SETC2017FINAL
PROGRAMNOVEMBER 15-17, 2017
JAKARTA, INDONESIA

23RD SMALL ENGINE TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE“SMALL ENGINE TECHNOLOGY GENERATING A PROMISING FUTURE”

Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc.

FINAL PROGRAMCONTENTS

Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc.

“SMALL ENGINE TECHNOLOGY GENERATING A PROMISING FUTURE”
PROGRAM AT-A-GLANCE

2

22 SPECIAL EVENTSINTRODUCTION OF SETC 20173

23 AWARD AND CLOSING CEREMONYSPONSORS & ADVERTISERS

5

25 TECHNICAL VISITSCOMMITTEE MEMBERS

6

27 SESSION TIMETABLE

OPENING CEREMONY

829 ABSTRACTS OF TECHNICAL SESSIONKEYNOTE SPEECH

1064 SETC2018 CALL FOR PAPERS

PLENARY SESSION

1266 JCC FLOOR PLAN

EXHIBITION AND POSTER SESSIONS

18

PROGRAM AT-A-GLANCEPROGRAM AT-A-GLANCEPROGRAM AT-A-GLANCEPROGRAM AT-A-GLANCE
AT‐A‐GLANCEPROGRAM AT‐A‐GLANCE
Time \ Date

Tuesday

WednesdayThursdayFridayTime \ Date

Tuesday
November
14, 2017

Wednesday
November15, 2017

Thursday
November16, 2017

FridayNovember17, 2017

07:00 ‐ 08:00

November 14, 2017

November 15, 2017

November 16, 2017

November 17, 201707:00 ‐ 08:00(A, B,BreakC)
Coffee10:00 ‐ 11:00

Coffee BreakTechnical
SessionTechnical

11:00 ‐ 12:00

Technical Visit

11:00 ‐ 12:00

Technical Visit

Session12:00 ‐ 13:00
12:00 ‐ 13:00

Lunch

13:00 ‐ 14:00

Lunch

13:00 ‐ 14:00
14:00 ‐ 15:00
15:00 ‐ 16:00
15:00 ‐ 16:00
16:00 ‐ 17:00
16:00 ‐ 17:00
17:00 ‐ 18:00

Registration
Registration

14:00 ‐ 15:00

Technical
SessionTechnical

SessionCoffee BreakCoffee BreakPlenary Session
Room:Session
Merak
Plenary
1,2,3
(A,
B, C)
Room: Merak

Technical
SessionTechnical

SessionCoffee Break

1,2,3 (A, B, C)
Lunch
Lunch
Technical
SessionTechnical

SessionCoffee BreakCoffee BreakTechnical
SessionTechnical

Registration
Registration

10:00 ‐ 11:00

Registration
Registration

09:00 ‐ 10:00

Technical
SessionTechnical

Coffee BreakTechnical
SessionTechnical

SessionAward&
Lunch at Kasuari
ClosingAward &
CeremonyAward& Closing
ClosingRoom: Merak
1,2,3
Room:Kasuari
CeremonyL
Room: Kasuari

Exhibition&
Exhibition&
PosterSessionPosterSessionOpening Ceremony
KeynoteCeremony
SpeechOpening
Room:
Merak
1,2,3
Keynote SpeechB, C) 1,2,3
Room:(A,Merak

09:00 ‐ 10:00

Exhibition
Exhibition& Poster& Poster
SessionSession08:00 ‐ 09:00

L

SessionSession17:00 ‐ 18:00
18:00 ‐ 19:00
18:00 ‐ 19:00
19:00 ‐ 20:00
19:00 ‐ 20:00

Welcome Reception
Room: Kasuari
LoungeWelcome
Reception
Room : Kasuari Lounge

Banquet *LocationBanquet: Batavia*Marina
Location : Batavia Marina

20:00 ‐ 21:00
20:00 ‐ 21:00*Banquet start time may be subject to change due to situation of transportation.
*Banquet start time may be subject to change due to situation of transportation.
*Banquet start time may be subject to change due to situation of transportation.

2
22

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)
23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)
23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

Registration
Registration

Tour Registration

Exhibition
Exhibition& Poster& Poster
SessionSession08:00 ‐ 09:00

ABOUT SETC

Introduction of

SETC2017”Small Engine Technology- Generating a Promising Future”

S

ince its first event in 1989, Small Engine
Technology Conference (SETC) continues
to be the international technology conference for small engines and related products.
SETC is jointly sponsored each year by Society ofAutomotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. (JSAE) and
SAE International.
JSAE is pleased to organize the 23rd SETCat Jakarta Convention Center from November
15 through 17, 2017. The event is co-organizedby Society of Automotive Engineers Indonesia(IATO). It is also supported by Japan Land Engine
Manufactures Association (LEMA).
During this twenty eight years period, themeaning of “Engine” has been changed from“so-called engine” to “all kinds of power source”.
Aspiring to infinite significance of small engine
technologies with consideration of mobility, environment, economy and safety, JSAE has chosen
the theme of this conference ― “Small Engine
Technology - Generating a Promising Future”

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

FISITA Introduction
This event is organized under FISITA
Patronage.
FISITA is the international federation
linking the national automotive engineering societies in 37 countries.
FISITA was founded in 1948 as a neutral forum for the exchange of technical knowledge on every aspect ofvehicle design, development andmanufacture. FISITA is a non-profit
organisation committed to helping
create efficient, affordable, safe andsustainable automotive transportation.
www.fisita.com

3

SETC History

4

Times
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th

Year
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011

City
Milwaukee
Yokohama & Hamamatsu
Pisa
Milwaukee
Yokohama
Madison
Pisa
Kyoto
MadisonGraz
Bangkok
San Antonio
Niigata
Milwaukee
PenangLinz
SapporoCountry
USA
Japan
Italy
USA
Japan
USA
Italy
Japan
USA
Austria
Thailand
USA
Japan
USA
Malaysia
Austria
Japan

18th
19th

2012
2013

MadisonTaipeiUSA
Taiwan

20th
21st
22nd
23rd

2014
2015
2016
2017

Pisa
Osaka
Charleston
Jakarta

Italy
Japan
USA
Indonesia

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)SPONSORS & ADVERTISERS
JSAE, SAE International and IATO would like to extend sincere appreciation to the following
sponsors for support of the SETC2017 conference.

Sponsors

The price of increased mobility is higher emissions. While people won’t
be slowing down any time soon, chemistry is getting us from A to B
with a cleaner footprint.
One way we are improving the ecological impact of cars is with fueladditives that reduce emissions while increasing fuel efficiency. We
also develop materials that give electric car batteries a higher energy
capacity, to ensure that e-mobility is becoming a more attractive way
to travel.
When better performance also means lower impact, it’s because at
BASF, we create chemistry.
To share our vision visit wecreatechemistry.com/automotive

Program Advertisers

Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.
Kubota Corporation
SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION
Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
GTR TEC Corporation
SCSK Corporation
PUMPS & MECHANICAL PRODUCTS

DRIVER INFORMATION SYSTEMS & SENSORSIn Association With

Japan Marine Industry Association (JMIA)

November
15-17,
2017,Module,
Jakarta
Instrument Clusters,
Gauges,Fuel Pump
FuelConvention
Level Sensor, Center
Oxygen Sensor
Speed Sensor, Temperature Sensor, Position Sensor, Safety Switches,
Temperature Switches, Power Sockets, Oil Level Switches and Wiring Harness

Oil Pumps, Water Pumps, Fuel Feed Pumps, Auto Decompression Unit,
Auto Fuel Cock, Chain Tensioner, Pressure Relief Valves,
Purge Valve, EGR Valve and Sintered Components

5COMMITTEE MEMBERJSAEHONORARY COMMITTEE

GENERAL COMMITTEE

Chair : Hironori Iguchi (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION)
Yuji Horiuchi (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)
Yuji Marui (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)
Makoto Shimamoto (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.)
Shujiro Shiohara (Japan Land Engine Manufacturers
Association)
Hideo Shoji (Nihon University)

Chair : Tomoo Shiozaki (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)
Takashi Mitome (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION)
Yasuyuki Muramatsu (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.)
Michihisa Nakagawa (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)
Tadao Okazaki (Japan Land Engine Manufacturers
Association / Kubota Corporation)
Koji Yoshida (Nihon University)

ORGANIZING COMMITTEETECHNICAL COMMITTEE

Chair: Ryosuke Ishikawa (SUZUKI MOTORCORPORATION)
Shosaku Chiba (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)
Masaaki Ishibashi (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)
Katsuhito Kajitani (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)
Hibiki Koga (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)
Tatsuya Kuboyama (Chiba University)
Naoyoshi Kuragaki (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.)
Yohei Kurihara (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION)
Makoto Matsuo (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)
Tadao Okazaki (Japan Land Engine Manufacturers
Association / Kubota Corporation)
Yoichi Shimoda (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION)
Hiroaki Tamamaki (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION)
Ichiro Uemura (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)
Toshio Yamaguchi (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION)
Koji Yoshida (Nihon University)
Makoto Yoshida (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.)
Takeshi Araki (Kawasaki Heavy Industries,Ltd.)

Chair: Shigeru Fujii (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.)
Yuji Araki (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.)
Akira Iijima (Nihon University)
Ryosuke Ishikawa (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION)
Akihito Kasai (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)
Aki Kodai (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)
Tatsuya Kuboyama (Chiba University)
Hirotaka Kurita (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.)
Masaru Mamiya(SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION)
Takashi Mitome (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION)
Takahito Murase (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)
Toru Nakazono (Japan Land Engine Manufacturers
Association / YANMAR CO., LTD.)
Yutaka Nitta (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION)
Tadao Okazaki (Japan Land Engine Manufacturers
Association / Kubota Corporation)
Tomoo Shiozaki (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)
Hisayuki Sugita (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION)
Hiroya Ueda (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)
Hiroshi Yano (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)
Koji Yoshida (Nihon University)

6

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)SAE
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
Chair : Simona Silvia Merola (Istituto Motori - CNR)
William Attard (Fiat Chrysler Automobiles)
Kai Beck (MOT GmbH)
Glenn Bower (University of Wisconsin, Madison)
Brian Callahan (Achates Power, Inc.)
Derek Cleasby (Bosch Engineering GmbH)Jan Czerinski (University of Applied Sciences Biel-Bienne)
Mark Degler (Mercury Marine)
Silvana DiIorio (Istituto Motori - CNR)
Pierre Duret (IFP School)
Giovanni Ferrara (University of Florence)
Ken Fosaaen (Kerdea Technologies)
Jaal Ghandhi (University of Wisconsin, Madison)
Adrian Irimescu (Istituto Motori - CNR)
Tobias Kallerhoff (Robert Bosch GmbH)

Robert Kee (Queen’s University Belfast)
Thomas Lagö (QirraSound Technologies Europe AB)
Paul Litke (Air Force Research Laboratory)
Ezio Mancaruso (Istituto Motori - CNR)
Michael Marcella (Maxima Racing Oils)
Luca Marchitto (Istituto Motori - CNR)
Nagesh Mavinahally (Meggitt Control Systems)
Geoffrey McCullough (Queen’s University Belfast)
Jay Meldrum (Michigan Technological University)
David Palmer (BRP US, Inc.)
Paul Richards
Stephan Schmidt (Graz University of Technology)
Leonid Tartakovsky (Technion - Israel Institute ofTechnology)
Cinzia Tornatore (Istituto Motori - CNR)

Ikatan Ahli Teknik Otomotif (IATO)
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Chair : Gunadi Sindhuwinata (IATO)
Djoko W. Karmiadji (Universitas Pancasila)
Budi Prasetyo Soesilo (IATO)
Indria Herman (Institut Teknologi Bandung)
Hari Sasono (AISI-IATO)
Ivo Aryanto (IATO)
Andi Hartanto (AISI-Honda)
Dicky Gondo Saputro (AISI-IATO)
Ismail Syahrial (Universitas Pancasila)
Widjang Djendrawan (AISI-Suzuki)
Ziarini Karmiadji (IATO)
Victor Assani (AISI-Suzuki)
Irma Fitrasari (AVL GmbH Jakarta)
Sutaryono (AISI-Yamaha)

Hanggoro Ananta Krishna (AISI-Honda)
Irawan Sucahyono (IATO)
Ishaak Karmiadji (IATO)
Hadi Suryadipradja (GIAMM)
Bayu Prabowo (Universitas Prasetiya Mulya)
Tri Yuswidjajanto (Institut Teknologi Bandung)
Arka Soewono (Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya)
Sheila Tobing (Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya)
Cristiand (Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya)
Purnomo Sejati (Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya)
Marten Darmawan (Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya)
Hari Budianto (Bosch – Indonesia)
Bambang Dwiwahyudi (Universitas Negeri Surakarta)

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
Chair : Iman K. Reksowardojo (Institut Teknologi Bandung)
Ignatius Pulung Nurprasetio (Institut Teknologi Bandung)Bambang Sugiarto (Universitas Indonesia)
I Nyoman Sutantra (Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November)
Jayan Sentanuhady (Universitas Gajah Mada)
Poetro Lebdo Sambegoro (Institut Teknologi Bandung)
Bentang Arief Budiman (Institut Teknologi Bandung)

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

7

OPENING CEREMONY

Opening Ceremony

08:30-10:00, Wednesday, November 15, 2017
Room: Merak 1, 2, 3 (A, B, C)

Welcome Remarks

Prof. Koji Yoshida
Japan
Professor,
Dept. of MechanicalEngineering, Collegeof Science andTechnology, Nihon
University

Koji Yoshida graduated Departmentof Mechanical Engineering, Collegeof Science and Technology, Nihon
University in 1982 and Yoshida obtained Bachelor degree of engineering.
Yoshida studied in Master Courseof Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of College of Science andTechnology, Nihon University from1982 to 1987. Yoshida received
Master Degree of Engineering from
Nihon University in 1984.
From 1987, Yoshida started towork as an Assistant in Junior Col-

Welcome Remarks

Dr. Simona Silvia
MerolaItaly
Chief Research
Division,
Istituto Motori

8

Simona Silvia Merola received fromthe University of Naples in Italy her“Summa cum Laude” Magister Degree in Physics in 1995 and the PhD
in Chemical Engineering in 2001.
Since 2001 she is a tenured Researcher in Istituto Motori of the
Italian National Research Council.
Since 2009 she is chief of a researchdivision involved in the applicationof optical diagnostics to the fuelinjection and combustion process
investigations. Her research work
focuses on the experimental analysis of the thermo fluid-dynamic phe-

JSAElege of Nihon University, and in
1993, Yoshida transferred to Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University.
Yoshida obtained Doctorate Degree of Engineering from Nihon University in 1995.
Yoshida promoted as Lecturer
in 1996 and as Associate Professor
in 2000. From 2004 to now, Yoshida was Professor in Department of
Mechanical Engineering, College of
Science and Technology, Nihon University.

SAE INTERNATIONAL
nomena that occur in-cylinder andat the exhaust of the internal combustion engines fuelled by conventional and alternative fuels.
She has the direct responsibility
for experimental activities in several
research projects and has an activerole in the organization of technical sessions of various international
technical conferences. Further she
supports SAE and ISI journals as
reviewer and associate editor, andscientific funding Organizations asevaluator.

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

Welcome Remarks

Dr. Gunadi
Sindhuwinata
Indonesia
President, IATO
Commissioner,
PT Indomobil SuksesInternasional Tbk

Dr. – Ing. Gunadi Sindhuwinata received his
undergraduate degree from University of
Stuttgart and a doctorate degree from thesame university in Stuttgart, Germany. He
was President/CEO and since 2012 Commissioner of PT. Indomobil Sukses Internasional Tbk. and currently serving as theBoard of Advisory at Indonesian Motorcycle Manufacturing Association and Federation of Asian Motorcycle Industries, President at Indonesian Society of Automotive
Engineers, The Permanent Committee forIndustrial Development of the IndonesianChamber of Commerce, the KADIN – Indonesia. Dr. Sindhuwinata was appointed as
The Executive Director of the Indonesian
German Chamber of Commerce, has also
served as President Commissioner at PT
Rodamas Makmur Motor and President
Commissioner at PT Wahana Wirawan,
the Board of Directors at PT Indobuana
Autoraya, PT Indomobil Prima Niaga, PT
Indomurayama Press & Dies Industries, PT
National Assemblers, PT Unicor Prima Motor, PT Wahana Inti Central Mobilindo andPT Indomobil Multi Trada. Dr. Sindhuwinata

SAE Indonesia (IATO)
was previously the General Secretary of
the ASEAN Automotive Federation, having
the opportunity to become the Chairmanof the Organizing Committee of the First
Asia Pacific Automotive Dialogue 2000,
Commissioner of PT Central Sole Agency,
Commissioner of PT Garuda Mataram Motor, President Director of PT IMG Sejahtera
Langgeng, Commissioner of PT Indomobil Finance Indonesia, President Commissioner by PT Indomobil Trada Nasional,
President Commissioner of PT Indomobil
Wahana Trada, Commissioner of PT Multicentral Aryaguna, Vice President of PT Sumi
Rubber Industry. Aside his interest in education that has brought him to position in
the education institutions such as Board ofSupervisors in Semarang Vocational School,
Board of Trustee of the National Universityof Surakarta and lecturing in universities
in Indonesia, he was also public speaker inseveral national and international conferences and workshops related to industrial,
economic development, vocational andregular education, also chair in social nonprofit organizations.

PT Pertamina (Persero)
Featured Remarks
M. ISKANDAR
Profile(Tentative)

Name
Mr. Muchamad
Iskandar graduatedMuchamadIskandarVice President Retail Fuel Market-

Economic Management major, Uni- ing (2012 – 2015), Senior VP Fuelversitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta.
Marketing & Distribution (2015 –His working
experiencein
Per2016).
Place & Date Of Birthtamina: General Manager FRM ReHe was officially appointed as
Surakarta,
25
Agustus1962
gion V (2009 – 2011), Vice President the Marketing Director of PT PerLPG & Gas Product (2011 – 2012), tamina (Persero) on 2016.
Muchamad Iskandar
Marketing Director
PT Pertamina (Persero)

Formal Education
Ekonomi Manajemen
Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta
Working Experience
Marketing Director PT Pertamina (Persero)
Senior VP Fuel Marketing & Distribution.
Vice President Retail Fuel Marketing

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center2016 – Now
2015 9– 20162012 – 2015

KEYNOTE SPEECHKEYNOTE SPEECH IN OPENING CEREMONY
Speaker
Education:
1975 - 1978

Prof. H. Mohamad
Nasir, Ph.D., Ak.
Minister of Research,
Technology andHigher Educationof the Republic ofIndonesia

10

Pondok Pesantren Mambaul Ilmi Asy-syar’y Sarang,
Rembang, Indonesia
1979 - 1982 SMA Kediri di Pondok Pesantren Al-Islah, Kediri, Indonesia
1983 - 1988 Bachelor Degree in Economics, Universitas Diponegoro,
Semarang, Indonesia
1993		Master Degree (M.Si) from Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2004 		Doctoral Degree (Ph.D) from Universiti Sains Malaysia(USM), Penang, Malaysia
Career:1986 - 1987
1987 - 1988
1989 - 1989
1990 - 1992

Auditor at Koperasi Jasa Audit Duta Karya
Auditor at Kantor Akuntan Publik Drs. Tahrir Hidayat
Finance Manager at PT. IKA CHIRZA PUTRA
Staff at Departemen Studi Kelayakan Bisnis, Kantor Akuntan
Publik Drs. Bayudi Watu Perwakilan Semarang
1990 - 2014 Lecturer, Faculty of Economics, Universitas Diponegoro,
Semarang
1994 - 1996 Coordinator for Accounting Extension Program, Faculty of
Economics, Universitas Diponegoro
1994 - 1997 Member of Internal Quality Assurance, Universitas
Diponegoro
1996 - 1998 Program Secretary, Accounting Department, Faculty of
Economics, Universitas Diponegoro
1999 - 2006 Head of Master Program, Accounting Department, Faculty of
Economics, Universitas Diponegoro
1999 - Present Member of Senate, Faculty of Economics, Universitas
Diponegoro
2006 - 2010 Deputy Chancellors of Finance and Human Resources,
Universitas Diponegoro
2007 - 2014 Specialized staff for DPRD Kota Semarang
2011 - 2014 Dean, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas
Diponegoro,2014		Member of Revitalization BUMD Jawa Tengah

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

Theme : Major ASEAN Two Wheel Vehicles

		Market Outlook 2017

Mr. Hironori Iguchi
Deputy Executive
General Manager ofMotorcycle Operations,SUZUKI MOTORCORPORATION

1978 Graduated from Master Course of Mechanical Engineering,
Ibaraki University
Joined Suzuki Motor Corporation
Involved in Motorcycle Engineering Department
1996 Race Group Leader, Motorcycle Engineering Department
2001 General Manager of Motorcycle Engineering Department
2004 Managing Officer & Executive General Manager ofMotorcycle Engineering Department
2008 Managing Officer & Deputy Executive General Manager ofPurchasing Department
2009 General Manager of Motorcycle Quality Assurance Department
2016 General Manager of Audit Department
2017 Deputy Executive General Manager of Motorcycle Operations

Theme : Future Challenges of The European		

Small Engines Industry

Dr. Holger
Lochmann
Director Research and
R&D Services
Andreas STIHL Ag &Co. KG

1967 Born in Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
1988 “After school and military service, started to study chemistry andchemical engineering at Technical University Darmstadt Germany.
The main interests were atmospheric chemistry, chemicalengineering and analytical chemistry. Followed by a PhD at TUDarmstadt with the focus of a development of an analytical method
for ultra small volume samples such as single plant cells or single
rain drops.”
1999 Joined STIHL as R&D engineer for catalyst development.
2001 “Became the leader of the central chemical lab of STIHL.
Responsible for: fuels, oils, plastic materials, after treatment
technologies and exhaust emission analysis.”2005 Appointed as Division manager for governmental relations andemissions at STIHL. Simultaneously he was elected as Chairmanof the small SI engine group within Euromot. Within this function,
he worked with European Commission, US-EPA, CARB and manyother legislative bodies worldwide on the harmonization anddevelopment of new emission standards.
2014 Became the Division Staff Manager.
2015 Promoted to Director Research and R&D Services.

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

11

PLENARY SESSION

PLENARY SESSION

Thursday, November 16, 9:00 - 11:30

Theme : Energy Outlook in Asian Countries fromthe Standpoint of Small Engine Field
We have focused on a number of themes and many intriguing ideas have been presented in thepast SETCs.
Recently, small engine technologies have been applied for various industrial fields and adapted tomany kinds of fuel resources.
There are a wide range of fuels used in small engine such as gasoline, light oil, bioethanol, biodiesel fuel, and CNG. It is an important element to understand the fuels’ supply and demand structures,in order to explain the future development of small engine technologies in Asian countries and extend to worldwide.
In this SETC2017 plenary session, we invite experts in energy outlook in Asian countries.
Discussions will provide useful information for considering usage of fuels.
We hope to have an active exchange of opinions between the speakers and audience.

Moderator

EDUCATION:

1975
1977
1983

DEGREE:

1996

Graduated from University of Tokyo(Department of Economics, Economics Course)
Graduated from University of Tokyo(Department of Economics, Business Administration Course)
Finished Doctoral Course of
Graduate School of University of Tokyo on Economics
Doctor of Economics (University of Tokyo)

CAREER

Prof. Takeo KIKKAWA
Professor of Management,
Graduate School of Innovation
Studies, Tokyo University of Science

121983 - 1987
Full-time Lecturer of Department of		Business Administration, Aoyama Gakuin University
1987 - 1993
Associate Professor of Department of		Business Administration, Aoyama Gakuin University
1987 - 1988
Visiting Scholar of Harvard Business School
1993 - 1995
Associate Professor of Institute of Social Science,		
University of Tokyo
1996 - 2007
Professor, Institute of Social Science,		
University of Tokyo
1996		
Guest Professor of St. Gallen University
1998 - 2004
Guest Professor of Yonsei University
1998 - 1999
Guest Professor of Berlin Free University
2007 - 2015
Professor, Graduate School of Commerce and		Management, Hitotsubashi University
2015 - Present Professor of Management, Graduate School of		Innovation Studies, Tokyo University of Science2013 - Present President, the Business History Society of Japan

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)Subject : The Prospect of Energy Supply andSmall Engine in Asia Pacific Rural Area
Speaker

CHEW, Chong Siang Ph.D.
Senior Researcher
Research Department, ASIAM
Research Institute, Inc. (ARI)

CAREER :2006 - 20092009		
		2010		
2005 - 2015		2011 - 2014

Indonesia Biofuels Program Evaluation
Prospect of Renewable Energy on Policies and International
Corporation Projects in Vietnam
Energy Modeling Practice Program in Laos and Cambodia
Dispatch instructor for energy modeling on energy demand/
supply outlook of APEC region developing country
Study on Asian Potential of Biofuel Market

KEY PUBLICATIONS :Chew Chong Siang and Toyoda Takashi (2006), “The Used od System on
Biomass Resource Development in China: Current Issues and Problems”,
Renewable Energy 2006, International Conference
Chew Chong Siang (2006), “Current Status of New and Renewable Energies in
China: Introduction of Fuel Ethanol”, IEEJ Energy Journal Vol.3 Summer
2006, The Institute of Energy Economics
Chew Chong Siang, “Sustainable Biomass System Development in Rural
Indonesia”, 2010.9
KAN Sichao, Chew Chong Siang, “Biofuels in Selected Southeast AsianCountries”, Presented at the 29th Conference on Energy, Economy, andEnvironment (Japan), 2013
Chew Chong Siang, Kan Sichao, “Biofuel Demand and Supply in the AsianRegion”, China International Bio-Energy Conference & Expo 2014.6

ABSTRACT :Asia-Pacific region, due to its rapid economic development has changed energy supply structure in rural
areas. As the most prominent results in rural mechanization. This paper presents the status quo of the ruralenergy supply through the case of the countries in the region. To reveal the challenges rural mechanization
for now based on the current situation and thinking about an upcoming challenge.
- Current situation of economic development and its energy supply in rural areas of the Asia-Pacific region- Specific case studies of mechanization by small engine and its characteristics in the region- Government’s policy and promotion system by country- Rural mechanization by small engine and its issues- Future challenges

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

13

PLENARY SESSION

Subject : Potentials for Biofuel Use in Asia:
A Supply, Demand and Policy Analysis
Speaker

EDUCATION:
1995
1991
1989

PhD The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
MEng, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
BE, Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India

CAREER :ANBUMOZHI,
Venkatchalam PhD
Senior Energy Economist,
Economic Research Institutefor ASEAN and East Asia,
Jakarta Indonesia

2014
Senior Energy Economist, Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia
2008-2013 Senior Fellow and Capacity Building Specialist – Asian Development bankInstitute, Tokyo, Japan
2004-2008 Senior Policy Researcher, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Kobe,Japan
1999-2004 Assistant Professor, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
1999
Assistant Manager and Senior Engineer, Pacific Consultant International, Tokyo,
Japan

KEY PUBLICATIONS :
2017
2016
2016
2015

Globalization of Low-Carbon Technologies: Impact of Paris Agreement, Springer
Australia
Towards Circular Economy: Corporate Management and Policy pathways, ERIA
Investing in Low-Carbon Energy Systems: Implications for Regional Cooperation,
Springer Australia. Springer Australia
Managing the Transition to Low-Carbon Economy: Perspectives, Policies andPractices from Asia, Asian Development Bank and Asian Development Bank
Institute

ABSTRACT :Successful meeting transport energy needs with products that reflect our priorities for development and environmental protection is critical to ensure Asia’s long term prosperity. Biofuels – whether ethanol, bio-diesel or advanced biofuels like FAME –satisfy these demands and must become an even more established and integral part of energy mix. In
2000s, many of the governments in ASEAN and East Asia announced their biofuel strategy, which introduced mandated
requirement for the use of ethanol and bio-diesel guaranteeing a market for renewable biofuels, which burn cleaner
than petroleum based alternatives. It included a billion dollar commitment to provide operating and capital support for
new biofuel facilities.
This created a new demand for biofuels, which is estimated to be nearly 36 million tons of oil equivalent (toe) ofbioethanol and 37 million toe of biodiesel by 2035. Though, the demand outlook differs widely across the region bioethanol demand will be led by Indonesia from the early 2020s, followed by China, India, Thailand, and the Philippines. Similarly, biodiesel demand will be led by Indonesia after the early 2020s followed by China, Thailand, India, and Malaysia.
The supply potential of biofuels depends on several factors, including the increased agricultural productivity andwaste management systems. Assuming the current product and market conditions, the total feedstock supply of theASEAN and East Asian countries will reach nearly 10.1 million toe of bioethanol and 35.6 million toe of biodiesel by 2035.
Although agricultural feedstock production for biodiesel (mainly palm oil) could be supported until around the 2030s,
the bioethanol requirement or demand will reach the limit of supply by 2020.
This dynamics in regional supply and demand as well as requirements for sustainable energy policy calls for a comprehensive bio-fuel policy reforms that supports innovation and capitalize on the full scope of Asia’s economic growthpotential. A Biofuel strategy for the region shall include provision to- Develop a globally competitive investment environment through improve regulatory process, streamline standards,
trade and tax policy reforms, and venture capital action plans tailored to supply and demand potentials at regional
level.
- Accelerate successful commercialization of breakthrough biofuel technologies to facilitate the transition from thelaboratory to market place- Establish a strong and coordinated biomass supply chain at national and sub-regional levels- Support investment in research and development to build foundations of a strong bio-based economy in the region.

14

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)Subject : Renewable Energy Updates on
Automotive in Indonesia
Speaker

EDUCATION:

PHD from Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University majoring in socio
environmental energy science

CAREER :2013 Director for Bioenergy
2015 Head for Public Communication Center of Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resource
2016 Secretary for Directorate General of New Renewable Energy and Energy
Conservation

AWARDS :2014 Japan Energy Society as The Best Young Researcher

Dr. Dadan Kusdiana
Ministry of Energy andMineral Resources,
Indonesia

MAJOR RESEARCH TOPICS:

Biofuel production and uses technology

KEY PUBLICATIONS:

Publications on biodiesel production technology on Elsevier Journal, Journal of
American Oil Chemist Society, Industrial Chemical Engineering of Japan

Head for Communication
and Cooperation Bureau
ABSTRACT :Biofuel as part of the renewable energy has huge potential in offering greater energy security, reduced emissions ofgreenhouse gases and particulates, rural development, better vehicle performance, and reduced demand for petroleum.
The development of biofuel is in line with the commitment of the President of the Republic of Indonesia during the COP
21 in Paris to combat against climate change by reducing 29% emissions through Business-as-usual (BAU) scenario or
41% emissions reduction through international support by 2030.
Indonesia started to develop the biofuel industry in 2006 as a response to a progressive price increase of fossil based
oil worldwide and progressive increase in domestic oil consumption. Since then, various initiatives both from the government, private sectors, as well as related stakeholders underline efforts to develop biofuel industry in Indonesia. Amongothers is the implementation of Mandatory of Biofuel that regulated in the Ministerial of Energy and Mineral Resources
Regulation No. 12 of 2015 on Supply, Utilization, and Trading of Biofuel as Alternative Fuel. In result, biodiesel production has shown an increasing trend, both for export and domestic use. Currently, the installed capacity of Biodiesel has
reached 11.3 Million kL/year.
Indonesia has become a worldwide pioneer in the implementation of Biodiesel. Historically, the mandatory program
started with the blending of 2,5% (B2,5) biodiesel in diesel in 2009 and increased over the years. In April 2015, the Government set the utilization of Biodiesel 15% (B15) as mandatory to be implemented nationwide. The utilization of B15
was a starting point to implement Biodiesel 20% (B20) in January 2016. A series of road test and performance test wereconducted to ensure there will be no significant problem with the vehicles and ensure its sustainability during the mandatory period. The Government is now preparing the implementation of Biodiesel 30% (B30) which will apply in 2020.

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

15

PLENARY SESSION

Subject : Managing Logistics and Distribution of
Fuels to All Areas of Indonesia
Speaker

Werry Prayogi, SE, MM
Responsible for thedevelopment of Channel
Management in the Marketing
Directorate of PT Pertamina
PerseroEDUCATION :Graduate of Master of Management from Gajah Mada University majoring in Marketing
CAREER :1992 - 2004 General Sales executive for Gorontalo, Tegal, Cilacap, Yogyakarta,
Denpasar in the Marketing Directorate of PT Pertamina Persero
2004 – 2006 Asisstant of Manager Commercial, Retail Fuel Management, Fuel
Marketing Division of Directorate Marketing and Trading
2006 – 2009 Director of Marketing and Operation PT Pertamina Retail (Subsidiary
Company of PT Pertamina )2009 – 2012 Holding of Business Development, Product and Business Developent
Department, Lubricants Division of Directorate Marketing andTrading2012 – 2013 Sales Region IV Manager, Lubricants Division of Directorate
Marketing and Trading (Jateng-DIY area)
2013 – 2016 Sales Region I Manager, Lubricants Division of Directorate Marketing
and Trading (NAD, Sumut, Sumbar, Riau, Kepri area)
2016 – 2017 Marketing & Technical Support Manager, Retail Fuel Marketing Div,
M & T Directorate PT Pertamina (Persero)
2017 – now Placement in Retail Fuel Marketing in developing gas station

ABSTRACT :Indonesia, with a geographical region of an archipelagic & maritime country, with more than 1000 islands both large andsmall, has its own challenges in the distribution of energy (fuel). The mode of transportation used for this activity is a combination of land, sea and air transportation modes. This condition makes the distribution of fuel in Indonesia is one of the mostcomplex patterns in the world.
The fuel supply chain in PERTAMINA is started from Refinery and Import, then gathered at the terminal transit/distribution
and distributed to Gas Station. PERTAMINA currently operates 6 units of Refinery and 119 units of Fuel Terminal. While forthe transportation, PERTAMINA operates 141 large to small sized tankers, 641 fuel trucks, and other alternative transportationsuch airplanes, barge and Rail Transport Wagon.
PERTAMINA operates several types of gas stations, depends on the geographical condition; Regular, Mini/Modular, andCompact. The Gas Station serves consumer’s vehicle on land and sea located in urban, suburban, out-of-town, rural, mountainous areas, and also consumers in coastal areas (sea and river). The fuel consumption for retail sector both Gasoil and Gasoline
in Indonesia continues to grow as the economic growth, the consumption for this last 3 years is; 2014 of 45.4 Million Kiloliters,
2015 of 44.2 Million Kiloliters, and 2016 of 45 Million Kiloliters.
PERTAMINA provides some fuel products, both Gasoline and Gasoil; Pertamax Turbo, Pertamax and Pertalite for Gasoline,
Dex and Dexlite for Gasoil/Diesel. These products are selectively sold in Gas Station network, owned by PERTAMINA throughout Indonesia. The number of Gas Stations currently in the PERTAMINA network is 6.523 Gas Stations.
In addition providing fuels, PERTAMINA’s gas stations also provides other related products such as; gas for vehicles (VIGAS)
and households (BRIGHT GAS), lubricants for vehicles, and also other products and services for consumers (Mini Market, Café,
Toilet, ATM, Car Wash, Workshop etc.)
The trend of Biofuel and its utilization as motor vehicle-fuel is increasing in the world, including in indonesia. As a country
that produces plants that can be used as Biofuel (Palm oil and Ethanol), PERTAMINA, as the government-owned company supports the marketing and distribution of this Biofuel product. Before marketed, the Biofuel is mixed and Injected in the refineryand in the Terminal/Distribution.
The responsibility of PT Pertamina Persero are:
1. Development of Retail Outlet Gas Station throughout Indonesia with the form of gas station COCO, CODO and DODO. While
the type of gas station nomenclature in the form of SPBU Reguler, SPBU Mini, SPBU Modular, SPBU Compak and Fisherman
Service Station.
2. Establish the same service standard in all Pertamina gas stations, which works in collaboration with the independent Audit
Team, so as to develop the existence of gas stations Pas Pasti and Pasti Prima.
3. Develop Non Fuel business at gas stations to provide services to end consumers for the purpose of increasing profits in thegas station business.

16

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)EXHIBITION AND POSTER SESSIONS

Exhibition and Poster SessionsThe technical exhibition and poster session
during SETC2017 will offer a great opportunity for participants to network with colleagues
and to explore the latest products and services on
small engine industry. Also poster session will promote the engineering exchange and mutual understanding between academia and industries.

Exhibition & Poster
Session Hours
Wednesday, November 15, 2017,
10:00-17:00
Thursday, November 16, 2017,
10:00-17:00
Friday, November 17, 2017,
10:00-12:00

No.

Company

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

SCSK Corporation
Umicore Auto Cat Pvt. Ltd
Sedemac Mechatronic Pvt. Ltd.
EXEDY Corporation
Keihin Corporation
Infineum UK. Ltd.
MAHLE Japan Ltd.
Schrader International
Honda R&D Co., Ltd.
Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd.
TPR Co., Ltd
Kubota Corporation
SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATIONAVL SEA & Australia Co. Ltd
Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
Pricol Surya Indonesia
Direktorat Jendral IKM Kementerian Perindustrian
PT Pertamina (Persero)

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

17

Poster Sessions for Challenging Exploratory Study
1. BASF Catalyst								Xinzhu Ryan Liu Nov. 15
PGM Oxidation State Control to Balance CO and HC Reaction for Small Engine Catalyst Design

2. BASF Performance Materials Asia Pacific			
				High-Performance, Long-Chain Polyphthalamide (PPA) by BASF

Michael Sun Nov. 15

Poster Sessions for Academia
1. Graduate School, Nihon University
Yusuke Miyauchi Nov. 15
Influence of Spatial Distribution of Ozone by Local Non-Equilibrium Plasma Discharge on Pressure Rise Rate of HCCI
Normal-heptane / oxygen / nitrogen premixed gas was spontaneously ignited by using SRCM. Ozone distribution
generated by dielectric barrier discharge was investigated using an image spectrometry about 253.7 nm. As a result,pressure rise rate can be reduced by local non-equilibrium plasma discharge. It may be related to spatial distributionof ozone.

2. National Taipei University of Technology				Jyun-Wei Chen and Sin-Jie Ciou Nov. 15
Designing Stratified Combustion System for Gasoline Direct Injection Engine by CFD Software
Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine is future development trend, and the key energy-saving technology is stratified
combustion. It can be found from different injection timing result that setting injection timing in intake stroke is for
supplying homogenous mixture, and the local rich mixture can be produced with injecting before top dead centerin compression stroke (bTDC). Finally, in different boost pressure and IVO timing simulation condition, the flow rotational center of flow field is significant in compression stroke before top dead center (bTDC). If the injection timing iscoordinated, the rich mixture will be gathered in position of spark plug center.

3. Tokyo City University									Daijiro Ishii Nov. 15
Instantaneous surface Temperature Measurement in Internal Combustion Engine Using Newly Developed Coaxial
Type Thin-film Temperature Sensor
In this poster, structure and measurement example of newly developed sensor which was developed by the authors,
and the configuration of measurement system of the sensor response evaluation device are reported.

4. National Taipei University of Technology						Yu-Tang Wang Nov. 15
Applying EGR System in Turbo-Charged Engine
An EGR engine simulation is preliminarily studied with Ricardo WAVE software, and the engine experiment is thencarried out. The effects on fuel consumption and pollution brought by different ratio of the proposed EGR system,
which is calculated using CO2 ratio, is investigated. The results show lower fuel consumption can be achieved dueto the reduction of pumping loss under low percentage of EGR ratio. And the pollution of CO, HC and NO gradually
reduces with increased EGR ratio under both 2400 rpm and 2800 rpm part load conditions. When it goes to heavy
load under 2800 rpm, CO and HC go up because the stock ECU (Engine Control Unit) commands richer air fuel ratio
when the EGR ratio increases.

18

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)EXHIBITION AND POSTER SESSIONS
5. Hiroshima City University							Yoshihiro Aramaki Nov. 15
Parallel Active Control of Acceleration Noise
Active Noise Control (ANC) is noise cancellation method which is effective for low-frequency engine noise. However, it
is difficult to control engine noise under acceleration condition because of it fluctuates intensely. Therefore, we tried
to improve the ANC to control engine noise during acceleration.

6. Graduate School of Information Science, Hiroshima City University
Prof. Sunsuke Ishimitsu Nov. 15
Active Sound Quality Control Adapted to Individual Preference
We proposed the engine sound control system according to the preference of each subject. In this study, we categorized each participant by driving pattern. From the categorization, we performed auditory tests and determined
the sound by individual preference. As a result, we produced the Active Sound Quality Control system, which allows
automatic generation of the preferred sound quality of each individual.

7. Graduate School of Information Science, Hiroshima City University
Prof. Sunsuke Ishimitsu Nov. 15
Objective Annoyance Evaluation using Biological Signals
We extracted features of pain using the wavelet transform and the ratio between low and high frequency components (LF/HF). We proposed a new wavelet analysis focused on mutualsimilarity of biological signals using the motherwavelet of EEG. When the painful stimulus was applied, the feature obtained by the alpha wave band in EEG was
attenuated.

8. Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University		
Yoshihide Ota Nov. 16
Effect of heat flux on fuel droplet evaporation behavior in high temperature condition
In this study, fuel droplet of approximately 20µm diameter is injected by experimental apparatus. After that, droplet
goes to butane flame. We observed it by high-speed camera, and considered the effects of heat flux on the kerosene
and diesel oil droplet evaporation and breakup phenomenon. It is found that the breakup diameter is not dependenton heat flux.

9. Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
Takuya Mino Nov. 16
Temperature Measurement of Microscopic Supercritical Atmosphere
In our study, a fuel droplet of approximately 30 μm diameter is injected into supercritical atmosphere. It’s importantto specify the atmosphere condition. So we measured the temperature distribution using self-made 14µm thermocouple. And the accuracy of the supercritical atmosphere was verified.

10. National Taiwan University of Science and Technology					Anton Halim Nov. 16
Dynamic Modeling of a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst and Diesel Particulate Filter Aftertreatment System forRegeneration Control Development
Establish a physics-based dynamic modelling of DOC and DPF, which able to capture regeneration process achieved
either by passively use of a catalyst or by actively introducing high heat into the exhaust system to burn accumulatedsoot. DOC/DPF model was being validated and had a good agreement with actual experimental data.

11. Graduate School, Nihon University						Hikaru Yamada Nov. 16
An Effect of Bio Fuel for Low Compression Ratio Diesel Engine
The purpose of this study is to explore an effect of the coconut oil methyl ester (CME) and vegetable oil methyl ester(VME) on a low compression ratio diesel engine performance. The engine performance was measured in the steady
operating condition at 3600 rpm of engine speed.

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

1912. Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University				Rizqi Fitri Naryanto Nov. 16
Numerical Simulation with Discrete Phase Model of Fixed Bed Reactor for a Small Combustion Engine
This poster presents modeling of biomass gasification in a fix bed reactor with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
using Discrete Phase Model (DPM). Recently, Biomass usage in Indonesia revealed increasing trend in utilization. Applied Combustion Laboratory in Kanazawa University had also been established on experimental and numerical simulation on Biomass gasification. In presented model, biomass is treated as a porous material consisting of a solid matrix
and interconnected with a fluid. It can be considered as a two phase flow where fluid (air) interacts mechanically,
thermally and sometimes chemically with solid matrix of porous media which may deform due to these interactions.
The CFD code ANSYS FLUENT was used to simulate and solve the problem.

13. Hiroshima institute of technology						Kentaro Takatani Nov. 16
Effects of Ion-Probe Insulator Material on Measuring Properties of Propagating Flame in 2-Stroke Gasoline Engine
Our group has applied multiple ion-probes method on 2-stroke gasoline engine. One of the present issues is deterioration of electric insulation on ion-probe for longer engine operation duration. The present poster reports the effects
of insulator material for measuring properties of propagating flame in the engine.

14. Universitas Sebelas Maret							Herman Saputro Nov. 16
Mathematics modeling of Flame-spread Behavior Based on Percolation Theory and Microgravity Experiment ofDroplet Array
It is difficult to conduct the experiment on large-scale droplet cloud combustion because the buoyancy effect is significant in normal gravity. This research presents the numerical simulation of 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional(3D) flame-spread behavior in large scale of droplet cloud without and with consideration of the interaction of twodroplets. The numerical simulation was calculated based on flame-spread characteristics of droplet array in microgravity, using percolation approach and considering the flame-spread-limit distance (S/d0) limit. The results show thatthe interaction effects of two-droplet in randomly distributed droplet cloud have influence on the probability of groupcombustion (OPGC) and critical point of flame-spread.

15. Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia			
A. Wahyudi, M. Dylan, A. Soewono Nov. 17
Design of Test Bench for Motorcycle Engine with Carburetor System
Otto engine is the most widely used engine in small vehicle such as motorcycle and hence, significant efforts havebeen done in order to improve the engine performance via engine testing. The purpose of this research is to develop
an engine test bench for a motorcycle engine that is capable of measuring volumetric efficiency and engine power
loss simultaneously and independently. The proposed engine test bench takes advantage of experience learnt frompast studies in order to obtain more accurate engine power and emission.

16. Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia			
R. Bayu, B. Kristianto, I. Iskandar Nov. 17
An Experimental Study of LPG as a Fuel for Motorcycle Engine
Motorcycles are one of the most popular of transportation methods being used in Indonesia. These motorcyles areusually powered by regular grade gasoline called premium. However, the supply of premium is recently reduced bygovernment policy. Hence, research on alternative fuel in transportation sector has become priority. In this study, Liquifed Petroleum Gas (LPG) is used as a substitute fuel on a motorcycle with carburetor system. The engine performance, fuel consumption, and exhaust gas emissions are being carefully investigated.

20

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)EXHIBITION AND POSTER SESSIONS

17. Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia		
A. Setiawan, Pryawrata P., M. Darmawan Nov. 17
The Effect of Fuel Injection Timing on the Performance of a Single Cylinder, Four-Stroke Engine
The aim of the use of fuel injection system is to improve the engine performance and fuel efficiency. An experimental
study is conducted to compare the engine power and exhaust emission of a single cylinder engine run with injection
timings and different fuel types (Pertalite and Pertamax Turbo).

18. Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia		
Septhio T.P., Eka T. P., M. Sinaga, Fillian A. Nov. 17
Test Bench for Measuring Volumetric Efficiency of Direct Injection Motorcycle Engine
In recent years, motorcycle engine technology has undergone rapid development to provide a more efficient and ecofriendly engine which incorporate advanced energy saving technology. In particular, the change in the fuel distribution system technology from carburetor technology to fuel injection system. In order to study the performance of thefuel injection system in motorcycle engine, the test bench is specifically designed to measure the volumetric efficiency and energy power loss. These parameters are important in order to minimize losses due to the effect of pumping.

19. Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia		Hendy M., Louis B., Cristiand, D. Setyanto Nov. 17
A New Design of Motorcycle Sprocket by Hole Arrangement
Motorcycle for racing needs component that can withstand significant torsion and stresses. A new sprocket design
based on the modified hole arrangement that is being investigated in this study. It is hope that this new sprocket canendure higher torsion and stress during the racing, and have a longer life-time for daily use.
20. Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia					Jovan J., S. Tobing Nov. 17
Analysis of Spot Welding’s Defect by Portable Spot Welding
Portable Spot Welding (PSW) is commonly use in the manufacturing of automotive components because it is practical, short, and easy way to use. However, the PSW has some weaknesses which often results in the defects. In addition
to impacting the final workpiece results, operator safety may be threatened. Therefore, defects in spot welding are aserious case and must be addressed further so that the frequency of occurrence of defects can be minimal.
21. Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia			
Dennis F., A. Andrew, P.D. Basoeki Nov. 17
Performance of Lithium and Lead Acid Battery for the Use in Solar-Powered Pedestrian Light
The use of solar-powered street and pedestrian lights has become common around the world. This solar light is usually equipped with either Lithium or Lead Acid battery. This study is conducted to better understand the working
process of both types of batteries, and to determine which type of battery is best-suited to be applied on pedestrian
lighting system.
22. Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia		
Hans R., J. Dionisius, R. Kurniawan, M. Januar Nov. 17
Analytical and Numerical Methods for Predicting the Safety of Suspension Design on Student Formula Car
The purpose of this study is to design a suspension system for a student formular car that meet the demand of safety
and stability. Two different methods, analytical and simulation, are used in order to evaluate the proposed suspension
design and predict its behaviour.
23. Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia			
Inryono K., H. Sutanto, Purnomo S. Nov. 17
Design of Urban Car Chassis and Suspension System with Numerical Approach and Graphical Simulation
This study investigates design of an urban green car chassis including its material selection and analysis of stress anddeformation. It is carried out by using numerical approaches and graphical simulations.

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

21

SPECIAL EVENTS

Welcome Reception
Date : Wednesday, November 15, 2017
Time : 18:00-20:00
Venue : Kasuari Lounge, Jakarta Convention Center* Free (All registered attendees)
Kick off your SETC2017 experience at the Welcome Reception being held at the same venue of the conference.
Enjoy local food and drinks as well as the opportunity tosocialize and network with peers

BanquetThe banquet will be held in Batavia Marina, a restaurantwith a unique ambience in the northern part of Jakarta.
This complex luxury restaurant is located on Sunda Kelapa Harbor, which provides a different atmosphere withthe background of the harbor and waterfront. The Marco
Polo dining Hall at Batavia Marina is one of a kind, very
exclusive and cozy venue which combines a classical architecture with a very unique interior and decorations
and a spacious garden seaside in the outdoor section.
The banquet will provide a nice opportunity to socialize and network with all the colleagues and friends, andexperience local cuisine. Alcohol beverages will also be
served during the banquet.

22

Date : Thursday, November 16, 2017
Time : 18:00 - 20:00 (Start time may
be subject to change due tosituation of transportation)
Venue : Batavia Sunda Kelapa Marina
Jl. Baruna Raya No. 9, Sunda
Kelapa Port Complex, North
Jakarta, 14430
ph. 021-691 5599
www.bataviamarina.com
Fee: IDR 820,000 (includingtransportation from andto the JCC)
Type : Seated buffet

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)AWARD AND CLOSING CEREMONYAward & Closing Ceremony

Friday, November 17, 2017,12:30 – 13:30 at Merak Room

CLOSING CEREMONY

Before the award and closing ceremony, seating-buffet-lunch will be served in the KasuariLounge from 11:30-12:30 to all register attendees, who will be kindly asked to move to theceremony venue. The ceremony will begin with the conference summary, and the closing
remarks from the Minister followed by the announcement of the award recipients.

THE SUMMARY OF THE CONFERENCE

Mr. Shigeru Fujii (SETC2017 Technical Committee Chair of JSAE) and Mr.Ryosuke Ishikawa(SETC2017 Organizing Committee Chair of JSAE ) will summarize this conference

CLOSING REMARKS FROM MINISTER

Ir. Airlangga Hartarto (Minister of Industry of the Republic of Indonesia) will make closing
remarks.

AWARDS

Awardees will be announced and given certificates in recognition of:• High Quality Paper Awards			
9 papers• The Best Paper Award 			Most excellent paper within ten high quality papers• High Quality Presentation Awards		
5 presenting authors• The Best Poster Award			
1 poster• The Best Collegiate Event Award		
1 paper• Best Indonesian Paper Award		
1 paper

INTRODUCTION OF SETC2018

Dr. Ken Fosaaen, a representative of SAE International, will announce and introduce
the next SETC to be held in the Dusseldorf, Germany.

FAREWELL ADDRESS

Mr. Gunadi Sindhuwinata, President of IATO, will make farewell remarks at the end of
the ceremony

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

23

CLOSING CEREMONYKEY SPEAKER IN CLOSING CEREMONY
Speaker
Career:Jul 27, 2016 – present : Minister of Industry, Republic of Indonesia
2005 – 2014 President, Indonesian Public Listed Companies Association(AEI)
2009 – 2014 Advisory Board, Gajah Mada Alumni Association (KAGAMA)2009 – 2014 Head of Commission VI, House of Representative, Republicof Indonesia
2006 – 2009 Head of Commission VII, House of Representative, Republicof Indonesia
Ir. Airlangga Hartarto, 2006 – 2009 President, The Institution of Engineers Indonesia (PII)
2005
Secretary General, Asean Federation of Engineering
MBA, MMT.
Organisations
2002 – 2012 Vice President, Gajah Mada Alumni Association (KAGAMA)
Minister of Industryof the Republic ofIndonesia

Education:
1987
1996
1997

24

Mechanical Engineering – Gajah Mada University
MBA – Monash University, Australia
MMT – University of Melbourne

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)TECHNICAL VISIT

Technical Visit

Tuesday, November 14, 2017
Fee: IDR 820,000

Technical visit will be held on November 14, 2017 for all day long. The schedule of the visits will be
as follow:
07:30 – 08:00

Registration at Lagoon Tower lobby of Sultan Hotel

08:00 – 10:00

Departure to Cikarang by Bus

10:00 – 11:30

AHM Factory Visit

11:30 – 13:30

Departure to Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (Lunch will be provided)

13:30 – 14:30

Taman Mini Indonesia (TMII) Cultural Tour

14:30 – 15:30

Entertainment on TMII Jawa Tengah Pavilion

15:30

Return to Hotel by Bus

PT Astra Honda Motor (AHM)

E

stablished in 1971 as Federal Motor, PT Astra Honda Motor is development cooperation between Honda Motor
Company Limited, Japan, and PT Astra International Tbk,
Indonesia. AHM has the vision to take a lead in Indonesian motorcycle market and become a global player, by making customers’ dream come true, to create joy to customers, and to

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center25

contribute to Indonesian society. Its main mission is to create
mobility solution to society with best products and services.
In 2015, AHM has produced 50 million motorcycles making it
as the first motorcycle company in South East Asia that canachieve that number. AHM currently has 4 plants located in
Sunter, Pegangsaan, Cikarang and Karawang to manufacture
motorcycles and scooter. We will visit the Plant No. 3, locatedin Cikarang which produces more than 2 million units of automatic scooter model per year.

Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII)

T

aman Mini Indonesia Indah provides a preview of theIndonesian culture that is realized through the Pavilion
areas representing 33 provinces in Indonesia. Provincial
pavilion is built around the lake showing a miniature of theIndonesian archipelago, thematically divided into six zones;
Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Bali and Nusa Tenggara,
Maluku and Papua. Each pavilion features typical traditionalarchitecture building and displays a variety of local clothing,dances and traditions of the area. After 1 hour of guided tourin the TMII, we will take a break at Jawa Tengah Pavilion andenjoy a traditional dance performance.

26

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)SESSION TIMETABLE

SETC2017 Session Timetable
8:30-10:00(20 minutes-presentation and 10 minutes-discussion / each paper)
Opening Ceremony & Keynote Speech
Networking Break & Poster Session

10:00-10:30

A (Merak 1)

B (Merak 2)

C (Merak 3)

D (Nuri 1)

E (Kakatua)

Collegiate Events

HCCI I

Functional Safety

Vehicle Dynamics & Safety I

Diesel Engine I

Chair

Akira Iijima

Tatsuya Kuboyama

Takashi Mitome

Masayuki Baba

Tomoaki Yatsufusa

Co-ChairMike Marcella

Adrian Irimescu

Tony Sczcotka

Thomas Lagö

Iman K. Reksowardojo

20179018/2017-32-0018

20179046 / 2017-32-0046

Room

10:30-12:00

20179087 / 2017-32-0087

20179073 / 2017-32-0073

20179057/2017-32-0057

20179033/2017-32-0033

20179101 / 2017-32-0101

20179110 / 2017-32-0110

20179106 / 2017-32-0106

20179083/2017-32-0083

20179053/2017-32-0053

20179089 / 2017-32-0089

Lunch & Poster Session

November 15th Wednesday

12:00-13:30

13:30-15:00

Hybrids, Electric Drive,
Fuel Cells

HCCI II

Materials

Vehicle Dynamics & Safety II

Diesel Engine II

Chair

Yasuyuki Muramatsu

Hibiki Koga

Aki Kodai

Hisayuki Sugita

Tadao Okazaki

Co-ChairRoland Kirchberger

Adrian Irimescu

Ken Fosaaen

Sangriyadi Setio

Iman K. Reksowardojo

20179039 / 2017-32-9039

20179061 / 2017-32-0061

20179006 / 2017-32-0006

20179086/2017-32-0086

20179030 / 2017-32-0030

20179104 / 2017-32-9104

20179090 / 2017-32-0090

20179056 / 2017-32-0056

20179099/2017-32-0099

20179035 / 2017-32-0035

20179079 / 2017-32-9079

20179096 / 2017-32-0096

20179125 / 2017-32-0125

Networking Break & Poster Session

15:00-15:30

15:30-17:30

November 16th Thursday

Fuel Supply Systems

HCCI III

NVH Technology

Measurement & Simulation I

Diesel Engine III

Chair

Michihisa Nakagawa

Tomoo Shiozaki

Hiroshi Yano

Tadao Okazaki

Keiya Nishida

Co-Chair

Tony Sczcotka

Adrian Irimescu

Thomas Lagö

Stephan Schmidt

Iman K. Reksowardojo

20179002 / 2017-32-0002

20179084 / 2017-32-0084

20179034 / 2017-32-0034

20179020 / 2017-32-0020

20179105 / 2017-32-0105

20179017 / 2017-32-0017

20179085 / 2017-32-0085

20179068 / 2017-32-0068

20179130 / 2017-32-0130

20179107 / 2017-32-0107

20179059 / 2017-32-0059

20179066 / 2017-32-0066

20179036 / 2017-32-0036

20179115 / 2017-32-9115

20179131 / 2017-32-0131

20179075 / 2017-32-0075

20179067 / 2017-32-0067

9:00-11:30

Plenary Session

11:30-13:00

Lunch & Poster Session

13:00-14:30

Advanced Combustion I

Alternative Fuels I

Emissions&Environmental
Impact I

Measurement & Simulation II

Two Stroke Engine I

Chair

Akihito Kasai

Tohru Nakazono

Hiromi Deguchi

Michihisa Nakagawa

Tomoo Shiozaki

Co-Chair

Simona Merola

Iman K. Reksowardojo

Kai Beck

Stephan Schmidt

Pierre Duret20179050 / 2017-32-0050

20179070 / 2017-32-0070

20179009 / 2017-32-0009

20179027 / 2017-32-0027

20179037 /2017-32-0037

20179112 / 2017-32-0112

20179078 / 2017-32-0078

20179011 / 2017-32-0011

20179028 / 2017-32-0028

20179043 / 2017-32-0043

20179118 / 2017-32-0118

20179092 / 2017-32-0092

20179116 / 2017-32-0116

20179097 / 2017-32-0097

Networking Break & Poster Session

14:30-15:00

15:00-16:30

20179032 / 2017-32-0032

Advanced Combustion II

Alternative Fuels II

Emissions&Environmental
Impact II

Measurement & Simulation III

Two Stroke Engine II

Chair

Akihito Kasai

Hiroya Ueda

Hiromi Deguchi

Michihisa Nakagawa

Tomoo Shiozaki

Co-Chair

Simona Merola

Ken Fosaaen

Kai Beck

Adrian Irimescu

Roland Kirchberger

20179041 / 2017-32-0041

20179047 / 2017-32-0047

20179121 / 2017-32-0121

20179042 / 2017-32-0042

20179048 / 2017-32-0048

20179082 / 2017-32-0082

20179119/ 2017-32-0119
20179054/ 2017-32-0054
November 15-17, 2017,
Jakarta
Convention
Center20179091 / 2017-32-0091

20179063 / 2017-32-0063

27

20179079 / 2017-32-9079

HCCI III

NVH Technology

Measurement & Simulation I

Diesel Engine III

Chair

Michihisa Nakagawa

Tomoo Shiozaki

Hiroshi Yano

Tadao Okazaki

Keiya Nishida

Co-Chair

Tony Sczcotka

Adrian Irimescu

Thomas Lagö

Stephan Schmidt

Iman K. Reksowardojo

20179002 / 2017-32-0002

20179084 / 2017-32-0084

20179034 / 2017-32-0034

20179020 / 2017-32-0020

20179105 / 2017-32-0105

20179017 / 2017-32-0017

20179085 / 2017-32-0085

20179068 / 2017-32-0068

20179130 / 2017-32-0130

20179107 / 2017-32-0107

20179059 / 2017-32-0059

20179066 / 2017-32-0066

20179036 / 2017-32-0036

20179115 / 2017-32-9115

20179131 / 2017-32-0131

20179075 / 2017-32-0075

20179067 / 2017-32-0067

9:00-11:30

Plenary Session

11:30-13:00

Lunch & Poster Session

13:00-14:30

Co-ChairAdvanced Combustion I

Alternative Fuels I

Emissions&Environmental
Impact I

Measurement & Simulation II

Two Stroke Engine I

Akihito Kasai

Tohru Nakazono

Hiromi Deguchi

Michihisa Nakagawa

Tomoo Shiozaki

Kai Beck

Stephan Schmidt

Pierre Duret

Simona Merola

Iman K. Reksowardojo

20179050 / 2017-32-0050

20179070 / 2017-32-0070

20179009 / 2017-32-0009

20179027 / 2017-32-0027

20179037 /2017-32-0037

20179112 / 2017-32-0112

20179078 / 2017-32-0078

20179011 / 2017-32-0011

20179028 / 2017-32-0028

20179043 / 2017-32-0043

20179118 / 2017-32-0118

20179092 / 2017-32-0092

20179116 / 2017-32-0116

20179097 / 2017-32-0097

Networking Break & Poster Session

14:30-15:00

15:00-16:30

Advanced Combustion II

Alternative Fuels II

Emissions&Environmental
Impact II

Measurement & Simulation III

Two Stroke Engine II

Chair

Akihito Kasai

Hiroya Ueda

Hiromi Deguchi

Michihisa Nakagawa

Tomoo Shiozaki

Co-Chair

Simona Merola

Ken Fosaaen

Kai Beck

Adrian Irimescu

Roland Kirchberger

20179119 / 2017-32-0119

20179054 / 2017-32-0054

20179041 / 2017-32-0041

20179047 / 2017-32-0047

20179121 / 2017-32-0121

20179091 / 2017-32-0091

20179063 / 2017-32-0063

20179042 / 2017-32-0042

20179048 / 2017-32-0048

20179082 / 2017-32-0082

20179120 / 2017-32-0120

November 17th Friday

8:00-9:30

20179113 / 2017-32-0113

Advanced Combustion III

Alternative Fuels III

Emissions&Environmental
Impact III

Measurement & Simulation IV

Engine Component I

Chair

Koji Yoshida

Tohru Nakazono

Hiromi Deguchi

Tadao Okazaki

Takahito Murase

Co-Chair

Simona Merola

Iman K. Reksowardojo

Kai Beck

Adrian Irimescu

Tony Sczcotka

20179069 / 2017-32-0069

20179103/ 2017-32-0103

20179076 / 2017-32-0076

20179071 / 2017-32-0071

20179055 / 2017-32-0055

20179111 / 2017-32-0111

20179088 / 2017-32-0088

20179094 / 2017-32-0094

20179074 / 2017-32-0074

20179124 / 2017-32-0124

20179126 / 2017-32-0126

20179038 / 2017-32-0038

Networking Break & Poster Session

9:30-10:00

10:00-11:30

Advanced Combustion IV

Lubricants

Vehicle Components

Engine Controls

Engine Component II

Chair

Koji Yoshida

Tohru Nakazono

Hisayuki Sugita

Yutaka Nitta

Yuji Araki

Co-Chair

Simona Merola

Mike Marcella

Ignatius P. Nurprasetio

Ken Fosaaen

Roland Kirchberger

20179064 / 2017-32-0064

Organized Speech(Pertamina Lubricants)

20179049 / 2017-32-0049

20179045 / 2017-32-0045

20179003 / 2017-32-0003

20179077 / 2017-32-0077

20179008 / 2017-32-0008

20179123 / 2017-32-0123

20179052 / 2017-32-0052

20179060 / 2017-32-0060

20179065 / 2017-32-0065

20179095 / 2017-32-0095

11:30-13:30

28

20179032 / 2017-32-0032

Fuel Supply Systems

Chair

November 16th Thursday

20179125 / 2017-32-0125

Networking Break & Poster Session

15:00-15:30

15:30-17:30

20179096 / 2017-32-0096

Lunch, Award & Closing Ceremony

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)TECHNICAL SESSIONTECHNICAL SESSION
1
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 15 th Wednesday
A (Merak 1)
11:00 – 12:00
Collegiate Events
Akira Iijima (Nihon University),
Mike Marcella (Maxima Racing Oils)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179087 / 2017-32-0087
Clean and Sustainable Energy for Small Urban Car
Sangriyadi Setio, Wiranto Arismunandar, Rudy Ong, Adefrid Dwithama, Stefanus
Adrian, Angela Claudia, Nu’man Amri Maliky, Jery Octavianus, Muhammad Alif
Mabbrur, Michell Tjhoi (Institut Teknologi Bandung)

9. Abstract
Developing and designing fuel efficient vehicle for a one gallon of fuel marathon is a challenging task. Engines
have to be optimized to achieve maximum fuel efficiency. In this study, we evaluate the optimal compression
ratio (CR) and ignition timing that produce the best torque in a custom gasoline-based-motorcycle-engine thatuse ethanol E100 fuel. In the first experiment, CR was adjusted between 9 and 12 to evaluate its effect on theengine mileage’s record. The experiment was conducted on the test track. In the second experiment, Ignition
timing was adjusted by a custom-made engine control unit (ECU) between 15 deg. and 45 deg. before top deadcenter (BTDC). The engine performance was investigated in terms of best torque and brake specific fuelconsumption (BSFC), with variation of engine speed between 1500 and 8000. The test was conducted on
dynamometer. The test was also performed in constant compression ratio and stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, 9. The
best result is used to develop the clean, sustainable, and efficient small urban car for Shell Eco-marathon Asia
competition. We achieved the best CR of 12 with the average mileage of 212.3 km/liter. The lowest BSFC is
obtained at 4500 rpm, which generates 9.68 Nm.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179110 / 2017-32-0110
An Investigation on the Design and Manufacturing of Powertrain System forStudent Formula Japan (SFJ) Vehicle
Daisuke Kagawa (Graduate School of Kokushikan University), Tomoaki Kodama,
Yasuhiro Honda (Kokushikan University)

9. Abstract
The main purpose of Student Formula Japan competition (hereafter called “SFJ”) is to let students learn thebasic ability necessary for engineers through design, fabrication and test projects. In this study the authors
decided to adopt Honda BC-PC37E which was an engine for motor cycles. Then the engine have strength enoughfor the light weight, downsizing design. As the course of the competition consists of short straights and many
corners for running within equal to or less than middle speed range, the engine must have excellent acceleration
performance to reduce the lap times in the corners. The effective engine performance is necessary for the flat
torque in all of engine speed range, especially in low engine speed range. As the regulation allows that aturbocharger is fitted to an engine, its introduction is effective for getting high torque in the low engine speed
range. In this study the authors investigate the influences of the main specifications and the characteristics ofimportant power train components, such as turbocharger, throttle, air restrictor, air collector, intake manifold(intake system), exhaust manifold (exhaust system), camshaft, valve timing and dual system of injection, on the
improvement of the engine performance by analytical methods, experiments and driving tests. The conclusions
are as follows: (1) The brake torque of the engine by adopting the turbocharger in the lower range of A/R (Area of
inlet port/Radius of turbine, hereafter called “A/R”) has become higher in the low engine speed range. (2) In thecase that the length of intake pipe is extended, the brake torque has been increased in the low engine speed
range and decreased greatly in the high engine speed range.

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center29

2
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 15th Wednesday
A (Merak 1)
13:30-15:00
Hybrids, Electric Drive, Fuel Cells
Yasuyuki Muramatsu (Yamaha Motor Co.,Ltd)
Roland Kirchberger (Graz University of Technology)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20179039 / 2017-32-9039
7. Paper title
Development of New Compact Hybrid System
8. Author (Affiliation)
Satoshi Itoh, Michiyasu Yamamoto (Suzuki Motor Corporation.)
9. Abstract
One of the fuel efficiency improvement policy of Small vehicle included Regenerative Braking System (JSAE20139006 / SAE 2013-32-9006), but developed New Compact Hybrid System to realize further fuel efficiency
improvement. Losses for the engine friction occurred without separating an engine by the former system when
deceleration energy was collected, but realized the recovery of the effective kinetic-energy by separating anengine by this system, and regenerating. The new system collect deceleration energy in decelerating time andcoasting as well as Regenerative Braking System, but the fuel consumption with the engine is minimized byrunning EV in the collected energy and realize further fuel efficiency improvement. In addition, the assist is
performed in collected energy, and fuel efficiency improvement and compatibility of accelerating performanceare planned.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179104 / 2017-32-9104
Development of a Dynamic Lifetime Prediction Model for Ultracapacitors based on
Accelerated Aging Tests
C.J. Chiang, T.F. Kuo, Weiliem Abubakar, G. Lee, W.R. Huang(National Taiwan University of Science and Technology)

9. Abstract
The purpose of this thesis is to establish a dynamic an Ultracapacitor model, including equivalent circuit model,a thermal dynamic model and an aging model. Model parameter identification is conducted based on Alternative
Current Impedance Spectroscopy (ACIS) experiment and least squares method to obtain the Ultracapacitor
equivalent series resistance (ESR), constant phase element magnitude (Adl), electrolyte resistance (Rel) andconstant phase element exponent (γ) at various voltages and temperatures. Various mathematical models areapplied to describe the aging process of parameters. The Ultracapacitor aging model is then validated against
voltage and temperature measurements under various charge/discharge cycles at nature heat dissipation
condition. All the experiment results indicated that the Ultracapacitor aging model is capable of predictions the
dynamic behaviors of Ultracapacitor after various periods of aging process. Keywords: Ultracapacitor, Aging
Model, Alternative Current Impedance Spectroscopy.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179079 / 2017-32-9079
Study on Appropriate Cooling System According to the Output of the Motor andInverter for Small EV
Tsukasa Shimizu, Jin Ito, Hideki Shirazawa, Yasuyuki Muramatsu(Yamaha Motor Co.,Ltd)

9. Abstract
It is important to make small and light weight motor for small EV. It is necessary to select appropriate coolingsystem (liquid cool or air cool) according to motor output. We thought that there is a threshold output that makes
the volume smaller and the weight lighter including the liquid cooling system.
As a result of the rough calculation, it was found that the weight can be reduced by adopting the liquid coolingfor at about 10kW or more.
In this study we focused on motor and cooling system volume and weight and tried to clarify appropriate coolingsystem according to motor output.

30

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

3
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 15 th Wednesday
A (Merak 1)
15:30 – 17:30
Fuel Supply Systems
Michihisa Nakagawa (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)
Tony Sczcotka (Robert Bosch LLC)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179002 / 2017-32-0002
Application of a New-concept Gasoline Pump Injector (GPI) on a Motorcycle Engine
Balasubramanian N.(Stanadyne India Private Limited, Indian Institute ofTechnology Madras), Keerthi G. R.(Indian Institute of Technology Madras), Nithin
J. T.(Indian Institute of Technology Madras), Jayabalan S. (Stanadyne India Private
Limited), Anand T. N. C.(Indian Institute of Technology Madras)

9. Abstract
This paper presents the results of tests using a prototype pump-integrated port fuel injector that is designed forsmall gasoline engines. The unique construction of the injector eliminates the need for a separate feed pump.
The device is intended as a solution to meet the upcoming emission norms similar to Euro 6 standards, to be
implemented in Asian countries. In particular, the Indian two-wheeler market which produces around 20 million
vehicles annually [1], migrates to Bharat Stage VI (BS VI) emission standards in the year 2020. This market islargely cost-driven and currently most of the motorcycles use carburettors as fuelling systems. It is expected thatthe adoption of port fuel injection would be inevitable to meet the BS VI emission norms…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179017 / 2017-32-0017
Spray Characteristics Optimization for Small Motorcycle Engine Using Internal
Cylinder Flow Analysis
Yuzuru Sasaki, Nobuhiko Yamaguchi, Akira Arioka(Keihin Corporation), Katsunori
Komuro, Dai Kataoka, Shunji Akamatsu(Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)

9. Abstract
In recent times, due to the improvement of internal cylinder flow analysis technology with Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD), the prediction accuracy of fuel consumption and emission has improved. However, small
motorcycles often have complex intake ports which restrict the layout of injectors. Therefore optimization of
injection spray to achieve high combustion efficiency and less wall wetting is a challenge. In this study, we
predicted fuel consumption and emission performance by the simulation result of air fuel distribution and wall
wetting amount with an actual motorcycle engine model. We optimized injector nozzle length, spray angle andspray tip penetration. After the optimization, we evaluated the emission performance and fuel consumption withan actual engine. As a result, we were able to confirm the improvement of fuel consumption and emission
performance.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179059 / 2017-32-0059
Effects of Port Injection Specifications on Emission Behavior of THC and Engine
Maximum Power
Yoshinori Nakao, Atsushi Hisano, Masahito Saitou, Kozo Suzuki, Katsumi
Sobakiri(Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)

9. Abstract
In this paper, it is also elucidated that the influence of the downstream injection, which caused different fuelbehavior in contrast with upstream injection, on the THC after warmup and at the maximum power, as well as
its mechanism. The mechanism is clarified by use of the intake port visualization system. First, at each injection
position, the effect of injection timing on THC emission after warm-up was evaluated. In the downstream
injection, THC emission increases during the injection timing, in which the fuel spray directly flows in-cylinder
during the intake process (hereinafter defined as the intake valve opening injection timing), and the amount of
THC emission is reduced at the other injection timing (hereinafter defined as the intake valve closing injection
timing)…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179131 / 2017-32-0131
The Way of Suppressing Self-excited Vibration in Small Pressure Regulator for
Small Motorcycles
Takashi Yokoo, Takeshi Enomoto, Masaki Morita(Aisan Industry Co., Ltd.)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
In recent years, the adoption of electronically-controlled fuel injection system (commonly called “FI”) of
motorcycles is accelerating for the purpose of fuel efficiency improvement to meet tighter emission controls
around the world and to protect global environment. The main stream of the motorcycle market is small
motorcycles with an engine size of 100cc to 150cc, therefore downsizing and lowering the cost of FI products arebeing demanded. Pressure regulator (hereafter called P/R) installed in fuel pump module (hereafter called FPM),
one of FI products for motorcycles, is being shifted to ball valve type from diaphragm type due to the downsizing
demands. However, the ball valve type has problems such as abnormal noise and pressure adjusting defect thatare caused by self-excited vibration…

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center31

4

1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 15 th Wednesday
B (Merak 2)
11：00-12：00
HCCI I
Tatsuya Kuboyama (Chiba University),
Adrian Irimescu (Istituto Motori-CNR)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179073 / 2017-32-0073
Numerical Investigations of the Auto-Ignition Ranges of a Natural
Gas Fueled HCCI Engine
Jörn Judith, Denis Neher, Maurice Kettner (Karlsruhe University of Applied
Sciences), Markus Klaissle (SenerTec Kraft-Wärme-Energiesysteme GmbH), Darko
Kozarac (University of Zagreb)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) in natural gas fueled engines is thought to achieve highefficiency and low NOx emissions. While automotive applications require various load and speed regions, theoperation range of stationary cogeneration engines is narrower. Hence, HCCI operation is easier to reach andmore applicable to comply with future emission standards.
This study presents computationally investigations of the auto-ignition ranges of a stationary natural gas HCCI
engine. Starting from a detailed 1D engine cycle simulation model, a reduced engine model was developed andcoupled to chemical kinetics using AVL Boost. Compression ratio, airfuel ratio, internal EGR rate (iEGR) andintake temperature were varied for three different speeds, namely 1200, 1700 and 2200 rpm. Each examination
includes a full factorial design study of 375 configurations.
In the first step, the combustion was calculated using the GRI-mechanism 3.0 and a single zone combustion
model. The data generated was analyzed and single effects of the design parameters on auto-ignition
characteristics were derived. In the second step, quadratic regression models were built and sensitivity analysis
was performed. Compression ratio and intake temperature show the largest impact on auto-ignition timing(AIT) and auto-ignition temperature, whereas iEGR and air-fuel ratio mainly influence indicated mean effective
pressure (IMEP). The design space indicates narrower autoignition range at lower engine speed due todecreasing volumetric efficiency and increasing heat losses.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179106 / 2017-32-0106
Dynamic Modeling of a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine with
Exhaust Throttle
C. J., Chiang, J. W. Wu, T. F. Kuo, Kenny Purnomo (National Taiwan University of
Science and Technology)

9. Abstract
Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines create a more efficient power source for either
stationary power generators or automotive applications. Control of HCCI engines, however, is difficult since theignition cannot be actuated directly. For the purpose of model-based analysis and control design, a crank-angle
based HCCI engine model is developed in this paper based on experimental data from a single-cylinder engine.
The zero-dimensional dynamic engine model is constructed based on conservation of mass and energy, and ideal
gas law. Subsystems in this model included valve lift profile, cylinder volume, mass flow rate, intake andexhaust runner dynamics, cylinder dynamics, combustion model and heat-transfer model. Inputs to the model
include engine speed, intake temperature, fueling rate, intake throttle and exhaust throttle positions. Outputs ofthe model include indicate mean effective pressure (IMEP), combustion timings, air-to-fuel ratio (AFR), and thepressure, temperature, mass and burned gas fraction in the cylinder, intake and exhaust runners. Identificationand validation of the combustion model were first conducted based on the steady-state cylinder pressure
measurement and the combustion analysis results. With the inclusion of intake and exhaust runner dynamics
and cylinder filling dynamics, the complete HCCI engine model is then validated against steady-stateexperimental data at various intake temperatures and transient experimental data during step changes offueling rate exhaust throttle position. Simulation results also contain details such as mass flow rate through theintake and exhaust valves and cylinder charge conditions during the transient. In the future, this model can beused for control design and hardware in the loop (HIL) simulation and testing.

32

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

A Study of Combustion in an HCCI Engine Using Non-equilibrium Plasma
Discharge Assist
8. Author (Affiliation)
Hyota Hoshino, Tatsuya Sato, Shuntaro Takano, Yuya Motoki, Hiroto Tanaka, Yuya
5
Higuchi, Akira Iijima, Tomohiko Asai, Mitsuaki Tanabe, Hideo Shoji (Nihon
1. DateNovember
University)15 th Wednesday
Room.
B (Merak 2)
9.2.Abstract3.
Time– 15:00
This
study focused on a 13:30
non-equilibrium
plasma discharge as a means of assisting HCCI combustion.
4.
SessionExperiments
were conductedHCCI
with aII
four-stroke single-cylinder engine fitted with a spark electrode in the top of
5.
(Affiliation),
Hibiki
Koga(Honda
R&D Co.,Ltd.),
theChaircombustion
chamber forcontinuously
generating
non-equilibrium
plasma from the intake stroke to the
Co-chair(Affiliation)
Adrian Irimescu (Istituto Motori-CNR)
exhauststroke.
The results showed that applying non-equilibrium plasma to the HCCI test engine advanced the main
combustion period that otherwise tended to be delayed as the engine speed was increased. In addition, it was
6.
Paper
No.(JSAE/SAE)/ 2017-32-0061
found
that
the combined use20179061
of exhaustgas recirculation and non-equilibrium plasma prevented a transition to7.
Papercombustion
title
The Effectcylinderof In-Cylinder
Flow
and Mixture
Distributions
on Combustion
partialwhile suppressing
pressure
oscillations
at highloads.
Characteristics in a HCCI Engine
8. Author (Affiliation)
Shogo Watanabe, Tatsuya Kuboyama, Yasuo Moriyoshi (Chiba University), Kei
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20179085 / (SUZUKI
2017-32-0085
Yoshimura
MOTOR CORPORATION)
Analysis of Supercharged HCCI Combustion Using Low-carbon Alternative Fuels
7. Paper title
9. Abstract
8. Author (Affiliation)
Masaaki TOGAWA, Takeshi NISHIYAMA, Keito AGUI, Yuki TAKAMURA, Akira
It has been widely known that thermal and fuel stratifications of in-cylinder mixture are effective to reduce
IIJIMA, Hideo SHOJI (Nihon University)
in-cylinder pressure rise rate during high load HCCI operations. In order to optimize a combustion chamber
9.design
Abstract
and combustion control strategy for HCCI engines with wide operational range, it is important to knowThis
study investigatedthe effects
of recirculated
exhaust(EGR) and
itsfuelprincipal
components
of N2, CO2
quantitatively
the influenceof the mixture
distributionsof gastemperature
andconcentration
on ignition
and
and
H2O
on
moderating
Homogeneous
ChargeCompression
Ignition(HCCI)
combustion.
Experiments
heat release characteristics. At the same time, it is important to know the influence of in-cylinder flowwere
and 5
conducted using
types of gaseous
fuel concentration
blends of DME/propane
andInDME/methane
as the test
fuels. The
turbulenceon thetwo
temperatureand mixture
distributions.
this study, a numericalsimulationof
1. DateNovember
15 th Wednesday
additionrates of EGR,
CO2 andtoH2O
were varied
and theofeffectsof each condition
on turbulence,
HCCI combustionof
HCCI
combustion
wereN2,
conducted
investigate
the effects
the in-cylinder
flow andand the2.
Room.and methane were investigated.
B (Merak 2)
propanerevealed
that the additionof CO2and H2O As
hadatheeffecttheofdistributionsof temperature on ignition The
and results
combustion
characteristics
in HCCI
combustion.
result,3.
Time
13:30 – 15:00
substantiallydelaying
and moderating
combustion.
additionN2 showed
a slight
initialtemperature
distributionof therapid
cylinderair-fuel The
mixturewasoffoundto be only
effectivefor delaying
slowing andthe4.
Session
HCCI
II hadofthe
moderating because
effect. The
of EGR
theby
time
combustion,eithercombustion
theaddition
large
distribution
theeffect
scale ofis optimallynot easilydelaying
influenced
theofmixing
due to while
the flow.
In
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Hibiki
Koga(Honda
R&DLtd.),
maintaining
or increasing
indicatedmean
effective
pressure
and indicatedgradientthermalisefficiency
ηi. combustion
addition,
it wasfound that thethe
combustion
slows
downCo.,when
the temperaturewide in the
Co-chair (Affiliation)
Adrian Irimescu (Istituto Motori-CNR)
region.
7. Paper title

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
No.(JSAE/SAE)
6.
6. Paper
Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7.
Paper
title
7.
7. Paper
Paper title
title

20179090 / 2017-32-0090
20179096
20179061 // 2017-32-0096
2017-32-0061
Influenceof Engine
Speed
on Autoignition
and Combustion
Characteristics
in a in
Effectof FuelInjection
Parameters
on Performanceand Emission
Characteristics
The Effectof In-Cylinder
Flow and Mixture
Distributions
on Combustion
Supercharged
HCCI
EngineHCCIEngine - AinCFD
StudyCharacteristics
a HCCI
Engine8. Author (Affiliation)(Affiliation)
HirotoTanaka,TatsuyaSato, Shuntaro
Takano,Yuya Motoki,
Hyota Hoshino,
Yuya
8.
H.
R. Guru
Kiran,J. M. Mallikarjuna
InstituteofTechnology
Madras)
8. Author
Author (Affiliation)
Shogo
Watanabe,
Tatsuya
Kuboyama, (Indian
Yasuo Moriyoshi(ChibaUniversity),
Kei
Higuchi,
Akira
Iijima,Hideo
Shoji(NihonUniversity)
9. Abstract
Yoshimura (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION)
9. Abstract
homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines are becoming very popular because of their
9.Today,
Abstract
Homogeneous
Charge Compression
Ignition(HCCI)
combustion
has attracted
widespreadinterestitpotential
to reduce
andthatnitricoxides(NOx)emissions
simultaneously.
But, theirperformanceandbecause
emission
It has been
widely sootknown
thermaland fuel
stratificationsof in-cylinder
mixtureare effective
toreduceachieves high are
efficiency
anddependent
can reduce
particulatematter(PM)andnitrogen However,oxide (NOx)emissionscharacteristics
very
much
upon
fuel
injection
strategy
andparameters.
they
also
have
in-cylinder pressure rise rate during high load HCCI operations. In order to optimize a combustion chamber
simultaneously. However,
becauseHCCI engines
lackhigha physicalof initiating
ignition,operating
it is difficult tomanyviz., improper
combustion
phasing,
ratewide
ofmeanspressurerise range,
and narrowdesignchallenges
and combustion
control strategy
for HCCI
engineswith
operational
it is important torange.
know
controltheignitiontiming.
Another
issue
of
HCCI
enginesisthat
thecombustion
processcausesthe cylinder
Therefore,
addressing
them isofvery
essentialdistributions
before making
a commercial
success.
quantitatively
the influence
the mixtureof themtemperatureand fuelconcentration on ignition andpressure to focusesrise rapidly.
The time thescaleis alsoimportantin HCCI
combustion
because ignition
depends onandtheThis
on evaluating
effectof fuelinjection
strategy
and theparameters
performanceheat study
release characteristics.
At the same
time,
it is
importantto know
influenceonof thein-cylinder
flow andchemical reactionsof theof
mixture.
Therefore,
we
investigated theinfluenceof (CFD)the engine
speedIn
onthisautoignition
emissioncharacteristicsa
HCCI
enginebycomputational
fluiddynamics
analysis.
study,
aturbulence on the temperature and mixture concentration distributions. In this study, a numerical simulation ofand combustion
characteristics
in HCCIan HCCI
engine.
A four-stroke
single-cylinder
engineequipped
withthea
four-stroke
engineoperating
in
the
mode
is
considered
and
the
CFD
analysisiscarried
out
by
using
HCCI combustion were conducted to investigate the effects of the in-cylinder flow and turbulence, and themechanically driven
was usedin thisout
study
tothe
examine
HCCI
combustion
under
CONVERGE.
Alltemperature
the supercharger
CFD simulations
carriedfrominlet valve(IVO) characteristics
to thevalve
distributions ofon ignitionare
andcombustion
characteristics
in opening
HCCI combustion.
Asexhausta result,thedifferent (EVO)
engine period,
speeds andboostenginepressures.
The
results
revealed thattheenginespeed range
canbeexpanded
opening
at
the
speed
of
1500
rev/min.,with
thecompression
ratio
of
16:1.
Here,
initial temperature distribution of the cylinder air-fuel mixture was found to be effective for slowing theby a mechanicallydrivensupercharger.
It of
was
found
that
there
was nocylinderchangethe ignition
delay
time
homogeneous
mixtureachieved
by theinjection
of is
fuel
into
theinfluenced
enginedirectly
duringtheearlycombustion
becausetheislarge
distribution
thealsoscale
noteasilyby the inmixingdueto theflow.
Inunder conditionsof witha thatconstant
equivalence
ratio
even
at bar.
different
engine speeds.
Thefindings
ofthe
this
study
compression
stroke,theinjection slows
pressureof when800
analysisiscarriedout
to study
effectofaddition,
it wasfound
thefuelcombustion
down
theThetemperature
gradientiswide
in thecombustion
provide important
knowledge
for fuel
controllingthe ignition
timing. timing and pressure on the performance andmultiplefuel injection
strategy,
mass split
ratio, injection
region.
emission characteristics of the engine. In addition, the results of the HCCI mode are compared with that of theconventional CI engine operating at the same load conditions…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20179096 / 2017-32-0096
7. Paper title
Effect of Fuel Injection Parameters on Performance and Emission Characteristics in
HCCI Engine - A CFD Study
8. Author (Affiliation)
H. R. Guru Kiran, J. M. Mallikarjuna (Indian Institute of Technology Madras)
9. Abstract
Today, homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines are becoming very popular because of theirpotential to reduce soot and nitric oxides (NOx) emissions simultaneously. But, their performance and emission
characteristics are very much dependent upon fuel injection strategy and parameters. However, they also have
many challenges viz., improper combustion phasing, high rate of pressure rise and narrow operating range.
Therefore, addressing them is very essential before making them a commercial success.
This study focuses on evaluating the effect of fuel injection strategy and parameters on the performance andemission characteristics of a HCCI engine by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. In this study, afour-stroke engine operating in the HCCI mode is considered and the CFD analysis is carried out by using the
CONVERGE. All the CFD simulations are carried out from the inlet valve opening (IVO) to the exhaust valve
opening (EVO) period, at the engine speed of 1500 rev/min., with the compression ratio of 16:1. Here,homogeneous mixture is achieved by the injection of fuel into the engine cylinder directly during the early
compression stroke, with the fuel injection pressure of 800 bar. The analysis is carried out to study the effect ofmultiple fuel injection strategy, fuel mass split ratio, injection timing and pressure on the performance andemission characteristics of the engine. In addition, the results of the HCCI mode are compared with that of theconventional CI engine operating at the same load conditions…
November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

33

6

1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 15th Wednesday
B (Merak 2)
15:30 – 17:00
HCCI III
Tomoo Shiozaki (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)
Adrian Irimescu (Istituto Motori-CNR)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179084 / 2017-32-0084
A Study of Combustion in an HCCI Engine Using Non-equilibrium Plasma
Discharge Assist
Hyota Hoshino, Tatsuya Sato, Shuntaro Takano, Yuya Motoki, Hiroto Tanaka, Yuya
Higuchi, Akira Iijima, Tomohiko Asai, Mitsuaki Tanabe, Hideo Shoji (Nihon
University)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
This study focused on a non-equilibrium plasma discharge as a means of assisting HCCI combustion.
Experiments were conducted with a four-stroke single-cylinder engine fitted with a spark electrode in the top of
the combustion chamber for continuously generating non-equilibrium plasma from the intake stroke to theexhaust stroke.
The results showed that applying non-equilibrium plasma to the HCCI test engine advanced the main
combustion period that otherwise tended to be delayed as the engine speed was increased. In addition, it was
found that the combined use of exhaust gas recirculation and non-equilibrium plasma prevented a transition topartial combustion while suppressing cylinder pressure oscillations at high loads.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179085 / 2017-32-0085
Analysis of Supercharged HCCI Combustion Using Low-carbon Alternative Fuels
Masaaki TOGAWA, Takeshi NISHIYAMA, Keito AGUI, Yuki TAKAMURA, Akira
IIJIMA, Hideo SHOJI (Nihon University)

9. Abstract
This study investigated the effects of recirculated exhaust gas (EGR) and its principal components of N2, CO2
and H2O on moderating Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion. Experiments wereconducted using two types of gaseous fuel blends of DME/propane and DME/methane as the test fuels. The
addition rates of EGR, N2, CO2 and H2O were varied and the effects of each condition on HCCI combustion of
propane and methane were investigated. The results revealed that the addition of CO2 and H2O had the effect of
substantially delaying and moderating rapid combustion. The addition of N2 showed only a slight delaying andmoderating effect. The addition of EGR had the effect of optimally delaying the time of combustion, while either
maintaining or increasing the indicated mean effective pressure and indicated thermal efficiency ηi.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179090 / 2017-32-0090
Influence of Engine Speed on Autoignition and Combustion Characteristics in a
Supercharged HCCI Engine
Hiroto Tanaka, Tatsuya Sato, Shuntaro Takano, Yuya Motoki, Hyota Hoshino, Yuya
Higuchi, Akira Iijima, Hideo Shoji (Nihon University)

9. Abstract
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion has attracted widespread interest because it
achieves high efficiency and can reduce particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions
simultaneously. However, because HCCI engines lack a physical means of initiating ignition, it is difficult tocontrol the ignition timing. Another issue of HCCI engines is that the combustion process causes the cylinderpressure to rise rapidly. The time scale is also important in HCCI combustion because ignition depends on thechemical reactions of the mixture. Therefore, we investigated the influence of the engine speed on autoignitionand combustion characteristics in an HCCI engine. A four-stroke single-cylinder engine equipped with amechanically driven supercharger was used in this study to examine HCCI combustion characteristics under
different engine speeds and boost pressures. The results revealed that the engine speed range can be expanded
by a mechanically driven supercharger. It was also found that there was no change in the ignition delay time
under conditions of a constant equivalence ratio even at different engine speeds. The findings of this study
provide important knowledge for controlling the ignition timing.

34

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)1. Date
2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 15th Wednesday
C (Merak 3)
11:00-12:00
Functional Safety
Takashi Mitome (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION)
Tony Sczcotka (Robert Bosch LLC)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179057 /2017-32-0057
ISO 26262 C Class Evaluation Method for Motorcycles by Expert Riders
Incorporating Technical Knowledge Obtained from Actual Riding Tests
Maki Kawakoshi, Takashi Kobayashi, Makoto Hasegawa (Japan Automobile
Research Institute)

8. Author (Affiliation)

7

9. Abstract
In applying the ISO 26262 controllability classification for motorcycles in actual riding tests, a subjective
evaluation by expert riders is considered to be the appropriate approach from the viewpoint of safety. We studied
the construction of an expert-rider-based C class evaluation method for motorcycles and developed someevaluation test cases reproducing various hazardous events. We determined that it was necessary to accumulate
more evaluation cases for further representative scenarios and that, to avoid variations in such evaluations, amethod in which different expert riders can carry out testing following a common understanding had to bedevised.
Considering these problems for practical application, this study aimed at establishing an actual riding test
method for C class evaluation by expert riders and to develop a deeper understanding of test procedures andmanagement. To this purpose, representative hazards related to electrical/electronic (E/E) system failures
particular to motorcycle control characteristics were extracted by referring to the hazard cases of passenger carsand ISO/DIS 26262. C class evaluation tests were conducted on some extracted hazards to obtain comparable
class ratings. On the basis of the riders’ comments and discussion, it was confirmed that interpreting a baseline
for the C0 rating in each assumed scenario is useful in developing a common rider understanding during
subjective evaluations. We organized the resulting technical knowledge set and added it to the existingclassification method, creating a C class expert-rider-based evaluation method for motorcycles that can feasibly
be used in practice.

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179083 /2017-32-0083
Detailed Study of Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment of ISO 26262 forMotorcycles
Makoto Hasegawa, Takanobu Kaneko (Japan Automobile Research Institute)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
ISO 26262, an international functional safety standard of electrical and/or electronic systems (E/E systems) for
motor vehicles, was published in November 2011 and it is expected that the scope will be extended to
motorcycles in a second edition of ISO 26262 going to be published in 2018. ISO/DIS 26262 second edition
published in 2016 has Part 12 as a new part in order to apply ISO 26262 to motorcycle. Proper estimation of
Exposure, Controllability, and Severity in accordance with ISO/DIS 26262 Part 12, are key factors to determine
Motorcycle Safety Integrity Level. To estimate precise these factors, there would be a case that it might not beappropriate to apply studies done for passenger car to motorcycle, and it would be necessary to apply motorcycle
specific knowledge and estimation methods. In our previous studies we clarified these motorcycle specific issues
and studied the method for the adaptation. In this study we executed Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment andestimated Exposure, Controllability and Severity based on the knowledge and methodology we haveaccumulated. The motivation of our work are to show precise Exposure, Controllability and Severity estimation
with concrete rationales, and contribute to motorcycle industry's functional safety application.

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

358
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

November 15th Wednesday
C (Merak 3)
13:30‐15:00
Materials
Aki Kodai (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)Ken Fosaaen (Kerdea Technologies)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

JSAE 20179006 / SAE 2017-32-0006
The Effect of Tempering Condtions on the Delayed Fracture Characteristics ofCarbuized Steels
Yoichi Inoue, Toshiya Ohta, Hirotaka Kurita (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
A carburizing is widely applied for many kinds of engine components for motorcycles. On the other hand, adelayed fracture phenomenon of strengthened steel materials occurred under actual usage is a serious concern.
The delayed fracture characteristics of surface modified steels such as carburized steels followed by a tempering
have a difficulty being evaluated by only measuring a partial characteristic of the hardened portion due to theexistence of an inhomogeneity of a microstructure and a gradient of strength. Therefore, the studies on thecharacteristics of the delayed fracture of the surface modified steels are not so many.
In this paper, the authors evaluated the delayed fracture characteristics of carburized and tempered actual
components by comparing hydrogen desorption curves acquired with a thermal desorption spectroscopy usinghydrogen-charged specimens with changing tempering conditions. The results from this survey indicate that thedelayed fracture characteristics have a relationship with the microstructural transformation of the tempered
martensite depending on the tempering conditions for the carburized steels.
6.Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

JSAE 20179056 / SAE 2017-32-0056
Development of Low Cost Alminium Tapered Handlebar for Motorcycles
Hirotoshi Inui, Toru Sakurai, Eiichi Sato (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.), Tadashi Minoda,
Yasuhiro Nakai (UACJ Extrusion Nagoya Corporation)

9. Abstract
Tapered handlebars using high strength aluminum alloys have been applied mainly to motorcycle models
requiring weight reduction and high texture appearance that aluminum handlebars can offer as theircharacteristics. This handle bar is manufactured through extrusion processing. Conventionally used alloys had
low extrusion productivity, which led to increased cost of the handlebars. In view of this, we selected an alloy
securing the strength by adding a large amount of zinc while reducing the amount of the copper, which
deteriorates the extrusion productivity, to the minimum adding amount, in consideration of maintaining thestress corrosion cracking resistance. However, a large amount of zinc decreases the stress corrosion cracking
resistance. Therefore, in order to obtain a metallic structure favorable to the prevention of stress corrosion
cracking, the mandrel extrusion was applied for the pipe manufacturing method, and heat treatment conditionand swaging condition were optimized. With this development, we have made it possible to manufacture thetapered handlebar made of high strength aluminum alloy with less weight by 20% and with lower cost by 30%
than those of the conventional handlebar.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

JSAE 20179125 / SAE 2017-32-0125
Thin Wall Austempered Ductile Iron Connecting Rod for Lighter Automotive
Component – Production of Thin Wall Ductile Iron Connecting Rod
Rianti Sulamet-Ariobimo, Gregah Yudha, Tono Sukarnoto, Yusep Mujalis, Yoska
Oktaviano (Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Technology,
Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia)

9. Abstract
Lighter automotive components are produced to respond to global issue regarding energy. Lighter components
can be achieved by replacing the material to those known as lighter material such as aluminium or applying thinwall casting technique. Lightweight automotive components will mean lower fuel consumption. Based on the
success in making thin wall ductile iron plate (TWDI) with a thickness to 1 mm using a vertical casting, it
encourages the implementation of the design to create lightweight automotive components. The design wasapplied to produce a thin wall two-cylinder engine ductile iron connecting rod which will be upgraded withaustempering process. This connecting rod will be applied in Vespa PX150. The designs were simulated in ZCast
simulation software and analyzed to determine the most optimum design. The chosen design was casted in afoundry to match the simulation. Evaluation of the characteristics will be run in the second stage of theresearch.

36

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

9

1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

November 15 th Wednesday
C (Merak 3)
15：30 - 17：30
NVH Technology
Hiroshi Yano (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.),
Thomas Lagö (QirraSound Technologies Europe AB)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179034 / 2017-32-0034
Active Sound Quality Control based on Subjective Preference
Shunsuke Ishimitsu, Takuma Sagawa, Tomoaki Ito, Naoaki Shibatani (Hiroshima
City University), Toshihisa Takagi, Kazuki Yoshida, Kenta Suzuki, Takanori Chino(Suzuki Motor Corporation)

9. Abstract
Recent years, ANC (Active Noise Control) technology has been paying attention. However, rather than the noise
measures, the noise gives us the impression even running sound for motorcycles. That is, the control method of
the engine sound is shifted from the noise reduction to sound design in each manufactures. Therefore, we
proposed a method to design the engine sound using Active Sound Quality Control (ASQC) based on the ANC.
Specifically, we proposed the algorithm amplifying and reducing the engine specific order components. From thesimulation results, the engine specific order components can be amplified and reduced like an equalizer with theproposed algorithm. And, auditory impressions of engine sound controlled by ASQC were investigated using
psychoacoustic measurements…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179068 / 2017-32-0068
Parallel active control of acceleration noise
Yoshihiro Aramaki, Shunsuke Ishimitsu, Kenta Murai (Hiroshima City University),
Kazuki Yoshida, Toshihisa Takaki, Takanori Chino, Kenta Suzuki (Suzuki Motor
Corporation)

9. Abstract
The number of people experiencing psychological discomfort due to the increasing amount of noise emanatingfrom motor vehicles has been on the rise. Legal regulations define the permissible level of vehicle noise in agiven area. Active noise control (ANC) is a noise cancellation method that reduces low-frequency sounds, such asengine noise, effectively. Furthermore, this method is suitable for controlling engine noise because theequipment necessary to perform it is small and does not require a large space for installation. Advances indigital processing technology have increased the scope of ANC’s applications, and it is no longer restricted to use
in motor vehicles. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in
reducing the motor vehicle engine noise produced during acceleration…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179066 / 2017-32-0066
Design and Performance of Acoustic Metamaterial Structure for Inlet Duct Noise
Attenuation
Jüri Lavrentjev, Hans Rämmal (Tallinn University of Technology)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
To control noise emission from internal combustion inlet, designers often choose small chamber type silencers at
the inlet. In order to improve the inlet acoustic efficiency, inlet ducts with improved acoustic attenuation can beused. One potentially applicable material is acoustic metamaterial rapidly gaining popularity in different fields
of engineering application. Small engine inlet duct, designed by using acoustic metamaterial structure
comprising an array of resonators inside the wall of a rigid duct is investigated in this study. Experimental
investigation of different designs is performed to characterize the acoustic behavior in terms of transmission loss
(TL). By connecting multiple resonators of different size and location it is shown that a broadband TL can beachieved. The resulted attenuation band can be tuned by varying the resonator physical characteristics, showing
promising potentials such of the material in the described application.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179075 / 2017-32-0075
Reliability Study of Micro-Perforated Elements in Small Engine Silencer
Application
Hans Rämmal, Jüri Lavrentjev (Tallinn University of Technology)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
Since the introduction of microperforated (MP) sound absorption elements more than 40 years ago many
variations of noise control devices from room acoustics to induct applications have been manufactured based on
this technology. It has been demonstrated that micro-perforated elements can provide adequate IC-engine gas
exchange noise attenuation. Several exhaust and inlet system silencers incorporating micro-perforated elements
have been presented during the past 15 years for engine applications, encouraging the replacement of the typicalfibrous materials and aiming several advantages including cleaner environment. The acoustical characteristicsof the MP elements have been studied thoroughly by several authors and good analytical models exist to predict
the attenuation performance of those elements. However, almost no published information can be foundregarding the reliability of the MP elements utilized in harsh engine exhaust system environment. In this paper
the reliability of stainless still MP element designed for small engine exhaust systems is critically studied…
November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

37

10
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 15 th Tuesday
D (Nuri 1)
10:30-12:00
Vehicle Dynamics & Safety I
Masayuki Baba (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.),
Thomas Lago (QirraSound Technologies Europe AB)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179018 / 2017-32-0018
The Tire Characteristic Effect on Motorcycle Maneuverability Using a Riding
Simulator
Masayuki Miki, Tetsuya Kimura (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
The stability factor is widely used for four-wheel vehicles as an index representing the turning performance of avehicle. Stability factor for two-wheel vehicles has been proposed as an indicator of cornering performance fromthe same way of thinking. In line traceability evaluation as a sensory evaluation item of motorcycles, theexpressions of understeer and oversteer are sometimes used, but the relation with stability factor for two-wheel
vehicles has not been investigated. In this paper, a test in which the slip angle characteristics of the front andrear tires were varied using a riding simulator was conducted, and the correlation between the stability factor
and the rider evaluation was investigated to derive an index showing the line traceability.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179033 / 2017-32-0033
Data Analysis of Off-Road Motorcycles in an Enduro Race
Akinori Shinagawa (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd), Hisayuki Nozawa, Yutaro Uchiyama(Yamaha Motor Engineering Co., Ltd)

9. Abstract
Two-wheeled off-road vehicles are mainly ridden on slippery dirt roads that include steep slopes and rough,uneven surfaces. An analysis method for the driving state and the vehicle movement limits that would besuitable for analyzing the movement of such two-wheeled off-road vehicles under these conditions was examined.
These movement limits were then formulated by taking into consideration the coefficient of friction and the roadsurface gradient in accordance with the basic laws of physics and also by focusing on the vehicle movement in
the longitudinal direction. Measurements were also taken during actual off-road riding by top-class Japanese
off-road motorcycle riders. It was confirmed that this measurement data was distributed within the range of theassumed vehicle movement limits. Consequently, it was confirmed that it is possible to use such measurements
to accurately grasp the vehicle movement limits and the associated driving state for two-wheeled off-roadvehicles.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179053 / 2017-32-0053
Investigation and Model-Based Compensation of the Pitch Dynamic Impact on
Longitudinal Acceleration Measurement on Motorcycles
Alexander Winkler, Gernot Grabmair (University of Applied Sciences Upper
Austria)

9. Abstract
In this study we focus on systematic disturbances caused by the motorcycle pitch dynamic when measuringlongitudinal acceleration on motorcycles using low-cost acceleration sensors. Major systematic influences in thesensor measurement like gravitational acceleration, suspension dynamics and the road slope are addressed.
During acceleration phases the motorcycle pitch angle changes according to the suspension setting. As a result
the longitudinal sensing axis of the accelerometer includes parts of the gravitational acceleration and lags partsof the longitudinal acceleration. Gravitational acceleration has also significant influence on inclined roads. To
obtain correct values of the effective longitudinal acceleration, the disturbances in the measured signal are
analyzed and in further consequence compensated. For this purpose a linearized in-plane-dynamics model of the
motorcycle is derived from a comprehensive multibody simulation. The mathematical description of the
motorcycle behavior includes the systematic influences and serves as a basis for the model-based compensation.
A state observer for pitch angle estimation and road slope reconstruction is designed. As a result the measured
acceleration can be corrected with the estimated quantities. In the course of ongoing development of motorcycle
dynamics control and advancement of drivetrains, e.g. hybridization, independent and economicallymeasureable reference signals are required to achieve desired vehicle behavior with closedloop control.
Acceleration measurement on two-wheelers can be achieved at low hardware cost and is a promising quantity forinnovative control designs.

38

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

11
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 15 th Tuesday
D (Nuri 1)
13:30 – 15:00
Vehicle Dynamics & Safety II
Hisayuki Sugita (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION),
Sangriyadi Setio (Institut Teknologi Bandung)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179086 / 2017-32-0086
Development of Low Fuel Consumption Tire for Small Motorcycles
Shinji Takayanagi, Kiyotaka Sakai, Takashi Iwasa, Tomoyuki Matsumura,
Shigehiro Yamaguchi, Kenji Tanaka (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)

9. Abstract
A low fuel consumption tire with an affordable price that is applicable for small motorcycles marketed mainly for
India and Southeast Asian countries was developed. Two contradicting requirements, which are reduction of therolling resistance and retention of the wet grip performance, were satisfied by applying a method based on
viscoelastic properties of the tread rubber. Regarding the composition of compound of the tread rubber, theamounts of carbon black and oil were reduced instead of using silica. In addition, a polymer having a high glasstransition temperature was employed. Moreover, response to the roll motion, which is unique in motorcycles,
was made satisfactory to the requirement by modifying the dynamic modulus E* of the tread rubber. With thosemeasures, the rolling resistance was reduced by more than 15% to conventional tires while maintaining thebasic performances such as tire grip and stability in maneuvering.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179099 / 2017-32-0099
Durability Prediction of Motorcycle Body Components Using Advanced Fatigue
AnalysisKazunobu Sakamoto (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
The purpose of this study is to improve the accuracy of durability predictions for motorcycle body components
through the implementation of a fatigue analysis that uses the finite element method (FEM) to identify thefatigue failure characteristics of arc welds, die-cast aluminum alloys, and thermo-plastics. In addition to highly
accurate load conditions and stress analysis, a fatigue analysis that also takes into consideration the fatigue
failure mechanism is essential to making accurate durability predictions. Fatigue tests were carried out under
several load conditions using specimens of several different shapes that simplified the actual structures. The
fatigue life of the weld toe is assumed to be the difference of the crack propagation rate due to the loading mode.
The durability of die-cast aluminum alloys was found to be sensitive to the microscopic structure due to thecasting process. The factors that influenced the fatigue behavior of the plastics were the stress gradient and theviscoelastic behavior. These comprehensive fatigue characteristics were applied to the fatigue analysis codes
fe-safe and FEMFAT. The master S-N curve approach was used to evaluate the fatigue of the weld zone. Thenthe correlation between the durability predictions and the actual life were analyzed under rough road running
conditions. This procedure was found to be an effective means of accurately predicting the fatigue life of
motorcycle body components.

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

3912
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

November 15th Wednesday
D (Nuri 1)
15:30 - 17 :30
Measurement & Simulation I
Tadao Okazaki (Kubota Corporation),
Stephan Schmidt (Graz University of Technology)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)

20179020 / 2017-32-0020

7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

Measurement and 3D simulation for Analysis of Emission Improvement in
Oil-cooled Engine
Koichi Tanaka, Kunio Arase, Amane Kitayama, Toru Shimizu, Akihisa Shimura(SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION)

9. Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the emission improvement in the oil-cooled engine by use of in-cylinder gas
pressure measurement and 3D simulation of thermal flow and combustion. In previous study, two test engines
were designed to evaluate the benefits of oil-cooled engine. One was the oil-cooled, and the other waswater-cooled engine. Both engines were single cylinder engines with SOHC valve-train system. Their hardware
specifications of engines were exactly same except for their cooling system for clarifying how the difference inengine cooling system affects their cooling performance, warm-up performance and emission performance...
6.Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179130 / 2017-32-0130
Knock tendency prediction in highly charged SI engines by the use of 3D-CFD
simulation
Vincenzo Bevilacqua, Matthias Boeger, Giovanni Corvaglia, Matthias Penzel,
Klaus Fuoss (Porsche Engineering Services GmbH)9. Abstract
The continual increasing stringent requirements in terms of emissions and performance lead to the demand offurther development of gasoline engines, in order to satisfy the regulations and to be competitive in the market.
One of the main limits in the attempt of improving the efficiency and at the same time increasing theperformance of an engine is the knock, which is the local auto-ignition of the air-fuel mixture before being
reached by the flame front. Either this phenomenon limits the possibility to adopt higher compression ratio,
which would be beneficial for the engine efficiency,…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179036 / 2017-32-0036
Development of a new comprehensive CFD method for thermal performance
evaluation of a scooter type motorcycle and its application
Venkata suresh kumar gundavarapu, Manish garg, Suresh M (TVS Motor Company
Limited)9. Abstract
Thermal management is of vital importance in the development of a scooter type motorcycle (two-wheeler). For atypical small scooter, with cubic capacity of 75 to 150 cc, the thermal management can be sub-divided into threecomponents, namely, engine cooling, transmission cooling and engine cabin cooling, where engine cabin consistsof engine, utility box, fuel tank and fueling system, and electric wiring harness, etc. Maintaining adequate
temperature of these subsystem is essential for engine and vehicle durability, and customer satisfaction…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179067 / 2017-32-9067
A 3D-CFD Study of Flow Dynamics on Mixture Preparation for Fuel Injected
Motorcycles
Ranjana Kumari Meena, Adwitiya Dube, Pradeep Ramachandra (Bosch Limited)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
With the increased demand of mobility in the form of two-wheelers and the continued dominant share ofInternal Combustion Engines (ICE) in Indian market, there is considerable influence on the deterioration of air
quality. The regulators in this region have legislated Bharat Stage 6 (BS6) as a measure to reduce tail pipe
emissions, which necessitates the automotive industry to work towards emission optimization measures. Someof the factors influencing this mainly includes, air-fuel mixture formation, spray targeting, fuel properties, flow
dynamics, combustion chemical kinetics etc…
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

40

November 15 th Wednesday
E (Kakatua)
10：30-12：00
Diesel Engine I
Tomoaki Yatsufusa (Hiroshima Institute of Technology),
Iman K. Reksowardojo (Institut Teknologi Bandung)
23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

13

1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 15 th Wednesday
E (Kakatua)
10：30-12：00
Diesel Engine I
Tomoaki Yatsufusa (Hiroshima Institute of Technology),
Iman K. Reksowardojo (Institut Teknologi Bandung)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179046 / 2017-32-0046
Improvement of Thermal Efficiency and Exhaust Emission in Diesel Engine by
Applying Spray Internal EGR
Tomoyuki Mukayama, Ryota Nishigami, Annisa Bhikuning, Eriko Matsumura,
Jiro Senda (Doshisha University), Go Asai, Masaki Kuribayashi(YANMAR
CO., LTD.)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
The CO2 gas dissolved fuel for the diesel combustion is effective to lower the NOx emissions to achieve theinternal EGR effect by fuel. This method is supply EGR gas to the fuel side instead of supply EGR gas to theintake gas side. The fuel has following specific characteristics for the diesel combustion. When the fuel isinjected into the chamber in low pressure, this CO2 gas is separated from the fuel spray. The distribution
characteristics of the spray is improved and the improvement of the thermal efficiency by reduction heat loss inthe combustion chamber wall, and reduce soot emissions by the lean combustion is expected. Furthermore, thisCO2 gas decreases the flame temperature. Further, it is anticipated to reduce NOx emissions by the sprayinternal EGR effect.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179101/ 2017-32-0101
The Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Performance and Emission of Ethanol
Fumigated Diesel Engine
Kontorn Thammakul, Chinda Charoenphonphanich (King Mongkut’s Institute ofTechnology Ladkrabang), Hidenori Kosaka(Tokyo Institute of Technology), Manida
Tongroon(National Metal and Materials Technology Center)

9. Abstract
Primary energy source such as fossil fuel keep decreasing due to various kind of usage. According to less amountof the fossil fuel, human seeks for an alternative fuel source such as alcohol. Alcohol like ethanol can be produced
easily from strarchy plant. But using alcohol as blended fuel with diesel fuel doesn't work well because alcohol
has low cetane number, lack of lubricity and very low miscibility with diesel fuel. To overcome this, fumigation
system or port fuel injection of alcohol seems interesting. Although it requires more complicate system but it cancompensate the miscibility issue and alcohol can be used in higher dose to give more energy. Diesel engine
produces a lot of emission such as NOx and some other carbon content emission like HC, CO and soot due to they
run in lean condition as their characteristic. Modern diesel engines are now coupled with exhaust gas
recirculation system to help reduce in main emission like NOx. But recirculating an exhaust into combustion
system will produce emission like HC and other carbon content emission more. Due to EGR will retard thepressure and the temperature of the combustion, lower work is provided. Alcohol requires heat to vaporize itself
to become more radical before associating with other atoms and going into combustion process. So heat from theexhaust gas in EGR could be helpful for alcohol fumigation system by treating combustion process to produce
better performance and emission. The result would be observed by conducting an experiment on a single cylinder
diesel-direct injection engine, with EGR modification and ethanol fumigation system….
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179089 / 2017-32-0089
Development of 2-cylinder Diesel Engine for European quadricycle in compliancewith EURO4
Hiroki Oso, Kentaro Nagai, Takahiro Yamazaki, Hideyuki Goto, Hideyuki
Koyama (Kubota Corporation)

9. Abstract
The EURO4 standard has been enforced since the year 2017 for European quadricycle. The vehicles are
regulated upper limit of unladen weight and engine displacement, in addition to the exhaust emissions and thenet power. In order to meet those regulations, the engine for European quadricycle is demanded low exhaustemissions and light weight. Further, it is required to be achieved good drivability, low fuel consumption, low
noise and more compact. We introduce technologies to meet demand for Euopean quadricycle in compliance with
EURO4. The limit values of exhaust emissions have been strengthened in EURO4 standard compared to theprevious one. As devices to improve the exhaust emissions, the exhaust-after-treatment devices and the common
rail injection system are well known, whereas those devices make engine systems heavier. In addition, to satisfy
high torque at low speed for better drivability, larger displacement is effective. However the engines of larger
displacement have higher friction loss than smaller one, therefore countermeasures to reduce fuel consumption
are necessary. In order to achieve to be lower emissions without additional devices, we improved the in-direct
injectionsystem engine. We optimized the shape of the combustion chamber to meet EURO4. To achieve low fuelconsumption keeping better drivability with large displacement, wedeveloped the new piston to be lower friction.
We optimized the shape of the coating pattern to improve lubrication between piston skirt and cylinder wall…

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

41

14
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 15 th Wednesday
E (Kakatua)
13:30 – 15:00
Diesel Engine II
Tadao Okazaki (Kubota Corporation),
Iman K. Reksowardojo (Institut Teknologi Bandung)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179030/ 2017-32-0030
Effect of heat flux on end of Diesel and Kerosene droplet evaporation in hightemperature condition
Yoshihide Ota, Hirishi Enomoto, Jun Higashihara, Masahiro Sasao, Noboru Hieda,
Yoshikazu Teraoka (Kanazawa University)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
In internal combustion engine, it is necessary to grasp droplet evaporation for using liquid fuel efficiency andimproving exhaust gas composition. However, it has not known completely yet. In this study, fuel droplet of
approximately 20μm diameter that is assumed to be in combustion chamber is injected by experimental
apparatus. After that, droplet goes to butane flame. We observed by high-speed camera, and experimentallyconsidered the effects of heat flux on the fuel droplet evaporation and breakup phenomenon. For the sample fuel,we use kerosene and diesel oil. It is important for understanding evaporation condition to know temperaturearound droplet in butane flame. Thus, flame temperature is measured by sheathed thermocouple. Heat flux ischanged by initial velocity. From experiment, we found some result. Time that from injector tube to location of
breakup of the droplet is short by increasing heat flux. In terms of breakup phenomenon, it is found thatkerosene is broken up in relatively small heat flux condition. The breakup diameter is not dependent on heat
flux. Evaporation rate is increased linearly by increase in heat flux. The value of evaporation rate that kerosene
and diesel oil is almost equal.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179035 / 2017-32-0035
Influence of pressure conditions in supercritical atmosphere on flame diameter ofDiesel oil and Hexadecane droplet
Takuya Mino, Enomoto Hiroshi, Teraoka Yoshikazu, Hieda Noboru, Sasao Masahiro,
Higashihara jun (Kanazawa University)

9. Abstract
Liquid fossil fuels such as gasoline, diesel oil, and kerosene are widely used as a fuel of various transportation
apparatus and generating electricity apparatuses including the automobiles. The spray combustion has been
widely used for internal combustion engine to use the fuel efficiently. But some parts of the phenomenon are not
elucidated because this combustion method is complicated phenomenon. To elucidate this phenomenon, there
are many ways of analyzing droplet. For example, observing a single droplet which suspended by a catenary or
under the microgravity. However, those methods are not enough simulation of a real droplet in the internal
combustion engine. In this study, we developed an apparatus which couldinject a freedom droplet of diameter
about 30µm. It is considered that the droplet is in a real internal combustion engine. And the apparatus was
installed in a container which could realize elevated temperature and pressure. And a droplet was injected under
supercritical condition that simulated the condition in the internal combustion engine and combustion behavior
was observed. We experimented with Diesel oil and hexadecane which is a surrogate fuel of Diesel oil. The
influences of the combustion area of the droplet, the burning time, and the luminance value at the time of
combustion were investigated. As a result, it was found that when the same fuel was burned under the same
temperature condition under the supercritical condition, the maximum combustion area increased.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179032 / 2017-32-0032
Characteristics of Flat-Wall Impinging Spray Flame and Its HeatTransfer under
Small Diesel Engine-Like Condition
Rizal Mahmud, Seong Bum Kim, keiya Nishida, Yoichi Ogata(Hiroshima
University), Jun Kanzaki, Tadashi Tadokoro(Mazda Motor Corporation), Toru
Kurisu (Hiroshima University/ Mazda Motor Corporation)

9. Abstract
Heat loss is more critical for the thermal efficiency improvement in small size diesel engines than large-size
diesel engines. More than half of total heat energy in the internal-combustion engine is lost by cooling throughthe cylinder walls to the atmosphere and the exhaust gas. Therefore, the new combustion concept is needed toreduce losses in the cylinder wall. In a Direct Injection (DI) diesel engine, the spray behavior, including
spray-wall impingement has an important role in the combustion development to reduce heat loss. The aim of
this study is to understand the mechanism of the heat transfer from the spray and flame to the impinging wall.
Experiments were performed in a constant volume vessel (CVV) at high pressures and high temperatures. Fuelwas injected using a single-hole injector with a 0.133 mm diameter nozzle. Under these conditions, spray
evaporates, then burns near the wall. Spray/flame behavior was investigated with a highspeed video camera. At
the same time, the surface heat flux of the impingement wall was studied by three thin film thermocouple heat
flux sensors. The results showed that local heat flux becomes a maximum at some spray impingement distances
to the wall.

42

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

15
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 15 th Wednesday
E (Kakatua)
15:30 – 17:30
Diesel Engine III
Keiya Nishida (Hiroshima University),
Iman K. Reksowardojo (Institut Teknologi Bandung)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179105 / 2017-32-0105
Dynamic Modeling of a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst and Diesel Particulate Filter
Aftertreatment System for Regeneration Control Development
Chia-Jui Chiang, T. F. Kuo, Anton Halim (National Taiwan University of Scienceand Technology), S. C. Cheng, Y.Y. Ku(Automotive Research and Testing Center)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
The main function of diesel particulate filter (DPF) is to remove the particulate matter (PM) from diesel engine
emission. However, the accumulated PM restricts the exhaust flow through the DPF and increases the backpressure which may negatively impact fuel consumption. Therefore, the particulate filter needs to beregenerated by burning off the accumulated particulate, which is achieved either by passively use of a catalyst or
by actively introducing high heat into the exhaust system. In the exhaust after treatment system considered inthis paper, a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) is installed upstream of the DPF to facilitate the regeneration
process. In order to combust the captured particulate in the DPF, a small amount of fuel can be injected into theexhaust, upstream of the DOC, when necessary. In an effort to develop a model-based control strategy which
completes the regeneration while satisfies the constraints such as fuel consumption, temperature andregeneration period, a physics-based dynamic model of the DOC-DPF exhaust after treatment system is
proposed. Parameters in the model including the heat transfer coefficient, reaction constants in the DOC and
DPF, and the permeability of the filter and soot are identified based on the experimental measurements. The
DOC-DPF model is then validated both at steady state and during transient against experimental datameasured at various engine operating conditions, PM loads and fuel injection rates.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179107 / 2017-32-0107
Model-based Analysis of the Oscillatory NOx in Urea Selective Catalytic Reduction
Systems
Chih-Cheng Chou (National Defense University) T. F. Kuo, T. H. Tsai, Y. H.
Su(National Taiwan University of Science and Technology), Y. Y. Ku(Automotive
Research and Testing Center)

9. Abstract
The urea-water-solution based selective catalyst reduction (SCR) system is one of the effective devices for
reduction of NOx from diesel engines. In an effort to understand the various levels of oscillation observed in the
NOx measurement downstream of a SCR in which the urea dosage is controlled by a crankshaft-link pump, azerodimensional dynamic SCR model is developed in this paper based on conservation of mass. The model
contains three states including the concentrations of NOx and ammonia in the SCR and the surface coveragerate of the catalyst. The temperature-dependent reactions considered in the model include the adsorption,
desorption and oxidation of ammonia and the NOx reduction with the reaction constants provided by thecatalyst company. The dynamic SCR model is validated both at steady state and during transient under various
engine operating conditions and urea dosing rates. A periodic modulation of the urea dosing rate is adopted tosimulate the periodic urea supply resulted from the reciprocating motion of the crankshaft-link pump. The
simulation results exhibit similar oscillatory behaviors in the NOx concentration as observed in theexperimental measurement, which is further analyzed and explained based on the nonlinear characteristics
between the downstream NOx and the ammonia dosage. Based on the interpretation of the oscillatory NOx
signal, an algorithm for identification of the cross-sensitivity of the smart NOx sensor to ammonia is proposed.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179115 / 2017-32-0115
Heat Transfer Analysis in a Diesel Engine Based on a Heat Flux Measurement
using a Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine
Tatsuya Kuboyama, Yasuo Moriyoshi(Chiba University), Hidenori Kosaka(Tokyo
Institute of Technolody)

9. Abstract
To investigate the heat transfer phenomena inside the combustion chamber of a diesel engine, local heat flux on
the piston surface of a rapid compression and expansion machine was measured using a thin-film thermocouple.
Based on the measured heat flux on the piston surface, a correlation for the heat transfer coefficient in a
combustion chamber of a diesel engine was investigated. In the correlation defined in the present study,
thermodynamically estimated two-zone temperatures in the burned zone and the unburned zone are applied.
The characteristic velocity given in the correlation is related to the speed of spray flame impinging on the wall
during the fuel injection period. After the fuel injection period, the velocity term of the Woschni’s equation isapplied. It was shown that the proposed correlation well expresses heat transfer phenomena in diesel engines.

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

43

16
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 16th Thursday
A (Merak 1)
13:00-14:30
Advanced Combustion I
Akihito Kasai (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.),
Simona Silvia Merola (Istituto Motori-CNR)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179050 / 2017-32-0050
A Study of Autoignition Behavior and Knock Intensity in a SI Engine underDifferent Engine Speed by using In-cylinder Visualization
Shuhei Takahata, Akira Iijima, Hideo Shoji, Kento Shimizu, Takahiro Ishikawa,Takuya Izako, Takahiro Yamashita, Hiroki Kudo(Nihon University)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
Internal combustion engines have been required to achieve even higher efficiency in recent years in order toaddress environmental concerns. However, knock induced by abnormal combustion in spark-ignition engines has
impeded efforts to attain higher efficiency. Knock characteristics during abnormal combustion were investigatedin this study by in-cylinder visualization and spectroscopic measurements using a four-stroke air-cooled
single-cylinder engine. The results revealed that knock intensity and the manner in which the autoignited flame
propagated in the end gas differed depending on the engine speed.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179112 / 2017-32-0112
The Effect of Fuel Composition on Ignition Delay and Knocking in Lean Burn SI
EngineYasunobu Goto, Dongwon Jung, Toshihisa Ueda, Norimasa Iida (Keio University)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
Super lean burn technology is conceived as one of methods for improving the thermal efficiency of SI engines [1][2]. For lean burn, reduction of heat loss and the due to decrease in flame temperature can be expected.
However, as the premixed gas dilutes, the combustion speed decreases, so the combustion fluctuation between
cycles increases. Also, to improve the thermal efficiency, the ignition timing is advanced to advance the
combustion phase. However, when the combustion phase is excessively advanced, knocking occurs, whichhinders the improvement of thermal efficiency. Knocking is a phenomenon in which unburned gas in a
combustion chamber compressed by a piston and combustion gas suffer compression auto-ignition. It isnecessary to avoid knocking because the amplitude of the large pressure wave may cause noise and damage tothe engine. Also, knocking is not a steady phenomenon but a phenomenon that fluctuates from cycle to cycle.
Many studies have already been made on the knocking characteristics that occurred during stoichiometriccombustion [3], but there have been no reports on knocking characteristics in super lean burn near the excess air
ratio of 2.0. In order to establish super lean burn technology it is essential to grasp the knocking characteristics
of super lean burn. In this research, we aim to clarify the factors that fuel composition affects auto-ignition of
unburned gas using SIP common 5 component surrogate fuel.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179118 / 2017-32-0118
Study on the Suppression of Pressure Wave at Spontaneous Ignitionof Gasoline Surrogate Mixture in a Rapid Compression Machine
Kohei Honda, Yusuke Miyauchi, Yusuke Usami, Ryohei Toyoda, Koki Yoshida,
Masanori Saito, Akira Iijma, Mitsuaki Tanabe (Nihon University)

9. Abstract
Factor of pressure wave growth due to spontaneous ignition is clarified and method of suppressing strongpressure wave is proposed. Experiments of compression ignition of premixed gas were made and relationshipamong autoignitive propagation velocity, heat release rate and pressure wave due to spontaneous ignition of end
gas was quantitatively evaluated using a Super Rapid Compression Machine (SRCM)[1 ~ 3]. The gasoline
surrogate composed of iso-octane, normal-heptane, methyl cyclohexane, diisobutylene and toluene was used for
fuel. As a result, it was found that the growth of the pressure wave at the spontaneous ignition depends on
autoignitive propagation velocity and the heat release. The pressure amplitude is reduced with decreasing
autoignitive propagation velocity and heat release rate. To suppress the strong pressure wave by realizing hightemperature gradient with vortices in cylinder, turbulent condition whose turbulent intensity is about 3 m/s wasapplied. It was found that the strong pressure wave can be suppressed by the turbulence.

1. Date
2.44
Room.

November 16th Thursday
A (Merak 1)

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)1. Date
2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 16th Thursday
A (Merak 1)
15:00-16:30
Advanced Combustion II
Akihito Kasai (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.),
Simona Silvia Merola (Istituto Motori-CNR)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179119 / 2017-32-0119
Analysis of Interaction between Autoignition and Strong Pressure
Wave Formation during Knock in a Supercharged SI Engine
based on High Speed Photography of the End Gas
Akira Iijima, Takuya Izako, Takahiro Ishikawa, Takahiro Yamashita, Shuhei
Takahata, Hiroki Kudo, Kento Shimizu, Mitsuaki Tanabe, Hideo Shoji(Nihon
University)

8. Author (Affiliation)

17

9. Abstract
Engine knock is the one of the main issues to be addressed indeveloping high-efficiency spark-ignition (SI)engines. In order to improve the thermal efficiency of SI engines, it is necessary to develop effective means ofsuppressing knock. For that purpose, it is necessary to clarify the mechanism generating pressure waves in theend-gas region. This study examined the mechanism producing pressure waves in the end-gas autoignition
process during SI engine knock by using an optically accessible engine. Occurrence of local autoignition and its
development process to the generation of pressures waves were analyzed under several levels of knock intensity.
The results made the following points clear. It was observed that end-gas autoignition seemingly progressed in amanner resembling propagation due to the temperature distribution that naturally formed in the combustion
chamber. Stronger knock tended to occur as the apparent propagation speed of autoignition increased. It isparticularly notable that a condition was observed in which the apparent propagation speed of autoignition
through the end gas clearly exceeded the speed of sound. Exceptionally strong knock occurred at that time. The
measured results for the actual development of autoignition made it clear that extremely strong knock, suchas what occurs under high-speed, high-load operation and also that induced by low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI) in asuper charged downsized engine under low-speed, high-load operation (Super-Knock), is presumably caused bysuch phenomena. In other word, extremely strong knock is caused by detonation phenomena produced in auto
ignition process.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20179091 / 2017-32-0091
7. Paper title
The Possibility for Realization of Dual Combustion Cycle for Spark Ignition Engine
8. Author (Affiliation)
Koji Yoshida (College of Science and Technology, Nihon University)
9. Abstract
The purpose of this study is to operate the spark ignition engine by the dual combustion cycle. The dual
combustion cycle has two combustion processes; these are the constant volume combustion and the constantpressure combustion. The lean combustion and the direct fuel injection were applied to realize the dual
combustion cycle for spark ignition engines. The combustion of lean mixture was corresponding to the constantvolume combustion. The fuel was directly injected to combustion chamber and was burned with the remained
oxygen after the lean combustion, so that this was corresponding to the constant pressure diffusion combustion.
The combustion experiments were conducted by using the constant volume vessel. The lean propane-air mixtureof which equivalence ratios were 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 were used and liquid n-heptane was injected by using thehigh-voltage electrical discharge.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179120 / 2017-32-0120
Chemical Reaction Processes of Fuel Reformation by Diesel Engine Piston
Compression of Rich Homogeneous Air-Fuel Mixture
Go Asai(YANMAR Co., Ltd.), yusuke Watanabe, Shuntaro Ishiguro, Gen Shibata,
Hideyuki Ogawa, Yoshimitsu Kobashi(Hokkaido University)

9. Abstract
To extend the operational range of premixed diesel combustion, fuel reformation by piston induced compressionof rich homogeneous air-fuel mixtures was conducted in this study. Reformed gas compositions and chemical
processes were first simulated with the chemistry dynamics simulation, CHEMKIN Pro, by changing the intake
oxygen content, intake air temperature, and compression ratio. A single cylinder diesel engine was utilized toverify the simulation results. With the simulation and experiments, the characteristics of the reformed gas withrespect to the reformer cylinder operating condition were obtained. Further, the thermal decomposition andpartial oxidation reaction mechanisms of the fuel in extremely low oxygen concentrations were obtained with thecharacteristics of the gas production at the various reaction temperatures.
The main reformed products were hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),and ethylene (C2H4) and the results indicated that the reforming depends on the maximum temperature in thecylinder, however, the amount of reformed gas is lower than the values predicted by the CHEMKIN simulation.

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center45

18
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 16 th Thursday
B (Merak 2)
13：00-14：30
Alternative Fuels I
Toru Nakazono (LEMA / YANMAR Co., Ltd.),
Iman K. Reksowardojo (Institut Teknologi Bandung)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179070/2017-32-070
Thermodynamic Loss Analysis of a high power motorcycle engine with focus on
alcohol blended fuels
Stephan Anton Jandl, Patrick Pertl , Hans-Juergen Schacht , Stephan Schmidt(Graz University of Technology) Stefan Leiber(BRP-Powertrain GmbH & Co KG)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
The development of future internal combustion engines and fuels is influenced by decreasing energy resources,
restriction of emission legislation and increasing environmental awareness of humanity. Alternative renewablefuels have, in dependency on their physical and chemical properties, the production process and raw material,
the potential to contribute a better well-to-wheel-CO2-emission-balance in automotive and non-automotive
applications.
The focus of this research is the usage of alcohol fuels like ethanol and 2-butanol in non-automotive high powerengines. The different propulsion systems and operation scenarios of non-automotive applications in comparison
to automotive applications raise the need for specific research in this area.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179078/2017-32-0078
Optical Analysis in Alcohol-Blended Fuels on the Mixture Preparation andCombustion Behaviour of Small Two-Stroke SI Engines
Justus Wessling, Fabian Titus , Fabian Rauber , Justus Wessling , Kai W. Beck
(MOT GmbH) Tim Gegg, Tilmann Seidel, Florian Schumann(ANDREAS STIHL AG& Co. KG)

9. Abstract
Small gasoline engines are used in motorcycles and handheld machinery, because of their high power density,
low cost and compact design. The reduction of hydrocarbon emissions and fuel consumption is an importantfactor regarding the upcoming emission standards and operational expenses. The scavenging process of thetwo-stroke engine causes scavenging losses [1]. A reduction in hydrocarbon emissions due to scavenging losses
can be achieved through a better understanding of the inner mixture formation. The time frame for fuelvaporization is limited using two-stroke SI engines by the high number of revolutions. With crank angle resolved
optical methods it is possible to analyze the mixture formation behavior and combustion. A topic of theseinvestigations is the use of alternative fuels such as alcohol- or butanol-blends and the analysis of their impact
on the engine behavior. These fuels show high potential for further reduction of exhaust emission
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179092/2017-32-0092
Spectroscopic investigation of initial combustion stages in a SI engine fuelled withethanol and gasoline.
Adrian Irimescu, Silvana Di Iorio , Simona Silvia Merola , Paolo Sementa , Bianca
Maria Vaglieco (Istituto Motori)

9. Abstract
It is well known that ethanol can be used in spark-ignition (SI) engines as a pure fuel or blended with gasoline.
High enthalpy of vaporization of alcohols can affect air-fuel mixture formation prior to ignition and may form
thicker liquid films around the intake valves, on the cylinder wall and piston crown. These liquid films can resultin mixture non-homogeneities inside the combustion chamber and hence strongly influence the cyclic variabilityof early combustion stages. Starting from these considerations, the paper reports an experimental study of theinitial phases of the combustion process in a single cylinder SI engine fueled with commercial gasoline andanhydrous ethanol, as well as their blend (50%vol alcohol). The engine was optically accessible and equippedwith the cylinder head of a commercial power unit for two-wheel applications, with the same geometrical
specifications (bore, stroke, compression ratio). Ultra-violet (UV) natural emission spectroscopy measurements
ranging from 250nm to 470nm wavelength and simultaneous thermodynamic analysis were used to better
understand the effect of ethanol content on flame kernel inception and development. All experiments wereconducted at wide open throttle (WOT), with stoichiometric air-fuel mixtures, fixing the engine speed at
2000rpm. Optical investigations allowed to follow the evolution of chemical species that marked the spark
discharge (cyano CN and hydroxyl OH radicals) as well as flame front initial growth (OH and carbyne CH
radicals). Vibrational and rotational temperatures were calculated during the arc and glow phase by the ratio
between the emission intensity of CN and OH radicals.

46

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

19
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 16th Thursday
B (Merak 2)
15：00-16：00
Alternative Fuels II
Hiroya Ueda (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)Ken Fosaaen (Kerdea Technologies)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179054 / 2017-32-0054
The Effect of Gasoline-Ethanol Blended on Performance and Emission of a Fuel
Injection Motorcycle 115 cc with Automatic Transmission in Indonesia
Iman Kartolaksono Reksowardojo, Phonethip Trichanh, Kevin Ferdyamin, Mega
Zulfikar Akbar(Institut Teknologi Bandung )8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
Ethanol is a renewable energy source derived from plants and its mixture of gasoline is already widely used toreplace fossil fuel. This research aims to investigate the effect of ethanol blends with pure gasoline to the rate offuel consumption and emissions of fuel injection motorcycle 115 cc with automatic transmission which is the
population is dominant in Indonesia. Variations of the bioethanol mixture are 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% ethanol.
The experiment conducted in two different conditions by using three ways catalytic converter (TWC) in theexhaust pipe and without using TWC in exhaust pipe. First, The AFR is set in stoichiometry condition (λ = 1)
and ignition timing set in MBT timing using modified ECU. Second, the quality of mixture has leaner AFR andstandard timing ignition. The experiment performed on the chassis dynamometer and refers on the standard
cycle ECE 15.
The results of this experiment showed that increment of ethanol content in the fuel makes the rate of fuelconsumption and CO2 emission both increased but CO and HC emissions decreased. The use of modified ECU
makes the rate of fuel consumption is higher because of richer AFR, but the emissions of HC and CO emission
were lower compared to unmodified ECU. The lowest NOx emission in modified ECU resulted from E10 fuelwhile in original ECU resulted from E5
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179063 / 2017-32-0063
Extending Lean Operational Limit of Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engine
Fuelled with Hydrogen Rich Gas from Plasma Fuel Reformer
B PREM ANAND, K Kumara vel, C G Saravanan (Annamalai University)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
In a practical sense, lean burning engines are limited by the onset of engine misfiring as the lean flammability
limit of any fuel is approached. Due to misfire, engine power declines rapidly, while unburned hydrocarbon
emissions increase and produces unacceptable high NOx near the lean flammability limit of gasoline. Gasoline
has a relatively low dilution limit with combustion deteriorating rapidly as excess air is added. Hydrogen may be
used to extend the lean limit of conventional fuel in order to stabilize lean combustion. No nationwide
distribution system exists for hydrogen and its storage as a high-pressure gas or cryogenic liquid requires
vehicle capabilities which do not exist commercially. These potential difficulties, however, can be avoided bygenerating hydrogen in an on-board gas generator using partial oxidation (POX) method from hydrocarbon fueland supplemented to the Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engine.
The overall experimental structure consists of gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine, GDI system which includes
Electronic Control Module (ECM) and fuel injection assembly, on-board plasma fuel reformer (PFR) and Eddy
Current Dynamometer as power measurement device. The PFR was designed to operate minimum air pressure
1.5 bar and fuel flow rate between 0.4 kg/hr to 0.6 kg/hr with an air fuel ratio (AFR) range from 4 to 7. PFR
supplies hydrogen rich gas (HRG) continuously to gas injector and pressure in fuel line was regulated byhydrogen gas control device.
Performance tests were conducted on GDI engine under varied operating parameters such as air fuel ratio,
spark timing and injection timings with definite fraction of Hydrogen rich gas (HRG). Experiment were
performed hydrogen rich gas (HRG) fraction with fractions varied from 10%, 18% and 30% in mass flow rate
1.653mg/cycle, 2.9748mg/cycle and 4.958 respectively for homogeneous operation. The theoretical lower limit forgasoline is 0.58, but engine operating conditions forced to attained lean limit at 0.64. HRG fraction extended thelean limit equivalence ratio 0.62, 0.58, and 0.52 respectively, where 0.58 is the lower limit equivalence ratio ofgasoline corresponding to 18% HRG. The test results revealed that despite reduction of HC, CO emission HRG
would lead to higher NOx emission if spark timing is not optimized.
Engine experiments were performed at MBT spark timing with supplementation of HRG on homogeneous
operation. At MBT spark timing combustion duration has reduced 17.42%, 21.50% and 20.45% with
supplementation of HRG flow rate 1.653mg/cycle, 2.9748mg/cycle and 4.958mg/cycle respectively. After
optimizing spark timing to MBT, engine efficiency marginally increased with the increase of hydrogen fraction.
NOx emission for different hydrogen fraction showed little difference at the MBT spark timing. The results
exhibited a conclusion that HRG supplementation could significantly extend the lean operation limit of gasoline
fuel, improve the engine’s lean burn ability, decrease burn duration and exhaust emissions.

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center47

20
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

November 16 th Thursday
C (Merak 3)
13:00 - 14 :30
Emissions&Environmental Impact I
Hiromi Deguchi (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION),
Kai Beck (STIHL)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)

20179009 / 2017-32-0009
A theoretical study of interaction between platinum and oxide support for exhaustgas purification catalyst
Kazuya Miura, Toyofumi Tsuda, Akio Hikasa, Hiroyuki Minokoshi, Fumikazu
Kimata(Suzuki Motor Corp), Ryo Watanabe, Choji Fukuhara(Shizuoka University)

7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
We researched the interaction between the platinum and an oxide support by the HSAB (Hard-Soft-Acid-Base)concept, to obtain the guideline for superior exhaust-gas purification catalyst. The Density Functional Theory(DFT) calculation provided the chemical potential and chemical hardness via the eigenvalue of the Valence Band
Maximum and Conduction Band Minimum. Moreover, it was found that the interaction depends on the chemical
potential and chemical hardness, e.g., the metallic Pt cluster (Pt1, Pt3) had a greater interaction with thesupport oxide having a lower chemical hardness, on the other hand, the oxidized Pt cluster (Pt1O1, Pt1O2,
Pt1O3, Pt1O4, Pt3O6) tends to be stabilized on the support oxide with a higher chemical potential. These results
could be explained by the HSAB concept. It was also found that the oxidation energy of the supported Pt cluster
corresponds well to the actual valency of the supported Pt, furthermore, the particle size of the Pt after thethermal treatment depends on the chemical potential. …..
6.Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20179011 / 2017-32-0011
7. Paper title
Study of Ion current application for misfire detection in motorcycle application
8. Author (Affiliation)
Lorenzo Mucciarella, Alberto Grimaldi, Francesco Virgilii (Eldor Corporation)
9. Abstract
Concerning internal combustion engine, the analysis and evaluation of combustion quality and pollutant
agents raised to the attention of public opinion and worldwide authorities. Moreover the quality of the
combustion of IC engine affects the insight of bike/car also from the customer point of view. The possibility tomonitor engine behavior is a target that every car/motorcycle OEM is seeking to withstand legislated pollutant
limit. As requested from EURO V OBD Stage II, starting from 2020 year it will be requested to monitor all theemission related components. In particular the legislator request to monitor the frequency of misfire, because of
possible damages to catalyzer, in fact damages to this component can dramatically affect pollutant emission to
the tail pipe. This article introduces a method for combustion quality and misfire monitoring for motorcycle
engine based on ion current flowing in an electronic circuit in which the sensing element is the common spark
plug. It is well known that motorcycle engine characteristics as increased speed, low inertia and chaintransmission represent limits and challenges for conventional misfire monitoring based on engine speed sensor.
The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that the use of ion current for combustion analysis is suitable andreliable for motorcycle application. …..
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179116 / 2017-32-0116
Effect of Coolant Water and Intake Air Temperatures on Thermal Efficiency ofGasoline Engines
Naohiro Hasegawa, Yasuo Moriyoshi, Tatsuya Kuboyama(Chiba Univercity),
Mitsuru Iwasaki(Calsonic Kansei Corporation)

9. Abstract
It is prospected that SI gasoline engine will still play an important role as a power source in the next 30 years,
and the improvement of thermal efficiency of SI gasoline engine is strongly demanded. Recently, various
technologies like the increasing compression ratio, direct injection and supercharged downsizing are developed
to improve the thermal efficiency. These approaches normally result in the extra complex structures andincreasing cost by required supplement of some devices. For small general purpose engines, it is difficult to use
these approaches leading to complex structure and initial cost increasing from the view point of mountability,
portability, robustness and economy. On the other hand, the optimization of thermal system management might
improve the thermal efficiency without the large changes from conventional structure and increasing cost much.
In the past study, it was indicated that changing coolant temperature by engine running conditions, not keeping
coolant temperature to a constant, was possible to obtain a better thermal efficiency. Increasing compression
ratio is considered as one of the effective approaches to improve the thermal efficiency, but knocking suppression
is necessary. Cooling engine is effective to suppress the knock, but an excess of cooling engine leads to theincreasing heat loss. Then the study that improvement of anti-knock capability by lowering coolant temperatureof the engine partially which restrained the cylinder temperature was reported. …..

48

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

21
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

November 16 th Thursday
C (Merak 3)
15:00 - 16:30
Emissions&Environmental Impact II
Hiromi Deguchi (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION),
Kai Beck (STIHL)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179041 / 2017-32-0041
Current findings in measurement technology and measurement methodology for
RDE and fuel consumption for two-wheeler-applications
Johannes Hiesmayr, Roland Kirchberger, Stephan Schmidt, Christian Zinner,
Patrick Filips, Stefan Hausberger (Graz University of Technology), Roland Wanker,
Hubert Friedl(AVL List GmbH)8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
In recent times it turned out that real world operating scenarios have a major influence on regulation andhomologation of emissions and fuel consumption. Having in mind the worldwide ambitions to reduce emissionsof climate-relevant and environmentally harmful gases and the exploitation of fossil resources, deep
understanding concerning the real drive behavior of mobile sources has to be acquired. It is a well-known factthat emissions and fuel consumption of e.g. passenger cars, operated in real world conditions, considerably differ
from the officially published values.
There will be officially regulated emissions by the European Commission by means of real driving scenarios forpassenger cars and commercial vehicles certified by Euro 6d from September 2017. A methodology to measure
RDE real drive emissions is therefore well approved for heavy duty vehicles and automotive applications but
may not be adapted similar to two-wheeler-applications. This is because of several arguments, like changing thevehicle dynamic when using a state of the art PEMS portable emission measurement system or due to thelimited period of the year to be able to measure on-road with motorcycles in Europe, among others. …..

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179042 / 2017-32-0042
Results, assessment and legislative relevance of RDE and fuel consumption
measurements of two-wheeler-applications
Johannes Hiesmayr, Roland Kirchberger, Stephan Schmidt, Christian Zinner,
Patrick Filips, Stefan Hausberger (Graz University of Technology), Roland Wanker,
Hubert Friedl(AVL List GmbH)9. Abstract
In recent times it turned out that real world operating scenarios have a major influence on regulation andhomologation of emissions and fuel consumption. Having in mind the worldwide ambitions to reduce emissionsof climate-relevant and environmentally harmful gases and the exploitation of fossil resources, deep
understanding concerning the real drive behavior of mobile sources has to be acquired. It is a well-known factthat emissions and fuel consumption of e.g. passenger cars, operated in real world conditions, considerably differ
from the officially published values.
There will be officially regulated emissions by the European Commission by means of real driving scenarios forpassenger cars and commercial vehicles certified by Euro 6d from September 2017. A methodology to measure
RDE real drive emissions is therefore well approved for heavy duty vehicles and automotive applications but was
not adapted for two-wheeler-applications yet. Hence measurements have been performed for motorcycles withthe state of the art measurement equipment at the Graz University of Technology to be prepared for possible
future legislation.
Three four stroke petrol engine motorcycles were driven by four different riders on selected road segments thatare representative for parts of mentioned real drive scenarios. Measurements at established on-road test cycles
for passenger cars and chassis dynamometer measurements for comparison have been performed additionally.
…..

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center49

22
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 16 th Thursday
D (Nuri 1)
13:00 – 14:30
Measurement & Simulation II
Michihisa Nakagawa (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)
Stephan Schmidt (Graz University of Technology)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179027 / 2017-32-0027
Numerical Transient Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Cylinder Head and Valve
within a 400cc Engine
Chien-Hsiung Tsai(National Pingtung University of Science and Technology),
Hui-Hui Huang(Kun Shan University), Wei-Chun Chang(National Pingtung
University of Science and Technology)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
In this paper, the temperature of coupling system including cylinder, head, inlet/exhaust valve, and the coolingjacket of a 400cc engine is investigated by computational fluid dynamic (CFD) method. Firstly, the total pressure
loss of water jacket, radiator, and thermostat is calculated first, and then the mass flow rate inside the coolingsystem can be determined by fitting the water pump’s performance curve (P-Q curve). The thermal boundary
conditions for analysis of conjugate heat transfer of cooling system, such as combusting gas temperature andheat transfer coefficient are utilizing the results of 1-D engine simulation software (Ricardo WAVE). The current
approach is that the heat transfer coefficients of valve while opening are calculated by considering the intake
and exhaust stroke using FLUENT to overcome the difficulty of these values that are not modeled in such 1-D
software. Finally, the finite element method (FEM) is used for the valve stress calculation.
The results indicate that the temperature, pressure loss and the flow rate of coolant exhausted from the coolingjacket are concurred with those of experimental results. In addition, the distributions of convective heat transfer
coefficients of valves are found to have different behavior for five sections of valve defined in this study…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179028 / 2017-32-0028
Numerical Modeling of Heat Dissipation inside the Continuously Variable
Transmission of a 400cc Scooter
Hui-Hui Huang(Kun Shan University), Chien-Hsiung Tsai, We-Da Ho(National
Pingtung University of Science and Technology)

9. Abstract
In this study, the temperature of solid/fluid inside a continuously variable transmission (CVT) of a 400 cc scooter
is investigated numerically utilizing ANSYS FLUENT. The moving reference frame (MRF) technique withconjugate heat transfer between gases and solid rotation/translation are implemented to carry out thesimulation. The emphasis of the present study is put on the effects of CVT housing configuration, belt’s thermal
conductivity, and the heat dissipated from the crankcase on the thermal-flow-field of CVT.
The numerical results show that the temperature of the drive/driven pulleys are concurred with those ofexperimental results. It is found that the proposed design of partition plate inside the CVT housing can direct
the flow into belt and prevent the fluid around driven and drive pulley from mixing, and can further decrease thetemperatures of the belt and pulley. The increase of thermal conductivity of belt will increase the averagetemperature of belt but minimize the temperature difference on it. In addition, the temperature of driven pulleywill decrease when belt transition from high ratio to low ratio due to the increase of its rotational speed. The
heat dissipation from the crankcase to CVT housing is also explored that the ribs in the housing adjacent to the
crankcase served as the fin to enhance the heat transfer from engine to CVT housing…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179097 / 2017-32-0097
Modeling of Unsteady Heat Transfer Phenomena at the Intake Manifold of a Diesel
Engine and its Application to 1-D Engine Simulation
Emir Yilmaz, Hayao Joji, Mitsuhisa Ichiyanagi, Takashi Suzuki(Sophia University)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
In the past two decades, internal combustion engines have been required to improve their thermal efficiency inorder to limit hazardous gas emissions. For further improvement of the thermal efficiency, it is required to
predict the mass of intake air into cylinders in order to control the auto-ignition timing for CI engines. For an
accurate prediction of intake air mass, it is necessary to model the heat transfer phenomena at the intake
manifold. From this intention, an empirical equation was developed based on Colburn equation. Two newarguments were presented in the derived formula. The first argument was the addition of Graetz number, where
it characterized the entrance region thermal boundary layer development and its effect on the heat transfer
inside the intake manifold. As the second argument, Strouhal number was included in order to represent intake
valve effect on heat transfer. This study compared experimental data with the present empirical equation, andaverage error was estimated to be 3.1%, which was significantly improved in comparison with the Colburn
equation. Furthermore, derived empirical heat transfer equation was implemented to the intake manifold modelof a diesel engine in 1-D engine simulation. The study confirmed the influence of the heat transfer phenomena,and its importance to intake air. At IVC, temperature difference between Colburn equation and derived equation
was calculated to be 3.8 K…

50

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

23
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 16 th Thursday
D (Nuri 1)
15:00 – 16:30
Measurement & Simulation III
Michihisa Nakagawa (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)
Adrian Irimescu (Istituto Motori-CNR)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179047 / 2017-32-0047
Indirect Time-Resolved Visualization of Propagating Flame on Methane-Oxygen
Mixture by Densely Installed Multiple Ion-Probes
Tomoaki Yatsufusa, Keigo Kii, Kentaro Takatani, Shinsuke Miyata(Hiroshima
Institute of Technology)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
Multiple ion-probes method has an advantage for detailed measurement on high-intensity combustion including
engine combustion, oscillation combustion in gas turbine or burner. Multiple ion-probes are installed
individually on the surface of the confinement wall in combustion chamber. Detailed behavior of the flame
propagation along the chamber wall can be reproduced by the datasets of the flame arrival time detected byindividual ion-probes. Main target of this study is to clarify the measurement performance of this multiple
ionprobes method for various type of propagating flames generated in confined combustion tube. The
characteristics of the flame is largely varied by changing the ratio of dilution with nitrogen on methane-oxygenstoichiometric mixture. No dilution, which means methane-oxygen stoichiometric mixture only, results fastest
speed and relatively stable propagation. On the other hand, heavier dilution, which is diluted by larger amountof nitrogen, results lower speed and tabulated propagation. Heavily diluted condition results the propagating
flame with lower propagating speed and heavily bent flame front. In addition, propagation velocity wasconsiderably different at each location and each moment. On the other hand, no diluted condition results stable
detonation and planner flame front accurately perpendicular to the combustion tube axis was captured.
Although measured propagation velocity in 200mm average corresponds to theoretical detonation velocity within
0.5%, fluctuation of 2.4% on velocity was observed in special span of 10mm. This fluctuation seems to be caused
by macroexplosion in cell-structure of detonation front…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179048 / 2017-32-0048
Precise Measurement of Propagating Flame in 2-Stroke Gasoline Engine byMultiple Ion-Probes
Tomoaki Yatsufusa, Kentaro Takatani, Keigo Kii, Shinsuke Miyata (Hiroshima
Institute of Technology)

9. Abstract
Multiple ion-probes method provides fine measurement on propagating flame by using multiple ion-probes
installed tow-dimensionally on the wall surface of confined chamber. Each ion-probe detects the arrival of
propagating flame and the detecting time is recorded. The data set of flame detecting times is able to re-generate
the temporary and spatially detailed behavior of flame propagation. Because ion-probe itself generally has
physical and thermal strength, multiple ion-probe method is suitable method for detailed measurement of the
combustion resulting pulsatile high pressure such as in reciprocating piston engines.
In the present study, flame measurement technic by multiple ion-probes has been experimentally introduced formeasuring the combustion in 2-stroke gasoline engine. The present paper reports the detailed results ofmeasurement on propagating flame in the engine. In addition, newly clarified technical issues of this technic isalso mentioned. Experimental results shows that this technic is able to capture the flame even in IDLE
operation, which usually results weak combustion and very small flame signal. This is realized by high-speed
and high-amplification gain by spatially designed amplification circuit. Finally, temporally and spatiallyresolved flame propagation behavior was re-generated by averaged flame detecting time data in each ion-probe.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179113 / 2017-32-0113
Instantaneous Surface Temperature Measurement in Internal Combustion Engine
Using Newly Developed Coaxial Type Thin-Film Temperature Sensor
Daijiro Ishii, Hiromi Saito, Yuji Mihara, Yasuo Takagi(Tokyo City University)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
In order to establish standard method to evaluate cooling loss in combustion chamber of internal combustion
engines based on measurement of instantaneous heat flux / wall temperature with higher response and accuracy
than previously reported coaxial type thin-film temperature sensor by applying thin film fabrication technology
based on PVD method (Physical Vapor Deposition method) which improved to realize higher responsivenessthan the conventional sensor was developed by the authors, and it was confirmed that the sensor has sufficientdurability in conditions in which the hydrogen jet and flame directly contacts surface of the sensor by thin-film
material change. The influence of the improvement on the measurement accuracy was verified by numericalanalysis including thermoproperty evaluation. In this report, the configuration of measurement system that canmeasure minute voltage from the sensor with low noise and high response is reported. Furthermore, in addition
to the thermoelectromotive force calibration, an instantaneous responsiveness evaluation device (laser
calibration device) that can evaluate the responsiveness of instantaneous heat flux of the sensor was developedand evaluated.
November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

51

24

1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 16 th Tuesday
E (Kakatua)
13:00-14:00
Two Stroke Engine I
Tomoo Shiozaki (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)
Pierre Duret (IFP School)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179037 / 2017-32-0037
Analysis of SI and HCCI Combustion in a Two-Stroke Opposed-Piston Free-Piston
EngineStephan Schneider, Horst Friedrich (German Aerospace Center (DLR)), Marco
Chiodi, Michael Bargende (Research Institute of Automotive Engineering andVehicle Engines Stuttgart (FKFS))

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
The German Aerospace Center (DLR) is developing a free-piston engine as an innovative internal combustion
engine for the generation of electrical power. The arrangement of the Free Piston Linear Generator (FPLG) in
opposed-piston design consists of two piston units oscillating freely, thereby alternately compressing the common
combustion chamber in the center of the unit and gas springs on either side. Linear alternators convert the
kinetic energy of the moving pistons into electric energy. Since the pistons are not mechanically coupled to acrank train, the bottom and top dead centers of the piston movement can be varied during operation e.g. toadjust the compression ratio. Utilizing these degrees of freedom, the present paper deals with the analysis ofdifferent combustion processes in a port scavenged opposed-piston combustion chamber prototype. This contains
the experimental investigation of spark ignition (SI) as well as the transition to homogeneous charge
compression ignition (HCCI). Based on test bench results, a 3D-CFD model, which has been used to develop thefirst prototype, is calibrated by actual measurements. The simulation results enable a deeper analysis ofscavenging and in-cylinder processes exceeding the measurement possibilities on a test bench.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179043 / 2017-32-0043
Practicability and Influencing Factors of a Lean Burn Mode for Two-Stroke Engines
in Hand-Held Powertools
Pascal Piecha, Christoph Ninaus, Stephan Schmidt, Roland Kirchberger (Graz
University of Technology), Florian Schumann, Tim Gegg (Andreas Stihl AG & Co
KG)

9. Abstract
For many applications, such as scooters, hand-held power tools and many off-road vehicles, two-stroke engines
are used as a preferred propulsion unit. These engines convince by a good power to weight ratio, a highdurability and low maintenance technology and are therefore the first choice in this field of application. In
general, already much development effort has been expended to improve those systems. However, an increasing
environmental awareness, the protection of health and the shortage of fossil resources are the driving factors tofurther enhance the internal combustion process of those adapted two-stroke engines. The current focus here ison the reduction of emissions and fuel consumption with an at least constant power output.

52

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

25
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 16 th Tuesday
E (Kakatua)
15:00 - 16:00
Two Stroke Engine II
Tomoo Shiozaki (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)
Roland Kirchberger (Graz University of Technology)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179121 / 2017-32-0121
Development through simulation of a Turbocharged 2-Stroke G.D.I. Engine Focusedon a Range-Extender Application
P. Nuccio, D. De Donno, A. Magno (Energy Department, Politecnico di Torino)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
An original 2-stroke prototype engine, equipped with an electronically controlled gasoline direct-injection
apparatus, has been tested over the last few years, and the performances of these tests have been compared withthose obtained using a commercial crankcase-scavenged 2-stroke engine. Very satisfactory results have beenobtained, as far as fuel consumption and unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas are concerned. Large
reductions in fuel consumption and in unburned hydrocarbons have been made possible, because the injection
timing causes all the injected gasoline to remain in the combustion chamber, and thus to take part in the
combustion process. Moreover, a force-feed lubrication system, like those usually exploited in mass-produced
4-stroke engines, has been employed, because of the presence of an external pump. In fact, it is no longer
necessary to add oil to the gasoline in the engine, as the gasoline does not pass through the crankcase volume.
The aim of this paper is to present the main features of a new 2-stroke engine, which mainly pertain to theadoption of a turbo compressor for the scavenging and supercharging processes, as well as a small volumetric
impeller for the start transitory. Because of its limited size, weight and high specific power output, this engine
should be of particular interest for range extender applications in electric vehicles. A numerical simulation has
been carried out, to confirm results of the experimental phase, by means of a one-dimensional model that has
furnished encouraging results.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179082 / 2017-32-0082
Potential of a Production DI Two-Stroke Engine Adapted for Range Extender andMotorcycle Applications
Pierre Duret (IFP School), Stéphane Venturi, Antonio Sciarretta (IFP Energies
Nouvelles), Nigel Foxhall, Walter Hinterberger (BRP-Rotax)

9. Abstract
The main purpose of this paper will be to investigate if a small snowmobile gasoline Direct Injected (DI)two-stroke engine has the potential to be adapted for two other types of applications: as a range extender (REX)
for electric vehicles and for a motorcycle application.
For the REX application, the main requested specifications (NVH, lightweight, compactness, minimum
production cost and easy maintenance), correspond well to the main features of DI 2-stroke engines. The
potential of a modified production engine operating in part load ultra-low NOx Controlled Auto Ignition (CAI) to
meet the Euro 6 emissions standards on the NEDC cycle has already been demonstrated in a previous paper. In
the first part of this new paper, we will investigate which solutions can be used to maintain this potential witheven stricter legislations based on Euro 6d, WLTP cycle and Real Driving Emissions (RDE).
In the second part of this paper, the feasibility of using the same production DI 2-stroke base engine for a
motorcycle application will be studied. To meet the future Euro 4 and 5 motorcycle emissions standards on the
new WMTC driving cycle, new combustion strategies have to be implemented. They are based on the use of CAI
at part load and of the control of the air-fuel ratio at higher load combined with a 3-way catalyst aftertreatment
technology.
The encouraging results achieved show that such small DI 2-stroke engine could be a very attractive candidate
for a low emissions motorcycle application as well as for a range extender application in an electric vehicle.

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

53

26
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 17th Friday
A (Merak 1)
8:00-9:30
Advanced Combustion III
Koji Yoshida ( Nihon University)
Simona Silvia Merola (Istituto Motori-CNR)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179069 / 2017-32-0069
A Study of Ignition and Combustion in an SI Engine using Multistage Pulse
Discharge Ignition
Takuma Furusyo, Kotaro Takeda, Yuki Yoshida, Zhimin Lin, Akira iijima, Hideo
Shoji(Nihon University ), Taichiro Tamida, Takashi Hashimoto(Mitsubishi Electric
Corporatio)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
Lean-burn technology is regarded as one effective way to increase the efficiency of internal combustion engines.
However, stable ignition is difficult to ensure with a lean mixture. It is expected that this issue can be resolved
by improving ignition performance as a result of increasing the amount of energy discharged into the gaseous
mixture at the time of ignition. There are limits, however, to how high ignition energy can be increased from thestandpoints of spark plug durability, energy consumption and other considerations. Therefore, the authors havefocused on a multistage pulse discharge (MSPD) ignition system that performs low-energy ignition multiple
times. In this study, a comparison was made of ignition performance between MSPD ignition and conventional
spark ignition (SI). A high-speed camera was used to obtain visualized images of ignition in the cylinder and apressure sensor was used to measure pressure histories in the combustion chamber. The results revealed that
MSPD ignition formed a stronger flame kernel than conventional SI under conditions inconducive to flame
kernel formation. This was found to be effective in promoting stable combustion.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179111 / 2017-32-0111
Effects of Spark Discharge Characteristic on Cycle-to-cycle Variations ofCombustion for Lean SI Operation with High Tumble Flow
Kosaku Sasaki, Dongwon Jung, Takeshi Yokomori, Norimasa Iida (Keio University)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
It has been shown that lean burn is effective for improving the thermal efficiency of gasoline SI engines. This
happens because the reduction of heat loss by decrease of flame temperature. On the other hand, the fueldilution of the premixed gas makes the combustion speed low, and cycle-to-cycle variations of combustion are
increased by excessive dilution, it is difficult to increase the thermal efficiency of the gasoline SI engine.
Influence of ignition by spark discharge is considered as a factor of combustion variation, and it is necessary tounderstand the effects of spark discharge characteristics on the lean combustion process. Spark discharge in the
SI engines supplies energy to the premixed-gas via a discharge channel in the spark plug gap which ignites thepremixed-gas. The discharge channel is elongated by in-cylinder gas flow and its behavior varies in each cycles.
When the discharge channel is elongated, the premixed-gas on the discharge channel increases and the gap
resistance increases. As a result, the pattern of the discharge energy supply to the premixed gas by the spark
discharge also changes in each cycle. It may affect the lean-burn combustion process. However, the relationshipbetween spark discharge and combustion has not been clarified.
In this study, using an ignition system with 10 ignition coils and an adapter for intensify the tumble flow, we
photograph the behavior of the discharge channel with a visualization engine. The relationship between
discharge channel length and gap resistance are clarified. Then combustion experiments were carried out,discharge current, discharge voltage and in-cylinder gas pressure were measured at the same time. We
investigated the influence of gap resistance on the combustion phase
As a result, there was a correlation between the discharge channel area and the gap resistance. It is possible toestimate the spark discharge channel area from the gap resistance, by measuring the discharge voltage and thedischarge current without using the visualization device. When the average gap resistance was more than 45kΩ, CA 5 became 0 deg.ATDC or less except for 1 cycle. Therefore, it was revealed that combustion was promoted
when the discharge channel was stretched and the gap resistance was large.

54

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

27
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 17th Friday
A (Merak 1)
10:00-11:30
Advanced Combustion IV
Koji Yoshida ( Nihon University)
Simona Silvia Merola (Istituto Motori-CNR)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179064 / 2017-32-0064
Fuel Economy Development for a CVT Powertrain on Roller-Chassis Dynamometer
and Transfer to Dynamic Engine Testbed
Christian Hubmann, Harald Mayrhofer, Hubert Friedl , Gerald Hochmann(AVL ListGmbH)

8. Author (Affiliation)

9. Abstract
The motorcycle and small engine industry is entering a chapter where emission legislation (EU5, BS6) is
adapted to the automotive industries and especially CO2 emission is coming more and more into the focus of theOEMs, the legislative authorities and finally the end-user. Technologies like variable valve actuation, direct
gasoline injection and turbo charging are state of the art in the automotive industry and have brought theefficiency of the internal combustion engine onto the next level. Nevertheless the small engine manufacturers
are seeking for solutions which are cost efficient as well as simple and easy to apply. Even powertrain complexity
is increasing the development efforts have to be kept moderate. Therefore, there is strong request for modern
instrumentation and Testbeds which support an efficient and effective development process.
This paper describes the development on an 110cc scooter engine with the main focus on fuel consumption
reduction during the hardware development on the engine Testbed as well as chassis dyno . Furthermore, it has
been investigated how the efficiency, robustness and reproducibility of the development process and its test
environments can be increased by using an advanced dynamic engine Testbed. This innovative Testbed is
combined with a belt drive transmission which allows to operate as stationary single cylinder engine, as well as
in power pack- (i.e. internal combustion engine including transmission) configuration under steady-state or
dynamic operating mode.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179077 / 2017-32-0077
Group Combustion Excitation in Randomly Distributed Droplet Clouds Based on
Flame-spread Characteristics with Two-droplet Interaction in Microgravity
Herman Saputro, Laila Fitriana (Sebelas Maret University)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
Experiments of flame-spread of fuel droplets have been performed in microgravity actively. However, theexperiment has limitation in the number of droplets due to relatively short microgravity durations in the groundbased facilities. It is difficult to conduct flame spread experiments of large scale droplet clouds in microgravity.
This study conducted simulation of flame-spread behavior in randomly distributed large-scale droplet clouds byusing a percolation approach, in order to make a theoretical link the gap between droplet combustion
experiments and spray combustion phenomenon with considering two-droplet interaction. Droplets are arranged
at lattice points in 2D lattice. The occurrence probability of group combustion (OPGC) is calculated as a functionof the mean droplet spacing (S/d0)m. The (S/d0)m for 0.5 OPGC is defined as the critical mean droplet spacing(S/d0)critical, which separates the droplet cloud into two groups if the lattice size becomes infinity; relatively
dense droplet clouds in which the group combustion is excited through flame spread and dilute droplet clouds inwhich the group combustion in is never excited. The results show that in 2D droplet arrangements, the(S/d0)critical considering two-droplet interaction is higher than that without considering two-droplets
interaction.

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center55

28
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 17 th Friday
B (Merak 2)
8:00 - 9:30
Alternative Fuels III
Toru Nakazono (LEMA / YANMAR Co., Ltd.),
Iman K. Reksowardojo (Institut Teknologi Bandung)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20159103 / 2015-32-0103
Development of a fuel injection strategy for a Diesel engine Fumigated with Ethanol
Tripoom – Painrungrot, Chinda Charoenphonphanich (King Mongkut's Institute ofTechnology Ladkrabang.) Hidenori Kosaka(Tokyo Institute of Technolgy)
Manida Tongroon(National Metal and Materials Technology Center)

9. Abstract
Diesel engine are widely use all over the world. Because they can generate high torque even in low speed
operation, and they give more efficiency from the fuel input compare to gasoline engine. But diesel engine still
releases lots of emission which are harmful to environment. So, many researchers are going to improve theefficiency and reduce the emission from the combustion process. Ethanol is a good choice for alternative fuelwhich is prefer to dual fuel diesel engine. Because ethanol made from plant such as sugar cane, cassava,
sorghum, and so on, which can reduce CO2 in photosynthesis process. In this study, ethanol will be injected in to
the intake manifold to cool down the intake temperature and reduce the amount of diesel fuel consumption.
However, there are many parameters that effect to the combustion. Injection timing, injection pressure, andinjection amount are some of essential factor that gives different result. This study also uses a technique callinternal exhaust gas recirculation. The exhaust valve will be reopened during the intake stroke to vaporize theinjected ethanol in the combustion chamber.
The objective of this research is to study the effect of injection timing of dual fuel (diesel and ethanol) on theengine performance and exhaust emissions of a supercharged, single cylinder 4-stroke direct injection
compression ignition engine including ethanol fumigation and internal EGR. By varying the diesel injection
timing from the original position by 4 degree more and less from -10o ATDC, and also varying the injection
pressure of 80, 100, 120 MPa. Then using ethanol fuel as a secondary fuel to replace the energy input from diesel
fuel by 10, 20, and 30%. The engine speed will be fixed at 1000 rpm. The injection timing of ethanol is 400o
ATDC and the injection pressure is 2 MPa.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179088/ 2015-32-0749
An Effect of Bio Diesel Fuel for Low Compression Ratio Diesel Engine Performance
Hikaru Yamada, Koji Yoshida(Nihon University)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore an effect of the coconut oil methyl eater (CME) and vegetable oil methyl
ester (VME) on a low compression ratio diesel engine performance. The CME and VME were produced fromcoconut oil and vegetable oil which was made from soybean oil and rapeseed oil, respectively. The coconut andvegetable oils were transformed into the methyl eater by the esterification process and the sodium hydroxide
was used as catalyst. The test engine was an air cooled four-stroke single cylinder direct injection small diesel
engine with a mechanical fuel injection system. The compression ratios was changed to vary the clearance
volume by putting the brass plate between cylinder head and cylinder block and compression ratios of 21.2, 19.3,
18.0, and 17.3 were attempted. Here, the ordinary compression ratio of test engine was 21.2. The engine
performance and exhaust gas emissions were measured in the steady operation condition at engine speed of3600 rpm and the brake mean effective pressure was varied from 100 kPa to maximum at every 100 kPa. The
ignition timings of CME and VME were advanced and the maximum cylinder pressures of CME and VME werehigher as compared with the diesel fuel in case of low compression ratios, because CME and VME consisted of
medium chain fatty acid methyl eaters. However, the COV of maximum cylinder pressure and the COV of
indicated mean effective pressure of both CME and VME were almost the same as the diesel fuel when the brakemean effective pressure was more than 200 kPa. This is because the combustion was stabilized at the middle
load and high load operation. The brake thermal efficiency of diesel fuel was slightly higher than those of CME
and VME for any compression ratios. THC and CO concentrations of CME and VME were lower than those ofdiesel fuel in case of low compression ratio, because CME and VME were oxygenate fuel. THC and CO
concentrations of CME were lower than those of VME because the mass fraction of oxygen in CME was higher
than VME. The smoke concentration showed very higher value in any of fuel at the engine high load. This isbecause amount of fuel injection increased as increasing with the engine load. CME could not reduce the smoke
concentration in high load even though CME contained 14.7 wt.% of oxygen atoms. NOx concentration of CME
was lower than that of diesel fuel for any compression ratios in the high load operation, because the maximum
rate of heat release of CME was lower than diesel fuel due to the superior ignition feature of CME. The CO2 andSO2 concentrations in any of fuel were almost the same at any operating conditions. Therefore, CME and VME
were adaptable as alternative fuel for the low compression ratio diesel engine, because ignition characteristics of
CME and VME were improved in case of low compression ratio.

56

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

29
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 17 th Friday
B (Merak 2)
10:00 - 11:30
LubricantsToru Nakazono (LEMA / YANMAR Co., Ltd.)
Mike Marcella (Maxima Racing Oils)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

Organized speech

8. Author (Affiliation)

Mia Krishna, Fathona Shorea, Nabila(Pertamina Lubricants)

Durability of Multi Grade Motor Cycle Engine Oil

9. Abstract
Motorcycle population in Indonesia hits more than 126 million units in 2017. Align with the situation, concern
on motorcycle emission and fuel economy is growing and this contributing to the trend of thinner and multi
grade engine oil application.
With such application, the role of engine oil durability becomes more important. This study is held to understandthe durability of engine oil and whether the current properties in the quality standard are able to differentiate
the durability of available motorcycle engine oil in the market.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20179008/ 2017-32-0008
7. Paper title
Delivering Fuel Economy with Motorcycle Oil Additive Technology
8. Author (Affiliation)
Pei Yi Lim ,Youhei Inagaki (Infineum Singapore Pte Ltd)
9. Abstract
Sustainability trends and reduced fuel consumption as a value proposition to end users have led toever-increasing focus on fuel efficiency in the personal mobility segment. This is evident in the development ofsmaller and lighter engine hardware with optimized combustion systems as well as the lowering of engine oil
viscosity grades and formulation of additives with improved friction properties. Due to the unique challenges of
lubricating motorcycle engines, the development of fuel efficient motorcycle engine oil presents several technicaldilemmas. The reduction of oil viscosity gives rise to durability concerns particularly in such high temperatureand high speed operating conditions, while the formulation of additives with lower friction properties may affectclutch friction that is necessary for a manual motorcycle. Hence, this study was embarked on to develop a 4T
motorcycle engine oil formulation that can achieve fuel economy credits without compromising clutch friction
and durability.
The development began with a fundamental understanding of the surface and viscometric effects from eachmajor component of the formulation (including within the additive system, the basestocks and the formulation
viscometrics) and across each lubrication regime (i.e. from the boundary to hydrodynamic regime). This wasfollowed by the optimization of these components to maximize fuel economy credits. Finally, a prototype wasdeveloped through a balanced combination of these components to provide a well-rounded friction reduction
across the entire lubrication regime, as benchmarked against an SAE 10W-30 OEM Genuine Oil. The
preliminary friction screening tools used in this study were bench tests (i.e. SRV, HFRR and MTM) run under
carefully selected test conditions, with the fuel economy data subsequently validated through a chassis
dynamometer test based on the World Motorcycle Test Cycle in an actual motorcycle. In addition, to assess the
hypothesis that engine friction can be reduced without compromising clutch friction and durability, theprototype was put through the JASO T903:2016 and modified FZG gear pitting tests. The results of thisextensive fundamental understanding and performance evaluation activity will be presented in detail in thispaper.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179095 / 2017-32-0095
Effect of Biofuel and Soot on Metal Wear Characteristic using Electron Microscopy
and 3D Image Processing
Preechar Karin, Warawut Amornprapa, Phiranat Khamsrisuk, Pol-ake
Budsayahem , Pattara Chammana (King Mongkut's Institute of Technology
Ladkrabang) Katsunori Hanamura(Tokyo Institute of Technology) Kobsak
Sriprapha(National Electronics and Computer Technology Center)

9. Abstract
The characteristics of soot affecting on engine oil degradation and metal wear would be studied. Soot particle
contamination in engine oil was simulated using pure carbon black. Micro-nanostructure of soot particles werestudied by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Laser diffraction
spectroscopy (LDS). The metal wear behavior was studied by means of a Four-Ball tribology test with wear
measured. Wear roughness in micro-scale was also investigated by high resolution Optical microscopy (OM), 3D
rendering optical technique and SEM image processing method. Moreover, the impact of biofuel on engine oil
degradation and metal wear was also reported.

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center57

30
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

November 17 th Friday
C (Merak 3)
08:00 - 9 :30
Emissions&Environmental Impact III
Hiromi Deguchi (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION),
Kai Beck (STIHL)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)

20179076 / 2017-32-0076

7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

Motorcycle Emission Profiles in Bandung City, Indonesia
Adyati P Yudison, Driejana Driejana, Iman K Reksowardojo, Aminudin Sulaeman(Institut Teknologi Bandung)

9. Abstract
Motorcycles account for almost 80% of private vehicle in Indonesia, with annual growth rate of 12%/year. This
paper aims to investigate the emission profiles of CO2, CO, HC and NOx based on typical fuel and motorcycle
types in Indonesia. Questionnaire survey was undertaken to gather fuel type, engine technology and capacitythat represent motorcycle population in Bandung City, Indonesia. Emissions were measured based on 6 speed
variations on chassis dynamometer. Questionnaire survey from 290 respondent shows that Euro II and Euro III
technology with engine capacity less than 150 is the most utilized type of motorcycle in Bandung. Most of user
choose RON 90 and RON 92 gasoline. Based on the results, 4 group of 5 motorcycle of EIIRON90, EIIRON92,
EIIIRON90, and EIIIRON92 were tested. Emission data shows that the higher the speed the lower the emission,
except for CO and NOx which have different pattern. …..
6.Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20739094 / 2017-32-0094
Impact of Biodiesel on Small CI Engine Combustion Behavior and Particle Emission
Characteristic
Preechar Karin, Chinda Charoenphonphanich, Jiramed Boonsakda, Park
Watanawongskorn, Eakkawut Saenkhumvong, Settavit Sirivarocha, Sippakorn
Rungsritanapaisan(King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang) Nuwong
Chollacoop(National Science and Technology Development Agency), Katsunori
Hanamura(Tokyo Institute of Technology)

9. Abstract
A diesel engine is a high thermal efficiency and durability. However, in-use diesel engines produce highconcentration of particulate matter (PM). PM must be removed from the exhaust gas to protect human health.
This research describes biodiesel engine performance, efficiency and combustion behavior using combustion
pressure analyzer. Moreover, PM emitted from CI engines can be reduced by using renewable bio-oxygenatedfuels. The particle size and quantity of biofuel are smaller than that of fossil diesel. Nanostructure andaggregation behavior should be investigated for better understanding. The nanostructures and morphology offossil fuel and biofuel PMs would be investigated by using a Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) and Laser diffraction spectroscopy (LDS).
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179126 / 2017-32-0126
A Visualization Study of Soot Production and Oxidation Characteristics Under
Diesel Engine Like Conditions
Huynh Thanh Cong, Cong Thanh Huynh (Ho Chi Minh City University ofTechnology), Akihiko Azetsu, Takahiro Kashima, Daisuke Komasaki, Yuta Saito(Tokai University)

9. Abstract
To explore the production and oxidation characteristics of soot in the flame of diesel jet under the condition
equivalent to the direct injection diesel engine condition, the effect of three different important parameters(including injection pressure, injection duration, and oxygen concentration) are experimentally examined. For
these purposes, a small CVCC (constant volume combustion chamber) with the volume of 60cc equivalent to thevolume of combustion chamber of automotive diesel engine is used.
To obtain the experimental data of soot production and oxidation, in experiments, the ambient condition oftemperature, pressure and oxygen concentration before injection timing are prepared by the combustion of leanhydrogen mixture (with help of 8 spark plugs) at a high temperature and pressure condition around 1000K and
4.5MPa. The common rail type injector with 8 injection holes for modern diesel engine is attached to this vessel.
Injection pressures are set up at 80, 100, and 120 MPa. The effects of three important factors are analyzed
including: (1) different injection pressures with constant injection mass; (2) different injection pressures withconstant injection duration; (3) oxygen concentrations of 21% and 17% in volume. …..

58

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

31
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 17 th Friday
C (Merak 3)
10:00 – 11:30
Vehicle Components
Hisayuki Sugita (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION),
Ignatius P. Nurprasetio (Institut Teknologi Bandung)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
20179049 / 2017-32-0049
7. Paper title
Development of Titanium Fuel Tank Applied for Mass-production Motocrossers
8. Author (Affiliation)
Kohei Hirano, Yuki Chihara (Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)
9. Abstract
The new titanium fuel tank has been developed to reduce weight of the fuel tank of production motocrossers.
While the titanium permits deep drawing to shape a tank by presswork, the processing of titanium material isdifficult, hence no past application of the material for a motorcycle fuel tank. This project was aimed atdevelopment of new techniques for mass production of titanium fuel tanks, and succeeded in mass production oftitanium fuel tanks having an adequate durability to apply to a motocrosser that can receive a strong impact
while driving. As a result, approximately 40% of weight reduction from the plastic fuel tank having the same fuelcapacity was realized.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179123 / 2017-32-0123
Design of Motorcycle Front Fork for Impact Loads
Girish Kokane, Dinesh Kalani, Ravindra Kharul, Muragendra Magdum (Endurance
Technologies Ltd.)

9. Abstract
With advancements in powertrain technologies & light weighting of vehicle structures, the average driving
speeds of motorcycles are increasing. This makes it important to safeguard the vehicle structure from possible
impact loads or crash events. The front suspension of a motorcycle typically consists of telescopic front fork
which acts as a structural member as well. Thus modern vehicle front forks should be designed keeping in mind
frontal impacts as well. Which means the structural stiffness of front fork needs to be optimally designed so thatduring impacts, the structure should deflect absorbing the bulk of the impact energy safeguarding the rest of thevehicle structure including chassis. At the same time the front fork should not break.
The popular design improvement techniques like increasing section modulus, heat treatments to increase
strength may or may not have positive effect on impact strength. Even some of the finite element analysis
techniques like linear and/or static analysis would not be able to simulate the impact dynamics. The impact
testing would not be always feasible during new product development.
This paper focusses on a virtual simulation methodology for predicting the behavior of front fork under impact
loads. Various design aspects, critical to impact performance are identified. An exhaustive impact testing is done
for multiple design configurations. It is well known that the failure mechanism under impact events is different
from the conventional failure modes & the impact simulation methodology successfully captures it well. Further
based on the simulation, design philosophy & guidelines are arrived at to ensure design adequacy under impact
loads.

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center5932
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

November 17th Friday
D (Nuri 1)
8:00 - 9 :30
Measurement & Simulation IV
Tadao Okazaki (Kubota Corporation),
Adrian Irimescu (Istituto Motori-CNR)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)

20179071 / 2017-32-0071

7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

Simulation based optimization of a motorcycle drivetrain by the integration of anovel continuously variable planetary transmission
Juergen Tromayer, Michael Gaber (Graz University of Technology), Scott McBroom,
Fern Thomassy (Fallbrook Technologies Inc.)

9. Abstract
Drive trains of motorcycles, especially on small low-cost vehicles for daily use can contribute quite a lot to theoverall fuel economy as well as the emission output. Meeting upcoming emission limits such as EURO 5 withcomparatively simple and low-cost vehicles will be very challenging. On the engine side, a big effort in terms offuelling, combustion optimization as well as exhaust gas aftertreatment will be necessary without any doubt.
Even complex systems that enable variabilities in valve timing might become more and more important. Besides
those big technological steps in development of small capacity engines for the mass markets, the additional
system optimization potential that can be gained by a systematic adaption of the drive train is more thannoteworthy. Hence, a detailed study to derive this potential was carried out by means of a longitudinal dynamics
simulation in Matlab-Simulink…
6.Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179074 / 2017-32-0074
Comparison of Optimal & Real-time Operation Strategy for a Hybrid Electric
Motorcycle
Paul Rieger, Bernhard Schweighofer, Hannes Wegleiter, Christian Zinner, Stephan
Schmidt, Roland Kirchberger (Graz University of Technology) Nigel Foxhall, Walter
Hinterberger (BRP-Powertrain GmbH & Co KG)

9. Abstract
Within the motorcycle- and powersport sector the hybridization and electrification of the powertrain is
increasingly becoming an important topic. In the automotive sector the hybridization of the powertrain isalready well established and shows improvements regarding fuel consumption and emission behavior. Also inthe motorcycle sector the emission legislation limits are getting stricter and the requirement for a significant
reduction of fuel consumption, especially under real drive condition, is being focused. Furthermore, theincreasing environmental awareness of the customer requires measures regarding fuel consumption- andemission minimization. Due to the high system complexity and degrees of freedom of hybrid powertrains, thesimulation of the complete vehicle is essential for the component dimensioning, concept selection and thedevelopment of operation strategies. Generally, two approaches of complete vehicle simulations can be differed…
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179038 / 2017-32-0038
A Model Based Approach for Generating Pre-Calibration Data for Two-Wheelers
Rose Mary Simon Palackal, Karthikeyan Ramachandran (Robert Bosch Engineering
And Business Solns Pvt Ltd), Balagovind Nandakumar Kartha, Pramod
Reddemreddy (Bosch Limited) Srikanth Vijaykumar (Robert Bosch LLC)

9. Abstract
Today, 99% of the two wheelers in India operate with carburetor based fuel delivery system. But with
implementation of Bharath Stage VI emission norms, compliance to emission limits along with monitoring ofcomponents in the system that contributes towards tail pipe emissions would be challenging. With theintroduction of the OBD II (On-Board Diagnostics) and emission durability, mass migration to electronicallycontrolled fuel delivery system is very much expected. The new emission norms also call for precise metering of
the injected fuel and therefore demands extended calibration effort.
The calibration of engine management system starts with the generation of pre-calibration dataset capable ofoperating the engine at all operating points followed by base calibration of the main parameters such as air
charge estimation, fuel injection quantity, injection timing and ignition angles relative to the piston position.

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23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

33
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),co-chair (Affiliation)

November 17 th Friday
D (Nuri 1)
10:00 - 11 :30
Engine Controls
Yutaka Nitta (SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION),
Ken Fosaaen (Kerdea Technologies)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)

20179045 / 2017-32-9045

7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

Development of Motorcycle Engine Starting System Simulation Considering
Air-Fuel Ratio Control
Yoshihito Itou, Daiki Itou, Minoru Iida (Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.)

9. Abstract
Recently the response of the engine speed at starting has more importance than ever for quick start satisfying
rider’s needs, as well as exhaust emissions. We have developed a simulation for studying engine and starterspecifications, engine control algorithm and other engine control parameters. This system can be utilized torealize appropriate starting time by considering air-fuel ratio under various conditions.
This paper addresses what are taken account of in our method. Examples applying this to a conventional
motorcycle engine are shown.
6.Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179052 / 2017-32-9052
Research on Misfire Detection Algorithms for Motorcycle Engine Firing at UnevenIntervals
Katsunori Tasaki (Keihin Corporation)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
Misfire is the condition where the engine does not fire correctly due to an ignition miss or poor combustion of the
air fuel mixture, resulting in serious deterioration of tailpipe emissions due to the discharge of unburned gas. In
order to prevent further exacerbating environmental problems, misfire detection is obligatory in On Board
Diagnosis (OBD) II systems.
OBD II technology for passenger cars cannot be easily adopted to motorcycles for several reasons. However, very
little research has been reported on misfire detection for an unevenly firing engine in which the degree ofcontribution to engine output and the variation pattern of angular velocity show a large difference between
cylinders, an aspect that is unique to motorcycles.
This research focuses on uneven firing V-twin motorcycle engines, to explore misfire detection techniques using
variation characters in crank angular velocity.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179065 / 2017-32-9065
Enhanced Diagnosis for Small Engines
Riccardo Basso, Hans-Jürgen Schacht, Matthias Rath, Markus Neumayer, Stephan
Schmidt, Roland Kirchberger (Graz University of Technology),
Christian Reisenberger (BRP-Powertrain GmbH & Co KG)

9. Abstract
Small engines for non-automotive and two wheeler applications have a reduced number of sensors. For fulfillingemission regulations a cost effective way is an enhanced use of standard sensors in order to obtain more
information from the existing sensors. The delivered information can then be used for an on-board diagnosis.
Moreover, it is important to control the quality of the product during engine production; therefore an end-of-line
cold engine test is often made. With this measure it is possible to detect faults, wrong tolerances or assembly inorder not to deliver faulty engines to the customers.
In this paper, an enhanced use of sensors for fault detection will be discussed. It is possible to obtain more
information from the signal or to use the sensor for detecting other parameters. For extracting information
signal analysis methods will be used with focus on the computational power need since the ECU performance islimited. The starter motor current is a useful indicator for detecting a lack of compression in an end-of-line
check. Furthermore, it is possible to assign the fault to a specific cylinder by using one single sensor. It has to…

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

61

34
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 17th Friday
E (Kakatua)
8:00 – 9:30
Engine Component I
Takahito Murase (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)
Tony Sczcotka (Robert Bosch LLC)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179055 / 2017-32-0055
Optimization of Intake Port for Improvement of Fuel Consumption and Torque
Yota Sakurai, Yoshinori Nakao, Astushi Hisano, Masahito Saitou , Kunihiro Tanaka(Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.)

9. Abstract
In this study on the motorcycle engine, we investigated the geometry of the newly developed intake port withan objective of improving the fuel consumption and the torque in practical range. Herein we present the results
obtained. We believe that an effective measure for achieving the stated objective is to improve the combustion
speed and combustion stability. To realize that, it is necessary to increase the turbulence during combustion andimprove the homogeneity of air-fuel mixture. To investigate the feasible shape of the port, the CFD simulation(including fuel spray analysis) was performed and a geometry that improved the turbulent kinetic energy andmixture homogeneity at the time of ignition was selected.
For confirming the combustion improvement effect achieved by tumble strengthening, an engine test was
conducted with the same amount of intake air as that used in. Analysis of the heat release rate calculated fromthe pressure in the cylinder revealed that an improvement in the burning rate and combustion was achieved byadopting the newly developed intake port shape. As a result of the above approach, by improving the turbulent
kinetic energy and the homogeneity of the air-fuel mixture, the fuel efficiency has been improved and the torquealso improved in the practical range.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title
8. Author (Affiliation)

20179124 / 2017-32-0124
VAVE design of Antihop Clutch for Motorbikes.
Ashutosh Padmakar Jahagirdar, Nitin R Bhone, Ashok B Kulkarni, Ravindra
Vyankatrao Kharul (Endurance Technologies Ltd.)

9. Abstract
Anti-Hop Clutches are popular for bikes above 400 cc. They offer the advantage of better driving stability inlower gears and during down shifting. The currently used designs of such clutches are having different
constructions with complex geometry parts and almost 30% more number of parts (compared to standard clutch)
are used in some designs to achieve the desired 'Driving Assist' and 'Coasting Slip' effect. The production processused, demands for specialized tools for manufacturing the complex geometry of parts and the price of the clutch
assembly is more than double as compared to standard, equivalent design of multi plate wet clutches. These typeof clutches are commonly known as – Anti Hop Clutch or Slipper Clutch or Assist and Slip clutches.
To achieve same performance benefits with simpler design, less number of parts with a Flexibility to alter theAssist and Slip effect to suit the application, Endurance Technologies Ltd. developed a new concept. The
simplicity of design and enhanced effect of Assist and Slip is experienced on vehicle trials. Further the design
can be optimized to meet the expected performance and durability targets of the intended application.
In this paper the details of concept clutch construction, Mathematical models developed, Performance anddurability measurements taken on the vehicle are summarized which is trademarked as Endurance Variable
Torque Clutch (EVTC®). The evaluation of different variables on performance is discussed and to achieve theperformance within a narrow tolerance band the special design considerations utilized are elaborated. For
achieving better ergonomic effect on Clutch lever, the clutch uses a pair of diaphragm spring which is assembled
so as to inherently reduce the variations in clutch performance over the life span.

62

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

35
1. Date2. Room.
3. Time4. Session
5. Chair (Affiliation),
Co-chair (Affiliation)

November 17 th Friday
E (Kakatua)
10：00-11：30
Engine Component II
Yuji Araki (YAMAHA MOTOR Co., Ltd.),
Roland Kirchberger (Graz University of Technology)

6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179003 / 2017-32-0003
Innovative Carburetor Design with Dynamic Air to Fuel Ratio (AFR) Control for
Improved Fuel Economy and Reduced Emissions
Timothy C Simmons (INI Power Systems)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
An innovative carburetor system has been developed for use in single cylinder small engines. The carburetor has
been implemented on a 79cc 4 stroke portable gasoline generator for the purposes of illustrating its effect inreducing emissions, engine deposits and improving fuel economy without re-jetting the carburetor. This methodof carburetion dynamically tunes the venturi effect in the carburetor, allowing for air density, fuel viscosity andfuel type compensation for optimal AFR. Modified and stock generators were tested at various power levels,
elevations and temperatures to simulate operational environments. The improvements in emissions and fuelconsumption will be presented. In addition, the system has been designed as a bolt-on, low cost alternative to an
EFI method of complying with emissions regulations for existing small engine applications.
6. Paper No.(JSAE/SAE)
7. Paper title

20179060 / 2017-32-0060
Study on a Cyclone Air Cleaner with Discharge Function under the Intake Pulsationof a General Purpose Engine
Hiroto Takahashi, Toshiki Shinohara(Honda R&D Co., Ltd.)

8. Author (Affiliation)
9. Abstract
Many general purpose engines, such as the ones used in construction machines, operate in environments withexcessive amounts of airborne dust, and are thereby equipped with a cyclone air cleaner so that they can remove
as much dust from contaminated air streams in the engine. However, the compact general purpose engine ismainly a single-cylinder type, and the intake flow pulsates. Since the centrifugal action of the cyclone air cleaner
under the intake pulsation changes according to the pulsation, it is difficult to enhance the dust separation
performance. In this study, we aimed to determine a cyclone air cleaner factor with high purification
performance even under the intake pulsation conditions of a general purpose engine. We have designed an ideal
geometry for the cyclone air cleaner, which centrifugally separates dust during inhaling and discharges thecentrifuged dust using positive pressure due to pulsation. A numerical calculation of the flow under the intake
pulsation of this cyclone air cleaner was carried out, and the separation and discharge functions were analyzed.
Accordingly, it was confirmed that although the swirling speed inside the cyclone air cleaner depended on
pulsation, it demonstrated purification performance even under an intake pulsation by the dust discharge
function. We have also found a method to operate the discharge function at the instant when the separation
function is the strongest.

November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

63

SETC2018 CALL FOR PAPERSCALL
CALL FOR
FOR PAPERS
PAPERS

SAE/JSAE
SAE/JSAE 20182018 Small
Small Engine
Engine Technology
Technology
Conference
Conference && Exhibition
Exhibition
November 6-8, 2018
November 6-8, 2018
Hilton Dusseldorf, Germany
Hilton Dusseldorf, Germany
www.sae.org/events/setc/
www.sae.org/events/setc/

SAE/JSAE 2018 Small Engine Technology Conference & Exhibition is looking to
SAE/JSAE
2018
Small Engine
Exhibition
is looking
you. Becomea biggerpart of Technology
the technicalConference
community& bycontributing
to thetoyou.
Becomea biggerpart
the technicalcommunity by contributing to themobility
industry’s
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mobility industry’s body of technical knowledge.
SAE International is asking you to share your experience and knowledge on
SAE
is askingranging
you to fromshareATV’s,
your experience
andmotorcycles
knowledge toonsmallInternational
engine applications
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rangingfrom ATV’s,
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2018 SETC. Attendees
wantheartools
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want to withhear OEM’s,and discuss
the challenges
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small engine
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academia from around the world, from and with experts like you.
Benefits of Authorship*
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Expand yourexperience and influence by demonstrating• Expandyour professional
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Discuss successes and problems encountered during research with• Discuss
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Your technical paper could be selected for SAE Journals—collecting• Yourtechnical
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Benefits of Being a Manuscript Reviewer*
oftechnicalBeingknowledge
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Expand yourby reviewing
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*Authors of technical manuscripts can attend SETC at reduced rates.
*Authors of technical manuscripts can attend SETC at reduced rates.

Call For Reviewers
SAE
is also seeking help from experts willing to volunteer
CallInternational
For Reviewers

their Internationaltime and technicalreview
manuscripts
for theSAE
is also acumen
seeking tohelp
fromtechnicalexperts willingto volunteer
Technical
theirtime Sessions.
and technical acumen to review technical manuscripts for theTechnical Sessions.

64

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)

Topics
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Consideration
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Abstractsmust
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Advanced
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FuelFuel
SupplySupplyFuel
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November 15-17, 2017, Jakarta Convention Center

65

JCC FLOOR PLAN

JCC Floor Plan

66

23rd Small Engine Technology Conference (SETC)