◊✲ࣀ࣮ࢺⱥㄒᩍဨࡀࢡࣜࢸ࢕࣭࣮࢝ࣝࣜࢹ࢕ࣥࢢࢆᣦᑟࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ₇⧢࡜ᖐ⣡࡜࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥ⩦ᚓᖹࠉᰗࠉ⾜ࠉ㞝㸦኱㜰ே㛫⛉Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㸧㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
኱஭ (2004) ࡣࠊCummins ࡢ஧ゝㄒే⏝ㄝࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊࠕẕㄒ࡟ຍ࠼ࠊ➨஧ゝㄒࡶ౑࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿᩍ⫱ࠖࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠕ➨஧ゝㄒࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎẕㄒࡶఙࡤࡍࠖᩍ⫱ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࡑࡢᩍ⫱ࡣࠊᐈほⓗ࣭ᢈุⓗ࡟ㄆ㆑ࡍࡿຊࠊ࣓ࢱㄆ▱ຊࡢቑᙉ࡟ᚲせ࡜ࡶ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ஭ୗ㸦2006㸧ࡣ࣓ࢱㄆ▱ຊࢆࠊㄗࡾࡢಟṇ࡜⮬ᕫࡢㄆ㆑㐣⛬ࡢᑐ㇟໬࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᢈุⓗ࡟ㄆ㆑ࡍࡿຊࡸ࣓ࢱㄆ▱ຊࡢᙉ໬ࡣࠊⱥᩥࡢࢡࣜࢸ࢕࣭࣮࢝ࣝࣜࢹࣥࢢࢆ
㏻ࡋ࡚ྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
Paul & Elder (2001) ࡣࠊcritical reading ࢆୗグࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠉࠉࠉCritical reading realizes the way in which reading, by its very nature, means
entering into a point of view other than our own, the point view of the writer.
Critical readers actively look for assumptions, key concepts, and ideas, reasonsand justifications, supporting examples, parallel experiences, implications andconsequences, ----ୖグࡢ୕࠿ᡤࡢୗ⥺㒊ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣇ࢕ࢵࢩ࣮ࣕ (2005) ࡣࠊassumptionࢆࠕヰࡋᡭࡲࡓࡣ᭩ࡁᡭ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᙜ↛ࡢࡇ࡜࡜ぢ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࠖ࡜ࡋࠊ⚟⃝ (2006) ࡣreason ࢆࠕ⿬௜ࡅࡢ࠶ࡿ᰿ᣐࠖ࡜ࡋࠊᯇᮏ (2006) ࡣࠊjustication ࢆࠕࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜⤖ㄽࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿᶫΏࡋࠖ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⡿┒ (2009) ࡣࠊ᥎ㄽ࡜ࡣࠊ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ๓ᥦ㸦᪤▱ࡢࡶࡢ㸧࠿ࡽࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ๓ᥦࢆ᰿ᣐ࡟ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿ⤖ㄽ㸦ᮍ▱ࡢࡶࡢ㸧ࢆᑟࡁࡔࡍࠊㄽ⌮ⓗ࡟⤫ไࡉࢀࡓᛮ⪃㐣⛬࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋࠊ⛉Ꮫⓗㄽ⌮ⓗᛮ⪃ࡢ᪉ἲࡲࡓࡣᵝᘧ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ₇⧢࡜ᖐ⣡࡜࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢮࢵࢡ࣑ࢫࢱ㸤ࢪࣙࣥࢯࣥ (2006) ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ₇⧢ࡣࠊ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ๓ᥦࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠊㄽ⌮ⓗ࡟ጇᙜ࡞ᙧᘧࡔࡅ࡟ࡢࡗ࡜ࡗ࡚⤖ㄽࢆᑟࡁࡔࡍࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୍᪉ᖐ⣡࡜ࡣࠊಶࠎࡢ⌧㇟࠿ࡽ୍⯡ⓗ࡞⤖ㄽࢆᑟࡁࡔࡍᡭ⥆ࡁࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣࠊ๓ᥦࡀ┿࡛࠶ࢀࡤ⤖ㄽࡣ┿࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᚋ⪅ࡣࠊ๓ᥦࡀ┿࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ⤖ㄽࡣ┿࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࠉࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ⚟⃝㸦2006㸧ࡣࠊ₇⧢ࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ୕ゅࣟࢪࢵࢡࡢ 3 せ⣲㸦᰿ᣐ࣭ㄽᣐ࣭⤖ㄽ㸧ࢆ౑ࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᰿ᣐ࡜ࡣࠊ୺ᙇ࡜ᑐ࡟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡿ⌮⏤ࠊㄽᣐࡣࠊ୺ᙇ࡜᰿ᣐࢆ⤖ྜࡉࡏࡿᙺ┠ࢆࡍࡿᬯ㯲ࡢ௬ᐃ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ๓⪅ࡣୖグࡢ reason ࡟ࠊᚋ⪅ࡣୖグࡢࠋ㜰⚄ࢱ࢖
assumption ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊA ࡉࢇࡣ㜰⚄ࢱ࢖࣮࢞ࢫࡢ㑅ᡭ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦᰿ᣐ㸧࣮࢞ࢫࡢ㑅ᡭ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ᪥ᮏࡢ㔝⌫㑅ᡭ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ㄽᣐ㸧ࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊA ࡉࢇࡣ᪥ᮏࡢ㔝⌫㑅ᡭ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦⤖ㄽ㸧࡜࡞ࡿࠋ୕ゅࣟࢪࢵࢡࢆ♧ࡍ࡜ୗᅗࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋᖹࠉᰗࠉ⾜ࠉ㞝ࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉ୺ᙇࠉࠉ᰿ᣐ (reason)ࠉࠉࠉㄽᣐ (assumption)ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ₇⧢㸦ࢻ࣭ࣔࣝ࢞ࣥࡢἲ๎ࠊ௬ㄝ₇⧢ἲ㸧ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᖐ⣡࡜࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥࢆ⛉Ꮫⓗㄽ⌮ⓗᛮ⪃ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ⱥㄒᩍဨࡀⱥᩥࢆࢡࣜࢸ࢕࢝ࣝ࡟ㄞࡴࡇ࡜ࢆᩍ࠼ࡿᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚⩦ᚓࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄽドࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ㸰㸬₇⧢࣭ᖐ⣡࣭࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥ⡿┒ࡀ౑ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ౛ࢆḟ࡟⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ⡿┒ࡀ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿつ๎࣭஦౛࣭⤖ᯝࡣࠊୖグࡢㄽᣐ࣭᰿ᣐ࣭⤖ㄽ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࠋ
ࠉ₇⧢㸸(1) ࡇࡢ⿄ࡢ㇋ࡣࡍ࡭࡚ⓑ࠸㸦つ๎㸧ࠉࠉࠉࠉ(2) ࡇࢀࡽࡢ㇋ࡣࠊࡇࡢ⿄ࡢ㇋࡛࠶ࡿ㸦஦౛㸧ࠉࠉࠉࠉ(3) ࡺ࠼࡟ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ㇋ࡣⓑ࠸㸦⤖ᯝ㸧ࠉᖐ⣡㸸(1) ࡇࢀࡽࡢ㇋ࡣࡇࡢ⿄ࡢ㇋࡛࠶ࡿ㸦஦౛㸧(2) ࡇࢀࡽࡢ㇋ࡣⓑ࠸㸦⤖ᯝ㸧(3) ࡺ࠼࡟ࠊࡇࡢ⿄ࡢ㇋ࡣࡍ࡭࡚ⓑ࠸㸦つ๎㸧ࠉ࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥ㸸(1) ࡇࡢ⿄ࡢ㇋ࡣࡍ࡭࡚ⓑ࠸㸦つ๎㸧(2) ࡇࢀࡽࡢ㇋ࡣⓑ࠸㸦⤖ᯝ㸧(3) ࡺ࠼࡟ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ㇋ࡣࡇࡢ⿄ࡢ㇋࡛࠶ࡿ㸦஦౛㸧ࠉᖐ⣡ࡢࠕつ๎ࠖࡣࠊࠕࡇࡢ⿄ࡢ㇋࡟ࡣࠊⓑࡃ࡞࠸㇋ࡶධࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᚲ
ࠕࡇࡢⓑ࠸㇋ࡣ௚ࡢ⿄࠿ࡎࡋࡶṇࡋ࠸࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢࠕ஦౛ࠖࡣࠊࡽࡢ㇋࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠖྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ᚲࡎࡋࡶṇࡋࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ
ᡞ⏣ᒣ㸦㸧ࡣࠊ࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡣࠊ㸿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㹆࡜࠸࠺௬ᐃࢆ
࠾ࡅࡤࠊ࡞ࡐ㸿࡞ࡢ࠿ࡀ࠺ࡲࡃㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿࠋ௚࡟ࠊఱᨾ㸿࡞ࡢ࠿ࢆ㹆࡜ྠ⛬ᗘ࡟ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿ௬ㄝࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊࡓࡪࢇ㹆ࡣṇࡋ࠸ࠋ⡿┒ࡣࠊ࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ⑕≧࠿ࡽࠊཎᅉࢆᶍ⣴ࡍࡿᛮ⪃㐣⛬࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ࠶ࡿேࡀ 39 ᗘࡢⓎ⇕ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦⤖ᯝ࣭⤖ㄽ㸧࡜ࡍࡿࠋ࢖ࣥࣇ࢚ࣝࣥࢨ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ39 ᗘࡢⓎ⇕ࡀ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿ㸦࣮࣭ࣝࣝつ๎㸧࠿ࡽࠊᙼࡣ࢖ࣥࣇ࢚ࣝࣥࢨ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦஦౛㸧ࢆᑟࡁࡔࡍ࡟ࡣࠊཎᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ௚ࡢ஦౛ࡀᾘཤࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋⱥㄒᩍဨࡀࢡࣜࢸ࢕࣭࣮࢝ࣝࣜࢹ࢕ࣥࢢࢆᣦᑟࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ₇⧢࡜ᖐ⣡࡜࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥ⩦ᚓ

౛࠼ࡤࠊA ࡜࠸࠺ୖグࡢᑠࡉ࡞෇ࢆࠕ࢖ࣥࣇ࢚ࣝࣥࢨࢆ⨯ࡗࡓேࠎࠖࡢ㞟ྜࠊB ࡜࠸࠺኱ࡁ࡞෇ࢆࠊࠕ39 ᗘࡢⓎ⇕ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿேࠎࡢ㞟ྜࠖ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊA ࡛࠶ࢀࡤᚲࡎ B ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ
B ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶᚲࡎࡋࡶ A ࡜ࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ༶ࡕࠊA ࡣ B ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࡢ༑ศ᮲௳࡛࠶ࡾࠊB ࡣA ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࡢᚲせ᮲௳࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ༑ศ᮲௳࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ39 ᗘࡢⓎ⇕ࢆࡋ࡚ࡶ࢖ࣥࣇ࢚ࣝࣥ
ࢨ࡟ឤᰁࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣ᩿ᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛࠶ࡿࠋୖグࡢᑠࡉ࡞෇࡛࠶ࡿ A ࢆࠕࡇࡢ⿄࡟ධࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⓑ࠸㇋ࡢ㞟ྜ࡛ࠖࠊB ࢆࠕⓑ࠸㇋ࡢ㞟ྜࠖ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊⓑ࠸㇋࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡇࡢ⿄࡟ධࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡣ᩿ᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋA ࡛࠶ࢀࡤᚲࡎ B ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊB ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶᚲࡎ A ࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ A ࡜ B ࡢ㛵ಀࡣࠊB ௨እ࡛ࡣ A ࡟࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆド᫂ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊB ࡞ࡽࡤ A ࡜ゝ࠸ᚓ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡀ࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡿࠋ㏫࣭
⿬࣭ᑐഅࡢ┦஫㛵ಀࢆᅗ♧ࡍࡿࠋ

ࠕQ ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ P ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡣ
ࠕP ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ Q ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡢ㏫࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠺ࠋࠕP ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ Q ࡛࡞࠸ࠖࡣࠕP ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ Q ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡢ⿬࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠺ࠋ
ࠕQ ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ P ࡛࡞࠸ࠖࡣࠕP ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ Q࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡢᑐഅ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࠋ
ࠕP ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ Q ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡀ┿࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢ㏫࡜⿬ࡣഇ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ
ࡑࡢᑐഅࡣ┿࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥࡣ㏫࿨㢟ࢆ౑ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࠊṇࡋ࠸᥎ㄽ࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ
2.1 ₇⧢[Example 1]“ ߇ Why did George Washington’s father forgive his son when young George chopped
down cherry tree?” a teacher asked.
“ ߈ Because the boy was still holding an ax,” a student replied.

ᖹࠉᰗࠉ⾜ࠉ㞝ճ This joke is included in͆The pleasure of joke.” մ The “right” answer to theWashington anecdote is that the boy was forgiven because he did not lie and honestly
confessed to cutting down the tree.

յ Though this tale is said to be the creation of abiographer, the joke could be applied to quite a few adult situations. ---ն We would not have been surprised if the rebels had been asked to leave or expelledfrom the party. շ We suppose harsher punishments were not handed down because the16 members were still armed with “axes” and could have acted violently against theparty, bringing about its demise.
ࡇࢀࡣࠊ2011 ᖺ 3 ᭶ 7 ᪥௜ࡅࡢࠉThe Daily Yomiuri ࡢ Musingsࠉ࠿ࡽᢤ⢋ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ➨㸯ᩥ࡛ࠕఱᨾࠊࢪ࣮ࣙࢪ࣭࣡ࢩࣥࢺࣥࡢ∗ぶࡣᙼࡀᱜࡢᮌࢆษࡾಽࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ㉧ࡋࡓ࠿ࠖ࡜࠸࠺␲ၥࡢ⟅࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ➨ 2 ᩥ࡛ࠕࡲࡔࠊᙼࡀ᩼ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡽࠖ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ
ࡇࢀࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ༑ศ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ༶ࡕࠊ
ࠕᜥᏊࡢ᩼ࡢᡤᣢࡀࠊఱᨾᙼࡢᮌࢆษࡾಽࡋࡓ⾜Ⅽ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ∗ぶࡢ㉧ච⌮⏤࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࠿ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄝ᫂ࡀ࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋReason ࢆࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࡍࡿㄝ᫂ࡀ࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡼ࠺ࡸࡃࠊ➨ 7 ᩥࡢᚋ༙㒊ศ࡛ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋㄽᣐࢆ⿵࠸࡞ࡀࡽࠊ୕ゅࣟࢪࢵࢡ࡛ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࡜ୗᅗࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࢪ࣮ࣙࢪᑡᖺࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆ∗ぶࡣチࡋࡓ

ࢪ࣮ࣙࢪᑡᖺࡣࠉࠉࠉࠉ᩼ࡢᡤᣢࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡞ࡿᮌࡢఆ᥇࡜࠸࠺
᩼ࢆࡲࡔᡤᣢࡋࠉࠉࠉࠉ⾜ⅭࢆㄏⓎࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࢆ
࡚࠸ࡓࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉ㑊ࡅࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࡇ
ࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࡢᑡᖺࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆチࡍᚲせࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ2.2 ࢻ࣭ࣔࣝ࢞ࣥࡢἲ๎ࢻ࣭ࣔࣝ࢞ࣥࡢἲ๎ࢆ౑ࡗ࡚ࠊᏛ⏕ࡢࡼࡃ㛫㐪࠺ᩥἲၥ㢟ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡢၥ㢟࡜ࡣࠊࠕ⚾࡟ࡣ඗ᘵጜጒࡀ࠸࡞࠸ࠖࢆⱥヂࡍࡿ࡜ࠊḟࡢⱥᩥࡢ㸦ࠉࠉ㸧࡟ࡣࠊand ࡲࡓࡣ or ࡢ࡝ࡕࡽࢆᤄධࡍࡿࡢࡀṇࡋ࠸࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
I have no brothers () sisters.

඗ᘵ࡜ጜጒࡢ࠸ࡿ㞟ྜࡣࠊḟࡢ㸲ࡘ࡟ศ㢮࡛ࡁࡿࠋ(A) ᕥࡢ෇࠿ࡽ㔜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㞟ྜࢆ┬ࡃ࡜ࠊ඗ᘵࡢࡳ࠸ࡿ㞟ྜ(B) ᕥ࡜ྑࡢ෇ࡀ㔜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㞟ྜࠊࡘࡲࡾ඗ᘵࡶጜጒࡶ࠸ࡿ㞟ྜ(C) ྑࡢ෇࠿ࡽ㔜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㒊ศࢆ┬ࡃ࡜ࠊጜጒࡢࡳ࠸ࡿ㞟ྜ(D) 㸰ࡘࡢ෇ࡢእ㸦ᩳ⥺㒊ศ㸧ࡀࠊ඗ᘵࡶጜጒࡶ࠸࡞࠸㞟ྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ⱥㄒᩍဨࡀࢡࣜࢸ࢕࣭࣮࢝ࣝࣜࢹ࢕ࣥࢢࢆᣦᑟࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ₇⧢࡜ᖐ⣡࡜࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥ⩦ᚓ✵ḍ࡟”and” ࢆධࢀࡿ࡜ࠊB ࢆ㝖ࡃ A࣭C࣭D ࡢ㸱ࡘࡢ㞟ྜࢆᣦࡋࠊ᪥ᮏᩥࡢࠕ඗ᘵጜጒࡀ࠸࡞࠸ࠖࡣD ࡢࡳࢆᣦࡍࡢ࡛㛫㐪࠸࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊ”or”ࢆධࢀࡿ࡜ࠊ”brothers or sisters 㸦඗”ᘵࡢ࠸ࡿ㞟ྜࡲࡓࡣጜጒࡢ࠸ࡿ㞟ྜ㸧ࢆᡴࡕᾘࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊD ࡢࡳ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࠊࡇࡢゎ⟅ࡣ ”or” ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࠕ඗ᘵࡀ࠸ࡿ࠿ጜጒࡀ࠸ࡿ㞟ྜࠖࡣࠊࠕ඗ᘵ࣭ጜጒ࡜ࡶ࡟࠸ࡿ㞟ྜ㸦㠀᤼௚ⓗ㑅ゝ㸧ࠖࢆྵࡴࠋ༶ࡕࠊ”or”ࡸࠕࡲࡓࡣࠖࡣ㠀᤼௚ⓗ࡟౑࠺᫬ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦㒆ྖ࣭すᇉෆࠊ2004㸧ࠋ㠀᤼௚ⓗ࡞౛ࢆ୍ࡘ♧ࡍࠋ᪥ᮏᅜ⡠ἲ➨ 2 ᮲ 1 㡯࡛ࡣࠊࠕ∗ぶ࠿ẕぶࡀ᪥ᮏே࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᏊ࡝ࡶࡣ᪥ᮏேࠖ࡜つᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࡣࠊࠕ∗ぶ࡜ẕぶࡀ࡜ࡶ࡟᪥ᮏே࡛࠶ࢀࡤᏊ࡝ࡶࡶ᪥ᮏேࠖ࡜࠸࠺㠀᤼௚ⓗ㑅ゝࡶྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࢻ࣭ࣔࣝ࢞ࣥࡢἲ๎ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ㸦X ࠿ࡘ Y㸧࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸻㸦X ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸧ࡲࡓࡣ㸦Y ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸧㸦X ࡲࡓࡣ Y㸧࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸻㸦X ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸧࠿ࡘ㸦Y ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸧[Example 2]--- ① When a reporter asked whether women alone should bear the responsibility ofraising the birthrate, he replied in part, “Young people are in an extremely sound statein which they want to marry and have two or more children. ② Therefore, it will be
important for us to work out policy measures that really fit, well what should I say,Japanese young people’s sound wishes.” ③ His statement reects a 2005 nding by theNational Institute of Population and Social Security Research that 90 percent ofunmarried people want to marry and have an average 2.1 children.------④ Social

Democratic Party leader, Ms. F reacted who has a daughter with her unmarried partner,
reacted by saying, “Does he mean that people who do not have two or more children arenot sound?” ⑤ Other possible logical question would be: Are people who have notmarried or do not want to marry not sound? ⑥ Are people who are married but do notwant to have children not sound?
⑦ When a reporter said that his latest statement may have hurt some people, Mr. Y
said that since the present society is based on a premise that individuals have freedom
in deciding whether to marry and whether to have children, his statement would nothurt people. ⑧ But it would not be far-fetched to say that by using the word “sound,” heis imposing a certain value on people and tacitly criticizing certain people concerning
their thinking and life style. ----ᖹࠉᰗࠉ⾜ࠉ㞝ࠉࡇࢀࡣࠊ2007 ᖺ 2 ᭶ 10 ᪥௜ࡢ The Japan Times ࡢ Mr. Yanagisawa does it again ࠿ࡽࡢᢤ⢋࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ 1 ᩥ࠿ࡽࠊY Ặࡢၥ㢟Ⓨゝࡣࠊࠕ⤖፧ࡋࡓ࠸ࡋࠊ࠿ࡘ 2 ே௨ୖࡢᏊ࡝ࡶࢆᤵ࠿ࡾࡓ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࢀࡤ኱ኚ೺඲࡛࠶ࡿ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ➨ 4ࠊ5 ᩥ࡛ࡣࠊF Ặࡢ㉁ၥࡣࠕ2 ேࡢᏊ࡝ࡶࡀ࠸࡞࠸ࠖࡑࡋ࡚ࠕ⤖፧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࠊᚤጁ࡞ࡀࡽ␗࡞ࡿࠋ➨ 2㸪3 ᩥࢆㄞࡴ㝈ࡾࠊၥ㢟࡞ࡢࡣࠕ⤖፧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࠖࡑࡋ࡚ࠕ2 ே௨ୖࡢᏊ࡝ࡶࡀ࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡛ࠖࡣ࡞࠸ࠋF Ặࡢ㉁ၥࡀⓗእࢀ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠊⱥᩥ࡬ࡢ⩻ヂ࣑ࢫ࡞ࡢ࠿ࡣ୙࡛᫂࠶ࡿࠋࠉ⤖፧ࡋࡓ࠸࠿࡝࠺࠿ࠊᏊ࡝ࡶࢆ 2 ே௨ୖ࡯ࡋ࠸࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆ౑ࡗࡓࢡࣟࢫ⾲ࢆసᡂࡍࡿ࡜ୗグࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋࠕ⤖፧ࡋࡓ࠸ࡋࠊᏊ࡝ࡶࢆ 2 ே௨ୖ࡯ࡋ࠸ዪᛶࠖࠊ༶ࡕࠊ㞟ྜ E ࡢྰᐃࡣࠊY Ặࡢゝ࠺ࠊ㞟ྜ F࣭G࣭H ࡜㸱ࡘࡢ㞟ྜࢆࡉࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ༶ࡕࠊࠕ⤖፧ࡋࡓࡃ࡞࠸࠿ࠊࡲࡓࡣᏊ࡝ࡶࢆ 2 ே௨ୖ࡯ࡋࡃ࡞࠸ேࡓࡕࠖ࡜࡞ࡿࠋY Ặࢆ᧦ㆤࡍࡿ❧ሙࢆࠊ୕ゅࣟࢪࢵࢡࢆ౑ࡗ࡚᭩ࡃ࡜௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢⓎゝࡣ౯್ほࡢᢲࡋࡘࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸦୺ᙇ࣭⤖ㄽ㸧ࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠕ⤖፧ࡋࡓࡇࡢⓎゝࡣࠊୖグࡢࢻ࣭ࣔࣝ࢞ࣥࡢἲ๎ࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉY Ặࡣࠊ࠸ࡋࠊᏊ࡝ࡶࢆ 2 ேࠉࠉࠉ࠿ࡽࠊࠕ㞟ྜ F࣭G࣭Hࠖ࡟ᒓࡍࡿேࡓࡕࠉࠉࠉ௨ୖ࡯ࡋ࠸࡜࠸࠺⪃ࠉࠉࠉࡣ኱ኚ೺඲࡛࡞࠸ࠖࢆㄽド࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ࠼ࡀ኱ኚ೺඲࡛࠶ࡿࠖࠉࠉㄆࡵ࡚ࡶࠊᅜᐙᨻ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ⤖፧ࡍࡿࡇࠉࠉࠉࠉ࡜ゝࡗࡓ㸦᰿ᣐ㸧ࠉࠉࠉࠉ࡜ࠖࡸࠕᏊ࡝ࡶࢆ 2 ே௨ୖ⏕ࡴࡇ࡜ࠖࢆ
ࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉᙉせࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸦ㄽᣐ㸧Y Ặࡀࠕ⤖፧ࡋࡓࡃ࡚ࠊ2 ே௨ୖࡢᏊ࡝ࡶࡀ࡯ࡋ࠸㞟ྜࡢྰᐃࡣୖグࡢࢡࣟࢫ⾲࠿ࡽࠊ㞟ྜ F࣭G࣭H ࡜࡞ࡾࠊࡇࡢ㸱ࡘࡢ㞟ྜࡀ኱ኚ೺඲࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྰᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠖ࡜⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢෆᐜࡀᅜᐙᨻ⟇࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ౯್ほࡢᢲࡋࡘࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠕᅜᐙᨻ⟇ࡔY Ặࡢ཯ㄽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ Y Ặࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㸯ࡘࡢ෌཯ㄽࡣࠊ
ࡅࡀேࢆയࡘࡅࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋⓎゝ࡛ࡶேࡣയࡘࡅࡿ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢⱥᩥグ஦ࡢ➹⪅ࡶࠊ➨
8 ᩥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ Y ẶࡢⓎゝࢆၥ㢟Ⓨゝ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ

ⱥㄒᩍဨࡀࢡࣜࢸ࢕࣭࣮࢝ࣝࣜࢹ࢕ࣥࢢࢆᣦᑟࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ₇⧢࡜ᖐ⣡࡜࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥ⩦ᚓࠉ௬ㄝ₇⧢ἲᒣୗ (2006) ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ௬ㄝ₇⧢ἲ࡜ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿࠋձ࠶ࡿ௬ㄝࡀ┿࡞ࡽࠊࡑࡢ௬ㄝ࠿ࡽ₇⧢ࡉࢀࡓ⤖ᯝࡶ┿࡛࠶ࡿࠋղ௬ㄝ࠿ࡽ₇⧢ࡉࢀࡓ⤖ᯝࡣ┿࡛࡞࠸㸦ఱᨾ࡞ࡽࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡣほᐹࡸほ ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜୍⮴ࡋ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ㸧ࠋճ࠸ࡲࡢ௬ㄝࡣ┿࡛࡞࠸ࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ௬ㄝ₇⧢ἲࡣᑐഅࢆ౑ࡗࡓㄽ⌮㐣⛬ࢆࡶࡘࠋ[Example 3]
ձ Shortly after I arrived in Japan, I had a phone call from a young Japanese man I had
met in the United States through mutual friends.
“ ղ I just got married, and my wife and I would like you to come to our house fordinner next Saturday.”“ ճ That’s wonderful! Congratulations!”“ մ Thank you. յ I’d love to. ն I’m looking forward to meeting your wife.”“ շ She’s not beautiful, and she can’t cook very well, but I hope you’ll come anyway.”ո I was shocked speechless, --- չ But when I met his wife, I was astonished to see that
she was stunningly beautiful.

պ That made me realize that I had misjudged the poorhusband. --- he was just being polite. ջ This taught me how easy it is to misunderstandanother culture’s way of being polite.
ࡇࢀࡣࠊPolite Fictions in Collision (2006) ࡢ My wife is not beautiful ࠿ࡽࡢᢤ⢋࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ [Example 3] ࡢ➹⪅ࠊ༶ࡕ”I”ࡣࠊNancy Sakamoto ࡜࠸࠺᪥ᮏே࡜⤖፧ࡋࡓ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝
ேዪᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢᩥ❶ࡣࠊᖐ⣡ࡢ୍౛࡛࠶ࡾࠊᛶᛴ࡞୍⯡໬ࡢ౛࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋᛶᛴ࡞୍⯡໬࡜ࡣࠊ㤶す (2009) ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊᑡᩘࡢࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ୙㐺ษ࡞஦౛ࡢほᐹ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ஦౛࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿᛶ᱁ࢆࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆྵࡴẕ㞟ᅋ඲య࡜Ỵࡵࡘࡅ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ஦౛ࡀ㐓ヰ࡜ࡋ࡚⯆࿡῝ࡅࢀࡤ῝࠸࡯࡝ࠊព㆑ࡏࡎ࡟ࡑࡢ஦౛ࢆ୍⯡໬ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ
ୖグࡢ➨ 11 ᩥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࠕࡇࡢ᪥ᮏே⏨ᛶ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏேࡣ㌟ෆࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿ᫬ࡣࠊㅬ㐯ࡋ࡚஦ᐇࢆゝࢃ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶ⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡜཯ㄽࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿࠋ➹⪅ࡣࠊࢡࣛࢫ࡛ࡇࡢ㐓ヰࢆ࡜ࡾ࠶ࡆࠊᏛ⏕࡟⮬ศࡀࡇࡢ᪥ᮏே⏨ᛶࡢ❧ሙ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾜ືࡍࡿ࠿ࢆᑜࡡࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ┦ᡭࡢᅜ⡠࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃぶᐦᗘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡿࠊࡘࡲࡾぶࡋ࠸᪥ᮏே࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢ᪥ᮏே⏨ᛶࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾜ືࡣ࡜ࡽ࡞࠸࡜⟅࠼ࡓᏛ⏕ࡀఱྡ࠿࠸ࡓࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ➨11 ᩥ࡟᭩࠸࡚࠸ࡿ⤖ㄽࡣࠊᛶᛴ࡞୍⯡໬ࡢ౛࡜ゝࢃࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋᖐ⣡ࡢ౛࡟࠶ࡓࡿࠋࠉࡲࡓࠊ➨ 10 ᩥࡢ ”polite” ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒヂࡣࠊࠕ♩൤ṇࡋ࠸ࠊࡲࡓࡣ୎ᑀ࡞࡛ࠖࡣ࡞࠸࡜௬ㄝ₇⧢ἲ࡛⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋࡶࡋࠊࠕࡇࡢ༢ㄒࡣࠊᖖ࡟♩൤ṇࡋ࠸ࠊࡲࡓࡣ୎ᑀ࡞࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝࡀṇࡋࡅࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢᩥ⬦࡛ࡶࡑࡢព࿡࡜ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢᩥ⬦࡛ࡣព
࿡ࡀ㏻ࡌ࡞࠸ࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ௬ㄝࡀྰᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ ”polite” ࡢព࿡ࡣࠊࠕᑐே㛵ಀࢆ෇⁥࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢゝㄒ⾜ື࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᛮ⪃㐣⛬ࢆᑐഅ㛵ಀ࡛ᅗ♧ࡍࡿ࡜ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ▮༳ࡀᛮ⪃ࡢ᪉ྥࢆ⾲ࡍࠋᖹࠉᰗࠉ⾜ࠉ㞝ࡇࢀࡣࠊࠕP ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ Q ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺᥎ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ
ࠕQ ࡛࡞࠸࡞ࡽࠊP ࡛࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺᥎ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕP ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ Q ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡀጇᙜ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ
ࠕQ ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ P ࡛࡞࠸ࠖࡣࠊࡑࡢᑐഅ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ[Example 4]ձ In the survey, voters were asked whether raising the rate is necessary. 61 percent
were in favor, while 23 percent disagreed. ղ About 13 percent of those interviewed wereunsure. --- ճ In the constituency segment, there were 44 percent of tax-hike supporters
who voted for the DPJ and 31 percent for LDP candidates, indicating bipartisan supportfor the measure.
ࡇࢀࡣࠊ2010 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 31 ᪥௜ࡢ The Daily Yomiuri ࡢ 61% of voters consider hike inconsumption tax necessary ࠿ࡽࡢᢤ⢋࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑐഅࢆ౑ࡗࡓ௬ㄝ₇⧢ἲࢆᅗ♧ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ▮༳ࡣᛮ⪃ࡢὶࢀࢆ⾲ࡍࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊࠕP ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ Q ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺᥎ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ
ࠕ4 ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ 3 ࡛࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺᥎ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕ3 ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ 4 ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡀጇᙜ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ
ࠕ4 ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ 3 ࡛࡞࠸ࠖࡣࠊࡑࡢᑐഅ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ⱥㄒᩍဨࡀࢡࣜࢸ࢕࣭࣮࢝ࣝࣜࢹ࢕ࣥࢢࢆᣦᑟࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ₇⧢࡜ᖐ⣡࡜࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥ⩦ᚓࠕᾘ㈝⛯⋡ࢆୖࡆࡿ࡭ࡁ࠿ࠊୗࡆࡿ࡭ࡁ࠿ࡢ࡝ࡕࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝࡀṇࡋ࠸࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ
➨ 3 ᩥࡢ๓༙㒊ศࡢ 44㸣ࡢẸ୺ඪᨭᣢ⪅࡜ 31㸣ࡢ⮬Ẹඪᨭᣢ⪅ࡀࠊᾘ㈝⛯⋡ࢆ࠶ࡆࡿࡇ࡜
࡟㈶ᡂ࡜࠸࠺๓ᥦ࠿ࡽࠊ56㸣࡜ 69㸣࡜࠸࠺㐣༙ᩘࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᨻඪࡢேࡓࡕࡀࡑࢀ࡟཯ᑐ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜᥎ ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࢀࡤࠊ➨ 3 ᩥࡢᚋ༙㒊ศࡢࠊࠕ㸰ࡘࡢᨻඪࡢඪဨࡀ㈶ᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ
࡜࠸࠺⾲⌧࡜▩┪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ᭱ึࡢ௬ㄝࡣṇࡋࡃ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࠉ▩┪㛵ಀ࡜཯ᑐ㛵ಀ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ⏝࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣࠊࠕ࡜ࡶ࡟┿࡛࠶ࡾᚓ࡞࠸ࡋࠊ࡜ࡶ࡟ഇ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾᚓ࡞࠸ࠖ㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ⏨࡜ዪࡢ㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋࠕ࠶ࡿேࡀࠊ
⏨࡛ࡶዪ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾᚓࡿࠖࡇ࡜ࡶࠕ࠶ࡿேࡀࠊ⏨࡛ࡶዪ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠖࡇ࡜ࡶ୙ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚋ⪅ࡣࠊࠕ࡜ࡶ࡟┿࡛࠶ࡾᚓ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ࡜ࡶ࡟ഇ࡛࠶ࡾᚓࡿࠖ㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊࠕᡂ⦼ࡀୖࡀࡗࡓࠖ࡜ࠕᡂ⦼ࡀୗࡀࡗࡓࠖࡢ㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕᡂ⦼ࡀୖࡀࡾࠊྠ᫬࡟ୗࡀࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ࠶ࡾᚓ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࠕᡂ⦼ࡀୖࡀࡾࡶୗࡀࡾࡶࡋ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺㛵ಀࡣ࠶ࡾᚓࡿࠋࠕᡂ⦼ࡀᶓࡤ࠸ࠖࡢ᫬࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢグ஦ࡣࠊୗᅗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ཯ᑐ㛵ಀ࡜ᤊ࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ༶ࡕࠊᾘ㈝⛯ᘬࡁୖࡆ
࡟㈶ᡂ࡛ࡶ཯ᑐ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠊ༶ࡕࠊุ᩿ࡋ࠿ࡡࡿேࠎࡣᏑᅾࡋ࠺ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▩┪㛵ಀ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ཯ᑐ㛵ಀ࡛ᤊ࠼ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㸱㸬࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥ[Example 5]ձ Years ago, at Taiyo Whales team receptions, high officials from the mother company
would come around and say ganbatte to the foreign ballplayer, which is a commonJapanese greeting.

ղ The interpreter would translate it as “Do your best.”ճ TheAmerican, however, would invariably be offended and retort that he always did his best.
ࡇࢀࡣࠊYou Gotta Have Wa (1990) ࠿ࡽࡢᢤ⢋࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⌧ᶓ὾࣋࢖ࢫࢱ࣮ࢬࡢ๓㌟࡛࠶ࡿࠊ኱ὒ࢚࣮࣍ࣝࢬࡢ࠶ࡿ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ே㑅ᡭࡀࠊ⌫ᅋ㛵ಀ⪅࠿ࡽࠊࠕ㡹ᙇࡗ࡚ࠖ࡜ゝࢃࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢ⌫ᅋ㏻ヂࡣࠊ”Do your best” ࡜ヂࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊࡑࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㑅ᡭࡣᛣࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࠕ㡹ᙇࡗ࡚ࠖ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚ᛣࡿ᪥ᮏேࡣ࠸࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ே㑅ᡭࡣᛣࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋఱᨾࠊᛣࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ➨㸱ᩥ࡟ࡣࠊࠕ࠸ࡘࡶ࣋ࢫࢺࢆࡘࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜཯ㄽࡋࡓࠖ࡜࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࠕ࠸ࡘࡶ࣋ࢫࢺࢆᑾࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ࠊ࣋ࢫࢺࢆᑾࡃࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ゎ㔘ࡉࢀ࡚ᛣࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋ࠶ࡿ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ே㑅ᡭࡀࠊ࣋ࢫࢺࢆᑾࡃࡏ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚ᛣࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠕ⤖ᯝࠖࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࠕ࣋ࢫࢺࢆᑾࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ࠊ࣋ࢫࢺࢆᑾࡃࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࢀࡤᛣࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠕつ๎ࠖࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࠕ⤖ᯝࠖ࡜ࠕつ๎ࠖ࠿ࡽࠊࠕ࣋ࢫࢺࢆᑾࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ࠊ࣋ࢫࢺࢆᑾࡃࡏ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡣᛣࡗࡓࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠕ஦౛ࠖࢆ᥎ ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡿࠋ
͆Do your best͇࡜࠸࠺Ⓨゝࢆࠕࡑࢀࡲ࡛࣋ࢫࢺࢆᑾࡃࡋ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ゎ㔘ࡋࡓࡢ࡛ᛣࡗࡓࠖ௨እࡣṇࡋࡃ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆド᫂ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣ➨୕ᩥࡢ ”retort that he always did his best”࠿ࡽࠊࠕ࣋ࢫࢺࢆᑾࡃࡋ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽࠊ࣋ࢫࢺࢆᑾࡃࡏ࡜ゝࢃࢀࡓࠖ࡜ࡇࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㑅ᡭࡀ⪃࠼ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡋᚓࡿࠋᖹࠉᰗࠉ⾜ࠉ㞝[Example 6]
ձ To the end, Paul Hill, the former Presbyterian minister who murdered a doctor whocarried out abortions and his volunteer driver, was executed on Wednesday night inFlorida by lethal injection. ղ Amid warnings that his death could lead to further violence,the state governor Jeb Bush said he would not be “bullied” into halting the execution.
ࠉࡇࢀࡣࠊ2003 ᖺ 9 ᭶ 7 ᪥௜ࡢ The Daily Yomiuri ࡢ Unrepentant killer of abortion
doctor is executed ࠿ࡽࡢᢤ⢋࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣇࣟࣜࢲᕞ▱஦ࡢࣈࢵࢩࣗඖ▱஦ࡀࠊṚฮᇳ⾜࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ࠊࠕ࠸ࡌࡵࠖࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠊ༶ࡕࠊᨻ἞ⓗᅽຊࢆཷࡅ࡞࠸࡜ゝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ࠕ⤖ᯝࠖ㸧ࠋ࡛ࡣࠊࣈࢵࢩࣗඖ▱஦ࡣࠊఱᨾࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟ゝࡗࡓࡢ࠿ࠋ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ྜ⾗ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊᕞࡀṚฮᇳ⾜ࡢ᫝㠀ࢆỴᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡜᥎࡛ࡁࡿࠋṚฮᇳ⾜ࡢ᭱㧗㈐௵⪅ࡣࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢ㛵ಀ⪅࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࡢᕞ▱஦࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕᕞ▱஦ࡀṚฮᇳ⾜ࡢ᭱㧗㈐௵⪅ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠕつ๎ࠖࢆᣦ᦬࡛ࡁࠊࣇࣟࣜࢲᕞࡣṚฮᇳ⾜ࢆᐜㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࡢ࣏࣮࣭ࣝࣄࣝࡢṚฮᇳ⾜࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ࠊࣈࢵࢩࣗඖ▱஦ࡀṚฮᇳ⾜ࡢ᭱㧗㈐௵⪅࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜㸦ࠕ஦౛ࠖ㸧ࡀ᠈࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࢀࡶ࢔ࣈ

ࢲࢡࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡿࠋ
４． ⤖ㄽࠉⱥᩥࢆࢡࣜࢸ࢕࢝ࣝ࡟ㄞࡴࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࣓ࢱㄆ▱ຊࢆᙉ໬ࡋࠊⱥㄒࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃẕㄒࡢຊࡶఙࡤࡍᩍ⫱ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ࣓ࢱㄆ▱ຊ࡜ࡣࠊㄗࡾࡢಟṇ࡜⮬ᕫࡢㄆ㆑㐣⛬ࡢᑐ㇟໬ࡢ
ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋⱥᩥࢆࢡࣜࢸ࢕࢝ࣝ࡟ㄞࡴࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ₇⧢㸦ࢻ࣭ࣔࣝ࢞ࣥࡢἲ๎ࠊ௬ㄝ₇⧢ἲ㸧࡜ᖐ⣡ࡑࡋ࡚࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥࢆ⩦ᚓࡋ࡚࠾ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ₇⧢࡜ࡣࠊ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ๓ᥦࢆࡶ
࡜࡟ࠊㄽ⌮ⓗ࡟ጇᙜ࡞ᙧᘧࡔࡅ࡟ࡢࡗ࡜ࡗ࡚⤖ㄽࢆᑟࡁࡔࡍࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊᖐ⣡࡜ࡣࠊಶࠎࡢ⌧㇟࠿ࡽ୍⯡ⓗ࡞⤖ㄽࢆᑟࡁࡔࡍࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ஦౛ࢆጇᙜ࡜
ࡍࢀࡤ࠶ࡿ⤖ᯝࡀ࠺ࡲࡃㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࠊ௚࡟ࠊఱᨾࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆࡑࡢ஦౛࡜ྠ⛬ᗘ࡟ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸᫬ࠊࡑࡢ஦౛ࡣࡓࡪࢇጇᙜ࡜࠸࠺᥎ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋཧ⪃ᩥ⊩஭ୗ༓௨Ꮚࠉࠗ᭩ࡃຊ⪃࠼ࡿຊ࠘  ࠉᮾಙ♫኱஭ᜤᏊࠉࠕⱥㄒ࡛Ꮫࡪ࡜ⱥㄒࢆᏛࡪࠖࠉࠗⱥㄒ㟷ᖺ࠘ࠉ ᖺ  ᭶ྕ㤶す⚽ಙࠉࠗㄽ⌮⑓ࢆ࡞࠾ࡍ㸟࠘㸦㸧ࠉࡕࡃࡲ᪂᭩
ࢮࢵࢡ࣑ࢫࢱE.B. & ࢪࣙࣥࢯࣥ J.E.ࠗࢡࣜࢸ࢕࢝ࣝࢩࣥ࢟ࣥࢢ㸦ᐇ㊶⦅㸧࠘㸦㸧໭኱㊰᭩ᡣᡞ⏣ᒣ࿴ஂࠉࠗㄽᩥࡢᩍᐊ࠘(2003) NHK ࣈࢵࢡࢫ㔝▮ⱱᶞࠉࠗㄽ⌮ࢺ࣮ࣞࢽࣥࢢ࠘  ⏘ᴗᅗ᭩ࣇ࢕ࢵࢩ࣮ࣕ . Aࠗࢡࣜࢸ࢕࣭࢝ࣝࢩࣥ࢟ࣥࢢධ㛛࠘㸦㸧ࢼ࢝ࢽࢩࣖฟ∧⚟⃝୍ྜྷࠗ㆟ㄽࡢࣞࢵࢫࣥ࠘ࠉ  ⏕άே᪂᭩ᯇᮏⱱࠉࠗ㢌ࢆ㘫࠼ࡿࢹ࢕࣮࣋ࢺධ㛛࠘㸦2006㸧ㅮㄯ♫ᒣୗṇ⏨ࠉࠗㄽ⌮ⓗ࡟⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࠘  ᒾἼࢪࣗࢽ࢔᪂᭩⡿┒⿱஧ࠉࠗ࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥ࠘  ວⲡ᭩ᡣⱥㄒᩍဨࡀࢡࣜࢸ࢕࣭࣮࢝ࣝࣜࢹ࢕ࣥࢢࢆᣦᑟࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ₇⧢࡜ᖐ⣡࡜࢔ࣈࢲࢡࢩࣙࣥ⩦ᚓ

Mr. Yanagisawa does it again The Japan Times 10 Feb., 2007

Polite Fictions in Collision (2006) Nancy SakamotoࠉKinseido
61% of voters consider hike in consumption tax necessary The Daily Yomiuri 13 Jul., 2010
Unrepentant killer of abortion doctor is executed The Daily Yomiuri 7 Sep., 2003
You Gotta Have Wa (1990) Robert WhitingࠉVintage Departures