APEIS project: results inphase I and proposal inphase II

Mikiko KAINUMA
AIM Team, National Institute for Environmental Studies(Integrated Environmental Assessment Group, APEIS)
AIM/APEIS Workshop as a part of APEIS IEA activities
7-12 November 2005, NIES, Japan

Objectives of APEIS IEADeveloping IEA tools to assess innovative options¾ Diffusing and applying IEA tools for selected
Asia-Pacific countries (China, India, Thailand,
Korea)¾ Developing quantitative innovative scenarios
using IEA tools
National Economic
Targets

Economic/social Indicator¾

Environmental Quality

AIM, NIES

Innovational
strategies

National Environment Goals
2

Structure of phase I in APEIS IEA
AIM Model Development for APEISStrategic database

Local/Country/Inter
AIM/ Local/Country/Inter-Provincial

AIM/ Impact/Ecosystem

Developed for linking
CO 2 , SO 2 , NO 2 , SPM
reduction program

Detailed process model
for climate change
impact assessment
focused on surface water
recycling, crop
productivity andvegetation

Emission Intensity of SO2 in China

Temperature
Precipitation
Sunshine

Land use
Socio-economic
indicator

Water resource

Fundamental
Database

Crop
Productivity

Impact on food demand
Adaptation strategy

AIM/End --use

AIM FamilyCountry Based
Technology Model

Consumer
Environment Fund
Wastes

One country CGE modelwith CO2 and materialbalance, interface withenvironmental
technology model

RecycleAIM/Material

Environmental
Environburden
mentalBurden Environmental
Industry
Green Purchase
Industry

Environmental
BurdenEnvironmental Industry(waste management, recycle)
Technology assessment

Technology needs

Research on new technologies

AIM, NIES

AIM/Top -downWorld Economic
Model

AIM/Trend

Futureeconomic
economic trend
trend

Model Base

Futureenvironmental
environmental trend
trend

Korea
Developed as a
ChinacommunicationIndia
platform in order
to construct
ThailandJapan
Asia --pacificregional environmental
outlook supported withmulti --regional environment -economic CGE model

Strategy
Option Base

Index Base3

Structure of phase I in APEIS IEA
A set of integrated assessment models as
major tools of APEIS/IEA, including anenvironment-economy model, an
ecosystem/health impact model, a water
resource/agriculture model, amaterial/recycle-economy model and an
energy technology model¾ Strategic database as well as indicators for
APEIS/IEA use¾ Systematic projections of environmental
trends as well as assessments of innovationneeds and innovation options based on theabove models and database¾

AIM, NIES

4

Participating Organizations
NIES (Japan)¾ Kyoto University (Japan)¾ Energy Research Institute, State Development
Planning Commission (China)¾ Institute of Geographical Sciences andNatural Resources Research, CAS (China)¾ Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad(India)¾ Asian Institute of Technology (Thailand)¾ Korea Environment Institute (Korea)¾ Seoul National University (Korea)¾

AIM, NIES

5

Members of AIM teamat NIES, March 2005

AIM, NIES

6

Phase II in APEIS IEA¾ Assessment of environmental innovation

options by using country-scale CGE model
for China, India, Korea and Thailand– Effectiveness of environmental protection– Impact on economic activities¾ Integration of country models– Japan and Korea

AIM, NIES

7

Capacity building for partners

Prototype models for China, India and Thailand have already been developed.
Assessment of environmental innovation options will be main tasks in phase II.
AIM, NIES

8

Features of CGE model
CO2,
SOx

Environmental
partintermediate,energy,capital, labor,
environmental
service/goods

Drivers ofenvironmental
service change

Economic partproduction
and service
sectorEnvironmental service[land, fuels, resources,
water, air quality]

Environmental
serviceproduction
sectors

CO2,
SOx
energy,intermediate,
capital, labor

importexportmarketNatural capital
maintenance andaugmentation service/goods

abroadCO2,
SOxcapitallabor

Feedback mechanismof ecosystem tosocio-economy

AIM, NIES

produced
Service/goods

naturalcapitalmaintenancesectors

householdgovernment

final demand,
recreationaland cultural
servicesmaintenance costs[desulphurization, reforestation]

9

Examples of Innovation options (1)Collection of qualitative information on innovativeenvironmental options

AIM, NIES

26
Renewable Energy Promotion

12
Residential Sector

Solar PV (water pumping, SHS),
Solar Water Heater and Dryer,
Biomass (thermal & electricity),
Biogas (thermal & electricity),
Capacity buildings, etc.

Thin tube project,
Brown Rice Label 5 Project,
Hi-eff Air condition & refrigeration,
Energy efficient house,
Human awareness, etc.

21

11Transport Sector

Solid Waste Management

Biodiesel and Gasohol,
Electricity vehicles, NGV,
Walking Street,
Fixed route Van bus,
Vehicle Emission Clinic, etc.

Hi-eff. waste incinerator,
Fly ash application in concrete works,
Recycled PET bottle to be carpet,
Aluminum Recycling for Prosthesis,
Waste Bank in school, etc.

AIT, Thailand 10

Examples of Innovation options (2)Illustrations of Strategies: Renewable Energy Promotion
3

4, 5
8

Biofuel Plant

8

13

1, 4

Biogas

MSW

4, 5

6, 7

9

2, 4
RETs Knowledge &Database Center

Biomass
Power Plant 11
10
12

Grid
Other
Renewable E.
Applications

AIM, NIES

Thermal Energy Flow
Electricity Flow

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

14

Solar Home System Project
Solar PV Power System for Rural Schools
Solar Power plant
Solar Water Heater
Solar Dryer
Green Fuel & Cook stoves
Rice Husk for Mushroom Drying Kiln
Biogas in Livestock Farms & fertilizer
Biogas from Landfill MSW
Biogas in Tapioca Starch, Palm oil Plant& Slaughter houses
Rice Husk & Parawood Power Plant
Hybrid Power System for National Parks
Biodiesel and Gasohol Program
Renewable Map, Database and Museum & TEENETSDB flow sketch for Thailand 11
by AITExamples of Innovation options (3)Illustrations of Strategies: Transport Sector (Urban)

Used Lubricating
Oil System

Alternative Fuel Program

Eco-Education Program

Eco-Mass Transit Program*Smart Traffic
Signal System*Hybrid & H2

NGV*Smart Street
Lighting system

Gasohol

Workplaces near
Residences Program*Car Navigation
SystemSky Train (*Extended)
CombatIllegal Oil*Smart Parking
system*Econo-driving
licenseBike Lane*Rapid Bus System

Metro (*Extended)

Van Bus System
Tire Recycling
program*Electricity
vehiclesBiodiesel
Econo power
contestWalking Street

Emission Std.
Efficient technology Program

AIM, NIES

Speed limit &VehicleMaintenanceawareness

Car Free Day* = Future scenario
Eco-friendly Transport Program

Eco-management Program

Collection of SDB for Thailand by
12AIT

Image of results¾ Preliminary analyses have already been

done during phase I.
– India: Water, air and land use– China: Air pollution and health impact¾ During phase II, integration between

country-scale models and strategic
options will be implemented.
– Water, air, solid waste, ...
– Assessment of environmental protection andeconomic activity
AIM, NIES

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Image of results: India
Economic activity and related impacts on water, air and land were
integrated, and effects of environmental policies were assessed.
consumption / investment

produced commodity

SO2
CO2

air pollution

intermediate

value added

maintenance of nature
production sector
natural resources
land

water

waste water
direct discharge

sewage service

capitallabor(treat waste water)

agriculture
forestlivestockwater scarcity
land scarcity
deforestation
AIM, NIES

water pollution

EconomyEnvironment
14

Reference case results
5

Index (1993=1)

4

3

GDP
CO2 emissions
SO2 emissions
land Environmental
for agriculture, pasture and forest
water supply
Constraints
water pollution

2

1

0
1993

AIM, NIES

2000

2010
Year

2020

2030

15

Economic Impact from Environmental
Constraints
0.5
0.0
GDP change %

-0.5
-1.0
-1.5

Environmental
constraints➜Income reduction

-2.0
-2.5

env. const

-3.0
-3.5
1993

2000

2010

2020

2030

Year
AIM, NIES

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Effects of Environmental Investments
Environmental investments➜mitigation of constraints➜Increase of income

0.5
0.0
GDP change %

-0.5
-1.0
-1.5

Environmental inv.
➜Reduction of inputs
for economic activity➜Costs-2.0-2.5

env. const
env. const + early investment

-3.0
-3.5
1993

2000

2010

2020

2030

Year
AIM, NIES

17

Image of results: China
CGE and other models (Technology selection model,
simple concentration model and health impact model) applying China
are integrated for assessing direct and indirect air pollution impact.
Health impact
Economic system
response
Top-down
model
(CGE)
Energy service
demandEnergy price
Emissionconstraints
Bottom-up
model(Technology
selection)
Emission distribution

Technology selection
AIM, NIES

CGE
Direct health impact
Labor
loss
Medicalexpenditure

Air pollution
induced healtheffects

Concentrationresponse
relationshipMetaanalysis

Concentration
Pattern of
rural energy
consumption

Rural population
exposed to ambient
air pollution

Urban population
exposed to ambient
air pollution

Emissions by
LPS and AS

Atmosphericpollution
concentration model

Ambient
air pollution
concentration

18

PM10 emissions and concentrationin BaU and policy caseAIM, NIES

BaU

BaU

PolicyPolicyGeographical distribution of PM10
emissions across China in 2020 (unit: ton)

Ambient concentration of PM10
in urban areas of China in 202019

Economic impact of air pollution management
and recovery from countermeasure
1.00

trillion yuan, 1997 price

BaU

Pollution
reduction

0.00

-1.00

Pollution
reductionwith clean
energy policy

-2.00

-3.00

health benefit
health damage

2000
2005
2010
2015
2020

2000
2005
2010
2015
2020

-4.00

2000
2005
2010
2015
2020

environmental policy

Although only introduction of environmental constraint will bringeconomic damage, appropriate countermeasures will be able tomitigate the economic damage.
AIM, NIES

20

Activities in APEIS Phase II
Scenario Analysis for Promotion of Sustainable Developmentin the context of Regional Economic and Environmental
Integration––¾

Support of Model Building in Asian countries–¾

AIM, NIES

Through AIM model application liked with Strategic Database(SDB)
Environmental policy linkage related to Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs)

Focus on environmental problems in each country such as
solid waste management, energy system and environmental
investment/industry

Promote international collaboration through international
projects such as ‘National Performance Assessment andStrategic Environment Framework Phase II, Great Mekong(SEFII’, Network of Institute for Sustainable Development(UNEP-NIED), and UNEP-GEO4
21

Millennium development goals,
Indian targets and Climate Change
Millennium development goals andglobal targets

India’s 10th plan (2002-2007) andbeyond targets

How these address climatechange concerns?

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty
and hunger

Double the per capita income by
2012

Income effect would enhancechoices for cleaner fuels

Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and2015, the proportion of people whose
income is less than $1 a day

Reduction of poverty ratio by 5
percentage points by 2007 and by
15 percentage points by 2012

Reduce GHG Emissions due
to lower population

Target 2: Halve, between 1990 and2015, the proportion of people who
suffer from hunger

Reduce decadal population growthrate to 16.2% between 2001-2011(from 21.3% during 1991-2001)

Goal 2: Achieve universal primaryeducation

All children in school by 2003; allchildren to complete 5 years ofschooling by 2007

Target 3: Ensure that, by 2015,
children everywhere, boys and girls
alike, will be able to complete a fullcourse of primary schoolingAIM, NIES

Enhanced adaptation
capacity due to improved
food & health security;
resilience to cope with risks
from extreme events
Enhanced adaptation
capacity due to improved
skills, flexibility to shift
vocations/locations

Increase in literacy rates to 75% by2007 (from 65% in 2001)23

Millennium development goals,
Indian targets and Climate Change
Millennium development goals
and global targets

India’s 10th plan (2002-2007)
and beyond targets

How these address climatechange concerns?

Goal 3: Promote gender equality
and empower womenAt least halve, between 2002
and 2007, gender gaps in literacy
and wage rates

Enhanced capacity of women to
deal with added social risks
from climate change

Target 4: Eliminate gender disparity
in primary and secondary education,
preferably by 2005 and in all levelsof education no later than 2015
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Target 5: Reduce by two-thirds,
between 1990 and 2015, the underfive mortality rate
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Target 6: Reduce by three-quarters,
between 1990 and 2015, thematernal mortality ratio (MMR)

AIM, NIES

Fuel substitution away fromunsustainable traditional
biomass
Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate
(IMR) to 45 per 1000 live births
by 2007 and to 28 by 2012 (115
in 1980, 70 in 2000)

Enhanced resilience of children
to health effects of climatechange due to improved accessto health services

Reduction of MMR to 2 per 1000
live births by 2007 and to 1 by
2012 (from 3 in 2001)

Enhanced resilience of womento health effects of climatechange due to improved accessto health services

24

Millennium development goals,
Indian targets and Climate Change
Millennium development goals
and global targets

India’s 10th plan (2002-2007) andbeyond targets

How these address
climate change concerns?

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria
and other diseases
Target 7: Halted by 2015 and begin
to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
Target 8: Have halted by 2015 andbegin to reverse the incidence ofmalaria and other major diseases

Have halted by 2007; 80 to 90%
coverage of high risk groups, schools,
colleges and rural areas for awarenessgeneration by 2007
25% reduction in morbidity andmortality due to malaria by 2007 and 50%
by 2010Higher resilience of the
population due to enhanced
capacity
to
deal
with
epidemics
Enhanced resilience to added
risk of Malaria and othervector borne diseases

Goal 7: Ensure environmental
sustainability
Target 9: Integrate the principles ofsustainable development into country
policies and programmes and reverse
the loss of environmental resources
Target 10: Halve by 2015 theproportionofpeoplewithout
sustainable access to safe drinking
water
Target 11: Have achieved by 2020 a
significant improvement in the lives ofat least 100 million slum dwellers

Increase in forest cover to 25% by 2007
and 33% by 2012 (from 23% in 2001)
Sustained access to potable drinking
water to all villages by 2007
Commission 14.4 GW hydro and 3 GW
by other renewables between 2002-2007
Electrify 62,000 villages by 2007 throughconventional grid expansion, remaining
18,000 by 2012 via decentralized sources
like solar, wind, small hydro and biomass.
Cleaning of all major polluted rivers by2007 and other notified stretches by 2012

Lower GHG and local
emissions; lower fossil
imports; reduced pressure onland, resources andecosystems
Higher adaptive capacity to
climate variability due toenhanced water supply
Higher adaptive capacity due
to enhanced reach of health/education facilities in rural
areas

AIM, NIES

25

Millennium development goals,
Indian targets and Climate Change
Millennium development goals andglobal targets

India’s 10th plan (2002-2007)
and beyond targets

How these address climatechange concerns?

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership fordevelopment
Target 12: Develop further an open, rulebased, predictable, non-discriminatory
trading and financial system (includes acommitment
togoodgovernance,development, and poverty reduction - bothnationally and internationally)
Target 16: In cooperation with developing
countries,
developand
implement
strategies for decent and productive workfor youth
Target17:
In
cooperation
withpharmaceutical companies, provide accessto affordable essential drugs in developing
countries
Target 18: In cooperation with the private
sector, make available the benefits of newtechnologies, especially information andcommunications technologies

Expeditious reformulation of
the fiscal management system
to make it more appropriate forthe changed context

Higher mitigative and adaptive
capacity from access to global
resources and technologies

AIM, NIES

Tenth plan includes state-wisebreak up of the broaddevelopmental targets.
Higher integration
global economy

with

the

Create 50 million employment
opportunities by 2007 and 100
million by 2012 (current backlog of unemployment is around
9%, equivalent to 35 million
persons)

Enhanced flexibility of jobs andmigration
Improved capacity to deal withhealth risks due to access toadvanced medicine and healthservices
Enhanced adaptive capacity todeal with extreme events fromaccesstoadvanced
information and communication
systems26

Design SDB flow diagram: Transportation sector
Eco educationbudgetEco-driving
License system

Subsidy for
Eco-Nav. Sys.

Environmental/
energy tax scenario

Subsidy for
driving monitor

Eco-driving
educationat school

Eco-driving
education
via TV program

Eco-driving
education
via Web site

Distribution of
eco-driving
leafletEco-driving
licenseEco-navigation
systemDriving
monitorVoluntary planof auto company

Budget of subsidy

Subsidy forhigh train/ship/air

GHG tax[Tax/Subsidy]

AB

AA(Increase of inflow price)(Decrease of initial / O&M priceof high efficiency transportation )[Eco education]

Priority to
publictransportation

Maintaining
Economical
speedsAir conditioner
Reduction oftemperature Correct tire
illegal parking
pressureadjustment

Correct
laden weightRevcontrol

Air conditionerSuppression oftemperaturesuddenadjustment acceleration

Timelyshifting up

TU

Low S oilrefinery plantbudgetPM emission
regulation

PM removal
budgetAD (reduction of air pollutant AF (reduction of air pollutant(reduction of air pollutant
and GHG emission of passenger
vehicle)Marine container term.

NOx removal
catalyst

Strengthen
road/bridge

Paved Road

Priority
bus lane

Bicycle Road

L

O

M

SubwayLRT[Public transportation]
Q(Priority to large (Improve of efficiency (Improve of efficiency (Priority to Bus)of passenger vehicle)of freight vehicle)
freight vehicle)

R(Decrease ofpassenger transportation)

J

S

I

(Priority to Train)

D

AC

N

P

(reduction of air pollutant
and GHG emission of freightvehicle)(reduction of air pollutant
and GHG emission of passenger
vehicle)Hydrogen(Biomass)

L
IC cardticketTDM
AHS *1AHS
AHS *2*1

HydrogenImportPTPS
AHS *1*5

Teleworking/ SOHOMOCS
AHS *1*6

Car sharing
systemB

D(improvement of energy efficiencyof freight transportation)

E

P

Y

AF
O
F

N

E

AE
X
H

AG

(reduction of air pollutant
and GHG emission of freightvehicle)Small-size
VehicleSmall-size
VehicleHybridVehicleVehicleBio-fuel

Fuel cell
VehicleGas

AH

Freight

Train

Train

R
C

Existing Oil
VehicleHybridVehicleFuel cell
VehicleOver 70 innovation options are
combined in systematic manner
AIM, NIES

Ship

CO2

Air
(High EFF.)

Passenger
Transportation

Train

Train

AI

SO2

Air
(Low EFF.)
Air

T

Train
(High eff.)

Train(High EFF.)

AJ

Air

Passenger
Transportation

S

AH

Train
(Diesel)Train(Electricity)

Q

J

Train
(High eff.)

Electricity

Bus

Bus

Natural Gas
VehicleTrain(Electricity)

AI

Ship

Large-size
VehicleLarge-size
VehicleH2

Train(Diesel)Ship(Low EFF.)

VehicleFuel cell
VehicleI

K
Freight
Transportation

HybridVehicleNatural Gas
VehicleB

Fuel cell
VehicleH

VehiclePassenger
Transportation

Existing Oil
VehicleNatural Gas
Vehicle(Priority to high efficiency vehicle)

G(reduction of air pollutant
and GHG emission of passenger
vehicle)Large-size
VehicleSmall-size
VehicleSmall-size
VehicleOil

Existing Oil
VehicleLarge-size
VehicleF

Natural Gas
VehicleNatural Gas
VehicleHybridVehicle(improvement of energy efficiencyof passenger transportation)

HybridVehicleExisting Oil
VehicleVehiclePassenger
Transportation[ICT application]
C

G

AB

Fuel cell
VehicleDecrease ofCongestion(Priority to public transportation)A

VICS
AHS *1*4AHS
ETC *3*1

AA

A

Car sharing
preferential
tax system

FC Technology
Improvement

Hydrogen
(Gas)

AD

W

Existing Oil
VehicleITS capital
informationbudgetIC cardpreferential
treatment system

FC
R&D budget

Gas

V

M

AG

HydrogenConstraint

BiofuelConstraint

AJ(Priority to high Eff. airplane)(reduction of air pollutantof passenger transportation)

Biomass
Constraint

Bio fuel
Import[Voluntary planof private company]

Public Trns.
capital formationbudget[Road infrastructure]J

Bio fuel
Refinery

D: Development of New Environmental
Infrastructures

Priority to highEff. shipby voluntary planand GHG emission of passenger
vehicle)Road capital
informationbudget

Joint delivery Large freightfacilities
station(Priority to train/ship)

Biomassand GHG emission of freightvehicle)Freight facilities
Capital information
BudgetK

Bio refinery
Tech. Imp.

of passenger vehicle)of freight vehicle)(Improve of efficiencyof passenger vehicle)

NOx emission
regulation[Flue gas
purification]

Bio refinery
R&D budget

AI(Priority to high Eff. ship)

Voluntary planof air company

AE (Improve of efficiency

Y

S contentof oilI

Priority to highEff. shipby voluntary planW

[Freight facilities](reduction of air pollutant
of freight transportation)

Air pollutant
regulation
by government

AC(Improve of efficiency

NOx removal
budgetPM removal
air filter

Low sulfur
oil refinery

Energy Eff.
regulation
by government

B: Research and Development of New
Environmental Technologies

AH(Priority to high Eff. rail)

Voluntary planof ship company

X(reduction of air pollutant
and GHG emission of freightvehicle)SO2 emission
regulation

Air poluution
regulation

V(Improve of efficiencyof freight vehicle)(Priority to
public transportation)

Energy Eff.
regulation(Priority to high Eff. vehicle)

Priority to highEff. train
by voluntary plan

[Regulation][Eco driving](Decrease ofpassenger transportation)

AG

Voluntary planof rail company

Eco-drivercommendation

Priority to
walking/ bicycle

A: Activation of New Environmental Markets

Priority to highEff. vehicle
by voluntary plan

Subsidy forhigh Eff. vehicle

Tax benefit forhigh Eff. vehicle

Air pollutant
tax

Energy tax

Ship(Low EFF.)
Train(High EFF.)

NOx

Ship

Ship

AJ
Air
(Low EFF.)
Air(High EFF.)

Air

Air

*1 TDM: Traffic Demand Management*2 AHS: Advanced Cruise-Assist Highway System*3 ETC: Electronic Toll Collection*4 VICS: Vehicle Information and Communication System*5 PTPS: Public Transportation Priority Systems*6 MOCS: Mobile Operation Control Systems

DemandScenario

Confluence

Trend/Policy
Scenario

Activity(Innovation)
Activity(Conventional)

Constraint
Scenario27

Flow

Activity
with stock
InfluenceQuantitative SDB Card

AIM, NIES

28

Production of environmental service (regulating)Service

Service production
sectors

Related Natural
Service

Human and Natural
capitalHuman and Naturalaugmentation ofcapitalRegulating : Benefits obtained from regulation of processes
ClimateCO2
CO2 sequestationterestrial
Forest area
Construction,
controlabsorption industry
absorbtion
Maintenanceocean sink
CO2 emissionEnergy saving
Energy device
reduction
Energy mix change
Power facility
Urban
Air conditioning
Forest area
Construction,
climatefacilities
Maintenancestabilization
Air quality
Emission reduction
natural absorbtion Emission reduction
Construction,
control
serviceoxidation
devices, Energy plants Maintenance
Energy mix change
decompsition
Energy saving
Flood control Mitigation disaster prevention
water retention
Green area,
Construction,
factorindustry
Impoundment
Impoundment
Maintenance
Forest area, Crop area, Construction,
Impoundment
Maintenance
Water
Load
public water supply
self-purifiction
Forest area, Crop area Construction,
purification reductionwastewater industry
Water works, Well
Maintenance
Natural and man-made Maintenanceimpoundment
AIM, NIES
29

Production of environmental service (provisioning)

Service

Environmental Environmental service Related Natural
serviceproduction sectors
ServiceNatural and Human
capitalHuman and Naturalaugmentation ofcapitalProvisioning : Goods produced or provided by ecosystems
Water supply Irrigation, Water industry,
Water hervesting, Natural base discharge Forest maintenance,
Domestic and Irrigation service
Surface runoff,
Primary water resource Crop area increase
Industrial
sectors
EvapotransipirationGround water resource Natural and manwater supply
control
made impoundment
Ground water
harvesting
Food supply Food
Agriculture (Paddy rice,Soil formation,
Potential crop
Climate mitigation,
production Wheat, Cereal grains, Green water,
production
Soil adjustment,
Vegetables, Fruit,
Nutrient cycling
Fertilizer, Irrigation,
Nuts, Oil seeds, Sugar
Water harvest
cane, Fibers)
AnimalLivestock
Bovine cattle, Sheep
Soil formation,
Livestock feeding
Climate mitigation,
product
and goats, hourses,
Green water,
capacity
Soil adjustment
Animal products, Milk, Nutrient cycling
Wool, Silk-worm
Fuelwood
Fuel wood Fuel wood industry
Forest primary
Forest primary
Forest maintenance,
supplyproduction
production
production (vegetation Climate mitigation,area)
Maintenance labor
AIM, NIES

30