University of Aizu, Graduation Thesis. March, 2003

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1

Hyper English Word Study Dictionary with IndoEuropean roots
Yasunori Matsuo
Abstract

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Supervised by Prof. Nobuyoshi Asai

Greek, Russian, Sanskrit, and so on (see Figure1). [2]Bound dictionaries have been directly transfered to virtual form. Neither include the concept of learning.
Grouping English word based on Indo-European Rootsis one eﬀective methods of learning, but the previous
English-Japanese Hyper Dictionary (EJHD) [1] has the
problem that the user does not understand how to use
the English word. The problem was solved by adding
examples. But by this function, new problem develops. The EJHD needs a function of explaining fine nuances of synonyms from Indo-European roots. Consequently, I suggest a necessary function to upgrade the
EJHD. The EJHD enhances a user ability by changing
the web design and displaying many special charactersusing the Unicode (UTF-8). By transition from Windows to Linux, The stability of EJHD system improves.
It operates on non-selecting a platform used Java technology including Servlet and JSP.

1 Introduction

Figure 1: derivation

1.1 BackgroundNow, many kinds of the English-Japanese dictionaries
are on the Internet. Most virtual dictionaries have been
directly transfered from bound dictionaries. They havethe advantage of enhancing the searching speed. But thatis inadequate for learning English words. To understandEnglish, it is necessary to understand the grammar, culture and words of English. But these cannot be memorized all at once. Consequently, when learning English
words, the most eﬀective learning method is using IndoEuropean roots.
1.1.1 What is Indo-European roots?
Proto-Indo-European, which is the original source of
Indo-European languages containing English, does notexist as a real language in history. Proto-Indo-European
is a virtual language. It was created by the comparative
linguistics and developed rapidly in the 19th century Europe. It uses the theoretical re-composition following theregular change in sounds and rhyme found in the IndoEuropeans. Indo-European-Roots were structured bysome stem pattern groups of the Proto-Indo-Eropeans.
This language’s derivatives are from about twelve linguistic groups: English, German, Dutch, French, Italian,

1.1.2 What is English-Japanese Hyper Dictionary(EJHD)?
The English-Japanese Hyper Dictionary is a dictionary
which is made using Hyper Text Markup Language(HTML) on the World Wide Web (WWW).
• The function of the EJHD before upgrading are as
follows:
1. referencing from the front of English words
2. referencing from the front of Indo-Europeanroots
3. indicating the Indo-European roots list
4. referencing from the front of middle changewords
5. indicating the middle change words list
6. referencing from the front of prefixes
7. indicating the prefixes list
8. referencing from the front of stems
9. indicating the stems list

University of Aizu, Graduation Thesis. March, 2003

10. indicating the synonyms list
11. the number of registered English words is
10700
12. the number of registered Indo-European rootsis 1348
13. the number of registered middle change words
is 181
14. the number of registered prefixes is 71
15. the number of registered stems is 96
16. the number of registered synonyms is 196
1.1.3 Advantage of using English-Japanese Hyper
Dictionary
We can learn English word more eﬃciently by using
Indo-European roots.
Indo-European Roots are useful to distinguish words.
For example, the Japanese word utagau means doubt andsuspect in English.
According to The American Heritage Dictionary of
Indo-European Roots Second Edition (2nd ed.)(AHD
2nd ed.), The Indo-European Root of ”doubt” is dwo. [2] According to the AHD 2nd ed., dwo- means two.
”doubt” is derived from dividing A and B.
Indo-European Roots of ”suspect” is spek- and upo.
[2] According to the AHD 2nd ed., spek- means to observe and upo means under, up from under, over.
These Indo-European Roots are not equivalent and thediﬀerence of meaning is obvious.
• ”dwo-” corresponds these modern English words:
1. between: in or into the space separating two or
more points, objects, people, etc
2. bicameral: having two main parts, such as the
Senate and the House of Representatives in
the US, and the House of Commons and theHouse of Lords in Britain
3. biceps: the large muscle at the front of the top
part of the arm
4. bicycle: a road vehicle with two wheels that you
ride by pushing the PEDALS with your feet
5. binary: using only 0 and 1 as a system of numbers
These words are associated with dwo-’s meaning,”two.”• ”spek-” corresponds these modern English words:

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1. aspect: a particular part or feature of a situation,
an idea, a problem, etc.; a way in which it may
be considered
2. special: not ordinary or usual; diﬀerent fromwhat is normal
3. telescope: a piece of equipment shaped likea tube, containing LENSES, that you lookthrough to make objects that are far away appear larger and nearer
These words are associated with spek-’s meaning,”to observe”• ”upo” corresponds these modern English words:
1. above: at or to a higher place or position thansth/sb
2. resurgent: becoming stronger or more popularagain
3. subject: used to refer to a particular time in thepast or future
4. succeed: to achieve sth that you have been trying to do or get; to have the result or eﬀect thatwas intended
These words are associated with upo’s meaning,”under, up from under, over”
1.1.4 About The American Heritage Dictionary of
the English Language (AHD) and The Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (OALD)The AHD [3] is one of the prime reference dictionaries for magazines, newspapers, and Internet content providers and it gets very high evaluation at Amazon.com which is the famous shopping web site in America. AHD’s special consultants include authorities on anthropology, architecture, cinema, and law, plus militaryscience, music, religion, and sports, which is reflected in
an impressively comprehensive coverage of the arts, culture and technology. The 1350 entries of Indo-European
Roots are more than double the number contained in the
Appendix of Indo-European roots of theAHD. [3]
The OALD has eighty thousand references and contains information on British and American English. [4]1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this research is to make a system forlearning English word more eﬃciently by adding examples and changing the web design. The system should be
low cost and operate on non-selecting a platform. These
requirements are fulfilled by Java2 SDK Standard Edition (J2SE), Java Server Pages (JSP), Servlet Container,
Web server, and MySQL. Java is a programming language developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc.

University of Aizu, Graduation Thesis. March, 2003

2 Explanation of Technology
2.1 Develop and Server EnvironmentOS
Web Server
Java
Servlet Container
RDB Server
JDBC Driver

RedHat7.3J
Apache1.3.27
J2SDK1.4.1-01
Tomcat4.0.6
MySQL3.23.49
mm.mysql

2.2 About Apache
Apache, which derives from ”a patchy,” is the Web server
software, Apache was developed by The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). NCSA isa leader in defining the future’s high-performance computing infrastructure for scientists and for society. The
Apache group is improving it based on httpd1.3. It runs
with almost all computers which are UNIX, Linux, Mac,
IBM/PC compatible machine and so on. [5]2.3 About Tomcat
Tomcat is the servlet container that is used in the oﬃcial
Reference Implementation for the Java Servlet and Java
Server Pages technologies. [6]2.4 About MySQLThe MySQL is the most popular open source databasein the world. It is free under the GNU General Public
License (GPL) and delivers high performance in multiusers and multi threads. Its database server architecture
makes it extremely fast and easy to customize. [7]2.5 About JDBC Driver
The driver of connection Servlet and MySQL is Java
Database Connectivity (JDBC), which is a unified interface. It lets developers working with the Java programming language easily build programs and applets that interact with MySQL and connect all corporate data, evenin a heterogeneous environment.

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import java.io.*;import javax.servlet.*;import javax.servlet.http.*;public class hello extends HttpServlet{
public void doGet(
HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)throws ServletException,IOException{
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=EUC-JP");
PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();out.println("<html>");out.println("<head><title>
Hello World</title></head>");out.println("<body>");out.println("<p>Hello World!!<p>");out.println("</body>");out.println("</html>");}}**************< JSP Sample>**************<%@ page contentType="text/html;
charset=EUC-JP" %><html><head><title>Hello World</title></head><body><% out.print("<p>Hello World!!<p>"); %></body></html>************< End of Sample>*************
Servlet need to compile before execution but JSP neednot to.

2.8 About Java Beans
Java Beans is a Java class created by specific rules
like calling the other Java program easily. Java Beansneeds to have the non-argument constructor and Accessor Method, and implementing Serializable Interface. [8]2.6 About Servlet and JSP

2.9 Why is not it CGI but Servlet and JSP

Servlet is the Java Program which operates on the server.
JSP is one of the mechanism to achieve a Web site. It
makes dynamic generated Web page displays, and Java
version of Active Server Pages (ASP). It is one of themechanism with Internet Information Service (IIS).

Servlet and JSP has many advantages:

2.7 The Diﬀerence between Servlet and
JSP
Servlet outputs HTML, but JSP implant in HTML.

************< Servlet Sample>************

1. Basically, ASP does not execute without the Microsoft Windows environment, but Servlet and JSP
are able to run regardless of the operating system.
2. Servlet and JSP can construct a system at a moderate price.
3. CGI (Perl), ASP and PHP use the system called interpreter type, but Servlet and JSP are the compile
languages so the process eﬃciency is better.

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University of Aizu, Graduation Thesis. March, 2003

4. Servlet and JSP is divided into a design and logic
territory, so compartmentalization of the designer
and programmer is very clear. Servlet is in chargeof a logic and JSP is in charge of a design.

3 Setup4% make% make install
Third, copy the file, mod webapp.so, supplied with the
Apache Jakarta Project to /usr/libexec. Add the following messages to /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf for cooperating with tomcat:

3.1 About Red Hat Package Manager
LoadModule webapp module libexec/mod webapp.so(RPM)
RPM is a software to manage the package developed by
Red Hat Software Inc. It is a standard in Linux distribution of Red Hat series, distributed on The GNU General Public License (GPL). It has two functions. First, isthe query function of searching a package or specific filewith database. Second, it is able to execute installation,
upgrade and uninstallation easily with check function ofnecessary file presence for a package. [9]3.2 Installation and Configuration
3.2.1 JAVAFirst, launch the executable file you downloaded, j2sdk1 4 1 (version number)-linux-i586-rpm.bin, by using
the following commands from the directory in which it
is located:% chmod a+x j2sdk-1 4 1 (version number)-linux-i586rpm.bin% ./j2sdk-1 4 1 (version number)-linux-i586-rpm.bin
Second, Run the rpm command to install the packages
that comprise the Java 2 SDK:

WebAppConnection conn warp localhost:8008
WebAppDeploy hidic conn /hidic
3.2.3 Tomcat

Melt the file, jakarta-tomcat-4.0.6-LE-jdk14.tar.gz, to/usr/tomcat4 by using the following commands:% gtar zxvf jakarta-tomcat-4.0.6-LE-jdk14.tar.gz
3.2.4 MySQLRun the rpm command to install the packages% rpm -ivh mysql-server-(version number)% rpm -ivh mysql-(version number)% rpm -ivh mysqlclient9-(version number)% rpm -ivh mysql-devel-(version number)

4 Research Contents
4.1 Transition from Windows to Linux
Improved EJHD’s system is constructed by free software, for example RedHat, Apache, J2SDK, Tomcat and
MySQL. By transition from Windows to Linux, the stability of EJHD’s system improves.

% rpm -iv j2sdk-1 4 1 (version number)-linux-i586.rpm

4.2 Adding Examples and Changing Web
Page Design

Third, configurate the PATH:

A See Figure2% setenv PATH ”/usr/java/j2sdk1.4.1 01/bin”
3.2.2 ApacheFirst, melt the file you downloaded, apache 1.3.27.tar.gz,
by using the following commands:% gtar zxvf apache 1.3.27.tar.gz
Second, install the apache by using the following commands:% ./configure –prefix=/usr –with-layout=RedHat–enable-module=all –enable-shared=max–disable-module=auth dbm –with-perl=/usr/bin/perl–enable-suexec –suexec-docroot=/home/httpd/html–suexec-caller=nobody

4.3 Display of special characters with
Unicode(UTF-8)
The special characters were replace by images on previous EJHD. The user can resize the word’s size withbrowser setting, but the size of images cannot change.
New EJHD displays many special characters used theUnicode (UTF-8) as word. Replaced words are ā, ē, ī,ō, ū, g w and k w .

5 Conclusion
In this research, the problem that users do not understandhow to use English words was solved by adding examples. However by this function, a new problem develops.
The EJHD needs a function of explaining a fine nuanceUniversity of Aizu, Graduation Thesis. March, 2003

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5[3] Margery S. Berube, The American Heritage Dictionary of The English Language 4th Edition,
Houghton Miﬄin Company, 2000.
[4] A. S. Hornby and Sally Wehmeier, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Oxford University
Press, 2002.
[5] ASCII Corporation, “ASCII Digital Dictionary”
http://yougo.ascii24.com/gh/45/004590.html[6] Apache Software Foundation,“The Jakarta Site — Apache Tomcat”
http://jakarta.apache.org/tomcat/index.html
Figure 2: New Design and Examples

between synonyms from Indo-European roots. Consequently, I suggest a necessary function to upgrade the
EJHD. The EJHD enhances a user ability by changing
the web design and displaying many special charactersusing the Unicode (UTF-8). By transition from Windows to Linux, The stability of EJHD’s system improves.
It operates on non-selecting a platform used Java technology including Servlet and JSP.

Acknowledgments
I wish to thank the many people who have, in one way or
the other, made this thesis possible. First of all my supervisor Professor Nobuyoshi Asai for all his help, support,
valuable discussions and open mind.
I also wish to thank all members of the Mathematical
Foundation of Computer Science Laboratory, Mr. Masanari Oya, Ms. Noriko Sato, Mr. Takumi Sekikawa, Ms.
Eriko Chida and Mr Yasuto Horikawa, for help and discussions. I am thankful to Professor Sandra Gillespie
for thesis English support and Professor Yasuhiko Ikebe
for explanation of the Indo-European roots and advice of
how to write and present thesis. [11]Especially, I would like to give my special thanks to
my parents whose helps enabled me to complete thiswork.

References[1] N. Asai laboratory at University of Aizu, Hyper English Dictionary,
http://mfntsv1.u-aizu.ac.jp/hidic/hdhome.html[2] C. Watkins, The American Heritage Dictionary of
Indo-European Roots Second Edition,
Houghton Miﬄin Company, 2000.

[7] MyNA, My SQL Reference,
http://www.mysql.gr.jp/jpdoc/3.23.x/manual.ja toc.html(16 Febuary 2002)[8] Yoshihiro Yamada, 10 日でおぼえる JSP/サーブ
レット入門教室, Shoei Inc, 2000.
[9] ASCII Corporation, “ASCII Digital Dictionary”
http://yougo.ascii24.com/gh/39/003919.html[10] S. Yoshimura, “A study about the hyper-dictionary
used Indo-European roots information”, Master’s
thesis in the department of Science and Engineering at University of Tsukuba, 1997.
[11] Yasuhiko Ikebe, 英語技術プレゼンテーションのスキルアップ法, ヒューマンインターフェイス学
会誌・論文誌、第 3 巻、27-30, 99-102, 161-166,
2001.