Collection of summaries of WAVE studies and research(Fiscal 1998)

November 1999

Waterfront Vitalization and Environment Research CenterStudies and Research Department
Basic general studies
Basic study to discuss port-related policies
Fiscal year
when study

Study

Study outline

wasconducted

Study

on

methods

portmanagement

This is an independent research supported by thewithregardNippon Foundation with the aim of promotingtoderegulation

efficient management of ports in Japan and(Independent research)

improving their user-friendliness. This was pursuedby (1) reviewing the schemes and management ofoverseas ports and statutory regulations on the
management of ports in Japan by means ofliterature survey and field survey on main European
ports; and (2) identifying the areas of port
management that can be deregulated or subjected to1998

the principle of competition. In fiscal 1998,
attention was focused on container terminals andtwoapproaches

were

presented:(1)

private-sector-led efforts to develop and manage
terminals (infrastructures and upstream facilities)and (2) advanced use of government-owned idle
berths. A joint research with researchers invitedfrom Germany was

conducted in view ofinternational collaboration between ports, and aseminar was held to explain and discuss thecircumstances of overseas ports.

1

Study on initiative of seafront

While the world is becoming more concerned

recycling complex

with environmental issues, it is necessary to(First District Port Construction

promoteBureau;on

resources-recycling society. Against this backdrop,

Initiative of Seafront Recycling

this study was aimed at considering recycling

Research

Group

the

efforttoestablishabusiness as a new industry in seafront port areas

Complex)〜1997

and promoting a new way of resources-recycling
based on the zero-emission initiative. This aim was

1998

pursued by preparing plans based on thedevelopment of a network of main industries (suchas thermal power, timber, and cement industries)
and other related industries, estimating the effectsof the plans, and investigating the measures topromote the plans in Noshiro, Naoetsu, andHimekawa Ports.

Study on business to cope with

Boats abandoned owing to the shortage ofabandoned boats by PFI approachmarinas and other mooring and storage facilities

Study on promotion of marina

are a problem requiring urgent attention. The

businessbusiness practices that can be adopted when

by

using

privatefinances

introducing the private finance initiative (PFI)(Ministry of Transport; Japan

approach to cope with abandoned boats were

Marina & Beach Association)

investigated. The issues addressed include thestyle of construction and management, measures
1998

of

governmental

support,PFI

project

requirements, the advantage and disadvantage ofeach party concerned, existing schemes, andproblems. Some case studies to confirm thefeasibility of the PFI approach were conducted,
while setting different scopes for the private
sector's development activities. Guidelines for port
managers to conduct PFI projects were proposed(such as methods to select projects and methods tocall for and select business entities).

2

Study on use of river vessel

The present state of and the statutory regulationstransportation

on river vessel transportation (i.e. part of or all of

urban

for

diversifying

transportation

andthe water-borne transportation is on rivers or

establishing inland depots forlakes) in Japan were surveyed, and the possibility

disaster preventionof river vessel transportation for the diversification(Development Division of Portsand Harbors Bureau)

1998

of urban transportation was studied. The issues tobe addressed for establishing inland depots fordisasterprevention

by

using

river

vesseltransportation were identified on the basis of casestudies on physical distribution after the Great
Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake.
Study on development of seafront

With the aim of identifying appropriate locations

distribution centers

for seafront distribution centers and discussing the(Development Division of Ports

measures to create economic environments thatand Harbors Bureau, Ministry offacilitate the siting of such centers, siting

Transport)

requirements and other factors were studied and1998

field hearings were conducted as regards seafront
and inland entities. As a result, significant
differences in opinions were found between
different parties concerned, such as managers,
consignors, and shipping companies. Further
surveys and discussions are required in the future.

in

Changes in the socioeconomic situations of portssocioeconomic situations aroundwere analyzed comprehensively on the basis ofports

collection and analysis of existing data as well as(Development Division of Portshearings from experts. As a result, two key

and Harbors Bureau, Ministry ofpolicies in the future administration of ports wereTransport)

identified: (1) provision of improved port services

Analysisofchanges

1998

and

(2)

creationenvironments.

3

ofimproved

seafront

Study on promotion of computerization in ports
Fiscal year
when study

Study

Study outline

wasconducted

EDI for ports

The Total Physical Distribution Policy approved(Ministry of Transport; Japanby the Cabinet in April 1997 states as follows: "By

Coastfiscal 1999, the electric data interchange (EDI)

Guard;

25

port

management bodies)system will be introduced into the procedures ofimport and export approval based on the Foreign
Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law and into
the clearance, quarantine, and other administrative
procedures at the major ports and international
airports in Japan. Also, the coordination of the EDI
system with the existing customs clearance dataprocessing systems will be promoted. This move is
1998

aimed at creating paperless environments forexport, import, and other port procedures as well as
providing one-stop services." In fiscal 1997, thePorts and Harbors Bureau of the Ministry ofTransport, the Japan Coast Guard, and eight major
ports

prepared

the

Basic

Policiesontheintroduction of the EDI system into administrative
procedures associated with the arrival and departureof ships. In fiscal 1998, the WAVE wascommissioned to develop the system based on the
Basic Policies, and tentative operation of thesystem started in fiscal 1999.

4

Study on effect of port investment
Fiscal year
Studywhen study

Study outline

wasconducted

Study on socioeconomic effect ofRecently, the transparency and efficiency ofport investment

decision making are strictly required in public

Nationwide

works. Therefore, investment must be evaluated by(Ports and Harbors Bureau of thecost-benefit analysis and other methods when

Ministry of Transport)

constructing port facilities. In 1997 and 1998, acommittee on the socioeconomic effect of port

〜

1997

1998

investment was established together with its fivespecial committees (physical distribution, humantransport, disaster prevention, living environment,
and privatization) to investigate in detail the
cost-benefit analysis method applied to 18 port
facilities relevant to the Ministry of Transport. Thiseffort included case studies in which the analyticalmethod was applied to actual ports, and anevaluation manual was proposed as an outcome.
The results of the survey were published in the"Guidelines for evaluating port investment - 1999."

5

Project studies
Study on seafront vitalization
Fiscal year
when study

Study

Study outline

wasconducted

Study on Maizuru Port seafront

The Maizuru Port PR 21 Study was conducted inreconstruction

1992 and 1993. With the slogan "Hub of human,(Third District Port Construction

cultural, and physical exchanges in the Sea of Japan

BureauRim area," basic plans were developed for the

of

the

MinistryofTransport; Kyoto Prefecture)

Nishiko area, mainly around Wharf No. 3, asregards passenger ship terminal facilities, green
waterfront areas, and water use. Based on these1998

plans, discussions were made on a committee basis
to clarify what can be done to develop physicaldistribution capabilities and create port areas thatare open to the public. Some highly potential
projects were proposed, such as mooring of an
exhibition ship, operation of ferries and pleasureboats within the port, and provision of amulti-purpose green area for citizens.

6Study on development of import-promoted areas
Fiscal year
when study

Study

Study outline

wasconducted

Study

on

infrastructuresdevelopment
forof

Hitachinaka Port is a major international port thatimportplays an important role in relieving the ports inpromotion at Hitachinaka Port
(Hitachinaka

ofphysical distribution in the capital region andSecondpromoting the development of the North Kanto

District Port Construction Bureau

region. Ibaraki Prefecture is planning to developof the Ministry of Transport)

infrastructures for import promotion under the

IbarakiPort

Prefecture;

OfficeTokyo Bay from the excessive concentration of1998

foreign access zone (FAZ) scheme. In this study,
opinions were invited on a committee basis fromvariousparties

concerned,

and

an

FAZ

infrastructure development project was planned.
The form of third-sector companies that develop
FAZ infrastructures was clarified, required items
such as distribution facilities having a capability ofcontainer freight station (CFS) were identified, anda project schedule was developed.

7

Study on long-term regional planning
Fiscal year
when study

Study

Study outline

wasconducted

Study on project of Tokyo Bay

The six principal ports in Tokyo Bay are facing

coastal area development andthe need to restructure the role of each port in view

revitalizationof changes in trading structure (as exemplified by(SecondDistrictPort

increases in the export of capital goods and theConstruction Bureau)

import of consumer goods) and changes in the sea
lanes in East Asia and other regions. In
consideration of this backdrop and the Basic

〜

1997

1998

Concept of the Tokyo Bay Port Project as well as
the present status and the expected trend,collaboration on a regional basis was discussed andnew structural and basic development policies on
the Tokyo Bay coasts were prepared. Case studies
were carried out for the Keihin seafront area
(existing area) and the Chiba area (new area). In
consideration of the past approaches, creation of
new functions using public money, promotion of
infrastructure development through the integrationof land readjustment and port roads, and promotionof tentative use were suggested

8Study on planning of port development
Fiscal year
when study

Study

Study outline

wasconducted

Study

on

requirements

forStar Cruises, which is growing remarkably inaccepting an international cruise

recent years among Asian cruise companies, has

liner

launched in March 1997 an international cruise(Okinawa General Bureau)liner that departs from and returns to Keelung,Taiwan and call at Naha. Thiswas the firstinternational cruise liner to stop in Japan. The
1998

results of hearings from Star Cruises and other shipcompanies suggest that Taiwan and Japan represent
an important market for Asian cruise companies
and that Okinawa has a good potential of becoming
a hub port for Asian cruises because of its
geographic situation at the center of the market andits good resort environment.

9

Study on planning and commercialization of waterfront facilities
Fiscal year
when study

Study

Study outline

wasconducted

Study on improvement of seafront

Port areas where passenger terminals are sited areaccessibility for passengers

often not easily accessible from city centers.

(First District Port Construction

Improvements

Bureau)barrier-free design are required in particular ininaccessibility

in

terms

of

marine transport that serves remote islands. Against
1998

this backdrop, the present status of urban public
transport was investigated in relation to the
Niigata-Sado line. As a result, introduction of
simple guideway systems, such as lightweightmonorail and streetcar systems, was found to be
most

appropriate

for

the

relevant

port

transportation.
Study on Fushiki-Toyama PortIn the Fushiki-Toyama area, facilities are being

project

developed in Fushiki Outer Harbor to improve(Fushiki-Toyama
Construction

OfficeofPortphysical distribution in the port and to solveFirst

maintenance and dredging problems. In the Fushiki

District

Port

Construction

Outer Harbor project, a deep quay (14 m in depth)

Bureau;ToyamaPrefecture;addressed in an existing project was discussed.
Moreover, burial and dredging in the inner harbor

Takaoka City)

as well as burial in the outer harbor were scheduled
1998

for efficient and effective relocation of functions in
consideration of the state of the outer harbordevelopment and a plan of using the existing
bulkheads in the inner harbor area. Furthermore,measures to use the existing facilities effectively
after the relocation of the inner harbor distributionfunctionandmeasurestocoordinate

theMinatomachi Fushiki area with the surrounding
facilities were discussed.

10

Study on Shimoda Port upgrading

In Shimoda Port, a basic plan on the development

projectof a distinctive community making full use of the(Shimoda

Publicresources and characteristics of Shimoda City wasEngineering

prepared under the guidance of "Working Party on

Office, Shizuoka Prefecture)

Shimoda Port Marine Town Project" formed in
1998

1989. Four main development areas were selected,
and the corresponding plans discussed in detail. The
existing plan was reconfirmed, and a development
plan for the Takegahama area, which is close to themain areas but was not included in the previous
study, was discussed.

11

Study on projects related to physical distribution
Fiscal year
when study

Study

Study outline

wasconducted

Study

on

Hososhima

Port

Container terminal facilities are being constructedcontainer terminalin the Shirahama area of Hososhima Port under a(Miyazaki Prefecture)

port project that is targeted for completion by fiscal
2010. On the basis of planar layouts (presented in1998

the fiscal 1997 study) for fiscal 2000, whenservices will start tentatively, and fiscal 2010, acirculation plan based on straddle carriers and adrain/pavement plan were developed. Furthermore,measures of container terminal management and a
stepwise development approach were proposed.

Tamashima area land reclamation

A full-scale international container terminal, to be

Design of total plan for foreign

a physical distribution center, is being planned in

andthe Wharf No. 6 (12 m in depth) area on the east

domestic

trade

container

terminal on Wharf No. 6

side

of

the

Tamashima

artificial

islandin(Okayama Prefecture)

Mizushima Port. The terminal should be efficient,cost-effective, modern, and competitive so that it
1998

can cope with not only the amount of cargoestimated in past studies but also potential
increases. A basic plan on the facilities, equipment,
management, and operation of the container
terminal was prepared, and a basic design that
forms a basis for an execution design wasdeveloped.

Study on improvement of physicalThe problems that hinder the efficiency of

distribution efficiency in regional

physical distribution in Kitakyushu City were

port

identified,(studydistributiononphysicalmanagementinTransport)

the

to

addresstheregion were discussed, and a regional distribution(Fourth District Port Constructionofmeasuresproblems by making use of the potential of theKitakyushu City)
Bureauspecific

Ministryof1998

management plan was prepared with the aim ofencouraging international and regional distribution
and a modal shift.

12Studyon

Hibikinada

basicplanning

deep-seaof

Kitakyushu

container

has

the

Kitakyushu

PortPan-Yellow Sea Zone Hub Port Plan, which aims toterminal(Kitakyushu

Citydevelop a large-scale, efficient, advanced container
City,

Fukuoka
1997〜

Prefecture)

port that serves the entire western Japan and has anextensive feeder network into northeastern andnorthern China with frequent travel of very large
1998

container ships on a major sea lane. To pursue thisinitiative, measures to enhance the competitivenessof the Hibikinada area were discussed in terms ofservices, facilities, and information. A basic plan ofcontainer terminal facilities including the land useof the surrounding areas was developed.

Study on expansion of foreign

Based on the results of the Basic Study on theand domestic trading of Fukui

Functions to be Developed in Fukui Port conductedPortin fiscal 1996, the possibility of introducing a(Fukui Prefecture)

regular cargo line between Fukui Port andKitakyushu Port for expanding domestic trading at
Fukui Port was investigated. The status of physical1998

distribution between both port areas and the needsof shippers and carriers in the hinterland areas weresurveyed by questionnaires. As a result, a certain
level of demand and the feasibility of liner
departure on alternate days were confirmed. The
challenges

tobeaddressed

includecost

competitiveness and improvement of the image of
Fukui Port.

13

Study on Hakata Port Island City

Development of a foreign trade container terminal

container terminal

is being planned in Hakata Port Island City in order(Fukuoka City)

to cope with changes in recent port transportation,such as use of more containers and larger ships, andchanges in trading structure, such as the expansionof product import. To make Hakata Port an
1998

internationally competitive port with advanced
functions, a total plan of developing the foreign
trade container terminal was discussed, and a basic
plan of C1 terminal was prepared. The present
status ofterminal

problems

associatedautomation and potential
withautomationweresummarized.
Design of Wakayama-Shimotsu

A foreign trade container line was introduced

Port reclamation

between Wakayama-Shimotsu Port and Pusan inand1995. With well-developed expressways in theoperation system of container

hinterland areas, Wakayama-Shimotsu Port is

terminal in Nishihama area of

expected to grow as a distribution center in the

Wakayama-Shimotsu Port

Kansai area. In developing foreign trade container

Study

on

management(Wakayama Prefecture)

1998

terminal facilities in the Nishihama area (quay of
13 m in depth) against this backdrop, a straddle
carrier system was proposed as an optimum cargohandling system, and a basic plan, basic design, andexecution design were developed on the basis of
this system. Then, an optimum management andoperation system based on the third-sector scheme
was proposed.

14

Ports, Harbors and Marine Environment Research InstituteStudy on technologies to create environment
Fiscal year
when study

Study

Study outline

wasconducted

Study on preparation of reference

Beaches are indispensable for certain biologic

book for Eco-Coast Program

species to survive. When conducting projects in

Administration

and

1996

〜

(CoastDisaster Prevention Division of
Ports

and

Harbors

Bureau,coast areas, special care should be taken not to ruin
the beach functions that help the survival of such

1998

Ministry of Transport)

species. To address this requirement, a reference
book (plan) was prepared that presents methods toconsider living organisms and ecosystems when
conducting projects in coast areas.

Basic study on introduction of

To preserve and create natural environments along

biotope in port area

the coasts of the Sea of Japan and to promote port

(Niigata

Surveyand

Designdevelopment in harmony with living organisms andOffice of First District Portecosystems, the idea of introducing biotopes in port
1996〜

Construction Bureau, Ministry ofTransport)

areas was discussed, and a case study was
conducted by adopting the Fushiki-Toyama Port

1998

(Fushiki area) as a model area. Introduction of
biotopes in coast areas in three stages (landscapeplanning, site planning, and landscape design) wasplanned. A guidebook describing the basic idea,
evaluation methods, and other aspects of biotope
development was prepared.

15

Studyondevelopmentof

The concept of life cycle assessment wasenvironmental impact assessment

introduced into port development in order tomethods

evaluate and quantify the environmental loads

involving

life

cycle

assessment(CO2(Shimonoseki Survey and Design

generated during the lifetimes of structures (from1996〜

Office of Fourth District Port
Construction Bureau, Ministry ofTransport)

emissionsandenergyconsumption)

production to disposal). Environmental loads werediscussed comprehensively for port structures with

1998

very long lifetimes. The Guideline for Introducing
Life Cycle Assessment into Port Development(plan) and the Simple Computation Program forLife Cycle Assessment in Port Development wereprepared, and case studies were conducted to
discuss the applicability of life cycle assessment
methods to port facilities.

Study on development of ports

Based on the results of field survey and testing ofcompatible with coral

coral conducted in Naha, Hirara, and Ishigaki Ports(Development and Construction

for more than ten years since 1986 by the

Department of Okinawa General

Development and Construction Department of

BureauOkinawa General Bureau, the relationship between
coral reefs and environmental conditions were
1998

summarized, and the port development methods
were discussed with concern for the preservation,
creation, and use of coral reefs.
The

surveyresultsweresummarizedandpublished as the Manual for Port Development
Compatible with Coral Reefs (plan).

16

Study on socioeconomic effect ofThere are generally no market prices for the

port environment improvement

benefits of port environment improvement projects,

projects

such as green space development. Such benefits,(Environment Division of thewith no market prices, should be given money

Ministry of Transport)

value to allow cost-benefit analysis. Cost-benefit
analysis methods based on the contingent valuation
method (CVM) and the travel cost method (TCM),
1997

which are environmental economic methods, were
established, and improvement targets were set so as
to evaluate aspects that cannot be evaluated only
from efficiency.
The results of this study are partly incorporated in
the 1999 Guideline for Evaluating Port Investment,a cost-benefit analysis manual published by the
Ministry of Transport.

17

Study on waste and recycling
Fiscal year
when study

Study

Study outline

wasconducted

Study

on

possibilityofGeneration of construction byproducts and wastes

establishing recycling bases inin municipals facing Tokyo Bay as well as theTokyo Baypresent status and future plans of treatment systems(SecondDistrict

Port

Construction

Bureau;CoastalEnvironment

were investigated. The types of waste that will
1998

Development

requireregional

treatment,

includinginterimtreatment, were identified.

Resources Utilization Center)

The

challenges

tobeaddressed

by

port

administrators were identified, and the measures tobe taken were discussed and proposed.
Study

on

waste

disposalExisting waste disposal revetments were studied

revetment technologies

by means of questionnaires to port managers and(Fifth District Port Constructionwaste treatment departments in the hinterland areas

Bureau; Osaka Bay Regionalwith regard to the types of accepted waste,

Offshore

Environmental

Improvement Center)1998

revetment structure, design conditions, and the useof land after operation. The basic data obtained
were analyzed and summarized as a set ofexamples. Technical problems in waste disposal
revetments were identified and methods to address
the problems were suggested.

18

Study on port environmental planning
Fiscal year
when study

Study

Study outline

wasconducted

Study

on

Tokyo

Bay

Development of ports in a way compatible withenvironmental planning(SecondDistrictthe environment is being required recently. To thisPortend, compatibility with the natural environment,

Construction Bureau)

creation of port environments, and consideration ofenvironmental issues are being pursued more
1998

extensively

accordingtotheenvironmental

characteristics of the port and the region. An ideal
Tokyo Bay environment and the new system ofmeasures to pursue this were proposed, and thenecessity and effect of specific environmental
measures were discussed. A basic Tokyo Bay
environment plan was prepared.

Commissioned study on basic

Hakata Bay, which is a small sea area surrounded

plan of Hakata Port environment

by coasts, has many natural coasts with scenic(Fukuokaplaces and tidal flats where migratory birds arrive.

City,

Fukuoka

It is strongly desired that economic and civil

Prefecture)

activities in the area are in harmony with the naturalenvironment.

In

additiontothevariousenvironmental measures taken in the past in Hakata
Bay, more extensive environmental measures and a
1998

comprehensive systematic approach based on along-term perspective need to be introduced inorder to address appropriately various recent
challenges associated with port environments. As abasis for this effort, a basic plan for the Hakata Portenvironment was developed with the aim ofpreserving

port

environments

andcreating

environments

inconsiderationofecosystem,hydrophilic, and purification capabilities.

19

Study on environmental impact

When the Environmental Impact Assessment Law

assessment

becomes fully effective, reclamation of public(Ministry of Transport)

waters and planning of ports will be subjected to

〜

1997

the Law. Standard procedures and concrete
examples

1998

for

the

items

and

methodsofenvironmental impact assessment, required for
applying

the

Law

and

relatedgovernment

ordinances smoothly and appropriately, werediscussed, and technical reference materials wereprepared.

20

Study on planning of Ecoport Model project
Fiscal year
Studywhen study

Study outline

wasconducted

Study on Nanao Port Ecoport

Nanao

Port,

which

is

a

topographically

Model project

advantaged port, has developed in combination(First District Port Construction

with downtown Nanao. Because seawater is

Bureau, Ministry of Transport;

stagnant in the port area, the water quality andIshikawa Prefecture; Nanao City)

sediment of the area are deteriorated by the inflow
of environmental loads from the downtown.
Measures were discussed for the improvement of
the port in harmony with the environment and the
1998

creation of a port environment acceptable tocitizens and tourists. For the Fuchu and Yatashin
aeas, which are close to the downtown, proposals
were made as to the following: improvement ofexisting revetments in consideration of hydrophilic
properties and biology, development of shallow andseaweed beds using dredged soil, creation ofshoreline areas comfortable to people, integrated
development including the downtown, and public
involvement in port development.

21

Study on promotion of Eco-Coast project
Fiscal year
Studywhen study

Study outline

wasconducted

Study on planning of Eco-Coast

Enhanced measures of disaster prevention are

project in Kojima Port (Karakoto

urgently required in the Karakoto area of Kojima

area)

Port, because of the substantial aging of revetments(Okayama Prefecture)and the experience of damage to houses in thehinterland by overtopping. The Kojima Port coast is
in Setonaikai National Park and designated as aprefectural natural coast preservation area. Before
1998

the shoreline shifted landward, the coast was usedby citizens for sea bathing and other recreation.
Presently, there is a Zostera bed in the frontage.
To develop a coast area that can be used as arecreation area in harmony with the naturalenvironment

includingthe

Zosteracoordination

betweendisasterbed,

prevention,

environment, and use on the basis of an integrated
shore protection system was pursued.

22

Study on project of port landscape and green space
Fiscal year
when study

Study

Study outline

wasconducted

Study on project of coloring

Based on the results of the Study on Hitachinaka

Hitachinaka Port facilities

Port Landscape Formation Model Project conducted(Hitachinaka

Port

Officeofin 1997, the coloring of facilities in the north wharf

Ibaraki Prefecture)area, which is already partly in use, was discussedwith the aim of implying brightness and hope. A
slightly greenish yellow color was proposed as asymbol color for this purpose, and color criteria
were set for different areal zones.

Study on planning of Sasebo Port

The Miura area of Sasebo Port is adjacent to thelandscapedowntown area where redevelopment is underway.

formation

model

project

In consideration of this situation and the planning(Fourth District Port Constructionof surrounding towns, and in order to form

BureauoftheMinistry

Transport; Sasebo City)

of

1998

landscapes that reflect the characteristics of theport, a landscape formation project, which has aphilosophyofcreating

variouswaterfront

landscapes that enhance the impression of Sasebo,
was discussed. A master plan for the landscapes ofpublic facilities was proposed.

23