COP28 Official Side Event
Advancing Sustainable Forest Management: Financing Mechanisms for Carbon and Biodiversity

Synergy of adaptation and mitigation of forests against climate change
through sustainable forest management

Dr. Yasumasa Hirata
FFPRI, Japan

Mitigation
According to the IPCC Special Report on
Climate Change and Land, activities in theagriculture, forestry, and other land use sector(AFOLU) account for 23 percent of total net
anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases.

The IPCC identifies REDD+ as the activity
with the largest potential for reducing
AFOLU emissions.
From UNFCCC Web site

Concept of Emission Reduction in REDD+•

The basic concept of REDD-plus is to provide economic incentives such as funding or credits todeveloping countries for REDD activities and "plus" activities.

•To quantify reductions in CO2 emissions due to REDD-plus activities, compared with the casewhere no REDD-plus activities are undertaken, a reference emission level and a reference level
have been established.

What is JCM ?
JCM（Joint Crediting Mechanism）, a pioneering mechanism under Article 6,
Implements mitigation actions, and contributes to the sustainable
development in Partner countries.

Structure of the JCM
Japan

Partner Country

Joint Committee• Decision-making through thedialogue

Government• Insurance of credit• Maintenance of registry Making rules, guidelines
 Approving methodologies
and project registration
 Notification of credits
 Designating the third-party
entities for validation andverification

Government• Insurance of credit• Maintenance of registry• Secretariat
Request for• Project registration• Credit issuance

Project Participant (Japan)• Project implementation & monitoring

Third Party Entity• Validation of the project• Verification of the ER

Project Participant (Partner Country)• Project implementation & monitoringJCM and REDD+
REDD+ is one of the potential sector of theJCM.

Japan contributes to reduce deforestation andforest degradation in the Partner Countries,through JCM-REDD+ projects.

The credits are generated throughMeasurement, Reporting and Verification(MRV)of the GHG emission reductions or removals
achieved by the projects.

Credits will be shared depending on thecontribution.

Even if all grey public finance flows were redirected to green, finance totals
would still fall woefully short of the total finance needed to protect forests.

Investments inpotentially harmfulactivities

Finance earmarked
for forest activities

Forest Declaration Assessment. (2022) Theme 3. Finance for forests.

Adaptation
Increase in landslides and storm surge damage
due to climate change“ It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed theatmosphere, ocean and land.”(IPCC AR6)

Increasing intensity and frequency of torrential rains, very
low pressure cyclones, and typhoons due to themanifestation of extreme phenomena

Effective countermeasures against slope hazards andstorm surge damage are a common global challenge

Recent unregulated land use changes in mountainousand coastal areas have caused serious damage

Necessity of disaster prevention and mitigation
by utilizing the functions of forests
During the period of economic growth, traditional land use

rules were neglected and land use was expanded to areas
with high disaster risk, resulting in more frequent disasters

Early introduction of erosion control technology andconservation measures to prevent and mitigate storm surge
damage will be cost effective in terms of investment in thefuture.

Only a few international projects on disaster prevention
and mitigation utilizing forest functions
World Bank
2001-2021

Unit: USD million

All contracts
AmountForest1. China
50,119.3 1. Russia
2. India
28,817.8 2. Internat. Org.
3. Brazil
11,149.6 3. Congo Dem.
4. International Organization
8,758.8 4. Uruguay
5. Turkey
7,326.7 5. Argentina

AmountDisaster
78.8 1. Bangladesh
56.1 2. India
46.9 3. Viet Nam
40.0 4. China
37.7 5. Cambodia

AmountForest + Disaster Amount
409.6
262.4
124.9 No contract
74.4
71.0

n/an/an/an/an/aSource: World Bank, 2022 [1]. Author's calculation. Period: 2001-2021. As of March 2022.
[1] https://finances.worldbank.org/Procurement/Major-Contract-Awards-Prior-reviewed-since-FY-2001/4bhp-2q7b

Asian Development Bank (ADB)
2017-2022

All contracts
1. India
2. China
3. Philippines
4. Indonesia
5. Pakistan

Unit: USD million

AmountForest15,035.9 1. China
12,353.6 2. Philippines
9,181.4 3. Indonesia
8,936.0 4. Pakistan
6,035.2 5. Mongolia

AmountDisaster
71.6 1. Indonesia
15.4 2. Philippines
12.6 3. Nepal
8.6 4. Pakistan
3.6 5. Tonga

Source: ADB, 2022 [1]. Author’s calculation. Period: 2017-2022. Based on contract amounts.
[1] Operational Procurement Database 2017-2022. https://data.adb.org/dataset/operational-procurement-databaseAmountForest + Disaster
1,000.0 1. UK
500.7 2. Mongolia
124.9
80.7
24.1

Amount0.1
0.1

Synergy of adaptation and mitigation of forests• Expect projects to contribute to adaptation andmitigation measures, given the limited amount offunds that can be spent on forest conservation• One way is to utilize REDD+ credits• However, it is difficult to create synergies between
adaptation and mitigation• Adaptation requires afforestation and conservation inareas with high disaster risk

• REDD+ projects should avoid implementation inareas with high disaster risk

Concluding remarks• Start with what we can do.
• Mangrove plantations are relatively low-risk andsynergistic• Proper land use management, including afforestation, canlead to synergies in mitigation and adaptation, as well as
national development.

• Additional risks associated with climate change, however,need to be taken into account.

Thank you for your attention

Contact : hirat09@affrc.go.jp
Members of REDD-plus and Forest-DRR
Research and Development Center, FFPRI