1

Human Anti-Bacteria & Toxins Antibody ELISA Kits
Catalog # 6113-6128

For Research Use Only - Not Human or Therapeutic Use

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONSDESCRIPTION:ELISA kit to quantify human anti-bacteria and toxin IgG and IgA antibodies

FORMAT:

Pre-coated 96-well ELISA Plate with removeable strips

ASSAY TYPE:

Indirect ELISAASSAY TIME:

4.5 hours

STANDARD RANGE:

32 units/ml to 0.5 units/ml

NUMBER OF SAMPLES:

Up to 40 (duplicate) diluted samples/plate and up to 20 (duplicate) low dilution samples/plate

SAMPLE TYPES:

Serum and Plasma

RECOMMENDED SAMPLE DILUTIONS:

1:1000 (at least)

CHROMOGEN:

TMB (read at 450 nm)

STORAGE:-20°C

VALIDATION DATA:

6113: Intra-Assay (3.2-7.2%)/Inter-Assay (3.7-6.5%)/Spiking Test (95-109%)6114: Intra-Assay (3.3-8.8%)/Inter-Assay (4.2-9.8%)/Spiking Test (94-103%)
6115: Intra-Assay (1.2-4.7%)/Inter-Assay (6-9.8%)/Spiking Test (90-107%)
6116: Intra-Assay (1.1-5.3%)/Inter-Assay (2-10%)/Spiking Test (88-94%)
6117: Intra-Assay (2.5-8.8%)/Inter-Assay (5.8-9%)/Spiking Test (94-96%)
6118: Intra-Assay (1.1-8.9%)/Inter-Assay (4.5-9.9%)/Spiking Test (105-108%)6119: Intra-Assay (1.9-7.3%)/Inter-Assay (6-9%)/Spiking Test (95-110%)
6120: Intra-Assay (3.3-9%)/Inter-Assay (1.5-10.9%)/Spiking Test (89-91%)
6121: Intra-Assay (1.3-7.3%)/Inter-Assay (4.4-9.2%)/Spiking Test (92-98%)
6122: Intra-Assay (0.6-6%)/Inter-Assay (6-9.4%)/Spiking Test (93-102%)6123: Intra-Assay (1.2-8.9%)/Inter-Assay (1.7-8.9%)/Spiking Test (95-108%)6124: Intra-Assay (3.5-7.3%)/Inter-Assay (4.3-9.7%)/Spiking Test (94-96%)6125: Intra-Assay (4.2-8%)/Inter-Assay (4-7.8%)/Spiking Test (90-98%)
6126: Intra-Assay (2.9-4.9%)/Inter-Assay (4-8.4%)/Spiking Test (91-93%)
6127: Intra-Assay (1.9-7.5%)/Inter-Assay (6.5-8.3%)/Spiking Test (103-110%)
6128: Intra-Assay (5.8-9%)/Inter-Assay (3.4-9.8%)/Spiking Test (93-102%)

NOTES:

N/A© 2020 Chondrex, Inc. All Rights Reserved, H Bacteria & Toxins ELISA 2.0
16928 Woodinville-Redmond Rd NE Suite B-101
Woodinville, WA 98072

Phone: 425.702.6365 or 888.246.6373
Fax: 425.882.3094

www.chondrex.com
support@chondrex.com

2

Human Anti-Bacteria & Toxins Antibody ELISA Kits
Catalog # 6113-6128

For Research Use Only - Not Human or Therapeutic Use

INTRODUCTION
A growing body of research indicates an association between intestinal bacteria and autoimmune diseases. More specifically, dysbiosis or
imbalance of intestinal bacterial flora may contribute to the pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), as indicated by many studies on
intestinal microbes (1-5). Furthermore, recent studies have also suggested a possible link between RA and periodontal diseases caused by
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) (6-9). Normally,
intestinal bacteria do not affect the host’s health, but under certain conditions, may overcome the host’s defenses and exert pathogenic
effects. Examples of these include immunosenescence, gastrointestinal disorders such as constipation and diarrhea, or other events suchas physical and psychological stress (10-17). It is therefore important to consider these risk factors when studying the etiology of autoimmune
diseases. Intestinal bacterial imbalance may increase the levels of pathogenic substances in the gastrointestinal lumen and high mucosal
permeability may increase translocation of potential pathogenic agents into the circulatory system. Consequently, pathogens can overwhelm
the host’s defense functions and cause chronic health problems that can evolve into autoimmune disorders (18, 19).
To facilitate and promote studies that determine immune responses to environmental agents in humans, Chondrex, Inc. provides ELISA kits
for assaying human serum antibodies against a variety of potential pathogenic and non-pathogenic environmental agents, of which all
humans may be universally exposed to during their lifetime. For more information, please contact us at support@chondrex.com. These
ELISA kits employ ChonBlock™ (Cat # 9068 and Cat # 90681) assay buffers. ChonBlock™ eliminates non-specific reactions involved in theindirect ELISA, especially false positive reactions caused by hydrophobic binding of immunoglobulins in sample specimens to ELISA plates
as reported in detail (20-22).

PLATE COATING AND SETUP
Antigens
E. coli (O111:B4) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
E. coli (O111:B4)
P. gingivalis LPS
P. gingivalis
Lactobacillus casei
Peptidoglycan Polysaccharide (PG-PS)
Salmonella
Yeast Extract

IgG
Red - 6113
Yellow - 6115
Pink - 6117
Orange - 6119
Purple - 6121
Blue - 6123
Green - 6125
Gray - 6127

IgA
Red - 6114
Yellow - 6116
Pink - 6118
Orange - 6120
Purple - 6122
Blue - 6124
Green - 6126
Gray - 6128

© 2020 Chondrex, Inc. All Rights Reserved, H Bacteria & Toxins ELISA 2.0
16928 Woodinville-Redmond Rd NE Suite B-101
Woodinville, WA 98072

Phone: 425.702.6365 or 888.246.6373
Fax: 425.882.3094

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3

KIT COMPONENTS
Item

Quantity

AmountStorage

1 vial32 units, lyophilized-20°C

IgG or IgA Secondary Antibody (peroxidase-conjugated goat polyclonal antibodies)(61133 or 61143)

2 vials

50 µl/vial-20°C

Solution A - Blocking Buffer (61026)

1 bottle

10 ml

-20°C

Solution B - Sample/Standard Dilution Buffer (61027)
Solution C - Secondary Antibody Dilution Buffer (61025)
TMB Solution (90023)
Chromogen Dilution Buffer (90022)
Stop Solution - 2N Sulfuric Acid (9016)
Wash Buffer, 20X (9005)

1 bottle
1 bottle
2 vials
1 bottle
1 bottle
1 bottle

50 ml
20 ml
0.2 ml/vial
20 ml
10 ml
50 ml

-20°C
-20°C
-20°C
-20°C
-20°C
-20°C

Antigen coated 8-Well Strips

12 each8-well strips-20°C

Standard Antibody IgG or IgA

E. coli LPS (61131 or 61141)
E. coli (61151 or 61161)
P. gingivalis LPS (61171 or 61181)
P. gingivalis (61191 or 61201)
Lactobacillus casei (61211 or 61221)
PG-PS (61231 or 61241)
Salmonella (61251 or 61261)
Yeast Extract (61271 or 61281)

PLATE MAPPING
Map the plate based on the number of samples and sample dilution. For example, if sample dilution is more than 1:1,000, it is not necessary
to run antigen uncoated wells, but if sample dilution is less than 1:1,000, it is necessary to run antigen uncoated wells to determine thebackground noise (BG) reaction OD values of individual samples.
Standard Layout of Antigen-coated Plate

Standard Layout of Antigen-coated and Uncoated Plate© 2020 Chondrex, Inc. All Rights Reserved, H Bacteria & Toxins ELISA 2.0
16928 Woodinville-Redmond Rd NE Suite B-101
Woodinville, WA 98072

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ASSAY OUTLINENOTES BEFORE USING ASSAY
NOTE 1: It is recommended that the standard and samples be run in duplicate.
NOTE 2: Warm up all buffers to room temperature before use.
NOTE 3: Crystals may form in Wash Buffer, 20X when stored at cold temperatures. If crystals have formed, warm the wash buffer by placing
the bottle in warm water until crystals are completely dissolved.
NOTE 4: Measure exact volume of buffers using a serological pipet, as extra buffer is provided.
NOTE 5: Cover the plate with plastic wrap or a plate sealer after each step to prevent evaporation from the outside wells of the plate.
NOTE 6: For partial reagent use, please see the assay protocol’s corresponding step for the appropriate dilution ratio. For example, if the
protocol dilutes 50 µl of a stock solution in 10 ml of buffer for 12 strips, then for 6 strips, dilute 25 µl of the stock solution in 5 ml of buffer.
Partially used stock reagents may be kept in their original vials and stored at -20⁰C for use in a future assay.
NOTE 7: This kit contains animal components from non-infectious animals and should be treated as potential biohazards in use and for
disposal.

© 2020 Chondrex, Inc. All Rights Reserved, H Bacteria & Toxins ELISA 2.0
16928 Woodinville-Redmond Rd NE Suite B-101
Woodinville, WA 98072

Phone: 425.702.6365 or 888.246.6373
Fax: 425.882.3094

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5

ASSAY PROCEDURE
1.

Add Blocking Buffer: Add 100 µl of the Blocking Buffer (Solution A) to each well and incubate for 1 hour at room temperature.
NOTE: If a sample with a dilution of 1:1,000 or less is assayed, antigen non-coated strips should be used. Solution A must be added to
the non-coated wells without prior washing because any contaminants in the vessel containing the washing buffer will bind to the strips.
For example, add 100 µl of Solution A to the antigen-coated strips (S1) and the corresponding uncoated strips (SB1). Incubate for 1
hour at room temperature.

2.

Prepare Standard Dilutions: Dissolve one vial of standard (32 units/vial) with 1 ml Standard/Sample dilution buffer (Solution B) to
make a 32 units/ml stock standard solution. Prepare standard serial dilutions by mixing 250 µl of the stock standard solution with 250µl of Solution B (16 units/ml). Repeat this procedure to make 8, 4, 2, 1, and 0.5 units/ml standard solutions for a total of 7 serial standard
dilutions. Keep the remaining 32 units/ml stock standard solution at -20°C for future assays.
1000 ml
250 ml

250 ml

250 ml

250 ml

250 ml

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1000 ml

250 ml

250 ml

250 ml

250 ml

250 ml

250 ml

250 ml32 units/ml

16 units/ml

8 units/ml

4 units/ml

2 units/ml

1 units/ml

0.5 units/ml

Blank

1

3.

250 mlPrepare Sample Dilutions: Add 10 µl of serum sample to 990 µl of Solution B (1:100) and keep it as a stock solution for future assays.
Then, further dilute the sample with Solution B depending on the antibody levels. For example, take 50 µl of the sample stock solution
and mix with 450 µl of solution B to make a 1:1,000 dilution. If it is necessary to assay antibodies at a low dilution (less than 1:1,000)
due to low antibody levels, antigen uncoated control strips will be necessary. Please contact support@chondrex.com for more
information.
NOTE 1: Chondrex, Inc. recommends running a preliminary assay using various dilutions of sera (1:1,000, 1:4,000, 1:16,000) in orderto determine the optimal dilution of your samples, especially before assaying a large number of samples.
NOTE 2: The following table shows reference antibody levels from 136 Japanese patients with different diseases. The antibody levels
will depend on patient groups.

Antigens
E.coliP .gingivalis
Lactobacillus casei
Salmonella
Yeast Extract
E.coli-LPS
PG-LPSPG-PS

IgG (x1000 units/ml)
Average
STEDV
38.7
58.1
12.4
22.7
30.4
62.2
43.0
49.3
51.2
90.3
2.6
3.4
48.1
71.5
160.0
154.0

IgA (x1000 units/ml)
Average
STEDV
15.9
37.9
4.7
4.9
5.3
11.0
19.4
43.8
6.4
9.9
2.1
2.8
2.0
2.1
16.6
18.8

© 2020 Chondrex, Inc. All Rights Reserved, H Bacteria & Toxins ELISA 2.0
16928 Woodinville-Redmond Rd NE Suite B-101
Woodinville, WA 98072

Phone: 425.702.6365 or 888.246.6373
Fax: 425.882.3094

www.chondrex.com
support@chondrex.com

6

4.

Dilute Wash Buffer: Dilute 50 ml of 20X wash buffer in 950 ml of distilled water (1X wash buffer). Wash the plate with 1X wash buffer
at least 3 times using a wash bottle with manifold or an automated plate washer. Empty the plate by inverting it and blotting on a paper
towel to remove excess liquid. Do not allow the plate to dry out.

5.

Add Standards and Samples: Add 100 µl of standards, Solution B (blank), and samples to wells in duplicate according to the desiredlayout. Incubate at room temperature for 2 hours.
NOTE: If a sample with a dilution of 1:1.000 or less is assayed, add 100 µl of the diluted samples to the antigen-coated strips (S1) andthe corresponding uncoated strips (SB1).

6.

Wash: Wash the plate with 1X wash buffer at least 3 times using a wash bottle with manifold or an automated plate washer. Empty theplate by inverting it and blotting on a paper towel to remove excess liquid. Do not allow the plate to dry out.

7.

Add Secondary Antibody: Dilute one vial of Secondary Antibody with 10 ml of Secondary Antibody Dilution Buffer (Solution C). Add
100 µl of secondary antibody solution to each well and incubate at room temperature for 1 hour.
Strip #
2
4
6
8
10
12

2nd Antibody (µl)
8
17
25
33
42
50

Solution C (ml)
1.7
3.3
5.0
6.6
8.2
10.0

8.

Wash: Wash the plate with 1X wash buffer at least 3 times using a wash bottle with manifold or an automated plate washer. Empty theplate by inverting it and blotting on a paper towel to remove excess liquid. Do not allow the plate to dry out.

9.

Add TMB: Use new tubes when preparing TMB. Dilute one vial of TMB with 10 ml of Chromogen Dilution Buffer just prior to use. Add
100 µl of the TMB solution to all wells immediately after washing the plate and incubate at room temperature for 25 minutes.
Strip #
2
4
6
8
10
12

TMB (µl)
34
66
100
132
164
200

Chromogen Dilution Buffer (ml)
1.7
3.3
5.0
6.6
8.2
10.0

10. Stop: Add 50 µl of 2N sulfuric acid (Stop Solution) to each well.
11. Read Plate: Read the OD values at 450 nm (a 630 nm filter can be used as a reference) within 5 minutes after added Stop Solution. If
the OD values of the samples are greater than the OD values of the highest standard, re-assay the samples at a higher dilution.

© 2020 Chondrex, Inc. All Rights Reserved, H Bacteria & Toxins ELISA 2.0
16928 Woodinville-Redmond Rd NE Suite B-101
Woodinville, WA 98072

Phone: 425.702.6365 or 888.246.6373
Fax: 425.882.3094

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7

CALCULATING RESULTS
1.

Average the duplicate OD values for the standards, blanks (B) and test samples in uncoated wells and coated wells.

2.

Subtract the blank (B) values from the averaged OD values of the standards and test samples in uncoated wells and coated wells.
NOTE: Individual antigens have unique background values. Therefore, blank wells should be used for each different antigen.

3.

Subtract the OD values of samples tested in uncoated wells (background values) from their counterpart OD values in coated wells from
Step 2 to eliminate values associated with non-specific reactions.

4.

Plot the OD values of standards against the units/ml of antibody standard. Using a log/log plot will linearize the data. Figure 1 shows a
representative experiment where the standard range is from 0.5 to 32 units/ml. The units/ml of antibody in test samples can be calculatedusing regression analysis.

Figure 1 - A Typical Standard Curve for a Human-Anti-Bacteria and Toxin Antibody ELISA Kit

VALIDATION DATA
Table 1 - Reproducibility data for the Anti-E. coli (O111:B4) LPS Antibody ELISA Kit
IgG (6113)
Test At
1 unit/ml
4 units/ml
16 units/ml
1 unit/ml
Intra-Assay CV (%)
3.2
6.2
7.2
8.8
Inter-Assay CV (%)
3.7
6.3
6.5
9.8
Spiking Test*
97%
109%
95%
103%

IgA (6114)
4 units/ml
5.0
9.3
97%

16 units/ml
3.3
4.2
94%

Table 2 - Reproducibility data for the Anti-E. coli (O111:B4) Antibody ELISA Kit
IgG (6115)
Test At
1 unit/ml
4 units/ml
16 units/ml
Intra-Assay CV (%)
4.0
4.7
1.2
Inter-Assay CV (%)
9.8
8.0
6.0
Spiking Test*
95%
107%
90%

IgA (6116)
4 units/ml
3.8
2.0
94%

16 units/ml
5.3
10.0
91%

1 unit/ml
1.1
3.8
88%

© 2020 Chondrex, Inc. All Rights Reserved, H Bacteria & Toxins ELISA 2.0
16928 Woodinville-Redmond Rd NE Suite B-101
Woodinville, WA 98072

Phone: 425.702.6365 or 888.246.6373
Fax: 425.882.3094

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8

Table 3 - Reproducibility data for the Anti-P. gingivalis LPS Antibody ELISA Kit
IgG (6117)
Test At
1 unit/ml
4 units/ml
16 units/ml
Intra-Assay CV (%)
2.5
8.8
2.8
Inter-Assay CV (%)
9.0
5.8
7.7
Spiking Test*
94%
96%
95%

1 unit/ml
8.9
9.9
105%

IgA (6118)
4 units/ml
1.1
4.5
108%

16 units/ml
1.9
6.3
105%

1 unit/ml
3.3
10.9
91%

IgA (6120)
4 units/ml
5.3
1.5
89%

16 units/ml
9.0
5.8
91%

Table 5 - Reproducibility data for the Anti-Lactobacillus casei Antibody ELISA Kit
IgG (6121)
Test At
1 unit/ml
4 units/ml
16 units/ml
1 unit/ml
Intra-Assay CV (%)
3.9
7.3
1.3
6.0
Inter-Assay CV (%)
9.2
4.4
7.3
6.0
Spiking Test*
92%
94%
98%
96%

IgA (6122)
4 units/ml
2.6
9.2
102%

16 units/ml
0.6
9.4
93%

Table 6 - Reproducibility data for the Anti-PG-PS Antibody ELISA Kit
IgG (6123)
Test At
1 unit/ml
4 units/ml
16 units/ml
Intra-Assay CV (%)
6.8
1.2
8.9
Inter-Assay CV (%)
6.1
1.7
8.9
Spiking Test*
108%
101%
95%

1 unit/ml
7.3
7.5
94%

IgA (6124)
4 units/ml
3.5
9.7
96%

16 units/ml
6.5
4.3
96%

Table 7 - Reproducibility data for the Anti-Salmonella Antibody ELISA Kit
IgG (6125)
Test At
1 unit/ml
4 units/ml
16 units/ml
Intra-Assay CV (%)
4.2
5.0
8.0
Inter-Assay CV (%)
4.6
4.0
7.8
Spiking Test*
90%
91%
98%

1 unit/ml
4.9
8.4
92%

IgA (6126)
4 units/ml
3.6
4.8
91%

16 units/ml
2.9
4.0
93%

Table 4 - Reproducibility data for the Anti-P. gingivalis Antibody ELISA Kit
IgG (6119)
Test At
1 unit/ml
4 units/ml
16 units/ml
Intra-Assay CV (%)
7.3
1.9
2.8
Inter-Assay CV (%)
6.0
6.3
9.0
Spiking Test*
95%
95%
110%

Table 8 - Reproducibility data for the Anti-Yeast Extract Antibody ELISA Kit
IgG (6127)
IgA (6128)
Test At
1 unit/ml
4 units/ml
16 units/ml
1 unit/ml
4 units/ml
16 units/ml
Intra-Assay CV (%)
7.5
6.1
1.9
6.6
9.0
5.8
Inter-Assay CV (%)
6.5
6.9
8.3
9.7
3.4
9.8
Spiking Test*
110%
103%
104%
95%
102%
93%
* Standards were added with known amounts of antibody and then diluted with Sample/Standard Dilution Buffer to assay antibodies by
ELISA.

TROUBLESHOOTING
For frequently asked questions about assays and ELISAs, please see Chondrex, Inc.’s ELISA FAQ for more information.

© 2020 Chondrex, Inc. All Rights Reserved, H Bacteria & Toxins ELISA 2.0
16928 Woodinville-Redmond Rd NE Suite B-101
Woodinville, WA 98072

Phone: 425.702.6365 or 888.246.6373
Fax: 425.882.3094

www.chondrex.com
support@chondrex.com

9

REFERENCES
1.

J. Kjeldsen-Kragh, Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated With Vegetarian Diets. Am J Clin Nutr 70, 594S-600S (1999).

2.

R. Peltonen, M. Nenonen, T. Helve, O. Hänninen, P. Toivanen, E. Eerola, et al., Faecal Microbial Flora and Disease Activity inRheumatoid Arthritis During a Vegan Diet. Br J Rheumatol 36, 64-8 (1997).

3.

J. Vaahtovuo, E. Munukka, M. Korkeamäki, R. Luukkainen, P. Toivanen, Fecal Microbiota in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Rheumatol
35, 1500-5 (2008).

4.

J. Scher, A. Sczesnak, R. Longman, N. Segata, C. Ubeda, et al., Expansion of Intestinal Prevotella Copri Correlates With Enhanced
Susceptibility to Arthritis. Elife 2, e01202 (2013).

5.

Y. Kang, Y. Cai, X. Zhang, X. Kong, J. Su, Altered Gut Microbiota in RA: Implications for Treatment. Z Rheumatol 76, 451-457 (2017).

6.

P. de, T. Dietrich, T. McAlindon, Association of Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss With Rheumatoid Arthritis in the US Population. J
Rheumatol 35, 70-6 (2008).

7.

F. Liao, Z. Li, Y. Wang, B. Shi, Z. Gong, X. Cheng, et al., Porphyromonas Gingivalis May Play an Important Role in the Pathogenesis
of Periodontitis-Associated Rheumatoid Arthritis. Med Hypotheses 72, 732-5 (2009).

8.

Y. Chou, K. Lai, D. Chen, C. Lin, H. Chen, Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Associated With Periodontitis Exposure: A Nationwide, PopulationBased Cohort Study. PLoS One 10, e0139693 (2015).

9.

A. Yoshida, Y. Nakano, Y. Yamashita, T. Oho, H. Ito, et al., Immunodominant Region of Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans 40kilodalton Heat Shock Protein in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Dent Res 80, 346-50 (2001).

10. D. Schmucker, K. Thoreux, R. Owen, Aging Impairs Intestinal Immunity. Mech Ageing Dev 122, 1397-411 (2001).
11. K. Tiihonen, A. Ouwehand, N. Rautonen, Human Intestinal Microbiota and Healthy Ageing. Ageing Res Rev 9, 107-16 (2010).
12. A. Larbi, P. Rymkiewicz., A. Vasudev, I. Low, N. Shadan, S. Mustafah, et al., The Immune System in the Elderly: A Fair Fight Against
Diseases? Aging Health 9, 35-47 (2013).
13. L. Ferrucci, A. Corsi, F. Lauretani, S. Bandinelli, B. Bartali, et al., The Origins of Age-Related Proinflammatory State. Blood 105, 22949 (2005).
14. Khalif, E. Quigley, E. Konovitch, I. Maximova, Alterations in the Colonic Flora and Intestinal Permeability and Evidence of Immune
Activation in Chronic Constipation. Dig Liver Dis 37, 838-49 (2005).
15. K. Katayama, T. Matsuno, T. Waritani, K. Terato, H. Shionoya, Supplemental Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis With Natural Milk
Antibodies Against Enteromicrobes and Their Toxins: Results of an Open-Labelled Pilot Study. Nutr J 10, 2 (2011).
16. P. Anderlik, I. Szeri, Z. Bános, Z. Barna, Bacterial Translocation After Cold Stress in Young and Old Mice. Acta Microbiol Hung 37, 28994 (1990).
17. G. Selkirk, T. McLellan, H. Wright, S. Rhind, Mild Endotoxemia, NF-kappaB Translocation, and Cytokine Increase During Exertional
Heat Stress in Trained and Untrained Individuals. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 295, R611-23 (2008).
18. K. Terato, C. Do, H. Shionoya, Slipping Through the Cracks: Linking Low Immune Function and Intestinal Bacterial Imbalance to the
Etiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Autoimmune Dis 2015, 636207 (2015).
19. K. Terato, T. Waritani, R. Fukai, H. Shionoya, H. Itoh, K. Katayama, et al., Contribution of Bacterial Pathogens to Evoking Serological
Disease Markers and Aggravating Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis. PLoS One 13, e0190588 (2018).
20. K. Terato, C. Do, D. Cutler, T. Waritani, H. Shionoya, Preventing Intense False Positive and Negative Reactions Attributed to the
Principle of ELISA to Re-Investigate Antibody Studies in Autoimmune Diseases. J Immunol Methods 407, 15-25 (2014).
21. K. Terato, C. Do, J. Chang, T. Waritani, Preventing Further Misuse of the ELISA Technique and Misinterpretation of Serological Antibody
Assay Data. Vaccine 34, 4643-4644 (2016).
22. T. Waritani, J. Chang, B. McKinney, K. Terato, An ELISA Protocol to Improve the Accuracy and Reliability of Serological Antibody
Assays. MethodsX 4, 153-165 (2017).

© 2020 Chondrex, Inc. All Rights Reserved, H Bacteria & Toxins ELISA 2.0
16928 Woodinville-Redmond Rd NE Suite B-101
Woodinville, WA 98072

Phone: 425.702.6365 or 888.246.6373
Fax: 425.882.3094

www.chondrex.com
support@chondrex.com