CONTENTS
L1

等位接続詞 - and001006

次のものを繋げる
２つの語 - chocolate and vanilla
２つの句 - in the morning and at night
２つの節 - My mother is a doctor, and my father is a musician.
出来事を起こった順に表す -I wake up and brush my teeth. = First I wake up; then I brush my teeth.
L2

等位接続詞 - but / or007
012

but で節を繋げる I can ski, but I can’t snowboard.
but で単語を省略する I can ski but not snowboard. / I often go skiing but rarely alone.
or で２つの否定する物・事を繋げる I don’t like chocolate and vanilla. → I don’t like chocolate or vanilla.
or で選択を表す（～か･･･）I usually go to bed around 11:00 or 11:30 at night.

L3

等位接続詞 - so / yet / nor013
016

so で節を繋いで、結果を表す It’s a nice day, so I’m going to go to the beach.
yet で節を繋いで、驚きを表す（but との違い） My father is a fisherman, yet he can’t eat fish.
nor で節を繋げる I don’t have time to go shopping, nor do I want to go.

R1017
023

等位接続詞の復習

and / or を用いて、肯定 / 否定する３つ以上の語句や節を繋げる I enjoy going swimming, doing gardening, and playing tennis.
I don’t like listening to jazz, classical music, or enka.
等位接続詞で文を始める I’m not good at playing the guitar. Nor do I have time to take lessons.
24問の練習問題と短い文章を通して等位接続詞の理解を深める
iCONTENTS
L4 従属接続詞 024 because, since, as, for / although, though, even though / even if
033

because / since / asで主節と従属節を繋いで、理由を表す I’m going to clean the house because/since/as we’re having guests tonight.
because の前の主節が否定文の場合は、紛らわしい文にならないようにコンマを付ける I can’t see you tonight, because I’m having dinner with my family.
次のような間違いをなくす :I like you. Because you are nice .
because で‘Why...?’の疑問文に答える Why do you like EXILE? → Because their songs are good.
接続詞としての‘for’のニュアンスと限定的な用法 -I’m going to the beach, for it is a beautiful day.
although / though / even though を用いて主節と従属節を繋げる Although/Though/Even though I work very hard, I can never save any money.
副詞としてthough を用いる -I like Japanese food. I don’t like umeboshi, though.
even if を用いて主節と従属節を繋げる I want to hold your hand even if everybody is looking at us. /Even if everybody is looking at us, I (still) want to hold your hand.

L5 従属接続詞 - if / so long as, providing that / unless
034 条件を表す従属接続詞で主節と従属節を繋げる I’ll call you tonight if I need help with the homework.
040

So long as/Providing that I sing in the shower, I think I’m a good singer.
You won’t be able to work at UNIQLO unless you can speak English well.
次のような間違いをなくす I’ll call you tonight if I’ll need help. → I’ll call you tonight if I need help.
if / will を用いて、未来に起こりそうなことを表す I’ll probably just stay home if it snows tomorrow.

ii

L6041

従属接続詞 - before, while, after, until, when, once, as soon as /047

時を表す従属接続詞を用いて主節と従属節を繋げる -R2048
054
L7055
067

so that, in order that (in order to)
Do you want to eat something before/while/after we study?
How about playing video games until my parents get home?
When you have some time, why don’t we have a cup of coffee?
once とas soon asの違い Let’s go home once the movie ends. = not long after the movie ends
Let’s go home as soon as the movie ends. = immediately after the movie ends
so that, in order that で主節と従属節を繋いで、目的を表す I want to save money so that/in order that I can buy a new car.
in order that から始まる副詞節をin order to に書き換える I want to save money in order to buy a new car.

従属接続詞の復習

21問の練習問題と短いストーリーを通して従属接続詞の理解を深める

４種類の文
単文（１つの独立節）-

We should recycle.
重文（２つ、あるいはそれ以上の独立節）-

I was born in the US, but my parents were born in Europe.
複文（１つの主節と１つ以上の従属節）You should take an umbrella because it’s raining.
混文（独立節、主節、従属節）I like to play tennis, but I don’t like to go bowling, because I’m not very good.
２つの主語または２つの動詞からなる単文を作る My mom and dad have to find new jobs. = 主語２つ、動詞１つ
We shouldn’t waste water or use too much electricity. = 主語１つ、動詞２つ４種類の文を用いて、バラエティーに富んだ文章を書く

iii

CONTENTS
L8

接続副詞 - moreover, furthermore, additionally /068

however, nevertheless, despite that /-therefore, thus, hence /077

first of all, second, finally, in conclusion
接続副詞を用いて２つの文の関係を表す -In Japan, you mustn’t wear shoes inside the house. Moreover, you
mustn’t wear slippers in a tatami room.
When you go to another country, you don’t have to have a driver’s
license. However, you must have a passport.
In California, young people can drive when they are 16 years old.
Therefore, many high school students have a car.
moreover/and, however/but, therefore/so を比較して、形式的な表現とカジュアルな表現を理解する
接続副詞、等位接続詞、従属接続詞をバランスよく用いて文章を書く

first of all, second, finally, in conclusion を用いてエッセー（小論文）を書く
エッセーを読み解き、構成を理解する：
主な考え（論点）
主な理由
サポートセンテンス（支持文）
結論
結論で序論を言い換える

L9078
083

相関接続詞（パート１）- both / and, not only / but also, either / orwhether / or, neither / nor
相関接続詞を用いて文法的に同じ分類の２つの語句を繋げる -Italians are both friendly and fun. = both 形容詞 and 形容詞
I can speak to my friends not only in English, but also in Italian.
短いストーリーを通して相関接続詞の理解を深める

iv

L10 相関接続詞（パート２）084 相関接続詞を用いて２つの独立節を繋ぎ、重文を作る -Not only was my trip to France expensive, but also it was tiring.

092 not only, neither, hardly, little などの否定の副詞が文頭に来たときの文構造を理解する Neither was the food good, nor were the people friendly. =neither VS, nor VS - ‘be’動詞の場合
Neither did I want to go to New York, nor did I enjoy the flight there. =neither 助動詞 + SV, nor 助動詞 + SV - 一般動詞（‘be’動詞以外の動詞）の場合
both / and と whether / or は重文を作ることができないことを学ぶ
not only, neither, nor を用いたときには二重否定にならないように注意する
相関接続詞を主語 (S)、目的語 (O)、補語 (C) で使う -Both my friend, Julius, and I want to see a movie this weekend.
(S)
My sister and my brother like not only pop but also hip hop.
(O)
My parents are neither able to speak English nor interested in foreign countries.
(C)
相関接続詞を用いたときの主語と動詞の一致の仕組みを理解する（例外：both / andは複数扱いになる）-

Not only my sisters but also my grandmother loves music.
（動詞の形は、動詞にもっとも近い主語に合わせる）

R3 ４種類の文と接続副詞・相関接続詞の復習
093 相関接続詞で節の一部を省略する -I’m not sure whether I should go to university or I should look for a job.

104

I’m not sure whether I should go to university or look for a job.
32問の練習問題とエッセーを通して、４種類の文と接続詞の理解を深めるv

CONTENTS
L11 同格句・非制限用法の関係代名詞節・追加表現
105 (for example, for instance, especially, such as, including, like, except)- 正しい文に必要な３つの要素を理解する：
112 1. 主語 2. 動詞 3. 完全な考え（単独で意味が通ること）
断片文（不完全な文）になり得る表現を理解する
同格句を用いて人や物事について補足する -Andy, a law student from Perth, moved to Sydney, Australia.
紛らわしい文を避ける：

Andy moved to Sydney, Australia, a law student from Perth. X
非制限用法の関係代名詞節を用いて人や物事について補足する Linda, who is a student at the University of Sydney, helped Andy a lot.
紛らわしい文を避ける：

Linda helped Andy a lot, who is a student at the University of Sydney. X
断片文にならないように正しく追加表現を用いる My classes at university are very interesting. For example, I’m reallyenjoying my astronomy, music, and art.
But some classes are difficult. For instance, I can’t understand math.
I like my teachers, especially Professor Ichijo.
In my university, there are students from many countries, such as America,Italy, and China.
You can hear many languages, including English, Japanese, and Thai.
My friends and I do a lot of things together, like going to parties
and going camping.
I like everything about being a college student, except the school tuition.

L12 現在分詞句（パート１）
113 現在分詞句を用いて‘because’（～なので）と ‘when’（･･･する時）の意味を表す Jumping out of bed, I accidentally knocked over the lamp. = because
124
Opening the door, I saw my bus leaving. = when
紛らわしい文を避ける Knocking over the lamp, it broke into many pieces. Xvi

L12 分詞構文を用いる目的を理解する 続き・文が主語＋動詞の構成にばかりならないよう、文の書き出しにバラエティーをもたらす・短い文と長い文の数のバランスを整える
分詞構文を用いるべき時と頻度を学ぶ ・通常スピーキングではなくライティングで使われる・一般的な長さの段落では１回だけ使う
否定の分詞構文 (not / without / never) を用いる
分詞句の位置を文頭、文中、文末のように変えて用いる -Not having his wallet, Dave couldn't pay the fare.
The sled dogs, without stopping to rest, kept running.
Kevin had a good recital yesterday, never making any mistakes.
独立分詞構文を用いる With it being a holiday, traffic was light today.
Traffic was backed up, there being an accident.
L13 不定詞句125 不定詞句を副詞、形容詞、名詞（主語、補語、目的語）として用いる I used to go to karaoke to enjoy singing Japanese pop songs. -（副詞）137
I have a lot of things to do tonight. -（形容詞）
To communicate with foreigners is fun. -（主語）My dream is to skate in the Olympics.
I want to visit Italy soon.
不定詞が主語になる場合には、形式主語（仮主語）‘it’ を置く（主語が長くなるのを避け、より自然な表現にするため）It’s fun to communicate with foreigners.
間接目的語はなく、不定詞を直接目的語にとる動詞を用いる I decided/hope/intend to go to university.
間接目的語があり、不定詞を直接目的語にとる動詞を用いる My parents encouraged/allowed/taught me to play the guitar.
間接目的語の有無に関わらず不定詞を直接目的語にとる動詞を用いる I expect to finish this project soon. /I expect you to do a good job.
不定詞の ‘to’ を省略する My mom let me go to the party. / My dad made me clean the yard.

vii

CONTENTS
L14 現在分詞句（パート２）
138 現在分詞句を用いて‘while’（～しながら）の意味を表す -Driving to work, I had a car accident.

146 ‘because’（～なので）/ ‘when’（～する時）の意味を表す分詞句を復習する
分詞句を使って主節を強調する -Making lunch, I burned my hand.
文末で分詞句を用いる -Elizabeth got up, stretching her arms.
読み手を混乱させるような文を書かない -Brian thought about his girlfriend, Melissa, jogging in the park. X
現在分詞句を用いて、文に臨場感をもたらす -Running past the defenders, kicking the ball through the keeper’s legs,
Kagawa scored the winning goal.
動作が少ない文では現在分詞句を使わないようにする -Laying down on the sofa and yawning a few times, Jack fell asleep. - (less effective)
ストーリーに現在分詞句を加えて、臨場感溢れる文にする。

L15 ‘~ing’ vs. ‘~ed’ と現在分詞句・過去分詞句
147 ‘~ing’で終わる形容詞と‘~ed’で終わる形容詞の違いを学習する -The party was exciting. / I was excited.

158 ‘~ed’の形容詞を使って人の感情を表す I am excited.
‘~ed’の形容詞 + 前置詞 で何かに対する人の感情を表す I am bored with school.
‘~ing’の形容詞を使って人や物事に対する感想を述べる I think the movie was exciting.
‘~ing’の形容詞を使って性格や個性を表す Lady Gaga is exciting.
viii

L15 ‘be’動詞以外の連結動詞を使う 続きI feel excited. / I get bored when/if there’s nothing to watch on TV. /Italy sounds exciting. / You look tired. / You seem confused.
現在分詞句と過去分詞句の違いを理解する -Jumping out of bed, I knocked over the lamp.
- （現在分詞句は、主節の主語がしたことを表す）
Bored with the movie, Tom started checking his cell phone.
- （過去分詞句は主節の主語に起こったことを表す）
様々な形をした過去分詞を学ぶ -~d (excite + d / confuse + d / surprise + d)
~ed (interest + ed / shock + ed / disappoint + ed)~n (give + n / take + n / show + n)~en (eat + en / beat + en)~t (quit / put / hit / set / hurt)
過去分詞句を文頭、文中、文末に置く -Confused by the lecture, Eiyu gave up.
The pictures, taken by a professional photographer, looked great.
Aoi decided to study harder, disappointed with her score.
現在分詞句と過去分詞句を組み合わせる -Confused by the lecture, Eiyu gave up, not wanting to listen to histeacher anymore.

R4 同格句・非制限用法の関係代名詞節・追加表現・不定詞句・現在分詞句・過去分詞句の復習
159 ２つの追加表現 ‘maybe / perhaps’ の紹介-

68問の練習問題を解く

178ix