COUNTRY REPORT - MALAYSIA
By Nor Azilah Binti Haji Jonit*
I. INTRODUCTION
Malaysia has always been against any form of violence especially to women and children and in ratifying
the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), Malaysia has since developed
programmes, legislation and education to protect them. The government has always regarded these issues
as very important and very crucial to the nation.
In 1999 the government set up the Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development headed bya female minister to oversee, handle and resolve some of the issues surrounding women, family andchildren. Since then, there has been much focus and emphasis on women’s development and child care,
protection from violence and women’s and child’s rights. The development of legislature, programmes onawareness and community based projects are progressing tremendously.
Thousands of women and children from all communities, class, background, race and religion are
experiencing these abuses daily in our society. Mostly, they suffer in silence. They do not know the optionsof getting help and support. They are not aware of the law and the legislation to get protection, to seek
justice and demand their rights.
Domestic violence and child abuse are two profound areas that have been widely discussed by both thegovernment and the non-government agencies. Over the years, Malaysia has developed its own strategies
and plans to help protect women and children from violence and abuse.

II. CURRENT SITUATION
Since the Domestic Violence Act 1994 and The Child Act 2001 being enforced, there has been wide
coverage on this particular legislation in the media. Women and children are more aware of the laws that canprotect them, voice their rights and demand justice for them. Though, cases of both domestic violence andchild abuse are increasing yearly, this of course draws much concern for the fact that this violence isprevalent and the victims now know and are aware of the avenues to get help.
As for domestic violence, in the year 2004, the Royal Malaysia Police received 3101 reports of domestic
violence as compared with 2555 in 2003, an increase of about 21.3%. In 2002, there were 200 more cases
than in 2003. (Please refer to Appendix, Table 1).
Most of the perpetrators are family members, those who are closest to the victim and those they love somuch. Table 2 shows the relationship of the perpetrators to the victims.
It is also noted that one of the main reason for domestic violence are misunderstandings besides jealousy,
alcohol and drug abuse and money matters.
As for cases of child abuse (physical) it was noted that 158 cases were reported as compared with 134
cases in the previous year, an increase of about 17.9%. (Please refer to Table 3). Fathers are the mostcommon child abusers in Malaysia (Please refer to Table 4).
As for incest, the reported number of cases are shown in Table 5. It shows an increase every year and is a
cause of grave concern. Girls of 16 and below, are considered raped whether with or without their consent tothe act (see Table 6).
Like domestic violence, most of the sexually abused children know their perpetrators. Table 7 shows therelationship of the perpetrators to the victims. For incest cases, the perpetrators are their own loved ones,* Head, Sexual Investigation Unit, Criminal Investigation Department, Royal Malaysia Police, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

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those most dear to them. Section 376A of The Penal Code defines incest as having sexual intercourse withanother person whose relationship to him or her is such that he or she is not permitted, under the law,religion, custom or usage applicable to him or her, to marry that other person.

III. INTERVENTION AND PROTECTION OF VICTIMSFor the purpose of intervention, the Welfare Department has already provided a hotline number 1-800883040 for any information from the public about any abuse that they know of. Any person who has reason tobelieve that an offence involving domestic violence is being or has been committed may give the information
to an enforcement officer. No person who gives such information in good faith shall incur any liability for
defamation or otherwise in respect of giving such information as stipulated in Section 18 (1) and (2) of theDomestic Violence Act.
Provisions under both Acts also provide protection to victims as below:

A. Domestic Violence Act (DVA)
Under this Act there are two types of protection the victims can ask for. They are:
1. Interim Protection Order
This special provision is to protect women from further abuse after a complaint is formally lodged.
Section 4 (1) of DVA states that, the court may, during the pendency of investigations relating to thecommission of an offence involving domestic violence, issue an interim protection order prohibiting
the person against whom the order is made from using domestic violence against his or her spouseor former spouse or a child or an incapacitated adult or any other member of the family, as the casemay be, as specified in the order.
Section 4 (2) states that an interim protection order shall cease to have effect upon the completion of
the investigations.
2. Protection Order
Section 5 (1) the court may, in proceedings involving a complaint of domestic violence, issue any one
or more of the following protection orders:(i) a protection order restraining the person against whom the order is made from using
domestic violence against the complainant;(ii) a protection order restraining the person against whom the order is made from using
domestic violence against the child;(iii) a protection order restraining the person against whom the order is made from using
domestic violence against the incapacitated adult.
Section 5 (2), the court in making a protection order under paragraph (1) (a) or (b) or (c) may
include a provision that the person against whom the order is made may not incite any otherperson to commit violence against the person or persons.
One of the problems faced by the police is in serving the order upon the perpetrator as mostof them try to avoid this by moving to a new address or place of work without leaving aforwarding address.
Other kinds of protection are:•

Safe houses
It’s the option of the victim whether to choose to stay in a safe house or otherwise. The Welfare
Department has 28 houses all over Malaysia to give temporary shelter to these women. More arebeing designed to meet the purpose at the state level and these premises are called ‘Rumah Nur’ orHouse of Light.

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Court proceedings
Giving evidence in court against a person who is very close to the victim is another area thatsometimes affects the smooth flow of the proceedings. Victims may request to give evidence
through a video link in court. She/he will not be in the court room with the perpetrator/s.

B. Child Act 2001
The Child Act provides provisions to protect abused children or children in need of care and protection as
follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Restrictions on media reporting and publications;
Duty of Protector/Police Officer taking a child into temporary custody and putting them in a safe
house;
Duty of medical officer to report any finding of abuse on a child to a protector or a police officer while
examining the child; andDuty of family member/child care provider to inform protector.

IV. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND SENTENCING PROCESSAll domestic violence and child abuse cases are classified under the Penal Code, except those not statedherein. There are two types of investigations. Firstly, investigations carried out by the Welfare Department
where sometimes the victims or the family do not wish to indict the perpetrators for reasons best known tothem. But if the officer finds that an offence has been committed the victims or any family members will beadvised to file a formal complaint to the police. Secondly, an investigation carried out by the police
commences once a report is formally lodged directly to the police.
Some of the common problems faced by the police during investigations are as follows:

A. Process of Investigation
1. Domestic Violence Offences
Under the Domestic Violence Act 1994, all provisions shall be read together with the provisions of thePenal Code. Though there are sufficient provisions for physical abuse, there is no provision for psychologicalabuse. Such abuses are quite commonly reported but in view of the absence of such an offence under the
Penal Code, investigation procedures will not be initiated.
2. Withdrawal of Reports
Almost 80 per cent of the cases reported ended up with a request of withdrawal by the complainants who
are normally the victims of violence. Though the prerogative of granting withdrawals lies with the publicprosecutors, it is quite apparent that the victim’s request most of the time needs to be adhered to as they
will foil prosecution by not giving their cooperation e.g. not attending court or giving unfavourable evidence
during prosecution. Only 8.6% or 266 of the cases reported in 2004 were prosecuted.
3. Lack of Cooperation
There are cases where victims do not get support from other witnesses who are family members. In suchcases, victims will seek not to proceed with the case. There are also instances where victim themselves do
not follow the requirement to be medically examined.
4. Delay in Reporting
Victims of domestic violence cases, more often than not, will only report to the authorities after a certain“consultation” period. By such time physical evidence is no longer visible or has fully healed. His/her
credibility will be questioned.
5. Reluctance
Reluctance to seek assistance due to shame, fear of retaliation from their spouses and lack of awarenessthat domestic violence is a crime are some of the factors that contribute to continuous abuse.
6. Attitude
All domestic violence cases are investigated by the police. Complaints regarding insensitivity of the law

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enforcers from domestic violence survivors are seldom received. Nonetheless, efforts to consistently teach,remind and reinforce the practice are carried out at regular intervals.
As for child abuse cases, the limitations of investigation are as follows:(i) victim is too young to understand the questions posed to him/her;(ii) the answers given are not rational and do not answer the questions being asked;(iii) delay in lodging a police report and therefore it is hard to trace back the physical injuries suffered by
the victim and to some extent the injuries are already fully healed;(iv) the abuser is closely related to the victim and therefore the victim is reluctant or refuses tocooperate with the authorities during the investigation for the following reasons:a)
b)
c)
d)

fear that they might lose their family ties and shelter;
being separated from the family;that the abuser is the ‘sole bread winner’ of the family;
being accused as a problem maker in the family;(v) As far as sexual abuse is concerned, the police encounter difficulties in getting corroborative
evidence. This is so as a ‘rule of prudence’, for the simple reason that it’s very seldom that they get
an independent witness to the act that mostly happened between the perpetrator and the victim only.
Though corroboration can be in the form of a DNA test, chemistry reports and medical reports, thefact is that when these cases are reported to the Police, the victim has actually washed away all theevidence when he/she takes a bath.
In these types of cases too, the problem will only come to light when the child, mostly teenagers, getpregnant and other factors such as an infection of a sexually transmitted disease, is active in sexual
activities while at a very young age and changes in behaviour.

B. Prosecution
The prerogative to charge lies in the hands of the police and in more serious offences, the Deputy Public
Prosecutor. In court the prosecutor can be either a Deputy Public Prosecutor or a Police Prosecutor.
Some of the problems in prosecuting are as follows:1.

the court proceedings take such a long time and therefore the victim or the witness finds it difficult
to recall the fact of the case or evidence or sometimes they do not want to remember a bitter
experience that had happened previously (emotionally disturbed/sad);2.

difficulties in tracing the witness/victim who have moved to other places;3.

application by the victim to withdraw the case after being induced by family members for reasons
best known to them;4.

the victim feels uncomfortable, scared and ashamed especially when the accused person is in thesame court room.

C. Sentencing
The court takes into account the offence charged and the seriousness of the case when sentencing an
accused. The court has to examine all the evidence put before it from all points of the law such as credibility
and competency of witnesses and corroborative evidence before convicting an accused person. If theprosecutor or the defence counsel feels that the punishment is inappropriate, an appeal is filed in the High
Court.
A child as a witness may affect the trial proceeding dynamics considering the child’s age, mental andpsychological development and language and literacy ability. The child’s competency and understanding of
the obligation of oath and telling the truth will be looked upon as vital before a court can make a decision.

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V. TREATMENT OF OFFENDERSConvicted offenders will be sent to prison accordingly. As rehabilitation, they will undergo counsellingsessions and also attend religious classes conducted by the appointed prison religious officers. They are also
given vocational training and education. At the moment, there is no psychologist attached to the Departmentof Prisons in Malaysia to carry out psychological evaluation and treatment necessary for them. There arealso no programmes yet to be developed, especially community based programmes for these ex-offenders.
However, proposals and recommendations for parole and probation systems are in the pipeline.

VI. PROBLEMS
The statistics, which are only the tip of the iceberg, show that many women and children have comeforward to get help. Undeniably, many women prefer not to report the violence because of factors statedbelow.

A. Society
Women will stay in an abusive relationship/marriage because they may fear the stigma of being divorced.
They will be looked upon as having failed in the marriage. They are also made to bear the burden of being
responsible for the “make” and “break” of the marriage. Many women fear being branded as a bad motherand wife who does not keep the wedding vows they made. Her knowledge of available community services
may be limited and therefore she believes she has no other choice but to stay in the abusive relationship.
B. Emotional
The longer the woman lives in an abusive relationship the harder it is to leave as the woman loses her
sense of worth and dignity along the way. This may cause her to have a very low self-esteem, andconsequently contributes to her inability to leave. Other reasons may include her fear of the unknown anduncertain future, her love for the spouse and the hope that the spouse will change for the better. These
women too are made to believe that they provoke the violence and that her children need their father, hence
an abusive father is better than no father.
C. Economic
In many cases involving domestic violence, husbands have made sure that their wives do not work eventhough they are unable to provide for the family. This is a form of control over his wife. It becomes a problem
for the woman because she cannot leave home, having no money and being unemployed. One of the otherreasons why women stay is because they may have nowhere else to go. The children may be young andtherefore she is unable to get a fulltime job as she has to take care of the children. She may feel bad that she
cannot provide her children with the best food, shelter and security.
VII. THE CURRENT LEGISLATION
A. The Domestic Violence Act (DVA) 1994
In 1985, women’s groups started campaigning to create awareness of violence against women. A special
committee was formed in 1989 comprising of the Association of Women Lawyers, Women’s Aid Organization(WAO), All Women’s Action Society and other groups of societies to discuss and propose new legislation.
Royal Malaysia Police (RMP) officers were invited in the discussion pertaining to investigation andprosecution of perpetrators. This enabled the RMP to contribute and played a major role in enacting the Act.
Two years later, the draft was ready. In 1994 a special act was enacted to provide legal protection insituations of domestic violence and matters incidental thereto and is called the Domestic Violence Act 1994
(Act 521). It came into force in 1996.
The Domestic Violence Act 1994 was designed to grant both civil and criminal remedies for the survivors
or victims of domestic violence, irrespective of race, religion, and cultural and family background differences.
Domestic violence per se is not a specific crime under the Act. However, Section 3 of the DVA is to be read
together with the provisions under the Penal Code and thus bind the investigation under the Criminal
Procedure Code.
The Act provides protection to all persons in Malaysia including the spouse (including de facto spouse),
former spouse, child, incapacitated adult or any member of the family.

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This Act is enacted to curb the use of violence as a weapon to settle domestic disputes and to safeguard
the marriage institution. It also acts as an instrument for the victims to seek protection and justice. It is notmeant to destroy the family institutions.
1. Definition of Domestic Violence
Section 2 of the DVA states that – domestic violence means the commission of any of the following acts:(i) wilfully or knowingly placing or attempting to place the victim in fear of physical injury;(ii) causing physical injury to the victim by such act which is known or ought to have been known would
result in physical injury;(iii) compelling the victim by force or threat to engage in any conduct or act, sexual or otherwise, fromwhich the victim has a right to abstain;(iv) confining or detaining the victim against the victim’s will; or(v) causing mischief or destruction or damage to property with intent to cause or knowing that it islikely to cause distress or annoyance to the victim,
by a person against –a) his or her spouse;b) his or her former spouse;c) a child;d) an incapacitated adult; ore) any other member of the family.
“Spouse” includes a de facto spouse, that is to say, a person who has gone through a form of
ceremony according to the religion or custom of the parties concerned, notwithstanding that such
ceremony is not registered or not capable of being registered under any written law relating to thesolemnization and registration of marriages.
2. Enforcement Officers(i) the Police(ii) officers from the Social Welfare Department.
3. Duties of Enforcement Officers(i) assisting victim to file a complaint(ii) providing and arranging transportation to hospital(iii) explaining rights to protection available(iv) accompanying victim to collect their belongings(v) exercising power of arrest(vi) removing or supervising the removal of a person excluded from a shared residence.

B. The Child Act 2001
The death of baby Sundram, a two year old boy, in 1999 as a result of continuous abuse by an adult,
triggered grave concern amongst the government, community and non-governmental organizations. There
was a hue and cry by almost all walks of society that something had to be done to protect vulnerable children
from being physically tortured. Although the Child Protection Act was in force at that time, there was a needfor it to be reviewed together with the Juvenile Courts Act and the Young Women and Girls Protection Act
that also concerned both the victims and young perpetrators, thus The Child Act 2001 (Act 611) was born.
Malaysia being a country that ratified the UNCRC has since developed and drawn-up programmes toprotect children from physical, emotional and sexual abuse. Articles 19 and 20 specially demand the stateparty to be responsible for the well-being of abused children.
All cases are classified under the Penal Code except on ill-treatment, neglect, abandonment or exposureof children in a manner likely to cause him/her physical or emotional injury or causes or permits him/her tobe abused, neglected or exposed which is an offence under this Act.

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The Act also provides:
1. Protection of children in need of care and protection;
2. Temporary shelters and houses for victims;
3. Rehabilitation and Probation Institutions;
4. Powers of Investigation;
5. Roles and Responsibilities of the Court for Children.

VIII. INTEGRATED APPROACH
1.
Besides civil and criminal remedies and procedures, at the ministerial level action plans are being
structured. The National Policy on Women Action Plan is one that responds to CEDAW. This plan wasendorsed by the Malaysian Cabinet in 1989 and one of the special sectors that have drawn concern andactive response is of course, violence against women. Positive and effective solutions to address the
problems have been carried out by raising public awareness and to bring about positive attitude changes.
2.
The Ministry of Health has set up One-Stop Crisis Centres in all major hospitals to handle survivors
efficiently without having to go through much hassle queuing up with other patients.
3.
A similar approach is being adopted by the Royal Malaysian Police Force in handling survivors ofviolence relating to sexual crime and also domestic violence. A “One stop centre” has been setup in a
number of District Police Headquarters for victims of not only domestic violence but other criminal cases
too, where they are put in a special room to be attended to. The newly set up Victim Care Centres, haveconducive surroundings attended by trained police personnel who will facilitate and assist the survivor tolodge reports and to further furnish information about his/her encounter. Initial counselling sessions will be
carried out by qualified counsellors. Referrals to appropriate agencies will be carried out accordingly.
4.
They have the opportunity to be given an option whether to give evidence in the court room itself or
through a video link facility when they testify in court. Even though there is only one court in Kuala Lumpurthat has been equipped with such facility, the positive feedback from the public was very encouraging,enough for the government to equip other courts with the same facilities.
5.
The Department of Social Welfare, under The Ministry of Women, Family and Community
Development and related NGOs have carried out awareness campaigns periodically in the mass media but
it’s impact has been minimal and limited especially to the urban areas and the need to reach-out more widelyis imperative. To address this issue, they have since in April 2002, begun a nationwide campaign throughposters and billboards as the main source of medium. The posters were posted at various vantage locations
for maximum coverage.
6.
Another on-going programme launched by the Department of Women’s Development under the same
ministry is a campaign known as Wave (Women against Violence). This programme’s major concern is to
educate the public about their rights, the law and procedures governing them and also the different forms ofabuse that are prevalent in society. It also provides information on options on how to deal with the situation
when it occurs. Recently, the department has recruited, vetted and trained 388 volunteers nationwide tohelp these battered women.
7.
The National Social Policy was recently launched. It is a holistic approach to incorporate physical,
emotional and intellectual prowess in the race to attain economic development. The Social Welfare
Department is one of the main referral resources. They provide shelter for abused women and to-date there
are a total of 28 safe houses run by the Welfare Department. These facilities are adequately equipped toensure the comfort and safety of the victims and their children.

IX. OTHER PROGRAMMES DEVELOPEDThere are other programmes developed by the various organizations such as follows.
1. Good parenting training – aimed at improving the emotional bonds between parents and their children,
encouraging parents to use consistent child-rearing methods and helping them with the necessary skills todevelop self-control in bringing up children. These programmes are on-going and being conducted by variousorganisations both government and non-government.

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2. The non-governmental organizations are actively keeping abreast with these issues. There are alsosimilar programmes carried out by them, such as AWAM (All Women against Violence in Malaysia) andWAO (Women’s Aid Organisation). They have been very active, vocal and work hard to combat this menace.
They also provide counselling; conduct training for trainers and organize seminars and workshops toenhance knowledge and awareness.
3. The Islamic Religions Department has set up temporary shelters for Muslim survivors of domestic
violence throughout Malaysia. They also provide legal and counselling services to their clients.

X. NEW LEGISLATION/PROCEDURES
Giving evidence in court can be very traumatic for a child. A child has always been seen as a fragile
witness, who doesn’t understand or differentiate between fantasy and reality. Sometimes they are seen as
liars in court. The rule of prudence requires corroboration for a child witness, and the adversarial systemand cognitive level of development of a child, hinder a conviction of the perpetrators.
There are a number of programmes developed to help these children when they become victims tocertain crimes perpetrated by adults. With the introduction of “child friendly policing” by the Royal Malaysia
Police in 2000, and with the assistance by the British Government, a special committee was set up to help
children testify in courts. The committee headed by The Legal Affairs Division; The Prime Minister’s
Department, with various agencies concerned, formed the technical committees as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Legal Affairs Division (Policy) – Technical Committee on Working Together Documents;
Attorney General’s Chambers - Technical Committee on Legal Frameworks;
Royal Malaysia Police – Technical Committee on Video Recording of Child Witnesses;
Welfare Department – Technical Committee on Witness Support Service; andJudicial Department – Technical Committee on Infrastructure in Courts.

As of today, about 450 children have been given the opportunity to have their testimony recorded throughvideo. Even though the proposed new legislation has not been passed yet, two tapes have been tendered incourt through Section 65 of the Evidence Act that is about admittance of secondary documents such as video
recording. When the new law is passed by Parliament, the evidence of the child will be accepted andadmitted as direct oral evidence during examination-in-chief.
A distressed child needs intervention and support from their parents and other people. Through thisproject, the Welfare Department set up the Witness Support Service to help prepare these children for acourt hearing. A social worker will be assigned to the child and to explain about the system, what a hearing
is all about and take the child around the courthouse before the trial. This worker will attend to the childthroughout the proceedings.
Working with an abused child requires an investigation by each of the various agencies from their own
perspective. The Police have a different role and responsibility when treating a child as a victim of abuse,
likewise the Welfare Department and the Health Department. After an investigation is completed, theAttorney General’s Chambers will decide whether to prosecute after weighing all the evidence. These
procedures and roles of the different agencies are compiled in a working together document and are now in
the final stage to be forwarded to the Cabinet.
As for the perpetrators, recommendations have gone to Parliament to make it compulsory for exoffenders in sexual offence cases to report to the nearest Police Station in the area he/she wishes to stay andbe put under police supervision for the duration deemed by the court.

XI. CONCLUSION
The problem of domestic violence and child abuse cannot be solved by having laws and procedures alone,which must be seen as just one method of providing a solution to the problem. Legal methods of deterrence
may in many cases simply not be an appropriate or effective method of preventing violence in the family.

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More efforts have to be taken to make society aware of the dimensions of the problem throughcampaigns, seminars and conferences. Mass media must be more effectively used to create a respectful,concerned and highly moral society because violence and abuse are about self-respect and respect of otherhuman beings, irrespective of their relationships.
Community based projects which involve the society at large should be developed to create awarenessamong the people that domestic violence and child abuse are crimes. They should be made well aware of thecurrent situation, the law concerning the issues and measures taken by the government and nongovernment agencies.
The Prime Minister recently launched a new concept based on Fundamental Principles of Islam, Islam
Hadhari or “Modern Islam” and introduced ten principles, one of which is protection of the minorities
including protection of women. This is seen as one of the platforms for the advancement of women, family
and the community as a whole in Malaysia and to steer the nation to be a well developed nation,
economically and psychologically, by the year 2020.

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APPENDIX
Table 1: Reported Cases of Domestic Violence According to States in Malaysia
for the Years 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005 (January – February)
State

2002

2003

2004

200
2005
5 ( Jan – Feb)

Perlis

39

32

53

4

Kedah

177

179

264

44

P/ Pinang

269

231

255

47

Perak

135

123

85

14

Selangor

942

805

932

151

K/ Lumpur

131

96

95

16

N/Sembilan
N/
Sembilan

242

301

262

23

Melaka

67

68

104

36

Johor

187

234

465

56

Pahang

202

188

206

31

Terengganu

10

9

21

2

Kelantan

47

19

27

2

Sabah

85

69

124

11

Sarawak

222

201

208

40

Total

2755

2555

3101

477

Table 2: The Perpetrators in Domestic Violence Cases in Malaysia
Relationship

2002

2003

2004

200
2005
5 ( Jan – Feb)

Husbands

1700

1540

2018

300

Wives

47

49

41

6

Fathers

72

69

102

11

Mothers

18

17

30

4

Father-In-Laws

25

26

35

3

Mother-In-Laws

5

10

4

4

Sisters

13

16

23

1

Younger Brothers

91

74

112

20

Brothers

105

88

118

11

Sister-In-Laws

17

12

8

1

Brother-In-Laws

184

160

150

37

Ex-Wives

11

1

12

6

Ex-Husbands

91

95

88

16

Offspring

104

83

110

30

Others

272

315

250

27

Total

2755

2555

3101

477

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Table 3 : Child Abuse Cases (Physical Abuse)
State

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Perlis

0

0

0

0

2

Kedah

7

8

8

8

15

P/Pinang

27

28

14

11

11

Perak

11

2

6

8

8

Selangor

40

49

43

34

56

K/Lumpur

16

15

13

6

7

N/Sembilan

6

7

4

12

7

Melaka

6

8

5

16

5

Johor

23

20

14

12

23

Pahang

7

6

7

5

6

Terengganu

0

2

2

3

3

Kelantan

3

1

1

3

2

Sabah

0

2

9

10

5

Sarawak

0

2

6

6

8

Total

146

150

132

134

158

Table 4: The Perpetrators of Child Abuse
2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Father

31

27

21

35

37

Mother

29

25

26

32

30

Step-Parents

3

18

11

16

15

Uncle

3

3

4

2

0

Aunty

2

6

2

2

2

Other Relatives

8

0

1

2

1

Guardian

28

25

15

12

24

Teacher

10

11

2

2

3

Unknown

19

27

47

24

42

Grandparents

1

1

2

7

3

Adopted Family

7

4

1

0

1

Neighbour

4

2

0

0

0

Employer

1

0

0

0

0

Brother

0

1

0

0

0

Total

146

150

132

134

158

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Table 5: The Number of Incest Cases in Malaysia
State

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Perlis

1

1

4

1

4

Kedah

21

12

31

21

28

P/Pinang

6

13

11

3

11

Perak

16

14

27

29

27

Selangor

29

32

47

35

39

K/Lumpur

9

15

10

9

21

N/Sembilan

7

17

10

14

22

Melaka

13

8

10

15

14

Johor

29

34

47

47

52

Pahang

13

18

35

19

21

Terengganu

16

18

15

6

13

Kelantan

9

21

16

11

16

Sabah

24

30

27

29

44

Sarawak

20

13

16

15

25

Total

213

246

306

254

334

Table 6: Age of Victims
Victim’ss Age
Victim

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Below 16

137

166

196

166

214

Above 16

76

80

109

88

120

Total

213

246

306

254

334

129

RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No.69

Table 7: Relationship of Perpetrators to Victims
Relationship

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Father

67

77

77

72

99

Uncle

34

42

65

42

60

Older Brother

13

15

29

22

24

Younger Brother

1

0

2

0

1

Cousin

15

18

33

33

41

Grandfather

6

6

14

8

7

Step Father

41

52

40

42

60

Brothers-In-Law

26

23

22

20

21

Step Brother

1

4

10

6

6

Fathers-In-Law

0

1

0

0

2

Step Grandfather

3

0

2

3

4

Step Children

0

1

0

0

0

Offspring

0

0

2

1

0

Nephew

0

0

0

0

2

Adopted Father

3

7

9

5

7

Adopted Brother

3

0

1

0

0

Total

213

246

306

254

334

130