⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ

ሶߤ߽ߩ᡹᠄ⴕേߩᷫዋࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߚቇᩞ⃻႐ߢߩ␠ળᖱႎಣℂࠬࠠ࡞ะ਄
ߩߚ߼ߩ੺౉㧦ࡄ࡯࠻Τ㧦ㆬ೎ဳ/ᓽ୥ဳ࡮᛽಴ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ

2006 ᐕ 3 ᦬ 13 ᣣ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ࡢSandra Jo Wilson ߅ࠃ߮ Mark W. Lipsey

⹏ଔᴺ⎇ⓥ࡮ᣇᴺ⺰࠮ࡦ࠲࡯㧔Center for Evaluation Research and Methodology㧕ࡃࡦ࠳࡯ࡆ࡞࠻౏౒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ㧔Vanderbilt Institute for Public Policy Studies㧕
1207 18th Ave. South
Nashville, TN 37212 USA
Tel: 615-343-7215
Fax: 615-322-8081
Email: sandra.j.wilson@vanderbilt.edu

ߎߩ⎇ⓥߪ‫౒࡞ࡌࡦࡖࠠޔ‬ห⸘↹ߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡑ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢ࡮࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬National Instituteof Mental Health‫ޔ‬National Institute of Justice‫ޔ‬William T. Grant Foundation‫ޔ߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬Laboratory for Student Success at the Temple University Center for Research in Human Development
and Education ߆ࠄߩഥᚑ㊄ࠍฃߌߚ‫ޕ‬1⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ⋡ᰴ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߩ⢛᥊␠ળᖱႎಣℂ␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ
␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ▸࿐ᄖߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ
ㆬ೎ဳ߅ࠃ߮ᓽ୥ဳ੍㒐␠ળ⊛ࠬࠠ࡞ߩะ਄ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ੺౉ߦ㑐ߔࠆߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⎇ⓥ

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࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߩ⋡⊛

8࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߩᣇᴺ
࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ኻ⽎⎇ⓥߩㆬቯၮḰ੺౉ታᣉⅣႺߣෳട⠪ࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓ
⎇ⓥ⸘↹⎇ⓥߩ․ቯߦ↪޿ߚᬌ⚝ᣇᴺ⎇ⓥߩㆬቯ࠺࡯࠲ߩ▤ℂߣ᛽಴
⛔⸘⊛ಣℂ

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⚿ᨐ

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ㆬቯၮḰߦว⥌ߒߚ⎇ⓥߩ⸥ㅀ
ㆬ೎ဳ߅ࠃ߮ᓽ୥ဳ␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩᐔဋലᨐ
⺞ᢛലᨐߩಽᨆ
⎇ⓥᚻᴺߣലᨐ㊂ߣߩ㑐ଥߘߩઁߩ⎇ⓥ․ᕈߣലᨐ㊂ߣߩ㑐ଥ᷹ⷰߐࠇߚലᨐߩ⺞ᢛᄌᢙ
⚿⺰

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ᦝᣂߩ⸘↹

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೑ኂߩⴣ⓭

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ෳ⠨ᢥ₂

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ߎߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡑ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢ࡮࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߩኻ⽎ߣߥߞߚ⎇ⓥ

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⵬ㆮ

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⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ⴫ߩ৻ⷩ
⴫ 1㧦⎇ⓥ․ᕈ

13⴫㧞㧦⎇ⓥᚻᴺ․ᕈ߅ࠃ߮᡹᠄⊛ⴕേߦኻߔࠆലᨐ㊂ߩ࠯ࡠᰴ⋧㑐

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⴫ 3㧦ᚻᴺᄌᢙ߇⛔೙ߐࠇߚ᧦ઙߢߩ⎇ⓥ․ᕈ߅ࠃ߮᡹᠄⊛ⴕേലᨐ㊂ߩ㑐ଥ

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⴫ 4㧦ㆬ೎ဳ߅ࠃ߮ᓽ୥ဳ␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦ߅ߌࠆ
ലᨐ㊂⺞ᢛᄌᢙߩ࿁Ꮻࡕ࠺࡞

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⴫ A1㧦⎇ⓥߏߣߩᚻᴺᄌᢙ

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⴫ A2㧦⎇ⓥߏߣߩ৻⥸․ᕈ߅ࠃ߮ኻ⽎⠪ᄌᢙ

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⴫ A3㧦⎇ⓥߏߣߩಣㆄ․ᕈ

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⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ࿑ߩ৻ⷩ
࿑ 1㧦᡹᠄⊛߅ࠃ߮⎕უ⊛ⴕേࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓߦኻߔࠆಣㆄᓟߩ
ലᨐ㊂߅ࠃ߮ା㗬඙㑆416

⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ

࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߩ⢛᥊ቇᩞߩਥߚࠆᓎഀߪ‫ޔ‬ቇ⠌ᜰዉࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߦ޽ࠆ߇‫৻ޔ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬ሶߤ߽ߚߜࠍ␠ળൻߔࠆਥⷐߥᯏ㑐ߩ߭ߣߟߢ߽޽ࠆ‫␠ߩߎޕ‬ળൻߣ޿߁ᓎഀߩਛߦߪ‫ޔ‬᡹᠄⊛߅ࠃ߮᥸ജ⊛ⴕേߩ੍㒐߇฽߹ࠇࠆ‫☨ޕ‬࿖ߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬75%ࠍ⿥߃ࠆቇᩞߢ‫ⴕޔ‬േ਄ߩ໧㗴ߦኻಣߔࠆߚ߼ߦ૗ࠄ߆ߩ੍㒐ࠞ࡝ࠠࡘ࡜ࡓ߇
⚵߹ࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᄙߊߩቇᩞߢ‫ⶄޔ‬ᢙߩ੍㒐╷߇⻠ߓࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔Gottfredson‫ޔ‬Czeh‫ޔ‬Cantor‫ޔ‬Crosse߅ࠃ߮ Hantman‫ޔ‬2000 ᐕ㧕‫੍ޕ‬㒐ߩߚ߼ߩᩞౝ੺౉ߩ߶ߣࠎߤߪ‫ޔ‬᥉ㆉဳࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢ޽ࠆ‫ߥߔޕ‬ࠊߜ‫ోߪࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޔ‬ᩞࠍኻ⽎ߩታᣉߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ෳട↢ᓤ߇෻␠ળ⊛ⴕേࠍⴕ߁߆ߤ߁߆ߩෂ㒾ᕈߦ㑐ଥߥߊቇ⚖ౝߩ↢ᓤోຬߦኻߒߡឭଏߐࠇࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ቇᩞߢߪ‫ࠄࠇߎޔ‬᥉ㆉဳߩขࠅ⚵ߺߦട߃ߡ‫ޔ‬᡹᠄⊛߹ߚߪ᥸ജ⊛ߥ୘‫↢ߩޘ‬ᓤ㧔㆐㧕߳ߩ੺౉߇ߒ߫ߒ߫ߥߐࠇߚࠅ‫ޔ‬෻␠ળ⊛ⴕേߩᕟࠇ߇޽ࠆ↢ᓤࠍኻ⽎ߦߒߚ․೎ߥ੍㒐╷߇ታᣉߐࠇߚࠅߔࠆ‫․ߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬೎ߦㆬ೎ߐࠇߚ↢ᓤࠍኻ⽎ߣߔࠆ੺౉߇‫ޔ‬ㆬ೎ဳ߹ߚߪᓽ୥ဳ੍㒐ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߣ๭߫ࠇࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧔Mrazek ߅ࠃ߮
Haggerty‫ޔ‬1994 ᐕ㧕‫ޕ‬ㆬ೎ဳ߅ࠃ߮ᓽ୥ဳߩ੍㒐ߢߪ‫੍ޔ‬㒐߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺ߇․ቯߩ↢ᓤߦะߌࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ㆬ೎ဳ੺౉ߪ‫ޔ‬዁᧪⊛ߦ᥸ജ⊛߹ߚߪ᡹᠄⊛ⴕേߦ⚿߮ઃߊߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ૗ࠄ߆ߩ࡝ࠬࠢⷐ࿃㧔ⴕേ࡟ࡌ࡞ߥߤ㧕ࠍᜬ
ߟ․೎ߦㆬ߫ࠇߚ↢ᓤࠍኻ⽎ߦ‫ޔ‬ಣㆄߔࠆߚ߼ߦⴕࠊࠇࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓽ୥ဳ੺౉߽‫৻ޔ‬ㇱߩ↢ᓤ߇ኻ⽎ߣߐࠇࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ᢜኻⴕὑ‫᥸ޔ‬ജߥߤ‫౉੺ޔ‬ኻ⽎ߣߥࠆⴕേࠍᣢߦ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆሶߤ߽ߚߜߦὶὐ
߇ᒰߡࠄࠇࠆ‫ߩࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊࠄࠇߎޕ‬ᄢㇱಽߪ‫ޔ‬ㅢᏱߩᢎቶⅣႺ߆ࠄߪ㔌ࠇߚ⁁ᴫߢ‫․ޔ‬ቯߩ↢ᓤࠍኻ⽎ߦታᣉߐࠇࠆ㧔ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᒻᑼ߹ߚߪ୘ੱᒻᑼ߇ߣࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߽޽ࠆ㧕‫ޕ‬෻␠ળ⊛ⴕേߩᕟࠇߩ޽ࠆ↢ᓤ‫ⴕߪߚ߹ޔ‬േ਄ߩ໧㗴ࠍᜬߟ↢ᓤߩߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬ቇᩞߩㆇ༡▤ℂ⠪ߪᢙᄙߊߩㆬᛯ⢇ߩਛ߆ࠄ੍㒐╷ࠍㆬ߱ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ㧔Gottfredson ࠄ‫ޔ‬2000 ᐕߥߤࠍෳᾖ㧕‫ޕ‬ᩞౝⅣႺ
ߢ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆ৻ㅪߩ㊀ⶄᚢ⇛ߪ‫↢ޔ‬ᓤߩ␠ળᖱႎಣℂ㓚ኂߦ⊛ࠍ⛉ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߢ࡯ࡘࡆ࡟ߩߎޕ‬ߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળᖱႎಣℂߩᡷༀߦࠃࠅ᡹᠄⊛ⴕേࠍᷫዋߐߖࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߚࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩലᨐߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬એਅߩ㗄ߢߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળᖱႎಣℂߩᨒ⚵ߺࠍ◲නߦᝄࠅ㄰ࠅ‫ߩߎޔ‬ᨒ⚵ߺߦ฽߹ࠇ
ࠆࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦߟ޿ߡ⸥ㅀߔࠆ‫ޕ‬␠ળᖱႎಣℂߎߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡑ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢ࡮࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߢኻ⽎ߣߒߚࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ‫↢ޔ߇ߡోޔ‬ᓤߩ␠ળᖱႎಣℂߦ߅ߌࠆ 1 ߟએ਄ߩᲑ㓏ߩᡷༀࠍ⹜ߺࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫␠ޔߪߢ࡞࠺ࡕ౉੺ߩߎޕ‬ળ⊛ⴕേߪ‫⋧ޔ‬㑐ᕈߩ޽ࠆ
6 ߟߩⴕേᲑ㓏߆ࠄ↢߹ࠇࠆ⚿ᨐߢ޽ࠆ㧦㧔1㧕⁁ᴫ⊛ᚻដ߆ࠅߣౝ㕙⊛ᚻដ߆ࠅߣࠍ⸥ภൻߔࠆ‫ޔ‬
㧔2㧕ᚻដ߆ࠅࠍ⸃㉼ߔࠆ‫ޔ‬㧔3㧕⋡ᮡࠍㆬᛯ߹ߚߪ᣿⏕ൻߔࠆ‫ޔ‬㧔4㧕น⢻ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆኻᔕ╷ࠍ⠨߃಴ߔ߆⷗ߟߌࠆ‫ޔ‬㧔5㧕ኻᔕ╷ࠍㆬ߱‫ޔ߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬㧔6㧕ⴕേߦ⒖ߔ㧔Dodge‫ޔ‬1986 ᐕ㧧Crick ߅ࠃ߮
Dodge‫ޔ‬1994 ᐕ㧕‫ޕ‬᡹᠄ߥߤߩุቯ⊛ߥ␠ળ⊛ⴕേߪ‫ޔߜ߁ߩࠄࠇߎޔ‬1 ߟએ਄ߩᲑ㓏ߦ߅ߌࠆ⹺
⍮㓚ኂ߆ࠄ↢ߓࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬1᡹᠄⊛ߥሶߤ߽ߪ␠ળᖱႎࠍಣℂߔࠆ⢻ജߦ߅޿ߡ㕖᡹᠄⊛ߥሶߤ߽ߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ‫ޔ‬ሶߤ߽ߦࠃߞߡߪ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޔ‬ᖱႎಣℂ਄ߩ໧㗴߇ਇㆡಾߥⴕേ෻ᔕࠍᒁ߈⿠ߎ
ߔ㧔Dodge‫ޔ‬Pettit‫ޔ‬McClaskey ߅ࠃ߮ Brown‫ޔ‬1986 ᐕ㧧Kendall‫ޔ‬1995 ᐕ㧕‫ޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬ᖱႎಣℂᲑ㓏ߩ߁ߜ‫⸥ޔ‬ภൻ߹ߚߪ⸃㉼ߩᲑ㓏ߦ߅ߌࠆ⹺⍮㓚ኂߦߪ‫ޔ‬ਛ┙⊛ߥ⁁ᴫ߿ߤߩࠃ߁ߦߢ߽⸃㉼ߢ߈ࠆ␠ળ⊛⁁ᴫߦ߅ߌࠆઁ⠪ߩᗧ࿑ࠍ‫ޔ‬ᢜኻ⊛ߣ⺋⸃ߔࠆࠤ࡯ࠬ߇฽߹ࠇࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ‫ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬ᢜኻ⊛ߥ⺋Ꮻዻ߇᡹᠄⊛ߥ෻ᔕߦ⚿߮ઃ޿ߚߩߢ޽ࠆ㧔Crick ߅ࠃ߮ Dodge‫ޔ‬1994 ᐕ㧕‫ߩߘޕ‬਄‫ޔ‬᡹᠄⊛ߥሶߤ߽ߪ‫ޔ‬㕖᡹᠄⊛ߥሶߤ߽ࠃࠅ߽ᢜᗧᏫዻࠍⴕ޿߿ߔ޿㧔Slaby ߅ࠃ߮ Guerra‫ޔ‬1988 ᐕ㧕‫ޕ‬⋡ᮡߩ⸳ቯ߹ߚߪ᣿⏕ൻߩᲑ㓏ߢߩ⹺⍮㓚ኂߪ‫ޔ‬ะ␠ળ⊛⋡ᮡࠃࠅ߽෻␠ળ⊛⋡ᮡࠍㆬᛯߔࠆ⚿ᨐߦ⚿߮ઃߊน⢻ᕈ߇㜞޿㧔Asher ߅ࠃ߮ Renshaw‫ޔ‬1981 ᐕ㧧Crick ߅ࠃ߮ Dodge‫ޔ‬1989 ᐕ㧕‫␠ޕ‬ળ⊛1␠ળᖱႎಣℂ㓚ኂߪ‫ޔ‬ኻੱ㑐ଥߦ߅ߌࠆ᡹᠄⊛ⴕേߣ⋧㑐ᕈ߇޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆᄙߊߩⷐ࿃ߩ৻ߟߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬୘‫ޘ‬ߩ↢ᓤ߇᡹᠄⊛ⴕേࠍขࠆ߆ุ߆ߪ‫ޔ‬୘ੱ‫ޔ‬ኅᣖ‫␠ޔ‬ળ‫߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬ⅣႺߩฦࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ߆ࠄߥࠆ৻ㅪߩ⋧㑐ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߦࠃߞߡ᳿ቯߐࠇࠆߣࠊߚߒߚߜߪℂ⸃ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫␠ߢߎߎޕ‬ળᖱႎಣℂ㓚ኂࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߩߪ‫ޔ‬᡹᠄ⴕേߩේ࿃ߦߟ޿ߡలಽߥ⼏⺰ࠍዧߊߔߚ߼ߢߪߥ޿‫ߢ࡯ࡘࡆ࡟࡮ࠢ࠶ࠖ࠹ࡑ࠹ࠬࠪߩߎޔࠈߒ߻ޕ‬ᬌ⸛ߐࠇࠆ
੺౉ࠍᡰ߃ࠆℂ⺰⊛ᩮ᜚ߩ⢛᥊ࠍ⺒⠪ߦᄢ߹߆ߦ⺑᣿ߔࠆߩ߇⁓޿ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬5⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ

⁁ᴫߦኻᔕߔࠆᣇᴺ߇߁߹ߊ⷗ߟߌࠄࠇߥ޿‫ޔߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬ኻᔕ╷ߩ⹏ଔ߇߁߹ߊߢ߈ߥ޿㧔╙ 4࡮
╙ 5 Ბ㓏㧕ሶߤ߽ߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛⁁ᴫߦ߅޿ߡㆬᛯኻ⽎ߣߔࠆኻᔕ╷ߩᢙ߇ዋߥ޿௑ะߦ޽ࠅ‫৻ޔ‬ቯߩⴕേ߇߽ߚࠄߔ⚿ᨐࠍ⹏ଔߢ߈ߥ޿ߎߣ߇޽ࠆ㧔଀㧦Mize ߅ࠃ߮ Cox‫ޔ‬
1990 ᐕ㧧Spivack ߅ࠃ߮ Shure‫ޔ‬
1974 ᐕ㧕‫ޕ‬␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ
␠ળᖱႎಣℂ㓚ኂࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡ⸘↹ߐࠇߚೋᦼߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ৻ㇱߪ‫ޔ‬1970 ᐕઍߦ㐿⊒ߐࠇߚ␠ળ
໧㗴⸃᳿ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢ޽ߞߚ㧔଀㧦D’Zurilla ߅ࠃ߮ Goldfried‫ޔ‬1971 ᐕ㧧Shure ߅ࠃ߮ Spivack‫ޔ‬1972
ᐕ㧧1979 ᐕ㧕‫⹺ޔߪ޿⁓ߩࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޕ‬⍮⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߦၮߠߊ໧㗴⸃᳿ࠬࠠ࡞ࠍቇ߫ߖࠆߎߣߦ
ࠃߞߡ␠ળ⊛ⴕേࠍᡷༀߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ߞߚ‫⥄ޟޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬ಽߢ໧㗴߇⸃᳿ߢ߈ࠆ‫ࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޠ‬㧔Shure‫ޔ‬
1992 ᐕ㧕ߢߪ‫ⷞޔ‬ὐขᓧ‫ޔ‬ઍᦧኻᔕ╷ߩ᩺಴‫ޔ‬ℂ⺰⊛ߦ⍦⋫ߩߥ޿ᕁ⠨ᴺ߹ߚߪ⋡⊛࡮ᚻᲑㅪ㑐ߦၮߠߊᕁ⠨ᴺ‫߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬࿃ᨐ⊛ᕁ⠨ᴺࠍ฽߻৻ㅪߩ໧㗴⸃᳿ࠬࠠ࡞ࠍෳട⠪ߦᢎ߃ࠆߣ޿ߞߚ߽ߩߢ
޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ㄭᐕߢߪ‫ޔ‬หߓ࠹࡯ࡑߩࡃ࡝ࠛ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߇ᢙᄙߊ㐿⊒ߐࠇߚ㧔Coleman‫ޔ‬Wheeler ߅ࠃ߮ Webber‫ޔ‬
1993 ᐕ㧕‫ޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬Hudley ߩ⍮ജ㧔Brain Power㧕㧔Hudley‫ޔ‬1991 ᐕ㧕ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߥߤߩౣᏫዻ⸠✵ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળᖱႎಣℂࡕ࠺࡞ߩೋᦼᲑ㓏ߦᵈ⋡ߒ‫ޔ‬ሶߤ߽㆐ߦᗧ࿑ࠍᱜ⏕ߦ⹺⼂ߐߖ‫ޔ‬ㆣㆄߒߚ␠ળ⊛⁁ᴫ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦߢ߽⸃㉼ߢ߈ࠆ႐วߦ㕖ᢜᗧ⊛ߥᏫዻࠍⴕ޿‫ᦌޔ‬ᤒ߆ߟࡀࠟ࠹ࠖࡉߥ
⁁ᴫߦኻߒߡㆡಾߥⴕേ෻ᔕ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦᜰዉߔࠆ‫ޕ‬Lochman ߩ‫ޟ‬ᔶࠅ߳ߩኻಣࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ‫ޠ‬
㧔Lochman‫ޔ‬Lampron‫ޔ‬Burch ߅ࠃ߮ Curry‫ޔ‬1985 ᐕ㧕ߪ‫⹺ޔ‬⍮⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߦࠃࠆ⋡ᮡ⸳ቯࠬࠠ࡞
ࠍሶߤ߽㆐ߦቇ߫ߖࠆࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛໧㗴⸃᳿ߩࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞‫߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬ᔶࠅ߳ߩኻಣߦ㑐ߔࠆࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞㧔␠ળᖱႎಣℂߩᖱേ⊛஥㕙ࠍਥ૕ߣߔࠆࡕࠫࡘ࡯࡞㧕߆ࠄ᭴ᚑߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬એ਄ߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩઍ⴫଀ߛ߇‫ࠍ࡯ࡘࡆ࡟࡮ࠢ࠶ࠖ࠹ࡑ࠹ࠬࠪߩߎޔ‬ታᣉߔࠆߚ߼
ߦߪ‫ߩ⥸ోࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޔ‬᭎ᔨ⊛ቯ⟵߇ᔅⷐߣߥࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ቯ⟵ߪ‫࡯ࡘࡆ࡟ޔ‬୥⵬ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩㆬቯ߿‫ޔ‬ฦࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩಣㆄ㗄⋡ߩࠦ࡯࠼ൻߦᓎ┙ߟ‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡ‫␠ޔߦ߼ߚߩ࡯ࡘࡆ࡟ߩߎޔ‬ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪએਅߩ᣿⏕ߥ․ᕈࠍ᦭ߔࠆ߽ߩߣߔࠆ㧦
1. ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦߪᰴߩ␠ળᖱႎಣℂᲑ㓏ߩ߁ߜ‫ޔ‬1 ߟએ਄ߩᲑ㓏ࠍኻ⽎ߣߔࠆᜰዉ߇฽߹ࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬(1)⁁ᴫ⊛ᚻដ߆ࠅߣౝ㕙⊛ᚻដ߆ࠅߣࠍ⸥ภൻߔࠆ‫(ޔ‬2)ᚻដ߆ࠅࠍ⸃㉼ߔࠆ‫(ޔ‬3)⋡ᮡࠍㆬᛯ߹ߚߪ᣿⏕ൻߔࠆ‫(ޔ‬4) ⋡ᮡ೔㆐ߩߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬น⢻ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆⶄᢙߩኻᔕ╷ࠍ⠨߃಴ߔ߆⷗
ߟߌࠆ‫(ޔ‬5)ኻᔕ╷ࠍㆬ߱‫(ޔ‬6)ⴕേߦ⒖ߔ‫ޕ‬
2. ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢߪ‫․ޔ‬ቯߩⴕേࠬࠠ࡞ࠃࠅ߽‫⹺ޔ‬⍮ࠬࠠ࡞߹ߚߪᕁ⠨ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ߇㊀ⷞߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ‫ߥ⊛⥸৻ޔ‬ᕁ⠨ࠬࠠ࡞ࠍቇ߫ߖࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬ήᢙߩ␠ળ⊛᧦ઙߦ߅ߌࠆᖱႎ
ಣℂ⢻ജߩะ਄ࠍ⋡ᜰߔ‫ޕ‬
3. ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦߪ‫⹺ޔ‬⍮ࠬࠠ࡞ࠍขᓧߒታ㓙ߩ␠ળ⊛⁁ᴫߦㆡ↪ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬૕♽⊛ߥ૞ᬺߣᵴേߣ߇⚵ߺㄟ߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ▸࿐ᄖߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ
߽߁৻ߟߩ⹏್ߩ⦟޿ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓᚢ⇛߽‫␠ࠅߪ߿ޔ‬ળ⊛⢻ജߩะ਄ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ‫ࠣࡠࡊߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬࡜ࡓߪⴕേ⊛࠰࡯ࠪࡖ࡞࡮ࠬࠠ࡞࡮ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߣ✚⒓ߐࠇ‫߇࡯ࡘࡆ࡟ߩߎޔ‬ᵈ⋡ߔࠆ␠ળᖱႎಣℂ
ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߣߪ⇣ߥࠆ‫ⴕޕ‬േ⊛࠰࡯ࠪࡖ࡞࡮ࠬࠠ࡞ߦၮߠߊࠞ࡝ࠠࡘ࡜ࡓߢߪ‫ޔ‬ၮᧄߣߥࠆ⹺⍮⊛ᕁ⠨ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬࠃࠅ߽‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛㧔߹ߚߪ‫ޔ‬෻␠ળ⊛㧕ⴕേߘߩ߽ߩ߇ਥ૕ߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ㅢᏱߎ߁ߒߚࡊࡠ
ࠣ࡜ࡓߢߪ‫⁁ޔ࠻ࠢ࠲ࡦࠦࠗࠕޔ‬ᴫߦᔕߓߚ╉㗻‫ޔ‬௾␞⊛ߥ᜿ᜦ‫ޔ࡞ࠠࠬ࡮ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬㓸࿅߳ߩෳടࠬࠠ࡞‫⥄ޔ‬Ꮖਥᒛ‫ߦࠇߎ߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬Ḱߓߚࠬࠠ࡞ࠍሶߤ߽ߦቇ߫ߖࠆ㧔࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߦߟ޿
ߡߪ‫ޔ‬Goldstein ߅ࠃ߮ Pentz‫ޔ‬1984 ᐕࠍෳᾖ㧕‫ޕ‬6⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળᦝߦ‫␠ޔ‬ળᖱႎಣℂߦ⋡ᮡࠍ㒢ቯߒߥ޿ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢ⹺⼂⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߦၮߠߊ߽ߩߪ‫߽ߦઁޔ‬ሽ࿷ߔࠆ‫ޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬ᵈᗧജ߿ᵴേ㕙ߢߩ㓚ኂࠍᜬߟሶߤ߽ࠍኻ⽎ߣߔࠆࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢߪ‫⹺ޔ‬⍮⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߦࠃࠅⴣേᛥ೙ࠬࠠ࡞ࠍ⠌ᓧߐߖࠆ‫ޕ‬ห᭽ߦ‫ޔࠬ࡟࠻ࠬޔ‬㔌ᇕ‫ޔ‬ᛥ㝠∝ߥߤߦขࠅ⚵߻⹺⍮⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߽޽ࠆ
㧔଀㧦Alpert-Gillis‫ޔ‬Pedro-Carroll ߅ࠃ߮ Cowen‫ޔ‬1987 ᐕ㧧Lewinsohn‫ޔ‬
Clarke‫ޔ‬Hops ߅ࠃ߮ Andrews‫ޔ‬1990 ᐕ㧕‫⹺ߚߒ߁ߎޕ‬⍮⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ‫ޔ‬ᕁ⠨ࠬࠠ࡞
ࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆ߇‫␠ޔ‬ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ․⦡ߢ޽ࠆኻੱ㑐ଥߪ㊀ⷞߒߥ޿‫ޕ‬ㆬ೎ဳ߅ࠃ߮ᓽ୥ဳ੍㒐␠ળᖱႎಣℂߩ໧㗴ߦኻಣߔࠆࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ‫ޔ‬૕♽ൻߐࠇߚ⹦⚦ߥ᝼ᬺ⸘↹ࠍ઻߁ߎߣ߇ᄙ޿ߚ߼
ߦ‫ޔ‬ቇᩞߦߣߞߡߪ㝯ജ⊛ߥ߽ߩߣߥࠆ‫ޔߪࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊࠄࠇߎޕ‬ᢎຬ߹ߚߪቇᩞᔃℂ჻ߦࠃߞߡኈ
ᤃߦታᣉߐࠇ‫ࠆߥ⇣ޔ‬ᒻᑼ㧔㓸࿅߹ߚߪ୘ੱ㧕߅ࠃ߮ⅣႺ㧔ᢎቶ߹ߚߪᩞᄖᵴേ↪ᣉ⸳㧕ߢ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߪߜߚߒߚࠊޕ‬ᒰೋ‫ޔ‬ቇᩞⅣႺߢታᣉߐࠇߚ␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦ㑐ߔࠆోߡߩ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥࠍߎߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡑ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢ࡮࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߩኻ⽎ߣߔࠆ੍ቯߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬㑐ㅪߔࠆ⎇ⓥ⺰ᢥࠍ㓸߼ࠆ߁ߜߦ‫ߩࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޔ‬ឭଏߦߪ‫੍ࠆߥ⇣ߩ߆ߟߊ޿ޔ‬㒐ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴߇↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦ᳇߇ઃ޿ߚ‫␠ޔߦ․ޕ‬ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ‫ࠆ޽ޔ‬႐วߦߪ↢ᓤోຬࠍኻ⽎ߦឭଏߐࠇ‫ࠆ޽ޔߚ߹ޔ‬႐วߦߪ․೎ߦㆬ೎ߐࠇߚ෻␠ળ⊛ⴕേߩᕟࠇ߇޽ࠆ↢ᓤ‫ⴕߪߚ߹ޔ‬േ਄ߩ໧㗴߇޽ࠆ↢ᓤߩߺ߇ኻ⽎ߣߥࠆ‫␠ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ‫ޔ‬᥉ㆉဳ‫ޔ‬ㆬ೎ဳ‫ߪߚ߹ޔ‬ᓽ୥ဳߣಽߌࠄࠇࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ㧔Mrazek ߅ࠃ߮ Haggerty‫ޔ‬1994 ᐕ㧕‫੍ޕ‬㒐ߩߚ߼ߩ᥉ㆉဳ੺౉㧔universal
prevention interventions㧕ߪ‫ޔ‬ᢎቶⅣႺߦ߅޿ߡ‫↢ޔ‬ᓤߩ෻␠ળ⊛ⴕേ߳ߩෂ㒾ᕈ‫ߪߚ߹ޔ‬໧㗴ⴕേߩᐲว޿ߦ㑐ଥߥߊ‫ޔ‬ቇ⚖ో૕ࠍኻ⽎ߦታᣉߐࠇࠆ‫੍ޕ‬㒐ߩߚ߼ߩㆬ೎ဳ߅ࠃ߮ᓽ୥ဳ੺౉㧔selected
and indicated prevention interventions㧕ߢߪ‫ⷐࠢࠬ࡝ޔ‬࿃㧔ᔶࠅ߿ᄙേߥߤ㧕ࠍឭ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆሶߤ߽㆐‫ޔ‬߹ߚߪ‫ߦߢߔޔ‬㓚ኂ਄ߩᓽ୥㧔හߜ‫ⴕޔ‬േ㕙ߢߩ໧㗴㧕ࠍ⷗ߖߡ޿ࠆሶߤ߽㆐߇ኻ⽎ߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬᥉ㆉဳ੍㒐ߦᵈ⋡ߒߚ␠ળᖱႎಣℂߦߟ޿ߡߩ⎇ⓥߢߩኻ⽎↢ᓤߪ‫ޔ‬ᒰὼߩߎߣߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬᭽‫ࠢࠬ࡝ߥޘ‬ⷐ࿃ߦၮߠ߈ㆬ೎߹ߚߪⷐ੺౉ߣߐࠇߚ㕍ዋᐕߦὶὐࠍᒰߡߚࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥߢߩኻ⽎⠪ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ኻ⽎⠪ᮡᧄߩ㆑޿ߦട߃‫ޔ‬᥉ㆉ⊛ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߣ‫ޔ‬ㆬ೎ဳ߹ߚߪᓽ୥ဳࡊ
ࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߣߩ㑆ߦߪ‫߽ߦઁޔ‬㊀ⷐߥ㆑޿߇޽ࠆߎߣߦࠊߚߒߚߜߪ᳇߇ઃ޿ߚ‫߽ᦨޕ‬㗼⪺ߥߩ߇‫ޔ‬⎇ⓥߩᚻ㗅߅ࠃ߮ᚻᴺߦ㑐ߔࠆ㆑޿ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ㆬ೎ဳ/ᓽ୥ဳࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ࠍ↪޿ߡታᣉߐࠇߚࡊࡠࠣ
࡜ࡓߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥߩ߶ߣࠎߤోߡ߇‫ޔ‬୘‫ߩޘ‬ኻ⽎⠪ࠍή૞ὑഀઃߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅಣㆄ⟲߅ࠃ߮ኻᾖ
⟲ࠍ⸳ቯߒߚߩߦኻߒ‫ޔ‬᥉ㆉဳࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦߟ޿ߡߩ⎇ⓥߢߪ‫ߩࠎ߶ޔ‬ዋᢙߩ߽ߩߩߺߢ‫ޔ‬୘‫ߩޘ‬ኻ⽎⠪ߩή૞ὑൻ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ߚ‫⎇ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ⓥ߅ࠃ߮ኻ⽎⠪ߩ․ᓽߦ㑐ߔࠆ㆑޿‫ࠄࠇߎޔߦᦝޔ‬ߩⷐ࿃߇⎇ⓥࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓߦ㑐ㅪߒߡ޿ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿น⢻ᕈࠍ〯߹߃ߡ‫ޔߪߜߚߒߚࠊޔ‬2 ߟߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡑ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢ࡮࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ࠍ‫ޔ‬೎୘ߦታᣉߔࠆߎߣߦߒߚ‫ޔߪߢ࡯ࡘࡆ࡟ࠆߔ⴫⊒ߢߎߎޕ‬ቇᩞⅣႺߢឭଏߐࠇߚㆬ೎ဳ߅ࠃ߮ᓽ୥ဳ␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩߺࠍኻ⽎ߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬2 ߟ߼ߩ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯
ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ቇᩞߦ߅ߌࠆ᥉ㆉဳ␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆ㧔Wilson ߅ࠃ߮ Lipsey‫੍⴫⊒ޔ‬ቯ㧕‫ޕ‬␠ળ⊛ࠬࠠ࡞ߩะ਄ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ੺౉ߦ㑐ߔࠆߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⎇ⓥ࠰࡯ࠪࡖ࡞࡮ࠬࠠ࡞ߩะ਄ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ੺౉ߦߟ޿ߡᦨㄭⴕࠊࠇߚႎ๔ᒻᑼߩ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯߇૗ὐ߆౉
ᚻߢ߈ࠆ߇㧔Clayton‫ޔ‬Ballif-Spanvill ߅ࠃ߮ Hunsaker‫ޔ‬2001 ᐕ㧧Howard‫ޔ‬Flora ߅ࠃ߮ Griffin‫ޔ‬1999
ᐕ㧧Moote‫ޔ‬Smyth ߅ࠃ߮ Wodarski‫ޔ‬1999 ᐕ㧧Nangle‫ޔ‬Erdley‫ޔ‬Carpenter ߅ࠃ߮ Newman‫ޔ‬2002 ᐕ㧕‫ޔ‬ߎࠇࠄߩ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߪ‫ޔ࡞ࠠࠬ࡮࡞ࡖࠪ࡯࠰ޔ‬෹ੱ૞ࠅߩࠬࠠ࡞‫߅ޔ࡞ࠠࠬ࡮ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤ࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ‬ࠃ߮ߘߩઁߩⴕേ⊛࠰࡯ࠪࡖ࡞࡮ࠬࠠ࡞ߩቇ⠌߽฽߼ߡ੺౉▸࿐ࠍ߆ߥࠅᐢߊߣߞߡ߅ࠅ‫⹺ޔ‬⍮㓚ኂ߅ࠃ߮␠ળᖱႎಣℂ㓚ኂࠍᡷ߼ࠆߎߣࠍ᣿⏕ߥኻ⽎ߣߪߒߡ޿ߥ޿‫␠ޕ‬ળᖱႎಣℂಽ㊁ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍኻ⽎ߣߔࠆႎ๔ᒻᑼߩ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯߽ੑ‫ޔ‬ਃ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬㧔଀㧦Coleman‫ޔ‬Wheeler ߅ࠃ߮ Webber‫ޔ‬
1993 ᐕ㧧Pellegrini ߅ࠃ߮ Urbain‫ޔ‬1985 ᐕ㧕‫ᤨ߆ߐߐ޿ޔ‬ઍㆃࠇߢ‫ޔ‬ቇᩞએᄖߩ⥃ᐥࠣ࡞࡯ࡊะߌࡊ
ࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߇฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩ࡞ࠠࠬ࡮࡞ࡖࠪ࡯࠰ޕ‬ะ਄ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ੺౉ߩࡔ࠲ࠕ࠽࡝߽ࠪࠬ૗ὐ߆
౉ᚻน⢻ߢ޽ࠆ㧔଀㧦Beelmann‫ޔ‬Pfingsten ߅ࠃ߮ Lösel‫ޔ‬1994 ᐕ㧧Denham ߅ࠃ߮ Almeida‫ޔ‬1987 ᐕ㧧
Lösel ߅ࠃ߮ Beelmann‫ޔ‬2003 ᐕ㧧Quinn‫ޔ‬Kavale‫ޔ‬Mathur‫ޔ‬Rutherford ߅ࠃ߮ Forness‫ޔ‬1999 ᐕ㧧Schneider߅ࠃ߮ Byrne‫ޔ‬1985 ᐕ㧕‫ޕ‬Denham ߅ࠃ߮ Almeida㧔1987 ᐕ㧕ߪ೎ߣߒߡ‫ࠬࠪ࡝࠽ࠕ࠲ࡔߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬7⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળߪ‫ޔ‬ႎ๔ᒻᑼߩ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߣหߓࠃ߁ߦ␠ળ⊛⢻ജࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓో⥸ࠍਥ૕ߣߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫␠ޔ‬ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߣⴕേ⊛࠰࡯ࠪࡖ࡞࡮ࠬࠠ࡞ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߣ߇ਔᣇߣ߽฽߹ࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬Denham ߅ࠃ߮
Almeida ߩࡔ࠲ࠕ࠽࡝ࠪࠬߪ‫ޔ‬ኻੱ㑐ଥߦ߅ߌࠆ⹺⍮਄ߩ໧㗴ߩ⸃᳿ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ੺౉ߩߺߦ⊛ࠍ⛉ߞߡ޿ࠆ߇‫⴫⊒ޔ‬ᓟ 15 ᐕ߇⚻ߞߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬࿖㓙⊛ߥ⎇ⓥߪ฽߹ࠇߡ޿ߥ޿‫ޕ‬࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߩ⋡⊛
ߎߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡑ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢ࡮࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߪቇ㦂ᦼఽ┬࡮↢ᓤߩ᡹᠄⊛߅ࠃ߮⎕უ⊛ⴕേ‫߁ࠃߩߘޔߦ․ޔ‬ߥⴕേߥߤࠍ⿠ߎߔෂ㒾ᕈ߇޽ࠆ㧔ㆬ೎ဳ㧕‫ⴕߥ߁ࠃߩߘޔߪߚ߹ޔ‬േߩೋᦼᲑ㓏ߦߔߢߦ㑐ਈߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔ᓽ୥ဳ㧕ߣ⷗ߥߐࠇ․೎ߦᵈᗧ߇ᛄࠊࠇࠆሶߤ߽ߚߜ߇ኻ⽎ߣߒߚ␠ળᖱႎಣℂࠬࠠ࡞ߩะ਄ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆᩞౝ੺౉ߩലᨐࠍ⺞ߴࠆ‫ࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޕ‬ലᨐߪో૕⊛ߦ‫ޔߚ߹ޔ‬ኻ⽎⎇ⓥࠍᮮᢿ⊛ߦ‫ޔ‬ᚻᴺ਄ߩ㆑޿߅ࠃ߮ታ⾰⊛㆑޿ߦ㑐ߒߡ߽ᬌ⸛ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߩᣇᴺ

࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ኻ⽎⎇ⓥߩㆬቯၮḰ੺౉㧦੺౉ߩ㓙ߦߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍቯ⟵ઃߌࠆ 3 ߟߩၮḰߦว⥌ߔࠆߎߣࠍ᳞߼ߚ‫ޕ‬ߘߩઁߩಣㆄ㗄⋡߇޽ࠆߎߣߪ⸵ኈߒߟߟ߽㧔଀߃߫‫ⴕޔ‬േ⊛࠰࡯ࠪࡖ࡞࡮ࠬࠠ࡞ߩᜰዉ‫ޔ‬⢒ఽࠬࠠ࡞ߩᜰዉߥߤ㧕‫␠ޔ‬ળᖱႎಣℂߣ޿߁㗄⋡߇ߘߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ᣿⏕ߥὶὐߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ᳞߼ߚ‫ޕ‬↪޿ߚቯ⟵ၮḰߪ‫ޔ‬એਅߩㅢࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
1. ␠ળᖱႎಣℂߦ߅ߌࠆᰴߩᲑ㓏ߩ߁ߜ‫ޔ‬1 ߟએ਄ߩᲑ㓏ࠍኻ⽎ߣߔࠆᜰዉ߇ឭଏߐࠇߚ‫(ޕ‬1)⁁ᴫ⊛ᚻដ߆ࠅߣౝ㕙⊛ᚻដ߆ࠅߣࠍ⸥ภൻߔࠆ‫(ޔ‬2)ᚻដ߆ࠅࠍ⸃㉼ߔࠆ‫(ޔ‬3)⋡ᮡࠍㆬᛯ߹ߚߪ᣿⏕ൻߔࠆ‫(ޔ‬4)น⢻ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆⶄᢙߩኻᔕ╷ࠍ⠨߃಴ߔ߆⷗ߟߌࠆ‫(ޔ‬5)ኻᔕ╷ࠍㆬ߱‫(ޔ‬6)ⴕേߦ⒖ߔ‫ޕ‬
2. ․ቯߩⴕേࠬࠠ࡞ࠃࠅ߽‫⹺ޔ‬⍮ࠬࠠ࡞߹ߚߪᕁ⠨ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ߇㊀ⷞߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
3. ⹺⍮ࠬࠠ࡞ࠍ⠌ᓧߐߖ‫ߚ߹ޔ‬ታ㓙ߩ␠ળ⊛⁁ᴫ߳ߩㆡ↪ࠍᜰዉߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬૕♽⊛ߥ૞ᬺߣᵴേߣ߇↪޿ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
ታᣉⅣႺߣෳട⠪㧦੺౉ߪ‫ޔ‬ᐜ⒩࿦ఽ࡮ቇ㦂ᦼఽ┬࡮↢ᓤ㧔K-12[ᐜ⒩࿦߆ࠄ 12 ᐕ↢ㄥ]‫ޔ‬࿖㓙⊛ߦߪߎࠇߦḰߓࠆᐕ㦂㧕ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒ‫ޔ‬ㅢᏱߩቇᩞⅣႺߢ᝼ᬺᤨ㑆ਛߦⴕࠊࠇߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߎߣ‫ޔߦᦝޕ‬੺౉ኻ⽎ߪ‫ޔ‬዁᧪⊛ߦ෻␠ળ⊛ⴕേߦ⚿߮ઃߊ࡝ࠬࠢⷐ࿃ࠍ᦭ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ⴕޔߪߚ߹ޔ‬േ਄ߩ໧㗴߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦሽ࿷ߔࠆߣ޿߁ℂ↱ߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬ಣㆄߩߚ߼ߦ․೎ߦㆬ߫ࠇߚሶߤ߽ߚߜߢߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬․೎ᡰេᢎ⢒ߩ႐߿ࠝ࡞࠲࠽࠹ࠖࡉࠬࠢ࡯࡞߽ㆡᒰߥቇᩞⅣႺߣ⷗ߥߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬ዬ૑ᣉ⸳㧔଀߃߫‫ޔ‬♖␹∛㒮㧕ࠍᜰዉߩ႐ߣߔࠆ߽ߩߪ㒰ᄖߒߚ‫ޕ‬᡼⺖ᓟࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߽ኻ⽎ᄖߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬࿾ၞ߿࿖ߩ೎ࠍ
໧ࠊߕ‫⾗ޔ‬ᩰ⹺ቯቇᩞ㧔qualifying school㧕ߪ‫ޔ‬ታᣉⅣႺߣߒߡ⹺߼ߚ‫ޕ‬ࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓ㧦⎇ⓥߪ‫᥸ޔ‬ജ‫ޔ‬᡹᠄‫ޔ‬༗ན‫ޔ‬ኻੱ‽⟋‫ޔ‬⎕უ⊛ⴕേߩ໧㗴‫ޔ‬ᛥ࿶ߐࠇߚᗵᖱߩ⴫಴‫ޔ‬ⴕὑ㓚ኂ‫ޔ‬໧㗴ߩ⴫಴ൻߥߤ‫ޔ‬ᐢߊቯ⟵ߐࠇߚሶߤ߽ߦ㑐ߒߡ᷹ቯߐࠇࠆࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓᄌᢙߩ߁ߜ‫ޔ‬
ᦨૐ 1 ୘ߦߟ޿ߡ੺౉ߩലᨐࠍႎ๔ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߎߣ‫ޕ‬⎇ⓥ⸘↹㧦ኻᾖ⟲ࠍ↪޿ߚ⸘↹ߦၮߠߊ⎇ⓥߩߺࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚ‫߮ࠃ߅⟲౉੺ޕ‬ኻᾖ⟲ߩഀઃߪ‫ޔ‬ή૞ὑߢ߽㕖ή૞ὑߢ߽ࠃ޿ߣߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬㕖ή૞ὑߩ႐วߦߪ‫ޔ߆ࠆ޿ߡࠇߐߥ߇ࠣࡦ࠴࠶ࡑޔ‬ਥⷐߥੱญ⛔⸘ቇ⊛ᄌᢙ߅ࠃ߮㧛߹ߚߪ੐೨࠹ࠬ࠻ߢߩೋᦼ╬ଔᕈࠍ␜ߔࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ߇ឭ␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߎ
ߣࠍ᳞߼ߚ‫ޕ‬ኻᾖ⟲ߩ᧦ઙߪ‫ޔࡏ࡯ࠪ࡜ࡊޔ‬ᓙᯏ࡝ࠬ࠻㧔wait list㧕‫ޔ‬ಣㆄߥߒ‫ޟߪߚ߹ޔ‬ㅢᏱߩಣㆄ‫⛔ޕߚߒߣ޿ࠃ߽ߢޠ‬೙⟲߹ߚߪኻᾖ⟲ࠍ↪޿ߥ޿⎇ⓥߪ‫ߩ࡯ࡘࡆ࡟ޔ‬ኻ⽎ᄖߣߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ਛߦߪ‫ޔ‬1 ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩ੐೨࠹ࠬ࠻࡮੐ᓟ࠹ࠬ࠻ߦߟ޿ߡߩ⎇ⓥ‫߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬ಣㆄ᧦ઙ߇ઁߩಣㆄ᧦ઙߣᲧセߐࠇߚ⎇ⓥ߇฽߹ࠇߚ‫ޕ‬⎇ⓥߩ․ቯߦ↪޿ߚᬌ⚝ᣇᴺ8⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ╙৻ߦ‫ޔ‬਄⸥ㆬቯၮḰࠍḩߚߔታ⸽⊛⎇ⓥ߆ࠄߥࠆᲣ㓸࿅ో૕ߩ․ቯ‫߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬ᬌ⚝ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚ‫ߎޕ‬ߩਛߦߪ‫⴫⊒ޔ‬ᷣߺߩ⎇ⓥߣᧂ⊒⴫ߩ߽ߩߣ߇฽߹ࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ၮḰߦㆡวߔࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ⎇ⓥႎ๔ᦠ
ߩ․ቯߦߪ‫ⶄޔ‬ᢙߩᖱႎḮࠍ↪޿ߚ‫ޔߕ߹ޕ‬NIMH㧔☨࿖┙♖␹଻ஜ⎇ⓥᚲ㧕ߩഥᚑߦࠃࠅ‫⹏ޟ‬ଔ
⎇ⓥ࡮ᣇᴺ⺰࠮ࡦ࠲࡯㧔Center for Evaluation Research and Methodology㧕‫ޠ‬㧔ਥછ⎇ⓥ⠪ߪ Lipsey㧕ߢᢛ஻ߐࠇߚᄢⷙᮨߥ࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬࠍ૶ߞߡㆬቯၮḰࠍḩߚߔ੺౉ࠍᬌ⚝ߒߚ‫ࠬ࡯ࡌ࠲࡯࠺ߩߎޕ‬ߦߪ‫ޔ‬෻␠ળ⊛ⴕേߩᄙ᭽ߥ࡝ࠬࠢⷐ࿃ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚೋᦼߩ੺౉ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ‫߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬ᄙߊߩᩞౝࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߇฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬╙ੑߦ‫ޔ‬਄⸥࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬߦ฽߹ࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ᦨᣂߩ⎇ⓥࠍ․ቯߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬એਅߩᢥ₂⋡㍳࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬࠍ✚วᬌ⚝ߒߚ‫ޕ‬Psychological Abstracts㧔ᔃℂቇ⺰ᢥᛞ㍳࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬ㧕‫ޔ‬Dissertation Abstracts
International㧔ቇ૏⺰ᢥᛞ㍳࿖㓙 ࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬ㧕‫ޔ‬ERIC㧔ᢎ⢒ቇ㑐ଥᢥ₂ᖱႎ࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬ㧕‫ޔ‬Campbell and Cochrane Collaboration trials registers㧔ࠠࡖࡦࡌ࡞߅ࠃ߮ࠦࠢ࡜ࡦ౒หታ㛎⊓㍳࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬ㧕‫ޔ‬U.S. Government Printing Office publications㧔☨࿖᡽ᐭශ೚ዪ಴ ‛࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬ㧕‫ޔ‬National
Criminal Justice Reference Service㧔☨࿖ೃ੐ⵙ್ᢥ₂ࠨ࡯ࡆࠬ࡮࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬ㧕‫ ߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬MedLine㧔කቇᢥ₂࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬ㧕‫ޕ‬ᬌ⚝ߪ‫ޔ‬ฦ࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬߩ⺰ᢥ⚝ᒁߣߒߡ૶ࠊࠇࠆ⛔೙⺆ᒵ߆ࠄ᛽಴ߒߚ 3 ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߩᬌ⚝↪⺆ࠍ↪޿ߡⴕߞߚ2‫࠼࡯ࠞ࠼࡞ࠗࡢޕ‬ᢥሼࠍ૶ߞߡ‫ޔ‬න⺆ߩᄌ⇣ᒻࠍᬌ⚝ߒߚ㧔଀߃߫‫ޔ‬delinquent‫ޔ‬delinquents ߅ࠃ߮ delinquency ߩᬌ⚝ߦ‫ޔ‬delinquen*ࠍ૶↪ߔࠆ㧕‫ޕ‬એਅߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯Ფߦ‫ޔ‬ᬌ⚝↪
⺆ࠍ OR Ṷ▚ሶߢ⚿߮‫ޔ‬ฦࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯߆ࠄߩ⚿ᨐࠍ AND Ṷ▚ሶߢ⚿ࠎߛ‫ޕ‬
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3.

ኻ⽎Უ㓸࿅㧦ሶߤ߽‫ޔ‬㕍ዋᐕ‫ޔ‬ᐜᐕᦼ㧔MEDLINE㧕㧧ሶߤ߽‫ޔ‬㕍ዋᐕ‫ޔ‬೨ᕁᤐᦼߩሶߤ߽‫ޔ‬ఽ┬࡮↢ᓤ㧔ERIC㧕㧧ሶߤ߽‫ޔ‬㕍ዋᐕ‫↢࡮┬ఽޔ‬ᓤ‫ޔ‬㧔PsychInfo㧕㧧ሶߤ߽‫ޔ‬㕍ዋᐕ‫ఽޔ‬┬࡮↢ᓤ㧔Sociological Abstracts㧕‫ޕ‬࡝ࠬࠢ߹ߚߪࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓ㧦␠ળ⊛ㆡᔕ‫ޔ‬ኻੱ㑐ଥ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛⋧੕૞↪‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛ቅ┙‫ޔ‬᡹᠄‫ޔ‬㕍ዋᐕ㕖ⴕ‫ޔࡊ࡯࡞ࠣࠕࡇޔ‬ᵈᗧᰳ㒱࡮⎕უ⊛ⴕേ㓚ኂ‫ޔ‬ᄙേ‫ޔ‬ᢥൻ೸ᅓ‫ޔ‬ኻੱ㑐ଥ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛ⅣႺ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛ⴕേ‫ޔ‬ሶߤ߽ߩⴕേ㓚ኂ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛໧㗴‫ޔ‬෻␠ળ⊛ੱᩰ㓚ኂ‫ⴕޔ‬ὑ㓚ኂ‫ޔ‬ෂ㒾ߥⴕേ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛⇹ᄖ‫ޔ‬ኻ┙‫ޔ‬ᢜᗧ‫᥸ޔ‬ജ‫ޔ‬෻ᔕᕈᗲ⌕㓚ኂ‫ⴣޔ‬േ⊛ⴕേ‫ޔ‬໧㗴⸃᳿㧔MEDLINE㧕㧧
␠ળ⊛ⅣႺ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛⛔ว‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛ㆡᔕ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛ᘒᐲ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛⚻㛎‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛․ᕈ‫ޔ‬ᗲ⌕ⴕേ‫ޔ‬෻␠ળ⊛ⴕേ‫ޔ‬ㆡᔕ‫ޔ‬᡹᠄‫ޔ‬㕖ⴕ‫ޔ‬ᵈᗧᰳ㒱㓚ኂ‫ޔ‬ᄙേ‫ߩࠇ߷ߎߜ⪭ޔ‬ᕟࠇ߇޽ࠆ⠪‫ޔ‬ෂ㒾ᕈߩ㜞޿↢ᓤ‫ޔ‬ᢎ⢒਄ਇ೑ߥ᧦ઙߦ⟎߆ࠇߚ⠪‫ޔ‬໧㗴ఽ‫␠ޔ࠻࠙ࠕࡊ࠶ࡠ࠼ޔ‬ળ⊛ᓇ㗀‫ⴕޔ‬േ㓚ኂ‫ⴕޔ‬േ਄ߩ໧㗴‫ޔ‬㕍ዋᐕ໧㗴‫ޔ‬ኻ┙‫ޔ‬ᢜᗧ‫ޔ‬ਇ⊓ᩞ‫᥸ޔ‬ജ‫ޔ‬ખ㑆㑐ଥ‫ޔ‬ખ㑆ߩᓇ㗀㧔ERIC㧕㧧ኻੱ⊛ᓇ㗀‫ޔ‬ኻੱ⋧੕૞↪‫␠ޔ࡞ࠠࠬ࡮࡞ࡖࠪ࡯࠰ޔ‬ળ⊛⊒㆐‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ‫ޔ‬ᛥ࿶ߐࠇߚᗵᖱߩ⴫಴‫ޔ‬ㆡᔕ㓚ኂ‫ޔ‬᡹᠄ⴕേ‫ޔ‬㕍ዋᐕ㕖ⴕ‫ޔ‬㕖ⴕ੍஻ァߩ㕍ዋᐕ‫ޔ‬ᵈᗧᰳ㒱㓚ኂ‫ޔ‬ᄙേ‫ߩࠇ߷ߎߜ⪭ޔ‬ᕟࠇ߇޽ࠆ㓸࿅‫ޔ‬ኅ಴ⴕേ‫ޔ‬ਛㅜㅌቇ⠪‫ޔ‬ਇ೑ߥ᧦ઙߦ⟎߆ࠇߚ⠪‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛೸ᅓ‫ޔ‬ᢥൻ⊛೸ᅓ‫ޔ‬ખ㑆㑐ଥ‫ޔ‬Ḱ᜚㓸࿅‫ⴕޔ‬േ㓚ኂ‫ⴕޔ‬േ਄ߩ໧㗴‫ޔ‬෻␠ળ⊛ⴕേ‫ⴕޔ‬ὑ㓚ኂ‫ޔ‬ኻ┙‫ޔ‬ᢜᗧ‫ޔ‬ਇ⊓ᩞ‫ޔ‬෻᛫⊛ⴕὑ㓚ኂ‫ⴣޔ‬േᕈ‫ޔ‬ญ⺰㧔PsychInfo㧕㧧ㆡᔕ‫␠ޔ‬ળേቇ‫␠ޔ‬ળෳട‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛ⴕേ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛ᘒᐲ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛⢻ജ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛⊒㆐‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛ቇ⠌‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛ቅ┙‫ޔ‬㕍ዋᐕ㕖ⴕ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛⢛᥊‫ޔ‬ਇ೑ߥ᧦ઙߦ⟎߆ࠇߚ⠪‫ޔ‬ખ㑆㑐ଥ‫ޔ‬ખ㑆ߩᓇ㗀‫ⴕޔ‬േ਄ߩ໧㗴‫ޔ‬ኻੱ㑐ଥߩ੎޿‫ޔ‬ኻ┙‫᥸ޔ‬ജ‫ޔ‬ㅺ⣕ⴕേ㧔Sociological Abstracts㧕‫ޕ‬ಣㆄ㧛⹏ଔ㧦␠ળ⊛໧㗴ߩ⸃᳿‫␠ޔ‬ળᖱႎಣℂ‫੍ޔ౉੺ޔࠣࡦ࡝࠮ࡦ࠙ࠞޔ‬㒐ߣ▤ℂ‫੍ޔ‬㒐⊛‫≮ޔ‬ᴺ‫≮␹♖ޔ‬ᴺ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⛔೙‫ⴕޔ‬േ≮ᴺ‫⹺ޔ‬⍮≮ᴺ‫ޔ‬ಣㆄߩࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓ‫⹏ࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޔ‬ଔ‫ޔ‬ⴕേ⹏ଔ‫ޔ‬ή૞ὑൻኻᾖ⹜㛎‫⥃ޔ࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊ࡮࠻࠶ࡠࠗࡄޔ‬ᐥ⹜㛎‫ࠬࠪ࡝࠽ࠕ࠲ࡔޔ‬㧔MEDLINE㧕㧧ⴕേߩᄌൻ‫੍ޔࠣࡦ࡝࠮ࡦ࠙ࠞޔ‬㒐‫≮ޔ‬ᴺ‫␠ޔ౉੺ޔ‬ળᄺ઀‫␠ޔ‬ળᡰេ࿅૕‫ޔ‬㕍ዋᐕࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ‫ޔ‬ᖱᠲᢎ⢒ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ‫ޔࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊ࡮ࠬࡦ࠳ࠗࠟޔ‬ᡷༀࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ‫ޔ‬

2ᬌ⚝ᛛⴚߩኾ㐷ኅߢ޽ࠆ࿑ᦠ㙚ຬߩᄢඨߪ‫ ࠍ࡯࡝ࠧ࠹ࠞޔ‬4 ඙ಽߦߒߥ޿߶߁߇ࠃ޿ߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߪࠇߎޕ‬4ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ోߡ߳ߩ৻⥌ࠍⷐ᳞ߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬᳞߼ࠆ㗄⋡߇㒰ᄖߐࠇࠆน⢻ᕈ߇⪺ߒߊ㜞ߊߥࠆߚ߼ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬9⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ

ࠬࠢ࡯࡞ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ࡮ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ‫ޔ‬ಣㆄߩࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓ‫⹏ߩࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޔ‬ଔ‫ߩࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޔ‬ലᨐ‫ߩࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޔ‬ᅷᒰᕈ‫✚ޔ‬᜝⊛⹏ଔ‫ࠬࠪ࡝࠽ࠕ࠲ࡔޔ‬㧔ERIC㧕㧧␠ળ⊛໧㗴⸃᳿‫␠ޔ‬ળᖱႎಣℂ‫⹺ޔ‬⍮ⴕേߩ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛⹺⍮‫ⴕޔ‬േୃᱜ‫ޔ౉੺ޔࠣࡦ࡝࠮ࡦ࠙ࠞޔ‬ᣧᦼ੺౉‫੍ޔ‬㒐‫ޔ‬♖␹≮ᴺߩࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓ‫≮ޔ‬ᴺ‫␠ޔ✵⸠ޔ‬ળ⊛ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ‫⵬ޔ‬⠌ᢎ⢒‫ޔ‬ಣㆄߩࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓ‫ࡊޔ‬ࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ⹏ଔ‫ⴕޔ‬േ⹏ଔ‫ޔ‬ಣㆄലᨐߩ⹏ଔ‫ޔ‬ᢎ⢒ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ⹏ଔ‫ࠬࠪ࡝࠽ࠕ࠲ࡔޔ‬㧔PsychInfo㧕㧧ⴕേୃᱜ‫੍ޔ౉੺ޔࠣࡦ࡝࠮ࡦ࠙ࠞޔ‬㒐‫≮ޔ‬ᴺ‫ޔ✵⸠ޔ‬ಣㆄ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ‫ޔ‬ᢎ⢒ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ‫ޔ‬ಣㆄߩࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓ‫⹏ޔ‬ଔ‫ޔ‬ലᨐ‫ޔ‬ቯᕈ⊛ಽᨆ‫ޕ‬╙ਃߦ‫ࠬࠪ࡝࠽ࠕ࠲ࡔߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬㧛ᢥ₂࡟ࡆࡘ࡯㧔଀㧦Denham ߅ࠃ߮ Almeida‫ޔ‬1987 ᐕ㧧Durlak‫ޔ‬
1997 ᐕ㧕ߩᢥ₂⋡㍳ࠍ⺞ߴߡㆬቯၮḰࠍḩߚߔ⎇ⓥࠍ․ቯߒߚ‫౉ޔߦᦝޕ‬ᚻߒߚ⎇ⓥ⺰ᢥߩᢥ₂⋡㍳ߘߩ߽ߩࠍ࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢߒ‫ޔ‬ၮḰߦว⥌ߔࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ⎇ⓥႎ๔߇޽ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆⺞ߴߚ‫ᦨޕ‬ᓟߦ‫࡟ޔ‬ࡆࡘ࡯ߩၮḰࠍḩߚߒߚ⺰ᢥߩ╙৻߅ࠃ߮╙ੑ⪺⠪ߩㅊ〔⺞ᩏࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆᬌ⚝ࠍⴕ߁ߣߣ߽ߦ‫ޔ‬Social Sciences Citation Index㧔␠ળ⑼ቇᢥ₂ᒁ↪⚝ᒁ࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬ㧕ߢㆬᛯၮḰߦว⥌ߒߚ⺰ᢥߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ᒁ↪ᢥ₂ߩᬌ⚝ࠍⴕߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᚻ૞ᬺߢኾ㐷⹹ߩฦภࠍᬌ⚝ߔࠆࠃࠅ߽‫ߩߎޔ‬㗅ᣇะᬌ⚝ߩᚻᴺߩᣇ߇ല₸⊛߆ߟലᨐ⊛ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᬌ⚝ߦࠃࠅ․ቯߐࠇߚ⎇ⓥ⺰ᢥߪ‫ޔ‬࿑ᦠ㙚߹ߚߪ࿑ᦠ㙚㑆⋧੕⾉୫ࠍㅢߓߡ౉ᚻߔࠆ߆‫⪺ޔ‬⠪ߦ⋥ធଐ㗬ߒߡ౉ᚻߒߚ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ᄖ࿖⺆ߢᦠ߆ࠇߚ⺰ᢥߩᬌ⚝ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫☨ߪߜߚߒߚࠊޔ‬࿖ౝᄖߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߚߜߦදജࠍଐ㗬ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬਄⸥ᬌ⚝ᣇᴺߢขࠅ਄ߍࠄࠇߡ޿ߥ޿⧷⺆એᄖߩ⸒⺆ߦࠃࠆᖱႎḮߢ⊒⴫ߐࠇߚ⺰ᢥߩਛ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬਄⸥ㆬቯၮḰߦว⥌ߔࠆ߽ߩࠍᬌ⚝ߒ‫ߦ࡯ࡘࡆ࡟ޔ‬ട߃ࠆࠃ߁ߦߒߚ‫ޕ‬⎇ⓥߩㆬቯ਄⸥ᬌ⚝ᚻ㗅ߦᓥߞߡ㓸߼ࠄࠇߚ⎇ⓥ⺰ᢥߩᛞ㍳ࠍ‫ޔ‬㑐ㅪᕈࠍ⷗ᭂ߼ࠆߚ߼ߦክᩏߒߚ‫ޕ‬ㆬᛯၮḰ߳ߩว⥌ࠍᦨ⚳⊛ߦክᩏߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬਄⸥ㆬᛯၮḰ߆ࠄ᣿ࠄ߆ߦᄖࠇߡߪ޿ߥ޿⺰ᢥ‫ޔߪߚ߹ޔ‬᣿ࠄ߆ߦή㑐ଥߢߪߥ޿⺰ᢥ㧔ᛞ㍳ߩክᩏࠍᩮ᜚ߦߒߡ㧕ࠍ‫࠻࡞ࡆ࡯࠳ࡦࡃޔ‬ᄢቇ࿑ᦠ㙚㧔Vanderbilt
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ᢥ₂⋡㍳ߩᬌ⚝ߦࠃࠅᛞ㍳ࠍ౉ᚻߒ‫ࠄࠇߎޔ‬ᛞ㍳߆ࠄㆬቯၮḰࠍḩߚߔߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ⎇ⓥࠍ․ቯߔࠆ
႐วߦߪ‫ ࠍࡢ࡯ࡘࡆ࡟ޔ‬2 ฬߦߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫♖ޔ‬ᐲ߇ะ਄ߔࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߔ⎇ⓥ߽޽
ࠆ߇㧔Edwards ࠄ‫ޔ‬2002 ᐕ㧕‫╩ޔ‬⠪ߩ⚻㛎ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᛞ㍳ߩᄢᄙᢙ߇‫ޔ‬ㆬቯၮḰ߳ߩว⥌ߦ㑐ߒߡା㗬ᕈߩ޽ࠆ್ᢿࠍਅߔߚ߼ߦలಽߥ⹦⚦ᖱႎࠍ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ࡢߦឭଏߔࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡ‫ߒߚࠊޔ‬ߚߜߩᛞ㍳ߩክᩏߪ‫ޔ‬᣿ࠄ߆ߦή㑐ଥߥ߽ߩࠍਥߦ㒰ᄖߒ‫ޔ‬ㆬቯߦ㑐ߔࠆᦨ⚳್ᢿߪ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ⺰ᢥߩోᢥࠍክᩏߔࠆᤨὐ߹ߢᝪ߃⟎޿ߚ‫࡯ࡘࡆ࡟ߦ⊛⚳ᦨޔࠅࠃߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻ⽎ߣߥߞߚ⺰ᢥߩᢙࠍᄢ߈
ߊ਄࿁ࠆᢙߩᢥᦠࠍ౉ᚻߔࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚ߽ߩߩ‫ޔ‬ㆬቯߩ್ᢿߪ‫౉ޔ‬ᚻน⢻ߥ⎇ⓥߦߟ޿ߡߩᔀᐩ
⊛‫ోޔ‬㕙⊛ߥᖱႎߦၮߠ߈ਅߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬࠺࡯࠲ߩ▤ℂߣ᛽಴ߎߩ⹏ଔࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߢ↪޿ߚࠦ࡯࠼ൻࡊࡠ࠻ࠦ࡞ߪ‫ޔ‬ᐢ▸࿐ߦ෸߱⎇ⓥ․ᕈ߅ࠃ߮⎇ⓥ⚿ᨐߩࠦ࡯࠼ൻࠍ⠨ᘦߦ౉ࠇࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫౉੺ޕ‬ലᨐߪ‫ޔ‬ᮡḰൻᐔဋᏅലᨐ㊂ߩ⛔⸘୯㧔standardized meandifference effect size statistic㧕㧔Cohen‫ޔ‬1988 ᐕ㧧Lipsey ߅ࠃ߮ Wilson‫ޔ‬2001 ᐕ㧕ࠍ૶ߞߡ⸥㍳ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ലᨐ㊂ߩ⛔⸘୯ߪ‫ࡓࠞ࠻࠙ࠕࠆ޽ޔ‬ᄌᢙߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ಣㆄ⟲ߩᐔဋ୯ߣኻᾖ⟲ߩᐔဋ୯ߣߩᏅࠍ‫ޔ‬ਔ⠪ߩࡊ࡯࡞ߐࠇߚᮡḰ஍Ꮕߢഀࠅ▚ߒߚ߽ߩߣߒߡቯ⟵ߐࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬ᐔဋ୯߅ࠃ߮ᮡḰ஍Ꮕ߇౉ᚻߢ߈
ߥ߆ߞߚ႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬Lipsey ߅ࠃ߮ Wilson㧔2001 ᐕ㧕ߦ⸥タߐࠇߡ޿ࠆᚻ㗅ࠍ↪޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ႎ๔ߐࠇߚ⛔

10⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ

⸘୯߆ࠄലᨐ㊂ࠍផቯߒߚ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥߢߪ‫ޔ‬᭎ߒߡⶄᢙߩࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓ㗄⋡㧔଀߃߫‫ޔ‬᡹᠄‫࡮࡞ࡖࠪ࡯࠰ޔ‬ࠬࠠ࡞‫ޔ‬ቇᬺᚑ❣㧕߇ႎ๔ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ห৻㗄⋡ߦߟ޿ߡ㧝ㅢࠅએ਄ߩᠲ૞ൻ߇㗫❥ߦⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ߚ㧔଀߃߫‫߮ࠃ߅ⷫޔ‬ᢎຬߦࠃࠆ᡹᠄ⴕേߩႎ๔㧕‫ޔߪߢ࡯ࡘࡆ࡟࡮ࠢ࠶ࠖ࠹ࡑ࠹ࠬࠪߩߎޕ‬᡹᠄⊛߹ߚߪ⎕უ⊛ⴕേࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓࠍ⹏ଔߒߚലᨐ㊂ߩ߁ߜ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ߆ࠄ᛽಴ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚ߽ߩోߡࠍࠦ࡯
࠼ൻߒߚ‫ⶄޕ‬ᢙߩലᨐ㊂߇޽ࠆࠤ࡯ࠬࠍಽᨆߔࠆ㓙ߩ⛔⸘⊛⁛┙ᕈࠍ⛽ᜬߔࠆᣇᴺߪ‫ޔ‬ᰴߩ࠮ࠢࠪ
࡚ࡦߢᬌ⸛ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
ലᨐ㊂ߩ୯ߩઁߦ‫ޔ‬ฦ⎇ⓥߩᣇᴺ࡮ᚻ㗅‫߮ࠃ߅ޔ౉੺ޔ‬ኻ⽎ᮡᧄߦ㑐ߔࠆᖱႎࠍࠦ࡯࠼ൻߒߚ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥߩᣇᴺ࡮ᚻ㗅ࠍ␜ߔ㗄⋡ߦߪ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ⸘↹‫ޔ‬᷹ቯ‫߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬ෳട⠪ᢙߩᷫዋߦ㑐ߔࠆ⹦⚦ᖱႎࠍ฽߼
ߚ‫ޕ‬ኻ⽎ᮡᧄࠍ⸥ㅀߔࠆߚ߼ߩࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡦࠣ㗄⋡ߣߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᐕ㦂‫ޔ‬ᕈ೎‫␠ޔࠖ࠹ࠪ࠾ࠬࠛޔ‬ળ⚻ᷣ⊛࿾૏‫੹߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬ᓟߩ෻␠ળ⊛ⴕേߩ࡝ࠬࠢࠍ฽߼ߚ‫ߦ౉੺ޕ‬㑐ߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬୘‫ࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊߩޘ‬᭴ᚑ‫ޔ‬ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩᦼ㑆࡮㓸ਛᐲ࡮ታᣉⅣႺ࡮ᒻᑼ‫ޔ‬ታᣉᜂᒰ⠪‫․ߩઁߩߘ߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬ᕈࠍࠦ࡯࠼ൻߔࠆߎ
ߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬㑐ㅪᖱႎࠍ⸥ㅀߒߚ‫ޕ‬®

⎇ⓥߩࠦ࡯࠼ൻߪ‫ ߡోޔ‬FileMaker Pro ࠍ⚵ߺㄟࠎߛࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲ߩ↹㕙߆ࠄ⋥ធ࠺࡯࠲ࡌ࡯ࠬߦ౉
ജߒߡⴕߞߚ‫࠼࡯ࠦޕ‬ൻߪ‫⪺৻╙ߡోޔ‬⠪߹ߚߪ⸠✵ࠍฃߌߚ⎇ⓥഥᚻߦࠃߞߡቢੌߐࠇߚ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥഥᚻߦࠃࠆࠦ࡯࠼ൻߪ‫⪺৻╙ޔߡోޔ‬⠪ߦࠃࠅߘߩ♖ᐲ߇ౣክᩏߐࠇߚ‫࠼࡯ࠦޕ‬ൻߦ㑐ߔࠆ޿߆ߥ
ࠆ⍦⋫ὐ‫ޔ‬ਇ᣿⍎ߥὐ߽‫⪺ޔ‬⠪ਔฬߦࠃࠅ⸃᳿ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬⛔⸘⊛ಣℂዊߐߥᮡᧄ߆ࠄᓧࠄࠇࠆലᨐ㊂ߦߪࡃࠗࠕࠬ㧔஍ࠅ㧕߇޽ࠆߎߣ߇⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫⺞ࠍࠇߎޕ‬ᢛߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ߩߡోޔ‬ലᨐ㊂ࠍዊᮡᧄ⺞ᢛ₸ާ1-(3/4n-9)；ߚߛߒ‫ޔ‬n ߪᒰ⹥⎇ⓥߢߩᮡᧄࠨࠗ࠭ިߢਸ਼ߓߚ
㧔Hedges ߅ࠃ߮ Olkin‫ޔ‬1985 ᐕ㧕‫ޔߡ޿߅ߦ▚⸘ߩߡోޔߚ߹ޕ‬୘‫ߩޘ‬ലᨐ㊂ࠍಽᢔߩㅒᢙߢട㊀ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ߩࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬ነਈ߇ߘࠇߙࠇߩା㗬ᕈߦᱜᲧ଀ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߒߚ㧔Hedges ߅ࠃ߮ Olkin‫ޔ‬
1985 ᐕ㧕‫ޕ‬ലᨐ㊂ಽᏓࠍᬌ⸛ߒߚ⚿ᨐ‫ޔ‬ಽᨆࠍᱡ߼ࠆน⢻ᕈߩ޽ࠆᄖࠇ୯߇ዋᢙ⷗ߟ߆ߞߚ߇‫ߎޔ‬ࠇࠄߪ‫ࠅࠃޔ‬ዊߐߥᭂ୯ߦౣࠦ࡯࠼ൻߒߚ㧔හߜ‫࡯ࠩࡦࠖ࠙ޔ‬ൻ㧕㧔Hedges ߅ࠃ߮ Olkin‫ޔ‬1985 ᐕ㧧
Lipsey ߅ࠃ߮ Wilson‫ޔ‬2001 ᐕ㧕‫⺞ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᢛࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬ᄖࠇ୯ߪ⋧ኻ⊛ߥᭂ୯ࠍ଻ߞߚ߹
߹ಽᨆߦ⇐߼ࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߩ‫ߩߘޔ‬୯⥄૕ߪߐ߶ߤᭂ┵ߦߪߥࠄߕ‫ޔ‬ᓥߞߡ‫ޔ‬ಽᨆ⚿ᨐߪᄖࠇ୯ߦࠃ
ࠆᓇ㗀ࠍㆊᐲߦฃߌߥ޿ߎߣߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬3ਥߦᵈ⋡ߒߚ੺౉ࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓߪ‫ޔ‬༗ན‫᥸ޔ‬ജ‫ޔ߼ߓ޿ޔ‬ญ⺰‫ޔ‬⎕უ⊛ⴕὑ‫ޔ‬ᛥ࿶ߐࠇߚᗵᖱߩ⴫಴
ߥߤ‫ޔ‬ᄙ᭽ߥุቯ⊛ኻੱⴕേࠍ฽߻᡹᠄⊛߅ࠃ߮⎕უ⊛ⴕേߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬4ᄙߊߩ⎇ⓥ߇‫ޔ‬1 ઙએ਄ߩ᡹
᠄⊛ⴕേࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓߦ㑐ߔࠆ⚿ᨐࠍឭଏߒߚ߇‫ߥ⊛⥸৻߽ᦨޔ‬᷹ቯߩ࠲ࠗࡊߪ‫ޔ‬ᢎຬ࿁╵ߦࠃࠆࠕࡦࠤ࡯࠻ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ಽᨆ↪ߩ⁛┙ߒߚ৻ㅪߩലᨐ㊂ផቯ୯ࠍᓧࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬୘‫ߩޘ‬ኻ⽎ᮡᧄ߆ࠄߩ 1
ߟߩലᨐ㊂ߩߺࠍ↪޿ߚ‫৻ߚߒ┙⁛ޕ‬ㅪߩലᨐ㊂ߩㆬቯᚻ㗅ߪ‫ޔ‬એਅߢ⺑᣿ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᦨᓟߦ‫ޔ‬ᄙߊߩ⎇ⓥߢ‫ޔ‬੐೨ߦ᷹ቯߐࠇߚࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓᄌᢙߩᐔဋᏅലᨐ㊂ࠍ⸘▚ߔࠆߚ߼ߦᔅⷐߣ
ߐࠇࠆ࠺࡯࠲߇లಽߦឭଏߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬੐೨࠹ࠬ࠻ߢߩലᨐ㊂߇೑↪ߢ߈ࠆ႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬੐ᓟߩ୯߆ࠄ੐
೨ߩ୯ࠍᷫߕࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬੐ᓟߩലᨐ㊂ࠍ੐೨ߩᏅ⇣ߦᔕߓߡ⺞ᢛߒߚ‫ޕ‬એਅߦ␜ߔಽᨆߢߪ‫ޔ‬⺞ᢛߐࠇߚലᨐ㊂ߣ‫⺞ߕ޿↪ࠍ࠼࡯ࠦ࡯ࡒ࠳ޔ‬ᢛߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ലᨐ㊂ߣߩ㑆ߦ♽⛔⊛ߥ㆑޿߇޽ࠆ
߆ߤ߁߆ࠍ࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢߒߚ‫ޕ‬
3ߎߩ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬ಽᢔߩㅒᢙߦࠃࠆട㊀ߢ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆᮡᧄࠨࠗ࠭ߪ࠙ࠖࡦࠩ࡜ࠗ࠭ൻߐࠇߥ߆ߞߚ
ߎߣߦᵈᗧࠍᛄࠊࠇߚ޿㧔߽߁ ᣇߩ᥉ㆉဳࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߢߪ࠙ࠖࡦࠩ࡜ࠗ࠭ൻߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇㧕‫ޕ‬ኻ⽎⎇ⓥਛ‫ޔ‬ᮡᧄࠨࠗ࠭ߩᭂ┵ߥᄖࠇ୯߇ߥ߆ߞߚߣ޿߁ߩ߇ℂ↱ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
4᡹᠄⊛ⴕേߦ㑐ߒߡߩߺࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓലᨐࠍ⺞ᩏߔࠆߣ޿߁ߩ߇‫ޔ‬ℂᗐ⊛ߥᒻߢ޽ߞߚߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޟޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬᡹᠄⊛‫ⴕޠ‬േߣߒߡ․ቯ‫ޔ‬᷹ቯߐࠇߚ㗄⋡ߩ߶ߣࠎߤోߡߩ߽ߩ߇‫‛ޔ‬ℂ⊛ߦ᡹᠄⊛ߥኻੱⴕേߣ޿߁㗄⋡ߩߺߦหቯߔࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᄙߊ߇‫ޔ‬⎕უ⊛ⴕὑ‫ޔ‬ᛥ࿶ߐࠇߚᗵᖱߩ⴫಴‫ߩઁߩߘޔ߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬ᔅߕߒ߽᡹᠄⊛ߢߪߥ޿߇‫ุޔ‬ቯ⊛ߥ໧㗴ⴕേ᭽ᑼࠍ฽ࠎߢ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡ‫ࡓࠞ࠻࠙ࠕߩߜߚߒߚࠊޔ‬ᄌᢙߦߪ‫ޔ‬නߥࠆ᡹᠄⊛ⴕേએᄖߦࠃࠅᐢ▸࿐ߦᷰࠆุቯ⊛ⴕേࠍ฽ߺ‫ޔ‬᡹᠄⊛߅ࠃ߮⎕უ⊛ⴕേߩਔᣇ߇౉ߞߡ޿ࠆ

11⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ⚿ᨐㆬቯၮḰߦว⥌ߒߚ⎇ⓥߩ⸥ㅀ਄ㅀߩᬌ⚝ᚻᴺߦࠃࠅㆬቯၮḰߦว⥌ߔࠆႎ๔ᦠ 68 ᧄ߇․ቯߐࠇ‫ޔ‬47 ઙߩ⁛┙ߒߚ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߩ⚿ᨐ߇ᓧࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ㆬቯၮḰࠍḩߚߒߚ⎇ⓥߩ޽ࠆ߽ߩߪⶄᢙߩႎ๔ᦠߢ⊒⴫ߐࠇ‫ࠆ޽ޔߚ߹ޔ‬ႎ๔ᦠߢߪ‫ⶄޔ‬ᢙߩ⁛┙ߒߚ⎇ⓥ߆ࠄߩ⚿ᨐ߇ႎ๔ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ‫⎇ޔߦᦝޕ‬ⓥߩ⚿ᨐ߇ࠨࡉ࡮ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᲤ㧔଀߃߫‫↵ޔ‬ᅚ೎ߩ⚿ᨐ߇୘೎ߦႎ๔ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ႐ว㧕ߦႎ๔ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ႐วߦߪ‫✚ࠍࠄࠇߎޔ‬૕ߣߒߡߢߪߥߊ 2 ߟߩࠨࡉ࡮ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߣߒߡࠦ࡯࠼ൻߒ‫ޔ‬2 ઙߩ⎇ⓥߣߒߡᛒߞߚ‫ ⴫ޕ‬1 ߦ‫࡯ࡘࡆ࡟ޔ‬ኻ⽎ߣߥߞߚ 47 ઙߩㆬ೎ဳ߅ࠃ߮ᓽ୥ဳ␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ․ᕈ߇߹ߣ߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ࠇߎޕ‬ࠄ 47 ઙߩ⎇ⓥߩߘࠇߙࠇߩࠦ࡯࠼ൻ⹦⚦ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫⵬ޔ‬ㆮࠍෳᾖߐࠇߚ޿‫ޕ‬ኻ⽎⎇ⓥߩ߁ߜ‫ޔ‬90 ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻ㄭߊ߇☨࿖ߢታᣉߐࠇߚ߽ߩߢ‫ޔ‬ඨᢙࠍ⧯ᐓ਄࿁ࠆ߽ߩ߇ࡇࠕ࡟ࡆ
ࡘ࡯⹹ߢ⊒⴫ߐࠇߚ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥߪ‫ޔ‬70 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ⃻࿷߹ߢߩ㑆ߦ⊒⴫ߐࠇߚ߽ߩߢ‫ޔ‬ᄢㇱಽߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߇‫ޔ‬80 ᐕઍ߅ࠃ߮ 90 ᐕઍߩ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬᡹᠄⊛ⴕേߦ㑐ࠊࠆෂ㒾ᕈߩ㜞޿㓸࿅߆ࠄ੍ᦼߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ᮡᧄߩᕈ೎ߪ࿶ୟ⊛ߦ↵ᕈߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᐕ㦂ߩಽᏓߪ 6 ᱦ߆ࠄ 16 ᱦ߹ߢߦᷰࠅ‫ޔ‬
ᮡᧄߩ 45%߇ 9 ᱦ߆ࠄ 11 ᱦ߹ߢߩ▸࿐ౝߦ޽ߞߚ‫☨ޕ‬࿖ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ㅢᏱ‫ޔ‬9㨪11 ᱦఽߪዊቇᩞߩ㜞ቇᐕߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬4㨪6 ቇᐕߣߥࠆ‫ޕ‬ኻ⽎⠪ᮡᧄߩࠛࠬ࠾ࠪ࠹ࠖߦߟ޿ߡႎ๔߇޽ߞߚ⎇ⓥߩਛ‫ޔ‬ඨᢙએ਄ߩ
߽ߩ߇‫ޔ‬ਥߦࡑࠗࡁ࡝࠹ࠖ࡯಴りߩ㕍ዋᐕߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ኻ⽎⎇ⓥߩ߁ߜߩ 40 ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻߇‫ޔ‬ૐᚲᓧ㓸࿅ࠍਥߥ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߣߒߡታᣉߐࠇߚ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ෳട↢ᓤߩෂ㒾ᕈߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬ኻ⽎⎇ⓥߩ 32%߇ㆬ೎ဳࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦᵈ⋡ߒ‫ޔ‬64%ߩ߽ߩ߇ᓽ୥ဳࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦᵈ⋡ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ෂ㒾ᐲ߇㕖Ᏹߦૐ޿↢ᓤࠍ฽߻⎇ⓥ߇ 2 ઙ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ሶߤ߽ߚߜߪ․೎ߦㆬ೎ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ಣㆄߩߚ߼ߦㅢᏱߩᢎቶⅣႺ߆ࠄᒁ߈ᛮ߆
ࠇߡ޿ߚߩߢ‫⎇ߩࠄࠇߎޔ‬ⓥߪߎߩ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߦ฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬12⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ⴫ 1㧦⎇ⓥ․ᕈ㧔n=47㧕
․ᕈ
಴ ᐕ

N

%

․ᕈ
ᕈ೎ߦࠃࠆ᭴ᚑ

N%

1970 ᐕઍ
1980 ᐕઍ
1990 ᐕઍ
2000 ᐕઍ

3
19
12
13

6
40
26
28

↵ᕈߥߒ㧔<5%㧕
↵ᕈ߇ 50-60%߶ߣࠎߤ↵ᕈ㧔>60%㧕ోߡ↵ᕈ㧔>95%㧕

1
12
20
14

2
26
43
30

21
26

45
55

6-8 ᱦ
9-11 ᱦ
12-16 ᱦ

10
21
16

21
45
34

41
2
1
1
1
1

87
4
2
2
2
2

ੱ⒳/᳃ᣖ㧔 ਥߥ㧕⊕ੱ㤥ੱࡅࠬࡄ࠾࠶ࠢ
ࠕࠫࠕ
ᷙว
್ࠄߥ޿

13
15
2
1
2
14

28
32
4
2
4
30

35
5
4
3

74
11
9
6

19
6
10
12

40
13
21
26

41
6

87
13

2
15
30

4
32
64

21
25
1

45
53
2

41
5
1

87
11
2

9
38

11
81

಴ ⁁ᘒ
ᧂ಴
಴ ᷣ㧔ࡇࠕ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯⹹㧕

ᐕ㦂

⎇ⓥታᣉ࿖
☨࿖
ࠞ࠽࠳
ࡈࠖࡦ࡜ࡦ࠼
ࠝ࡯ࠬ࠻࡜࡝ࠕ
ࠗࠬ࡜ࠛ࡞ࠗࡦ࠼ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩഀࠅઃߌ
ή૞ὑ㧔୘ੱ㧕ή૞ὑ㧔㩂㩨㩣㨺㩖㩩‫ޔ‬ቇ⚖㧕㕖ή૞ὑ㧔୘ੱ㧕㕖ή૞ὑ㧔㩂㩨㩣㨺㩖㩩‫ޔ‬ቇ⚖㧕␠ળ⚻ᷣ⊛࿾૏
ਥߦૐ㓏⚖ᷙว‫ోޔ‬㓏⚖ਥߦਛ↥㓏⚖
್ࠄߥ޿੐೨࠹ࠬ࠻ߦࠃࠆ⺞ᢛ޽ࠅߥߒ෻␠ળ⊛ⴕേ߳ߩෂ㒾ᕈ৻⥸⊛‫ޔ‬ෂ㒾ᕈߪ㕖Ᏹߦૐ޿ෂ㒾ᕈ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ㆬ೎ဳ෻␠ળ⊛‫ޔ‬ᓽ୥ဳ

⣕⪭₸
ߥߒ
3-10%
҈ 11%

21
11
15

45
23
32

⹏ଔ⠪ߩᓎഀ
ಣㆄࠍታᣉಣㆄታᣉࠍ⋙〈
ᓇ㗀ജࠍᜬߟ߇‫ޔ‬ታᣉߪߒߥ޿

ᮡᧄࠨࠗ࠭㧔ಣㆄ⟲㧗ኻᾖ⟲㧕
30 એਅ
31-60
61-86

19
19
9

40
40
19

ㅢᏱᬺോࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ
⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ
ታ⸽⋡⊛ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ
ㅢᏱᬺോࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ

੐ᓟ࠹ࠬ࠻ߩ࠲ࠗࡒࡦࠣ
ಣㆄ⚳ੌ⋥ᓟ
2-52 ㅳ

38
9

81
19

ታᣉߦ㑐ࠊࠆ໧㗴
ᖱႎឭଏ⠪
ᢎຬ
଻▤⸥㍳
⥄Ꮖႎ๔
ⷰኤ
ⷫߦࠃࠆႎ๔

34
5
4
3
1

޽ߞߚ
․ߦ⷗ࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚ

72
11
9
6
2

ᰴࡍ࡯ࠫߦ⛯ߊ13⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ⴫ 1㧔⛯߈㧕㧦⎇ⓥ․ᕈ㧔n=47㧕
N․ᕈ⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ㐿⊒⠪ߩᓎഀ%․ᕈ㧝ㅳ㑆ᒰߚࠅߩᵴേ࿁ᢙ

N%ਥછ⎇ⓥ⠪߇ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ㐿⊒⠪

26

55

1 ㅳ㑆ᒰߚࠅ 1 ࿁ᧂḩ

24ਥછ⎇ⓥ⠪߇ઁߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍ
ᄌᦝ

16

34

1 ㅳ㑆ᒰߚࠅ 1 ࿁

2247ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ㐿⊒⠪ߩ㑐ਈߥߒ

5

11

1 ㅳ㑆ᒰߚࠅ 1-2 ࿁

2

4

1 ㅳ㑆ᒰߚࠅ 2 ࿁
1 ㅳ㑆ᒰߚࠅ 2-3 ࿁
1 ㅳ㑆ᒰߚࠅ 3 ࿁
1 ㅳ㑆ᒰߚࠅ 3-4 ࿁Ფᣣ㧔1 ㅳ㑆ᒰߚࠅ 5 ࿁)

15
1
2
1
2

32
2
4
2
4

42
7

89
10

ಣㆄߩ႐ᚲ
ㅢᏱᢎ⢒ߩቇᩞ
․೎ᡰេᢎ⢒ቇᩞ/ᢎቶ

42
5

89
11

14
12
11
10

30
26
23
21

13
25
28
12
13

28
53
60
26
28

20
16
8
3

43
34
17
6

ታᣉᜂᒰ⠪
⎇ⓥ⠪
⎇ⓥ⠪㧗ቇᩞᢎ⡯ຬ⎇ⓥߦߪᓥ੐ߒߡ޿ߥ޿⠪
ᄢቇ㒮↢

ᒻᑼ*
ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᒻᑼ
୘ੱᒻᑼ*⋧੕ߦឃઁ⊛ߢߪߥ޿ಣㆄⷐ⚛*৻⥸⊛ߥ⹺⍮ⴕേᔶࠅ߳ߩኻಣ
␠ળ⊛໧㗴ߩ⸃᳿
ⷞὐขᓧⴕേୃᱜ*⋧੕ߦឃઁ⊛ߢߪߥ޿ಣㆄᦼ㑆
8 ㅳ㑆એਅ
9-16 ㅳ㑆
17-34 ㅳ㑆
1 ቇᐕᐲ‫ࠇߘߪߚ߹ޔ‬એ਄ᄢᄙᢙߩ⎇ⓥߢ㧔74%㧕‫ޔ‬ಣㆄ⟲‫߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬Ყセ⟲ࠍ⸳ቯߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫↢ޔ‬ᓤ୘ੱ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߩή૞ὑഀ
ᒰ߇↪޿ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ኻ⽎⎇ⓥߩ 87%߇ࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓᄌᢙߦߟ޿ߡ੐೨࠹ࠬ࠻ߩ⚿ᨐࠍႎ๔ߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ߘޔ‬ࠇߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬ലᨐ㊂࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߩਔࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ㑆ߩ੐೨࠹ࠬ࠻Ꮕ⇣ߦᔕߓߚ⺞ᢛࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬5ో૕⊛ߦ‫ޔ‬੐೨࠹ࠬ࠻ߢߩᐔဋലᨐ㊂ߪ࠯ࡠ߆ࠄߪᄢ߈ߊ㔌ࠇߡ߅ࠄߕ‫ޔ‬ಣㆄ㐿ᆎ೨‫ޔ‬ಣㆄ⟲߅ࠃ߮Ყセ⟲ߪ‫ޔ‬ห⒟ᐲߩ᡹᠄⊛ⴕേࠍ᦭ߒߡ޿ߚߎߣࠍ␜ߔ‫ޔߦᦝޕ‬ή૞ὑ߅ࠃ߮㕖ή૞ὑ⊛ഀᒰࠍ↪
޿ߚ⎇ⓥߣߩ㑆ߦ‫ޔ‬੐೨࠹ࠬ࠻ߢ᦭ᗧᏅߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
1 ߟߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩߺ߇ㅢᏱᬺോࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ㧔ᢎ⡯ຬߦࠃࠅ⃻⡯ᢎ⢒ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߣߒߡ▤ℂߐࠇࠆ߽ߩ㧕ߣߒߡࠦ࡯࠼ൻߐࠇߚ‫ޔߪࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊߩઁߩߘޕ‬ਥߦ⎇ⓥ‫ߪߚ߹ޔ‬ታ⸽⋡⊛ߦታᣉߐࠇߚ߽
ߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻᔕߒߡ‫⹏ߩࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޔ‬ଔ⠪/⎇ⓥ⠪߇‫ޔ‬ಣㆄߩታᣉ‫ߪߚ߹ޔ‬ታᣉᜂᒰ⠪ߩ⋙〈ߦ㑐ࠊࠆ௑ะ߇޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ኻ⽎⎇ⓥߩ 55%ߢ‫ޔ‬ਥછ⎇ⓥຬ߇⎇ⓥߦၮߠ޿ߡࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ㐿⊒ࠍⴕߞߚߩߦኻߒ‫ࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޔ‬㐿⊒⠪߇⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦ㑐ଥߒߡ޿ߥ޿⎇ⓥߪ 5 ઙߒ߆ߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ኻ⽎⎇ⓥߩ 3 ಽߩ 1 ࠍ⧯ᐓ਄࿁ࠆ߽ߩߢ‫ࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޔ‬㐿⊒⠪ߩ㑐ਈߪή޿߇‫ޔ‬ਥછ⎇ⓥຬ߇ࡊࡠࠣ࡜
ࡓߩᄌᦝࠍⴕߞߡ޿ߚ‫ߦࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޔߪࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒ‫ࠆ޽ޔ‬⒳ߩᚲ᦭ᮭࠍ↢ߓߐߖࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ߣ‫ޔ‬
5ࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓᄌᢙߦߟ޿ߡߩ੐೨࠹ࠬ࠻⚿ᨐ߇ឭଏߐࠇߥ߆ߞߚߚ߼ߦ੐೨Ꮕ⇣ߦᔕߓߚ⺞ᢛࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇
ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚ⎇ⓥ߇ 5 ઙ޽ߞߚ‫ ߜ߁ߩߘޕ‬4 ઙߢ‫↢ޔ‬ᓤ୘ੱ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߩή૞ὑഀᒰ߇↪޿ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬੐೨࠹ࠬ࠻
⚿ᨐ߇ᰳߌߡ޿ߚ 1 ઙߩḰታ㛎⊛⎇ⓥߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ⠪ߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬ಣㆄታᣉ೨‫ޔ‬੐೨࠹ࠬ࠻᷹ቯ⚿ᨐߦ᦭ᗧᏅߪߥ߆ߞߚߣㅀߴࠄࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬14⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ

ࠊߚߒߚߜߪ⠨߃ࠆ‫৻ࠍࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊⴕ⃻ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬ㇱᄌᦝߒߚ⚿ᨐ‫ࠆ޽ޔ‬ᗧ๧‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ⠪߇ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ㐿⊒⠪ߣߥࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߦᦝޕ‬ᄢᄙᢙߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ⠪ߩಣㆄታᣉ‫ࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊ߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬▤ℂ߳ߩ㑐ਈ߇㕖Ᏹߦᒝ߆ߞߚߚ߼‫ޔ‬ታᣉߦ㑐ߔࠆ໧㗴ࠍႎ๔ߒߚ⎇ⓥߪዋᢙߛߞߚ㧔9 ઙ㧕‫ޕ‬7 ߟߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߇‫ޔ‬1 ኻ 1 ᒻᑼߩߺ‫ޔߪߚ߹ޔ‬୘ੱᒻᑼ߅ࠃ߮ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᒻᑼࠍ↪޿ߡታᣉߐࠇߡ޿
ߚ߇‫ޔߪࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޔ‬ਥߦㅢᏱߩቇᩞߢࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᒻᑼࠍ↪޿ߡታᣉߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬5 ߟߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߇‫ޔ‬․೎ᡰេᢎ⢒ߩ↢ᓤࠍኻ⽎ߦታᣉߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ಣㆄᦼ㑆ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬8 ㅳ㑆એਅߩ⍴ᦼ㑆ߩ߽ߩ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬1ቇᐕᦼ‫ࠇߘߪߚ߹ޔ‬એ਄ߦᷰߞߡ⛯ߌࠄࠇߚ߽ߩ߹ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢㇱಽߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߇‫ޔ‬1 ㅳ㑆ᒰߚ
ࠅ 1 ࿁‫ ߪߚ߹ޔ‬2 ࿁ߩᵴേ㗫ᐲࠍᜬߟ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫↢ޕ‬ᓤߪ‫ޔߦ⊛ဳౖޔ‬ಣㆄߦෳടߔࠆߚ߼ߦㅢ
Ᏹߩ᝼ᬺ߆ࠄᒁ߈ᛮ߆ࠇߚߚ߼‫ޔ‬ᄢᄙᢙߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߇‫ޔ‬ㅳ 1 ࿁߹ߚߪ 2 ࿁ߩᵴേߛߌࠍ⚵߻ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚߩߪ㛳ߊߦ୯ߒߥ޿‫৻ޕ‬ㅪߩታᣉᜂᒰ⠪߇ᵴ↪ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ᄢㇱಽߩ⠪߇‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ⠪ߣ૗ࠄ߆ߩ㑐ㅪࠍᜬߞߡ޿ߚ‫ᦨޕ‬ᓟߦ‫ ⴫ޔ‬1 ߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળᖱႎಣℂߩ⇣ߥࠆ࠲ࠗࡊߩ੺౉߇૶ࠊࠇߚ㗫ᐲࠍ␜ߒߚ߽
ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᄢᄙᢙߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢ‫␠ޔ‬ળᖱႎಣℂߩ 1 ߟએ਄ߩ஥㕙߇฽߹ࠇ‫ޔ‬13 ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢߪ
૬ߖߡⴕേୃᱜߩⷐ⚛߽฽߹ࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬ㆬ೎ဳ߅ࠃ߮ᓽ୥ဳ␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩᐔဋലᨐ
ㆬቯၮḰࠍḩߚߒߚ 47 ઙߩ⎇ⓥ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ว⸘ 120 ߩ᡹᠄⊛߹ߚߪ⎕უ⊛ⴕേߦ㑐ߔࠆᮡḰൻᐔဋᏅല
ᨐ㊂߇ᓧࠄࠇߚ‫ࠄࠇߎޕ‬ലᨐ㊂ߪ‫ޔ‬ಣㆄ⟲ߣᲧセ⟲ߣߩ㑆ߦ޽ࠆ੺౉ᓟߩᏅ⇣ࠍ␜ߔ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᄢᄙᢙߩ⎇ⓥ㧔32 ઙ㧕߇ 2 ߟએ਄㧔2㨪9㧕ߩലᨐ㊂ࠍ▚಴ߒߚߩߦኻߒ‫ޔ‬15 ઙߩ⎇ⓥߢߪ‫ޔ‬1 ߟߩ
ലᨐ㊂ߩߺ߇▚಴ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬᡹᠄⊛߅ࠃ߮⎕უ⊛ⴕേߦ㑐ߔࠆห৻⎇ⓥౝߢߩⶄᢙߩ᷹ቯߪ‫ޔ‬᡹᠄⊛ⴕേߩ⇣ߥࠆ㕙㧔଀߃߫‫ޔ‬り૕⊛߅ࠃ߮㕖り૕⊛᡹᠄㧕ߦߟ޿ߡߩ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ߆‫ࠆߥ⇣ޔ‬ᖱႎឭଏ⠪ߦࠃࠅႎ๔ߐࠇߚหߓ࠲ࠗࡊߩ᡹᠄⊛ⴕേߦߟ޿ߡߩ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬৻ㅪߩ⁛┙ߒߚലᨐ㊂ࠍಽᨆ↪ߦḰ஻ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬ฦ⒳ᚻ㗅ࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖߚ‫ߩࡊࠗ࠲ࠆߥ⇣ޕ‬᡹᠄⊛ⴕേߦ㑐ߔࠆ⚿ᨐ߇ႎ๔ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬ኻੱ㑐ଥߦ߅ߌࠆり૕⊛᡹᠄ᕈࠍᦨ߽㗼⪺ߦ⴫ߔ
1 ߟ߹ߚߪⶄᢙߩലᨐ㊂ࠍㆬᛯߒ‫ߩઁߩߘޔ‬ലᨐ㊂ߪಾࠅᝥߡߚ‫ޕ‬ᰴߦ‫ޔ‬ᖱႎឭଏ⠪ࠍᄌᢙߣߒߡ
ಽᨆߦ฽߼ߚ޿ߣ޿߁ℂ↱ߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬ലᨐ㊂߇ⶄᢙႎ๔ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ႐ว‫ࠆߥ⇣ޔ‬ᖱႎឭଏ⠪߆ࠄߩലᨐ㊂ߪᐔဋߒߥ޿ߎߣߦߒߚ‫ޕ‬ห৻ᖱႎឭଏ⠪߹ߚߪᖱႎḮ߆ࠄⶄᢙߩലᨐ㊂߇ႎ๔ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ႐
วߦߪ‫ߩࠄࠇߘޔ‬ᐔဋ୯ࠍ↪޿ߚ‫ࠆߥ⇣ޔߦᦝޕ‬ᖱႎឭଏ⠪߆ࠄⶄᢙߩലᨐ㊂߇ႎ๔ߐࠇߚ⎇ⓥߦ
ߟ޿ߡߪ‫࠲࡯࠺ޔ‬ਛ‫߽ᦨޔ‬㗫❥ߦ⊓႐ߔࠆᖱႎឭଏ⠪߆ࠄ 1 ߟߩലᨐ㊂ࠍㆬᛯߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬႐ว‫ޔ‬ᢎຬ߇ᦨ߽৻⥸⊛ߥᖱႎឭଏ⠪ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔߡ޿⛯ޔ‬ෳട⠪⥄りߦࠃࠆ⥄Ꮖႎ๔ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ᚻ㗅ߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬એਅߩಽᨆߩኻ⽎ߣߥࠆ 47 ୘ߩലᨐ㊂߇ᓧࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬⛔วߐࠇߚ࡜ࡦ࠳ࡓലᨐᐔဋ୯ߪ.26㧔p<.001㧕ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ಣㆄ⟲ߩኻ⽎⠪ߪ‫ޔ‬ㆬ೎ဳ߹ߚߪᓽ୥ဳ
␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߳ߩෳടᓟ‫ޔ‬Ყセ⟲ኻ⽎⠪ࠃࠅ߽᦭ᗧߦ᡹᠄⊛߅ࠃ߮⎕უ⊛ⴕേ߇ૐ߆ߞ
ߚ‫ޕ‬࿑ 1 ߪ‫ࡓ࠳ࡦ࡜ޔ‬ലᨐࡕ࠺࡞ߦၮߠߊലᨐ㊂ಽᏓߩࡈࠜ࡟ࠬ࠻࡮ࡊࡠ࠶࠻ࠍ␜ߔ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ലᨐ㊂ߪ‫ޔ‬-.71 ߆ࠄ 1.29 ߩ▸࿐ߦ޽ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬࿑ߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢᄙᢙ㧔60%એ਄㧕ߩലᨐ߇‫ޔ‬ᄢ߈ߊߪߥ޿߇‫ޔ‬ᱜߩ୯ࠍߣߞߚߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬15⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ᡹᠄⊛߅ࠃ߮⎕უ⊛ⴕേߦኻߔࠆᮡḰൻᐔဋᏅലᨐ㊂࿑ 1㧦᡹᠄⊛߅ࠃ߮⎕უ⊛ⴕേࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓߦኻߔࠆಣㆄᓟߩലᨐ㊂߅ࠃ߮ା㗬඙㑆

16⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ

⺞ᢛലᨐߩಽᨆ
ലᨐ㊂ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫⎇ࠆߥ⇣ޔ‬ⓥ㑆ߢ᦭ᗧߥᄌേ߽޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬Q ⛔⸘㊂ࠍ↪޿ߡലᨐ㊂ߩဋ⾰ᕈߩᬌቯࠍⴕߞߚߣߎࠈ㧔Hedges ߅ࠃ߮ Olkin‫ޔ‬1985 ᐕ㧕‫ޔ‬ኻ⽎⠪࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߩᮡᧄ⺋Ꮕ߆ࠄߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆࠃ
ࠅ߽ᄢ߈ߥᄌേ߇‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥࠍᮮᢿߒߡ⷗ࠄࠇߚ㧔Q46=97‫ޔ‬p<.001㧕‫ߩߎޕ‬ᄌേߪ‫ޔ౉੺ޔ‬ኻ⽎⠪‫߅ޔ‬ࠃ߮‫ޔ‬᥉ㆉဳࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ⎇ⓥᚻᴺߩᕈ⾰ߦ㑐ㅪߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᰴߩᲑ㓏ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ലᨐ㊂ߦᦨ߽ᒝߊ㑐ㅪߔࠆ⎇ⓥ․ᕈࠍ․ቯߒߚ‫ޕ‬⎇ⓥᚻᴺߣലᨐ㊂ߣߩ㑐ଥലᨐ㊂ߦᦨ߽ᒝߊ㑐ㅪߔࠆ⎇ⓥ․ᕈࠍ․ቯߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫⎇ޔߕ߹ޔ‬ⓥᚻᴺߩ⾰ߣ⎇ⓥലᨐߣߩ㑐ଥࠍᬌ⸛ߒߚ‫⚿ߩߎޕ‬ᨐߪ‫ޔ‬ᓟߦ‫ߥ⊛⾰ᧄࠅࠃޔ‬ᵈ⋡ὐߢ޽ࠆ੺౉߅ࠃ߮ኻ⽎⠪․ᕈߩಽᨆࠍᓇ㗀ജߩᒝ޿⎇ⓥᚻᴺᄌᢙߢ⛔೙ߔࠆ㓙ߦ૶ࠊࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥᚻᴺߩ․ᕈࠍ⴫ߔ᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᖱႎ߇‫ߩߎޔ‬ಽᨆߢ↪޿ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㑐ㅪߔࠆᄌᢙߪએਅߩㅢࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓥዻᄌᢙߩ․ᕈ••ᖱႎឭଏ⠪㧦ᢎຬ߇ᦨ߽㗫❥ߥᖱႎឭଏ⠪ߢ޽ࠅ㧔47 ઙߩ⎇ⓥਛ 34 ઙ㧕‫ޔ‬ᢎຬߦࠃࠆᖱႎ
ឭଏࠍ␜ߔߚ߼ߦ‫࡯ࡒ࠳ޔ‬ᄌᢙࠍ 1 ߟ↪޿ߚ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߩᆌᆂ✬ߢ޽ࠆ᥉ㆉဳࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ࡟ࡆ
ࡘ࡯㧔Wilson ߅ࠃ߮ Lipsey‫੍⴫⊒ޔ‬ቯ㧕ߢ↪޿ࠄࠇߚᚻᴺᄌᢙߦ⛔৻ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫⥄ޔ‬Ꮖႎ๔ࠍ␜ߔ࠳ࡒ࡯ᄌᢙ߽↪޿㧔࠳ࡒ࡯ᄌᢙ 1 ߢࠦ࡯࠼ൻ㧕‫ޔ‬ಽᨆኻ⽎ߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬᷹ቯߩ࠲ࠗࡒࡦࠣ㧦࠳ࡒ࡯ࠦ࡯࠼ൻߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬ಣㆄ⚳ੌ⋥ᓟߩ᷹ቯ㧔࠳ࡒ࡯ᄌᢙ㧦1㧕ߣ‫ޔ‬ಣㆄ⚳ੌᓟ 2 ㅳ㑆߹ߚߪߘࠇએ਄ߩㅳᢙࠍ⚻ߚᓟߢߩ᷹ቯ㧔࠳ࡒ࡯ᄌᢙ㧦0‫⚻ޔ‬ㆊㅳᢙߪ 2㨪36ㅳ㑆㧕ߣ߇඙೎ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬⎇ⓥ⸘↹ߩ․ᕈ߅ࠃ߮໧㗴ὐ•••⎇ⓥ⸘↹ߪ‫ޔ‬3 ߟߩ࠳ࡒ࡯ᄌᢙࠍ↪޿ߡಽ㘃ߐࠇߚ㧦୘ੱ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߩή૞ὑഀઃ‫ࡊ࡯࡞ࠣޔ‬߹ߚߪࠢ࡜ࠬ࠲࡯࡮࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߩή૞ὑഀઃ‫ޔ߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬㕖ή૞ὑഀઃ㧔ߘࠇߙࠇߩ࠳ࡒ࡯ᄌᢙ
ߪ 1‫ޔ‬Ḱ᜚㓸࿅ߩ࠳ࡒ࡯ᄌᢙߪ 0㧕ߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬੐೨࠹ࠬ࠻ߦᓥߞߚ⺞ᢛ㧦࠳ࡒ࡯ᄌᢙߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬੐ᓟߩᐔဋᏅലᨐ㊂߇‫ޔ‬੐೨ߩᏅ⇣ߦวࠊߖߡ⺞ᢛߐࠇߚ߆ߤ߁߆߇␜ߐࠇࠆ㧔࠳ࡒ࡯ᄌᢙ 1㧦⺞ᢛᷣߺ‫࡯ࡒ࠳ޔ‬ᄌᢙ 0㧦⺞ᢛߥߒ㧕‫ޕ‬⣕⪭₸㧦ഀઃᤨ߆ࠄ੐ᓟ࠹ࠬ࠻߹ߢߩ㑆ߦ⊒↢ߒߚᷫዋ₸㧔ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠹࡯ࠫ୯㧕ߘߩઁ•ലᨐ㊂ߩ✚ᢙ

ߎࠇࠄ⎇ⓥᚻᴺᄌᢙߩ৻ߟ৻ߟߣ‫ޔ‬᡹᠄⊛߅ࠃ߮⎕უ⊛ⴕേߦߟ޿ߡߩലᨐ㊂ߣߩ⋧㑐㑐ଥࠍᬌ⸽ߒߚ‫⋧ߩߎޕ‬㑐㑐ଥߪ‫ᦨޔ‬ዕផቯᴺࠍ↪޿ߚಽᢔߩㅒᢙࠍ㊀ߺߣߔࠆ࡜ࡦ࠳ࡓലᨐࡕ࠺࡞
ߢߩ࠯ࡠᰴ⋧㑐ߢ޽ࠅ‫ ⴫ޔ‬2 ߦ␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔Raudenbush, 1994㧕‫ޕ‬

17⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ

⴫㧞㧦⎇ⓥᚻᴺ․ᕈ߅ࠃ߮᡹᠄⊛࡮⎕უ⊛ⴕേߦኻߔࠆലᨐ㊂ߩ࠯ࡠᰴ⋧㑐㧔n=47㧕
p
ᚻᴺᄌᢙ
⋧㑐㑐ଥ
ᢎຬߦࠃࠅႎ๔ߐࠇߚᓥዻᄌᢙ (1) vs. ߘߩઁ (0)

-.12
.11
-.05
-.02
.01
.01
-.06
-.46
.05

⥄Ꮖႎ๔ߐࠇߚᓥዻᄌᢙ (1) vs. ߘߩઁ (0)᷹ቯߩ࠲ࠗࡒࡦࠣ‫⋥ޔ‬ᓟ (1) vs. ߘߩᓟ (0)ή૞ὑഀઃ‫ޔ‬୘ੱ (1) vs. ߘߩઁ (0)㩂㩡㩇㩊㨺න૏ߢߩή૞ὑഀઃ (1) vs. ߘߩઁ (0)㕖ή૞ὑ⊛ഀઃ (1) vs. ߘߩઁ (0)੐೨࠹ࠬ࠻ߦࠃࠆ⺞ᢛ (1) vs. ⺞ᢛߥߒ (0)⣕⪭₸ (% ᷫዋ)ലᨐ㊂ߩ✚ᢙ
ᵈ㧦ട㊀࡜ࡦ࠳ࡓലᨐಽᨆ

.40
.45
.70
.89
.92
.94
.67
.00
.71

ࠊߚߒߚߜ߇ᬌ⸽ߒߚ⎇ⓥᚻᴺ․ᕈߣലᨐ㊂ߣߩ㑆ߦߪ‫᦭ޔ‬ᗧߥ㑐ଥ߇ߚߛ 1 ߟ⷗ߟ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬⣕⪭₸ߣ⎇ⓥࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓߣߩ㑆ߦߪ‫᦭ޔ‬ᗧߥ‫ޔ‬ᒝ޿⽶ߩ㑐ଥ߇޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬⣕⪭₸߇ᄢ߈ߊߥࠆ߶ߤ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ߆
ࠄߩലᨐ㊂ߪዊߐߊߥࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᚻᴺಽᨆߢᦨ߽⋡ߦઃߊߩߪ‫ޔ‬୘ੱ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߩή
૞ὑഀઃࠍ↪޿ߚ⎇ⓥߣ‫ޔ‬㕖ή૞ὑ⊛ᚻᴺߦࠃࠅኻ⽎⠪ࠍࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦഀઃߌߚ⎇ⓥߣߩ㑆ߦߪ‫ޔ‬Ꮕ⇣߇ߥ߆ߞߚߣ޿߁⚿ᨐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓇ㗀ജ߇ᒝ޿ߩߢ‫ޔ‬⣕⪭₸ߪએਅߦ⛯ߊోߡߩಽᨆߦᜬߜ⿧ߒ‫ޔ‬⎇ⓥᚻᴺᄌᢙߩ⛔೙ߣߒߡ↪޿ߚ‫ޔߦᦝޕ‬ഀઃᣇᴺ߇ᜬߟߤߩࠃ߁ߥᓇ㗀߽᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬㕖ή૞ὑ⊛ഀઃࠍ⴫ߔ࠳ࡒ࡯ᄌᢙࠍએਅߦᜬߜ⿧ߒߚ‫᦭ޕ‬ᗧߢߪߥ޿߽ߩߩ‫ޔ‬ലᨐ㊂ߣߩ㑆ߦߪήⷞߢ߈ߥ޿㑐ଥ߇޽ߞߚߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬ᢎຬႎ๔ࠍ␜ߔ࠳ࡒ࡯ᄌᢙ߽଻⇐ߒߚ‫ޕ‬6ߘߩઁߩ⎇ⓥ․ᕈߣലᨐ㊂ߣߩ㑐ଥ਄ߢ․ቯߐࠇߚᓇ㗀ജߩᒝ޿⎇ⓥᚻᴺᄌᢙࠍ଻ᜬߒߚ߹߹‫ޔ‬㊀ⷐߥታ⾰⊛⎇ⓥ․ᕈߩಽᨆߦะ߆߁
ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ಽᨆߪ‫ޔ‬ᚻᴺᄌᢙߩߚ߼ߦ਄ߢ⸥ㅀߐࠇߚ߽ߩߣหߓᚻ㗅ࠍ〯߻߇‫ޔ‬਄ߩಽᨆ߆ࠄᜬߜㄟࠎߛ 3 ߟߩ⎇ⓥᚻᴺᄌᢙߦวࠊߖߚ⺞ᢛࠍታᣉߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ಽᢔߩㅒᢙߢട㊀ߒߚ࡜ࡦ࠳ࡓല
ᨐࡕ࠺࡞ߦၮߠߊ৻ㅪߩ㊀࿁Ꮻಽᨆࠍ‫ޔ‬4 ߟߩᚻᴺᄌᢙࠍ⛔೙ߒߚ᧦ઙߢ‫⎇ߩࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬ⓥ․ᕈ㧔න৻ߩ⎇ⓥ․ᕈࠍ฽߻㧕ߦߟ޿ߡⴕߞߚ㧔Raudenbush, 1994㧕‫⎇ߩઁߩߘޔߕ߹ޔߪߜߚߒߚࠊޕ‬ⓥ․ᕈ߆ࠄߩ੤⛊߇ή޿⁁ᘒߢߘࠇߙࠇߩ⎇ⓥ․ᕈߣലᨐ㊂ߣߩ㑐ଥࠍ․ቯߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ࠄࠇߎޔ‬ಽᨆߩ߭ߣߟ߭ߣߟࠍ୘೎ߦታᣉߔࠆߎߣߦߒߚ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬࿁Ꮻಽᨆߩ⚿ᨐߪ‫ ⴫ޔ‬3 ߦ␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 3 ਛ‫ ߛߚޔ‬1 ߟߩᄌᢙߩߺ߇‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓߣߩ㑆ߦ᦭ᗧߥ㑐ଥࠍᜬߞߡ޿ߚ‫߇ࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޕ‬ታᣉߐࠇߚቇᩞߩ࠲ࠗࡊߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ലᨐ㊂ߣߩ㑆ߦήⷞߔࠆߎߣߩߢ߈ߥ޿㑐ଥ߇޽ࠆᄌᢙ߇‫ ⴫ޔ߼ߚߩߘޕߚߞ޽߆ߟߊ޿ઁߩߘޔ‬3 ߦ␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߭ߣߟ߭ߣߟߩᄌᢙࠣ࡞࡯ࡊࠍ‫ޔ‬㗅⇟ߦᬌ⸛ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬⎇ⓥ৻⥸․ᕈߩਛߢߪ‫ޔ‬ലᨐ㊂ߣߩ㑆ߦ᦭ᗧߥ㑐ଥࠍᜬߟ߽ߩߪή߆ߞߚ‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬಴ ᐕߩࡌ࡯࠲୯ߪ .10 ࠃࠅ߽ᄢ߈߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬᭎ߒߡ‫ࠅࠃޔ‬ㄭᐕ಴ ߐࠇߚ߽ߩ߶ߤ‫ޔ‬ᓧࠄࠇࠆലᨐ㊂ߪᄢ߈ߊߥ
ߚ‫↢ޕ‬ᓤߩ․ᕈߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫↢ޔ‬ᓤߩ࡝ࠬࠢᐲߩߺ߇‫ޔ‬ലᨐ㊂ߣߩ㑆ߦ .10 ࠃࠅ߽ᒝ޿㑐ଥࠍᜬߞߡ޿ߚ‫ ⴫ޕ‬1 ߦ␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫↢ޔ‬ᓤߩ࡝ࠬࠢᐲߦߪ‫ޔ‬3 ߟߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ૐ࡝ࠬࠢ‫ޔ‬ㆬ೎ဳ‫߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬ᓽ୥ဳߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ㆬ೎ဳࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߩ↢ᓤߪ‫⊒ᧂޔ‬㆐ߥ␠ળ⊛ࠬࠠ࡞‫ޔ‬ᵈᗧ㓚ኂ‫ߩߘޔ‬ઁห᭽ߩ࡝ࠬࠢⷐ࿃ߥߤ‫ޔ‬዁᧪⊛ߦ෻␠ળ⊛ⴕേߩෂ㒾ᕈ߇޽ࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޔ‬ኻ⽎ߣߒߡㆬ߫ࠇߚ⠪ߚߜߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓽ୥ဳߩ↢ᓤߪ‫ޔ‬᡹᠄⊛߹ߚߪ⎕უ⊛ⴕേࠍ‫ޔ‬ᣢߦ⷗ߖߡ޿ߚ⠪ߚߜߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ࡌ࡯࠲୯ߪ᦭ᗧߢߪߥ߆ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬ᓽ୥ဳࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߩ↢ᓤߚߜߪ‫ޔ‬ૐ࡝ࠬࠢߩ↢ᓤࠃࠅ߽‫ޔ‬᡹᠄⊛

6⥄Ꮖႎ๔ߦࠃࠆᓥዻᄌᢙࠍ઻߁⎇ⓥߪߚߞߚ 4 ઙߛߞߚߚ߼ߦ‫⥄ޔ‬Ꮖႎ๔ࠍ␜ߔ࠳ࡒ࡯ᄌᢙߪᜬߜ⿧ߐߥ߆
ߞߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᄌᢙߪ‫ޔ‬ᆌᆂ✬ߢ޽ࠆ᥉ㆉဳ␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߣߩ৻⽾ᕈࠍ଻ߟߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬ᚻᴺಽᨆߩ╙৻Ბ㓏ߩߺߦ฽߹ࠇߚ‫ޕ‬18⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ߅ࠃ߮⎕უ⊛ⴕേ߇ಣㆄᓟࠃࠅᄢ߈ߊᷫዋߒߚ‫ޕ‬ലᨐ㊂ߣ‫ޔ‬ᕈ೎᭴ᚑ‫ޔ‬ᐕ㦂‫␠ߪߚ߹ޔ‬ળ⚻ᷣ⊛࿾૏ߣߩ㑆ߦ‫᦭ޔ‬ᗧߥ㑐ଥߪή߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ቇᩞߩ࠲ࠗࡊߣ⎇ⓥࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓߣߩ㑆ߦ޽ࠆ᦭ᗧߥ㑐ଥߦട߃‫ޔ‬ಣㆄ߅ࠃ߮ߘߩታᣉⅣႺߦ㑐ߔࠆ․ᕈߩ޿ߊߟ߆߇‫ޔ‬ലᨐ㊂ߣߩ㑆ߦήⷞߢ߈ߥ޿㑐ଥ߇޽ߞߚ‫․ޕ‬೎ᡰេᢎ⢒ቇᩞߢታᣉߐࠇߚࡊ
ࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ‫ޔߪߚ߹ޔ‬ಣㆄߩߚ߼ߦኻ⽎⠪ࠍ․೎ᡰេᢎ⢒ߩ᝼ᬺ߆ࠄᛮ߈಴ߔᒻߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ‫ޔ‬ಣㆄߩߚ߼ߦኻ⽎⠪ࠍㅢᏱߩ᝼ᬺ߆ࠄᛮ߈಴ߔࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߶ߤ᦭ലߢߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫․ޕ‬೎ᡰេᢎ⢒ⅣႺ
ߦ޿ࠆ↢ᓤߚߜߪ‫ޔ‬ቇ⠌㕙‫ⴕ߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬േ㕙ߢߩ໧㗴ߥߤߩⶄᢙߩ㓚ኂࠍᛴ߃ߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ో૕⊛ߦ‫ࠢࠬ࡝ޔ‬ᐲߩ㜞޿ሶߤ߽߶ߤ‫ޔ‬ಣㆄ߆ࠄࠃࠅᄙߊߩ᦭⋉ߥലᨐࠍฃߌߚ߇‫․ޔ‬೎ᡰេᢎ⢒ⅣႺߢߩሶߤ߽ߚߜߩ㑆ߦߎߩ௑ะߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ሶߤ߽ߚߜߪ‫ߦ✜৻ޔ‬૞ᬺࠍߔࠆߩ߇
․ߦ㔍ߒ޿ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬⛔⸘⊛ߦ᦭ᗧߥ㑐ଥߪή߆ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬ᄢቇ㒮↢߇ಣㆄࠍታᣉߒߚࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ⠪⥄り‫ޔߪߚ߹ޔ‬⎇ⓥ⠪એᄖߩ㑐ଥታᣉᜂᒰ⠪㧔ࠞ࠙ࡦ࠮࡜࡯‫ߤߥ࡯ࠞ࡯ࡢ࡮࡞ࡖࠪ࡯࠰ޔ‬㧕ߦࠃࠅታᣉߐࠇߚ߽ߩ
߶ߤലᨐ⊛ߢߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ಣㆄߩ㊂ߣ⾰ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ࠅࠃޔ‬㐳ᦼߦᷰࠅࠃࠅ౞Ṗߦታᣉߐࠇߚࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ‫ޔ‬ታᣉᦼ㑆߇⍴ߊ‫ޔ‬ታᣉߦ໧㗴߇޽ߞߚ߽ߩࠃࠅ߽‫᦭ޔ‬ലߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޔߦᦝޕ‬1 ኻ 1 ᒻᑼࠍ↪޿ߚዋᢙߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ‫ޔ‬↢ᓤ㓸࿅ߩߺࠍኻ⽎ߦታᣉߐࠇߚ߽ߩ߶ߤലᨐ⊛ߢߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬⎇ⓥ․ᕈߣߒߡࠊߚߒߚߜ߇ᦨᓟߦᬌ⸽ߒߚߩߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢᦨ߽৻⥸⊛ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆಣㆄ᭽ᑼ㧔ᔶࠅ߳ߩኻಣ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛໧㗴ߩ⸃᳿‫ⷞޔ‬ὐขᓧ‫⹺⊛⥸৻߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬⍮ⴕേ㧕ࠍ⴫ߔ৻ㅪ
ߩ࠳ࡒ࡯ᄌᢙߣ‫⹺ޔ‬⍮⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ࠍ઻߁ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ᭴ᚑߦട߃ߡⴕേୃᱜߩⷐ⚛߇޽ߞߚߎߣࠍ
⴫ߔ৻ߟߩ࠳ࡒ࡯ᄌᢙߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ ⴫ޕ‬3 ߆ࠄ᣿ࠄ߆ߥࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ಣㆄ᭽ᑼߩ㆑޿ߪ‫ޔ‬⢐ቯ⊛ߦุ߽ቯ⊛ߦ߽‫ߦࡓࠞ࠻࠙ࠕޔ‬㑐ㅪߒߡߪ޿ߥ߆ߞߚ‫ࠆߥ⇣ߩߡోޕ‬ಣㆄ᭽ᑼ߇‫ޔ‬᡹᠄⊛߅ࠃ߮⎕უ⊛ⴕേࠍ
ห⒟ᐲᷫዋߐߖߚ‫ޕ‬19⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ⴫ 3㧦ᚻᴺᄌᢙ߇⛔೙ߐࠇߚ᧦ઙߢߩ⎇ⓥ․ᕈ߅ࠃ߮᡹᠄⊛ⴕേലᨐ㊂ߩ㑐ଥ㧔n=47㧕
⎇ⓥ․ᕈ
Ǫ (ᚻᴺߪ⛔೙)⎇ⓥ৻⥸․ᕈ಴ ᐕ಴ ᷣ (1) vs. ᧂ಴ (0)☨࿖ (1) vs. ߘߩઁోߡߩ࿖ (0)

.15
.10
-.07

↢ᓤߩ․ᕈ
↢ᓤߩෂ㒾ᕈ (1=ૐ޿‫ޔ‬2=ㆬ೎ߐࠇߚ‫ޔ‬3=ᓽ୥޽ࠅߣߐࠇߚ)ᕈ೎ߦࠃࠆ᭴ᚑ (↵ᕈߩഀว‫ޔ‬%)ᐕ㦂ૐ␠ળ⚻ᷣ⊛࿾૏ (1) vs. ᷙว‫ߪߚ߹ޔ‬ਛ↥㓏⚖ (0)

.12
.09
-.09
.07

⎇ⓥߢߩ⹏ଔ⠪/⎇ⓥ⠪ߩᓎഀಣㆄታᣉߦ߅ߌࠆ⹏ଔ⠪ߩᓎഀ (1=ૐ޿㧧4=㜞޿)ታ⸽⋡⊛㩖㩩㩥㩂㩨㩡㩛 (1) vs ㅢᏱᬺോ (0)㩖㩩㩥㩂㩨㩡㩛㐿⊒⠪߇ਥછ⎇ⓥຬ (1) vs. 㩖㩩㩥㩂㩨㩡㩛㐿⊒⠪߇ਥછ⎇ⓥຬߢߪߥ޿ (0)ਥછ⎇ⓥຬ߇㩖㩩㩥㩂㩨㩡㩛ࠍᄌᦝ (1) vs. ᄌᦝߪߥߒ (0)

-.06
.07
.03
.07

ಣㆄߩ႐߅ࠃ߮ታᣉ⠪․ᱶⅣႺ (1) vs. ㅢᏱߩቇᩞ (0)⎇ⓥ⠪߇ಣㆄࠍታᣉ (1) vs. ߘߩઁߩታᣉ⠪ (0)ᄢቇ㒮↢߇ಣㆄࠍታᣉ (1) vs. ߘߩઁ (0)⎇ⓥᓥ੐⠪ߢߪߥ޿⠪ߦࠃࠆታᣉ (1) vs. ⎇ⓥ⠪ (0)

-.24*
.04
-.12
.10

ಣㆄߩ㊂ߣ⾰ಣㆄᦼ㑆 (ㅳන૏)1 ㅳ㑆ᒰߚࠅߩᵴേ࿁ᢙ
ታᣉߦ㑐ߔࠆ⾰ (໧㗴ߥߒ=1‫ޔ‬໧㗴޽ࠅ=0)

.19
-.01
.15

ಣㆄᒻᑼ
ಣㆄ߇୘ੱኻ⽎ߩ 1 ኻ 1 ߩⷐ⚛ࠍ᦭ߔࠆ (ߪ޿=1㧧޿޿߃=0)

-.15

ಣㆄⷐ⚛
৻⥸⊛ߥ⹺⍮ⴕേߩⷐ⚛ (1) vs. ߘߩઁ (0)ᔶࠅ߳ߩኻಣߩⷐ⚛ (1) vs. ߘߩઁ (0)␠ળ⊛໧㗴⸃᳿ߩⷐ⚛ (1) vs. ߘߩઁ (0)ⷞὐขᓧߩⷐ⚛ (1) vs. ߘߩઁ (0)ⴕേୃᱜߩⷐ⚛ (1) vs. ߘߩઁ (0)ᵈ㧦ട㊀࡜ࡦ࠳ࡓലᨐಽᨆ
* p<.10

.03
.04
.01
-.05
-.05

20

⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ᡹᠄⊛߅ࠃ߮⎕უ⊛ⴕേߦኻߒߡ᷹ⷰߐࠇߚലᨐߩ⺞ᢛᄌᢙᦨᓟߦ‫ޔ‬਄ߢ․ቯߐࠇߚ᳿ቯ⊛ߦ㊀ⷐߥᗧ๧ࠍᜬߟ޿ߊߟ߆ߩᄌᢙߩ⋧ኻ⊛ߥᓇ㗀ജࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆߎ
ߣߢ‫ޔ‬ലᨐ㊂ߦኻߔࠆ㊀ⷐߥ⺞ᢛᄌᢙࠍಽᨆߒߚ‫ޕ‬వߦ․ቯߐࠇߚ 3 ߟߩ⎇ⓥᚻᴺᄌᢙߣ‫ ⴫ޔ‬3 ਛ‫ޔ‬ࡌ࡯࠲ଥᢙ߇ .10 ࠃࠅ߽ᄢ߈ߥ୯ࠍߣࠆోߡߩᄌᢙߣࠍᛩ౉ߒ‫ޔ‬ಽᢔߩㅒᢙߢട㊀ߒߚ࡜ࡦ࠳ࡓല
ᨐࡕ࠺࡞ߦၮߠߊ㊀࿁Ꮻಽᨆࠍታᣉߒߚ‫ޕ‬ಽᨆ⚿ᨐߪ‫ ⴫ޔ‬4 ߦ␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߎߩᦨ⚳ࡕ࠺࡞ߢߪ‫ޔ‬2 ߟߩᄌᢙߩߺ߇᦭ᗧߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬⣕⪭₸‫․߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬೎ᡰេᢎ⢒ቇᩞߦኻᔕߔ
ࠆ࠳ࡒ࡯ᄌᢙߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬వߩಽᨆߢ⷗ࠄࠇߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬⣕⪭₸߇ᄢ߈ߥ⎇ⓥ߶ߤ‫ޔ‬ലᨐߪᄢ᏷ߦዊߐߊ
ߥࠅ‫․ޔ‬೎ᡰេᢎ⢒ߩ↢ᓤߩߚ߼ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ‫᦭ࠅ߹޽ޔ‬ലߢߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬਄ߢㅀߴߚනᄌ㊂ࡕ࠺࡞ߣห᭽ߦ‫ޔ‬಴ ᐕ‫ޔ‬಴ ⁁ᘒ‫↢ޔ‬ᓤߩ࡝ࠬࠢᐲ‫߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬ታᣉߩ⾰ߪ‫᦭ޔߡోޔ‬ᗧߢߪߥ޿߇ᱜ
ߩ㑐ଥࠍലᨐ㊂ߣߩ㑆ߦᜬߞߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬୘ੱᒻᑼࠍ↪޿ߚࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩലᨐߪ‫ࠍߺߩࡊ࡯࡞ࠣޔ‬ኻ⽎ߦታᣉߐࠇߚ߽ߩࠃࠅ߽‫ࠎ߱ߊ޿ޔ‬ૐ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬⴫ 4㧦ㆬ೎ဳ߅ࠃ߮ᓽ୥ဳ␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦ߅ߌࠆലᨐ㊂⺞ᢛᄌᢙߩ࿁Ꮻࡕ࠺࡞㧔n=47㧕
⎇ⓥ․ᕈ
Ǫ
ᚻᴺ․ᕈ
ᢎຬႎ๔ߐࠇߚᓥዻᄌᢙ (1) vs. ߘߩઁ (0)⣕⪭₸ (%)
ή૞ὑഀઃ (1) vs. ߘߩઁ (0)-.01-.57**-.22⎇ⓥ৻⥸․ᕈ಴ ᐕ಴ ᷣ (1) vs. ᧂ಴

.26
.11

(0)

↢ᓤߩ․ᕈ
↢ᓤߩෂ㒾ᕈ (ᓽ୥޽ࠅ=1; ߘߩઁోߡߩૐ޿ෂ㒾ᐲ=0)

.21

․ᱶⅣႺ
․ᱶⅣႺߢߩ㩖㩩㩥㩂㩨㩡㩛 (1) vs. ㅢᏱߩቇᩞ (0)-.30*ಣㆄߩᒻᑼ߅ࠃ߮ታᣉᜂᒰ⠪ᄢቇ㒮↢߇ታᣉ (1) vs. ߘߩઁ (0)⎇ⓥᓥ੐⠪ߢߥ޿⠪߇ታᣉ (1) vs. ⎇ⓥ⠪ (0)ಣㆄ߇୘ੱኻ⽎ߩ 1 ኻ 1 ߩⷐ⚛ࠍ᦭ߔࠆ (1=ߪ޿㧧0=޿޿߃)

.05
.05
-.17

ಣㆄߩ㊂ߣ⾰ಣㆄᦼ㑆 (ㅳන૏‫ޔ‬ታᣉ⸥㍳ߦ⸥౉)ታᣉߦ㑐ߔࠆ⾰ (໧㗴ߥߒ=1‫ޔ‬໧㗴޽ࠅ=0)ᵈ㧦ട㊀࡜ࡦ࠳ࡓലᨐಽᨆ
** p<.05; * p<.10

.09
.14

ߎߩಽᨆߦ߅ߌࠆ⋧㑐㑐ଥߪ‫ޔ‬᭎ߨ‫ޔ‬వߩಽᨆߢࠊߚߒߚߜ߇⷗ߟߌ಴ߒߚౝኈߦᴪߞߡ޿ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬୘‫⎇ߩޘ‬ⓥ․ᕈᄌᢙࠍ౒ᄌߐߖࠆߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬2‫ޔ‬3 ߩ㆑޿߇↢ߓߚ‫᦭ޕ‬ᗧߢߪߥ޿߇‫ߩߎޔ‬ቢోࡕ࠺࡞
ߢή૞ὑഀᒰߩ࠳ࡒ࡯ᄌᢙߪ‫ࠅࠃޔ‬ᒝ޿ᓇ㗀ജࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬୘ੱ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߩή૞ὑഀᒰࠍ↪޿ߚ⎇ⓥ߆ࠄߪ‫ޔ‬㕖ή૞ὑ⊛⸘↹ࠍ↪޿ߚ⎇ⓥ߆ࠄᓧࠄࠇߚ߽ߩࠃࠅ߽ዊߐߥലᨐ߇↢ߓߚ‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᢎຬႎ๔ߐࠇߚࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓᄌᢙߦኻᔕߔࠆ࠳ࡒ࡯ᄌᢙߪ‫ߤ߶ߐߪߢ࡞࠺ࡕ⚳ᦨߩߎޔ‬ᓇ㗀ജࠍᜬߞߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬21⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ⚿⺰ߎߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡑ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢ࡮࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߪ‫ޔ‬ㆬ೎ߐࠇߚ‫߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬ᓽ୥޽ࠅߣ⷗ߥߐࠇߚቇ㦂ᦼߩሶߤ߽ߚ
ߜߩ᡹᠄⊛߅ࠃ߮⎕უ⊛ⴕേߦኻߔࠆ␠ળᖱႎಣℂಽ㊁ߢߩᩞౝ੺౉ߩലᨐࠍ⺞ߴࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߚ‫ޔߪߜߚߒߚࠊޕ‬ቇᩞⅣႺߢ․೎ߦㆬ೎ߐࠇߚሶߤ߽ߚߜࠍኻ⽎ߦታᣉߐࠇߚ␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥࠍ 47 ઙ․ቯߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚ‫ోޕ‬૕⊛ߦ⢐ቯ⊛ߥࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓലᨐ߇⷗಴ߐࠇ
ߚ‫ޕ‬ಣㆄᓟ‫␠ޔ‬ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦෳടߒߚ࡝ࠬࠢᐲߩ㜞޿↢ᓤ‫ⴕ߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬േ⊛໧㗴ࠍ᦭ߔࠆ↢ᓤߪ‫ߦࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊޔ‬ෳടߒߥ߆ߞߚ↢ᓤࠃࠅ߽‫ޔ‬᡹᠄⊛߅ࠃ߮⎕უ⊛ⴕേ߇ዋߥ߆ߞߚ‫⛔ޕ‬วߐࠇߚട㊀ᐔဋലᨐ㊂ߪ .26 ߢ‫᦭ߦ⊛⸘⛔ޔ‬ᗧߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ലᨐ㊂୯ߩ 60%ࠍ਄࿁ࠆ߽ߩ߇ᱜߩ୯ࠍߣ
ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓߦ㑐ߒߡߪ‫࡯ࡘࡆ࡟ޔ‬ኻ⽎ߣߥߞߚ 47 ઙߩ⎇ⓥߩ㑆ߢ᦭ᗧߥ⇣⾰ᕈ߇޽ࠅ‫⺞ޔ‬ᢛᄌᢙߩಽᨆ߆ࠄߪ‫⥝ߩ߆ߟߊ޿ޔ‬๧ᷓ޿⚿ᨐ߇ᓧࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬1 ߟߩ⎇ⓥᚻᴺᄌᢙߩߺ߇‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥࠕ࠙࠻ࠞࡓߦ
ᓇ㗀ജࠍᜬߞߡ޿ߚ́੐೨࠹ࠬ࠻ߣ੐ᓟ࠹ࠬ࠻ߣߩ㑆ߦᄙߊߩ⣕⪭߇޽ߞߚ⎇ⓥ߆ࠄߪ‫ޔ‬⣕⪭ߩ߶ߣࠎߤή߆ߞߚ⎇ⓥ߆ࠄᓧࠄࠇࠆ⚿ᨐࠃࠅ߽ዊߐߥࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓലᨐࠍ⷗ࠄࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ή૞ὑഀᒰᚻᴺࠍ
↪޿ߚ⎇ⓥ߆ࠄߪ‫ޔ‬㕖ή૞ὑ⊛ᚻᴺࠍ↪޿ߚ߽ߩ߆ࠄࠃࠅ߽‫ޔ‬ዊߐߥലᨐ߇ᓧࠄࠇߚ߇‫ޔ‬ታ㛎⊛⎇ⓥߣḰታ㛎⊛⎇ⓥߣߩ㑆ߦ‫᦭ޔ‬ᗧᏅߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬࡝ࠬࠢᐲߩ㜞޿↢ᓤో૕ߦ᡹᠄⊛ⴕേߩࠃࠅᄢ߈ߥᷫዋ߇⷗ࠄࠇߚ߇‫․ޔ‬೎ᡰេᢎ⢒ⅣႺߩ↢ᓤߩߚ߼ߩ␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ᦭ലᕈߪ‫ޔ‬ㅢᏱᢎ⢒ⅣႺߩ↢ᓤߩߚ߼ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠃࠅ߽᦭ᗧߦ
ഠߞߚ‫ⴕޕ‬േ⊛໧㗴ࠍ᦭ߔࠆ↢ᓤߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬ෂ㒾ᕈߪ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬ᷓೞߥ໧㗴ࠍ੹ߩߣߎࠈ⷗ߖߡ޿ߥ޿
↢ᓤߦᲧߴ‫ࠅࠃޔ‬ᄢ߈ߥᄌൻߩน⢻ᕈࠍᜬߟ௑ะߦ޽ࠆ‫․ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬೎ᡰេᢎ⢒ቇᩞ‫․ߪߚ߹ޔ‬ᱶᢎ⢒ߦ⟎߆ࠇ‫ߩߘޔ‬਄ߦ․೎ߥ᥸ജ੍㒐ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦෳടߔࠆߚ߼ߦㆬ೎ߐࠇߚሶߤ߽ߚߜߪ‫ޔ‬⍴ᦼߩ␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߇ᒝ޿ലᨐࠍਈ߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿ࠃ߁ߥᷓೞߥ໧㗴ࠍᛴ߃ߡ޿ࠆน
⢻ᕈ߽޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߇ᒰߡࠆὶὐߩ㆑޿ߦࠃࠆᏅ⇣ߪ⷗ࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᔶࠅߩኻಣߦᵈ⋡ߒߚࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળ⊛໧㗴ߩ⸃᳿‫ⷞߪߚ߹ޔ‬ὐขᓧߦᵈ⋡ߒߚࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߣห᭽ߦ‫ߤ߶ߐޔ‬ലᨐ⊛ߢߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬෻␠ળ⊛ⴕേࠍ㒐ߋߚ߼ߩㆬ೎ဳ߅ࠃ߮ᓽ୥ဳࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ‫ޔ‬ᄙߊߩቇᩞߦ߅޿ߡ‫᥸ޔ‬ജ㒐ᱛ╷ߩ৻ㇱߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ቇᩞ▤ℂ⠪߅ࠃ߮ᢎຬߪ‫ޔ‬㒐ᱛࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦ㑐ߒߡ᏷ᐢ޿ㆬᛯ⢇߇޽ࠅ‫ࠅࠃޔ‬ലᨐ⊛ߥࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍㆬᛯߔࠆߎߣߦ㑐ᔃࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ‫⛔ޕ‬วߐࠇߚᐔဋലᨐ㊂㧔.26㧕ߪ‫ޔ‬ㆬ೎ဳ߅ࠃ߮ᓽ୥ဳ␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ߇᡹᠄⊛߅ࠃ߮⎕უ⊛ⴕേࠍᷫዋߐߖࠆߎߣߦኻߒߡലᨐ⊛ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔࠍࠇߎޕ‬ቇᩞߢߩ᡹᠄⊛ⴕേߩౖဳ⊛ߥ࡟ࡌ࡞ߦ឵▚ߔࠆߎߣߢ‫ౕࠅࠃޔ‬૕⊛ߥ⴫⃻ߦ⸒޿឵߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬1999 ᐕߩ‫ޟ‬㕍ዋᐕߩ໧㗴ⴕേߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏ‫ޠ‬㧔Youth Risk
Behavior Survey㧕ߦࠃࠆߣ‫↢ޔ‬ᓤߩ 14.2%߇‫⺞ޔ‬ᩏߩ೨ᐕߦᩞౝߢり૕⊛ߥ੎޿ߦ㑐ࠊߞߚߎߣࠍ
ႎ๔ߒߚ‫ޕ‬1995 ᐕ߅ࠃ߮ 1997 ᐕߦߪ‫↢ࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬ᓤߩ 15.5%‫ޔ‬14.8%߇‫ޔ‬り૕⊛ߥ੎޿߳ߩ㑐ਈࠍႎ๔ߒߚ㧔Centers for Disease Control and Prevention‫ޔ‬2002 ᐕ㧕‫ߩࠄࠇߎޕ‬ᢙ୯߆ࠄផ᷹ߒ‫ޔ‬ಣㆄࠍฃߌߥ߆ߞߚ↢ᓤߩ⚂ 15%߇ 1 ቇᐕᐲਛߦ 1 ઙߩ༗ནߦ㑐ࠊࠅว޿ࠍᜬߟߣ઒ቯߔࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ㆬ೎ဳ߅ࠃ߮ᓽ୥ဳ␠ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ⛔วߐࠇߚലᨐ㊂㧔 .26㧕ߪ‫ޔ‬8 ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻࡮ࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߩ༗ན
ߩᷫዋߣ⸒޿឵߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬හߜ‫␠ޔߒ߽ޔ‬ળᖱႎಣℂߩ࠻࡟࡯࠾ࡦࠣࠍฃߌߥ߆ߞߚㆬ೎ဳ߹ߚߪ
ᓽ୥ဳ↢ᓤߩ 15%߇‫౉੺ޔ‬೨ߦ༗ནߦ㑐ࠊࠅว޿ࠍᜬߞߚߣߒߚࠄ‫␠ޔ‬ળᖱႎಣℂࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓࠍฃ
ߌߚ↢ᓤߩ 7%ߩߺ߇༗ནߦ㑐ࠊࠅว޿ࠍᜬߞߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫߽ᦨޕ‬ലᨐ⊛ߥࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪߎ
ࠇࠃࠅ߽ᄢ߈ߥലᨐࠍᜬߞߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᓥߞߡ‫ޔ‬᡹᠄⊛ⴕേߩഀวࠍᦝߦᄢ߈ߊᷫዋߐߖࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬ᦝߦ‫ޔ‬ㆬ೎ဳ߹ߚߪᓽ୥ဳࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩሶߤ߽ߚߜߩᄙߊߪ‫ޔ‬ᣢߦߥࠎࠄ߆ߩ໧㗴ⴕേࠍ⷗ߖߡ޿
ߚߩߢ‫ߩߢࡦࠗ࡜ࠬ࡯ࡌޔ‬ᓐࠄ༗ནⴕേߪ‫ޔ‬15%ߣ޿߁৻⥸⊛ߥផቯ࡟ࡌ࡞ࠃࠅ߽㜞߆ߞߚน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓥߞߡ‫ޔ‬᡹᠄⊛ⴕേߩᷫዋߪ‫߽ࠅࠃࠇߘޔ‬ᄢ߈ߊߥࠆน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬22⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળᦝᣂߩ⸘↹╩⠪ߪ‫ᦝࠍ࡯ࡘࡆ࡟ᧄޔ‬ᣂߒ‫ޔ‬ೋ࿁࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߩᓟߦႎ๔ߐࠇߚᣂⷙ⎇ⓥ‫ޔ߮ࠃ߅ޔ‬ᬌ⚝߆ࠄṳࠇߚవⴕ⎇ⓥߩ߁ߜ․ቯߐࠇᚲ࿷߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ߽ߩࠍኻ⽎ߦ฽߼ࠆߎߣߦ⽿છࠍᜬߟ‫ᦝޕ‬ᣂߪ‫߶ޔ‬
߷ 3 ᐕᲤߦⴕ߁੍ቯߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

೑ኂߩⴣ⓭
ߥߒ

⸶ᵈ㧦ࠧࠪ࠶ࠢ࡮ࠕࡦ࠳࡯࡜ࠗࡦߪᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળߦࠃࠆ‫ޕ‬23⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ

ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
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ߎߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡑ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢ࡮࡟ࡆࡘ࡯ߩኻ⽎ߣߥߞߚ⎇ⓥᵈ㧦ฦෳ⠨ᢥ₂ߦ⛯޿ߡ⴫⸥ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆⷺ᜝ᒐౝߩᢙሼߪ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ․ቯ⇟ภߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ห৻⇟ภࠍᜬߟᒁ↪ᢥ₂ߪ‫ޔ‬ห৻⎇ⓥߩ৻ㇱߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬

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curriculum. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 18, 101-117. [1180]
Larson, J. D. (1991). The effects of a cognitive-behavioral anger-control intervention on the behaviorof at-risk middle school students (Doctoral dissertation, Marquette University). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 52/1-A, 117. (University Microfilms No. AAT91-07785) [1180]
27

⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ

Larson, K. A. (1989). Task-related and interpersonal problem-solving training for increasing school
success in high-risk young adolescents. RASE: Remedial & Special Education, 10, 32-42. [387]Lochman, J. E. (1984). Cognitive-behavioral intervention with aggressive boys: Three year follow-up
and preventive effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 426-432. [458]Lochman, J. E. (1985). Effects of different treatment lengths in cognitive behavioral interventions
with aggressive boys. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 16, 45-56. [458]Lochman, J. E., Burch, P. R., Curry, J. F., & Lampron, L. B. (1984). Treatment and generalization
effects of cognitive-behavioral and goal-setting interventions with aggressive boys. Journal ofConsulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 915-916. [458]Lochman, J. E., Coie, J. D., Underwood, M. K., & Terry, R. (1993). Effectiveness of a social relations
intervention program for aggressive and non-aggressive, rejected children. Journal ofConsulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 1053-1058. [401; 460]
Lochman, J. E., Lampron, L. B. (1988). Cognitive-behavioral interventions for aggressive boys: 7month follow-up effects. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychotherapy, 5, 15-23. [458]Lochman, J. E., Lampron, L. B., Burch, P. R., & Curry, J. F. (1985). Client characteristics associatedwith behavior change for treated and untreated aggressive boys. Journal of Abnormal Child
Psychology, 13, 527-538. [458]Lochman, J. E., Lampron, L. B., Gemmer, T. C., & Harris, S. R. (1987). Anger coping intervention
with aggressive children: A guide to implementation in school settings. In P. A. Keller, & S. R.
Heyman (Eds.), Innovations in clinical practice: A source book (Vol. 6) (pp. 339-356). Sarasota,
FL: Professional Resource Exchange. [458]Lochman, J. E., Lampron, L. B., Gemmer, T. C., Harris, S. R., & Wyckoff, G. M. (1987). Teacher
consultation and cognitive behavioral interventions with aggressive boys. Paper presented at themeeting of the American Psychological Association Annual Convention. (ERIC Document
Reproduction Service No. 291044) [459]Lochman, J. E., Lampron, L. B., Gemmer, T. C., Harris, S. R., & Wyckoff, G. M. (1989). Teacher
consultation and cognitive-behavioral interventions with aggressive boys. Psychology in the
Schools, 26, 179-188. [459]Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2004). The Coping Power Program for preadolescent aggressive boys
and their parents: Outcome effects at the 1year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and ClinicalPsychology, 72, 571-578. [5039]
Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2003). Effectiveness of the Coping Power Program and of classroom
intervention with aggressive children: Outcomes at a 1year follow-up. Behavior Therapy, 34,
493-515. [5023]
Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2002). Contextual social-cognitive mediators and child outcomes: A
test of the theoretical model in the Coping Power program. Development and Psychopathology,
14, 945-967. [5039]
Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2002). The Coping Power program at the middle-school transition:
Universal and indicated prevention effects. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 16 (Suppl. 4),
S40-S54. [5023]
Mannarino, A. P., Christy, M., Durlak, J. A., & Magnussen, M. G. (1982). Evaluation of social
competence training in the schools. Journal of School Psychology, 20, 11-19. [224]
Milne, J., & Spence, S. H. (1987). Training social perception skills with primary school children: A
cautionary note. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 15, 144-157. [2121]
Nelson, J. R., Dykeman, C., Powell, S., & Petty, D. (1996). The effects of a group counselingintervention on students with behavioral adjustment problems. Elementary School Guidance &Counseling, 31, 21-33. [384]
Nickerson, K. F. (2004). Anger in adolescents: The effectiveness of a brief cognitive-behavioral anger
management training program for reducing attitudinal and behavioral expressions of anger(Doctoral dissertation, ). Dissertation Abstracts International, 65(1-B), 425. [5092]
Omizo, M. M., Hershberger, J. M., & Omizo, S. A. (1988). Teaching children to cope with anger.
Elementary School Guidance & Counseling, 22, 241-245. [379]28⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ

Pascucci, N. J. (1991). The efficacy of anger control training in reducing chronic aggressive behavior
among emotionally disturbed/learning-disabled African-American male preadolescents andadolescents (Doctoral dissertation, St. John's University, 1990). Dissertation Abstracts
International, 51(11), 3678. (University Microfilms No. AAT 9109870) [5066]
Pepler, D., King, G., Craig, W., Byrd, B., & Bream, L. (1995). The development and evaluation of amulti-system social skills group training program for aggressive children. Child and Youth Care
Forum, 24, 297-313. [241]Pitkanen, L. (1974). The effect of simulation exercises on the control of aggressive behaviour inchildren. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 15, 169-177. [5043]
Rahill, S. A. (2002). A comparison of the effectiveness of story-based and skill-based social
competence programs on the development of social problem solving and peer relationship skillsof children with emotional disabilities (Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College
Park). Dissertation Abstracts International, 63(6-A), 2135. (University Microfilms No.
3055612) [5000]
Rahill, S. A., & Teglasi, H. (2003). Processes and outcomes of story-based and skill-based social
competency programs for children with emotional disabilities. Journal of School Psychology,
41, 413-429. [5000]
Rosengren, D. B. (1987). The Program for Anger Control Training (PACT): An intervention for angry
adolescents (Doctoral dissertation, University of Montana, 1987). Dissertation Abstracts
International, 48(06), 1819. (University Microfilms No. AAT87-19354) [1217]
Scheckner, S. B. (2004). The evaluation of an anger management program for preadolescents in anelementary school setting (Doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, 2003). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 64(7-B), 3541. [5098]
Scheckner, S. B., & Rollin, S. A. (2003). An elementary school violence prevention program. Journalof School Violence, 2(4), 3-42. [5098]
Sharp, S. R. (2004). Effectiveness of an anger management training program based on rationalemotive behavior theory (REBT) for middle school students with behavior problems (Doctoral
dissertation, University of Tennessee, 2003). Dissertation Abstracts International, 64(10-A),
3595. [5083]
Shechtman, Z. (2000). An innovative intervention for treatment of child and adolescent aggression:
An outcome study. Psychology in the Schools, 37, 157-167. [5053]
Stainback, G. J. (1986). Effects of cognitive self-instruction in the increase of anger control forverbally aggressive children (Doctoral dissertation, North Carolina State University, 1986).
Dissertation Abstracts International, 47/5-B, 2187-2188. (University Microfilms No. AAT8613117) [2052]
Sukhodolsky, D. G., Solomon, R. M., & Perine, J. (2000). Cognitive-behavioral, anger-control
intervention for elementary school children: A treatment outcome study. Journal of Child andAdolescent Group Therapy, 10, 159-170. [1998]
Teglasi, H., & Rothman, L. (2001). STORIES: A classroom-based program to reduce aggressive
behavior. Journal of School Psychology, 39, 71-94. [5064]
Vickery, S. A. (1982). Stress inoculation for anger control in children (Doctoral dissertation,
University of South Carolina, 1981). Dissertation Abstracts International, 42(12), 4945.
(University Microfilms No. AAT 8212268 ) [5026]
Voelm, C. E. (1984). The efficacy of teaching rational emotive education to acting-out and sociallywithdrawn adolescents (Doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology,
Fresno, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International, 44(12), 3947. (University Microfilms No.
AAT 8402501 ) [5049]
Zashin, M. (1981). Prosocial behavior training programs: Modeling, role-playing, and training inverbal self-instruction as techniques for teaching prosocial behaviors to groups of behaviorally
disturbed pre-adolescent children (Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1981).
Dissertation Abstracts International, 42/3-B, 1199. (University Microfilms No. AAT81-19403)[3352]
29⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ

⵬ㆮฦ⎇ⓥߢࠦ࡯࠼ൻߐࠇߚᄌᢙߩ⴫

30⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ

⴫ A1㧦⎇ⓥߏߣߩᚻᴺᄌᢙ
ၫ╩⠪ฬ߅ࠃ߮಴

ᐕ

Arbuthnot & Gordon, 1986
Barkstrom, 1998
Binfet, 2001
Bloomquist, et al., 1991
Booth, 1995
Broota & Sehgal, 2004
Burcham, 2002
Burgher, 1997
Camp, 1980
Camp, et al., 1977
Collier, 2002
Deffenbacher, et al., 1996
Edelson & Rose, 1981 (Study 1)
Edelson & Rose, 1981 (Study 2)
Flores de Apodaca, 1979
Hudley, 1991
Hughes, Grossman, & Hart, 1993
Kahl, 1984 (Boys)
Kahl, 1984 (Girls)
Larkin, 1999
Larson, K., 1989
Larson, J., 1991
Lochman & Wells, 2002
Lochman & Wells, 2004
Lochman, et al., 1985
Lochman, et al., 1989
Lochman, et al., 1993 (Aggressive sample)
Lochman, et al., 1993 (Rejected sample)
Mannarino, et al., 1982
Milne & Spence, 1987
Nelson, et al., 1996
Nickerson, 2004
Omizo, Hershberger, & Omizo, 1988
Pepler, et al., 1995
Pitkanen, 1974
Rahill, 2002

ή૞ὑ
ഀᒰ
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No

ᓥዻᄌᢙߩ
ᖱႎឭଏ⠪/ᖱႎḮarchiveteacher reportteacher reportteacher reportteacher reportself-reportarchiveparent reportteacher reportteacher reportteacher reportself-reportteacher reportteacher reportteacher reportteacher reportteacher reportteacher reportteacher reportteacher reportarchiveteacher reportteacher reportself-reportobservationteacher reportteacher reportteacher reportteacher reportteacher reportteacher reportteacher reportteacher reportteacher reportobservationteacher report੐೨㩍㩇㩎ߦࠃࠆ
⺞ᢛ
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

⣕⪭₸
㧔%㧕
None
3-10%
None
> 10%
None
None
> 10%
> 10%
> 10%
None
> 10%
3-10%
None
None
> 10%
3-10%
> 10%
None
None
None
3-10%
None
> 10%
> 10%
None
None
> 10%
> 10%
None
3-10%
None
3-10%
None
3-10%
None
> 10%

ᓥዻᄌᢙߩ
㗄⋡ᢙ
1 item> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items
1 item> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items
1 item
1 item> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items
2-5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items> 5 items
2-5 items

ലᨐ㊂ߩ
ផቯ
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

ലᨐ㊂ߩ
✚ᢙ
2
3
1
1
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
6
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
4

continued31⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ⸶⠪ᵈ㧦archive㧔଻▤⸥㍳㧕‫ޔ‬teacher report㧔ᢎຬႎ๔㧕‫ޔ‬self-report㧔⥄Ꮖႎ๔㧕‫ޔ‬parent report㧔ⷫߦࠃࠆႎ๔㧕‫ޔ‬observation㧔ⷰኤ㧕‫ޕ‬⴫ A1㧔⛯߈㧕㧦⎇ⓥߏߣߩᚻᴺᄌᢙ
ၫ╩⠪ฬ߅ࠃ߮಴

ᐕ

ή૞ὑ
ᓥዻᄌᢙߩ
੐೨㩍㩇㩎ߦࠃࠆ
⣕⪭₸
ᓥዻᄌᢙߩ
ലᨐ㊂ߩ
ഀᒰ
ᖱႎឭଏ⠪/ᖱႎḮ
⺞ᢛ
㧔%㧕
㗄⋡ᢙ
ផቯ
Rascucci, 1991
No
archiveYes
None> 5 items
No
Rosengren, 1987
No
self-report
Yes
> 10%
> 5 items
No
Schechtman, 2000
Yes
teacher report
Yes
3-10%
5 items
No
Scheckner & Rollin, 2003
Yes
teacher reportNo
3-10%> 5 items
No
Sharp, 2004
NoarchiveNo> 10%
2-5 items
No
Stainback, 1986
Yes
teacher reportYes
None> 5 items
No
Sukhodolsky, et al., 2000
Yes
teacher reportNoNone> 5 items
No
Teglasi & RothmanYes
teacher reportNo
3-10%> 5 items
No
Vickery, 1982
YesobservationYes
None> 5 items
No
Voelm, 1984
Yes
teacher report
Yes
> 10%
> 5 items
Yes
Zashin, 1981
No
teacher report
Yes
3-10%
> 5 itemsNo⸶⠪ᵈ㧦archive㧔଻▤⸥㍳㧕‫ޔ‬teacher report㧔ᢎຬႎ๔㧕‫ޔ‬self-report㧔⥄Ꮖႎ๔㧕‫ޔ‬parent report㧔ⷫߦࠃࠆႎ๔㧕‫ޔ‬observation㧔ⷰኤ㧕‫ޕ‬

32

ലᨐ㊂ߩ
✚ᢙ
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2

⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ

⴫ A2㧦⎇ⓥߏߣߩ৻⥸․ᕈ߅ࠃ߮ኻ⽎⠪ᄌᢙၫ╩⠪ฬ߅ࠃ߮಴

ᐕ

⎇ⓥታᣉ࿖

಴

ߐࠇߚ߆?

ኻ⽎⠪ߩ࡝ࠬࠢᐲ

Arbuthnot & Gordon, 1986USA
Yes
Barkstrom, 1998
USA
No
Binfet, 2001
CanadaNo
Bloomquist, et al., 1991
USA
Yes
Booth, 1995
USA
No
Broota & Sehgal, 2004
India
Yes
Burcham, 2002
USA
No
Burgher, 1997
USA
No
Camp, 1980
USA
Yes
Camp, et al., 1977
USA
Yes
Collier, 2002
USA
No
Deffenbacher, et al., 1996
USA
Yes
Edelson & Rose, 1981 (Study 1)
USA
Yes
Edelson & Rose, 1981 (Study 2)
USA
Yes
Flores de Apodaca, 1979
USA
No
Hudley, 1991
USA
No
Hughes, Grossman, & Hart, 1993
USA
No
Kahl, 1984 (Boys)
USA
No
Kahl, 1984 (Girls)
USANo
Larkin, 1999
USA
No
Larson, J., 1991
USA
No
Larson, K., 1989
USA
Yes
Lochman & Wells, 2002
USA
Yes
Lochman & Wells, 2004
USA
Yes
Lochman, et al., 1985
USA
Yes
Lochman, et al., 1989
USA
Yes
Lochman, et al., 1993 (Aggressive sample)
USA
Yes
Lochman, et al., 1993 (Rejected sample)
USA
Yes
Mannarino, et al., 1982
USA
Yes
Milne & Spence, 1987
Australia
Yes
Nelson, et al., 1996
USA
Yes
Nickerson, 2004
USANo
Omizo, Hershberger, & Omizo, 1988
USA
Yes
Pepler, et al., 1995
CanadaYes
Pitkanen, 1974
Finland
Yes
Rahill, 2002USAYes⸶⠪ᵈ㧦indicated 㧔ᓽ୥޽ࠅ㧕‫ޔ‬general㧔৻⥸⊛㧕 ‫ޔ‬at-risk㧔ෂ㒾ᕈ޽ࠅ㧕‫ޕ‬indicatedindicated
generalat-risk
indicatedindicatedindicatedindicatedindicatedindicatedindicated
at-risk
at-risk
at-risk
at-risk
indicatedindicatedindicatedindicated
at-risk
indicated
at-risk
indicatedindicatedindicatedindicatedindicated
at-risk
at-risk
at-risk
at-risk
generalindicatedindicatedindicatedindicated33↵ᕈߩᲧ₸㧔㧑㧕

ᐕ㦂

60-90% male
60-90%
50-50
60-90% male
60-90% male
all male
50-50
all male
all male
all male
all male
50-50
50-50
50-50
60-90% male
all male60-90% male
all male
all female
60-90% male
50-50
60-90% male
60-90% male
all male
all male
all male
50-50
50-50
60-90% male
50-50
all male
50-50
50-50
60-90% male
all male60-90% male

14.5
13
11.6
8.41
13.5
16
12.5
7
6.8
12
10.5
12
10.4
10.23
7.3
10.5
8.5
6
6
7.68
13.9
12.1
10
9.5
11
11
9
9
7.65
10
9.9
14.5
10.5
9.2
8.3
9.37

␠ળ⚻ᷣ⊛࿾૏ߪ
ૐ޿߆?
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No

⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ

⴫ A2㧔⛯߈㧕㧦⎇ⓥߏߣߩ৻⥸․ᕈ߅ࠃ߮ኻ⽎⠪ᄌᢙၫ╩⠪ฬ߅ࠃ߮಴

ᐕ

⎇ⓥታᣉ࿖

಴

ߐࠇߚ߆?

ኻ⽎⠪ߩ࡝ࠬࠢᐲ

Rascucci, 1991
USA
No
Rosengren, 1987
USA
No
Schechtman, 2000
IsraelYes
Scheckner & Rollin, 2003
USA
Yes
Sharp, 2004
USA
No
Stainback, 1986
USA
No
Sukhodolsky, et al., 2000
USA
Yes
Teglasi & Rothman
USA
Yes
Vickery, 1982
USA
No
Voelm, 1984
USA
No
Zashin, 1981USANo⸶⠪ᵈ㧦indicated 㧔ᓽ୥޽ࠅ㧕‫ޔ‬general㧔৻⥸⊛㧕 ‫ޔ‬at-risk㧔ෂ㒾ᕈ޽ࠅ㧕‫ޕ‬indicatedindicatedindicatedindicatedindicated
at-risk
at-risk
at-risk
indicatedindicated
at-risk34↵ᕈߩᲧ₸㧔㧑㧕

ᐕ㦂

all male60-90% male
60-90% male
50-50
60-90% male
60-90% male
all male60-90% male
60-90% male
60-90% male
60-90% male

12.5
15.3
12.5
10
12
13.5
10
9.5
9
14
9.19

␠ળ⚻ᷣ⊛࿾૏ߪ
ૐ޿߆?
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ

⴫ A3㧦⎇ⓥߏߣߩಣㆄ․ᕈ
ၫ╩⠪ฬ߅ࠃ߮಴

ᐕ

Arbuthnot & Gordon, 1986
Barkstrom, 1998
Binfet, 2001
Bloomquist, et al., 1991
Booth, 1995
Broota & Sehgal, 2004
Burcham, 2002
Burgher, 1997
Camp, 1980
Camp, et al., 1977
Collier, 2002
Deffenbacher, et al., 1996
Edelson & Rose, 1981 (Study 1)
Edelson & Rose, 1981 (Study 2)
Flores de Apodaca, 1979
Hudley, 1991
Hughes, Grossman, & Hart, 1993
Kahl, 1984 (Boys)
Kahl, 1984 (Girls)
Larkin, 1999
Larson, J., 1991
Larson, K., 1989
Lochman & Wells, 2002
Lochman & Wells, 2004
Lochman, et al., 1985
Lochman, et al., 1989
Lochman, et al., 1993 (Aggressive sample)
Lochman, et al., 1993 (Rejected sample)
Mannarino, et al., 1982
Milne & Spence, 1987
Nelson, et al., 1996
Nickerson, 2004
Omizo, Hershberger, & Omizo, 1988

ቇᩞ/᝼ᬺߩ࠲ࠗࡊ
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
RegularSpecialRegular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regular
Regularታᣉᜂᒰ⠪
Researcher
Researcher
Researcher
Mixed (research affiliated)
Mixed (research affiliated)
Researcher
Mixed (research affiliated)
Researcher
Svc. Professional
Svc. Professional
Researcher
Mixed (research affiliated)
Grad student
Grad student
Svc. Professional
Researcher
Grad student
Svc. Professional
Svc. Professional
Researcher
Researcher
Grad student
Mixed (research affiliated)
Mixed (research affiliated)
Svc. Professional
Svc. Professional
Grad student
Grad student
Grad student
Researcher
Svc. Professional
Svc. Professional
Researcher

୘ੱᒻᑼߩ
ⷐ⚛
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No

ᦼ㑆
㧔ㅳᢙ㧕
18
9
10
10
12
8
30
16
8
6
8
9
6
8
14
6
10
23
23
8
5
50
68
60
12
18
17
17
14
5
8
4
10

ታᣉߦ㑐ߔࠆ
໧㗴?
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

continued
⸶⠪ᵈ㧦Regular㧔ㅢᏱ㧕‫ޔ‬Special㧔․ᱶ㧕‫ޔ‬Researcher㧔⎇ⓥ⠪㧕‫ޔ‬Mixed (research affiliated)㧔ᷙว㧔⎇ⓥ⠪ߦ㑐ଥ޽ࠅ㧕‫ޔ‬Svc. Professional㧔㩅㨺㩕㩨㩇ឭଏኾ㐷ኅ㧕‫ޔ‬Grad student㧔ᄢቇ㒮↢㧕‫ޕ‬35

⸶ ᄢᧁ੩ሶ⋙⸶ ࿖┙ᢎ⢒᡽╷⎇ⓥᚲ ᢎ⢒᡽╷ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬ⎇ⓥળ

⴫ A3㧔⛯߈㧕㧦⎇ⓥߏߣߩಣㆄ․ᕈ
ၫ╩⠪ฬ߅ࠃ߮಴

ᐕ

ቇᩞ/᝼ᬺߩ࠲ࠗࡊ

ታᣉᜂᒰ⠪

୘ੱᒻᑼߩ
ᦼ㑆
ታᣉߦ㑐ߔࠆ
ⷐ⚛
㧔ㅳᢙ㧕໧㗴?
Pepler, et al., 1995
RegularSvc. Professional
No
15
Yes
Pitkanen, 1974
RegularGrad student
No
4
No
Rahill, 2002
SpecialMixed (research affiliated)
No
25
No
Rascucci, 1991
SpecialResearcher
No
5
Yes
Rosengren, 1987
RegularMixed (research affiliated)
No
5
No
Schechtman, 2000
SpecialGrad student
Yes
10
No
Scheckner & Rollin, 2003
RegularSvc. Professional
Yes
8No
Sharp, 2004
RegularResearcher
No
6No
Stainback, 1986
RegularMixed (research affiliated)
No
4
No
Sukhodolsky, et al., 2000
RegularResearcher
No
10No
Teglasi & Rothman
RegularResearcher
No
15
No
Vickery, 1982
RegularResearcherNo
3No
Voelm, 1984
RegularResearcher
No
10
Yes
Zashin, 1981
SpecialGrad student
No
5No⸶⠪ᵈ㧦Regular㧔ㅢᏱ㧕‫ޔ‬Special㧔․ᱶ㧕‫ޔ‬Researcher㧔⎇ⓥ⠪㧕‫ޔ‬Mixed (research affiliated)㧔ᷙว㧔⎇ⓥ⠪ߦ㑐ଥ޽ࠅ㧕‫ޔ‬Svc. Professional㧔㩅㨺㩕㩨㩇ឭଏኾ㐷ኅ㧕‫ޔ‬Grad student㧔ᄢቇ㒮↢㧕‫ޕ‬36