DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR JAPANESE (2005)(THE REPORT FROM THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE OF “DIETARY REFERENCEINTAKES FOR JAPANESE -- RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE --”)OCTOBER, 2004
MINISTRY OF HEALTH, LABOUR AND WELFARE, JAPANNOTEThis English translation was a part* of the report.
(*General Theories, Energy, and Outline)

Translated by Satoshi Sasaki, M.D., Ph.D., Project Leader of Nutritional Epidemiology
Program, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Japan

CONTENTS
I. GENERAL THEORIES… 1

1. Characteristics of Designing Policies… 1

2. Basic Concept… 1

3. Basic Parameters That Were Noted in Designing the DRIs-J… 13

4. Basic Approach for Application… 23

References

II. PARTICULAR TOPICS[ENERGY]

… 30

… 33
… 33

1. Basic Points… 33

2. Estimated Energy Requirement… 33

3. Basic Approach in Application… 40

References

DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR JAPANESE, 2005 (OUTLINE)

… 50

… 55

1. Purpose… 55

2. Effective Duration… 55

3. Principles… 55

4. Basic Approach for Application… 59

5. Notes for Applying DRIs-J… 61

6. Dietary Reference Intakes (Tables)… 62

I. GENERAL THEORIES

1. Characteristics of Designing Policies
Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2005 (DRIs-J) was prepared for healthy individuals
or groups and designed to show reference intake values of energy and each nutrient to maintainand promote health and prevent lifestyle-related diseases. DRIs have been prepared not only toprevent energy or nutrient deficiency that may be caused by inadequate nutrient intake: it is also
designed for the primary prevention of lifestyle-related diseases and illnesses caused by excess
consumption of energy and nutrients.
The current DRIs have followed an approach of DRIs-J' concept which was introduced in theprior revision (the 6th revised Recommended Dietary Allowance and Dietary Reference Intake
for Japanese, 1999) and the concept was thoroughly implemented in this revision. It is desiredthat those who use this DRIs-J should not become too preoccupied with the values presented; but
should understand the concept of the DRIs-J thoroughly and apply them correctly.
The DRIs-J were prepared on a scientific basis as much as possible. Domestic and overseas
academic papers and obtainable scientific data were utilized to the maximum. Furthermore, thosedissertations and academic materials that were used in the revision of the prior edition were also
reevaluated.

2. Basic Concept
2-1. General Concept
The traditional approach based on the concept of providing only the minimum requirements
to avoid nutrient deficiencies is not sufficient to respond to the aim of prevention of lifestylerelated diseases and dysfunctions due to excess intake of nutrients. It is necessary to indicate a“range of intake” and introduce an idea that ones intake should stay within the range. It must also-1-

be shown clearly that if one were to consume any of the nutrients in excess of its range, it may
lead to a risk of disease due to the excessive intake. This is the first basic concept in establishing
DRIs-J.
In reality, “true” optimal intake varies among individuals and within an individual. Therefore,the ‘true’ optimal intake cannot be measured or estimated. This fact leads to a need of aprobability approach in their computation or application. This is the second basic concept behind
the DRIs-J, which uniquely characterizes this revision.
Based on these two concepts, one index for energy and five indices for nutrients are presented
below. These indices are comprehensively called “Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs-J).”2-2. Energy
Energy must be computed based on a concept that is different from those used for nutrients.
An adult requires a fixed amount of energy to maintain his/her body weight: if his/her intake does
not meet the requirement, weight losses, emaciation, and protein energy malnutrition may ensue;
if the intake exceeds the required intake, weight gain or obesity may occur. It is understood thatthe optimum state of energy intake is achieved when energy intake and consumption are balanced,
causing no changes in body weight.
The double-labeled water (DLW) method is used to determine energy expenditure by healthy
individual who maintain normal daily activities. The United States and Canada were the first in
the world to adopt this technique in their DRIs for estimating energy expenditure. Due to the costof the DLW (150,000 yen/person) and urine cell analyzer and the technical skill for the operation,
sufficient numbers of samples are not available to compute Estimated Energy Requirement(EER) in Japan. For this reversion, the EER for an adult was computed from his/her Basal
Metabolic Rate (BMR) (= reference Basal Metabolic Rate x reference body weight) and Physical
Activity Level (PAL).
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EER for adults (kcal/day) = BMR x PAL
Based on the data of DLW studies, the PAL was divided into 3 levels for an adult: level I(low, 1.50), level II, (normal, 1.75), and level III (high, 2.00).
For infants and children in the growth stage, the EER includes that needed to maintain thecurrent body weight plus that which is necessary for growth. For pregnant women and nursing
mothers, additional energy values due to fetal growth and lactating were added to complete the
EER.

Fig. 1 A model to aid in the comprehension of Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
With an increase in habitual intake, the risk for insufficiency is reduced and that for excessive
intake increases. The intake at which both of these risks are the lowest is EER.

2-3 Nutrients
2-3-1. Indices
For the nutrients, Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) and Recommended Dietary
Allowance (RDA) were selected as indices for the presence (or absence) of a deficiency and its
extent.
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Adequate Intake (AI) was computed for nutrients that were unable to determine EAR and
RDA. For certain nutrients, DRIs-J have been defined for the primary prevention of lifestylerelated diseases. For these, “the quantity that the modern Japanese must consume for the primaryprevention of lifestyle-related diseases” is indicated: it is called Tentative Dietary Goal for
Preventing Life-style Related Diseases (DG).
Upper Intake Level (UL) was set to prevent diseases that would be caused by an excessive
intake of certain nutrients. However, there are nutrients refrained from setting UL due to a lack ofsufficient scientific data. Fig. 2 represents the general concept of these indices.
Table 1 shows those nutrients for which DRIs have been set and the indices that have been
provided for ages one year and over. Thirty-four nutrients were investigated. For infants (ages 0
through 11 months), the adequate intake was set for twenty-eight nutrients, excluding saturated
fatty acids, cholesterol, carbohydrates, dietary fibers and chromium.

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Fig. 2 A model to aid in understanding the indices for DRIs-J (Estimated Average
Requirement, Recommended Daily Allowance, Adequate Intake and Tolerable Upper
Intake Level)
The figure shows the risk of deficiency exist for 0.5 (50%) for EAR and 0.02 to 0.03 (mean,
0.025, 2 to 3% or 2.5%) for RDA. Note that there is a potential risk of developing a disease fromadverse effects due to excessive intake when the amount exceeds UL. It can also be seen thatwhen the intake is between RDA and UL, the risk of a deficiency or developing a disease due toexcessive intake is near zero (0).
An AI is not in a fixed relationship with EAR or RDA. If it is possible to compute the last two
simultaneously, the estimated intake is believed to be greater than RDA (on the right side in the
figure). The estimated intake was added for reference.
Because the DG is determined from the EDA or AI and the median of the current intake, it cannot
be displayed here.

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Table 1 Nutrients for which DRIs-J have been established and its indices (ages 1 year andover)1
EAR
RDA
AI
DG
UL
Proteins○○○
Total fats○
Saturated fatty acids○
Lipidsn-6 fatty acids○○
n-3 fatty acids○○
Cholesterol○
Carbohydrates○
Dietary fibers○○
Vitamin B1○○
Vitamin B2○○
Niacin○○○VitaminB○○○
Water6
Folic acid○○○2
solublevitamins
Vitamin B12○○
Biotin○Pantothenic acid○
Vitamin C○○
Vitamin A○○○○○
Oil-soluble Vitamin E
vitamins
Vitamin D○○
Vitamin K○
Magnesium○○○2
Minerals
Calcium○○○
Phosphorus○○
Chromium○○
Molybdenum○○○
Manganese
○
○
Iron
○
○
○
Trace
elements
Copper
○
○
○
Zinc
○
○
○
Selenium○○○
Iodine○○○Sodium○○Electrolytes
Potassium○○
DRIs-J, Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese; EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA,
recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; DG, tentative dietary goal for preventing
life-style related diseases; UL, tolerable upper intake level1
Including when the DRIs-J were defined for only certain age groups.
2
Defined as intake from other than normal food.

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2-3-2. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is defined as estimated mean value of requirement ofa general population (e.g., men ages 30 through 49 years) computed based on date of distributionof the “requirement” determined in a certain group. In other words, it is defined as estimatedrequirement which would fulfill 50 percent of the group.

2-3-3. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is defined as the amount that would fulfill almost
all (97 to 98 percent) of the individuals in the general population which is computed based on the
distribution of the “requirement” determined in subject groups.
By using the standard deviation (SD) of person-to-person variation in the experimentallyderived requirements as the estimated standard deviation of inter-individual differences of therequirement in the general group, the RDA can be theoretically computed as the “mean ofestimated requirement + 2 x SD of estimated requirement.” In actual practice, however, anaccurate standard deviation for the estimated requirement is rarely obtained from experimental
data. In many instances, one has to rely on the estimated value. The standard deviations used incomputing the recommended dietary allowance in the current updated version are listed ascoefficients of variation (CV: standard deviation/average value) in Table 2.
RDA = EAR x coefficient for RDA-7-

Table 2 Coefficients of variation (CV) for person-to-person variations used to estimate the
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) from Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)
Variation
Coefficient for
Nutrients
coefficient
calculating RDA
1.2
Vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, niacin, folic acid,10％
vitamin C, magnesium, iron (for adults and 15-17 years
old), molybdenum, zinc, selenium
1.25
Proteins
12.5％
1.3
Copper15％
1.4
Vitamin A, iron (for 1-14 years old), iodine
20％

2-3-4. Adequate Intake (AI)
Adequate Intake (AI) is defined as a sufficient quantity to maintain a certain nutritional state
in a specific group. It is set at the level which only a few would develop a deficiency. It is set
only when the RDA cannot be established. In general, AI is decided based on epidemiologicalstudies worked on nutritional intake of healthy individuals.
AI is based on one of the following three concepts, depending on the nutrients or anindividual’s gender or age group.
(1) Established based on a value which is estimated intake level that shows nearly no
deficiency, based on health status from biological and other indices and intake survey ofthe concerned nutrient conducted simultaneously. The median of the nutrient intake isused as AI when there is only a few individual with deficiency.
(2) Established based on the median for the nutrient intake when health status cannot be
confirmed by using biological markers and similar indicators but representative nutrient
distribution among Japanese can be obtained.
(3) Established based on intake level of healthy infants fed by human milk. The product ofnutrient concentration of human milk and volume of consumed is used as AI.

-8-2-3-5 Tentative Dietary Goal for Preventing Lifestyle-related Diseases (DG) for Modern
Japanese
DG is set mainly for the primary prevention of lifestyle-related diseases. The quantity isdesigned to achieve that nutritional state at which the risk of developing diseases or the biologicalmarkers (substitute markers) are reduced. It is based on knowledge from epidemiological studies
with some input from the findings obtained in experimental nutritional studies. However, therelationship between nutritional intake and the risk for developing lifestyle-related diseases is
continuous in nature and quite often there is no threshold. In such an instance, it is difficult topropose a certain quantity or threshold as an optimum value. Therefore, considering intake, foodcomposition, and food preferences of the modern Japanese, as well as foreign dietary reference
intakes and guidelines for disease prevention, it was decided putting emphasis on feasibility.
In the DRIs-J, particular emphasis was placed on the primary prevention of cardiovasculardiseases (e.g., hypertension, hyperlipidemia, stroke, and myocardial infarction), cancer (inparticular, stomach cancer), fractures, and osteoporosis. Specifically, it was directed toward theintake of proteins, lipids (fatty acids), cholesterol, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, calcium, sodium(table salt), and potassium.
Regarding calcium, DG is not set as a prevention of lifestyle-related disease. Its AI was set byanother method and DG was based on the AI. The calcium balance was determined by a factorial
method. Because of this difference in computation, special attention is required in its application.
Specifically, it is not intended simply to prevent a lifestyle-related disease: it is for the
maintenance of each nutrient in the body.
Protein, lipids, and carbohydrates are nutrients that generate energy. Because the balance(ratios) among them is important, their percentage to energy (% energy) was used as intake units.
The DG was designed only for adults.

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The DG may be set to bring one’s habitual intake as close to this dietary goal as possible or it
may be within the indicated threshold. The relationship between the type of DG vis-à-vis thecontent and nutrients is shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Type of DG relative to the contents and its relations to the nutrients
Types of DG relative to the contents
Nutrients
Nutrients defined to bring their intake close toDietary fiber, n-3 fatty acids, calcium,
DG
potassium (with the intake increase desired)
Cholesterol, sodium (with reductions inintake increase desired)
DG is defined within a range and nutrients intake Total fats, saturated fatty acids,
is designed to be within this defined range
carbohydrates
EAR, RDA, or AI are given but only UL is listed Proteins, n-6 fatty acids
for DG
DG, tentative dietary goal for preventing life-style related diseases; EAR, estimated average
requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable upper
intake level2-3-6. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)UL is defined as the quantity that shows the upper limit of the habitual intake that is
considered to be free of the risk of causing a disease due to excessive intake. If the intake exceeds
this level, it is believed that a latent risk for developing a disease increases (Fig. 3). One should
be reminded that the disease in this section is that caused by excessive intake of nutrients (anexcess intake disease) and not a disease due to insufficient intake (deficiency disease).
Theoretically speaking, the true “UL” is the maximum value (no observed adverse effectlevel: NOAEL) of “the quantity that is known not to cause a disease,” according to studies thatwere conducted on humans (Fig. 3). However, studies of NOAEL on humans are extremely
limited or conducted on specific populations. To be on the safe side, therefore, the UL was
obtained by subtracting the “uncertain factor (UF)” from NOAEL in many instances (Fig. 3). In
doing so, an appropriate number between 1 and 5 was selected as UF.

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On the other hand, when minimum of the “amount that is known to cause health problem”(lowest observed adverse effect level: LOAEL) is obtained from specific populations known tohave consumed excessive amounts of certain nutrient or on cases that developed a health problem
due to excessive intake of certain supplements or similar sources, UF is set at 10 and theestimated NOAEL is obtained by subtracting 10 from LOAEL. Considering occurrence
frequency and extent of health problems due to excessive intake, UF was exceptionally set low
for magnesium, calcium and zinc.
Diseases in humans caused by excessive intake of nutrients are rarely reported. Needless toadd, one cannot conduct studies on humans to find the dose-response relationship and otherdetails to establish NOAEL or LOAEL. The UL must be estimated from NOAEL or LOAEL thatis obtained from animal experiments in which a disease (intoxication) is induced or in someinstances from in vitro experiments. If only the LOAEL is reported, NOAEL is estimated as arule by subtracting a UF of 10 from this LOAEL. If NOAEL obtained from animal experiments
is to be extrapolated to estimate UL in humans, such NOAEL is usually subtracted by UF 10.
There is not sufficient scientific data to set UF and therefore has not necessarily reachedconsensus among professionals. Consequently, as described above, an appropriate number for UF
was selected in range of 1 to 5 for reports based on humans, and in range of 10 to 100 for those
based on animals. When NOAEL is used for computation, a smaller UF is chosen and when
LOAEL is used, a larger value was selected. Furthermore, UF was determined by giving due
consideration to the characteristics of each nutrient, severity of the projected disease caused byexcessive intake, quality and number of the studies reporting on NOAEL and LOAEL,
characteristics of the subjects or cohorts observed (sex, age, and health status), groupcharacteristics, and the number of subjects. UF used in the computation is shown in Table 4 fornutrients that have UL.

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The details for computing UL differ in each nutrient and it is suggested to refer to theparticular chapters. For some nutrients, reports that offer a solid basis for computation were
scarce and for those nutrients, either the computation was postponed or only tentative values havebeen indicated.

Fig. 3 A model to aid in understanding a cohort that has a risk for developing diseases due
to excessive intake
The group of individuals who habitually consume quantities above the upper threshold has apotential risk for developing health problems from excessive intake; those in the groupconsuming nutrients over LOAEL are in fact consuming the amounts that have been confirmed to
produce diseases due to excessive amount of the nutrients in question.
LOAEL, lowest observed adverse effect level; NOAEL, no observed adverse effect level

Table 4 Uncertain factor (UF) used for calculation of tolerable upper intake level
UF
Nutrients
1
Vitamin D (infants), vitamin E, magnesium, phosphorus,
manganese, copper, iodine
1.2
Calcium
1.5
Vitamin A (pregnant women), zinc
2
Vitamin D (adults, children), selenium
5
Vitamin B6, niacin, folic acid, vitamin A (adults, children)
10
Vitamin A (infants), molybdenum
30
Iron- 12 -

3. Basic Parameters That Were Noted in Designing the DRIs-J
3-1. Age Groups
The age groups employed in the current design are shown in Table 5. Infants were divided
into 2 groups: “after birth to under 6 months (ages 0 through 5 months)” and “6 months to under
one year (ages 6 through 11 months).”Children were defined as those ages 1 through 17 years and adults, those ages 18 years andover. If there is a need for separating the aged from adults, those ages 70 years and over were
designated as such.

3-2. Reference Physiques
For DRIs-J, only a single representative value is obtained through computation for eachgender and age group, without giving any consideration to physical distinctions (heights andweights) within each group. In other words, the DRIs-J are designed for those in the group withthe representative physique. The representative physiques for those ages one year and over werebased on the median heights and weights of the corresponding gender and age that were obtainedat the 2001 National Nutrition Survey in Japan1) and for infants ages 0 through 11 months, themedian of the group of corresponding age (in months) obtained from the 2000 National Growth
Survey in Infancy and Childhood2) were used. These are called the “reference physiques”(reference heights and reference weights) (Table 5).

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Table 5 Reference physique (reference height and reference weights)
Sex
Males
Females1
Age
Reference height
Reference
Reference height
Reference(cm)
weights (kg)(cm)
weights (kg)
0-5 months
62.2
6.6
61.0
6.1
6-11
71.5
8.8
69.9
8.2
1-2 years
85.0
11.9
84.7
11.0
3-5
103.5
16.7
102.5
16.0
6-7
119.6
23.0
118.0
21.6
8-9
130.7
28.0
130.0
27.2
10-11
141.2
35.5
144.0
35.7
12-14
160.0
50.0
154.8
45.6
15-17
170.0
58.3
157.2
50.0
18-29
171.0
63.5
157.7
50.0
30-49
170.0
68.0
156.8
52.7
50-69
164.7
64.0
152.0
53.2
≥70
160.0
57.2
146.7
49.7
1
Excluding pregnant women.

3-3. Nutrient Intakes Used to Establish AI and DG
In certain instances, the baseline of the state of nutrient intake for the population is needed tocompute AI and DG. In the DRIs-J, the median and percentile of intake for each gender and age
group (ages one year and over) according to the 2001 National Nutrition Survey1) were used forcomputation. During the process of setting the DRIs, the results of the 2002 National Nutrition
Survey were made public.3) The results were not used as the base materials: it was confirmed thatthe use of the 2001 Survey data constituted no problem.
The age groups for children age 6 through 11 differs between the DRIs-J and the National
Nutrition Survey (the age groups of 6 through 7 years, 8 through 9 years, and 10 through 11 years
for the former, and the age groups of 6 through 8 years and 9 through 11 years for the latter).
Therefore the data reported by the National Nutrition Survey for the age group 6 through 8 years
were used for the DRIs-J for the age group 6 through 7 years; the mean of the age groups of 6
through 8 years and 9 through 11 years reported by the National Nutrition Survey was used for- 14 -

the age group of 8 through 9 years for the DRIs-J; and the results of the age group 9 through 11
years of the National Nutrition Survey was used for the age group of 10 through 11 years for the
DRIs.
It is known that almost all nutritional surveys (including dietary recording method) areplagued with the problem of underreporting. Although varied depending on survey method andsubjects, 5 to 15% underreporting of energy intake has been reported by studies conducted in thewestern world.4) Among Japanese also, underreporting of approximately 8% has been reported asa group mean.5) The extent of underreporting that occurred in the 2001 National Nutrition Survey,
the main data source of the current revision, is unknown. No logical or practical solutions to thisproblem have been proposed in the western world. In the DRIs-J, it was decided that the values
obtained from the 2001 National Nutrition Survey and other related survey would be used as theywere.
In establishing AL and DG for the DRIs-J, intake data were used for the following nutrients(Table 6).

Table 6 Nutrients with intake data used to compute their AI and DG
Nutrients
AI
n-6 fatty acids, n-3 fatty acids, pantothenic acid, biotin1, vitamin E, vitamin D,
phosphorus, manganese1
DG
Total fats, saturated fatty acids, n-3 fatty acids, calcium, sodium, potassium
AI, adequate intake; DG, tentative dietary goal for preventing life-style related diseases
1
Study data other than those from the National Nutrition Survey in Japan were used forreferences.

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3-4. Method to Integrate the Research Results
The DRIs-J were based on the results of as many reliable studies as possible. In doing so, theresults were integrated in accordance with the approach that is introduced in Table 7.

Table 7 Method to integrate the research results
Quality of the
The presence (or absence) of studies on the
studyJapanese
When it isWhen there are studies on Japanese as therelatively even research subjects

When thequality ishighly variablein each study

When there are no studies on Japanese as theresearch subjects
When there are high-quality studies on Japaneseas the study subjects
When there are studies on Japanese as the study
subjects but these studies are relatively low in
quality in comparison with other studies
When there are no studies on Japanese as the test
subjects

Basic concept in
integration
Priority placed on the
results of studies
conducted on Japanese
Use of the overall means
Priority placed on the
results of studies on
Japanese
Select high-quality
studies and use the meanof such studies

3-5. Notes for Each Life Stage
3-5-1. Infants
Experiments cannot be conducted on infants less then 6 months old to determine their EAR or
RDA. It was assumed that the quality and quantity of human milk consumed by healthy infants
would be equivalent to the optimum nutritional requirement for infants. For the infants’ DRIs-J,
AI was computed: specifically, the product of the nutrient concentration of the human milk andthe amount consumed by the infant was used. The mean quantity taken by an infant during thisperiod has been reported to be 0.78 L/day.6) Therefore the standard quantity consumed by ahealthy infant was set at 0.78 L/day for the DRIs-J.

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For infants ages 6 through 11 months, consumption of food other than human milk (or othermilk products prepared for infants) must be taken into consideration. But relevant information is
scarce. The values for infants aged 0 through 5 months and/or those 1 through 2 years wereextrapolated. For the method of extrapolation, refer to section (3-6) for the “basic approach of theextrapolation method.”

3-5-2. Children
Very few studies are available that would be sufficient to set children’s DRIs-J. Whensufficient data were not extant, the values were estimated by employing the extrapolation method
to those values of adults. A basic approach for extrapolation is shown in 3-6.
Because of the scarcity of information, it was often not able to set ULs. It should be notedthat the absence of UL does not necessarily assure freedom from developing health problems
when the intake becomes excessive.

3-5-3. Aged
For aged, weakening of their masticatory function, deterioration of digestive and absorptive
fraction, and a reduction in food intake due to less physical activities exist. One characteristic of
this age group is that their individual intake varies widely; another is that many aged individuals
are affected by an illness. Sufficient attention should be directed not only to the age but also toindividual characteristics.

3-5-4. Pregnant and Lactating WomenFirst, the DRIs-J for non-pregnant and non-lactating are computed for their specific age
category, and then certain amount is added for pregnant and lactating women.

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The typical duration of pregnancy was assumed to be 280 days and the cumulative effect for
fetal growth was expressed in terms of volume per day. If it is necessary to divide the duration ofpregnancy, the following 3 divisions were proposed: early stage (less than 16 weeks); mid-stage(16 to less than 28 weeks); and late stage (28 weeks and thereafter).
For the lactating stage, data on lactation is necessary; no reliable data for Japanese women
were available; so the amount of maternal milk ingested by an infant (0.78 L/day)6) was used as
the daily volume of lactation.
Because of the paucity of data on UL for pregnant and lactating women, many nutrients arewithout UL. The absence of UL does not necessarily assure that one is free from developing
health problems due to excessive intake. It is convenient as a rule to refer to the UL for nonpregnant or non-lactating women of comparable age; but a lack of any consideration about theeffect of the fetus during pregnancy or the milk during the lactating period may be associatedwith a certain risk. A close attention should be paid to the UL for these women. Because thescientific basis related to these problems is not available, the quantitative reference was forced tobe omitted.

3-6. Method for Extrapolation
The DRIs-J (EAR, RDA, AI, DG, and UL) were obtained through observation of certain
gender and at certain age group. Thus they are called “references” and used as a basis for
extrapolation. An extrapolation procedure is necessary to create DRIs-J for each genders and age
group.
References for EAR and AI are often based on the intake per day (weight/day), while thereference for UL is obtained as a quantity per kg of body weight. Therefore extrapolation
methods were prepared individually.

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For RDA, the EAR for each gender and age level is computed by extrapolating from thereference value for EAR; then each resulting EAR was multiplied by the RDA computing
coefficient shown in Table 2. For DG, the AI for both genders and all age levels was computedby extrapolating from the reference AI; then the corresponding DG were obtained by using eachextrapolated AI and the median of the intake of the respective gender and age groups.

3-6-1. Extrapolation Methods of EAR and AI
3-6-1-1. Adults and Children
It is difficult to decide on the method of extrapolation with due consideration given to thecharacteristics of each nutrient. It has been noted that there is a significant correlation between
efficiency in energy metabolism and body surface area. Formulas to estimate the body surface
area from body height and/or body weight were developed and are now widely used.7) There are anumber of formulas and for the DRIs have adopted which was proposed by Kleiber, et al. in 1947
and uses 0.75th power of the weight ratio.8) Further studies have been conducted in recent years
and it has been reported that the method is useful in estimating the organ weights of a number oforganisms (including cardiovascular and respiratory organs of mammals).9)
When the reference for EAR or AI is given in intake per day (weight/day) and therepresentative value (median or mean) of the body weight in a given group of the study fromwhich the reference has been obtained is clear-cut, extrapolation was effected by using thefollowing:
X = X0 x (W/W0)0.76 x (1 + G)
Where
X = EAR or AI (intake per day) of the specific age groupW = reference weight of the specific age group
X0 = Reference (intake per day) for EAR or AI- 19 -

W0 = mean or median representative weight of the studied subjects that provided EAR or
AI reference
G = growth factor (refer to Table 8 for data)
In some studies, the reference for EAR or AI may be given as a number per kg of bodyweight. If so, extrapolation was conducted as follows:
X = X0 x W x (1 + G)
Where
X = EAR or AI (intake per day) of the desired age groupW = reference weight of the age group in question
X0 = reference for EAR or AI (intake per kg body weight)
G = growth factor (refer to Table 8 for data)
For children, the following should be taken into consideration: (1) quantity that is needed for
growth; and (2) the quantity that is accumulated in the body during the growth stage. For thegrowth factors for the DRIs, the values that have been adopted by WHO/UNA10) and the UnitedStates/Canada in their dietary reference intake were modified to suit the Japanese at each age
group (Table 8).

Table 8 Growth factors used in setting the EAR or AI (age one year old and over)Age groups
Growth factors
1-2 years
0.30
3-14
0.15
0.15
15-17 （boys）
0
15-17 （girls）
0≥ 18 years and above
EAR, estimated average requirement; AI, adequate intake- 20 -

3-6-1-2. Infants (aged 6 through 11 months)
Two methods for extrapolation were considered to the DRIs-J for infants 6 through 11
months: (1) extrapolate based on the value for infants (aged 0 through 5 months); and (2) use themedian values of infants (aged 0 through 5 months) and those of 1 to 2-years-old. As a rule, it
was decided that either of the following two formulas could be applied.
When extrapolating form infants 0 through 5 months’ DRIs-J, the following formula has beensuggested: 7)(reference weight of infants 6 through 11 months / reference weight of infants 0 through 5months)0.75
However, infants 0 through 5 months are in the growth stage and their DRIs-J probably makeallowance for the growth factor. So the formula given above does not take the growth factor into
consideration. When the weight of reference physique is substituted, the products for boys andgirls are (8.8/6.6)0.75 and (8.2/6.1)0.75 or 1.24 and 1.25, respectively. This formula produces values
for extrapolation that are slightly different for boys and girls. Therefore the mean of these values
was computed and used as the common AI for both genders.

3-6-2. UL
Like EAR and AI, there are no methods for extrapolating UL that are logical and sufficiently
reliable. For those age groups with insufficient evidence, computations were not made for thoseages under 18 years. As a rule, either of the following two methods was used for those aged 18
years and over.
If the reference value for UL is given per kg of body weight:
X = X0 x W
Where X = UL (intake per day) for the specific age level
W = reference weight for the specific age group- 21 -

X0 = Reference for UL (intake per kg of body weight)
If the reference for UL is given as a value per day:
X = X0 x (W/W0)
Where X = UL for the specific age level (intake per day)
X0 = reference for UL (intake per day)W = reference weight for the specific age group
W0 = mean or median representative weight of the studied subjects that provided UL
reference

3-7. Rounding
In view of the convenience of use and reliability of the values, EAR, RDA, AI, DG and UL
were routinely rounded off according to the rule shown in Table 9. For children, adults, and aged,
a single rule applied for each nutrient, regardless of their gender. For infants, pregnant andlactating women, the value to be added was rounded to the same number of digits as that used forthe other gender or the corresponding age groups.
After the rounding operation, the numbers were smoothed if necessary to remove excessive
ups and downs among age groups. Refer to the section on each nutrient for the method andpractice of smoothing.
Also refer to the respective section for the nutrients for which the numbers were rounded bymethods other than that shown here.

- 22 -

Table 9 Basic formulas for rounding numbers
Approximate
Methodmedian value
0.5
Rounded to the nearest tenth fraction.
1.0
Rounded to the nearest tenth fraction.
5
Rounded so that the 10th fraction will be 0 or 5.
10
Rounded to the nearest whole number.
50
Rounded so that the first digit will be 0 or 5.
100
The first digit is rounded off.
500
Rounded off so that the second digit will be 0 or 5
1,000
Rounded to the nearest hundred.
5,000
Rounded so that the third digit will be 0 or 5.
1(X or Y is replaced with a number: X, a number; Y, 0 or 5)

The digit that is shown1
0.X
X.X
X.Y
XX
XY
XX0
XY0
X,X00
X,Y00

4. Basic Approach for Application
4-1. Individuals or Groups
The subjects to whom the DRIs-J are applied are, as a rule, healthy individuals or groups thatis composed of healthy individuals. The healthy individuals here may include those who havesome mild conditions such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia but enjoy anormal life and no specific dietary guidance is being given or diet therapy or diet restriction is
imposed.

4-2. Nutrient Sources
Nutrients sources include the energy and nutrients that are contained in substances normallytaken in meals. They also include those energy and nutrients that are contained in tonic drinks,
nutritional aids, food fortified with nutrients, specified health food, functional food, so-called“health food”, and dietary supplements, which are not intended for the treatment of any specificdisease but are used to promote one’s general health. Note that the ULs for folic acid andmagnesium were created only for sources other than normal food.

- 23 -

4-3. Habitual Intake
The DRIs-J give standards for habitual intake but do not constitute standards for meals takenover a short period (e.g., one day). This is because nutrient intake varies widely from day today12-15) and DRIs are references for habitual intake of energy and nutrients.
It is difficult to specify a duration for one’s “habitual intake” but based on the results obtained
from observations of daily variations in the intake of energy and nutrients,12-15) approximately
one month appears to be reasonable. Because of the difficulty associated with dietary surveys
over extended periods, diet-recording or diet recall is employed for assessment. In such a case it
is desirable that surveys be conducted for least 2 days (preferably 2 non-consecutive days) and
use the mean of the results.
Except for vitamin C, there is no seasonal difference in intake for Japanese; 13, 16, 17) therefore
there is no need for special consideration.
DRIs do not indicate the quantity that should be included in a specific meal for a day or that
included in a particular meal (e.g., breakfast, lunch or dinner). If a specific meal (such as lunch)
is to be supplied for a group, it is desirable that due consideration be given to the intake by thegroup at all meals and a plan made for the specific meal.

4-4. Basic Method of Application
4-4-1. Basic Concept of DRIs-J Use
DRIs-J are used for various purposes but its application may be roughly classified into thefollowing: for the “assessment of the current state of nutrient intake” and “for designing dietaryplans (including planning for dietary consultation, public nutrition and food service).” Theapplication is further divided by whether it is for “individuals” or “groups.”- 24 -

Excluding energy requirements, basic handling of all nutrients is shown in Table 10 (dietaryassessment) and Table 11 (dietary planning). In preparing these, the concept adopted in the
DRIs of the United States and Canada was used as a reference.19)
It is essential that a dietary plan be prepared and implemented, based on a dietary assessment(not only the intake but also biochemical indices and physical measurements). It should be
noted that the value indicated by the DRIs are not necessarily the amount that should be applied
accomplished in real life.
For energy requirements, refer to the section (2-2) on energy.

- 25 -

Table 10 Concept of Dietary Reference Intakes uses for dietary assessment (excluding
energy requirements)1-3
For an Individual
For a GroupEAR
If the habitual intake is less than EAR, the The percentage of those with a habitual
probability for deficiency is more thanintake less than EAR is generally equal
50%: the probability increases as theto that suffering from insufficient
habitual intake is reduced below EAR.
intake.
RDA
When the habitual intake exceeds the EAR Not used.
and approaches RDA, the probability for
deficiency is reduced. When it reaches
RDA, the probability becomes low (2.5%).
AI
If the habitual intake exceeds AI, theWhen the median intake of the group isprobability for deficiency becomes very
more than AI, the percentage of thoselow.
suffering from a deficiency is small. If
the median intake is less than AI, thepercentage cannot be determined.
DG4
If the habitual intake has reached DG or
The percentage of those not achieving
within the range indicated, the risk for
DG or those with an intake outside thelifestyle-related disease6 is very unlikely.
range corresponds to those having arisk of developing a lifestyle-relateddisease.6
The percentage of those with habitual
UL5
As the habitual intake exceeds the upper
limit and continues to increase, the risk for intake exceeding UL corresponds to thepercentage of those having a risk fordeveloping a disease6 related to excessive
intake increases.
developing a disease6 due to excessive
intake.
EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; DG, tentative
dietary goal for preventing lifestyle-related diseases; UL, tolerable upper intake level1

The assessment based on intake is meant to be used for screening. To know the true nutritional state, it is necessary
to obtain clinical information, results of biochemical determinations and physiological data.

2

It has been reported in American and European studies that the energy intake (although the extent may vary in themethod of survey or study subjects) is often underreported by 5 to 15%.4) Among Japanese, it is also known thatthe mean for a group be underreported by 8% than actual intake.5) The tendency is particularly notable when thesubjects are obese;20) but the quantitative relationship has not been elucidated. For the nutrients, underreporting,such as seen for energy, is suspected but details are not known.

3

It is desirable that the habitual intake be estimated as accurately as possible. (Refer to 4-3.)

4

The nutrient intake and related risk for developing a lifestyle-related disease are ongoing events and should be
regarded carefully. The “high” and “low” risks are relative concepts.

5

There are some nutrients for which no UL is indicated because there is no sufficient scientific basis to determine
the actual value. It by no means assures safety from excessive intake.

6

The “risk” here means the probability of developing a lifestyle-related disease or disorder due to excessive
consumption of the nutrient in question.

- 26 -

Table 11 Concept of Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese uses for dietary planning1(excluding energy requirements)
For an Individual
For a GroupEAR Not used
The percentage of those with a habitual
intake below EAR should be brought down
to less than 2.5%
RDA Those whose habitual intake is less than Not used
EAR should try to achieve the RDA.
AI
One should try to bring his/her habitual The goal is to bring the mean of the group to
intake close to AI.
AI.
DG2
One should strive to bring his/her
Reduced the percentage of those whose
habitual intake close to DG or within
habitual intake is below DG or outside thethe range indicated.
range.
UL3
One should bring the habitual intake
The percentage of those whose habitual
below UL.
intake exceeds UL should be brought to zero(0)
EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; DG, tentative
dietary goal for preventing lifestyle-related diseases; UL, tolerable upper intake level1

It is important to design and implement a plan tailored to the subject, based on a dietary assessment (using not only
the dietary intake but also biochemical and physiological data). The numerical indices are not to be followed
faithfully. The dietary assessment, which constitutes the basis of planning, is used for screening purposes. To
understand one’s true nutritional status, clinical information, results of biochemical tests and physiological data
are needed.

2

The nutrient intake and related risk for developing a lifestyle-related disease are ongoing events and should be
regarded carefully. The “high” and “low” risks are relative concepts. The “risk” here means the probability ofdeveloping a lifestyle-related disease or disorder due to excessive consumption of the nutrient in question.

3

There are certain nutrients for which no UL are indicated because there is no sufficient scientific basis to determine
the actual value. It by no means guarantees safety from excessive intake.

4-4-2. Priority
DRIs-J show the standards for the intake of energy and nutrients but that do not mean that thereliability of presented indices or the importance in the use is necessarily same between nutrients.
For EAR, RDA, AI and DG, a high priority is placed on those nutrients that are essential tothe maintenance of life and health and to promote healthy growth; and those nutrients that are
selected to prevent lifestyle-related diseases are considered when the supply of those with a highpriority is assured. Lower priority is assigned to those nutrients the deficiency of which is not- 27 -

well-established in humans or the intake or supply of which cannot be estimated. Specific priority
is given in the following order: (1) protein and energy, (2) carbohydrates (% energy) and total
lipids (% energy); (3) other nutrients (those in which the DRIs-J are given as EAR, RDA or AI)
with their content indicated in the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 5th Revised
Edition,21) as well as calcium and dietary fiber; (4) other nutrients (those with their dietaryreference intake listed as DG) the nutritional content of which is listed in the aforementioned
Standard Tables;21) (5) those nutrients, the nutritional content of which is not listed in the
aforementioned Standard Tables.21)

4-5. Notes on Correlation with Food Composition Tables
In dietary assessment or planning, one may estimate the intake from the weight of the foodconsumed or determine the amount of food to be offered based on the nutrient content of thatfood. In such instances, the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan 5th Revised Edition21)
is used most frequently. For the definition of nutrients, however, there is a slight inconsistency in
the DRIs and the aforementioned Standard Tables21) that were published in 2000. Those nutrientsthat require special attention are listed in Table 12.

- 28 -

Table 12 Nutrients that are divergent and their details according to Dietary Reference
Intakes for Japanese (DRIs-J) and Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 5th
Revised Edition (edited by The Resources Council of the Science and Technology Agency ofJapan, November 22, 2000)
Nutrients Cause for inconsistency
Notes when the intake or the amountgiven is estimated by using the
DRIs
Standard Tables ofFood Composition in Standard Tables of Food Compositionin Japan, 5th Revised Edition andJapan, 5th Revised
compared against the DRIs
EditionVitamin
1/12 is used for For the coefficient of (Retinol + carotene/12) is used inA
the coefficientcomputing the retinol equivalents.
β-carotene
equivalents, 1/6 isof β-carotene
equivalent inused in computing
computingretinol equivalent.
retinolequivalents.
VitaminThis is meant to The α-tocopherol
The total vitamin E (α-tocopherolEbe α-tocopherol equivalent computed equivalent) is interpreted to be αonly.
by using α-, β-, γtocopherol. （Neither β-, γ-, nor δand δ-tocopherol.
tocophenol is converted to αtocopherol; therefore α-tocopherol
equivalent is not used.）
NiacinNiacinNicotinic acid
This is expressed in the form, Niacin
equivalents
equivalent is[mg] + protein (mg)/6,000. It is not（Nicotinamide
indicated（niacin that accurate in a strict sense but theassumption that the quantity of[mg] +nicotinic is synthesized in theacid [mg]body from tryptophan tryptophan in food roughly amounts to
1/100 of protein does not appear to+tryptophan
is not included）.
cause a problem in the application.
[mg]/60）is used
for niacin
equivalents.)- 29 -

References
1. The National Nutrition Survey in Japan, 2000. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare,Japan, Tokyo, 2003 (in Japanese).
2. Kato N, Okuno A, Takaishi M. Results on 2000 national growth survey in infancy andchildhood. Shoni Hoken Kenkyu (J Child Health) 2001; 60:707-20 (in Japanese).
3. The National Nutrition Survey in Japan, 2001. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare,Japan, Tokyo, 2004 (in Japanese).
4. Livingstone MB, Black AE. Markers of the validity of reported energy intake. J Nutr 2003;
133 (Suppl 3): 895S-920S.
5. Okubo H, Sasaki S. Underreporting of energy intake among Japanese women age 18-20
years and its association with reported nutrient and food group intakes. Public Health Nutr
2004; 7: 911-7.
6. Suzuki K, Sasaki S, Shinzawa K, Totani M. Milk intake by breast-fed infants before weaning.
Eiyogaku Zasshi (Jpn J Nutr Diet) 2004; 62:369-72 (in Japanese with English abstract).
7. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. The B vitamins and choline: overview andmethods. In: Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes: For thiamin, riboflavin, niacin,
vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington D.C.,
National Academy Press, 1998: 27-40.
8. Kleiber M. Body size and metabolic rate. In: Kleiber M (ed). The fire of life: an introduction
to animal energetics. Robert Krieger Publishing Company. Huntington, New York. 1975:
179-222.
9. Kleiber M. Body size and metabolic rate. Physiol Rev 1947; 27: 511-41.
10. West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ. A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws inbiology. Science 1997; 276: 122-6.

- 30 -

11. FAO/WHO/UNA (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World HealthOrganization/United Nations). Energy and protein requirements Report of a joint
FAO/WHO/UNA expert consultation. Technical report series. No. 724. Geneva: World
Health Organization. 1985.
12. Tokudome Y, Imaeda N, Nagaya T, et al. Daily, weekly, seasonal, within- and betweenindividual variation in nutrient intake according to four season consecutive 7 day weighed
diet records in Japanese female dietitians. J Epidemiol 2002; 12: 85-92.
13. Ogawa K, Tsubono Y, Nishino Y, et al. Inter- and intra-individual variation of food andnutrient consumption in a rural Japanese population. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999; 52: 781-5.
14. Egami I, Wakai K, Kaitoh K, Kawamura T, Tamakoshi A, Lin Y, Nakayama T, Sugimoto K,
Ohno Y. Intra- and inter-individual variations in diets of the middle-aged and the elderly.
Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 1999; 46:828-37 (in Japanese with English abstract).
15. Muto K, Yamada S, Hosoi Y, Sasaki S. Day-to-day variation and assessment period of
dietary survey for female students. The 46th Annual Conference of Japan Society of
Nutrition, 1999 p260 (abstract in Japanese).
16. Owaki A, Takatsuka N, Kawakami N, Shimizu H. Seasonal variations of nutrient intake
assessed by 24 hour recall method. Eiyougaku Zasshi (Jpn J Nutr) 1996; 54:11-8 (inJapanese with English abstract).
17. Sasaki S, Takahashi T, Iitoi Y, et al. Food and nutrient intakes assessed with dietary records
for the validation study of a self-administered food frequency questionnaire in JPHC Study
Cohort I. J Epidemiol 2003; 13(1 Suppl): S23-S50.
18. Buzzard M. 24-hour dietary recall and food record methods. In: Willett W (ed.). Nutritional
epidemiology. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press. New York, Oxford. 1998: 50-73.
19. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Uses of dietary reference intakes. In:
Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes: For vitamin A, vitamin K, Arsenic, boron,- 31 -

chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, andzinc. Washington D.C., National Academy Press, 2001: 554-79.
20. Zhang J, Temme EHM, Sasaki S, et al. Under- and overreporting of energy intake using
urinary cations as biomarkers: Relation to body mass index. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152: 45362.
21. Report of the subdivision on resources. The council for science and technology: Standard
tables of food composition in Japan, 5th revised edition. Ministry of Eduation, Culture,
Sports, Science and Technology, Japan, Tokyo, 2002 (in Japanese).

- 32 -

II. PARTICULAR TOPICS[ENERGY]
1. Basic Points
The role of energy [unit: kcal or MJ (M joule), 1.00 kcal = 4/18 kJ, M (mega)=106] in an
adult is to provide basal metabolism⎯synthesis and degradation of body components,
maintenance of body temperature, and minimal conservation of organ activities⎯and toresynthesis of ATP that is consumed in association with muscular activities during physicalactivity. In adults with no changes in body weight, energy expenditure and energy intake are
equal. The energy that has not been consumed accumulates in the form of fat, mainly in fat cells.
In the musculoskeletal system, the energy is stored as glycogen and triglyceride but the amountstored in the system is very scarce than that stored in the fat cells. A proliferation of fat cells
takes the form of obesity, which constitutes a risk factor for many lifestyle-related diseases. If
energy expenditure exceeds energy intake, on the other hand, the amount of fat that has
accumulated in one’s fat cells and the proteins in one’s muscles are depleted, resulting in a
deterioration of physical functions and quality of life. Therefore it is desirable for adults to take inthe amount of energy that corresponds to the amount that is consumed.
Children and infants who are in the growth stage require energy not only to meet their dailyneeds but also to form tissues for their growth. Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) should bedetermined with the consideration. Pregnant and lactating women need energy for themselves, aswell as for the growth of the fetus or production of milk.

- 33 -

2. Estimated Energy Requirement
2-1. Definition of the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
The concept of Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (DRIs-J) that is used for othernutrients cannot be applied to determine the dietary reference intake for the energy. Like thepractice in the United States and Canada in preparing their dietary reference intakes,1, 2) theconcept of Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) is applied. Therefore, the concept of EER was
applied which is also the concept used in the United State and Canada’s dietary reference intakes.
EER is defined as “the energy intake that is estimated to have the highest probability for energybalance (for adults, energy expenditure – energy intake) to become zero (0).” Unlike the DRIs-J
for other nutrients, the probability of achieving the appropriate energy balance is lower whenever
the energy intake is excessive or insufficient. In other words, when the energy intake exceeds the
EER for the specific gender or age group, the probability for weight gain increases; if the intake
is inadequate, the probability for weight loss increases.

2-2. Basic Approach in Computation
As a rule, EER is computed as follows:
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR, kcal/day) x PAL
Energy deposition is added for children considering increases of body tissue due to growth.
For pregnant women, the energy required for changes in tissue of the fetus and maternal bodyis added. For lactating women, the energy needed for lactation is added.
The BMR is computed as follows:
Reference BMR (kcal/kg weight/day) x reference weight (kg)The BMR is measured early in the morning (before breakfast) while the subject is resting inthe supine position in a comfortable indoor environment. A representative value for BMR per kg
is based on a number of reports. This is called the reference BMR.
- 34 -

The adequacy of the reference BMR (Table 1) adopted by the 6th revision was reevaluated.
Specifically, the reference BMR was compared against those in recent 5 reports (on 6 groups)
where the determinations were known to be accurate (Table 2).4-8) It was confirmed that the mean(kcal/day) of the “reference BMR” or the “reference BMR x reference weight” of Table 1 iswithin –5.5 ∼ +4.2% of the mean of the “BMR per kg weight” or the “BMR (kcal/day)” given in
the aforementioned 5 reports (Table 2). Therefore it was decided that the basic metabolic rate ofTable 1 that was used in the previous revision was used as it is in the current revision.
The Physical Activity Level (PAL) is an index derived by subtracting the BMR per day fromthe energy expenditure per day.9-11) The daily energy expenditure of a subject who engages innormal daily activities is determined most accurately by a doubly labeled water (DLW).1, 2, 10)
Based on the reports that accurately determined the energy expenditure (by DLW method) andthe BMR, the reference value for PAL was established as follows.

2-3 Adults
Using the data (from “2003 project to estimate energy consumption by DLW method” theNational Institute of Health and Nutrition) to determine the PAL of Japanese adults (n=139, 20 to59 years), the group was divided into 3, using the 25th and 75th percentile values (1.60 and 1.90,
respectively) (Table 3). Based on the results of stratification, the groups were labeled startingfrom the lowest activity level as level I (low, physical activity representative value = 1.50); level
II (normal, physical activity, representative value = 1.75); and level III (high, physical activity
representative value = 2.00). According to this classification, the numbers of individuals
allocated to each level were roughly represented by ratios of 1: 2: 1.
According to the previous revision, the intensity of life activities was stratified into 4 levels.
In the DRIs-J, however, we considered the fact that only a few exhibited a very high physicalactivity level (e.g., engaging in intense physical training or employed in work that require heavy- 35 -

physical exertion) and chose a 3-level classification omitting the fourth, heavy physical activity
level. The United States and Canadian’s dietary reference intakes, which is referenced
frequently,1,2) has 4 physical activity levels - 3 levels generally corresponding to the results of thecurrent reversion plus a level for a “very low physical activity for those who rarely leave thehouse.”As shown in Table 3, the mean ± standard deviation (SD) for the physical activities of all
subjects was 1.75 ± 0.22. The representative value (or mean) for Level I generally corresponds to“the mean − 1 x SD” for the entire group and the representative value (or mean) for Level III,“the mean + 1 x SD.”
The results of studies on physical activities of relatively sedentary Japanese adults byemploying a highly reliable method were compared against those of recent studies on Chineseand Americans. The outcome of these comparisons is shown in Table 4.1, 5, 6, 12) Among thestudies on Japanese, one had a special emphasis on the life activities of people who spent most of
their time sitting5) and was therefore excluded from the comparisons. The weighted average of the
PAL for the remainder of the studies was 1.78 for men and 1.77 for women. According to the
DRIs in the United States and Canada,1) the corresponding figures were 1.75 for men and 1.78 forwomen (19 to 70 years). Furthermore, according to the record on the urban population in China(33 men and 40 women), the figures were 1.69 for men and 1.65 for women.12) In addition tothese statistical results, the data that have been reported1, 10, 13) led to an estimate of therepresentative value for PAL for both men and women: 1.75, which corresponded to the mean forthe subjects shown in Table 3.
Compared with the younger subjects, the PAL is lower in older people (aged 70 years andover), the mean being around 1.50 (SD, 0.2).14-17) Considering such reductions in PAL due toaging, values of 1.3, 1.5, and 1.7, were set for those over 70 years (Table 5).
EER was computed for each PAL that has been described above.
- 36 -

2-4. ChildrenChildren in the growth stage require energy not only for physical activities but also need tointake additional energy for tissue synthesis and for increased tissue (hereafter called energy
deposition). The energy used for tissue synthesis is included in the amount of the total energy
consumed. Therefore EER (kcal/day) can be computed as follows:
BMR (kcal/day) x PAL + energy deposition
Because PAL differs according to the age group, a systemic review was conducted on thereports for the determination of the PAL specific to children by employing the DLW technique(Fig. 1). It was found that the means for PALs were 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 1.7, 1.7, and 1.75 for ages 1
through 2 years, 3 through 5 years, 8 through 9 years, 10 through 11 years, 12 through 14 years,
and 15 through 17 years, respectively, showing a tendency for increases as they grow older.
There were no reports on ages 6 through 7 years but it was assumed that the figure is most likelyintermediate (i.e., 1.6) between the two preceding and succeeding age groups. The figures given
above were used as the representative values for PALs of children (Table 5). A meta-analysis of
17 studies on the relationship between the age and PAL also concluded that the latter increases aschildren grow older.18)
Ages 1 through 2 years, 3 through 5 years, as well as 6 through 7 years, individual differences
in PAL is considered to be relatively insignificant. Therefore it was decided not to make a
distinction in PAL for these age categories. For age over 8 years, there are some children with avery high PAL because of extracurricular and club activities. Therefore their PALs were set at 1.7
and 1.9. The PALs for ages 15 through 17 years were set at 3 levels as in adults.
For the energy required for increased tissue, the increase in body weight per day wascomputed from the reference weight and multiplied by the energy density for increased
tissue(Table 6).20-22) Refer to Table 6 for the details on the computation method.

- 37 -

2-5. Infants
Like young children, infants require an extra energy for tissue synthesis and energy
deposition, in addition to that necessary for physical activities. The energy that is consumed intissue formation is included in the total energy expenditure; therefore EER is computed asfollows:
Total energy expenditure + energy deposition
Based on the results from an earlier study in which a DLW was used, FAO23) conductedstudies on the relationships among gender, age (months), body weight, body height, and the totalenergy expenditure by infants. Subsequently, they reported that the last can be explained by thefollowing regression equation, where body weight is the only variable:
Breastfed infants:
Total energy expenditure (kcal/day) = 92.8 x reference weight (kg) – 152.0
Formula-fed infants:
Total energy expenditure (kcal/day) = 82.6 x reference weight (kg) – 29.0
No reports on total energy expenditure of Japanese infants that was determined by employing
a sufficiently reliable method are available; therefore, in the DRIs-J, the reference body weightfor Japanese was used in these regression equations to compute the total energy expenditure(kcal/day).
For the energy deposition, like children, the increase in body weight per day was calculated
from the reference weight, which was multiplied by the energy density for tissue proliferation(Table 6).20) Refer to Table 6 for the computational details.
Compared with breast-fed infants, total energy consumption is greater for formula-fed infants.
Therefore EER was computed separately for these two groups of infants.
In addition, the energy content of human milk is 661kcal/L and multiplied by 0.78L/day, themean volume of milk consumed by infant is estimated as 516kcal/day.
- 38 -

2-6. Pregnant and Lactating WomenFor EER for pregnant women, FAO23) took the total energy expenditure of women ofcomparable age as well as its changes due to pregnancy and energy deposition into consideration
and added a certain amount to each stage of pregnancy. Cross-sectional studies revealed that PAL
is reduced during the early and late stages of pregnancy while the BMR markedly increases at thelate stage of pregnancy.23-26) Consequently, the increases in total energy expenditure for early,
middle, and late stage of pregnancy were expressed as 1%, 6%, and 17%, respectively, which
generally correspond to the increases in body weight (2%, 8%, and 18%, respectively).
Throughout pregnancy, the total energy expenditure per kg body weight generally remains
constant; therefore based on the weight gain in each stage of pregnancy, the following
adjustments were made for the changes in total energy consumption: early stage, +20kcal/day;
mid-stage, +85kcal/day; late stage, +310kcal/day.23) The energy deposition was computed as thesum of energy deposition of protein and fat which are estimated from amount of protein and fat
stored during each stage of pregnancy. 23) Thus the following figures were found to represent theenergy deposition for each stage of pregnancy: early stage, 48kcal/day; mid-stage, 182kcal/day;late stage, 185kcal/day.23) Ultimately, the amount of energy to be added at each stage ofpregnancy was interpreted to be the sum of total energy expenditure plus the energy deposition(affected by pregnancy), which was rounded to 50kcal units as follows: early stage, 50kcal/day;
mid-stage, 250kcal/day; late stage, 500kcal/day.

EER for lactating women was computed as follows: 23)
Total energy expenditure + equivalent of milk secreted - amount of weight loss
It is believed that the total energy expenditure during the lactating period is similar to nonpregnant period.23-27) The amount of milk secreted was assumed to be equal to the amountsuckled by the infant (0.78L/day); 28) the energy of the human milk is set at 661kcal/L; and the- 39 -

energy conversion efficiency is assumed to be 80%.23) Under these conditions, the following wasformulated:
0.78L/day x 661kcal/L ÷ 0.80 ≈ 644kcal/day
The energy corresponding to the body weight reduction was set at 6,500kcal/kg and the amountof body weight lost at 0.8kg/month23) and the energy to be subtracted in the equation shown
above was computed as:
6,500kcal/kg body weight x 0.8kg/month ÷ 30 days ≈ 173kcal/day
Thus the amount to be added for breast-feeding was computed to be 644 – 173 = 471kcal/day,which was rounded in 50kcal units to 450kcal/day.

3. Basic Approach in Application
3-1. Assessment of Energy Intake
As a rule, BMI is used for the assessment of energy intake. In other words, when BMI iswithin an appropriate range (over 18.5 and under 25.0),29, 30) the energy intake is generally
considered to be appropriate.
The energy intake data obtained from dietary surveys is rather not recommended to use as amain index for an assessment, but recommended to use as an auxiliary index. Two reasons arepointed out and those are the problem of underreporting and the difficulty in detecting one’s
habitual intake.
Although its extent may vary depending on the subjects or the survey method, foreign studies
have estimated the underreporting to be between 5 to 20%.31) In Japan, it is reported to be about
8%.32) It is also known that this tendency is exaggerated among obese individuals.31, 33, 34) The
extent of underreporting has not been sufficiently elucidated.
Although, it is difficult to indicate a specific survey period needed to assess the “habitual
intake” of energy, approximately one week is needed for habitual energy intake according to- 40 -

studies that observed day-to-day variations. 35-38) However, in view of the difficulty in conducting
a survey for such a long period, it is more practical to research at least two days (preferably nonconsecutive two days) and use the mean of the intake data when dietary record or recall methods
is used.39)
For the assessment of energy intake of a group, the percentage by which BMI is in an
appropriate range (over 18.5 and under 25.0) is used as an index.

3-2. Planning of Energy Intake
When BMI is in an appropriate range (between 18.5 and 25.0), the basis of energy intake
planning would be to maintain his/her current body weight. More specifically, it is to take EER.
For those BMI is over 25.0, the basic approach will be to cut down the energy intake andreduce the body weight by stepped-up physical activities. Of the two approaches to reduce bodyweight, the latter is considered to be more important. Placing limitations on energy intake isassociated with a risk of reducing one’s intake of various nutrients so this should not be regarded
as the main instrument of weight reduction. Increase of physical activities increases one’s energy
requirement, while weight reduction causes reduction of the energy requirement. Energy intake is
to be adjusted while observing these changes. Physical activities have effect not only throughreduction of BMI but independently reduce the risk for various lifestyle-relateddiseases⎯especially myocardial infarction, 40) diabetes mellitus, 41) and colorectal cancer. 42, 43)
Therefore, increase of physical activities is highly recommended.
When BMI is less than 18.5, the intake of energy is raised to increase the body weight, while
the level of physical activity is maintained ‘as is’ (or increased). The increase in body weight isfollowed by an increase in the energy requirement. The energy intake is adjusted while thesechanges are being observed.

- 41 -

When an increase or reduction in body weight is desired, it is recommended that the bodyweight be monitored about every 4 weeks and the subject is followed-up for over 16 weeks.
According to a meta-analysis on 493 interventional studies that were conducted to reduce bodyweight by restricting one’s dietary intake, exercising or both (for example) the mean BMI wasfound to be 33.2, mean interventional period, 16 weeks, and the mean body weight loss, 11 kg.44)
The same study noted that the intervention by both dietary restrictions and exercise was more
effective than dieting or exercise alone. The importance of weight control by employing bothregimens is indicated.
In planning the intake of energy for a group, one should strive to maximize the percentage of
those with their BMI in an optimum range (over 18.5 and below 25.0).

Table 1 Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Sex
Males
Age (years) Reference
Referenc BMR
BMR (kcal/kg e weights (kcal/day)weight/day)
(kg)
1-2
61.0
3-5
54.8
6-7
44.3
8-9
40.8
10-11
37.4
12-14
31.0
15-17
27.0
18v29
24.0
30-49
22.3
50-69
21.5
21.5
≥70
BMR, basal metabolic rate

11.9
16.7
23.0
28.0
35.5
50.0
58.3
63.5
68.0
64.0
57.2

730
920
1020
1140
1330
1550
1570
1520
1520
1380
1230

- 42 -

Females
Reference BMR(kcal/kg
weight/d
ay)
59.7
52.2
41.9
38.3
34.8
29.6
25.3
23.6
21.7
20.7
20.7

Reference
weights(kg)

BMR(kcal/day)

11.0
16.0
21.6
27.2
35.7
45.6
50.0
50.0
52.7
53.2
49.7

660
840
910
1040
1240
1350
1270
1180
1140
1100
1030

Table 2 Recently reported data on Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) of Japanese (mean±SD)
Ref Subjects
Sex
Age
Gap between
BMR：actual BMR：
No.
(n)(years)value
estimated value actual andestimatedvalues1
4)
Adolescents F (19)20.1±0.723.3±2.3
23.6(non(kcal/kg(kcal/kg+1.3
exercising
weight/day)weight/day)2
group)
5)
AdultsM (21)
30±11
1586±257
1649±261+4.0(kcal/day)(kcal/day)
F (20)
32±10
1155±123
1203±145+4.2(kcal/day)(kcal/day)
6)
AdultsM (40)
50±12
1459±1811435-1.7(30-69)(kcal/day)(kcal/day)2
7)
AdultsF (70)
60.6±4.2
21.9±2.2
20.7(53-69)(kcal/kg(kcal/kg-5.5
weight/day)weight/day)28)
AgedF (130)79.5±7.0
20.9±3.8
20.7(kcal/kg(kcal/kg-1.0
weight/day)weight/day)
1(Estimated value – actual value)/actual value (%)
2
Value estimated from the reported mean age and mean weight (not given in the text).
BMR, basal metabolic rate; M, male; F, female

Table 3 Attributes of subjects according to physical activity level and physical activity(mean±SD) (Project of the National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 2003)
PAL (range)N
Sex ratio
Age
BMI
PAL
(% male)(years)(kg/m2)
Level I (<1.6)
38
55
40±11
23.9±2.5
1.50±0.08
Level II (≥1.6, ≤1.9)
65
52
39±11
22.8±3.1
1.74±0.08
Level III (>1.9)
36
39
40±9
21.3±2.6
2.03±0.13
Total
139
50
39±10
22.7±2.91.75±0.22
N, number; BMI, body mass index; PAL, physical activity level- 43 -

Table 4 Reports on cases with known PAL1（mean±SD）
Ref
Subjects
Gender
Age
BMR
No.
(n)
(years)(kcal/day)
6)

Japanese

5)JapaneseM (21)(reproducing theF (20)
sedentary lifestyles)
JapaneseM (70)

Footnote5

M (40)F (69)50±12(30-69)
30±11
32±10
39±11
(20-59)39±10(20-56)43.1±0.742.6±0.6PAL

1459±181

Energyexpenditure(kcal/day)
2672±369

1586±257
1155±1232343±298１
1772±151１

1.49±0.11
1.54±0.121525±2252

2634±396

1.74±0.201189±1752

2083±270

1.77±0.23

1.85±0.28

Chinese (residing in M (33)2892±721.69±0.04
1649±2433
the urban district of F (40)1362±242270±481.65±0.03
Beijing)1)
AmericanM (48)
19-30
1769
3081
1.74
M (59)
31-50
1675
3021
1.81
M (24)
51-70
1524
2469
1.63
M (38)
70+
1480
2238
1.52
F (82)
19-30
1361
2436
1.80
F (61)
31-50
1322
2404
1.83
F (71)
51-70
1226
2066
1.70
F (24)
70+
1183
1564
1.33
1
Limited to those adults for whom energy expenditure was determined by doubly labeled water
method or a human calorimeter
2
Determination by a human calorimeter.
3
Estimated from gender, age, body weight and basal metabolic rate reference value.
4
Estimated from gender, age, body weight, and body height.
5
Project of the National Institute of Health and Nutrition “Estimation of the Energy Expenditure
by Doubly Labeled Water Method,” 2003.
PAL, physical activity level; BMR, basal metabolic rate; M, male; F, female12)- 44 -

Table 5 Grouping of PAL at each age group（both sexes）
Age (year) \ PAL
Level I
Level II
Level III
1-2 years
1.40
3-5
1.50
6-7
1.60
8-9
1.70
1.90
10-11
1.70
1.90
12-14
1.70
1.90
15-17
1.50
1.75
2.00
18-29
1.50
1.75
2.00
30-49
1.50
1.75
2.00
50-69
1.50
1.75
2.00
1.30
1.50
1.70
≥ 70
PAL, Physical activity level

Fig. 1 Result of a systemic review of studies on PAL of infants and young children using adoubly labeled water method（▲, boys; ○, girls; ■, boys and girls; mean±SD）- 45 -

Table 6 Energy for tissue increase associated with growth (energy deposition)
Sex
Males
FemalesAgeA.
B.
Tissue increase
A.
B.
Tissue increase
Refere Weight
RefereWeight
C.
D.
C.
D.
nce
increase Energy
nce
increase Energy
EnergyEnergyweight (kg/yr)
densitydepositi weight (kg/yr)
densitydepositions (kg)
s(kg)(kcal/g) on(kcal/g) (kcal/day)(kcal/da
y)
22)
0-5
6.6
9.4
4.4
115
6.1
8.4
5.022)
115
months
6-11
8.8
3.4
2.122)
20
8.2
3.2
2.122)
20
1-2
11.9
2.2
3.522)
20
11
2.1
2.422)
15
years
3-5
16.7
2.2
1.523)
10
16
2.1
2.023)
10
23)
6-7
23
2.5
2.1
15
21.6
2.5
2.823)
20
23)
23)
8-9
28
3.1
2.5
20
27.2
3.5
3.2
30
10-11
35.5
4.8
3.024)
40
35.7
4.1
2.624)
30
24)
24)
12-14
50
4.3
1.5
20
45.6
2.7
3.0
20
15-17
58.3
1.7
1.924)
1050
0.7
4.724)
10
Weight increase (B) was computed from the reference body weight (A) based on proportional
distribution as follows:
Example：weight increase (kg/year) in females from 6 to 11 months
X= [(reference weight between 6 and 11 months) - (reference weight between 0 and 5
months)] / [0.75 (years) - 0.25 (years)]＋[(reference weight between 1 and 2 years) - (reference weight between 6 and 11 months)]/ [2 (years) - 0.75 (year)]
Weight increase = X/2= [(8.2 - 6.1) / 0.5＋(11.0 - 8.2) / 1.25] / 2≈ 3.2
The energy density for tissue increase (C) was computed according to Butte et al.,20) Fomon etal.21) and Haschke et al.22)
The energy deposition for tissue increase (D) was computed as the product of weight increase (B)and energy density of tissue increase (C).
Example：Energy (kcal/day) for tissue increase for females between 6 and 11 months= [(3.2 kg/yr) x 1000/365] x 2.1 (kcal/g)
= 18
≈ 20

- 46 -

Classification of each activity (hours/day)3

Table 7 Typical examples of the description and duration of physical activities classified by
activity levels (age 15 through 69 years)1
Low (I)
Moderate (II)High (III)
PAL2
1.50
1.75
2.00
(1.40-1.60)(1.60-1.90)(1.90-2.20)
Details of daily activities
Subjects remain Subjects remain sedentary
Subjects engage
sedentary most most of the time but the
in work thatof the time and activities include any of the require moving or
engage mainly
following: move within the remain standing;in less energetic work site, work performed or they
activities.
while standing, interactions customarily
with customers,
engage in active
commuting, shopping,athletic activities.
housekeeping, and lightsport activities.
Sleeping (1.0)
87-87Sedentary or being
13-14
11-12
10
still while standing(1.5： 1.1-1.9)
Slow walking or low1-2
3
3-4
intensity activities
such as housekeeping(2.5： 2.0-2.9)
1
2
3
Mid-intensity
activities such as
exercise or labor thatcan be sustained foran extended period(includes normal
walking)(4.5： 3.0-5.9)
Highly-intensity000-1
activities, such as
exercise or labor that
requires frequent rest
(7.0： >6.0)
1
Prepared using Black10) as a reference and, in particular, giving due consideration to thesignificant effects of occupation on PAL.12)
2
Representative values. The range is shown in parentheses.
3
Data in parentheses is an activity factor (Af: intensity per unit time of each physical activity,
expressed in a multiple of the basal metabolism). (Representative value: lower threshold upper threshold).
PAL, Physical activity level- 47 -

Table 8 Examples of physical activity classifications
Classification of physicalExamples of physical activity
activity(within the range of Af1)
Sleeping (1.0)
Sleeping
Sedentary activities while Lying down, sit in a relaxed manner (reading books, writing, andsitting or standing (1.1watching television), carrying on a conversation (while standing),
1.9)
cooking, dining, toileting activities (dressing, face-washing, andusing the toilet facilities), sewing (hand-sewing and operating asewing machine), engaging in a hobby or entertainment (flower
arrangement, tea ceremony, mah-jong, playing musicalinstrument), driving, desk work (book-keeping and operating aword processor and OA equipment).
Low-intensity activities,
Use a train or bus where no seats are available. Walk slowly forsuch as slow walking or
shopping or just enjoy a walk (45 m/min.). Doing laundry (using
household chores
an electrically operated washer). House cleaning (using an(2.0-2.9)
electrically operated vacuum cleaner).
Tend a home vegetable garden. Play gate-ball. Normal walking
Mid-intensity exercise or(71m/min.). Bathing. Cycling (at a normal speed). Walking with alabor that can be sustained child on one’s back. Playing catch-ball. Playing golf. Dancing
for an extended period(light). Hiking (on level ground). Climbing up and down stairs.
(including normal
Lifting or taking down bedding. Normal walking (95m/min).
walking)Gymnastics (following radio or TV instruction).
(3.0-5.9)
High-intensity activities
Muscle training, aerobic dancing (active), rowing, jogging
such as exercise or labor(120m/min), tennis, badminton, volleyball, skiing, basketball,that require frequent restsoccer, skating, jogging (160m/min), swimming, running(>6.0)(200m/min).
1
Activity factor (Af) is computed from the relative metabolic rate cited by Numajiri45) as
follows:
Af = energy metabolic rate＋1.2
Each physical activity was based on the mean during the time of activity. The data duringrest and interruption were excluded.

- 48 -

Table 9 Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for Energy: Estimated Energy
Requirement （kcal/day）
Sex
Males
Females
PAL
I
II
III
I
II
III
0-5 months infants
Breastfed
600
550
Formula-fed
650
600
6-11 months
700
650
1-2 years
1,050
950
3-5
1,400
1,250
6-7
1,650
1,450
8-9
1,950
2,200
1,800
2,000
10-11
2,300
2,550
2,150
2,400
12-14
2,350
2,650
2,950
2,050
2,300
2,600
15-17
2,350
2,750
3,150
1,900
2,200
2,550
18-29
2,300
2,650
3,050
1,750
2,050
2,350
30-49
2,250
2,650
3,050
1,700
2,000
2,300
50-69
2,050
2,400
2,750
1,650
1,950
2,200
1,600
1,850
2,100
1,350
1,550
1,750
≥ 701
Pregnant women:
+50
+50
+50
Early-stage(amount to be added)
Mid-stage
+250
+250
+250
(amount to be added)
Late-stage
+500
+500
+500
(amount to be added)
Lactating women
+450
+450
+450
(amount to be added)
1
For adults, the following formula was used for computation: estimated energy
requirement=basal metabolic rate (kcal/day) x PAL. For those between 18-69 years, the PALs
were designated as I=1.50, II=1.75 or III=2.00. For those 70 years or older, the following wereused instead: I=1.30, II=1.50, III=1.70. The seeming discrepancy in Estimated Energy
Requirements for the 50-69 and over 70 years group is mostly explained by this.
PAL: Physical activity level.

- 49 -

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Takahashi N, Kawamura M, Tsuji I, Hisamichi S. Inter- and intra-individual variation offood and nutrient consumption in a rural Japanese population. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999; 53: 7815.

- 53 -

37. Egami I, Wakai K, Kaitoh K, Kawamura T, Tamakoshi A, Lin Y, Nakayama T, Sugimoto K,
Ohno Y. Intra- and inter-individual variations in diets of the middle-aged and the elderly.
Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 1999; 46:828-37 (in Japanese with English abstract).
38. Muto K, Yamada S, Hosoi Y, Sasaki S. Day-to-day variation and assessment period of
dietary survey for female students. The 46th Annual Conference of Japan Society of
Nutrition 1999, p260 (abstract, in Japanese).
39. Buzzard M. 24-hour dietary recall and food record methods. In: Willett W ed, Nutritional
epidemiology. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, 1998, p50-73.
40. Wessel TR, Arant CB, Olson MB, Johnson BD, Reis SE, Sharaf BL, Shaw LJ, Handberg E,
Sopko G, Kelsey SF, Pepine CJ, Merz NB. Relationship of physical fitness vs body massindex with coronary artery disease and cardiovascular events in women. JAMA 2004; 292:
1179-87.
41. Weinstein AR, Sesso HD, Lee IM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Gaziano JM.
Relationship of physical activity vs body mass index with type 2 diabetes in women. JAMA
2004; 292: 1188-94.
42. Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Physicalactivity, obesity, and risk for colon cancer and adenoma in men. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122:
327-34.
43. Martinez ME, Giovannucci E, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Leisuretime physical activity, body size, and colon cancer in women. Nurses' Health Study ResearchGroup. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 948-55.
44. Miller WC, Koceja DM, Hamilton EJ. A meta-analysis of the past 25 years of weight loss
research using diet, exercise of diet plus exercise intervention. Int J Obes 1997; 21: 941-7.
45. Numajiri K, ed. Energy metabolic rate of physical activity, Vol 2. Rodo Kagaku Kenkyusho
Press, Tokyo, 1987 (in Japanese).
- 54 -DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR JAPANESE, 2005
[OUTLINE]

1. Purpose
Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2005 (DRIs-J) was prepared for health individuals
and groups and designed to present reference of intake values of energy and each nutrient tomaintain and promote health and to prevent lifestyle-related diseases and illness due to excessive
consumption of energy and nutrients.

2. Effective Duration
It is intended to be effective for 5 years: from April 2005 to March 2010.

3. Principles
1) Basic concepts
DRIs-J were decided to be established based on scientific basis, utilizing domestic andforeign academic theses and data that are available.
DRIs were based on the following three basic concepts:i) “True” optimal intake varies among individuals and within an individual. Therefore, due
to the difficulty of measuring the ‘true’ optimal intake for maintaining and promoting
health and preventing deficiencies, a probability approach is necessary along nutritional
approach in computation or application of optimal intake values.
ii)

Emphasize on prevention of lifestyle-related diseases. To meet this, it is necessary toindicate a “range of intake” and adopt an idea that keeping one’s intake in the rage
could reduce the risk of lifestyle-related diseases.

- 55 -

iii) Clearly indicate that excessive intake beyond the range increases the risk of developing
health problems due to overconsumption.
2) Indices
DRIs-J have one index for energy and 5 for nutrients.

[Energy]
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
EER is defined as the intake value at which the risks of both deficiency and excess intake areminimized.

[Nutrients]
To maintain and promote health and prevent deficiencies, two indices, “Estimated Average
Requirement (EAR)” and “Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)” were specified. For thosenutrients that were unable to determine these 2 indices, “Adequate Intake (AI)” was provided.
For those nutrients for which DRIs were established mainly to prevent lifestyle-related diseases, a“Tentative Dietary Goal for Preventing Lifestyle-related Diseases (DG)” was specified. In
addition, “Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)” was specified to prevent health disorders due toexcessive intake of nutrients.
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
The mean requirement value for Japanese (stratified by gender and age) was estimated basedon requirement values determined from specific population group studies. It is estimated daily
intake level which would meet the requirement of 50 percent population of a particular genderand age group.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)- 56 -

RDA is defined as the estimated daily intake level that is considered to meet the requirementof most (97 to 98%) of a particular gender and age group. As a rule, this is “twice the EAR +standard deviation (2SD)”.
Adequate Intake (AI)When the sufficient scientific basis to compute EAR and RDA cannot be obtained, this is aquantity that is sufficient to maintain a satisfactory nutritional status of a particular gender andage group.
Tentative Dietary Goal for Preventing Lifestyle-related Diseases (DG)
DG is defined as the intake level (or range) that Japanese should currently aim primarily toprevent lifestyle-related diseases.
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
The maximum intake level which almost all the people of a particular gender and age groupmay consume without incurring a disease due to excessive intake.

Fig. 1 A model to aid in the comprehension of Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
With an increase in habitual intake, the risk for insufficiency is reduced and that for excessive
intake increases. The intake at which both of these risks are the lowest is EER.

- 57 -

Fig. 2 A model to aid in understanding the indices for DRIs (Estimated Average
Requirement, Recommended Daily Allowance, Adequate Intake and Tolerable Upper
Intake Level)
The figure shows the risk of deficiency exist for 0.5 (50%) for EAR and 0.02 to 0.03 (mean,
0.025, 2 to 3% or 2.5%) for RDA. Note that there is a potential risk of developing a disease fromadverse effects due to excessive intake when the amount exceeds UL. It can also be seen thatwhen the intake is between RDA and UL, the risk of a deficiency or developing a disease due toexcessive intake is near zero (0).
An AI is not in a fixed relationship with EAR or RDA. If it is possible to compute the last two
simultaneously, the estimated intake is believed to be greater than RDA (on the right side in the
figure). The estimated intake was added for reference.
Because the DG is determined from the EDA or AI and the median of the current intake, it cannot
be displayed here.

3) Age groups
Age 0 to 5 months, 6 to 11 months, 1 to 2 years, 3 to 5 years, 6 to 7 years, 8 to 9 years, 10 to
11 years, 12 to 14 years, 15 to 17 years, 18 to 29 years, 30 to 49 years, 50 to 69 years, 70 years
and older, pregnant women, and lactating mothers.
Difference between the 6th revised Recommended Dietary Allowance and Dietary Reference
Intake for Japanese, 1999: the age groups were reclassified to coordinate with the school lunch
programs from 6 to 8 years and 9 to 11 years to 6 to 7 years, 8 to 9 years, and 10 to 11 years.
- 58 -

4) Nutrients
Energy, proteins, lipids (total fats, saturated fatty acids, n-6 fatty acids, n-3 fatty acids andcholesterol), carbohydrates and dietary fibers
Water-soluble vitamins: vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin B12,
biotin, pantothenic acid and vitamin C
Oil-soluble vitamins: vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin D and vitamin K
Minerals: magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and ironTrace elements: chromium, molybdenum, manganese, copper, zinc, selenium and iodineElectrolytes: sodium and potassium

4. Basic Approach for Application
The use of DRIs-J is roughly divided into two: “dietary assessment” (Table 1); and “dietaryplanning: including nutritional consultation and school lunch programs” (Table 2).
BMI (body mass index) should be used as an indicator for the evaluation and determination ofenergy intake, and body weight for monitoring. Because a restriction on energy intake may cause
a nutritional deficiency, it is desirable to include increase of energy consumption, physicalactivities, in planning.

- 59 -

Table 1 Concept of Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese uses for dietary assessment(excluding energy requirements)1-3
For an Individual
For a GroupEAR If the habitual intake is less than EAR,
The percentage of those with a habitualthe probability for deficiency is moreintake less than EAR is generally equal tothan 50%: the probability increases asthat suffering from insufficient intake.
the habitual intake is reduced below
EAR.
RDA When the habitual intake exceeds theNot used.
EAR and approaches RDA, theprobability for deficiency is reduced.
When it reaches RDA, the probability
becomes low (2.5%).
AI
If the habitual intake exceeds AI, theWhen the median intake of the group isprobability for deficiency becomes very more than AI, the percentage of thoselow.
suffering from a deficiency is small. If themedian intake is less than AI, the percentage
cannot be determined.
4
DG
If the habitual intake has reached DG or The percentage of those not achieving DG or
within the range indicated, the risk for
those with an intake outside the range
6
lifestyle-related disease is very
corresponds to those having a risk ofunlikely.
developing a lifestyle-related disease.6
5
UL
As the habitual intake exceeds the
The percentage of those with habitual intake
upper limit and continues to increase,
exceeding UL corresponds to the percentage
the risk for developing a disease6of those having a risk for developing a
related to excessive intake increases.
disease6 due to excessive intake.
1

The assessment based on intake is meant to be used for screening. To know the true nutritional state, it is necessary
to obtain clinical information, results of biochemical determinations and physiological data.

2

It has been reported in American and European studies that the energy intake (although the extent may vary in themethod of survey or study subjects) is often underreported by 5 to 15%.4) Among Japanese, it is also known thatthe mean for a group be underreported by 8% than actual intake.5) The tendency is particularly notable when thesubjects are obese;20) but the quantitative relationship has not been elucidated. For the nutrients, underreporting,such as seen for energy, is suspected but details are not known.

3

It is desirable that the habitual intake be estimated as accurately as possible (Refer to 4-3).

4

The nutrient intake and related risk for developing a lifestyle-related disease are ongoing events and should be
regarded carefully. The “high” and “low” risks are relative concepts.

5

There are some nutrients for which no UL is indicated because there is no sufficient scientific basis to determine
the actual value. It by no means assures safety from excessive intake.

6

The “risk” here means the probability of developing a lifestyle-related disease or disorder due to excessive
consumption of the nutrient in question.

- 60 -

Table 2 Concept of Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese uses for dietary planning1(excluding energy requirements)
For an Individual
For a GroupEAR Not used.
The percentage of those with a habitual
intake below EAR should be brought
down to less than 2.5%
RDA Those whose habitual intake is lessNot used.
than EAR should try to achieve theRDA.
AI
One should try to bring his/her
The goal is to bring the mean of thehabitual intake close to AI.
group to AI.
DG2
One should strive to bring his/her
Reduced the percentage of those whose
habitual intake close to DG or within
habitual intake is below DG or outside
the range indicated.
the range.
3
UL
One should bring the habitual intake
The percentage of those whose habitual
below UL.
intake exceeds UL should be brought tozero (0).
1

It is important to design and implement a plan tailored to the subject, based on a dietary assessment (using not only
the dietary intake but also biochemical and physiological data). The numerical indices are not to be followed
faithfully. The dietary assessment, which constitutes the basis of planning, is used for screening purposes. To
understand one’s true nutritional status, clinical information, results of biochemical tests and physiological data
are needed.

2

The nutrient intake and related risk for developing a lifestyle-related disease are ongoing events and should be
regarded carefully. The “high” and “low” risks are relative concepts. The “risk” here means the probability ofdeveloping a lifestyle-related disease or disorder due to excessive consumption of the nutrient in question.

3

There are certain nutrients for which no UL are indicated because there is no sufficient scientific basis to determine
the actual value. It by no means guarantees safety from excessive intake.

5. Notes for Applying DRIs-J
1) The subjects to whom the DRIs-J are applied are, as a rule, healthy individuals or groups thatis composed of healthy individuals. The healthy individuals here may include those who havesome mild conditions such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia but enjoy anormal life and no specific dietary guidance is being given or diet therapy or diet restriction is
imposed.
2) Although the unit used in DRIs-J is “per day”, it is the value which converted the habitual
intake into daily intake level.
- 61 -

3) When applying DRIs-J to nutritional consultation, lunch programs and others, it is desirable
to consider followings: energy, lipids, proteins, vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C, calcium,iron, sodium and dietary fibers.
4) Fundamentally, RDA, AI and DG should be fulfilled through a balanced diet that iscomposed of normal food in daily life.
5) Regarding UL, health disorder is not brought about just because it exceeded UL temporarily
through meals by normal foods.
6) For aged, weakening of their masticatory function, deterioration of digestive and absorptive
fraction, and a reduction in food intake due to less physical activities exist. One characteristicof this age group is that their individual intake varies widely; another is that many aged
individuals are affected by an illness. Sufficient attention should be directed not only to theage but also to individual characteristics.

6. Dietary Reference Intakes (Tables)
See the attached tables.

- 62 -

Nutrients for which Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (DRIs-J) have been
established and its indices (ages 1 year and over) 1
Proteins

LipidsTotal fats
Saturatedfatty acids
n-6 fatty
acids
n-3 fatty
acids
Cholesterol

Carbohydrates
Dietary fibers

Watersoluble
vitamins

Oil-soluble
vitamins

MineralsTraceelements

Electrolytes

Vitamin B1
Vitamin B2
NiacinVitamin B6
Folic acid
Vitamin B12
BiotinPantothenic
acid
Vitamin C
Vitamin A
Vitamin E
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Magnesium
Calcium
Phosphorus
Chromium
MolybdenumManganese
Iron
CopperZinc
Selenium
IodineSodiumPotassium

EAR
○
-

RDA
○
-

AI
-

DG
○
○

UL
-

-

-

-

○

-

-

-

○

○

-

-

-

○

○

-

○
○
○
○
○
○
-

○
○
○
○
○
○
-

○
○

○
○
○
-

○
○
○2
-

-

-

○

-

-

○
○
○
○

○
○
○
○

○
○
○
○
○
-

○
-

○
○
○
○2
○
○
-

○

○

-

-

○

○
○
○
○
○
○
-

○
○
○
○
○
-

○
○

○
○

○
○
○
○
○
○
-

EAR, estimated average requirement, RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; DG, tentative
dietary goal for preventing life-style related diseases; UL, tolerable upper intake level1

Including when the DRIs-J were defined for only certain age groups.

2

Defined as intake from other than normal food.

- 63 -

Reference physiques (reference height and reference weights)
Sex
Age

Males
Reference height
Reference body(cm)
weight (kg)
62.2
6.6
71.5
8.8
85.0
11.9
103.5
16.7
119.6
23.0
130.7
28.0
141.2
35.5
160.0
50.0
170.0
58.3
171.0
63.5
170.0
68.0
164.7
64.0
160.0
57.2

0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70
1
Excluding pregnant women.

- 64 -

Females1
Reference height
Reference body(cm)
weight (kg)
61.0
6.1
69.9
8.2
84.7
11.0
102.5
16.0
118.0
21.6
130.0
27.2
144.0
35.7
154.8
45.6
157.2
50.0
157.7
50.0
156.8
52.7
152.0
53.2
146.7
49.7

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for energy: Estimated Energy Requirements(EERs) (kcal/day)
Sex
PAL

I
0-5 months infants
Breastfed
Formula-fed
6-11 months
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≧701

2,350
2,350
2,300
2,250
2,050
1,600

Males
II
600
650
700
1,050
1,400
1,650
1,950
2,300
2,650
2,750
2,650
2,650
2,400
1,850

III

I

-

-

2,200
2,550
2,950
3,150
3,050
3,050
2,750
2,100

2,050
1,900
1,750
1,700
1,650
1,350

Females
II
550
600
650
950
1,250
1,450
1,800
2,150
2,300
2,200
2,050
2,000
1,950
1,550

III
2,000
2,400
2,600
2,550
2,350
2,300
2,200
1,750

Pregnant women:
Early-stage
+50
+50
+50
(amount to be added)
Mid-stage
+250
+250
+250
(amount to be added)
Late-stage
+500
+500
+500
(amount to be added)
Lactating women
+450
+450
+450
(amount to be added)
1
For adults, the following formula was used for computation: Estimated Energy Requirement=Basal Metabolic Rate(kcal/day) x PAL. For those between 18～69 years, the PALs were designated as I=1.50, II=1.75 or III=2.00. For
those 70 years or older, the following were used instead: I=1.30, II=1.50, III=1.70. The seeming discrepancy in
Estimated Energy Requirements for the 50～69 and over 70 year group is mostly explained by this.
PAL: Physical activity level- 65 -

(Reference 1)
The description and duration of physical activity levels (ages 15 through 69 years)1
PAL2

Sleeping（1.0）
Sedentary or being still
while standing(1.5：1.1 - 1.9)
Low-intensity activities
such as slow walking
and housekeeping(2.5：2.0 - 2.9)

8
13 - 14

Moderate (II)
1.75
(1.60 - 1.90)
Subjects remain
sedentary most of thetime but the activities
include any of thefollowing: move
within the work site,
work performed
while standing,interacting withcustomers,
commuting,shopping,
housekeeping, andlight sport activities.
7-8
11 - 12

1-2

3

3-4

Mid-intensity activities
such as exercise or laborthat can be sustained foran extended period(includes normal speed
walking)(4.5：3.0 - 5.9)
Highly-intensity
activities, such as
exercise or labor that
requires frequent rest
(7.0：>6.0)

1

2

3

0

0

0-1

Details of daily activities

Low (I)
1.50(1.40 - 1.60)
Subjects remain
sedentary most of thetime and engage
mainly in lessenergetic activities.

High (III)
2.00(1.90 - 2.20)
Subjects engage inwork that require
moving or remain
standing; or theycustomarily engage inactive athletic
activities.

Classification of each activity (hours/day)2

7
10

PAL, Physical activity level
1

Representative values. The range is shown in parentheses.

2

Data in parentheses is an activity factor (Af: intensity per unit time of each physical activity, expressed in a multipleof the basal metabolism). (Representative value: lower threshold - upper threshold).

- 66 -

(Reference 2)
Examples of physical activity classifications
Classification of physicalactivities(within the range of Af1)
Sleeping (1.0)
Sedentary activities while
sitting or standing(1.1- 1.9)

Examples of physical activities

Sleeping
Lying down, sit in a relaxed manner (reading books,
writing, and watching television), carrying on aconversation (while standing), cooking, dining, toileting
activities (dressing, face-washing, and using the toilet
facilities), sewing (hand-sewing and operating a sewing
machine), engaging in a hobby or entertainment (flower
arrangement, tea ceremony, mah-jong, playing musicalinstrument), driving, desk work (book-keeping andoperating a word processor and OA equipment).
Low-intensity activities, such
Standing in a train or bus. Walk slowly for shopping or
as slow walking or household just enjoy a walk (45 m/min.). Doing laundry (using achoreswashing machine). House cleaning (using a vacuum(2.0- 2.9)
cleaner).
Tend a home vegetable garden. Play gate-ball. Normal
Mid-intensity exercise orwalking (71 m/min.). Bathing. Cycling (at a normal
labor that can be sustained speed). Walking with a child on one’s back. Playing
for an extended period
catch-ball. Playing golf. Dancing (light). Hiking (on level(including normal
ground). Climbing up and down stairs. Lifting or taking
walking)
down bedding. Normal walking (95 m/min). Gymnastics(3.0- 5.9)
(following radio or television instructions).
High-intensity activities such
Muscle training, aerobic dancing (active), rowing,
as exercise or labor that
jogging (120 m/min), tennis, badminton, volleyball,require frequent restskiing, basketball, soccer, skating, jogging (160 m/min),(>6.0)
swimming, running (200 m/min).
1
Activity factor (Af) is computed from the relative metabolic rate cited by Numajiri45) as
follows:
Af=energy metabolic rate＋1.2
Each physical activity was based on the mean during the time of activity. The data during restand interruption were excluded.

- 67 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for protein
SexAge
0-5 months infants
Breastfed
Formula-fed
6-11 months infants
Breastfed
Formula-fed
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70
Pregnant women

EAR(g/day)RDA(g/day)MalesAI(g/day)DG(% energy)1

EAR(g/day)RDA(g/day)FemalesAI(g/day)DG(% energy)1

-

-

10
15

-

-

-

10
15

-

15
20
30
30
40
50
50
50
50
50
50

20
25
35
40
50
60
65
60
60
60
60

15
20
-

<20
<20
<20
<25

15
20
25
30
40
45
40
40
40
40
40

20
25
30
40
50
55
50
50
50
50
50

15
20
-

<20
<20
<20
<25

+8

+10

-

-

+15

+20

-

-

(amount to be added)

Lactating women(amount to be added)
1

The TGs (upper threshold) were set as protein energy ratio (%).

EAR, estimated average requirement, RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; DG, tentative
dietary goal for preventing life-style related diseases- 68 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for total fat[Ratio of total lipids to total energy (percentage of fat energy):% energy]
Males
Females
Age
AI
DG
AI
0-5 months
50
50
6-11
40
40
1-2 years
20<, <30
3-5
20<, <30
6-7
20<, <30
8-9
20<, <30
10-11
20<, <30
12-14
20<, <30
15-17
20<, <30
18-29
20<, <30
30-49
20<, <25
50-69
20<, <25
15<, <25≥701
Pregnant women
Lactating womenAI, adequate intake; DG, tentative dietary goal for preventing life-style related diseases

DG
20<, <30
20<, <30
20<, <30
20<, <30
20<, <30
20<, <30
20<, <30
20<, <30
20<, <25
20<, <25
15<, <25
20<, <30
20<, <30

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for saturated fatty acids (% energy)Age
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70
Pregnant women
Lactating womenAI, adequate intake

Males
AI (range)
4.5<, <7.0

Females
AI (range)
4.5<, <7.0

4.5<, <7.0
4.5<, <7.0
4.5<, <7.0

4.5<, <7.0
4.5<, <7.0
4.5<, <7.0
4.5<, <7.0
4.5<, <7.0

Saturated fatty acid: C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, C24:0.
Note: When the subject is ≥10 years old and the blood LDL cholesterol level is high, the arteriosclerotic process may
progress. Treatment that includes restriction on saturated fatty acids is desired.

- 69 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for n-6 fatty acids
Males

FemalesAI
DG(g/day)（% energy）
0-5 months
4.0
6-11
5.0
1-2 years
6.0
3-5
7.0
6-7
8.5
8-9
10
10-11
11
12-14
10
15-17
11
18-29
<10
10
<10
30-49
<10
9.5
<10
50-69
<10
9.0
<10
<10
7.0
<10
≥70
Pregnant women
9.0<10
Lactating women
10<10
AI, adequate intake; DG, tentative dietary goal for preventing lifestyle-related diseases
AgeAI(g/day)
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
9.0
9.0
11
13
14
12
11
10
8.0

DG
（% energy）-

N-6 fatty acids: C16:3, C18:2, C18:3, C20:2, C20:3, C20:4, C22:2, C22:5.
Note: No goal was computed for children; but by using the values set for an adult, it is desirable to avoid excessive
intake.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for n-3 fatty acids (g/day)FemalesAI
0-5 months
0.9
6-11
1.0
1-2 years
1.0
3-5
1.5
6-7
1.6
8-9
2.0
10-11
2.1
12-14
2.1
15-17
2.3
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70
Pregnant women
2.1
Lactating women
2.4
AI, adequate intake; DG, tentative dietary goal for preventing life-style related diseases
Age

Males

AI
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.9
2.1
2.6
2.8
-

DG
>2.6
>2.6
>2.9
>2.2

N-3 fatty acids：C18:3, C18:4, C20:4, C20:5, C22:5, C22:6.

- 70 -

DG
>2.2
>2.2
>2.5
>2.0
-

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for cholesterol (mg/day)
Males
DG
<750
<750
<750
<750

FemalesDG
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
<600
30-49
<600
50-69
<600
<600
≥70
Pregnant women<600
Lactating women<600
DG, tentative dietary goal for preventing life-style related diseases
Age

Note: When the subject is ≥10 years-old and the blood LDL cholesterollevel is high, the arteriosclerotic process may progress. Treatmentthat includes restriction on cholesterol intake is desired.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for carbohydrates (% energy)SexAge
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70
Pregnant women

EAR
-

RDA
-

Males
AI
DG
50<, <70
50<, <70
50<, <70
50<, <70

UL-(amount to be added)

Lactating women(amount to be added)

FemalesAI
DG
50<, <70
50<, <70
50<, <70
50<, <70

UL
-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

EAR
-

RDA
-

-

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; DG, tentative
dietary goal for preventing life-style related diseases; UL, tolerable upper intake level- 71 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for dietary fibers (g/day)Sex
Age
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70

EAR
-

RDA
-

Males
AI
27
26
24
19

DG
20
20
20
17

UL
-

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

EAR
-

RDA
-

-

-

-

-

Females
AI
21
20
19
15

DG
17
17
18
15

UL
-

-

-

-

-

-

-

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; DG, tentative
dietary goal for preventing life-style related diseases; UL, tolerable upper intake level- 72 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for vitamin B1 (mg/day)1Sex
Age
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70
Pregnant women

Males
EAR
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
0.8

RDA
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.0

AI
0.1
0.3
-

UL
-

EAR
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.7

Females
RDA
AI
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
0.8
-

UL
-

(amount to be added)

early-stage
mid-stagelate-stage
Lactating women(amount to be added)
1

+0
+0.1
+0.2

+0
+0.1
+0.3

-

-

+0.1

+0.1

-

-

Computed using the Estimated Energy Requirement for PAL II.

EAR, estimated average requirement, RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level; PAL, physical activity level- 73 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for vitamin B2 (mg/day)1Sex
Age
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70
Pregnant women

Males
EAR
0.5
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
0.9

RDA
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.1

AI
0.3
0.4
-

UL
-

EAR
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.8

Females
RDA
AI
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.9
-

UL
-

(amount to be added)

early-stage
mid-stagelate-stage
Lactating women(amount to be added)

+0
+0.1
+0.3

+0
+0.2
+0.3

-

-

+0.3

+0.4

-

-

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level; PAL, physical activity level
1

Computed using the Estimated Energy Requirement for PAL II.

- 74 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for niacin (mg NE/day)1Sex
Age
0-5 months3
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≧70

EAR
5
7
8
9
11
13
13

RDA
6
8
10
11
13
15
16

Males
AI
2
3
-

13

15

-

13
12
9

15
14
11

-

Females
RDA
AI
2
3
5
7
9
10
12
13
13
-

UL2
-

EAR
4
6
7
9
10
11
11

300 (100)300 (100)300 (100)300 (100)

10

12

10
9
7

12
11
9

+0
+1
+2

+0
+1
+3

-

-

+2

+2

-

-

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
early-stage
mid-stagelate-stage
Lactating women(amount to be added)-

UL2
300 (100)300 (100)300 (100)300 (100)

NE, niacin equivalents; EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate
intake; UL, tolerable upper intake level, PAL, physical activity level
1

Computed using the Estimated Energy Requirement for PAL II.

2

Quantity (mg) for the upper threshold of nicotinamide. The value in parentheses is the quantity (mg) of nicotinic
acid.

3

Unit, mg/day- 75 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for vitamin B6 (mg/day)1Sex
Age
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69

EAR
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1

RDA
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4

Males
AI
0.2
0.3
-

≧70

1.1

1.4

-

UL2
60
60
60
60

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

Females
RDA
AI
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
-

1.0

1.2

-

UL2
60
60
60
60

+0.7

+0.8

-

-

+0.3

+0.3

-

-

EAR
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level, PAL, physical activity level
1

Computed using the Estimated Energy Requirement for PAL II.

2

Quantity as pyridoxine.

- 76 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for folic acid (μg/day)1Sex
Age
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70

Males
EAR
80
90
110
140
160
200
200
200
200
200
200

RDA
90
110
140
160
200
240
240
240
240
240
240

AI
40
60
-

UL2
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

EAR
80
90
110
140
160
200
200
200
200
200
200

Females
RDA
AI
40
60
90
110
140
160
200
240
240
240
240
240
240
-

+170

+200

-

-

+80

+100

-

-

UL 2
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level
1

Intake of 400 μg/day is desired for women who are planning to get pregnant or may be pregnant to reduce the riskof neural tube closure.
2

Quantity as pteroyl-monoglutamic acid (intake from sources other than ordinary food).

- 77 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for vitamin B12 (μg/day)Sex
Age
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70
Pregnant women

Males
EAR
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.4
1.6
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0

RDA
0.9
1.1
1.4
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4

AI
0.2
0.5
-

UL1
-

(amount to be added)

Lactating women(amount to be added)

EAR
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.4
1.6
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0

Females
RDA
AI
0.2
0.5
0.9
1.1
1.4
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
-

UL1
-

+0.3

+0.4

-

-

+0.3

+0.4

-

-

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level
1

The ULs were not set: even if it is taken in excess, the intrinsic factor secreted from the stomach becomes saturated
and excess vitamin B12 is not absorbed.

- 78 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for biotin (μg/day)Sex
Age
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70

EAR
-

RDA
-

Males
AI
4
10
20
25
30
35
40
45
45
45
45
45
45

UL
-

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(additional value)

EAR-

Females
RDA
AI
4
10
20
25
30
35
40
45
45
45
45
45
45

UL
-

-

-

+2

-

-

-

+4

-

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for pantothenic acid (mg/day)Sex
Age
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70

EAR
-

RDA
-

Males
AI
4
5
4
5
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
6
6

UL
-

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)
1

EAR
-

Females
RDA
AI
4
5
3
4
5
5
6
6
5
5
5
51
5
-

UL
-

-

-

+1

-

-

-

+4

-

The values were smoothed in relation to those of the preceding and succeeding age groups..

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level- 79 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for vitamin C (mg/day)Sex
Age
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70

EAR
35
40
50
55
70
85
85
85
85
85
85

RDA
40
45
60
70
80
100
100
100
100
100
100

Males
AI
40
40
-

UL
-

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

EAR
35
40
50
55
70
85
85
85
85
85
85

Females
RDA
AI
40
40
40
45
60
70
80
100
100
100
100
100
100
-

UL
-

+10

+10

-

-

+40

+50

-

-

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level- 80 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for vitamin A (μg RE/day)
Sex

Males

Females

EAR
-

RDA1
-

AI1
250

UL2
600

EAR
-

RDA 1
-

AI1
250

UL2
600

6-11

-

-

350

600

-

-

350

600

1-2 years

200

250

-

600

150

250

-

600

3-5

200

300

-

750

200

300

-

750
1,000

Age
0-5 months

6-7

300

400

-

1,000

250

350

-

8-9

350

450

-

1,250

300

400

-

1,250

10-11

400

550

-

1,550

350

500

-

1,550
2,220

12-14

500

700

-

2,220

400

550

-

15-17

500

700

-

2,550

400

600

-

2,550

18-29

550

750

-

3,000

400

600

-

3,000
3,000

30-49

550

750

-

3,000

450

600

-

50-69

500

700

-

3,000

450

600

-

3,000

≥70
Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

450

650

-

3,000

400

550

-

3,000

+50

+70

-

-

+300

+420

-

-

RE=retinol equivalents
EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level
1 μg RE=1 μg retinol=12 μg β-carotene=24 μg α-carotene=24 μg β-cryptoxanthin.
1

Includes provitamins and carotenoids.

2

Does not include provitamins or carotenoids.

- 81 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for vitamin E (mg/day)1Sex
Age
0-5 months

Males

Females

EAR
-

RDA
-

AI
3

UL
-

EAR
-

RDA
-

AI
3

UL
-

6-11

-

-

3

-

-

-

3

-

1-2 years

-

-

5

150

-

-

4

150

3-5

-

-

6

200

-

-

6

200

6-7

-

-

7

300

-

-

6

300

8-9

-

-

8

400

-

-

7

300

10-11

-

-

10

500

-

-

7

500

12-14

-

-

10

600

-

-

8

600

15-17

-

-

10

700

-

-

9

600

18-29

-

-

9

800

-

-

8

600

30-49

-

-

8

2

800

-

-

8

700

50-69

-

-

9

800

-

-

8

700

≥70

-

-

7

700

-

-

7

600

-

-

+0

-

-

-

+3

-

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level
1

Computation was made on α-tocopherol. Vitamins E other thatn α-tocopherol are not included.

2

The value was smoothes in relation to those for the preceding and succeeding age groups.

- 82 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for vitamin D (μg/day)Sex
Age
0-5 months1

Males

Females

EAR
-

RDA
-

AI
2.5(5)

UL
25

EAR
-

RDA
-

AI
2.5(5)

UL
25

6-111

-

-

4(5)

25

-

-

4(5)

25

1-2 years

-

-

3

25

-

-

3

25

3-5

-

-

3

25

-

-

3

25

6-7

-

-

3

30

-

-

3

30

8-9

-

-

4

30

-

-

4

30

10-11

-

-

4

40

-

-

4

40

12-14

-

-

4

50

-

-

4

50

15-17

-

-

5

-

-

5

18-29

-

-

5

50
50

-

-

5

50
50

30-49

-

-

5

50

-

-

5

50

50-69

-

-

5

50

-

-

5

50

≥70

-

-

5

50

-

-

5

50

-

-

+2.5

-

-

-

+2.5

-

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level
1

Adequate intakes for an infant who is exposed to appropriate sunlight. The value in parentheses is adequate intakes

for those with less sunlight exposure.

- 83 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for vitamin K (μg/day)Sex
Age
0-5 months

Males
EAR
-

RDA
-

6-11

-

-

1-2 years

-

3-5
6-7

Females
AI

EAR
-

RDA
-

AI

4

UL
-

4

UL
-

7

-

-

-

7

-

-

25

-

-

-

25

-

-

-

30

-

-

-

30

-

-

-

40

-

-

-

35

-

8-9

-

-

45

-

-

-

45

-

10-11

-

-

55

-

-

-

55

-

12-14

-

-

70

-

-

-

65

-

15-17

-

-

80

-

-

-

60

-

18-29

-

-

75

-

-

-

60

-

30-49

-

-

75

-

-

-

65

-

50-69

-

-

75

-

-

-

65

-

≥70
Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

-

-

75

-

-

-

65

-

-

-

+0

-

-

-

+0

-

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level- 84 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for magnesium (mg/day)
Sex

Males

Females1Age
0-5 months

EAR

RDA

AI

UL

EAR

RDA

AI

UL1

-

-

21

-

-

-

21

-

6-11

60

70

32

-

70

-

-

55

32

1-2 years

-

-

3-5

85

100

-

-

80

100

-

-

6-7

115

140

-

-

110

130

-

-

8-9

140

170

-

-

140

160

-

-

10-11

180

210

-

-

180

210

-

-

12-14

250

300

-

-

230

270

-

-

15-17

290

350

-

-

250

300

-

-

18-29

290

340

-

-

230

270

-

-

30-49

310

370

-

-

240

280

-

-

50-69

290

350

-

240

290

-

-

≧70

260

310

-

220

270

-

-

+30

+40

-

-

+0

+0

-

-

-

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level
1

When the nutrient is obtained from ordinary food, no upper threshold is set.

When the nutrient is obtained from a source other than ordinary food, the upper threshold is set at 350 mg/day for
adults and 5 mg/kg weight/day for children.

- 85 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for calcium (mg/day)
Sex
Males
Females
Age
AI
DG
UL2
AI
DG
UL2
0-5 months
200
200
Breastfed infants
300
300
Formula-fed infants
6-11 months
Breastfed infants
250
250
Formula-fed infants
400
400
1-2 years
450
4503
400
400
3-5
600
550
550
5503
6-7
600
600
650
600
8-9
7004
700
800
700
10-11
950
800
950
800
12-14
1,000
900
850
750
15-17
1,100
850
850
650
18-29
900
650
2,300
700
6004
2,300
30-49
650
6004
2,300
6004
6004
2,300
50-69
700
600
2,300
700
600
2,300
750
650
600
2,300
550
2,300
≥70
Pregnant women+0(amount to be added)1
Lactating women+0(amount to be added)1
AI, adequate intake; DG, tentative dietary goal for preventing life-style related diseases; UL, tolerable upper intake
level1

No additional value is defined; but it is desirable to achieve the adequate intake.
When a subject suffers from a placental dysfunction such as pregnancy toxemia, active efforts should be made toconsume calcium.

2

Because sufficient studies have not been conducted on the upper threshold, it is not set for those under 17 years.
However, it by no means recommends excessive intake or assures the safety of such an intake.
3

Because the adequate intake and the median value of the current intake are close, the former is adopted.

4

The value was smoothed in relation to those of the preceding and succeeding age groups.

- 86 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for phosphorus (mg/day)Sex
Age
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70

Males
EAR
-

RDA
-

AI
130
280
650
800
1,000
1,100
1,150
1,350
1,250
1,050
1,050
1,050
1,000

UL
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

EAR-

Females
RDA
AI
130
280
600
800
900
1,000
1,050
1,100
1,000
900
900
900
900

UL
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500

-

-

+0

-

-

-

+0

-

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for chromium (μg/day): ProvisionalSex
Age
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70

EAR
35
35
30
25

RDA
40
40
35
30

Males
AI
-

UL
-

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

EAR
25
25
25
20

Females
RDA
AI
30
30
30
25
-

UL
-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level- 87 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for molybdenum (μg /day): ProvisionalSex
Age
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70

EAR
20
20
20
20

RDA
25
25
25
25

Males
AI
-

UL
300
320
300
270

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

EAR
15
15
15
15

Females
RDA
AI
20
20
20
20

UL
240
250
250
230

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for manganese (mg/day)Sex
Age
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70

EAR
-

RDA
-

Males
AI
0.001
1.2
1.5
1.7
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
4.01
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0

UL
11
11
11
11

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating woman(amount to be added)

EAR-

Females
RDA
AI
0.001
1.2
1.5
1.7
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.51
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5

UL
11
11
11
11

-

-

+0

-

-

-

+0

-

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level1

The value was smoothed in relation to those of the preceding and succeeding age groups.

- 88 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for iron (mg/day)1Sex
Age

0-5 months infants
Breastfed
Formula-fed
6-11 months
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70

Males
EAR RDA AI

4.5
4.0
3.5
5.0
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.0
6.53
6.5
6.0
5.5

6.0
5.5
5.0
6.5
9.0
10.0
11.5
10.5
7.53
7.5
7.5
6.5

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

0.4
7.7
-

UL

25
25
30
35
35
50
45
50
55
50
45

Not menstruating2

Females
Menstruating

EAR

RDA

EAR

RDA

4.0
3.5
3.5
4.5
6.0
6.5
6.5
6.0
5.53
5.5
5.5
5.0

5.5
5.0
5.0
6.0
8.5
9.0
9.0
7.5
6.53
6.5
6.5
6.0

9.5
9.5
9.0
9.03
9.0
9.0
-

+11.0

+13.0

+2.0

+2.5

AI

UL

13.0
13.5
11.0
10.53
10.5
10.5
-

0.4
7.7
-

20
25
30
35
35
45
40
40
40
45
40

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level1

The values were set excluding those with menorrhagia (blood loss exceeding 80 mL/period).

2

Applies to pregnant and lactating women.

3

The value was smoothed in relation to those of the preceding and succeeding age groups.

- 89 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for copper (mg/day)Sex
Age
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70

Males
EAR
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.61
0.6
0.6

RDA
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.81
0.8
0.8

AI
0.3
0.3
-

UL
10
10
10
10

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

EAR
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.5

Females
RDA
AI
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7

UL
10
10
10
10

+0.1

+0.1

-

-

+0.5

+0.6

-

-

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level1

The value was smoothed in relation to those of the preceding and succeeding age groups.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for zinc (mg/day)Sex
Age
0-5 months
Breastfed infants
Formula-fed infants
6-11 months
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70

EAR
4
5
5
6
6
7
8
8
8
8
7

Males
RDA
AI

UL

EAR

4
6
6
7
8
9
10
9
9
9
8

30
30
30
30

3
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

4
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

2
3
3
-

30
30
30
30

-

+3

-

-

-

+3

-

-

2
3
3
-

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

Females
RDA
AI

UL

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level- 90 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for selenium (μg/day)Sex
Age
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70

EAR
7
10
10
15
15
20
25
25
30
25
25

RDA
9
10
15
15
20
25
30
30
35
30
30

Males
AI
16
19
-

UL
100
100
150
200
250
350
400
450
450
450
400

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

EAR
7
10
10
15
15
20
20
20
20
20
20

Females
RDA
AI
16
19
8
10
15
15
20
25
25
25
25
25
25

UL
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
350
350
350
350

+4

+4

-

-

+16

+20

-

-

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for iodine (μg/day)Sex
Age
0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70

EAR
40
50
60
70
80
951
951
95
95
95
95

RDA
60
70
80
100
120
140
140
150
150
150
150

Males
AI
130
170
-

UL
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

EAR
40
50
60
70
80
951
951
95
95
95
95

Females
RDA
AI
130
170
60
70
80
100
120
140
1401
150
150
150
150
-

+75

+110

-

-

+130

+190

-

-

UL
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level1

The value was smoothed in relation to those of the preceding and succeeding age groups.

- 91 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for sodium(mg/day, the value in parentheses is equivalent to table salt [g/day])Sex
Age
0-5 months

EAR
-

6-11

-

1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17

600
(1.5)
600
(1.5)
600
(1.5)
600
(1.5)

18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70

AI
100
(0.26)
600
(1.5)
-

Males
DG 1
-

UL
-

EAR
-

-

-

-

(<4)
(<5)
(<6)
(<7)
(<9)
(<10)
(<10)

-

-

(<10)

-

-

(<10)

-

-

(<10)

-

-

(<10)

-

600
(1.5)
600
(1.5)
600
(1.5)
600
(1.5)

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

Females
AI
DG 1
100
－
(0.26)
600
－
(1.5)
(<3)
(<5)
(<6)
(<7)
(<8)
(<8)
(<8)

UL
-

-

(<8)

-

-

(<8)

-

-

(<8)

-

-

(<8)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

EAR, estimated average requirement; AI, adequate intake; DG, tentative dietary goal for preventing life-style relateddiseases; UL, tolerable upper intake level
1

When energy intake can be measured, it is set at less than 4.5 g/1,000 kcal for those between 1∼69 years (for bothgenders). Make an exception of males between 12 and 17 years, it is set at less than 4 g/1,000 kcal.

- 92 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for potassium: Adequate Intakes (AIs) (mg/day)1
Sex

Males

FemalesAge
0-5 months

EAR

RDA

AI

UL

EAR

RDA

AI

UL

-

-

400

-

-

-

400

-

6-11

-

-

800

-

-

-

800

-

1-2 years

-

-

8001

-

-

-

8001

3-5

-

-

800

-

-

-

800

-

6-7

-

-

1,100

-

-

-

1,000

-

8-9

-

-

1,200

-

-

-

1,200

10-11

-

-

1,500

-

-

-

1,400

-

12-14

-

-

1,900

-

-

-

1,700

-

15-17

-

-

2,200

-

-

-

1,600

18-29

-

-

2,000

-

-

-

1,600

-

30-49

-

-

2,000

-

-

-

1,600

-

-

-

-

1,600

-

-

-

-

1,600

-

-

-

+0

-

-

-

+370

-

50-69

-

-

2,000

≥70

-

-

2,000

Pregnant women(amount to be added)
Lactating women(amount to be added)

EAR, estimated average requirement; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable
upper intake level１

The value that is considered appropriate to maintain in vivo potassium balance was used as the adequate intake.

2

The value was smoothed in relation to those of the preceding and succeeding age groups.

- 93 -

Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese for potassium to prevent hypertension:
Tentative Dietary Goal for Preventing Lifestyle-related Diseases (mg/day)
Sex

Age

0-5 months
6-11
1-2 years
3-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-14
15-17
18-29
30-49
50-69
≥70

Pregnant women(amount to be added)

Lactating women(amount to be added)

Males
Optimum
value toprevent
lifestylerelateddiseases1
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500

DG

2,800
2,900
3,100
3,000

Females
Optimum
value toprevent
lifestylerelateddiseases1
3,500
3,500
3,500
3,500

DG

2,700
2,800
3,100
2,900

-

-

-

-

DG, tentative dietary goal for preventing lifestyle-related diseases
1

The 6th Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High

Blood Pressure (The JNC 6 Report) states that the intake of 3,500 mg/day is desirable to prevent hypertension. Thisvalue is supported for active primary prevention of hypertension.

- 94 -

Acknowledgment

The translation was partly supported by the grant of Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare,Japan.
I appreciate a great help of the translation by Tomono Yahata, R.D.

Satoshi Sasaki, M.D., Ph.D.
March 30, 2007