᢙߩᑼ߇タߞߡ޿ߚߩߢ㧘ߘࠇߣߩኻᲧࠍ⹜ߺߚ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘ߤ߁ߒߡ߽ᢙ୯⸘▚⚿ᨐߣ⸃ᨆ⸃ߣ߇ว
ࠊߥ޿㧚⑳߽⧯߆ߞߚ߆ࠄ㧘Jakob ߩ⪺ᦠߦࡒࠬ߇޽ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ㧘ᄢߘࠇߚ੐ࠍ⠨߃ߚ㧚⎇ⓥᚲߩ࿑ᦠቶߦ޽ߞߚઁߩવᾲቇߩᵗᦠ 9 ᢙౠࠍ⺞ߴߚ߇㧘޿ߕࠇ߽ Jakob ߩᄢ⪺ߦタߞߡ޿ࠆᑼ
ߣหߓߢ޽ࠆ㧚߹ߛ㚟ߌ಴ߒߩ㗃ߢ㧘ᢎ߃ࠍ਼߁Ꮷ߽りㄭߦዬߥ߆ߞߚߚ߼㧘ߡߞ߈ࠅ⑳ߩᢙ୯⸘▚߇㑆㆑ߞߡ޿ࠆߣᕁ޿ㄟߺ㧘ᥳߊߪ⥄ାࠍߥߊߒߡ઀⥰ߞߚ㧚ᓟߢ್ߞߚ੐ߛ߇㧘⑳߇⺞ߴߚᵗᦠߪ㧘޿ߕࠇ߽㧘ᓐߩᓟ⛮⠪㆐ߩᚻߦߥࠆ߽ߩߢ
޽ߞߚ㧚ߘࠇ߆ࠄᢙᐕࠍ⚻ߚ޽ࠆᣣ㧘࿑ᦠቶߢ Jakob ߣߪ೎㐷ߩ⪺⠪ߦࠃࠆᣂೀᦠ߇ᦠ᫜ߦ޽ࠆߩࠍ⷗ߟ
ߌߚ㧚૗᳇ߥߊ଀ߩᒻᘒଥᢙߩᑼࠍ⺞ߴߡߺࠆߣ㧘
Jakob ߩ⪺ᦠߦタߞߡ޿ߚᑼߣ㆑߁▎ᚲ߇޽ࠆ㧚 ߎߩಷりࠍ㜞᷷ߦടᾲߒߚᓟ㧘᳓ᮏߦ౉ࠇߡ὾
౉ࠇߔࠆߣ㧘ෘ޿὾಺࿯߇ᾲᛶ᛫ߣߥߞߡ㧘࿾߿᫟ߩㇱಽߪࠁߞߊࠅ಄߃㧘ᒝߓࠎߥࡄ࡯࡜ࠗ࠻⚵❱ߣߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚৻ᣇ㧘㔺಴ߒߚ಺ߩㇱಽߪᕆ಄ߐ
ࠇߡ὾߇౉ࠅ㧘ᅢߺߩ಺⚉ߣ⎬ߐߩࡑ࡞࠹ࡦࠨࠗ
࠻⚵❱߇ᓧࠄࠇ߹ߔ㧚ࡑ࡞࠹ࡦࠨࠗ࠻⚵❱ߪࡄ࡯࡜ࠗ࠻⚵❱ࠃࠅᲧኈⓍ߇ᄢ߈޿ߩߢ㧘὾߈౉ࠇߩ
㓙ߦ಺ㇱ߇᫟ㇱࠃࠅ߽㐳ߊߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚ߘߩ⚿ᨐ㧘ಷりߪ᫟ߩᣇߦ෻ߞߡ㧘ᣣᧄಷ․᦭ߩ⟤ߒ޿ᆫ߇ᓧࠄࠇࠆߩߢߔ 6㧚ߚߛߒ㧘㕖Ᏹߦ㜞᷷ߩ಺ㇱࠍ⵻ߩ߹߹᳓ߦ౉ࠇ
ࠆߣ㧘⍍ᤨߦో૕߇᳓⫳᳇ߩ⤑ߢⷒࠊࠇࠆ⤑ᴣ㛛ߣߥࠅ㧘ᾲવ㆐߇ഠൻߒߡ὾߈߇ᒝߊ౉ࠅ߹ߖࠎ㧚ߘߎߢ㧘὾಺࿯ࠍ಺ㇱ߆ࠄ೥ࠅ⪭ߣߔ㓙㧘࿑ 4㧔ࡂ㧕ߩ᭽ߦ὾಺࿯ࠍ಺㕙ߦ⭯ߊᱷߒߡ߿ࠅ߹ߔ㧚ߎ߁ߔࠆߣ㧘ᩭᴣ㛛߳ߩㆫ⒖߇ᣧ߹ࠆߩߢ㧘಺ㇱߪᩭᴣ㛛ߦࠃߞߡലᨐ⊛ߦᕆ಄ߐࠇ㧘ᅢߺㅢࠅߩ὾߈
߇౉ࠅ߹ߔ㧚ߎࠇߪේሶἹߥߤߢ߽૶ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ
ᛛⴚߢߔ㧚
ᦨᓟߦ⎇߉਄ߍߡᣣᧄಷ߇ቢᚑߔࠆ⸶ߢߔ߇㧘
಺ߣ࿾ߩ㊄ዻ⚵❱ߩ㆑޿߆ࠄ㧘ߘߩႺ⇇ߦߪᄤߩᎹߩࠃ߁ߦ⟤ߒ޿ᮨ᭽߇⃻ࠇ߹ߔ㧚ߎߩᮨ᭽ߪ㧘
᷷᳓ߢⓏ߿߆ߦ὾߈౉ࠇߚߣ߈ߪ⚦߿߆ߦ㧘᳓ߢᒝߊ὾߈౉ࠇߚߣ߈ߪ⨹‫߇ߔ߹ࠅߥߊߒޘ‬㧘⟤⊛ߥⷰὐ߆ࠄ㧘೨⠪ࠍ‫ޟ‬൬޿‫ޠ‬㧘ᓟ⠪ࠍ‫ޟ‬ᴣ߃‫ߣޠ‬๭ࠎߢ޿߹ߔ㧚
‫ޟ‬൬޿ߢ߈‫ߩޠ‬૞ಷߪ㧘஻೨㐳⦁ߩᵹᵷ㧔஻೨વ㧕߇⪺ฬߢߔ㧚৻ᣇ‫ޟ‬ᴣ߃ߢ߈‫ߩޠ‬૞ಷߪ㧘⋧Ꮊ㧔੹ߩ␹ᄹᎹ⋵㧕ߢᆎ߼ࠄࠇ߹ߒߚ㧚ߎࠇߪ㧘㎨ୖᤨઍᧃᦼߩరና㧔1274 ᐕߣ 1281 ᐕ㧕ߩ᛬㧘ⷅ᧪ߒߚ⫥ฎ౓߇⊹㕟ߩ㒐ౕࠍ↪޿ߡ޿ߚߩߢ㧘ߎࠇߦኻߔࠆ࠱࡝࠱࡝ߣߒߚಾࠇ๧ࠍᓧࠆ
ߚ߼㧘㎨ୖ᐀ᐭ߇ో࿖ߩಷ㎊ಃࠍ㓸߼ߡ૞ಷ⎇ⓥ
ࠍߐߖߚ⚿ᨐ㧘㐿⊒ߐࠇߚᣂᛛⴚ㧔⋧Ꮊવ㧕ߥߩߢߔ㧚ߘߩਛᔃߦߥߞߚߩ߇㧘᦭ฬߥ੖㇢ᱜቬߢ
ߔ㧚὾߈౉ࠇߩḡടᷫߪ㧘ฦಷඅߩ⒁વߣߐࠇߡ߅
ࠅ㧘ߘߩ⒁વࠍ⋑ࠎߛᒉሶߩᖤ⹤ߥߤ߽વࠊߞߡ
޿߹ߔ㧚♖ኒߥ᷷ᐲ⸘ߥߤߥ߆ߞߚᒰᤨ㧘ಷ㎊ᴦ㆐ߪἫ⦡㧔㋕߇⿒ᾲߒߚ⦡ౕว㧕ࠍ⷗ߥ߇ࠄ὾߈
౉ࠇࠍߒߚ⸶ߢߔ߇㧘㊄ዻቇ⊛ߥಽᨆߦၮߠߊផ
ቯߢߪ㧘ߘߩ὾߈౉ࠇ᷷ᐲߪታߦㆡಾߥ߽ߩߛߞ
ߚߘ߁ߢߔ㧚ട߃ߡ㧘㒐㍕ߣ⠴ⴣ᠄ᕈࠍ⊒ើߔࠆᄙጀⶄว᧚᭴ㅧ㧘㕖ቯᏱવᾲߩᏁߺߥ೑↪ߣᩭᴣ㛛߳ߩㆫ⒖ଦㅴߥߤ㧘ᣣᧄߩಷ㎊ಃ߇ 1000 ᐕએ਄

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬

6ߎߩ಺ㇱߩ⤘⣘ߦࠃߞߡ㧘಺వ஥ߢಷりᣇะߩ੍࿶❗
⁁ᘒ߇Ᏹᤨ⛽ᜬߐࠇ㧘಺వߦࠢ࡜࠶ࠢ㧔ᗲᅢኅߩ㑆ߢߪ‫಺ޟ‬ಾࠇ‫ߣޠ‬๭߱㧕߇↢ߓߥ޿᭽ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚

7

ᧄⓂߢߪ‫߼ߚࠆ޿ߡߒߦߟ৻ߩࡑ࡯࠹ࠍߣߎޠߊᦠޟ‬㧘‫╩ޟ‬⠪‫ߣࠆ޿↪ࠍޠ‬㧘ߘߩᢥ┨ࠍᦠ޿ߚᧄੱ߆㧘⑳⥄り߆ߩ඙೎߇ߒߦߊ޿㧚ߎߩߚ߼㧘‫╩ޟ‬⠪‫߈ߴߊᦠߣޠ‬ಣࠍ㧘‫ੱ৻ߣޠ⑳ޟ‬⒓ߢ๭⒓ߐߖߡ㗂ߊ㧚89ࡎ࡟࡝ࠬࠞ࡯࠼ࠃࠅᦝߦ৻਎ઍ೨ߩ౉ജᣇᴺ㧚ᒰᤨ㧘ᣣᧄ⺆ߢᦠ߆ࠇߚવᾲቇߩᢎ⑼ᦠߪ߶ߣࠎߤߥ
߆ߞߚ㧚

-48-

ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡚ࠗࠪࡦ Q
߭ߣߚ߮╩ࠍขࠆᤨߪ㧘⺆ࠆߴ߈੐⽎ߦߟ޿ߡᖱ
ᾲࠍΆ߿ߐߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿㧚ߣ⸒ߞߡ㧘⥄Ꮖਥᒛ߇ㆊ߉ࠆߣ㧘⺒߻⠪ߪᶖൻਇ⦟ࠍ⿠ߔ㧚⻠⹤߇⺆ࠆ⠪ߣ⡬ߊ⠪ߣߢᚑ┙ߟ᭽ߦ㧘ᦠ‛߽ᦠߊ⠪ߣ⺒߻⠪ߣ߇ዬߡೋ߼ߡᚑ┙ߟߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚߽߁৻ߟᄢಾߥ੐ߪ㧘⊖⍮ߞߡ৻ࠍ⺆ࠆᆫ൓ߢ޽ࠆ㧚⼱ፒߦࠃࠇ߫㧘ᢥ┨ߩຠᩰߪ㧘ή↪ߩ⸒⪲ࠍ೥ߞߚಽߛߌะ਄ߔࠆߣ⸒߁㧚⑳ߩ႐ว㧘৻ߚࠎ⨲Ⓜࠍ➙߼ߚᓟߢ㧘⸒⪲೥ࠅߦኾᔨߒ㧘⨲Ⓜߩ
߶߷ 50㧑ߥ޿ߒ 70㧑⒟ᐲߦ߹ߢ⍴❗ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ᦝߦ⼱ፒߪ‫ޟ‬ฎౖᢥߩ♖␹ߦ߆߃ࠇ‫ߡ޿⺑ߣޠ‬޿ࠆ㨇7㨉
㧚⑳ߪ㧘߆ߟߡ⋧ᒰ㊂ߩฎౖࠍቇࠎߛ⚻㛎߇޽ࠅ㨇8㨉㧘ߘߩല↪ࠍ⍮ߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢ㧘⼱ፒߩ␜ໂࠍో㕙⊛ߦᡰᜬߔࠆ㧚਎㑆ߢߪ㧘⥄ὼ⑼ቇ
ߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߦߣߞߡ㧘ᢥ♽ߩቇ⠌ߪή↪ߣᕁߞߡ޿
ࠆ᭽ߛ߇㧘ߘࠇߪ⺋⸃ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ታ㓙ߩಣ㧘⎇ⓥ⠪
ߩᄢඨߪ㧘⺰ᢥ߿⪺ᦠ㧘⻉‫߿ᦠ⺧↳ߩޘ‬ႎ๔ᦠߥߤ㧘⤘ᄢߥᢙߩᦠ㘃ࠍᦠ޿ߡ޿ࠆ╫ߢ޽ࠆ㧚
⑳ߪએ਄ߦട߃㧘ේⓂࠍᦠ߈⚳߃ߚᤨὐߢ㖸⺒ߒ㧘Ṗࠄ߆ߦ⺒߼ߥ޿ಣࠍᦝߦୃᱜߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚߆ߟߡ࠹࡟ࡆ᡼ᤋߢ㧘ᐜఽ㆐ߦ᱌ჿ߿⁅⸒㧘⪭⺆ߥߤࠍ⡞߆ߖ㧘ߘߩ෻ᔕࠍ⺞ߴࠆࠪ࡯ࡦࠍ⷗ߚߎߣ
߇޽ࠆ㧚ᗧᄖߥ੐ߦᐜఽ㆐ߪ㧘⁅⸒ߦᦨ߽ᒝߊ෻
ᔕߒߡ޿ߚ㧚⁅⸒ߩṖࠄ߆ߥ⺆ࠅญ߇㧘ᐜఽ㆐ߦᔃ࿾ࠃ޿㗀߈ࠍਈ߃ߚ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠈ߁㧚ᚒ‫ߢ⋡ߪޘ‬ᢥ┨ࠍ⺒߻߇㧘⣖ߩਛߢߪߘߩⷞⷡାภߦ㖸⺒ାภ߇⥄േ⊛ߦශടߐࠇ㧘ߘߩ਄ߢℂ⸃⸥ᙘߩ࿁〝ߦㅍࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆㧚Ṗࠄ߆ߦ㖸⺒ߢ߈ߧᢥ┨ߪ㧘⺒ࠎߢ޿ߡ⧦ߟߊ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᦨᓟߦߥࠆ߇㧘Ꮕ೎↪⺆ 11 ࠍ૶ࠊߥ޿㧘⪺૞ᮭ
㧔5.1 㗄㧕ࠍଚኂߒߥ޿㧘╬ߩ᳇㈩ࠅߪᔅ㗇ߢ޽ࠆ㧚⍮⊛⽷↥ᮭߦߟ޿ߡ ᚒ߇࿖ߢߪ㧘⑼ቇᛛⴚഃㅧ┙࿖ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ㧘2003
ᐕ 3 ᦬㧘⍮⊛⽷↥ၮᧄᴺ߇ᣉⴕߐࠇߚ㧚ߘࠇߦ๭ᔕߒߡ‫್ⵙ⸵․ޟ‬ᚲ‫ߩޠ‬ᯏ⢻ࠍታ⃻ߔࠆߚ߼㧘᧲੩㜞╬ⵙ್ᚲߣ᧲੩࡮ᄢ㒋ߩਔ࿾ᣇⵙ್ᚲߦ⍮⊛⽷↥ᮭ⸷⸩ߩኾ㐷ㇱ߇⸳⟎ߐࠇ㧘2004 ᐕ 4 ᦬ 1 ᣣ߆ࠄߪኾ㐷ᆔຬ೙ᐲ߇⊒⿷ߒߚ㧚ߐࠄߦᧄᐕ 4 ᦬
1 ᣣ߆ࠄߪ⍮⊛⽷↥㜞╬ⵙ್ᚲ߇ᣂ⸳ߐࠇ㧘ᣥ⍮⊛⽷↥ኾ㐷ㇱߪోߡߘߜࠄߦ⒖ⴕߒߚ㧚ߘߩᑼࠍ૶ߞߡ㧘㔡߃ࠆᚻߢᐞ଀߆⹜▚ߒߡߺࠆߣ㧘ోߡ⑳ߩᢙ୯⸘▚⚿ᨐߣ৻⥌ߔࠆߢߪߥ޿߆㧚ߎࠇߢోߡ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ㧚ᢙᐕ೨㧘⑳߇⺞
ߴߚવᾲᦠߩ⪺⠪㆐ߪ㧘૗ߩ⇼޿߽ߥߊᏧߩ⪺ᦠߦタߞߡ޿ࠆᑼࠍߘߩ߹߹⥄⪺ߦォタߒߡ޿ߚߩ
ߢ޽ࠆ㧚໧㗴ߩᑼߪ㧘ߘߩᓟ Jakob ߩᡷ⸓ ߢ⸓ᱜ߇ߥߐࠇߚ㧚ߎߩ੐ઙએ᧪㧘⑳ߪ߽ߩࠍᦠߊߣ߈㧘ઁ⠪ߩዉ಴ߒߚᑼ߿࿑ࠍ㧘ᬌ⸛ߥߒߦォタ࡮ᒁ↪ߔࠆ੐ߪߖߧ᭽ߦߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎࠇߪ㧘᡿↲⮮ᅢ㇢వ↢ߩା᧦ߢ߽޽ߞߚ 10㧚ቇⴚ⺰ᢥߪᦨೋ߆ࠄᛕ್⊛ߥᆫ൓ߢ⺒߻ߩߢ㧘઒ߦ⺋ࠅ߇޽ߞߡ߽⪺⠪ߩ⽿છߦᏫߔ੐߇ߢ߈㧘⺒߻ᣇ߽ߘߩ⺋ࠅࠍ⷗ᛮߌߥ߆ߞߚਇ᣿ࠍᕯߓࠇ
߫ߘࠇߢߔ߻㧚ߒ߆ߒᢎ⑼ᦠߪ㧘ᵢኤജ߽ᛕ್ജ
߽ਲߒ޿ೋቇ⠪߇⺒⠪ߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ㧘ߘ߁ߪࠁ߆ߥ
޿㧚ߒ߆߽㧘ߘߩᢎ⑼ᦠߢㆊߞߚ⍮⼂ࠍᓧߚ⠪߇㧘ᓟㅴߦߘߩ⺋ࠅࠍᦝߦવ߃ߡⴕߊ੐ߦߥࠆ߆ࠄ㧘⌀ߦᕟࠈߒ޿㧚ᓥߞߡᢎ⑼ᦠࠍᦠߊ㓙ߪ㧘⺰ᢥࠍᦠߊᤨߩ૗୚߽ߩᵈᗧ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ㧚߽ߒ㧘ೋቇ⠪⋧ᚻߩᢎ⑼ᦠߛ߆ࠄ᳇シߦᦠߌࠆߣᕁߞߡ޿ࠆ
ᣇ߇ዬࠄࠇࠆߥࠄ㧘ߘࠇߪ⧯޿㗃㧘ᢎ⑼ᦠߩ⺋⸥ߢ⧰ഭߒߚ੐ߩߥ޿ᐘߖߥᣇߢ޽ࠈ߁㧚߆ߟߡߪ㧘ේⓂ߇ᧄߦߥࠆ߹ߢߦᄙߊߩੱߩᚻ
ࠍ⚻ߚߩߢ㧘ߤࠇ߶ߤᵈᗧߒߡ߽㧘⺋⸥ࠍ⊝ήߦߔࠆ੐ߪታോ਄ਇน⢻ߢ޽ߞߚ㧚੹ᣣ߹ߢ㧘⑳ߩ⪺ࠊߒߚᢎ⑼ᦠ߿໪⫥ᦠߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ᔃ޽ࠆᣇ‫߆ޘ‬ࠄ᛬ߦ⸅ࠇ㧘⺋⸥ߩᜰ៰߿␜ໂࠍ㗂ᚬߒߡ߈ߚ㧚ߎࠇߪ㧘⪺⠪⥄り߳ߩഥߌߣߥࠆ߫߆ࠅߢߥߊ㧘ߘࠇࠍ⺒߻⠪ߦߣߞߡ߽ᕲᕺߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᧄⓂࠍ୫ࠅߡ㧘◊ߊᓮ␞↳ߒ਄ߍߚ޿㧚ੱࠍᗖ߈ߟߌࠆ⴫⃻ߎߩ㗴⋡ߦߟ޿ߡ⑳߇⺆ࠆߥߤ㧘⌀ߦ߅ߎ߇߹
ߒ޿㧚߻ߒࠈ㧘⼱ፒẢ৻㇢ߩᢥ┨⺒ᧄ㨇7㨉ࠍቇࠎߢ㗂޿ߚᣇ߇᦭⋉ߛߣᕁߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒ㧘⼱ፒߩᦠࠍ⺒߻ߦߪߘࠇߥࠅߩⷡᖗ߇ᔅⷐߛߒ㧘ߘߩᤨ㑆߽ߥ޿ߣ⸒߁ੱߩߚ߼ߦ㧘ᢓ߃ߡ⑳ߩ⚻㛎ࠍᛲ㔺ߐߖߡ㗂ߊᰴ╙ߢ޽ࠆ㧚⸃ࠅ߿ߔ޿⴫⃻࡮ੱࠍᗖ߈ઃߌࠆ⴫⃻ߩၮᧄߪ㧘⸒⪲ߢߥߊᔃߛߣᕁ߁㧚⟤ㄉ㤀ฏߦ㘼ࠄࠇߚᢥ┨ߢ߽㧘‫߁⸒ߣޠߦ߼ߚߩੱ߻⺒ޟ‬ᕁ޿߇ᦠ߈ᚻߦߥ
ߌࠇ߫㧘ੱࠍᗖ߈ઃߌ߹޿㧚߹ߚ㧘⪺⠪߇㑐ᔃߩ⭯޿੐⽎ߦߟ޿ߡ⺆ࠆᤨߪ㧘ᄙߊߩ႐ว㧘⺑ᓧജࠍᰳߊᢥ┨ߦߥࠆ㧚ᓥߞߡ㧘

10

ᢥ₂㨇6㨉ߩ⥄ᐨࠍෳᾖ㧚



11

-49-

଀߃߫‫⟎ߣޠ࠻࠶ࠗ࠿ࠗޟࠍޠ࡯ࡕࠠࠬࠛޟ‬឵߃ࠆ㧚

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

ࠛ࠺ࡘࠤ࡚ࠗࠪࡦ Q[2] ⋧ේ೑㓶㧘વᾲ⎇ⓥ㧘36-142 (1997) 12-14
[3] ⋧ේ೑㓶㧘ૐ᷷Ꮏቇ㧘32-10 (1997) 466-472
[4] ⋧ේ೑㓶㧘ᣣᧄᯏ᪾ቇળ⺰ᢥ㓸 B㧘64-627(1998) 3527-3529
[5] Jakob, M., Heat Transfer, Vol. 1 & 2, John Wiley& Sons (1957).

⍮⊛⽷↥ᮭߪ㧘⪺૞ᮭ㧘↥ᬺ⽷↥ᮭ㧔Ꮏᬺᚲ᦭ᮭ㧕㧘ߘߩઁ㧔࿁〝㈩⟎೑↪ᮭ㧘⒳⧣ᴺ߿ਇᱜ┹੎
㒐ᱛᴺߥߤ㧕ߦᄢ೎ߐࠇࠆ㧚࿖┙ᄢቇߩᴺੱൻߣ
⋧೨ᓟߒߡ㧘⍮⊛⽷↥㧔એਅ⍮⽷ߣ⇛⸥㧕ಽ㊁ߩᬺ❣߇↥ቇߢᵈ⋡ࠍ㓸߼ࠆ᭽ߦߥࠅ㧘߹ߚᧄⓂߩਥ㗴ߩ৻ߟߢ޽ࠆ‫⺑ޟ߿ޠ⃻⴫ޟ‬ᓧ‫߽ߦޠ‬㑐ㅪ޽ࠆߩߢ㧘⸅ࠇߡ߅߈ߚ޿ 12㧚㧔એਅᰴภߦ⛯ߊ㧕ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
[1] ⋧ේ೑㓶㧘ࡊࡠࡔ࠹࠙ࠬߩ⿅ࠅ߽ߩ㧔᥵ࠄߒߩߥ߆ߩᾲ㧕㧘ࡐࡇࡘ࡜࡯ࠨࠗࠛࡦࠬ 247㧘⵷⪇ᚱ  .

[6] ↲⮮ᅢ㇢㧘વᾲ᭎⺰㧘㙃⾫ၴ (1964)㧚[7] ⼱ፒẢ৻㇢㧘ᢥ┨⺒ᧄ㧘ਛᄩ౏⺰␠ (1960)㧚[8] ⋧ේ೑㓶㧘᧲ർᄢቇቇႎ㧘ᐔᚑ 9 ᐕ 2 ᦬ภ㧚

12⑳ߪᴺᓞߩኾ㐷ኅߢߪߥ޿㧚ᓥߞߡ㧘ᴺ⸃㉼ߦ⺋ࠅ߇޽ߞߚ႐วߪ㧘ߏኈ⿔㗿޿ߚ޿㧚

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬-50-

International Letter

Substitution of Petroleum Based Fuels by Biomass Fuels
in Engines and Furnaces in Brazilጊᩮ ⧷ᄥ㇢㧔ࠨࡦࡄ࠙ࡠᄢቇ㧕
Eitaro YAMANE (University of Sao Paulo)e-mail: yamaneit@usp.br

ratio of power and fuel comsuption
for ethanol and gasoline engines

1. Introduction
The energy crisis occured in 1973 affected thebrazilian economy and demanded the substitution offuels derived from petroleum by alternative fuels
because at that time about 80% of the petroleum wasimported.
Considering the extent of the brazilian territory, agood product for the intended substitution is obviously
the biomass fuel.
Some alternatives were considered at that time:
substitution of gasoline by ethyl alcohol, diesel oil byethanol and vegetable oils, and fuel oil by ethanol orcoal. In 1975 the brazilian government established a
National Alcohol Program to produce ethanol forenergetic purpose.
Whereas the substitution of gasoline by ethanol in
Otto cycle engines was very successful, there wereserious problems in the tentative of substitution ofdiesel oil by ethanol or vegetable oil in Diesel cycle
engines and also in the substitution of fuel oil byethanol in existing boilers and ordinary furnaces.

1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8

curve 1curve 2curve 3curve 4

6

8

10

12

14

compression ratio

Fig. 1 Comparison of power and fuel consumption
between ethanol and gasoline engines
The ethanol presents a smaller heating value whencompared with gasoline. The lower heating value of
ethanol is 26790 kJ/kg, which is only 60% of the valueof gasoline. So, it is expected that the comsuption of
ethanol shall be higher than gasoline. But the octane
number of ethanol is higher than gasoline; then, it ispossible to use higher compression ratio in ethanol
engines, up to 12, without knocking problems. In thismanner, the efficiency of alcohol engines is higher
than ordinary gasoline engines.
From the data of reference [1], Figure 1 can be
drawn. This Figure shows curves representing acomparison between Otto cycle alcohol engine andgasoline engine. The gasoline engine taken as
reference has a compression ratio of 7 and same piston
displacement as the alcohol engines. These curves aretheoretical, following the model of Taylor [2] and theabscissa is the ethanol engine compression ratio. The
curve 1 represents the ratio between the power of

2. Fuel substitution in Otto cycle engines
Brazil is essentially a tropical country. Many
agricultural products can be used to produce ethanol:
sugar cane, manioc, sorghum, corn, wood, etc. At
present, the ethanol is made from sugar cane.
For the production of 1 liter of ethanol, it isproduced also about 12 liters of vinasse which is a
residual liquid with a pH of 3.5. How to dispose thisvinasse is a serious problem. One form to use thisresidual liquid is as a fertilizer.

-51-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

International LetterIn the 1980 decade the ethanol fuelled automobiles
reached a peak of around 95% of the cars
manufactured in Brazil (Fig. 2). But this figure
decreased to about 5% in the 1990 decade due toproblems related to alcohol availability, mainly
because there was a competition with sugar, which is
produced from the same sugar cane, with a price thatwas favourable in international market.
3. Fuel substitution in Diesel cycle engines.
There was also a brazilian tentative to substitutethe diesel oil by ethanol in Diesel cycle engines.
But unfortunately this idea was proved to be
unsuccessful. Considering the problem of ignition of
the fuel-air mixture at the conditions existing in theengine cylinder, the cetane number of ethanol wasincreased adding some additives. However the
researches involving this matter did not solve
satisfactorily this problem.
Since the compression ratio in Diesel cycle
engines is already high, the substitution of diesel oil
by ethanol does not have the same effect obtained in
Otto cycle engines concerning the increase of thermal
efficiency of the cycle by raising the compression
ratio.
Therefore, considering the small heating value of
ethanol when compared with diesel oil and the above
mentioned problem of ignition of the ethanol-air
mixture in the cylinder, the tentative of substitution ofdiesel oil by ethanol in existing Diesel cycle engines
was not successful.

Fig. 2 Photo of service station fuel nozzles forgasoline and alcohol, showing a densimeter, above thealcohol nozzle at right side, to guarantee the alcohol
purity.
ethanol engines and the power of the gasoline engine;the curve 2 represents the ratio between the mass
specific fuel comsuption of ethanol engines and thespecific fuel comsuption of the gasoline engine; thecurve 3 represents the ratio of volumetric specific fuelcomsuption of ethanol engines and the correspondent
comsuption of gasoline engine; the curve 4 represents
the ratio of mass specific fuel comsuption of bothengines for same power delivered.
Thus, using higher compression ratio, ethanol
engines can have an increase of power of about 10%
when compared with correspondent gasoline engine
with same piston displacement. On the other hand, thefuel comsuption of ethanol engines can reach a figureof more 25%, in volume, when compared withgasoline engine. However, considering that the ethanol
can be utilized in lean mixtures, as usually is done, areduction in the increase of fuel comsuption can beobtained, but with a sacrifice of power increase inalcohol engines.
The ethanol has a high octane value; so, thealcohol engines do not need additives to the fuel forknocking supression. Additionally, considering also
the alcohol combustion characteristics, these engines
pollute less than gasoline engines. The production ofcarbon monoxide by ethanol engines is negligible
when compares with gasoline engines.

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬

4. Fuel substitution in steam generators andfurnaces
At the time of the 1973 petroleum crisis, the steam
generators and heating furnaces in the brazilian
industry were using petroleum derived fuel oil.
For a given steam generator, or a heating furnace,designed and manufactured to use fuel oil, thetentative of substitution of this oil by ethanol also
failed.
In the case of steam generators, for example, the-52-International Lettersteam entering this section has a smaller mass flowrate than before. The result is a significant increase of
the temperature of the superheated steam leaving thesuperheater, when compared with oil fired boiler case,and introduces a serious problem in the superheatedsteam temperature control.
Summarizing, the overall effect that can beobserved when it is used ethanol in substitution of fueloil in existing steam generators, for same heatgenerated in the boiler furnace, is:mass flow rate of ethanol burned must be higher thanthe mass flow rate of oil because the heating value of
ethanol is much lower than the value of the fuel oil,for the production of same heat generated in the boiler
furnace.
For this condition, that is, for same heat generationin the furnace of the boiler, the comsuption of ethanol
shall related to the ratio of the heating value of both
fuels that is, in this case, 1.64 times the comsuption offuel oil.
However, for the stoichiometric reaction, theair-fuel ratio in the case of ethanol is approximately 9kg of air for each kg of ethanol and for the case of fueloil (as bunker-C type) the ratio is around 14.5.
Considering these figures, even burning 1.6 times, inweight, more ethanol, the mass flow rate of flue gas
produced in both cases, differs less than about 7% forsame value of heat generated in the furnace.
Thus, it seems that the fuel substitution does notchange the heat transfered by convection to the fluidin the boiler.
But there is a great effect in the value of radiation
heat transfer between the flame and the evaporation
tubes of the boiler because the flame formed in the
combustion process of ethanol, at the condition
existing in the furnace, is a nonluminous bluish flame
presenting a very low emissivity. This flame is welldifferent from the yellowish luminous flame with highemissivity observed in the case of combustion of fueloil. Thus, while in the case of combustion of fuel oil,the boiler section of the steam generator receives moreradiative heat transfer from the flame than convective
heat transfer for the vaporization process, in the caseof combustion of ethanol the radiant heat transfer
becomes very small.
Consequently the mass flow rate of saturated
steam produced in the boiler decreases when it is usedethanol in substitution of fuel oil in existing boilers,
for same heat generated by combustion in the furnaceof the boiler.
When compared with the case of fuel oil, theethanol flue gas then leaves the boiler section at higher
temperature because it rejected less heat to the boiler
tubes and reaches the superheater where the saturated

a- smaller mass flow rate of steam produced;
b- higher temperature of the superheated steam in theoutlet of steam generator, not compatible with therequirement of the steam conditions in the inlet ofsteam turbines or in other thermal equipments.
Thus, the tentative of substitution of fuel oil byethanol, in existing steam generators designed
originally to use fuel oil, was not also well succeededat that moment
5. Present situation regarding substitution bybiomass fuel in engines and conclusion
Recently it was unveiled a new brazilian
government plan to produce the so called biodiesel,following the examples of Germany and USA.
According to this plan, it is programmed to use, as
later as 2008, at least 2% in volume of biodiesel mixed
with diesel oil for Diesel cycle engines. Four years
later, the plan will impose a mixture of at least 5%
biodiesel.
The biodiesel shall be made through a reaction oftransesterification between ethanol and a vegetable oilusing a catalyzer. Many vegetable oil can be producedin Brazil to obtain the biodiesel, as for example: palmoil, castor oil, soy bean oil, peanut oil, sun flower oil.
To fulfill the 2% target, it is needed to produce
800.10³ m³ per year of biodiesel. At present, thebiodiesel is produced in a batch process but there areresearches aiming to produce in a continuous process.
At this moment, the production cost of biodiesel is up
to 30% higher than the cost of diesel oil.
The use of biodiesel in Brazil has the objective of:a- reduction of production of air pollutants;-53-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

International Letterthe driver must activate a switch in the car panel.
Concluding, it can be observed that a effort isbeing taken in this country to substitute petroleum
derived fuels by biomass fuel. The multi-fuel engine,
mentioned above, offers a flexibility toward the use ofdifferent type of fuels in the same car. The driver canfill the fuel tank with any choice, and in any
proportion, of fuels, according to the price (at present
the price of ethanol is about half the price of gasoline)or the availability of the fuel at that moment.This isparticularly a good alternative for a country as Brazil
which is in a process of economic development and ispreoccupied with ambient pollution and energy
availability.

b- reduction of the dependence of imported petroleum;c- stimulate the production growth of vegetable forenergetic use in different regions of the country.
Concerning Otto cycle engines, recently manufactured
automobiles are designed to use:
a- gashol: a mixture of gasoline and 25% in volume ofanhydrous ethanol;b- only hydrated ethanol;c- compressed natural gas;d- a mixture of different fuels.
In this last case d, the automobile is equipped with a
Otto cycle multi-fuel, also called flex-fuel, engine
which uses a mixed fuel in any proportion of gasoline
and ethanol. At present, more than 50% of theautomobiles manufactured in Brazil is equipped withthis type of engine. The fuel tank of these automobiles
is filled, in any proportion, with ethanol and gasoline.
Basically, a lambda sensor measures the oxygen
content in exhaust gas and a electrical signal isdelivered to the control system of the engine to adapt
automatically to the conditions needed for the fuelmixture entering the cylinder.
Illustrativelly, according to actual tests, a car
equipped with a multi-fuel engine that can use ethanol,
gashol, or any mixture of these two fuels, attain, when
it uses only ethanol,a power 5% higher and acomsuption of about 40% higher for same distancedriven, compared with the same engine using only
gashol.
Some multi-fuel engines can use other different
fuels. Besides ethanol and gasoline, the tank can be
filled with naphtha; and the same car can have acompressed natural gas tank. But for using the CNG

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬

References
1. Yamane, E., Problems of Fuel Substitution in
Automotive Engines, the Brazilian Case, Journal ofJapan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 85, No.
763, pp. 619-623, July, 1982.
2. Taylor, C. F. and Taylor, E. S., The Internal
Combustion Engine, International Textbook Co., 1962.
Eitaro YAMANE completed his undergraduate course(1961) and received the doctorate degree (1970) inmechanical engineering, both at the Faculty ofEngineering of University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. He
was recipient of Mombusho Scholarship to study andengage in research at University of Tokyo. He is a
Professor of Mechanical Engineering at University of
Sao Paulo. His current interest includes energy
alternatives and conversion".

-54-࿖㓙ᵴേ࡮ળ⼏ႎ๔


Review of ISTP-16: Pacific Center of Thermal-Fluids
Engineering in the Heart of Europe(August 29th-September 1st 2005, Prague)

Jaroslav HEMRLE (Tokyo University of A&T)
e-mail: hemrle@mmlab.mech.tuat.ac.jp
1. Introduction
The 16 International Symposium on Transport
Phenomena (ISTP-16) was held from August 29th toSeptember 1st in Prague, Czech Republic. According
to the organizers, the purpose of the ISTP series is tooffer a platform for multidisciplinary meeting ofresearchers, scientists and practitioners for exchange
of information and discussion in the area of transportphenomena.
The choice of the Pacific Center of Thermal-Fluids
Engineering (PCTFE) to situate the most recent
assembly of its ISTP series to Prague appears
somewhat paradoxical from geographical point ofview. Pacific region, with the World’s largest ocean,dramatic landscapes infamous for vivid volcanic andtectonic activities, is rarely associated with the Czech
Republic, a small country right across the globe, at thevery center of Europe, characteristic by peaceful hilly
landscape, which is old and stable even on geologicaltime-scale, and with no sea whatsoever. However,geographic reasons are just about irrelevant amongscientific communities of the present age.
The Czech host and the partner in organizing
ISTP-16 was the Faculty of Mechanical Engineeringof the Czech Technical University in Prague. The
Czech Technical University (CVUT - abbreviation of
its Czech name) is naturally proud on its long tradition(it was formally established in the year 1707), as wellas on the fact that it is still the leading technicaluniversity in the Czech Republic, currently with 7
faculties, just above 20,000 students, and 3,000
members of staff. The Faculty of MechanicalEngineering itself has celebrated 140 years
anniversary last year, and at present has almost 5,000
students at all degree levels.
thFig. 1 Symbols of the organizers: PCTFE and CVUT.

Fig. 2 View of the Prague Castle across the Vltava River
spanned by the 15th century Charles Bridge.

Fig. 3 Main building of the Faculty of MechanicalEngineering of CVUT in Prague. (Source: CVUT)-55-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

࿖㓙ᵴേ࡮ળ⼏ႎ๔

2. Participation statistics
The efforts of the organization committee led by
Prof. Jan Ježek for CVUT and Prof. Sadanari
Mochizuki for PCTFE were rewarded by wide
international interest. In all, 457 authors andco-authors from 30 countries participated in preparing
contributions for ISTP-16. The number was dominatedby authors from Japan, 182, or almost 40%. The next
largest number of authors was from Taiwan (about20%) and the Czech Republic (10.5%).
The final number of attending registeredparticipants reached 178 from 17 countries, which waseven stronger dominated by Japan, from where 43% of
the participants came, with the Czech Republic (22%)
and Taiwan (15%) being again the other mostrepresented countries. Altogether, the participantsfrom the Pacific region counted for more than 63% of
the participants. The statistics of participants are
summarized in Figure 4.
Aside Prof. Ježek and Prof. Mochizuki as the mainorganizers, the participants were greeted at the
opening ceremony by the president of PCTFE, Prof.
Wen-Jei Yang, who welcomed wide international
participation, stressed importance of transportphenomena in modern science and technology, andalso mentioned his suprisingly long and intensive
relationship with the hosting city of Prague. On behalfof CVUT, the participants were welcomed by the deanof the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of CVUT
Prof. Petr Zuna, and member of the internationalorganizing committee Prof. JiĜí Šesták.

Fig. 4 Statistics of nationalities of all authors andco-authors (above), and registered participants(below).

3. Contributions
3.1 Plenary lectures and overview of sections
In the course of the symposium, the participants had
the opportunity to attend three plenary lectures given
by Prof. Ichiro Tanasawa (“An Outlook on
Cryobioengineering with Primary Focus on
Cryopreservation”),
Prof.
YildizBayazitoglu(“Nano-to-Macro scale Modeling of Photonics
Thermal Transport”, presented by Prof. Wen-Jei Yang),and by Prof. JiĜí Šesták (“Transport Phenomena andnon-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics in MechanicalEngineering”).
Other, some 105 oral presentations and 31 posters

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬

Fig. 5 Opening ceremony. From the left: Prof. Jan Ježek
(main organizer), Prof. Petr Zuna (dean of theFaculty of Mechanical Engineering of CVUT), Prof.
Wen-Jei Yang (president of PCTFE), Prof. JiĜíŠesták (international organizing committee), andProf. Sadanari Mochizuki (main organizer andvice-president of PCTFE). (Source: CVUT)-56-

࿖㓙ᵴേ࡮ળ⼏ႎ๔Table 1 Statistics of presented contributions by section.
SectionTurbulence and flow instabilities
Two phase flow
Chemical process systems
Environmental systems
Fluid dynamics in micro-systems
Heat and mass transfer
Rheologically complex systems
and biofluid dynamics
Heat exchangers
Electronic equipment cooling
Boundary layer and free shear
flows
Experimental and computational
fluid dynamics - gases
Experimental and computational
fluid dynamics - liquids
Combustion and reacting flows
Industrial aerodynamics and windengineering
Totals

Oral

Posters Total

11
9
3
5
13

3
4
4
4

14
13
3
9
17

31

11

42

6

-

6

3
4

5

3
9

8

3

11

10

3

13

10

5

15

13

3

16

2

3

5

128

48

176

were divided into 20 sections. The list of all sections,and number of oral and poster presentation in eachsection is given in Table 1, from which it is seen thatthe section “Heat and Mass Transfer” was the largest
with total number of 42 contributions.

Fig. 6 First plenary lecture given by Prof. Ichiro
Tanasawa (above). The keynote speakers Prof.
Tanasawa

andpresentations

Prof.

(below,Šestákleftandduring

their

right

photo

respectively). (Source: CVUT)

3.2 Heat and mass transfer section
From the best evaluated presentations in the Heatand Mass Transfer section, rather large number ofcontributions was related to heat or mass transfer inpulsating and oscillating flows. Prof. M. Hishidapresented heat transport of superposed oscillatory andslow steady flow in a loop channel, demonstrating up
to 40-fold increase of thermal energy transport ratewith small increase of work done by the flow. Similarsystem inspired by avian lungs was analyzed
experimentally and numerically, as reported in thepresentation of E. Sakai, with accent on generation of
the steady flow component in avian lungs, flow
patterns, and their influence on augmented masstransport – rather modest attitude of the youngpresenter did not harm the presentation, which wasamong the best the present reviewer had seen during
ISTP-16. Prof. H. Saitoh presented systematic study offlat plate oscillating in a flow in vertical rectangularchannel, based on hydrogen bubble flow visualization,color schlieren method visualization of thermalboundary layer and local heat transfer measurement.
Several presentations from the section of Heat andMass Transfer were related to the effects of strong
magnetic fields on fluid flows and heat transfer invarious settings. Prof. J. Szmyd reported on results ofnumerical simulation of natural and magnetizing
convection of air, as a representative of paramagnetic
fluids, in a cubic space with temperature difference
between opposing walls, with particular interest in
possibilities of control of heat transfer by varying
orientation of the strong, 10 Tesla, magnetic field. Prof.
H. Ozoe presented results on effect of strong magnetic
field on water mist behavior, again demonstratingwide possibilities for control of this kind of flows bymagnetic means.
Numerical study combining effects of heat andsolute diffusion together with buoyancy effects was-57-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

࿖㓙ᵴേ࡮ળ⼏ႎ๔beyond the scope of the present article.

used to analyze complex phenomena of double
diffusive natural convection of block of light hot
solution in water, as presented by Prof. K. Kamakura.
The size of the initial solute block was shown tosignificantly affect the formation of salt-fingers, witha single finger being formed in the case of small block,while wide spreading with large number of fingers
occurred in the case of larger blocks.
Other topics, among many others in Heat and Mass
Transfer, included impingement heat and mass transfer
of synthetic jet (Dr. Z. Trávníþek), effect of Görtler
vortices on heat transfer on concave wall (P. Sobolík),or two views on the problem of perspiration andcloth comfort (Prof. A. Narumi and K. Machová).

4. In closing
If the present reviewer felt that some points of theorganization of ISTP-16 would deserve further
improvement, these were rather in the reign ofcommon issues shared by practically all similar
meetings, than particular shortcomings of thisinteresting meeting. Unfortunately, strikingly low was
the participation of female researchers. There were
just about 10 women participants, or some 5% - huge
disproportion reasons for which are certainly worth
some consideration. Another matter that the present
reviewer would like to see at similar meetings issomewhat stricter, clearly stated and more strongly
enforced policy on participants’ conduct from theorganizers, for example to save other participants fromlast moment cancellations without explanation.
Being the 13th largest city of the enlarged European
Union, and enjoying unprecedented interest of foreign

3.3 Fluid dynamics in micro-system and othersections
Although PCTFE has recently started its series ofInternational Symposia on Micro and Nano
Technology (ISMNT), the recent popularity andimportance of this topic was to be witnessed also
during ISTP-16, proof of which is that “Fluid
Dynamics in Micro-Systems” formed with 17
contributions the second largest section of theconference. Three out of five of the best received
presentations of this section were related to flow
visualization and velocity field measurement in micro
and nano domains. Prof. Uemura presented
modification and application of holographic systemfor 3D PIV in micro-domains. Particle tracking
Velocimetry of ferromagnetic nanoparticles using
dark-field optical microscope system was applied to
study of the effect of magnetic field on the growth anddispersion processes of cluster formation in
microchannel flows, as presented by Prof. H. Kikura.
High frequency PIV was used for study of
micro-sheath flow inside a micro flow cytometer,
presented by Prof. M.-W. Wang.
Liquid slip in microchannels (C.-Y. Soong), flows
with nanoparticles (presentations of C.-C. Chieng and
P.-Y. Hsiao), and study of deposition processes ininkjet printing (T.-M. Liou) were among othernumerous topics presented in this vivid area. Naturally,other 12 sections of ISTP-16 brought large number ofvarious other topics, even short review of which isFig. 7 The historical building of the Bethlehem chapel
hosted concert of classical music for all organizers,
participants and their company. (Source: CVUT)વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬-58-࿖㓙ᵴേ࡮ળ⼏ႎ๔
back “home” in the Pacific region, Toyama, Japan. If
it follows the ISTP series tradition, it will be an event
worth fitting in into ones schedule.

and domestic investors, city of Prague is rapidly
regaining its position of important business, scientificand cultural center. Nevertheless, the historical charmsof the city of Prague and the Czech Republic areuntouched and inescapable. The organizers therefore
facilitated tourist tours to Prague and nearby Karlštejn
castle for participants and their accompanying persons.
The cultural peak of the conference was the concert ofclassical European music in the historical building of
the Bethlehem chapel, which is used as therepresentative space of CVUT.
The meeting therefore delivered what it promised –bringing closer fluid dynamics, transport, and heattransfer communities of two remote regions, thePacific region and the Central Europe, with wide
international participation from other regions, into a
motivating scientific and cultural encounter. The next
meeting, ISTP-17, is scheduled on September 2006

Jaroslav
HEMRLE,
received M.Sc. summa cum
laude (1998) at the Czech
Technical
UniversityofPrague, Dept. of Aerospace
Engineering, and Dr. Eng.
(2004) at Tokyo University of
A&T. At present, he works as
a Research Associate at theDept. of Mechanical Systems Engineering at TUAT.
His current research topics include rarefied gas effects
on flows and heat transfer in microstructures, heat andmass transport by oscillating flows in microstructures,and phase change heat transport devices.

-59-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

࿖㓙ᵴേ࡮ળ⼏ᵴേᣣ☨࠮ࡒ࠽࡯㧦࠽ࡁࠬࠤ࡯࡞ャㅍ⃻⽎US-Japan Seminar : Nanoscale Transport Phenomenaጟፒ ஜ㧔᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ㧕㧘ዊේ ᜏ㧔᧲ർᄢቇ㧕Ken OKAZAKI (Tokyo Institute of Technology) and Taku OHARA (Tohoku University)㧝㧚ߪߓ߼ߦ
ᮡ⸥ߩ࠮ࡒ࠽࡯߇㧘2005 ᐕ 7 ᦬ 4 ᣣ㧙7 ᣣߩ 4 ᣣ㑆ߦࠊߚߞߡ㧘᧻ፉߦ߅޿ߡ㐿௅ߐࠇߚ㧚ߎߩ࠮ࡒ࠽࡯
ߪ㧘JSPS (Japan Society for Promotion of Sciences) ߅ࠃ߮ NSF (U.S. National Science Foundation)ߩᣣ☨⑼ቇද
ജ੐ᬺߣߒߡ㧘ዋੱᢙߩᣣ☨⎇ⓥ⠪㑆ߢ․ቯߩ࠹࡯ࡑ
ߦߟ޿ߡ⓭ߞㄟࠎߛ⸛⺰ࠍߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߚ࠮ࡒ
࠽࡯ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ࡑࠗࠢࡠࠬࠤ࡯࡞ߩવᾲߦ㑐ߔࠆߎߩᨒ
⚵ߺߩ࠮ࡒ࠽࡯ߪ㧘1993 ᐕએ᧪ 3 ᐕߏߣߦ㐿௅ߐࠇ㧘
੹࿁߇ 5 ࿁⋡ߣߥࠆ㧚ߔߥࠊߜ㧘
1993: July 11í14, Kanazawa
Molecular and Microscale Transport Phenomena(C.L. Tien and S. Kotake)
1996: August 7í10, Santa Barbara
Molecular and Microscale Transport Phenomena(C.L. Tien and K. Hijikata)
1999: August 8í11, Sendai
Molecular and MicroscaleThermophysical Phenomena in
Nanotechnology(A. Majumdar and S. Kotake)
2002: June 24í26, Berkeley
Nanoscale Thermal Science and Engineering(A. Majumdar and K. Okazaki)
2005: July 4í7, Matsushima
Nanoscale Transport Phenomena(G. Chen and K. Okazaki)ߣ㧘ᣣ☨ߦ߅ߌࠆ⎇ⓥߩേะࠍᓸᅱߦ෻ᤋߒߡ࠹࡯
ࡑࠍᄌൻߐߖߥ߇ࠄ㧘12 ᐕ㑆ߦᷰߞߡ⛮⛯ߒߡ߈ߚ㧚ᒰೋߪ㧘ࡑࠢࡠવᾲ߆ࠄࠬࠤ࡯࡞࠳࠙ࡦߒߚ☨࿖஥࡮ಽሶㆇേ߆ࠄⓍߺ਄ߍࠃ߁ߣߒߚᣣᧄ஥㧘࿕૕ߩ☨࿖஥࡮ᵹ૕ߩᣣᧄ஥㧘ᔕ↪⎇ⓥߩ☨࿖஥࡮ၮ␆⎇ⓥߩᣣᧄ஥㧘ߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߦ㧘หߓࡒࠢࡠવᾲߣߪ޿߃ਔ⠪ߩᔒะߪᄢ߈ߊ⇣ߥߞߡ޿ߚ߇㧘ᦨㄭߪ㧘෺ᣇߢℂ⸃߇ㅴߺ㧘߅੕޿ߩ⥝๧߇㊀ߥࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ߈ߚߎߣߦ

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬

-60-

ࠃࠅ㧘
ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊࠍᗵߓࠆߎߣߪ޽߹ࠅߥߊߥߞߡ߈ߚ㧚੹࿁ߪ㧘⇇㕙෻ᔕ߿ࡃࠗࠝࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߥߤ੹ᣣ⊛⺖㗴ߦ߅޿ߡ㊀ⷐߥ࠽ࡁࠬࠤ࡯࡞ߩャㅍ⃻⽎ࠍ࠮ࡒ࠽࡯ߩਥ
㗴ߣߒߚ߇㧘ᣣ☨ߩ෺ᣇ߆ࠄߎߩਥ㗴ߦ߈ߜࠎߣೣߒ
ߚ⎇ⓥ⊒⴫߇ߥߐࠇ㧘ᵴ⊒ߥ⼏⺰߇ⴕࠊࠇߚ㧚࠮ࡒ࠽࡯ߪ㧘
ߎࠇ߹ߢࠃࠅᄙዋෳട⠪ߩ▸࿐ࠍᐢߍ㧘ඳ჻⺖⒟ߩቇ↢߿ࡐࠬ࠼ࠢߥߤࠍ฽߼ߡ㧘ᣣᧄ஥ 30ઙ㧘☨࿖஥ 25 ઙ㧘⸘ 55 ઙߩ⊒⴫߇ⴕࠊࠇߚ㧚㧞㧚࠮ࡒ࠽࡯ߩౝኈ
࠮ࡒ࠽࡯ߢߪ㧘⎇ⓥ⊒⴫෸߮⸛⺰ࠍએਅߩ 5 ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߦಽߌߡⴕߞߚ㧚(1) Carbon nanotubes and novel nanostructured materials(Co-chairs: J. R. Lukes and S. Maruyama)(2) Transport in bio and liquid systems(Co-chairs: P. E. Phelan and S. Takagi)(3) Thermophysical properties of nanostructures andnovel measurement techniques(Co-chairs: M. Asheghi and Y. Nagasaka)(4) Interface and nanoscale reaction and transport(Co-chairs: J. B. Freund and M. Shibahara)(5) Solid-state energy conversion and light & matterinteraction (Co-chairs: A. Shakouri and T. Inoue)ฦ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߪ㧘Ԙ⍴ᤨ㑆㧔1 ઙ 5 ಽ㧕ߩญ㗡⊒⴫㧘ԙࡐࠬ࠲࡯⊒⴫ߦࠃࠆ୘೎ߩ⸛⺰㧘Ԛోຬෳടߦࠃࠆ
ࡄࡀ࡞࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦ㧘ߩ 3 ㇱ᭴ᚑߦࠃࠅ㧘୘೎⸛⺰෸߮ో૕⸛⺰ߦචಽߥᤨ㑆ࠍ⏕଻ߒߡⴕࠊࠇߚ㧚߹ߚ㧘 ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦ࠹࡯ࡑߦ㑐ㅪߩᷓ޿ࠠ࡯ࡁ࡯࠻⻠Ṷ 2ઙ߇ⴕࠊࠇߚ㧚࠮ࡒ࠽࡯ߩᦨᓟߦߪ㧘✚᜝⸛⺰ࠍⴕߞߚ㧚એਅߦߎࠇࠄߩ⹦⚦ߦߟ޿ߡㅀߴࠆ㧚ࠠ࡯ࡁ࡯࠻⻠Ṷ“CVD generation of single-walled carbon nanotubes andtheir applications” (by S. Maruyama)ߢߪ㧘ࠞ࡯ࡏࡦߩଏ
⛎Ḯߣߒߡࠕ࡞ࠦ࡯࡞ࠍ↪޿ߚ CVD ߦࠃࠆࠞ࡯ࡏࡦ

࿖㓙ᵴേ࡮ળ⼏ႎ๔࠽ࡁ࠴ࡘ࡯ࡉߩ㜞⚐ᐲ↢ᚑᛛⴚߣ㧘ࠞ࡯ࡏࡁ࠴ࡘ࡯ࡉ
ࠍ↪޿ߡ࠽ࡁ᭴ㅧࠍ૞ᚑߔࠆᚻᴺ߇⚫੺ߐࠇߚ㧚߹ߚ㧘”Heat and mass transport in nanostructured materials &devices” (by A. Majumdar)ߢߪ㧘⭯⤑࡮⿥ᩰሶ࡮࠽ࡁ࠴
ࡘ࡯ࡉ㧛࠽ࡁࡢࠗࡗ࡮㊂ሶ࠼࠶࠻ߥߤ޿ࠊࠁࠆૐᰴర
ൻߐࠇߚ᭴ㅧߦ߅ߌࠆࡈࠜࡁࡦવዉߦߟ޿ߡߩ⼏⺰߿㧘᳓ṁᶧਛߢ࠺ࡃࠗ㐳એਅߩࠬࠤ࡯࡞ߢ᭴ㅧࠍᒻᚑߒߚ
㓙ߦ⊒⃻ߔࠆ․⇣ߥࠗࠝࡦャㅍ⃻⽎ߦߟ޿ߡߩ⼏⺰߇ዷ㐿ߐࠇߚ㧚
ࠞ࡯ࡏࡦ࠽ࡁ࠴ࡘ࡯ࡉ෸߮㕟ᣂ⊛࠽ࡁ᭴ㅧ᧚ᢱ
ࠞ࡯ࡏࡦ࠽ࡁ࠴ࡘ࡯ࡉߪ㧘↢ᚑᛛⴚߩᚑᾫࠍ⚻ߡ೑↪ᛛⴚߩ㐿⊒߇ㅴߺߟߟ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩャㅍ․ᕈ߇ᭂ߼ߡ
㊀ⷐߥ⺖㗴ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚ࡔࠞ࠾ࠞ࡞ߥ᜼േ㧔ㆇേ㊂ߩャㅍ㧕߿ᾲャㅍ․ᕈ㧘ធὐߦ߅ߌࠆ⇇㕙ᾲᛶ᛫㧘ᾲવዉ₸ߩ᷹ቯᴺߥߤߦߟ޿ߡ⼏⺰߇ⴕࠊࠇߚ㧚߹ߚ㧘࠽ࡁ᭴ㅧ᧚ᢱߣߒߡᵈ⋡ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ࠽ࡁࡢࠗࡗ߿ࠢ࡜
ࠬ࠲࡯ߩᾲવዉ․ᕈ߿㧘࡟࡯ࠩ࡯ࠍ↪޿ߚ࠽ࡁ᭴ㅧߩ
⵾૞ᛛⴚ߇ႎ๔ߐࠇߚ㧚ࡃࠗࠝ෸߮ᶧ૕ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦ߅ߌࠆャㅍ⃻⽎࠽ࡁ᭴ㅧߩ⵾૞ᛛⴚ߿࠽ࡁ⃻⽎ߩ⸘᷹ᛛⴚߩㅴዷߦ
઻ߞߡ㧘࠽ࡁࠬࠤ࡯࡞ߢᭂ߼ߡ㜞ല₸ߥࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ⵝ
⟎޽ࠆ޿ߪャㅍⵝ⟎ߣߒߡߩࡃࠗࠝࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇ᵈ⋡ࠍ㓸߼ߡ޿ࠆ㧚
ߎࠇ߹ߢߩ 10 ᐕ㑆ߦᔕ↪ᛛⴚ߇ᕆㅦߦ⊒㆐ߒߚ MEMS ߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ㧘ࡃࠗࠝࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ᶧ૕㧔․ߦ᳓㧕ࠍᇦ૕ߣߒߚᾲ࡮‛⾰㧔ࠗࠝࡦ㧕ャㅍ⃻⽎߇ᭂ߼ߡ㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆ㧚ࠗࠝࡦ߿ࡃࠗࠝಽሶߩㆬᛯ
⊛ャㅍࠍน⢻ߦߔࠆ࠽ࡁࡈ࡞ࠗ࠺ࠖࠢࠬߩࠦࡦ࠮ࡊ࠻㧘↢૕⤑ߩࡑ࡞࠴ࠬࠤ࡯࡞ࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩ⠨߃ᣇ㧘ⴊ▤ౝߩ‛⾰⒖േ㧘࠽ࡁ☸ሶ Ộᶧߩᾲャㅍ․ᕈߩ⸘
᷹⚿ᨐߣℂ⺰ߥߤ߇ႎ๔ߐࠇߚ㧚࠽ࡁ᭴ㅧߩᾲ‛ᕈ෸߮㕟ᣂ⊛⸘᷹ᛛⴚ⭯⤑ߩᾲવዉ₸ߥߤ࠽ࡁ᭴ㅧ߇␜ߔ․⇣ߥᾲᵹ૕‛ᕈࠍ㜞♖ᐲߢ⸘᷹ߔࠆᚻᴺࠍ⏕┙ߒ㧘⸘᷹ߐࠇߚ࠺࡯
࠲ࠍ♽⛔⊛ߦℂ⸃ߔࠆߎߣߪ㧘࠽ࡁࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ੹ᓟߩ
⊒ዷߩၮ␆ߣߒߡਇนᰳߥ㊀ὐ⺖㗴ߢ޽ࠆ㧚࡝ࡊࡠࡦ⸘᷹ߦࠃࠆ㜞ಽሶනಽሶ⤑ߩ☼ᒢᕈ᷹ቯ㧘ㄭធ႐శ⸘
᷹ߦࠃࠆ࠽ࡁࠬࠤ࡯࡞ᾲ‛ᕈ⸘᷹㧘ࡑࠗࠢࡠᾲ‛ᕈ⸘᷹ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩᔕ↪㧘Άᢱ㔚ᳰ⤑ߦ߅ߌࠆࡊࡠ࠻ࡦャㅍࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓ㧘࿕૕⚿᥏ߩ࠽ࡁ᭴ㅧ೙ᓮߦࠃࠆ․⇣ߥᾲવዉ₸ߩ⊒⃻㧘⿥ᩰሶ࿕૕ߦ߅ߌࠆᾲ⃻⽎㧘ᔕ↪࠺ࡃࠗࠬߦ߅ߌࠆ࠽ࡁࠬࠤ࡯࡞ᾲવዉ㧘ಽሶേജቇ⸃ᨆߦ
ࠃࠆࡈࠜࡁࡦャㅍ․ᕈ㧘࠽ࡁࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦ߅ߌࠆᔕജߩ
ቯ⟵ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⼏⺰ߥߤ߇ႎ๔ߐࠇߚ㧚⇇㕙෸߮࠽ࡁࠬࠤ࡯࡞ߦ߅ߌࠆ෻ᔕ෸߮ャㅍ⃻⽎࠽ࡁࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘⇇㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆൻቇ෻ᔕ߿
ャㅍ⃻⽎߇ࡃ࡞ࠢ⃻⽎ߦථ⿧ߒߡࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩᯏ⢻ࠍᡰ㈩ߔࠆߚ߼㧘ࡃ࡞ࠢߣ⇣ߥࠆ⇇㕙․᦭ߩャㅍ⃻⽎ࠍ⷗಴ߒߡߘߩ․ᕈࠍᛠីߔࠆߎߣ߇㧘ᣂߒ޿ᯏ⢻ࠍ߽ߟ࠽ࡁࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ㐿⊒ߔࠆߚ߼ߦᔅⷐਇนᰳߢ޽ࠆ㧚⚿᥏⇇㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆࡈࠜࡁࡦߩ᜼േ߿⇇㕙ᾲᛶ᛫㧘Άᢱ㔚ᳰ㔚ᭂߦ߅ߌࠆ⴫㕙⸅ᇦ෻ᔕ㧘࿕૕⴫㕙߳ߩ᳓⫳᳇ߩๆ⌕㧘ಽሶⴣ⓭ߦࠃࠆࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯વ㆐㧘࠽ࡁࡃࡉ࡞ߩ
⴫㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆജቇ⊛ᐔⴧ⁁ᘒ߿⇣⒳ಽሶߩขࠅㄟߺ㧘࿕ᶧ⇇㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆᾲᛶ᛫߿Ứࠇᕈߥߤ㧘᭽‫ߣ⽎⃻ߥޘ‬
ߘߩ․ᕈ߇⚫੺ߐࠇ㧘ߘߩࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓ߇⼏⺰ߐࠇߚ㧚
࿕૕‛ℂቇ⊛ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ᄌ឵߅ࠃ߮శ࡮‛⾰ᐓᷤ⃻⽎ᾲ㔚ᄌ឵ߥߤ࿕૕‛ℂቇ⊛ߥࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ᄌ឵ࡊࡠ࠮
ࠬ߿㧘శ࡮㔚⏛ᵄߣ‛⾰ߣߩ⋧੕ᐓᷤߪ㧘㊀ⷐߥᔕ↪
ᛛⴚߢ޽ࠆࡍ࡞࠴ࠚ⚛ሶ߿࡟࡯ࠩ࡯ടᎿߥߤߩࠠ࡯ߣ
ߥࠆ⃻⽎ߢ޽ࠆߣ౒ߦ㧘ᦨㄭߢߪᾲ᡼኿ߩ೙ᓮߥߤᣂ
ߚߥᔕ↪߽ᐢ߇ࠅߟߟ޽ࠆ㧚࠽ࡁࠬࠤ࡯࡞ᾲ᡼኿ߩේ
ℂߣน⢻ᕈ㧘ࡈࠜ࠻࠾࠶ࠢ⚿᥏ߩᾲ᡼኿․ᕈ㧘ࡑࠗࠢࡠࠬࠤ࡯࡞᭴ㅧ⴫㕙ߦࠃࠆᾲ᡼኿ߩᵄ㐳․ᕈߩㆬᛯ㧘᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᾲ㔚ᄌ឵⚛ሶߩ․ᕈ㧘‛⾰ߦᾖ኿ߐࠇߚశ߆ࠄ
ᾲ߳ߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ᄌ឵ߥߤ߇⼏⺰ߐࠇߚ㧚✚᜝⸛⺰✚᜝⸛⺰ߢߪ㧘એ਄ߩ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߩᚑᨐࠍ߹ߣ߼㧘੹ᓟߩขࠅ⚵ߺߦߟ޿ߡ⼏⺰߇ⴕࠊࠇߚ㧚MEMS ᔕ↪
߇৻ቯߩᚑᾫᲑ㓏ߦ㆐ߒߡ⃻࿷ߪ࠽ࡁ᭴ㅧߦࠃࠆᣂᯏ
⢻ߩ⊒⃻ߦ㊀ὐ߇⒖ࠅߟߟ޽ࠆߎߣ㧘ࡃࠗࠝࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ
߿ฦ⒳⇇㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆャㅍ⃻⽎ߩℂ⸃߇᳿ቯ⊛ߦ㊀ⷐߢ
޽ࠆߎߣ㧘੹ᓟ߽ᣣ☨ߩ✕ኒߥࠦ࡜ࡏ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߇ᔅ
ⷐߢ޽ࠆߎߣߥߤ߇ࠦࡦ࠮ࡦࠨࠬߣߒߡᓧࠄࠇߚ㧚㧟㧚߻ߔ߮
ᣣ☨ߢ⌀೶ߥ࠮ࡒ࠽࡯ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߪ㧘⋧ᚻߩ୘‫ߩޘ‬࠹࡯ࡑ߿⎇ⓥߩേะߦߟ޿ߡᖱႎࠍᓧࠆߚ߼ߛߌߢߪ
ߥߊ㧘⥄ಽߚߜߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍ⷗ߟ߼⋥ߔߚ߼ߦ߽
㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߎߩᗧ๧ߢߪ㧘ㅴขߩ᳇ᕈ߿⋡ᮡߩ⸳ቯߥߤ㧘☨࿖஥ߩࠕࠢ࠹ࠖࡆ࠹ࠖߩᩮᧄߦ޽ࠆ߽ߩࠍ⷟
޿ߡߺࠆߎߣߦ߽ଔ୯߇޽ࠈ߁㧚ᣣᧄ஥߽චಽߥࠗࡦ
ࡄࠢ࠻ࠍ㙃޿ߟߟ㧘੹ᓟ߽ᣣ☨ߢᵴ⊒ߥࠗࡦ࠲࡜ࠢࠪ
࡚ࡦ߇ᦸ߹ࠇࠆߣߎࠈߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᰴ࿁ߩ࠮ࡒ࠽࡯ߪ 2008ᐕߦࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ㧔ᧄ࿯㧕ߢ㐿௅ߩ੍ቯߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᦨᓟߦ㧘᧲Ꮏᄢߦ߅޿ߡ࠮ࡒ࠽࡯੐ോߦߏዧജ޿ߚ
ߛ޿ߚફା৻ᘮవ↢ߦෘߊ߅␞↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬-61-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

ࠪ࡝࡯࠭ ඳ‛㙚߼ߋࠅਛ⼱ቝศ㇢ 㔐ߩ⑼ቇ㙚Nakaya Ukichiro Museum of Snow and Ice␹↰ ஜਃ㧔ਛ⼱ቝศ㇢ 㔐ߩ⑼ቇ㙚㧕
Kenzo KANDA (Nakaya Ukichiro Museum of Snow and Ice)e-mail: yuki-mus@blue.hokuriku.ne.jpߪߓ߼ߦ

ᑪ▽࡮㔵࡮ᤋ௝‫ޟ‬㔐ߪᄤ߆ࠄㅍࠄࠇߚᚻ⚕ߢ޽ࠆ‫⪲⸒߁޿ߣޠ‬ߢ⍮ࠄࠇࠆਛ⼱ቝศ㇢㧔1900㨪62㧕ߪ㧘਎⇇ߢೋ߼ߡੱᎿ㔐ࠍߟߊࠆߎߣߦᚑഞߒ㧘㔐߿᳖ߩ⚿᥏㧘⌕᳖㧘ಓ਄㧘㔵㧘᳓⾗Ḯߥߤ㧘ૐ᷷⑼ቇߩ⻉ಽ㊁ࠍ㐿ᜏߒߚ‫ޟ‬㔐ඳ჻‫ࠆ޽ߢޠ‬㧚ቝศ㇢ߪ㓐╩ኅߣߒߡ߽⍮ࠄࠇ㧘⥄ಽߩ⎇ⓥߩㆊ⒟ࠍ๧ࠊ޿ᷓ޿ᢥ
૕ߢ⚫੺ߒ㧘⑼ቇ߿⧓ⴚ߆ࠄりㄭߥ᥵ߒߩ⹤㗴߹ߢ㧘ஜ╩ࠍ߰ࠆߞߚ㧚߹ߚ㧘⑼ቇᤋ↹ࠍ૞ࠅ㧘ጤᵄᤋ↹⵾૞ᚲߩഃ⸳ߦ߽ነਈߒߚ㧚ᴤ⛗߿ა⛗ࠍឬ߈㧘ഥ౐ࠍ〭ࠆߥߤ㧘⿰๧߽⼾߆ߢ޽ߞߚ
‫ޟ‬ਛ⼱ቝศ㇢㔐ߩ⑼ቇ㙚‫ߪޠ‬㧘ቝศ㇢ߩ↢ኅ߇޽ߞߚ ጊᵤ᷷ᴰߦ㓞ធߔࠆầᵤ↸ߦട⾐Ꮢ߇ᑪ⸳ߒ㧘ᐔᚑ 6 ᐕ㧔1994㧕11 ᦬ߦ㐿㙚ߒߚ㧚㙚ᑪ⸳ߩ⋡⊛ߪ㧘ㇹ࿯಴りߩఝࠇߚ⑼ቇ⠪ߩੱ㑆௝ߣߘߩᬺ❣㧘⎇ⓥኻ⽎ߛߞߚ㔐ߣ᳖ߩ⑼ቇߩ
㝯ജࠍ⚫੺ߒ㧘Ꮢ᳃߿㕍ዋᐕ߳ߩ⑼ቇ᥉෸ߦነਈ
ߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠅ㧘߹ߚ㧘᷷ᴰࠍ޿ߊߟ߽ᜬߟട⾐Ꮢߩⷰశࠬࡐ࠶࠻ߩ৻ߟߣߒߡ㧘ᄙߊߩⷰశቴߩ
᧪⸰ࠍᦼᓙߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ᑪ▽⸳⸘ߪ⏷ፒᣂ᳁߇ᜂᒰߒߚ㧚ᩊጊẟߦធߒ㧘⊕ጊࠍᦸ߻ߣ޿߁᥊ⷰࠍ↢߆ߒߚ⸳⸘ߢ޽ࠅ㧘⋥✢⊛ߥ᭴ㅧ㧘ฎኹࠍᕁࠊߖࠆࠃ߁ߥᄖო㧘㔐ߩ⚿᥏ࠍ⽎ᓽߒߚ 6 ⷺߩႡ߇ 3 ߟਗ߱ᄖⷰߥߤ߇․ᓽ
ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ਛᐸߪ㧘ቝศ㇢ߩᦨᓟߩ⎇ⓥ࿾࡮ࠣ࡝࡯ࡦ࡜ࡦ
࠼߆ࠄㆇ߫ࠇߚ 60 ࠻ࡦߩጤ⍹߇ᢝ߈ߟ߼ߡ޽ࠅ㧘ߎߎߦੱᎿߩ㔵㧔‫ޟ‬㔵ߩᓂೞ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬㧕߇ᵹࠇ㧘ᐛᗐ⊛ߥ㔓࿐᳇߇ߟߊࠄࠇࠆ㧚ቝศ㇢ߩᰴᅚ࡮ਛ⼱⦹ੑሶ᳁ߩഃ᩺ߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᤋ௝ࡎ࡯࡞ߢߪ㧘‫⑼ޟ‬ቇߔࠆߎߎࠈ̆ਛ⼱ቝศ㇢ߩ਎⇇‫ࠍޠ‬Ფᣣ 7 ࿁਄ᤋߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚߆ߟߡቝศ
㇢߇⋙ୃߒߚᤋ↹ߩ৻ㇱ߽ขࠅㄟߺ㧘ᣂߚߦ೙૞
ߒߚ߽ߩߢ㧘ቝศ㇢ߩ↢ᶦ߿㔐ߩ⎇ⓥࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߩߦᓎ┙ߟౝኈߢ޽ࠆ㧚౮⌀ 1. ਛ⼱ቝศ㇢㔐ߩ⑼ቇ㙚㧔⢛᥊ߦᩊጊẟߣ⊕ጊ㧕ዷ␜ቶߦߪ㔐᳖ታ㛎ࠦ࡯࠽࡯߽
ዷ␜᭴ᗐߪቝศ㇢㐷ਅߩᮘญᢘੑ᳁ࠍ࠴࡯ࡈߦ
ߒߚᆔຬળߦࠃߞߡ߹ߣ߼ࠄࠇߚ߽ߩߢ㧘ቝศ㇢ߩ‫ޠࠅߥߣߣ߭ޟ‬㧘‫ޟ‬㔐ߩ⚿᥏‫ޠ‬㧘‫ޟ‬᳖ߩ⚿᥏‫ߤߥޠ‬
5 ߟߩ࠱࡯ࡦߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚࿑ 1. ਛ⼱ቝศ㇢ߩᢥൻੱಾᚻ
㧔2000 ᐕߦ⊒ⴕߐࠇߚ㧕વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬-62-ࠪ࡝࡯࠭ ඳ‛㙚߼ߋࠅߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚↪ᗧߒߡ޽ࠆ᳖ࠍᠲ૞ߒߡ౉㙚⠪߇ታ㛎ߒ㧘ࠬࠢ࡝࡯ࡦߦ᜛ᄢᛩᓇߐߖߡⷰኤߔ
ࠆ㧚ᣂߚߥ૕㛎ࠦ࡯࠽࡯ߣߒߡ㧘ᢙᐕ೨߆ࠄ‫ࠗ࠳ޟ‬ࡗࡕࡦ࠼࠳ࠬ࠻‫ߩޠ‬ታ㛎߽ⴕߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚಄ಓᐶߩਛߢ㔐ߩ⿒ߜ߾ࠎ࡮᳖᥏ࠍ⊒↢ߐߖࠆߎߩታ㛎ߪ‫ޔ‬⟤ߒߊਇᕁ⼏ߥታ㛎ߣߒߡੱ᳇߇޽ࠆ㧚ᆫࠍᄌ߃ࠆ᳓ߦߟ޿ߡߩᩰᅢߩᢎ᧚ߛߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆ㧚ዷ␜ߩ⸃⺑ߪ㧘㓐╩ߩ⴫⃻ࠍ↢߆ߒ㧘ၮᧄ⊛ߦቝศ㇢⥄りߩ⸒⪲ߢⴕ߁߆ߚߜߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚ᦨೋߩࠦ࡯࠽࡯ߩ‫ߪߢޠࡦ࡯࠱ࠅߥߣߣ߭ޟ‬㧘ᐕઍࠍㅊߞߡ㧘ࠁ߆ࠅߩຠ㧘౮⌀㧘ߎߣ߫ߥߤߢ
⚫੺ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ᕲᏧ࡮ኹ↰ኑᒾࠍߪߓ߼㧘ฦ⇇ߩੱߣߩ಴ળ޿߿੤ᵹߦ߽ᵈ⋡ߒߡ᰼ߒ޿㧚↢⺀  ᐕ㧘㐿㙚  ๟ᐕࠍ⚻ߡ
1994 ᐕߦ㐿㙚ߒߚᓟ㧘2000 ᐕߪቝศ㇢ߩ↢⺀
100 ᐕ㧘2004 ᐕߪ㐿㙚 10 ๟ᐕߩ▵⋡ߦ޽ߚࠅ㧘ߘࠇࠄࠍ⸥ᔨߔࠆࠗࡌࡦ࠻߇㐿௅ߐࠇߚ㧚↢⺀ 100 ᐕߦߪ㧘᧲੩㧘ർᶏ㆏ߥߤߢ߽⸥ᔨߩ
ࠗࡌࡦ࠻߇㐿௅ߐࠇ㧘ቝศ㇢ߩᢥൻੱಾᚻ߇⊒ⴕߐࠇ㧘‫ޡ‬ਛ⼱ቝศ㇢㓸‫ ోޢ‬8 Ꮞ㧔ጤᵄᦠᐫ㧕߽ೀⴕߐࠇߚ㧚㙚߿ട⾐Ꮢߢߪ㧘⸥ᔨࡈࠜ࡯࡜ࡓ㧘‫ޟ‬ኑᒾߣቝศ㇢ߩ⛗↹ዷ‫ޠ‬㧘ో࿖ࠦࡦࡍߦࠃࠆ‫ޟ‬㔐ߩ࠺ࠩ
ࠗࡦ⾨‫ߩޠ‬૞ຠዷ㧘ᣣᧄ㔐᳖ቇળో࿖ᄢળߥߤࠍ
㐿௅ߒߚ㧚ߎߩ߁ߜ㧘‫ޟ‬㔐ߩ࠺ࠩࠗࡦ⾨‫ࠍޠ‬ታᣉߒߚߩߪ㧘㔐⚿᥏ߩ⟤ߒߐߣߣ߽ߦ㧘ቝศ㇢⥄り߇࠺ࠩࠗࡦ
ࠍᭉߒࠎߛߎߣ߇⢛᥊ߦ޽ߞߚ㧚‫ޟ‬㔐ߩ࠺ࠩࠗࡦ
⾨‫ߪޠ‬ᅢ⹏ߛߞߚߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘ߘߩᓟ߽㓒ᐕ㐿௅ߦࠃࠅ㧘ࠦࡦࡍߪ╙ 3 ࿁㧔2004 ᐕ㧕߹ߢⴕࠊࠇߚ㧚౉ㆬ૞ຠߩਛ߆ࠄ㧘‫ޟ‬㔐ߣ᳖ߩ ABC ࠞ࡞࠲‫ޠ‬㧘‫౐ޟ‬⧎᳖ࡕ࡯࡞࠼‫ߤߥޠ‬ᣂߒ޿ࠣ࠶߽࠭⺀↢ߒߚ㧚
2000 ᐕߪ㧘ࡒ࡟࠾ࠕࡓߣߒߡ․㓸ࠍ⚵߻ࡑࠬࠦࡒ߇ᄙߊ㧘ᦺᣣᣂ⡞ߪ‫ޟ‬ㆊ෰ 1000 ᐕߢ߽ߞߣ߽வ
಴ߒߚᣣᧄߩ⑼ቇ⠪‫ࠍޠ‬ㆬ߱⺒⠪ᛩ␿ࠍⴕߞߚ߇㧘ቝศ㇢ߪ 6 ૏ߦㆬ߫ࠇߚ㧚౮⌀ 2. ߭ߣߣߥࠅ࠱࡯ࡦ

‫ޟ‬㔐ߩ⚿᥏‫ߪߢࡦ࡯࠱ޠ‬㧘਎⇇ߢೋ߼ߡੱᎿ㔐ࠍᚑ㐳ߐߖࠆߎߣߦᚑഞߒߚ㧘ർᶏ㆏ᄢቇߦ޽ߞ
ߚᏱᤨૐ᷷⎇ⓥቶߩ᭽ሶࠍᓳరߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߘߒߡ㧘౮⌀ࡄࡀ࡞㧘࡟ࡊ࡝ࠞ㧘┙૕ⷞ㧘ࡆ࠺ࠝߥߤ㧘ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥᚻᴺߢ㔐ߩ⚿᥏ߦߟ޿ߡ⚫੺ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚‫ޟ‬᳖ߩ⚿᥏‫ߪߦࡦ࡯࠱ޠ‬㧘‫࡞࠳ࡦ࠴ޟ‬௝‫ޠ‬ታ㛎ߩ૕㛎ࠦ࡯࠽࡯߇޽ࠆ㧚᳖ߦᒝ޿శࠍ޽ߡࠆߣ㧘᳖ߩౝㇱ߇Ⲣߌߛߒ㧘Ⲣߌࠆᒻ߇㔐ߩ⚿᥏ߣࠃߊૃ
ߚ 6 ⷺᒻߦߥࠆ㧚ߎࠇ߇࠴ࡦ࠳࡞௝ߢ㧘ࠗࠡ࡝ࠬ
ߩ⑼ቇ⠪࠴ࡦ࠳࡞߇⊒⷗ߒ㧘ቝศ㇢߇⹦ߒߊ⎇ⓥ

౮⌀ 3. ࠴ࡦ࠳࡞௝

౮⌀ 4. ౐⧎᳖ࡕ࡯࡞࠼

㧔᳖ߦశࠍ޽ߡࠆߣ㧘᳖ߩౝㇱ߇Ⲣߌߡ㔐ߦૃߚᒻߦߥࠆ㧚ߎߩ႐วߩ“વᾲ”ߪ᡼኿㧕㧔᳖ࠍ᜽߻ߣߺࠆߺࠆ߁ߜߦ᳖ߩࡍࡦ࠳ࡦ࠻
ߦ㧚㊄ዻߩ“વᾲ”㧔ᾲવዉ㧕ߩᢎ᧚ߦߥࠆ㧕-63-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No.188ࠪ࡝࡯࠭ ඳ‛㙚߼ߋࠅ

৻Ⅳߣߒߡ㧘ᐕᧃߦߪ㧘⟤ߒ޿㔐߇㒠ࠆർᶏ㆏ߩ
ᄢ㔐ጊ㣽߳ⷫሶߢ಴߆ߌ㧘⚿᥏ⷰኤߥߤࠍⴕߞߡ
޿ࠆ㧚੹ᐕ㧔2005㧕㧘11㨪12 ᦬ߦߪ㧘ࡃ࡞࠻ 3 ࿖ߩ 1ߟ㧘࡜࠻ࡆࠕ౒๺࿖ߢ㧘ቝศ㇢ߣ㔐᳖ࠍゲߦߒߚዷⷩળ߇㐿௅ߐࠇࠆ㧚᧪㙚᩺ౝ૑ ᚲ㧦 ‫ޥ‬922-0411 ⍹Ꮉ⋵ട⾐Ꮢầᵤ↸㨼-106㔚 ⹤㧦 0761-75-3323
㐿㙚ᤨ㑆㧦9㧦00㨪17㧦00㧔౉㙚ߪ 16㧦30 ߹ߢ㧕ભ㙚ᣣ㧦᳓ᦐᣣ㧔␸ᣣߩ႐วߪ㐿㙚㧕㧘ᐕᧃᐕᆎ౉㙚ᢱ㧦ᄢੱ 500 ౞㧚75 ᚽએ਄ 250 ౞㧚㜞ᩞ↢એਅήᢱ㧚㧔࿅૕ഀᒁ㧕20 ฬએ਄ߢ 1 ੱ 420౞੤ ㅢ㧦ർ㒽⥄േゞ㆏ ጊᵤࠗࡦ࠲࡯߆ࠄゞߢ 5
ಽ㧚JR ട⾐᷷ᴰ㚞߆ࠄࡃࠬ㧔CAN BUS㧕
ߢ 15 ಽ㧚ዊ᧻ⓨ᷼߆ࠄゞߢ 15 ಽࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫ㧦
http://www.city.kaga.ishikawa.jp/yuki/౮⌀ 5. 㔐ᵢߩߥ߆ߢ⚿᥏ࠍⷰኤ㧔ᄢ㔐ጊ㣽ᣩጪ᷷ᴰߢ㧕
2004 ᐕߩ㨬10 ๟ᐕߩߟߤ޿㨭ߢߪᱠߺࠍ߰ࠅ㄰
ߞߚ㧚10 ᐕ㑆ߦ 33 ਁੱ૛ࠅ߇౉㙚⠪ߒߚ㧚
2004 ᐕ߆ࠄ 3 ᐕ⛮⛯ߩ੍ቯߢ‫ޟ‬ሶߤ߽㔐ඳ჻ᢎቶ‫ޠ‬㧔ᢥ⑼⋭࡮⑼ඳᆔ⸤੐ᬺ㧕ߣߒߡ㧘᦬ 1㨪㧞࿁㧘ሶߤ߽ኻ⽎ߩታ㛎ߥߤߩⴕ੐ࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߘߩ

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬-64-

r t TransferHea<ᾲ᳇⃿ߩવᾲ

r t Transfer
Hea<

Heat Transfer Problem of Hot-Air Balloon㋈ᧁ 㓶ੑ㧔᧲੩ᄢቇ㧕
Yuji SUZUKI (The University of Tokyo)
e-mail: ysuzuki@thtlab.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp ᦨㄭ㧘ᾲ᳇⃿ߦਸ਼ࠆᯏળ߇޽ߞߚ㧚‫ߖ߁ߤޟ‬ਸ਼ࠆߥࠄ‫ߣޠ‬㧘㘑છߖߢ㘧ࠎߢⴕߊࠦ࡯ࠬࠍㆬࠎߛ㧚࠽ࠗࡠࡦ⵾ߩ᳇⃿ߪ⤘ࠄ߻ߣ⋥ᓘ 15m ߶ߤߢ㧘ੱ㑆ߪਅߦ߱ࠄਅ߇ߞߚ☍✬ߺߩࡃࠬࠤ࠶࠻ߦਸ਼ࠆ㧚᳇⃿ߩਅߦߪࡃ࡯࠽࡯߇ขࠅઃߌࠄࠇߡ޿ߡ㧘ࡄࠗࡠ࠶࠻
߇ࡊࡠࡄࡦࠟࠬࠍࠍ㑆ᰳ⊛ߦΆ߿ߒߡ᳇⃿ౝߩ᷷ᐲࠍ 100ޯ120͠ߦ଻ߟ㧚㊀㊂ߪੱ㑆ࠍ౉ࠇߡ 500kg ⒟ᐲߣߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ㧚ࡃࠬࠤ࠶࠻ߦਸ਼ߞߡࡄࠗࡠ࠶࠻
ߩ⺑᣿ࠍ޿ࠈ޿ࠈ⡞޿ߡ޿ࠆߣ㧘⓭ὼᶋ߈਄߇ߞߚ㧚ߎߩᗵⷡߪઁߦ⚻㛎ߒߚߎߣ߇ߥߊ㧘߶ߣࠎߤ࡚ࠪ
࠶ࠢߥߒߦࠬ࡞ࠬ࡞ߣ਄᣹ߒߡ޿ߊ㧚ߺࠆߺࠆ߁ߜ
ߦ 50m㧘100m ߣ਄߇ߞߡ޿ߊ㧚ߐߞ߈㔌㒽ߒߚ႐ᚲߦ޿ߚੱߚߜߪ☨☸ߩࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡߒ߹ߞߚ㧚 ⓨ᳇ߩᵹࠇߣ৻✜ߦᵹߐࠇࠆߩߢ㧘㘑ߪ߶ߣࠎߤ
ᗵߓߕ㧘ࡃ࡯࠽࡯ࠍά޿ߡ޿ߥ޿ߣ߈ߪ㠽ߩ㡆߈ჿ߇ਅ߆ࠄ⡞ߎ߃ߡߊࠆ߶ߤ㕒߆ߢᔃ࿾ࠃ޿㧚޽ߞߣ޿߁㑆ߦ 650m ߋࠄ޿ߢ߹ߢ਄᣹ߒ㧘ಽᢔߒߚ㔕߇ਅߦ⷗߃ࠆ߶ߤߦߥߞߚ㧚㔕ߦ᳇⃿ߩᓇ߇ᤋࠅ㧘๟࿐ߦⰂߩࠃ߁ߥᮨ᭽߇⷗߃ࠆ㧚ጊᅢ߈ߥᣇߦߪ๟⍮ߩߎߣ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿߇㧘Mie ᢔੂߩᵄ㐳ଐሽᕈ߆ࠄ
↢ߓࠆࡉࡠ࠶ࠤࡦ⃻⽎ߣ޿߁ߩߛߘ߁ߛ㧚࠽ࠬࠞߩ࿾਄⛗ߪฎઍੱ߇ᾲ᳇⃿߆ࠄ⷗ߚߣ޿߁⺑߽޽ࠆ߆ࠄ㧘ߎࠎߥ᥊⦡߽⷗ߚߩ߆ߥ޼ߣᗵỗߒߚ㧚 ࠣ࡜ࠗ࠳࡯ߩᠲ❑߽ߘ߁ߢ޽ࠆߣ⡞޿ߚ߇㧘⦟޿ࡄࠗࡠ࠶࠻ߪ㘑ࠍ⺒߻ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠄߒ޿㧚㜞ᐲߦࠃߞߡ㘑ะ߈߇㆑߁ߎߣࠍ೑↪ߒߡ㧘㘑છߖߣߪ⸒
޿ߥ߇ࠄ㧘3km 㔌ࠇߚ⋡ᮡߦ㧝ࡔ࡯࠻࡞એਅ߹ߢㄭ
ߠߊߎߣ߽ਇน⢻ߢߪߥ޿ߣߩߎߣߛߞߚ㧚 ࡈ࡜ࠗ࠻ߪ߹ߛ⛯޿ߡ޿ߚ߇㧘߭ߣߒ߈ࠅ᥊⦡ࠍ
ᭉߒࠎߛ޽ߣߢ㧘ࠃߖ߫޿޿ߩߦᾲ᳇⃿ߩવᾲ߇᳇
ߦߥߞߡ߈ߚ㧚ߘ߽ߘ߽㧘ᄢੱ㧡ੱ߇ਸ਼ࠇࠆߛߌߩ
ᶋജ߇޽ࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆㧫᛬ⷺᥦ߼ߚⓨ᳇߇ߔߋߦ಄
߃ߡߒ߹ࠊߥ޿߆㧘ߥߤ㧚 ߹ߕ㧘⋥ᓘ 15m ߩ᳇⃿ౝߩⓨ᳇ߩ⾰㊂ߪ㧘30͠ߢ
2000kg ߽޽ࠅ㧘120͠ߢߪ 500kg ߩᶋജ߇ᓧࠄࠇࠆ㧚᳇᷷߇ 0͠ߢߪ 700kg ߩᶋജ߇↢ߓ㧘ᄐߣ౻ߢߪⓍ-65-

タߢ߈ࠆ㊀㊂߇ 200kg ߽㆑߁ࠃ߁ߛ㧚 㘑ߦਸ਼ߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢ㧘᳇⃿ߩⓨ᳇ߦኻߔࠆ⋧ኻㅦᐲߪ߶߷ 0 ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ᾲ᳇⃿ߪᄖ஥߆ࠄ⥄ὼኻᵹߢ಄
߿ߐࠇࠆ㧚᳇⃿ࠍ⋥ᓘ 15m ߩ⃿ߣ઒ቯߔࠆߣࠣ࡜ࠬ
ࡎࡈᢙߪ 1013 ߣ㕖Ᏹߦᄢ߈ߊ㧘ੂᵹ⁁ᘒ߇੍ᗐߐࠇ
ࠆ㧚᳇⃿ᄖ஥ߩ࠿࠮࡞࠻ᢙࠍࠣ࡜ࠬࡎࡈᢙߩ 1/4 ਸ਼ߢࠛࠗࡗ࠶ߣ⸘▚ߔࠆߣ㧘103 ⒟ᐲߣߥࠆ㧚㑆ᰳ⊛ߦᒝὓߥΆ὾ࠫࠚ࠶࠻߇็߈ㄟ߹ࠇࠆ᳇⃿ౝ஥ߩᵹࠇ
߇ߤ߁ߥߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿߇㧘ᒝ޿ኻᵹߦࠃߞ
ߡ⦟ߊᷙߑߞߡ޿ࠆߣൎᚻߦ઒ቯߒ㧘᳇⃿ౝㇱߩⓨ᳇᷷ᐲᄌൻߩᤨቯᢙࠍ⸘▚ߔࠆߣ⚂ 20 ಽߣߥࠆ㧚ᓥߞߡ㧘ᶋജࠍ 10%એౝߦ଻ߟߦߪ 2 ಽ߅߈ߦࡃ࡯࠽
࡯ࠍάߊᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅߘ߁ߛ㧚ታ㓙ߩᾲ᳇⃿ߩ⁁ᴫߣᲧセ⊛ㄭ޿ࠃ߁ߛ߇㧘หᤨߦ㧘⌀㕙⋡ߦ⸘▚ߔࠆߩߪ⚿᭴㔍ߒߘ߁ߛߣ޿߁ߎߣ್߽ߞߚ㧚 ߘ߁ߎ߁ߒߡ޿ࠆ߁ߜߦ㧘ዊ㧝ᤨ㑆ߩࡈ࡜ࠗ࠻߽
⚳ࠊࠅߦㄭߠ޿ߡ߈ߚ㧚㘧ⴕߒߡ޿ࠆ޽ߚࠅߪ෼ⓠߩ⚳ࠊߞߚ⇌߇ᄙߊ㧘ࡄࠗࡠ࠶࠻ߪ࿾਄ߩࠨࡐ࡯࠻
ߦή✢ߢㅪ⛊ߒ㧘ߤߩㄝߦ㒠ࠅࠆ߆ࠍㅪ⛊ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ࠊߕ߆ߥᮮ㘑ߦᵹߐࠇߥ߇ࠄ㧘ߺࠆߺࠆ࿾㕙߇ㄭߠ޿ߡ߈ߚ㧚᳇⃿ߦ࿾਄ߩࠨࡐ࡯࠻ߩੱߚߜ߇૬⿛ߒ
ߡ߈ߡ㧘ࡃࠬࠤ࠶࠻ࠍ᝝߹߃ߚ㧚ή੐ߦ㒠ࠅࠄࠇߚ㧘ߣᕁ߁㑆߽ߥߊ㧘‫޿ߪޟ‬㧘ߎߩ߹߹ୟࠇ߹࡯ߔ‫ࡄߩޠ‬ࠗࡠ࠶࠻ߩჿߣ౒ߦࡃࠬࠤ࠶࠻ߏߣ࠼࡯ࡦߣᮮୟߒ
ߦߥߞߚ㧚㘑ߩ⁁ᴫ߇ᖡ޿ߣ㧘ᮮୟߒߩ߹߹ᒁ߈ߕ
ࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߽޽ࠆࠃ߁ߢ㧘ೋࡈ࡜ࠗ࠻ߩ⌕㒽ߩ⁁ᘒ߇ᾲ᳇⃿ߩᅢ߈ህ޿
ࠍߛ޿߱Ꮐฝߔࠆࠄ
ߒ޿㧚ੱߩਸ਼ࠆㇱಽ߇☍✬ߺߥߩߪߎߩ
ߚ߼߆㧘ߣ޿߁ߎߣ
߇߿ߞߣ್ߞߚ㧚 ߹ߚ࠴ࡖࡦࠬ߇޽
ࠇ߫㧘੹ᐲߪ߽߁ߜ
ࠂߞߣᾲ⸘▚ߩ੍⠌ࠍߒߡⴕߎ߁߆ߥ㧚

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

ⴕ੐ࠞ࡟ࡦ࠳࡯

ⴕ੐ࠞ࡟ࡦ࠳࡯

ᧄળਥ௅ⴕ੐
㐿௅ᣣ
2005 ᐕ9᦬
9 ᣣ(࿯)㨪
10 ᣣ(ᣣ)
10 ᦬

21(㊄)
㨪
22(࿯)

11 ᦬

18(㊄)
㨪
19(࿯)
2006 ᐕ
5᦬
31 ᣣ(᳓)㨪6 ᦬ 2 ᣣ(㊄)ⴕ੐ฬ(㐿௅࿾㧘㐿௅࿖)

↳ㄟ✦ಾ

ේⓂ✦ಾ

໧วవ

ឝタภ

“ฎㇺ ᄹ⦟”વᾲ࠮ࡒ࠽࡯
‫↥ޟ‬ቇㅪ៤ߦࠃࠆᣂ↥ᬺߩഃᚑ‫ޠ‬ᄹ⦟Ꮢ↵ᅚ౒หෳ↹࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ᄢળ⼏ቶ
ߥࠄ 100 ᐕળ㙚ዊࡎ࡯࡞ ࡎ࠹࡞ᣣ⥶ᄹ⦟ᣣᧄવᾲቇળ᧲ᶏᡰㇱડ↹╙ 16 ࿁᧲ᶏવᾲ࠮ࡒ࠽࡯‫ޟ‬ᾲᵹ૕⸘᷹ߩᦨ೨✢‫ޠ‬’05.8.24

᫪ ᐘᴦ(࠮ࡒ࠽࡯ᆔຬળᆔຬ㐳㧘ᄢ㒋㔚᳇ㅢାᄢቇ)
Tel/Fax 072-820-9034,
E-mail: k-mori@isc.osakac.ac.jp

7 ᦬ภవ⌕ 50 ฬ‫ޥ‬432-8561 ᵿ᧻Ꮢၔർ 3 ৼ⋡ 5-1
㕒ጟᄢቇᎿቇㇱ ᯏ᪾Ꮏቇ ᪀ේਇੑᦶ
Tel/Fax 053-475-1048
E-mail: tmfkuwa@ipc.shizuoka.ac.jp
HP: http://www.kjp.or.jp/hp_71
਻Ꮏᄢ‫ޔ‬ችፒᐽᰴTel: 093-695-6030
E-mail: miyazaki@life.kyutech.ac.jp)

9 ᦬ภ਻Ꮊવᾲ࠮ࡒ࠽࡯ in ḡᏓ㒮㨪Άᢱ㔚ᳰߣๆ⌕ᔕ↪㨪ᣣᧄવᾲቇળ਻Ꮊᡰㇱਥ௅

'05.11.3╙ 43 ࿁ᣣᧄવᾲࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ
ฬฎደ࿖㓙ળ⼏႐

'06.1.20'06.3.13

↳ㄟ✦ಾ

ේⓂ✦ಾ

9 ᦬ภ

╙ 43 ࿁ᣣᧄવᾲࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓታⴕᆔຬળ
ฬฎደᎿᬺᄢቇ ߒߊߺ㗔ၞౝ
FAX: 052-735-5343,
E-mail: nhts43@thermo.mech.nitech.ac.jp
HP: http://thermo.mech.nitech.ac.jp/~nhts43/

9 ᦬ภ

໧วవ

ឝタภ

ᧄળ౒௅㧘ද⾥㧘ᓟេⴕ੐㐿௅ᣣ
2005 ᐕ
9᦬
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ⴕ੐ฬ(㐿௅࿾㧘㐿௅࿖)ᣣᧄᾲ㔚ቇળ ᾲ㔚⻠⠌ળ 2005ʊᾲ㔚ᄌ឵ߩၮ␆ߣᔕ↪ʊ(ฬฎደᄢቇ㊁ଐ⸥ᔨቇⴚ੤ᵹ⥪ࠞࡦࡈࠔ࡟ࡦࠬࡎ࡯࡞ ฬฎደᏒ)ᣣᧄᵹ૕ജቇળᐕળ 2005(Ꮏቇ㒮ᄢቇᣂኋᩞ⥢)‫ޥ‬464-8603 ฬฎደᏒජ⒳඙ਇ⠧↸ฬฎደᄢቇᄢቇ㒮Ꮏቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ᴡᧄ㇌ੳTel:052-789-3327 Fax:052-789-3201
E-mail:morita@mail.apchem.nagoya-u.ac.jp’05.4.30

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9᦬

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10 ᦬

20 ᣣ(ᧁ)㨪
21 ᣣ(㊄)╙ 9 ࿁ࠬ࠲࡯࡝ࡦࠣࠨࠗࠢ࡞ࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ
(ᶏ਄ᛛⴚ቟ో⎇ⓥᚲ ਃ㣔Ꮢ)

10 ᦬

20 ᣣ(ᧁ)㨪
21 ᣣ(㊄)ᣣᧄᯏ᪾ቇળ㑐⷏ᡰㇱ ╙ 279 ࿁⻠⠌ળ‫ޟ‬ᔕജ⸘᷹ߩၮ␆ߣߘߩᔕ↪‫ޠ‬‫ޥ‬550-0004 ᄢ㒋Ꮢ⷏඙㕤ᧄ↸ 1-8-4
ᄢ㒋⑼ቇᛛⴚ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ࡆ࡞ౝ
␠࿅ᴺੱ ᣣᧄᯏ᪾ቇળ㑐⷏ᡰㇱ
TEL:06-6443-2073 FAX:06-6443-6049
E-mail:jsme@soleil.ocn.ne.jp

10 ᦬

31 ᣣ(᦬)㨪
11 ᦬ 1 ᣣ(Ἣ)นⷞൻᖱႎቇળో࿖⻠Ṷળ(ᣂẟ 2005)(ᧇ㣕ࡔ࠶࠮ ᣂẟᏒ)‫ޥ‬950-2181 ᣂẟᏒ੖ච፲㧞ߩ↸ 8050
Tel:025-262-6726 Fax:025-262-6726
E-mail: fujisawa@eng.niigata-u.ac.jp⮮Ỉᑧⴕ
Tel:025-262-7266 Fax:025-262-7268
E-mail akabayas@cc.niigata-u.ac.jp
⿒ᨋિ৻Fifth International Conference on Enhanced,
Compact and Ultra-Compact Heat Exchangers:
Science, Engineering and Technology
Whistler, British Columbia, Canada╙ 3 ࿁ੱ㑆㧙↢ᵴⅣႺ♽࿖㓙ળ⼏(ᢥൻᅚሶᄢቇ ᧲੩ㇺ)‫ޥ‬152-0011 ᧲੩ㇺ⋡㤥඙ේ↸ 1-16-5
␠࿅ᴺੱ ᣣᧄᵹ૕ജቇળ
TEL:03-3714-0427 FAX:03-3714-0434
E-mail:jsfm@rf7.so-net.ne.jp
Co-Chairs: M. Ishizuka,
Toyama Prefectural University
http://www.engconfintl.org/5aq.html’04.11.20’05.3.31’05.5.27’05.9.9-67-‫ޥ‬151-8523 ᧲੩ㇺᷦ⼱඙ઍ‫ ᧁޘ‬3-22-1
ᢥൻᅚሶᄢቇ ⵍ᦯ⴡ↢ቇ⎇ⓥౝ
╙ 3 ࿁ੱ㑆㧙↢ᵴⅣႺ♽࿖㓙ળ⼏੐ോዪ
Tel㧒Fax㧦03-3299-2336
e-mail㧦iches2005@bunka.ac.jp
URL㧦http//jhes-jp.com/iches05‫ޥ‬550-0004 ᄢ㒋Ꮢ⷏඙㕤ᧄ↸ 1-8-4
ᄢ㒋⑼ቇᛛⴚ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ࡆ࡞ౝ
␠࿅ᴺੱ ᣣᧄᯏ᪾ቇળ㑐⷏ᡰㇱ
TEL:06-6443-2073 FAX:06-6443-6049
E-mail:jsme@soleil.ocn.ne.jp‫ޥ‬160-0016 ᧲੩ㇺᣂኋ඙ାỚ↸ 35 ⇟࿾␠࿅ᴺੱ ᣣᧄᯏ᪾ቇળ ᜂᒰ Ṛᧄ
TEL:03-5360-3504
e-mail: takimoto@jsme.or.jp

Jour. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

 ⴕ੐ࠞ࡟ࡦ࠳࡯
’05.6.10’05.9.9‫ޥ‬501-1193 ጘ㒂Ꮢᩉᚭ 1-1ጘ㒂ᄢቇᎿቇㇱᯏ᪾ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓᎿቇ⑼ᾲᎿቇࠦࡦࡈࠔ࡟ࡦࠬ 2005 ታⴕᆔຬળ
ᾢ↰㓷ᒫ㧘ᯫ๺↰ቬᒾ
Tel:058-293-2530( ᾢ ↰ ) ‫ ޔ‬-2531( ᯫ ๺ ↰ )Fax:058-230-1892
URL:http://flame.mech.gifu-u.ac.jp/thermal20
05/index.html‫ޥ‬550-0004 ᄢ㒋Ꮢ⷏඙㕤ᧄ↸ 1-8-4
ᄢ㒋⑼ቇᛛⴚ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ࡆ࡞ౝ
␠࿅ᴺੱ ᣣᧄᯏ᪾ቇળ㑐⷏ᡰㇱ
TEL:06-6443-2073 FAX:06-6443-6049
E-mail:jsme@soleil.ocn.ne.jp╙ 14 ࿁ᓸ☸ൻࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ
‫ޟ‬ᓸ☸ൻߩน⢻ᕈ߳ߩ᜸ᚢ‫ޠ‬(౎ᚭࠣ࡜ࡦ࠼ࡎ࠹࡞ ౎ᚭᏒ)’05.9.9’05.10.1718 ᣣ(㊄)㨪22 ᣣ(Ἣ)ᣣᧄ࿾ᾲቇળᐔᚑ 17 ᐕቇⴚ⻠Ṷળ(࠙ࠚ࡞ࡂ࡯࠻ࡇࠕ㔕઄ዊᵿ 㐳ፒ⋵ዊᵿ↸)’05.8.26’05.9.22‫ޥ‬031-8501 ౎ᚭᏒᄢሼᅱሼᄢ㐿 88-1
౎ᚭᎿᬺᄢቇ Ꮏቇㇱ ᯏ᪾ᖱႎᛛⴚቇળᢎ᝼ ᄢ㤥ᱜᢅ
Tel: 0178-25-8044 Fax: 0178-25-2008
E-mail: daikoku@hi-tech.ac.jp‫ޥ‬108-0071 ᧲੩ㇺ᷼඙⊕㊄บ 3-18-6-103
ᣣᧄ࿾ᾲቇળ੐ോዪ
Tel: 03-3473-7290 Fax: 03-3473-7290
URL: http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/grsj/

12 ᦬

5 ᣣ(᦬)㨪
7 ᣣ(᳓)╙ 43 ࿁Ά὾ࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ
(ᳯᚭᎹ✚ว඙᳃ࡎ࡯࡞)’05.7.15‘’05.9.22

12 ᦬

8 ᣣ(ᧁ)㨪
9 ᣣ(㊄)The Fifth International Symposium on Advanced Fluid
Information (AFI2005)(᧲ർᄢቇᵹ૕⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ)12 ᦬

13 ᣣ(Ἣ)㨪
15 ᣣ(ᧁ)╙ 19 ࿁ᢙ୯ᵹ૕ജቇࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ

11 ᦬

5 ᣣ(࿯)‫ޔ‬
6 ᣣ(ᣣ)

ᾲᎿቇࠦࡦࡈࠔ࡟ࡦࠬ
(ጘ㒂ᄢቇ ጘ㒂Ꮢ)

11 ᦬

17 ᣣ(ᧁ)‫ޔ‬18 ᣣ(㊄)ᣣᧄᯏ᪾ቇળ㑐⷏ᡰㇱࠬ࠹࠶ࡊࠕ࠶ࡊ࠮ࡒ࠽࡯2005‫ޟ‬ၮ⋚↥ᬺߣవ┵↥ᬺߦ߅ߌࠆᛛⴚ⚻༡ʊ߽ߩߠߊ
ࠅߦࠃࠆ㑐⷏⚻ᷣߩᵴᕈൻʊ‫ޠ‬(ᣂ᪢↰⎇ୃ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯࡮ࡎ࡯࡞ ᄢ㒋Ꮢ)

11 ᦬

17 ᣣ(ᧁ)㨪
19 ᣣ(࿯)11 ᦬‫ޥ‬113-8656 ᧲੩ㇺᢥ੩඙ᧄㇹ 7-3-1
᧲੩ᄢቇ ᄢቇ㒮Ꮏቇ♽⎇ⓥ⑼ ൻቇࠪࠬ࠹ࡓᎿቇኾ᡹ౝ
Tel/Fax: 03-5841-7488
E-mail: sympo43@combustionsociety.jp
URL:
http://www.combustionsociety.jp/sympo43
᧲ർᄢቇ ᵹ૕⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ
AFI2005 ታⴕᆔຬ ᄥ↰ ା
Tel:022-217-5309 Fax:022-217-5311
E-mail:ota@fmail.ifs.tohoku.ac.jp‫ޥ‬112-8551 ᧲੩ㇺᢥ੩඙ᤐᣣ 1-13-27
ᣣᧄᵹ૕ജቇળ
TEL:03-3817-1808 FAX:03-3817-1803
http://www.fsis.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/cfd18/

2006 ᐕ
12th Symposium on “Microjoining and AssemblyTechnology in Electronics” (Mate 2006)’05.9.1

11 ᣣ(ᣣ)㨪
15(ᧁ)

Second International Conference on
Transport Phenomena in Micro and Nanodevices
Il Ciocco Hotel and Conference Center
Barga, Italy'05.11.30

8᦬

13 ᣣ(ᣣ)㨪18 ᣣ(㊄)The International Heat Transfer Conference IHTC-138᦬

27 ᣣ(ᣣ)㨪
9 ᦬ 1 ᣣ(㊄)10th International Conference on Liquid Atomizationand Spray Systems (ICLASS-2006)9᦬

4 ᣣ(᦬)㨪
8 ᣣ(㊄)The Seventeenth International Symposium on Transport
Phenomena (ISTP-17)

2᦬

2 ᣣ(ᧁ)㨪
3 ᣣ(㊄)

6᦬

'05.7.31’06.2.28’05.12.15’06.03.18

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬’05.11.18-68-‫ޥ‬101-0025 ᧲੩ㇺජઍ↰඙␹↰૒ਭ㑆↸1-11(␠)ṁធቇળ Mate 2006 ੐ോዪ
TEL:06-6879-4166 FAX:06-6879-4166
E-mail:mate@casi.osaka-u.ac.jp
Co-Chair:
Professor Nobuhide Kasagi
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The University of Tokyo
Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656
E-Mail: kasagi@thtlab.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
IHTC-13 Conference Managers
GPO Box 128
SYDNEY NSW 2001 AUSTRALIA
Phone: + 61 2 9265 0700
Fax: +61 2 9267 5443
Email: ihtc-13@tourhosts.com.au
http://ihtc-13.mech.unsw.edu.au/‫ޥ‬554-0022 ᄢ㒋Ꮢᱝ⧎඙ᤐᣣ಴ਛ 2-14-9
ᣣᧄᶧ૕ᓸ☸ൻቇળ ੐ോዪࢃቇⴚ಴ ශ೚᳇ઃ ੐ോዪ㐳 ㄭ⮮ ஜ
Tel:06-6466-1588 Fax:06-6463-2522
E-mail:info@ilass-japan.gr.jp‫ޥ‬939-0398
ንጊ⋵኿᳓㇭ዊ᧖㤥ᴡ 5180
ንጊ⋵┙ᄢቇᎿቇㇱ ᯏ᪾ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓᎿቇ⑼ᢎ᝼ ⍹Ⴆ ൎTel:0766-56-7500 Fax:0766-56-6131
e-mail: ishizuka@pu-toyama.ac.jp

5 ᦬ภ

߅⍮ࠄߖ

ᣣᧄવᾲቇળ᧲ᶏᡰㇱડ↹  ╙  ࿁ ᧲ᶏવᾲ࠮ࡒ࠽࡯ ‫ޟ‬ᾲᵹ૕⸘᷹ߩᦨ೨✢‫ޠ‬ᣣᧄવᾲቇળ᧲ᶏᡰㇱߢߪᮡ⸥ߩ࠮ࡒ࠽࡯ࠍਅ⸥ߩㅢࠅ㐿௅޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ߏߡߞࠆ߰ޕ‬ෳടߊߛߐ޿߹ߔࠃ
߁ߏ᩺ౝ↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔ㧚⸥ᣣᤨ㧦 ᐔᚑ㧝㧣ᐕ㧝㧜᦬㧞㧝ᣣ㧔㊄㧕ඦᓟ㨪㧝㧜᦬㧞㧞ᣣ㧔࿯㧕ඦ೨႐  ᚲ㧦 ⽷࿅ᴺੱෘ↢ᐕ㊄੐ᬺᝄ⥝࿅ ෘ↢ᐕ㊄ஜᐽ⑔␩࠮ࡦ࠲࡯
࠙ࠛ࡞ࠨࡦࡇࠕᵿ᧻
‫ޥ‬432-8036 ᵿ᧻Ꮢ᧲દ႐ 2-14-1 ; 053-458-2800 FAX 053-458-2811
ࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫ http://www.kjp.or.jp/hp_71
ෳ ട ⾌㧦 ৻⥸㧔ળຬ㧘㕖ળຬ㧕㧝㧟㧘㧜㧜㧜౞㧔ኋᴱߩ᦭ήห㗵㧕      ቇ↢ 㧤㧘㧜㧜㧜౞㧔ኋᴱߩ᦭ήห㗵㧕      㧔ኋᴱ⾌㧘ᙣⷫળ⾌㧘ᦺ㘩㧘⾗ᢱઍࠍ฽߻㧕      ߚߛߒ㧘⻠Ṷળߩߺߩෳടߩ႐ว㧔ᙣⷫળ㧘ኋᴱήߒߩ႐ว㧕㧡㧘㧜㧜㧜౞ቯ  ຬ㧦 㧡㧜ฬ㧔వ⌕㗅ߦฃઃ㧕ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ㧔ᾲᵹ૕⸘᷹ߩᦨ೨✢㧕㧦㧝㧜᦬㧞㧝ᣣ㧔㊄㧕
  13:10㨪17:00 ⹤㗴ឭଏ
㨬PIV ߦࠃࠆⶄ㔀ᵹߩ⸘᷹ߣ࠺࡯࠲ಣℂ㨭 ᑝ↰ ⌀ผ ᳁ 㧔ฬฎደᄢ㧕㨬ੂᵹߩᤨ♽೉ࠬ࠹࡟ࠝ PIV ⸘᷹ߣੂᵹΆ὾ߩ CH-OH PLIF/ࠬ࠹࡟ࠝ PIV หᤨ⸘᷹㨭ᐫᯅ ⼔ ᳁㧔᧲Ꮏᄢ㧕㨬࡟࡯ࠩ㗼ᓸ㏜ࠍ↪޿ߚᓸዊ㗔ၞߩ᷷ᐲಽᏓ᷹ቯ㨭 Ꮉ↰ ༀᱜ ᳁㧔㕒ጟᄢ㧕㨬㜞ࠢ࠿࠶࠮ࡦᢙᵹࠇߩࡈࠜ࠻࠾࠶ࠢ࡮ࠕ࠽࡝ࠪࠬ㨭 ᣂ⟤ ᥓ⑲ ᳁ 㧔ฬฎደᄢ㧕  18:00㨪 ᙣⷫળ ᙣ⺣ળ㧝㧜᦬㧞㧞ᣣ㧔࿯㧕  9:00㨪11:40 ⹤㗴ឭଏ‫ޟ‬ゞਔⓨ⺞↪ㅍ㘑ᯏߩૐ㛍㖸ൻ‫ޠ‬㈬੗ 㓷᥍ ᳁㧔DENSO㧕
‫ޟ‬ᵹㅦ㧘᷷ᐲ㧘Ớᐲ⸘᷹ߦ߅ߌࠆ࡟࡯ࠩᔕ↪ᛛⴚ㧙LDV㧘LIF㧘PIV ߩᦨᣂᛛⴚ‫ޠ‬᧻ᧄ 㓷ೣ ᳁㧔࠳ࡦ࠹࠶ࠢ࡮࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒࠢࠬᩣᑼળ␠㧕  ‫⦡ޟ‬ᓀ႐ਛߩ࿕૕☸ሶ࡮᳇ᵃนⷞൻ࠻࡟࡯ࠨ࡯⒖േᬌ಴ߦࠃࠆ㧟㧰ㅦᐲ႐᷹ቯ‫ ޠ‬ਃ᧻㗅ᴦ᳁㧔ጘ㒂ᄢ㧕  11:40㨪11:50 㐽ળෳട↳ߒㄟߺᣇᴺ㧦  ‫╙ޟ‬㧝㧢࿁᧲ᶏવᾲ࠮ࡒ࠽࡯↳ߒㄟߺ‫ߣޠ‬᣿⸥ߩ਄㧘(1)↳ㄟ⠪᳁ฬ㧔߰ࠅ߇ߥ㧕㧘(2)৻⥸߹ߚߪቇ↢ߩ඙೎㧘(3)ᚲዻ㧘(4)ㅪ⛊వ㧔૑ᚲ㧘㔚⹤㧘㧲㧭㨄㧘e-mail ࠕ࠼࡟ࠬ㧕
㧘(5)ࡈ࡞ෳട߆⻠Ṷળߩߺߩෳട߆㧔ߘߩઁߏⷐᦸ㧕ࠍߢ߈ࠆߛߌ e-mail ߢ߅↳ߒㄟߺਅߐ޿㧔ㇷㅍ㧘㧲㧭㨄߽น㧕㧚ኋᴱߪ㧝ቶ㧡ฬߣߥࠅ߹ߔߩ
ߢ㧘↳ߒㄟߺᤨߦ⋧ㇱደᏗᦸ╬ࠍ߅⍮ࠄߖਅߐ޿㧚ߢ߈ࠆߛߌ⎇ⓥቶߥߤߢ߹ߣ߼ߡ߅↳ߒㄟߺ޿ߚߛߌ
ࠇ߫ᐘ޿ߢߔ㧚㧔ෳട⾌ߪᒰᣣฃઃߦߡᓽ෼ߒ߹ߔ㧚㧕↳ㄟᦼ㒢㧦 ᐔᚑ㧝㧣ᐕ㧝㧜᦬㧝㧝ᣣ㧔Ἣ㧕↳ㄟవ㧦‫ޥ‬432-8561 ᵿ᧻Ꮢၔർ㧟ৼ⋡㧡㧙㧝 㕒ጟᄢቇᎿቇㇱ ᯏ᪾Ꮏቇ⑼ ᪀ේ ਇੑᦶe-mail tmfkuwa@ipc.shizuoka.ac.jp㧕  Tel/Fax 053-475-1048ᡰㇱ㧴㧼 http://www.es.mach.mie-u.ac.jp/~netsu_tk/࠮ࡒ࠽࡯㧴㧼 http://www.es.mach.mie-u.ac.jp/~netsu_tk/15th_seminar.htm-69-

Jour. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188߅⍮ࠄߖ਻Ꮊવᾲ࠮ࡒ࠽࡯KPḡᏓ㒮㨪Άᢱ㔚ᳰߣๆ⌕ᔕ↪㨪ᣣᧄવᾲቇળ਻Ꮊᡰㇱਥ௅ ਻Ꮊ࿾඙ߢߪ‫੹ޔ‬ᐕ߽࠮ࡒ࠽࡯ࠍ㐿௅ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬Άᢱ㔚ᳰߣๆ⌕ᔕ↪ࠍࡔࠗࡦ࠹࡯ࡑߦ‫ߚ߹ޔ‬ਔᣇߦ౒ㅢߔ
ࠆᄙሹ⾰ߦߟ޿ߡ⹤㗴ឭଏ㗂߈‫ޔ‬ℂ⸃ࠍᷓ߼ߚ޿ߣ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠄࠇߎޔߚ߹ޕ‬Άᢱ㔚ᳰᛛⴚ߿ๆ⌕ᔕ↪ᛛⴚߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺖㗴ࠍ‫ߣ޿ߚߒ⺰⼏ޔ‬⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫଀ޕ‬ᐕㅢࠅ‫ޔ‬᷷ᴰߣ߅㈬ߩḰ஻߽ਁోߢߔ‫਻ޕ‬Ꮊߪ߽ߣࠃࠅ
ో࿖ฦ࿾߆ࠄߩߏෳടࠍ߅ᓙߜߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᦼᣣ㧦 㧝㧝᦬㧝㧤ᣣ㧔㊄㧕㨪㧝㧥ᣣ㧔࿯㧕ળ႐㧦 ࠁ߰ߣ߯޽㧔⷏ㇱࠟࠬࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ଻㙃ᚲ‫ޔ‬http://www2.odn.ne.jp/yufutopia㧕ᄢಽ⋵ᄢಽ㇭ḡᏓ㒮↸ᄢሼᎹ਄ቝ㊁ߩ⨲ 1947-38‫ޔ‬TEL㧦㧜㧥㧣㧣㧙㧤㧡㧙㧡㧤㧜㧝੤ㅢ㧦 JR ↱Ꮣ㒮㚞߆ࠄ㧛ゞߢ 6 ಽ㧛ᓤᱠߢ 30 ಽ㜞ㅦࡃࠬ↱Ꮣ㒮㚞೨஗⇐ᚲ߆ࠄ㧛ゞߢ 6 ಽᄢಽ⥄േゞ㆏ḡᏓ㒮ࠗࡦ࠲࡯߆ࠄ㧛ゞߢ 15 ಽࠬࠤࠫࡘ࡯࡞㧦㧝㧝᦬㧝8 ᣣ㧔㊄㧕
12 ᤨ
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13 ᤨ
⻠Ṷળ
ᡰㇱ㐳᜿ᜦ ዊጊ❥㧔਻Ꮊᄢቇ㧕㧝㧟㧦㧜㧜㨪㧝㧠㧦㧝㧡 Ⴧጟ㓉჻㧔ർ਻ᎺᏒᄢ㧕‫ޟ‬ᄙሹ⾰ౝߩᾲᵹേߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޠ‬㧝㧠㧦㧝㧡㨪㧝㧡㧦㧟㧜 ศ↰⧷↢㧔੩ᄢ㧕‫ޟ‬࿕૕㉄ൻ‛ဳΆᢱ㔚ᳰ㧔SOFC㧕ߩᾲ▤ℂ‫ޠ‬ભᙑ㧝㧡㧦㧠㧡㨪㧝㧣㧦㧜㧜 ૒‫৻ᧁޘ‬ᚑ㧔਻ᄢ㧕‫ޟ‬Άᢱ㔚ᳰߩᰴ਎ઍ᧚ᢱ㐿⊒ߣᾲᎿቇ߳ߩᦼᓙ‫ޠ‬
17 ᤨ
߅㘑ํ
19 ᤨ
ᄕ㘩‫▤ޔ‬Ꮞ߈ળ1㧝᦬㧝9 ᣣ㧔࿯㧕
7 ᤨ㨪 ᦺ㘩
9 ᤨ㨪 ⻠Ṷળ㧜㧥㧦㧜㧜㨪㧜㧥㧦㧠㧡 ጟ㊁ᶈᔒ㧔⷏ㇱᛛ⎇㧕‫ࡓࠞ࠾ࡂޟ‬ๆ⌕૕ߣߘࠇࠍᔕ↪ߒߚⓨ᳇ಣℂⵝ⟎‫ޠ‬㧜㧥㧦㧠㧡㨪㧝㧜㧦㧟㧜 ựᧄ⧐ᓼ㧔਻ᄢ㧕‫ޟ‬ๆ⌕⃻⽎ࠍ↪޿ߚ᷷Ḩᐲߩ⁛┙೙ᓮ‫ޠ‬ભᙑ㧝㧜㧦㧠㧡㨪㧝㧝㧦㧟㧜 BAE Sang-Chul㧔૒⾐ᄢ㧕‫ޟ‬᳓⚛ๆ⬿ว㊄ߩ᳓⚛⾂⬿෸߮಄ಓᯏ߳ߩᔕ↪‫ޠ‬㧝㧝㧦㧟㧜㨪㧝㧞㧦㧝㧡 ࠪࡖࡂ ࡆ࠺ࡘ࠶࠻ ࡃ࡜ࡦ㧔਻ᄢ㧕‫ޟ‬Low Temperature Driven Adsorption Chillers for Macro and Micro Cooling‫ޠ‬ෳട⾌㧦 ળຬ‫ޔ‬㕖ળຬߣ߽ߦ 16000 ౞‫ޕ‬ቇ↢ߪ 10000 ౞‫ޕ‬ᒰᣣ㓸߼߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ኋᴱ⾌‫ޔ‬ೋᣣᄕ㘩‫ޔ‬⠉ᣣᦺ㘩฽߻‫ޕ‬↳ㄟ㧦 㔚ሶࡔ࡯࡞ߦߡ߅㗿޿ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ઙฬࠍ‫਻ޟ‬Ꮊવᾲ࠮ࡒ࠽࡯ෳട‫ޔߒ⸥ߣޠ‬Ԙ᳁ฬ‫ޔ‬ԙᚲዻ‫ޔ‬Ԛᓎ⡯‫ޔ‬ԛ㔚⹤‫ޔ‬Ԝ㔚ሶࡔ࡯࡞ࠕ࠼࡟ࠬࠍ᣿⸥ߩ਄‫ޔ‬miyazaki@life.kyutech.ac.jp ߳‫ޔ‬1㧝᦬ 3 ᣣ㧔ᧁ㧕߹ߢߦ↳ߒㄟߺߊߛߐ޿‫ޕ‬Ḱ஻ߩㇺว਄‫߅ޔ‬ᣧ߼ߦ↳ߒㄟߺ޿ߚߛߌࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ᐘ޿ߢߔ‫ޕ‬໧วߖవ㧦਻Ꮏᄢ‫ޔ‬ችፒᐽᰴ㧔㔚⹤㧦㧜㧥㧟㧙㧢㧥㧡㧙㧢㧜㧟㧜‫ޔ‬㔚ሶࡔ࡯࡞㧦miyazaki@life.kyutech.ac.jp㧕

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬

-70-

߅⍮ࠄߖ

╙  ࿁ᣣᧄવᾲࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ㐿௅᩺ౝ㐿 ௅ ᣣ  ᐔᚑ 18 ᐕ 5 ᦬ 31 ᣣ (᳓) 㨪 6 ᦬ 2 ᣣ (㊄)ળ   ႐  ฬฎደ࿖㓙ળ⼏႐  㧔‫ޥ‬456-0036 ฬฎደᏒᾲ↰඙ᾲ↰⷏↸㧝⇟㧝ภ㧘TEL: 052-683-7711㧕
⎇ⓥ⊒⴫↳ㄟ✦ಾ⺰ᢥේⓂ✦ಾ

ᐔᚑ 18 ᐕ 1 ᦬ 20 ᣣ (㊄)ᐔᚑ 18 ᐕ 3 ᦬ 13 ᣣ (᦬)‫ߩࡓ࠙ࠫࡐࡦࠪޣ‬ᒻᑼ‫ޤ‬࡮࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߩ᭴ᚑ㧦 ⎇ⓥಽ㊁ࠍ‫ޟ‬ᄢಽ㘃‫ ߢޠ‬15㧔‫ޟ‬ዊಽ㘃‫ ߢޠ‬50㧕⒟ᐲߦಽ㘃ߒߡ⎇ⓥ⊒⴫ࠍ൐㓸ߒ㧘ߎߩಽ㘃ߦḰߓߡ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ੍ቯߢߔ㧚࡮⻠Ṷᒻᑼ㧦 ⊒⴫㧔10 ಽ㧕ߏߣߦ୘೎⸛⺰㧔5 ಽ㧕ࠍⴕ޿㧘࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߩᦨᓟߢ✚ว⸛⺰㧔5 ಽฦ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߩ⻠Ṷᢙ㧕ߔࠆᣇᑼࠍណ↪ߒ߹ߔ㧚࡮৻⥸࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦߩ߶߆ߦ․೎࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦ߇ડ↹ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ㧚⧯ᚻ⎇ⓥ⠪ࠍኻ⽎ߣߔࠆ‫ޟ‬ఝ⑲ࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠹࡯࡚ࠪࡦ⾨࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦ‫࡯࠲ࠬࡐߪޠ‬ᒻᑼߢⴕࠊࠇࠆ੍ቯߢߔ㧚‫⎇ޣ‬ⓥ⊒⴫↳ㄟᣇᴺ‫ޤ‬࡮Web ߦࠃࠆ↳ㄟߣߒ߹ߔ㧚࡮⎇ⓥ⊒⴫↳ㄟߪ㧘⻠Ṷ⠪ 1 ฬߦߟ߈ 1 㗴⋡ߣߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߔ㧚࡮⹦⚦ߪળ⹹‫ޟ‬વᾲ‫ޠ‬㧔ᐔᚑ 17 ᐕ 11 ᦬ภ㧕߅ࠃ߮ࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫߦឝタ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ㧚‫⺰ޣ‬ᢥ‫ޤ‬࡮⺰ᢥߩ㐳ߐߪ 1 㗴⋡޽ߚࠅ A4 ↪⚕ 2 ࡍ࡯ࠫߢߔ㧚ේⓂ૞ᚑߩࡈࠜ࡯ࡑ࠶࠻ߪ೨࿁ߣห᭽ߦߥࠆ੍ቯ
ߢߔ㧔2 Ბ⚵㧘 ஥ 26 ሼ60 ⴕ㧕㧚࡮ၫ╩ⷐ㗄ߪળ⹹‫ޟ‬વᾲ‫ޠ‬㧔ᐔᚑ 17 ᐕ 11 ᦬ภ㧕߅ࠃ߮ࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫߦឝタ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ㧚‫ޣ‬ෳട⊓㍳⾌╬‫ޤ‬⹦⚦ߪળ⹹‫ޟ‬વᾲ‫ޠ‬㧔ᐔᚑ 17 ᐕ 11 ᦬ภ㧕߅ࠃ߮ࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫߦឝタ޿ߚߒ߹ߔ㧚‫ޣ‬ᙣⷫળ‫ޤ‬࡮㐿௅ᣣ ᐔᚑ 18 ᐕ 6 ᦬ 1 ᣣ (ᧁ)࡮ળ ႐ ోᣣⓨࡎ࠹࡞࠭ ࡎ࠹࡞ࠣ࡜ࡦࠦ࡯࠻ฬฎደ
(‫ޥ‬460-0023 ฬฎደᏒਛ඙㊄ጊ↸৻ৼ⋡ 1 ⇟ 1 ภ㧘TEL: 052-683-4111)‫߅ޣ‬໧޿วࠊߖవ‫ޤ‬╙ 43 ࿁ᣣᧄવᾲࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓታⴕᆔຬળ
ฬฎደᎿᬺᄢቇ ߒߊߺ㗔ၞౝ
FAX: 052-735-5343, E-mail: nhts43@thermo.mech.nitech.ac.jpࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫ http://thermo.mech.nitech.ac.jp/~nhts43/╙ 43 ࿁ᣣᧄવᾲࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓታⴕᆔຬળ  ᆔຬ㐳 㐳㊁ 㕏ዏ



-71-

Jour. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

ࡊ࡜ࠗࡃࠪ࡯ࡐ࡝ࠪ࡯
␠࿅ᴺੱᣣᧄવᾲቇળ ࡊ࡜ࠗࡃࠪ࡯ࡐ࡝ࠪ࡯
␠࿅ᴺੱ ᣣᧄવᾲቇળ೙ቯ㧦  ᐕ ᦬ ᣣ㧔ℂ੐ળᛚ⹺㧕ᣣᧄવᾲቇળߪ㧘୘ੱᖱႎߩ㊀ⷐᕈࠍ⹺⼂ߒ㧘ߘߩ෼㓸࡮೑↪࡮▤ℂߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ᰴߩㅢࠅㆡಾߦขࠅᛒ߁ࠃ
߁ദ߼߹ߔ㧚
㧔㧝㧕୘ੱᖱႎߩ෼㓸  ᣣᧄવᾲቇળߪ㧘ᧄቇળߩ੐ᬺ⋡⊛ߦᴪߞߚࠨ࡯ࡆࠬߩឭଏߩߚ߼㧘․ቯߩ୘ੱࠍ⼂೎ߢ߈ࠆᖱႎࠍᔅ
ⷐߥ▸࿐ߢ෼㓸ߒ߹ߔ㧚୘ੱᖱႎࠍ෼㓸ߔࠆ㓙ߪ㧘ߘߩ⋡⊛ࠍ᣿␜ߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘ឭଏ⠪ߩᗧᕁߦၮߠ޿
ߡⴕ߁ߎߣࠍේೣߣߒ߹ߔ㧚㧔㧞㧕୘ੱᖱႎߩ೑↪
  ᣣᧄવᾲቇળߪ㧘෼㓸ߒߚ୘ੱᖱႎࠍ෼㓸⋡⊛ߩ㆐ᚑߩߚ߼ߦᔅⷐߥ▸࿐ߢ೑↪ߒ߹ߔ㧚ߚߛߒ㧘ᰴߩ޿ߕࠇ߆ߩ႐วߦߪ෼㓸⋡⊛એᄖߦ೑↪߹ߚߪឭଏߔࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ㧚  1. ᴺ઎ߩⷙቯߦၮߠߊߣ߈
  2. ឭଏ⠪ߩหᗧ߇޽ࠆߣ߈
  3. ੐ᬺ⋡⊛ߩ㆐ᚑߦᔅⷐߥ▸࿐ౝߦ߅޿ߡ୘ੱ࠺࡯࠲ߩขᛒ޿ߩోㇱ෶ߪ৻ㇱࠍᆔ⸤ߔࠆ႐ว㧔଀߃߫㧘㈩ㅍ╬ߩࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍᆔ⸤ߒߚળ␠ߦฬ೨ߣተవࠍ⍮ࠄߖࠆ႐ว㧕  4.ߘߩઁ㧘✚ળ㧘ℂ੐ળߢᛚ⹺ߐࠇߚ੐ᬺ⸘↹ࠍ㆐ᚑߔࠆߚ߼ߦᱜᒰߥℂ↱߇޽ࠆߣ߈
㧔㧟㧕୘ੱᖱႎߩ▤ℂ  ᣣᧄવᾲቇળߪ㧘෼㓸ߒߚ୘ੱᖱႎ߇ᄖㇱ߳ṳᵨߒߚࠅ㧘⎕უ߿ᡷߑࠎࠍฃߌߚࠅ㧘⚗ᄬߔࠆߎߣߩή
޿ࠃ߁ㆡಾߥ▤ℂߦദ߼߹ߔ㧚ߚߛߒ㧘ឭଏ⠪⥄りߦࠃࠅ㐿␜ߐࠇߚࠅ㧘߹ߚߪ౏㐿ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ୘ੱᖱႎ
ߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘ᧄቇળߩ▤ℂߩኻ⽎ᄖߣߒ߹ߔ㧚㧔㧠㧕୘ੱᖱႎߩ㐿␜߅ࠃ߮⸓ᱜ╬  ᣣᧄવᾲቇળߪ㧘୘ੱᖱႎߩឭଏ⠪߆ࠄ⥄Ꮖߦ㑐ߔࠆ୘ੱᖱႎߩ㐿␜ߩ⺧᳞߇޽ߞߚߣ߈ߪ㧘ේೣߣߒߡㆃṛߥߊ㐿␜ߒ߹ߔ㧚߹ߚ㧘⥄Ꮖߦ㑐ߔࠆ୘ੱᖱႎߩ⸓ᱜ╬ߩ↳ߒ಴߇޽ߞߚߣ߈ߪ㧘ේೣߣߒߡㆃṛߥߊ⸓ᱜ╬ࠍⴕ޿߹ߔ㧚
㧔㧡㧕Web ࠨࠗ࠻ߦ߅ߌࠆᛒ޿  ᧄࠨࠗ࠻ߩ೑↪ߪ㧘೑↪⠪ߩ⽿છߦ߅޿ߡⴕࠊࠇࠆ߽ߩߣߒ߹ߔ㧚ᒰࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯ࠫ߅ࠃ߮ᒰࡎ࡯ࡓࡍ࡯
ࠫߦ࡝ࡦࠢ߇⸳ቯߐࠇߡ޿ࠆઁߩ࠙ࠚࡉࠨࠗ࠻߆ࠄขᓧߐࠇߚฦ⒳ᖱႎߩ೑↪ߦࠃߞߡ↢ߓߚ޽ࠄࠁࠆ៊
ኂߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘ᧄળߪ৻ಾߩ⽿છࠍ⽶޿߹ߖࠎ㧚ᧄળ Web ࠨࠗ࠻ߢߪળຬ߳ߩ᦭↪ߥᖱႎ࡮ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬࠍឭଏ
ߔࠆߚ߼ߦઁߩ Web ࠨࠗ࠻߳࡝ࡦࠢࠍ⾍ߞߡ޿߹ߔ㧚࡝ࡦࠢవߢߩ୘ੱᖱႎߩ቟ో⏕଻ߦ㑐ߒߡߪᒰቇળ
ߢߪ৻ಾ⽿છࠍ⽶޿߹ߖࠎ㧚೑↪⠪୘ੱߩ್ᢿߦࠃߞߡ೑↪ࠍߒߡߊߛߐ޿㧚㧔㧢㧕ࡊ࡜ࠗࡃࠪ࡯ࡐ࡝ࠪ࡯ߩᄌᦝߦߟ޿ߡ
  ᴺᓞߩᄌᦝߦḰߓࠆὑ㧘߹ߚߪ㧘ߘߩઁߩℂ↱ߦࠃࠅ㧘੍๔ήߊࡊ࡜ࠗࡃࠪ࡯ࡐ࡝ࠪ࡯ߦᄌᦝࠍട߃ࠆ
น⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ㧚ᣣᧄવᾲቇળߩ෼㓸ߒߚ୘ੱᖱႎߦኻߒߡߪ㧘Ᏹߦᦨᣂߩࡊ࡜ࠗࡃࠪ࡯ࡐ࡝ࠪ࡯߇ㆡ
↪ߐࠇ߹ߔ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߥᄌᦝߪ㧘޿߆ߥࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠇ㧘ᣣᧄવᾲቇળߩ Web ࠨࠗ࠻ߦឝタߐࠇ㧘ឝタᣣࠃࠅലജࠍ⊒ើߔࠆ߽ߩߣߒ߹ߔ㧚㧔㧣㧕୘ੱᖱႎߩขࠅᛒ޿ߦ㑐ߔࠆ໧޿วࠊߖవ  ᣣᧄવᾲቇળߦ߅ߌࠆ୘ੱᖱႎ଻⼔ߦ㑐ߒߡߏ⾰໧ߥߤ߇޽ࠆ႐วߪ㧘ਅ⸥߹ߢߏㅪ⛊ਅߐ޿㧚‫ޥ‬113-0034 ᧲੩ᢥ੩඙ḡፉ 2-16-16
␠࿅ᴺੱ ᣣᧄવᾲቇળ
㔚⹤㧔03㧕5689-3401
FAX㧔03㧕5689-3401
ㇷଢᝄᦧ 00160-4-14749
e-mail: office@htsj.or.jp

વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬-72-੐ോዪ߆ࠄߩㅪ⛊੐ോዪ߆ࠄߩㅪ⛊㧝㧚ቇળ᩺ౝߣ౉ળᚻ⛯߈ߦߟ޿ߡ
‫ޤ⊛⋡ޣ‬
ᧄળߪ㧘વᾲߦ㑐ߔࠆቇℂᛛⴚߩㅴዷߣ⍮⼂ߩ᥉෸㧘ળຬ⋧੕߅ࠃ߮࿖㓙⊛ߥ੤ᵹࠍ࿑ࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡ޿߹ߔ㧚‫ޣ‬ળ⸘ᐕᐲ‫ޤ‬ળ⸘ᐕᐲߪ㧘Ფᐕ4᦬1ᣣߦᆎ߹ࠅ⠉ᐕ3᦬31ᣣ߹ߢߢߔ㧚‫ޣ‬ળຬߩ⒳೎ߣળ⾌‫ޤ‬ળຬ⒳೎

⾗  ᩰ

વᾲߦ㑐ߔࠆቇ⼂⚻㛎ࠍ᦭ߔࠆᱜ⠪ߢ㧘ᧄળߩ⋡⊛ߦ⾥หߒߡ౉ળ
ળຬ
ߒߚ୘ੱ

ળ⾌
㧔ᐕ㗵㧕
8,000౞

࡮ቇ↢ળຬ߳ߩ౉ળ↳ㄟߦ߅޿ߡߪ㧘ᜰዉᢎቭߦࠃ
ࠆ࿷ቇ⸽᣿㧔⟑ฬ࡮ᝲශ㧕߇ᔅⷐߢߔ㧚ᧄળߩ⋡⊛ߦ⾥หߒ㧘ᧄળߩ੐ᬺ
⾥ഥ1ญࠍេഥߔࠆᴺੱ߹ߚߪߘߩ੐ᬺ
ળຬ
30,000౞ᚲ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪ୘ੱ
㜞ኾ㧘⍴ᄢ㧘ᄢቇߩቇㇱ߅ࠃ߮ᄢቇ↢ቇ㒮ߦ࿷ቇਛߩቇ↢ߢ㧘ᧄળߩ⋡ળຬ⊛ߦ⾥หߒߡ౉ળߒߚ୘ੱ

㧞㧚ળຬߩᣇ‫߳ޘ‬4,000౞
‫ޣ‬ળຬჇടߣ⾥ഥળຬญᢙჇടߩ߅㗿޿‫ޤ‬୘ੱળຬߣ⾥ഥળຬߩჇട߇ᬌ⸛ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ㧚ળຬߩ⊝᭽ߦ߅߆ࠇ߹ߒߡ߽㧘ߢ߈ࠆ㒢ࠅ๟࿐ߩ㑐ㅪߩᣇ‫߿ޘ‬࿅૕ߦ౉ળࠍ߅⺃޿ਅߐࠆࠃ߁߅
㗿޿ߒ߹ߔ㧚߹ߚ㧘⾥ഥળຬ߳ߩ౉ળ↳ㄟߺฃઃߦ߅߈߹ߒߡ㧘A㧔3ญ㧕㧘B㧔2ญ㧕㧘C㧔1ญ㧕ߣಽߌߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ㧚⃻⾥ഥળຬߦ߅߆ࠇ߹ߒߡ߽㧘ߢ߈ࠆ㒢ࠅญᢙߩჇടࠍ߅㗿޿ߒ߹ߔ㧚8,000౞ฬ⹷ ᧄળߦ․ߦഞഭߩ޽ߞߚ⠪ߢ㧘✚
ૉߒ70ᚽ
ળຬ ળߦ߅޿ߡផ⮈ߐࠇߚ⠪એ਄ߪ0౞ᧄળߩ⊒ዷߦነਈߔࠆߎߣ߇ᦼ
ផ⮈ᓙߢ߈ࠆ⠪ߢ㧘ᒰ⹥ᐕᐲߩ✚ળߦળຬ߅޿ߡផ⮈ߐࠇߚ⠪‫౉ޣ‬ળᚻ⛯߈‫ޤ‬ᱜળຬ߹ߚߪቇ↢ળຬ߳ߩ౉ળߩ㓙ߪ㧘౉ળ↳ㄟ↪
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޿㧚⾥ഥળຬ߳ߩ౉ળߩ㓙ߪ㧘౉ળ↳ㄟ↪⚕ߦߏ⸥౉ߩ਄㧘੐ോዪተߦࡈࠔ࠶ࠢࠬ߹ߚߪㇷㅍߢ߅ㅍࠅ
ਅߐ޿㧚ᔅⷐ߇޽ࠇ߫ᧄળߩౝኈ㧘ળೣ㧘౉ળᚻ⛯߈╬ߦߟ޿ߡߏ⺑᣿ߒ߹ߔ㧚⾥ഥળຬ߳ߩ↳ㄟߺߪ૗ญߢ߽น⢻ߢߔ㧚㧔ᵈᗧ㧕࡮↳ㄟ↪⚕ߦߪ᳁ฬࠍ᣿⍎ߦ⸥౉ߒ㧘㔍⺒ᢥሼߦ
ߪJISࠦ࡯࠼ߩߏᜰ␜ࠍ߅㗿޿ߒ߹ߔ㧚࡮ળ⾌⚊౉ᤨߩㇷଢᝄᦧ↪⚕ߦߪ㧘ળຬฬ㧔ᔅⷐߦᔕߓߡࡈ࡝ࠟ࠽ࠍઃߔ㧕ࠍᔅߕ⸥౉ߒߡਅߐ޿㧚ળ␠ฬߩߺ⸥タߩ႐ว㧘౉㊄ߩขᛒ޿߇ߢ߈ߕ㧘ળ⾌ᧂ⚊ߩ߹߹ߣߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚0౞‫ޣ‬ળຬߩ․ౖ‫ޤ‬ળຬߪᧄળߩᵴേߦෳടߢ߈㧘ᰴߩ․ౖ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ㧚
1. ‫ޟ‬વᾲ‫ޠ‬,‫ޟ‬Thermal Science and Engineering‫ޠ‬ࠍㇷㅍߒ߹ߔ㧚 㧔ᧄᐕᐲ⊒ⴕ੍ቯ㧦5㧘7㧘9㧘11㧘1㧘3᦬ภ㧕  ࡮ᱜળຬ㧘ቇ↢ળຬ㧘ฬ⹷ળຬ㧘ផ⮈ળຬߦ 1ౠㅍઃ  ࡮⾥ഥળຬߦญᢙಽߩౠᢙㅍઃ
2. ‫ޟ‬ᣣᧄવᾲࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ⻠Ṷ⺰ᢥ㓸‫ࠍޠ‬ήᢱߢߐߒ޽ߍ߹ߔ㧚  ࡮ᱜ࡮ቇ↢࡮ฬ⹷࡮ផ⮈ߩฦળຬߦ 1 ㇱ㧘⾥ഥળຬߦญᢙಽߩㇱᢙ㧔ૉߒ㧘વᾲࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙
ࡓ㐿௅ߩ೨ᐕᐲߩ 3 ᦬ 25 ᣣ߹ߢߦ೨ᐕᐲಽ߹
ߢߩળ⾌ࠍ⚊౉ߒߚળຬߦ㒢ࠆ㧕

-73-‫ޣ‬ળ⾌⚊౉ߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޤ‬ળ⾌ߪᒰ⹥ᐕᐲౝߦ⚊౉ߒߡߊߛߐ޿㧚⺧᳞ᦠߪ߅↳ߒ಴ߩߥ޿㒢ࠅ․ߦ⊒ⴕߒ߹ߖࠎ㧚ળ⾌⚊౉⁁ᴫߪ੐ോዪߦ߅໧޿วߖਅߐ޿㧚ળ⾌⚊౉ߦߪ᛬ㄟߺߩㇷଢᝄᦧ↪⚕ࠍߏ೑↪ਅߐ޿㧚ߘߩઁߩ
ㅍ㊄ᣇᴺߢᚻᢙᢱ߇ᔅⷐߥ႐วߦߪ㧘ㅍ㊄⠪஥ߩ
⽶ᜂߦߡ߅㗿޿⥌ߒ߹ߔ㧚ࡈ࡝ࠟ࠽ฬߩᬌ⚝ߦࠃ
ߞߡ౉㊄ߩ੐ോಣℂࠍⴕߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔߩߢળ␠
ฬߩߺߢળຬฬߩ⸥タ߇ߥ޿႐วߦߪᧂ⚊ᛒ޿ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚
‫ޣ‬ᄌᦝዯߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޤ‬㧔ൕോవ㧘૑ᚲ㧘ㅢାవ╬ߩᄌᦝ㧕ൕോవ㧘૑ᚲ㧘ㅢାవ╬ߦᄌᦝ߇↢ߓߚ႐วߦߪ㧘Ꮞᧃߩ‫ޟ‬ᄌᦝዯ↪⚕‫ߡߦޠ‬ㅦ߿߆ߦ੐ോዪ߳߅⍮ࠄߖਅߐ޿㧚ㅢାవߩᄌᦝዯ߇ߥ޿႐วߦߪ㧘ㇷ

Jour. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

੐ോዪ߆ࠄߩㅪ⛊ㅍ‛߇ળຬߦ⏕ታߦዯ߆ߕ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪተฬਇ᣿ߦ
ࠃࠅએ㒠ߩㇷㅍ߇⛮⛯ߢ߈ߥߊߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚߹ߚ㧘ౣ⊒ㅍ߇น⢻ߥ႐วߦ߽ߘߩ⾌↪ࠍߏ⽶ᜂ㗂ߊߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߔ㧚㧔⾥ഥળຬߩઍ⴫⠪ᄌᦝ㧕
⾥ഥળຬߩ႐วߦߪ㧘ᔅⷐߦᔕߓߡઍ⴫⠪ࠍᄌᦝߢ߈߹ߔ㧚㧔ቇ↢ળຬ߆ࠄᱜળຬ߳ߩᄌᦝ㧕ቇ↢ળຬ߇␠ળੱߦߥࠄࠇߚ႐วߦߪ㧘ળ⾌߇ᄌࠊࠅ߹ߔߩߢᱜળຬ߳ߩᄌᦝዯࠍㅦ߿߆ߦߏឭ
಴ਅߐ޿㧚ߎߩߎߣߦߟ߈߹ߒߡߪ㧘ᜰዉᢎቭߩ
ᣇ‫ߏ߽ࠄ߆ޘ‬ᜰዉࠍ߅㗿޿ߒ߹ߔ㧚㧔ᄌᦝዯឭ಴਄ߩᵈᗧ㧕ળຬ࠺࡯࠲ࠍᄌᦝߔࠆ㓙ߩ⺋ࠅࠍ㒐ߋߚ߼㧘ᄌᦝዯߪᔅߕᦠ㕙ߦߡળຬ⥄り߽ߒߊߪઍℂߣ⹺߼ࠄࠇࠆᣇ߇ߏឭ಴ਅߐࠆࠃ߁߅㗿޿ߒ߹ߔ㧚‫ޣ‬ㅌળዯߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޤ‬ㅌળࠍᏗᦸߐࠇࠆᣇߪ㧘ㅌળᣣઃߌࠍ⸥ߒߚᦠ㕙ߦߡㅌળዯ㧔ㇷଢᝄᦧ↪⚕ߦ⸥タน㧕ࠍឭ಴ߒ㧘ᧂ⚊ળ⾌ࠍ⚊౉ߒߡਅߐ޿㧚ળຬ⊓㍳ࠍ᛹ᶖߒ߹ߔ㧚‫ޣ‬ળ⾌ࠍ㐳ᦼṛ⚊ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆᣇ߳‫ޤ‬㐳ᦼ㑆㧘ળ⾌ࠍṛ⚊ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆળຬߩᣇ‫ߪޘ‬㧘⥋ᕆ⚊౉ࠍ߅㗿޿ߒ߹ߔ㧚․ߦ㧘ᐔᚑ 15ᐕᐲએ㒠ߩળ⾌ᧂ⚊ߩᣇߦߪ‫ޟ‬વᾲ‫ޟޠ‬Thermal Scienceand Engineering‫ߩޠ‬ㅍઃࠍ஗ᱛߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ㄭߊ㒰ฬಣಽ߇ℂ੐ળߢ᳿ቯߐࠇ߹ߔ㧚㧟㧚੐ോዪߦߟ޿ߡ
ᰴߩᬺോࠍਅ⸥ߩ੐ോዪߢⴕߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ㧚੐ ോ ዪ‫ޝ‬ᬺോౝኈ‫ޞ‬γ㧕౉ળዯ㧘ᄌᦝዯ㧘ㅌળዯߩฃઃ
δ㧕ળ⾌⚊౉ߩฃઃ㧘ળ⾌ᓽ෼╬ε㧕ળຬ㧘㕖ળຬ߆ࠄߩ໧޿วࠊߖߦኻߔࠆ
ᔕኻ㧘ㅪ⛊╬ζ 㧕વ ᾲࠪࡦ ࡐࠫ࠙ ࡓ⚳ ੌᓟߩ‫ ⻠ޟ‬Ṷ⺰ᢥ 㓸‫ޠ‬ߩ ᵈ ᢥ ฃ ઃ 㧘 ᣂ ౉ ળ ຬ ߳ ߩ ቇ ળ ⹹ ‫ ޟ‬વ ᾲ ‫ޠ‬㧘⺰ᢥ㓸‫ ޟ‬Thermal Science and Engineering‫⊒ ޠ‬ㅍ㧘ߘߩઁೀⴕ‛ߩ⊒ㅍη㧕ߘߩઁᔅⷐߥᬺോ
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વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬-74-੐ോዪ߆ࠄߩㅪ⛊ ᦼᣂ౉ળຬ㧔㨪㧕  ฬ⾗ ᳁ ฬᱜ ⩆ේ ᘕੑቇ ᷰㇱ ᒄ㆐ᚲ ዻ
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-75-

J. HTSJ, Vol. 44, No. 188

੐ോዪ߆ࠄߩㅪ⛊ᣣᧄવᾲቇળᱜળຬ࡮ቇ↢ળຬ౉ળ↳ㄟߺ࡮ᄌᦝዯ಴↪⚕㧔ฝߩ⹥ᒰߦ٤ࠍ⸥౉㧕㧔ᵈᗧ㧕㧝㧚ᱜળຬ࡮ቇ↢ળຬ౉ળ↳ㄟᦠ㧞㧚ᄌᦝฬ㧔ᦠ㕙ߦࠃࠆዯ಴ߩߺฃઃߌ㧕࡮ᭃᦠ૕ߢ᣿⍎ߦ⸥౉࡮᳁ฬߦ߰ࠅ߇ߥࠍઃߔ
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㧝㧚ቇળߩળ⸘ᐕᐲߪᲤᐕ 4 ᦬ 1 ᣣ߆ࠄ⠉ᐕ 3 ᦬ᧃᣣ߹ߢߢߔ㧚㧞㧚⾥ഥળຬߩળ⾌ߪ 1 ญ 30,000 ౞㧛ᐕߢ㧘↳ߒㄟߺߪ૗ญߢ߽⚿᭴ߢߔ㧚↳ߒㄟߺญᢙߦࠃࠅ㧘ᰴߩࠃ߁ߦಽߌߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ㧚A㧔3 ญ㧕㧘B㧔2 ญ㧕㧘C㧔1 ญ㧕㧟㧚ળຬߦߥࠅ߹ߔߣ‫ޟ‬વᾲ‫ޟޠ‬Thermal Science and Engineering‫ߒ↳߅ࠍޠ‬ㄟߺญᢙ 1 ญߦߟ߈ฦ 1 ㇱ߅ㅍࠅߒ߹ߔ㧚‫ޟ‬ᣣᧄવᾲࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ⻠Ṷ⺰ᢥ㓸‫ߒ↳߅ࠍ╬ޠ‬ㄟߺญᢙ 1 ญߦߟ߈ 1 ㇱήᢱߢߐߒ޽ߍ߹ߔ㧚ߎߩવᾲߣ Thermal Science and Engineering ߪㅢᏱ㧘ᐕ 6 ࿁㧔5㧘7㧘9㧘11㧘1㧘3 ᦬ภ㧕⊒ⴕߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ㧚ૉߒ㧘ᣣᧄવᾲࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ⻠Ṷ⺰ᢥ㓸ߦߟ߈߹ߒߡߪ㧘೨ᐕᐲߩળ⾌ࠍᐕᐲᧃ߹ߢߦቢ⚊ߐࠇߚળຬ
ߦ㒢ࠅᒰ⹥ᐕᐲߩ߽ߩࠍήᢱߢߐߒ޽ߍ߹ߔ㧚ߥ߅㧘ᐕᐲㅜਛߢߏ౉ળߐࠇߚᣇߦߪᱷㇱߩㇺวߢ߅ㅍࠅߢ߈ߥ޿႐ว߽޽ࠅ߹ߔߩߢ㧘޽ࠄ߆ߓ߼ߏᛚ⍮߅߈ߊߛߐ޿㧚㧠㧚ᧄቇળߢߪ㧘੐ോ૞ᬺ◲⚛ൻߩߚ߼ߦળ⾌ߩ㗔෼ᦠߩ⊒ⴕߪㇷଢᝄᦧ߿㌁ⴕᝄㄟߩប߃ࠍ޽ߡߡ޿߹ߔ㧚◲නߥᦠᑼߩ㗔෼ᦠߪߏ↪ᗧߢ߈߹ߔ߇㧘ߘࠇએᄖߩ႐วߦߪ⾆␠ߏᜰቯߩᦠᑼࠍߏㅍઃਅߐ޿߹ߔࠃ
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 (3)⃻㊄ᦠ⇐ߩ႐วʊ਄⸥ߩ੐ോዪተߦᓮㅍ㊄ਅߐ޿㧚વᾲ 2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬

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࠮ࡦࠨ࠹ࠢࡁࠬ

ᐢ๔࠹ࠢࡁࠝࡈࠖࠬ

ᐢ๔ᣣᧄࠞࡁࡑ࠶ࠢࠬ

✬㓸಴ ㇱળࡁ࡯࠻㧦㔐߹ࠈߍ
Note from the Editorial Board: Snow rollࠎߛ⧊⭈ߩฏ߇޽ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߒߚ㧚
5 ᐕ߶ߤ೨㧘ᒰᤨ࿷☋ߒߡ޿ߚ⑺↰⋵┙ᄢቇ㧔ᧄ⨿ࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬ㧘⑺↰⋵ධㇱ࡮↱೑ᧄ⨿Ꮢ㧕ߢߩ޽߈ߺἫࠍߚߌ ࠃ߈߽ߩ⷗ߖ߻ 㔐߹ࠈߍࠆੑ᦬ߩߢ߈ߏߣߢߔ㧚ᒝ޿㘑ߣ౒ߦ㧘᥅౻ߩ㔐                 ᧻የ ⧊⭈ߣ޿߁ߩߢߒࠂ߁߆㧘⌀౻ߩࠨ࡜ࠨ࡜ߩ߽ߩߣߪ
‫ޟ‬㔐ߣశߩㅧᒻ‫ޠ‬㧔ᦺᣣᣂ⡞␠㧕ߣ޿߁౮⌀㓸ߦ㧘㆑߁㧘Ḩ᳇ࠍᄙߊ฽ࠎߛ㔐߇ᄛඨ߆ࠄ㒠ࠅ⛯߈㧘㔐߇ᢳ㕙ࠍォ߇ߞߡߢ߈ߚਛⓨߩ㔐ߩ╴ߩ౮⌀߇ߘߒߡ߿ࠎߛᦺߩߎߣߢߒߚ㧚޿ߟ߽ߩࠃ߁ߦ಴ឝタߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣ㧘߹ߚߎࠇࠍ⧷⺆ߢ Snow rollൕߒߚߣߎࠈ㧘ᄢቇᢝ࿾ౝߩㆇേ႐㧘๟࿐ߩߚࠎ
ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ᦨㄭࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߒߚ㧚Snow roll ߣ޿߁߷ࠍ฽߻ᐢ޿ᐔ࿾ߦ㧘߅߮ߚߛߒ޿ᢙߩ╴⁁ߩ㔐ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߢߪ㧘ᶏᄖߩ HP ߆ࠄ⒳‫✊ߩޘ‬㤀ߥ౮ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅ߇޽ߞߚߩߢߔ㧚⌀ࠍ⷗ߟߌ಴ߔߎߣ߇಴᧪߹ߒߚ㧚ᕆ޿ߢ㐳㕦ࠍጁ߈㧘ㆇേ႐߳಴ߡߺ߹ߒߚ㧚⤒
ᧄภߩ․㓸ߪ‫ޟ‬᳓‫ߔ߹ࠅ޽ߢޠ‬㧚‫ޟ‬᳓‫ߦޠ‬㑐ߔࠆㄭߊ߹ߢ㔐ߦၒ߽ࠇߥ߇ࠄߘߩ㔐ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅߩ৻
ᐢ▸ߥ⹤㗴ࠍ㧘⒳‫ߩޘ‬ಾࠅญߢ㓸߼ࠃ߁ߣ޿߁ਥ
ߟߦㄭߠ޿ߡߺࠆߣ㧘ߘࠇߪ㔐ࠍࡠ࡯࡞⁁ߦਣ߼ᣦߢ✬㓸޿ߚߒ߹ߒߚ㧚⹤㗴ߩ⼾ንߐߦᧄภߛߌ
ߚࠃ߁ߥ౞╴ᒻߢ㧘⋥ᓘ߇ 30cm ߆ࠄᄢ߈޿߽ߩ
ߢߪኻᔕߢ߈ߕ㧘ᰴ࿁߽ᒁ߈⛯߈‫ޟ‬᳓‫੍ߩޠ‬ቯߢ
ߢ 50cm એ਄㧘㐳ߐ߇߿ߪࠅ 50cm ㄭߊ޽ࠆߎߣ߇
ߏߑ޿߹ߔ㧚ߤ߁ߙ߅ᭉߒߺߦ㧚ࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߒߚ㧚ߘ߁ߒߚ㔐ߩ߆ߚ߹ࠅ߇㧘๟࿐ࠍ⷗ᷰߔ߆߉ࠅ㧘ᢙ⊖߆ߘࠇએ਄㧘㔐ේߦߜࠅ߫߼
ࠄࠇߚࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ޿ߚࠊߌߢߔ㧚޽߹ࠅߦ߽ਇ
ᕁ⼏ߥశ᥊ߢߒߚ㧚ߘࠇߙࠇߩ╴ߦߪ㧘࿾㕙ࠍォ߇ߞߚ〔߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚߩߢ㧘ォ߇ࠅߥ߇ࠄᄢ߈ߊߥߞߚߎߣ߇ᗐ௝
ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ㧚ォ߇ࠆߣߔࠇ߫ᒝ㘑ߦࠃߞߡߢߔ߇㧘ߎߩᄢ߈ߐߢォ߇ࠆߩ߆ߤ߁߆㧘᛼ߒߡߺ߹ߒߚ㧚⋥ᓘ㧘㐳ߐ߇ 50cm ߶ߤ߽޽ࠅ㧘Ყセ⊛Ḩߞߚ㔐ߢߔߩߢ㧘ߣߡ߽㊀ߊ㧘ᄢੱߩജߢ߽ォ߇ߔߩ߇߿ߞߣߢߔ㧚ᨐߚߒߡߎࠇ߶ߤߩᒝ㘑߇็ߊߩߛ
ࠈ߁߆ߣߩ㧘⇼໧߇ᱷࠅ߹ߒߚ㧚ߘߩᣣߪጊᒻ⋵ർㇱߢ߽ห᭽ߩ⃻⽎߇ⷰኤߐࠇ㧘࠹࡟ࡆߩࡠ࡯ࠞ࡞࠾ࡘ࡯ࠬߢႎ㆏ߐࠇߚߣ⡞߈߹ߒߚ㧚㔐ୈ㧔ࠁ߈ߛࠊࠄ㧕㧘㔐߹ࠈߍߣ޿߁ฬ⒓ߢ㔐߹ࠈߍ㧘㆙ᣇߦ߽ᄙᢙ㧔╩⠪᠟ᓇ㧕޽ࠆߎߣ㧘ᣣᧄߢߪ᧲ർ࿾ᣇߩᣣᧄᶏᴪጯ࿾ၞߢ
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Kaoru MARUTA (Tohoku University)ߒ⺞ߴߚ⒟ᐲߢߪ㧘⑼ቇ⊛ߦᣢ⍮ߥߩ߆ߐ߃㧘ᧂe-mail: maruta@ifs.tohoku.ac.jpߛߦߪߞ߈ࠅߒߥ޿ߩߢߔ㧚ߚߛ㧘㔐߹ࠈߍࠍ⹗
೽ળ㐳  ൎ↰ᱜᢥ㧔ᣧⒷ↰ᄢቇ㧕    ㇱળ㐳 ศ↰⧷↢㧔੩ㇺᄢቇ㧕ᆔ ຬ㧔ℂ ੐㧕᫪ ᴦ༹㧔᧲੩㔚ജ㧕     ㅩဈᤘᴦ㧔ᓼፉᄢቇ㧕     ዊጊ ❥㧔਻Ꮊᄢቇ㧕㧔⹏⼏ຬ㧕ਣ↰ ⮍㧔᧲ർᄢቇ㧕     ᧖ጊᥓਯ㧔ᣣᧄේሶജ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕 ਛㄟ⑲᮸㧔ජ⪲ᄢቇ㧕     ട⮮ਯ⾆㧔᧲੩Ꮏᬺᄢቇ㧕   ᳗੗ੑ㇢㧔⑔੗ᄢቇ㧕     ↰ဈ⺈ဋ㧔૑෹㊄ዻᎿᬺ㧕     ᐔỈ⨃᮸㧔␹ᚭᄢቇ㧕
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વ ᾲ

ISSN 1344-8692

Journal of the Heat Transfer Society of Japan

Vol. 44, No. 188

2005 ᐕ 9 ᦬⊒ⴕ⊒ⴕᚲ ␠࿅ᴺੱ ᣣ ᧄ વ ᾲ ቇ ળ‫ޥ‬113-0034 ᧲੩ㇺᢥ੩඙ḡፉ 2-16-16
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