ISSN 1020-914X

UNAFEI

NEWSLETTERUNITED NATIONS ASIA AND FAR EASTINSTITUTE FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRIME
AND THE TREATMENT OF OFFENDERS

No. 160
September 2019

Established1961
IN THIS ISSUE

Page

LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR ........................................................................................................................... 1
THE 173RD INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE ......................................................................................... 3
TACKLING VIOLENCE
OF REOFFENDING
TACKLING
VIOLENCE AGAINSTAGAINSTWOMENWOMENAND
ANDCHILDREN:
CHILDREN PREVENTION
THROUGH OFFENDER
TREATMENT:PREVENTION OF REOFFENDING

Course Rationale .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Course Summary.......................................................................................................................................... 8
Lecture Topics.............................................................................................................................................. 9
Individual Presentation Topics .................................................................................................................... 11Group Workshop Sessions........................................................................................................................... 14
Observation Visits ........................................................................................................................................ 17Group Study Tours....................................................................................................................................... 18
Special Events .............................................................................................................................................. 19
Reference Materials ................................................................................................................................... 20
Expert and Participant List .......................................................................................................................... 21
INFORMATION ABOUT FORTHCOMING PROGRAMMES ............................................................................ 24
The 22nd UNAFEI UNCAC Training Programme ................................................................................................... 24
The 13thThirteenth
Regional
Seminaron GovernanceGood Governance.........................................................................................
24
Regional
Seminaron Goodfor Southeast Asian Countries
The 174th International Senior Seminar ................................................................................................................... 24
FACULTY AND STAFF OF UNAFEI ..................................................................................................................... 25

UNAFEI IS AN AFFILIATED REGIONAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNITED NATIONS

2-1-18, MOKUSEINOMORI, AKISHIMA-SHI, TOKYO, 196-8570, JAPANTEL: 81-42-500-5100 ◆FAX: 81-42-500-5195 ◆E-MAIL: unafei@i.moj.go.jp
HOME PAGE: http://www.unafei.or.jp/

1
LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR
It is my privilege to inform readers of the successful completion of the 173rd
International Training Course on Tackling Violence against Women and Children throughOffender Treatment: Prevention of Reoffending, which took place from 21 August to 20
September 2019. In this Course, we welcomed 5 Japanese participants and 17 overseas
participants, including 1 course counsellor: 11 from Asia, 2 from Africa, 2 from Oceania, 1from Central America and 1 from South America. The participants included judges,
prosecutors, probation officers, police officers and other public officials involved in the fieldof crime prevention and criminal justice. As this newsletter demonstrates, the Course wasextremely productive. It consisted of lectures by visiting experts, ad hoc lecturers, UNAFEI
faculty members, individual presentations, visits to relevant criminal justice agencies, andgroup-workshop and plenary sessions.
The harm of sexual offending is devastating. No matter what kind of sexual offence iscommitted, such victimization causes serious and long-lasting mental and social damage to thevictims in many cases. Therefore, in order to reduce victimization and reoffending, it is of vital
importance to provide interventions focused on each offender’s specific problems and needs
when the VAWC offenders become involved in the criminal justice process. Eventually,effective interventions can prevent the commission of similar misconduct and mitigate
escalation.
UNAFEI, as one of the institutes of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal
Justice Programme Network, held this Course to offer participants an opportunity to clarify
and analyse the current situation of violence against women and children in each participating
country and to explore more effective practices for doing so. Additionally, the participants
were able to share experiences, gain knowledge, and build a human network of counterparts.
During the Course, the participants diligently and comprehensively examined the main
theme, primarily through a comparative analysis. The participants shared their own
experiences and knowledge of the issues and identified problems and areas in which
improvements could be made. With the academic and practical input from the visiting experts,
ad hoc lecturers and UNAFEI faculty—and the in-depth discussions they had with eachother—the participants are now better equipped to enhance the policies and practices related
to violence against women and children in their respective countries.
I would like to offer my sincere congratulations to all the participants upon theirsuccessful completion of the Course, made possible by their strenuous efforts. My heartfelt
gratitude goes out to the visiting experts and ad hoc lecturers who contributed a great deal to
the Course’s success. Furthermore, I appreciate the indispensable assistance and cooperation
extended to UNAFEI by various agencies and institutions that helped diversify the Course.
I would also like to express my great appreciation to the Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA) for its immeasurable support throughout the Course. At the same time, awarm tribute must be paid to the Asia Crime Prevention Foundation (ACPF) and its branchorganizations for their substantial contributions to our activities. Lastly, I owe my gratitude to
all the individuals whose unselfish efforts behind the scenes contributed significantly to thesuccessful realization of this Course.

2Upon returning to their home countries, I genuinely believe that, like their predecessors,
the strong determination and dedication of the participants will enable them to work towards
the improvement of their respective nations’ criminal justice systems, and towards the benefit
of international society as a whole.
Finally, I would like to reiterate my best regards to the participants of the 173rd
International Training Course. I hope that the experience they gained during the Course
proves valuable in their daily work and that the bonds fostered among the participants,
visiting experts and UNAFEI staff will continue to grow for many years to come.
September 2019

SETO Takeshi
Director, UNAFEI

3
THE 173RD INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSETACKLING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND CHILDREN: PREVENTION OF
REOFFENDING
Course Rationale
Violence against women and children (hereinafter, referred to as “VAWC”) involves
various forms of crime, such as sexual offending, domestic violence, child abuse and stalking.
This problem is recognized as a prominent risk and threat to society from the viewpoint ofpublic safety.
Needless to say, the harm of sexual offending is devastating. Sexual offences consist of
two different categories: one form includes physical contact with victims such as sexualmolestation and rape; another form involves no physical contact, such as exhibitionism andvoyeurism. 1 No matter what kind of sexual offence is committed, such victimization causes
serious and long-lasting mental and social damage to the victims in many cases.
Regarding domestic violence, certain cultures or societies view violence against womenas “discipline” or “rights of the husband/men,” and they are unaware of its criminality and therisk of long-term emotional and psychological harm. In fact, a large number of domestic
violence cases remain unreported, because the incidents take place in private personal
relationships, such as among family and intimate partners. Domestic violence cases are often
committed against those who are socially and economically dependent on the offenders; thus,
the victims are discouraged from reporting the crimes to the authorities. Continuation is also
one of the problems of domestic violence. Chronic domestic violence cases without adequate
interventions sometimes result in intense damage, such as death or serious physical andmental problems of the victims. In addition, chronic violence deprives victims of their senseof freedom and self-esteem, and therefore, the victims feel powerless.
Child abuse consists of a variety of categories such as physical abuse, mental abuse,sexual abuse and neglect, and many serious cases have taken place worldwide. Child abusehas some similarity to domestic violence. In fact, many child abuse cases happen in familial
relationships, and these cases are unreported to the proper authorities because of theimmaturity and vulnerability of the victimized children. The actual risk of child abuse is not
only the harm caused to the victims at the time of the abuse. Recent studies point out the risk
to the child’s development and mental health, in particular, the correlation between childabuse and the victim’s future anti-social behaviour, including commission of an offence,
substance abuse and abuse against their own children.
Stalking can be also categorized as serious VAWC. Victims are occasionally in dangerof losing their lives because the offenders frequently get increasingly aggressive towards thevictim. Further, recent research shows the correlation between the stalker and mental
disorders, including personality disorder in some specific cases, which demonstrates thedifficulty of providing adequate intervention to prevent aggressive behaviours and escalation.

1

Mussack & Carich. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of Sexual Abuser Assessment and Treatment.

4
Therefore, it is of vital importance to provide interventions focused on each offender’sspecific problems and needs when the VAWC offenders become involved in the criminal
justice process. Eventually, effective interventions can prevent the commission of similar
misconduct and mitigate escalation.
Given the seriousness of VAWC, the international community devotes special attention
to deal with this problem. In particular, the United Nations General Assembly adopted “the2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” (or Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)) 2 in2015, which establishes specific goals and targets that address this issue; in particular, Goal
5.2 seeks to “[e]liminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public andprivate spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation”, and Goal
16.2 focuses on “[e]nd[ing] abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against
and torture of children”. Also, the “Doha Declaration”, adopted at the 13th Congress on
Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, 3 states that women and children issues should beconsidered particularly from the viewpoints of human rights and protecting them from all
forms of violence. Further, regarding the international legal instruments relating to VAWC
issues, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 4establishes a binding obligation on all signatories to eliminate all forms of discrimination
against women and to implement certain policies and practices for gender equality. 5
Additionally, the Convention on the Rights of the Child 6 refers not only to child protection,
but also to detailed measures to ensure children’s human rights from the viewpoint of theirsound development in society, and features of this Convention can be regarded as thefoundational regulation against child abuse. 7 Further, as for practical guidelines against childabuse, the UNODC published a model strategy in 2015, which addresses child protection
measures and treatment against perpetrators. 8
However, it has been a challenge for criminal justice authorities to provide VAWC
offenders with effective intervention and treatment, so as to prevent their reoffending, inparticular, further VAWC. Criminal justice systems must routinely address the problem of
persistent VAWC offenders. Their problematic behaviours occasionally become more serious.
Therefore, in order to prevent their reoffending, it is necessary to identify the offenders’
individual characteristics, including criminogenic needs, and to respond to them throughintervention and treatment. However, some VAWC offenders are only able to desist from
crime through non-custodial interventions at an early stage, such as appropriate police
intervention, community supervision and other forms of community-based treatment. For
such offenders, unnecessary incarceration and excessive levels of treatment may result inincreasing their recidivism risks. Therefore, it is also necessary to select the appropriate levelof intervention and treatment for each person involved in the criminal justice process.
On the other hand, the public perception against VAWC offenders differs fromjurisdiction to jurisdiction, due to the diversity of each jurisdiction’s social, historical andcultural background. This affects the response by the criminal justice authorities regarding theGeneral Assembly resolution 70/1 of 25 September 2015.
General Assembly resolution 70/174 of 17 December 2015.
4
General Assembly resolution 34/180 of 18 December 1979.
5
See article 5 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.
6
General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989.
7
See article 19 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
8
Introducing the United Nations Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the Elimination of Violenceagainst Children (2015). UNODC.
23

5
approaches in their interventions; some countries take a rehabilitation-focused approach,whereas some take a punitive approach, putting public safety as their first priority. Punitive
approaches often generate a challenge for the offenders’ rehabilitation and reintegration into
society, as they usually entail more stigmatization and intensive—sometimes excessive—levelof control over the offenders. However, the rehabilitative approach in non-custodial measures
does not work effectively if it is implemented without public support and understanding. Thus,
it is important to consider the circumstances of each jurisdiction and to foster public supportand understanding of criminal justice policies for dealing with VAWC issues.
Given such issues to be considered, Evidence-Based Practice (hereinafter, referred toas “EBP”), which involves empirical study-oriented implementation, is critical to ensure
effective treatment of VAWC offenders. EBP has been developed with regard to theassessment, treatment and evaluation grounded in empirical studies since the 1980s, mainly
initiated from the research targeting sexual offenders.
Certain characteristics of VAWC offenders have been identified from empirical studies.
For instance, unstable human relationships, use of sex as a coping strategy, poor
problem-solving skills, lack of concern for others, and negative emotionality are known asprominent changeable factors which should be targeted for sexual offenders. 9 It is reported
that domestic violence offenders often seek dominance over someone by abuse of power,such as violence and threats, and in many domestic violence cases, child abuse has also beenreported where domestic violence has been committed against adults. 10 As regards childabusers, triggering factors such as lack of self-confidence, reduced impulse control anddeficiencies in empathy are pointed out as typical characteristics. In addition, pastvictimization of abusers, known as the victim to victimizer cycle, is also acknowledged as acharacteristic of child abusers. 11 In terms of the risk of stalkers, stalkers who have a historyof past violence or other types of crime are more likely to commit violence against their
victims. 12
Assessment is one of the key elements to administer EBP, in particular for incarcerated
offenders. In order to prevent recidivism of VAWC offenders, appropriate assessment is
crucial to providing effective intervention and treatment, and to some extent, in deciding theoffender’s penalty or other interventions. Particularly, assessment based on the Risk Need
Responsivity (RNR) principle, which is composed of the following elements, is well known
as one of the effective tools of EBP. The “risk principle” reveals offenders’ risk levels inorder to determine the degree of intervention necessary for recidivism prevention. The “needprinciple” diagnoses the target factors which are connected to offenders’ recidivism. The“responsivity principle” specifies the most encouraging intervention with sufficientconsideration about offenders’ learning styles and other individual factors such as level offunctioning, mental health needs, and so on. 13 Additionally, it is also essential to identify
offenders’ strengths for rehabilitation in the process of assessment. Awareness of theseelements can facilitate the development a treatment approach to offenders’ social
reintegration.
In terms of treatment, with regard to sexual offenders, for instance, Cognitive
Mussack & Carich. (Eds.). op.cit.
American Medical Association. (1992). Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines on Domestic Violence.
11
Santhosh. (2016). A Review on the Perpetrators of Child Abuse.
12
Churcher & Nesca. (2013). Risk Factors for Violence in Stalking Perpetration: A Meta- Analysis.
13
Association for The Treatment of Sexual Abusers. (2016). Sex Offender Treatment for Adult Males.
9

10

6
Behavioural Therapy (hereinafter, referred to as “CBT”) can effectively reduce reoffending, 14
and treatment has been evaluated as efficient if the content and delivery is matched tooffenders’ risk levels. 15 Additionally, it is important to provide treatment in a warm,
empathic and non-judgmental way. 16 Consistent support including aftercare programmes
against sexual offenders is also reported as one of the effective measures throughout theprocess of incarceration and social reintegration. 17 Effective aftercare programmes promote
offenders’ understanding on the meaning of treatment in prison and community settings, andthey will be expected to maintain pro-social lifestyles without committing sexual offences. 18
Moreover, strength-based approaches are also recognized as effective at facilitating
collaboration among treatment providers and offenders for producing a set of goals for abetter future. 19 With regard to domestic violence offenders, CBT techniques are seen as
successful treatment when focusing on issues empirically linked to acts of violence. 20 In
addition, regarding the preventive intervention of child maltreatment, home visits and parent
education are reported as effective measures. 21 Furthermore, as for stalking, given thecorrelation between the stalker and mental disorders, including personality disorders, somecountries have introduced psychiatric or psychological approaches for de-escalation of
offenders’ problematic behaviour and for recidivism prevention.
Based on the study-oriented findings, a number of countries have introduced
RNR-based CBT and related educational interventions for VAWC offenders. On the other
hand, in some jurisdictions, such RNR-based assessments, interventions and treatment are
not necessarily easy to implement. This is due to several reasons. First, not all jurisdictions
have the capacity to develop EBP tools adjusted to their own social and cultural backgrounds.
Second, conducting assessments and specific interventions require a certain level ofprofessional knowledge and experience. Third, well-trained correctional officers arenecessary to implement and support the interventions.
Moreover, community-based approaches involving non-custodial interventions, suchas fines, probation, community sentences and suspended sentences, 22 can be key elements
for VAWC offenders, particularly for low-risk offenders. Such approaches are also importantfor offenders and ex-offenders who are released from prison to assist them in theirrehabilitation and reintegration into society.
Furthermore, multi-agency cooperation is necessary at each phase of the criminal
justice process in order to facilitate the effective implementation of interventions andtreatment, as well as the social reintegration of the offenders. For example, in a domestic
violence or child abuse case, criminal justice authorities should work together with childwelfare organizations. Also, cooperation among criminal justice authorities, such as among
the police and correctional authorities for the follow-up of released ex-offenders, and with
relevant organizations dealing with the fields of psychiatry, sociology, psychology, social
New Zealand Government. (2016). Sex Offender Treatment for Adults.
Yates. (2013). Treatment of Sexual Offenders: Research, Best Practices, and Emerging Models.
16
Marshall. (2006). Treatment of Sexual Offenders and Its Effects. UNAFEI Resource Material No.72
17
Mussack & Carich. (Eds.), op.cit.
18
Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. (2001). Research in Review. Volume 4, Number 1.
19
U.S. Department of Justice. (2015). The Effectiveness of Treatment for Adult Sexual Offenders.
20
Corvo, Dutton & Chen. (2008). Toward Evidence-Based Practice with Domestic Violence Perpetrators.
21
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Children’s Bureau). Intergenerational Patterns of Child
Maltreatment: What the Evidence Shows.
22
See the Tokyo Rules (United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-Custodial Measures). General
Assembly resolution 45/110 of 14 December 1990.
14
15

7
welfare, etc. is crucial to provide necessary interventions and treatment as well as support
and aftercare for ex-offenders towards their social reintegration.
Main Theme
The main theme of the programme was “Tackling Violence against Women andChildren through Offender Treatment: Prevention of Reoffending”. The objective of the
programme was to share good practices and explore effective measures of intervention andtreatment for preventing reoffending, including evidence-based practices, in regard tooffenders who committed crimes such as sex offences, domestic violence, child abuse,stalking, etc. This programme contributed to the achievement of the SDGs, in particular,
Goals 5.2 and 16.2.
Through a variety of lectures and presentations, discussions, observation tours as wellas intensive group workshops, participants learned the theories, underlying principles andpractical experiences of other countries. The programme enabled participants to acquire new
and different viewpoints on, and inspired them to revisit and consider, possible ways toimprove their own systems and practices. The experience of gaining a multifaceted view andunderstanding by each participant of his or her own system and practices will eventuallycontribute to renewed or improved policy concerning the treatment of offenders who
committed crime against women and children in their respective countries. Further, it willlead to enhanced rehabilitation of relevant offenders and their reintegration into thecommunity and will ultimately contribute to the building of stable and peaceful societies
based on core values such as human rights and the rule of law.
In addition, the programme promoted the formation of a personal and professional
network among the participants, which will benefit each one of them and their respective
countries in the future through the sharing of updated information, thus enhancing
international cooperation in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice.
Key Topics of the Programme
The following are key topics that were addressed during the programme:
1)

Current circumstances of VAWC in each jurisdiction• Prevalent types of VAWC and its social, historical and cultural background• Types of measures and treatment available for VAWC offenders

2)

Effective measures for recidivism prevention at each phase of the criminal justice process,and legal or practical challenges to their implementation• Non-custodial measures in criminal proceedings with rehabilitative interventions,
including community supervision, probation, etc. and implementation challenges• Assessment of risk/needs factors for reoffending and protective factors to prevent
reoffending with respect to VAWC offenders and implementation challenges• Interventions and treatment (e.g. CBT, psychiatric/psychological approaches, andother EBP) to prevent reoffending in institutional and community settings andimplementation challenges• Preventing recidivism by VAWC offenders through multi-agency cooperation
among relevant agencies or bodies, such as police, prisons, probation authorities,
welfare organizations, etc., and implementation challenges

8
Course Summary
Lectures
During the Course, the participants attended 34 lectures, including 6 presented by thevisiting experts, 5 by ad hoc lecturers and 3 by the faculty of UNAFEI. Three distinguishedcriminal justice practitioners served as UNAFEI’s visiting experts. They lectured on issues
relating to the main theme of the Course and contributed significantly beyond their lecturesby encouraging discussions after their lectures, participating in the discussions of otherprogrammes, and conversing with the participants on informal occasions. Additionally, the ad
hoc lectures were delivered by a professor of a Japanese university and treatment practitioners
affiliated with governmental entities and private treatment organizations. The lecturers andlecture topics are listed on pages 9 to 10.
Individual Presentations
During the first three weeks of the course, all participants delivered individual
presentations which introduced the situation, problems and future prospects of theparticipants’ countries. These papers were compiled onto a USB memory stick and distributed
to all the participants. The titles of these individual presentation papers are listed on pages 11
to 13.
Group Workshop Sessions
Group workshop sessions provided the participants with the opportunity to further examine
the sub-topics of the main theme. In order to conduct each session effectively, the UNAFEI
faculty selected individuals to serve as group members for the sub-topics, based on their
responses to a previously distributed questionnaire. Selected participants served as chairpersons,co-chairpersons, rapporteurs or co-rapporteurs, and faculty members served as advisers. Eachgroup’s primary responsibility was to explore and develop their designated topics in thegroup workshop sessions. The participants and UNAFEI faculty studied the topics andexchanged their views based on information obtained through personal experience, theindividual presentations, lectures and so forth. After the group workshop sessions, reports
were drafted based on the discussions in their groups. These reports were subsequently
presented in the plenary report-back session, where they were endorsed as the reports of the
Course. Brief summaries of the group workshop reports are provided on pages 14 to 16.
Visits and Special Events
Visits to various agencies and institutions in Japan helped the participants obtain a morepractical understanding of the Japanese criminal justice system. In addition to the academic
agenda of the Course, many activities were arranged to provide a greater understanding ofJapanese society and culture, with the assistance of various organizations and individuals,
including the Asia Crime Prevention Foundation (ACPF). For more detailed descriptions,please refer to pages 17 to 19.

9Lecture Topics

Visiting Experts’ Lectures
1)

Dr. Kattiya Ratanadilok• Current Circumstances about VAWC and Related Offenders' Treatment in Thailand• Effective Treatment against VAWC Offenders for Recidivism Prevention and Desistancefrom Crime2)

Ms. Mariana Martin• Violence against Women and Children (VAWC) Issues and Current Circumstances in
Namibia• Challenges in the Treatment of VAWC Offenders and Further Perspectives

3)

Dr. Franca Cortoni• Why VAWC Occurs and How Best to Intervene with the Offenders (e.g., Factors that
Lead to Violence; Best Treatment Approaches)• How Criminal Justice and Correctional Systems Could Develop and Implement these
Types of Interventions for VAWC Offenders

UNAFEI Professors’ Lectures
1)

Ms. WATANABE Machiko, Professor, UNAFEI• Criminal Justice System in Japan: Investigation & Prosecution

2)

Mr. HOSOKAWA Hidehito, Professor, UNAFEI• Criminal Justice System in Japan: Criminal Trials and Relevant Legal Procedures Against
VAWC

3)

Mr. FURUHASHI Takuya, Professor, UNAFEI• Corrections in Japan4)

Mr. MORIKAWA, Takeshi, Professor, UNAFEI• Criminal Justice System in Japan - Community Corrections

10
5)

Mr. YOKOTA Naoyuki, Assistant Commissioner, Adjunct Professor, UNAFEI• Criminal Justice System in Japan: Police

Ad Hoc Lectures
1)

Dr. FUJIOKA Junko
Professor, Osaka University• Supporting Sexual Offenders in the Community and Further Perspectives2)

Ms. KOBAYAKAWA Akiko
Director, Non-Profit Organization (NPO) "Humanity"• Dealing with Stalking and other Harassment Cases from an NPO’s Viewpoint3)

Mr. KAWAMATSU Akira
Professor, Meisei University• Current Measures against Child Abuse and Recommendations for Law Enforcement
Organizations

4)

Ms. HORIGUCHI Miwa
Child Welfare Specialist of the Tokyo Metropolitan Children’s Self-reliance Support
Facility "Seimei Gakuen"• Actual Practices in Child Protection and Welfare Organisations for the Children at Risk

5)

Mr. SHIMADA Takahito
National Research Institute of Police Science• Tackling Stalkers and other VAWC Offenders mainly in Japanese Police for Prevention

11

Individual Presentation Topics
Overseas Participants
1)

Ms. Viviane Cristina SANTANA (Brazil)• The São Paulo State Police’s Actions Against Women Crimes

2)

Mr. Chun-man CHAN (Hong Kong)• Tackling Violence against Women and Children through Offender Treatment:
Prevention of Reoffending

3)

Mr. Eriky FERIGINO (Indonesia)• Violence against Women and Children in Indonesia: A Cultural and Religious
Perspective

4)

Mr. Evans Messop MONGARE (Kenya)• Tackling Violence against Women and Children through Treatment:
Prevention of Reoffending

5)

Ms. Mijin KIM (Korea)• Treatment for Violence against Women and Children Offenders in Korea

6)

Ms. Bounmany Ma SAVONGLIENKHAM (Laos)• The Measures and Treatment for Victims and Offenders of Violence against Womenand Children

7)

Mr. Norulekhsan ABDUL RAHIM (Malaysia)• Inmates’ Reintegration Programmes – Concepts and Community Rehabilitation for
Crime Related to Violence against Women and Children

8)

Mr. Win Naing Lin (Myanmar)• Tackling Violence against Women and Children through Offender Treatment:
Prevention of Reoffending

9)

Mr. Kalu UCHEJE (Nigeria)• Violence Against Women and Children; Prevalent Types, Measures and Treatment
Available for Offenders

12
10)

Mr. Mujahid RAHIM (Pakistan)• Tackling Violence against Women and Children Through Offender Treatment

11)

Ms. Evelyn Caril MEDINA VILLEDA (Panama)• Tackling Violence against Women and Children through Offender Treatment inPanama12)

Ms. Kelisiano LIUSUAVAI (Samoa)• Evidence-based Treatment of Offenders in Samoa

13)

Mr. Francis KIRI (Solomon)• Correctional Service of Solomon Islands Response to Ending Violence against
Women and Children

14)

Mr. Gammaddagoda Liyanage PRIYANTHA (Sri Lanka)• Sri Lankan Scenario of Prevention of Reoffending in Cases of Violence against
Women and Children

15)

Ms. Irani Ganga WAKISHTA ARACHCHI (Sri Lanka)• Protecting Women and Children from further Violence and Effective Measures for
Recidivism Prevention through Multi Agency Cooperation: Legal and Practical
Implementation Challenges: A Sri Lankan Experience

16)

Ms. Malika KURBANOVA (Tajikistan)• Tackling Violence against Women and Children through Offender Treatment:
Prevention of Reoffending in the Republic of Tajikistan

17)

Mr. Ukrit SORNPROHM (Thailand)• United Nations Model Strategies and the Treatment of Offenders of Violence against
Women and Children: Good Practices and Challenges in Southeast Asia

Japanese Participants18)

Ms. HORIUCHI Aki (Japan)• Preventing Recidivism among VAWC Offenders through Multi-agency Cooperation
among Relevant Agencies

19)

Ms. KIMURA Yayoi (Japan)• Female Inmates Who Abused Their Own Children and Prospects for their Treatment

13
20)

Ms. MATSUI Ayumi (Japan)• The Current Situation of Domestic Violence in Japan and the Countermeasures by
Public Prosecutors

21)

Mr. SHIMATO Jun (Japan)• Current Circumstances of Sentencing in Japan — Focusing on Sex Crime

22)

Mr. SHIN Koichiro (Japan)• The Case of a Probationer Who Committed Child Abuse

14Group Workshop Sessions
Group 1INTRODUCING AND PROMOTING EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN THE
TREATMENT OF VAWC OFFENDERS

Chairperson
Co-Chairperson
Members
Advisers

Rapporteur: Ms. Kelisiano Liusuavai (Samoa)
Co-Rapporteurs: Ms. Mijin Kim (Korea)
Ms. Yayoi Kimura (Japan)
Mr. Mujahid Rahim(Pakistan)
Mr. Francis Kiri
(Solomon Islands)
Mr. Ericky Ferigino(Indonesia)
Mr. Win Naing Lin(Myanmar)Prof. Takuya Furuhashi(UNAFEI)
Prof. Mika Kitagawa(UNAFEI)
Prof. Junichiro Otani(UNAFEI)

Report Summary
Addressing the issue of evidence-based practice (EBP) in the treatment of violenceagainst women and children (VAWC) offenders, the group began by reviewing the historicaldebate surrounding the effectiveness of offender treatment, noting that randomized control
trials, quasi-experiments, systematic review and meta-analysis are all scientific methods thathave developed to measure programme effectiveness. In the 1980s, Andrews and Bonta
developed the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model, which establishes criminogenic needs(dynamic risk factors) as the appropriate targets for offender treatment. These needs shouldbe treated through effective evidence-based measures such as cognitive behavioural therapy(CBT) and Family Group Conferences (FGC).
Despite this well-established basis for offender treatment, the group identified anumber of challenges to the implementation of effective treatment programmes. In response,
the group offered the following recommendations: (i) improve stakeholder awareness(including the awareness and motivation of correctional staff) by promoting the benefits of
EBP, such as public safety, prevention of reoffending and cost effectiveness; (ii) increase thenumber of specialists and trained staff by enhancing academic and legal studies andcooperation with non-governmental organizations; (iii) enhance programme effectiveness by
drafting detailed manuals to standardize programme implementation; (iv) reduce disparities
between research and practice by ensuring that researchers perform their studies in realistic
correctional environments; (v) enshrine principles of inter-agency cooperation in relevant
legislation; and (vi) motivate offenders to change, which can be achieved by ensuring thatjudges impose rehabilitative sentences and by offering offenders incentives to participate inrehabilitation programmes, such as meetings with family members, early release etc.
Noting the varied status of EBP in the participating jurisdictions, the group stressed
the importance of implementation of EBP and offered recommendations aimed toward
ensuring programme effectiveness. EBP must be objective (i.e., not based on subjective
opinions) and the results of such practices must be able to be replicated. However, because
EBP is not universally known or understood, the first challenge is to raise awareness by
explaining the EBP philosophy to fellow practitioners. Second, implementing EBP
throughout a system may be an overwhelming, impossible task. Practitioners are encouraged
to identify a specific area of work, such as sexual offences or domestic violence, to focus on.
Third, it is important to build capacity of correctional staff through education and training.
Once these elements are in place, the final step is the adoption of certified, effective
programmes in accordance with local needs and requirements.

15
Group 2
MULTI-STAKEHOLDER COOPERATION TO PROMOTE VAWC OFFENDERREHABILITATION AND PREVENT REOFFENDING
Rapporteur: Mr. Chun-man Chan (Hong Kong)
Co-Rapporteur: Ms. Aki Horiuchi (Japan)
Chairperson
Co-Chairperson
Members

Advisers

Ms. Irani Ganga Wakishta Arachchi
Ms. Ayumi Matsui
Ms. Viviane Cristina Santana
Mr. Evans Messop Mongare
Mr. Kalu Ucheje
Mr. Ukrit Sornprohm
Prof. Takeshi Morikawa
Prof. Mana Yamamoto
Prof. Ryo Futagoishi(Sri Lanka)(Japan)(Brazil)(Kenya)(Nigeria)(Thailand)(UNAFEI)(UNAFEI)(UNAFEI)

Report Summary
Noting the linkages between criminal justice and promoting gender equality as
established by the Sustainable Development Goals, the group addressed the importance ofmulti-stakeholder cooperation to facilitate the treatment of VAWC offenders and to prevent
them from reoffending. The group concluded that, contrary to the traditional approach ofpunishment by incarceration, correctional systems should prioritize treatment andrehabilitation. The rehabilitative approach should prioritize alternatives to imprisonment,
enabling multiple institutions, both inside and outside of the criminal justice system, tofacilitate offender treatment. Furthermore, multi-stakeholder cooperation promises to reduce
rates of imprisonment and recidivism, as well as costs to the correctional system.
The group stressed that rehabilitation programmes must be country specific and musttarget appropriate individuals and identified the following as factors that lead VAWC
offenders toward recidivism: (i) reintegration issues (social stigma, problems finding
accommodations, lack of funds for sustainable treatment); (ii) the lack of aftercare and othersupport services, which leads offenders to return to their antisocial peers and criminal
enterprises; (iii) the failure to leverage key stakeholders throughout the lengthy process ofoffender rehabilitation; (iv) the underreporting of crimes against women due to their fear of
losing social/financial security, lack of access to justice, etc.; and (v) lack of education andguidance for juveniles, which damages their self-esteem, leading them toward a life of crime.
In response to these challenges, the following best practices and recommendations
were identified, inter alia: (i) enhancing the role of public prosecutors by enabling them tocommence rehabilitation at the initial stage by making referrals to psychologists,rehabilitation volunteers, and other religious or community resources; (ii) establishingmechanisms to share information and statistics between stakeholders involved in offender
treatment; (iii) enhancing responses to children in conflict with the law through the use of
specialized judges, Gesell Chambers for interviews with and counselling for juveniles,
maintaining juveniles’ confidentiality, etc.; (iv) conducting continuous assessments for
VAWC offenders using the RNR and Good Lives models; (v) making use of restorative
justice and alternative dispute resolution programmes.
By providing rehabilitative treatment and support to VAWC offenders continuously
and as early as possible, criminal justice systems can improve the offenders’ chances torehabilitate themselves and avoid repeating their crimes. This requires a team-based,
multi-stakeholder approach drawing on specialized expertise of public officials and privateorganizations.

16Group 3
NON-CUSTODIAL MEASURES FOR VAWC OFFENDER REHABILITATION AND
REOFFENDING PREVENTION
Rapporteur: Mr. Gammaddagoda Liyanage Priyantha (Sri Lanka)
Co-Rapporteur: Mr. Norulekhsan Abdul Rahim (Malaysia)
Chairperson
Co-Chairperson
Members
Advisers

Ms. Evelyn Caril Medina Villeda
Mr. Jun Shimato
Ms. Bounmany Ma Savonglienkham
Ms. Malika Kurbanova
Mr. Koichiro Shin
Prof. Hidehito Hosokawa
Prof. Hiroyuki Watanabe
Prof. Machiko Watanabe(Panama)(Japan)(Laos)(Tajikistan)(Japan)(UNAFEI)(UNAFEI)(UNAFEI)

Report Summary
The group considered the importance of non-custodial measures to the rehabilitation
of VAWC offenders and recidivism prevention, finding that imprisonment is no panacea forprevention of recidivism. Non-custodial measures have the following advantages: thereduction of incarceration, the reduction of recidivism, the effectiveness of rehabilitation, andthe enhancement of community involvement. Such measures should be implemented at all
relevant stages of the criminal justice system, particularly the pre-trial stage, the trial andsentencing stage, and the post-sentencing stage.
At the pre-trial stage, the principal non-custodial measure is non-prosecution orsuspension of prosecution. This enables the prosecutor to consider factors such as the gravityof the offence, the age and other characteristics of the offender, the circumstances underwhich the offence was committed, etc. During the trial stage, the sentencing authority should
consider the nature of the offence, the purpose of the sentence, the personality of the offender,
and the protection of the victim. In implementing non-custodial measures, the following
practices are widely used: suspension of execution of sentence, economic sanctions (fines),confiscation of property, community service orders, and the “Weekend Jail System”, whichenables the offender to work during weekdays in order to support his or her family. At the
post-sentencing stage, probationers and parolees are permitted to serve all or a portion of
their sentences in the community, which allows them to work and maintain their liberty
subject to supervision by the relevant governmental and/or community authorities. They mustalso abide by certain conditions that steer them toward rehabilitation. Community support,such as accommodation at halfway houses and other counselling or mentoring programmes,is also available.
After identifying a number of challenges facing the implementation of non-custodial
measures (lack of awareness, lack of educational/vocational programmes, lack of community
acceptance, and ongoing threats to victim and public safety), the group made the following
recommendations: (i) ensuring that non-custodial measures are sufficiently incorporated into
legislation and guidelines for prosecutors and judges; (ii) exploring the use of electronicmonitoring as a tool to support the effective implementation of non-custodial measures; (iii)
implementing community-based treatment measures and support, such as volunteer probation
officers, halfway houses, cooperative employers, Circles of Support and Accountability(CoSA), etc.; (iv) establishing crisis shelters to provide protection, guidance and support for
victims.

17

Observation Visits

Date

Agency/Institution

Main Persons Concerned

28 Aug.

Tokyo Probation Office• Mr. MISU Tsuyoshi(Chief Officer)

10 Sep.

Yamanashi Prefectural Police• Mr. ARAI Toshiya(Senior Superintendent)18Group Study Tours

Date

Location

Agency/Institution

Main Persons Concerned

11 Sep..

Hiroshima

Halfway House "WithHiroshima"• Mr. INAGAKI Hiroshi(Director)

12 Sep.

Osaka

Osaka Prison• Mr. SHINKAI Hiroyuki(Director of International
Affairs Division)

13 Sep.

Kyoto

Kyoto Juvenile
Classification Home

• Ms. MYOJO Kayoko(Chief Psychologist)

19
Special Events

21 Aug.
23, 26, 27 Aug.

Welcome Party
Japanese Conversation Classes

The overseas participants attended four Japanese conversation classes and learned practical
Japanese expressions.
28 Aug,Reception by the Vice-Minister of JusticeThe reception was held for the participants by the Vice-Minister of Justice, Mr. TSUJI
Hiroyuki, at the Danwa-shitsu lounge on the 20th floor of the ministry building, overlooking
Hibiya Park.
30 Aug.

UNAFEI International Table Tennis Tournament

The UNAFEI Table Tennis Tournament was held in the auditorium. Mixed teams ofinternational participants, Japanese participants, and UNAFEI faculty and staff were formed,
and competed against each other.
31 Aug, 1 Sep.

ACPF Branches Study TourThe participants were invited to visit branches of the ACPF in six locations around Japan.
The participants split into groups and visited Sapporo, Fukushima, Tochigi, Saitama, Nagoya
and Osaka. They visited local criminal justice facilities and had an opportunity to do somesight-seeing. In addition, each branch held a reception in honour of the participants visiting
their region.
2, 3 Sep.

Social with Volunteer Probation Officers

The participants had an opportunity to exchange views with Japanese Volunteer Probation
Officers at a social at UNAFEI.
4 Sep.

The Way of Tea (Tea Ceremony)

The participants participated in a “cha-no-yu” or “sado”, a formal Japanese tea ceremony,kindly hosted by Soroptimist International Akishima.
7 Sep.

Home Visits

The Volunteer Probation Officers Association in Support of UNAFEI’s Activities kindlyorganized a home visit programme. The hosts were Ms. MITSUHASHI, Ms. IIZUKA, Mr.
HARIYA, Mr. TANAKA and Ms. SHIBATA. They kindly invited the participants to their homes.
19 Sep.

Farewell Party

A party was held to bid farewell to the participants.

20
Reference Materials
UNAFEI’S 173RD INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE
LIST OF REFERENCE MATERIALS

List of Reference Materials (173rd International Training Course)

1 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

2 Convention on the Rights of the Child
Updated Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the Elimination of Violenceagainst Women in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (Annex of the
3"Strengthening Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Responses to Violence against
Women")
4

Introducing the United Nations Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the
Elimination of Violence against Children

5

United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson
Mandela Rules)

6

United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners
and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules)

7 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (The Tokyo Rules)
Sex Offender Treatment for Adult Males
8 ATSA (Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers)
August 2016
Dr. William. L. Marshall
9 Treatment of Sexual Offenders and Its Effects
UNAFEI Resource Material Series. No. 72. p. 71-81

21

Expert and Participant List
Visiting Experts
Dr. Kattiya Ratanadilok

Director
Justice Research and Development Institute
Office of Justice Affairs
Thailand

Ms. Mariana Martin

Commissioner: Rehabilitation
Namibian Correctional Service
Ministry of Safety and Security
NamibiaDr. Franca Cortoni

Professor, School of Criminology
Université de Montréal
CanadaOverseas Participants
Ms. Viviane Cristina SANTANA

CaptainCommunity Police and Human Rights
Directorship
Sao Paulo State Police
BrazilMr. Chun-man CHAN

Principal Officer
Rehabilitation Unit
Correctional Services Department
Hong Kong

Mr. Eriky FERIGINO

Junior Probation Officer
Adult Client Mentoring
Probation Board Class II Bandar LampungIndonesia

Ms. Mijin KIM

Senior Corrections Officer
Security Division
Daegu Correctional Institution
Korea

Mr. Evans Messop MONGARE

Probation Officer 1 in charge Kehancha Station
Probation and Aftercare Service
State Department for Correctional Services
Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National
Government
Kenya

22

Ms. Bounmany Ma
SAVONGLIENKHAM

Director
Policy Division
Office of the Supreme People’s Prosecutor
Laos

Mr. Norulekhsan ABDUL RAHIM

Head of Community Service Unit
Parole and Community Service Department
Prison Department
Malaysia

Mr. Win Naing Lin

Director
Training Division
Prisons Department, Ministry of Home Affairs
Myanmar

Mr. Kalu UCHEJE

Senior State Counsel
Administration of Criminal Justice and Reforms
Office of the Attorney General
Federal Ministry of Justice
Nigeria

Mr. Mujahid RAHIM

Judicial Magistrate
District Judiciary
Islamabad High Court
Pakistan

Ms. Evelyn Caril MEDINAVILLEDA

District Attorney
Chame District OfficePublic Ministry
PanamaMs. Kelisiano LIUSUAVAI

Principal Probation and Parole Officer
Correction, Enforcement and Maintenance
Division
Ministry of Justice and Courts Administration
Samoa

Mr. Francis KIRI

Inspector
Correctional Services of Solomon Islands
Solomon

Mr. Gammaddagoda Liyanage
PRIYANTHA

Additional Magistrate
Chief Magistrate's Court Colombo
Judicial Service Commission
Sri Lanka

Ms. Irani Ganga WAKISHTA
ARACHCHI

Senior State Counsel
Criminal Division
Attorney General’s Department

23
Sri Lanka
Ms. Malika KURBANOVA

Leading Specialist
International Department
Ministry of Justice
Tajikistan

Mr. Ukrit SORNPROHM

Project Manager
Thailand Institute of Justice
ThailandJapanese Participants
Ms. HORIUCHI Aki

Probation Officer
Yokohama Probation Office

Ms. KIMURA Yayoi

Principal Supervisor
Second Treatment Section
Mine Rehabilitation Program Center

Ms. MATSUI Ayumi

Public Prosecutor
Osaka District Public Prosecutors’ Office

Mr. SHIMATO Jun

Judge
Sapporo District Court

Mr. SHIN Koichiro

Probation Officer
Kagoshima Probation Office

24
INFORMATION ABOUT FORTHCOMING PROGRAMMES1.

The 22nd UNAFEI UNCAC Training Programme
From 9 October to 15 November 2019, UNAFEI will host the 22nd UNAFEI UNCAC
Training Programme in Tokyo, Japan. The main theme of the Programme is “Detection,
Investigation, Prosecution and Adjudication of High-Profile Corruption”. Approximately 30
overseas participants and several Japanese participants will attend.
2.

The 13th Regional Seminar on Good Governance for Southeast Asian Countries
From 17 to 19 December 2019, UNAFEI will hold the Thirteenth Regional Seminar on
Good Governance in Tokyo, Japan. The main theme of the Seminar will address
anti-money-laundering measures and asset recovery. Among other participants, 20
anti-corruption practitioners from the 10 ASEAN countries are expected to attend as official
delegates.
3. The 174th International Senior Seminar
From 16 January to 15 February 2020, UNAFEI will host the 174th International Senior
Seminar in Tokyo, Japan. The main theme of the Seminar is “Prevention of Reoffending andFostering Social Inclusion: Policymaking and Good Practices”. Approximately 25 government
officials from across Southeast Asia and other parts of the world, including Japan, and visiting
experts and lecturers will attend.

25

FACULTY AND STAFF OF UNAFEI
Faculty:
Mr. SETO Takeshi
Ms. ISHIHARA Kayo
Mr. FURUHASHI Takuya
Mr. HOSOKAWA Hidehito
Mr. FUTAGOISHI Ryo
Mr. OTANI Junichiro
Ms. WATANABE Machiko
Mr. WATANABE Hiroyuki
Ms. KITAGAWA Mika
Dr. YAMAMOTO Mana
Mr. MORIKAWA Takeshi
Mr. Thomas L. SCHMID

Director
Deputy Director
Professor
173rd Course Programming Officer
Professor
173rd Course Deputy Programming Officer
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Chief of Research Division
Professor
Chief of Information and Public Relations
Linguistic Adviser

Secretariat:
Mr. FUJITA Takeshi

Chief of Secretariat

Mr. KOSEKI Takahiro

Chief of Training and Hostel Management
Affairs Section

Training and Hostel Management Affairs Section:
Ms. IINUMA Hazuki
Officer
173rd Course Assistant Programming Officer
Mr. KONDO Tomohiro
Officer
173rd Course Assistant Programming Officer
Mr. ONDA Keisuke
Senior Officer
Mr. SAITO Masato
Senior Officer
Ms. MATSUDA Mariko
OfficerInternational Research Affairs Section:
Ms. IWAKATA Naoko
Librarian
Secretarial Staff:
Ms. YAMADA Hisayo

Officer

26

Kitchen:Ms. ODAGIRI Maki

Chef

JICA Coordinators for the 173rd International Training Course:
Ms. HISA Keiko
JICA
Ms. ARATANI Hiroko
JICA

UNAFEI Home Page: https://www.unafei.or.jp/english/
UNAFEI E-mail: unafei@i.moj.go.jp