13

Zero Emission Polyurethane Catalyst－ Reactive Strong Gelling Amine －Takao SUZUKI ＊ 1
Katsumi TOKUMOTO ＊ 1
Yoshihiro TAKAHASHI ＊ 1
Hiroyuki KISO ＊ 1
Roger van Maris ＊ 2
Jeff Tucker ＊ 3

TOSOH Corporation has developed a novel reactive amine catalyst (RZETA) for Polyurethane (PU) foam
production, which contains a TEDA molecule with a reactive site toward isocyanate. Various kinds of non-fugitive
amine catalysts, including RZETA, were evaluated in flexible slabstock as well as HR-Molded foam systems. In
both systems, RZETA exhibited higher catalytic activity and better physical foam properties, including durability
performance, while lowering the VOC emissions of the system.
This paper will describe the performance of TOSOH’s newly developed catalyst, and also propose a new catalyst
package for the reduction of VOC using non-fugitive catalysts.

1．Introduction

also important as these reactions affect the final physicalproperties of the foams.

Polyurethane (PU) has various commercial uses,

Generally, Triethylenediamine (TEDA) and Bis

including but not limited to automotive interior parts,(dimethylaminoethyl) ether (BDMAEE) are used forresidential upholstered furniture and bedding, shoe sole

flexible polyurethane foam to activate the gelling andand rigid spray. Within certain applications, reducing

blowing reaction, respectively. However, these are

the Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) content infugitive compounds with noticeable volatility; therefore

PU systems continues to be an important factor in

the contribution of these catalysts to VOC emissions

improving product performance and user safety. The

and associated odor is significant.

choice of PU catalysts plays a role in the VOC issue [1,In order to overcome the emissions problem, a wide
variety of non-fugitive amines containing hydroxyl2].
Tertiary amines have been used to catalyze theor reactive amino functional groups as a reaction site

reaction of isocyanates with water (blowing reaction)with isocyanates have been proposed and evaluatedand polyols (gelling reaction). The amines control[3-13]. Incorporation of the amine into the polymer

the relative reaction rates of the blowing and gelling

network has shown improvement in the areas of worker

reaction depending on the specific amine catalyst

exposure, air quality, fogging and odor problems in the

structure or other factors such as steric and electronic

plant. However, a fully adequate replacement catalyst

effects. The ability of a catalyst to promote sidesystem has yet been found.

reactions, such as allophanate, biuret or isocyanurate, is
＊1
＊2
＊3

Nanyo Research Laboratory
Tosoh Europe B.V.
Tosoh Specialty Chemicals USA, INC.

The catalytic activity of these non-fugitive catalysts islower than conventional catalysts. Additionally, the foam
properties, curing function and durability performance,

TOSOH Research & Technology Review Vol.57（2013）14

Evaluated Tertiary Amine Catalysts

Table１Abbreviation

Chemical Structure

TEDA−L33

N
N

N
N

RZETA

TOYOCAT−ET

N

Abbreviation

Chemical Structure：33％
DPG：67％

Catalyst−C

N

OH

：33％
DPG：67％

Catalyst−D

N

N

：70％
DPG：30％

O

HO
N

HO

N

Catalyst−E
N

TOYOCAT−RX24

Catalyst−B

N

N

OH

OH

N

N
H
N
H
N

Special Reactive Amine

Catalyst−A

OH

：75％
（as Mixture）

NH2
O

H
N

N

O

Catalyst−F

N

Catalyst−G

N

N

O

O

N

OH

NH2

when utilizing these catalysts tend to worsen due to thewill meet stringent VOC emission standards whilelack of gelling activity. Fundamentally, reactive amine

maintaining excellent foam quality.

catalysts are incorporated into the polymer network andlose their catalytic activity during the latter stages ofthe foaming process. Typical reactive amine catalysts
can also work as chain terminators, thus hindering
the growth of the polymer structure. This can result in
inferior foam properties.

2．Experimental
2.1

Tertiary Amine Catalysts

The list of amine catalysts evaluated in this paper andtheir abbreviations are shown in Table １. TEDA-L33, a

Since most reactive catalysts available today

strong gelling catalyst, and TOYOCAT®-ET1), a strong

demonstrate blowing or balanced catalytic activity,

blowing catalyst, have long been standard tertiary amine

the need for a strong gelling reactive catalyst remains

catalysts for flexible polyurethane foams.

present in the marketplace. For this reason, amineRZETA contains hydroxymethyl-TEDA as a major

catalysts that have high gelling activity similar to TEDA

reactive amine ingredient and 66.7% of DPG in the samewith reduced emissions are a consistent demand frommanner as TEDA-L33. TOYOCAT-RX24 and Catalysts A

the market.

to G are conventional non-fugitive type amine catalysts

Previously, Tosoh has reported the gelling properties

used in flexible foam production.

and potential of reactive-TEDA by comparison of various
kinds of reactive amines [14-17]. It was proved that

2.2

Chemical Properties

the advantages of reactive-TEDA over other reactive

Table 2 shows the chemical properties of RZETA andamine catalysts for flexible foam applications thanks to

TEDA. Hydroxymethyl-TEDA has a higher boiling point

its comparably strong gelling activity similar to that ofand a lower vapor pressure than TEDA. In addition, it

TEDA.

has high LD50 value. These values show RZETA is safer

In this paper, we will review the catalytic performancein flexible foam while also comparing it to conventional

for end-products and users in terms of lower volatility
and lower toxicity.

non-reactive and commercially available reactive amine
catalysts. The solution we have developed will provide

2.3

Formulation and Foam Preparationa feasible alternative to the flexible foam industry

Flexible slabstock and molded foam formulations

by providing the novel reactive gelling catalyst that

evaluated in this study are shown in Table 3, 4 and 5

1) TOYOCAT® is Trademark of TOSOH CORPORATION

respectively. The foaming conditions are given in Table東ソー研究・技術報告

Table２or 150 seconds (B) in order to evaluate each catalyst

TEDA

system on the same criteria. Formulation A and B were

Amine
compoundN

aspectMwm.p.（℃）b.p.（℃）

white crystal
142.2
72
281

white crystal
112.2
160
174

Vapor
100℃
Pressure（kPa） 150℃

0.076

7.8

1.97

52.1

LD50（mg／kg）＞2,000

1,700

N

15

similar rise times at approximately 100 seconds (A)Chemical Properties
RZETA

第 57 巻（2013）

N

OH

applied to evaluate the physical property and emission

Nperformance, respectively. The level of SDO wasminimized in order to investigate the influence of amine
catalysts on both VOC emission and foam performance
more clearly.
Molded foams were prepared using an aluminum
mold (25×25×8cm) which was preheated in an ovenprior to molding (from 60±1℃ ). Over-all foam density
was adjusted to 52kg/m 3. All chemical components
were conditioned at a temperature of 20±1℃. The

6.
The flexible slabstock foams were prepared using anconcentration of each catalyst was adjusted to give an

aluminum open mold (25×25×25cm) or wooden open

identical gelling time at approximately 60 seconds. The

mold (50×50×50cm) by hand mixing methods. The

demolded time was fixed at 8 minutes.

concentration of amine catalyst was adjusted to give

Table３

Formulations for Flexible Slabstock Foam

Tri−functional Polyether Polyol
Water
Silicone Surfactant
SDO
Amine Catalysts
Isocyanate（TDI、T−80）

Table４B
A（Physical property） （Emission）
OHV（mgKOH ／ g）
pbw
pbw
57
100
100
6228
5
3
−
1
1.15
−
varied0.16
variedvariedvariedNCO content（wt％）
Index
Index
48
110
110

Formulations for HR Molded Foam（All−MDI Formulation）

Tri−functional
Polyether Polyol
T
Cell Opener
Water
Diethanolamine
Silicone Surfactant
Amine Catalysts
Isocyanate（p−MDI）

Table５

OHV（mgKOH ／ g）
34
35
6228
1601
−
variedNCO content（wt％）
32

pbw
92.6
1.9
3.2
0.65
1
variedIndex
100

Formulations for HR Molded Foam（TM80 Formulation）

OHV（mgKOH ／ g）
34
21
6228
1128
−
variedNCO content（wt％）
Isocyanate（TDI ／ MDI＝80 ／ 20）
45
Tri−functional
Polyether Polyol
T
Polymer Polyol
Water
Triethanolamine
Silicone Surfactant
Amine Catalysts

pbw
60
40
3
4
0.7
variedIndex
105

TOSOH Research & Technology Review Vol.57（2013）16

Table６

Forming Conditions
Slabstock（℃）
Liquid Temp.
20℃
（rpm）
Mixing speed
3,500（sec.）
Mixing Time
10
Mold−A（Aluminum）（cm）
25×25×25cm
Mold−B（Wooden） （cm）
50×50×50cm
Demolded Time
（min.）−HR Molded
TM80
All−MDI
25℃
20℃
6,000
5
25×25×8cm
−
10min
8min

Evaluation

50×50cm block, were placed into a 1 m³ test chamber（1）Rise Profiles

standing vertically on one 20 cm×15 cm side; both

2.4

The evaluation of the rise profile during foaming
has been considered an important parameter for the

samples were placed in the test chamber with 15 cm
distance in between.

development of polyurethane systems as well as quality

The foam samples were conditioned for 3 days atcontrol for the production. The rise profiles were

23℃/50% RH, applying an air exchange rate n of 0.5

measured by using the long-range laser displacement

per hour and a chamber loading L of 0.4 m 2/m 3 inapparatus (LF-2510, KEYENCE Corp.). The profile dataaccordance with ISO 16000-9 and ISO 16000-11.

was collected every second.

The emissions of VOC were trapped on Tenax TAsorbent tubes and subsequently analyzed by means of（2）Foam Physical Properties

thermo-desorption-GC-MS in accordance to ISO16000-

After 7 days at ambient conditions (23±0.3℃ and

6. Results are semi-quantitatively expressed as toluene

50±2% RH), physical foam properties, such as foam

equivalents. TVOC value is the sum of all components

density, CLD (compression load deflection), and air

with a concentration >= 1μg/m ³ and eluting within

flow, were measured according to the following test

the retention time window from n-hexane (C6) tomethod: CLD: ISO 2439.

n-hexadecane (C16) inclusive. Aldehydes can be
determined by collection of the sampled air onto a（3）Foam Durability Tests
Different static compression set and load loss

DNPH cartridge and subsequent analysis by HPLC/UVin accordance to ISO16000-3.

tests were performed for durability testing. Drycompression sets were conducted with method A

VDA 278 method(70℃, 22hrs, 50% compression) and method B (70℃,

Volatile emission from the HR molded foam was

72hrs, 50%compression). Wet compression sets were

determined through a dynamic headspace test utilizing

determined at conditions of 50℃, 95% RH, 22hrs and atthermal desorption method (VDA 278 method). VDA

50% compression.

278 has been recognized as a standard emission test in（4）Amine Emission Tests
Certipur® method
Volatile emission from the flexible slabstock foam
samples was determined through a large scale chamber
test utilizing thermal desorption GC analysis, generally
recognized as CertiPUR® method [18]. CertiPUR® isa standard for the environmental properties of flexible
slabstock foams used in bedding and upholstered
furniture applications. The tests were performed inhouse and not by a certified laboratory. Two foam
samples (25×20×15cm), cut out of the center of a 50×

Fig.１

Emission test chamber and foam samples

東ソー研究・技術報告

第 57 巻（2013）30

from polyurethane foam under aggressive conditions

25[19]. A small section of the material was placed insideof a headspace vial. The vial was analyzed by the VOC
GC–MS headspace method which was heated at 90℃
for 30 minutes. The vial was then re-analyzed by the

Rise Height（cm）

the German automotive industry to evaluate emissions

FOG headspace method which was heated at 120℃ for

17

H2O＝5pbw
SDO＝0.15pbw

20

RZETA

15

Cat.A

10

Cat.B

5

RZETA／Cat.F

Cat.C

0

60minutes.

0

30

60

VDA 278 utilizes thermal desorption technique which

90

120

150

Time（min.）requires a second cold trap. In this study, the column

Fig.３

Comparison of Rise Profiles−2

and oven were cooled at -40 degree C by liquid CO2prior to the introduction into column for separation andhigher gelling ability compared to other non-fugitive

analysis instead of using a cold trap.

amine catalysts.
（2）Catalytic activity

3．Results and Discussion
3.1

Fig. 4 is a comparison of required catalyst dosage
to have a similar reaction time among the evaluatedFlexible slabstock foam

catalysts under variable quantities of SDO.

（1）Reactivity
In general, amine catalysts are used in conjunction

RZETA required about as twice the dosage aswith a tin compound for flexible polyether slabstockcompared with TEDA-L33. There are 3 factors thatfoams. The amine catalyst used in producing flexible

contribute to the reduced catalytic activity of RZETA

slabstock foams plays a very important role because

when compared to TEDA-L33: molecular weight,

it accelerates both urethane and urea reactions andsteric hindrance, and incorporation into the polymer

directly affects the foam physical properties. TEDA-L33

matrix. The molecular weight of hydroxymethyl-TEDA

has been widely used as a standard amine catalyst for

is approximately 27% higher than TEDA. Therefore,

flexible polyether slabstock foams.

additional loading is needed to have an equivalent

Water dosage was fixed to 5 parts by weight toamount of nitrogen when compared to TEDA. In

compare the catalytic activity performance and foam

addition, the hydroxymethyl group also hinders theformability among the evaluated catalysts. As shown innearest nitrogen group. This hindrance is increased as

Fig.2, RZETA exhibited an almost identical foam height

the RZETA is incorporated into the polymer. Finally,

to TEDA-L33, although RZETA provided relatively faster

this incorporation reduces the mobility of RZETA in theinitial reaction. However, other Non-fugitive amine

later stages of the reaction.

catalysts exhibited much faster rise profile as shownRZETA contains glycols as carrier. It is indicated thatin Fig.3. These results indicate that RZETA exhibitshydroxymethyl-TEDA has the strongest activity among

Dosage Ievel（pbw）

Rise Height（cm）

30
H2O＝5pbw

25

SDO＝0.15pbw

20
15

RZETA

10

0.05

0
0

30

60

90

120

Time（min.）Fig.２

Comparison of Rise Profiles−1

0.5

0.0

TEDA−L33

5

1.0

150

0.10

0.15
0.20
Tin Catalyst（pbw）

RZETA

Cat.A

Cat.C

TEDA−L33

Fig.４

0.25
Cat.B

Comparison of catalytic activity

TOSOH Research & Technology Review Vol.57（2013）18

non-fugitive amine catalysts, when comparing the（3）Foam Physical Properties

required amine level to have similar foaming reactivity.

Table 7 shows the reaction profiles and foam

In addition, since RZETA provides a strong gelling

properties of all water blown flexible slabstock foam

ability, it can be used in combination with blowing

with different amine catalysts. A combined use of

catalyst at low SDO conditions. As shown in Figure 6,

RZETA with Catalyst-F provides relatively better

20% addition of Catalyst-F for RZETA as ratio by weightphysical foam properties compared to other reactive

can reduce the total catalyst dosage by 30% of the totalamine catalysts; particularly air flow and foam hardness.
As for durability performance, L33/ET exhibited

dosage and is almost the same as Catalyst-B.

the best result in all evaluated catalysts, and RZETA
showed only slightly inferior performance compared

TEDA−L33

with TEDA-L33. However, a combination use of RZETA

RZETA

and Catalyst-F gives better durability performancecompared to other reactive amine catalysts.

Cat.A

Also, since this formulation is using a small quantity

Cat.B
Cat.C

Amine

of SDO and a relatively high water dosage was applied

Carrierto evaluate the catalytic performance of amine catalyst,

RZETA／Cat.F

this difference becomes smaller in accordance with
0

0.5

1

the formulation change or optimization. However, this

1.5

Dosage（pbw）

tendency is thought to be similar for RZETA and its
combination with a blowing catalyst to provide a better

Comparison of catalytic activity of non−fugitive
catalysts（SDO＝0.15pbw）

Fig.５

durability performance at a wider process range.
（4）Amine Emissions

Total catalyst dosage（pbw）

1.2
RZETA／Cat.F

1

Table 8 shows the amine emission results by

L33／ET

Emission Testing (B) after the CertiPUR® method.

0.8

Test pieces were also collected at the center part of the

0.6

foams. As for TEDA-L33, it indicates relatively higher

0.4levels of amine emission under ambient temperature

0.2

condition (23℃ for 72hours). Meanwhile, reactive typeof amine catalysts such as RZETA, Catalyst-A and C

0
0

5

10

15

20

25

30

were not detected.

Blowing catalyst content（％）

Fig.６

Fig. 8 shows typical GC chromatogram patternof this emission testing. Besides tertiary amines,

Synergy effect with blowing catalyst（SDO＝0.1pbw）

L33

Dry−A

L33／ET＝3／1

Dry−B
Wet

RZETA
RZETA／Cat.F＝3／1
Cat.A
Cat.B
Cat.C
0

2

4

6

8

10

Compression Set（％）

Fig.７

Effect of Various Amine Catalysts on CS

12東ソー研究・技術報告

Table７

第 57 巻（2013）

19

Water Blown Flexible Slabstock, Reactivies and Foam Physical Properties

Catalyst

L33

L33 ／ ET
RZETA（＝3 ／ 1）

RZETA
RZETA
／ Cat.F／ Cat.F Cat.A（＝4 ／ 1）（＝3 ／ 1）

Cat.B

Cat.C

（pbw）
（mmol）

0.45
1.3

0.35
1.2

0.96
2.3

0.62
1.8

0.55
1.7

0.83
9.3

0.55
3.8

0.78
3.6

（sec.）（sec.）
（％）

24
100
0.7

21
99
0.6

22
99
0.5

20
98
0.9

20
98
0.7

21
100
0.3

19
98
1.0

20
100
2.4

Physical Properties（kg ／ m3）
Core Density
26.0
Airflow, Top（cm3 ／（cm2・s）） 199
CLD, 40％（kN ／ m2）
4.3
1）
50％ Dry−CS（A）
（％）
1.6
2）
50％ Dry−CS（B）（％）
3.1
Wet−CS
（％）
5.6

26.1
208
4.2
1.8
2.7
5.4

26.1
228
4.2
2.3
3.1
6.5

26.2
241
4.3
2.3
2.7
5.0

26.2
242
4.2
2.0
2.7
5.2

26.7
238
4.1
2.8
5.6
6.3

26.5
232
3.8
3.4
7.0
10.7

26.5
232
3.8
2.8
5.9
9.5

Reaction Profile
Cream time
blow off
Settling

1）50％ compression under 70℃×22Hr，2）50％ compression under 50℃×22Hr at 95％ RH

emission of some other chemical compounds, e.g. BHT,

emission of formaldehyde. On the other hand: TEDA,

cyclic organosiloxanes or chlorinated benzene wereRZETA and Catalyst-C exhibited almost no contribution

determined.

to aldehyde emissions.

In the meantime, Catalyst-A shows a slightly higher
Table８Emission Analysis by CertiPUR® Method1）

Catalyst
Total VOC2）（μg ／ m3）
Amine3）（μg ／ m3）
HCHO
（μg ／ m3）
CH3CHO（μg ／ m3）

L33
342
234
N.D.
N.D.

RZETA
199
N.D.
N.D.
1.1

Cat.A
200
N.D.
3.8
N.D.

Cat.C
166
N.D.
1.3
1.6

1）Values are corrected by using the background value2）Total VOC : Values are cvtd as PhCH3, Major chemicals found in
the method are D5, D6, PhCl2 and BHT.
3）Amine emission values are measured separately from the Total VOC
N.D. : Lower than detection limit

Cl
N
N

Cl
PhCl2

Si O
O
Si
Si
O
O
Si O Si

D5

Fig.８

OH
O
Si
O
Si

Si O

Si

O Si

O
Si
O

D6

Typical GC Chromatogram Pattern of CertiPUR UR Analysis

BHT

TOSOH Research & Technology Review Vol.57（2013）

20

3.2

on Wet Set was investigated. Non-fugitive amine

Flexible HR-Molded Foam

The foam physical properties for All-MDI and TM80

catalysts tend to provide inferior durability performance

formulations are summarized in Table 9 and 10

compared to L33/ET. However, among evaluatedrespectively.

non-fugitive amine catalysts, a combination of the useof RZETA and Catalyst-F provides relatively better
durability performance.

（1）Foam Durability Performance
The influence of various non-fugitive amine catalysts

Table９Reaction profiles and physical properties by Hand mixing（All−MDI）
RZETA
L33 ／ ET／ Cat.F（4 ／ 1）（4 ／ 1）

Catalyst（pbw）（sec.）
Cream
Gel
Rise

Reactivity

Physical Properties
Overall Density（kg ／ m3）
ILD, 25％（kN ／ m2）
ILD, 65％（kN ／ m2）
Core Density（kg ／ m3）
CLD, 40％（kN ／ m2）
Hysteresis Loss（65％） （％）
Tensile strength（kN ／ m2）
Elongation（％）
Tear strength（kN ／ m）
50％ Dry−CS（A）（％）
50％ Dry−CS（B）（％）
Wet−CS
（％）
HACS
（％）

RX24

Cat.A

Cat.B

Cat.D

Cat.E ／
Cat.G

1.69

0.62

1.46

1.64

1.33

1.05

1.54

12
60
80

10
60
85

13
61
82

9
59
84

13
60
79

14
59
75

11
59
78

51.9
6.6
19.5
45.1
6.5
33.1
136
79
0.5
7
9
14
9

51.6
7.0
20.8
45.8
6.9
33.0
126
76
0.5
6
7
12
6

51.9
6.3
18.4
44.4
6.2
33.6
126
76
0.5
7
10
16
13

52.0
6.3
18.5
45.6
6.1
33.1
106
76
0.5
9
12
18
15

51.9
6.0
17.0
45.1
5.9
26.6
119
76
0.4
7
11
15
13

51.7
6.1
17.3
44.8
6.1
31.8
120
77
0.5
7
10
15
10

51.8
6.1
17.8
45.9
6.0
33.7
126
77
0.5
7
13
17
13

N.D.
N.D.

477 ／ 231
N.D.

N.D.
32

N.D.
61

N.D.
20

N.D.
240

＜20
＞400

Amine Emission
VOC
FOG

Table10（μg ／ g）
（μg ／ g）

Reaction profiles and physical properties by Hand mixing（TDI ／ MDI＝8 ／ 2）
RZETA
L33 ／ ET／ Cat.F（7 ／ 1）（10 ／ 1）

Catalyst

Reactivity（pbw）（sec.）
Cream
Gel
Rise

Physical Properties
Overall Density（kg ／ m3）
（kN ／ m2）
ILD, 25％（kN ／ m2）
ILD, 65％（kg ／ m3）
Core Density（kN ／ m2）
CLD, 40％
Hysteresis Loss（65％） （％）（kN ／ m2）
Tensile strength（％）
Elongation（kN ／ m）
Tear strength（％）
50％ Dry−CS（A）
50％ Dry−CS（B）（％）
Wet−CS
（％）

Cat.A

Cat.B

Cat.D

1.58

0.60

1.40

0.86

0.65

11
60
69

10
60
75

7
60
71

11
60
78

10
59
76

51.5
7.6
22.3
47.5
7.3
22
197
89
0.7
5
9
15

52.1
7.5
21.8
48.3
7.6
21
180
83
0.7
4
6
15

51.3
6.6
20.1
47.7
6.6
23
176
85
0.6
8
32
20

51.3
6.9
19.6
47.0
6.8
20
188
91
0.6
6
13
16

51.7
7.4
20.6
47.8
7.2
20
196
87
0.6
6
12
15

東ソー研究・技術報告（2）Amine Emissions

第 57 巻（2013）

21６）H.Kometani，Y.Tamano，T.Masuda，R.V.Maris

The test pieces were sampled from the surface part ofand K.M.Gay.，“The Investigation of Amine

the foams. As for L33/ET, it indicates that higher level

Emissions from Polyurethane Foam,”polyurethaneof free amine remains in the foam is emitted under VOC

2000 Proceeding .

method condition (90℃ for 30minutes). Meanwhile,７）Keimling S.U.，Wehman C.，Cordelair H.，“NewRX24, Catalyst-A, B, D and E were not detected under

Additive Solutions for Low VOC in MDI-Based

VOC method, but under FOG method condition

Moulded Foams”，UTECH (2000)(120℃ for 60minutes after VOC method). Secondary

８）T.Masuda，H.Nakamura，Y.Tamano，H.Yoshimura，hydroxyl group like Catalyst-D forms strong linkage

R.V.Maris and K.M.Gay.，“Advance in Amine

with isocyanate [9], but has low reactivity compared

Emission Free Catalyst Systems for Automotive

to primary hydroxyl group. Catalyst-D shows higher
emission than Catalyst-A or B under fogging method.
In contrast, Catalyst-E exhibits a higher volatility
under FOG method. This urea catalyst seems to be lessreactive with isocyanate.

Seating - A Fundamental Study on Durability
Performance by Humid Aging Load Loss Test
(HALL)”polyurethane 2002 Proceeding.
９）K.Tokumoto，T.Masuda，Y.Takahashi，H.Kometani，
Y.Tamano，H.Yoshimura，K.M.Gay and R.V.Maris.
“Non-fugitive Gelling & Blowing Catalysts to
Improve Cure in Emission-Free HR Molded

4．Conclusions
TOSOH has developed a novel reactive amine
catalyst (RZETA), which contains a TEDA moleculewith a reactive site toward isocyanate. Various kinds of
non-fugitive amine catalysts were evaluated in flexible
slabstock as well as HR-molded foam systems. In both
systems, RZETA exhibited higher catalytic activity andbetter physical foam properties, including durability
performance, while lowering the VOC emission of thesystem.
We believe that RZETA will contribute to the flexible
polyurethane foam industry, being recognized as areasonable choice for the environmentally friendly foamsystems.

Systems”，Polyurethanes 2003，Proceedings10）El Ghobary H.，Muller L.，US Patent No 6,156,814
11）R. Herrington et al.，“Moving Forward with New
Low-Emissions Amine Catalyst Technology”，

Polyurethanes 2008 Proceeding .
12）A. Terheiden et al.，“Novel Amine Catalyst for
Low Emanation Flexible Polyurethane Foam”，

Polyurethanes 2008 Proceedings .
13）Burdeniuc J.J. et al.，“New Additives to Improve
the Performance of Low Emissions Flexible
Polyurethane Foam”，UTECH (2012)14）H.Kiso，Y.Tamano. “Novel Strong GellingC a t a l y s t s f o r E m i s s i o n - F r e e S y s t e m s ”，

Polyurethanes 2006，Proceedings .
15）T.Suzuki，Y.Takahashi，H.Kiso，J. Tucker.
“ No v e l G e l l i n g C a t a l y s t f o r No n - E mis s ion

References
１）Reed D.(1999)，“VW aims to cut amines”，
Urethanes Technology, 16/4, 3

Flexible Polyurethane Foam”Polyurethane 2010
Conference Papers.
16）K. Tokumoto，Y. Takahashi，H. Kiso，R. V.
Maris.“Advance in Reduced Amine Emission２）Daimler-Chrysler，PB VWL 709

Catalyst Systems for Flexible Polyurethane Foams”

３）Y. Tamano，TOSOH Research & Technical Reviw ，Polyurethanes 2011，Proceedings .

44，77 (2000)
４）Zimmerman R.L.，Grigsby R.A.，Felber G.，
Humbert H.H.，“Comparison of Basic Physical
Properties of Foams Prepared with Fugitive and17）T.Suzuki，K.Tokumoto，H.Kiso，R. V. Maris.
“Novel Strong Gelling Catalyst for Emission-Free
Polyurethane Foam”，UTECH (2012)18）European Association of Flexible polyurethane

Non Fugitive Amine Catalysts”，UTECH(2000)

Foam Blocks Manufacturers，CertiPUR Label５）Wendel S.H. Mercando L.A.，Tobias J.D.，“Reduced

for Flexible Polyurethane Foams，III. TechnicalEmanations Using Non-Fugitive Catalysts for
Flexible Polyurethane Foams”，UTECH (2000)

Requirements 201019）Daimler-Chrysler test Method PB VWT 278