ASV11-07-08About Color Vocabulary in Gingatetsudo no Yoru(Night of Galaxy Railway)M. Inami 1, Y. Saito . 2, K. Horii 31. Department of Literature, Shirayuri College, 1-25 Midorigaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8525, Japan.
2. Faculty of Science and Engineering, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajinocho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan.
3. Department of Literature, Shirayuri College, 1-25 Midorigaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8525, Japan.
Corresponding author M. Inamiminami@shirayuri.ac.jpAbstractThe Color vocabulary in “Gingatetsudo no Yoru” was examined by the discrete wavelets multiresolution analysis. The aspects for analysis has employed following three elements of colors: “Ginga”,the galaxy which represents a white color, “Black” a color to be opposed to the galaxy and “Blue”which is well known as the main color of Miyazawa Kenji.
As a result, it is verified that “Blue” is divided with “Black” and become a peculiarity colorin this work. However, the luminosity is low comparing with “Black”; “Blue” do not stand out somuch in the visual or phenomenal world.

Keyword: Ginga, Black, Blue, Multi-resolution analysis, Wavelet transform1.

IntroductionThe motivation behind this paper is to investigate the color vocabulary in the literary work. Thediscrete wavelets multi-resolution analysis has been applied to clarify the meaning and relation of“Ginga(galaxy)”, “Black” and “ Blue” in “Gingatetsudo no Yoru (Night of Galaxy Railway) “.
Kenji Miyazawa (1896~1933) was born in Iwate Prefecture, graduated Morioka advancedagriculture and forestry school and its research course. The conflicts with father concerning the beliefbrought him to Tokyo. Afterwards, he returned home taking the opportunity of younger sister Toshi'ssickness, and became a teacher at the agriculture school.
“Ginga” in “Gingatetsudo no Yoru” is a symbol [1] of Kenji's heaven or space and it is related towhite color and light [2], [3]. White and the black appear alternately [4]. Also, “Ginga” expressed withwhite and light occupy an important position with the black, not only shows the contrast but alsointertwines to other images as well as motif in the work [5]. “Blue” is Kenji's keynote color [6], andnumber of vocabularies concerning color used by Kenji is more than 100. In particular, “Blue” is themost frequently used color; also it is pointed out the tight relations with Kenji's spirits [7]. However,the style structure of each word has been neglected. The style analysis will be focused on moreattention in this research, to which a mathematical method is employed to make the style structure of“Gingatetsudo no Yoru” more visible by increasing the objectivity of the otherwise subjective data.
Thus, the discrete wavelets multi-resolution analysis has been applied to clarify the relation of“Ginga(galaxy)”, “Black” and “Blue” in the whole work.
2. Method of Analysis2.1 Outline of textIn this paper, the elements, i.e. color terms, for analysis are selected from the book: “The completeworks of “Shin kohon Miyazawa Kenji”[8].
The outline of the final type of “Gingatetsudo no Yoru” is as follows.
1. The Afternoon Class11th Asian Symposium on Visualization, Niigata, Japan, 2011.

1ASV11-07-08Every day Giovanni delivers newspapers in the morning and goes to the printing works in theafternoon. So it is not possible to concentrate on study. He is sleepy and is difficult to answer thequestion of teacher about galaxy. Zanelli laughed to him and Campanella never answer sympathizingwith Giovanni. Teacher explained about galaxy and said to his students to go outside because thatnight is for the Festival of the galaxy.
2. The Printing WorksAfter school, Campanella and Zanelli prepared for Festival but Giovanni goes to the printingworks in the town. The work finished and Givanni got one silver coin. After buying cube sugar andbread, he returned to the home in the evening.
3. At HomeHe lived with sickly mother and was waiting his father who should have gone to the north tocatch fish. Zanelli rumored that Giovanni's father was in the prison, and bantered that he will returnwith the souvenir of otter's jacket. Giovanni goes to the town to get milk that had not delivered andto see the Festival of the galaxy.
4. The Night of the Centaur FestivalGiovanni drove down an incline like the locomotive then he met Zanelli. He bantered Giovanniagain. Arrived to the clock and watch shop, where there was a round black disk. In the town Giovannimet class mates, who bantered him. Giovanni feels lonely and climbed black hills.
5. The Weather PoleReaching the foot of the pole at the summit, Giovanni threw himself down panting on the coolgrass. The galaxy flowed from the south to the north and the night train was running in a faruncultivated field in the sky. The light of the town looked like stars, and Giovanni entered the dream.
6. Galaxy StationSuddenly a voice saying “Galaxy Station” came from somewhere, Giovanni noticed that hewas in the train and Campanella was sitting directly in front of him. The train is running in the side ofCygnus near the Galaxy and going down toward the south.
7. The Northern Cross and the Pliocene CoastAt the Swan Halt, Giovanni and Campanella got off the train and went to “Pliocene Beach”,picked up a walnut and saw a thick geological stratus.
8. The Bird-CatcherThe Bird-Catcher got into the train. He made candy with birds that hi had caught in the Galaxy.
Giovanni ate the pressed herons. It tasted nicer than chocolate.
9. Giovanni's TicketWhen the conductor came to check the ticket, Giovanni showed green paper. It was the ticketwith which he was able to go even to heavens. The Bird-Catcher had got off a previous station, and theyoung man with fragrant of the apple got into the train accompanying with boy and boy’s elder sister.
They said that as their ship had wrecked they came here. When Campanella was speaking only withthe elder sister, Giovanni felt the sense of alienation. When the train passes by the place the land ofColorado, they met Indians. Further, they saw the bridge-building, blasting, and twin stars andscorpion fire. At Southern Cross, the young people get off the train. When tow boys were alone,Giovanni asked Campanella to go to search true happiness for everyone together. SuddenlyCampanella disappeared in the coal sacks. At the same time Giovanni on the grass waked up and criedintensely. Giovanni returned to the town, and knew Campanella had dead by self-sacrificial for savingZanelli who had in the river. At that moment Campanella's father informed Giovanni about hisfather's return from the sea.
2.2 Selection of the Element and PlanThe objective of this analysis was to visualize the element pattern in this work. The elements areselected by the author through reading. Table 1 is a result of selected elements, Table 2 is anexplanation about selected elements and Table 3 is the examples of the sentences in which appearedeach element. The element pattern was revealed through the analytical process; three elements11th Asian Symposium on Visualization, Niigata, Japan, 2011.

6ASV11-07-08selections, Gram-Schmidt method and the multi-resolution analysis of wavelets. The wavelet analysistheory requires two steps:1) The elements meaning “Ginga”, “Black” and “Blue” were selected and their frequencies inusage were counted from each chapter.
2) These data were analyzed by this method for visualizing the dominant elements.
Table 1 Number of Elements.
Chapter
Ginga1. The Afternoon Class272. The Printing Works13. At Home14. The Night of the Centaur Festival65. The Weather Pole66.Galaxy Station77. The Northern Cross and the Pliocene4
Coast8. The Bird-Catcher49. Giovanni's Ticket30Total86

Black300633

Blue121439363224322149Table 2 Selected Elements.
ElementExampleNo.1 Element “Ginga”Galaxy, White collar,Light glistens etc.

No.2 Element “Black”Black collar, darkness etcNo.3 Element “Blue”Blue collar, blue light etc.

ElementNo.1 Element“Ginga”No.2 Element“Black”No.3 Element“Blue”Table 3 Examples of elementsExampleNow, boys – what about this vague white blur that, as I just told you,… ?
What was it the twin stars did?
The face of the young man in black was alight with joy as he answeredthe girl.
“No, I wouldn’t be afraid to go down into that great dark hole, even, hesaid, “because I’m going in search of true happiness for everyone! ….
A man in a blue apron went past behind Giovanni.
The yellow one would gradually retreat to the far side, while thesmaller, blue one would come around to the front; …

2.3 Wavelet AnalysisThe concept of the vector is used for the elements of “Ginga”, “Black”, and “Blue”. “Ginga” isassumed to be a reference vector; all vectors are orthogonalized and excluded the overlappingelements by Gram Schmidt method. After that, the orthogonalized vectors are regularized in a unitnorm.

11th Asian Symposium on Visualization, Niigata, Japan, 2011.

7ASV11-07-08The wavelet multi-resolution analysis is applied to the regularized data. In this study theDaubechies 2nd order base function is adopted as the base function to be able to understand themeaning of the operation processing.
The number of data handled by a discrete wavelets multi-resolution analysis should becomposed of the power of 2. Therefore, the data vector consists of the n=16 piece of elements. Thisvector is composed by elements from the beginning till the 9 of the value of Table 1, and the value ofseven remained elements is 0. The vector obtained by this way is assumed to Y. In addition, W is awavelet transform matrix.
A wavelet spectrum vector S is given byS  WY

(1)where W is the wavelet transform matrix.
In case of applying the discrete wavelets multi-resolution analysis, especially Daubechies 2ndorder base function is adopted , first level of wavelet spectrum (excluding the first one element ofwavelet spectrum vector S; the rest of elements is assumed to be 0) corresponds the mean value of allelements. The second level (remaining only the second element of wavelet spectrum vector S; the restof elements is assumed to be 0) shows the rate of change when all data is divided in the first half andthe latter half. The third level (remaining the third and fourth elements of wavelet spectrum vector S;the rest of elements is assumed to be 0) means the rate of change divided all data into four. Therefore,when the number of data is n=2X, the (X+1) level means the difference between adjacent elements.
For example, when the vector of (1) is given bya b Y c  d (2)In this case, the wavelet transform matrix employing the Daubechies 2nd order base function isgiven by 11 1W  
2 2 01
1

1
1 2

002

1 1 0  2 (3)From (1), wavelet spectrum vector S wave let Spectrum S is given by abcd 1  ( a  b )  (c  d ) S 2 a  b 2
2  c  d  (4)Therefore, the level 1 of the wavelets multi-resolution analysis by this example as follows:11th Asian Symposium on Visualization, Niigata, Japan, 2011.

6ASV11-07-08D(0)  W T S (1)1 121 1 1  2 4 1 1
0
01 10  a  b  c  d 0  002  0 2 (5)a  b  c  d 1 abcd 4 a  b  c  d a  b  c  d In the same way, level 2 and 3 are given respectively by (6) and (7).
D(1)  W T S (2)1 121 1 1  2 4 1 1
001 10  0 0   a  b  (c  d ) 02  

 0

 2 a  b  (c  d ) 1 a  b  (c  d )  4  ( a  b)  c  d  ( a  b)  c  d (6)D(2)  W T S (3)1 121 1 1  2 4 1 1
001 100   00  2   2 a  b 2   2  c  d  (7) a b 1 a  b  2 cd  c  d Moreover, from the (5) to (7) consist as follows [9], [10], [11]:Y  D(0)  D(1)  D(2)a  b  c  d  a  b  (c  d ) a  b  c  d 
1  1  a  b  (c  d )  4  a  b  c  d  4  ( a  b)  c  d a  b  c  d  ( a  b)  c  d  a  b  a  1 a  b   b  2  c  d  c    c  d   d 11th Asian Symposium on Visualization, Niigata, Japan, 2011.

(8)

7ASV11-07-08The wavelets multi-resolution analysis is applies the same way as mentioned above.
3. Results and discussion3.1 Elements of this storyFig.1 shows the result of level 4 of the wavelet multi-resolution analysis. In Fig. 1, the horizontal andvertical axes correspond to the magnitude and the number of the chapters of three vectors, respectively.
In this figure, the level 4 by multi-resolution analysis of wavelets which is divided equally thestory by 8, is chosen for discussions. In this paper we call 1 and 2 chapters the first part, 3 and 4chapters the second part, 5 and 6 chapters the third part, 7 and 8 chapters the fourth part and 9 chaptersthe fifth part.

Fig.1 Level 4 of the discrete wavelets multi-resolution analysis:patterns of 3 keywords.
Solid: Ginga, Dotted: Black,Alternate long and short dash: Blue.
“Ginga” and “Blue” are high; on the contrary “Black” is low in the first part. “Black” is highand “Ginga” and “Blue” are low in the second part. In the third part, same tendency with the first partbut “Blue” is higher than “Ginga” and “Black” is low. “Ginga” and “Blue” have decreased in thefourth part and “Black” has increased. In the fifth part, the end of the story, all elements increase, andthe change in the frequency rises gradually.
3. 2 Results of “Ginga” and “Black”From the fitst part to the fouth part “Ginga” and “Black” are different tendency but in the fifth partboth are increasing.
The relation of “Ginga” and “Black” are contrary in the first and second part. The third andfourth parts, the change of frequency decreases. In the fifth part, both elements increase more thanbefore, “Ginga” increases much more in case of “Ginga”.
In the first and second part indicates the absence of father, the sickness of mother, andproblem in economy and human relations with his classmate. From the third part, Giovanni hasentered the dream, and the contrast of elements becomes small from the third and fourth parts. Whenthe train travels in the starts in the fifth part, contrast of elements disappears. The contrast of “Ginga”and “Black” has disappeared from suffering of the reality to ideal dream world.
3. 3 Results of “Ginga” and “Blue”From the first part to the fifth part “Ginga” and “Blue” synchronize and in the fifth part both areincreasing rapidly11th Asian Symposium on Visualization, Niigata, Japan, 2011.

6ASV11-07-08In the first part, the teacher asked Giovanni about “Ginga”, but he hesitated to answer. He hadthe memories that Campanella had a toy train attached a signal on rail and the signal became bluewhen the train went passed in the second part. Ginga and the stars are shining in a blue corollary in thethird and fourth part. The galaxy shines in blue in the world of dream more greatly than that of reality.
Entering into deeper world of dream, “Ginga” increased more than “Blue”3. 4 Results of “Black” and “Blue”From the first part to the fourth part, the curve of “ Black “ and “Blue” move contrary and in the fifthpart both are increasing rapidly.
In the real world, the big map of the constellation, the round disk shown the constellations, thegate of the milk shop are all black and bantered by Zanelli, Giovanni started running for the black hillsin the first and second part. In the third and fourth part, at the galaxy station, with an announcementthere was a flood of light. Inside the carriage, the seats were covered with blue-velvet and Giovannimet Campanella sitting in front of him in a black, wet-looking jacket. Stars were shining and flashingout of the train. The contrast of “Blue” and “Black” gradually disappears in the fifth part fromsuffering of the reality to the dream world.
4. Conclusions(1) “Ginga” and “Black” have almost opposite tendency and the exquisite contrast of both elementsare visualized.
(2) Almost similar tendency was seen in the “Ginga” and “Blue”. When the hero entered the dreamworld, “Blue” changes more greatly.
(3) The tendency of “Black” and “Blue” are contradiction. In the sight and the phenomenal world, thedifference of “Black” and “Blue” doesn't stand out because their luminosity is low. However, “Blue”,the base color of this work, is separated from “Black” and become a peculiar color. This means thewriter created an original world which is different from the sight and the phenomenal world throughthe characters.
(4) The movement of feeling of hero and many layers structure of three elements “Ginga”, “Black”and “Blue” are clarified from the beginning till the end by applying discrete wavelets multi-resolutionanalysis.
(5) The key words of “Ginga”, “Black”, and “Blue” which had been obtained by the previous workswere given objectivity by applying the discrete wavelets multi-resolution analysis and visualized theresult.
References[1] Miyoshi Y., “Dictionary of modern Japanese literary, work edition”, Benseishuppan, (1994), p238.
[2] Watanabe Y., “Dictionary of Kenji Miyazawa”, Benseishuppan, (2007), p199.
[3] Murase M., “What is Night of galaxy railway”, Daiwashobo, (1989), pp 66-172.
[4] Uemura K., “Symbolism of star in Night of galaxy railway (Special feature of human science)”, Bulletin ofKonan university, Literary edition, 157, (2009), pp 1-42.
[5] Tanaka M., “Image of flowing Story in Night of galaxy railway (Special feature of Japanese and Japaneseliterature)”, Bulletin of Konan university, Literary edition, 133, (2003), pp 1-18.
[6] Ozawa T., “Study of flow with blue people, shadow in Night of galaxy railway”, Committee of nihonbungaku kenkyu shiryo kankokai, Yuseido, (2003), pp 1-42.
[7] Miyazawa K., “Kenji Miyazawa, modern and half modern ages”, Yoyosha, (1983), pp 109-110, p 113.
[8] Miyazawa K., “Night of galaxy railway”, The complete works of Shin kohon Miyazawa Kenji Vol. 11,Edition of story for children No. 4, Chikumashobo, (1996), pp 123-171.
[9] Saito Y., “Basics and application of wavelets transform with mathematica”, Asakura Inc (1998), p39,pp 93-95.
[10] Saito Y. and Kiyoshi Horii K., Patent: Analytical method and its system for the style of literary books,JP 10-102673A.
[11] Saito Y., “Introduction to image processing”, Asakura Inc., (1998) pp.40-42.
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