for	 these	 rights	 and	 freedoms	 and	 by	 progressive	 measures,	 

Universal	 Declaration	 of	 Human	 Rights 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 national	 and	 international,	 to	 secure	 their	 universal	 and	 Adopted	 and	 proclaimed	 by	 General	 Assembly	 

effective	  recognition	  and	  observance,	  both	  among	  the	 resolution	 217A	 (III)	 of	 10	 December	 1948	 

peoples	 of	 Member	 States	 themselves	 and	 among	 the	 peoples	 	 of	 territories	 under	 their	 jurisdiction.	 

Preamble	 	  	 Whereas	 recognition	 of	 the	 inherent	 dignity	 and	 of	 the	 

Article	 1	 equal	 and	 inalienable	 rights	 of	 all	 members	 of	 the	 human	 All	 human	 beings	 are	 born	 free	 and	 equal	 in	 dignity	 and	 family	 is	 the	 foundation	 of	 freedom,	 justice	 and	 peace	 in	 rights.	 They	 are	 endowed	 with	 reason	 and	 conscience	 and	 the	 world,	 

should	 act	 towards	 one	 another	 in	 a	 spirit	 of	 brotherhood.	 	 	 Whereas	  disregard	  and	  contempt	  for	  human	  rights	  have	 

Article	 2	 resulted	  in	  barbarous	  acts	  which	  have	  outraged	  the	 Everyone	 is	 entitled	 to	 all	 the	 rights	 and	 freedoms	 set	 

conscience	 of	 mankind,	 and	 the	 advent	 of	 a	 world	 in	 which	 

forth	 in	 this	 Declaration,	 without	 distinction	 of	 any	 kind,	 human	 beings	 shall	 enjoy	 freedom	 of	 speech	 and	 belief	 and	 such	 as	 race,	 colour,	 sex,	 language,	 religion,	 political	 

freedom	 from	 fear	 and	 want	 has	 been	 proclaimed	 as	 the	 or	 other	 opinion,	 national	 or	 social	 origin,	 property,	 highest	 aspiration	 of	 the	 common	 people,	 birth	 or	 other	 status.	 	 	 Whereas	 it	 is	 essential,	 if	 man	 is	 not	 to	 be	 compelled	 to	 

Furthermore,	 no	 distinction	 shall	 be	 made	 on	 the	 basis	 of	 

have	 recourse,	 as	 a	 last	 resort,	 to	 rebellion	 against	 

the	 political,	 jurisdictional	 or	 international	 status	 of	 tyranny	  and	  oppression,	  that	  human	  rights	  should	  be	 the	  country	  or	  territory	  to	  which	  a	  person	  belongs,	 

protected	 by	 the	 rule	 of	 law,	 

whether	 it	 be	 independent,	 trust,	 non-self-governing	 or	 	 under	 any	 other	 limitation	 of	 sovereignty.	 

Whereas	 it	 is	 essential	 to	 promote	 the	 development	 of	 	 friendly	 relations	 between	 nations,	 Article	 3	 	 Everyone	 has	 the	 right	 to	 life,	 liberty	 and	 security	 of	 

Whereas	 the	 peoples	 of	 the	 United	 Nations	 have	 in	 the	 person.	 

Charter	  reaffirmed	  their	  faith	  in	  fundamental	  human	 	 rights,	 in	 the	 dignity	 and	 worth	 of	 the	 human	 person	 and	 Article	 4	 in	 the	 equal	 rights	 of	 men	 and	 women	 and	 have	 determined	 

No	 one	 shall	 be	 held	 in	 slavery	 or	 servitude;	 slavery	 and	 

to	 promote	 social	 progress	 and	 better	 standards	 of	 life	 

the	 slave	 trade	 shall	 be	 prohibited	 in	 all	 their	 forms.	 

in	 larger	 freedom,	 	 	 Article	 5	 Whereas	 Member	 States	 have	 pledged	 themselves	 to	 achieve,	 No	 one	 shall	 be	 subjected	 to	 torture	 or	 to	 cruel,	 inhuman	 in	 cooperation	 with	 the	 United	 Nations,	 the	 promotion	 of	 or	 degrading	 treatment	 or	 punishment.	 

universal	 respect	 for	 and	 observance	 of	 human	 rights	 and	 	 fundamental	 freedoms,	 Article	 6	 	 

Everyone	 has	 the	 right	 to	 recognition	 everywhere	 as	 a	 Whereas	  a	  common	  understanding	  of	  these	  rights	  and	 person	 before	 the	 law.	 

freedoms	  is	  of	  the	  greatest	  importance	  for	  the	  full	 	 realization	 of	 this	 pledge,	 Article	 7	 	 

All	 are	 equal	 before	 the	 law	 and	 are	 entitled	 without	 any	 Now,	 therefore,	 discrimination	 to	 equal	 protection	 of	 the	 law.	 All	 are	 	 entitled	 to	 equal	 protection	 against	 any	 discrimination	 

The	 General	 Assembly,	 

in	  violation	  of	  this	  Declaration	  and	  against	  any	 	 incitement	 to	 such	 discrimination.	 

Proclaims	 this	 Universal	 Declaration	 of	 Human	 Rights	 as	 	 a	 common	 standard	 of	 achievement	 for	 all	 peoples	 and	 all	 Article	 8	 nations,	 to	 the	 end	 that	 every	 individual	 and	 every	 organ	 Everyone	 has	 the	 right	 to	 an	 effective	 remedy	 by	 the	 of	 society,	 keeping	 this	 Declaration	 constantly	 in	 mind,	 

competent	  national	  tribunals	  for	  acts	  violating	  the	 shall	 strive	 by	 teaching	 and	 education	 to	 promote	 respect	 fundamental	 rights	 granted	 him	 by	 the	 constitution	 or	 by	 

law.	 No	 one	 shall	 be	 arbitrarily	 deprived	 of	 his	 nationality	 	 nor	 denied	 the	 right	 to	 change	 his	 nationality.	 

Article	 9	 	 No	 one	 shall	 be	 subjected	 to	 arbitrary	 arrest,	 detention	 

Article	 16	 or	 exile.	 

Men	 and	 women	 of	 full	 age,	 without	 any	 limitation	 due	 to	 	 race,	 nationality	 or	 religion,	 have	 the	 right	 to	 marry	 and	 

Article	 10	 to	 found	 a	 family.	 They	 are	 entitled	 to	 equal	 rights	 as	 Everyone	 is	 entitled	 in	 full	 equality	 to	 a	 fair	 and	 public	 to	 marriage,	 during	 marriage	 and	 at	 its	 dissolution.	 

hearing	 by	 an	 independent	 and	 impartial	 tribunal,	 in	 the	 	 determination	 of	 his	 rights	 and	 obligations	 and	 of	 any	 Marriage	 shall	 be	 entered	 into	 only	 with	 the	 free	 and	 full	 criminal	 charge	 against	 him.	 

consent	 of	 the	 intending	 spouses.	 	 	 Article	 11	 The	 family	 is	 the	 natural	 and	 fundamental	 group	 unit	 of	 

Everyone	 charged	 with	 a	 penal	 offence	 has	 the	 right	 to	 be	 

society	 and	 is	 entitled	 to	 protection	 by	 society	 and	 the	 presumed	 innocent	 until	 proved	 guilty	 according	 to	 law	 in	 

State.	 

a	 public	 trial	 at	 which	 he	 has	 had	 all	 the	 guarantees	 	 necessary	 for	 his	 defence.	 

Article	 17	 	 

Everyone	 has	 the	 right	 to	 own	 property	 alone	 as	 well	 as	 No	 one	 shall	 be	 held	 guilty	 of	 any	 penal	 offence	 on	 account	 in	 association	 with	 others.	 

of	 any	 act	 or	 omission	 which	 did	 not	 constitute	 a	 penal	 	 offence,	 under	 national	 or	 international	 law,	 at	 the	 time	 No	 one	 shall	 be	 arbitrarily	 deprived	 of	 his	 property.	 

when	 it	 was	 committed.	 Nor	 shall	 a	 heavier	 penalty	 be	 	 

imposed	 than	 the	 one	 that	 was	 applicable	 at	 the	 time	 the	 

Article	 18	 

penal	 offence	 was	 committed.	 

Everyone	 has	 the	 right	 to	 freedom	 of	 thought,	 conscience	 	 and	 religion;	 this	 right	 includes	 freedom	 to	 change	 his	 

Article	 12	 

religion	  or	  belief,	  and	  freedom,	  either	  alone	  or	  in	 No	 one	 shall	 be	 subjected	 to	 arbitrary	 interference	 with	 community	  with	  others	  and	  in	  public	  or	  private,	  to	 his	  privacy,	  family,	  home	  or	  correspondence,	  nor	  to	 manifest	 his	 religion	 or	 belief	 in	 teaching,	 practice,	 

attacks	 upon	 his	 honour	 and	 reputation.	 Everyone	 has	 the	 worship	 and	 observance.	 

right	  to	  the	  protection	  of	  the	  law	  against	  such	 	 interference	 or	 attacks.	 

Article	 19	 	 Everyone	  has	  the	  right	  to	  freedom	  of	  opinion	  and	 Article	 13	 expression;	 this	 right	 includes	 freedom	 to	 hold	 opinions	 Everyone	  has	  the	  right	  to	  freedom	  of	  movement	  and	 

without	  interference	  and	  to	  seek,	  receive	  and	  impart	 residence	 within	 the	 borders	 of	 each	 State.	 

information	 and	 ideas	 through	 any	 media	 and	 regardless	 of	 	 frontiers.	 

Everyone	 has	 the	 right	 to	 leave	 any	 country,	 including	 his	 	 own,	 and	 to	 return	 to	 his	 country.	 

Article	 20	 	 

Everyone	 has	 the	 right	 to	 freedom	 of	 peaceful	 assembly	 and	 

Article	 14	 

association.	 

Everyone	 has	 the	 right	 to	 seek	 and	 to	 enjoy	 in	 other	 	 countries	 asylum	 from	 persecution.	 

No	 one	 may	 be	 compelled	 to	 belong	 to	 an	 association.	 	 	 This	 right	 may	 not	 be	 invoked	 in	 the	 case	 of	 prosecutions	 

Article	 21	 

genuinely	 arising	 from	 non-political	 crimes	 or	 from	 acts	 

Everyone	 has	 the	 right	 to	 take	 part	 in	 the	 government	 of	 contrary	 to	 the	 purposes	 and	 principles	 of	 the	 United	 his	  country,	  directly	  or	  through	  freely	  chosen	 Nations.	 

representatives.	 	 	 Article	 15	 

Everyone	 has	 the	 right	 to	 equal	 access	 to	 public	 service	 Everyone	 has	 the	 right	 to	 a	 nationality.	 

in	 his	 country.	 	 	 The	 will	 of	 the	 people	 shall	 be	 the	 basis	 of	 the	 authority	 Elementary	 education	 shall	 be	 compulsory.	 Technical	 and	 of	 government;	 this	 will	 shall	 be	 expressed	 in	 periodic	 

professional	 education	 shall	 be	 made	 generally	 available	 and	 genuine	 elections	 which	 shall	 be	 by	 universal	 and	 

and	 higher	 education	 shall	 be	 equally	 accessible	 to	 all	 

equal	 suffrage	 and	 shall	 be	 held	 by	 secret	 vote	 or	 by	 on	 the	 basis	 of	 merit.	 

equivalent	 free	 voting	 procedures.	 	 	 Education	 shall	 be	 directed	 to	 the	 full	 development	 of	 the	 

Article	 22	 

human	 personality	 and	 to	 the	 strengthening	 of	 respect	 for	 

Everyone,	 as	 a	 member	 of	 society,	 has	 the	 right	 to	 social	 

human	 rights	 and	 fundamental	 freedoms.	 It	 shall	 promote	 

security	 and	 is	 entitled	 to	 realization,	 through	 national	 

understanding,	 tolerance	 and	 friendship	 among	 all	 nations,	 

effort	 and	 international	 co-operation	 and	 in	 accordance	 

racial	  or	  religious	  groups,	  and	  shall	  further	  the	 with	 the	 organization	 and	 resources	 of	 each	 State,	 of	 the	 activities	 of	 the	 United	 Nations	 for	 the	 maintenance	 of	 economic,	 social	 and	 cultural	 rights	 indispensable	 for	 peace.	 

his	 dignity	 and	 the	 free	 development	 of	 his	 personality.	 	 	 Parents	 have	 a	 prior	 right	 to	 choose	 the	 kind	 of	 education	 

Article	 23	 that	 shall	 be	 given	 to	 their	 children.	 

Everyone	  has	  the	  right	  to	  work,	  to	  free	  choice	  of	 	 employment,	 to	 just	 and	 favourable	 conditions	 of	 work	 and	 

Article	 27	 to	 protection	 against	 unemployment.	 

Everyone	  has	  the	  right	  freely	  to	  participate	  in	  the	 	 cultural	 life	 of	 the	 community,	 to	 enjoy	 the	 arts	 and	 to	 

Everyone,	 without	 any	 discrimination,	 has	 the	 right	 to	 share	 in	 scientific	 advancement	 and	 its	 benefits.	 

equal	 pay	 for	 equal	 work.	 	 	 Everyone	 has	 the	 right	 to	 the	 protection	 of	 the	 moral	 and	 

Everyone	 who	 works	 has	 the	 right	 to	 just	 and	 favourable	 material	  interests	  resulting	  from	  any	  scientific,	 

remuneration	  ensuring	  for	  himself	  and	  his	  family	  an	 

literary	 or	 artistic	 production	 of	 which	 he	 is	 the	 author.	 

existence	 worthy	 of	 human	 dignity,	 and	 supplemented,	 if	 	 necessary,	 by	 other	 means	 of	 social	 protection.	 

Article	 28	 	 Everyone	 is	 entitled	 to	 a	 social	 and	 international	 order	 Everyone	 has	 the	 right	 to	 form	 and	 to	 join	 trade	 unions	 in	  which	  the	  rights	  and	  freedoms	  set	  forth	  in	  this	 for	 the	 protection	 of	 his	 interests.	 

Declaration	 can	 be	 fully	 realized.	 	 	 Article	 24	 

Article	 29	 Everyone	 has	 the	 right	 to	 rest	 and	 leisure,	 including	 Everyone	 has	 duties	 to	 the	 community	 in	 which	 alone	 the	 reasonable	  limitation	  of	  working	  hours	  and	  periodic	 free	 and	 full	 development	 of	 his	 personality	 is	 possible.	 

holidays	 with	 pay.	 	 	 In	 the	 exercise	 of	 his	 rights	 and	 freedoms,	 everyone	 shall	 

Article	 25	 be	 subject	 only	 to	 such	 limitations	 as	 are	 determined	 by	 

Everyone	 has	 the	 right	 to	 a	 standard	 of	 living	 adequate	 

law	 solely	 for	 the	 purpose	 of	 securing	 due	 recognition	 and	 for	 the	 health	 and	 well-being	 of	 himself	 and	 of	 his	 family,	 

respect	 for	 the	 rights	 and	 freedoms	 of	 others	 and	 of	 including	 food,	 clothing,	 housing	 and	 medical	 care	 and	 meeting	 the	 just	 requirements	 of	 morality,	 public	 order	 necessary	 social	 services,	 and	 the	 right	 to	 security	 in	 

and	 the	 general	 welfare	 in	 a	 democratic	 society.	 

the	  event	  of	  unemployment,	  sickness,	  disability,	 	 

widowhood,	  old	  age	  or	  other	  lack	  of	  livelihood	  in	 

These	 rights	 and	 freedoms	 may	 in	 no	 case	 be	 exercised	 

circumstances	 beyond	 his	 control.	 

contrary	 to	 the	 purposes	 and	 principles	 of	 the	 United	 	 Nations.	 

Motherhood	 and	 childhood	 are	 entitled	 to	 special	 care	 and	 	 assistance.	  All	  children,	  whether	  born	  in	  or	  out	  of	 

Article	 30	 

wedlock,	 shall	 enjoy	 the	 same	 social	 protection.	 

Nothing	 in	 this	 Declaration	 may	 be	 interpreted	 as	 implying	 	 for	 any	 State,	 group	 or	 person	 any	 right	 to	 engage	 in	 any	 

Article	 26	 activity	 or	 to	 perform	 any	 act	 aimed	 at	 the	 destruction	 

Everyone	 has	 the	 right	 to	 education.	 Education	 shall	 be	 of	 any	 of	 the	 rights	 and	 freedoms	 set	 forth	 herein.	 

free,	 at	 least	 in	 the	 elementary	 and	 fundamental	 stages.