Optical Surveys of Galaxies: Past,Present, and Future
Sadanori Okamura(Hosei University)
Recent review :'Sky Surveys', Djorgovski et al. 2012, in Astronomical Techniques, Software, andData (ed. H. Bond), Vol.2 of Planets, Stars, and Stellar Systems (Springer)
http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/March12/Djorgovski/Djorgovski1.html

1. Early Photometric Surveys
2. Early Redshift Surveys
3. Modern Surveys
4. Impacts of Modern Large Surveys
5. Future Surveys

1. Early Photometric Surveys
2. Early Redshift Surveys
3. Modern Surveys
4. Impacts of Modern Large Surveys
5. Future Surveys

Shapley‐Ames Catalog (1932)
Shapley, H. and Ames, A. 1932, Harvard College Observatory Bulletin No. 887, pp.1‐6
Annals of Harvard College Observatory, vol. 88, pp.41‐76
The Local Supercluster

As a contribution to the studyof the structure of themetagalactic system, we havecompleted a photometriccatalogue, appearing later inannals, of more than athousand extragalactic objects
brighter than the thirteenthmagnitude. The primaryvirtues of the survey are its
essential completeness and thefair homogeneity of themagnitudes over the whole sky.

Compilation of 1249 mostlyknown ‘Extragalactic Nebulae’(NGC)(IC I+II)

First magnitude‐limited catalog based on
more or less uniform photographic plates
Not naked eye!

Large efforts to givecalibrated magnitudes

Des.

Mag. Res.

α (1950) δDiams. Typeλ βAut.

A Revised Shapley‐Ames Catalog (1981)
Sandage, A. and Tammann, G., Carnegie Institution of Washington

The present catalog is, then, a compilation of available data on
redshifts, morphological types, and magnitudes for Shapley‐Ames
galaxies, using literature sources to summer 1980. (1246 galaxies)

Study of the Local Supercluster and Field Luminosity Function
Redshift distribution

Spatial Structure

Yahil et al. 1980, ApJ, 242, 448

Luminosity Function

Binggeli et al. 1988, ARAA, 26, 509

Shane‐Wirtanen (Lick) Count (1954)
Shane and Wirtanen 1954, AJ, 59, 285

Counts of extragalactic nebulae( m<18.4) in 10’x10’ cells over12h<α<18h, ‐23°<δ<20°

Plates taken with 20‐inch Carnegie
Astrograph of the Lick Observatory

New analysis by Seldner et al.
1977, AJ, 82, 249

First analysis of correlation functionof galaxy distribution

210,980 nebulae

Totsuji & Kihara 1969, PASJ, 21, 221
Peebles 1973, AJ, 185, 413
Fry and Peebles 1980, ApJ, 238, 785, …

World’ Major Schmidt Telescopes
LAMOST(2010; 400cm)

Palomar Schmidt(1949; 122cm)

Kiso Schmidt(1974; 105cm)

ESO Schmidt(1973-98;100cm)

UK Schmidt(1973; 122cm)

Tautenburg Schmidt(1960；134cm)

Major Surveys with Schmidt Telescopes
DesignationSurvey Area

Northern Sky

Palomar Schmidt

Emulsion+Filter# of platesyear(POSS=Palomar Observatory Sky Survey)

1999(* as of April 1999)

DesignationSurvey Area Emulsion+ # of plates
Filteryear

Southern Sky

UK Schmidt (SERC=Science and Engineering Research Council)

2000?

(* as of April 1999)

ESO Schmidt

Eye Inspection of Survey Plates or Printed Charts

Scale: 67.1”/mm

Palomar Charts

Major galaxy catalogs made from Schmidt surveys
Eye Inspection・Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies (MCG): 4 volumes

Northern Sky

Vorontsov‐Velyaminov et al. 1962‐68 (Moscow State Univ.)~29,000 galaxies from POSS‐I

・Catalogue of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies (CGCG): 6 volumes
Zwicky et al. 1961‐68 (California Institute of Technology)~28,000 galaxies from POSS‐I complete down to mZ =15.5 mag and~9700 clusters of galaxies
Zwicky mag.

・Uppsala General Catalogue of Galaxies (UGC)
Nilson 1973, Acta Uppsala Univ., Ser. V, A, Vol.1
Southern Sky

12,921 galaxies from POSS‐I with δ>‐2.5 down to 14.5 mag

・The ESO/Uppsala Survey of ESO(B) Atlas
Lauberts 1982 (ESO)~16,000 galaxies from ESO quick B survey with D>1’

10,000‐30,000 galaxies

Man‐power limit of a single
person or a few people

Catalogue of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies (CGCG)
CLUSTERS OF GALAXIESGALAXIESPalomar Chart(Virgo Cluster)

6.6 deg

These galaxy catalogs had been an important andindispensable basis of galaxy studies and observationalcosmology until recently.
CGCG (Zwicky et al. 1961‐68)

UGC (Nilson 1973)

as of Aug. 5, 2012
# of papers whose abstracts# of papers whose abstracts
include ‘Zwicky catalog’ is about
include ‘Uppsala catalog’ is about
270 (except IAUC and CBET)
150 (except IAUC and CBET)
Total citation: 905

Total citation: 1584

Digitization of Schmidt Plates (1980s‐90s)
Plate Scanning Machines
COSMOS: Co‐ordinates, Sizes,Magnitudes, Orientations, ShapePDS microdensitometer(PDS 2020 GMS)

Automated Photographic
Measuring System (APM)

The Minnesota Automated
Plate Scanner (APS)APM Galaxy Survey~3 million galaxies from UK Schmidt plates
down to bJ=22 over 7000 square degrees.

185 UK Schmidt Fields

UK Schmidt Field

SGP
http://vo.iucaa.ernet.in/2df/Survey/apm.html

Input catalog of 2dFGRS (2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey)

Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies
Morphological type, magnitude, diameter, ….
Not complete in any sense

E S0 Sa Sb Sc Irr(1) Reference Catalogue ofBright Galaxies (RC1)
G. & A. de Vaucouleurs 1964, Universityof Texas Press

RC1

Revised Hubble
Classification

2599 galaxies(2) Second Reference Catalogueof Bright Galaxies (RC2)
G. & A. de Vaucouleurs, H.G.Corwin 1976,
University of Texas Press

4364 galaxies(3) Third Reference Catalogueof Bright Galaxies (RC3)

RC2

G. de Vaucouleurs et al. 1991, New York: Springer

23,024 galaxies

Exponential
increase!

RC3

1. Early Photometric Surveys
2. Early Redshift Surveys
3. Modern Surveys
4. Impacts of Modern Large Surveys
5. Future Surveys

Era of Redshift Surveys (1980’s‐ 90’s)
First hint of large‐scale structure
Importance of completeness!
260 sq. deg

238 galaxies(m<15.0)(only) 44 new redshifts
toward completeness

Gregory & Thompson 1978, ApJ, 222, 784

CfA Surveym<15.5 mag
7031 galaxies
CGCG+UGC

CfA‐I (1977‐1982)
2401 galaxies (m<14.5)
over 8700 deg^2 (b>40, δ>0)
CfA‐II (1984‐1995)~18000 galaxies (m<15.5)
over 9700 deg^2

Motivation for widerand deeper surveysm<14.5 mag
188 galaxies
First CfA Slice
Completesample

m<15.5 mag
1769 galaxies
Geller et al. 1987, IAUS, 124, 301

IRASz: IARS Point Source Catalog Redshift Survey
SPS: Supergalactic Plane Survey
SAPM: Stromlo‐APM Redshift Survey
SSRS2: Southern Sky Redshift Survey II
CFRS: Canada‐France Redshift Survey
ORS: Optical Redshift Survey
LCRS: Las Campanas Redshift Survey
ESP: ESO Slice Project
CNOC2: Canadian Network for Obs.’l Cosmology
Field Galaxy Redshift Survey

wide survey~ 1990~ 2000 wide surveymB<~16 mag

mB<~16 mag

CfA‐II

150 h‐1 Mpc

150 h‐1 Mpc

1. Early Photometric Surveys
2. Early Redshift Surveys
3. Modern Surveys
4. Impacts of Modern Large Surveys
5. Future Surveys

Modern Wide Surveys
Imaging Survey + Spectroscopic (Redshift) Survey
Input catalog

mB<~19 mag

Photometric Catalog

mB<~16 mag

2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS) Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)(photographic photometry and)redshifts of 220,000 galaxies
Southern Hemisphere5‐band Photometry: 3.57x108 objects
redshifts: 930,000 galaxies, ~100,000
quasars, and 460,000 stars.
z=0.15z=0.1
z=0.05

2.5 m

3.9 m

Started in 1997, completed in 2001Final Data Release ‐ 30 June 2003
APM (photographic) Galaxy Survey
was used as the input catalog

Equatrial stripe

Started in 2000, completed in 2008
7th Data Release 2009, ApJS, 182, 543

Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Legacy Survey (2000‐2008)
Apache Point Observatory(2800m; New Mexico, USA)

Quantum Efficiency

5 bands

Wavelength (Å）

Two 320‐channel
spectrographs

Survey Volume

Proceeded in parallel
Spectroscopic Survey
640+ holes

z=0.2
Plug plates
our Galaxy
OurImaging survey

CameraFiber cartridge

1. Early Photometric Surveys
2. Early Redshift Surveys
3. Modern Surveys
4. Impacts of Modern Large Surveys
5. Future Surveys

Impacts of a large survey (1)absolute r magnitude

Tanaka, SO et al. 2004, AJ, 128, 2677

complete sample- 21.4bright complete sample(volume‐limited)- 19.4

below themag. limit

color index

redshiftcritical density for
faint galaxies

local number density

faint complete sample(volume‐limited)

・Galaxies living in higher density
regions are redder.
・However, the relation between
local density and color isdifferent for galaxies ofdifferent luminosities.
・The relation is more
pronounced for faint galaxies
than for bright galaxies.

Impacts of a large survey (2)・Small statistical error・Accurate estimate of intrinsic dispersion

Large sample

Luminosity (Mass) ー Metallicity Relation
53,000 star forming
galaxies in the SDSS sample

Elliptical galaxies

Metallicity

Local Group dE
E (Bender et al.)
E (Brodie & Huchra)Spiral galaxies

giant S

Intrinsic
dispersion

Irr

before SDSS

MB (Absolute Magnitude)
Zaritsky et al. 1994, ApJ, 420, 87

after SDSS

Log M* (Stellar Mass)
Tremonti et al. 2005, ApJ, 613, 898

Impacts of a large survey (3)Absolutemagnitude

Global trend
at a glance

Sersicindex

Large sample
144,609 galaxies

Color indices

Surfacebrightness

Blanton et al. 2003,
ApJ, 594, 186

Impacts of a large survey (4)anticipated

Discoveries!
before SDSS

after SDSS

quasars<~15,000~>80,000

High‐z (z>5)
quasars

None(zmax=4.897)~60 (DR5 catalog)+ 13 z>6 quasars

L and T dwarfs~20 (mostly from
2MASS, 1999)

71 (new fromSDSS, 2006)

Lensed QSOs

36 (25 new)serendipitous
Green PeasActively star forming compact dwarf galaxies
Cardamone, C. 2009, MNRAS, 399, 1191

Actively star forming E galaxies
Fukugita et al. 2004, ApJ, 601, L127

Absolute Magnitude

77,429 quasars(DR5 Catalog)

Known quasars(open circles)

01

23

Redshift45

Impacts of a large survey (5)Detection of Weak Signals!
Stacking of 683
clusters of galaxies
at 0.2<z<0.3
Zibetti et al. 2005,MNRAS, 358, 949

Detection ofdiffuse
intracluster light

Two‐point correlation function

Detection ofthe Baryon Acoustic Peak46,748 luminous red galaxies in
0.72 h‐3 Gpc over 3816 deg2
at 0.16 <z< 0.47
Eisenstein et al. 2005, ApJ, 633, 560
Comoving separation (h‐1 Mpc)

Impacts of a large survey (6): Virgo Cluster
Las Campanas Survey: VCC (Virgo Cluster Catalog)
Binggeli et al. 1984, AJ, 89, 64 ;1987, AJ, 94, 251

2.5m du Pont Tel.
+ 50‐cm pg. plates

Virgo Cluster Catalog: VCC
2096 galaxies down to B~18 mag

Virgo dwarf
galaxies

declination

20 degrees

67 plates (1.5 deg FoV)Study of dwarf
galaxies beyond
the Local Group

15 degrees
right ascension

1277 certain members
574 possible members
245 background galaxies

Ichikawa, Wakamatsu, SO 1986, ApJS, 60, 475

Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS)
Ferrarese et al. 2012, ApJS, 200, 4

five SDSS bands

CFHT/MegaPrime,~140 nights (2009‐2012)
104 deg^2(point source)
u* = 25.9 AB mag
g’ = 25.7 AB mag
r’ = 25.2 AB mag
i’ = 24.9 AB magz’ = 24.6 AB mag

VCC1104
VCC1129

average surface brightness‐7‐11‐15

absolute magnitude MB (mag)
8 mag.!

NGVSlimitVCClimit‐19‐23

Palomar Chartlimit (1960s)
giant early‐typegalaxies

Virgo dwarf
LG dwarf at
Virgo distance

VCC limit(1985)

NGVS limit (2012)

apparent magnitude B (mag)1. Early Photometric Surveys
2. Early Redshift Surveys
3. Modern Surveys
4. Impacts of Modern Large Surveys
5. Future Surveys

Major Existing, Upcoming , and Future Surveys
SXDS: The Subaru/XMM‐Newton Deep Survey
COSMOS: Cosmic Evolution Survey
CFHTLS: Canada‐France‐Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey
NDWFS: The NOAO Deep Wide‐Field Survey
BCS: Blanco Cosmology Survey
Black: Existing
Magenta: Upcoming
Stripe82: SDSS Legacy Survey Stripe82+ Red
RCS2: Red Sequence Cluster Survey 2
VST‐ATLAS: VLT Survey Telescope (2.6m tel) Blue: Future
PS1/PS2: Pan‐STARRS 1&2 Telescopes
KIDS: Kilo degree Survey (VST)
HSC: Hyper Suprime‐Cam Survey
DES: Dark Energy Survey (DECam+Blanco 4m)
Skymapper: Skymapper Southern Sky Survey
Euclid: Euclid Satellite
LSST: Large Synoptic Survey TelescopeMajor Existing, Upcoming , and Future Surveys

HSC=Hyper Sprime‐Camon Subaru TelescopeBlack: ExistingMagenta: Upcoming+ Red
Blue: Future(Credit: M.Takada, HSC survey team)Hyper Suprime‐Cam (HSC) on Subaru TelescopeJapan/Princeton/Taiwan Collaboration
with Mitsubishi/Canon/Hamamatsu
Suprime‐Cam

Hyper Suprime‐Cam

1.7 m
840 mm φ

1.5 deg

0.05 deg
HST/ACS

0.5 deg

1.77 sq. deg
Suprime‐Cam

HSC

Comparison of Field of View

116 2Kx4K CCDs
LSST: 9.6 sq. deg

Major Existing, Upcoming , and Future Surveys
Data AmountandData Rate
0.2 TB

100 PB

30 TB/night(10 years)

300 TB
0.5 TB/night

HSC Survey will explore
new frontier in survey
parameter space
Coming soon (2013‐ )Stay tuned!!

20 TB

Black: Existing
Magenta: Upcoming+ Red
Blue: Future

65 TB

0.2 TB/nightmax. data rate

(Credit: M.Takada, HSC survey team)Summary
・Essential factors of galaxy surveys
Completeness, Homogeneity, Wide sky coverage
・Innovative surveys/catalogs opened frontiers
SA/RSA catalog, Lick Count, POSS, CGCG, UGC, …SDSS
・Impacts of large surveys
complete sample, small statistical error/weak signal
detection, discoveries (anticipated, serendipitous), …
Next Generation Virgo Survey (NGVS)・Upcoming and future surveys
data amount: 300TB‐100PB,
data rate: (0.5TB‐10TB)/night