THE REHABILITATION OF ILLICT DRUG USERS IN
CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES: A STRATEGY OF EFFECTIVESTAKEHOLDER COOPERATION AND COLLABORATION
Nanja Limbo＊

I. INTRODUCTION
Namibia is a developing country in the SADC region of sub-Saharan Africa with a population of 2.5 million
people; furthermore it is a vast country with 14 regions and borders countries such as South Africa, Angola,
Zambia and Botswana. Like many other countries in the region, it is faced with a rising problem of illicit drug
use and drug trafficking, which has significantly contributed to social problems such as crime, family
disintegration and unhealthy lifestyles. Additionally, Namibia has one of the largest coastal ports, hence a lotof cargo is transported via Namibia to the neighbouring countries and thus is viewed as a drug transit
country as well.
In 2009, then Minister of Health and Social Services, Honourable Richard Kamwi, raised a concern
regarding drug use in the country, as he said, “Especially worrying, is Namibiaʼs gradual transition from atransit route for illicit drugs to a consumer country.” The minister was making reference to the increase inpatients with drug-related problems. Subsequently his concern was raised again on the Namibian
Broadcasting Channel on the 24th of July 2018, by a psychiatrist from the Mental Health Unit at the Ministryof Health and Social Services. According to Dr Lahja Hamunyela, an addiction specialist and psychiatrist, it
was found that 80% of patients admitted at the mental unit and mental regional wards, developed mental
illness linked to drug abuse.
It is further reported that the most prevalent illicit drug in Namibia is Cannabis, and it is estimated thatits consumption is at an average of 60%, while other illicit drugs such as cocaine, mandrax, heroine and crystal
meth are also prevalent at a smaller scale. (Kazembe and Neema, 2015).
Moreover, according to statistics provided by the Mental Health Unit at Windhoek Central Hospital, it
was found that during the period of January to December 2017, a total of 346 patients were admitted due tomental and behavioural disorders induced by multiple drug use and use of other psychoactive substances,while a total of 33 patients for the same period were admitted due to mental and behavioural disorders
induced by alcohol use. It should be noted that the above statistics are not indicative of Namibia as a whole, as
it is only reflecting one health facility. (Health Information System, Windhoek Central Hospital, 2017).
In cognisance of the above concerns the government of Namibia has put in place various mechanisms totry to curb this problem with various levels of success. One of the central role players in this fight is the
Criminal Justice System sector which includes Namibian Correctional Service that is primarily charged withthe responsibility of implementing rectification programmes with the end goal of effective social reintegrationof offenders and reducing recidivism. In order to accelerate the effective implementation of rehabilitationinterventions and treatment of offenders, the government of Namibia enacted the Correctional Service Act,
Act No. 9 of 2012, to replace the Prison Act, 1998 (Act 17 of 1998).
Although the Namibian Criminal Justice Systemʼs approach to the management of offenders with illicit
drug use problems is generally strict, the Criminal Procedure Act, Act No.51 of 1977, provides for alternative
treatment of accused persons who are found to have committed criminal acts but not criminally responsible
by reason of mental illness or mental defect under section 77-79. Such individuals may include illicit drug
users. These sections of the CPA allow the courts to refer offenders for mental observation and if foundNanja Limbo holds the position of Senior Superintendent: Structured and Support Rehabilitative Programmes, Namibia
Correctional Service and is Psychology graduate registered as a Psychological Counsellor with the Health Professional Councilof Namibia.
＊

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unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of their offence based on reports from the psychiatrist, to be declared
as State President Patients, thus sentenced to undergo treatment in line with their mental disorder. Bearing
in mind the above mentioned, this paper discusses the treatment methods for offenders with illicit drug use
problems that the Namibian Correctional Service has implemented following the introduction of the Offender
Risk Management Correctional Strategy (ORMCS) in 2010. The paper will also share insight into thesignificant characteristic of cooperation and collaboration with various strategic partners within the Criminal
Justice System.

II. REHABILITATION INTEREVENTIONS OF ILLICT DRUG USERS IN
NAMIBIAN CORRECTIONAL SERVICE FACILITIES: A CASE STUDYJack＊ is a repeat offender with a prior conviction for possession of Cannabis in 2012 and was sentenced to
six monthsʼ imprisonment or with an option to pay a fine. His mother paid his fine. However in June 2015,
Jack＊ committed his second offence and was charged with one count of malicious damage to property and asecond count of theft. He was 30 years old when he was sentenced to two years and nine monthsʼ
imprisonment. Upon admission to the correctional facility, Jack＊ was observed to have severe night sweats
and anger outbursts. The medical personnel arranged with the local hospital to have him admitted, and it was
discovered that he was experiencing extreme withdrawal symptoms from his mandrax use. He wasstabilized and kept under observation for four days. The correctional facility took note of his condition andrequested his transfer to a correctional facility that had the required professionals to treat his condition.
He was transferred to a facility in Tsumeb, which had psychological counsellors, social workers andmedical personnel able to manage his condition. Upon assessment of his risk factors, the areas ofDrug/Alcohol Use, Employment/Education, Anti-Social Thinking and Anti-Social Associates were found tobe high, and these areas were flagged to be attended to in his correctional treatment plan. However, due toJackʼs immediate need for treatment of his physical withdrawal symptoms, his level of medical care wasintensified, and the facility collaborated with the local hospital for his admission, in order for a medical doctor
to regularly monitor his progress. Furthermore, the facility engaged his family to render emotional support,
considering that he had committed an offence against a family member. The Case Management Officer(CMO) responsible for his case file also liaised with the social worker at the hospital, to obtain feedback on his
progress since he was concurrently receiving counselling while at the hospital. Jack was released from thehospital after three weeks and the CMO referred him for continuation of counselling by the Programme
Officer to ensure that he was adjusting well to the correctional environment and to consolidate his
understanding of his drug use problem.
Jack＊ served his sentence and maintained good conduct in the facility; he developed pro-social habits suchas participating in rehabilitation programmes. He worked at the garden and attended a cognitive-based
rehabilitation programme called Managing My Substance Use (MMSU), which he completed successfully andhe was also educated on aftercare services available in the community, which he could approach when facedwith challenges. He was released in July 2017 on earned remission and returned to his family in Grootfontein.
However, due to good stakeholder relations with the local social worker in Grootfontein, it was reported
that Jack＊ had relapsed six months after his release, during the festive season. He had met up with old
associates and used mandrax. He overdosed on the mandrax resulting in him being hospitalized. During his
stay in the hospital, Jack＊ voluntarily approached the social worker for assistance concerning his drug
dependency problem and during the consultation with the social worker, he spoke about the aftercare
services that were discussed during the MMSU programme in the correctional facility. He further indicatedto the social worker that he wanted to gain balance in his life and to stop using drugs. The social worker
called the programmes division at the correctional facility to get more information on the programmes
offered in the facilities and to report that Jack＊ had volunteered to check into a rehabilitation centre. She also
indicated that he was attending aftercare meetings with a local support group in addition to undergoingfamily therapy with his mother and sister to help him with his drug use problems.

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III. TREATEMENT OF ILLICIT DRUG USERS IN NAMIBIAN CORRECTIONALFACILITIES
A. The Strategy of Offender Rehabilitation in the Namibian Correctional Service
The Namibian Correctional Service implemented the Offender Risk Management Correctional Strategy(ORMCS) in 2010, with the aim of transforming the service from the primarily punitive approach to thatprioritizing the rehabilitation and empowerment of offenders with the aim of successfully reintegrating backinto society as productive and law abiding citizens. Considering the new perspective of the Namibian
Correctional Service towards rehabilitation, the service engaged in a range of strategic partnerships andresearch in order to develop and adopt reformative initiatives that are evidence-based and have provenability to reduce recidivism. The implementation of the ORMCS focused on the critical role of the CaseManagement Process and improved Unit Management structures. In addition the strategy also incorporated
the Risk, Needs and Responsivity Principle as a management approach to ensure that all offenders enteringcorrectional facilities were to be screened, assessed and assisted in line with their individual risk and needs toaddress their criminogenic factors and minimize their chances of re-offending (Nafuka and Kake, 2015).
Ultimately the approach considered criminogenic factors of offenders from an individual perspective,
meaning offenders were to receive services in line with their specific risk and needs; thus the approach madeprovision for the treatment of illicit drug users.
B. Effective Coordination and Collaboration of Illicit Drug User Treatment for Offenders
The new approach to offender management has specifically improved treatment of offenders with illicit
drug use problems, as the Namibian Correctional Service has established partnerships with various service
providers in the areas of the Criminal Justice System, Health Care and Social Welfare Services. In addition,
the Namibian Correctional Service has invested extensively in capacity-building and employing professional
staff to offer specialized services to offenders in line with the rehabilitation philosophy that the service
adopted.
Evidence regarding capacity-building and specialized staffing is visible as, according to statistics provided
by the Namibian Correctional Service in 2009, it was reported that the service had employed 13 social
workers and 1 clinical psychologist (Nakuta and Cloete, 2012). However, much has improved over the years,
as currently the service has 1 clinical psychologist, 2 intern clinical psychologists, 13 psychologicalcounsellors, 39 social workers, 3 medical doctors, 1 occupational therapist, 40 nurses and 13 HIV/AIDS
counsellors that are registered with the Health Professional Council of Namibia. The above is evident that the
Namibian Correctional Service finds it imperative to provide quality multi-disciplinary health care services tooffenders.
Furthermore, recognizing the importance of collaboration with stakeholders, it should be mentioned that
the Namibian Police Force and the Namibian Correctional Service has an administrative arrangement
regarding the management of offenders awaiting trial. Thus the provision for health care, social welfare andlegal services is availed to offenders while they are in police custody, as stipulated by the Namibian Police
Force Operational Manual. Bearing in mind that the judicial sector tends to be overwhelmed with cases, it isunfortunate that offenders experience lengthy periods as persons awaiting trial, and by the time they get
sentenced, they may no longer display severe symptoms of withdrawal from drugs, meaning if an offender is
to be arrested while displaying acute withdrawal symptoms, the police and the judicial courts may refer theoffender to relevant health care service providers for detoxification treatment and where deemed necessary
the courts may apply provisions from section 77-79 of the Criminal Procedure Act, Act 51 of 1977 that allows
for the offender to be referred for mental evaluation; if found to have a mental disorder induced by drug use,the offender can be declared a State President Patient, and be housed in a forensic psychiatric unit or acorrectional facility with the required professional staff to treat the mental disorder.
The Offender Risk Management Correctional Strategy is an effective approach to rehabilitation that iscomplementing the national efforts of fighting crime and reducing recidivism; however, its success depends
much on stakeholder cooperation and essential collaboration that lead to the smooth provision of treatment tooffenders in accordance with their risk and needs.

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C. Stages of the Strategy within the Correctional Facility and the Role of Stakeholder Collaboration
for Illicit Drug Users
1. Admission Process
Offenders entering the correctional facility are received at the admission office to process warrants ofcommittal and other documents. During this stage offenders have 48 hours to undergo a health screening by
the medical staff as provided for in the NCS Health Policy (2016) in accordance with national Primary HealthCare standards. This process enables correctional and medical officers to identify offenders displaying acutewithdrawal symptoms for referral to medical centres, thus the Ministry of Health and Social Services renders
its services by admitting offenders in hospitals to stabilize and detox. Furthermore, correctional officers also
notify family members on offendersʼ conditions and may arrange for visitation as family reconstruction is
encouraged.
2. Reception and Assessment Unit
Offenders are housed in the Reception and Assessment Unit for a period of 90 days, as a mechanism ofconducting extensive individual screening, assessment and observation with the aim of identifying thecriminogenic factors. Medical officersʼ conduct comprehensive health screening, while offenders receive
rehabilitation activities such as Orientation Programmes. The programmes focus on psycho-social education
with content on illicit drug abuse, treatment intervention and preventive measures. Officers and relevant
external stakeholders facilitate the delivery of this programmes to help offenders adjust in a correctional
environment.
Recognizing the importance of assessment, offenders are assessed to establish their individual risk andneeds in order to develop a treatment plan that will address those criminogenic factors, while serving theircustodial term. In the instance of an illicit drug user, the strategy provides for the timely referral of theoffender to treatment interventions pertaining to their needs; furthermore the 90-day observation period
offers sufficient time for officers to observe and identify offenders who may not disclose their drug use
problems in order to offer crucial assistance. It should be noted that all assessment conducted required
specialized assessment tools that are standardized to the Namibian norms. Hence the aspect of being
evidence based is of great importance to the Namibian Correctional Service.
3. Unit Management, Case Management and Programming
During this stage, offenders are classified into either the Maximum, Medium, Low-Medium and Minimumsecurity levels, based on the assessment conducted in the Reception and Assessment Unit. The security
levels are not solely determined by the offence but also considers the offenders risk and needs when
conducting assessment.
Most offenders spend their custodial terms within the units; hence extensive components of rehabilitative
programmes and activities are offered to offenders. Case Management provides offenders with daily
motivational support, as Case Management Officers oversee individual needs of offenders such as family
contact and facilitate offendersʼ access to rehabilitation programmes in accordance with the treatment plansthat address the risk and needs. Therefore, an illicit drug user may be referred to attend programmes thatare in line with the treatment plan, such as the Managing My Substance Use Programme that is currently
being delivered in four correctional facilities.
Programming in the Namibian Correctional Service is comprehensive, as the strategy provides foroffenders to access programmes that address their criminogenic factors, such as cognitivebased, educational,
vocational, religious care, and recreational programmes. The success of programming is reliant oncooperation and collaboration, as specialized officers offering programming often engage external
stakeholders to ensure quality services are delivered to offenders that are on par with the services in thecommunity. Additionally, stakeholders are the driving factor to providing offenders with treatment,intervention and activities that are aimed at reforming offenders. Such strategic stakeholders are the office of
the Ombudsman, Judicial Courts, Ministry of Gender Equality and Child Welfare, Ministry of Health andSocial Services, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Prison Fellowship, Local Religious Care
Providers and Community-Based Organizations forge a strong framework in rehabilitating offenders.
4. Community Supervision
Considering that treatment for illicit drug users is an ongoing process, offenders may reach the end of80

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their sentence and still require additional treatment to ensure the effective rehabilitation and successful
reintegration into society as law-abiding citizens. Hence, this stage focuses on the support and supervision of
offenders in the community when released from the facility on earned remission, full parole and probation.
Community Supervision Officers monitor the reintegration process of offenders, and where applicable ensurethat offenders with release conditions comply. In addition, offenders with illicit drug use problems may berequested to attend aftercare programmes in the community and provide proof of attendance and progress to
the Community Supervisor. However, when non-compliance is noted, the officer may recommend for
conditions to be changed and refer the offender to a rehabilitation centre or social worker. Community-basedorganizations such as Lifeline Namibia assist offenders by providing therapeutic counselling to illicit drug
users, whilst Turning Point Organisation offers accommodation for offenders whose treatment requires them
to be placed in an environment that is supportive to their treatment versus returning to their community
where they may become vulnerable to relapsing and re-offending. Other stakeholders are the Namibian
Police Force, Prison Fellowship and the Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Creation.
While the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare is critical as the Etagameno Resource and Rehabilitation
Centre may admit offenders who urgently require treatment.
5. Community Service Orders
The Namibian Correctional Service oversees offenders that are sentenced to community service orders
by undertaking community service duties instead of serving a custodial term. This form of diversion offers
offenders with alternative convictions while being rehabilitated. Community Service Orders Officers
supervise offenders to ensure compliance with the service order is enforced. The Community Service Orders
Officers do not work in isolation as they collaborate with the judicial courts, the Ministry of Gender Equality
and Child Welfare, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, the Namibian Police Force, Regional Council
Offices and Community Based Organizations, in order to secure centres where offenders can render theirservices.
D. Offendersʼ Responsivity to Programming
In response to the growing concern of substance abuse including illicit drugs in the country, the Namibian
Correctional Service developed a programme that would address the risk and needs of offenders who either
committed an offence due to being under the influence of substances or had a substance use dependency
problem. Hence the service introduced Structured Core Programmes such as the Thinking and Living Skills
Programme (TLS) that focused on replacing maladaptive cognitive patterns and promoting pro-social
behaviour, while the Managing My Substance Use programme is implemented to specifically assist in thetreatment of offenders with illicit drug dependency problems. The programme is based on Marlattʼs
Cognitive Behavioural Relapse Prevention Model, which focuses on addressing the lifestyle imbalances
caused by the dependency problem and how to develop a relapse prevention plan. The relapse prevention
plan often involves different stakeholders that provide support to assist the offender to not relapse to
substance use.
While the efforts of the Namibian Correctional Service towards the provision of programmes iscommendable, the service has realized that a significant number of offenders in correctional facilities could
not benefit from rehabilitation programmes due to low literacy levels and English proficiency, which is thecountryʼs official language. Hence the aspect of responsivity has become a priority in order to improvetreatment of offenders (Chiremba, et al., 2012).
The Responsivity Principle is concerned with the types of appropriate treatments that match each
offendersʼ general learning styles based on cognitive-behavioural and social learning approaches. In addition,
the principle also looks at the specific responsivity levels of offenders in order to tailor treatment to address
specific cognitive learning interventions such as motivation, language and educational levels (Andrews, et al,1990).
Taking the above into consideration, offenders with illicit drug use dependency problems have beenreferred to attend Managing My Substance Use programme, where they receive cognitive intervention by
Programme Officers, who are specialized staff in areas such as psychology and social work. However, a large
number of offenders do not qualify to attend the programme to due language barriers, as the programme isdelivered in English and most offenders have low literacy levels. Subsequent to the above findings, theNamibian Correctional Service applied the responsivity principle by tailoring interventions to the needs of81

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illicit drug dependency users that could not be in programmes, through offering interventions delivered bytranslating concepts targeting offendersʼ risk factors in the offendersʼ vernacular and on other occasions,inviting external stakeholders such as the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare and NGOʼs to offer treatmentthat could not be offered by the correctional officers. The Namibian Correctional Service has embraced theimportance of collaborating with strategic stakeholders, as it is in the nationʼs interest to have rehabilitatedand law-abiding citizens.
E. Legislation Supporting Rehabilitation Interventions and Treatment for Offenders
Namibia, being a member state of the United Nation (UN), has ratified several UN Conventions relating toillicit drugs and trafficking treaties such as the 1988 UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs
and Psychotropic Substance. On a national level Namibia has worked on amending the Combating of theAbuse of Drugs Bill and Prevention of Organized Crime Act, Act 29 of 2004 among others. (Kazemba andNeema, 2015)
The Criminal Justice System has recognized the importance of offender rehabilitation and has over theyears made critical amendments to various statutes, the most significant change being the repeal of the
Prison Act, Act 17 of 1998 which was replaced with the Namibian Correctional Service Act, Act 9 of 2012.
This change led to the transformation of the service and implementation of the ORMCS.
Moreover, the treatment of illicit drug users now features prominently on the national agenda, as thecountry strives to comply with the Nelson Mandela Rules, also known as the United Nations Standard
Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. As a result, the service has strengthened stakeholder
relations with several ministries, agencies and organizations in order to improve treatment programmes,
preventive measures and decrease drug use in the country drastically through the provision of detoxification
treatment, admission to rehabilitation centres, aftercare support groups and community-based prevention
campaigns. One of the prominent community-based initiatives is the Be Free campaign that is overseen by
the Office of the First Lady of Namibia: the First Lady is an active advocate on drug control. The country also
adopted the National Drug Control Master Plan, which according to His Excellency Simon M. Martuta,
Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the Republic of Namibia to the United Nations, entailed an
approach of combating drug abuse and illicit drug trafficking through multi-agency coordinating frameworks
with the aim of mitigating and reducing drug abuse and illicit drug trafficking, among other crimes. (Martuta,2015).
Supporting the adoption of the master plan, the Namibian Correctional Service, focused on promoting
treatment interventions for offenders suffering from substance dependency by employing increasing
numbers of specialized staff like psychologists, psychological counsellors, social workers and medical
personnel. It can proudly be stated that all thirteen (13) correctional facilities in Namibia are staffed withregistered medical personnel and registered rehabilitation officers overseeing the psycho-social aspects ofoffender rehabilitation. In addition, the Namibian Correctional Service Health Policy (2016) has been aligned to
the Namibia Standard Treatment Guidelines of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, (2011), whentreating offenders, and applied the section on Psychiatric Disorder on Drug and Substance Abuse, whenfacilitating the treatment of offenders with illicit drug use problems.
Recognizing that each statute is an essential part of the successful treatment of offenders, it is fair tomention that the following statutes such as the Abuse of Dependence Producing Substance and Rehabilitation
Centres Act, Act 41 of 1971, Mental Health Act, Act 18 of 1973, National Health Act, Act 2 of 2015 and the
Namibia Correctional Service Health Policy, 2016 have been well integrated resulting in the timely treatmentof illicit drug users and the general offender population. Furthermore, the provision of laws supporting
offender rehabilitation service delivery has improved, and initiatives such as commemorating International
Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking has been conducted in correctional facilities with the supportof the United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime and the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare to name a few.
In regard to offenders released from correctional facilities whose risks and needs were not fully addressed
prior to release, there are provisions to attach conditions to their remission or parole release, which may
require them to attend aftercare programmes in the community, such as joining Circle of Friends, Blue Cross
and religious community support groups.

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F. Challenges and Possible Solutions to Improving Treatment for Offenders with Illicit Drug Use
Problems
The NCS is faced with internal and external challenges that affect the process of effective treatment. Theinternal factors affecting the treatment of illicit drug users is the effective responsivity to treatment, as
offenders may not be willing to disclose their drug use problem for fear of persecution or stigmatization.
Treatment may fail due to offenders concealing critical information that would improve their response to
their drug use treatment. However, the NCS has implemented rehabilitation and recreational activities thatcreate platforms for educational campaigns on topics such as drug abuse within correctional facilities andcommunity outreach programmes. The UNODC and the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare have been
supportive in commemorating days such as the No Tobacco Day, International Day against Illicit Drug Use
and Trafficking and World Suicide Day. Furthermore, the professional staff has provided support to offenders
through individual and group therapy treatment within the correctional facilities.
The external challenge is the limited rehabilitation centres in the country, as Namibia currently has
Etagameno Resource and Rehabilitation Centre, which is a state owned and Okonguarii Psychotherapeutic
Centre that is privately owned. Hence when offenders are released and require further treatment inrehabilitation centres, this often does not materialize because the state-owned centre can only admit 80
individuals on an annual basis between the ages of 18-39, while the private centre is costly for most offenders.
Furthermore, it case of intensive care, the country only has one fully staffed mental health centre with a bed
capacity of 200, while 70 beds are allocated to the Namibian Correctional Service, functioning as a forensic
mental health centre. Thus, for a population of 2.5 million, the available services are not able to address thedemand for treatment.
Based on the above, stakeholders such as the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare that is responsible forthe state-owned rehabilitation centre, has introduced alternative treatment programmes, such as the
Resource Centre that offers day treatment programmes, prevention programmes and aftercare programmes
offered by social workers. In addition, 19 aftercare programmes were active in the regions, offering
immediate support to offenders in their regions.

IV. CONCLUSION
The Namibian Correctional Service has been able to provide essential treatment to offenders with illicit
drug dependency problems in accordance with its philosophy of rehabilitation. Furthermore, collaboration ofstrategic partners in the Criminal Justice System, Health Care and Social Welfare Sector has been the driving
force to the implementation of the Offender Risk Management Correctional Strategy.
The strategyʼs effective treatment of illicit drug users in corrections is greatly reliant on continuous multidisciplinary cooperation, because with the establishment of these partnership areas, research is improved asdata is obtained and can direct future reforms, which are in line with the Namibian Correctional Serviceʼs
evidence-based approach.
Recognizing the challenges in treatment provision, the service has invested greatly in educational andvocational skills training, with the aim of improving literacy levels and increasing opportunities to accesscognitive rehabilitation programmes that address the criminogenic factors of individual offenders.
Furthermore, understanding that treatment is a continuous process, the service also invested in employing
Community Supervision Officers with social sciences backgrounds, to supervise and provide motivational
support during the reintegration phase. In doing so, officers would be able to review progress and based ondata collected, the service would assess the effectiveness of the programmes currently available in the
Namibian Correctional Service and if need be review or introduce new programmes based on best practices
from other countries.
It is realized that the Namibian Correctional Service is still in the phase of transformation, as the goal is to
reduce recidivism; however the milestones achieved thus far are much appreciated because implementing
the strategy was a taxing expenditure on the Namibian country. However, the advocacy for rehabilitation
supersedes any cost, because the country gains individuals that are able to contribute to national
development.

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