

ㄽᩥ
it looks that ⠇ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ࡢ⏬୍໬㸫ゝㄒ⤒῭ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ஭ࠉୖࠉளࠉ౫
㸦㜵⾨኱Ꮫᰯ㸧㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟㸫ၥ㢟ࡢᡤᅾࠉ⌧௦ⱥㄒ࡛ࡣ it looks that… ࡢᵓᩥࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿ㸦ୗ⥺㒊➹⪅ࠋ௨ୗྠࡌࠋ㸧ࠋ(1) …, but it looks now that we’re turning the corner.

[ ඵᮌ 2006:207; LKL. Jul.2000]ࠉ㸦࠸ࡲ᭤ࡀࡾゅ࡟᮶࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࡔࠋ㸧(2) The IB meeting in March considers all proposals discussed at the interim meeting, but it looks
very much that this is the road we will tread.

[ibid .; WB]ࠉ㸦3 ᭶ࡢࣛࢢࣅ࣮ᅜ㝿⌮஦఍ࡣࠊᬻᐃⓗ࡟ࡶࡓࢀࡓ఍㆟࡛㆟ㄽࡢᑐ㇟࡟࡞ࡗࡓᥦ᱌ࡣࡍ
࡭࡚⪃៖࡟ࡣධࢀࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡀࡁࡗ࡜ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀṌࡴ㐨ࡢࡼ࠺ࡔࠋ㸧(3) Or not so big, maybe, for it looks to me that even covered in shelves of wool and parka hoodand blanket though he is, my father is smaller, even diminished beneath.

[ibid .; WB]㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊከศࡑࢀ࡯࡝኱ࡁࡃࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊ࣮࢘ࣝࡢࢭ࣮ࢱ࣮ࡸࣃ࣮
࣮࢝ࠊẟᕸࡢୗ࡟㞃ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⚾ࡢ∗ࡣࡶࡗ࡜ᑠ᯶࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㞃ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡶࡗ࡜ᑠࡉࡃぢ࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮ࠺ࠋ㸧ඵᮌ (2006:207) ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊit looks that ⠇ࡢࣃࢱࣥࡣࠊ஦ᐇ࡟཯ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ࠸࠺ as if/ as though/like ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠕ㹼ࡢࡼ࠺ࡔࠖ࡜࠸࠺᩿ᐃⓗ⾲⌧࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⏝ἲࡣࠊseem ࡀ࡜ࡿ itseems that ⠇ࡢ㢮᥎࡟ࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊit looks as if/ as though࡜ព࿡ⓗ࡞᳇ࡳศࡅࡀ࠶ࡾࠊseem ࡜ look ࡣᮏ᮶ⓗ࡞ព࿡ࡢ┦㐪ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄝ᫂ࡣࠊit looks that ⠇ࡢᏑᅾࡣㄆࡵࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢࣃࢱࣥࡢ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࠊᡂࡾ❧ࡕ࡞࡝ࢆ᫂☜࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊୗグࡢࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࣭ࢡ࢚ࢫࢳࣙࣥ
ࢆゎࡁ᫂࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ it looks that ⠇ࡢᐇែ࡟ࡏࡲࡿࠋ
(4) a. it looks that ⠇ࡢᶵ⬟b. it looks as if/ as though/ like ࡜࡝࠺㐪࠺ࡢ࠿c. it seems that ⠇࡜ࡢ㐪࠸
d. it looks that ⠇ࡢᡂࡾ❧ࡕ࡟୚࠼ࡓᙳ㡪e. it looks that ⠇ࡢᡂࡾ❧ࡕ࡟ാࡃཎ⌮㸰㸬look㸰㸬look ࡢ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀(4) ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿ๓࡟ࠊᮏ⠇ࡣ look ࡀྲྀࡿ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀࡞࡝ࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞஦᯶ࢆᴫᣓࡍࡿࠋ
ⱥⱥ㎡඾ (CALD 3, COB 5, MED 2, OALD 8, LAAD 2, LDCE 5) ࡜Quirk et al .(1985), Huddlestonand Pullum (2002), Carter and McCarthy (2006) ࡞࡝ࢆㄪ࡭ࡓ㝈ࡾࠊlook ࡢ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ࡣඵᮌ (2006) ࡟㏙࡭ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠾ࡾ (5) ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ
look as if/as though/like ࡣࠊ஭ࠉୖࠉளࠉ౫

ࠕ㸦஦ᐇ࡟཯ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸧ࡲࡿ࡛㹼ࡢࡼ࠺ࡔࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
(5) a. It looks as if it will rain.㸦ࡲࡿ࡛㞵ࡀ㝆ࡿࡼ࠺ࡔࠋ㸧b. It looks as though it will rain.㸦ࡲࡿ࡛㞵ࡀ㝆ࡿࡼ࠺ࡔࠋ㸧c. It looks like a pear.㸦ࡲࡿ࡛࡞ࡋࡢࡼ࠺ࡔࠋ㸧[ ඵᮌ 2006:207]ⱥⱥ㎡඾࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊlook ࡣ linking verb ࡛࠶ࡾ seem ࡢព࿡࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㐍⾜┦࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࡇ
࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓ LDCE 5 ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ it looks as if/ as though/ like ࡣ it seems likely that ࡜᭩ࡁ᥮࠼ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋHuddleston and Pullum (2002) ࡶࠊseem = look ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋOALD 8 ࡣࠊ࢔ཱྀ࣓ࣜ࢝ㄒⱥㄒ࡛ࡣ as if, as though ࡢ௦ࢃࡾ࡟ like ࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ᭩ࡁゝⴥ࡛ࡣࡑࢀࡽࡣṇࡋࡃ࡞࠸࡜グ㏙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠉḟ࡟ seem ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊⱥⱥ㎡඾ࡣ look ࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟ linking verb ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㐍⾜┦࡛ࡣ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠶ࡿࠋseem ࡢ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ࡣࠊ
to-innitive, (to ே ) + that ⠇ࠊ
as if/though, like ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠉCarter and McCarthy (2006:676) ࡣࠊdummy it ࢆ୺ㄒ࡟࡜ࡿືモ࡟ appear, feel, look, seem,sound ࢆ࠶ࡆࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢືモࡢ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ࢆୗグࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Table 1 The typical complementation patterns ofappear ,feel ,look ,seem , andsound in Carter and
McCarthy (2006:676)*sb ࡣ somebody ࡢ┬␎ᙧ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦௨ୗࡢ table ࡛ࡶྠࡌࠋ㸧ࠋୖグࡢ Table 1 ࡼࡾࠊseem ࡣ to-innitive, that-clause, like + clause, as if + clause ࡢ 4 ࡘࡢ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ࢆ࡜ࡾ 5 ࡘࡢືモࡢ࠺ࡕ᭱ࡶ↓ᶆ࡞ືモ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡓ 4 ࡘࡢ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ࡢ࠺ࡕ as if+ clause ࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢືモ࡛ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛↓ᶆ࡞⿵ᩥᵓ㐀࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ

LWORRNVWKDW ⠇ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ࡢ⏬୍໬㸫ゝㄒ⤒῭ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ࣮ࠗࣘࢫ࠘ࡣࠊTable 1 ࡛ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿືモࡢព࿡ⓗᕪࢆࠕseem ࡣ୺ほⓗ࡞ุ᩿ࠊlook ࡣどぬ࠿ࡽࡢุ᩿ࠊappear ࡣ seem ࡜ look ࡢ୰㛫࡛ࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜どぬ࠿ࡽࡢุ᩿ࢆ⾲ࡍࡀࠊ᫬࡟㘒ぬ࡟ࡼࡿ༳㇟ࢆ⾲ࡍ .sound ࡣఏ⪺ཱྀ࣭᣺ࡾ࡟ࡼࡿุ᩿ࢆ⾲ࡍ .ࠖ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸱㸬as
㸱㸬
as if/ as though ࡢ⏝ἲࠉᮏ⠇ࡣࠊas if, as though ࡢ⏝ἲࢆ㏙࡭ࡿࠋ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ as if, as though ⠇ࡣࠕ㸦஦ᐇ࡟཯ࡋࡓ
ࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸧ࡲࡿ࡛㹼࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠖࡢព࿡࡛ࠊᵝែࡢ๪モ⠇࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ as if, as㸧ࠋthough ⠇ࡣୗグࡢἲࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ㸦ヂࡣ┬␎ࠋ(6) She treats me as if I’m/ I was/ I were a stranger.

[Quirk et al . 1985:1110]

Ᏻ⸨ (2005:613) ࡣࠊas if/ as though ⠇࡛ࡣ⠇୰ࡢ஦ែࡀࠕ≧ែࠖࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤ㐣ཤᙧࠊࠕ᏶஢┦ࠖࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤ㐣ཤ᏶஢ᙧࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊླྀ᝿ἲ 1 ࡢᖖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ୺⠇ࡢືモࡢ᫬ไࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊព࿡࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞᫬ไ࡜┦ࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ㸦ヂࡣ┬␎ࠋ㸧ࠋ(7) a. He speaks/ spoke/ will speak as if he were a king. [ ≧ែ ]b. He talks/ talked/ will talk as if he had been abroad. [ ᏶஢┦ ][ Ᏻ⸨ 2005:613]

ࡑࡢ௚ࠊHuddleston and Pullum (2002) ࡞࡝ࡢᩥἲ᭩ࠊ㎡᭩ࢆཧ⪃࡟ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡇࢁࠊas if/ as
though ࡢ⏝ἲࡣୗグࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
(8) a. as if, as though ⠇㸦ࡲࡿ࡛㹼࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸧ࡣᬑ㏻௬ᐃἲࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋIt looks

as if it were going to rain . ࡢࡼ࠺࡟୺⠇࡜ྠ᫬ࡢ஦᯶ࢆ⾲ࡍሙྜ࡟ࡣ௬ᐃἲ㐣ཤࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀࡼࡾ௨๓ࡢ஦᯶ࡸࡑࡢ᫬ࡲ࡛࡟᏶஢ࡋࡓ஦᯶ࢆ⾲ࡍሙྜ࡟ࡣ௬ᐃἲ㐣ཤ᏶஢ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ (Jill looked as if she had seen a ghost .)ࠋ
b. ༢࡟ᵝែࢆゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡸࠊヰࡋᡭࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡟ࡼࡗ࡚஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࡜ࡽ࠼ࡿሙྜ
ࡣ┤᥋ἲࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋHe walks as if he is drunk . ࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉ ࠉࠉc. as if ࡣព࿡ࡢኚ໬࡞ࡋ࡟ as though ࡜⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸲㸬it
㸲㸬
it looks that ⠇ࡢᒓᛶࠉᮏ⠇ࡣࠊ4.1 ⠇࡛⌧௦ⱥㄒ࡛ほᐹࡉࢀࡓ it looks that ⠇ࡢ᣺ࡿ⯙࠸ࢆヲゎࡋࠊ4.2 ⠇࡛ it looks
that ⠇ࡀ࠸ࡘ㡭ࡼࡾ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࠿ࢆ㏙࡭ࡿࠋ
ࠉitࠉ
it looks that ⠇ࡢᶵ⬟(1), (2), (3) ࢆ (9), (10), (11) ࡟෌㘓ࡍࡿ㸦ヂࡣ (1),(2),(3) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ㸧ࠋ(9) …, but it looks now that we’re turning the corner.

[ ඵᮌ 2006:207; LKL. Jul.2000](10) The IB meeting in March considers all proposals discussed at the interim meeting,஭ࠉୖࠉளࠉ౫

but it looks very much that this is the road we will tread.

[WB](11) Or not so big, maybe, for it looks to me that even covered in shelves of wool and parka hoodand blanket though he is, my father is smaller, even diminished beneath.

[WB](12) She pauses for a moment and the van overows with the sound of helpless male laughter.
“Well they were townies you know,” she finally says, “and it looked to me that when townies
hung out together they all dressed the same, did the same things, went to the same places….”
ࠉࠉ

[BNC]

ࠉࠉ㸦ᙼዪࡣᑡࡋ㛫ࢆ࠾࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚᝟ࡅ࡞࠸⏨ᛶࡢ➗࠸ኌ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ᑠᆺࢺࣛࢵࢡࡀᛴ࡟
ฟ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࠕ࠼࣮࡜ࠊࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺ࡅ࡝ᙼࡽࡣ㒔఍ࡢே࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋࠖᙼዪࡣ
ࡘ࠸࡟ゝࡗࡓࠋࠕࡑࡋ࡚⚾࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ㒔఍ேࡀ୍⥴࡟ฟ࠿ࡅࡿ࡜ࡁࠊᙼࡽࡣ඲ဨྠࡌ
᭹ࢆ╔࡚ࠊྠࡌࡇ࡜ࢆࡋ࡚ࠊྠࡌሙᡤ࡟⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋࠖ㸧(13) They are very interested in any kind of an initiative that the Algerians can put forth, and it looks
at this point that the Algerians and the French are coordinating their efforts.

[WB]㸦ᙼࡽࡣࠊ࢔ࣝࢪ࢙ࣜ࢔ேࡀ⪃࠼ࡔࡍ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ✀㢮ࡢ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢳࣈ࡟࡜࡚ࡶ⯆࿡ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ⌧ẁ㝵࡛࢔ࣝࢪ࢙ࣜ࢔ே࡜ࣇࣛࣥࢫேࡣᙼࡽࡢດຊࢆㄪᩚࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ
࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸧
(14) It was those weapons of mass destruction. And the longer that they’re not found and the lesslikely it looks that we’re going to nd them….

[COCA, Hutton Inquiry Findings, 2004]㸦ࡑࢀࡣ኱㔞◚ቯරჾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡽࡀⓎぢࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡞ࢀࡤ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆぢࡘࡅࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡣపࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ㸧(15) Q: You are a visiting lecturer at Oxford. Are you surprised by how few people attend church in
England, considering the great Christian leaders and authors who once lived there?
A: It’s very sad. England and Europe are on their way out. There’s no way their cultures willsurvive. It looks to me that the domination of Islam will take over. England and France are
hanging on by a thread.

[COCA, RELIGION, 2009]㸦Q: ࢜ࢵࢡࢫࣇ࢛࣮ࢻ኱Ꮫ࡛ࡢᐈဨᩍᤵ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ೧኱࡞࢟ࣜࢫࢺᩍᣦᑟ⪅ࡸసᐙࡀ࠿
ࡘ࡚ࡇࡇ࡟ఫࢇࡔࡇ࡜ࢆᛮ࠼ࡤࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡛ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢேࡣᩍ఍࡟㉱࠿࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟㦫ࡁࡲࡋࡓ࠿㸽ࠉࠉA: ࡜࡚ࡶᝒࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡜࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡣ᫬௦㐜ࢀ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡜࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢᩥ໬ࡀ⏕ࡁṧࡿぢ㎸ࡳࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋ⚾࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࢖ࢫࣛ
࣒ࡢᨭ㓄ࡀᘬࡁ⥅ࡀࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮ࠼ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡜ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡣ༴ᶵ࡟ℜࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ㸧(16) MS-FARNSWORTH: So some countries the prevention efforts are really making a difference,but is it true that in some countries like India, for example, the rate of growth is very high?
DR-HELENE-GAYLE: The rate of growth in India is still very high. Umm, it looks that HIV
began probably later.

[COCA, Fight Against AIDS, 1996]

㸦MS: ࠶ࡿᅜࠎ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ண㜵ࡢດຊࡣ࠿࡞ࡾ㔜せ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡀࠊ࢖ࣥࢻࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ
౛࠼ࡤࠊ(AIDS ࡢ ) ቑṪ⋡ࡀ࡜࡚ࡶ㧗࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣᮏᙜ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍ࠿㸽
ࠉDR: ࢖ࣥࢻࡢቑṪ⋡ࡣ௒࡛ࡶ࠿࡞ࡾ㧗࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋHIV ࡣ࠾ࡑࡽࡃᚋ࠿ࡽጞࡲࡗࡓࡼ

LWORRNVWKDW ⠇ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ࡢ⏬୍໬㸫ゝㄒ⤒῭ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࠉࠉࠉ࠺࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ㸧(17) He also talks of the retirees working other jobs. Well, it looks to me that a second job would beneeded due to the high cost of insurance unless he knows something they do not know aboutliving on just $650 a month.

[COCA, LETTERS, 2010]㸦ᙼࡣࠊูࡢ௙஦ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㏥⫋⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶヰࡋࡓࠋᙼࡽࡀ᭶࡟ࡓࡗࡓ 650 ࢻ࡛ࣝ⏕άࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚▱ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ఱ࠿ࢆࡶࡋᙼࡀ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ
㧗㢠ಖ㝤ࡢࡓࡵ࡟➨஧ࡢ௙஦ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ࡔ࡜⚾࡟ࡣᛮ࠼ࡿࠋ㸧ୖグࡢ (9) ࠿ࡽ (17) ࡢ⏝౛ࢆࡳࡿ࡜ࠊit looks to ே that ࡢࣃࢱ࡛ࣥࡶ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊitlooks (to ே ) that ௨㝆ࡣ┤ㄝἲࡀ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿ ((9)~(16))ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊit looks (to ே ) that+ ┤ㄝἲࡢ that ⠇௨㝆ࡢෆᐜࡀ஦ᐇ࡟཯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᐇ㝿࡟㉳ࡇࡿࠊ㉳ࡇࡗࡓࡲࡓࡣ㉳ࡇࡾࡑ࠺࡞ෆᐜ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡼࡾࠊit looks (to ே ) that + ┤ㄝἲࡣࠊࠕ㹼ࡢࡼ࠺ࡔࠖ࡜ that ⠇௨㝆ࡢෆᐜࢆ᩿ᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(17) ࡣ that⠇௨㝆࡟௬ᐃἲࢆᚑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ஦ᐇ࡟཯ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ௒ᚋ➨஧ࡢ௙஦ࡀᚲせ࡟࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ᩿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋୗグ࡟ྛ⏝౛ࡢㄝ᫂ࢆࡍࡿࠋࠕ᭤ࡀࡾゅ࡟᮶࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇࢆどぬⓗ࡟᩿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(10) ࡶࠊࠕࢃࢀࢃࢀ(9) ࡣࠊ
ࡀṌࡴ㐨ࠖ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇࢆどぬⓗ࡟࡜ࡽ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ(11) ࡢሙྜࡶࠊmy father issmaller ࡣどぬⓗ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ(12) ࡶྠᵝ࡟ࠊእฟࡢ㝿࡟ࡣࡳࢇ࡞ྠࡌ᭹ࢆ╔࡚ࠊྠࡌࡇ࡜
ࢆࡋ࡚ࠊྠࡌሙᡤ࡟⾜ࡃ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇࢆどぬⓗ࡟ุ᩿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(13) ࡶ⌧ẁ㝵࡛ࡢ࢔ࣝࢪ࢙
ࣜ࢔ே࡜ࣇࣛࣥࢫேࡢ⾜࠸ࢆ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(14) ࡣࠊthat ⠇௨ୗ࡛ࡇࢀ࠿ࡽ㉳ࡇࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺஦
ᐇ㸦኱㔞◚ቯරჾࢆぢࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜㸧ࢆどぬⓗ࡟᩿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(15) ࡶྠᵝ࡟ࠊ࢖ࢫ࣒ࣛࡢ
ᨭ㓄ࡀᘬࡁ⥅ࡀࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ᩿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(16) ࡣࠊthat ⠇ࡢἲࡀ look ࡢἲ࡜␗࡞
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ౛ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊᐇ㝿ࡣ┤ㄝἲ㐣ཤ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢෆᐜࡣࠊHIV ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺㐣ཤࡢ஦ᐇࢆ⌧≧ࡢどぬ࡛ࡁࡿ≧ἣ㸦࢖ࣥࢻࡢ AIDS ቑṪ⋡ࡀ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜㸧ࡼࡾ᩿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋୖグࡢㄝ᫂ࡼࡾࠊit looks (to ே ) that ࡣ look ࡢどぬⓗุ᩿࡜࠸࠺ᶵ⬟࡜ that ௨ୗࡢ┤ㄝἲࡢ౑⏝ࡼࡾࠊthat ௨㝆ࡢෆᐜࡀᐇ㝿࡟⏕ࡌࠊࡑࢀࢆどぬⓗ࡟࡜ࡽ࠼᩿ᐃࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡼ
ࡾࠊit looks (to ே ) that ࡣࠕ஦ᐇࡢどぬⓗ᩿ᐃࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋthat ⠇௨㝆࡟௬ᐃἲࡀ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡓሙྜࡶྠࡌᶵ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠉitࠉ
it looks that ⠇ࡀ౑⏝ࡉࢀጞࡵࡓ᫬ᮇ
ࠊModern English Collection㸦௨ᚋ
The Corpus of Historical American English㸦௨ᚋ COHA㸧
MEC㸧ࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡘ㡭ࡼࡾ it looks that ⠇ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࠿ㄪ࡭ࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ1996 ᖺࡀึฟࡢ౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ౛ࡣ (16) ࡟཰㘓ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠉࠉ
㸳㸬it
㸳㸬
it looks as if/ as though/ like ࡜ it looks that ⠇ࡢ㐪࠸ࠉᮏ⠇ࡣࠊࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࣭ࢡ࢚ࢫࢳࣙࣥ (4b) ࡢ it looks that ⠇࡜ it looks as if/as though/ like ࡜ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆࢥ࣮ࣃࢫࡢ⏝౛ࡼࡾ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ(18) ࡣ it looks as ifࠊ(19) ࡣ it looks as thoughࠊ(20), (21)ࡣ it looks like ࡢ౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

஭ࠉୖࠉளࠉ౫(18) Israel’s security cabinet is expected to meet Saturday night to declare a cease-re in Gaza andwill keep its forces there in the short term while the next stage of an agreement with Egypt isworked out. ‘It looks as if all the pieces of the puzzle are coming together,’ Mark Regev, aspokesman for Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, said Friday…. [COCA, New York Times, 2009]ࠉ㸦࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝࡢ἞Ᏻᑐ⟇㛶൉఍㆟ࡣࠊ࢞ࢨ࡛ࡢ೵ᡓࢆᐉゝࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㞟ࡲࡿணᐃ࡛࠶
ࡾࠊ࢚ࢪࣉࢺ࡜ࡢྜពࡢḟࡢẁ㝵ࡢྜពࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࡲ࡛ࡢ▷ᮇ㛫୰㌷㝲ࡣ࢞ࢨ࡟㥔ᒡࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ㔠᭙᪥࡟࢖ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝࡢ࢚ࣇ࣮ࢻ࣭࣓࢜ࣝࣝࢺ㤳┦ࡢࢫ࣏࣮ࢡࢫ࣐
࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿ࣐࣮ࢡ࣭ࣞࢤࣇࡣࠕࡲࡿ࡛ࣃࢬࣝࡢ඲ࣆ࣮ࢫࡀ୍⥴࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺ࡔࠋ
ࠖ࡜ゝࡗࡓࠋ㸧
(19) KING: Beth Karas, Court TV news correspondent, has been with this story since the get go.
Did they come to a conclusion today?
BETH KARAS, COURT TV CORRESPONDENT: Oh, far from it, Larry. But some
progress was made today. For example, it looks as though the attorneys who were there on
the behalf of Larry Birkhead are satisfied that enough DNA has been extracted, samples, sothat they can do the testing that they want to do, ....

[LKL, Feb., 2007]㸦K: ࢥ࣮ࢺࢸࣞࣅࡢ≉ὴဨࡢ࣋ࢫ࣭࢝ࣛࢫࡉࢇࡣࠊ᭱ึࡢ࠿ࡽࡇࡢヰ࡟ࡓࡎࡉࢃࡗ࡚
࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋᙼࡽࡣ௒᪥⤖ㄽ࡟㐩ࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿㸽
B: ࣮ࣛࣜࠊࡑࢀ࡝ࡇࢁ࠿඲ࡃ㐪࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡔࡅ࡝ࠊ௒᪥ఱࡽ࠿ࡢ㐍ᒎࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ
౛࠼ࡤࠊ࣮࣭ࣛࣜࣂ࣮ࢡ࣊ࢵࢻࡢ௦ࢃࡾ࡟࠸ࡓᘚㆤኈࡓࡕࡣ༑ศ࡞ DNA ࡀࢧࣥࣉࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾฟࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡟‶㊊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡲࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᙼࡽࡣᙼࡽࡀᮃࡴㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡲࡍࠋ㸧(20) TREBEK: Well, years ago, I wanted to do “Jeopardy” primetime, once a week,
for big bucks. The networks turned us down. Television is very cyclical, as
you know. It looks like game shows, quiz shows, are coming back, I think.
[LKL, Nov., 1999]
ࠉࠉ㸦T: ᩘᖺ๓ࠊ⚾ࡣࢦ࣮ࣝࢹࣥࢱ࢖࣒࡟͆Jeopardy” ࢆ㐌࡟ 1 ᅇ኱㔠ࢆ✌ࡄࡓࡵ࡟ࡋࡓ
࠿ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࢸࣞࣅᒁࡣ᩿ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋࡈᏑࡌࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢸࣞࣅࡣ࡜࡚ࡶᚠ
⎔ⓗ࡛ࡋ࡚ࡡࠋ⚾ࡣࠊࢤ࣮࣒␒⤌ࠊࢡ࢖ࢬ␒⤌ࡀᡠࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ㸧(21) It looks like it went through the war.

[ALC]㸦ࡲࡿ࡛ᡓⅆࢆࡃࡄࡾᢤࡅ࡚ࡁࡓࡳࡓ࠸ࡔࡡࠋ㸧ୖグࡢ⏝౛ࡼࡾࠊit looks as if/ as though/ like ࡶࠊit looks that ⠇࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜ᑡ࡞࠸ࡀ┤ㄝἲࢆᚑ࠼ࡿ ((18), (19), (20))ࠋࡇࡢ⌧㇟ࡣࠊI wish I was.., If I was... ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ྠࡌࡃࠊitlooks as if/ as though/ like ௨㝆ࡢືモࡢᙧࢆ௬ᐃἲ㐣ཤࠊ௬ᐃἲ㐣ཤ᏶஢࡟ኚ᭦ࡍࡿࡢࡣປຊ
ࢆక࠺ࠋ᥮ゝࡍࡿ࡜ࠊit looks as if/ as though/ like 㸩┤ㄝἲࡣࠊᚋ⠇࡛ゐࢀࡿゝㄒ⤒῭ࡢἲ๎ࡢ࠺ࡕࡢປຊ๐ῶࡀാ࠸ࡓࡓࡵ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ(18), (19), (20) ࡣࠊas if/ as though/ like ௨ୗ࡟┤ㄝἲࢆᚑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢሙྜࠊit looks that⠇࡜ྠᵝ࡟ as if/ as though/ like ௨ୗࡢෆᐜࢆどぬⓗ஦ᐇ࡜ࡋ࡚࡜ࡽ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊasif/ as though/ like ࡢാࡁࡼࡾࠊࡑࡢ஦ᐇࡢ᩿ᐃࢆ㑊ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠕ஦ᐇࡢどぬⓗ᥎㔞ࠖ࡜LWORRNVWKDW ⠇ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ࡢ⏬୍໬㸫ゝㄒ⤒῭ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(21) ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ like ௨ୗ࡛௬ᐃἲࡀ౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢඛ
⾜◊✲࡟࠶ࡿ㏻ࡾ஦ᐇ࡟཯ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸴㸬it
㸴㸬
it seems that ⠇࡜ it looks that ⠇ࡢ㐪࠸ࠉⱥⱥ㎡඾࡛ࡣࠊlook ࡜ seem ࡣྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺グ㏙ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊඵᮌ (2006) ࡣ seem࡜ look ࡣᮏ᮶ⓗ࡞ព࿡ࡢ┦㐪ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵࠊ
࣮ࠗࣘࢫ࠘ࡶ seem ࡣ୺ほⓗ࡞ุ᩿ࠊlookࡣどぬ࠿ࡽࡢุ᩿࡜ࡢ┦㐪ࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ⠇ࡣࠊࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࢡ࢚ࢫࢳࣙࣥ (4c) ࡢ it seems that⠇࡜ it looks that ⠇ࡢ㐪࠸࡟↔Ⅼࢆ⤠ࡿࠋࠉ(22) ࠿ࡽ (24) ࡣࠊit seems (to ே ) that ⠇ࡢ౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋୗグࡢ౛ࡼࡾࠊit seems that ⠇ࡣ࣮ࠗࣘࢫ࠘ࡢᣦ᦬㏻ࡾࠊthat ⠇௨ୗ࡟ࡣ┤ㄝἲࡀ⥆ࡁࠊᐇ㝿࡟㉳ࡇࡿࡲࡓࡣ㉳ࡇࡗࡓ஦ᐇࢆ୺
ほⓗ࡟ุ᩿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋthat ⠇ࡢෆᐜࡣ஦ᐇ࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊືモࡢᙧࡣ┤ㄝἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛
࠼ࡤࠊ(22) ࡢሙྜࡣࠕ࠶࡞ࡓ࡟ࡣ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡀ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇࢆ⚾ࡢ୺ほⓗุ᩿ࡼࡾ㏙࡭࡚
࠸ࡿࠋ(23) ࡣࠊᙼࡽࡢ㛫࡟࠶ࡿ┠࡟ࡣぢ࠼࡞࠸ࢫࣆࣜࢳࣗ࢔ࣝⓗ࡞ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࢆᙼዪࡢࡶࡢࡢぢ᪉࣭ឤࡌ᪉࡟౫ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(24) ࡶ☜ドࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡅࢀ࡝ࠊ኱ࡁ࡞ኻᮃ࠿ࡽ❧ࡕ┤ࡿࡓࡧ࡟຾ࡘ࡜࠸࠺୺ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ⚾ࡢឤࡌ᪉ࢆ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
(22) It seems to me that you don’t have much choice.

[LAAD 2]ࠉࠉ㸦࠶࡞ࡓ࡟ࡣ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡀ࠶ࡲࡾ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟⚾࡟ࡣᛮ࠼ࡿࠋ㸧(23) PALMER:.... And she says in the article that she met him on one date and four days later she
was madly in love with him. So it seems that she feels like there is some very big spiritualconnection between them and that they were meant to be and that her subconscious is
attracted to his subconscious....

[COCA, CNN Velez, 2010]

㸦P: グ஦ࡢ୰࡛ࠊᙼዪࡣ୍ᅇ┠ࡢࢹ࣮ࢺ࡛ᙼ࡟఍ࡗ࡚ࠊ4 ᪥ᚋᙼ࡟㤳ࡗࡓࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ
࡜ࢆゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࠊᙼࡽࡢ㛫࡟ࡣఱ࠿࡜࡚ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞ࢫࣆࣜࢳࣗ࢔ࣝⓗ࡞⤖ࡧࡘࡁࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡞Ẽࡀࡋ࡚ࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᙼዪࡢ₯ᅾព㆑ࡣᙼࡢ₯ᅾព㆑࡟ចࡁࡘࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ㸧(24) “.... I think I’m a great putter, sometimes an incredible putter. It seems that every time I comeback from a big disappointment I win.”[BNC]ࠉࠉ㸦ࠕ⚾ࡣ௒㐌ᙉᩛ࡟࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜ࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ⮬ศ࡛ࡶ೧኱࡞ࣃࢱ࣮ࢆᡴࡘே㛫ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡋࠊ᫬ᢡಙࡌࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࣃࢱ࣮ࢆᡴࡕࡲࡍࠋ኱ࡁ࡞ኻᮃ࠿ࡽ❧ࡕ┤ࡿࡓࡧ࡟຾ࡘࡼ࠺࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࠖ㸧ࠉࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡼࡾࠊit seems that ⠇ࡣࠕ஦ᐇࡢ୺ほⓗ᩿ᐃࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸵㸬it
㸵㸬
it looks that ⠇ࡢᡂࡾ❧ࡕ࡟୚࠼ࡓᙳ㡪ࠉඵᮌ (2006) ࡣࠊit looks that ⠇ࡣ it seems that ⠇ࡢ㢮᥎࡟ࡼࡾ࡛ࡁࡓ⾲⌧࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ⠇ࡣࠊࡇࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࢆᨭᣢ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡳ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ
ࠉ2 ⠇࡛ᥦ♧ࡋࡓ dummy it ࢆ୺ㄒ࡜ࡍࡿ appear, feel, look, seem, sound ࡀࠊ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ࡢ࡝ࢀࢆᚑ࠼ࡿ࠿ࢆ‫ ࡀࡢࡶࡓࡵ࡜ࡲ࡛࡜ۑ‬Table 2 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ஭ࠉୖࠉளࠉ౫



Table 2 appear, feel, look, seem, sound ࡢ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀୍ぴ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡟࡞ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢ 5 ࡘࡢືモࡢ࠺ࡕࠊseem ࡣࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ࢆᚑ࠼ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ↓ᶆ࡞ືモ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡾࠊ
⿵ᩥᵓ㐀࡛ࡣ as if ࡀ↓ᶆ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ᥮ゝࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ
dummy it + appear/feel/look/seem/sound + as if ࡀ↓ᶆࡢࣃࢱ࡛ࣥ࠶ࡾࠊࠕ௬ᐃࠖࡀ୺ࡓ
ࡿᶵ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠉ4 ⠇ࡼࡾࠊlook ࡀ it looks that ⠇ࡢࣃࢱࣥࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡾ
Table 2 ࡣୗグࡢࡼ࠺࡟ኚ᭦࡟࡞ࡿࠋኚ᭦ⅬࡣኴᏐ࡛⾲グࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Table 3 appear, feel, look, seem, sound ࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸⿵ᩥᵓ㐀୍ぴ

it looks that ⠇ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ⌮⏤ࡣࠊඵᮌ (2006) ࡛ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㏻ࡾࠊit seems
ࠕᙧᘧ (Form)A ࡀࠊᮏ᮶ࡢ⏝ἲ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗ
that ⠇ࡢ㢮᥎࡟ࡼࡾ࡛ࡁࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ㢮᥎࡜ࡣࠊࡓูࡢᙧᘧ B ࡢ⤫ㄒᶵ⬟ x, ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣព࿡ y㸦ࡇࡢព࿡ y ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀ᪂ࡋ࠸⤫ㄒᶵ⬟࡜ࡋ࡚ᐇ⌧ࡉࢀࡿ㸧ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ⌧㇟ࡢࡇ࡜ࠖ
㸦ඵᮌ 1999:74㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋit looks that ⠇ࡢሙྜࠊ㢮᥎࡟ࡼࡾព࿡ⓗ࡟㢮ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ seem ࡀྲྀࡿ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀 (it seems that ⠇ ) ࢆ look ࡶྲྀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ
࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊTable 3 ࡼࡾࠊit appear/ feel/ look/ seem/ sound + that ⠇ࡣ⏬୍໬ࡋࡓࣃࢱ
ࣥ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋlook ࡜ seem ࡣྠ୍ࡢ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ࢆᚑ࠼ࡿࡀࠊ࡝ࡢ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀࡛ࡶ look ࡜ seem ࡀᣢࡘᮏ᮶ࡢព࿡ࡣኻࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ᳇ࡳศࡅࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸶㸬it
㸶㸬
it looks that ⠇ࡢᡂࡾ❧ࡕࡢ᰿※࡟࠶ࡿཎ⌮ࠉᮏ⠇ࡣࠊit looks that ⠇ࡀ㢮᥎ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋࡓ᰿ᗏ࡟࠶ࡿཎ⌮ࢆ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡃࠋ
Inoue (2009a,b, forthcoming) ࡣࠊ⌧௦ⱥㄒ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿ pirate version, and yet, until to ࡢࣇ࣮ࣞࢬࡀ࡝࠺࠸࠺ཎ⌮࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᡂࡾ❧ࡘ࠿ࢆ㏙࡭ࡓࠋࡑࡢཎ⌮࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊゝㄒ⤒῭ࡢἲ๎࡛࠶ࡿࠋゝㄒ⤒῭ࡢἲ๎ࡣࠊᐇドⓗ࣭ᖐ⣡ⓗ࡞◊✲᪉ἲࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿሙྜ࡟⏕ࡌࡓኚ໬ࡢ
ἲ๎୍⯡࡟㏻పࡍࡿ࣓ࢱࢭ࣮࡛࢜ࣜ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢἲ๎࡟ࡣࠊㄗゎࢆ୚࠼࡞࠸⠊ᅖ࡛࡛ࡁࡿ㝈ࡾ⡆₩࡞⾲⌧ࢆࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ປຊ๐ῶ࡜ࡑࢀ࡜ࡣṇ཯ᑐࡢ෕ₔࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ┦▩┪ࡍࡿཎ⌮ࢆ୧❧ࡉࡏࡿࡉࡽ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ཎ⌮ࡣࠊゝㄒࡢᮏ㉁ⓗ࡞ᙺ๭࡛࠶ࡿࠕຠᯝⓗ࡞ពᛮ␯㏻࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ㸦ヲ⣽ࡣඵᮌ࣭஭ୖ (2006) ࢆཧ↷㸧
ࠋInoue (2009a,b, forthcoming) ࡣࠊpirate version ࡣປຊ๐ῶࠊ

LWORRNVWKDW ⠇ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ࡢ⏬୍໬㸫ゝㄒ⤒῭ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ

and yet, until to ࡣ෕ₔ࡟ࡼࡾᡂ❧ࡋࡓ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡋࡓࠋ๓⠇࡛ࡶ㏙࡭ࡓࡀࠊit looks that ⠇ࡣ㢮᥎࡟ࡼࡾ⏬୍໬ࡋࡓࣃࢱ࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿࠋ㢮᥎ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡢࡣࠊlook ࡜ seem ࡛ᮏ㉁ⓗ࡞ព࿡ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡯࡝኱ࡁ࡞┦㐪ࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊྠࡌࣃࢱࣥ (it looks/seems that ⠇ ) ࡛ປຊࢆ┬࠸࡚⾲⌧ࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺ே㛫ࡢ↓ព㆑ⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁ࡀാ࠸ࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛ࡁࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᥮ゝࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㢮᥎ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ᰿ᗏ࡟࠶ࡿࡢࡣゝㄒ⤒῭ࡢἲ๎ࡢປຊ๐ῶ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
㸷㸬it
㸷㸬
it looks that ⠇࡟㛵ࡍࡿ informant ㄪᰝࠉࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ4ࠊ5ࠊ6 ⠇࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ⤖ᯝࡀᨭᣢࡉࢀࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆⱥㄒẕㄒヰ⪅㸦࢖ࢠࣜࢫே 1 ྡࠊ࢝ࢼࢲே 2 ྡࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ே 3 ྡ㸧࡟㉁ၥࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࢆ⾲♧ࡍࡿࠋୗグࡢ㉁ၥ࡛ࡣࠊ(i)it looks that ⠇ࡀࠕ஦ᐇࡢどぬⓗ᩿ᐃࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ (25a,b,c)ࠊ(ii)it looks that⠇࡜ it looks as if/ as though/ like ࡜ࡢ᳇ࡳศࡅࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ (25a,b,c,d)ࠊ(iii)it looks that⠇࡜ it seems that ⠇ࡢᕪ␗ࢆ༊ู࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ (25e,f) ࡀ᫂☜࡟࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞㉁ၥ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ
(25) Please ll in the blanks below by choosing the most suitable words given as if , asthough , like , and that .
a. She pauses for a moment and the van overflows with the sound of helpless male laughter.
“Well they were townies you know,” she nally says, “and it looked to me ()

when townies hung out together they all dressed the same, did the same things,
went to the same places….”
b. The Iraqis have indicated that they’re still interested in some kind of initiative by the
French. They are very interested in any kind of an initiative that the Algerians can put
forth, and it looks at this point () the Algerians and the French arecoordinating their efforts.
c. It was those weapons of mass destruction. And the longer that they’re not found and theless likely it looks () we’re going to nd them….

d. DUPRE:... It could have been his father. It could have been something that’s (sic) gone onwith the marriage. Who knows? We really don’t (sic.) know a lot about that.
BEHAR: Well, it looks () he was very stied as a child. It was all about golf

and performing and like that....
Please ll in the blanks below by choosing the most suitable words given appear , feel ,look , seem and sound .
e. And she says in the article that she met him on one date and four days later she was madly
in love with him. So it () that she feels like there is some very big spiritualconnection between them and that they were meant to be and that her subconscious is
attracted to his subconscious....
f. “I knew I was going to be tough to beat this week. I think I’m a great putter, sometimes anincredible putter. It (win.”

) that every time I come back from a big disappointment I஭ࠉୖࠉளࠉ౫



Table 4 (25) ࡢ informant ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ

Table 4 ࡣࠊ✵ḍ࡟ධࡿ⟅࠼ࢆᕥࡼࡾ 2 ิ┠࡟グࡋ࡚࠶ࡿࠋ(25a,b,c) ࡣࠊit looks that ⠇ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࠊit looks as if/ as though/ like ࡜ࡢ༊ูࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆ᳨ドࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢺࡢ཯ᛂࡣ it looks that ⠇ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡳࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺
ࡼ࠺࡞཯ᛂࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊthat ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊit looks that ⠇࡜㢮ఝࡢ it seems that ⠇+┤ㄝἲ࡜࠸࠺ࣃࢱࣥࡀᙳ㡪ࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ(25d) ࡣࠊit looks that ⠇࡜ it looks as if/ as though/ likeࡢ༊ูࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡢㄪᰝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋas if/ as though/ like ௨㝆࡟௬ᐃἲࢆᚑ࠼ࡿሙ
ྜࡣࠊas if/ as though/ like ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࠋ(25a,b,c) ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿ that ⠇௨㝆࡟┤ㄝἲࡀࡃࡿ㝿ࡣthat ࡀ㑅ᢥࡉࢀࠊ௬ᐃἲࡀࡃࡿ㝿ࡣ as if/as though/like ࡀ㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡼࡾࠊit looks that ⠇ࡣᮏ✏࡛㏙࡭ࡓᶵ⬟ࢆᣢࡕࠊit looks as if/as though/ like ࡜ it looks that ⠇ࡣ᫂☜࡟༊ูࡉࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋ(25e,f) ࡛ seem ࡜ look ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ༊ูࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ㄪᰝࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢺࡣ
seem ࡜ look ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ༊ูࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋTable 4 ࡼࡾࠊᮏ◊✲࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ⤖ᯝࡀᨭᣢࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ
ࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ㸬dummy㸬
dummy it ࡢᵓᩥ it appears/ sounds/ feels that… ࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ᮏ⠇ࡣࠊTable 3 ࡢ × ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ it appears like, it feels to-innitive, it sounds to-innitiveࡢࣃࢱࣥࡀほᐹࡉࢀࠊappear, feel, sound ࡀ᪂ࡓ࡞⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿᳨ドࡍࡿࠋ
ࠉ(26), (27) ࡣ it appears like + ┤ㄝἲࡢ౛࡛ࠕ㹼ࡢࡼ࠺ࡔࠖ࡜࠸࠺ฟ᮶஦ࡢどぬⓗ᥎㔞࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊit looks like + ┤ㄝἲࡢ㢮᥎ࡼࡾ࡛ࡁࡓࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ(26) So when the Congress this week, and it appears like they’re going to nalize it this week....
[COCA, ABC This week, 2007]ࠉࠉ㸦௒㐌ࡢ㆟఍࡛ࡣࠊᙼࡽࡣࡑࢀ࡟Ỵ╔ࢆࡘࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿ ....㸧(27) And all along, John, you and I have talked about the fact that it appears like Howard K. Stern issort of dangling this baby as the prize to what appears to be an increasingly desperate Larry
Birkhead.

[COCA, Fox Gibson, 2007]ࠉࠉ㸦᭱ึ࠿ࡽࠊࢪࣙࣥࠊ࠶࡞ࡓ࡜⚾ࡣࠊࣁ࣮࣡ࢻ࣭K࣭ࢫࢱ࣮ࣥࡀᚲṚࡢࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿ࣮࣭ࣛࣜࣂ࣮ࢡ࣊ࢵࢻ࡟ၟရ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡇࡢ㉥ࡕࡷࢇࢆぢࡏࡧࡽ࠿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡞஦ᐇ
࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ヰࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ㸧LWORRNVWKDW ⠇ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ࡢ⏬୍໬㸫ゝㄒ⤒῭ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽᮏ᮶ࠊappear = look like ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ appear ࡢ୰࡟ like ࡶྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊit appears
like ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣ෕ₔࡀാ࠸ࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊit appears like + ┤ㄝἲ࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡣ௬ᐃἲ
ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡼࡾ┤ㄝἲࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ࡯࠺ࡀືモࢆኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿປຊࢆ๐ῶ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࠉḟ࡟ it feels to-innitive ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ㄪ࡭ࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ(28) ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ how it feels to~ࡢࣃࢱ࡛ࣥ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࠊᮏ◊✲ࡀᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿࣃࢱࣥࡣほᐹࡉࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
(28) I’m not homosexual or asexual. I’ve been in love and fallen out of love so I know how it feels
to have been divorced without the formalities.

[BNC]ࠉࠉ㸦⚾ࡣྠᛶឡ⪅࡛ࡶ↓ᛶ⪅࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᜊ࡟ⴠࡕ࡚ࠊࡲࡓឡ᝟ࡀࡉࡵࡓ
ࡾࡋ࡚ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࠊᡭ⥆ࡁ࡞ࡋ࡛ࡢ㞳፧ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࠿ࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ㸧ࠉit sounds to-innitive ࡢࣃࢱࣥࡶほᐹࡉࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋᮏ✏࡜ࡣ㛵ಀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊnot as
easy/hard as it sounds to-innitive㸦㹼ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣゝ࠺࡯࡝ᐜ᫆ / ᅔ㞴࡞ࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸧࡜࠸࠺ࣃࢱࣥࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛ୗグ࡟౛ࢆ࠶ࡆࡿࠋ(31) ࡣࠊnot as simple as it sounds to-innitive㸦㹼ࡍࡿ࡯࡝༢⣧࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸧ࡢࣃࢱ࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿࠋ
(29) But Clarence made a very good point, and that is, they have to - they have their support
systems with them. It’s not as easy as it sounds to move. You know, if you leave your family
and friends, you have nothing.

[COCA, spoken 1992]ࠉࠉ㸦ࡋ࠿ࡋࢡࣛࣞࣥࢫࡣࠊ࠸࠸ᣦ᦬ࢆࡋࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾᙼࡽࡣᙼࡽࡢࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ࠶
ࡗࡓࠋື࠿ࡍࡇ࡜ࡣゝ࠺࡯࡝ᐜ᫆࡞ࡇ࡜࡛࡞࠸ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᐙ᪘ࡸ཭㐩ࢆぢᤞ࡚ࡓ࡞ࡽࠊ
ఱࡶ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ㸧(30) There is strong evidence from dozens of population studies that a high intake of fruits andveggies leads to reduced cancer risks. “It’s not as hard as it sounds to get five servings in,” says
Gladys Block, Ph.D., of the National Cancer Institute.

[COCA, written, 1991]ࠉࠉ㸦ከ㔞࡟ࣇ࣮ࣝࢶࡸ㔝⳯ࢆᦤྲྀࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⒴ࡢࣜࢫࢡࢆୗࡆࡿ࡜࠸࠺ከࡃࡢ㞟ᅋࡢ◊✲࡟ࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࡞ドᣐࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕ5 ✀㢮ࡢࣇ࣮ࣝࢶࡶࡋࡃࡣ㔝⳯ࢆྲྀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣゝ࠺࡯࡝㞴ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ᅜ❧⒴ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢࢢࣛࢹ࢕ࢫ࣭ࣈࣟࢵࢡ༤ኈࡣゝ࠺ࠋ㸧(31) All headache sufferers should look for the factors that produce their headaches, but it is often
not as simple as it sounds to identify them.

[WB]

㸦㢌③࡛ⱞࡋࢇ࡛࠸ࡿேࡣࡍ࡭࡚ࠊ㢌③ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍせᅉࢆ᥈ࡋฟࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑ
ࢀࡽࢆ≉ᐃࡍࡿࡢࡣゝ࠺࡯࡝ᐜ᫆࡞ࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ㸧ࠉୖグ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ⤖ᯝࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࡶࡢࡀ Table 5 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ⤖ᯝࢆኴᏐ࡛
⾲♧ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿࠋ

஭ࠉୖࠉளࠉ౫



Table 5 ᮏ◊✲࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ appear, feel, look, seem, sound ࡢ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀୍ぴ

Table 5 ࡼࡾࠊappear, look, seem ࡀ 4 ✀㢮ࡢ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ࢆᣢࡘࠋࡇࢀࡣୖ㏙ࡋࡓ㏻ࡾࠊព࿡
ⓗ࡟㢮ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ (appear, look, seem) ࡀ࠾஫࠸࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺㢮᥎ࡢാࡁ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ
ࠉୖグࡢ⤖ᯝࡼࡾᚓࡽࢀࡓ᪂ࡋ࠸ࣃࢱࣥ it appears/ looks/ seems + like ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ༊ูࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆⱥㄒẕㄒヰ⪅࡟㉁ၥࡋࡓࠋ
(32) Please ll in the blanks below by choosing the most suitable words given appear , look ,and seem .
a. So when the Congress this week, and it () like they’re going tonalize it this week....
b. And all along, John, you and I have talked about the fact that it ()

like Howard K. Stern is sort of dangling this baby as the prize to what
appears to be an increasingly desperate Larry Birkhead.
c. .... Greta, it’s not exaggerating to say it () like a bomb went off.

That young boy you saw hurt, he has a badly injured foot....
d. TREBEK: Well, years ago, I wanted to do “Jeopardy” primetime, once a week, for a
big bucks. The networks turned us down. Television is very cyclical, as you know.
It () like game shows, quiz shows, are coming back, I think.

e. His goal is to raise it to 25 percent or even 30 percent of the economy. That has to comefrom higher taxes. ... It has to come from this new bank tax that they’re talking about.
Every day, it () like there’s a new tax idea coming out of thisadministration or their friends on the Hill.
f. Remember, this whole green economy is built on a notion that man is causing global
warming. Michael Mann is at the center of that. And these E-mails that they were
all looking at – it () like the scientists themselves don’t believe there is such a

consensus, because they have a conclusion that man is causing it.

LWORRNVWKDW ⠇ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀ࡢ⏬୍໬㸫ゝㄒ⤒῭ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽTable 6 (32) ࡢ informant ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ

Table 6 ࡢぢ᪉ࡣࠊᕥࡼࡾ 2 ࡘ┠ࡢิࡀ✵ḍ࡟ධࡿ࡭ࡁㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ(32a,b) ࡢ⤖ᯝࡼࡾࠊ
appear ࡜ look ࡢ࡝ࡕࡽ࠿ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡢࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࠾ࡰࢁࡆ࡞ࡀࡽ࡟༊ูࡣ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ(32c)~(32f) ࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢺࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢㄒࡢ≉ᚩࢆ⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸬⤖ㄒ
ࠉTable 7 ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ
Table 7 ᮏ✏࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ᪂ࡋ࠸ࣇ࣮ࣞࢬࡢ≉ᚩ

Table 7 ࡣࠊᮏ✏࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ appear, look ࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸⿵ᩥᵓ㐀࡜ࡑࢀࡽࡢᶵ⬟ࠊᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓᏑᅾࠊ⠇⣙࡜෕ₔࡢ࡝ࡕࡽࡀാ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࢆ᫂♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋTable 7 ࡼࡾࠊ௨ୗࡢࡇ
࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ
(a) ຠᯝⓗ࡞ពᛮ␯㏻ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ゝㄒࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆࡘ࠿ࡉ࡝ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿゝㄒ⤒῭ࡢἲ๎ࡢࠕ෕
ₔࠖ࡜ࠕປຊ๐ῶࠖ࠺ࡕࠊᚋ⪅ࡢാࡁ࡟ࡼࡾព࿡ⓗ࡟㢮ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⪅ྠኈࡀ࠾஫࠸ࡢࣃࢱ
ࣥ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ㢮᥎ࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࠊit looks that + ┤ㄝἲࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋIt looks that⠇ࡣࠊit seems that ⠇ࠊit appears that ⠇࡜ࡶ␗࡞ࡾࠕ஦ᐇࡢどぬⓗ᩿ᐃࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(b) It looks that + ௬ᐃἲࡢሙྜࠊព࿡ⓗ࡞ㄗゎࢆ୚࠼࡞࠸⠊ᅖ࡛⡆₩࡟⾲⌧ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⠇⣙࡟ࡼࡾ it seems that, it looks as if/as though/ like + ௬ᐃἲࡀᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ㸦㢮᥎㸧ᡂ❧ࡋࡓ஭ࠉୖࠉளࠉ౫

ࣃࢱࣥ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋྠᵝ࡟ࠊit looks as if/as though/ like ࡀ┤ㄝἲࢆᚑ࠼ࡿࡢࡣࠊ⠇⣙ࡀ᰿ᗏ࡟ാࡁ it looks that + ┤ㄝἲࡢ㢮᥎࡟ࡼࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ(c) It appears like + ┤ㄝἲࡣࠊit looks like + ┤ㄝἲࡢ㢮᥎ࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡓࣃࢱࣥ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡇࡢࣃࢱࣥᡂࡾ❧ࡕࡢ᰿ᗏ࡟ࡣࠊ෕ₔ㸦㢮⩏ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ appear ࡜ look like ࢆ㔜ࡡ࡚࡛ࡁࡓ
appear like㸧࡜ປຊ๐ῶ㸦௬ᐃἲࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡼࡾ┤ㄝἲࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿ࡯࠺ࡀືモࡢኚᙧࢆ┬ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸧ࡀാ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡼࡾᮏ✏ࡣࠊ⌧௦ⱥㄒ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ࣇ࣮ࣞࢬࡀࠊゝㄒ⤒῭ࡢἲ๎ࡢస⏝ࢆᇶ┙࡟㢮᥎ࡀ⿵ᩥᵓ㐀࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ᪂ࡋ࠸ࣃࢱࣥࡀ࡛ࡁࠊࡑࡢࣃࢱࣥࡀ⏬୍໬ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋ
Acknowledgment
This research is supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(B)(20320089)(KAKENHI). I very much appreciate the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science,
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
Note1

Ᏻ⸨ (2005: 363f.) ࡣࠊࠕ௬ᐃἲ࡛ࠖ㏙࡭ࡽࢀࡓᩥࡀࡍ࡭࡚௬ᐃࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄗ
ゎࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ⣽Ụ (1933) ࡟ᚑ࠸ࠊࠕླྀ᝿ἲࠖࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ✏ࡣࠊ᭱ࡶ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ࠕ௬ᐃἲࠖ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋ

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