Sustainable but
non-free AI
Liang Zhao, GSAIS, Kyoto Univ.

May 30, 2024
Lecture: Introduction to Advanced andIntegrated Studies in Human Survivability

What do you want to do with AI today?

https://openai.com/index/hello-gpt-4o/

https://blog.google/technology/ai/google-deepmind-isomorphic-alphafold-3-ai-model/2A quick introduction to AI

Contents

AI & Survivability
Sustainability

An introduction toInformation Wisdom Theory
3

Four types of AI

Think like
human

Think
rationally

Act like
humanActrationally

Russel & Norvig (2010), Artificial Intelligence,A modern approach. 3rd ed.
4Brief history (pictures from Wikipedia)

Aristotle(BC384-BC322)
proposed rationality.

Thomas Bayes(1702-1761)
introduced theBayes’ Theorem. A novel “Frankenstein”
by Mary Shelley, 1818,
questions artificial life.

Play R.U.R (Rossum’s UniversalRobots, 1920) introduced “robot”
from Czech-language to English
for “forced labor.”

5

Turing Test (1950)
https://academic.oup.com/mind/article/LIX/236/433/986238

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
curid=56682373

6

Birth of modern AI“... make machines use language,
form abstractions and concepts, solvekinds of problems now reserved forhumans, and improve themselves.”― McCarthy et al., Aug 31, 1955
https://medium.com/rla-academy/dartmouth-workshop-the-birthplace-of-ai-34c533afe9927

Machine Learning: Key of today’s AI• Assuming the data follows a law y = f(x),An example of linear regression

ML is to find the optimal parametersthat decide f from known data (= learn)
and uses it to predict unknown data.
• E.g., linear regression: f(x) = ax + b;

deep learning: f is defined by a multilayer artificial neural network; etc.

• *ML is considered valid to human too.

8

9AI & Sustainability

Second Law of Thermodynamics (Wikipedia)(Clausius) It is impossible to transfer heat from acolder object to a hotter object without any
change. (Planck) Every process in the nature
increases the entropy of the system.

What is sustainability• Classical view of life: body + spirit• body (matter): follow laws of nature• spirit: does not follow them
• Science (biology) view: reproduction +metabolism + cell
Entropy: a measurable quantity associated witha state of disorder, randomness, freedom, or
uncertainty of a system.

• Schrodinger’s view (1944): Life does
not follow the Second Law ofThermodynamics with metabolism.

• Thermodynamics (Clausius, 1865)• Statistical mechanics (Gibbs, 1878)• Information theory (Shannon, 1949)

Sustainability is to slow down the process
toward the collapse of the Earth, even thoughit (the collapse) cannot be avoided.

Information is more important to life

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41587-022-00001-5

Genetic information processing is the most fundamental feature of life:
Mutation increases the information entropy (the natural side) and heredity
passes “good” information to the next generation (the life-like side).
Thus, virus is also life (I think).
11

Information metabolism by brain
Pictures from Wikipedia

Brahe(Big Data)

Kepler(Three laws ofplanetary motion)

Newton(Law of universalgravitation)

12

Small Data & AI for sustainability

Data is not

Data -> “good”

I propose Small

sustainable

information is a

Data for(nature side)

must (life side)sustainability

Keep data

Consider data deletion

Value goodcollecting, saving,as a step of data

information andtransferring etc tothe minimal level.

management (c.f. rightto be forgotten)

theory more thandata. -> AI13

Notice that AI is not free (as predicted)“The power consumption is expected toincrease by 40% in 2050 due to theunexpected spread of generative AI.”― Nikkei, April 11, 2024
https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGKKZO79934590Q4A410C2EP0000/

Recall the observation by Schrodinger (1944).
14

An introduction toInformation Wisdom Theory15

What is life
• Schrodinger’s observation (1944): Life does not follow the Second
Law of Thermodynamics which is a law of nature stating thatevery process in the nature increases the entropy of the system.
• Entropy: a measurable quantity associated with a state of disorder,randomness, freedom, or uncertainty of a system.

• => Nature increases disorder (i.e., disorder is natural ).
• => Nature gave life freedom, but life uses it to find order.
16https://swingroot.com/plutchik-emotion/

Why? Because nature
gives life disorder.

Psychology: We were born withmore negative emotions.

17

On the contrary, life
tries to find order.
https://tetris.com/play-tetris/

https://tetris.com/article/44/what-makes-tetris-so-incredibly-addictive

18

Wisdom as the wisdom for living
Act wisely (wisdom as action) = Learn + Do random selection

Heredity and mutation (life 1.0)

Learning and doing random
selection with brain (life 2.0)
19

Salliance network

Evidence from
Neuroscience

Switch two networks

Default mode network

Executive control network
Activated forgoal-guided
works

Activated for
free, creativeworks

大黒達也 (2021), https://www.adeccogroup.jp/power-of-work/220

20

写真 https://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/static/ja/news_data/h/h1/news6/2010/110301_1.htmEvidence from
Kyodai style「京都大学は、創立以来築いてきた自由の学風を継承し、発展させつつ、多元的な課題の解決に挑戦し、地球社会の調和ある共存に貢献するため、自由と調和を基礎に、ここに基本理念を定める。」
https://www.kyotou.ac.jp/ja/about/operation/ideals/basic

21

Cycle of doing research

Finding something new is not interesting. Growing the information is.

22Can AI be wise
• I believe “yes” if AI has
powerful learning ability
and enough freedom to
do random selections.

趙亮，情報乱雑さで生きることを考えてみる―機械は賢くなれるか，池田裕一編著，
京都大学学術出版会，2021年．

Tomorrow’s AI - Musk v Altman & OpenAI
Reading https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/muskv-altman-openai-complaint-sf.pdf (Accessed: April 21, 2024).

1. Commercial product: Microsoft, Altman and OpenAI focus the commercial value of AI
and AGI (Artificial General Intelligence), showing little concern on its possible danger.

2. Great mission: Larry Page of Google understands the danger of AI/AGI to human but
believes developing intelligence higher than human is his mission.

3. AI for humans: Hawking, Musk, and others. Musk sued Altman and OpenAI for theybroke the original promise that OpenAI shall benefit all humans by open-source AI/AGI,
protecting the human society from domination by the commercial company (i.e., Google).
24情報智慧論（後期、科目名「知恵することー情報の視点から生命と社会の本質を考える」）• Sorry, Japanese only. 情報や理系の知識がなくても履修できる．
• 生命の本質について，シュレディンガー（1933年ノーベル物理学賞）を初め，物理学者や情報科学者，脳科学研究者らは，エントロピーの概念を用いて考察してきた．これらの考察から，「自然は乱雑になっていき，生命は秩序を求めていく」ことが示唆される。
• 上記理論に対して，生物学や物理学，人類学，脳科学，認知科学，人工知能などの最新成果を踏まえて詳しく考察する．時事分析を用いながら，環境問題や学問の変遷，ホモ・サピエンスの生存，人類社会の発展，イノベーション，人工知能，未来の生命などを考える．
• 受講生の声：非常に京大らしく大学院で行う意義のある授業だと感じた．授業も少人数でディスカッションが行いやすく，それぞれバックグラウンドの異なる学生が参加していたため，非常に学際的で実のある話ができたと感じた．＊より学生がこの授業の価値を感じて受講を進める場合には，もう少し学生の引っ掛かりやすいタイトルがいいのではとおもいました．それぐらい素晴らしく重要な講義でした．
25

A case study
Self-organization with small data
• Boids (Reynolds’86): Alignment, Cohesion,Separation• 日本人の団結力（羽田正）: ルールを守る、KY、人に迷惑をかけない
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2017.09.003• Shared Leadership’s 3C model (Xu & Zhao2022): Collective achievement, Cohesivesupport, Complementary expertise26