ㄽᩥⱥㄒᅪሗ㐨࡟࠾ࡅࡿゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂᶵ⬟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚̿̿ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡢᢅ࠸ࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚̿̿ᰗࠉ⏣ࠉ┿ࠉ୍㸦ẖ᪥᪂⪺♫㸧㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ࠉ⪃ᐹࡢᑐ㇟࡜┠ⓗࠉⱥㄒࡢ media ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣࠊሗ㐨ᶵ㛵୍⯡ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚࢝ࢱ࢝ࢼ࡛᪥ᮏㄒࡢㄒ
ᙡ࡟ධࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢᛶ㉁ࢆᣦࡋ࡚ࠕ♫఍ࢆᫎࡋฟࡍ㙾ࠖ࡜ゝ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋሗ㐨࡜࠸࠺ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⾜Ⅽࡢᮏ㉁ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ㝿࡟㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ഃࡀఏ࠼ࡿ≀஦࡜ෆᐜࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣఏ㐩ᡭẁࡢゝⴥࢆࡶ㑅ᢥࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᝟ሗࡢཷࡅᡭࡣࠊ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡀ㑅ᢥࡋࡓ஦ᐇࡢ୍㠃࡜౑⏝ࡋࡓゝⴥ࡛⌧ᐇࢆゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡀᯝࡓࡍᶵ⬟ࢆࠕ♫఍ࢆᫎࡋฟࡍ㙾ࠖ࡜࿧ࡪࡼࡾࠊࠕ♫఍ࡸฟ᮶஦࡟ࡘ࠸࡚௵ពࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࠖ࡜ゝࡗࡓ࡯࠺ࡀⓗ☜࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࠉᮏ✏ࡢ⪃ᐹࡢ኱ࡲ࠿࡞ᑐ㇟ࡣࠊ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢᣢࡘࡇࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂᶵ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋάᏐࡢሗ㐨࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡇࡢᶵ⬟ࢆᢸ࠺ࡢࡣグ㏙ࡢษࡾཱྀ࡜౑⏝ࡋࡓゝⴥ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ⱥㄒᅪሗ㐨ࡢゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜グ㏙ࡢどⅬࢆ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ྲྀࡾୖࡆࠊࡑࡢ⫼ᚋࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ゎ㔘ࡋࠊ࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂᶵ⬟࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᮏ✏ࡢ୺せ࡞┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࢸࣞࣅࡢሗ㐨࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㡢࡜ᫎീࡢᥦ౪ࡢ௙᪉࡟ࡶ⌮⏤ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿ࡔࡀࠊᨺ㏦ࠊ᪂⪺ࠊ㞧ㄅ࡞࡝ࡢሗ㐨࡟ඹ㏻ࡍࡿᙉຊ࡞࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢゝⴥ࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿࠋ
ࠉゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢどⅬ࡜ศᯒࡢ᪉ἲ
ࠉࠗNineteen Eighty-Four (1984)࠘࡜࠸࠺ᑠㄝ࡛ᅜᐙࡀேࠎࡢ⏕άࢆ┘どࡋࠊ⪃࠼᪉ࡲ࡛ᨭ㓄ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ≧ែࢆᥥ࠸ࡓ࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡢࢪ࣮ࣙࢪ࣭࣮࢙࢜࢘ࣝ࡟ࠊⱥㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿゝⴥࡢ౑⏝ࡀᮃࡲࡋࡃ࡞࠸ഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࡓ “Politics and the English Language” ࡜࠸࠺࢚ࢵࢭ࢖ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᨻ἞࡟㛵ࡍࡿᩥ❶ࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤ⣽㒊ࡢព࿡ࡀ࠶࠸ࡲ࠸࡛ࠊつ⠊࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁⱥㄒࡢᩥ❶సἲ࠿ࡽࡣ㐲࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ୺᪨࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛ࠊࠕゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥࡢ⫼ᚋ࡟࠶ࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࡢゎ㔘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᮏ✏ࡢ┠ⓗ࡜ᐦ᥋࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ࣮࢙࢜࢘ࣝࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ᣦ᦬ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸦࢖ࢱࣜࢵࢡࡣཎᩥࡢࡲࡲ㸧“(P)rose consists less and less of words chosen for the sake of their meaning, andmore and more of phrases tacked together like the sections of a prefabricatedhen-house.”“The word Fascism has now no meaning except in so far as it signies ‘something notdesirable.’”ࠉ“The whole tendency of modern prose is away from concreteness.”ᰗࠉ⏣ࠉ┿ࠉ୍

“In our time, political speech and writing are largely the defence of the indefensible.
Things like the continuance of British rule in India, the Russian purges anddeportations, the dropping of the atom bombs on Japan, can indeed be defended, butonly by arguments which are too brutal for most people to face, and which do notsquare with the professed aims of political parties. Thus political language has toconsist largely of euphemism, question-begging and sheer cloudy vagueness.”ࡑࡋ࡚ゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜࠸࠺㠃࡛ᮃࡲࡋࡃ࡞࠸ⱥㄒࡢᩥ❶ࡢពᅗࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟⌮ゎࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࠉ“Such phraseology is needed if one wants to name things without calling up mental
pictures of them.” (Orwell, 1962, pp.145-153)
 ࡇࡢ࢚ࢵࢭ࢖ࢆㄞࢇ࡛➹⪅ࡀ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ᝿㉳ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊⱥㄒᅪ࡛౑ࢃࢀࡿ “collateraldamage” ࡜࠸࠺ࣇ࣮ࣞࢬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢྃࡣࠕ௜㝶ⓗ࣭๪ḟⓗᦆᐖࠖ࡞࡝࡜᪥ᮏㄒ࡟ヂࡏࡼ࠺ࡀࠊ㌷஦࣭ᡓ㜚⾜Ⅽ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㠀ᡓ㜚ဨࡢṚയࡸᐙ࡞࡝ࡢᦆቯࢆᣦࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㠀Ṋ⿦ࡢேࠎࡢ⿕ᐖࢆ┤᥋ᥥ෗ࡋ࡞࠸ゝ࠸᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ㄗ⇿࡛㠀ᡓ㜚ဨࡀ㈇യࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ “collateral damage”࡜ࡔࡅグ㏙ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ࣮࢙࢜࢘ࣝࡀᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊලయⓗ࡞⿕ᐖࢆ㢌࡟ᾋ࠿࡭࡟ࡃࡃࡍࡿᶵ⬟ࢆ≺ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࠉ࣮࢙࢜࢘ࣝ࡟ࡼࡿ࠶࠸ࡲ࠸࡞ゝⴥ㐵࠸࡬ࡢᢈุࡣࠊᏛ⾡ⓗぢゎࢆᡴࡕฟࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ௒᪥࡛ࡶᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿ౛ࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ᑐ㇟ࢆሗࡌࡿᩥ❶࡛ࡣࠕ≀஦ࢆᥥ෗ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ලయⓗ࡞࢖࣓࣮ࢪႏ㉳ࢆ㑊ࡅࡿゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࣭グ㏙ࡢ௙᪉ࢆࡍࡿࠖࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᙼࡢ୺ᙇࢆ⌮ゎࡋࠊᩥ❶సᡂࡢࠕ୍ഴྥࣔࢹࣝࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᮏ✏࡛᥇⏝ࡍࡿࠋḟ࠸࡛㢟ᮦ࡜ࡋࡓ✀ࠎࡢࢸ࢟ࢫࢺࡢ᳨ド⤖ᯝࢆ⪃៖ࡋࠊࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆࠕ≀஦ࢆᥥ෗ࡍࡿ㝿࡟඲యീࡲࡓࡣ
ᮏ㉁ࢆᢕᥱࡋ࡞࠸ゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࣭グ㏙ࡢ௙᪉ࢆࡍࡿࠖࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ಟṇࡍࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࡇࢀࡽ
ࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ௬ㄝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡑࡢጇᙜᛶࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᩥ❶సᡂഴྥࡢ⌮ㄽⓗࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ♫఍⛉Ꮫ࡛ゝ࠺⌮ᛕᆺⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ಶูࡢ⪃ᐹᑐ㇟ࡀࣔࢹࣝ࡟㏆࠸ࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࢀ࡜ࡶ㐲࠸ࡢ࠿ࢆุ᩿ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᛶ㉁ࡸ⫼ᚋࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࢆᢳฟࡋࡼ࠺࡜ヨࡳࡿࠋࠉ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࢺࣆࢵࢡ㑅ᢥࡢᇶ‽ࡣࠊᮏ✏ᇳ➹᫬Ⅼ㸦2011 ᖺ᫓㸧࡛࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡢ BBC ᨺ㏦࡜ࣟ࢖ࢱ࣮㏻ಙ♫ࡀ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ⦅㞟᪉㔪࡛ࠊᘬ⏝ࢆ㝖࠸࡚グ⪅⮬ࡽࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ⾜Ⅽࢆࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒ࡸࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒ࡛ᥥ෗ࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺❧ሙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋBBC ࡞࡝ࡣࠊࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡀ࠿࡞ࡾᨻ἞ⓗ࡞౯್ุ᩿ࢆᖏࡧ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ౑⏝ࡋ࡞࠸࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡀ࡝ࢇ
࡞౯್ุ᩿࡞ࡢ࠿ࡣヲ㏙ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ BBC ࡞࡝ࡢ᪉㔪ࢆ⤂௓ࡋࡓࡢࡕࠊ࠶ࡿくᧁ஦௳ࡢሗ㐨ࢆ᳨ドࡋ࡚ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡢࠕᨻ἞ᛶࠖࡢ୍౛ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ 21 ୡ⣖ึ㢌ࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࢪ࣮ࣙࢪ࣭W࣭ࣈࢵࢩࣗ኱⤫㡿㸦ᙜ᫬㸧࡟ࡼࡿࠕࢸࣟ࡜ࡢᡓதࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡢ౑⏝࡜㛵㐃ࡋ࡚ᑐ↷ⓗ࡞グ㏙ࢆࡋࡓሗ㐨ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚⪃ᐹࡢࡁࡗ࠿ࡅ࡜ࡋࡓ BBC ࡞࡝ࡢࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒࡜ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ㑊ࡅࡿ᪉㔪ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢㄒ࡟ᮏ᮶ࡣෆᅾࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᨻ἞ⓗព࿡ྜ࠸࡜ࡑࢀ࡟࡜ࡶ࡞࠺࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂࢆ㑊ࡅࡓ࠸ࡓࡵࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿ࡜⤖ㄽⓗ࡟ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊBBC ࡞࡝ࡢ❧ሙ࡬ࡢᢈุ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶⱝᖸゝཬࡍࡿࠋ࡞࠾ᮏ✏ࡢ⪃ᐹࡢ↔Ⅼࡣ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ゝⴥࡢ౑⏝࡜ࢸ࢟ࢫࢺసᡂࡢどⅬ࡟࠶ࡾࠊ㢟ᮦ࡜ࡍⱥㄒᅪሗ㐨࡟࠾ࡅࡿゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂᶵ⬟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡿ⾜Ⅽࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚೔⌮ⓗ࡞ほⅬ࠿ࡽㄽホࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣពᅗࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ㸰㸬BBC,㸰㸬BBC, ࣟ࢖ࢱ࣮ࡢ❧ሙ࡜ሗ㐨࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒ࡟ࡲࡘࢃࡿ౯್ุ᩿ࠉBBCࠉBBC ࡜ࣟ࢖ࢱ࣮ࡢ᪉㔪ࠉࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒࡜ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡢᣢࡘᨻ἞ⓗព࿡ྜ࠸ࢆ᥈ࡿ๓࡟ࠊࡲࡎ BBC ࡸࣟ࢖ࢱ࣮ࡀࡑࢀࡽࡢㄒࢆ㑊ࡅࡿ᪉㔪࡜⌮⏤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ࣮࣒࣮࣍࣌ࢪ࠿ࡽ⤂௓ࡋࠊᮏ✏ࡢ⪃ᐹࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ఩⨨࡙ࡅࡼ࠺ࠋ( ௨ୗࠊᘬ⏝ࡍࡿᩥ❶ࡸ₇ㄝࡢୗ⥺ࡣ➹⪅ࡀࡘࡅࡓࡶࡢ )ࠉ  “Terrorism is a difcult and emotive subject with signicant political overtones
and care is required in the use of language that carries value judgements. We try toavoid the use of the term ‘terrorist’ without attribution. ̿̿ ୰ ␎ ̿̿ We should use
words which specifically describe the perpetrator such as ‘bomber’, ‘attacker’,‘gunman’, ‘kidnapper’, ‘insurgent’, and ‘militant’”. (BBC Editorial Guidelines,section 11: War, Terror and Emergencies. 2011 ᖺ᫓࡟࢔ࢡࢭࢫ )ࠉࠉ“Terrorism and terrorist should not be used as single words in inverted commas(e.g. ‘terrorist’) or preceded by so-called (e.g. a so-called terrorist attack) since thatcan be taken to imply a value judgment. ̿̿୰␎̿̿ Seek to use more specicterms like ‘bomber’ or ‘bombing’, ‘hijacker’ or ‘hijacking’, ‘attacker’ or ‘attacks’,‘gunman’ or ‘gunmen’ etc.” (Reuters’ Handbook of Journalism, General Style Guide,
T section. 2011 ᖺ᫓࡟࢔ࢡࢭࢫ )ࠉࡇࡢ஧ࡘࡢㄝ᫂ࢆㄞࡴ࡜ࠊ࡜ࡶ࡟ࠕ౯್ุ᩿ࢆ࡜ࡶ࡞࠺ㄒࠖࡣዲࡲࡋࡃ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺⌮⏤࡛ࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒࡜ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ㑊ࡅࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡼࡾලయⓗ࡟⾜Ⅽࢆグ㏙ࡍࡿ bomber ࡸ gunman ࢆ㑅ዲࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᪉㔪ࡣࠊᩥ❶ഴྥࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡋࡓࠕලయⓗ࡞࢖࣓࣮ࢪႏ㉳ࢆ㑊ࡅࡿゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥࠖ࡜ࡣᑐ❧ࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚࣮࢙࢜࢘ࣝࡢᢈุࡋࡓᮃࡲࡋࡃ࡞࠸ゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜ࡣ㐪࠸ࠊ୍ᛂᙼࡢᮃࡴ᪉ྥ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋࠉࠕࢤࣜࣛࠖ࡜ࠕࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺࠖࠉᘬ⏝ࡋࡓ BBC ࡢ᪉㔪ࡣࠊࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒ࡀࠕ࠿࡞ࡾࡢᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ព࿡ྜ࠸ࠖࢆᣢࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୰ᮾᆅᇦ◊✲ࢆᑓ㛛࡜ࡍࡿࣇࣞࢵࢻ࣭ࣁࣜࢹ࢕࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ㠉࿨᫬ࡸࣟࢩ࢔㠉࿨ࡢ㝿ࠊ㠉࿨ഃࡀ཯㠉࿨ഃࢆ㙠ᅽࡍࡿᙉ◳࡞ᡭẁࡢࡇ࡜ࢆࢸ࣮ࣛࠊࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒࡜࿧ࢇࡔࠋ
20 ୡ⣖ࡢᚋ༙࡟࡞ࡾࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢᨻ἞ⓗ┠ⓗࢆᣢࡗ࡚⾜࠺ࣁ࢖ࢪࣕࢵࢡࠊᘓ≀ࡢᦆቯࡸẸ㛫ே࡬ࡢᨷᧁ࡞࡝ࢆࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒࡜࿧ࡪࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ
㸦Halliday, 2002, p.21㸧ࡇࡢᣦ᦬ࢆཷࡅධࢀ࡚ࠊ20 ୡ⣖ᚋ༙ࡢࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺࠊࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡢ⏝ἲࢆሗ㐨ࡢලయ౛࠿ࡽ᳨ドࡋࠊࡑࡇ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿᨻ἞ⓗព࿡ྜ࠸ࡸ౯್ุ᩿ࢆ᥈ࡗ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࢺࣆࢵࢡࡣࠊ1972 ᖺ 9 ᭶ึ᪪ࠊ➨ 20 ᅇኟᏘ࢜ࣜࣥࣆࢵࢡ࣭࣑ࣗࣥ࣊ࣥ኱
఍ࡢ㛤ദ୰ࠊṊ⿦ࡋࡓࠕ㯮࠸ 9 ᭶ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࣃࣞࢫࢳࢼேࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡀ࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝ㑅ᡭࡢᐟ⯋ࢆくᧁࡋ࡚ 2 ேࢆᑕẅࠊ9 ேࢆே㉁࡜ࡋ࡚㏨ஸࢆᅗࡗࡓ஦௳࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢢ࣮ࣝࣉഃࡣࠊ࢖ࢫ

ᰗࠉ⏣ࠉ┿ࠉ୍࢚ࣛࣝࡀᣊ␃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓከࡃࡢࣃࣞࢫࢳࢼேࡢゎᨺࢆせồࡍࡿࡶࠊᙜ᫬ࡢすࢻ࢖ࢶ἞Ᏻᙜᒁ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛㖠ᧁᡓ࡜࡞ࡾࠊே㉁ࡣ඲ဨṚஸࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࡢࡣࠊ࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝ࡟ࡼࡿࣃࣞࢫࢳࢼᆅᇦ࡛ࡢᐇຠᨭ㓄࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㡿ᅵⓗᶒ฼ࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿ࢔ࣛࣈࡢேࠎࡢ㜚தࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟ᣢࡘ஦௳࡛࠶ࡾࠊሗ㐨࡟࠾ࡅࡿゝㄒࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜ఱࡽ࠿ࡢᨻ἞ⓗព࿡ྜ࠸ࡸ౯್ุ᩿࡜ࡢ㛵㐃ࢆぢฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟ࡔ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠉࡇࡢ⣙ 40 ᖺ๓ࡢ஦௳࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ BBC ࡢᙜ᫬ࡢᨺ㏦ࢸ࢟ࢫࢺࢆໟᣓⓗ࡟ධᡭࡍࡿࡢࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡇ࡛࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡢ࣮࢞ࢹ࢕࢔ࣥࠊࣟࣥࢻ࣭ࣥࢱ࢖࣒ࢬ、ࡑࡋ࡚࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࣭ࢱ࢖࣒ࢬ࡜࣡ࢩࣥࢺ࣭࣏ࣥࢫࢺࠊࡑࢀࡽ࡟ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓࣟ࢖ࢱ࣮ࡢ஦௳Ⓨ⏕ᚋ 2᪥㛫ࡢグ஦࠿ࡽ 60 ᮏ௨ୖࢆㄞࢇ࡛ࡳࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ᙜ᫬ࡢⱥ⡿ࡢࢪ࣮ࣕࢼࣜࢫࢺࡀࣃࣞࢫࢳ
ࢼேࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡜ࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺࡸࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒࡜⾲⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࠊࡲࡓࡑࡢ㢖ᗘࡣ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ࡞ࡢ࠿ࢆ᳨ドࡋࠊᗄࡘ࠿ࡢഴྥ࡜≉ᚩࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋ⾲⌧ࡢ௙᪉ࡀኚ໬࡟ᐩࢇ࡛ࢢࣛࣇࡸ⾲ࢆసᡂฟ᮶ࡎࠊㄝ᫂ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿࡓࡵ⟠᮲᭩ࡁ࡛⤖ᯝࢆグࡍࠋእ㒊ࢽ࣮ࣗࢫ࣭ࢯ࣮ࢫ࠿ࡽࡢ┤᥋ᘬ⏝ࡢ㒊ศ࡛ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺⾲⌧ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ࢝࢘ࣥࢺࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
࣮࢞ࢹ࢕࢔᳨ࣥ̿̿ドࡋࡓ 15 ᮏࡢグ஦㸦♫ㄝ 2 ᮏࢆྵࡴ㸧࡛⣙ 40 ᅇくᧁ⪅࡜ࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽ࡟ゝཬࡋࠊ࠺ࡕ 30 ᅇ㏆ࡃ࡛ guerrillas ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ࡯࠿࡟ Arabs、Arab commandos、attackers ࡜࠸࠺⾲⌧ࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢ᪂⪺ࡣ 2011 ᖺ᫓ࡢ BBC ࡸࣟ࢖ࢱ࣮࡜ྠࡌࡃterrorist ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ㑊ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ஦௳ࢆሗࡌࡿグ஦ࡢぢฟࡋ࡜෗┿ㄝ᫂࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊくᧁ⪅ࢆ terrorists ࡜グ㏙ࡋࡓࠋ♫ㄝࡶྠᵝ࡛ࠊくᧁ⪅ࢆ guerrillas ࡜ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ஦௳ࡢᮍ᮶࡬ࡢᙳ㡪࡜࠸࠺ᩥ⬦࡛ terrorism ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓࠋࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺࠊࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒
࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ౑ࢃ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺᪉㔪ࡀ⤌⧊࡜ࡋ࡚࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࠋࣟࣥࢻ࣭ࣥࢱ࢖࣒ࢬ̿̿ᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ 21 ᮏࡢグ஦㸦♫ㄝ 2 ᮏࢆྵࡴ㸧࡛⣙ 70 ᅇくᧁ⪅ࡶࡋࡃࡣࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽ࡟ゝཬࡋࠊ࠺ࡕ 30 ᅇ࡯࡝࡛ terrorists、terror ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆ౑⏝ࠋ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ྠࡌ㢖ᗘ࡛ guerrillas ࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓࠋὀ┠ࡍ࡭ࡁࡣ஦௳ࢆᢈุࡍࡿ♫ㄝ࡛ࠊ5 ᅇくᧁ⪅࡟ゝཬࠊ඲࡚ࡀ Arab terrorists ࡲࡓࡣ terrorists ࡜᩿ᐃࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊguerrillas ࡣ඲ࡃ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
ࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࣭ࢱ࢖࣒ࢬ᳨̿̿ドࡋࡓ⣙ 20 ᮏࡢグ஦୰࡛ 80 ᅇ௨ୖくᧁ⪅࡟ゝཬࡋࠊ࠾ࡼࡑ 30 ᅇ terrorists ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ guerrillas ࡀ 10 ᩘᅇ౑ࢃࢀࡓࠋ࡯࠿
࡟ commandos ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡢ౑⏝ࡀ┠❧ࡘࠋ஦௳ࢆᙉࡃ㠀㞴ࡍࡿ♫ㄝ㸦2 ᮏ㸧ࡣくᧁ⪅࡟12 ᅇゝཬࡋࠊ࠺ࡕ 7 ᅇ terrorists ࡜⾲⌧ࡋࡓࠋṧࡾࡣ criminals、murderersࠊࡑࡋ࡚fanatics ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ♫ㄝ࡛ guerrillas ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣ౑ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
࣡ࢩࣥࢺ࣭࣏ࣥࢫࢺ̿̿8 ᮏࡢグ஦࡛⣙ 50 ᅇ㏆ࡃくᧁ⪅࡜⾜Ⅽ࡟ゝཬࠋࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ 20 ᅇ௨ୖࠊterrorists、Arab terrorists ࡞࡝࡜グࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀ௨እࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ Arabs ࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ௚ࡢ᪂⪺࡜ẚ࡭࡚ guerrillas ࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓ㢖ᗘࡣప࠸ࠋ♫ㄝࡶくᧁ⪅ࢆ Palestinianterrorists ࡲࡓࡣ Palestinians ࡜ࡋࠊguerrillas ࡣ౑ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋⱥㄒᅪሗ㐨࡟࠾ࡅࡿゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂᶵ⬟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࣟ࢖ࢱ࣮̿̿ࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࣭ࢱ࢖࣒ࢬ࡞࡝࡟ᥖ㍕ࡢࢃࡎ࠿ 3 ᮏ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ドࡋࡓ㝈ࡾࠊくᧁ⪅ࢆ terroristsࠉ࡜ࡣࡏࡎࠊguerrillas ࡲࡓࡣ commandos ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≢⾜ኌ᫂ࢆฟࡋࡓࠕ㯮࠸㸷᭶ࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ guerrilla organization ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ 1972 ᖺࡢ஦௳ࡢሗ㐨ࢆ᳨ドࡋ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜ࠊくᧁ⪅ࢆලయⓗ࡟グࡍ gunmen ࡸattackers ࡼࡾࡶࠊࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜ࢤࣜࣛ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡀ࠿࡞ࡾከࡃ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝ㑅ᡭᅋ࡬ࡢくᧁ⪅ࢆࢤࣜࣛ࡜࠸࠺ㄒ࡛ᥥ෗ࡋࡓࡢࡣఱᨾࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡇࡢⅬࡀࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡢᣢࡘᨻ἞ⓗព࿡ྜ࠸࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࢤࣜࣛ࡜࠸࠺ㄒ࡟ࡘ࠸
࡚ࡣࠊ࢚ࣥࢧ࢖ࢡࣟ࣌ࢹ࢕࢔࣭ࣈࣜࢱࢽ࢝ࡀḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Guerrilla= “member of an irregular military force fighting small-scale, limited
actions, in concert with an overall political-military strategy, against legitimate
military forces. Guerrilla tactics involve constantly shifting attack operations andinclude the use of sabotage and terrorism.̿̿ ୰ ␎ ̿̿Traditionally, guerrilla
warfare has been a weapon of protest against alleged wrongs imposed on a people bya foreign invader or ruling government.” (The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15thed., 1985, Vol.5, p.544)
ࠉࠕṇつࡢ㌷࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᡓ࠸ࢆᣮࡴ㠀ṇつࡢ㌷஦㞟ᅋࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࢤࣜࣛࡢᐃ⩏ࡣከࡃࡢ㎡᭩࡟࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢⅬࡔࡅࢆྲྀࢀࡤ㠀Ṋ⿦ࡢ࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝࡢࢫ࣏࣮ࢶ㑅ᡭ࡬ࡢくᧁ⪅ࢆࢤࣜࣛ࡜࿧ࡪࡢࡣ㐪࿴ឤࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏࡢ࠶ࡿᑓ㛛ᐙࡣࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒࡜ࢤࣜࣛᡓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⾜Ⅽࡢᙧែࢆ᫂☜࡟༊ูࡋࠊ࠿ࡘ୧⪅ࡣࠕ୺ࡓࡿくᧁ┠ᶆࡀ㐪࠺ࠖ㸦ᯇᮧࠊ2002, p.200㸧࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔ࢚ࣥࢧ࢖ࢡࣟ࣌ࢹ࢕࢔࣭ࣈࣜࢱࢽ࢝ࡢᘬ⏝㒊ศࡣࠊࢤࣜࣛࡀࠕࢧ࣎ࢱ࣮ࢪࣗ㸦◚ቯ⾜Ⅽ㸧ࡸࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒ࠖࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࢤࣜࣛ࡜ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺࡣព࿡ୖ㔜࡞ࡿ㠃ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓࣃࣞࢫࢳࢼࡢᆅ࡛࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᢬ᢠࡍࡿேࠎࢆࢤࣜࣛ࡜࿧ࡪࡢࡣࠊᘬ⏝ࡢ୰␎ᚋࡢ㒊ศ࡛ࠕࢤࣜࣛᡓࠖࢆࠕእ㒊࠿ࡽࡢ౵ධ⪅ࡸᨻᗓ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡢ
᢬ᢠᡭẁࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡜➢ྕࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᳨ド⤖ᯝࢆᩚ⌮ࡋ࡚➹⪅ࡢぢゎࢆグࡑ࠺ࠋ  㑅ᡭᅋくᧁࡢグ஦ࡣࠊ࠿࡞ࡾࡢ㢖ᗘ࡛ᐇ⾜⪅ࢆࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜ࢤࣜࣛ࡜ࡋ࡚グ㏙ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ஧ࡘࡢㄒࡀ࠶ࡓ࠿ࡶ௦⏝ྍ⬟ࡔࡗࡓ࠿࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࢤࣜࣛ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ㑅ዲࡋࡓ᪂⪺㸦࣮࢞ࢹ࢕࢔ࣥ㸧ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࢤࣜࣛ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠕ࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝࡢᨭ㓄࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ṇつࡢ㌷㝲࡜ࡣ㐪࠺᪉ἲ࡛⾜࠺㜚தࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛࢔ࣛࣈࡢேࠎࡢ᢬ᢠ㐠ື࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᮏ௳ࡢሗ㐨࡛ࠊࢤࣜࣛ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡀࠊくᧁ⾜Ⅽࢆ࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝ࡬ࡢ᢬ᢠ㐠ືࡢഃ㠃࠿ࡽᛶ᱁࡙ࡅࡿస⏝ࢆᣢࡘࡢࡣ☜ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㠀Ṋ⿦ࡢࢫ࣏࣮ࢶ㑅ᡭ࡬ࡢくᧁ⪅ࢆࢤࣜࣛ࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࠕṇつ㌷࡜㜚࠺㠀ṇつࡢ㌷஦⤌⧊ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᐃ⩏࡟ࡣ୍⮴ࡋ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡀࡇࡢ஦௳ࢆグ㏙ࡍࡿ౑⏝ᇦ࡟ධࡗࡓࠋ ពぢࢆ⾲᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵ୺ほᛶࡢᙉ࠸♫ㄝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࣮࢞ࢹ࢕࢔ࣥࢆ㝖ࡁࠊ᭩ࡁᡭࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ㑅ዲࡋࡓࠋࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒ࡸࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣࠊࡑ࠺࿧ࡤᰗࠉ⏣ࠉ┿ࠉ୍ࢀࡓᑐ㇟ࢆ⨬ಽࡍࡿゝⴥ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᣦ᦬ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㸦ᯇⴥࠊ2003, p.69㸧ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚くᧁ⾜Ⅽࢆࡁࡗࡥࡾ࡜㠀㞴ࡍࡿ♫ㄝࡀࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ㑅ዲࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࡢㄒࡀ㠀㞴ࡢព࿡࡛౑ࢃࢀࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࢤࣜࣛ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣ㠀㞴ࡢᗘྜ࠸ࡀప࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࠋ3) ࢤࣜࣛ࡜ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺஧ࡘࡢㄒࡀ඲ࡃࡢྠ⩏࡛࠶ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊくᧁ஦௳ࢆሗ㐨ࡋࡓグ⪅ࡽࡣⱥㄒࡢᩥ❶సᡂ࡛ࡼࡃ࠶ࡿࠕ༢ㄪࡉࢆ㑊ࡅࡿࡓࡵࡢゝⴥࡢゝ࠸᥮࠼ࠖࠊࡘࡲࡾ࣮࣭࣊ࣥࣜW࣭ࣇ࢓࣮࢘ࣛࡀዲࡲࡋࡃ࡞࠸ᩥ❶సᡂ័⾜࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓelegant variation ࢆࡋࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
㸦Fowler, 2009, pp.130-133㸧ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓゝ࠸᥮࠼ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡢࡣࠊ࡝ࢇ࡞⾜Ⅽࢆࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒࡜࿧ࡪࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⤫୍ࡉࢀࡓᐃ⩏ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᨻ἞ⓗ⫼ᬒࢆᣢࡘᭀຊ⾜Ⅽࡢሗ㐨࡛ᐇ⾜⪅ࢆグࡍ㝿ࠊterrorist、guerilla、revolutionary、separatist ࡞࡝ࡢㄒࡀ୍㈏ࡋ࡞࠸ࡸࡾ᪉
࡛౑ࢃࢀࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺࣓ࢹ࢕࢔◊✲⪅ࡢሗ࿌ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
㸦Nacos, 2007, p. 25㸧
ࠉࡇࢀࡽࡢぢゎࢆ⥲ྜࡋࡓᮏ⠇ࡢ᳨ドࡢ⤖ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣḟࡢࡇ࡜ࡀゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋࠉࡇࡢ࢜ࣜࣥࣆࢵࢡ࡛ࡢくᧁ஦௳ࡣࠊࣘࢲࣖேࡢࣃࣞࢫࢳࢼᆅᇦ࡬ࡢධ᳜࡜ 1948 ᖺࡢ࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝᘓᅜࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࢔ࣛࣈࡢேࠎࡀ⾜ࡗࡓ㜚தࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ᝺஦ࡔࡗࡓⅬࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᑐ࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝࡢ᢬ᢠ㐠ື࡜࠸࠺Ṕྐⓗ࡞ࢥࣥࢸ࢟ࢫࢺࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ
くᧁ⪅ࢆグ㏙ࡍࡿㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࢤࣜࣛ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ࠿ࡘ㢖⦾࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀࡓࠋྠ᫬࡟くᧁࡢᑐ㇟ࡣ㏻ᖖࡢࢤࣜࣛᡓࡢᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠕṇつ㌷࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㠀Ṋ⿦ࡢࢫ࣏࣮ࢶ㑅ᡭࡔࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡶ౑ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾࡇࡢ஦௳࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࣃࣞࢫࢳࢼ࡜࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝࡢ⣮த࡜࠸࠺኱ࡁ࡞ࢥࣥࢸ࢟ࢫࢺ
࡜くᧁ⾜Ⅽ⮬యࡢᛶ᱁ࢆ࡜ࡶ࡟ᩥ❶࡛⾲⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࢤࣜࣛ࡜ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺୧᪉
ࡢㄒࡀᚲせࡔࡗࡓࠋ㏫࡟ゝ࠼ࡤࠊくᧁࡢᑐ㇟ࡀṊ⿦ࡋࡓ㌷ேࡔࡗࡓ࡞ࡽࡤࠊᐇ⾜ᙧែࡣࡼࡾࢤࣜࣛᡓ࡟㏆ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡢ౑⏝㢖ᗘࡀపࡃ࡞ࡗࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࠉ୍᪉ࠊ࣮࢞ࢹ࢕࢔ࣥ௨እࡢ♫ㄝࡢ᭩ࡁᡭࡣࠊくᧁ⪅ࢆࢤࣜࣛ࡜ࡣ࿧ࡤࡎࠊ㠀㞴ࢆᣢࡗ࡚ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ⊂༨ⓗ࡟౑ࡗࡓࠋࣃࣞࢫࢳࢼ࡛ࡢ㡿ᅵⓗᶒ฼ࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿ࢔ࣛࣈࡢேࠎࡢ኱⩏ࡣ࡜ࡶ࠿ࡃࠊᭀຊࢆᡭẁ࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྰᐃࡍࡿ❧ሙ࠿ࡽࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊくᧁ⪅ࢆࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜ࡔࡅグ㏙ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ㠀Ṋ⿦ࡢேࠎࢆ≺ࡗࡓくᧁࡢᛶ᱁࡟ὀ┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࠊ⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ᭀຊࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡿࠋ㏫࡟ࠊࢤࣜࣛ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡢࡳ
࡛グ㏙ࡍࢀࡤࠊ࢔ࣛࣈ࡜࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝࡢ⣮தࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࠉࡑࡢࡓࡵくᧁ⪅ࡢグ㏙࡛ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆᙉࡃ㑅ዲࡋࡓࡾࠊ㏫࡟඲ࡃ౑ࢃ࡞࠸ሙྜࠊ࢔ࣛࣈࡢேࠎࡢ᢬ᢠ㐠ືࡶࡋࡃࡣ࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝࡢᨻ⟇࡟ᑐࡋ୍࡚ᐃࡢ౯್ุ᩿ࢆࡋࠊ≉ᐃࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂࢆពᅗࡋࡓ࡜ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࡇࡢ஦௳ࢆࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺࡸࢸ
ࣟࣜࢬ࣒࡜࠸࠺ㄒ࡛グ㏙ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢㄒࡀෆᅾⓗ࡟ࡣᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ゝㄒእࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ࢥࣥࢸ࢟ࢫࢺ㸦࢔ࣛࣈ࡜࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝࡢ⣮த㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚౯್ุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࠿ࡡ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢゝⴥࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᨻ἞ⓗព࿡ྜ࠸ࢆᙜ᫬ࡍ࡛࡟ᖏࡧ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᮏ௳ࡢሗ㐨࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ⊂༨ⓗ࡟㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ஧㔜ࡢព࿡ࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡎくᧁ⪅ࢆࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࿧ࡪࡇ࡜࡛ᭀຊⱥㄒᅪሗ㐨࡟࠾ࡅࡿゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂᶵ⬟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚

ࢆ⾜౑ࡋࡓ⪅࡜࠸࠺࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆ๓㠃࡟ฟࡍࠋࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡣࠊࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓ᭩ࡁᡭࡸ᪂⪺࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᭀຊࢆ๓㠃࡟ฟࡍࡇ࡜࡛ࠊくᧁ⪅࡜ࡑࡢ⫼ᚋࡢ⣮த࡟౯್ุ᩿ࢆຍ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊくᧁ⪅ࢆࡼࡾලయⓗ࠿ࡘ⣲ᮔ࡟ᥥ෗ࡍࡿ attackers ࡞࡝ࡢゝⴥࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓ㢖ᗘࡣᴟࡵ࡚ప࠸ࡓࡵࠊᢅࡗࡓグ஦ࡣ୍ᛂࠕලయⓗ࡞࢖࣓࣮ࢪႏ㉳ࢆ㑊ࡅࡿゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᮏ✏ࡢᩥ❶ഴྥࣔࢹࣝ࡟㏆࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝ࡜࢔ࣛࣈࡢ⣮த࡜࠸࠺⫼ᬒࢆᣢࡘᮏ௳ࡢሗ㐨࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⾜Ⅽࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆලయⓗ࡟グࡍㄒࡔࡅ࡛ࡣࡑࡢᮏ㉁ࢆᤊ࠼࡟ࡃ࠸ࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵ♫ㄝࢆ㝖ࡃከࡃࡢグ஦ࡀࢤࣜࣛ࡜ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆే⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ඲యീ࠿ࡽእࢀ࡞࠸ฟ᮶஦ࡢᥥ෗ࢆヨࡳࡓ࡜ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢᣢࡘ࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂ
ࡢᶵ⬟࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡍࢀࡤࠊ♫ㄝ௨እࡢグ஦ࡀࢤࣜࣛ࡜ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆే⏝ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ඲యീࢆḞ࠸ࡓ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡢఏ㐩ࢆ㑊ࡅࡿࡓࡵࡔࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ
ࡑࢀ࡜ࡣ㏫࡟ࠊ᳨ドࡋࡓ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢ♫ㄝ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡔࡅࢆ౑
࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࣃࣞࢫࢳࢼၥ㢟ࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡋࡓᮏ௳ࡢሗ㐨࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠕฟ᮶஦ࡢ඲యീࡲࡓࡣᮏ㉁ࢆᢕᥱࡋ࡞࠸ゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࣔࢹࣝ࡟㏆࠸࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ♫ㄝ࡜࠸࠺୺ほᛶࡢᙉ࠸ᩥ❶ࡢᛶ᱁ୖࠊ஦௳࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ౯್ุ᩿ࢆ๓㠃࡟ฟࡋࠊ⫼ᬒࢆྵࡴ஦௳ࡢ඲యീ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂࡣពᅗࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵ࡟ࡑ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒࡜ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣࠊ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿᩥ⬦࡟ࡼࡾࡑࢀ⮬య࡟ࡣෆᅾࡋ࡞࠸ᨻ἞ⓗព࿡ྜ࠸ࢆᖏࡧࠊฟ᮶஦ࡢ඲యീࢆぢ࠼࡟ࡃࡃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ
ࡇࡇ࡛☜ㄆࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡢⅬࡣḟࡢ⠇ࡢ⪃ᐹ࡜ᮏ✏඲యࡢ⤖ㄽ࠿ࡽࡳ࡚ࡶᴟࡵ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸱㸬ࣈࢵࢩࣗᨻᶒ࡜ 9 ᭶ 11 ᪥ࡢ஦௳ࠊ࢖ࣛࢡᡓதࠉฟ᮶஦ࡢព࿡࡙ࡅ࡜グ㏙ࡍࡿどⅬࠉᮏ⠇࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ 2001 ᖺ 9 ᭶ 11 ᪥ࡢྠ᫬ከⓎࢸࣟ࡜ࡑࡢᚋࡢᡓத࡞࡝ࢆࣈࢵࢩࣗ኱⤫㡿ࡸ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ᪂⪺ࠊࡑࢀ࡟ BBC ࡸ࣮࢞ࢹ࢕࢔ࣥࡀ࡝ࢇ࡞グ㏙ࡢどⅬࡸࣇ࣮࣑ࣞࣥࢢ㸦framing㸧࡛ᤊ࠼ࡓࡢ࠿ࢆ᳨ドࡋࠊࣈࢵࢩࣗᨻᶒ࡟ࡼࡿࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡢ౑⏝ࡸࠕࢸࣟ࡜ࡢᡓதࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝ࠸᪉ࡢᨻ἞ⓗព࿡ྜ࠸ࢆ᥈ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛࠸࠺ࣇ࣮࣑ࣞࣥࢢࡣࠊሗ㐨࡞࡝࡛グ㏙ࡍ࡭ࡁ஦ᐇ࡜ࡑࡢᒎ㛤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ඃඛ㡰఩ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࠊ⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ฟ᮶஦࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢゎ㔘ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜ࠊ࡜࠸࠺࡯࡝ࡢព࿡࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦Norris et al. 2003, p.11㸧ࠉ๓⠇᳨࡛ドࡋࡓくᧁ஦௳ࡣࠊ࢔ࣛࣈ࡜࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝࡢ⣮த࡜࠸࠺⫼ᬒࢆᣢࡕࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡣ᫂☜ࡔࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊྠ᫬ከⓎࢸࣟ┤ᚋࡣࡑࡢືᶵࡸ⫼ᬒࡀ᫂░࡛࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡸ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ⾜ࡗࡓࠕࢸࣟ࡜ࡢᡓதࠖ࡟ᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ព࿡ྜ࠸ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ஦௳ࡢ඲ㇺࡀศ࠿ࡽࡎࠊࣈࢵࢩࣗᨻᶒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ⮬ࡽࡢᑗ᮶ࡢ⾜ືࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㝶ព࡟ฟ᮶஦ࡢࣇ࣮࣑ࣞࣥࢢࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟ࡔࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠉࡲࡎ஦௳ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢࣇ࣮࣑ࣞࣥࢢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࣈࢵࢩࣗ኱⤫㡿ࡸࢪ࣭࣐ࣙࣥࢣ࢖ࣥୖ㝔㆟ဨ࡞࡝ࡣࠊ༢࡞ࡿ◚ቯ⾜Ⅽ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠕᡓத⾜Ⅽࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࠊᗄࡘ࠿ࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ᪂⪺グ஦ࡶࡑࡢどⅬࢆཷࡅධࢀࡓࠋୡ⏺㈠᫆ࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡞࡝࡬ࡢᨷᧁࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ⩣᪥ࡢࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࣭ࢱ࢖࣒ࢬࡢ♫ㄝࡢࢱ࢖ࢺࣝࡣࠉ“The War Against America” ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ኱⤫㡿ࡢ⾜ࡗࡓᗄࡘ࠿ࡢ₇ㄝࡣࠊ༴ᶵ࡟ℜࡋࡓᅜࡢᨻ἞ᐙ࡟ࡩࡉࢃࡋࡃࠊࢩࣙࢵࢡࢆཷࡅࡓᅜẸࢆ㰘⯙ࡍࡿࢺ࣮ࣥ࡟‶ࡕ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊᨻᶒࡢ≧ἣ⌮ゎࢆዴᐇ࡟♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡟᫂☜࡟ぢᰗࠉ⏣ࠉ┿ࠉ୍࡚ྲྀࢀࡿ≉ᚩࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ᨷᧁࡢᐇ⾜⪅ࢆࠕᝏࠖ࡜ㄆᐃࡋࠊ≧ἣࢆࠕၿࠖ࡜ࠕᝏࠖࡢᡓத࡜ࡋ࡚ᥥ࠸ࡓࠋୡ⏺ࡢᅜࠎ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢഃ࡟❧ࡘ࠿ࠊࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺࡢഃ࡟❧ࡘ࠿ࠊែᗘࡢ᫂☜໬ࢆ㏕ࡗࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾࣈࢵࢩࣗࡢᥥ࠸ࡓࠕᡓதࠖࡢ≧ែࡣࠊࠕၿ࡜ᝏࠖ࡜࠸࠺⌮ᛕࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࠊࡑࡋ࡚࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ࿡᪉࡜ᩛ࡜࠸࠺⌧ᐇࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ୧᪉࡛஧ඖㄽⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ༢࡟ᅜ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊࡼࡾᢳ㇟ⓗ࠿ࡘᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞౯್࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕ⮬⏤࡜Ẹ୺୺⩏ࠖࡀᨷᧁࡉࢀࡓ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᐇ⾜⪅ࡢືᶵ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡀ⮬⏤ࢆయ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࡓࡵ࡟ᨷᧁࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠉ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊୡ⏺࡜ᩥ᫂ࡀᡓ࠸࡟┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⯙ྎࢆᗈࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ୡ⏺ࡢ⮬⏤ࢆឡࡍࡿᅜࠎࡀၿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢഃ࡟❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜᩿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠉ኱⤫㡿ࡢព࿡࡙ࡅࡢ≉㛗ࢆዴᐇ࡟⾲ࡍࢭࣥࢸࣥࢫࢆ₇ㄝࡑࡢࡶࡢ࠿ࡽᘬ⏝ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ“The deliberate and deadly attacks which were carried out yesterday against ourcountry were more than acts of terror. They were acts of war. This will require ourcountry to unite in steadfast determination and resolve.
Freedom and democracy are under attack.
̿̿୰␎̿̿The freedom-loving nations of the world stand by our side. This will be amonumental struggle of good versus evil.” (The New York Times, Sept.13, 2001)“Americans are asking, why do they hate us? They hate what we see right here inthis chamber – a democratically elected government. Their leaders areself-appointed. They hate our freedoms – our freedom of religion, our freedom ofspeech, our freedom to vote and assemble and disagree with each other.
̿̿୰␎̿̿And we will pursue nations that provide aid or safe haven to terrorism. Everynation, in every region, now has a decision to make. Either you are with us, or you
are with the terrorists.
̿̿୰␎̿̿This is not, however, just America’s fight. And what is at stake is not justAmerica’s freedom. This is the world’s fight. This is civilization’s fight.”(The White House’s press release, presidential address to a joint session ofCongress, Sept. 20)
ࠉࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ྠ᫬ከⓎࢸࣟࢆࠕ⮬⏤࡜Ẹ୺୺⩏࡬ࡢᨷᧁࠖ࡜ࡋࠊࡑࡢ᫬ࡢ≧ἣࢆࠕၿ࡜ᝏࡢᡓ࠸ࠖࡸࠕᩥ᫂ࡢᡓ࠸ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ព࿡࡙ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᴟࡵ࡚㢌࡟ධࡾࡸࡍ࠸࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟ᢳ㇟ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᨷᧁࡢືᶵ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ⮬⏤ࢆ᎘ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠖⱥㄒᅪሗ㐨࡟࠾ࡅࡿゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂᶵ⬟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊලయᛶࢆḞ࠸ࡓㄽ⌮࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾᨷᧁࡢཎᅉࢆ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ⨾㉁࡟ᖐࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ࣈࢵࢩࣗࡢࣇ࣮࣑ࣞࣥࢢࡀ≺ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࢆࡋ࡚ே㛫ࡢၿࡢ᧦ㆤ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ᥥࡃࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋ㸦Anker, 2005, p.4㸧ࠉࡉࡽ࡟ࠊୡ⏺ࡢᅜࠎ࡟࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢഃ࡟❧ࡘࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿㑅ᢥࢆ㏕ࡿែᗘ࠿ࡽࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ࢔࣓
ࣜ࢝ࡢ⾜ື࡟཯ᑐࡍࡿࡶࡢࡣࡓࡔࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺࡢഃ࡟❧ࡘᝏ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᨷᧁ
ࡢືᶵ࡜┠ᶆࢆᢳ㇟ⓗ࡟ᥥࡁࠊ≧ἣࢆၿ࡜ᝏࡢࠕᡓதࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ஦௳ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢヲࡋ࠸⫼ᬒࡢ✲᫂࡟ࡣࡘ࡞ࡀࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᮏ✏ࡢ⪃ᐹࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽゝ࠼ࡤࠊࣈࢵࢩࣗ኱⤫㡿ࡣࠕ≀஦ࡢ඲యീࢆᢕᥱࡋ࡞࠸ゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࣭グ㏙ࡢ௙᪉ࠖࢆᐇ㊶ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࡇࢀࡽࡢ஧ඖㄽ࡟‶ࡕࡓ₇ㄝ࡟ࡣ、ࣈࢵࢩࣗᨻᶒ࡟ࡼࡿ≧ἣࡢゎ㔘௨እࡢ⌮ゎࢆᅔ㞴࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㸦Entman, 2004, p.1㸧ࠋࡇࡢព࿡࡙ࡅ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡣࠊ࢔ࣇ࢞ࢽࢫࢱࣥ࡜࢖ࣛࢡ࡛ࡢᡓத࡬࡜㑌㐍ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࠉᘬ⏝ࡋࡓ 9 ᭶ 20 ᪥ࡢࣈࢵࢩࣗࡢ₇ㄝࢆሗࡌࡓࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࣭ࢱ࢖࣒ࢬ࡜࣡ࢩࣥࢺ࣭ࣥ
࣏ࢫࢺࡢグ஦࡟ࡣࠊ₇ㄝࡢ୰㌟ࡀලయᛶࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࡞࡝࡜࠸࠺どⅬࡣ඲ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࣭ࢱ࢖࣒ࢬࡣࠊࣈࢵࢩࣗࡀࠕཝ࠿࡞ែᗘ࡜᩿ᅛ࡜ࡋࡓゝⴥ㐵࠸࡛ࠖㄒࡗࡓ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿㄒྃࢆᤄධࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ኱⤫㡿ࡢ≧ἣ⌮ゎࢆ⫯ᐃⓗ࡞࢖࣓࣮ࢪ࡛ᥥ෗ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜グ㏙ࡢ௙᪉࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
“Mr. Bush, his demeanor solemn and his language purposeful, compared those whocarried out the attacks Sept. 11 on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon tothe Nazis.” (The New York Times, Sept. 21)
࣡ࢩࣥࢺ࣭࣏ࣥࢫࢺࡢグ஦ࡣࠊྠᵝ࡟ࣈࢵࢩࣗࡢ≧ἣㄆ㆑ࢆཷࡅධࢀࠊ⤖ࡧ㏆ࡃࡢ㒊ศ࡛ࠕࢸࣟ࡜ࡢᡓ࠸ࠖࢆ㩭᫂࡟ࡋࡓࡇࡢ₇ㄝࡀẸ୺ࠊඹ࿴୧ඪ㆟ဨࡢ႑㔗ࢆᾎࡧࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࣈࢵࢩࣗࡢⓎゝ࡜ࡑࢀࡀཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟グ㏙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡇࡢグ஦ࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡀࠕࢸࣟ࡜ࡢᡓதࠖࢆ⾜࠺ࡢࡣ⮬↛࡞ᡂࡾ⾜ࡁ࡜࠸࠺࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
“Standing before a united Congress and a stricken nation, President Bush lastnight described in stark and forceful terms a global war against terrorism, issuing
an ultimatum to the Taliban regime in Afghanistan to immediately turn overOsama bin Laden and vowing that ‘from this day forward, any nation that
continues to harbor or support terrorism will be regarded by the United States as ahostile regime.’̿̿୰␎̿̿Democrats as well as Republicans praised the president’s performance. Texas Rep.
Jim Turner (D) said after the speech Bush had ‘hit a home run’ by conveying thelengthy battle Americans would have to wage against terrorism.” (TheWashington Post, Sept. 21)ᰗࠉ⏣ࠉ┿ࠉ୍ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࣭ࢱ࢖࣒ࢬ࡜࣡ࢩࣥࢺ࣭࣏ࣥࢫࢺࡣࠊࣈࢵࢩࣗࡢ₇ㄝࢆ⫯ᐃⓗ࡞ゝⴥ㐵࠸࡛ㄝ᫂ࡋࠊ༴ᶵ࡟ぢ஦࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿ኱⤫㡿࡜࠸࠺࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆᙧᡂࡋࡓࠋᙜ↛࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢグ஦ࡣ⹫ᵓࢆ᭩࠸࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊ஦ᐇࡢ୍㠃ࢆษࡾྲྀࡗ࡚ᵓᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊグ஦ࡀሗࡌࡓࣈࢵࢩࣗࡢ≧ἣㄆ㆑࡜஦௳ࡢព࿡࡙ࡅ௨እࡢ⌮ゎࡀぢ࠼࡟ࡃࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢᣢࡘࠕ௵ពࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂᶵ⬟ࠖࡀⓎ᥹ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ≉࡟࣡ࢩࣥࢺ࣭࣏ࣥࢫࢺࡣࠊࡇࡢ₇ㄝࢆሗࡌࡓ᪂⪺ࡢ㸯㠃࡟
“President Details Global War on Terrorists and Supporters”࡜࠸࠺ぢฟࡋࢆᥖࡆࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡞つᶍ࡛ࡢࠕࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺࡸࡑࡢᨭᣢ⪅࡜ࡢᡓதࠖ࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࠊ࡜࠸࠺࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆᅛᐃ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ BBC ࡸ࣮࢞ࢹ࢕࢔ࣥ࡞࡝࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡢ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡣࠊࣈࢵࢩࣗ࡟ࡼࡿ஦௳ࡢࣇ࣮࣑ࣞࣥࢢ࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡎࠊグ஦ࡢᵓᡂࡢ௙᪉ࡶ␗࡞ࡿࠋྠࡌ₇ㄝࢆሗࡌࡓ BBC ࡢグ஦ࡣࠊࣈࢵࢩࣗࡢゝⴥࢆᗄࡘ࠿┤᥋ᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡣࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࣭ࢱ࢖࣒ࢬࡸ࣡ࢩࣥࢺ࣭࣏ࣥࢫࢺ࡜ྠࡌࡔࡀࠊ኱⤫㡿ࡢ஧ඖㄽⓗ≧ἣ⌮ゎ࡟ࡣὀ┠ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁᨷᧁ࡬ࡢ㛵୚ࢆ␲ࢃࢀࡓ࢔ࣝ࢝࢖ࢲ࡜࠸࠺⤌⧊࡜㛵ಀࡢ῝࠸࢔ࣇ࢞ࢽࢫࢱࣥࡢࢱࣜࣂࣥᨻᶒ࡬ࡢሗ᚟ࢆ♧၀ࡋࡓࡶࡢࠊ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡚ሗࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࣭ࢱ࢖࣒ࢬ࡜࣡ࢩࣥࢺ࣭࣏ࣥࢫࢺ࡟ࡣ඲ࡃぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸௙᪉࡛࢔ࣇ࢞ࢽࢫࢱࣥࡢᝒ᝺࡞≧ἣࢆグ㏙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
“The fear of a US attack has exacerbated the humanitarian crisis in Afghanistan.
Aid agencies say some three million Afghans depend on food aid.
Afghans are pouring out of the cities, heading for villages or the borders. TheUK-based Oxfam organization has warned of a looming ‘catastrophe’ and wants aid
resumed to prevent refugees from besieging Afghanistan’s borders.” (BBC online,Sept. 21)
ࠉ࣮࢞ࢹ࢕࢔ࣥࡢグ஦ࡶࠊࣈࢵࢩࣗࡢ₇ㄝࢆሗࡌ࡞ࡀࡽ↔Ⅼࡣࡑࡢ≧ἣㄆ㆑࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ஦௳࡟ࡲࡘࢃࡿ᭱᪂ࡢ᝟ሗࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓ஦ᐇ࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡚グ㏙ࢆጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㔜せ࡞⌧ᐇࡢ᝟ሗ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ
ࠕࢱࣜࣂࣥᨻᶒࡀ࢘ࢧ࣐࣭ࣅࣥࣛࢹ࢕ࣥ࡟ᑐࡋ࢔ࣇ࢞ࢽࢫࢱࣥࢆཤࡿࡼ࠺ಁࡍ࡜⏦ࡋฟࡓࡀࠊࣈࢵࢩࣗᨻᶒࡀࡑࢀࢆᣄྰࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊ
࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ࢔ࣇ࢞ࢽࢫࢱࣥ࡬ࡢ㌷஦⾜ືࡀ୙ྍ㑊ࡢࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࢁ࠺ࠖ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ
࡚ BBC ࡜ྠࡌࡃ࢔ࣇ࢞ࢽࢫࢱࣥࡢᅔ㞴࡞≧ἣࢆグࡋ࡚ᩥࢆ⤖ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ
“A military attack against Afghanistan seemed inevitable last night after the US
rejected an unexpected proposal by the country’s Taliban regime to persuade Osamabin Laden to leave the country.
̿̿୰␎̿̿Thousands of Afghan refugees went on pouring towards the border with Pakistan.
Some 15,000 have managed to cross in the past week, according to aid agencies.”(The Guardian, Sept. 21)

ⱥㄒᅪሗ㐨࡟࠾ࡅࡿゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂᶵ⬟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ BBC ࡜࣮࢞ࢹ࢕࢔ࣥ࡟࡜ࡾࠊ㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࣈࢵࢩࣗࡢၿ࡜ᝏࡢᡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࣇ࣮࣑ࣞࣥࢢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡀ࢔ࣇ࢞ࢽࢫࢱ࡛ࣥᡓ㜚⾜Ⅽࢆ⾜࠺ࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡜ࠊ⌧ᐇࡢ࢔ࣇ࢞ࢽࢫࢱࣥࡢ≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ BBC ࡜࣮࢞ࢹ࢕࢔ࣥࡶࡲࡓࠊ⹫ᵓࢆሗࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜ᩥ❶ࡢᵓᡂ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚኱ศ␗࡞ࡿ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆ᝟ሗࡢཷࡅᡭ࡟୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࠉ࡞࠾ࡇࡢ࢔ࣇ࢞ࢽࢫࢱࣥ࡬ࡢ㌷஦⾜ືࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊࠕࢸࣟ࡜ࡢᡓதࠖࡣ࢔ࣝ࢝࢖ࢲ࡜ࢱࣜࣂࣥᨻᶒ࡬ࡢሗ᚟࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࠊㄽ⌮ⓗ࡟㈏ᚭࡋࡓ㠃ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࡢᚋࣈࢵࢩࣗᨻᶒࡀ࢖ࣛࢡࡢࢧࢲ࣒࣭ࣇࢭ࢖ࣥᨻᶒᡴಽࡢពᅗࢆ㩭᫂࡟ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ࢖ࣛࢡ࡜ྠ᫬ከⓎࢸࣟ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡀ᫂☜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊࠕࢸࣟ࡜ࡢᡓதࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡙ࡅࡣ࠶࠸ࡲ࠸࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
㸦Levenson, 2004㸧ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࣈࢵࢩࣗᨻᶒࡣᑐ࢖ࣛࢡᡓதࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊྠ᫬ከⓎࢸࣟ࡬ࡢሗ᚟࡜࠸࠺⌮⏤࡜ࡣู࡟ࠊ⬣ጾࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࡑࢀࢆඛไᨷᧁ࡛㝖ཤࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࠊドᣐࡀ୙☜ᐇ࡞ࣇࢭ࢖ࣥᨻᶒࡢ኱㔞◚ቯරჾ〇㐀ࡢ␲ᝨ࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࠉ࢖ࣛࢡᡓத㛵㐃ሗ㐨࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕእ஺ⓗࠖࣇ࣮࣒ࣞ࡜ࠕ㌷஦ⓗࠖࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࠉ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡜࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡢ᪂⪺ࡢࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒㛵㐃グ஦ࢆ᳨ドࡋࠊࡑࡢෆᐜ࡟ࠕ㌷஦ⓗࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࠖࡶࡋࡃࡣࠕእ஺ⓗࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࠖ࡜࠸࠺ഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆぢฟࡋࡓ◊✲ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ⪃ᐹࡢᑐ
㇟ࡣࠊ2006 ᖺ 6 ᭶࠿ࡽ࠾ࡼࡑ㸯ᖺ㛫࡟ࢃࡓࡿ࣡ࢩࣥࢺ࣭࣏ࣥࢫࢺࠊࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࣭ࢱ࢖࣒ࢬࠊࡑࡋ࡚࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡢࣇ࢕ࢼࣥࢩ࣭ࣕࣝࢱ࢖࣒ࢬ࡜࣮࢞ࢹ࢕࢔ࣥࡢグ஦࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠ᫬ከⓎࢸࣟ௨㝆ࠊࠕࢸࣟ࡜ࡢᡓதࠖࡢୗ࡟࢔ࣇ࢞ࢽࢫࢱࣥ࡜࢖ࣛࢡ࡛ᡓ㜚ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ᪂⪺࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࣭ࢱ࢖࣒ࢬ࡜࣡ࢩࣥࢺ࣭࣏ࣥࢫࢺࡢグ஦࡟ࡣࠕ㌷஦ⓗࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࠖࠊࡘ
ࡲࡾ㌷஦⾜ື࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ⾜ືࢆᡂຌࡸኻᩋࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽグ㏙ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡀ┠❧ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢグ஦ࡣࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㌷஦⾜Ⅽࢆᢈุⓗ࡟ศᯒࡍࡿࡀࠊ㌷஦ศᯒࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽࡣࡣࡎࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࡜ࡇࢁࡀୖグࡢ࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡢ᪂⪺ࡢഴྥࡣ࠿࡞ࡾ㐪࠸ࠊ᝟ሗ※࡜ࡋ࡚ᅜ㝿ⓗ࡟ⴭྡ࡞◊✲⪅ࡸ୰ᮾᆅᇦࡢእ஺ᐁࢆ౑ࡗࡓᖜᗈ࠸どⅬࢆᣢࡘࠕእ஺ⓗࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࠖ
࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋ㸦Papacharissi and Oliveira, 2008㸧ࡇࡢࠕ㌷஦ⓗࠖ࠾ࡼࡧࠕእ஺ⓗࠖࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࡀ᫂ⓑ࡟⾲ࢀࡓ౛ࢆ➹⪅ࡢ㑅ᢥ࡛ᘬ⏝ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋᑐ㇟ࡣ 2003 ᖺࡢ 2 ᭶୰᪪ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡜࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡢィ⏬ࡍࡿࣇࢭ࢖ࣥᨻᶒᡴಽࡢᡓத࡟཯ᑐࡍࡿ኱つᶍ࡞ࢹࣔࢆሗࡌࡓグ஦࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࣭ࢱ࢖࣒ࢬࠊ࣡ࢩࣥࢺ࣭࣏ࣥࢫࢺࠊ
ࡑࢀ࡟࣮࢞ࢹ࢕࢔ࣥࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࣟࣥࢻ࡛ࣥࠕ100 ୓ேࠖ࡟ࡶ㐩ࡍࡿ࡜᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓ཯ᡓࢹࣔࢆ㸯㠃࡛ሗࡌࡓࠋྠࡌࡃ㸯㠃࡛ࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࣭ࢱ࢖࣒ࢬ࡜࣡ࢩࣥࢺ࣭࣏ࣥࢫࢺࡣࠊᡓதࢆ୚௳࡜ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࣇࢭ࢖ࣥᨻᶒࡢᑐᛂ࡜ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝㌷ࡢᡓ㜚‽ഛࡢᵝᏊࢆグࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
“WASHINGTON̿̿Iraq’s strategy to thwart a United States-led attack calls forslowing advances by American troops toward Baghdad and then confronting themwith the prospect of a bloody street battle in the Iraqi capital, according toAmerican intelligence. ”(The New York Times, Feb. 16, 2003)ᰗࠉ⏣ࠉ┿ࠉ୍

“PRINCE SULTAN AIR BASE, Saudi Arabia̿̿An F-15C ghter rips the bone-dry
air as it roars down the runway, heat-seeking Sidewinder missiles pointing from its
wingtips.̿̿୰␎̿̿Here on the fringe of the Arabian Desert’s forbidding Empty
Quarter, this aerial armada, mobilized to patrol the skies of southern Iraq, isemblematic of the U.S. military ̿̿ which now stands astride the globe more
dominantly than any other force since the legions of the Roman Empire.”(TheWashington Post, Feb.16)
ࠉࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࡇࡢ 2 ᮏࡢグ஦ࡣࠊ࢖ࣛࢡᡓத཯ᑐࡢࢹࣔࢆሗࡌࡓྠࡌ࣮࣌ࢪ࡛ࡑࢀࡒࢀ࢔࣓
ࣜ࢝㌷ࡢᵝᏊ࡜࢖ࣛࢡഃࡢᡓ␎ࠊࡘࡲࡾ཮᪉ࡢࠕᡓத‽ഛࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㌷஦ⓗほⅬࡢࡳ࠿ࡽグࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡓதࡢ᫝㠀࡜࠸࠺どⅬࢆḞ࠸ࡓࠕ㌷஦ⓗࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࠖࡢሗ㐨ࡢ඾ᆺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢグ஦ࡣࠊᡓத⮬య࡟ୡ⏺ྛᆅ࡛཯ᑐࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣど㔝࡟ධࢀࡎࠊࠕ≀஦ࡢ඲యീࢆ
ᢕᥱࡋ࡞࠸グ㏙ࡢ௙᪉ࠖࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࣮࢞ࢹ࢕࢔ࣥࡢグ஦ࡣど㔝ࡢᗈ࠸ࠕእ஺ⓗࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࠖࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࣇࢭ࢖ࣥᨻᶒᡴಽィ⏬ࢆᨭᣢࡋࡓ࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡢࢺࢽ࣮࣭ࣈࣞ࢔㤳┦ࡀ、ࣟࣥࢻ࡛ࣥࡢ኱つᶍ࡞཯ᡓࢹࣔ࡜ᅜ㐃ࡢ࢖ࣛࢡ኱㔞◚ቯරჾᰝᐹࡢ㐍ᒎලྜ࡛ᅔ㞴࡞❧ሙ࡟㏣࠸㎸ࡲࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࢆሗࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
“Ministers were wheeled out yesterday to buttress Mr Blair, who on Saturday
claimed that there was a moral case for military action against Iraq.
In spite of their bullishness, there were signs that the scale of the protest,
combined with the report by the UN chief weapons inspector, Hans Blix, on Friday,
has disrupted US and British diplomatic plans. ”(The Guardian, Feb.17)ᮏ⠇ࡢ᳨ドࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡼ࠺ࠋࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ࣭ࢱ࢖࣒ࢬ࡜࣡ࢩࣥࢺ࣭࣏ࣥࢫࢺࡢグ஦ࡣࠊࣈࢵࢩࣗࡢ₇ㄝࡸ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡜࢖ࣛࢡࡢᡓத‽ഛ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚༢୍ࡢどⅬ࡛グ㏙ࡋࡓࠋࣈࢵࢩࣗᨻ
ᶒࡢᨻ⟇ࡸ⾜Ⅽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᨻᶒࡢᮃࡲ࡞࠸࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂࢆ᤼㝖ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕ≀஦ࡢ඲యീࢆᢕᥱࡋ࡞࠸グ㏙ࡢ௙᪉ࠖࡢഴྥࢆᣢࡘ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢ඲యീࢆḞ࠸ࡓグ㏙ࡢ௙᪉ࡸゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡣࠊ➨ 2 ⠇ࡢ᳨ド࡛ぢࡓࡼ࠺࡟஧㔜ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠ᫬ከⓎࢸࣟ஦௳௨㝆ࠊࣈࢵࢩࣗᨻᶒࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟୍⯡ⓗࠊᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞ゝⴥ࡛ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺࢆ
࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊୡ⏺ࡸᩥ᫂ࡢᩛ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚ࠕࢸࣟ࡜ࡢᡓதࠖ࡬࡜㑌㐍ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓ
ࡵࢸࣟ⾜Ⅽࢆୡ⏺࠿ࡽṾ⁛ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ヨࡳࡿࠕࢸࣟ࡜ࡢᡓதࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿ⾜Ⅽࢆࡋࡓேࠎࢆࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࿧ࡪࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࣈࢵࢩࣗᨻᶒࡢ≧ἣ⌮ゎࡢどⅬ࡛ࡑࡢேࠎࢆ࢖࣓࣮ࢪ
௜ࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡼࡾලయⓗ࡟㏙࡭ࡼ࠺ࠋࣈࢵࢩࣗᨻᶒࡢࠕࢸࣟ࡜ࡢᡓதࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᩥ⬦࡛ࡢࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺࡣࠕୡ⏺࡜ᩥ᫂ࡢᩛࠖ࡜࠸࠺࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆᖏࡧࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊಶࠎࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࡢලయⓗ࡞⣽㒊ࡣ⫼ᚋ࡟㏥ࡁࠊᐇ㝿ࡣ࠶ࡿ୍ࡘࡢᅜࡸᆅᇦ࡛⬇⫾ࡋࡓࢸࣟ࡜┠ࡉࢀࡿ⾜Ⅽࡀࠊ࠶ࡓ࠿ࡶࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡞つᶍࡢ཯ᩥ᫂ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠺࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡀᣢࡘලయⓗ࡞ᨻ἞┠ᶆࡸ኱⩏ࡣぢ࠼࡟ࡃࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ࢚ࣝࢧ࣒ࣝ⏕ࡲࢀࡢẚ㍑ᩥᏛ⪅࢚ࢻ࣮࣡ࢻ࣭ࢧ࢖࣮ࢻࡣ、ࡇࡢฟ᮶஦ࡢ⫼ᬒࢆそ࠸㞃ࡍຠᯝࢆᣢࡘࢸࣟ
ࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ“a catchall of a word that takes no account of history, context,
㸦Said, 2005, p.182㸧
society, or anything else” ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋⱥㄒᅪሗ㐨࡟࠾ࡅࡿゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂᶵ⬟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡣࣈࢵࢩࣗᨻᶒࡢࠕࢸࣟ࡜ࡢᡓதࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛◚ቯ⾜Ⅽࢆሗࡌࡿグ஦ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀᖏࡧ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࢖࣓࣮ࢪ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣈࢵࢩࣗࡀୡ⏺ࢆ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ࿡᪉࡜ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺࡢഃ࡟❧ࡘᩛ࡜࡟ศࡅࡿゝⴥ㐵࠸ࢆࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢグ஦ࡣࣈࢵࢩࣗᨻᶒࡢ≧ἣ⌮ゎ࡜⾜Ⅽࢆ⫯ᐃࡍࡿ❧ሙ࡛᭩࠿ࢀࡓ࡜࠸࠺࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆᙧᡂࡋࡀࡕ࡟࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡸࡍ࠸᮲௳ࡢ୰࡛ BBC ࡸ࣮࢞ࢹ࢕࢔ࣥࡢグ஦ࡣࠊࣈࢵࢩࣗᨻᶒࡢࠕࢸࣟ࡜ࡢᡓ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺᪉㔪ࢆ⌧ᐇࡢฟ᮶஦ࡢ୍㒊࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺どⅬ࠿ࡽሗ㐨ࡋࠊ࢔ࣇ࢞ࢽࢫࢱࣥࡸ࢖ࣛࢡ࡛ࡢᡓத࡟ࡲࡘࢃࡿ≧ἣࢆᗈࡃᢕᥱࡋࡼ࠺࡜ヨࡳࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ㸲㸬BBC㸲㸬
BBC ࡞࡝ࡢ᪉㔪࡬ࡢᢈุ࡜⤖ࡧࡢゎ㔘ࠉࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒࡜ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡀᙉ࠸౯್ุ᩿ࢆྵࡴ࡜࠸࠺⌮⏤࡛ࠊBBC ࡞࡝ࡀࡑࡢ౑⏝ࢆ㑊ࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺᪉㔪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᫂☜࡞཯ㄽࡀ࠶ࡿࠋಶேࡸ⤌⧊ࡢពぢ⾲᫂ࢆㄆࡵࡿẸ୺ⓗ࡞♫఍࡛ࡣࠊゝㄽ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᭀຊ࡛ᨻ἞┠ⓗࡢ㐩ᡂࢆ≺࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟ᢈุࡋࡼ࠺ࠊ࡜࠸࠺❧ሙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ୺ᙇࡣࠊゝㄽࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࡢᨻ἞┠ⓗ㐩ᡂ࡜࠸࠺Ẹ୺୺⩏ࡢ⌮ᛕ࡟ࡑࡗ࡚୺ほⓗ࡟ゝⴥࢆ౑࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵࡿࠋ௬࡟ࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒ࢆࠕᨻ἞┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㠀Ṋ⿦ࡢேࠎ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᭀຊࢆ⾜౑ࡋࡓࡾࠊࡑࢀࢆ࡯ࡢࡵ࠿ࡍࡇ࡜ࠖ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢᐃ⩏࡟ྜ࠺⾜Ⅽ⪅ࢆࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛ᕪࡋᨭ࠼࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
㸦Cohen-Almagor, 2005 ࠾ࡼࡧ 2008㸧ࡇࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽࡣࠊࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ㑊ࡅࠊgunmen ࡜࠿ attackers ࡞࡝ࡢㄒ࡛⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊሗ㐨࡟࠾࠸࡚࠶ࡿ࡭ࡁ౯್ุ᩿ࢆ㑊ࡅࡓ elegant variation㸦ゝⴥࡢゝ࠸᥮࠼㸧࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢつ⠊࡟ࡑࡗࡓ౯್ุ᩿ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿ୺ほⓗ࡞ゝⴥࡢ౑⏝᪉㔪࡟ᑐࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡜ࡣ࠿࡞ࡾ␗࡞ࡾே㛫ࡸ♫఍ࡢᣢࡘ౯್ࡸ⌮ᛕ࡜ࡣ඲ࡃ㛵ಀ࡞ࡃࠊゝㄒ⾲⌧ࢆ≀⌮ⓗഃ㠃ࡢࡳ࠿ࡽᐇ⌧ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࢆࡇࡇ࡛ᑟධࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ࣐࣭ࣟࣥࣖࢥࣈࢯࣥ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࣟࢩ࢔㠉࿨ࡢึᮇࠊࣟࢩ࢔࡛ゝㄒ౑⏝ࡢ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞ᨵ㠉ࢆồࡵࡿேࠎࡀ࠸ࡓࠋࢥ࣌ࣝࢽࢡࢫ࡞࡝ࡢᆅືㄝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ኴ㝧ࡣୖୗ㐠ືࢆࡏࡎࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ
࡚ኳືㄝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ sunrise ࡸ sunset ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣ࣑ࢫ࣮ࣜࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡢ౑⏝ࢆṆࡵࡼ࠺࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࣖࢥࣈࢯࣥࡣࠊsunrise ࡸ sunset ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆᆅ⌫ࡢ⮬㌿⌧㇟࡬࡜⩻ヂⓗ࡟⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⌧ᐇ࡟ࡣᆅ⌫ࡢ⮬㌿ࢆཷࡅධࢀࡓୖ࡛ࡇࢀ
ࡽࡢㄒࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(Jakobson, 1959, p.140)ࠉ≀⌮ⓗ஦ᐇࡸἲ๎ࡢࡳ࡟ᅛᇳࡋ࡚ゝㄒࡢ౑⏝ἲࡸㄒᙡࢆᐃࡵࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊᮏ✏࡛᥇⏝ࡋࡓࠕලయⓗ࢖࣓࣮ࢪႏ㉳ࢆ㑊ࡅࡿゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡣᑐ❧ࡋࠊࡋ࠿ࡶලయᛶ㔜どࡢ❧ሙࢆᴟ㝈࡟᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ✲ᴟⓗ࡞ゝㄒ౑⏝ほ࡜ࠊ
ඛ࡟㏙࡭ࡓࠕつ⠊ⓗ౯್࡟ࡑࡗࡓ୺ほⓗ࡞ゝⴥࡢ౑⏝ࠖࢆಁࡍ❧ሙࡣࠊゝㄒ౑⏝᪉㔪ࡢ୧ᴟ࡟ᑐ❧ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋBBC ࡞࡝ࡢࠕᙉࡃ౯್ุ᩿ࢆྵࡴࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ㑊ࡅࡿࠖ࡜࠸
࠺❧ሙࡣࡑࡢ୰㛫࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢぢゎࢆ୪࡭࡚⾲⌧ࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
≀⌮ⓗࠊ⛉Ꮫⓗἲ๎࡟ࠉ̿̿ࠉᙉࡃ౯್ุ᩿ࢆྵࢇࡔゝⴥࠉ̿̿ࠉつ⠊࡜࡞ࡿ⌮ᛕ࡟༶ࠉ༶ࡋ࡚ࡢࡳゝⴥࢆ౑࠺ࠋࠉࠉࠉࢆ࡞ࡿ࡭ࡃ౑ࢃ࡞࠸ࠋࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࡋ࡚୺ほⓗ࡞ゝⴥࡢࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉ(BBC ࡞࡝ࡢ❧ሙ )ࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉ౑࠸᪉ࢆồࡵࡿࠋᰗࠉ⏣ࠉ┿ࠉ୍ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟୪࡭ࡓࡢࡣࠊBBC ࡞࡝ࡢࠕලయⓗ࡟ฟ᮶஦ࢆグ㏙ࡍࡿゝⴥࡢ౑⏝ࠖࢆࠊ㐠⏝ḟ➨࡛ゝⴥࡀᨻ἞ⓗ౯್ุ᩿ࢆᖏࡧࡸࡍ࠸≧ἣ࡛ࡢᆒ⾮⟇࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋBBC ࡣࠊᙉࡃ౯್ุ᩿ࢆྵࡴㄒࢆ㑊ࡅࡿ࡜ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺࠊࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡢព࿡ᴫᛕࡣ⛉Ꮫⓗ࡟ᐃ⩏ฟ᮶࡞࠸࠿ࡽⱥㄒࡢㄒᙡ࠿ࡽ᤼㝖ࡍ࡭ࡁࡔ࡞࡝࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺࠊࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ㑊ࡅࡿ BBC ࡢ᪉㔪ࡣࠊ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢᣢࡘ࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂᶵ⬟࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࡛ࠊ࡝ࢇ࡞ព࿡ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ⤖ㄽⓗ࡟ゎ㔘ࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
2 ⠇࡜ 3 ⠇ࡢ᳨ド࡛☜ㄆࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࣃࣞࢫࢳࢼၥ㢟ࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡋࡓ஦௳ࡸࣈࢵࢩࣗᨻᶒࡢࠕࢸࣟ࡜ࡢᡓதࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛◚ቯ⾜Ⅽࢆࡋࡓேࢆࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࿧ࡪࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ࿧ࡤࢀࡓᑐ㇟࡜ࠊࡑࡢᑐ㇟ࢆሗࡌࡓグ஦ࡢ཮᪉࡟୍ᐃࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡘࡲࡾ࢜ࣜࣥࣆࢵࢡ࡛ࡢくᧁ஦௳࡛ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡢࡳ࡛ᐇ⾜⪅ࢆグࡍࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᭀ
ຊ⾜Ⅽࢆ๓㠃࡟ฟࡋࠊ࢔ࣛࣈ࡜࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝࡢ⣮தࢆ⫼ᚋ࡟ᢲࡋࡸࡿࠋ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࠕࢸࣟ࡜
ࡢᡓதࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᩥ⬦࡛࠶ࡿ⾜Ⅽࢆࡋࡓேࢆࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࿧ࡪࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࠕᩥ᫂ࡢᩛࠖ࡜࠸࠺࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆసࡾࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆ⏕ࢇࡔ⌮⏤ࡸ⫼ᬒࢆそ࠸㞃ࡍࠋ࡜ࡶ࡟ࠕ≀஦ࡢ඲యീ
ࡲࡓࡣᮏ㉁ࡢᢕᥱࢆ㑊ࡅࡿࠖゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࡟࠶ࡓࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࡢ඲యീࡢᢕᥱࢆḞ࠸ࡓゝⴥࡢ⏝ἲ࡛⾜࠺ሗ㐨ࡣࠊᙜ↛඲యീࢆḞ࠸ࡓ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆᙧᡂࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࠋࠉࡲࡓࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሗ㐨ࡢ௙᪉ࡣࠊ࢔ࣛࣈ࡜࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝࡢ⣮த࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࠕࢸࣟ࡜ࡢᡓ
தࠖ࡟ᑐࡋ୍࡚ᐃࡢ౯್ุ᩿ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆᣢࡓࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡶ࡞ࡿࠋ୍⯡໬ࡋ࡚ゝ࠺࡜ࠊⱥㄒᅪࡢሗ㐨࡛῝࠸ᩥ⬦ⓗ⫼ᬒࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜
࠸࠺ㄒ࡛ࡶࡗ࡚࠶ࡿᭀຊ⾜Ⅽࡢᐇ⾜⪅ࢆグ㏙ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊゝⴥࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿ୺య㸦࣓ࢹ࢕࢔㸧࡜ᥥ෗ࡉࢀࡿᐈయ㸦⾜Ⅽ⪅㸧ࡢ཮᪉࡟ఱࡽ࠿ࡢᨻ἞ⓗ࡞࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜
࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡔ࠿ࡽ BBC ࡞࡝ࡢ᪉㔪࠿ࡽぢ࡚㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒ࡸࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡢᐃ⩏௨ୖ࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢㄒࡀୖ㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞≧ែ࡛౑ࢃࢀࡓ㝿࡟Ⓨ᥹ࡍࡿ࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂᶵ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࡇࡢ᪉㔪ࡀ㑊ࡅࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊゝㄒእࡢ⌧ᐇࡢฟ᮶஦ࡢ㐍ᒎ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚௜
୚ࡉࢀࠊゝⴥ࡟ᮏ᮶ࡣෆᅾࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇࡢᶵ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒࡜ࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡀ౑⏝ࡢᩥ⬦࡜㐠⏝ࡢ௙᪉࡟ࡼࡗ࡚஦ᐇࡢ඲యࡶࡋࡃࡣ⣽㒊ࢆぢ࠼࡟ࡃࡃࡍࡿᶵ⬟ࢆᣢࡕࠊ୍᪉ⓗ࡞࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊㄡࡀㄡࢆࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࡑ࠺࿧ࡪࡇ࡜࡛ఱ࠿㞃ⶸࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺
ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿ࠊࢆၥ࠺ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㸦す㇂ࠊ2002, p.97㸧ࠋᮏ✏᳨࡛ドࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢሗ㐨ࡣࠊྠࡌ㢟ᮦࢆᢅ࠸࡞ࡀࡽゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜グ㏙
ࡢどⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࡋࡤࡋࡤ࠶ࡿࠋᨻ἞ⓗ⾜Ⅽࢆሗࡌࡿグ஦࡛ࠊ␗࡞ࡿどⅬ࡜ゝⴥࡢ౑࠸᪉ࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ᝟ሗࡢཷࡅᡭ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚」ᩘࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࠊ
ࡑࢀ⮬యࢆྰᐃࡍࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᵝࠎ࡞どⅬ࠿ࡽ␗࡞ࡿゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥࢆࡍࡿሗ㐨ࢸ࢟ࢫࢺ࡟᥋ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ᝟ሗࡢཷࡅᡭࡣ஦ᐇ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚」ᩘࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࢆ⋓ᚓฟ᮶ࡿࡋࠊྠ᫬࡟࣓ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢᣢࡘ࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂᶵ⬟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ⮬ぬⓗ࡟࡞ࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⱥㄒᅪሗ㐨࡟࠾ࡅࡿゝⴥࡢ㑅ᢥ࡜࢖࣓࣮ࢪᙧᡂᶵ⬟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸦ㅰ㎡㸧ᮏᩥ࡛ゝཬࡋࡓ H࣭W࣭ࣇ࢓࣮࢘ࣛࡢゝ࠺ elegant variation㸦ⱥㄒࡢᩥ❶࡛ࡢゝ࠸᥮࠼ࡢ័⾜㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㛵すᏛ㝔኱Ꮫࡢ⚄ᓮ㧗᫂ඛ⏕ࡢᚚᩍ♧ࢆ࠸ࡓࡔࡁࠊⱥㄒᅪࡢሗ㐨࡟࠾ࡅࡿゝㄒ౑⏝ࡢ⪃ᐹࡢど㔝࡟ධࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋグࡋ࡚῝ࡃឤㅰ࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡍࠋཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ᘬ⏝ࡋࡓ᪂⪺グ஦ࡣࠊᙜヱࡢ᪂⪺ྡ࡜᪥௜ࢆᩥ୰࡟グࡋࡓࠋ
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す㇂ಟ(2002)ࠗࠕࢸࣟ࡜ࡢᡓதࠖ࡜ࡣఱ࠿̿̿9.11 ௨ᚋࡢୡ⏺࠘௨ᩥ♫ᯇⴥ⚈୍ࠕᅜᐙࢸࣟࣜࢬ࣒࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖࠗ⌧௦ᛮ᝿࠘2003 ᖺ 3 ᭶ྕࠊ
pp.68-79ᯇᮧທ㸦2002㸧ࠗࢤࣜࣛࡢᡓதᏛ࠘ᩥ⸤᫓⛅