RICAS Newsletter

March 2005 no. 13

CENTRAL ASIA REDISCOVERED
Measuring Societies and Life-styles in Central Asia:
Beginning of the Process
Timur Dadabaev

Central Asian Studies in Japan
Komatsu Hisao

British Academic Caravan Returns to the Silk Road
Siddharth S. Saxena"Registan"square in Samarkand,Uzbekistan

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Measuring Societies and Life-styles inCentral Asia: Beginning of the Process
Timur Dadabaev(Associate Professor, Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo)

Central Asian culture, history, art, politics and economics are

conducive to the comparative analysis of Central Asian societies

the predominant fields which attract the international community

with societies from other countries, and leave scholars, bothof scholars to this unique region. This interest is enhanced by

local and foreign, to make only hypothetical conclusions on theCentral Asia's rich heritage at the heart of the Silk Road as a hive

similarities and differences between the particular cultures andof cultural exchange and a melting pot of various peoples andtheir paths of development.

civilizations. The demise of the Soviet Union and the advent of

There is thus an urgent and ongoing need to collect verifiableindependence for Central Asian states further opened up thestatistical and other types of data in Central Asia for theregion to foreign scholars, and also motivated regional scholars

compilation of open data-bases that will enhance both regional

to intensify their research thereby putting modern Central Asia

capacity-building processes and international knowledge about

on the global academic map. Yet the challenges faced by these

Central Asian societies. The two data-bases detailed below -states are reflected in the relatively restricted conditions and"AsiaBarometer" and "Local Neighborhood Communities -

limited opportunities for local scholars to reach their

Mahalla", both projects conducted at the Research andcounterparts abroad. The complex economic situation does not

Information Center for Asian Research, Institute of Oriental

leave much latitude for increased public financing to enhance theCulture, University of Tokyo - are constructive responses to thisresearch resources for local scholars, leaving them to seek

challenging academic agenda and aim to address this shortfall offunding opportunities from abroad.

data and knowledge.

On the other hand, foreign scholars face problems in getting
first hand information about their respective Central Asian

The Central Asian Focus of the AsiaBarometer Data-base:countries: the difficulties are often due to the unavailability of or

Measuring Life-styles and Values in Uzbekistan

limited access to various documents in these countries. This isespecially true of statistical and social data on the societies in

The AsiaBarometer is one of the most ambitious attempts

question. These obstacles naturally result in an imbalance ofhitherto to build a data-base of values and life-styles in Asia.

research, favouring areas which do not require statistical andWhile its focus goes far beyond the Central Asian region, bysocial data, and research work that is thus methodologicallyencompassing countries of South, South-East and East Asia, thiseasier to conduct in the conditions of Central Asia. The damage

project attempted the rare analytical exercise of looking, firstly,

is most acutely felt in sociological research where data on

at what the post-Soviet realities of the Central Asian states are,incomes, lifestyles, views and concerns of local population is

initially exemplified by the case of Uzbekistan and thenoften difficult to obtain due to logistic and other reasons.

conducting its comparative analysis with other Asian societies.

Consequently, conclusions on the views of population on

Methodologically, the AsiaBarometer data-base comprises thelifestyles, regional development and future perspectives ofresults of demographic polling in 10 Asian countries, registering

Central Asian states are either made prematurely, without thethe views of Asian populations on their everyday lives, concerns,

required data, or based on individual impressions gained in the

dreams and hopes. In 2003 the polling was conducted in each ofcourse of field work. While the importance and implications ofthese countries, including Uzbekistan, following similarsuch findings are unquestionable, there is no methodologicalprocedure and asking (40) similar questions to a limited group of

guarantee as to whether, for example, they are merely typical for(800) respondents.

some particular locality of the country concerned or can be madeAs mentioned above, the first Central Asian country to beabout the whole society as such. In addition, regional

demographed on the "AsiaBarometer" was Uzbekistan. The main

generalizations are almost impossible to make due to the highconceptual drive in conducting this survey was to compensate aslevels of diversity within and between Central Asian countries

much as possible for the lack of detailed sociological data andand their societies. Above all, although such findings may

inaccessibility of ordinary perspectives, in order to offer a clearer

adequately model a general structure of societal life, they are notand more quantifiable picture of the post-Soviet realities, needs,

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hopes and aspirations, and also of traditional social institutions

and final analysis of the data-set was not conducted byand methods that may help to deal with new and global"outsiders" but by regionally-based scholars in closedemands. The axiom behind AsianBarometer's approach tocollaboration with each other. In the process, the AsiaBarometer

Uzbekistan, as with the other societies covered, is that bothdata-base has grown to become not just a compilation of vital

imagination and reliable data are required to perceive anddata, but more importantly, a data-processing knowledge

understand the essence of the processes taking place in thisexchange in itself, eventually leading to a capacity-enrichment inregion.

all countries and institutions involved. As an outcome, theThe main set of questions addressed in the cases of Uzbekistan

English-language volume Values and Life-styles in Urban Asia :and the other Asian societies were: firstly, what basic living

A Cross-cultural Analysis and Sourcebook Based on theconditions do residents of Uzbekistan experience in this

AsiaBarometer Survey of 2003 (Takashi Inoguchi, Migueltransitional period? And secondly, do Uzbekistanis feel satisfied

Basanez, Akihiko Tanaka and Timur Dadabaev, eds., Mexico:in their every-day lives? If not satisfied, what are their main

Siglo, 2005) with CD-ROM attachment has been published,concerns, frustrations, hopes and aspirations? More specifically,

which includes not only articles interpreting the data but also the

how do Uzbekistanis regard their present socio-economic

raw data itself (in SPSS format), a feature which will allow otherconditions? What are their views with respect to their families,

scholars to compare their own perceptions of the data collected.

societies, states and the region as a whole? Are these views
different from those held by people in the past? If so, how have"Central Asian Local Neighborhood Community - Mahalla"

views changed?

Data-base

In more general terms, the project attempted to compare Asiansocieties, including Uzbekistan, and thereby draw a wider

Another data-set which is in the process of being developed isregional picture of contemporary Asian society.

the one on Central Asian local neighborhood communities

Another significant feature of the project is that the questioning

specifically focusing on the mahalla. The importance of this3

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project is also rooted in the same reasons for which theprovide to the local population. This data-base is also expected

AsiaBarometer data-base has been started. The lack of data on

to include a detailed description of region-by-region differences

local societies and indigenous structures in Central Asia leaves a

between mahallas in various parts of Uzbekistan, details on thehuge gap to be filled in. While Central Asian societies are

local sub-cultures of each of regions, photo and video documents

seeking new yet tradition-based forms of dealing with their(weddings, religious and other celebrations within communities),

challenges, little is known about the informal indigenous

as well as a comprehensive bibliography of the literature

mechanisms and networks which played and still play a vital role

published in Uzbekistan and Central Asia on this topic. Thus thisin regional societies. These indigenous institutions often prove toproject attempts to study the mahalla neighborhood community

be highly efficient vectors of communication andin the context of other social, religious and political institutions

implementation, and offer many options in addressing social,

operating in the same geographical region. Ideally, the Mahalla

economic and political issues, primarily at the community level.

project will become a space for students and younger scholars toData on these mechanisms and networks has till now not been

receive their initial and, for logistical reasons, otherwise often

properly collected and analysed, and so their implications andunavailable information from an array of direct sources and use

possibilities have remained poorly understood.

this data for further explorations. This work is already

Methodologically, Mahalla data-base differs fromproceeding with help and assistance from local educational

AsiaBarometer in that it builds on the tremendous data-value of

institutions in Uzbekistan, providing an academic forum forsocial demography by combining original polling with data

future research on the mahalla.

collection from other regional sources on the local neighborhood
community, and also with photographic and archival

Eventually both AsiaBarometer (which is already in a developed

documentation, both historical and contemporary, on this topic.

state) and Mahalla data-bases are expected to be put on-line to

Eventually, it is planned that this project will feature year-by-enable scholars from Japan, Central Asia and internationally toyear demographic surveys on the role of the mahalla in thetake advantage of their findings. It is also planned that the

Uzbek society, legal documents and relevant amendments topresent focus of both projects in Central Asian region onthem regarding the status of the mahalla neighborhood

Uzbekistan will be widened and, with time, will include allcommunity, statistical data on the number of mahallas inCentral Asian countries.

Uzbekistan, their structure and the amount of assistance they

Central Asian Studies in Japan
Komatsu Hisao(Professor, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, University of Tokyo)

Central Asian studies in Japan have a rich historiography. The

It is true that during the 1930s and up till 1945 some Japanese

first serious work was undertaken in the 19th century by a young

learned societies and institutions conducted numerous studies of

diplomat, Nishi Tokujiro. After working some years in theCentral Asian affairs, dealing with political and economic

Japanese embassy in St. Petersburg, in 1880 he travelled

conditions as well as nationality problems in Soviet Central

extensively in Russian Turkestan. After returning to Japan heAsia. However most of them were sponsored by the expansionist

continued to study contemporary Central Asia, and in 1886 hepolicy of the Japanese Empire. Their aim was not to understandpublished a book, The Description of Central Asia, which is not

Central Asia and its peoples, but to investigate the weak points

only the first attempt to introduce Central Asia to Japaneseof the Soviet Union which was supposedly the greatest threat toreaders, but is also distinguished by its detailed analysis. In later

the Japanese Empire. Japan's defeat in the Second World War

years it was translated into Italian, however it had no successor.

put an end to this research trend.

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In contrast to this ephemeral strategic research trend, Japanese

to conduct fieldwork in Central Asia was extremely restricted fororientalists have made a sustained contribution to theJapanese researchers as well as Western scholars. However thedevelopment of various facets of Central Asian studies, among

perestroika dramatically increased Japanese interest in Soviet

them its ancient and medieval history and culture. Using theirCentral Asia. It brought to light a great amount of source

excellent command of classical Chinese, as well as othermaterial and stimulated fresh publications that revealed unknown

philological approaches, Shiratori Kurakichi, Haneda Toru andaspects of modern Central Asia. Since the 1990s a number of

their successors produced highly accomplished work, especiallyworks on Soviet and post-Soviet Central Asia have beenon the historical geography of pre-Islamic Central Asia (mainly

published by younger researchers, dealing with nationality

Eastern Turkistan). Their research results gave rise to apolitics of the Soviet Union, national identity of Central Asian

consolidated school of Central Asian studies after the war. Thispeoples, minority problems and so on. Amongst contemporary

trend also contributed to the spread of the historical idea of aconcerns, they treat such issues as the post-Soviet political"Silk Road" extending through Central Asia to Japan.

system, the prospects of regional cooperation and economic

Since the 1970s some younger scholars have begun to make use

integration, the resurgence of Islam, the great transformation inof original Central Asian sources written in Persian, Turkic and

the Central Asian economies since the collapse of the Soviet

other languages, and take greater interest in the Islamic period ofUnion, and ecological problems. Recent years have also seen theCentral Asian history. This trend produced remarkable work

publication of ethnographical and social anthropological studies

especially in Timurid and Xinjiang studies. Representing thisof Central Asia by Japanese scholars.

trend, Mano Eiji introduced a new concept: understanding

These scholarly developments document the great progress thatCentral Asian history from within. As a specialist in Timurid

Japanese studies on modern Central Asia have made over the laststudies he stressed the importance of the mutual relations

two decades. Although the specialists are relatively few inbetween Northern steppes and the Southern oasis area in thenumber, newly obtained source materials and field works makedevelopment of Central Asian history, rather than the earlier

possible the promotion of studies and expand the scope of"Silk Road theory" that emphasized the importance of East-Westaccessible research fields and specialist subjects. In the past

relations throughout history.

decade, scientific exchange and cooperation with Central AsianJapanese studies in the modern history of Central Asia haveinstitutions and scholars have made great progress, mainly

remained a marginal part of Oriental history. Since the 1980s,

thanks to individual efforts, and have begun to produce valuable

however, gradual developments in Islamic and Slavic studies

results. At the same time, it should be noted that most recent

have stimulated research on modern Central Asia to augment our

research comes from younger scholars of various disciplines

historiographical coverage. The great changes in the former

who have studied many years in Central Asian countries.

Soviet Union have also played a decisive role in the increasing

Recently they published a new book, Contemporary Central

interest in modern Central Asia and the rise of related studies. In

Asia: the Depth of Changing Politics and Economy (eds. I.

our historiographical studies we find the following subjects

Iwasaki, T. Uyama, H. Komatsu, 2004), which provides theamongst those researched by Japanese scholars: politicallatest analysis of political and economic changes in Central Asia.

relations between the Central Asian khanates and the Ottoman

An Encyclopedia of Central Eurasia is currently in preparation

Empire during the 18th and 19th centuries, the Andijan uprising(scheduled for April 2005).

led by Dukch Ishan against Russian colonial rule in 1898, theIn view of the great improvement in research conditions for

popular revolts of 1916 which prevailed throughout Russian

modern Central Asian studies, we hope for publication of many

Turkistan, the reformist movement among Muslim intellectuals

more monographs in the near future. Although historical studies

at the beginning of the 20th century, especially the Alash Orda

have played a leading role in Central Asian studies, in order toand the Jadid movements, Muslim national communism

deepen our understanding of Central Asia in historic change weelaborated by Sultangaliev, the Basmachi movements against

need to elaborate a new interdisciplinary methodology for

Soviet authorities, the National Delimitation in 1924 and others.

Central Asian area studies. It seems that comparative approaches

Until the mid-1980s, Soviet Central Asia was rarely studied,with historical perspective are helpful in the first stage. And new

because access to primary source materials and the opportunity

researchers are required to go beyond the boundary of individual

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Select Bibliography:
Bibliography of Central Asian Studies in Japan 1879-March
1987 with Index and Errata, Tokyo: The Center for East Asian
Cultural Studies, 1988-1989.
http://www.toyo-bunko.or.jp/ceacs/CentralAsia.html
Hamada Masami, "Research Trends in Xinjiang Studies," inStéphane A. Dudoignon and Komatsu Hisao (eds.), Research
Trends in Modern Central Eurasian Studies: Works Publishedbetween 1985 and 2000, A Selective and Critical Bibliography,
Part 1, The Oriental Library, Tokyo, 2003, pp.69-86.
Komatsu Hisao, "Modern Central Eurasian Studies in Japan: An
Overview 1985-2000", in Stéphane A. Dudoignon and Komatsu
Hisao (eds.), op.cit. pp.127-155.
Kubo Kazuyuki, "Central Asian History: Japanese
Historiography of Islamic Central Asia," Orient (Report of theSociety for Near Eastern Studies in Japan), vol.38, 2003, pp.135152.
disciplines such as Slavic, Islamic and Oriental studies.

British Academic Caravan Returns to the
Silk Road
Dr. Siddharth S. Saxena(Cambridge Central Asia Forum and the UK Committee for Central and Inner Asia)

Central Asia has a mystical resonance in the British

and Inner Asian subjects. It is now well recognised that theimagination, whether through the writings of the Orientalists orregion has tremendous potential for academic research in thethe biographers of the Great Game. The colonial withdrawal andarts, humanities and social sciences, as well as being of strong

Soviet takeover of the region instigated a steady decline in what

contemporary commercial, political and strategic interest to thewas once a glorious tradition of scholarship of the region inUnited Kingdom. The prospects for research into the

Britain, as the access to it became restricted. The dissolution ofarchaeology, history, languages and literatures, art and material

the Soviet Union and liberalisation in China and Mongolia haveculture, and contemporary states and societies of Central Asia

removed barriers to research in Central and Inner Asia, but theare exciting, especially when one considers the possibility of

UK academic community is only now beginning to fill thiscollaboration with scholars of the established academic tradition

vacuum. In the last decade there have been some initiatives fromof the region. Central Asian research promises to generate

within the UK (e.g. archaeological work at Merv infindings that will be of intrinsic academic significance, and to

Turkmenistan, social anthropology in Central Asian states andstimulate comparative insights for the study of the surrounding

Mongolia, research into the politics, international relations andregions. In Britain we are committed to direct collaboration withsecurity of Central Asia), and a considerable number of post-

the colleagues in Central Asia, Russia and China as a priority,

graduate dissertations have been, or are being, written on Central

and hope to co-ordinate our activities with already well

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developed initiatives in Japan, Europe and the United States.

that it will help to promote awareness of the region and to bring

The United Kingdom Committee for Central and Inner Asia

together those involved in research there. We have pooled(www.oriental.cam.ac.uk/ccia) was formed in 2002 and its

information with the Centre of Contemporary Central Asia andefforts are concentrated on promoting research within

the Caucasus at the School of Oriental and African Studies

established disciplines, as well as encouraging new(SOAS), University of London.

multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research on Central andWe provided a grant allocation in Central Asia to create a web-Inner Asia. The three years of the Committee's existencesite in Russian providing details of academics working in thedemonstrate the high level of interest in the field among UK-

region. This exists in draft form and will be known asbased scholars and students, and suggest that there is a need to

Academics of Central Asia (www.a-c-a.info). The Committee

build on the work of the initial period to develop a longer term

has established contact with a number of bodies in the region.

mechanism to support existing initiatives and to promote new

The regional programme of the United Nations Development

work in the region.

Fund for Women (UNIFEM) has asked us to assist in setting up

Our activities have included two annual lectures given bya workshop as part of their

Professor Denis Sinor, (Indiana University) titledA

young Central Asian women leaders. We have various links withrediscovered world: Central and Inner Asia , and Prof. Franz

the British Council in Tashkent (for Uzbekistan and Tajikistan)Grenet (CNRS, Paris) titled From Samarkand to Xi'an: theand Almaty (for Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan). We assist with

Sogdian Self-Image . We hosted the 47 t h Permanentfinding UK contacts for academics from the region visiting

International Altaistic Conference in Cambridge which wasunder British Council umbrella. In Afghanistan we have joined

capacity-building

programme forthemed Tradition and Modernity in the Altaic World . In theforces with the Afghan Research and Evaluation Unit which islast three years we have given seed grants to more than eighty

establishing an academic library in Kabul, incorporating the

projects ranging from the Ethnomusicology of Uighur andbooks from the old British Institute in Kabul and the Society for

Afghan music to conferences on the geopolitical strategies of thethe Protection of Afghan Culture and Heritage. The AfghanCentral Asian states. Many of these have already resulted in

expedition was a joint effort between the National Museum ofmonographs, publications and doctoral dissertations by bothEthnology, in Osaka, the Cambridge Central Asia Forum andyoung and established scholars. We have hosted a number of

The UK Committee. Faculty members and a graduate member

scholars working on Central and Inner Asia related topics fromfrom the University of Tokyo s Institute of Oriental Culture andabroad under our auspices. These include some Japan-based

the University of Cambridge participated in a study of social andscholars, who have been instrumental in consolidating Japan-

institutional conditions and their impact on development in a

UK-Central Asia research collaboration. The majority of the

post-conflict society.

funding has come through the generosity of the British Academy

Apart from Cambridge and SOAS, Oxford University has

and the Research Councils of the United Kingdom as well aslaunched its own Central Asia society known as The Oxford

sources within the University of Cambridge.

Society for Central Asia (TOSCA) and is active in organising

The Committee sees the promotion of bilateral academic

seminars and activities, while the University of Reading hosts

relations between the region and the UK as part of its primary

the Centre for Euro-Asian Studies. The Royal Institute forpurpose. This implies gathering and disseminating information

International Affairs and the International Institute for Strategic

about existing activities both there and here, and sharing thisStudies in London have fully fledged Central Asia focus

with those who need it. The first edition of the Central and Inner

programmes. The Chairman of the UK Committee is on the

Asia Register of Experts and Interested Parties, maintained byfaculty of the University of Manchester, while the Universities

the Cambridge Central Asia Forum, University of Cambridge,of Birmingham, St. Andrews, Nottingham, Durham,

jointly with the UK Committee, was issued in June 2003. It

Southampton as well as Goldsmith s College, University

seeks to be inclusive, listing not only those with professional

College, King s College, London School of Economics andacademic research interests in the region, in particular research

Politics, the Institute of Ismaili Studies, The British Museum, thestudents, but also those in other disciplines in contact with

British Library and Westminster University in London all havecolleagues in the countries in question. The Committee believes

active staff members and research groups involved in Central

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Asia related research. The student community has also been very
active, and its efforts preceded that of the Committee throughformation of the UK Central Asia Graduate Network, whichorganises its own conferences and a Europe-wide Central Asia
Research Network. Bodies like the Royal Asiatic Society, theRoyal Institute for Asian Affairs and the Ancient India and Iran
Trust have promoted academic and popular interest in the region
and hold important archival material.
The recent impetus for academic interest in the region camethrough the nucleation of the Cambridge Central Asia Forum in
2001, which facilitated the formation of the Committee at the
UK level. The Cambridge group is comprised of
Anthropologists, Orientalists, Economists, Historians,
Educationalists, Geographers, Archaeologists and Natural
Scientists who work together on interdisciplinary projects andeducational development in the region. We have been very lucky
to host both regional visiting fellows and those from Japan who
are collaborating with colleagues here on projects on the role oflocal community structures like Mahalla in Uzbekistan anddevelopment models in Afghanistan. More recently, Cambridge
teams have been doing field work on projects such as those on
the origins and role of cosmopolitanism in Bukhara, education
reform in the Central Asian states, and economic policy
directives in transition states, conservation of Biodiversity inFerghana valley, as well as manuscript-based historical work.
We are delighted by the support we have received at individual(FY2004)
Prof. Hiroshi Komiyama, University Librarian, Graduate
School of Engineering.
Prof. Paul Heng-Chao Ch'en, Graduate School of Law
and Politics.
Prof. Hideki Kawahara, Graduate School of Humanities
and Sociology.
Prof. Sumiaki Iwamoto, Graduate School of Agriculturaland Life Sciences.
Prof. Masaki Takenouchi, Graduate School of Economics.
Associate Prof. Yujiro Murata, Graduate School of Arts
and Sciences.
Associate Prof. Tomoo Marukawa, Institute of Social
Science.
Prof. Sang-jung Kang, Interfaculty Initiative inInformation Studies.
Associate Prof. Isao Tajima, Historiographical Institute.
Committee members from IOC
Prof. Yonosuke Hara, Dept. of Pan Asian Studies.
Prof. Takashi Inoguchi, Dept. of Pan Asian Studies.
Prof. Teruo Sekimoto, Dept. of Pan Asian Studies,
Vice-Chairman.
Prof. Takao Hirase, Dept. of East Asian Studies(I).
Associate Prof. Masaaki Itakura, Dept. of East AsianStudies(II).
Prof. Akio Takahashi, Dept. of South Asian Studies,
Chairman.
Prof. Masashi Haneda, Dept. of West Asian Studies.
Prof. Hajime Okayama, Written Documents Section,
RICAS.
Associate Prof. Timur Dadabaev, Written Documents
Section, RICAS.
Prof. Eiji Nagasawa, Artifact Section, RICAS.
Associate Prof. Tomoko Masuya, Artifact Section,
RICAS.

and institutional levels as this is indicative of positive future forCentral Asia related activity in the United Kingdom.

Bukhara and Cambridge:Ancient Academic Centres

RICAS Activities●The First Meeting of the Promotion of East Asian Studies was held at Institute of

RICAS Staff
Prof. Akihiko Tanaka, Director. Specializing inInternational Politics.
Prof. Eiji Nagasawa, Professor-in-charge, Artifact
Section, Specializing in Modern ArabHistory.
Prof. Hajime Okayama, Written Documents Section,
Specialising in Buddhism.
Associate Prof. Timur Dadabaev, Written Documents
Section, Specializing in International
Politics of Central Asia.
Associate Prof. Tomoko Masuya, Artifact Section,
Specializing in History of Islamic Art.
Visiting Prof. Takeshi Hamashita, Specializing in
Economic and Social History of Modern
China..
Kazuko Egawa. Officer.

Oriental Culture, the University of Tokyo, on January 18-19, 2005. The aim of thismeeting is to promote research and educational programs about East Asian studies andto build the network of researchers in East Asian countries.
● The Fortieth Meeting of Directors of Humanities and Social Sciences
Documentation and Information Centers in the National Universities was held at
Institute of Oriental Culture, the University of Tokyo, on February 4, 2005.
●The Asia Barometer Symposium was held at the Sanjo Conference Hall in the
University of Tokyo on March 15-16, 2005.

RICAS Newsletter No.13
March 25, 2005
Edited and Published by the ResearchInformation Center for Asian Studies(RICAS),
Institute of Oriental Culture, the University ofTokyo.
7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku Hongo Tokyo 113-0033
Japan
Telephone. +81-3-5841-5839
Fax.
+81-5841-5898
E-mailricas@ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
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http://ricas.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Designed by Yae Kosugi/ Printed by Hirai Co.