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Endosymbiosis, driving force for evolution
Key words: chloroplast; endosymbiosis; nucleomorph; secondary symbiosis.
Chikako Nagasato
Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University
1-13 Bokoi Minami, Muroran 051-0003, Japan,+&'

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C. Nagasato - 1
BSJ-Review 1: 1 (2010)

植物科学最前線 1: 2 (2010)

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C. Nagasato - 2
BSJ-Review 1: 2 (2010)

植物科学最前線 1: 3 (2010)

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$"Douglas, S., Zauner, S., Fraunholz, M., Beaton, M., Penny, S., Deng, L.-T., Wu, X., Reith, M.,
Cavalier-Smith, T. & Maier, U.-G. 2001. The highly reduced genome of an enslaved algal nucleus.
Nature 410: 1091-1096.
Greenwood, A. D. 1974. The Cryptophyta in relation to phylogeny and photosynthesis. In: Sanders, J.
V. & Goodchild, D. J. (eds.) Electron Microscopy pp. 566–567. eds. Australian Academy of
Sciences, Canberra.
Larsen, J. 1992. Endocytobiotic consortia with dinoflagellate hosts. In: Reisser, W. (ed.) Algae andSymbiosis. pp. 427-442. Biopress, Bristol.
Ludwig, M. & Gibbs, S. 1985. DNA is present in the nucleomorph of cryptomonads: further evidence
that the chloroplast evolved from a eukaryotic endosymbiont. Protoplasma 127: 9-20.

C. Nagasato - 3
BSJ-Review 1: 3 (2010)

植物科学最前線 1: 4 (2010)6/+ #  . ǂĖľÚâŐâǈƘńő×ŰâŰ
950-2181 Ėľðƥ·¸ì 2 'Ŗ 8050
Chromista, a group of algae with yellow plastids
Key words: Chromista; Cryptophyta; Haptophyta; phylogeny; stramenopile.
Shinya Uwai
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Niigata University
Ikarashi 2, Nishiku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan§ÃćŒň(ǮǕħň'6 %Ɖƚ'3') 8"(%K{i4zEq%$'ƤƟ 'ơ"ǮƉ# 68(ǩƚƚ=3ǫÑ 1Ǭ
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S. Uwai (A) - 1
BSJ-Review 1: 4 (2010)

植物科学最前線 1: 5 (2010)fǫ»ƛǤǬ4ufv{Xu'6 %ƛǤş%ăƴ=3Œň4ǮfKSCE'6 %cGYv?%$=čǥ!9ǮƜƉ=3%ûéĤǦă'Œňƒ'ǃƶƂƕ&3ǮÄĪ'ÕĞĩǀŨ7:!9»ƛ4ufv{XuǮfKSCE%$'Œňƒ(ǮźĴħň#~Ɗ&Q[uqadAw# Hw}j#!/#27:!9®ßžƆâşƪġ 73Q[uqadAw'¹žƆă(Ēĉ:! 8ǮƜƉ=3%Ńƚ'Hw}j(ǮQ[uqadAw'Ħ¥"®ê9# Ũ7:!9 ( ) Riisberg et al. 2009)
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BSJ-Review 1: 5 (2010)

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S. Uwai (A) - 4
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植物科学最前線 1: 8 (2010)

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S. Uwai (A) - 7
BSJ-Review 1: 10 (2010)

植物科学最前線 1: 11 (2010) 5!& -%>+ )7(38 >ǃƴ ŸƵâÓØŅĖJXįįĬŅÌƟĳśţNpQr
852-8521 ƵâřƵâäċĉŋ 1-14
Diversity of life strategies in Alveolata, especially in dinoflagellate
Key words: Alveolata; Apicomplexa; cilliate; dinoflagellate; diversity.
Yoshihito Takano
Institute for East China Sea Research, Nagasaki University
Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan:9 =ŴĨƌǇ;_GpbnCHǇĲƾĨƋǀ# 3 #Ó !ņĻŷ"  #ß!ņĻŷ9¥­ŪŽö®ņņĻ#sÓŦŭŷ “;mc?krQņĻŷ (Alveolata)”Š656,Ǉ63#ƪŲö$lfPri RNA ưÖ0ƕĊ#Qp]CƠ#ưÖ9ƭŬň
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Y. Takano - 1
BSJ-Review 1: 11 (2010)

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Y. Takano - 3
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植物科学最前線 1: 14 (2010)ƈŰ#ưÖ9ƙė7ǇC. velia $;_GpbnCHƪŲ4Ǉ#ƈŰ$;_GbkLVƪŲ4Ǉ
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Y. Takano - 5
BSJ-Review 1: 15 (2010)

植物科学最前線 1: 16 (2010)

+'+F9ßªą/+

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Between animal and plant?; Hatena arenicola is harf-plant and harf-predator
Key words: cell division; chloroplast; Hatena arenicola; Nephroselmis; secondary
endosymbiosis.
Haruyo Yamaguchi
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan

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H. Yamaguchi - 1
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H. Yamaguchi - 2
BSJ-Review 1: 17 (2010)

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BSJ-Review 1: 18 (2010)

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BSJ-Review 1: 19 (2010)

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1ĵĬ2,-==1ƙĺ^v[ŴŎG,,FØƩƻ4CıĄĨ.¾ƶ.1(@2ƻX]vW24ĵĬ2,-5ƻƦDG(ØƷ!.$ƻďĬ¢4ć2ƌ+(2,-5=)ho\Rk\RX4==ĘG-FďĬ¢4ćƖ¢4ƀ

Ă25ƻX]vW14ĵĬ4¾ƶ/ƙĺƀċƇƲ.F;<Seven of the figures in this article were published in Protist, 157, Okamoto, N. & Inouye, I., Hatena
arenicola gen. et sp. nov., a Katablepharid undergoing probable plastid acquisition, 401-419,
Copyright Elsevier (2007).

0%,
x¡ 2007. ŵƴ30ä4ŮĪ­ ŵƴDžFĵĬƖ¢uºĲuĴÂ . ĊģÇÓī. ŇËà.
Kim, E. & Graham, L.2008. EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida andChromalveolata. PLoS ONE 3: e2621.
Okamoto, N. & Inouye, I. 2005. A secondary symbiosis in progress? Science 310: 287.
Okamoto, N. & Inouye, I. 2006. Hatena arenicola gen. et sp. nov., a Katablepharid undergoingprobable plastid acquisition. Protist 157: 401-419.

H. Yamaguchi - 5
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Photosynthetic Rhizarians
Keywords: Chlorarachniophytes; endosymbiosis; Paulinella; Rhizaria.
Shuhei Ota
Station Biologique de Roscoff
Place Georges Place Georges Tessier, 29682 Roscoff, France;:
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S. Ota - 1
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(2+/
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ŉûÙǠDepartment of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway
Cavalier-Smith ŏ7lYJrWǝ^?JrW&ǌű;þGotd°ǚǔƁǛ &#ǚl
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#7!$ı÷ǛƠ &ǝCavalier-Smith (2010) ªŀ
3)ĎƳǝCavalier-Smith (2010) &8. %ǔŮ;uǁčĉCavalier-Smith (2010) %Ů$Á !ǝNWmj\_?oǜ=oeBmtRǜnLn= 5#7Gotd; Harosa œ!
.!1ǝ8;FqhNRœ$²17.6%Ů &ǝnLn=&FqhNRœ%uF
otd!ý:87
4)
ĎƳÂ´8 Burki et al. (2009) %ÎŮŸƘē &ǝFndWĝŁǝ]dWĝŁǝď{ñŬÊǋƍǔ 4)Uq[gǔ 5ú7Gotd%¥ŮŸõ {ťã$ăþ87! ţ8ǚctW
NWmTdǡ70%ǝ}ëšŇǡ0.88Ǜé5&8;CCTH FptX!·< 75$ǝ
Burki et al. (2009) %ŮŸƘē &ǝCCTH FptX!ǝNWmj\_?oǜ=oeBmtRǜnL
n=ƁǚSAR FptXǡHarosaǛ ǘŸƛŘăþ ¥ŮŸ!#7! ţ8Ơ &ǝBurkiet al. (2009) ªŀ
5)ĎƳǝFqmmFYBrĝŁ$ǉ7ƋŻRr_FƩƲƵĤġ%ŠŧƥĈ Â´8
Hirakawa, Y., Nagamune, K. & Ishida, K. 2009. Protein targeting into secondary plastids ofchlorarachniophytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: 12820-12825.
Hirakawa, Y., Gile, G.H., Ota, S, Keeling, P.J. & Ishida, K. 2010. Characterization of periplastidal
compartment targeting signals in chlorarachniophytes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 27: 1538-1545.
Hirakawa Y. & Ishida K. 2010. Internal plastid-targeting signal found in a RubisCO small subunit protein ofa chlorarachniophyte alga. Plant J. (in press).

2)

S. Ota - 6
BSJ-Review 1: 26 (2010)

植物科学最前線 1: 27 (2010)




m¯
ÿÕ¥ª¥ªķçæ¡øªõûø
305-8572 ēð&°¦ã 1-1-1Brothers with different lifestyles: Trypanosoma and Euglena
Key words: Euglena; Euglenozoa; Kinetoplastea; Trypanosoma.
Takeshi Nakayama
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanÔ1Ý$Ó9 ŀ¶ĳĚ ŅYLa
ZB$uĵ9Ę5 5YLaZB%ąĒ$Ĕąx90}º9 4Ņ,ļÒ9w&ĭÖ5 ( 1-4)āč$ĽýsĨ#%ġ2îüó
ß90 4Ņª5 EuglenaŃ`IeĞÇ´$ó$¹ń$ĞÞ#"5YLaZB$ā
čďïi#%Wa?bÉ GeR?Ġ$É l:
4Ņ6 p#6ľĈ#āč ¢µŃ_f@cMĮń5YLaZB%Ĕąx90" 3×ì#

 1-4 Ĕąx90YLaZBŁ 1.

Į5

3Ņ 3Ëá á$mĵµ  Euglena; 2. Phacus; 3. Trachelomonas; 4.
¼ 36 Ĩ±%Ļ¨ŀ¶ĳ1ıv¨9z Cryptoglenaõû 3Ņāčçá$Ĭ#77"
8  %ÅĨ$õû%YLaZB%Ëá"$7 Ňá"$7 Ň­%YLaZB$gÂ%0 0 Ĕąx90"ØÓ#0ÚÓ#0Ĕąx90"àĒ$YL
aZB$uĵŃPetalomonas, Entosiphon, Peranema "!ń
¤¿©ŅQ?Ia;1r$ñÊçá9ł*ç5 ( 5–7) 7 àĒ$YLaZB

5-7 Ĕąx90"YLaZBŁ 5.

$50$ Ņ5

ąĕŃĨ±$õû 3T`Y\ Entosiphon; 6. Ploeotia; 7. Petalomonas.
MCŁ ĕŁÄ5; Turmel
et al. 2009ń94ħ-Ņ69Ù#$,,}º9è52#"3( 8)å%kċ%4ĺ"Ķ{#" 4ŅĔąxŃ4ħ:ąĕń%¨«#0
: ă 652#"5,4YLaZB$gÂ$mŅĔąx90YLaZB%}º Đ×ç×9İ:
¢84ċ"$5­%ñÊçá$m#%ŅYLaZB 2#Ĕąx90$çá
T. Nakayama - 1

BSJ-Review 1: 27 (2010)

植物科学最前線 1: 28 (2010)

8 YLaZBŁŃ_f@cMĕĄń$ĬBusse et al. (2003)9¾¢_f@cMî_fKcVH;î
$Ī÷|$ÐĹąĒĕŃT`Y\MCŁń$4ħ-Ĕąx Ģ Ċ365

94ħ:Ĕąx#,@bfV :5ŃėĕŅäĕŅÜļÒĕ"!ń
,
m#%$ĩhįù#52"çá0ô365$2#ł*ç 5 3}º9ç 5)$ĥ½%çá$Ï$my³0Ģ 4Ņ$[=NDZ$õû%¥¢đÛğĿ#"5YLaZB0ęß$õûÈÀ#z8653#YLaZB$uĵ#%Ņg³}º952#"$#Ņ'$Ď9§Ņ0$9ł*Ńńç 52#"úŁ05$2#oÎí#}ºĎ9§çá%YLaZB$uĵt£#0,,"@bfV#ô36 4
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Á$ĥ½ y³0Ģ5$
YLaZB%0 0 Ĕąx90" 
3Ņá"$7 Ň ñÊçá%00 Ĕąx90" $Ņ$â·90#p#Ĩć %Ĝ % "Ļ¨ŀ¶ĳ
1ıv¨9zõû 3ŅYLaZBgÂ$ě»%>OKV`CI;Ł çáĉ5Ä
9–11 >OKV`CI;Ł. 9. Dimastigella.
10. Rhynchomonas. 11. Bodo.

5 (9-11)

12, 13 >OKV`
CI;Ł (12)YLaZBŁ (13) $āčÌīÑĦkċ#%,,"Īß 5 >OKV`CI;Ł%ļÒ90āčçá4Ņ>OKV`CK YKAeLa;# DNA

:ĝ,Ìī905Wa?bÉ90" ß0YLa

ZB %é"5 Ņ6t£%YLaZB#45 (12, 13)>OKV`CI;Ł0

T. Nakayama-2
BSJ-Review 1: 28 (2010)

植物科学最前線 1: 29 (2010)3
ØÓ 3ÚÓ#:: 4Ņ(Q?Ia;9ł*ç 5 7 >OKV
`CI;gÂ$m#0¢84ċ

4Ņ6 KaRPEfXŁ5 KaRPEfXŁ%Çí#ÃĖ#®ç5ļÒĖ Ņm#%ÃĖ9qnŁ#®ç5úŁ0 4ŅÅ0Æ"$ ò4ê$ "5Trypanosoma1afB^XN;ë$ "5Leishmania5,
KaRPEf XŁ$m#%ÃĖ9qĸhËáŃAfSf1]B"!ń#®ç50$0ô3
65ŃPhytomonasń
$2#>OKV`CI;gÂ$m#%Ņ
ł*ç 5 3®
çç 5)$¢½90$ 5$
0gYLaZBgÂ#Ĩć"0$ Ņ
J<VdOXŁ çáĉ ô365
J<VdOXŁ%YLaZBŁ >OKV`C
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¢840$05 Ņ Çí#%ł*ç
5çáĉ5å%ŅYLaZBŁ
Ń_f@cMĕĄń >OKV`CI;ŁŃ>OKV`CI;Ąń
ŅJ<VdOXŁ$ 3 ċ%Ņ
_f@cPF;Ĵ ¥ "@bfV9µº5 5ñÊçá$m_f@cPF;Ł%ËáŃąĒËáń áŃ¤āčáń$!3#0Ĩć%" ( 14)2YLaZB%á0Ëá0" Ĝ
57$2#āč$ç á$¤Í¸%Ņá1Ëá í"9ģ
14 ñÊçá$ĀĂHampl et al. (2009) þ90#¾¢ņßĆ%,jö¬$Ĳ

² 4905

Ä3

"

 $2"çá%Čó%Ę5
 "/Ņ$Ç´$¤Í¸%,,Ä3 #" %Ĝ "
ĤĨ"Ô$m#0 ,ô36"āčçá ç 5$$2"¤Í¸9Ä3 #5 ŅñÊçá !$2#Ĭ $ Ņ!$2
#ç Á9¢  $ 9ô5

 5 Ċ 365Busse, I., Patterson, D.J. & Preisfeld. A. 2003. Phylogeny of phagotrophic euglenids (Euglenozoa): a
molecular approach based on culture material and environmental samples. J. Phycol. 39: 828-836.
Hampl, V., Hug, L., Leigh, J.W., Dacks, J.B., Lang, B.F., Simpson, A.G.B. & Roger, A.J. 2009.
Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic"supergroups". Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 106: 3859-3864.
Turmel, M., Gagnon, M.-C., O'Kelly, C.J., Otis, C. & Lemieux, C. 2009. The Chloroplast genome of thegreen algae Pyramimonas, Monomastix, and Pycnococcus shed new light on the evolutionary history ofprasinophytes and the origin of the secondary chloroplasts of euglenids. Mol. Biol. Evol. 26: 631-648.

T. Nakayama - 3

BSJ-Review 1: 29 (2010)

植物科学最前線 1: 30 (2010)!" -6 (*Ùû ƯſěèïèïǵŤïźƆƁ
657-8501 ſěÿř½ªŪÉū 1-1
A strategy for the colonization of land by plants: the evolutionary transition
from charophycean green algae to early land plants
Key words: bryophytes; charophycean green algae; gene evolution; land plants;
origin of sporophyte generations.
Hidetoshi Sakayama
Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University
Rokkodai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan0/  ęİňų*>Ǔǝ)ŀŞ'-Ȋ? )ƬBÑ >ƹíŀŞBđ ő 1>3ȊĬǶBǀ>'SZŀŞ8PNŀŞŦ % =>+; *ǷØBǀŕ-çł)ŀŞŦ % >īȊŖǼB+ǜ6-Ƿ',©Ǩ ŀŦBǀ>'&>ŖĄ*,ƥȄƲBăèÚ+ŀŞ7Ŧ % >Ȋ+ÎǛ*,9<9<'ƐŠ+ƵȁƝư% >Ō*,őǦ>ø)ƵȁƝŇ% >ü8ƇƟ?-+ƸǼ*7
śĦ+ƵȁŶ%>ę+ų*ǃ?>',İǡ3?&>Ȋ+; )Ƶȁ!Ō&,ć&>
%Ȋ+*ƒ 4.8 ¥āĮ*Ō <ŝǷØ0Ǥ±ȊǷŀŞ0'Ǥ¼ƵȁÕȋ SuTLtȁȈX`pLxSuTLt Chara leptosporaȉ+ĆėȈSakayama et al. 2009, J. Phycol.;=
Wiley-Blackwell +ǅÈBċ%Ǖǘȉ
 a. ǖ*ĺĥöŠ*ǚŦȊǔǖ+; *ǀ >ƲŠ+ǫb. ĺ+Ŀ¦ǫ²+ĞèÕĺ+*ţŠ+ =+; )ƓƧȈĜƲ°ȉ>c. ǖƸǼ+ĞèÕ[v~jŠ+ƓƧȈŰúƓƧȉ¬£+ƓƧB Ǎ>; *C& >d. ĺ+Ǡ* %>ŦŇÓò+ĞèÕŦÄÓȊǢƏÓŦÄÓ¬+ÄƓƧȈÇƏĉ*ġËí*)>ȉ,ļȂƓƧ& Ǎ?% >e. ġËí+ǻíȀčǰ¯ŵŝ*Ƥ <?>Å â&ƿA?% >f. ġËíƸǼBĞèǻíȀčǰ¯ŵƄ*;"%ŃłǨ Ȋ²ȁ>&ĭż)ÞŘ')>ŁǢ>?3&+źƆ+ƖĹ&,ȊSuTLtƵȁ+SuTLtȁ (Õ 1) 'PzHN~_ȁ (Õ 2)ǷŀŞ*Ĳ7ǝƛ 'Ƣ <?% > (Õ 3) (Karol et al. 2001, Delwiche et al. 2002, McCourt et

H. Sakayama - 1
BSJ-Review 1: 30 (2010)

植物科学最前線 1: 31 (2010)

al. 2004, Sakayama et al. 2009)ĵƅ&,ȊSuTLtƵȁ <ǷŀŞ0+Ǥ¼BȊŦŏť'µ* >Ǥ¼*ŜŚBƗ"%Ɣ>ÕȌ PzHN~_ȁ+ĆėȈDelwiche et al.
2002, J. Phycol.;= Wiley-Blackwell +ǅÈBċ%Ǖǘȉ
a, b. PzHN~_}HyiKv
wxU (Coleochaete orbicularisȉ
a. ­ŲŠ
+ƲŠ+ǫUN~yg~, 100µm
b. ġËí+ĞèÕġËí,ļȂƓƧ&Ǎ?% >UN~yg~, 32µmc, d.
PzHN~_}kyic~YȈColeochaete
pulvinataȉ
c. ĺ² ?ƲŠ+ǫĺ+§Ɗ*ŦÄÓ>UN~yg~,
32µmd.PzHN~_ȁBşĎ$>Ŋ+; )ŁǢ+ĞèÕ
UN~yg~,10µm

Õȍ SuTLtƵȁ'ǷŀŞ+ƑƘǴȈMcCourt et al. 2004, Trends Ecol. Evol.BĤåÙû  2009,
Biophilia BĤåElsevier 'DbUx~+ǅÈBċ%Ģǘȉ
SuTLtƵȁ*, 6 #My~kȈSuTLt
ȁȊPzHN~_ȁȊmSqb{ȁȊLzjXyq`EGrȁȊL{{KjUȁȊsXU_EMpȉ>
+Õ,Ê*Ǥ52(ǷŀŞ*ǝ 'BĕÏ% =Ȋ
Ĳǝ+źƆ&,SuTLtȁĲ7ǷŀŞ*ǝƛ'Ƣ <?% >ĺ+*,Ǥ¼+ǧƃ&šċȈȇȉ3,ŒéȈǑȉĆėůşĎBŽ%>
H. Sakayama - 2
BSJ-Review 1: 31 (2010)

植物科学最前線 1: 32 (2010)

1/%. -!" +
Ĳ³*ȊSuTLtƵȁ'ǷŀŞ+Ŧŏť'µ+Ǩ BħŤ>ǷŀŞ,
1%Ƨí'Ð-?> 2 ¢ Ȉǁ*ũĶ> 2 ƕ+ĻƫBğ#ȉ'Ǭ¤'Ð-?> 1¢  <)> Bƶ"% >ȈÕ 4ȉƧíȈ2 ¢ȉ <ŔĦ²ƺB%ŦƧíŭƭ%Ǭ¤Ȉ1 ¢ȉ&>ǷŀŞ+Ƨí'Ǭ¤,(!<7çƓƧ&>
PNŀŞ&,Ƨí;=Ǭ¤+īèĆė7ƼǺ&>ȊƹíŀŞ*ǝ$*Ċ"%èǟǕ%Ƨí+īè)=Ćė7ƼǺ*)>īȊSuTLtƵȁ&,Ǭ¤,
>Ƨí,)(Õ 4)#3=ȊǬ¤Ȉ1 ¢ȉÄ'ƏíB=ġËíȈ2 ¢ȉ&>Ȋŭƭ>'ȈƓƧ²ƺB*ȉ*ŔĦ²ƺB%3 Ȋ®/Ǭ¤*)=ȊƧ
íȑȒB<) SuTLtƵȁ+Ǭ¤,ÀƓƧ "=çƓƧ "=>SuTLt
Ƶȁ+&ŐŦů)SuTLtȁ+Ǭ¤,ȊƼǺ)Ņ¦ŁǢB% > (Õ 1)

ÕȎ ƚƫŀŞ+Ŧŏť'µ+Ǥ¼ȈÙû  2009, Biophilia ;=DbUx~+ǅÈBċ%Ǖǘȉ
 SuTLtƵȁ&, 1 ¢+ī 2 ¢;=7Ŧŏť*Â6>įǳǱȊµ7è 7+ç ȊƹíŀŞ*ǝ$*Ċ"%èǟǕȊ2 ¢+īè)>3ȊhsqI^Kt'SuTLt+ǳ&1 ¢+çƓƧ¼ǒ=Ȋ
SuTLt'hs]xJeQN+ǳ&2 ¢+çƓƧ¼ǒ"% >


2/!" -
+; )Ŧŏť'µ* >Ǩ

<ȊŀŞƈ%ǷĚ,Ņ+; *Ƣ<?% > (Graham 1993)çƓƧ+Ǭ¤ +ŦŏťBğ#SuTLtƵȁȈSuTLt
ȁ3,PzHN~_ȁȉġËíȈ2 ¢ȉ*

%ŔĦ²ƺBƶ YFq|MB§Ǟ=*% Ȋ+ĉȊŔĦ²ƺ+¶*ƓƧ²ƺBƶ ; *)=ȊĪ*ƧíBšċ'
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§+SuTLtƵȁBĆė'ǩí+zly&ŉǗ>ďƾ>

H. Sakayama - 3
BSJ-Review 1: 32 (2010)

植物科学最前線 1: 33 (2010)






Õȏ ǷŀŞ* >Ƨí+ǒŗȈŕǪ}ß 1996 ;=¬ŨơȆÖ+ǅÈBċ%Ǖ
ǘȉ
SuTLtȁȊ3,PzHN~_ȁ*ȁçƓƧ+Ǭ¤ +ŦŏťBğ#Ƶȁ*%Ȋ
ġËí+ŔĦ²ƺ+ǲìǥ?Ȋø)çƓƧ+ 2 ¢ ȈƧíȉĆĘ?ȈĪŦǉ'Ð-?% >ȉ











3/, )
 PNŀŞ* >ƧíȈ2 ¢ȉĆĘǴǣǩí+ȋ#* FLORICAULA (FLO) / LEAFYȈLFYȉ
ǩí> (Tanahashi et al. 2005)FLO/LFY ǩí,ƹíŀŞ+S{FdcVc&,Ƭ+ĆėĆĘ*

A> MADS n\LUǩí+ŭŢBǈ÷>Ǖ¯Ôí&>Ĳǝ # +ŦŞ&

Ǥ6<?OfrȈ©ǩíȉǂĸ+ƖĹ&,Ȋĵǩí,ǷŀŞ+4 < î×àÍ?% ) ĵǩí,ȊPNŀŞ+hs]xJeQN*%ȊÇƏÄ+Ƌ²ƺ*ƊBŭ> 2 ¢+ƓƧ²ƺ©ƪBµČ>Ôí&>'ĭ< *)"% > (Tanahashi et al. 2005)(Õ 6)

ÕȐ hs]xJeQN* >ƧíĆĘǧƃȈTanahashi et al. 2005, Development BĤåÙû 2009,
Biophilia ;=ǕǘThe Company of Biologists 'DbUx~+ǅÈBċ%Ģǘȉ
a-h. ǢÄÓ+ƜĩǼÕa-e.
ǮŦĽȊf-h. FLO/LFY ǩíB1%ŻãĽȊi. ņĀ)ƧíŷÃȈȉ,ľȊŷ=Ȉ  ȉ,Əía, f. Əí¨¶Ȋ b, g. Əí¨ĉȊc, h. ÇƏĉ*ĆĘ?ġËíȊd. Ĳ³+ƓƧ²ƺǒġËíȊe. 2 ƓƧ+ƦǮŦĽ&,ÇƏĉ*ġËíĆĘ?>'ȊƓƧ²ƺì3=ƦBĆĘ%Ƨí0'ĘǱ>īȊFLO/LFY ǩíB1%ŻãĽ&,ÇƏĉ*ġËí,ĆĘ?>ȊƓƧ²ƺǒ<ņĀ)ƧíĆĘ?) 

H. Sakayama - 4
BSJ-Review 1: 33 (2010)

植物科学最前線 1: 34 (2010)"%Ȋ+Ôí(+; *Ǥ¼%+ Bĭ< *>',Ȋ2 ¢+ƓƧ²ƺ+µČSU_r+Ǥ¼BŤǂ>*7S{FdcVc*&ǭƾ')>'Ĕ?>FLO/LFY ǩíæ%Ʊǽ²ƺƕƞĆĘ*ǭƾ)ć·BĹ%KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX) ǩí,Ȋ
hs]xJeQN*>LwUȋ% 2 ¢+ŭŦ*Ǵ

% >'àÍ?% > (Sakakibara et al. 2008)SuTLtƵȁ*%7+; )ǩ

í+ǂĸBƶ ďƾ=ȊŢ×źƆǤ6<?% > (Tanabe et al. 2005, Floyd et al. 2006,
Floyd & Bowman 2007, Nishiyama 2007)3 źƆÞŲ,¾²&,) ȊĲǝȊSuTLtƵȁ
+ǫ&,æĶǩí+÷¨7Èƨ*)=##>6ȊĉȊ+; )ǩí+ńƨBȊŦ
Bŧ %ǂĸ>źƆ+ùǲ7ĴĈ?> (Abe et al. 2008)

4/%. )  
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3) OfrȈ©ǩíȉǂǊȈĲǝ,ƎÀ*Ǌ6>; *)=##>ȉ
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Ȋƴ¦þÁäȈķèïèïǵƙËĨ¼źƆƁȉ <ç+¹ǄBǽ DbUx~+ŹñĂŋ <,ĵƅ+6*ç+Õ'ĨƉ+ǕǘǅÈBǽ ĵƅ&ƔƳƣ<Ţ×ƶ"% >źƆ+ǫ,ȊĬĵïƷĠƩƁïźƆǏƻ¹ǯȊĨǫƁïŴƁï
źƆǏƻ¹ǯşóǿÛźƆŉǗOfrȊȈǎȉ.: ƁïĝƷ¿ê»źƆ¹Ę+Ro~aBÇ% >*ȊœĖǌ+ĕBƸ 

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植物科学最前線 1: 35 (2010)

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Abe, J., Hiwatashi, Y., Ito, M., Hasebe, M. & Sekimoto, H. 2008. Expression of exogenous genes under thecontrol of endogenous HSP70 and CAB promoters in the Closterium peracerosum–strigosum–littorale
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Floyd, S.K., Zalewski, C.S. & Bowman, J.L. 2006. Evolution of class III homeodomain-leucine zipper
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Graham, L.E. 1993. The origin of land plants. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
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H. Sakayama - 6
BSJ-Review 1: 35 (2010)

植物科学最前線 1: 36 (2010)&2'(!/;'( <0 Ļ ÜìôõŰÂÇÎŗĹ¶ŒÎŋŖ÷
997-0052 ÙåŇǉÚßƊÛÑÌġw 246-2
Historical Changes in the Definition of Plants: What Do You Say When Asked, “Is This a Plant?”
Key words: kingdom; plant; plastid; taxonomy.
Takashi Nakada
Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University
246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan I\O,ĕİ¢İǒ&Ó*;>&=&ǍÆ+vŸ,ĕİ&ř =&? 7ƍ*ņøǄÎŲ% >-ǍI\O,ĕİ%7¢İ%7( &ř =
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%,fXmgQ+: (ƿĠAû!$Ƥ¢=ſǄ,' ? ǒſǄ+{),ė(ŞŨů²3>$ $Ǎ+ù ,ƱàĦ~$ %%,ĕİĽ)'+: (Ĺİ²6;>$+ǍźǄ&ſǄAÞ=ƕƒA²6$Ǎ+ÄƨAƞ!$4

65'( Ɵł(ǄÎ+¿ŎAś mr[ǋCarl von Linné:
Carolus LinnaeusǍ1707-1778ǌ,ǍŷĮİAöƱ=ưİĽǋLapideumǌ
ǍöƱ$Ĺ$ =ĕİĽǋVegetabileǌ
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ǋAnimaleǌ)Ǆ (Linnaeus 1735)mr[+ǄŞ,ǍƢİ|Ǎưİ:<7ǈŘ(ĕİǍĕİ:<7ǈŘ(¢İǍ$ŊïAû"&`WAƢ!Ǎ&ī%¢İ+{%Ċ7ǈŘ(őÎłîñ)ē$ +ǀ

¼ 1 mr[+ĽƐ),3ĕİ+®ö,Łƈ>$ (!6Ǎĕİ,ŊƊAû( ǋ"3<ŊƊ)í$Ƥ¢( ǌ&ī%¢İ;¤>$ +ŧďǍmr[,I\O('+źǄ7Ǎǃż(Ƥ¢A( ĤŪ+: (¢İ7Ǎĕİ)Ǆvą%GG`NeqmǋVolvoxǌ+: (ƿĠſǄ,¢İ)Ǆ> (¼ 1)
 19 zş+{ǀ)(!$ƣ£ƒ«ǂ$=&Ǎƣ£A¨ĈǄŞ+ĖśAńüŋŖ
1)Ĺİ,ƹØł)Ǆ>Ǎ+ƹŢ,w;ǁ)ǍĽǍƲǍũǋ ǌ
Ǎńǋ7ǌǍŒǍ×Ǎŕ&(!$= -`W(Homo sapiens),¢İĽ ŵŤ¢İƲ ·ũ ƼƱń `WŒ `W×)Ǆ>=ĕİ,--ĕİĽ(Plantae)&$ù@>$6Ǎ%,ĕİAĕİĽ)Ǆ>=Ĺİ&=

T. Nakada - 1
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植物科学最前線 1: 37 (2010)Ų$bTMnǋErnst HaeckelǍ1834-1919ǌ,źǄAĕİ+ŞŨ+ēƟ)Ů#ǍĕİĽǋPlantaeǌ)ǄǍ¥ťųĹİ,ſǄ% ? &ƿĠƀ% ? &¦ĹĹİǋProtistaǌ)Ǆ> (Haeckel 1866)bTMn,Ƹwĕİ&ƟŬ(ĕİĽǍ`W&ƟŬ(¢İĽAŞŨ
ƴ)¿# $Ǝ6=vą%Ǎƣ£+Ŕã)í$¥ťųĹİAÆťųĹİ;¤
¦ĒĹİ&ňĒĹİ2Ǎ®ö+ċĭ('+Ʀ ƭƇƉ>=: )(=&ǍǄŞ+ƈŅ7ëƇ)(!

75# 4-'( bTMnƵǍźǄǍſǄǍ$¦ĒĹİ+ù AÞ!$ǍĹİ+Ǆ,Ħ~>).&3+ĢŉA+dETSHuǋRobert H. WhittakerǍ1920-1980ǌ% =æ,¦ĒĹİ;ňĒĹİ0+ƣ£&Ǎ¥ťųĹİ;ÆťųĹİ0+ƣ£AƭƉǍ¯ĉ)ÆťųĹİ+Ĺò+Ʀ )ŉń dETSHu+ĽƐ%,ǍžſǄA²5¦ĒĹİ,i[lĽǋMoneraǌ)ǍňĒ¥ťųĹİ,¦ĹĹİĽǋProtistaǌ)Ǆ>$ÆťųĹİ,®öAƁ ĕİĽǋPlantaeǌ
Ǎ³©
đǆï+ňźĽǋFungiǌ
Ǎþǅđǆï+¢İĽǋAnimaliaǌ)¤> (¼ 2; Whittaker 1969)
ĹòÎŲ% =dETSHu,ŞŨƴ:<7Ĺò+Ʀ AƭƉǍĕİĽ8ňźĽ,ć;)ŞŨA¨Ĉ$ (!æ+ĕİĽ),ĳŷ)Æťų£AďūŹĕİǋūſǄ&ƸwĕİǌǍƅſǄǍŠſǄ+ 3 ŞŨ²3>$ $ǍŞŨƴAƭƉÆ+ǄÎŲ+¨ŁAª=&)(=

¼ 2 dETSHu+ĽƐǋſǄAūĐ%ŏǌ  -euJjmRǋLynn Margulis, 1938-ǌ,ĕİĽA:<ǈŘ(Ƹwĕİ)ƶÐǍ¥ŞŨů&$ÐŰǍ ;9=ňĒſǄA¦ĹĹİǋProtista 3, Protoctistaǌ)Ǆ (Margulis
1971, 1974)euJjmR):=ěį+ĽƐ%,ĕİĽǍňźĽǍ¢İĽ,ŞŨł):3&6;>Ǎ¦ĹĹİĽ,Ơ)ǍŞŨƴxć(ƺÆ(¦Ĺ¢İ8ſǄǍňź%( źǄǋźǄǌ('A²5: )(!2)¦ĒĹİ&ňĒĹİ,ĒŶ+ċĭ('Ǎťųƫ+ĖƢÇľ(!$ =¦ĒĹİ+{%7žſǄǋQD\^KUmDǌ,ƬţŁĹ¾+®öAƁ Ǎĕİ&$ù@>=&7 !

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BSJ-Review 1: 37 (2010)

植物科学最前線 1: 38 (2010) vƫ+ǄÎŲ,ŞŨł)ƺÆ(¦ĹĹİAƋtăĸ=&AńüǍňĒĹİAĊÇ 18Ľ)Ǆ=Ĕ7> (Leedale 1974)+: (ÆĽƐ+{),ǍĕİĽ&°œ;ĺ ǍƸwĕİAūſǄ&)ūŹĹİĽǋChlorobiotaǍViridiplantae ('ǌ&$ù 7+7! (Jeffrey 1971, Cavalier-Smith 1981) >+ǄŞ) $7ǍňĒĹİ+{%ſǄ8Ƹwĕİ+Ľ)Ǆ>$ $ǍŹţ+ƣ£AƐć=&,%(!85'(1.$ dETSHuƵǍĕİĽ+Ś»Ð3;(!Ƈº&$ǍťųĖƢ+ľ(=ſǄůŹţAû!$ =&ƓƋĢ%(!&&ǍſǄů+ƳǍ = ,­ſǄů&+¦ĹĹİ+Ƴ+ŞŨƴxć!&ý;>=+Ħ~AƋĢ)Ô +,ǍĚĹ&

ķƖ+Łƈ&ǍËŞŨƋĎ+ŁÖ% !

 ňĒĹİ+Źţ,Ǎ¦ĒĹİ+žſǄňĒĹİ)ťųĹǋvĚĹǌ7+
&ű ;>$ vƫ+ſǄ+ŹţŹţAû!+ňĒĹİ+ťųĹǋĚĹǌ)ļč=&ć;&(<Ǎľ(=ťųĖƢAû!ſǄ:ŹţA
û!$ =&Ɛć%=: )(! ĚĹ):=ƣ£Aűó)>$ǍňĒĹİ+ǄAĖö+HsCmFǑRfR
ǋThomas Cavalier-SmithǍ1942-ǌ% =æ,¦Ĺ¢İ&:ťųĖƢAû"ſǄů+ÆǍ+ňĒĹİ;ŹţAĵèËÏ% =&ű $ĚĹſ,vĚĹĕİǋƸwĕİ7²5ǌ&,Źţ+ƚĨľ(=6ǍĕİĽ;ƷÅǍvĚĹĕİ% =ĪŹſǄǍŠſǄǍūŹĕİAĕİĽ)3&6 (Cavalier-Smith 1998, 2002, 2007)
 vą%ËŞŨƋĎ+ƣĜ):!$ǍåòÎ%,Ƌ(!ǍňĒĹİ+ŞŨƴć;)(!$ķ½ǍňĒĹİ),Ç 3 "+ŞŨÍ½=&ű ;>$ =v",¢İ&ňźǄǍƆƿĠƀ(';(=çąƿĠǄǋopisthokontsǌ
Ǎv",ŻĲĀƜAû!Dhu^8ŜźǄŘA²5Dhu^¢İǄǋamoebozoansǌǍ$Ċç)ſǄ8ƸwĕİǍÆ+¦ĹĹİ;(=^EOrSǄǋbikontsǌ% =^EOrSǄ),DncGluSǄǋAlveolataǐ
ŭĠƀ8ħƿĠſǄ('ǌǍFKRHsCuSǄǋExcavataǐfXmgQ8ė(ƿĠƀǄǌ
ǍmPmDǄǋRhizariaǐŝĲĀƜAû"Dhu^ǍKpllKZGſǄ('ǌǍRWlh\_EnǄ
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 ƄĂ+ƪË%ňĒĹİ+ŞŨƋĎƁ@>=&ǍvĚĹĕİ )ƟŬ% =&ËŞŨ;7āû> (Baldauf et al. 2000, Moreira et al. 2000)>):<HsCmFǑR
fR+ĕİĽ,ƃ;>ǍĕİǑvĚĹĕİ&951.

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T. Nakada - 3
BSJ-Review 1: 38 (2010)

植物科学最前線 1: 39 (2010)

rS+ƫ+ŞŨƴ,ƋĎ)ĺ =ƪË+Ʃ/ą8ƋĎøģ):!$ľ(=ŧďè;>$= -ƮÝ}ŰǋHisayoshi NozakiǍ1955-ǌ;,^EOrS+{%ŠſǄ,FKRHsCuSǄ)ǍĪŹſǄ8ūŹĕİ,RWlh\_EnǄ8DncGluSǄ):<ƟŬ% =&ƋĎŧďA$ = (Nozaki et al. 2003, 2007, 2009)ǍƠ)vĚĹĕİ )ƟŬ&=ƋĎŧď7ŏ>$ = (Rodríguez-Ezpeleta et al. 2005, Patron et al. 2007, Hackett et al. 2007) (¼ 3)

¼ 3 ĴŰ+ĕİĽ&ƛĕİĽvĚĹĕİ,ū%ǍĚĹſ,ƽ%ŏLnua+{)ĚĹſA²5Á®,Ǎúä)ŏ Źţ+ƪË8ƔŞ+ŋŖ;ǍvĚĹĕİ+Źţ,vã<+vĚĹ)ļč
=&ű ;$ =+67ƮÝ;+ŞŨĘě &=&Ǎ^EOrS+ơŐ,Ć)ŹţAû!$ &)(=¡ $ǍÆ+¦Ĺ¢İǋ -DncGluSǄ+ŭĠƀǄ8mPmDǄ+ŝĲĀƜDhu^Ǆ('ǌ8ĚĹſ+Ƨ Ő7vĚĹŹţAû!
$ &)7(=?  +Ɛ)¿# $ǍƮÝ;,vĚĹĕİ&ǍŹţAÈ!$+ĹİA.!=6$ĕİĽ)Ǆ=&AÿĔ$ =æ;,+LnuaA “ƛ” ĕİĽ&µB% $ǍŹţ
AÈ!&î@>=¦Ĺ¢İ(')ƪË+ŀƝ7À´>$ = (Tyler et al. 2006, Maruyama
et al. 2008, 2009, Reyes-Prieto et al. 2008)“ƛ” ĕİĽ),>3%ĕİ&,ű ;>$(!
¦Ĺ¢İ('7²3>$ =Ǎ+¿ĩ,7,8vĚĹŹţAû!$ =&ıê%,( ĕİ&,Õ(&7ŐvĚĹŹţAû!$ Ĺİ% <ǍvĚĹŹţ+ĵè&

ƥ§+č)¿# $ =+% =

:5'(3 ĕİĽ+ÐŰ,ĉAŦ$ÇÄƗ$¢( Ĺİ&;Ǎ®öAƁ ÆťųĹİ&+ĵè&¥š%Ĭł(ÐŰƣ£ğƹA¨ĈÐŰ)(<Ǎ$ 8vĚĹŹţĝ¬&ŞŨ)¿# ÐŰ)(!$ =ČŊ+Ĺİƈ"!&)Ǎ>

ĕİ(+' Aƈ=+,vØƻ(!Ǎ¯ĉ)Ą ÐŰ,ĕİ&Ĺİ0+:<ĥ ĸƋ)¿# $ =&7ƌ =
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BSJ-Review 1: 39 (2010)

植物科学最前線 1: 40 (2010)!$ŹţAĵèËÏ&ű ;>Ǎ7=&ƆƿĠƀǄ&Dhu^¢İǄAƷ 2&
B'+¦ĹĹİ7ĕİ&µ1=+7>( ĕİ+Ś»'3%â=+,Ǎ ç+ŋŖ+ƣÖ)Ê*;>$ = +: )Ǆ&,¥)>,ĕİ% =Ǐ( &¹řAy =7+%,(ǍĹİ+ƣ£tĝ¬)Ò=ĥ ĸƋAƂķ=7+% =7 =Ĺİĕİ' &ƌ Ŀ¸
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