Scientific English
Atsushi Iwatsuki (s1052015 )Department of Computer Hardware
supervised by Prof. Yasuhiko Ikebe
February 9, 2001

Abstract

URL: hotaru1.is.tsukuba.ac.jp/hidic/hdhome.htm

This study researched the representation of content in
Scientific English. To improve representation ability ofcontent in Scientific English need to improve selection
ability of optimum words and composition ability of sentences. The reason was showed that Hyper English Dictionary[1] was the most suitable to improve selection
ability of optimum words. And the reason was showedthat Writing Scientific English[4] by written John Swales
was the most suitable to improve composition ability ofsentences.
At the same time, this paper was showed useful information for improving capacity of Japanese students by Hyper English Dictionary and Writing Scientific English.

1 Introduction
1.1 BackgroundIn spite of their splendid research results, there are scientific papers with scanty representation ability of content in English. As a result, the splendid research results
can not spread enough. Representation ability of content in Scientific English is important when a scientificpaper is drawn. The most important ability to represent
content of Scientific English are selection ability of optimum words and composition ability of sentences. Noble
Scientific English will be realized if selection ability ofoptimum words and composition ability of sentences areadvanced.

Table 1: Hyper English Dictionary
And, Writing Scientific English has the reputation of thebest book to study Scientific English.

1.3 Purpose
This paper shows the most important point when a scientific paper is drawn. It helps to science and engineering
students when they draw up scientific paper in English.

1.2 Preceding Research

2 Representation ability of contentin Scientific English

Hyper English Dictionary is the dictionary developedby Ikebe (those days) / Cai laboratory at University ofTsukuba. And, Hyper English Dictionary can actuallyuse Internet.

The most important ability to represent content of Scientific English are selection ability of optimum words
and composition ability of sentences. This section shows1

about selection ability of optimum words and composition ability of sentences.

Table 4: Hyper English Dictionary

2.1 Selection ability of optimum words

Conventional dictionary, English word book are relationship only pair by Table 3. But, Hyper English Dictionary
is relationship to length (solid line) and side (dotted line)
by Table 4.

Hyper English Dictionary was used for selection abilityof optimum words.
2.1.1 Hyper English Dictionary

The etymology (kerd) is traced
from the English word (heart).
Plural English words (credit, cordial,courage, and so on) are derived frometymology (kerd).

Deriving English words (heart, credit,cordial, courage and so on) can not decidemeaning agreement, but deriving
English words quite similar to meaning.

Russian
Czech
PolishBulgarian

Irish
Wales
GaelicTable 6: Relation of side

Greek
DanishPortuguese

Latin

Germanic

ItalicTable 5: Relation of lengthHindi
Urdu
BengaliHellenic

Indo-European Family

Celtic Slavic Indian

Almost English words are derived from language of theNeolithic Age called Proto-Indo-European. This is common to ancestor language of main 80 national language
distributing widely through the European and the Middle and Near East. (See, Table 2). Hyper English Dictionary is rested up and ordered the same sort of language[9,p18].

ItalianSpanish
FrenchNorth Germanic

SwedishNorwegianThe relation between length and side is definitely difference with conventional dictionary, English word book.

GermanDutch
FriesianWest GermanicEnglish
East Germanic

GothicTable 2: Indo-European Family[5,p35]
2.1.3 Distinguish of synonym

2.1.2 Comparative study of conventional dictionary,English word book and Hyper English Dictionary

The synonym of anger and rage was distinguished assimilar example. First, anger and rage is pulled by reference of The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo European Roots SECOND EDITION[2]. Then, the origin of a word is drawn. And the English words listed
as a deriv ative is drawn. If comparison contrast of themeaning of these words is carried out, the synonym ofanger and rage can be properly used as a relation of side.

Hyper English Dictionary is a method of learning English word using etymology. In this point, it differs froma conventional dictionary, English word book.
To compare conventional dictionary, English word bookwith Hyper English Dictionary by English word “heart”.

Japanese translationof heartheart

2.1.4 The efficiency of Hyper English Dictionary[1]Table 3: Conventional dictionary, English word bookkerdheart

creditcordialcourage

About 80 ％ of present-day English words (about500,000 words from 450,000 words) are proved roots ofIndo-European[6]. Remainder about 20 ％ of presentday English words are forecasted native original word.
Native original word is the words which had been used
before the language’s deriving.

others2Native original word

The glass bottle breaks when dropped.
( The probability of damage is about 98 〜100 ％)The bottle can break when dropped.
(The probability of damage is about 40 〜70 ％)about 20%

The bottle may break when dropped.
(The probability of damage is about 20 〜40 ％)Proto-Indo-European
about 80%

The bottle could/might break when dropped.
(The probability of damage is about 5 〜20 ％)The bottle cannot break when dropped.
( The probability of damage is about 0 〜2 ％)Table 9： Group 1[4,p43]

Table 7: The rate of ancestor word

The auxiliary verb of group 2 is often used to describe
the prospect. The example of “will” is described in Table
10.

By Table 7, about four words are roots of Indo-European
in five words of present-day English words. Hyper English Dictionary can learn surely English word 8,000words, if Japanese students who studies English hope tolearn English word 10,000 words. Hyper English Dictionary can learn English words by length and side relationships in the flow. Therefore, Hyper English Dictionary
is more efficient than conventional dictionary, English
word book.

I : It describes the action of the sea water on iron.
II: It expects the action of the sea water on iron.
I . The sea-water corrodes the iron.
II. The sea-water will corrode the iron.
Table 10： Group 2[4,p44]

2.2 Composition ability of sentences

The most useful auxiliary verb in group 3 is “should”.
The word ”should” is often used for warning and order.

Writing Scientific English written by John Swales isused in composition ability of sentences. The auxiliaryverb which frequency used in Science English was researched to show the feature of Writing Scientific English.

Students should be careful when using acids.
Concrete should contain at least 12 ％ cement.
Boiler pressure should not exceed 300 psi.
Table 11： Group 3[4,p45]

2.2.1 The auxiliary verb
The most used auxiliary verb can be classified into threemain groups, and showed in Table 8.

2.2.2 Feature of Writing Scientific English
The feature of Writing Scientific English is shown by theinvestigation of 2.2.1.

Group 1： can, may, might, couldGroup 2： will
Group 3： should, must, have to¯ A simple, lucid exercise sentence below about 15
words is prepared.

Table 8: The most used auxiliary verb[4,p42]¯ Everybody can write to correct Scientific English
if they write according to the exercise sentences inWriting Scientific English.

The auxiliary verb of group 1 is often used to describe
possibility and probability of realization.

3

Writing Scientific English is not only field of 2.2.1, butalso above-mentioned feature was showed for all fields.
The feature of Writing Scientific English shows a concrete method with an immediate effect. And the featureof Writing Scientific English is very useful for composition ability of sentences.

References

3 Result of Investigation[3] G. H. Mills and J. A. Walter, Technical Writing
FIFTH EDITION, Holt Rinehart Winston, 1986.

My own TOEIC score is given as an example. I took
TOEIC for the first time on September 24, 2000. TheTOEIC score were going up by 150 points when I took
TOEIC again on December 9, 2000. Hyper English Dictionary and Writing Scientific English waked my interestin English, and it connected with the TOEIC score up.

[4] J. Swales, Writing Scientific English, Nikkei Science, 1996 (Japanese translation).

[1] CailaboratoryatTsukubaUniversity.
(http://hotaru1.is.tsukuba.ac.jp/hidic/hdhome.htm)[2] C. Watkins, The American Heritage Dictionaryof Indo - European Roots SECOND EDITION,
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY, 2000.

[5] S. Serizawa,
The outline of English(eigonorinkaku), Kaitakusha, 1992 (in Japanese).
[6] S. Yoshimura, “A study about the hyper-dictionary
used Indo-European roots information”, Master’s
thesis in the department of Science and Engineering at University of Tsukuba, 1997 (in Japanese).

4 Conclusion[7] T. Nakao, History of English (eigonorekishi),
Koudanshagendaishinsho, 1997 (in Japanese).

This paper was described that Hyper English Dictionary
are the most practical to improve selection ability of optimum words. Hyper English Dictionary enabled me tostudy a lot of English words used for Scientific English.
At once, my ability of vocabulary were improved. And,
this paper was described that Writing Scientific English
are the most practical to improve composition ability ofsentences. Writing Scientific English enabled me to refer a lot of English. At once, my ability of Reading andWriting were improved. The new types of English study
methods could be discovered by this study. If this study
method is continued, the high score of TOEIC must beable to be obtained.
But, if Japanese students want to improve English, theamount of English study must increase no matter how
the quality is good[11].
This study opened up a new English world.

[8] T. Nakao and M. Terashima, An Illustrated Historyof English, Taishuukanshoten, 1990 (in Japanese).
[9] Y. Ikebe, How to write a Good Technical English,
J.IEICE, vol.80, No.1 ‘97, pp.14-19 (in Japanese).
[10] Y. Ikebe, “Kagakueigo ni tuyokunaru”, Kodansha,
1991 (in Japanese).
[11] Y.
Saitou,MastersofEnglish（eigotatsujinretsuden）, chukoshinsho, 2000
(in Japanese).

5 Acknowledgments
To promote in this paper, Professor Yasuhiko Ikebe was
not only providing helpful suggestions and interesting
topic, but also he was doing various advises concerning English study. I want to thank Professor YasuhikoIkebe. Assistant professor Nobuyoshi Asai could correct
the English paper. Assistant professor Yasushi Kikuchi
had a help to sever starting. I thank for everybody ofthe student who belongs to Mathematical Foundation ofComputer Science Laboratory to provide valuable information.
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