Helmholtz Institute
JGU Mainz

UC Berkeley Physics
NSD LBNL

Axion2017 Osaka, Japan1

¨ A gross misunderstanding of gravity (MOND, …)¨ Proca MHD (finite photon mass)¨ Black holes, dark planets, interstellar gas, …
¨ WIMPS

L?
?
LJ¨ Ultralight bosonic particles¡ Axions (pseudoscalar)¡ Vector particles

JJJJ¡ Tensor particles???

¡ ALPs (pseudoscalar)¡ Dilatons (scalar)2¨ Galactic DM density: ~0.4 GeV/cm3 (10 GeV/cm3 d.g.)¨ Has to be nonrelativistic: v/c ~ 10-3 (cold DM)¨ Has to be bosonic if

m < ~ 20 eV (1 keV dwarf galaxies)¨ ”Bosonic Oscillator” with Q ~ (v/c)-2 ~ 106¨ Cannot be lighter than ~ 10-22 eV¨ … (e.g., BEC ?)3ØBig clean-up ?
Strong CP problem§ Dark Matter§ Dark Energy§ Baryon asymmetry of the Universe§ Hierarchy?
§ …
§

http://earthsky.org/space/4

Axion (ALP) Interactions
Gravity+

Gauge Fields

Most
Searches(CASPEr-E)

P. Graham
S. Rajendran2017
New Horizons
In Physics PrizeFermions(CASPEr-Wind, GNOME, QUAX)CASPEr102 Hz104 HzADMX
106 Hz108 Hz1010 Hz1012 Hzaxion mass (frequency)

Cosmic Axion Spin Precession Experiment
Proposal:(CASPEr)Peter GrahamSurjeet RajendranAlex Sushkov
Micah Ledbetter
Dmitry Budker

P. Graham & S. Rajendran PRD 88 (2013) arXiv:1306.6088,
D. Budker et al PRX (2014) arxXiv:1306.6089

CASPEr Overview
Key ideas:• Axion (ALP) field oscillates• at a frequency equal to its mass (mHz to GHz)• è time varying CP-odd nuclear moments:• nEDM, Schiff, …

CASPEr-Electric• Also: axion wind (like a magnetic field)• v ~ 10-3 c (virial velocity)

CASPEr-Wind• Coherence time: [ma(v/c)2]-1 è
7Q~106

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

Resonance:
8

CASPEr

SQUID
pickuploop
axion “wind”
OR
Larmor frequency = axion mass ➔ resonant enhancement
SQUID measures resulting transverse magnetization
Example materials: liquid 129Xe, ferroelectric PbTiO39

10

Alex Wilchewski(JGU Mainz)

Prof. A. Sushkov
Deniz Aybas

Experimental constraints and projected sensitivities ofaxion dark-matter searches

David DeMille, John. Doyle, and Alexander Sushkov. Science 2017;357:990-994

Micah Ledbetter13

No need to polarize inspin-noise
spectroscopyè small N14

15

J-coupling
I2

I1Erwin L. Hahn

C. P. Slichter

r12

Dipole-dipole interaction
𝑰2 3 𝑰4
𝐻 ∝ 6 1 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃
𝑟24
averages by tumbling
J-coupling
𝐻 = 𝐽𝑰2 3 𝑰4
survives tumbling!
☞ second-order hyperfine

Hahn, E.L. & Maxwell, D.E. Phys. Rev. 84 1246-1247 (1952)
Gutowsky, H.S., McCall, D.W., & Slichter, C.P. J. Chem. Phys. 21, 279-292 (1953)

17

Parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP)

C. R. Bowers

Daniel P. Weitekamp

Transformation of symmetrization order to nuclear-spin magnetizationby chemical reaction and nuclear magnetic resonance
PRL 57 (21): 2645–2648 (1986)

Odd J
http://en.wikipedia.org

Even J19.

51% para @ 77K
99.9% para @ 4K

Spin-Statistics
in action!
20

21

Magneticshields

T. Theis
P. Ganssle
G. Kervern
M. P. Ledbetter
D. B.
A. Pines22

23

Styrene

Ethylbenzene

24Natural Abundance
1.1% of 13C25

Thomas Theis

Alex PinesNMRwithout anymagnets!

27

Antoine Garçon

28

Antoine Garçon

29

Antoine Garçon

30

31

Antoine Garçon

32

Global Network of Optical Magnetometers for Exoticsearches
Idea and proof-of-concept:
Annalen der Physik 525(8-9), 659–70 (2013);
Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 021803 (2013)• Network of shielded, GPS-synchronized magnetometers + clocks, interferometers,...
• Sensitive to topological Dark Matter: domain walls, axion (ALP) stars, arXiv:1710.04323• Multi-messenger astronomy (e.g., look for ALPs from sources of gravitational waves)• Sensor-correlation techniques resembling those of LIGO/Virgo• Status: Science Run 1 complete, results to be announced; Run 2: Nov/Dec 201733

² Cosmic Axion Spin Precession Experiment☛ CASPEr-E☛ CASPEr-Wind/ZULF/Now✧ Zero- and Ultralow-Field NMR☛ ParaHydrogen Induced Polarization☛ J-coupling spectroscopy @ ZULF

✧ CASPEr-ZULF☛ First physics results!

34

A hypothetical effectofMaxwell-Proca electromagnetic stresses
ongalaxy rotation curves
D.D. Ryutov, Dmitry Budker, and V.V. FlambaumarXiv:1708.09514
36

Dmitri Ryutov Wins 2017Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics

37

The full picture…
38

39

Key points:• Sufficiently strong forces toexplain galactic rotation
curves without dark matter• The effect of mass is indirect,through MHD
NGC 4414, a typical spiral galaxy,is about 55,000 light-years indiameter and approximately 60
million light-years away from
Earth40

∇⋅ A = 01 ∂B∇×E=−c ∂t∇× A= BNGC 4414, a typical spiral galaxy,is about 55,000 light-years indiameter and approximately 60
million light-years away fromEarth€A 4π∇× B+ 2 =j!
c41