ㄽᩥ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⦆࿴⾲⌧ࡢ᪥ⱥẚ㍑
̿᪥ⱥㄒࡢ๪モ࠿ࡽࡳࡓ࣏ࣛ࢖ࢺࢿࢫࡢ୍⪃ᐹ̿Ⲷࠉ㔝ࠉࠉ⥤㸦㛵す኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔㸧㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
ⱥㄒࢆ⩦ᚓࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ໚ㄽࠊᩥἲࡸㄒᙡࢆ㌟࡟ࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ኱๓ᥦ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ
ᐇ㝿࡟ⱥㄒẕㄒヰ⪅ࡢேࠎ࡜ㄗゎ↓ࡃ෇⁥࡟ពᛮఏ㐩ࢆ⾜࠺ࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࡶ࠺ 1 ࡘࡢ๓ᥦࡀ
஫࠸࡟ᚲせ୙ྍḞ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣㄒ⏝ㄽⓗ▱㆑ࠊࡘࡲࡾࡣሙ㠃࡟ᛂࡌࡓ⾲⌧ࡢ㐺ษᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣㄒ⏝ㄽⓗ▱㆑ࡀࡁࢃࡵ࡚㔜せ࡜࡞ࡿ㸺᩿ࡾ⾲⌧㸼࡟╔┠ࡋࠊ᩿ࡾ࡟࠾࠸࡚≉ᚩⓗ࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿ๪モࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ⱥ㛫ࡢ࣏ࣛ࢖ࢺࢿࢫᕪ␗࡟ᑐࡍࡿ୍⪃ᐹࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ๪モࡢ౑⏝≧ἣ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊOgino 2005 ࡢ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝ࠿ࡽᢳฟࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᑐே㛵ಀࢆ⪃࠼ࡓ࡜ࡁࠊ౫㢗ࢆ᩿ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⾜Ⅽࡣ༢⣧࡟ No ࡜ゝ࠼ࡤ῭ࡴࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
⾲⌧ୖࡢᕤኵࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᝿ീ࡟㞴ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡓ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊヰࡋᡭࡀᵝࠎ࡞㓄៖ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ඹ࡟ࠊⓎヰ࡟⌧ࢀࡿல⣽࡞せ⣲㸦ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ๪モ㸧࡟ࡶࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡜ⱥㄒ࡛ຊⅬࡢ⨨ࡁ࡝ࡇࢁ࡟㐪࠸ࡢ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ
᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡟௜୚ࡍࡿ⦆࿴⾲⌧ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟᪥ⱥㄒ࡛㉁ⓗ࡞㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏㄽ࡛ࡣࠊ
ࡑࡢ㉁ⓗ┦㐪ࢆ Brown & Levinson (1987) ࡢ face ࡢᴫᛕ࡟ồࡵ࡚ࠊ㆟ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࠋ㸰㸬face㸰㸬face ᴫᛕ࠿ࡽࡳࡿゝㄒ⾲⌧ࡢከᵝᛶ
ேࡣ᪥ࠎᵝࠎ࡞ゝㄒ⾜ືࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊྠ✀ࡢゝㄒ⾜ືࢆ⾜࠺࡟ࡶࠊヰࡋᡭࡣྛሙ
㠃࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ࡑࡢ⾲⌧᪉ἲࢆᵝࠎ࡟ኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿࠋࡑࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣ Brown & Levinson(1987)࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᥦၐࡉࢀࡓ negative/positive face ࡀࠊヰࡋᡭ࡜⪺ࡁᡭ཮᪉ࡢ୧ face ࡀ」㞧࡟⤡ࡳྜ࠺ᙧ࡛ࠊ㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
face ࡜ࡣಶேࡀᣢࡘ♫఍ⓗ⮬ᡃീ࡛࠶ࡾࠊேࡣ஫࠸࡟ࡇࡢ face ࢆ㑂Ᏺࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺๓ ᥦ ࡢ ୗ ࡛ ᪥ ࠎ ᣺ ⯙ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡜ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿࠋNegative face ࡜ ࡣ “the basic claim toterritories, personal preserves, rights to non-distraction  i.e. to freedom of action andfreedom from imposition” Brown & Levinson, 1987:66 ࠊࡘࡲࡾ⮬ศࡢ⮬⏤ࢆ┦ᡭ࠿ࡽᣊ᮰ࡉࢀࡓࡃ࡞࠸ࠊ⮬ศ࡟࠿࠿ࡿ㈇ᢸࢆᑡ࡞ࡃࡋࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ḧồ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚᪉ࠊpositive
face ࡜ ࡣ “the positive consistent self-image or ‘personality’ (crucially including thedesire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of ) claimed by interactants”
㸦Brown & Levinson, 1987:66㸧ࠊゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊ┦ᡭ࠿ࡽዲពⓗ࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ḧồ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏㄽ࡛ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿ⦆࿴⾲⌧ࡣ face ᴫᛕ࠿ࡽ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
㸦1㸧ࠉࠉBy redressive action we mean action that “give face” to the addressee, that is,that attempts to counteract the potential face damage of the FTA by doing itⲶࠉ㔝ࠉࠉ⥤in such a way, or with such modications or additions, that indicate clearly
that no such face threat is intended or desired, and that S in general
recognizes H’s face wants and himself wants them to be achieved. Suchredressive action takes one of two forms, depending on which aspect of face(negative or positive) is being stressed.ࠉ㸦Brown & Levinson, 1987:74-75㸧
ࡘࡲࡾࠊ⦆࿴⾲⌧ࡣヰࡋᡭࡀࠊ⮬ศࡢⓎヰࡀ┦ᡭࡢ face ࡟୚࠼ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺⬣ጾࢆ⦆࿴ࡍ
ࡿࡓࡵ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ୺ࡓࡿ᪉ἲࡣࠊ┦ᡭࡢ negative face ࡶࡋࡃࡣ positive face ࡟ാࡁ࠿ࡅࠊࡑࡢ face ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿጼໃࢆ⾲ࡍࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ⪺ࡁᡭࡢ face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍពᅗࡸ㢪ᮃࡀ࡞ࡃࠊ཮᪉ࡢ face ࡀ㑂Ᏺࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜ࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ᪨ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ
4

4

4

4

4 44444

4

4┦ᡭࡢ negative face ࡶࡋࡃࡣ positive face ࢆᑛ㔜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊඛ࡟┦ᡭࡢ face ࡟୚࠼
4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

ࡓ⬣ጾࢆ࿴ࡽࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋᮏㄽ࡛ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡟࠾࠸࡚ゝ࠼ࡤࠊ᩿ࡾᡭ
ࡀ┦ᡭࡢ negative face ࡜ positive face ࡢ࡝ࡕࡽ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚✚ᴟⓗ࡟ാࡁ࠿ࡅࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ᕪ
␗ࡀ᪥ⱥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⾲⌧ࡢ␗࡞ࡾࢆ⏕ࡲࡏࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
Brown & Levinson(1987) ࡣࠊヰࡋᡭࡀ⪺ࡁᡭࡢ face ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⾜࠺㓄៖ࡢᅾࡾᵝ࡟╔┠ࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ゝㄒ⾲⌧ࢆ 5 ẁ㝵ࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ 1 ࡟ศ㢮ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢࢫࢺࣛࢸࢪ࣮ࢆ⪃ᐹ
ࡍࡿࠋヲ⣽ࡣ Brown & Levinson(1987) ࡟ㆡࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᮏㄽ࡛ࡣヰࡋᡭࡢ face ࡶど㔝࡟ධࢀࠊヰࡋᡭࡢࠕ┦ᡭࡢ face ࢆᏲࡾࡓ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ḧồ࡜ࠕ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢ face ࢆᏲࡾࡓ࠸ࠖ
44࡜࠸࠺ḧồࡢ཮᪉࡟╔┠ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ᪥ⱥ࡛᥇ࡽࢀࡓ≉ᚩⓗ࡞⦆࿴⾲⌧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࡢ⫼ᬒࢆ᥈ࡿࠋ௨ୗࠊnegative/positive face ࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡶゐࢀ࡞ࡀࡽࠊලయ౛ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ㸱㸬᪥ⱥࡢ≉ᚩⓗ࡞᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡜ࡑࡢሙ㠃⪃ᐹࠉ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝ࡜ࡑࡢศᯒ᪉ἲ
Ogino 2005 ࡣ᪥ᮏேዪᏊ኱⏕ 52 ྡ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ேዪᏊ኱⏕ 28 ྡ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ౫㢗࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࡢ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᮏㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶࠊዪᏊ኱⏕࡟㛵ࡍࡿഴྥ࡛࠶ࡿ 2ࠋ⿕㦂⪅ࡣࢱࢸ࣭ࣚࢥ㛵ಀࡀ␗࡞ࡿ 4 ✀ࡢ౫㢗⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㈇ᢸᗘࡀ␗࡞
ࡿ 3 ✀ࡢ౫㢗 3 ࡢ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⮬⏤グ㏙ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡓ Appendix A㸧ࠋ཰㞟ࡉࢀࡓ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࡣࠊBeebe, Takahashi & Uliss-Weltz(1990) ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ᩿
ࡾ⾲⌧࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕᐃᆺព࿡せ⣲ࠖࡢศ㢮⾲㸦Appendix B4㸧࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ព࿡せ⣲༢఩࡟ศ㢮ࡋࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡ఏ㐩ࢆࡶࡗ࡚㸺᩿ࡾ㸼ࢆ⾜࠺ഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࠿⪃ᐹࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ 5ࠋᐃᆺព࿡せ⣲࡜ࡣࠊ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿせ⣲ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠕࡈࡵࢇ㸦ㅰ⨥㸧ࠊᛁࡋ࠸࠿ࡽ㸦⌮⏤㸧↓⌮⬟ຊࡢḞዴ㸧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⾲⌧ࡣࠊࠝ࠙Apologyࠚ+࠙Reasonࠚ+࠙Negative abilityࠚࠞ࡜࠸࠺ 3 ࡘࡢᐃᆺព࿡せ⣲࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ཰㞟ࡉࢀࡓ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࢆྫྷ࿡ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣ᪥ⱥྛ⿕㦂⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚≉ᚩⓗ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓ⾲⌧ࡀぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣ Reason ࡲࡓࡣ Negative ability ࡜࠸࠺ 2 ࡘࡢᐃᆺព࿡せ⣲࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡣࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞࢆࠊⱥㄒࡣ͆really” ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᙉㄪࡢ๪モࢆࠊῧຍࡉ
ࡏࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢῧຍ≀ࡣ Beebe, Takahashi & Uliss-Weltz(1990) ࡢศ㢮⾲࡟ࡣグ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊศ㢮⾲࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࡇࢀࡽࡢῧຍ≀ࡣ⪃៖ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ
ྠࡌᐃᆺព࿡せ⣲࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢಟ㣭ㄒࢆ௜㝶ࡉࡏࡿ࠿ྰ࠿࡛ࠊ⪺ࡁᡭࡢ face ࡟᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⦆࿴⾲⌧ࡢ᪥ⱥẚ㍑

୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡣ኱ࡁࡃᕥྑࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᥎ᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ2 ⠇࡛ࡳࡓ face ᴫᛕ࡟ࠊ᪥ⱥㄒࡢ᩿
ࡾ⾲⌧࡟࠾ࡅࡿࡇࡢ๪モࡢ␗࡞ࡾࢆ㔜ࡡྜࢃࡏࡿ࡜ࠊ㸯ࡘࡢ࣏ࣛ࢖ࢺࢿࢫࡢᕪ␗ࡀᾋࡧୖ
ࡿࠋ᩿ࡾᡭࡣ౫㢗ࢆ᩿ࡿࡇ࡜࡛౫㢗⪅ࡢ negative face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍࢃࡅࡔࡀࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ᩿ࡾ
44

4

4 44 44444 4444

⾲⌧ࡣࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ┦ᡭࡢ negative face ࡟ാࡁ࠿ࡅ࡚ࠊ᩿ࡿࡇ࡜࡛
⬣࠿ࡍ┦ᡭࡢ face negative face ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⬣ጾࡢᗘྜ࠸ࢆᑡࡋ࡛ࡶ⦆࿴ࡋࡘࡘࠊ⮬ศࡢ
positive face ࢆࡶᩆ࠾࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊⱥㄒࡢ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࡣᙉㄪࡢ๪モࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜
44

4

4 4444444 4444

࡛ࠊ┦ᡭࡢ positive face ࡟ാࡁ࠿ࡅ࡚ࠊ᩿ࡿࡇ࡜࡛┦ᡭࡢ face negative face ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚୚࠼ࡿ⬣ጾࢆ⿵ൾࡋࡘࡘࠊ⮬ศࡢ positive face ࢆࡶಟ⧋ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿពᅗࡀぢ࠼㞃ࢀࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠉ᪥ⱥࡢ≉ᚩⓗ࡞᩿ࡾ⾲⌧
ࠉOgino(2005) ࡛ࡣࠊ㈇ᢸᗘ࡟ᛂࡌࡓ㸰✀㢮ࡢ౫㢗 A ࡜ B ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢱࢸ
ࣚࢥ

ぶ␯㛵ಀ

ࡢぶࡋ࠸཭㐩

ࡢᑐே㛵ಀ࡟㓄៖ࡋ࡚ࠊ(a) ẕぶࢱࢸ㸸㐲࠸ࠊࣚࢥ㸸㏆࠸ ࠊ(b) ྠᛶࢱࢸ㸸㏆࠸ࠊࣚࢥ㸸㏆࠸㸧
ࠊ(c) ྠᛶࡢぶࡋࡃ࡞࠸཭㐩ࡸࡸ㐲࠸㸧ࠊ(d) ྠᛶࡢඛ⏕ୖୗ㛵ಀ ࣭

ࢱࢸ㸸㐲࠸ࠊࣚࢥ㸸㐲࠸ࢱࢸ㸸㏆࠸ࠊࣚࢥ㸸ࢆ౫㢗┦ᡭ࡜ࡋࡓ 6ࠋࠉ

A: ⩣ᮅ᪩ࡃࠊ㌴࡛㥐ࡲ࡛㏦ࡗ࡚ḧࡋ࠸ࠋ ẚ㍑ⓗࠊ㈇ᢸᗘࡢప࠸౫㢗
B: ⤌⧊ࡢ఍ィಀࢆ୍ᖺ㛫ᘬࡁཷࡅ࡚ḧࡋ࠸ࠋ ẚ㍑ⓗࠊ㈇ᢸᗘࡢ㧗࠸౫㢗㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ౫㢗࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ┦ᡭࢆኚ࠼࡚᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࢆᑜࡡࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ᪥ⱥ
ㄒ࡛௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉ᚩⓗ⾲⌧ࡀᾋ࠿ࡧୖࡀࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ

A. 㸦ⱥㄒ㸧ぶᏊ㛵ಀ(a: ࢱࢸ㸻㐲ࠊࣚࢥ㸻㏆ )(2) Oh, I’m sorry, but I really don’t have time tomorrow.
(3) Mmm…I can’t tomorrow, I’m really busy. What about dad?
(4) Mom, I will be really busy tomorrow. Could Dad take you instead?
(5) I can’t. I’m too tired and I have to get ready for school. I’m sorry.
཭ே㛵ಀ㸦ぶᐦ㸧(b㸸ࢱࢸ㸻㏆ࠊࣚࢥ㸻㏆ )(6) Sorry, but I got way too many things to do tomorrow, I just can’t. Sorry!
཭ே㛵ಀ㸦␯㐲㸧(c㸸ࢱࢸ㸻㏆ࠊࣚࢥ㸻㐲 )(7) Well, I really can’t, I’m so sorry  but maybe you could ask someone else?
(8) I’m pretty busy.
ᖌᘵ㛵ಀ(d㸸ࢱࢸ㸻㐲ࠊࣚࢥ㸻㐲 )(9) Sorry professor, but I really can’t. But, I know X has a car, so maybe you could ask
them?
(10)

Sorry. I really don’t have time tomorrow morning.

Ⲷࠉ㔝ࠉࠉ⥤$㸦᪥ᮏㄒ㸧ぶᏊ㛵ಀ (a: ࢱࢸ㸻㐲ࠊࣚࢥ㸻㏆ )  ࡈࡵࢇࠊ᫂᪥ࡕࡻࡗ࡜⏝஦࠶ࡿࢃࠋ࠾∗ࡉࢇ࡟㢗ࢇ࡛ࡳ࡚ࡃࢀࢇ㸽  ᫂᪥ࡣࡕࡻࡗ࡜↓⌮ࠋࡈࡵࢇࠋ  ࡸࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከࡍࡂ࡚ࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜↓⌮ࡸࠋ཭ே㛵ಀ㸦ぶᐦ㸧(b㸸ࢱࢸ㸻㏆ࠊࣚࢥ㸻㏆ )  ࡈࡵࢇࠊ᫂᪥ࡢᮅࡕࡻࡗ࡜ᛁࡋ࠸ࢇࡼࠋ  ࡈࡵࢇࠊ᫂᪥ࡣࡕࡻࡗ࡜↓⌮㹼ࠋࡈࡵࢇࡡ࣮ࠋ  ࡑࢀࡣࡕࡻࡗ࡜࡛ࡁ࡬ࢇࠋࡈࡵࢇࡡࠋ
཭ே㛵ಀ㸦␯㐲㸧(c㸸ࢱࢸ㸻㏆ࠊࣚࢥ㸻㐲 )  ࡈࡵࢇࡡࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜ᮅࣂࢱࣂࢱࡋ࡚࡚ᛁࡋ࠸࠿ࡽ↓⌮࡞ࢇࡼࠋ  ࡈࡵࢇࡡࠊ᫂᪥ࡢᮅᛁࡋ࠸࠿ࡽࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜↓⌮ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠺ࠋࡈࡵࢇࡡࠋ  ࡈࡵࢇࡡࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜⾜ࡅࡑ࠺࡟࡞࠸ࢇࡔࠋ
ᖌᘵ㛵ಀ (d㸸ࢱࢸ㸻㐲ࠊࣚࢥ㸻㐲 )  ࡍࡳࡲࡏࢇࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜᫂᪥ࡣணᐃࡀ …ࠋ  ࡍࡳࡲࡏࢇࠋࡕࡻࡗ࡜㒔ྜࡀࡘ࠿࡞࠸ࢇ࡛௚ࡢே࡟㢗ࢇ࡛ࡶࡽࡗ࡚࠸࠸࡛ࡍ࠿㸽  ᫂᪥ࡢᮅࡣ⏝஦ࡀධࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࠊᛁࡋ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡕࡻࡗ࡜↓⌮࡛ࡍࠋ⏦ࡋヂ࡞࠸࡛ࡍ …ࠋ
B. 㸦ⱥㄒ㸧ぶᏊ㛵ಀ(a: ࢱࢸ㸻㐲ࠊࣚࢥ㸻㏆ )(23)

I’m really busy this year. Can’t someone else do it?

(24)

I really don’t have the time. Plus, I live four hours away.

(25)

I don’t think I’m really qualied…I’d embarrass the whole family.

཭ே㛵ಀ㸦ぶᐦ㸧(b㸸ࢱࢸ㸻㏆ࠊࣚࢥ㸻㏆ )(26)

Ha Ha Ha  no thank you. Really I’d rather not be treasurer. Really.

(27)

I would, but I’m gonna be really busy and we all know how irresponsible I

am…
(28)

Sorry, I’ve got too much to do. I just don’t have time.

཭ே㛵ಀ㸦␯㐲㸧(c㸸ࢱࢸ㸻㏆ࠊࣚࢥ㸻㐲 )(29)

I don’t think I could do it. I’ve been really busy this year, and next year looks
like it’ll be the same.

(30)

This is a really busy year for me. Sorry.

(31)

Oh, I’m really sorry, but this year is going to be very busy. I don’t think I can.

ᖌᘵ㛵ಀ(d㸸ࢱࢸ㸻㐲ࠊࣚࢥ㸻㐲 )(32)

I don’t think I could do it. I really am not that organized and wouldn’t be agood help to you.

(33)

I really don’t think I’m cut out for that.

(34)

Sorry, I’m way too busy with classes, my job and other activities.

᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⦆࿴⾲⌧ࡢ᪥ⱥẚ㍑

%㸦᪥ᮏㄒ㸧ぶᏊ㛵ಀ (a: ࢱࢸ㸻㐲ࠊࣚࢥ㸻㏆ )ヱᙜグ㏙࡞ࡋࠋ
཭ே㛵ಀ㸦ぶᐦ㸧(b㸸ࢱࢸ㸻㏆ࠊࣚࢥ㸻㏆ )  ࡈࡵࢇࠊ⚾ࡕࡻࡗ࡜Ꮫᰯ࡜࠿ࣂ࢖ࢺ࡜࠿ᛁࡋ࠸ࡋࠊኟࡶᐇᐙᖐࡗࡕࡷ࠺࠿ࡽ↓⌮ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠺ࠋ཭ே㛵ಀ㸦␯㐲㸧(c㸸ࢱࢸ㸻㏆ࠊࣚࢥ㸻㐲 )  ⚾࡟ࡣࡕࡻࡗ࡜↓⌮ࡸ࡜ᛮ࠺ࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࡋࡗ࠿ࡾࡋࡓᏊ࡟࠾㢪࠸ࡋࡼ࠺ࡼࠋ  ࠺㹼ࢇࠊ఍ィࡸࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡞࠵ … ⮬ಙ࡞࠸࠿ࡽࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜ … ࡈࡵࢇ࡞ࠋ
ᖌᘵ㛵ಀ (d㸸ࢱࢸ㸻㐲ࠊࣚࢥ㸻㐲 )  ࡕࡻࡗ࡜⚾ࡣᘬࡁཷࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡲࡏࢇࠋ
௨ୖࡢ౛࠿ࡽᐜ᫆࡟ศ࠿ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊྠࡌ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡛࠶ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽࠊⱥㄒ࡛ࡣ “really” ࢆ୰
4

4

4

4

ᚰ࡟㝞㏙ෆᐜࢆᙉࡵࡿㄒࡀ௜ຍࡉࢀࡀࡕ࡞ࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡣࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞࡢࡼ࠺࡟
4

4

4

4

4

㸦ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ⾲㠃ⓗ࡟ࡣ㸧㝞㏙ࡢໃ࠸ࢆ࿴ࡽࡆࡿㄒࡀῧ࠼ࡽࢀࡿഴࡁࡀぢࡽࢀࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᕪ␗ࢆヰ⪅ࡢᚰ⌮⫼ᬒ࠿ࡽ⪃ᐹࡍࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡾࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉ᚩⓗ⾲⌧ࡀࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞
ሙ㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘࡢ๭ྜ࡛ࠊ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓ࠿ࢆཧ⪃ࡲ࡛࡟ࡳ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
ࠉ᪥ⱥࡢ≉ᚩⓗ࡞᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࡢ౑⏝ሙ㠃ഴྥࠉ᪥ᮏㄒ㸸ࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜㸩 Reasonࠞ࡜ࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜㸩 Negative ability
Reasonࠞ࡜ࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜㸩abilityࠞࠉOgino㸦2005㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚཰㞟ࡉࢀࡓ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ≉ᚩⓗ࡞᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜㸩 Reasonࠞࡢ౑⏝๭ྜࡣ౫㢗㈇ᢸᗘ࡟኱ࡁ࡞≉ᚩࡀぢࡽࢀࠊⓎヰࡢ┦ᡭ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶⱝᖸࡢഴྥࡀ❚࠼
ࡿࠋࡲࡎ㈇ᢸᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ㈇ᢸᗘࡀప࠸౫㢗 A ࡢ≧ἣ࡛ࡣ౑⏝๭ྜࡀ 34.6% ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟
ᑐࡋࠊ㈇ᢸᗘࡀ㧗࠸౫㢗 B ࡢ≧ἣ࡛ࡣ 1.9% ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋḟ࡟┦ᡭ㸦౫㢗୺㸧࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ඲యⓗ࡟ぢࡿ࡜ඛ⏕ 6.7㸣ࠊ཭㐩 3.8 㹼 4.8㸣ࠊẕぶ 2.9㸣ࡢ㡰࡟౑⏝๭ྜࡀୗࡀࡗࡓࠋ
㓄៖ࡢᗎิ㸸ప࠸㈇ᢸᗘ౫㢗ࠉ㸼ࠉ㧗࠸㈇ᢸᗘ౫㢗౑⏝ࡢ㢖ᗘ㸸ඛ⏕ (d)ࠉ㸼ࠉ཭㐩 (b)(c)ࠉ㸼ࠉẕぶ (a)౫㢗ࡢ㈇ᢸᗘࡀపࡃࠊࣚࢥ㛵ಀࡀᐦ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸┦ᡭ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚≉࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࣚ
ࢥ㛵ಀࡀᐦ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ᙉ࠸ࢱࢸ㛵ಀࢆ㍈࡟ࡍࡿඛ⏕࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᭱ࡶከࡃ౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜
࠿ࡽᐹࡏࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࡢ⾲⌧ࡀ⪺ࡁᡭ࡟㓄៖ࢆ♧ࡍẚ㍑ⓗ୎ᑀ࡞᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡜ࡋ࡚ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟➨஧ࡢ≉ᚩⓗ⾲⌧ࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜㸩 Negative abilityࠞࡔࡀࠊ㈇ᢸᗘࡢ㧗࠸౫㢗 B㸦඲యࡢ 3.8%㸧ࡼࡾࡶప࠸౫㢗 A㸦඲యࡢ 42.3%㸧࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
┦ᡭ㸦౫㢗୺㸧࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ඲యⓗ࡟ぢࡿ࡜ඛ⏕ 7.7㸣ࠊ࠶ࡲࡾぶࡋࡃ࡞࠸཭㐩 6.7㸣ࠊぶࡋ࠸཭㐩 4.8㸣ࠊẕぶ 3.8㸣ࡢ㡰࡟౑⏝๭ྜࡀୗࡀࡗࡓࠋ
㓄៖ࡢᗎิ㸸ప࠸㈇ᢸᗘ౫㢗ࠉ㸼ࠉ㧗࠸㈇ᢸᗘ౫㢗౑⏝ࡢ㢖ᗘ㸸ඛ⏕ (d)ࠉ㸼ࠉ཭㐩 (c)ࠉ㸼ࠉ཭㐩㸦b㸧㸼ࠉẕぶ (a)ࡑࡢ౑⏝ሙ㠃ࡢഴྥࡣࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜㸩 Reasonࠞࡢሙ㠃࡜㏆ఝࡋࠊ㈇ᢸᗘࡀపࡃࠊࣚࢥ㛵ಀࡀᐦ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸┦ᡭࠊ≉࡟ᙉ࠸ࢱࢸ㛵ಀࡶྵ᭷ࡍࡿඛ⏕࡟ᑐࡋ࡚౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

Ⲷࠉ㔝ࠉࠉ⥤ࡺ࠼࡟ࠊࡇࡢ⾲⌧ࡶ┦ᡭ࡟㓄៖ࢆ♧ࡍẚ㍑ⓗ୎ᑀ࡞⾲⌧࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᐹࡏࡽࢀ
ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ Reason ࡜ Negative ability ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡿ࡜ࠊ᩿ࡿ⾜Ⅽ࡜ࡢ㛵㐃ᛶ࠿ࡽࡣࠊࠕ㹼࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ (Negative ability)ࠖөࠕ㹼ࡔ࠿ࡽ㸦Reason㸧ࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ໟྵ㛵ಀࡀᡂ❧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢᢕᥱࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࠕ౫㢗࡟ᛂ࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸㸦Negative ability㸧ࠖ࡜ఏ࠼ࡿ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣࠊᚲࡎࡑࡢ⌮⏤ (Reason) ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡀࠊ㏫࡟⌮⏤㸦ࡽࡋࡁ࣓ࢵࢭ࣮
ࢪ㸧(Reason) ࢆ㏙࡭ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡀ┤ࡕ࡟౫㢗࡟ᛂ࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ (Negative
ability) ࡟ࡣ⤖ࡧࡘ࠿࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕ᫂᪥ࡣᮅࡀ᪩࠸࠿ࡽࠖ㸦⌮⏤㸧࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࠕࡔ࠿ࡽࠊ
࠾㢪࠸࡛ࡁࡿࡢࠊ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ㸽ࠖ࡜ၥ࠸ࡓࡔࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࡼ࠸ࠋ
ࠕࡔ࠿ࡽࠊᘬࡁཷࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࡶྲྀࢀࡿࡋࠊࠕࡔ࠿ࡽࠊᘬࡁཷࡅ࡚࠶ࡆࡿࠖ࡜ࡶゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ
ࠕ⌮⏤ࠖࢆ⪺࠿ࡉࢀࡓ⪺ࡁᡭࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀࠕ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠖࡢពᛮ⾲4

44♧࡞ࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࠊᩥ⬦᝟ሗ࡜⤡ࡵ࡚᥎ㄽࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ᥎ㄽࡣ⪺ࡁᡭ
4

4

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4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

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4

4

4

4

࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㈇ᢸ࡟࡞ࡾࠊ཮᪉࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ㄗゎࡢඖ࡟ࡶ࡞ࡾ࠿ࡡ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ㄆ㆑ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜㸩 Negative abilityࠞࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣࠊࠕ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠖ㸦Negative
ability㸧ࢆ༢ย┤ධ࡟ఏ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡛┦ᡭࡢ㈇ᢸ࡜࡞ࡿ᥎ㄽࡢᡭ㛫ࢆ┬ࡁࠊ౫㢗࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㏉⟅ࡢ㏱᫂ᛶࢆᢸಖࡉࡏࡿ 7 ࡜࠸࠺㓄៖ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
᪥ᮏㄒࡢ୧⾲⌧ࡢ౑⏝ഴྥ࠿ࡽ❚࠼ࡿὀ┠ࡍ࡭ࡁⅬࡣࠊ௨ୗ 3 Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᥎ㄽࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ᣄྰࡢព࿡ࢆఏ࠼ࡿࠕ⌮⏤ࠖ(Reason) ࡟㢗ࡿࡼࡾࡶࠊࡴࡋࢁ⋡┤࡟ࠕ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠖ(Negative ability) ࢆㄆࡵࡿࢫࢱ࢖ࣝࡀዲࡲࢀࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ୧⾲⌧ඹ࡟ࠊ୺࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀࡓ┦ᡭࡣࣚࢥ㛵ಀࡀᐦ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ᙉ࠸ࢱࢸ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿே≀࡛࠶ࡾࠊ┦ᡭ࡟㓄៖ࢆ♧ࡍ୎ᑀ࡞᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ୧⾲⌧ඹ࡟ࠊࡑࡢ౑⏝ࡣ౫㢗ࡢ㈇ᢸᗘࡀప࠸ሙ㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚㞟୰ࡍࡿࠋࠉⱥㄒ㸸ࠝᙉㄪࡢ๪モ㸩 Reasonࠞ࡜ࠝᙉㄪࡢ๪モ㸩 Negative ability
Reasonࠞ࡜ࠝᙉㄪࡢ๪モ㸩
abilityࠞࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊⱥㄒࡢ≉ᚩⓗ࡞᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࡣ࡝࠺࡞ࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ3.2 ⠇࠿ࡽぢ࡚࡜ࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ
Ogino㸦2005㸧࡛཰㞟ࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࢆㄪᰝࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡟ࡣ really ࡸ very ࡞࡝ᙉㄪࡢ
๪モࡀ⌧ࢀࡿࠋࡲࡎࠝᙉㄪࡢ๪モ㸩 Reasonࠞ࡟↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࡿ࡜ࠊ㈇ᢸᗘࡀప࠸౫㢗 A ࡢ≧ἣ࡛ࡣ౑⏝๭ྜࡀ 35.7% ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ㈇ᢸᗘࡀ㧗࠸౫㢗 B ࡢ≧ἣ࡛ࡣ 78.6% ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋḟ࡟Ⓨヰࡢ┦ᡭ㸦౫㢗୺㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢱࢸࡢ㛵ಀࢆ㍈࡜ࡍࡿẕぶࡀ 21.4%ࠊඛ
⏕ࡀ 16% ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊࣚࢥࡢ㛵ಀࢆ㍈࡜ࡍࡿ཭㐩࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ 9 㹼 10% ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
㓄៖ࡢᗎิ㸸㧗࠸㈇ᢸᗘ౫㢗ࠉ㸼ࠉప࠸㈇ᢸᗘ౫㢗౑⏝ࡢ㢖ᗘ㸸ẕぶ (a)ࠉ㸼ࠉඛ⏕ (d)ࠉ㸼ࠉ཭㐩 (b)(c)౫㢗ࡢ㈇ᢸᗘࡀ㧗࠸ሙ㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ≉࡟ࢱࢸ㛵ಀࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ┦ᡭ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ୺࡟ࢱࢸ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿ┦ᡭ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࡢ⾲⌧ࡀ┦ᡭ࡟㓄៖ࢆ♧ࡍẚ㍑ⓗ୎ᑀ࡞᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡜ࡋ࡚ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜᥎ᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊⱥㄒ࡛ࡳࡽࢀࡓ➨஧ࡢ≉ᚩⓗ⾲⌧ࠝᙉㄪࡢ๪モ㸩 Negative abilityࠞࡢⓎ⌧ࡣ࡝࠺࠿ࠋࡑࡢ౑⏝๭ྜࡣ౫㢗 A㸦㍍ᗘࡢ㈇ᢸ㸧࡛ 14.3%ࠊ౫㢗 B㸦ࡸࡸ㔜࠸㈇ᢸ㸧࡟⮳ࡗ
࡚ࡣ 3.6% ࡟㐣ࡂࡎࠊ඲యⓗ࡟ࡑࡢ౑⏝ࡣ⛥࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋⓎヰࡢ┦ᡭ㸦౫㢗୺㸧ࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊඛ⏕ࡀ 5.4%ࠊẕぶ࡜࠶ࡲࡾぶࡋࡃ࡞࠸཭㐩ࡀ 1.8%ࠊぶࡋ࠸཭㐩ࡀ 0% ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⦆࿴⾲⌧ࡢ᪥ⱥẚ㍑

㓄៖ࡢᗎิ㸸ప࠸㈇ᢸᗘ౫㢗ࠉ㸼ࠉ㧗࠸㈇ᢸᗘ౫㢗౑⏝ࡢ㢖ᗘ㸸ඛ⏕ (d)ࠉ㸼ࠉẕぶ (a) / ཭㐩 (c)ࠉ㸼ࠉ཭㐩(b)ࠝᙉㄪࡢ๪モ㸩 Reasonࠞࡀ┦ᑐⓗ࡟㧗࠸౑⏝๭ྜ㸦౫㢗 A:35.7%ࠊ౫㢗 B:78.6%㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࠊࡲࡓ౫㢗ࡢ㈇ᢸᗘࡀ኱ࡁ࠸࡜ࡁ࡟㠀ᖖ࡟ዲࡲࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ྜࢃࡏࡿ࡜ࠊⱥㄒ
ࡢ᩿ࡾ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠕ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠖ㸦Negative ability㸧ࡼࡾࡶࠕ⌮⏤ࠖ
㸦Reason㸧ࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣ౫㢗㈇ᢸᗘࡀ㧗࠸῝้࡞ሙ㠃࡛࠶ࡿ࡯࡝㢧ⴭ࡜࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡛࠶
ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ3.3.1 ࡛ࡳࡓࠊࠕ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠖ(Negative ability) ࡬ࡢゝཬࢆࠕ⌮⏤ࠖ
(Reason) ࡬ࡢゝཬ࡟ඃඛࡉࡏ࡚ࠊ᥎ㄽࡢ㈇ᢸࢆ࡞ࡃࡋࠊ࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪࡢ㏱᫂ᛶࢆᢸಖࡋࡓ
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᪥ᮏㄒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࡢഴྥ࡜ࡕࡻ࠺࡝⿬㏉ࡋࡢ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿࡢࡀࠊࠕ⌮⏤ࠖ(Reason) ࡬ࡢゝཬࢆࠕ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠖ(Negative ability) ࡬ࡢゝཬ࡟ඃඛࡉࡏࡓࡇࡢⱥㄒࡢ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࡢഴྥ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࡇࡇ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ
ࠕ⌮⏤ࠖ࠿ࡽࠕ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠖࢆ┦ᡭ࡟᥎ㄽࡉࡏࠊ㛫᥋ⓗ࡞ᙧ࡛᩿ࡾࡢ࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪࢆఏ࠼ࡿᡭἲࡀⱥㄒ࡛᥇ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ୍㠃ࡀ❚࠼444ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⿬㏉ࡋ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣࠊ⛬ᗘࡢ㍍ࡉࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞ࡜ࠊ⛬ᗘࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿⱥㄒࡢ͆really” ࡸ “very” ࡢ㛫࡟ࡶࠊྠᵝࡢ཯㌿㛵ಀࡀぢ࡚ྲྀࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ࡝
ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌮⏤࡟ᅉࡿࡶࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡶ࠺ᑡࡋ㆟ㄽࢆ῝ࡵࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋⱥㄒࡢ୧⾲⌧ࡢ౑⏝ഴྥ࠿ࡽ❚࠼ࡿὀ┠ࡍ࡭ࡁⅬࡣࠊ௨ୗ 3 Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠖ(Negative ability) ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿ┤᥋ⓗ࡞᪉ἲࡼࡾࡶࠊ᥎ㄽࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ࠕ࡛
ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠖࢆఏ࠼ࡿࠊ༶ࡕࠊ፣᭤ⓗ࡞⾲⌧࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ⌮⏤ࠖ(Reason) ࡬ࡢഴࡁࡀᙉ࠸ࠋ ୧⾲⌧ඹ࡟ࠊ୺࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀࡓ┦ᡭࡣࢱࢸ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿே≀࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࡛࠶ࡾࠊ┦ᡭ࡟㓄៖ࢆ♧ࡍ୎ᑀ࡞᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ୺࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓࠝᙉㄪࡢ๪モ +Reasonࠞࡢ౑⏝ࡣ౫㢗ࡢ㈇ᢸᗘࡀ㧗࠸ሙ㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
ࡑࡢ౑⏝ࡀࡼࡾከࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ
࡛ࡣࠊ᪥ⱥࡢ୧๪モࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙺ๭࡞ࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋୖグ࡛ぢࡓ౑⏝ሙ㠃ࡢഴྥࢆ㋃
ࡲ࠼ࠊ4 ⠇࡛ࡣ face ᴫᛕࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ᩿ࡾᡭࡢᚰ⌮ࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊ୧๪モࡢᙺ๭ࢆ᥈ࡿࠋ
㸲㸬᪥ⱥࡢ≉ᚩⓗ࡞᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࡢ⫼ᬒ⪃ᐹ㸸㸲㸬᪥ⱥࡢ≉ᚩⓗ࡞᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࡢ⫼ᬒ⪃ᐹ㸸face
face ᴫᛕࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚
ࠉ㸺᩿ࡾ㸼࡜࠸࠺ゝㄒ⾜ື࡟క࠺ヰ⪅ᚰ⌮ࡲࡎࠊ㸺᩿ࡾ㸼࡜࠸࠺ゝㄒ⾜ື⮬య࡟↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࡿࠋ⇃㇂㸤⠛ᓮ㸦2006㸧ࡣ᩿ࡾࢆ௨
ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ
㸦39㸧ࠉ᩿ࡾ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊពᛮࢆఏ࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⾜ືࡢ┠ⓗࡀࡁࡕࢇ࡜㐩ᡂࡉࢀ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣព
࿡ࡀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊ♫఍ⓗ࡞ᑐே⾜ື࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡟ࡣࠊ࡞ࡿ࡭ࡃ┦ᡭࡢឤ᝟ࢆᐖࡋ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿᚲせࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࠉࠉࠉࠉ㸦⇃㇂㸤⠛ᓮࠊ2006:19㸧
࡛ࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ࠊ᩿ࡾᡭࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᚰⓗ⤒⦋ࢆࡓ࡝ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ௨ୗࠊどⅬࢆ faceᴫᛕ࡟ࡲ࡛᥀ࡾୗࡆࠊ᩿ࡾ࡜࠸࠺ゝㄒ⾜ືࡢᚋࢁ࡟࠶ࡿ」㞧࡞ヰ⪅ᚰ⌮ࢆࠊ᩿ࡾᡭ࡜౫㢗⪅ࡢ୧ face ࡟╔┠ࡋ࡚ࠊ⪃ᐹࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡲࡎࠊ᩿ࡾᡭࡣ᩿ࡾࢆ㐩ᡂࡉࡏࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀ᩿ࡾࢆ⾜࠺➨୍┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿

Ⲷࠉ㔝ࠉࠉ⥤

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ࡋࡑࢀࡣྠ᫬࡟ࠊ౫㢗⪅ࡢ negative face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍࠋ౫㢗⪅ࡣ┦ᡭ࠿ࡽ౫㢗ࢆ᩿ࡽࢀࡿࡇ
࡜࡛౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚௚⪅࠿ࡽࡢຓࡅࢆせࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺୙㒔ྜࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠊࡘࡲࡾᙼ㸭ᙼዪ⮬㌟ࡢᛮ
࠸ࡀᐇ⌧ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ⮬⏤ࢆᣊ᮰ࡉࢀ㈇ᢸࢆᢪ࠸ࡓࡲࡲ࡜࡞ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑ
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ࢀࢆ㉳ᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ᩿ࡾᡭ⮬㌟ࡢ positive face ࢆࡶ⬣࠿ࡍࠋ᩿ࡾᡭࡣ౫㢗⪅ࡢព࡟ἢ࠼ࡎࠊ
౫㢗⪅ࡢ negative face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ᩿ࡾᡭ࠿ࡽࡳࡿ࡜ࠊ┦ᡭ㸦౫㢗⪅㸧࠿ࡽዲពⓗ࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢ positive face ࢆࡶ⮬ࡽയࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛
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࠶ࡿࠋ᭦࡟ゝ࠼ࡤࠊ᩿ࡾࡣ౫㢗⪅ࡢ positive face ࢆࡶ⬣࠿ࡍྍ⬟ᛶࢆྵ᭷ࡍࡿࠋ౫㢗⪅࠿ࡽࡳࡿ࡜ࠊ౫㢗ࢆ᩿ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊຓࡅࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ⮬ศ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚┦ᡭࡀ᥼ຓࡢᡭࢆᕪ
ࡋఙ࡭࡚ࡃࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࡑࡢ᩿ࡽࢀ᪉ࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣ⪺ࡁᡭ࡛࠶ࡿ౫㢗⪅ࡢゎ㔘ࡢ௙᪉࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ᩿ࡾᡭࡀᢪࡃ⮬ศ࡟ᑐࡍࡿホ౯ࡢపࡉࢆ᥎ㄽࡉࡏࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ
࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ᩿ࡾ࡜࠸࠺⾜Ⅽࡣ㸦᩿ࡾᡭ࠿ࡽࡳࡿ࡜㸧┦ᡭࡢ negative face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍࡇ࡜ࢆ㉳ᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ┦ᡭ࡜᩿ࡾᡭ཮᪉ࡢ face ࢆ኱ࡁࡃ⬣࠿ࡋࠊᘏ࠸࡚ࡣ୧⪅ࡢ㛵ಀᛶ࡟ᝏᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ༴㝤ᛶࢆᏎࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡺ࠼࡟ࠊ᩿ࡾᡭ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ᩿ࡿࡇ࡜࡛
┦ᡭࡢ negativeࠉface ࡟୚࠼ࡿ⬣ጾࢆ⪃៖࣭⦆࿴ࡋࠊࡑࡢ༴㝤ᛶࢆྍ⬟࡞㝈ࡾ᭱ᑠ໬ࡍ
ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ᩿ࡾࢆ⾜࠺ୖ࡛ࡢ➨஧┠ⓗ࡜࡞ࡾࠊḟࡢẁ㝵㸦⦆࿴⾲⌧ࡢ౑⏝㸧࡟⮳ࡿࠋ᩿ࡾᡭࡣࠊ⦆࿴⾲⌧ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ┦ᡭࡢ face㸦negative face㸧࡟ᑐࡋ࡚୚࠼ࡿ⬣ጾࢆ⦆࿴ࡉࡏࠊ┦ᡭࡢឤ᝟ࢆᐖࡉ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿࠋ⦆࿴ຠᯝࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ⾲⌧ࢆࠊ࠸ࢃࡤ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࡢᮏయ࡟ῧຍࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋఱᨾ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ㸺᩿ࡿ㸼࡜࠸࠺⾜Ⅽࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡲࡎ
ࡣ౫㢗⪅ࡢ negative face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡋ࡚࣐࢖ࢼࢫせᅉࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⦆࿴⾲⌧ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ┦ᡭࡢ negative face ࡶࡋࡃࡣ positive face ࡟ാࡁ࠿ࡅ࡚┦ᡭࡢ face ࡢᑛ㔜ࢆ♧၀
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ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࣉࣛࢫせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ാࡃࡓࡵࠊ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࣉࣛࢫ࣭࣐࢖ࢼࢫ㸻ࢮࣟ࡟ఝࡓຠ
ᯝࡀᮇᚅ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑࢀࡣ౫㢗ࢆ᩿ࡿࡇ࡜࡛⮬ࡽയࡘࡅࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢ positive face ࢆಟ⧋ࡍࡿຠᯝ࡟ࡶࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࠋࡑࡢ᪉ἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡘࡲࡾࡣ┦ᡭࡢ
negative face ࡜ positive face ࡢ࡝ࡕࡽ࡟ാࡁ࠿ࡅࡿ࠿࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᪥ⱥ⾲⌧࡛඲ࡃ㏫ࡢ⌧㇟ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ 1 ࡘࡢ⌧㇟ࡀ 3 ⠇࡟࠾࠸࡚ぢࡓ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡟ῧຍࡉࢀࡿ๪モࡢᕪ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠉ᪥ⱥ୧๪モࡢᙺ๭ࠉⱥㄒࡢ᩿ࡾ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᙉㄪࡢ๪モ࡛ࡣࠊⱥㄒࡢ᩿ࡾ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿᙉㄪ⾲⌧ࢆ face ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛═ࡵࡿ࡜࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ⯆࿡῝࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊⱥㄒ࡛ࡣࠕ⌮⏤ࠖ(Reason) ࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ࠕ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠖ(Negative ability) ࢆ᥎ㄽࡉࡏࠊ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᘬࡁཷࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆఏ࠼ࡿഴྥࡀᙉ࠿ࡗ
ࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ⋡┤࡟ࠕ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠖࢆఏ࠼ࡿഴࡁࡢ࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏㄒ࡜ࡣዲᑐ↷࡛࠶ࡿࠋゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊࡇࡇ࡟ࡣ༢ย┤ධ࡞᪥ᮏㄒ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ፣᭤ⓗ࡞ⱥㄒ࡜࠸࠺ᵓᅗࡀᶓࡓࢃࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࠊ᭕᫕࡞᪥ᮏㄒ࡜ࢫࢺ࣮ࣞࢺ࡞ⱥㄒ࡜࠸࠺ࢫࢸࣞ࢜ࢱ࢖ࣉ࡟⫼࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡀ
㠃ⓑ࠸ࠋࡉ࡚ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊࡑࡢ፣᭤࡞ࢫࢱ࢖ࣝࡢⱥㄒ⾲⌧࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓᙉㄪ⾲⌧ࡢᙺ๭ࡣఱ࠿ࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౫㢗ࢆᘬࡁཷࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠕ⌮⏤ࠖࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣሙྜ
࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠕ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠖࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿ⿬ഃ࡟ࡣࠊ༢࡟♫஺㎡௧࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢゝ࠸ヂ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ

᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⦆࿴⾲⌧ࡢ᪥ⱥẚ㍑
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ࠕࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ไ⣙せᅉࡉ࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ༠ຊࢆᝰࡋࡲ࡞࠸ࡢ࡟ࠖ࡜࠸࠺✚ᴟⓗ࡞ពᛮࡀぢ࠼
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㞃ࢀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢᙺ๭ࡣ౫㢗⪅ࡢ positive face ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㑂Ᏺ࡜⪃࠼ࡽ
ࢀࡿࠋpositive face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍ࡜࠸࠺஦㇟ࡣࠊ2 ⠇࡛ࡳࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊேࡀᢪࡃࠕ┦ᡭ࠿ࡽዲព
ⓗ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡓ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ḧồࢆ⬣࠿ࡍࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ᩿ࡾࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚౫㢗⪅ࡀࠕ᩿ࡾᡭࡣ౫㢗ࢆཷㅙ࡛ࡁࡿ⬟ຊࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊཷㅙࡍࡿពᛮࠊゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊ⮬ศࢆຓࡅࡿពᛮࡀḞዴࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࡓࡵ࡟᩿ࡗࡓࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᚰドࢆᢪࡃሙྜ࡟౫㢗⪅ࡢ
positive face ࡣ⬣࠿ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡺ࠼࡟ࠊ㏫ࢆゝ࠼ࡤࠊ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚౫㢗⪅࡟ࠕ᩿ࡿࡢࡣ
ཷㅙពᛮࡢḞዴ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊཷㅙ⬟ຊࡢḞዴࡀᨾࡔࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᚰドࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ౫㢗⪅ࡢ
positive face ࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟㑂Ᏺࡋࠊࡑࡢḧồࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࠋ᩿ࡾᡭࡀࠕ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸
ࡇ࡜ࠖࡶࡋࡃࡣ≉࡟ࠕ⌮⏤ࠖࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ᩿ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢṇᙜᛶࢆ┤ッࡍࡿࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ
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ཷㅙពᛮࡢḞዴ࡜࠸࠺ྵពࢆ㜵ࡂࠊཷㅙ⬟ຊࡢḞዴࢆྵពࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡺ࠼࡟ࠊᙉㄪ
⾲⌧ࡢᙺ๭ࡣࠊᙜヱࡢ᩿ࡾࡀ᩿ࡾᡭࡢពᛮ࡛ࢥࣥࢺ࣮࡛ࣟࣝࡁࡿ஦㇟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸᪨ࢆ┦ᡭ࡟ྵពࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ┦ᡭࡢ positive face ࡢᑛ㔜ࢆ♧၀ࡋࠊ᩿ࡿࡇ࡜࡛┦ᡭࡢ negative face࡟୚࠼ࡓ⬣ጾࢆ⿵ൾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋḟࡢ really ࡢ౑⏝౛ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
㸦40㸧Sellito: “…The vic was a young girl. Teenager. Attempted rape. … She got away
and found a uniform on patrol nearby. He checked it out but the beast
was gone by then…So, can you guys run the scene?”
Sachs looked at Rhyme.
Sellito: “I know what you’re going to say: that we’re busy.”
Rhyme: “Yep, really busy.”
㸦The Twelfth Card , pp.24-25㸧㸦➹⪅ᢤ⢋㸧౫㢗⪅ࡣ㆙㒊⿵࡛࠶ࡿ Sellitoࠊ౫㢗ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ௨๓࠿ࡽ㆙ᐹ࡟ㄪᰝ༠ຊ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚㞠ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿἲ་Ꮫ⪅ࡢ Rhyme ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୧⪅ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡔࡀࠊ౫㢗⪅ࡀ㆙㒊⿵࡜࠸࠺㝵⣭࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࢱࢸ㛵ಀ࡜ࠊ㐣ཤࡢ௙஦ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓⱝᖸࡢࣚࢥ㛵ಀࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ౫㢗ෆᐜࡣࣞ࢖ࣉᮍ㐙஦௳࡬ࡢᤚᰝ༠ຊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᵝࠎ࡞ドᣐࢆ㞟ࡵ࡚ศᯒࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊከࡃࡢ᫬㛫࡜ປຊࢆせࡍࡿ㈇ᢸᗘࡀ㧗࠸ࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡉ࡚ࠊⓎヰ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊSellito ࡣ౫㢗ࢆ⾜࠸࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊRhyme ࡽࡢ㞺ᅖẼ࠿ࡽ͆we’rebusy” ࡜᩿ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆணᮇࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆ⮬ࡽ㏙࡭ࡿࠋ┦ᡭࡢⓎヰ⾲⌧ࢆணᮇࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ㐣ཤࡢ㢮ఝ⤒㦂ࡀᇶ࡜࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊྠ✀ࡢࡸࡾྲྀࡾࡀ୧⪅ࡢ㛫࡛㐣ཤ࡟ࡶ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ᥎
ᐹ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ㏉⟅ࢆぢ㏱࠿ࡉࢀࡓ Rhyme ࡣࠊbusy ࡟ really ࢆ௜ࡅຍ࠼࡚ᨵࡵ࡚⮬ࡽ᩿ࡿࠋὀ┠ࡍ࡭ࡁࡣࠊ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡟ࠕ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠖ(Negative ability) ࡀྵࡲࢀࡎࠕ⌮⏤ࠖ
(Reason) ࡢࡳ࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ᩿ࡾᡭࡀ௒ᚋࡶ㛵ಀࡀ⥆ࡃ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࢱࢸ㛵ಀࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ౫㢗⪅࡬ࡢ㏉⟅࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊreally ࢆῧຍࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ௨ୗ 2 Ⅼࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࠋ➨୍ࡣࠊⱥㄒ࡟ࡼࡿࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊᩥ⬦࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ࡣࠊ
࠙Reasonࠚࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⪺ࡁᡭ࡟㸺᩿ࡾ㸼ࢆ᥎ㄽࡉࡏࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ፣᭤ⓗࢫࢱ࢖ࣝࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࠋ➨஧ࡣࠊ
really ࢆࠕ⌮⏤ࠖ㸦Reason㸧࡟ῧຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࡢ⛬ᗘ࡜┿ᐇᛶࢆᙉㄪࡋࠊ᩿ࡾࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ᝏᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿ┦ᡭ㸦ࡶࡋࡃࡣ┦ᡭ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀᛶ㸧ࢆẼ㐵࠸࡞ࡀࡽࡢ᩿ࡾࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿ࡜Ⲷࠉ㔝ࠉࠉ⥤࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ⮬ศ࡛ࡣࢥࣥࢺ࣮࡛ࣟࣝࡁ࡞࠸ཷㅙ⬟ຊࡢḞዴࢆ᩿ࡾࡢ඲㠃࡟ฟࡍࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ┦ᡭࡢ positive face 㑂Ᏺࢆྵពࡋࠊ᩿ࡿࡇ࡜࡛┦ᡭࡢ negative face ࡟୚࠼ࡿ⬣ጾࢆ⿵ൾࡍࡿࡀࡺ࠼࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ௨ୗࠊ3.3.2 ࡛ࡳࡓࠝᙉㄪࡢ๪モ +Reasonࠞ࡜ࠝᙉㄪࡢ๪モ㸩 Negative abilityࠞࡢ౑⏝ሙ㠃ࡢഴྥࢆຍ࠼ࠊᙉㄪࡢ๪モࡢᙺ๭ࢆ⥲ྜⓗ࡟⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋᙉㄪࡢ๪モࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊࠕ⌮⏤ࠖ(Reason) ࡛࠶ࢀࠕ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠖ㸦Negative ability㸧࡛࠶ࢀࠊࡑࡢ⛬ᗘࡢᙉࡉࢆ┦ᡭ࡟ッ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊface ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ௨ୗࡢᙺ๭ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋ᩿
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ࡾᡭࡀ⨨࠿ࢀࡓࠕ≀⌮ⓗ࡟౫㢗ࢆཷㅙ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ❧ሙࠊゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊᐈほⓗ஦ᐇ࡟ゝཬࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ୍⩏ⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࡣࠊ౫㢗୺ࡢ positive face ࢆ㑂Ᏺࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛┦ᡭࡢ face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍពᅗࡸ㢪ᮃࡀ࡞࠸᪨ࢆྵពࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ౫㢗୺ࡢ positive face ࢆ㝿❧ࡓࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ᩿ࡿࡇ࡜࡛┦ᡭࡢ negative face ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚୚࠼ࡿ⬣࠿ࡋࢆ⿵ൾࡍࡿࠋ
᭦࡟ࠊ஧⩏ⓗ࡞ᙺ๭࡜ࡋ࡚ 2 ࡘࡢຠ⬟ࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࠋ➨୍ࡣࠊ᩿ࡿࡇ࡜࡛⬣࠿ࡉࢀࡿ౫
㢗୺ࡢ negative face ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠕᮏ᮶ࡣയࡘࡅࡓࡃ࡞࠸ࡢࡔࡀ͐ࠖ࡜࠸࠺࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪࡢྵ
ពࢆ⾜࠸ࠊnegative face ⮬య࡬ࡢ⬣࠿ࡋࢆ┤᥋ⓗ࡟ࡶ࿴ࡽࡆࡿࠋ➨஧ࡣࠊୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡟౫㢗୺ࡢ face ࢆᑛ㔜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ᩿ࡿࡇ࡜࡛⬣࠿ࡍ᩿ࡾᡭ⮬㌟ࡢ positive face ࢆࡶಟ⧋ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢᙺ๭ࡺ࠼࡟ࠊࡇࡢᡭἲࡣ᩿ࡾᡭࡀࠊ⮬ศࡢ᩿ࡾࡀ⪺ࡁᡭ㸦ࡶࡋࡃࡣ⪺ࡁᡭ࡜ࡢ௒ᚋࡢ㛵ಀᛶ㸧࡟୚࠼ࡿᝏᙳ㡪ࢆ༴᝹ࡍࡿሙ㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚౑⏝ࡉࢀ᫆ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢሙ㠃せᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ኱ࡁࡃ 2 ࡘࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿࠋ➨୍ࡣࢱࢸ㛵ಀࡢᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡟ࡣࠊぶࢆ➹㢌࡟ࢱࢸ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿே≀࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㓄៖ࢆᡶ࠺࡜࠸࠺ⱥㄒᅪ࡛ࡢே㛫㛵ಀ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ౯್ほࡀぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ➨஧ࡣࠊ㈇ᢸᗘࡢ㧗ࡉ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈇ᢸᗘࡢ㧗ࡉࡣ౫㢗⪅ࡀຓࡅࢆồࡵࡿ῝้ᗘࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ㈇ᢸᗘࡀ㧗࠸౫㢗ሙ㠃࡯࡝ࠊ᩿ࡾࡢṇᙜᛶࢆ⌮ゎࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺ᚲせᛶࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࠕ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠖ㸦Negative ability㸧ࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⬟ຊḞዴࡢ
ッ࠼࡟Ṇࡲࡿࡀࠊ⌮⏤ (Reason) ࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣලయⓗ࡞⬟ຊḞዴࡢッ࠼࡜࡞ࡾࠊ᩿ࡾ
ࡢṇᙜᛶࢆࡼࡾᙉࡃྵពࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ3.3.2 ࡛ࡳࡓࠝᙉㄪࡢ๪モ㸩 Negative abilityࠞ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ࠝᙉㄪࡢ๪モ㸩 Reasonࠞࡀⴭࡋࡃ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࡞
ࡀࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊࠝᙉㄪࡢ๪モ㸩 Reasonࠞࡢ౑⏝ࢆ౫㢗㈇ᢸᗘࡢ㧗࠸ሙ㠃࡟㞟୰ࡉࡏࡿ࡜
⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࠉ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ᩿ࡾ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞ
3 ⠇࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⛬ᗘࡢ㍍ࡉࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢㄒᙡ౑⏝ࡣከᒱ࡟ரࡿࡓࡵࠊᙜ⾲⌧࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞࡢᙺ๭ࢆぢᴟࡵࡿᚲせᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗࠊ
᫂㙾ᅜㄒ㎡඾࠿ࡽࡢᘬ⏝࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢᩥ❶ࡣࡕࡻࡗ࡜ኚࡔࠉ㸦㸻ᑡࡋ㸧 ࡕࡻࡗ࡜ㄞࢇ࡛ࡳࡼ࠺ࠉ㸦㸻㍍࠸Ẽᣢࡕ࡛㸧 ࡇࡢ㠐ࡕࡻࡗ࡜࠸࠸ࢇࡌࡷ࡞࠸㸽ࠉ㸦㸻ࡲ࠶ࡲ࠶㸧࠸ࡎࢀࡢ౛ࡶࠊᚋ⥆ࡢ㏙㒊㸦ࠕኚࡔࠖࠊࠕㄞࢇ࡛ࡳࡼ࠺ࠖࠊࠕ࠸࠸ࠖ㸧ࢆ┤᥋ⓗ࡟ಟ㣭ࡋ࡚࠸᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⦆࿴⾲⌧ࡢ᪥ⱥẚ㍑

ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚ᕪࡋᨭ࠼࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ
୧ㄒᙡࡢ㛫࡟ࡣㄽ⌮ⓗ࡞⤖ࡧ௜ࡁࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ౛ᩥ (11) 㹼 (22)ࠊ(35) 㹼 (38) ࡟⌧ࢀࡿࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞࢆྠิ࡟ᢅ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡣ↓⌮ࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
ࠕࡕࡻࡗ࡜ᛁࡋ࠸ࠖࡸࠕࡕࡻࡗ࡜↓⌮ࠖࡢࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞࡣࠕᛁࡋ
࠸ (35)ࠖࡸࠕ↓⌮ࡔ (36)ࠖࢆ┤᥋ಟ㣭ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡲࡋ࡚ࡸࠊ
ࠕࡕࡻࡗ࡜ … ࡈࡵࢇ (37)࡛ࠖࡣࠊಟ㣭ඛࡀ୙࡛᫂࠶ࡿࠋ
ᙰ㸦1990㸧ࡣࠊࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞࡀ᪥ᖖ఍ヰ࡛₶⁥Ἔࡢᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍ⌧௦᪥ᮏㄒࡢᯖモ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢഃ㠃ࡶ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋࠊᚋ㏙ࡢㄒᙡ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ㄽ⌮ⓗ⤖ࡧ௜ࡁࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ (41) 㹼 (43)ࢆࠕ༢⣧ⓗಟ㣭ࠖࠊㄽ⌮ⓗ⤖ࡧ௜ࡁࢆ᭷ࡉ࡞࠸ࡑࢀ௨እࡢ⏝ἲࢆࠕሙ㠃ⓗῧຍࠖ࡜⛠ࡍࡿࠋሙ㠃ⓗῧຍ࡜ࡣᮏ᮶ࡢព࿡࡛࠶ࡿ༢⣧ⓗಟ㣭࠿ࡽࡢ㌿ព࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢᙺ๭࡟ࡣᚋ⥆ࡢᩥពࢆࠕᑡࡋࠖࡢព࿡࠿ࡽ㌿ࡌ࡚࿴ࡽࡆࡿാࡁࠊࠕ⮬ศࡢࡇ࡜㸦⬟ຊࠊ㐺ᛂຊࠊ㒔ྜ㸧ࢆ㄂ᙇࡋ࡞࠸࡛ࠊ᭱ప㝈࡟ᢲࡉ࠼ࡿࠖ㸦ᙰࠊ1990:21㸧ാࡁ࡞࡝ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡑࢀࡣ㛫ᢞモⓗ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࠊ఍ヰࡢ₶⁥Ἔࡢᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡶࡢ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ₶⁥ἜࡀḞዴࡍࡿ࡜ࠕ⮬ᕫ୰ᚰⓗࠊഫ៏ࠊᶓ᯶ࠊ⏕ពẼ࡞ࠊᢲࡋ௜ࡅࡀࡲࡋ࠸࡞࡝ࡢᝏ༳㇟ࢆ⪺ࡁᡭ࡟୚࠼ࡀࡕࠖ
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㸦1990:16㸧࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡺ࠼࡟ࠊࡇࢀࡣヰࡋᡭࡢᚰ㇟ࢆᣦࡍᚰⓗព࿡࡛࠶ࡾࠊヰࡋᡭ
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ࡢ୺ほⓗどⅬࡔ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋヲ⣽࡞㆟ㄽࡣᙰ (1990) ࡟ㆡࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡟ぢࡽࢀࡓࠝࡕ
ࡻࡗ࡜㸩 Reasonࠞ࡜ࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜㸩 Negative abilityࠞࡣࠊඹ࡟ࡇࡢሙ㠃ⓗῧຍ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࠋḟࡢࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜㸩 Negative abilityࠞࡢ౑⏝౛ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
㸦44㸧࡜ࡇࢁࡀඵᮌ࠿ࡽྲྀࡾᛴࡂ౫㢗ࡉࢀࡓࠊྠࡌྲྀ⥾ᙺࡢᑠஂಖ⛎᭩ᐊ㛗ࡣࠊᢡࡾ㏉ࡋࡢ㟁ヰ࡛༑᭶୍ᮼࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡽࡋ࠸࡜㏉஦ࢆࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠉࠉࠉඵᮌ㸸ࠕ࡞ࢇ࡜࠿࠾఍࠸ࡋࡓ࠸ࢇࡔࠖ
ࠉࠉࠉᑠஂಖ㸸ࠕࡼࡃఏ࠼ࡓࢇࡔࡀࡡࠖ
ࠉࠉࠉࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࡶ࠺୍ᗘ࠺࠿ࡀࡗ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺࡜ゝࡗࡓᑠஂಖࡢ㏉஦ࡣࠊྠࡌࡔࡗࡓࠋ
ࠉࠉࠉᑠஂಖࠕࡸࡣࡾࡕࡻࡗ࡜↓⌮ࡔࡡࠖ㸦ᮎᖍ㔜ᙺࠊpp.344 㸫 345㸧㸦➹⪅ᢤ⢋㸧౫㢗⪅ࡣ㒊㛗ࡢඵᮌࠊ౫㢗ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ⛎᭩ᐊ㛗ࡢᑠஂಖ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୧⪅ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡔࡀࠊ
୧⪅ࡣྠࡌྲྀ⥾ᙺ࡜࠸࠺ᙺ⫋࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࢱࢸ㛵ಀࡣ↓࠸ࠋࣚࢥ㛵ಀ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊಶே
ⓗ࡞௜ྜ࠸ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᐦ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ౫㢗ෆᐜࡣ♫㛗࡟㠃఍ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ᐊ㛗࡜ࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾᡂࡍࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ♫㛗ࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟ㄝᚓࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㧗࠸㈇ᢸᗘࡔࡀࠊᑠஂಖࡣ♫㛗࡟᫝㠀ࢆၥ࠺࡟Ṇࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࠊࡑࡢ㈇ᢸᗘࡣࡑࢀ࡯࡝㧗ࡃ࡞࠸࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࠉࡉ࡚ࠊⓎヰࡔࡀࠊᮏ㏉⟅ࡣ஧ᗘ┠ࡢᛕᢲࡋ࡜ࡶゝ࠼ࡿ᩿ࡾ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞ࡜ࠝ↓⌮ࠞࡢ㛫࡟ㄽ⌮ⓗ࡞⤖ࡧ௜ࡁࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟↓ࡃࠊሙ㠃ⓗῧຍࡢព࿡௨እ࡟ࡣゎ㔘࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ᩿ࡾ
ᡭࡢᑠஂಖࡣࠊ౫㢗⪅࡛࠶ࡿඵᮌࡀ♫㛗࡟ࡼࡿ㌿⫋ඛ࡬ࡢ᩷᪕ࢆኻ࠺❓ᆅ࡟❧ࡓࡉࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ
ࠝ↓⌮ࠞ࡜࠸࠺౫㢗⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢ᝟ሗࢆ┤᥋ⓗ࡟⾲⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊ┦ᡭࡢ negative face ࢆṇ㠃࠿ࡽ⬣࠿ࡍࡇ࡜ࡣẼࡀᘬࡅࡿ⾜Ⅽ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡺ࠼࡟ࠊࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞࢆ⏝࠸࡚࣐࢖ࢼࢫ᝟ሗࡢᩥពࢆ࿴ࡽࡆࡓୖ࡛ࡢ᩿ࡾ࡟⮳ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗࠊ3.3.1 ࡛ࡳࡓࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜㸩 Reasonࠞ࡜ࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜㸩 Negative abilityࠞࡢ౑⏝ሙ㠃ࡢഴྥࢆຍ࠼ࠊࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞࡢᙺ๭ࢆ face ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ⥲ྜⓗ࡟⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋⲶࠉ㔝ࠉࠉ⥤ࠉࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞࢆ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࡢᮏయ࡛࠶ࡿ⌮⏤ (Reason) ࡶࡋࡃࡣࠕ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠖ㸦Negative
ability㸧࡟ಟ㣭ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ᩿ࡾᡭࡢཷㅙ⬟ຊࡢḞዴࠊࡘࡲࡾࡣ౫㢗⪅ࡢ negative
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face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍ࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢ᝟ሗࡢᩥពࢆ࿴ࡽࡆࡿࠋࡺ࠼࡟ࠊࡑࡢᙺ๭ࡣ౫㢗⪅ࡢ negative

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face ࡟୚࠼ࡿ⬣ጾࡢ⦆࿴ ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡣ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶ᩿ࡾᡭࡢᚰⓗព࿡ࠊࡘࡲࡾࡣゝㄒୖࡢ⦆࿴⟇࡛࠶ࡾࠊ౫㢗୺ࡢ negative face ࡀᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟ᩆ῭ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ
࡞࠸ࠋ࡛ࡣࠊ࡞ࡐᙰ (1990) ࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ
ࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞࡣᚋ⥆ࡍࡿᩥពࡀ⪺ࡁᡭ࡟୚
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࠼ࡿ⾪ᧁࢆ࿴ࡽࡆࡿຠ⬟ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡑࢀࡣ᩿ࡾᡭ࡜౫㢗⪅࡜ࡢඹྠసᴗ࡛࠶ࡿ
࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ᩿ࡾᡭࡣࠊ᩿ࡿࡇ࡜࡛┦ᡭࡢ negative face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍࢃࡅࡔࡀࠊ
ࡑࡢ⬣࠿ࡋࢆ᭱ᑠ㝈࡟ࡋࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ᛮ࠸ࢆࠊ⮬ศࡀ㏙࡭ࡿ┦ᡭ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࣐࢖ࢼࢫ࡛࠶ࡿ᝟
ሗࡢࠕ㐣ᑠ⏦࿌ࠖ࡟ࠕ᭩ࡁ᥮࠼࡚ࠖⓎヰࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࢆཷࡅࡓ┦ᡭࡣࠊ㜿࿂ࡢ࿧྾ࡢዴࡃࠊࡑࡢ᭩ࡁ᥮࠼ࢆ᩿ࡾᡭࡢពᅗ㏻ࡾ࡟ᐹࡋࠊ
ࠕㄞࡳ᥮࠼ࠖࢆ⾜࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᩿
ࡾᡭࡀᢪࡃࠕ┦ᡭࡢ negative face ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⬣ጾࢆ᭱ᑠ㝈࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ឤ᝟ࠊゝ࠸᥮
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࠼ࢀࡤࠊ᩿ࡾᡭ⮬㌟ࡢ୺ほⓗឤ᝟ࢆྵពࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ୍⩏ⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࡣࠊ౫㢗⪅ࡢ negative
face ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿጼໃࢆ⾲ࡍࡇ࡜࡛┦ᡭࡢ face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍពᅗࡸ㢪ᮃࡀ࡞࠸᪨ࢆྵពࡍࡿࡇ
࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ
ࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞࡢῧຍࡣࠊ౫㢗୺ࡢ negative face ࢆ㝿❧ࡓࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟
ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ᩿ࡿࡇ࡜࡛┦ᡭࡢ negative face ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚୚࠼ࡿ⬣࠿ࡋࢆ㍍ῶࡍࡿᕤኵ 8 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᭦࡟ࠊ஧⩏ⓗ࡞ᙺ๭࡜ࡋ࡚ 2 ࡘࡢຠ⬟ࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࠋ➨୍ࡣࠊ౫㢗୺ࡢ negative face ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᑛ㔜ࢆ⾲ࡍࡇ࡜࡛౫㢗୺ࡢ positive face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍྍ⬟ᛶࢆ㛫᥋ⓗ࡟ῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࠋ
➨஧ࡣࠊୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡟౫㢗୺ࡢ face ࢆᑛ㔜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ᩿ࡿࡇ࡜࡛⬣࠿ࡍ᩿ࡾᡭ
⮬㌟ࡢ positive face ࢆࡶಟ⧋ࡉࢀࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᚋ⥆ࡢᩥពࢆ࿴ࡽࡆࡿࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞ
ࡣ౫㢗⪅ࡢ negative face ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⬣࠿ࡋࢆ⦆࿴ࡉࡏࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊ㸦᩿ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ࡞࠾ዲ࠿
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺㸧᩿ࡾᡭࡢ positive face ࢆᏲࡿࡓࡵࡢࠊ࠸ࢃࡤ࢜ࣈ࣮ࣛࢺࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮡᅾ࡜ぢࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢᙺ๭ࡺ࠼࡟ࠊࡑࡢᡭἲࡣ᩿ࡾᡭࡀࠊ⮬ศࡢ᩿ࡾࡀ⪺ࡁᡭ㸦ࡶࡋࡃࡣ⪺ࡁᡭ࡜ࡢ௒ᚋࡢ㛵ಀᛶ㸧࡟୚࠼ࡿᝏᙳ㡪ࢆ༴᝹ࡍࡿሙ㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚౑⏝ࡉࢀ᫆ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢሙ㠃せᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ኱ࡁࡃ 2 ࡘࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿࠋ➨୍ࡣᕼⷧ࡞ࣚࢥ㛵ಀࡢᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡟ࡣࠊ
ぶࡋ࠸㛵ಀࡀࡲࡔ⠏ࡅ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠊ≉࡟ࢱࢸ㛵ಀࢆྵࡴே≀࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㓄៖ࢆᡶ࠺࡜࠸࠺᪥ᮏ
ㄒᅪ࡛ࡢே㛫㛵ಀ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ౯್ほࡀぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ➨஧ࡣ㈇ᢸᗘࡢపࡉ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠝࡕࡻࡗ
࡜ࠞࡣ᩿ࡾࡢ᫂ゝࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡢ౑⏝࡟ࡣ᩿ࡾᡭࡢࠕᚰⓗవ⿱ࠖࡀせࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ㈇ᢸᗘࡀప࠸㝿࡟ࡣࠊ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࢆ࢜ࣈ࣮ࣛࢺ࡛ໟࢇ࡛ face ࡬ࡢ⾪ᧁࢆ⦆࿴ࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺㓄៖ࢆᡶ࠼ࡿࡀࠊ㈇ᢸᗘࡀ㧗࠸㝿࡟ࡣࠕ☜ᐇ࡟᩿ࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ
࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព㆑ࡀඛ❧ࡗ࡚ࠊ࢜ࣈ࣮ࣛࢺࡣ౑⏝ࡉࢀ㞴ࡃ࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡺ࠼࡟ࠊ
ࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ⾲⌧ࡣ౫㢗㈇ᢸᗘࡢప࠸ሙ㠃࡟㞟୰ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼
3.3.1 ࡛ࡳࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ
ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
4.2.1 ࡛ࡳࡓⱥㄒࡢ≉ᚩⓗ⾲⌧ࡢᙺ๭࡜ୖグ࡛ࡳࡓ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ≉ᚩⓗ⾲⌧ࡢᙺ๭ࢆẚ㍑ᑐ
↷ࡉࡏࡿ࡜ࠊ᩿ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⾜Ⅽࡑࡢࡶࡢࡣྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢ᩿ࡾࢆ⦆࿴ࡉࡏࡿ㝿࡟╔┠
4ࡍࡿ┦ᡭࡢ face ඛࡀ␗࡞ࡿഴྥࡀぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡣཷㅙ⬟ຊࡢḞዴࢆゝ
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ㄒୖࡣ࿴ࡽࡆࡿࡇ࡜࡛┦ᡭࡢ negative faceࢆ៖ࡗ࡚⾲⌧ࡀỴᐃࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡳ࠼ࡿࡢ࡟
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ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊⱥㄒࡣཷㅙ⬟ຊࡢḞዴࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛┦ᡭࡢ positive face ࢆ៖ࡗ࡚⾲⌧ࡀỴ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⦆࿴⾲⌧ࡢ᪥ⱥẚ㍑

ࡲࡿࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ
ࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⦆࿴⾲⌧ࡣࠊ᩿ࡾᡭࡀ౫㢗୺࡟ࠕ㈗
4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

᪉ࡢ negative face ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⬣ጾࢆ᭱ᑠ㝈࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺୺ほⓗឤ᝟ࢆྵពࡋࠊ⪺ࡁᡭ44ࡀࡑࢀࢆ▐᫬࡟ᐹࡋ࡚ࡑࡢពࢆ㓃ࡴ࡜࠸࠺ࠕឤ᝟ࠖ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ࣏ࣛ࢖ࢺࢿࢫ࡟‽ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜
ゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ୍᪉ࠊᙉㄪࡢ๪モࢆ⏝࠸ࡓⱥㄒࡢ⦆࿴⾲⌧ࡣࠊ᩿ࡾᡭࡀ౫㢗୺࡟ࠕ㈗᪉ࡢ
4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

positive face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍពᅗࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᐈほⓗ஦ᐇࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶࠕ⌮ࠖ࡟౫Ꮡࡋࡓ࣏ࣛ࢖ࢺࢿࢫ࡟๎ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
㸳㸬ࡲ࡜ࡵ᪥ᮏㄒ࡜ⱥㄒࢆẚ࡭ࡓ࡜ࡁࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤᵓ㐀ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊಟ㣭ㄒ࡜⿕ಟ㣭ㄒࡢ㡰ᗎࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣືモ࡜┠ⓗㄒࡢ఩⨨㛵ಀࡀࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ㏫࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࠊ࠾஫࠸࡟ࠊ࠸ࢃࡤࠕ㙾ീࠖ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡼࡃᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊྰᐃ␲ၥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ⪺ࡁᡭࡢ㉁ၥ࡟ᑐ
ࡋ࡚ Yes/No ࡢࣜ࢔ࢡࢩࣙࣥࢆࡍࡿ᪥ᮏㄒ࡜ࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶ⮬ࡽࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽ⫯ᐃ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣྰ
ᐃࡢ࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪࢆⓎࡍࡿⱥㄒࡢ㐪࠸ࡀṔ↛࡜࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ㙾ീ㛵ಀࡀᏛ⩦⪅ࢆᝎࡲࡏࡿࡢ
ࡶ࿘▱ࡢ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ 1 ࡟ࡣࠊᮏㄽ࡛ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡓ᪥ⱥㄒࡢ≉ᚩⓗ࡞᩿ࡾࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
ྛ⦆࿴⾲⌧ࡀᯝࡓࡍാࡁࢆ face ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽᅗ♧ࡋࡓࠋ୧⪅ࡀാࡁ࠿ࡅ࡚࠸ࡃ face ඛࡢ㐪࠸ࢆぢࡓ࡜ࡁࡶࠊ┦ᡭࡢ negative face ࢆ࣮࣋ࢫ࡟ࡋࡓ᪥ᮏㄒ࡜ࠊ┦ᡭࡢ positive face ࢆ࣮࣋ࢫ࡜ࡋࡓⱥㄒࡢ㛫࡟ࠊ୍✀ࡢ㙾ീ㛵ಀࡀᶓࡓࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞
⾲⌧࣮࣋ࢫࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊⓎ᝿ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢ㏫㌿⌧㇟ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࠊᏛ⩦⪅ࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽࠊ࠶
ࡿ࠸ࡣࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ⌧ሙ࡟❧ࡓࡉࢀࡿ⪅ࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽࠊྰᐃ␲ၥࡢሙྜ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊព㆑ⓗ࡞ᑐᛂࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠉ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ௒ᅇ Ogino㸦2005㸧ࡢㄪᰝ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠊヰࡋᡭ࡜⪺ࡁᡭࡢே㛫㛵ಀࡢᤊ࠼᪉ࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡘ࠸࡚௜ゝࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ3 ⠇࡛ᙜヱ⾲⌧ࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿ┦ᡭࡢ
ᗎิ࡟ゐࢀࡓ࡜ࡁࠊⱥㄒ࡛ࡣẕぶࡀඃඛࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡣẕぶࡢඃඛ㡰఩ࡀ୍␒ప࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡟ࡶ᪥ⱥ㛫୍࡛✀ࡢ㙾ീ㛵ಀࡀ㢦ࢆࡢࡒ࠿ࡏ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ࡣ᪥ⱥ㛫࡟࠾ࡅࡿே㛫㛵ಀࡢᤊ࠼᪉ࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋẕぶ࡜࠸࠺Ꮡᅾࡣᮏ᮶ࢱࢸ㛵ಀࢆྵࡴࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡀᙉㄪࡢ๪モࢆẕぶ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ዲࢇ࡛౑⏝ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡑࡢ face ࢆ㓄៖ࡍ࡭ࡁᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ᪥ᮏㄒࡢሙྜࠊẕぶ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࢱࢸ㛵ಀ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㓄៖ࡀ㍍ῶࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣ┦ẅࡉࢀࡿຊࡀู࡟ാ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
᪥ᮏேࡢᑐேឤࢆࠊ
ࠕ⏑࠼ࠖ࡜࠸࠺㇟ᚩⓗ࡞ᴫᛕ࡛ㄝ᫂ࢆヨࡳࡿࠊ౛ࡢ᭷ྡ࡞ᅵᒃ㸦1971㸧ࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡜ࡶ୍⬦㏻ࡌࡿ࡜ࡶゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ⮬ศ࡜┦ᡭ࡜ࡀ୍యឤࢆᢪࡃ⛬࡟ぶᐦ࡞ሙྜࠊ┦ᡭ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㓄៖ࡀⴭࡋࡃῶᑡࡍࡿ 9 ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏேࡣ᩿ࡾ࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ࠊࣚࢥ
㛵ಀࡀᐦ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿぶࡋ࠸཭㐩࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶ┤᥋ⓗ࡞⾲⌧ࢆከ⏝ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ⪃࠼࡚ ࠊࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞࡀ♧ࡍࠊ᪥ᮏேࡀᢪࡃゝ࠸ษࡾ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᢬ᢠឤࡸࡓࡵࡽ࠸ࡣࠊㄡ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶ
ᬑ㐢ⓗ࡟ᙉࡃᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜ࡣゝ࠸ࡀࡓ࠸ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊぶᐦ࡞㛫᯶ࡢே≀࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡑࡢព㆑ࡣⷧ
ࢀࡿࠊゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊnegative face ࡬ࡢ㓄៖ࡣ᭱ᑠ໬ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࿡࡟࠾
࠸࡚ࠊ3 ⠇࡛ゐࢀࡓ⾲⌧౑⏝࡟ಀࡿ᪥ⱥㄒࡢᗎิࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࠊᮏ
✏࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓ face ࡟㛵ࢃࡿᕪ␗࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊࡋࡗ࠿ࡾ⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠾ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ
࠺ࠋ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿᑐே㛵ಀ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ౯್ほ࡜࠸࠺せᅉࡢ᪥ⱥᕪ␗࡜ࡑࡢヲࡋ࠸⫼ᬒ⪃ᐹ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ✏ࢆᨵࡵࠊࡼࡾᗈ⠊ᅖ࡞ᩥ⬦࡟ᛂࡌࡓໟᣓⓗ࡞⪃ᐹࢆ⾜࠸ࡓ࠸ࠋⲶࠉ㔝ࠉࠉ⥤㸺᩿ࡾ㸼࡜࠸࠺࿨㢟㸻౫㢗⪅ࡢ negative face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍ㸻᩿ࡾᡭ⮬㌟ࡢ positive face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍ444㸻౫㢗⪅ࡢ positive face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍྍ⬟ᛶ⦆࿴⾲⌧ࢆ⤌ࡳ㎸ࡴࠉࠉࠉ
㸦┦ᡭࡢ negative face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍពᅗ࣭㢪ᮃࡀ࡞࠸᪨ࢆྵព㸧౫㢗⪅ࡢ negative face ࡟ὀ┠ࠉࠉ౫㢗⪅ࡢ positive face ࡟ὀ┠ࠉࠉ㸦୺ほⓗឤ᝟ࡢྵពࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ negativeࠉࠉ㸦ᐈほⓗ஦ᐇࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ positive face ࢆࠉࠉࠉface ࡟୚࠼ࡿ⬣ጾࢆ㍍ῶ㸧ࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉ㑂Ᏺࡋࠊnegative face ࡬ࡢ⬣ጾࢆ⿵ൾ㸧ࠉࠉ౫㢗⪅ࡢ positive face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍពᅗ࣭ࠉࠉ౫㢗⪅ࡢ negative face ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍពᅗ࣭
ࠉࠉ㢪ᮃࡀ࡞࠸᪨ࢆྵព

ࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉ㢪ᮃࡀ࡞࠸᪨ࢆྵព

ࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉࠉ᩿ࡾᡭ⮬㌟ࡢ positive face ࡬ࡢ⬣࠿ࡋࢆ⦆࿴
㸸ⱥㄒࡢ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࠝᙉㄪࡢ๪モ㸩 Reason/Negative abilityࠞ㸸᪥ᮏㄒࡢ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜㸩 Reason/Negative abilityࠞᅗ 1㸬᪥ⱥࡢ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⦆࿴⾲⌧ࡀᯝࡓࡍാࡁ
ト1

ձ Without redressive action, baldlyࠊղ Positive politenessࠊճ Negative politenessࠊմ Off recordࠊյ Don’t do the FTA
2఍ヰࢫࢱ࢖ࣝࡣᛶู࣭ᖺ㱋࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ኚືࢆཷࡅࡿࡓࡵࠊ⥲యⓗ࡞఍ヰࢫࢱ࢖ࣝࡢ⪃ᐹࢆ⾜࠺࡟ࡣࠊᵝࠎ࡞ᖺ௦ᒙࡢ⏨ᛶ㸭ዪᛶࢆᑐ㇟࡟ໟᣓⓗ࡞ㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ௒ᚋồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ
3㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝ࡟ࡣ㈇ᢸᗘࡀ኱࣭୰࣭ᑠࡢ 3 ✀ࡢ౫㢗ࢆタᐃࡋࠊ⿕㦂⪅࡟ࡶ 3 ✀⟅࠼࡚ࡶࡽࡗ

ࡓࡀࠊศᯒ㏵୰࡛㈇ᢸᗘࡀ୰ࡢ౫㢗࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࡀ㐺ษ࡟ẚ㍑࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓ
ࡓࡵࠊᐇ㝿ࡢศᯒࡣ㈇ᢸᗘࡀ኱࡜ᑠࠊࡘࡲࡾ 2 ✀ࡢ౫㢗࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ẚ㍑࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ㈇ᢸᗘࡀᑠࡉ࠸ࡶࡢࢆ౫㢗 Aࠊ኱ࡁ࠸ࡶࡢࢆ౫㢗 B ࡜グ㍕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᑦࠊ㈇ᢸᗘ
ࡣ⿕㦂⪅࡟㈇ᢸᗘࡀ㧗࠸࡜ᛮ࠺㡰࡟␒ྕࢆࡩࡗ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸ࠊࡑࡢ㡰␒ࡢ☜ㄆࢆྲྀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
4

Appendix ࡟ࡣ᩿ࡾࡢ୰ᚰⓗ࡞බᘧࡢࡳࢆ୍㒊ᥖ㍕ࠋศ㢮⾲ࡢ඲ㇺࡣ Beebe, Takahashi &᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⦆࿴⾲⌧ࡢ᪥ⱥẚ㍑



Uliss-Weltz(1990) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ
5ヲ⣽࡞⪃ᐹ᪉ἲࡣ௨ୗ 3 ࡘࡢゅᗘ࠿ࡽ⾜ࡗࡓࠋձⓎ⌧๭ྜ㸸ྛព࿡බᘧࡀ⥲యⓗ࡟࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘࡢ๭ྜ࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࠊղⓎ⌧㡰ᗎ㸸ྛព࿡බᘧࡀ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࡢఱ␒┠࡟Ⓨヰࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࠊճ
⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ᪉ἲ㸸᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࢆ࡝ࡢព࿡බᘧࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᵓᡂࡍࡿ࠿ࠋヲࡋࡃࡣ Ogino㸦2005㸧ཧ↷ࠋ6㈇ᢸࡢ㍍㔜ࢆ࣮࣋ࢫ࡟ࠊぶᏊ㛵ಀࠊ཭ே㛵ಀࠊඛ⏕࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ㇟ᚩⓗ࡟タᐃࡋࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺

࡞ゝㄒ⾲⌧ࡀ⌧ࢀࡿ࠿ࢆ᳨ドࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢሙྜࠊே㛫㛵ಀࡢᚤጁ࡞ࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢬ࣒ࡣࠊ㛵ಀࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᢳ㇟໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࢫࢱࢸ࢕ࢵࢡ࡞㛵ಀ࡟ぢ࠼ࡿⅬࡣྰࡵ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
7ࠝࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࠞࡣᚋ⥆ࡢᩥពࢆ࿴ࡽࡆࡿ࢜ࣈ࣮ࣛࢺࡢࡼ࠺࡞ാࡁࡔࡀࠊᚋ⥆࡜ࡢㄽ⌮ⓗ⤖ࡧ௜ࡁࡢ↓ࡉࠊࡑࡋ࡚ㄒ⏝ㄽⓗ▱㆑ࡀ┦ᡂࡗ࡚ࠊ㏉⟅ࡢ㏱᫂ᛶࡣ⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
8

ᙰ㸦1990:54㸧ࡣࠕࠕ㔞ᑡ࣭㔞㍍ࠖ࠿ࡽ୎ᑀ໬ࢆᅗࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ⊂≉ࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ୰ᅜㄒࠊⱥㄒ࡟ࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࠖ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊⱥㄒ࡟ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࡈ࡜ࡃᚋ
⥆ࡢ㏙㒊࡜┤᥋ⓗ࡞ಟ㣭㛵ಀࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࠊゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊᚋ⥆࡜ㄽ⌮ⓗ⤖ࡧ௜ࡁࢆ᏶඲࡟᭷
ࡉ࡞࠸ࠊ⣧⢋࡞ሙ㠃ⓗῧຍࡣぢཷࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࠕ㔞ᑡ࣭㔞㍍ࠖࡣ Reason ࡟ࡣಟ㣭ࡉࢀ࡚ࡶ㸦(a)㸧ࠊNegative ability ࡟ࡣಟ㣭ࡉࢀ࡞࠸㸦(b)㸧ࠋࡑࢀࡣᩥἲⓗ࡟ࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ
ㄒ⏝ㄽⓗ࡟ࡣࡑࡢᐜㄆᗘࡀⴭࡋࡃప࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
a) Marcus, look, I’m sorry, mate. I’m, um…a bit busy at the moment.
㸦࢔ࣂ࢘ࢺ࣭࢔࣭࣮࣎࢖ࠊp.129㸧㸦࣮࣎ࣝࢻయࡣ➹⪅࡟ࡼࡿ㸧b) *Marcus, look, I’m sorry, mate. I’m, um…a bit impossible at the moment.
9ヲࡋࡃࡣࠊᅵᒃ೺ᮁࡢࠗࠕ⏑࠼ࠖࡢᵓ㐀࠘㸦1971㸧ཧ↷ࠋ

Ogino㸦2005㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ᪥ᮏே⿕㦂⪅ࡀ⟅࠼ࡓ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ព࿡බᘧࢆྵࡴ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࡢ᭱ࡓ
ࡿⓎヰ┦ᡭࡣẕぶ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࡛࠶ࡾࠊḟ࠸࡛ぶࡋ࠸཭㐩࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ⌮⏤ࡸㅰ⨥➼ࢆྵࡲ࡞10࠸᭱ࡶ┤᥋ⓗ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ព࿡බᘧࡢࡳ࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡓ᩿ࡾ⾲⌧ࡶẕぶ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᭱ࡶከࡃ
౑⏝ࡉࢀࠊḟ࠸࡛ぶࡋ࠸཭㐩࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ᪥ᮏேࡀ㌟ෆ࡛࠶ࡿ⮬ศࡢᐙ᪘ࢆ➹㢌࡟ࠊ㓄៖ࡸ㐲៖࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡀḞዴࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊぶᐦ࡞㛵ಀ࡜⾲⌧ࡢ┤᥋ᗘࡀẚ౛ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋヲࡋࡃࡣ Ogino㸦2005㸧ཧ↷ࠋཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Beebe, L., Takahashi, T., & Uliss-Weltz, R. (1990). Pragmatic transfer in ESL refusals.
In R. Scarcella, E. Andersen, & S. Krashen (Eds.), Developing communicativecompetence in a second language (pp.55-73). New York: Newbury House.
Brown, P. & Levinson, S. (1987). Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena.
In E. Goody (ed.), Questions and politeness: Strategies in social interaction(pp.56-310).London: Cambridge University Press.
Deaver, J. (2006). The Twelfth Card . New York: Simon & Schuster Inc.
Ogino, A. (2005). Refusing requests: Directness and Indirectness in English andJapanese , MA thesis, Kansai University.
ᅵᒃ೺ᮁ㸦1971㸧ࠗࠕ⏑࠼ࠖࡢᵓ㐀࠘ᘯᩥᇽடᒣኴ୍㸦┘ಟ㸧㸦2003㸧ࠗ࢔ࣂ࢘ࢺ࣭࢔࣭࣮࣎࢖࠘ᰴᘧ఍♫ࢫࢡ࣮ࣜࣥࣉࣞ࢖
⇃㇂ᬛᏊ࣭⠛ᓮ᫭୍ (2006)ࠕ౫㢗ሙ㠃࡛ࡢാࡁ࠿ࡅ᪉࡟࠾ࡅࡿୡ௦ᕪ࣭ᆅᇦᕪࠖࠊᅜ❧ᅜㄒ◊Ⲷࠉ㔝ࠉࠉ⥤✲ᡤ⦅ࠗゝㄒ⾜ື࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ㓄៖ࠖࡢㅖ┦࠘ࠊpp. 19-54ࠊࡃࢁࡋ࠾ฟ∧ᙰ㣕㸦1990㸧ࠗእᅜேࢆᝎࡲࡏࡿ᪥ᮏேࡢゝㄒ័⩦࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲࠘࿴Ἠ᭩ᗑ
ΎỈ୍⾜㸦1989㸧ࠗᮎᖍ㔜ᙺ࠘ගᩥ♫ᩥᗜ㎡᭩
᫂㙾ᅜㄒ㎡඾㸦2003㸧኱ಟ㤋᭩ᗑ᪥ᮏᅜㄒ኱㎡඾➨஧∧㸦2006㸧ᑠᏛ㤋
Appendix A
4 ✀ࡢ౫㢗⪅ : ձẕぶࠊղぶࡋ࠸཭㐩ࠊճ࠶ࡲࡾぶࡋࡃ࡞࠸཭㐩ࠊմඛ⏕
3 ✀ࡢ౫㢗 :౫㢗ձ : ᫂᪥ࡢᮅ࡟౫㢗⪅ࢆ㌴࡛㥐ࡲ࡛㏦ࡗ࡚⾜ࡃࡇ࡜㸦࠶࡞ࡓࡣ㌴ࡢචチࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓࠊ⮬ศࡢ㌴ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜᝿ᐃࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋ㸧౫㢗ղ : ౫㢗⪅ࢆ⮬ศࡢ㒊ᒇ࡟୍ᬌἩࡵࡿࡇ࡜
㸦࠶࡞ࡓࡣୗᐟ⏕࡜ࡋ࡚ 1 ேᬽࡽࡋࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜᝿ᐃࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋ㸧౫㢗ճ : ౫㢗⪅࠿ࡽࡢ఍ィᙺဨせㄳࢆ୍ᖺ㛫ᘬࡁཷࡅࡿࡇ࡜
㸦௨ୗࡢሙ㠃ࢆ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠋ㸧(a)… ࠶࡞ࡓࡢᐙ࡟⏫ෆ⤌⧊ࡢ఍ィᙺဨࡢ㡰␒ࡀࡲࢃࡗ࡚ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋ(b) 㸤 (c)… ࠶࡞ࡓ࡜ྠࡌࢧ࣮ࢡࣝ࡟ᡤᒓࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ௒ᖺ఍ィಀࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ཭㐩ࡀ᭱ᚋࡢ௙஦࡜ࡋ࡚ḟᮇ఍ィᙺဨࢆ᥈ࡉࡡࡤ࠸ࡅࡲࡏࢇࠋ
ࠉ(d)… ඛ⏕ࡀ኱Ꮫࡢ࠶ࡿ⤌⧊ࡢ఍㛗࡟࡞ࡽࢀࠊ఍ィࡢ௙஦ࢆᡭఏࡗ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞Ꮫ
⏕௦⾲ࢆ᥈ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
Appendix B
Classication of refusals
Ϩ . Direct Semantic Formula
A. Performative (e.g., “I refuse”)
B. Nonperformative statement
1. “No”
2. Negative willingness/ability (“I won’t”. “I don’t think so.”/“I can’t.”)ϩ . Indirect Semantic Formula
A. Statement of regret (e.g., “I’m sorry…”; “I feel terrible…”)
B. Wish (e.g., “I wish I could help you…”)
C. Excuse, reason, explanation(e.g., “My children will be home that night.”; “I have a headache.”)㸦Beebe, Takahashi & Uliss-Weltz, 1990 ࡼࡾ➹⪅ᢤ⢋㸧