Student: Nessipkhan Arman

I learned many new methods during this course. For me as a young specialist, it was very
important to listen such an experienced professional and a wise person. In my opinion themain points were:
1) Modern statistical methods
2) Methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis
3) Different type of statistical samples
4) Statistical software: programming R and SAS
5) Logistic regression6) Basics of statistics in the research
After listening to this course, I have a clear image of what biostatistics is. The lectures wereengrossing, I enjoyed the combination of presentations, samples and cases.
I think for many who decide to connect their fate with the science of young researchers likeme, questions arise in my head:
What is statistics?
Biostatistics?
How can I apply this in my research?
As the professor said, without an adequate understanding of the basics of statisticalanalysis, neither planning nor processing the results of a scientific experiment is possible.
And I absolutely agree with that. Since all scientific work is based on a clear understanding
and planning of our research. For a long time studying at a medical university, I haverepeatedly come across statistics and, although in theory, understood what statistics and its
role are, but did not understand how to apply it in my research.
History is the basis of everything - the first day began with the basic concepts of statistics
and its foundation. I was very lucky to meet a professional in my field and an impeccablelecturer. We had a week of productive work, because after the lecture we had very interestingtasks that underlined the topic of the lecture. It was a very good idea to complete the task
after each lecture - it’s so quickly absorbed.
Every day after class, I started to work, I especially liked working with the R Studio program
since it is easy to use. It’s a pleasure to work on it like working with a calculator.
In my opinion, I have opened up great opportunities for a better analysis of my research
project, and I realized that I need to measure all my indicators and degrees of variability. I
already applied Student Test criteria in my research, although in the process of research I was
also able to test the null hypothesis.
Consequently I am starting to analyzing of quantitative and qualitative variables in myresearch. All things considered in the lecture its very important for my research.
The field of statistics is the main part of the work of any researcher. I have learned
programming software R and SAS.
For me personally, statistics is of great importance in my work. Including planning,collecting materials, analyzing and processing research data, even until the conclusion I will
apply statistical methods and programs.
The most important question is how can this be learned?
I’ll name the answer: “7000 km or 7 days of highly effective statistics.”
I want to thank you for your great contribution and opportunity to the future of my scientificlife!

Imakhanova Aiganym
How often do we read an article in a scientific journal or news on the Internet and hear
the phrase "According to statistics ...”?
Biostatistics, being a relatively young science, has taken a rather solid place in ourlives. As a doctor, I have repeatedly quoted data from the sites world-statistics.org, egov.kz,
worldofoncology.com and others. However, it was not always clear to me what exactly thesenumbers give and what they mean in clinical practice. Our weekly course of biostatistics
from North-West State Medical University. I.I. Mechnikov helped me to finally understandthe issues of biostatistics and its definitions, and even improve some practical skills.
Our teacher, Professor S. L. Plavinsky, began our course with the basics of biostatistics
and the main terms. So, our first lecture was devoted to the history of biostatistics and tosome scientists whose discoveries made a significant contribution to the development ofbiostatistics as a science. We also learned how scientific work is done. First of all, we should
create a research plan. The program includes the topic, purpose and objectives of the study,
formulated hypotheses, determination of the object of study, units and volumes ofobservations, a description of statistical methods for forming a sample, collection, storage,
processing and analysis of data, research methodology, as well as a list of used statistical
tools. Hypotheses (expected results) are the most important component of the program.
Hypotheses are formulated using specific statistical indicators. The main requirement for
hypotheses is the possibility of testing them in the research process. The results of the study
can confirm, correct or refute the hypotheses put forward.
Subsequent lectures were devoted to the main definitions and methods used in dataprocessing. As a graduate student, I know that statistical data analysis is an important part ofany scientific research. It must be used both at the stages of work planning and directly in theanalysis of data. The use of various methods of statistical analysis of individual indicators
obtained during the study significantly increases the value of available information andfacilitates its perception: data can be structured, visualized - displayed in the form of tables
and graphs. For statistical analysis of biomedical data, they are used as standard commercial
statistical packages (for example, SAS, SPSS, STATISTICA, MedCalc, etc.) and free
software (for example, R package, Hierarchical Clustering Explorer, Dendroscpe, etc.) For
me individually, the most interesting lecture was statistical software: the introduction in R
and SAS. During this lecture I learned how to work in the R program. The first version of R
was released in 1995. In contradistinction to SAS, which is based on a procedural statisticallanguage, R is an object-oriented programming language. This makes R program very
extensible. Due to the relative ease of installation and free and open access, the ability to findthe answer in a difficult situation on the Internet and the convenience of work, I think that I
will use R in my future research work.
In summary, I think that the biostatistics course was very informative for me. The
knowledge of medical statistics is necessary for understanding the biomedical processes andphenomena, the laws of their manifestation, understanding the logic underlying the diagnosis,
treatment and prognosis of various diseases. Statistical analysis allows one to substantiate
one or another tactic of a doctor in the prevention or treatment of diseases. In addition, a hugeflow of information can be easily represented as table, graph etc.

Kazakova Darya
Biostatistics report

The purpose of my research work is to measure the autophagy
activity on cancer cells after exposure to the various drugs and radiation.
To do this, I use immunohistochemistry with subsequent analysis undera fluorescence microscope, where I can collect data using the built-in
software which calculates the amount of contrast. Then I upload theimage of cells from each sample and read the information. As a result, I
get dependent continuous quantitative variables.
For the statistical analysis I use Excel with a ToolPak add-in
program that calculates a huge variety of parameters, such as mean,
median, mode, variance, standard deviation. The set of statisticalparameters can be estimated in “descriptive statistics” mode. Next, I canplot histogram that shows the distribution law. In Excel I also cancompare the samples using averages or variances: t-test, F-test.
Speaking about Excel statistics, we think about normally
distributed (or approximately so) - “parametric” tests. Normal distribution
is essential for these tests to be valid. It is symmetric bell-shaped
frequency distribution, in which mean, median, and mode all have thesame value. If the data do not conform to a normal distribution,“nonparametric” tests should be used. To perform nonparametric tests inorder to do all calculations fast and exclude manual entry of formulas itis better to use special programmes such as Microsoft R and SAS. In
these programmes I just need to call a function and pass the data as aparameter. For example, shapiro.test(data) function used for
Shapiro-Wilk test for checking the normality of distribution,
wilcox.test(group1, group2) for Wilcoxon test to compare two paired
groups.
Since this is my first serious scientific work and I have poor
experience in statistical data analyses, I would like to master myknowledge. After the course of Biostatistics, I finally understood thebasic statistical concepts and formulas that I tried to understand during
my previous study. I would like to go deeper into exploring Microsoft R
and SAS to apply this knowledge in my future research work.

Division of Disaster and Radiation Medical Sciences
Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
Junichi Yoshida
Statistics in clinical studies of radiological imaging
I go to graduate school as a member of society. I usually work as a radiologist at a hospital.
My clinical research focuses on reducing lens exposure in Computed Tomography(referred to as CT) examination. CT examination in Japan are increasing year by year,
and medical exposure is a problem. In particular, lens exposure has been reduced due tothe 2011 ICRP recommendation, which has attracted attention. My research examined
whether the Imaging Plate (referred to as IP) could be used as radiation protection. It is
important that this study measures the exposure dose and that the reduced dose images
are secured for clinical use. The image quality evaluation includes a physical evaluation
and a visual evaluation. The physical evaluation uses a quantitative evaluation, whilethe visual evaluation is a qualitative evaluation and requires a statistical method.
In this visual evaluation, 7 groups of 7 evaluators evaluated how much low-contrast
substances can be recognized in the captured images. Evaluate how many objects up to
8 can be seen. The statistical method used the multiple comparison test (Steel-Dwass).

Steel-Dwass
n
A
7
B
7
C
7
D
7
E
7
F
7
G
7

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

7

6

7

5

5

5

6

7

7

8

7

8

8

6

7

6

7

7

7

6

6

7

6

8

7

7

6

6

7

7

8

7

8

7

6

7

6

7

7

7

7

6

7

6

8

7

8

6

7

rank sum
206.5
111.5
270.5
179
227
138
92.5

rank average
29.5
15.92857143
38.64285714
25.57142857
32.42857143
19.71428571
13.21428571

Test result
level ofsignificance 5%
rank sumpair nexpectation

variance

rank sum variancecriticalregionlevel ofsignificance1%
criticalregion5%
test statistic1%

reference reference
point
point

A,B

70

14

52.5 42.40385

17.5

19.19869041

22.47989602

2.687419249 2.948282 3.452166

A,C

38.5

14

52.5 37.69231-1418.10069891

21.19424922-2.28035085 2.948282 3.452166

A,D

56

14

52.5

12.25

3.5

10.31898603

12.08258106

1 2.948282 3.452166

A,E

45.5

14

52.5

38.5

-7

18.29360701

21.42012682-1.12815215 2.948282 3.452166

A,F

63

14

52.5 44.55769

10.5

19.68023706

23.04374274

1.572997216 2.948282 3.452166

A,G

73.5

14

52.5 45.23077

2119.82832219

23.21713678

3.122498999 2.948282 3.452166 *

B,C

31

14

52.5 54.51923-21.5

21.76926871

25.48980616-2.911813801 2.948282 3.452166

B,D

41

14

52.5

47.25

-11.5

20.26608626

23.72971812-1.673003825 2.948282 3.452166

B,E

38

14

52.5 55.32692-14.5

21.9299297

25.67792536-1.94939453 2.948282 3.452166

B,F

50.5

14

52.5 48.59615-220.55274952

24.06537437-0.286899008 2.948282 3.452166

B,G

56

14

52.5 31.09615

3.5

16.44077624

19.25063285

0.627645914 2.948282 3.452166

C,D

68

14

52.5

43.75

15.5

19.50105059

22.83393191

2.343379733 2.948282 3.452166

C,E

57.5

14

52.5

49

5

20.63797207

24.16516212

0.714285714 2.948282 3.452166

C,F

69

14

52.5 55.32692

16.5

21.9299297

25.67792536

2.218276534 2.948282 3.452166

C,G

75.5

14

52.5 53.84615

2321.63447318

25.33197302

3.134371662 2.948282 3.452166 *

D,E

43.5

14

52.5 44.42308-919.65048612

23.00890713-1.350324636 2.948282 3.452166

D,F

58.5

14

52.5 49.26923

6

20.69459213

24.23145898

0.854797729 2.948282 3.452166

D,G

67

14

52.5

49

14.5

20.63797207

24.16516212

2.071428571 2.948282 3.452166

E,F

63

14

52.5 56.53846

10.5

22.16873815

25.95754804

1.396424004 2.948282 3.452166

E,G

68.5

14

52.5 54.65385

16

21.79612778

25.52125565

2.164260921 2.948282 3.452166

F,G

57

14

52.5 44.55769

4.5

19.68023706

23.04374274

0.674141664 2.948282 3.452166* 5% significant** 1% significant

As a result, a significant difference was recognized at a level of significance 5% between
A/G and C/G.

DISPATCH TO ST. PETERSBURG

Kot Palina, Disaster and Radiation Medicine Master’s Course, Nagasaki University
From January 22 to February 2, 2020, we went to St. Petersburg to participate in aseminar on biostatistics. It was a course consisting of 14 lectures, and covering the latest
and current trends in the use of statistical methods in biomedical research. The seminar
was held at the North West State Medical University (NWSMU) named after
M.Mechnikov.
Departure from Nagasaki took place on January 22, and we arrived in St. Petersburg in
the evening of January 23. On the same day, representatives of NWSMU met us at
Pulkovo Airport and helped to establish cellular communications and the Internet in our
mobile phones. After that, we were taken to the NWSMU Academy Hotel.
On January 24, after an organized breakfast at the hotel, representatives of the NWSMU
international department, together with employees of the NWSMU History Museum,
conducted a tour of the Medical University Museum. After that, in the assembly hall of
the main building, the NWSMU rector said a welcoming speech, and Professor Plavinsky
gave lectures on the history of biostatistics and probability theory. Then a tour of the cityof St. Petersburg was organized with sightseeing in the city centre. We visited Nevsky
Prospect, a monument to Alexander Nevsky, a monument to Pushkin, the Main Theatreof St. Petersburg, the Neva River, and central bridges.
On January 26, I visited the Hermitage with a tour of the expositions of English,
German, Danish, Egyptian, Russian, Italian, Spanish works. The museum is very large,
it presented paintings and sculptures, as well as dishes, murals and other forms of art.
Even the building of the museum inside and out was distinguished by sophistication ofarchitecture.
On January 25 and 27-31 there were lectures about Observation and Experimental
design in health sciences; Statistical software, R and SAS programs; Descriptive
statistics; Inferential statistics; Hypothesis testing and confidence intervals; Z, t-tests;
Analysis of Variance; Linear regression; Table analysis; Chi-square, Fisher’s exact test;
Logistic regression and long-linear models; Survival analysis; Robust statistics, Complex
survey design, Qualitative research methods, Text mining.
After each lecture, there was a discussion and homework. After the whole course, there
was a graded test.
All lecture materials and R and SAS code writing software were provided. At the end of
the seminar, all participants received a certificate of successful completion of the courseon biostatistics.
Despite of exhausting flight this trip was worth it, because I gained valuable knowledge
on statistics, received answers to questions that worried me (some of them have worriedme for years), to which I did not receive answers even during the Research Methods
Advanced course last year. Professor Plavinsky answered for all my questions, and spent
a lot of time to explain me practical points of choosing statistical methods after
compulsory lectures. The discussion about using statistics in our research was the mostuseful, but, unfortunately, there was not enough time to learn all the methods. In
addition, we felt a lack of time to gain practical skills in using the discussed software.

"Biostatistics Report"
North-Western State Medical University named after I.I.Mechnikov, Saint-Petersburg, Russia,
24-31 January 2020
12 February 2020
Name: THU ZAR WIN
University: Nagasaki University
When I and my friends were landed to St. Petersburg, I can't believe with the night light ofcity. The way we go to Hotel from Pulkovo Airport (Saint Petersburg), everywhere was very brightand amazing architecture building. The night when we arrived the city, there were first timesnowing during this winter in Saint Petersburg. And also there is one thing which I have neverseen like that in any other countries is that so many fume and smoke inside the city. It was very
fascinating and amazing Biostatistics seminar which were held in St. Petersburg, Russia. Besides
the Biostatistics seminar, I did some questionnaire to Master/ PhD military students from Myanmar
who are studying astronautics in Moscow about health care system in Russia. I asked to them somany questions which is related to Russia's Health system and Cultures. During this trip, I learned
not only about the Biostatistics but also the Russia's Health system and Russian people mentally.
Seminar in St. Petersburg was very fruitful and grateful which is my first time learning
about Biostatistics. Professor Plavinsky answered all the following questions what I have expected
to know before I visit to North-West Medical University named after I.I Mechnikov, SaintPetersburg, Russia: "Why I need to know about Biostatistics/ statistics? How would be able toapply the knowledge in my research which I have received from your seminar?". During the second
day of his seminar, it was totally stressful lecture for me because I had no clue about statistics,
statistical tests and statistical significance. However, in the next days of his seminar, I have seen
the point that statistics are helping us to understand the world and the people's psychological andsociological. By understanding the statistics, we (researcher) can be informed, evaluate thecredibility and the usefulness of information, and make appropriate decisions. In scientific studies,
we can use the statistic for data collection, analysis, interpretation, explanation and presentation.
By using statistics, it will guide us in our research for proper characterization, summarization,
presentation and interpretation of the result of research. It can provide a platform for research:
How to go about my research, either to consider a sample or the whole population, the Techniques
to use in data collection and observation, how to go about the data description (using measure ofcentral tendency). Finally, the main point what I concluded from your seminar is that statistics canhelp us to understand and describe phenomena in our word and help us to draw conclusions about
those phenomena. Also on the other side of your seminar, I noticed the following misuses ofstatistics in a research: biased samples, proof of null hypothesis, misleading graphs, data
manipulation, misreporting or misunderstood of estimated error, overgeneralization, loaded
questions, discarding unfavorable data and false causality.
Currently I am doing my research which is mainly focus on the "Risk Communication in
the Recovery Phase after a Nuclear accident: the contribution of the Co-expertise processmodel". The objective of my research is better identify the factors and mechanisms that help
restore confidence among the people affected by the accident as well as their anatomy. Despite I
will not use the concrete statistics tools in my research, it is important to understand key aspectsof Biostatistics and the result of epidemiological studies, especially in the fields of radiation where
there are uncertainty and there are still lots of debates of the low level of exposure. In the first dayof his seminar, as he mentioned in the first motivating example which is about carcinogenic risk
induced by low doses of ionizing radiation is controversial and it cannot be assessed withepidemiologic methods alone because at low doses the data are imprecise. As radiation helps indiagnosing and treating disease, but also causes diseases, it is important to understand and use
radiation wisely and important to keep track with the results of epidemiological studies and it isvery important to set the policies. By using the key statistics, I may be doing questionnaire on theaffected people/ stakeholders and interrogating people socially which is generally done by the useof questionnaire or be the use of enquiries. I can do statistics with that and looking at average andstandard deviation with the concept of statistics. These are all what I can do with statistics in myresearch. As Prof.Plavinskin urge me to see some literature on using qualitative methods instudying my questions, I may study the people perceptions of some risks and also I may use Likertlike scale to have (semi-) quantitative data in my research. I do greatly appreciate him for his
amazing Biostatistics seminar in Saint-Petersburg, Russia and also for his advice on my research.
The visit was the amazing opportunity for me because I have learned not only Biostatistics but
also Russia's Health Care System, Russian people mentally, Russia's Histories. I will never forget
beautiful memories what I have experienced in Saint Petersburg.

Sailaubekova Yerkezhan«Using statistics in research work»
In October, I started my research at the Nagasaki University. I am work in the
Department of pathology and study violation of the thyroid gland. As you know,scientific work includes a theoretical and practical part. During the discussion of thetheoretical part, we often refer to foreign articles to determine the relevance of this
topic. In the results and discussions section often provided: tables, graphs, and charts ,which at that time seemed complicated to me. I realized that after completing thepractical part, which consists of DNA extraction, DNA sequencing andimmunofluorescence analysis, I would have to process the data and demonstrate it in theform of graphs, etc.To my great happiness, we just had a week-long course inbiostatistics at the North West State Medical University named after I.I Mechnikov.
Having successfully completed this cycle, I can confidently say that I will apply thisknowledge in the presentation of my scientific work.
So what is biostatistics? Biostatistics – it is statistics applied to the living world.
It includes demography, epidemiology and clinical trials. Another name-biometrics. In
simple terms, it is everywhere in real life. In my research work, I will form a null
hypothesis and prove it by using the next methods : Paired t-test, Wilcoxon test,
descriptive statistics, Cohran-Cox t-test. In cases of comparison of more than 2 groups I
will use ANOVA. Analysis of variance it is method of man’s comparison thoughvariances are analyzed. Main idea is to calculate variance without taking into
consideration group membership all from one population and compare with sum ofintergroup variances. If groups from different populations then variance ignoring groupmembership will be much higher than sum of intergroup variances. All the methods
which I mentioned above I will be processed in the Microsoft R program. Because, R is
free and open access, supported by a very large and active worldwide user community.
Participate in online forums to address questions from fellow R-users highly adaptable
and customizable. This facilitates keeping a record of the precise steps andmethodologies used in my analyses, making work reproducible. Also, in the future, I
plan to analyze data in the SAS program, which is one of the most popular products forcollecting, analyzing and providing data. The system itself consists of several modules
that perform certain tasks. The most commonly used modules are the BASE module,
which provides interaction with the user and without which the system does not workand the STAT module, which includes various statistical programs.
In conclusion, I would like to say that I will apply my knowledge on biostatistics
directly in my research activities.